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Question ID:PT4 S2 Q12 Passage:The human species came into being at the time of the greatest biological diversity in the history of the Earth. Today, as human populations expand and alter the natural environment, they are reducing biological diversity to its lowest level since the end of the Mesozoic era, 65 million years ago. The ultimate consequences of this biological collision are beyond calculation, but they are certain to be harmful. That, in essence, is the biodiversity crisis. The history of global diversity can be summarized as follows: after the initial flowering of multicellular animals, there was a swift rise in the number of species in early Paleozoic times (between 600 and 430 million years ago), then plateau-like stagnation for the remaining 200 million years of the Paleozoic era, and finally a slow but steady climb through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras to diversity’s all-time high. This history suggests that biological diversity was hard won and a long time in coming. Furthermore, this pattern of increase was set back by five massive extinction episodes. The most recent of these, during the Cretaceous period, is by far the most famous, because it ended the age of the dinosaurs, conferred hegemony on the mammals, and ultimately made possible the ascendancy of the human species. But the Cretaceous crisis was minor compared with the Permian extinctions 240 million years ago, during which between 77 and 96 percent of marine animal species perished. It took 5 million years, well into Mesozoic times, for species diversity to begin a significant recovery. Within the past 10,000 years biological diversity has entered a wholly new era. Human activity has had a devastating effect on species diversity, and the rate of human-induced extinctions is accelerating. Half of the bird species of Polynesia have been eliminated through hunting and the destruction of native forests. Hundreds of fish species endemic to Lake Victoria are now threatened with extinction following the careless introduction of one species of fish, the Nile perch. The list of such biogeographic disasters is extensive. Because every species is unique and irreplaceable, the loss of biodiversity is the most profound process of environmental change. Its consequences are also the least predictable because the value of the Earth’s biota (the fauna and flora collectively) remains largely unstudied and unappreciated; unlike material and cultural wealth, which we understand because they are the substance of our everyday lives, biological wealth is usually taken for granted. This is a serious strategic error, one that will be increasingly regretted as time passes. The biota is not only part of a country’s heritage, the product of millions of years of evolution centered on that place; it is also a potential source for immense untapped material wealth in the form of food, medicine, and other commercially important substances. Stem:The passage suggests which one of the following about material and cultural wealth? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Because we can readily assess the value of material and cultural wealth, we tend not to take them for granted. Choice B:Just as the biota is a source of potential material wealth, it is an untapped source of cultural wealth as well. Choice C:Some degree of material and cultural wealth may have to be sacrificed if we are to protect our biological heritage. Choice D:Material and cultural wealth are of less value than biological wealth because they have evolved over a shorter period of time. Choice E:Material wealth and biological wealth are interdependent in a way that material wealth and cultural wealth are not. | PT4 S2 Q12 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q13 Passage:The human species came into being at the time of the greatest biological diversity in the history of the Earth. Today, as human populations expand and alter the natural environment, they are reducing biological diversity to its lowest level since the end of the Mesozoic era, 65 million years ago. The ultimate consequences of this biological collision are beyond calculation, but they are certain to be harmful. That, in essence, is the biodiversity crisis. The history of global diversity can be summarized as follows: after the initial flowering of multicellular animals, there was a swift rise in the number of species in early Paleozoic times (between 600 and 430 million years ago), then plateau-like stagnation for the remaining 200 million years of the Paleozoic era, and finally a slow but steady climb through the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras to diversity’s all-time high. This history suggests that biological diversity was hard won and a long time in coming. Furthermore, this pattern of increase was set back by five massive extinction episodes. The most recent of these, during the Cretaceous period, is by far the most famous, because it ended the age of the dinosaurs, conferred hegemony on the mammals, and ultimately made possible the ascendancy of the human species. But the Cretaceous crisis was minor compared with the Permian extinctions 240 million years ago, during which between 77 and 96 percent of marine animal species perished. It took 5 million years, well into Mesozoic times, for species diversity to begin a significant recovery. Within the past 10,000 years biological diversity has entered a wholly new era. Human activity has had a devastating effect on species diversity, and the rate of human-induced extinctions is accelerating. Half of the bird species of Polynesia have been eliminated through hunting and the destruction of native forests. Hundreds of fish species endemic to Lake Victoria are now threatened with extinction following the careless introduction of one species of fish, the Nile perch. The list of such biogeographic disasters is extensive. Because every species is unique and irreplaceable, the loss of biodiversity is the most profound process of environmental change. Its consequences are also the least predictable because the value of the Earth’s biota (the fauna and flora collectively) remains largely unstudied and unappreciated; unlike material and cultural wealth, which we understand because they are the substance of our everyday lives, biological wealth is usually taken for granted. This is a serious strategic error, one that will be increasingly regretted as time passes. The biota is not only part of a country’s heritage, the product of millions of years of evolution centered on that place; it is also a potential source for immense untapped material wealth in the form of food, medicine, and other commercially important substances. Stem:The author would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the consequences of the biodiversity crisis? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The loss of species diversity will have as immediate an impact on the material wealth of nations as on their biological wealth. Choice B:The crisis will likely end the hegemony of the human race and bring about the ascendancy of another species. Choice C:The effects of the loss of species diversity will be dire, but we cannot yet tell how dire. Choice D:It is more fruitful to discuss the consequences of the crisis in terms of the potential loss to humanity than in strictly biological terms. Choice E:The consequences of the crisis can be minimized, but the pace of extinctions cannot be reversed. | PT4 S2 Q13 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q14 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:Which one of the following best states the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:According to recent historical studies, the participation of women in the revolutionary events of 1789–1795 can most profitably be viewed in three successive stages. Choice B:The findings of certain recent historical studies have resulted from an earlier general reassessment, by historians, of women’s participation in the revolutionary events of 1789–1795. Choice C:Adopting the vocabulary and viewpoint of certain intellectual and political traditions resulted in no political advantage for women in France in the years 1789–1795. Choice D:Certain recent historical studies have provided a much-needed description and evaluation of the evolving roles of women in the revolutionary events of 1789–1795. Choice E:Historical studies that seek to explain the limitations of the women’s movement in France during the years 1789–1795 are much more convincing than are those that seek only to describe the general features of that movement. | PT4 S2 Q14 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q15 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:The passage suggests that Godineau would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:This work was not understood by many of Gouze’s contemporaries. Choice B:This work indirectly inspired the formation of independent women’s political clubs. Choice C:This work had little impact on the world of political action. Choice D:This work was the most compelling produced by a French woman between 1789 and 1792. Choice E:This work is typical of the kind of writing French women produced between 1793 and 1795. | PT4 S2 Q15 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q16 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:According to the passage, which one of the following is a true statement about the purpose of the women’s political clubs mentioned in line 20? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:These clubs fostered a mass women’s movement. Choice B:These clubs eventually developed a purpose different from their original purpose. Choice C:These clubs were founded to advocate military participation for women. Choice D:These clubs counteracted the original purpose of male political clubs. Choice E:These clubs lost their direction by the time of the famine of 1795. | PT4 S2 Q16 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q17 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:The primary function of the first paragraph of the passage is to Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:outline the author’s argument about women’s roles in France between 1789 and 1795 Choice B:anticipate possible challenges to the findings of the recent studies of women in France between 1789 and 1795 Choice C:summarize some long-standing explanations of the role of individual women in France between 1789 and 1795 Choice D:present a context for the discussion of recent studies of women in France between 1789 and 1795 Choice E:characterize various eighteenth-century studies of women in France | PT4 S2 Q17 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q18 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:The passage suggests that Landes and Badinter would be likely to agree with which one of the following statements about the women’s movement in France in the 1790s? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The movement might have been more successful if women had developed their own political vocabularies. Choice B:The downfall of the movement was probably unrelated to its alliance with Jacobin men. Choice C:The movement had a great deal of choice about whether to adopt a Rousseauist political vocabulary. Choice D:The movement would have triumphed if it had not been suppressed by military means. Choice E:The movement viewed a Rousseauist political tradition, rather than a Jacobin political ideology, as detrimental to its interests. | PT4 S2 Q18 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q19 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:In the context of the passage, the word “cost” in line 63 refers to the Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:dichotomy of private roles for women and public roles for men Choice B:almost nonexistent political participation of women before 1789 Choice C:historians’ lack of differentiation among various groups of women Choice D:political alliances women made with radical Jacobin men Choice E:collapse of the women’s movement in the 1790s | PT4 S2 Q19 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q20 Passage:Women’s participation in the revolutionary events in France between 1789 and 1795 has only recently been given nuanced treatment. Early twentiethcentury historians of the French Revolution are typified by Jaures, who, though sympathetic to the women’s movement of his own time, never even mentions its antecedents in revolutionary France. Even today most general histories treat only cursorily a few individual women, like Marie Antoinette. The recent studies by Landes, Badinter, Godineau, and Roudinesco, however, should signal a much-needed reassessment of women’s participation. Godineau and Roudinesco point to three significant phases in that participation. The first, up to mid-1792, involved those women who wrote political tracts. Typical of their orientation to theoretical issues—in Godineau’s view, without practical effect—is Marie Gouze’s Declaration of the Rights of Women. The emergence of vocal middleclass women’s political clubs marks the second phase. Formed in 1791 as adjuncts of middle-class male political clubs, and originally philanthropic in function, by late 1792 independent clubs of women began to advocate military participation for women. In the final phase, the famine of 1795 occasioned a mass women’s movement: women seized food supplies, held officials hostage, and argued for the implementation of democratic politics. This phase ended in May of 1795 with the military suppression of this multiclass movement. In all three phases women’s participation in politics contrasted markedly with their participation before 1789. Before that date some noblewomen participated indirectly in elections, but such participation by more than a narrow range of the population—women or men—came only with the Revolution. What makes the recent studies particularly compelling, however, is not so much their organization of chronology as their unflinching willingness to confront the reasons for the collapse of the women’s movement. For Landes and Badinter, the necessity of women’s having to speak in the established vocabularies of certain intellectual and political traditions diminished the ability of the women’s movement to resist suppression. Many women, and many men, they argue, located their vision within the confining tradition of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, who linked male and female roles with public and private spheres respectively. But, when women went on to make political alliances with radical Jacobin men, Badinter asserts, they adopted a vocabulary and a violently extremist viewpoint that unfortunately was even more damaging to their political interests. Each of these scholars has a different political agenda and takes a different approach—Godineau, for example, works with police archives while Roudinesco uses explanatory schema from modern psychology. Yet, admirably, each gives center stage to a group that previously has been marginalized, or at best undifferentiated, by historians. And in the case of Landes and Badinter, the reader is left with a sobering awareness of the cost to the women of the Revolution of speaking in borrowed voices. Stem:The author of the passage is primarily concerned with Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:criticizing certain political and intellectual traditions Choice B:summarizing the main points of several recent historical studies and assessing their value Choice C:establishing a chronological sequence and arguing for its importance Choice D:comparing and contrasting women’s political activities before and after the French Revolution Choice E:reexamining a long-held point of view and isolating its strengths and weaknesses | PT4 S2 Q20 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q21 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:Which one of the following best expresses the main point of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The style of Impressionist paintings has only an indirect relation to their subject matter. Choice B:The approach to Impressionism that is illustrated by Herbert’s recent book is inadequate. Choice C:The historical context of Impressionist paintings is not relevant to their interpretation. Choice D:Impressionism emerged from a historical context of ideological conflict and change. Choice E:Any adequate future interpretation of Impressionism will have to come to terms with Herbert’s view of this art movement. | PT4 S2 Q21 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q22 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:According to the passage, Rewald’s book on Impressionism was characterized by which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:evenhanded objectivity about the achievements of Impressionism Choice B:bias in favor of certain Impressionist painters Choice C:an emphasis on the stylistic features of Impressionist painting Choice D:an idiosyncratic view of which painters were to be classified as Impressionists Choice E:a refusal to enter into the ideological debates that had characterized earlier discussions of Impressionism | PT4 S2 Q22 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q23 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:The author implies that Herbert’s redefinition of the boundaries of Impressionism resulted from which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:an exclusive emphasis on form and style Choice B:a bias in favor of the representation of modern industry Choice C:an attempt to place Impressionism within a specific sociocultural context Choice D:a broadening of the term “Impressionism” to include all of nineteenth-century French painting Choice E:an insufficient familiarity with earlier interpretations of Impressionism | PT4 S2 Q23 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q24 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:The author states which one of the following about modern industry and labor as subjects for painting? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The Impressionists neglected these subjects in their paintings. Choice B:Herbert’s book on Impressionism fails to give adequate treatment of these subjects. Choice C:The Impressionists’ treatment of these subjects was idealized. Choice D:Rewald’s treatment of Impressionist painters focused inordinately on their representations of these subjects. Choice E:Modernist painters presented a distorted picture of these subjects. | PT4 S2 Q24 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q25 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately describes the structure of the author’s argument in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The first two paragraphs each present independent arguments for a conclusion that is drawn in the third paragraph. Choice B:A thesis is stated in the first paragraph and revised in the second paragraph, and the revised thesis is supported with an argument in the third paragraph. Choice C:The first two paragraphs discuss and criticize a thesis, and the third paragraph presents an alternative thesis. Choice D:A claim is made in the first paragraph, and the next two paragraphs each present reasons for accepting that claim. Choice E:An argument is presented in the first paragraph, a counterargument is presented in the second paragraph, and the third paragraph suggests a way to resolve the dispute. | PT4 S2 Q25 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q26 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:The author’s statement that Impressionist paintings “were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description” (lines 57–59) serves to Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:strengthen the claim that Impressionists sought to emphasize the differences between painting and photography Choice B:weaken the argument that style is the only important feature of Impressionist paintings Choice C:indicate that Impressionists recognized that they had been strongly influenced by photography Choice D:support the argument that an exclusive emphasis on the Impressionists’ subject matter is mistaken Choice E:undermine the claim that Impressionists neglected certain kinds of subject matter | PT4 S2 Q26 |
Question ID:PT4 S2 Q27 Passage:Art historians’ approach to French Impressionism has changed significantly in recent years. While a decade ago Rewald’s History of Impressionism, which emphasizes Impressionist painters’ stylistic innovations, was unchallenged, the literature on Impressionism has now become a kind of ideological battlefield, in which more attention is paid to the subject matter of the paintings, and to the social and moral issues raised by it, than to their style. Recently, politically charged discussions that address the Impressionists’ unequal treatment of men and women and the exclusion of modern industry and labor from their pictures have tended to crowd out the stylistic analysis favored by Rewald and his followers. In a new work illustrating this trend, Robert L. Herbert dissociates himself from formalists whose preoccupation with the stylistic features of Impressionist painting has, in Herbert’s view, left the history out of art history; his aim is to restore Impressionist paintings “to their sociocultural context.” However, his arguments are not, finally, persuasive. In attempting to place Impressionist painting in its proper historical context, Herbert has redrawn the traditional boundaries of Impressionism. Limiting himself to the two decades between 1860 and 1880, he assembles under the Impressionist banner what can only be described as a somewhat eccentric grouping of painters. Cezanne, Pisarro, and Sisley are almost entirely ignored, largely because their paintings do not suit Herbert’s emphasis on themes of urban life and suburban leisure, while Manet, Degas, and Caillebotte—who paint scenes of urban life but whom many would hardly characterize as Impressionists—dominate the first half of the book. Although this new description of Impressionist painting provides a more unified conception of nineteenth-century French painting by grouping quite disparate modernist painters together and emphasizing their common concerns rather than their stylistic differences, it also forces Herbert to overlook some of the most important genres of Impressionist painting—portraiture, pure landscape, and still-life painting. Moreover, the rationale for Herbert’s emphasis on the social and political realities that Impressionist paintings can be said to communicate rather than on their style is finally undermined by what even Herbert concedes was the failure of Impressionist painters to serve as particularly conscientious illustrators of their social milieu. They left much ordinary experience—work and poverty, for example—out of their paintings, and what they did put in was transformed by a style that had only an indirect relationship to the social realities of the world they depicted. Not only were their pictures inventions rather than photographs, they were inventions in which style to some degree disrupted description. Their paintings in effect have two levels of “subject”: what is represented and how it is represented, and no art historian can afford to emphasize one at the expense of the other. Stem:The author would most likely regard a book on the Impressionists that focused entirely on their style as Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:a product of the recent confusion caused by Herbert’s book on Impressionism Choice B:emphasizing what Impressionists themselves took to be their primary artistic concern Choice C:an overreaction against the traditional interpretation of Impressionism Choice D:neglecting the most innovative aspects of Impressionism Choice E:addressing only part of what an adequate treatment should cover | PT4 S2 Q27 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q1 Passage:A law firm has exactly nine partners: Fox, Glassen, Hae, Inman, Jacoby, Kohn, Lopez, Malloy, and Nassar. Kohn’s salary is greater than both Inman’s and Lopez’s. Lopez’s salary is greater than Nassar’s. Inman’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Fox’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. Malloy’s salary is greater than Glassen’s. Glassen’s salary is greater than Jacoby’s. Jacoby’s salary is greater than Hae’s. Stem:Which one of the following partners cannot have the third highest salary? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Fox Choice B:Inman Choice C:Lopez Choice D:Malloy Choice E:Nassar | PT4 S3 Q1 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q2 Passage:A law firm has exactly nine partners: Fox, Glassen, Hae, Inman, Jacoby, Kohn, Lopez, Malloy, and Nassar. Kohn’s salary is greater than both Inman’s and Lopez’s. Lopez’s salary is greater than Nassar’s. Inman’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Fox’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. Malloy’s salary is greater than Glassen’s. Glassen’s salary is greater than Jacoby’s. Jacoby’s salary is greater than Hae’s. Stem:If Malloy and Nassar earn the same salary, at least how many of the partners must have lower salaries than Lopez? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:3 Choice B:4 Choice C:5 Choice D:6 Choice E:7 | PT4 S3 Q2 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q3 Passage:A law firm has exactly nine partners: Fox, Glassen, Hae, Inman, Jacoby, Kohn, Lopez, Malloy, and Nassar. Kohn’s salary is greater than both Inman’s and Lopez’s. Lopez’s salary is greater than Nassar’s. Inman’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Fox’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. Malloy’s salary is greater than Glassen’s. Glassen’s salary is greater than Jacoby’s. Jacoby’s salary is greater than Hae’s. Stem:The salary rankings of each of the nine partners could be completely determined if which one of the following statements were true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Lopez’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Choice B:Lopez’s salary is greater than Inman’s. Choice C:Nassar’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Choice D:Nassar’s salary is greater than Inman’s. Choice E:Nassar’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. | PT4 S3 Q3 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q4 Passage:A law firm has exactly nine partners: Fox, Glassen, Hae, Inman, Jacoby, Kohn, Lopez, Malloy, and Nassar. Kohn’s salary is greater than both Inman’s and Lopez’s. Lopez’s salary is greater than Nassar’s. Inman’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Fox’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. Malloy’s salary is greater than Glassen’s. Glassen’s salary is greater than Jacoby’s. Jacoby’s salary is greater than Hae’s. Stem:If Nassar’s salary is the same as that of one other partner of the firm, which one of the following must be false? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Inman’s salary is less than Lopez’s. Choice B:Jacoby’s salary is less than Lopez’s. Choice C:Lopez’s salary is less than Fox’s. Choice D:Lopez’s salary is less than Hae’s. Choice E:Nassar’s salary is less than Glassen’s. | PT4 S3 Q4 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q5 Passage:A law firm has exactly nine partners: Fox, Glassen, Hae, Inman, Jacoby, Kohn, Lopez, Malloy, and Nassar. Kohn’s salary is greater than both Inman’s and Lopez’s. Lopez’s salary is greater than Nassar’s. Inman’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Fox’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. Malloy’s salary is greater than Glassen’s. Glassen’s salary is greater than Jacoby’s. Jacoby’s salary is greater than Hae’s. Stem:What is the minimum number of different salaries earned by the nine partners of the firm? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:5 Choice B:6 Choice C:7 Choice D:8 Choice E:9 | PT4 S3 Q5 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q6 Passage:A law firm has exactly nine partners: Fox, Glassen, Hae, Inman, Jacoby, Kohn, Lopez, Malloy, and Nassar. Kohn’s salary is greater than both Inman’s and Lopez’s. Lopez’s salary is greater than Nassar’s. Inman’s salary is greater than Fox’s. Fox’s salary is greater than Malloy’s. Malloy’s salary is greater than Glassen’s. Glassen’s salary is greater than Jacoby’s. Jacoby’s salary is greater than Hae’s. Stem:Assume that the partners of the firm are ranked according to their salaries, from first (highest) to ninth (lowest), and that no two salaries are the same. Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of Glassen’s possible ranks? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:fifth Choice B:fifth, sixth Choice C:fifth, seventh Choice D:fifth, sixth, seventh Choice E:fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth | PT4 S3 Q6 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q7 Passage:Each of five illnesses—J, K, L, M, and N—is characterized by at least one of the following three symptoms: fever, headache, and sneezing. None of the illnesses has any symptom that is not one of these three. Illness J is characterized by headache and sneezing. Illnesses J and K have no symptoms in common. Illnesses J and L have at least one symptom in common. Illness L has a greater number of symptoms than illness K. Illnesses L and N have no symptoms in common. Illness M has more symptoms than illness J. Stem:Which one of the following statements must be false? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Illness J has exactly two symptoms. Choice B:Illness K has exactly one symptom. Choice C:Illness L has exactly two symptoms. Choice D:Illness M has exactly three symptoms. Choice E:Illness N has exactly two symptoms. | PT4 S3 Q7 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q8 Passage:Each of five illnesses—J, K, L, M, and N—is characterized by at least one of the following three symptoms: fever, headache, and sneezing. None of the illnesses has any symptom that is not one of these three. Illness J is characterized by headache and sneezing. Illnesses J and K have no symptoms in common. Illnesses J and L have at least one symptom in common. Illness L has a greater number of symptoms than illness K. Illnesses L and N have no symptoms in common. Illness M has more symptoms than illness J. Stem:In which one of the following pairs could the first member of the pair be characterized by exactly the same number and types of symptoms as the second member of the pair? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:J and N Choice B:K and L Choice C:K and N Choice D:L and M Choice E:M and N | PT4 S3 Q8 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q9 Passage:Each of five illnesses—J, K, L, M, and N—is characterized by at least one of the following three symptoms: fever, headache, and sneezing. None of the illnesses has any symptom that is not one of these three. Illness J is characterized by headache and sneezing. Illnesses J and K have no symptoms in common. Illnesses J and L have at least one symptom in common. Illness L has a greater number of symptoms than illness K. Illnesses L and N have no symptoms in common. Illness M has more symptoms than illness J. Stem:If illness L is characterized by a combination of symptoms different from any of the other illnesses, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Fever is a symptom of illness L. Choice B:Sneezing is a symptom of illness L. Choice C:Headache is a symptom of illness L. Choice D:Illnesses K and N are characterized by exactly the same symptoms. Choice E:Illnesses M and N are characterized by exactly the same symptoms. | PT4 S3 Q9 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q10 Passage:Each of five illnesses—J, K, L, M, and N—is characterized by at least one of the following three symptoms: fever, headache, and sneezing. None of the illnesses has any symptom that is not one of these three. Illness J is characterized by headache and sneezing. Illnesses J and K have no symptoms in common. Illnesses J and L have at least one symptom in common. Illness L has a greater number of symptoms than illness K. Illnesses L and N have no symptoms in common. Illness M has more symptoms than illness J. Stem:The illnesses in which one of the following pairs must have exactly one symptom in common? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:J and L Choice B:J and M Choice C:J and N Choice D:K and L Choice E:M and N | PT4 S3 Q10 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q11 Passage:Each of five illnesses—J, K, L, M, and N—is characterized by at least one of the following three symptoms: fever, headache, and sneezing. None of the illnesses has any symptom that is not one of these three. Illness J is characterized by headache and sneezing. Illnesses J and K have no symptoms in common. Illnesses J and L have at least one symptom in common. Illness L has a greater number of symptoms than illness K. Illnesses L and N have no symptoms in common. Illness M has more symptoms than illness J. Stem:If Walter has exactly two of the three symptoms, then he cannot have all of the symptoms of Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:both illness J and illness L Choice B:both illness J and illness N Choice C:both illness K and illness L Choice D:both illness K and illness N Choice E:both illness L and illness N | PT4 S3 Q11 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q12 Passage:A street cleaning crew works only Monday to Friday, and only during the day. It takes the crew an entire morning or an entire afternoon to clean a street. During one week the crew cleaned exactly eight streets—First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth streets. The following is known about the crew’s schedule for the week: The crew cleaned no street on Friday morning. The crew cleaned no street on Wednesday afternoon. It cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday morning. It cleaned Seventh Street on Thursday morning. It cleaned Fourth Street before Sixth Street and after Eighth Street. It cleaned Second, Fifth, and Eighth streets on afternoons. Stem:If the crew cleaned Second Street earlier in the week than Seventh Street, then it must have cleaned which one of the following streets on Tuesday afternoon? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:First Street Choice B:Second Street Choice C:Third Street Choice D:Fifth Street Choice E:Eighth Street | PT4 S3 Q12 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q13 Passage:A street cleaning crew works only Monday to Friday, and only during the day. It takes the crew an entire morning or an entire afternoon to clean a street. During one week the crew cleaned exactly eight streets—First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth streets. The following is known about the crew’s schedule for the week: The crew cleaned no street on Friday morning. The crew cleaned no street on Wednesday afternoon. It cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday morning. It cleaned Seventh Street on Thursday morning. It cleaned Fourth Street before Sixth Street and after Eighth Street. It cleaned Second, Fifth, and Eighth streets on afternoons. Stem:If the crew cleaned Sixth Street on a morning and cleaned Second Street before Seventh Street, then what is the maximum number of streets whose cleaning times cannot be determined? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:1 Choice B:2 Choice C:3 Choice D:4 Choice E:5 | PT4 S3 Q13 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q14 Passage:A street cleaning crew works only Monday to Friday, and only during the day. It takes the crew an entire morning or an entire afternoon to clean a street. During one week the crew cleaned exactly eight streets—First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth streets. The following is known about the crew’s schedule for the week: The crew cleaned no street on Friday morning. The crew cleaned no street on Wednesday afternoon. It cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday morning. It cleaned Seventh Street on Thursday morning. It cleaned Fourth Street before Sixth Street and after Eighth Street. It cleaned Second, Fifth, and Eighth streets on afternoons. Stem:What is the maximum possible number of streets any one of which could be the one the crew cleaned on Friday afternoon? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:1 Choice B:2 Choice C:3 Choice D:4 Choice E:5 | PT4 S3 Q14 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q15 Passage:A street cleaning crew works only Monday to Friday, and only during the day. It takes the crew an entire morning or an entire afternoon to clean a street. During one week the crew cleaned exactly eight streets—First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth streets. The following is known about the crew’s schedule for the week: The crew cleaned no street on Friday morning. The crew cleaned no street on Wednesday afternoon. It cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday morning. It cleaned Seventh Street on Thursday morning. It cleaned Fourth Street before Sixth Street and after Eighth Street. It cleaned Second, Fifth, and Eighth streets on afternoons. Stem:If the crew cleaned First Street earlier in the week than Third Street, then which one of the following statements must be false? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The crew cleaned First Street on Tuesday afternoon. Choice B:The crew cleaned Second Street on Thursday afternoon. Choice C:The crew cleaned Third Street on Wednesday morning. Choice D:The crew cleaned Fifth Street on Thursday afternoon. Choice E:The crew cleaned Sixth Street on Friday afternoon. | PT4 S3 Q15 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q16 Passage:A street cleaning crew works only Monday to Friday, and only during the day. It takes the crew an entire morning or an entire afternoon to clean a street. During one week the crew cleaned exactly eight streets—First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth streets. The following is known about the crew’s schedule for the week: The crew cleaned no street on Friday morning. The crew cleaned no street on Wednesday afternoon. It cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday morning. It cleaned Seventh Street on Thursday morning. It cleaned Fourth Street before Sixth Street and after Eighth Street. It cleaned Second, Fifth, and Eighth streets on afternoons. Stem:If the crew cleaned Fifth, Sixth, and Seventh streets in numerical order, then what is the maximum number of different schedules any one of which the crew could have had for the entire week? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:1 Choice B:2 Choice C:3 Choice D:4 Choice E:5 | PT4 S3 Q16 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q17 Passage:A street cleaning crew works only Monday to Friday, and only during the day. It takes the crew an entire morning or an entire afternoon to clean a street. During one week the crew cleaned exactly eight streets—First, Second, Third, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Seventh, and Eighth streets. The following is known about the crew’s schedule for the week: The crew cleaned no street on Friday morning. The crew cleaned no street on Wednesday afternoon. It cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday morning. It cleaned Seventh Street on Thursday morning. It cleaned Fourth Street before Sixth Street and after Eighth Street. It cleaned Second, Fifth, and Eighth streets on afternoons. Stem:Suppose the crew had cleaned Fourth Street on Tuesday afternoon instead of on Tuesday morning, but all other conditions remained the same. Which one of the following statements could be false? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The crew cleaned First Street before Second Street. Choice B:The crew cleaned Second Street before Fifth Street. Choice C:The crew cleaned Third Street before Second Street. Choice D:The crew cleaned Sixth Street before Fifth Street. Choice E:The crew cleaned Seventh Street before Second Street. | PT4 S3 Q17 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q18 Passage: Stem:Which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:One segment of the path directly connects chalets M and K. Choice B:One segment of the path directly connects chalets M and L. Choice C:One segment of the path directly connects chalets M and O. Choice D:One segment of the path directly connects chalets J and K and another segment directly connects chalets K and M. Choice E:One segment of the path directly connects chalets O and L and another segment directly connects chalets O and N. | PT4 S3 Q18 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q19 Passage: Stem:If one segment of the path directly connects chalets K and N, then the two chalets in which one of the following pairs must be directly connected to each other by a segment? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:J and K Choice B:K and O Choice C:L and O Choice D:M and N Choice E:N and O | PT4 S3 Q19 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q20 Passage: Stem:If a segment of the path directly connects chalets J and K, then the two chalets in which one of the following pairs must be directly connected to each other by a segment? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:J and M Choice B:K and N Choice C:K and O Choice D:L and O Choice E:N and O | PT4 S3 Q20 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q21 Passage: Stem:If one segment of the path directly connects chalets K and O, then which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Chalet J is directly connected to chalet M. Choice B:Chalet K is directly connected to chalet N. Choice C:Chalet L is directly connected to chalet O. Choice D:Chalet L is directly connected to exactly two chalets. Choice E:Chalet O is directly connected to exactly one chalet. | PT4 S3 Q21 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q22 Passage: Stem:Which one of the following statements, if true, guarantees that one segment of the path directly connects chalets M and N? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:One segment of the path directly connects chalets K and J. Choice B:One segment of the path directly connects chalets N and O. Choice C:One segment of the path directly connects chalet K and a chalet in row 2. Choice D:One segment of the path directly connects chalet L and a chalet in row 2. Choice E:One segment of the path directly connects chalet O and a chalet in row 1. | PT4 S3 Q22 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q23 Passage: Stem:Which one of the following chalets cannot be directly connected by segments of the path to exactly two other chalets? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:K Choice B:L Choice C:M Choice D:N Choice E:O | PT4 S3 Q23 |
Question ID:PT4 S3 Q24 Passage: Stem:If no segment of the path directly connects any chalet in row 1 with the chalet in row 2 that is directly opposite it, then each of the following statements must be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A segment of the path directly connects chalets M and N. Choice B:A segment of the path directly connects chalets N and O. Choice C:Chalet L is directly connected to exactly one other chalet. Choice D:Chalet N is directly connected to exactly two other chalets. Choice E:Chalet O is directly connected to exactly two other chalets. | PT4 S3 Q24 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q1 Passage:With the passage of the new tax reform laws, the annual tax burden on low-income taxpayers will be reduced, on average, by anywhere from $100 to $300. Clearly, tax reform is in the interest of low-income taxpayers. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Tax reform, by simplifying the tax code, will save many people the expense of having an accountant do their taxes. Choice B:Tax reform, by eliminating tax incentives to build rental housing, will push up rents an average of about $40 per month for lowincome taxpayers. Choice C:Low-income taxpayers have consistently voted for those political candidates who are strong advocates of tax reform. Choice D:The new tax reform laws will permit low- and middle-income taxpayers to deduct child-care expenses from their taxes. Choice E:Under the new tax reform laws, many lowincome taxpayers who now pay taxes will no longer be required to do so. | PT4 S4 Q1 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q2 Passage:If we are to expand the exploration of our solar system, our next manned flight should be to Phobos, one of Mars’s moons, rather than to Mars itself. The flight times to each are the same, but the Phobos expedition would require less than half the fuel load of a Mars expedition and would, therefore, be much less costly. So, it is clear that Phobos should be our next step in space exploration. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would most help to explain the difference in fuel requirements? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:More equipment would be required to explore Phobos than to explore Mars. Choice B:Smaller spaceships require less fuel than larger spaceships. Choice C:Information learned during the trip to Phobos can be used during a subsequent trip to Mars. Choice D:The shortest distance between Phobos and Mars is less than half the shortest distance between Earth and Mars. Choice E:Lift-off for the return trip from Phobos requires much less fuel than that from Mars because of Phobos’ weaker gravitational pull. | PT4 S4 Q2 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q3 Passage:Scientific research that involves international collaboration has produced papers of greater influence, as measured by the number of times a paper is cited in subsequent papers, than has research without any collaboration. Papers that result from international collaboration are cited an average of seven times, whereas papers with single authors are cited only three times on average. This difference shows that research projects conducted by international research teams are of greater importance than those conducted by single researchers. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Prolific writers can inflate the number of citations they receive by citing themselves in subsequent papers. Choice B:It is possible to ascertain whether or not a paper is the product of international collaboration by determining the number of citations it has received. Choice C:The number of citations a paper receives is a measure of the importance of the research it reports. Choice D:The collaborative efforts of scientists who are citizens of the same country do not produce papers that are as important as papers that are produced by international collaboration. Choice E:International research teams tend to be more generously funded than are single researchers. | PT4 S4 Q3 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q4 Passage:It is more desirable to have some form of socialized medicine than a system of medical care relying on the private sector. Socialized medicine is more broadly accessible than is a private-sector system. In addition, since countries with socialized medicine have a lower infant mortality rate than do countries with a system relying entirely on the private sector, socialized medicine seems to be technologically superior. Stem:Which one of the following best indicates a flaw in the argument about the technological superiority of socialized medicine? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The lower infant mortality rate might be due to the system’s allowing greater access to medical care. Choice B:There is no necessary connection between the economic system of socialism and technological achievement. Choice C:Infant mortality is a reliable indicator of the quality of medical care for children. Choice D:No list is presented of the countries whose infant mortality statistics are summarized under the two categories, “socialized” and “private-sector.” Choice E:The argument presupposes the desirability of socialized medicine, which is what the argument seeks to establish. | PT4 S4 Q4 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q5 Passage:Most parents who are generous are good parents, but some self-centered parents are also good parents. Yet all good parents share one characteristic: they are good listeners. Stem:If all of the statements in the passage are true, which one of the following must also be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:All parents who are good listeners are good parents. Choice B:Some parents who are good listeners are not good parents. Choice C:Most parents who are good listeners are generous. Choice D:Some parents who are good listeners are self-centered. Choice E:Fewer self-centered parents than generous parents are good listeners. | PT4 S4 Q5 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q6 Passage:Lourdes: Dietary fiber is an important part of a healthful diet. Experts recommend that adults consume 20 to 35 grams of fiber a day. Kyra: But a daily intake of fiber that is significantly above that recommended level interferes with mineral absorption, especially the absorption of calcium. The public should be told to cut back on fiber intake. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most undermines Kyra’s recommendation? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Among adults, the average consumption of dietary fiber is at present approximately 10 grams a day. Choice B:The more a food is processed, the more the fiber is broken down and the lower the fiber content. Choice C:Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are economical and readily available. Choice D:Adequate calcium intake helps prevent the decrease in bone mass known as osteoporosis. Choice E:Many foodstuffs that are excellent sources of fiber are popular with consumers. | PT4 S4 Q6 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q7 Passage:A certain retailer promotes merchandise by using the following policy: At all times there is either a “manager’s sale” or a “holiday sale” or both going on. All sales are run for exactly one calendar month. In any given month, if a manager wishes to clear out a particular line of merchandise, then a manager’s sale is declared. If a holiday falls within the calendar month and there is excess merchandise in the warehouse, then a holiday sale is declared.However, there is no holiday that falls within the
month of August and, in that month, the warehouse
never contains excess merchandise. Stem:Which one of the following can be concluded from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:If a holiday falls within a given month and there is no extra merchandise in the warehouse that month, then a holiday sale is declared. Choice B:If a holiday sale is not being run, then it is the month of August. Choice C:If a manager’s sale is being run in some month, then there is no excess merchandise in the warehouse in that month. Choice D:If there is not a manager’s sale being run in some month, then there is a holiday sale being run in that month. Choice E:If there is no excess merchandise in the warehouse, then it is the month of August. | PT4 S4 Q7 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q8 Passage:Prominent business executives often play active roles in United States presidential campaigns as fund-raisers or backroom strategists, but few actually seek to become president themselves. Throughout history the great majority of those who have sought to become president have been lawyers, military leaders, or full-time politicians. This is understandable, for the personality and skills that make for success in business do not make for success in politics. Business is largely hierarchical, whereas politics is coordinative. As a result, business executives tend to be uncomfortable with compromises and power-sharing, which are inherent in politics. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the proposed explanation of why business executives do not run for president? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Many of the most active presidential fund-raisers and backroom strategists are themselves politicians. Choice B:Military leaders are generally no more comfortable with compromises and power-sharing than are business executives. Choice C:Some of the skills needed to become a successful lawyer are different from some of those needed to become a successful military leader. Choice D:Some former presidents have engaged in business ventures after leaving office. Choice E:Some hierarchically structured companies have been major financial supporters of candidates for president. | PT4 S4 Q8 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q9 Passage:A scientific theory is a good theory if it satisfies two requirements: It must accurately describe a large class of observations in terms of a model that is simple enough to contain only a few elements, and it must make definite predictions about the results of future observations. For example, Aristotle’s cosmological theory, which claimed that everything was made out of four elements—earth, air, fire, and water—satisfied the first requirement, but it did not make any definite predictions. Thus, Aristotle’s cosmological theory was not a good theory. Stem:If all the statements in the passage are true, each of the following must also be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Prediction about the results of future observations must be made by any good scientific theory. Choice B:Observation of physical phenomena was not a major concern in Aristotle’s cosmological theory. Choice C:Four elements can be the basis of a scientific model that is simple enough to meet the simplicity criterion of a good theory. Choice D:A scientific model that contains many elements is not a good theory. Choice E:Aristotle’s cosmological theory described a large class of observations in terms of only four elements. | PT4 S4 Q9 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q10 Passage:Millions of irreplaceable exhibits in natural history museums are currently allowed to decay. Yet without analyses of eggs from museums, the studies linking pesticides with the decline of birds of prey would have been impossible. Therefore, funds must be raised to preserve at least those exhibits that will be most valuable to science in the future. Stem:The argument presupposes that Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:if a museum exhibit is irreplaceable, its preservation is of an importance that overrides economic considerations Choice B:the scientific analysis of museum exhibits can be performed in a nondestructive way Choice C:eggs of extinct species should be analyzed to increase knowledge of genetic relationships among species Choice D:it can be known at this time what data will be of most use to scientific investigators in the future Choice E:the decay of organic material in natural history exhibits is natural and cannot be prevented | PT4 S4 Q10 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q11 Passage:Compared to nonprofit hospitals of the same size, investor-owned hospitals require less public investment in the form of tax breaks, use fewer employees, and have higher occupancy levels. It can therefore be concluded that investor-owned hospitals are a better way of delivering medical care than are nonprofit hospitals. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, most undermines the conclusion drawn above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Nonprofit hospitals charge more per bed than do investor-owned hospitals. Choice B:Patients in nonprofit hospitals recover more quickly than do patients with comparable illnesses in investor-owned hospitals. Choice C:Nonprofit hospitals do more fundraising than do investor-owned hospitals. Choice D:Doctors at nonprofit hospitals earn higher salaries than do similarly-qualified doctors at investor-owned hospitals. Choice E:Nonprofit hospitals receive more donations than do investor-owned hospitals. | PT4 S4 Q11 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q12 Passage:The ancient Egyptian pharaoh Akhenaten, who had a profound effect during his lifetime on Egyptian art and religion, was well loved and highly respected by his subjects. We know this from the fierce loyalty shown to him by his palace guards, as documented in reports written during Akhenaten’s reign. Stem:A questionable technique used in the argument is to Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:introduce information that actually contradicts the conclusion Choice B:rely on evidence that in principle would be impossible to challenge Choice C:make a generalization based on a sample that is likely to be unrepresentative Choice D:depend on the ambiguity of the term “ancient” Choice E:apply present-day standards in an inappropriate way to ancient times | PT4 S4 Q12 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q13 Passage:Physician: The patient is suffering either from disease X or else from disease Y, but there is no available test for distinguishing X from Y. Therefore, since there is an effective treatment for Y but no treatment for X, we must act on the assumption that the patient has a case of Y. Stem:The physician’s reasoning could be based on which one of the following principles? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:In treating a patient who has one or the other of two diseases, it is more important to treat the diseases than to determine which of the two diseases the patient has. Choice B:If circumstances beyond a decision maker’s control will affect the outcome of the decision maker’s actions, the decision maker must assume that circumstances are unfavorable. Choice C:When the soundness of a strategy depends on the truth of a certain assumption, the first step in putting the strategy into effect must be to test the truth of this assumption. Choice D:When success is possible only if a circumstance beyond one’s control is favorable, then one’s strategy must be based on the assumption that this circumstance is in fact favorable. Choice E:When only one strategy carries the possibility of success, circumstances must as much as possible be changed to fit this strategy. | PT4 S4 Q13 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q14 Passage:Consumer advocate: Tropical oils are high in saturated fats, which increase the risk of heart disease. Fortunately, in most prepared food tropical oils can be replaced by healthier alternatives without noticeably affecting taste. Therefore, intensive publicity about the disadvantage of tropical oils will be likely to result in dietary changes that will diminish many people’s risk of developing heart disease. Nutritionist: The major sources of saturated fat in the average North American diet are meat, poultry, and dairy products, not tropical oils. Thus, focusing attention on the health hazards of tropical oils would be counterproductive, because it would encourage people to believe that more substantial dietary changes are unnecessary. Stem:Which one of the following is a point at issue between the nutritionist and the consumer advocate? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:whether a diet that regularly includes large quantities of tropical oil can increase the risk of heart disease Choice B:whether intensive publicity campaigns can be effective as a means of changing people’s eating habits Choice C:whether more people in North America would benefit from reducing the amount of meat they consume than would benefit from eliminating tropical oils from their diets Choice D:whether some people’s diets could be made significantly healthier if they replaced all tropical oils with vegetable oils that are significantly lower in saturated fat Choice E:whether conducting a publicity campaign that, by focusing on the health hazards of tropical oils, persuades people to replace such oils with healthier alternatives is a good public-health strategy | PT4 S4 Q14 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q15 Passage:People who take what others regard as a ridiculous position should not bother to say, “I mean every word!” For either their position truly is ridiculous, in which case insisting that they are serious about it only exposes them to deeper embarrassment, or else their position has merit, in which case they should meet disbelief with rational argument rather than with assurances of their sincerity. Stem:Which one of the following arguments is most similar in its reasoning to the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:A practice that has been denounced as a poor practice should not be defended on the grounds that “this is how we have always done it.” If the practice is a poor one, so much the worse that it has been extensively used; if it is not a poor one, there must be a better reason for engaging in it than inertia. Choice B:People who are asked why they eat some of the unusual foods they eat should not answer, “because that is what I like.” This sort of answer will sound either naive or evasive and thus will satisfy no one. Choice C:People whose taste in clothes is being criticized should not reply, “Every penny I spent on these clothes I earned honestly.” For the issue raised by the critics is not how the money was come by but rather whether it was spent wisely. Choice D:Scholars who champion unpopular new theories should not assume that the widespread rejection of their ideas shows that they “must be on the right track.” The truth is that few theories of any consequence are either wholly right or wholly wrong and thus there is no substitute for patient work in ascertaining which parts are right. Choice E:People who set themselves goals that others denounce as overly ambitious do little to silence their critics if they say, “I can accomplish this if anyone can.” Rather, those people should either admit that their critics are right or not dignify the criticism with any reply. | PT4 S4 Q15 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q16 Passage:Concetta: Franchot was a great writer because she was ahead of her time in understanding that industrialization was taking an unconscionable toll on the family structure of the working class. Alicia: Franchot was not a great writer. The mark of a great writer is the ability to move people with the power of the written word, not the ability to be among the first to grasp a social issue. Besides, the social consequences of industrialization were widely understood in Franchot’s day. Stem:In her disagreement with Concetta, Alicia does which one of the followings? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:accepts Concetta’s criterion and then adds evidence to Concetta’s case Choice B:discredits Concetta’s evidence and then generalizes from new evidence Choice C:rejects Concetta’s criterion and then disputes a specific claim Choice D:disputes Concetta’s conclusion and then presents facts in support of an alternative criterion Choice E:attacks one of Concetta’s claims and then criticizes the structure of her argument | PT4 S4 Q16 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q17 Passage:Zeida: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence, Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred from Anson’s argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Dr. Ladlow’s evidence that his theory generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze is inaccurate. Choice B:Psychologists who can derive consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze from their theories cannot responsibly conclude that those theories cannot be disproved. Choice C:No matter how responsible psychologists are, they can never develop correct theoretical explanations. Choice D:Responsible psychologists do not make predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. Choice E:Psychologists who accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect are responsible psychologists. | PT4 S4 Q17 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q18 Passage:Zeida: Dr. Ladlow, a research psychologist, has convincingly demonstrated that his theory about the determinants of rat behavior generates consistently accurate predictions about how rats will perform in a maze. On the basis of this evidence, Dr. Ladlow has claimed that his theory is irrefutably correct. Anson: Then Dr. Ladlow is not a responsible psychologist. Dr. Ladlow’s evidence does not conclusively prove that his theory is correct. Responsible psychologists always accept the possibility that new evidence will show that their theories are incorrect. Stem:Anson bases his conclusion about Dr. Ladlow on which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:an attack on Dr. Ladlow’s character Choice B:the application of a general principle Choice C:the use of an ambiguous term Choice D:the discrediting of facts Choice E:the rejection of a theoretical explanation | PT4 S4 Q18 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q19 Passage:Smith: Meat in the diet is healthy, despite what some people say. After all, most doctors do eat meat, and who knows more about health than doctors do? Stem:Which one of the following is a flaw in Smith’s reasoning? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:attacking the opponents’ motives instead of their argument Choice B:generalizing on the basis of a sample consisting of atypical cases Choice C:assuming at the outset what the argument claims to establish through reasoning Choice D:appealing to authority, even when different authorities give conflicting advice about an issue Choice E:taking for granted that experts do not act counter to what, according to their expertise, is in their best interest | PT4 S4 Q19 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q20 Passage:The rise in the prosperity of England subsequent to 1840 can be attributed to the adoption of the policy of free trade, since economic conditions improved only when that policy had been implemented. Stem:The reasoning in the above argument most closely parallels that in which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:An exhaustive search of the marshes last year revealed no sign of marsh hawks, so it can be assumed that a similar search this year would reveal equally little sign of that kind of bird. Choice B:Building a circular bypass road around Plainfield probably helped the flow of local traffic in the town center, since a circular bypass road generally cuts a city’s through traffic markedly. Choice C:Before the banks raised their interest rates, people on average incomes could almost afford a mortgage for an amount twice their salary, hence the rate increase has now put mortgages beyond their reach. Choice D:Since the improvement in the company’s profitability began to occur after the vice president’s new morale-building program was put in place, that program can be credited with the improved result. Choice E:The extinction of the dinosaurs was brought about by an asteroid colliding with Earth, so their extinction could not have come before the collision. | PT4 S4 Q20 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q21 Passage:During construction of the Quebec Bridge in 1907, the bridge’s designer, Theodore Cooper, received word that the suspended span being built out from the bridge’s cantilever was deflecting downward by a fraction of an inch. Before he could telegraph to freeze the project, the whole cantilever arm broke off and plunged, along with seven dozen workers, into the St. Lawrence River. It was the worst bridge construction disaster in history. As a direct result of the inquiry that followed, the engineering “rules of thumb” by which thousands of bridges had been built went down with the Quebec Bridge. Twentieth-century bridge engineers would thereafter depend on far more rigorous applications of mathematical analysis. Stem:Which one of the following statements can be properly inferred from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Bridges built before about 1907 were built without thorough mathematical analysis and, therefore, were unsafe for the public to use. Choice B:Cooper’s absence from the Quebec Bridge construction site resulted in the breaking off of the cantilever. Choice C:Nineteenth-century bridge engineers relied on their rules of thumb because analytical methods were inadequate to solve their design problems. Choice D:Only a more rigorous application of mathematical analysis to the design of the Quebec Bridge could have prevented its collapse. Choice E:Prior to 1907 the mathematical analysis incorporated in engineering rules of thumb was insufficient to completely assure the safety of bridges under construction. | PT4 S4 Q21 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q22 Passage:Most children find it very difficult to explain exactly what the words they use mean when those words do not refer to things that can be seen or touched. Yet, since children are able to use these words to convey the feelings and emotions they are obviously experiencing, understanding what a word means clearly does not depend on being able to explain it. Stem:Which one of the following principles, if accepted, would provide the most justification for the conclusion? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The fact that a task is very difficult for most people does not mean that no one can do it. Choice B:Anyone who can provide an exact explanation of a word has a clear understanding of what that word means. Choice C:Words that refer to emotions invariably have less narrowly circumscribed conventional meanings than do words that refer to physical objects. Choice D:When someone appropriately uses a word to convey something that he or she is experiencing, that person understands what that word means. Choice E:Words can be explained satisfactorily only when they refer to things that can be seen or touched. | PT4 S4 Q22 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q23 Passage:The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption required by the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The brain of a person suffering from schizophrenia is smaller than the brain of anyone not suffering from schizophrenia. Choice B:The relative smallness of certain parts of the brains of schizophrenics is not the result of schizophrenia or of medications used in its treatment. Choice C:The brain of a person with an identical twin is no smaller, on average, than the brain of a person who is not a twin. Choice D:When a pair of identical twins both suffer from schizophrenia, their brains are the same size. Choice E:People who have an identical twin are no more likely to suffer from schizophrenia than those who do not. | PT4 S4 Q23 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q24 Passage:The brains of identical twins are genetically identical. When only one of a pair of identical twins is a schizophrenic, certain areas of the affected twin’s brain are smaller than corresponding areas in the brain of the unaffected twin. No such differences are found when neither twin is schizophrenic. Therefore, this discovery provides definitive evidence that schizophrenia is caused by damage to the physical structure of the brain. Stem:If the statements on which the conclusion above is based are all true, each of the following could be true EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:People who lack a genetic susceptibility for the disease will not develop schizophrenia. Choice B:Medications can control most of the symptoms of schizophrenia in most patients but will never be able to cure it. Choice C:The brains of schizophrenics share many of the characteristics found in those of people without the disorder. Choice D:It will eventually be possible to determine whether or not someone will develop schizophrenia on the basis of genetic information alone. Choice E:Brain abnormalities associated with schizophrenia are the result of childhood viral infections that inhibit the development of brain cells. | PT4 S4 Q24 |
Question ID:PT4 S4 Q25 Passage:Sixty adults were asked to keep a diary of their meals, including what they consumed, when, and in the company of how many people. It was found that at meals with which they drank alcoholic beverages, they consumed about 175 calories more from nonalcoholic sources than they did at meals with which they did not drink alcoholic beverages. Stem:Each of the following, if true, contributes to an explanation of the difference in caloric intake EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Diners spent a much longer time at meals served with alcohol than they did at those served without alcohol. Choice B:The meals eaten later in the day tended to be larger than those eaten earlier in the day, and later meals were more likely to include alcohol. Choice C:People eat more when there are more people present at the meal, and more people tended to be present at meals served with alcohol than at meals served without alcohol. Choice D:The meals that were most carefully prepared and most attractively served tended to be those at which alcoholic beverages were consumed. Choice E:At meals that included alcohol, relatively more of the total calories consumed came from carbohydrates and relatively fewer of them came from fats and proteins. | PT4 S4 Q25 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q1 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the entrees any one of which Lewis could order? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:pork chops, roast beef Choice B:pork chops, veal cutlet Choice C:pork chops, swordfish, veal cutlet Choice D:pork chops, roast beef, tilefish, veal cutlet Choice E:pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet | PT3 S1 Q1 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q2 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:Which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:John orders the same kind of entree as Marie does. Choice B:Kate orders the same kind of entree as Nat does. Choice C:Lewis orders the same Kind of entree as Nat does. Choice D:Marie orders the same kind of entree as Olive does. Choice E:Nat orders the same kind of entree as Olive does. | PT3 S1 Q2 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q3 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:Which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:One of the men orders pork chops or veal cutlet. Choice B:One of the men orders swordfish or veal cutlet. Choice C:Two of the women order tilefish. Choice D:None of the men orders a fish entree. Choice E:Exactly one of the women orders a fish entree. | PT3 S1 Q3 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q4 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:If John orders veal cutlet, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Kate orders roast beef. Choice B:Kate orders swordfish. Choice C:Lewis orders tilefish. Choice D:Lewis orders veal cutlet. Choice E:Nat orders pork chops. | PT3 S1 Q4 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q5 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:If none of the six people orders pork chops, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:John orders veal cutlet. Choice B:Kate orders tilefish. Choice C:Lewis orders tilefish. Choice D:One of the men orders swordfish. Choice E:One of the women orders tilefish. | PT3 S1 Q5 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q6 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:If Lewis orders pork chops, then which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the entrees any one of which John could order? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:roast beef Choice B:veal cutlet Choice C:roast beef, veal cutlet Choice D:roast beef, swordfish Choice E:pork chops, roast beef, swordfish | PT3 S1 Q6 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q7 Passage:Three couples—John and Kate, Lewis and Marie, and Nat and Olive have dinner in a restaurant together. Kate, Marie, and Olive are women; the other three are men. Each person orders one and only one of the following kinds of entrees: pork chops, roast beef, swordfish, tilefish, veal cutlet. The six people order in a manner consistent with the following conditions: The two people in each couple do not order the same kind of entree as each other. None of the men orders the same kind of entree as any of the other men. Marie orders swordfish. Neither John nor Nat orders a fish entree. Olive orders roast beef. Stem:Suppose that the people in each couple both order the same kind of entree as each other rather than order different kinds of entrees. If all other conditions remain the same, and no two women order the same kind of entree, then which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:John orders roast beef. Choice B:John orders swordfish. Choice C:Kate orders roast beef. Choice D:Two of the people order pork chops. Choice E:Two of the people order tilefish. | PT3 S1 Q7 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q8 Passage:There are exactly seven houses on a street. Each house is occupied by exactly one of seven families: the Kahns, Lowes, Muirs, Newmans, Owens, Piatts, Rutans. All the houses are on the same side of the street, which runs from west to east. The Rutans do not live in the first or the last house on the street. The Kahns live in the fourth house from the west end of the street. The Muirs live next to the Kahns. The Piatts live east of both the Kahns and the Muirs but west of the Lowes. Stem:Which one of the following families could live in the house that is the farthest east? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:the Kahns Choice B:the Muirs Choice C:the Newmans Choice D:the Piatts Choice E:the Rutans | PT3 S1 Q8 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q9 Passage:There are exactly seven houses on a street. Each house is occupied by exactly one of seven families: the Kahns, Lowes, Muirs, Newmans, Owens, Piatts, Rutans. All the houses are on the same side of the street, which runs from west to east. The Rutans do not live in the first or the last house on the street. The Kahns live in the fourth house from the west end of the street. The Muirs live next to the Kahns. The Piatts live east of both the Kahns and the Muirs but west of the Lowes. Stem:Which one of the following families CANNOT live next to the Kahns? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:the Lowes Choice B:the Newmans Choice C:the Owens Choice D:the Piatts Choice E:the Rutans | PT3 S1 Q9 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q10 Passage:There are exactly seven houses on a street. Each house is occupied by exactly one of seven families: the Kahns, Lowes, Muirs, Newmans, Owens, Piatts, Rutans. All the houses are on the same side of the street, which runs from west to east. The Rutans do not live in the first or the last house on the street. The Kahns live in the fourth house from the west end of the street. The Muirs live next to the Kahns. The Piatts live east of both the Kahns and the Muirs but west of the Lowes. Stem:If the Muirs live west of the Kahns, then the Rutans CANNOT live next to both Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:the Kahns and the Piatts Choice B:the Lowes and the Piatts Choice C:the Muirs and the Piatts Choice D:the Muirs and the Owens Choice E:the Muirs and the Newmans | PT3 S1 Q10 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q11 Passage:There are exactly seven houses on a street. Each house is occupied by exactly one of seven families: the Kahns, Lowes, Muirs, Newmans, Owens, Piatts, Rutans. All the houses are on the same side of the street, which runs from west to east. The Rutans do not live in the first or the last house on the street. The Kahns live in the fourth house from the west end of the street. The Muirs live next to the Kahns. The Piatts live east of both the Kahns and the Muirs but west of the Lowes. Stem:If the Newmans live immediately west of the Kahns, which one of the following statements must be false? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The Owens live next to the Newmans. Choice B:The Owens live next to the Rutans. Choice C:The Piatts live next to the Lowes. Choice D:The Piatts live next to the Muirs. Choice E:The Rutans live next to the Newmans. | PT3 S1 Q11 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q12 Passage:There are exactly seven houses on a street. Each house is occupied by exactly one of seven families: the Kahns, Lowes, Muirs, Newmans, Owens, Piatts, Rutans. All the houses are on the same side of the street, which runs from west to east. The Rutans do not live in the first or the last house on the street. The Kahns live in the fourth house from the west end of the street. The Muirs live next to the Kahns. The Piatts live east of both the Kahns and the Muirs but west of the Lowes. Stem:If the Owens live east of the Muirs, which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The Kahns live east of the Muirs. Choice B:The Kahns live west of the Rutans. Choice C:The Owens live west of the Lowes. Choice D:The Owens live east of the Piatts. Choice E:The Owens live west of the Piatts. | PT3 S1 Q12 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q13 Passage:There are exactly seven houses on a street. Each house is occupied by exactly one of seven families: the Kahns, Lowes, Muirs, Newmans, Owens, Piatts, Rutans. All the houses are on the same side of the street, which runs from west to east. The Rutans do not live in the first or the last house on the street. The Kahns live in the fourth house from the west end of the street. The Muirs live next to the Kahns. The Piatts live east of both the Kahns and the Muirs but west of the Lowes. Stem:If the Owens live east of the Kahns, which one of the following pairs of families must live next to each other? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:the Kahns and the Piatts Choice B:the Lowes and the Owens Choice C:the Muirs and the Newmans Choice D:the Newmans and the Rutans Choice E:the Owens and the Piatts | PT3 S1 Q13 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q14 Passage:At an automobile exhibition, cars are displayed on each floor of a three-floor building. On each floor the cars are either all family cars or all sports cars, either all new or all used, and either all production models or all research models. The following conditions apply to this exhibition: If the exhibition includes both family cars and sports cars, then each family car is displayed on a lower numbered floor than any sports car. The exhibition includes no used research models. The exhibition includes no research models that are sports cars. There are new cars on floor 1. There are used cars on floor 3. Stem:If there are sports cars on exactly two floors, then which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:There are research models on floor 1. Choice B:There are sports cars on floor 1. Choice C:There are family cars on floor 2. Choice D:There are research models on floor 2. Choice E:There are family cars on floor 3. | PT3 S1 Q14 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q15 Passage:At an automobile exhibition, cars are displayed on each floor of a three-floor building. On each floor the cars are either all family cars or all sports cars, either all new or all used, and either all production models or all research models. The following conditions apply to this exhibition: If the exhibition includes both family cars and sports cars, then each family car is displayed on a lower numbered floor than any sports car. The exhibition includes no used research models. The exhibition includes no research models that are sports cars. There are new cars on floor 1. There are used cars on floor 3. Stem:Which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The exhibition includes new research model sports cars. Choice B:The exhibition includes used research model family cars. Choice C:The exhibition includes used research model sports cars. Choice D:There are research models on exactly one floor. Choice E:There are research models on all three floors. | PT3 S1 Q15 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q16 Passage:At an automobile exhibition, cars are displayed on each floor of a three-floor building. On each floor the cars are either all family cars or all sports cars, either all new or all used, and either all production models or all research models. The following conditions apply to this exhibition: If the exhibition includes both family cars and sports cars, then each family car is displayed on a lower numbered floor than any sports car. The exhibition includes no used research models. The exhibition includes no research models that are sports cars. There are new cars on floor 1. There are used cars on floor 3. Stem:Which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:There are production models on floor 1. Choice B:There are research models on floor 1. Choice C:There are production models on floor 2. Choice D:There are production models on floor 3. Choice E:There are research models on floor 3. | PT3 S1 Q16 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q17 Passage:At an automobile exhibition, cars are displayed on each floor of a three-floor building. On each floor the cars are either all family cars or all sports cars, either all new or all used, and either all production models or all research models. The following conditions apply to this exhibition: If the exhibition includes both family cars and sports cars, then each family car is displayed on a lower numbered floor than any sports car. The exhibition includes no used research models. The exhibition includes no research models that are sports cars. There are new cars on floor 1. There are used cars on floor 3. Stem:If there are research models on exactly two floors, then which one of the following statements can be false? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:There are family cars on floor 1. Choice B:There are research models on floor 1. Choice C:There are new cars on floor 2. Choice D:There are research models on floor 2. Choice E:There are family cars on floor 3. | PT3 S1 Q17 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q18 Passage:At an automobile exhibition, cars are displayed on each floor of a three-floor building. On each floor the cars are either all family cars or all sports cars, either all new or all used, and either all production models or all research models. The following conditions apply to this exhibition: If the exhibition includes both family cars and sports cars, then each family car is displayed on a lower numbered floor than any sports car. The exhibition includes no used research models. The exhibition includes no research models that are sports cars. There are new cars on floor 1. There are used cars on floor 3. Stem:If all the new cars in the exhibition are research models, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:All the family cars in the exhibition are new. Choice B:All the family cars in the exhibition are research models. Choice C:All the family cars in the exhibition are used. Choice D:All the new cars in the exhibition are family cars. Choice E:All the production models in the exhibition are family cars. | PT3 S1 Q18 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q19 Passage:At an automobile exhibition, cars are displayed on each floor of a three-floor building. On each floor the cars are either all family cars or all sports cars, either all new or all used, and either all production models or all research models. The following conditions apply to this exhibition: If the exhibition includes both family cars and sports cars, then each family car is displayed on a lower numbered floor than any sports car. The exhibition includes no used research models. The exhibition includes no research models that are sports cars. There are new cars on floor 1. There are used cars on floor 3. Stem:If all the production models in the exhibition are used, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:There are family cars on floor 1. Choice B:There are new cars on floor 2. Choice C:There are research models on floor 2. Choice D:There are family cars on floor 3. Choice E:There are sports cars on floor 3. | PT3 S1 Q19 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q20 Passage:Planes 1, 2, 3, and 4—and no others—are available to fly in an air show. Pilots Anna, Bob, and Cindy are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified pilots in the show. Copilots Dave, Ed, and Fran are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified copilots in the show. No plane flies in the show without a qualified pilot aboard. No one but qualified pilots and qualified copilots flies in the show. Anna will only fly in either plane 1 or plane 4. Dave will only fly in either plane 2 or plane 3. Stem:If Anna flies in plane 4 and Dave flies in plane 2, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Cindy flies in either plane 1 or plane 3. Choice B:If Cindy flies in plane 3, Bob flies in plane 2. Choice C:Bob and one other person fly in plane l. Choice D:If Bob is aboard plane 4, Cindy flies in plane 3. Choice E:If Cindy is in plane 2, Bob flies in plane 3. | PT3 S1 Q20 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q21 Passage:Planes 1, 2, 3, and 4—and no others—are available to fly in an air show. Pilots Anna, Bob, and Cindy are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified pilots in the show. Copilots Dave, Ed, and Fran are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified copilots in the show. No plane flies in the show without a qualified pilot aboard. No one but qualified pilots and qualified copilots flies in the show. Anna will only fly in either plane 1 or plane 4. Dave will only fly in either plane 2 or plane 3. Stem:If Bob and Anna fly on the same plane, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Cindy flies with Dave and Ed. Choice B:Cindy flies with Ed. Choice C:Dave flies with Cindy. Choice D:Dave flies with Cindy, Ed, and Fran. Choice E:Fran flies with Ed. | PT3 S1 Q21 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q22 Passage:Planes 1, 2, 3, and 4—and no others—are available to fly in an air show. Pilots Anna, Bob, and Cindy are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified pilots in the show. Copilots Dave, Ed, and Fran are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified copilots in the show. No plane flies in the show without a qualified pilot aboard. No one but qualified pilots and qualified copilots flies in the show. Anna will only fly in either plane 1 or plane 4. Dave will only fly in either plane 2 or plane 3. Stem:If Cindy and Fran are the only people in one of the planes, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Bob flies with Anna. Choice B:Dave flies with Ed. Choice C:Dave and Ed fly with Bob. Choice D:Dave flies with Bob. Choice E:Ed flies with Anna. | PT3 S1 Q22 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q23 Passage:Planes 1, 2, 3, and 4—and no others—are available to fly in an air show. Pilots Anna, Bob, and Cindy are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified pilots in the show. Copilots Dave, Ed, and Fran are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified copilots in the show. No plane flies in the show without a qualified pilot aboard. No one but qualified pilots and qualified copilots flies in the show. Anna will only fly in either plane 1 or plane 4. Dave will only fly in either plane 2 or plane 3. Stem:If plane 1 is used, its crew could consist of Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Anna, Bob, Cindy, Fran Choice B:Anna, Bob, Ed, Fran Choice C:Bob, Cindy, Ed, Fran Choice D:Bob, Cindy, Dave, Ed Choice E:Bob, Dave, Ed, Fran | PT3 S1 Q23 |
Question ID:PT3 S1 Q24 Passage:Planes 1, 2, 3, and 4—and no others—are available to fly in an air show. Pilots Anna, Bob, and Cindy are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified pilots in the show. Copilots Dave, Ed, and Fran are all aboard planes that are flying in the show and they are the only qualified copilots in the show. No plane flies in the show without a qualified pilot aboard. No one but qualified pilots and qualified copilots flies in the show. Anna will only fly in either plane 1 or plane 4. Dave will only fly in either plane 2 or plane 3. Stem:If as many of the pilots and copilots as possible fly in plane 4, that group will consist of Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:exactly two people Choice B:exactly three people Choice C:exactly four people Choice D:exactly five people Choice E:three pilots and two copilots | PT3 S1 Q24 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q1 Passage:If you have a large amount of money in the bank, your spending power is great. If your spending power is great, you are happy. So if you have a large amount of money in the bank, you are happy. Stem:Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning in the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:If you have good health, you can earn a lot. If you can earn a lot, you can buy an expensive house. So if you have good health, you can have a comfortable life. Choice B:If you drink too much alcohol, you will feel sick. If you drink too much alcohol, you will have no money left. So if you have no money left, you will feel sick. Choice C:If you swim energetically, your heart rate increases. If your heart rate increases, you are overexcited. So if you swim energetically, you are overexcited. Choice D:If you take a great deal of exercise, you are physically fit. If you take a great deal of exercise, you are exhausted. So if you are physically fit, you are exhausted. Choice E:If you have a large amount of money in the bank, you are confident about the future. If you are optimistic by nature, you are confident about the future. So if you have a large amount of money in the bank, you are optimistic by nature. | PT3 S2 Q1 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q2 Passage:For a television program about astrology, investigators went into the street and found twenty volunteers born under the sign of Gemini who were willing to be interviewed on the program and to take a personality test. The test confirmed the investigators’ personal impressions that each of the volunteers was more sociable and extroverted than people are on average. This modest investigation thus supports the claim that one’s astrological birth sign influences one’s personality. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, indicates the most serious flaw in the method used by the investigators? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The personality test was not administered or scored personally by the investigators. Choice B:People born under astrological signs other than Gemini have been judged by astrologers to be much less sociable than those born under Gemini. Choice C:The personal impressions the investigators first formed of other people have tended to be confirmed by the investigators’ later experience of those people. Choice D:There is not likely to be a greater proportion of people born under the sign of Gemini on the street than in the population as a whole. Choice E:People who are not sociable and extroverted are not likely to agree to participate in such an investigation. | PT3 S2 Q2 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q3 Passage:In Europe, schoolchildren devote time during each school day to calisthenics. North American schools rarely offer a daily calisthenics program. Tests prove that North American children are weaker, slower, and shorter-winded than European children. We must conclude that North American children can be made physically fit only if they participate in school calisthenics on a daily basis. Stem:Which one of the following is assumed in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:All children can be made physically fit by daily calisthenics. Choice B:All children can be made equally physically fit by daily calisthenics. Choice C:Superior physical fitness produces superior health. Choice D:School calisthenics are an indispensable factor in European children’s superior physical fitness. Choice E:North American children can learn to eat a more nutritious diet as well as to exercise daily. | PT3 S2 Q3 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q4 Passage:A work of architecture, if it is to be both inviting and functional for public use, must be unobtrusive, taking second place to the total environment. Modern architects, plagued by egoism, have violated this precept. They have let their strong personalities take over their work, producing buildings that are not functional for public use. Stem:Which one of the statements below follows logically from the statements in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Unobtrusive architecture is both inviting and functional. Choice B:Modern architects who let their strong personalities take over their work produce buildings that are not unobtrusive. Choice C:An architect with a strong personality cannot produce buildings that function well for the public. Choice D:A work of architecture that takes second place to the environment functions well for public use. Choice E:A work of architecture cannot simultaneously express its architect’s personality and be functional for public use. | PT3 S2 Q4 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q5 Passage:Observatory director: Some say that funding the megatelescope will benefit only the astronomers who will work with it. This dangerous point of view, applied to the work of Maxwell, Newton, or Einstein, would have stifled their research and deprived the world of beneficial applications, such as the development of radio, that followed from that research. Stem:If the statements above are put forward as an argument in favor of development of the megatelescope, which one of the following is the strongest criticism of that argument? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:It appeals to the authority of experts who cannot have known all the issues involved in construction of the megatelescope. Choice B:It does not identify those opposed to development of the megatelescope. Choice C:It launches a personal attack on opponents of the megatelescope by accusing them of having a dangerous point of view. Choice D:It does not distinguish between the economic and the intellectual senses of “benefit.” Choice E:It does not show that the proposed megatelescope research is worthy of comparison with that of eminent scientists in its potential for applications. | PT3 S2 Q5 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q6 Passage:The Transit Authority’s proposal to increase fares by 40 percent must be implemented. Admittedly, this fare increase will impose a hardship on some bus and subway riders. But if the fare is not increased, service will have to be cut severely and that would result in an unacceptably large loss of ridership. Stem:The passage employs which one of the following argumentative strategies? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:It offers evidence that the recommended course of action would have no undesirable consequences. Choice B:It shows that a proponent of any alternative position would be forced into a contradiction. Choice C:It arrives at its conclusion indirectly by providing reasons for rejecting an alternative course of action. Choice D:It explains why the recommended course of action would not be subject to the objections raised against the alternative. Choice E:It justifies the conclusion by showing that such a course of action has proven effective in the past. | PT3 S2 Q6 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q7 Passage:Those who participate in local politics include people who are genuinely interested in public service and people who are selfish opportunists. Everyone who participates in local politics has an influence on the community’s values. Stem:If the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Some selfish opportunists have an influence on the community’s values. Choice B:Some persons who are interested in public service do not have an influence on the community’s values. Choice C:All those who have an influence on the community’s values participate in local politics. Choice D:Some of those who influence the community’s values neither are interested in public service nor are selfish opportunists. Choice E:All those who have an influence on the community’s values are either interested in public service or are selfish opportunists. | PT3 S2 Q7 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q8 Passage:Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, contributes most to an explanation of the apparent discrepancy noted above? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Nutritionists recommend that adults consume as little saturated fat as possible and no more than 250 milligrams of cholesterol a day. Choice B:One gram of saturated fat in food has roughly the same effect on blood cholesterol as 25 milligrams of cholesterol in food. Choice C:Light cream, a dairy product that contains 5 times more cholesterol than does whole milk, is often chosen as a lightener by consumers who normally prefer whole milk. Choice D:Certain nondairy coffee lighteners made without coconut oil contain less saturated fat and less cholesterol than does whole milk. Choice E:The lower the saturated fat content of dairy products, the less cholesterol they usually contain. | PT3 S2 Q8 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q9 Passage:Although nondairy coffee lighteners made with coconut oil contain 2 grams of saturated fat per tablespoon, or 7 times more than does whole milk, those lighteners usually contain no cholesterol. Yet one tablespoon of such lighteners causes the consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a higher level than does an identical amount of whole milk, which contains 2 milligrams of cholesterol per tablespoon. Stem:Manufacturers of coffee lighteners based on coconut oil claim that their products usually cause the typical consumer’s blood cholesterol to rise to a lower level than does the use of whole milk as a lightener. Which one of the following, if true, provides the most support for the manufacturers’ claim? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Consumers of lighteners made with coconut oil who avoid other high-cholesterol foods and exercise more than average tend to have lower-than-average blood cholesterol levels. Choice B:Coffee is frequently consumed with pastries and other rich desserts that themselves result in high blood cholesterol levels. Choice C:One popular nondairy coffee lightener that is not based on coconut oil has reduced its fat content by 20 percent while keeping its cholesterol content at zero. Choice D:Consumers typically add to their coffee substantially smaller quantities of coconut oil-based lighteners than of whole milk. Choice E:Most consumers are convinced that whole dairy products increase blood cholesterol and that nondairy coffee lighteners do not. | PT3 S2 Q9 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q10 Passage:People with serious financial problems are so worried about money that they cannot be happy. Their misery makes everyone close to them—family, friends, colleagues—unhappy as well. Only if their financial problems are solved can they and those around them be happy. Stem:Which one of the following statements can be properly inferred from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Only serious problems make people unhappy. Choice B:People who solve their serious financial problems will be happy. Choice C:People who do not have serious financial problems will be happy. Choice D:If people are unhappy, they have serious financial problems. Choice E:If people are happy, they do not have serious financial problems. | PT3 S2 Q10 |
Question ID:PT3 S2 Q11 Passage:It is often said that people should be rewarded for doing a given job in proportion to the effort it costs them to do it. However, a little reflection will show that this is, in fact, a very bad idea, since it would mean that those people with the least skill or natural aptitude for a particular task would be the ones given the most incentive to do it. Stem:Which one of the following argumentative strategies is used above? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:stating a general principle and then presenting reasons in favor of adopting it Choice B:providing evidence that where the principle under discussion has been adopted, the results usually have been undesirable Choice C:demonstrating that a consequence that had been assumed to follow from the principle under consideration need not follow from it Choice D:attempting to undermine a general principle by arguing that undesirable consequences would follow from it Choice E:showing that, in practice, the principle under consideration could not be uniformly applied | PT3 S2 Q11 |