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Question ID:PT2 S2 Q7 Passage:There is no reason why the work of scientists has to be officially confirmed before being published. There is a system in place for the confirmation or disconfirmation of scientific findings, namely, the replication of results by other scientists. Poor scientific work on the part of any one scientist, which can include anything from careless reporting practices to fraud, is not harmful. It will be exposed and rendered harmless when other scientists conduct the experiments and obtain disconfirmatory results. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would weaken the argument? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Scientific experiments can go unchallenged for many years before they are replicated. Choice B:Most scientists work in universities, where their work is submitted to peer review before publication. Choice C:Most scientists are under pressure to make their work accessible to the scrutiny of replication. Choice D:In scientific experiments, careless reporting is more common than fraud. Choice E:Most scientists work as part of a team rather than alone. | PT2 S2 Q7 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q8 Passage:Alice: Quotas on automobile imports to the United States should be eliminated. Then domestic producers would have to compete directly with Japanese manufacturers and would be forced to produce higher-quality cars. Such competition would be good for consumers. David: You fail to realize, Alice, that quotas on automobile imports are pervasive worldwide. Since Germany, Britain, and France have quotas, so should the United States. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately characterizes David’s response to Alice’s statement? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:David falsely accuses Alice of contradicting herself. Choice B:David unfairly directs his argument against Alice personally. Choice C:David uncovers a hidden assumption underlying Alice’s position. Choice D:David takes a position that is similar to the one Alice has taken. Choice E:David fails to address the reasons Alice cites in favor of her conclusion. | PT2 S2 Q8 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q9 Passage:Governments have only one response to public criticism of socially necessary services: regulation of the activity of providing those services. But governments inevitably make the activity more expensive by regulating it, and that is particularly troublesome in these times of strained financial resources. However, since public criticism of childcare services has undermined all confidence in such services, and since such services are socially necessary, the government is certain to respond. Stem:Which one of the following statements can be inferred from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The quality of child care will improve. Choice B:The cost of providing child-care services will increase. Choice C:The government will use funding to foster advances in child care. Choice D:If public criticism of policy is strongly voiced, the government is certain to respond. Choice E:If child-care services are not regulated, the cost of providing child care will not increase. | PT2 S2 Q9 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q10 Passage:Advertisers are often criticized for their unscrupulous manipulation of people’s tastes and wants. There is evidence, however, that some advertisers are motivated by moral as well as financial considerations. A particular publication decided to change its image from being a family newspaper to concentrating on sex and violence, thus appealing to a different readership. Some advertisers withdrew their advertisements from the publication, and this must have been because they morally disapproved of publishing salacious material. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would most strengthen the argument? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The advertisers switched their advertisements to other family newspapers. Choice B:Some advertisers switched from family newspapers to advertise in the changed publication. Choice C:The advertisers expected their product sales to increase if they stayed with the changed publication, but to decrease if they withdrew. Choice D:People who generally read family newspapers are not likely to buy newspapers that concentrate on sex and violence. Choice E:It was expected that the changed publication would appeal principally to those in a different income group. | PT2 S2 Q10 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q11 Passage:“If the forest continues to disappear at its present pace, the koala will approach extinction,” said the biologist. “So all that is needed to save the koala is to stop deforestation,” said the politician. Stem:Which one of the following statements is consistent with the biologist’s claim but not with the politician’s claim? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Deforestation continues and the koala becomes extinct. Choice B:Deforestation is stopped and the koala becomes extinct. Choice C:Reforestation begins and the koala survives. Choice D:Deforestation is slowed and the koala survives. Choice E:Deforestation is slowed and the koala approaches extinction. | PT2 S2 Q11 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q12 Passage:People have long been fascinated by the paranormal. Over the years, numerous researchers have investigated telepathy only to find that conclusive evidence for its existence has persistently evaded them. Despite this, there are still those who believe that there must be “something in it” since some research seems to support the view that telepathy exists. However, it can often be shown that other explanations that do comply with known laws can be given. Therefore, it is premature to conclude that telepathy is an alternative means of communication. Stem:In the passage, the author Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:supports the conclusion by pointing to the inadequacy of evidence for the opposite view Choice B:supports the conclusion by describing particular experiments Choice C:supports the conclusion by overgeneralizing from a specific piece of evidence Choice D:draws a conclusion that is not supported by the premises Choice E:rephrases the conclusion without offering any support for it | PT2 S2 Q12 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q13 Passage:If retail stores experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season, then either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford. If attitudes have changed, then we all have something to celebrate this season. If prices have risen beyond the level most people can afford, then it must be that salaries have not kept pace with rising prices during the past year. Stem:Assume the premises above to be true. If salaries have kept pace with rising prices during the past year, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed. Choice B:Retail stores will not experience a decrease in retail sales during this holiday season. Choice C:Prices in retail stores have not risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. Choice D:Attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have not changed, and stores will not experience a decrease in revenues during this holiday season. Choice E:Either attitudes toward extravagant gift-giving have changed or prices have risen beyond the level that most people can afford during this holiday season. | PT2 S2 Q13 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q14 Passage:The “suicide wave” that followed the United States stock market crash of October 1929 is more legend than fact. Careful examination of the monthly figures on the causes of death in 1929 shows that the number of suicides in October and in November was comparatively low. In only three other months were the monthly figures lower. During the summer months, when the stock market was flourishing, the number of suicides was substantially higher. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would best challenge the conclusion of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The suicide rate is influenced by many psychological, interpersonal, and societal factors during any given historical period. Choice B:October and November have almost always had relatively high suicide rates, even during the 1920s and 1930s. Choice C:The suicide rate in October and November of 1929 was considerably higher than the average for those months during several preceding and following years. Choice D:During the years surrounding the stock market crash, suicide rates were typically lower at the beginning of any calendar year than toward the end of that year. Choice E:Because of seasonal differences, the number of suicides in October and November of 1929 would not be expected to be the same as those for other months. | PT2 S2 Q14 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q15 Passage:A well-known sports figure found that combining publicity tours with playing tours led to problems, so she stopped combining the two. She no longer allows bookstore appearances and playing in competition to occur in the same city within the same trip. This week she is traveling to London to play in a major competition, so during her stay in London she will not be making any publicity appearances at any bookstore in London. Stem:Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Wherever there is an Acme Bugkiller, many wasps are killed. The Z family garden has an Acme Bugkiller, so any wasps remaining in the garden will soon be killed. Choice B:The only times that the hospital’s emergency room staff attends to relatively less serious emergencies are times when there is no critical emergency to attend to. On Monday night the emergency room staff attended to a series of fairly minor emergencies, so there must not have been any critical emergencies to take care of at the time. Choice C:Tomato plants require hot summers to thrive. Farms in the cool summers of country Y probably do not have thriving tomato plants. Choice D:Higher grades lead to better job opportunities, and studying leads to higher grades. Therefore, studying will lead to better job opportunities. Choice E:Butter knives are not sharp. Q was not murdered with a sharp blade, so suspect X’s butter knife may have been the murder weapon. | PT2 S2 Q15 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q16 Passage:The advanced technology of ski boots and bindings has brought a dramatic drop in the incidence of injuries that occur on the slopes of ski resorts: from 9 injuries per 1,000 skiers in 1950 to 3 in 1980. As a result, the remainder of ski-related injuries, which includes all injuries occurring on the premises of a ski resort but not on the slopes, rose from 10 percent of all ski-related injuries in 1950 to 25 percent in 1980. The incidence of these injuries, including accidents such as falling down steps, increases with the amount of alcohol consumed per skier. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:As the number of ski injuries that occur on the slopes decreases, the number of injuries that occur on the premises of ski resorts increases. Choice B:The amount of alcohol consumed per skier increased between 1950 and 1980. Choice C:The technology of ski boots and bindings affects the incidence of each type of ski-related injury. Choice D:If the technology of ski boots and bindings continues to advance, the incidence of ski-related injuries will continue to decline. Choice E:Injuries that occurred on the slopes of ski resorts made up a smaller percentage of ski-related injuries in 1980 than in 1950. | PT2 S2 Q16 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q17 Passage:The advanced technology of ski boots and bindings has brought a dramatic drop in the incidence of injuries that occur on the slopes of ski resorts: from 9 injuries per 1,000 skiers in 1950 to 3 in 1980. As a result, the remainder of ski-related injuries, which includes all injuries occurring on the premises of a ski resort but not on the slopes, rose from 10 percent of all ski-related injuries in 1950 to 25 percent in 1980. The incidence of these injuries, including accidents such as falling down steps, increases with the amount of alcohol consumed per skier. Stem:Which one of the following conflicts with information in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The number of ski injuries that occurred on the slopes was greater in 1980 than in 1950. Choice B:A skier was less likely to be injured on the slopes in 1950 than in 1980. Choice C:The reporting of ski injuries became more accurate between 1950 and 1980. Choice D:The total number of skiers dropped between 1950 and 1980. Choice E:Some ski-related injuries occurred in 1980 to people who were not skiing. | PT2 S2 Q17 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q18 Passage:Learning how to build a nest plays an important part in the breeding success of birds. For example, Dr. Snow has recorded the success of a number of blackbirds in several successive years. He finds that birds nesting for the first time are less successful in breeding than are older birds, and also less successful than they themselves are a year later. This cannot be a mere matter of size and strength, since blackbirds, like the great majority of birds, are fully grown when they leave the nest. It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that they benefit by their nesting experience. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Blackbirds build better nests than other birds. Choice B:The capacity of blackbirds to lay viable eggs increases with each successive trial during the first few years of reproduction. Choice C:The breeding success of birds nesting for the second time is greater than that of birds nesting for the first time. Choice D:Smaller and weaker blackbirds breed just as successfully as bigger and stronger blackbirds. Choice E:Up to 25 percent of all birds are killed by predators before they start to nest. | PT2 S2 Q18 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q19 Passage:How do the airlines expect to prevent commercial plane crashes? Studies have shown that pilot error contributes to two-thirds of all such crashes. To address this problem, the airlines have upgraded their training programs by increasing the hours of classroom instruction and emphasizing communication skills in the cockpit. But it is unrealistic to expect such measures to compensate for pilots’ lack of actual flying time. Therefore, the airlines should rethink their training approach to reducing commercial crashes. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption upon which the argument depends? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Training programs can eliminate pilot errors. Choice B:Commercial pilots routinely undergo additional training throughout their careers. Choice C:The number of airline crashes will decrease if pilot training programs focus on increasing actual flying time. Choice D:Lack of actual flying time is an important contributor to pilot error in commercial plane crashes. Choice E:Communication skills are not important to pilot training programs. | PT2 S2 Q19 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q20 Passage:All savings accounts are interest-bearing accounts. The interest from some interest-bearing accounts is tax-free, so there must be some savings accounts that have tax-free interest. Stem:Which one of the following arguments is flawed in a way most similar to the way in which the passage is flawed? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:All artists are intellectuals. Some great photographers are artists. Therefore, some great photographers must be intellectuals. Choice B:All great photographers are artists. All artists are intellectuals. Therefore, some great photographers must be intellectuals. Choice C:All great photographers are artists. Some artists are intellectuals. Therefore, some great photographers are intellectuals. Choice D:All great photographers are artists. Some great photographers are intellectuals. Therefore, some artists must be intellectuals. Choice E:All great photographers are artists. No artists are intellectuals. Therefore, some great photographers must not be intellectuals. | PT2 S2 Q20 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q21 Passage:One method of dating the emergence of species is to compare the genetic material of related species. Scientists theorize that the more genetically similar two species are to each other, the more recently they diverged from a common ancestor. After comparing genetic material from giant pandas, red pandas, raccoons, coatis, and all seven bear species, scientists concluded that bears and raccoons diverged 30 to 50 million years ago. They further concluded that red pandas separated from the ancestor of today’s raccoons and coatis a few million years later, some 10 million years before giant pandas diverged from the other bears. Stem:Which one of the following can be properly inferred from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Giant pandas and red pandas are more closely related than scientists originally thought they were. Choice B:Scientists now count the giant panda as the eighth species of bear. Choice C:It is possible to determine, within a margin of just a few years, the timing of divergence of various species. Choice D:Scientists have found that giant pandas are more similar genetically to bears than to raccoons. Choice E:There is substantial consensus among scientists that giant pandas and red pandas are equally related to raccoons. | PT2 S2 Q21 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q22 Passage:Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. Stem:Each of the following, if true, provides support to the argument EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Urban populations have doubled in the past decade. Choice B:Records of asthma deaths are as accurate for the past twenty years as for the past ten years. Choice C:Evidence suggests that bronchial inhalers make the lungs more sensitive to irritation by airborne pollen. Choice D:By temporarily relieving the symptoms of asthma, inhalers encourage sufferers to avoid more beneficial measures. Choice E:Ten years ago bronchial inhalers were not available as an asthma treatment. | PT2 S2 Q22 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q23 Passage:Despite improvements in treatment for asthma, the death rate from this disease has doubled during the past decade from its previous rate. Two possible explanations for this increase have been offered. First, the recording of deaths due to asthma has become more widespread and accurate in the past decade than it had been previously. Second, there has been an increase in urban pollution. However, since the rate of deaths due to asthma has increased dramatically even in cities with long-standing, comprehensive medical records and with little or no urban pollution, one must instead conclude that the cause of increased deaths is the use of bronchial inhalers by asthma sufferers to relieve their symptoms. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Urban pollution has not doubled in the past decade. Choice B:Doctors and patients generally ignore the role of allergies in asthma. Choice C:Bronchial inhalers are unsafe, even when used according to the recommended instructions. Choice D:The use of bronchial inhalers aggravates other diseases that frequently occur among asthma sufferers and that often lead to fatal outcomes even when the asthma itself does not. Choice E:Increased urban pollution, improved recording of asthma deaths, and the use of bronchial inhalers are the only possible explanations of the increased death rate due to asthma. | PT2 S2 Q23 |
Question ID:PT2 S2 Q24 Passage:There is little point in looking to artists for insights into political issues. Most of them hold political views that are less insightful than those of any reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist. Indeed, when taken as a whole, the statements made by artists, including those considered to be great, indicate that artistic talent and political insight are rarely found together. Stem:Which one of the following can be inferred from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:There are no artists who have insights into political issues. Choice B:A thorough education in art makes a person reasonably well educated. Choice C:Every reasonably well-educated person who is not an artist has more insight into political issues than any artist. Choice D:Politicians rarely have any artistic talent. Choice E:Some artists are no less politically insightful than some reasonably well-educated persons who are not artists. | PT2 S2 Q24 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q1 Passage:The Mammoth Corporation has just completed hiring nine new workers: Brandt, Calva, Duvall, Eberle, Fu, Garcia, Haga, Irving, and Jessup. Fu and Irving were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. Calva and Garcia were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. On each of the other days of hiring, exactly one worker was hired. Eberle was hired before Brandt. Haga was hired before Duvall. Duvall was hired after Irving but before Eberle. Garcia was hired after both Jessup and Brandt. Brandt was hired before Jessup. Stem:Who were the last two workers to be hired? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Eberle and Jessup Choice B:Brandt and Garcia Choice C:Brandt and Calva Choice D:Garcia and Calva Choice E:Jessup and Brandt | PT2 S3 Q1 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q2 Passage:The Mammoth Corporation has just completed hiring nine new workers: Brandt, Calva, Duvall, Eberle, Fu, Garcia, Haga, Irving, and Jessup. Fu and Irving were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. Calva and Garcia were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. On each of the other days of hiring, exactly one worker was hired. Eberle was hired before Brandt. Haga was hired before Duvall. Duvall was hired after Irving but before Eberle. Garcia was hired after both Jessup and Brandt. Brandt was hired before Jessup. Stem:Who was hired on the fourth day of hiring? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Eberle Choice B:Brandt Choice C:Irving Choice D:Garcia Choice E:Jessup | PT2 S3 Q2 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q3 Passage:The Mammoth Corporation has just completed hiring nine new workers: Brandt, Calva, Duvall, Eberle, Fu, Garcia, Haga, Irving, and Jessup. Fu and Irving were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. Calva and Garcia were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. On each of the other days of hiring, exactly one worker was hired. Eberle was hired before Brandt. Haga was hired before Duvall. Duvall was hired after Irving but before Eberle. Garcia was hired after both Jessup and Brandt. Brandt was hired before Jessup. Stem:Exactly how many workers were hired before Jessup? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:6 Choice B:5 Choice C:4 Choice D:3 Choice E:2 | PT2 S3 Q3 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q4 Passage:The Mammoth Corporation has just completed hiring nine new workers: Brandt, Calva, Duvall, Eberle, Fu, Garcia, Haga, Irving, and Jessup. Fu and Irving were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. Calva and Garcia were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. On each of the other days of hiring, exactly one worker was hired. Eberle was hired before Brandt. Haga was hired before Duvall. Duvall was hired after Irving but before Eberle. Garcia was hired after both Jessup and Brandt. Brandt was hired before Jessup. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Duvall was the first worker to be hired. Choice B:Haga was the first worker to be hired. Choice C:Fu and Irving were the first two workers to be hired. Choice D:Haga and Fu were the first two workers to be hired. Choice E:Either Haga was the first worker to be hired or Fu and Irving were the first two workers to be hired. | PT2 S3 Q4 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q5 Passage:The Mammoth Corporation has just completed hiring nine new workers: Brandt, Calva, Duvall, Eberle, Fu, Garcia, Haga, Irving, and Jessup. Fu and Irving were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. Calva and Garcia were hired on the same day as each other, and no one else was hired that day. On each of the other days of hiring, exactly one worker was hired. Eberle was hired before Brandt. Haga was hired before Duvall. Duvall was hired after Irving but before Eberle. Garcia was hired after both Jessup and Brandt. Brandt was hired before Jessup. Stem:If Eberle was hired on a Monday, what is the earliest day on which Garcia could have been hired? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Monday Choice B:Tuesday Choice C:Wednesday Choice D:Thursday Choice E:Friday | PT2 S3 Q5 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q6 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Q lives on the third floor. Choice B:Q lives on the fifth floor. Choice C:L does not live on the fourth floor. Choice D:N does not live on the second floor. Choice E:J lives on the first floor. | PT2 S3 Q6 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q7 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:Which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:K lives on the second floor. Choice B:M lives on the first floor. Choice C:N lives on the fourth floor. Choice D:O lives on the third floor. Choice E:P lives on the fifth floor. | PT2 S3 Q7 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q8 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:If J lives on the fourth floor and K lives on the fifth floor, which one of the following can be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:O lives on the first floor. Choice B:Q lives on the fourth floor. Choice C:N lives on the fifth floor. Choice D:L lives on the fourth floor. Choice E:P lives on the third floor. | PT2 S3 Q8 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q9 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:If O lives on the second floor, which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:K lives on the fourth floor. Choice B:K lives on the fifth floor. Choice C:L lives on the first floor. Choice D:L lives on the third floor. Choice E:L lives on the fourth floor. | PT2 S3 Q9 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q10 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:If M lives on the fourth floor, which one of the following must be false? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:O lives on the fifth floor. Choice B:J lives on the first floor. Choice C:L lives on the second floor. Choice D:Q lives on the third floor. Choice E:P lives on the first floor. | PT2 S3 Q10 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q11 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:Which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:If J lives on the fourth floor, then Q does not live on the fifth floor. Choice B:If O lives on the second floor, then L does not live on the fourth floor. Choice C:If N lives on the fourth floor, then K does not live on the second floor. Choice D:If K lives on the third floor, then O does not live on the fifth floor. Choice E:If P lives on the fourth floor, then M does not live on the third floor. | PT2 S3 Q11 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q12 Passage:An apartment building has five floors. Each floor has either one or two apartments. There are exactly eight apartments in the building. The residents of the building are J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q, who each live in a different apartment. J lives on a floor with two apartments. K lives on the floor directly above P. The second floor is made up of only one apartment. M and N live on the same floor. O does not live on the same floor as Q. L lives in the only apartment on her floor. Q does not live on the first or second floor. Stem:If O lives on the fourth floor and P lives on the second floor, which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:L lives on the first floor. Choice B:M lives on the third floor. Choice C:Q lives on the third floor. Choice D:N lives on the fifth floor. Choice E:Q lives on the fifth floor. | PT2 S3 Q12 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q13 Passage:Hannah spends 14 days, exclusive of travel time, in a total of six cities. Each city she visits is in one of three countries—X, Y, or Z. Each of the three countries has many cities. Hannah visits at least one city in each of the three countries. She spends at least two days in each city she visits. She spends only whole days in any city. Stem:If Hannah spends exactly eight days in the cities of country X, then which one of the following CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:She visits exactly two cities in country X. Choice B:She visits exactly two cities in country Y. Choice C:She visits exactly two cities in country Z. Choice D:She visits more cities in country Y than in country Z. Choice E:She visits more cities in country Z than in country Y. | PT2 S3 Q13 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q14 Passage:Hannah spends 14 days, exclusive of travel time, in a total of six cities. Each city she visits is in one of three countries—X, Y, or Z. Each of the three countries has many cities. Hannah visits at least one city in each of the three countries. She spends at least two days in each city she visits. She spends only whole days in any city. Stem:If Hannah visits an equal number of cities in each of the countries, what is the greatest total number of days she can spend visiting cities in country X? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:3 Choice B:4 Choice C:5 Choice D:6 Choice E:7 | PT2 S3 Q14 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q15 Passage:Hannah spends 14 days, exclusive of travel time, in a total of six cities. Each city she visits is in one of three countries—X, Y, or Z. Each of the three countries has many cities. Hannah visits at least one city in each of the three countries. She spends at least two days in each city she visits. She spends only whole days in any city. Stem:If Hannah spends three days in the cities of country Y and seven days in the cities of country Z, then which one of the following must be false? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:She visits more cities in country X than in country Y. Choice B:She visits exactly two cities in country X. Choice C:She visits more cities in country Z than in country X. Choice D:She visits exactly two cities in country Z. Choice E:She visits exactly three cities in country Z. | PT2 S3 Q15 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q16 Passage:Hannah spends 14 days, exclusive of travel time, in a total of six cities. Each city she visits is in one of three countries—X, Y, or Z. Each of the three countries has many cities. Hannah visits at least one city in each of the three countries. She spends at least two days in each city she visits. She spends only whole days in any city. Stem:If the city of Nomo is in country X, and if Hannah spends as many days as possible in Nomo and as few days as possible in each of the other cities that she visits, then which one of the following must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Hannah cannot visit any other cities in country X. Choice B:Hannah can visit four cities in country Y. Choice C:Hannah can spend six days in Nomo. Choice D:Hannah cannot spend more than four days in country Z. Choice E:Hannah can visit, at most, a total of four cities in countries Y and Z. | PT2 S3 Q16 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q17 Passage:Hannah spends 14 days, exclusive of travel time, in a total of six cities. Each city she visits is in one of three countries—X, Y, or Z. Each of the three countries has many cities. Hannah visits at least one city in each of the three countries. She spends at least two days in each city she visits. She spends only whole days in any city. Stem:If Hannah visits a combined total of four cities in countries X and Y, what is the greatest total number of days she can spend visiting cities in country Y’? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:6 Choice B:7 Choice C:8 Choice D:9 Choice E:10 | PT2 S3 Q17 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q18 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:Which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of the dogs that can be greyhounds? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:P, Q Choice B:P, R Choice C:P, Q, R Choice D:P, R, T Choice E:P, Q, R, T | PT2 S3 Q18 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q19 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:Which one of the following statements CANNOT be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A female greyhound wins the second place ribbon. Choice B:A female labrador wins the second place ribbon. Choice C:A female labrador wins the third place ribbon. Choice D:A male greyhound wins the fourth place ribbon. Choice E:A female greyhound wins the fourth place ribbon. | PT2 S3 Q19 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q20 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:Which one of the following dogs must be male? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:dog P Choice B:dog R Choice C:dog S Choice D:dog T Choice E:dog U | PT2 S3 Q20 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q21 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:Which one of the following statements can be false? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Dog P places ahead of dog R. Choice B:Dog P places ahead of dog T. Choice C:Dog R places ahead of dog U. Choice D:Dog R places ahead of dog T. Choice E:Dog S places ahead of dog U. | PT2 S3 Q21 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q22 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:If dog Q is female, which one of the following statements can be false? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Dog P is male. Choice B:Dog R is male. Choice C:Dog Q wins the fourth place ribbon. Choice D:Dog Q is a greyhound. Choice E:Dog T is a greyhound. | PT2 S3 Q22 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q23 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:If dog T wins the fourth place ribbon, then which one of the following statements must be true? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Dog P is male. Choice B:Dog Q is male. Choice C:Dog T is male. Choice D:Dog Q is a labrador. Choice E:Dog T is a labrador. | PT2 S3 Q23 |
Question ID:PT2 S3 Q24 Passage:Exactly six dogs—P, Q, R, S, T, and U—are entered in a dog show. The judge of the show awards exactly four ribbons, one for each of first, second, third, and fourth places, to four of the dogs. The information that follows is all that is available about the six dogs: Each dog is either a greyhound or a labrador, but not both. Two of the six dogs are female and four are male. The judge awards ribbons to both female dogs, exactly one of which is a labrador. Exactly one labrador wins a ribbon. Dogs P and R place ahead of dog S, and dog S places ahead of dogs Q and T. Dogs P and R are greyhounds. Dogs S and U are labradors. Stem:Which one of the following statements could be true? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Dog P does not win a ribbon. Choice B:Dog R does not win a ribbon. Choice C:Dog S does not win a ribbon. Choice D:Dog T wins a ribbon. Choice E:Dog U wins a ribbon. | PT2 S3 Q24 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q1 Passage:A major art theft from a museum was remarkable in that the pieces stolen clearly had been carefully selected. The criterion for selection, however, clearly had not been greatest estimated market value. It follows that the theft was specifically carried out to suit the taste of some individual collector for whose private collection the pieces were destined. Stem:The argument tacitly appeals to which one of the following principles? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Any art theft can, on the evidence of the selection of pieces stolen, be categorized as committed either at the direction of a single known individual or at the direction of a group of known individuals. Choice B:Any art theft committed at the direction of a single individual results in a pattern of works taken and works left alone that defies rational analysis. Choice C:The pattern of works taken and works left alone can sometimes distinguish one type of art theft from another. Choice D:Art thefts committed with no preexisting plan for the disposition of the stolen works do not always involve theft of the most valuable pieces only. Choice E:The pattern of works taken and works left alone in an art theft can be particularly damaging to the integrity of the remaining collection. | PT2 S4 Q1 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q2 Passage:The teeth of some mammals show “growth rings” that result from the constant depositing of layers of cementum as opaque bands in summer and translucent bands in winter. Cross sections of pigs’ teeth found in an excavated Stone Age trash pit revealed bands of remarkably constant width except that the band deposited last, which was invariably translucent, was only about half the normal width. Stem:The statements above most strongly support the conclusion that the animals died Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:in an unusually early winter Choice B:at roughly the same age Choice C:roughly in midwinter Choice D:in a natural catastrophe Choice E:from starvation | PT2 S4 Q2 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q3 Passage:The United States has never been a great international trader. It found most of its raw materials and customers for finished products within its own borders. The terrible consequences of this situation have become apparent, as this country now owes the largest foreign debt in the world and is a playground for wealthy foreign investors. The moral is clear: a country can no more live without foreign trade than a dog can live by eating its own tail. Stem:In order to advance her point of view, the author does each of the following EXCEPT Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:draw on an analogy Choice B:appeal to historical fact Choice C:identify a cause and an effect Choice D:suggest a cause of the current economic situation Choice E:question the ethical basis of an economic situation | PT2 S4 Q3 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q4 Passage:Giselle: The government needs to ensure that the public consumes less petroleum. When things cost more, people buy and use less of them. Therefore, the government should raise the sales tax on gasoline, a major petroleum product. Antoine: The government should not raise the sales tax on gasoline. Such an increase would be unfair to gasoline users. If taxes are to be increased, the increases should be applied in such a way that they spread the burden of providing the government with increased revenues among many people, not just the users of gasoline. Stem:As a rebuttal of Giselle’s argument, Antoine’s response is ineffective because Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:he ignores the fact that Giselle does not base her argument for raising the gasoline sales tax on the government’s need for increased revenues Choice B:he fails to specify how many taxpayers there are who are not gasoline users Choice C:his conclusion is based on an assertion regarding unfairness, and unfairness is a very subjective concept Choice D:he mistakenly assumes that Giselle wants a sales tax increase only on gasoline Choice E:he makes the implausible assumption that the burden of increasing government revenues can be more evenly distributed among the people through other means besides increasing the gasoline sales tax | PT2 S4 Q4 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q5 Passage:A government agency publishes ratings of airlines, ranking highest the airlines that have the smallest proportion of late flights. The agency’s purpose is to establish an objective measure of the relative efficiency of different airlines’ personnel in meeting published flight schedules. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would tend to invalidate use of the ratings for the agency’s purpose? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Travelers sometimes have no choice of airlines for a given trip at a given time. Choice B:Flights are often made late by bad weather conditions that affect some airlines more than others. Choice C:The flight schedules of all airlines allow extra time for flights that go into or out of very busy airports. Choice D:Airline personnel are aware that the government agency is monitoring all airline flights for lateness. Choice E:Flights are defined as “late” only if they arrive more than fifteen minutes past their scheduled arrival time, and a record is made of how much later than fifteen minutes they are. | PT2 S4 Q5 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q6 Passage:Although this bottle is labeled “vinegar,” no fizzing occurred when some of the liquid in it was added to powder from this box labeled “baking soda.” But when an acidic liquid such as vinegar is added to baking soda the resulting mixture fizzes, so this bottle clearly has been mislabeled. Stem:A flaw in the reasoning in the argument above is that this argument Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:ignores the possibility that the bottle contained an acidic liquid other than vinegar Choice B:fails to exclude an alternative explanation for the observed effect Choice C:depends on the use of the imprecise term “fizz” Choice D:does not take into account the fact that scientific principles can be definitively tested only under controlled laboratory conditions Choice E:assumes that the fact of a labeling error is proof of an intention to deceive | PT2 S4 Q6 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q7 Passage:Marine biologists have long thought that variation in the shell color of aquatic snails evolved as a protective camouflage against birds and other predators. Brown shells seem to be more frequent when the underlying seafloor is dark-colored and white shells more frequent when the underlying seafloor is light-colored. A new theory has been advanced, however, that claims that shell color is related to physiological stress associated with heat absorption. According to this theory, brown shells will be more prevalent in areas where the wave action of the sea is great and thus heat absorption from the Sun is minimized, whereas white shells will be more numerous in calmer waters where the snails will absorb more heat from the Sun’s rays. Stem:Evidence that would strongly favor the new theory over the traditional theory would be the discovery of a large majority of Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:dark-shelled snails in a calm inlet with a dark, rocky bottom and many predators Choice B:dark-shelled snails in a calm inlet with a white, sandy bottom Choice C:light-shelled snails in an inlet with much wave action and a dark, rocky bottom Choice D:light-shelled snails in a calm inlet with a dark, rocky bottom and many predators Choice E:light-shelled snails in a calm inlet with a white, sandy bottom and many predators | PT2 S4 Q7 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q8 Passage:Measurements of the extent of amino-acid decomposition in fragments of eggshell found at archaeological sites in such places as southern Africa can be used to obtain accurate dates for sites up to 200,000 years old. Because the decomposition is slower in cool climates, the technique can be used to obtain accurate dates for sites almost a million years old in cooler regions. Stem:The information above provides the most support for which one of the following conclusions? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The oldest archaeological sites are not in southern Africa, but rather in cooler regions of the world. Choice B:The amino-acid decomposition that enables eggshells to be used in dating does not take place in other organic matter found at ancient archaeological sites. Choice C:If the site being dated has been subject to large unsuspected climatic fluctuations during the time the eggshell has been at the site, application of the technique is less likely to yield accurate results. Choice D:After 200,000 years in a cool climate, less than one-fifth of the amino acids in a fragment of eggshell that would provide material for dating with the technique will have decomposed and will thus no longer be suitable for examination by the technique. Choice E:Fragments of eggshell are more likely to be found at ancient archaeological sites in warm regions of the world than at such sites in cooler regions. | PT2 S4 Q8 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q9 Passage:Advertisement: Clark brand-name parts are made for cars manufactured in this country. They satisfy all of our government automotive tests—the toughest such tests in the world. With foreign-made parts, you never know which might be reliable and which are cheap look-alikes that are poorly constructed and liable to cost you hundreds of dollars in repairs. Therefore, be smart and insist on brand-name parts by Clark for your car. Stem:The argument requires the assumption that Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Clark parts are available only in this country Choice B:foreign-made parts are not suitable for cars manufactured in this country Choice C:no foreign-made parts satisfy our government standards Choice D:parts that satisfy our government standards are not as poorly constructed as cheap foreign-made parts Choice E:if parts are made for cars manufactured in our country, they are not poorly constructed | PT2 S4 Q9 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q10 Passage:Even if a crime that has been committed by computer is discovered and reported, the odds of being both arrested and convicted greatly favor the criminal. Stem:Each of the following, if true, supports the claim above EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The preparation of computer-fraud cases takes much more time than is required for average fraud cases, and the productivity of prosecutors is evaluated by the number of good cases made. Choice B:In most police departments, officers are rotated through different assignments every two or three years, a shorter time than it takes to become proficient as a computer-crime investigator. Choice C:The priorities of local police departments, under whose jurisdiction most computer crime falls, are weighted toward visible street crime that communities perceive as threatening. Choice D:Computer criminals have rarely been sentenced to serve time in prison, because prisons are overcrowded with violent criminals and drug offenders. Choice E:The many police officers who are untrained in computers often inadvertently destroy the physical evidence of computer crime. | PT2 S4 Q10 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q11 Passage:Every week, the programming office at an FM radio station reviewed unsolicited letters from listeners who were expressing comments on the station’s programs. One week, the station received 50 letters with favorable comments about the station’s news reporting and music selection and 10 letters with unfavorable comments on the station’s new movie review segment of the evening program. Faced with this information, the programming director assumed that if some listeners did not like the movie review segment, then there must be other listeners who did like it. Therefore, he decided to continue the movie review segment of the evening program. Stem:Which one of the following identifies a problem with the programming director’s decision process? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:He failed to recognize that people are more likely to write letters of criticism than of praise. Choice B:He could not properly infer from the fact that some listeners did not like the movie review segment that some others did. Choice C:He failed to take into consideration the discrepancy in numbers between favorable and unfavorable letters received. Choice D:He failed to take into account the relation existing between the movie review segment and the news. Choice E:He did not wait until he received at least 50 letters with unfavorable comments about the movie review segment before making his decision. | PT2 S4 Q11 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q12 Passage:“Though they soon will, patients should not have a legal right to see their medical records. As a doctor, I see two reasons for this. First, giving them access will be time-wasting because it will significantly reduce the amount of time that medical staff can spend on more important duties, by forcing them to retrieve and return files. Second, if my experience is anything to go by, no patients are going to ask for access to their records anyway.” Stem:Which one of the following, if true, establishes that the doctor’s second reason does not cancel out the first? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The new law will require that doctors, when seeing a patient in their office, must be ready to produce the patient’s records immediately, not just ready to retrieve them. Choice B:The task of retrieving and returning files would fall to the lowest-paid member of a doctor’s office staff. Choice C:Any patients who asked to see their medical records would also insist on having details they did not understand explained to them. Choice D:The new law does not rule out that doctors may charge patients for extra expenses incurred specifically in order to comply with the new law. Choice E:Some doctors have all along had a policy of allowing their patients access to their medical records, but those doctors’ patients took no advantage of this policy. | PT2 S4 Q12 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q13 Passage:Alia: Hawthorne admits that he has influence with high government officials. He further admits that he sold that influence to an environmental interest group. There can be no justification for this kind of unethical behavior. Martha: I disagree that he was unethical. The group that retained Hawthorne’s services is dedicated to the cause of preventing water pollution. So, in using his influence to benefit this group, Hawthorne also benefited the public. Stem:Alia and Martha disagree on whether Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:the meaning of ethical behavior has changed over time Choice B:the consequences of Hawthorne’s behavior can ethically justify that behavior Choice C:the standards for judging ethical behavior can be imposed on Hawthorne by another Choice D:the meaning of ethical behavior is the same in a public situation as in a private one Choice E:the definition of ethical behavior is rooted in philosophy or religion | PT2 S4 Q13 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q14 Passage:The mayor boasts that the average ambulance turnaround time, the time from summons to delivery of the patient, has been reduced this year for toppriority emergencies. This is a serious misrepresentation. This “reduction” was produced simply by redefining “top priority.” Such emergencies used to include gunshot wounds and electrocutions, the most time-consuming cases. Now they are limited strictly to heart attacks and strokes. Stem:Which one of the following would strengthen the author’s conclusion that it was the redefinition of “top priority” that produced the reduction in turnaround time? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:The number of heart attacks and strokes declined this year. Choice B:The mayor redefined the city’s financial priorities this year. Choice C:Experts disagree with the mayor’s definition of “top-priority emergency.” Choice D:Other cities include gunshot wound cases in their category of top-priority emergencies. Choice E:One half of all of last year’s top-priority emergencies were gunshot wounds and electrocution cases. | PT2 S4 Q14 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q15 Passage:In a large residential building, there is a rule that no pets are allowed. A group of pet lovers tried to change that rule but failed. The rule-changing procedure outlined in the building’s regulations states that only if a group of tenants can obtain the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on a petition to change a rule will the proposed change be put to a majority vote of all the tenants in the building. It follows that the pet lovers were voted down on their proposal by the majority of the tenants. Stem:The argument depends on which one of the following assumptions? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The pet lovers succeeded in obtaining the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on their petition. Choice B:The signatures of less than 10 percent of the tenants were obtained on the pet lovers’ petition. Choice C:Ninety percent of the tenants are against changing the rule forbidding pets. Choice D:The support of 10 percent of the tenants for a rule change ensures that the rule change will be adopted. Choice E:The failure of the pet lovers to obtain the signatures of 10 percent of the tenants on their petition for a rule change ensures that the rule change will be voted down by a majority of the tenants. | PT2 S4 Q15 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q16 Passage:Nuclear fusion is a process whereby the nuclei of atoms are joined, or “fused,” and in which energy is released. One of the by-products of fusion is helium-4 gas. A recent fusion experiment was conducted using “heavy” water contained in a sealed flask. The flask was, in turn, contained in an air-filled chamber designed to eliminate extraneous vibration. After the experiment, a measurable amount of helium-4 gas was found in the air of the chamber. The experimenters cited this evidence in support of their conclusion that fusion had been achieved. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would cast doubt on the experimenters’ conclusion? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Helium-4 was not the only gas found in the experiment chamber. Choice B:When fusion is achieved, it normally produces several by-products, including tritium and gamma rays. Choice C:The amount of helium-4 found in the chamber’s air did not exceed the amount of helium-4 that is found in ordinary air. Choice D:Helium-4 gas rapidly breaks down, forming ordinary helium gas after a few hours. Choice E:Nuclear fusion reactions are characterized by the release of large amounts of heat. | PT2 S4 Q16 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q17 Passage:Every photograph, because it involves the light rays that something emits hitting film, must in some obvious sense be true. But because it could always have been made to show things differently than it does, it cannot express the whole truth and, in that sense, is false. Therefore, nothing can ever be definitively proved with a photograph. Stem:Which one of the following is an assumption that would permit the conclusion above to be properly drawn? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Whatever is false in the sense that it cannot express the whole truth cannot furnish definitive proof. Choice B:The whole truth cannot be known. Choice C:It is not possible to determine the truthfulness of a photograph in any sense. Choice D:It is possible to use a photograph as corroborative evidence if there is additional evidence establishing the truth about the scene photographed. Choice E:If something is being photographed, then it is possible to prove definitively the truth about it. | PT2 S4 Q17 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q18 Passage:Some cleaning fluids, synthetic carpets, wall paneling, and other products release toxins, such as formaldehyde and benzene, into the household air supply. This is not a problem in well-ventilated houses, but it is a problem in houses that are so well insulated that they trap toxins as well as heat. Recent tests, however, demonstrate that houseplants remove some household toxins from the air and thereby eliminate their danger. In one test, 20 large plants eliminated formaldehyde from a small, well-insulated house. Stem:Which one of the following can be expected as a result? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:There will no longer be any need to ventilate the house. Choice B:The concentration of toxins in the household air supply will remain the same. Choice C:The house will be warm and have a safe air supply. Choice D:If there is formaldehyde in the household air supply, its level will decrease. Choice E:If formaldehyde and benzene are being released into the household air supply, the quantities released of each will decrease. | PT2 S4 Q18 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q19 Passage:Some cleaning fluids, synthetic carpets, wall paneling, and other products release toxins, such as formaldehyde and benzene, into the household air supply. This is not a problem in well-ventilated houses, but it is a problem in houses that are so well insulated that they trap toxins as well as heat. Recent tests, however, demonstrate that houseplants remove some household toxins from the air and thereby eliminate their danger. In one test, 20 large plants eliminated formaldehyde from a small, well-insulated house. Stem:The passage is structured to lead to which one of the following conclusions? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Houseplants can remove benzene from the air. Choice B:Nonsynthetic products do not release toxins into houses. Choice C:Keeping houseplants is an effective means of trapping heat in a poorly insulated house. Choice D:Keeping houseplants can compensate for some of the negative effects of poor ventilation. Choice E:The air in a well-insulated house with houseplants will contain fewer toxins than the air in a well-ventilated house without houseplants. | PT2 S4 Q19 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q20 Passage:Normal full-term babies are all born with certain instinctive reflexes that disappear by the age of two months. Because this three-month-old baby exhibits these reflexes, this baby is not a normal full-term baby. Stem:Which one of the following has a logical structure most like that of the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Because carbon dioxide turns limewater milky and this gas is oxygen, it will not turn limewater milky. Choice B:Because no ape can talk and Suzy is an ape, Suzy cannot talk. Choice C:Because humans are social animals and Henry is sociable, Henry is normal. Choice D:Because opossums have abdominal pouches and this animal lacks any such pouch, this animal is not an opossum. Choice E:Because some types of trees shed their leaves annually and this tree has not shed its leaves, it is not normal. | PT2 S4 Q20 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q21 Passage:Efficiency and redundancy are contradictory characteristics of linguistic systems; however, they can be used together to achieve usefulness and reliability in communication. If a spoken language is completely efficient, then every possible permutation of its basic language sounds can be an understandable word. However, if the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then it is not true that every possible permutation of a spoken language’s basic language sounds can be an understandable word. Stem:If all of the statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Efficiency causes a spoken language to be useful and redundancy causes it to be reliable. Choice B:Neither efficiency nor redundancy can be completely achieved in spoken language. Choice C:If a spoken language were completely redundant, then it could not be useful. Choice D:If the human auditory system were a perfect receptor of sounds, then every permutation of language sounds would be an understandable word. Choice E:If the human auditory system is an imperfect receptor of sounds, then a spoken language cannot be completely efficient. | PT2 S4 Q21 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q22 Passage:All intelligent people are nearsighted. I am very nearsighted. So I must be a genius. Stem:Which one of the following exhibits both of the logical flaws exhibited in the argument above? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:I must be stupid because all intelligent people are nearsighted and I have perfect eyesight. Choice B:All chickens have beaks. This bird has a beak. So this bird must be a chicken. Choice C:All pigs have four legs, but this spider has eight legs. So this spider must be twice as big as any pig. Choice D:John is extremely happy, so he must be extremely tall because all tall people are happy. Choice E:All geniuses are very nearsighted. I must be very nearsighted since I am a genius. | PT2 S4 Q22 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q23 Passage:An advertisement states: Like Danaxil, all headache pills can stop your headache. But when you are in pain, you want relief right away. Danaxil is for you—no headache pill stops pain more quickly. Evelyn and Jane are each suffering from a headache. Suppose Evelyn takes Danaxil and Jane takes its leading competitor. Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the claims in the advertisement? Stem:Evelyn and Jane are each suffering from a headache. Suppose Evelyn takes Danaxil and Jane takes its leading competitor. Which one of the following can be properly concluded from the claims in the advertisement? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Evelyn’s headache pain will be relieved, but Jane’s will not. Choice B:Evelyn’s headache pain will be relieved more quickly than Jane’s. Choice C:Evelyn’s headache will be relieved at least as quickly as Jane’s. Choice D:Jane’s headache pain will be relieved at the same time as is Evelyn’s. Choice E:Jane will be taking Danaxil for relief from headache pain. | PT2 S4 Q23 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q24 Passage:In opposing the 1970 Clean Air Act, the United States automobile industry argued that meeting the act’s standards for automobile emissions was neither economically feasible nor environmentally necessary. However, the catalytic converter, invented in 1967, enabled automakers to meet the 1970 standards efficiently. Currently, automakers are lobbying against the government’s attempt to pass legislation that would tighten restrictions on automobile emissions. The automakers contend that these new restrictions would be overly expensive and unnecessary to efforts to curb air pollution. Clearly, the automobile industry’s position should not be heeded. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately expresses the method used to counter the automakers’ current position? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:The automakers’ premises are shown to lead to a contradiction. Choice B:Facts are mentioned that show that the automakers are relying on false information. Choice C:A flaw is pointed out in the reasoning used by the automakers to reach their conclusion. Choice D:A comparison is drawn between the automakers’ current position and a position they held in the past. Choice E:Evidence is provided that the new emissions legislation is both economically feasible and environmentally necessary. | PT2 S4 Q24 |
Question ID:PT2 S4 Q25 Passage:In opposing the 1970 Clean Air Act, the United States automobile industry argued that meeting the act’s standards for automobile emissions was neither economically feasible nor environmentally necessary. However, the catalytic converter, invented in 1967, enabled automakers to meet the 1970 standards efficiently. Currently, automakers are lobbying against the government’s attempt to pass legislation that would tighten restrictions on automobile emissions. The automakers contend that these new restrictions would be overly expensive and unnecessary to efforts to curb air pollution. Clearly, the automobile industry’s position should not be heeded. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, lends the most support to the automakers’ current position? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The more stringent the legislation restricting emissions becomes, the more difficult it becomes for automakers to provide the required technology economically. Choice B:Emissions-restriction technology can often be engineered so as to avoid reducing the efficiency with which an automobile uses fuel. Choice C:Not every new piece of legislation restricting emissions requires new automotive technology in order for automakers to comply with it. Choice D:The more automobiles there are on the road, the more stringent emission restrictions must be to prevent increased overall air pollution. Choice E:Unless forced to do so by the government, automakers rarely make changes in automotive technology that is not related to profitability. | PT2 S4 Q25 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q1 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:Which one of the following best expresses the main idea of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:Folk artists employed more principles of African oral tradition in their works than did Phillis Wheatley in her poetry. Choice B:Although Phillis Wheatley had to overcome significant barriers in learning English, she mastered the literary conventions of eighteenth-century English as well as African aesthetic canons. Choice C:Phillis Wheatley’s poetry did not fulfill the potential inherent in her experience but did represent a significant accomplishment. Choice D:The evolution of a distinctive African American literary language can be traced from the creations of African American folk artists to the poetry of Phillis Wheatley. Choice E:Phillis Wheatley joined with African American folk artists in preserving the principles of the African oral tradition. | PT1 S1 Q1 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q2 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:The approach to poetry taken by a modern-day Italian immigrant in America would be most analogous to Phillis Wheatley’s approach, as it is described in the passage, if the immigrant Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:translated Italian literary forms into the American idiom Choice B:combined Italian and American literary traditions into a new form of poetic expression Choice C:contributed to the development of a distinctive Italian American literary style Choice D:defined artistic expression in terms of eighteenth-century Italian poetic conventions Choice E:adopted the language and forms of modern American poetry | PT1 S1 Q2 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q3 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:According to the passage, African languages had a notable influence on Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:the religious music of colonists in New England Choice B:the folk art of colonists in New England Choice C:formal written English Choice D:American speech patterns Choice E:eighteenth-century aesthetic principles | PT1 S1 Q3 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q4 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:By a “closed system” of poetry (lines 34–35), the author most probably means poetry that Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:cannot be written by those who are not raised knowing its conventions Choice B:has little influence on the way language is actually spoken Choice C:substitutes its own conventions for the aesthetic principles of the past Choice D:does not admit the use of street language and casual talk Choice E:is ultimately rejected because its conventions leave little room for further development | PT1 S1 Q4 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q5 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:According to the passage, the standards of eighteenth-century English poetry permitted Wheatley to include which one of the following in her poetry? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:generalized feelings Choice B:Americanized English Choice C:themes from folk art Choice D:casual talk Choice E:Black speech | PT1 S1 Q5 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q6 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:Which one of the following, if true, would most weaken the author’s argument concerning the role that Wheatley played in the evolution of an African American literary language? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Wheatley’s poetry was admired in England for its faithfulness to the conventions of neoclassical poetry. Choice B:Wheatley compiled a history in English of her family’s experiences in Africa and America. Choice C:The language barriers that Wheatley overcame were eventually transcended by all who were brought from Africa as slaves. Choice D:Several modern African American poets acknowledge the importance of Wheatley’s poetry to American literature. Choice E:Scholars trace themes and expressions in African American poetry back to the poetry of Wheatley. | PT1 S1 Q6 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q7 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:It can be inferred that the author of the passage would most probably have praised Phillis Wheatley’s poetry more if it had Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:affected the manner in which slaves and freed Black people spoke English Choice B:defined African American artistic expression in terms of earlier works Choice C:adopted the standards of eighteenth-century English poetry Choice D:combined elements of the English literary tradition with those of the African oral tradition Choice E:focused on the barriers that written English literary forms presented to Black artists | PT1 S1 Q7 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q8 Passage:For the poet Phillis Wheatley, who was brought to colonial New England as a slave in 1761, the formal literary code of eighteenth-century English was thrice removed: by the initial barrier of the unfamiliar English language, by the discrepancy between spoken and literary forms of English, and by the African tradition of oral rather than written verbal art. Wheatley transcended these barriers—she learned the English language and English literary forms so quickly and well that she was composing good poetry in English within a few years of her arrival in New England. Wheatley’s experience exemplifies the meeting of oral and written literary cultures. The aesthetic principles of the African oral tradition were preserved in America by folk artists in work songs, dancing, field hollers, religious music, the use of the drum, and, after the drum was forbidden, in the perpetuation of drum effects in song. African languages and the functions of language in African societies not only contributed to the emergence of a distinctive Black English but also exerted demonstrable effects on the manner in which other Americans spoke English. Given her African heritage and her facility with English and the conventions of English poetry, Wheatley’s work had the potential to apply the ideas of a written literature to an oral literary tradition in the creation of an African American literary language. But this was a potential that her poetry unfortunately did not exploit. The standards of eighteenth-century English poetry, which itself reflected little of the American language, led Wheatley to develop a notion of poetry as a closed system, derived from imitation of earlier written works. No place existed for the rough-and-ready Americanized English she heard in the streets, for the English spoken by Black people, or for Africanisms. The conventions of eighteenth-century neoclassical poetry ruled out casual talk; her voice and feelings had to be generalized according to rules of poetic diction and characterization; the particulars of her African past, if they were to be dealt with at all, had to be subordinated to the reigning conventions. African poetry did not count as poetry in her new situation, and African aesthetic canons were irrelevant to the new context because no linguistic or social framework existed to reinforce them. Wheatley adopted a foreign language and a foreign literary tradition; they were not extensions of her past experience, but replacements. Stem:Which one of the following most accurately characterizes the author’s attitude with respect to Phillis Wheatley’s literary accomplishments? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:enthusiastic advocacy Choice B:qualified admiration Choice C:dispassionate impartiality Choice D:detached ambivalence Choice E:perfunctory dismissal | PT1 S1 Q8 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q9 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:Which one of the following best states the central idea of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Antithetical scientific disciplines can both stimulate and hinder one another’s research in complex ways. Choice B:Antithetical scientific disciplines often interact with one another in ways that can be highly useful. Choice C:As disciplines such as cytology and biochemistry advance, their interaction necessarily leads to a synthesis of their approaches. Choice D:Cell research in the late nineteenth century was plagued by disagreements between cytologists and biochemists. Choice E:In the late nineteenth century, cytologists and biochemists made many valuable discoveries that advanced scientific understanding of the cell. | PT1 S1 Q9 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q10 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:The passage states that in the late nineteenth century cytologists deduced the Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:maps of chromosomes Choice B:chemical nature of protoplasm Choice C:spatial relationship of molecules within the cell Choice D:role of enzymes in biological processes Choice E:sequence of the movement of chromosomes during cell division | PT1 S1 Q10 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q11 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:It can be inferred from the passage that in the late nineteenth century the debate over the structural nature of protoplasm (lines 25–29) was most likely carried on Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:among cytologists Choice B:among biochemists Choice C:between cytologists and biochemists Choice D:between cytologists and geneticists Choice E:between biochemists and geneticists | PT1 S1 Q11 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q12 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:According to the passage, cytologists in the late nineteenth century were critical of the cell research of biochemists because cytologists believed that Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:the methods of biochemistry were inadequate to account for all of the chemical reactions that occurred in cytological preparations Choice B:the methods of biochemistry could not adequately discover and explain the structures of living cells Choice C:biochemists were not interested in the nature of protoplasm Choice D:biochemists were not interested in cell division Choice E:biochemists were too ignorant of cytology to understand the basic processes of the cell | PT1 S1 Q12 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q13 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:The author quotes Fruton (lines 62–64) primarily in order to Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:restate the author’s own conclusions Choice B:provide new evidence about the relationship of cytology to biochemistry Choice C:summarize the position of the biochemists described in the passage Choice D:illustrate the difficulties encountered in the synthesis of disciplines Choice E:emphasize the ascendancy of the theories of biochemists over those of cytologists | PT1 S1 Q13 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q14 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:Which one of the following inferences about when the enzyme theory of life was formulated can be drawn from the passage? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:The theory was formulated before the appearance of molecular biology. Choice B:The theory was formulated before the initial discovery of cell architecture. Choice C:The theory was formulated after the completion of chromosome mapping. Choice D:The theory was formulated after a synthesis of the ideas of cytologists and biochemists had occurred. Choice E:The theory was formulated at the same time as the beginning of the debate over the nature of protoplasm. | PT1 S1 Q14 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q15 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:Which one of the following statements about cells is most compatible with the views of late nineteenthcentury biochemists as those views are described in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:The secret of cell function resides in the structure of the cell. Choice B:Only by discovering the chemical composition of protoplasm can the processes of the cell be understood. Choice C:Scientific knowledge about the chemical composition of the cell can help to explain behavioral patterns in organisms. Choice D:The most important issue to be resolved with regard to the cell is determining the physical characteristics of protoplasm. Choice E:The methods of chemistry must be supplemented before a full account of the cell’s structures can be made. | PT1 S1 Q15 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q16 Passage:One scientific discipline, during its early stages of development, is often related to another as an antithesis to its thesis. The thesis discipline tends to concern itself with discovery and classification of phenomena, to offer holistic explanations emphasizing pattern and form, and to use existing theory to explain the widest possible range of phenomena. The paired or anti-discipline, on the other hand, can be characterized by a more focused approach, concentrating on the units of construction, and by a belief that the discipline can be reformulated in terms of the issues and explanations of the anti-discipline. The relationship of cytology (cell biology) to biochemistry in the late nineteenth century, when both disciplines were growing at a rapid pace, exemplifies such a pattern. Researchers in cell biology found mounting evidence of an intricate cell architecture. They also deduced the mysterious choreography of the chromosomes during cell division. Many biochemists, on the other hand, remained skeptical of the idea that so much structure existed, arguing that the chemical reactions that occur in cytological preparations might create the appearance of such structures. Also, they stood apart from the debate then raging over whether protoplasm, the complex of living material within a cell, is homogeneous, network-like, granular, or foamlike. Their interest lay in the more “fundamental” issues of the chemical nature of protoplasm, especially the newly formulated enzyme theory of life. In general, biochemists judged to be too ignorant of chemistry to grasp the basic processes, whereas cytologists considered the methods of biochemists inadequate to characterize the structures of the living cell. The renewal of Mendelian genetics and, later, progress in chromosome mapping did little at first to effect a synthesis. Both sides were essentially correct. Biochemistry has more than justified its extravagant early claims by explaining so much of the cellular machinery. But in achieving this feat (mostly since 1950) it has been partially transformed into the new discipline of molecular biology—biochemistry that deals with spatial arrangements and movements of large molecules. At the same time cytology has metamorphosed into modern cellular biology. Aided by electron microscopy, it has become more similar in language and outlook to molecular biology. The interaction of a discipline and its anti-discipline has moved both sciences toward a synthesis, namely molecular genetics. This interaction between paired disciplines can have important results. In the case of late nineteenth-century cell research, progress was fueled by competition among the various attitudes and issues derived from cell biology and biochemistry. Joseph Fruton, a biochemist, has suggested that such competition and the resulting tensions among researchers are a principal source of vitality and “are likely to lead to unexpected and exciting novelties in the future, as they have in the past.” Stem:Which one of the following best describes the organization of the material presented in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:An account of a process is given, and then the reason for its occurrence is stated. Choice B:A set of examples is provided, and then a conclusion is drawn from them. Choice C:A general proposition is stated, and then an example is given. Choice D:A statement of principles is made, and then a rationale for them is debated. Choice E:A problem is analyzed, and then a possible solution is discussed. | PT1 S1 Q16 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q17 Passage:There are two major systems of criminal procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically preceded by the system of private vengeance in which the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and administered it privately, either personally or through an agent. The modern adversarial system is only one historical step removed from the private vengeance system and still retains some of its characteristic features. For example, even though the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended to all members of society (as represented by the office of the public prosecutor), and even though the police department has effectively assumed the pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between two adversaries, presided over by a judge who, at the start, has no knowledge of the investigative background of the case. In the final analysis the adversarial system of criminal procedure symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat. By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins historically where the adversarial system stopped its development. It is two historical steps removed from the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial system, the public prosecutor has the duty to investigate not just on behalf of society but also on behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence. The system mandates that both parties permit full pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession. Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role that is both directive and protective. Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial system. This system operates on the philosophical premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule (in contrast to the adversarial system), and the goal of the entire procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the court, the commission of the alleged crime. Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who is innocent would prefer to be tried under the inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is guilty would prefer to be tried under the adversarial system. Stem:It can be inferred from the passage that the crucial factor in a trial under the adversarial system is Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:rules of legality Choice B:dramatic reenactment of the crime Choice C:the search for relevant facts Choice D:the victim’s personal pursuit of revenge Choice E:police testimony about the crime | PT1 S1 Q17 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q18 Passage:There are two major systems of criminal procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically preceded by the system of private vengeance in which the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and administered it privately, either personally or through an agent. The modern adversarial system is only one historical step removed from the private vengeance system and still retains some of its characteristic features. For example, even though the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended to all members of society (as represented by the office of the public prosecutor), and even though the police department has effectively assumed the pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between two adversaries, presided over by a judge who, at the start, has no knowledge of the investigative background of the case. In the final analysis the adversarial system of criminal procedure symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat. By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins historically where the adversarial system stopped its development. It is two historical steps removed from the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial system, the public prosecutor has the duty to investigate not just on behalf of society but also on behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence. The system mandates that both parties permit full pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession. Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role that is both directive and protective. Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial system. This system operates on the philosophical premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule (in contrast to the adversarial system), and the goal of the entire procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the court, the commission of the alleged crime. Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who is innocent would prefer to be tried under the inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is guilty would prefer to be tried under the adversarial system. Stem:The author sees the judge’s primary role in a trial under the inquisitorial system as that of Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:passive observer Choice B:biased referee Choice C:uninvolved administrator Choice D:aggressive investigator Choice E:involved manager | PT1 S1 Q18 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q19 Passage:There are two major systems of criminal procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically preceded by the system of private vengeance in which the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and administered it privately, either personally or through an agent. The modern adversarial system is only one historical step removed from the private vengeance system and still retains some of its characteristic features. For example, even though the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended to all members of society (as represented by the office of the public prosecutor), and even though the police department has effectively assumed the pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between two adversaries, presided over by a judge who, at the start, has no knowledge of the investigative background of the case. In the final analysis the adversarial system of criminal procedure symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat. By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins historically where the adversarial system stopped its development. It is two historical steps removed from the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial system, the public prosecutor has the duty to investigate not just on behalf of society but also on behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence. The system mandates that both parties permit full pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession. Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role that is both directive and protective. Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial system. This system operates on the philosophical premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule (in contrast to the adversarial system), and the goal of the entire procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the court, the commission of the alleged crime. Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who is innocent would prefer to be tried under the inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is guilty would prefer to be tried under the adversarial system. Stem:According to the passage, a central distinction between the system of private vengeance and the two modern criminal procedure systems was the shift in responsibility for initiating legal action against a criminal from the Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:defendant to the courts Choice B:victim to society Choice C:defendant to the prosecutor Choice D:courts to a law enforcement agency Choice E:victim to the judge | PT1 S1 Q19 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q20 Passage:There are two major systems of criminal procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically preceded by the system of private vengeance in which the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and administered it privately, either personally or through an agent. The modern adversarial system is only one historical step removed from the private vengeance system and still retains some of its characteristic features. For example, even though the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended to all members of society (as represented by the office of the public prosecutor), and even though the police department has effectively assumed the pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between two adversaries, presided over by a judge who, at the start, has no knowledge of the investigative background of the case. In the final analysis the adversarial system of criminal procedure symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat. By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins historically where the adversarial system stopped its development. It is two historical steps removed from the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial system, the public prosecutor has the duty to investigate not just on behalf of society but also on behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence. The system mandates that both parties permit full pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession. Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role that is both directive and protective. Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial system. This system operates on the philosophical premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule (in contrast to the adversarial system), and the goal of the entire procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the court, the commission of the alleged crime. Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who is innocent would prefer to be tried under the inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is guilty would prefer to be tried under the adversarial system. Stem:All of the following are characteristics of the inquisitorial system that the author cites EXCEPT: Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:It is based on cooperation rather than conflict. Choice B:It encourages full disclosure of evidence. Choice C:It requires that the judge play an active role in the conduct of the trial. Choice D:It places the defendant in charge of his or her defense. Choice E:It favors the innocent. | PT1 S1 Q20 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q21 Passage:There are two major systems of criminal procedure in the modern world—the adversarial and the inquisitorial. Both systems were historically preceded by the system of private vengeance in which the victim of a crime fashioned a remedy and administered it privately, either personally or through an agent. The modern adversarial system is only one historical step removed from the private vengeance system and still retains some of its characteristic features. For example, even though the right to initiate legal action against a criminal has now been extended to all members of society (as represented by the office of the public prosecutor), and even though the police department has effectively assumed the pretrial investigative functions on behalf of the prosecution, the adversarial system still leaves the defendant to conduct his or her own pretrial investigation. The trial is viewed as a forensic duel between two adversaries, presided over by a judge who, at the start, has no knowledge of the investigative background of the case. In the final analysis the adversarial system of criminal procedure symbolizes and regularizes punitive combat. By contrast, the inquisitorial system begins historically where the adversarial system stopped its development. It is two historical steps removed from the system of private vengeance. From the standpoint of legal anthropology, then, it is historically superior to the adversarial system. Under the inquisitorial system, the public prosecutor has the duty to investigate not just on behalf of society but also on behalf of the defendant. Additionally, the public prosecutor has the duty to present the court not only evidence that would convict the defendant, but also evidence that could prove the defendant’s innocence. The system mandates that both parties permit full pretrial discovery of the evidence in their possession. Finally, an aspect of the system that makes the trial less like a duel between two adversarial parties is that the inquisitorial system mandates that the judge take an active part in the conduct of the trial, with a role that is both directive and protective. Fact-finding is at the heart of the inquisitorial system. This system operates on the philosophical premise that in a criminal action the crucial factor is the body of facts, not the legal rule (in contrast to the adversarial system), and the goal of the entire procedure is to attempt to recreate, in the mind of the court, the commission of the alleged crime. Because of the inquisitorial system’s thoroughness in conducting its pretrial investigation, it can be concluded that, if given the choice, a defendant who is innocent would prefer to be tried under the inquisitorial system, whereas a defendant who is guilty would prefer to be tried under the adversarial system. Stem:The author’s attitude toward the inquisitorial system can best be described as Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:doubtful that its judges can be both directive and protective Choice B:satisfied that it has potential for uncovering the relevant facts in a case Choice C:optimistic that it will replace the adversarial system Choice D:wary about its down playing of legal rules Choice E:critical of its close relationship with the private vengeance system | PT1 S1 Q21 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q22 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:According to the author, which one of the following is required in order that one be a professional? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:significant prestige and a title Choice B:“know-how” in a particular field Choice C:a long and difficult educational endeavor Choice D:a commitment to political justice Choice E:a public confession of devotion to a way of life | PT1 S1 Q22 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q23 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:Which one of the following best expresses the main point made by the author in the passage? Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:Medicine is defined as a profession because of the etymology of the word “profession.” Choice B:It is a mistake to pay special honor to the knowledge and skills of physicians. Choice C:The work of physicians is under attack only because it is widely misunderstood. Choice D:The correct reason that physicians are professionals is that their work involves public commitment to a high good. Choice E:Physicians have been encouraged to think of themselves as technicians and need to reorient themselves toward ethical concerns. | PT1 S1 Q23 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q24 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:The question posed by the author in lines 7–10 of the passage introduces which one of the following? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:the author’s belief that it is futile to resist the trend toward defining the physician’s work as a trade Choice B:the author’s dislike of governmental regulation and consumer advocacy Choice C:the author’s inquiry into the nature of the practice of medicine Choice D:the author’s suggestions for rallying sensible people to a concentrated defense of physicians Choice E:the author’s fascination with the origins of words | PT1 S1 Q24 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q25 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:In the passage, the author mentions or suggests all of the following EXCEPT Correct Answer Choice:DChoice A:how society generally treats physicians Choice B:that the practice of medicine is analogous to teaching Choice C:that being a professional is in part a public act Choice D:the specific knowledge on which trades are based Choice E:how a livelihood is different from a profession | PT1 S1 Q25 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q26 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:The author’s attitude towards professionals is best described as Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:eager that the work of one group of professionals, physicians, be viewed from a new perspective Choice B:sympathetic toward professionals who have become demoralized by public opinion Choice C:surprised that professionals have been balked by governmental regulations and threats of litigation Choice D:dismayed that most professionals have come to be considered technicians Choice E:certain that professionals confess a commitment to ethical ideals | PT1 S1 Q26 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q27 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:Based on the information in the passage, it can be inferred that which one of the following would most logically begin a paragraph immediately following the passage? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:A skilled handicraft is a manual art acquired by habituation that enables tradespeople to tread regularly and reliably along the same path. Choice B:Critics might argue that being a doctor, for example, requires no ethical or public act; thus medicine, as such, is morally neutral, does not bind character, and can be used for good or ill. Choice C:Sometimes the pursuit of personal health competes with the pursuit of other goods, and it has always been the task of the community to order and define the competing ends. Choice D:Not least among the myriad confusions and uncertainties of our time are those attending efforts to discern and articulate the essential characteristics of the medical profession. Choice E:When, in contrast, we come to physicians of the whole body, we come tacitly acknowledging the meaning of illness and its potential threat to all that we hold dear. | PT1 S1 Q27 |
Question ID:PT1 S1 Q28 Passage:Outside the medical profession, there are various efforts to cut medicine down to size: not only widespread malpractice litigation and massive governmental regulation, but also attempts by consumer groups and others to redefine medicine as a trade rather than as a profession, and the physician as merely a technician for hire under contract. Why should physicians (or indeed all sensible people) resist such efforts to give the practice of medicine a new meaning? We can gain some illumination from etymology. “Trade,” from Germanic and Anglo-Saxon roots meaning “a course or pathway,” has come to mean derivatively a habitual occupation and has been related to certain skills and crafts. On the other hand, while “profession” today also entails a habit of work, the word “profession” itself traces to an act of self-conscious and public—even confessional—speech. “To profess” preserves the meaning of its Latin source, “to declare publicly; to announce, affirm, avow.” A profession is an activity or occupation to which its practitioner publicly professes, that is, confesses, devotion. But public announcement seems insufficient; publicly declaring devotion to plumbing or auto repair would not turn these trades into professions. Some believe that learning and knowledge are the diagnostic signs of a profession. For reasons probably linked to the medieval university, the term “profession” has been applied to the so-called learned professions—medicine, law, and theology—the practices of which are founded upon inquiry and knowledge rather than mere “knowhow.” Yet it is not only the pursuit and acquisition of knowledge that makes one a professional. The knowledge involved makes the profession one of the learned variety, but its professional quality is rooted in something else. Some mistakenly seek to locate that something else in the prestige and honor accorded professionals by society, evidenced in their special titles and the special deference and privileges they receive. But externalities do not constitute medicine a profession. Physicians are not professionals because they are honored; rather, they are honored because of their profession. Their titles and the respect they are shown superficially signify and acknowledge something deeper, that physicians are persons of the professional sort, knowingly and freely devoting themselves to a way of life worthy of such devotion. Just as lawyers devote themselves to rectifying injustices, looking up to what is lawful and right; just as teachers devote themselves to the education of the young, looking up to truth and wisdom; so physicians heal the sick, looking up to health and wholesomeness. Being a professional is thus rooted in our moral nature and in that which warrants and impels making a public confession to a way of life. Professing oneself a professional is an ethical act because it is not a silent and private act, but an articulated and public one; because it promises continuing devotion to a way of life, not merely announces a present preference or a way to a livelihood; because it is an activity in service to some high good that insists on devotion; because it is difficult and demanding. A profession engages one’s character and heart, not merely one’s mind and hands. Stem:Which one of the following best describes the author’s purpose in lines 18–42 of the passage? Correct Answer Choice:CChoice A:The author locates the “something else” that truly constitutes a profession. Choice B:The author dismisses efforts to redefine the meaning of the term “profession.” Choice C:The author considers, and largely criticizes, several definitions of what constitutes a profession. Choice D:The author clarifies the meaning of the term “profession” by advocating a return to its linguistic and historical roots. Choice E:The author distinguishes trades such as plumbing and auto repair from professions such as medicine, law, and theology. | PT1 S1 Q28 |
Question ID:PT1 S2 Q1 Passage:Exactly six trade representatives negotiate a treaty: Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Neri, Osata, Poirier. There are exactly six chairs evenly spaced around a circular table. The chairs are numbered 1 through 6, with successively numbered chairs next to each other and chair number 1 next to chair number 6. Each chair is occupied by exactly one of the representatives. The following conditions apply: Poirier sits immediately next to Neri. Londi sits immediately next to Manley, Neri, or both. Klosnik does not sit immediately next to Manley. If Osata sits immediately next to Poirier, Osata does not sit immediately next to Manley. Stem:Which one of the following seating arrangements of the six representatives in chairs 1 through 6 would NOT violate the stated conditions? Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Klosnik, Poirier, Neri, Manley, Osata, Londi Choice B:Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Poirier, Neri, Osata Choice C:Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Osata, Poirier, Neri Choice D:Klosnik, Osata, Poirier, Neri, Londi, Manley Choice E:Klosnik, Neri, Londi, Osata, Manley, Poirier | PT1 S2 Q1 |
Question ID:PT1 S2 Q2 Passage:Exactly six trade representatives negotiate a treaty: Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Neri, Osata, Poirier. There are exactly six chairs evenly spaced around a circular table. The chairs are numbered 1 through 6, with successively numbered chairs next to each other and chair number 1 next to chair number 6. Each chair is occupied by exactly one of the representatives. The following conditions apply: Poirier sits immediately next to Neri. Londi sits immediately next to Manley, Neri, or both. Klosnik does not sit immediately next to Manley. If Osata sits immediately next to Poirier, Osata does not sit immediately next to Manley. Stem:If Londi sits immediately next to Poirier, which one of the following is a pair of representatives who must sit immediately next to each other? Correct Answer Choice:AChoice A:Klosnik and Osata Choice B:Londi and Neri Choice C:Londi and Osata Choice D:Manley and Neri Choice E:Manley and Poirier | PT1 S2 Q2 |
Question ID:PT1 S2 Q3 Passage:Exactly six trade representatives negotiate a treaty: Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Neri, Osata, Poirier. There are exactly six chairs evenly spaced around a circular table. The chairs are numbered 1 through 6, with successively numbered chairs next to each other and chair number 1 next to chair number 6. Each chair is occupied by exactly one of the representatives. The following conditions apply: Poirier sits immediately next to Neri. Londi sits immediately next to Manley, Neri, or both. Klosnik does not sit immediately next to Manley. If Osata sits immediately next to Poirier, Osata does not sit immediately next to Manley. Stem:If Klosnik sits directly between Londi and Poirier, then Manley must sit directly between Correct Answer Choice:BChoice A:Londi and Neri Choice B:Londi and Osata Choice C:Neri and Osata Choice D:Neri and Poirier Choice E:Osata and Poirier | PT1 S2 Q3 |
Question ID:PT1 S2 Q4 Passage:Exactly six trade representatives negotiate a treaty: Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Neri, Osata, Poirier. There are exactly six chairs evenly spaced around a circular table. The chairs are numbered 1 through 6, with successively numbered chairs next to each other and chair number 1 next to chair number 6. Each chair is occupied by exactly one of the representatives. The following conditions apply: Poirier sits immediately next to Neri. Londi sits immediately next to Manley, Neri, or both. Klosnik does not sit immediately next to Manley. If Osata sits immediately next to Poirier, Osata does not sit immediately next to Manley. Stem:If Neri sits immediately next to Manley, then Klosnik can sit directly between Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Londi and Manley Choice B:Londi and Poirier Choice C:Neri and Osata Choice D:Neri and Poirier Choice E:Poirier and Osata | PT1 S2 Q4 |
Question ID:PT1 S2 Q5 Passage:Exactly six trade representatives negotiate a treaty: Klosnik, Londi, Manley, Neri, Osata, Poirier. There are exactly six chairs evenly spaced around a circular table. The chairs are numbered 1 through 6, with successively numbered chairs next to each other and chair number 1 next to chair number 6. Each chair is occupied by exactly one of the representatives. The following conditions apply: Poirier sits immediately next to Neri. Londi sits immediately next to Manley, Neri, or both. Klosnik does not sit immediately next to Manley. If Osata sits immediately next to Poirier, Osata does not sit immediately next to Manley. Stem:If Londi sits immediately next to Manley, then which one of the following is a complete and accurate list of representatives any one of whom could also sit immediately next to Londi? Correct Answer Choice:EChoice A:Klosnik Choice B:Klosnik, Neri Choice C:Neri, Poirier Choice D:Klosnik, Osata, Poirier Choice E:Klosnik, Neri, Osata, Poirier | PT1 S2 Q5 |