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[ [ "If you look at the problem from a realistic point of view, it depends on the conditions of system. With energy losses from air resistance and the energy lost during the rebound, the maximum height of the ball will decrease over time, which makes it much more likely that the bear character will not reach the other side. However, note that the bear can reach the other side in many different ways. If it is strong enough, it could traverse the canyon with a single jump, for example.\nBut the picture has some implicit assumptions that one can use to solve the problem quantitatively:\n* The bear goes to the other side by using many jumps along the way\n* The height at which each jump occurs is the same\n* The movement is regular and periodic, which suggests that energy losses are not taken into account.\nWith that in mind, it is possible to solve for the momentum the bear has to give to the ball.\nBecause the ball and the bear move together horizontally, the bear cannot give the ball an impulse horizontally. If it propels itself forward, the ball will be thrown in the opposite direction, and the bear will not be able to jump on it anymore. However, that is not an issue with no energy losses.", "621" ], [ "If the bear and the ball start with an initial horizontal velocity, that will be maintained as long as the bear only exert force on the ball vertically. In this sense, we only need to consider the vertical motion.\nAt the very beginning, both the ball and the bear are mid-air with a constant horizontal velocity. To not fall, the bear jumps such that it gains a momentum $Q$ and the ball a momentum $-Q$, due to conservation of momentum. Then, the magnitude of the velocity of the bear and the ball are, respectively, $$V=\\frac{Q}{M}$$ $$v=\\frac{Q}{m}$$ Then, the time $t$ the bear takes to return to the same height (the height immediately after the moment it jumped) is given by the following equation of motion $$Vt-\\frac{1}{2}gt^2+h=h$$ $$t=\\frac{2V}{g}$$ The time $t_1$ the ball takes to reach the ground is given by $$-vt_1-\\frac{1}{2}gt_1^2+h=0$$ $$t_1=\\frac{-v+\\sqrt{v^2+2gh}}{g}$$ where $h$ is the height of the canyon/valley. The ball reaches the ground with a velocity $$v_f=\\sqrt{v^2+2gh}$$ The time $t_2$ the ball takes to return to the same height is given by $$v_ft_2-\\frac{1}{2}gt_2^2=h$$ $$t_2=\\frac{v_f+\\sqrt{v_f^2-2gh}}{g}=\\frac{\\sqrt{v^2+2gh}-v}{g}$$ By using the fact that when the jump occurs the bear and ball meet, then $$t=t_1+t_2$$ $$V=\\sqrt{v^2+2gh}-v$$ $$\\frac{Q}{M}=\\sqrt{\\frac{Q^2}{m^2}+2gh}-\\frac{Q}{m}$$ Solving for $Q$: $$Q=\\frac{M\\sqrt{2mgh}}{\\sqrt{2M+m}}$$ Which has a real solution. Now, this was for the first jump, but this can be repeated as many times as necessary, because the total momentum immediately before the second jump is 0, just like immediately before the first jump, because the ball and the bear come back to the same height with the same velocities, just with opposites directions.\nUsing $M=200kg$, $m=1kg$, $g=9.8m/s²$, $h=10m$, then $$v\\approx 140 m/s$$", "771" ] ]

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[ [ "Box Mac & Cheese Stuffed Pretzels\nIntroduction: Box Mac & Cheese Stuffed Pretzels\nAs a kid, I loved mac & cheese, but as I've gotten older, it has gotten decreasingly exciting. So I decided to fix that. What could make mac & cheese an exciting food again? Eating it in a pretzel! Putting boring boxed mac & cheese in a pretzel with cheese and benevolent bacon is the perfect solution to make mac & cheese fun and exciting. In this recipe, I'll show you how to make pretzels that are filled with mac & cheese, shredded cheese, and any meat of your choosing.\nTotal Time: ~2 hours\nMakes: 6-8 stuffed pretzels (enough for about 4 people)\nSupplies\nIngredients:\nFor the Filling and Topping:\n* 1 box of mac & cheese\n* 1½ cup shredded cheddar cheese\n* ~8 slices of bacon or any other meat filling(optional)*\n* Pretzel Salt for sprinkling\n* Melted Butter for brushing\nFor the Pretzel Dough:\n* 2 ½ cups bread flour (365g)\n* 1 packet active dry yeast (7g)\n* 3 tablespoons + 1 teaspoon sugar divided (45g+8g)\n* ½ tablespoon vegetable oil (8g)\n* 1 teaspoon salt (7g)\n* ¾ cup + 2 tablespoons lukewarm water (210g)\n**For the Lye Solution:\n* 2 cups water (472 g)\n* 3 teaspoons lye(sodium hydroxide) (19g)\n**For the Baking Soda Solution(Alternative to lye solution):\n* 9 cups water\n* ½ cup baking soda\n*I used Sweet Earth Benevolent Bacon to make this recipe vegetarian, this is optional but I highly recommend trying it.\n**When making this recipe you can choose between a lye solution or a baking soda solution to give the pretzels their sheen. When you get to the lye and baking soda steps(steps 7 and 8), only do one or the other, not both. Although I recommend the lye method more, it is more dangerous so it is ok to go the alternative route. If you choose to use lye, you will not need baking soda and if you chose to use baking soda, you will not need lye.\nTools and Equipment:\n* Stand Mixer (you may also knead by hand)\n* Plastic or Stainless steel Mixing Bowls\n* Sheet Tray\n* Parchment Paper\n* Plastic Wrap\n* Medium Sauce Pan\n* Skillet or Non-Stick Pan\n* Cutting Board\n* Rolling Pin\n* Measuring and Mixing Utensils\n* Oven\n* Gloves\n* Safety goggles or face shield\n* Face Mask\nStep 1: Making the Pretzel Dough\nIn a small bowl, mix together the ¾ cup + 2 tablespoons of lukewarm water, 1 teaspoon of sugar, and the packet of yeast. Allow the mixture to sit for about 5 minutes, while it rests mix the dry ingredients: In the bowl of a stand mixer fitted with a dough hook, mix the 2 ½ cups bread flour, the remaining 3 tablespoons of sugar, and the teaspoon of salt until combined. Once the yeast mixture is ready, add it to the dry ingredients as well as the ½ tablespoon vegetable oil. Mix on low until all the ingredients come together, you may need to assist your mixer with a rubber spatula if the ingredients are not coming together at first.", "305" ], [ "Once the ingredients form into a single mass, turn the mixer speed to medium-low and mix for 4-6 minutes until it is smooth. At this point, I like to turn the dough onto a clean countertop and knead for a minute by hand, and then I shape the dough into a smooth ball. Place the dough into an airtight container, such as a bowl covered with plastic wrap, and place in a warm area for 1 hour.\nStep 2: Dividing the Dough\nAfter an hour has passed, prepare a pot of water for the mac and cheese as instructed on the box. While it heats up, shape the dough: Turn the dough out onto a clean surface. Using a bench scraper or a knife, separate the dough into 6 roughly equal pieces. If you would like smaller stuffed pretzels, you may divide the dough into 8 pieces. Once the dough is divided, shape each piece into a ball. To shape the dough, cup your hand around the dough piece and with your hand perpendicular to the counter, pull the dough back towards you. Do this several times, rotating the ball a little bit after each pull, stop once the surface of the dough starts to appear tight. You shouldn't have to use flour here if possible, the stickiness of the dough is what allows it to form tension as you pull. Repeat the balling process with all of the doughs pieces.", "195" ] ]

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[ [ "Big Trouble in Little China\nIn which <PERSON> tests whether <PERSON> could've succeeded in action-fantasy camp. It's a fascinating thought-experiment to me to ask if <PERSON> and <PERSON> switched eras, could one have succeeded in the career of the other? For <PERSON>, perhaps. He sure does have a great 'stache in the Westerns.\nI agree with <PERSON> that lack of characterization harms this film. It is essentially <PERSON>'s truck-driving character running around with several Asian men, trying to find a captured woman.", "698" ], [ "Much has been said about that last fact. I simply do not get into movies that are about other movies, and that's their leading aspect. If you have to know the tropes and then know that the movie is mocking the tropes, and that's the fun of the movie, well, fine. But I do like a bit of a connection to the real-world. And what I see here is so goofball or stereotypical, it just doesn't interest me.\nBut I do like <PERSON>'s score here!", "170" ] ]

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[ [ "Special Bokeh Filters: Give Your Photo's a Creative Twist!\nIntroduction: Special Bokeh Filters: Give Your Photo's a Creative Twist!\nThese filters are a great way to make your give photography a little creative and personal touch, and they cost next to nothing. The filters work best with fast primes, like a nifty fifty, but you could also try it on a point and shoot camera, if you make the cutout small enough. If you have some vintage glass laying around, these should work on there too and give a really cool look!\nSupplies\n1. Black paper\n2. White pencil\n3. box cutter\n4. lens (preferably with a fast aperture)\n5. some small templates of the wanted shape (optional, these are only used to draw your shape.)\n6. rubber bands, or a filter holder if you have one\n7. triangle or ruler\nStep 1: Determine Filter Size, and Draw It on the Paper\n* If you have a filter holder like me, just draw a rectangle with the size of your filters using your pencil.", "294" ], [ "Then, draw the two diagonals to determine the middle of the rectangle.\n* If you don't have a filter holder, no problem! You can also do it without. Measure your filter size, and draw a circle with the same diameter. I just turned my lens upside down, and drawed around it using my pencil. depending on the lens you want to use, you may want to think about how you want to attach the filter (rubber bands, tape, ... )\nStep 2: Draw the Shape You Want.\nI drew a spiral and a star, but you can draw any shape you want here. Some inspiration: a smiley, Christmas tree, heart, fireworks, ... Just any symbol you want, really, as long as it hasn't too much details because these may not show that well on your photo's. Just make sure that you don't make the cutout too big for your lens, look in the table above to determine what the maximum size is.(Click on it to see it fully) If you are using the round design, without filter holder, als add some little flaps to put under the rubber bands.\nStep 3: Cutting\nCut your shapes and filters out. If you are using the round design, also fold the flaps to a right angle. Your filters are ready to go!\nStep 4: Camera Settings\nTo use the filters, put your camera in Aperture priority and use manual focus, and any light points in the background will turn into your chosen shape. I used a lego set and some Christmas lights, which made for a great combo.", "294" ] ]

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[ [ "The main obstacle with the Oscillating Universe model is the pesky second law of thermodynamics — that entropy always increases within an isolated system, and never the reverse. Thus, as time progresses, entropy increases, until it (as far as we know) reaches its maximum — the heat death or Big Rip.\nConsider the Big Bang, when entropy was at its minimum, or at least incredibly low. As the Universe evolved, entropy increased, as dictated by the second law. If the Big Crunch were to happen, we'd see a decrease in entropy as conditions in the Universe recede back to how they were at $t = 0$. As we've stated, the Universe's entropy can never decrease.\nBut say we ignore the whole \"Big Crunch problem\" and instead focus on the cycles.", "273" ], [ "As stated before, the entropy always increases with time. I'll let <PERSON> & <PERSON> (2006) explain the problem:\n...one principal obstacle is the second law of thermodynamics which dictates that the entropy increases from cycle to cycle. If the cycles thereby become longer, extrapolation into the past will lead back to an initial singularity again, thus removing the motivation to consider an oscillatory universe in the first place.\nAs they described, the entropy in the Universe would increase with each cycle. At this point we realize that each cycle in the Universe's history would be different — and if we extrapolated back into the past, we would find that at some point, entropy must have been at its minimum (the Big Bang!) The fact that we would be back to the Big Bang would remove any need for an Oscillating Universe hypothesis — which tries to explain what preceded the Big Bang.\nThat problem led many astrophysicists to abandon the Oscillating Universe hypothesis. But nonetheless, the idea that the Universe is reborn is quite attractive, and we still know very little about cosmology — including dark energy, which we think has a vital role in the Universe. Some cosmologists continue to research the Oscillating Universe model in hopes that, as we learn more about dark energy and the Universe, we may be able to avoid the problems with the second law of thermodynamics.", "764" ] ]

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[ [ "Singapore’s Economic Success ‘Comes at the Sacrifice of Humans Rights,’ Says Activist <PERSON> · Global Voices\nScreenshot of <PERSON> from her YouTube account.\nThis article by <PERSON> is from Loa, a news website and online radio project of Việt Tân that broadcasts stories about Việt Nam. It is republished by Global Voices as part of a content-sharing agreement.\n<PERSON> is a 26-year-old activist in Singapore. Though young, she has inspired the ire of Singaporean officials over the last four years for her efforts to raise awareness of the stifling political environment in Singapore and restrictions on speech and assembly.\nIn 2017, <PERSON> was scheduled to attend a human rights conference in Malaysia, but when she arrived she was deported upon the demands of the Singaporean authorities.\nShe continues to resist the government’s attempts to suppress her right to free expression, by speaking at international forums such as the Internet Freedom Festival in Spain, which she attended for the first time in March 2018.\n<PERSON> (KT): This is <PERSON> reporting from the Internet Freedom Festival in Valencia, Spain. I’m here with <PERSON> from Singapore, who is an activist, and who led a session on our first day here. What would you like to tell people about Singapore?\n<PERSON> (HHH): I think the only thing that Singapore has is [this] so-called “economic success”, and we do not have any human rights at all. This economic success is actually at the sacrifice of Singaporeans, especially in the public housing, public healthcare, as well as employment. Singapore has an economic success that is being admired by countries all around the world. But, it comes at the sacrifice of humans rights in Singapore. The first thing is public housing. Singapore is the only country in this world that doesn’t spend a single cent from a cash-flow perspective on public housing. Second, is public healthcare. We actually have [a] compulsory insurance scheme, the government forces people to buy, on top of private insurance. With this insurance scheme, the total premium that the government collects is actually more than the total amount of claims that the government actually have to pay out every year. The third thing is the right to retirement. In this scheme the government forces people to set aside about 30 to 40 percent of their salary.\n<PERSON>: When I was at your session, I found it very interesting the way that the government has created laws in response to your activities. Could you tell me about some of those laws?\n<PERSON>: In Singapore, you can only protest in a park. It’s a very sad scene in Singapore. Just imagine, the government says that you can protest, but it’s only in a park.", "637" ], [ "It’s as good as asking you not to protest at all. You want to protest outside government agencies. You want to be able to express your freedom of assembly anywhere you want, but in Singapore, it’s only at this park.\nOn September 27, 2014, through a lot of effort that we put in through 2013 all the way to 2014, we managed to get more than 6,000 Singaporeans to protest at this park. On that day, the government actually sent a minister there, and tried to set up all kind[s] of entrapments against us. They provoked the protesters into doing a lot of things. We are thankful the international community spoke up against it and supported us. But, ever since that incident on September 27, 2014, scenes of protest in Singapore actually disappeared. Nobody gathered at this park anymore, lest to say there are any protests. That was the biggest protest ever, since in the 21st century for Singapore. Since this protest, the government investigated about 20 people, and charged six of us. I was one of them. They disqualified me from standing for parliamentary elections because of this protest. Which means in the next elections, I won’t have the ability to stand.\n<PERSON>: How were they able to ban you from participating in that election?\n<PERSON>: In Singapore, there is this law that says that if you have ever been fined more than 2,000 Singaporian dollars [1,520 US dollars], you would not be able to stand for election. In Singapore before you can protest, you have to tell the government you are going to protest. On their protest website, they have three options. You have to either give a speech, or you’re holding a protest, or you’re singing, which is performance. You can only click one of the options. I always click speech; all of us click speech. But, if you click speech, you will be charged for demonstration.", "341" ] ]

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[ [ "TL;DR: It depends on what you mean by \"all out nuclear war\", and whether or not you plan to remain in the same place post-war... but generally speaking, the farther north or south of the equator, the better, with both the north and south poles receiving the lowest exposure over time due to more self-contained wind patterns. Politically speaking, it's really anyone's guess what might happen, so I'd say you have creative free rein on that.\nAs for physically surviving the weapons themselves, consider this: by 1962 (after hundreds of above-ground tests conducted by the US, USSR, UK and France), there was no place on the surface of the Earth where radioactive isotopes from nuclear weapons could not be found, thus prompting the first international treaty to limit testing in 1963, followed by the \"SALT\" talks in the 1970's.\nSo if you're talking about the \"mutually assured destruction\" scenario from the time of the Cold War, where literally thousands of nukes would explode on the same day, then the dispersion of radioactive material would be so immense that no place on Earth would be even close to \"safe\" for many years, possibly even resulting in the fabled \"nuclear winter\" scenario (nobody really knows for sure). An \"all out nuclear war\" today would likely involve far fewer, but they are also likely to be far more powerful weapons, thus producing higher local damage with less global fallout. Either way, if any combination of the major nuclear nations today engaged in an \"all out nuclear war\", it's pretty safe to say that a very large portion of life on Earth would be extinguished within about 6 weeks time, mostly due to the global dispersion of neutron-active isotopes. Of course, due to the enormous number of people on the planet, there would still always be some survivors living in pockets here and there depending on their local geographies and prevailing winds.\nThere are two primary radiation risks. The first is the the instantaneous (speed of light) exposure to the immense energy released by each blast. This is full-spectrum electromagnetic energy, from long-wave, to infrared (heat), all the way through the visible, x-ray, and even gamma rays. The exposure to this would generally have the same devastating impact on all life forms above sea level that are not at least partially protected by very significant barriers like mountain ranges. (Some x-rays and all gamma rays would still pass through mountains, but the lower frequencies will not.) The intensity of exposure will depend on distance.", "435" ], [ "Line of sight exposure drops off at the rate of the inverse square law (at double the distance, one receives one fourth the intensity; at triple the distance, one receives one ninth the intensity, etc.). If a human is exposed to this direct radiation and they survive the blast, they may have severe burns, or extreme dermatitis which may still kill some in the first hours or days. Marine life would be minimally impacted by the initial blasts, affecting only that which is close to the explosion.\nThe other risk is, of course, the fallout. It would affect all surface life that receives it. It would affect marine life as well, with the worst effects in the shallow regions and less so in the deep. There are many factors that affect the amount of radioactive particles that get ejected into the stratosphere, among them the proximity of the detonation to bodies of water and the altitudes at which the individual weapons are detonated. Most of the deadly radioactive isotopes created by a nuclear explosion are very heavy, and would gradually, but slowly, sink into the ocean depths, but losing their effect over time.\nRadioactive isotopes decay at roughly a rate of a 7:10 ratio between time and intensity (for each 7x increase in the amount of time since the blast, the radioactivity of its fallout decreases by about 10x), but the bigger the blast, the more of those isotopes are floating around in the first place and eventually it all settles on the ground. Most estimates speculate the lethality of any particular bomb's fallout to last on the order of months, but of course, the areas closest to ground zero will receive the greatest volume of fallout and will remain dangerous for a longer period of time.\nBottom line: there are such a large number of variables affecting survivability that for your world-building task, a tremendous range of outcomes are plausible, which gives you a lot of wiggle-room to create it the way you want. In order to minimize the overall threat, my advice would be to focus on dry mountainous regions located at latitudes greater than 30 degrees either north or south, with locations on whichever side of the mountain range receives less precipitation. At between 30 & 60 degrees of latitude, the drier side of the mountains would typically be the East side, and at even higher latitudes, the drier side of the mountains would typically be the West side.\nBest of luck with your project.", "435" ] ]

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[ [ "How might you hack this voting protocol?\nThere is a society with about the same technological development as we have today, but they are more civically-minded and more astute when it comes to security issues. They are also democratic and want to ensure their democratic process is secure.\nHere's how they vote.\n* Voters arrive at a public space in their local area. They present their credentials to an administrator and, if that checks out, reach into a bucket of barcoded tokens and take one at random. Each token activates a voting machine for a single use.\n* The list of who has and has not voted is made public at the end and leftover activation tokens are counted in public view.\n* The machines are in hooded boothes in the same room. Outside each booth is a prominent display counter which increments each time someone casts a ballot.\n* Inside the booth, the voter feeds the activation token to the machine. They enter their preference(s) and the machine prints a paper slip which contains this information.\n* The confirmation slip stays within the machine but is visible through a plastic window. It remains in place so the voter can choose to confirm or shred it in case of a mistake.\n* If confirmed, the slip falls face-down onto a stack of previous voters' slips. The container is transparent.\n* When some number, say 500, of votes have been entered, the box is sealed and the totals are electronically broadcast.", "89" ], [ "An attendant takes the transparent box of slips out into the room and shakes it vigorously to disorder the slips. The full box is left in public view and an empty box is set into the machine for further use.\n* When voting is over, in public view, attendants visit each container in turn and toss a handful of coins (say, 5) and if all of them come up heads then the box is opened and the count checked manually. This all happens in the same room, in front of everyone. The confirmation slips are anonymous and the count should be exact. At least one container in each room must be checked, so this process is repeated until the coin toss chooses at least one.\nThe people in this society have a high degree of confidence in the security of their elections. How might they be caught out?\nThis system has at least one vulnerability that I can see: the administrators could forge credentials to allow fictitious people to vote, but the population also anticipated this and volunteers run footage of voters through facial recognition software to red-flag similar faces for closer inspection. They know this isn't perfect, but it raises the bar somewhat. Also, the government as a whole is not expected to be so hostile (although individuals within it may be).\nHow else might an imaginative adversary subvert the voting process?\nEDIT Thanks everyone for your insight. I'm not going to nominate a \"correct\" answer since it's such an open question, but have an upvote :-)", "89" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nThe Mango Tree begins with some allusions to themes that suggest a film concerned with grand narratives and myths of the old world as experienced by Australians in the early decades of the 20th century. In this newly conquered Eden perhaps the mango tree will stand-in for that ancient apple tree? Maybe it does, but this film is solely focused upon actors and moving through the narrative. It feels like much has been shorn from the source material, except there is no source material. <PERSON> is a main character in that we open with him on a train, then fade back to the town from which he is departing. Not that this is especially clear either. There is nothing to suggest this is all a flashback, and it absolutely does not need to be. The Mango Tree is so generic that it almost becomes a joke. But there is a warmth here. It may basically be a fantasised episode of A Country Practice as taking place during The Great War Years, but it has a way of presenting death that is honest and lacking in manipulation. These deaths don't get much meaning as the film leaps from one short vignette on social issues of the time to another.", "295" ], [ "But they happen with a simple suddenness that does reflect life. Plus there's a mad preacher on the loose with a shotgun for a bit, which was an unexpected delight.\nThe Mango Tree is kind of nothing. For the most part it is overly manicured and detached. It doesn't capture a sense of place very well, which is a shame as I was most curious about that. My grandfather and father were both Queenslanders, <PERSON> was fighting somewhere in Europe at this time in history. I would have liked a better sense of physical place. From the stories and experience my Dad told me, however, they certainly captured the pig-headed nastiness of it. It falls to <PERSON> to counter this nastiness with her own dedication to not being a dick. She breathes fire and passion into The Mango Tree, almost single-handed, as <PERSON>. Even <PERSON> is only a brief backup chorus to her resolute humanity. For her alone it is worth watching (and the deranged preacher subplot).", "80" ] ]

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[ [ "Collection of short stories that take place in space I read in middle school. I got it from a Christian bookstore.\nI’m pretty sure the title had to do with Mars. The book cover had a lot of blues and greens, with what I think was a planet in the center. I only remember a few stories/scenes, but I’ll do my best to explain because it’s killing me to know. I read it over and over as a kid (this would’ve been 2007/2008)\nThe stories, I believe, are told to a pair of kids inside a spaceship they found. Boy and a girl I think.\nOne had to do with this kid who loves games. He’s at some kind of carnival, and sees a tent that has some kind of challenge on it, and so since he’s so good at games he thinks he’ll be able to beat it. What ends up happening, is he enters this tent with a figure in shadows across from him.", "73" ], [ "They play a game of chess and he loses. Once he loses though, his opponent leaves and he is forced to stay and play the next person. It ends up being that he’s just playing against himself, caught in this time loop that he will only be freed from once he beats himself. Once this happens, he exits and ends up back with his friends at the carnival as if no time had passed.\nAnother one I barely remember had to do with a kid climbing a mountain on mars in order to meet <PERSON>. I don’t think <PERSON> ended up being real/there and he had an experience with God instead.\nThere was one about this colony on Mars that was based inside a bubble, and the filters in the fans were super dusty and needed to be replaced or else they’d die. Some kid found this out but no one believed him.\nThere was also one where this kid and a robot were stuck in an escape pod or something, and the robot gave up its life force so that the kid could survive.\nAnother had to do with a girl traveling alone in a spaceship and she would listen to old messages from her parents? That one isn’t super clear in my memory.\nThere was also one where the entire world was super hot I think and some kids had to run from their base to another one?\nThe last one that I remember had to do with these kids who weren’t allowed outside. It was too dangerous and the only way they could experience the world was through a VR game set thingy. I think it ends with some kid running outside and they might’ve died but they got to experience sunlight.\nI know that was a lot of text, but I’ve been looking for so long trying to find this anthology book! I will be extremely grateful for anyone who can help me out.", "322" ] ]

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[ [ "Name of a YA sci fi anthology?\nI have been trying to locate an anthology of young-adult sci fi short stories that I read in primary school in the late '90s (I do not know when the book itself was published). I can only remember a few elements:\n1. A story featuring an astronaut working on the Moon, who is caught in a blast and discovers a blinded and disoriented person who is recovering from it. He has a long chat with this person, who (unaware his savior is a human) openly states that he and his fellow aliens are planning an invasion of Earth.\n2. A story involving a spacecraft getting caught in an event horizon. The story ends with people in another ship watching as the first ship undergoes spaghettification.\n3. A story involving a group of commandos (the leader of which is distinct by wearing black, and his 2IC in brown), attacking some large ground craft (with tank-like tread) and eventually taking it over.", "944" ], [ "They then drive it to the enemy base pretending that the enemy side had won the engagement. One thing they did was lay out the bodies of dead commandos (along with fake-dead ones) on the front of the vehicle as they approached the base, to 'show the trophies' of the 'enemies' they'd killed, and once inside they leap up and begin attacking (a sort of Trojan Horse arrangement). The plan sort of works and a fierce fight breaks out; all the team are killed except their deputy leader; each of them (leader and 2IC) have a very powerful bomb (there are only two available), and the lone survivor uses his to detonate the base in a suicide run.\n4. A story of two people who get on a spacecraft or rocket that sends them to a planet filled with nature with no other humanoids. For some reason, water causes their tunics and other clothes to melt away. Their craft cannot be used anymore so they are stranded on this planet. It is then revealed that they are <PERSON> and <PERSON>.\nThe cover art of the one I was reading featured a large greyish land vehicle like the one described in 3. I remember there also being a lot of yellow used on the cover.", "322" ] ]

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[ [ "Metric variation of Laplace-Beltrami\nI am trying to vary the laplace-Beltrami operator with respect to the metric. Using the following two rules \\begin{align} \\frac{\\delta g^{\\alpha \\beta}}{\\delta g^{\\mu \\nu}} &=\\frac{1}{2} \\left[\\delta^\\alpha_\\mu \\delta^\\beta_\\nu + \\delta^\\alpha_\\nu \\delta^\\beta_\\mu \\right]\\ \\frac{\\delta g_{\\alpha \\beta}}{\\delta g^{\\mu \\nu}} &=- \\frac{1}{2} \\left[g_{\\mu \\alpha} g_{\\nu \\beta} + g_{\\mu \\beta} g_{\\nu \\alpha} \\right], \\end{align} I have come across the following conundrum when taking the metric variation of the Laplace-Beltrami operator $\\square_x = g^{\\mu \\nu} \\partial^x_\\mu \\partial^x_\\nu$\n\\begin{align} \\frac{\\delta \\square}{\\delta g^{\\mu \\nu}} &= \\frac{\\delta}{\\delta g^{\\mu \\nu}} \\left[g_{\\alpha \\beta} \\partial^\\alpha \\partial^\\beta \\right]=-\\frac{1}{2} \\left[g_{\\mu \\alpha} g_{\\nu \\beta} + g_{\\mu \\beta} g_{\\nu \\alpha} \\right] \\partial^\\alpha \\partial^\\beta \\ &=-\\partial_\\mu \\partial_\\nu\\ &=\\frac{\\delta}{\\delta g^{\\mu \\nu}} \\left[g^{\\alpha \\beta} \\partial_\\alpha \\partial_\\beta \\right] = + \\frac{1}{2} \\left[\\delta^\\alpha_\\mu \\delta^\\beta_\\nu + \\delta^\\alpha_\\nu \\delta^\\beta_\\mu \\right] \\partial_\\alpha \\partial_\\beta\\ &=+ \\partial_\\mu \\partial_\\nu.", "818" ], [ "\\end{align} Where did I make a mistake ? I assume it has something to do with the gradient being a covariant object, but I am yet to spot the missing minus sign - where does it come into play ? Thanks in advance for your help.\nEdit: How I derived the formulas for the metric variation: Starting from $g_{\\mu \\alpha} g^{\\alpha \\nu} = \\delta^\\nu_\\mu$, I find that \\begin{align} \\delta g_{\\mu \\alpha} g^{\\alpha \\nu} + g_{\\mu \\alpha} \\delta g^{\\alpha \\nu} &=0 \\ \\Rightarrow \\quad g_{\\lambda \\nu} g^{\\alpha \\nu} \\delta g_{\\mu \\alpha} = \\delta g_{\\mu \\lambda} &= -g_{\\lambda \\nu} g_{\\mu \\alpha} \\delta g^{\\alpha \\nu} \\ \\Leftrightarrow \\quad \\frac{\\delta g_{\\mu \\lambda}}{\\delta g^{\\alpha \\nu}} &= - g_{\\lambda\\nu} g_{\\mu \\alpha}, \\end{align} which I subsequently symmetrized in the <PERSON> indices. Then I used that $g^{\\mu \\nu} g_{\\mu \\nu}=d$ to derive that \\begin{align} \\delta(g^{\\mu \\nu} g_{\\mu \\nu}) &=0 = g^{\\mu \\nu } \\delta g_{\\mu \\nu} + \\delta g^{\\mu \\nu} g_{\\mu \\nu} \\ \\Rightarrow \\quad g^{\\mu \\nu} \\delta g_{\\mu \\nu} &=- \\delta g^{\\mu \\nu} g_{\\mu \\nu}, \\end{align} such that the other rule follows analogously with a minus sign and raised indices. Is this correct ?", "818" ] ]

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[ [ "Rethinking the Crimean Tatar national movements through magical realism · Global Voices\nbook cover “Ak Bure. Crimean Tatar Saga”, publishing house Blitz. Author <PERSON>\nWithin the framework of the recent confrontation between Russia and Ukraine, the Crimean Tatars are often disregarded in the international media — as if the events of 8 years ago are entirely unrelated to today's realities.\nMeanwhile, Crimean Tatars live not only inside the Crimean Peninsula but are also spread throughout Ukraine.\nThe national identity of Crimean Tatars within Ukraine is becoming stronger, especially in the film industry, as directors and actors like <PERSON> or <PERSON> become well-known outside of Ukraine. This national identity and national movement are increasingly being noticed by researchers around the world. Global Voices interviewed <PERSON>, an orientalist, writer, and researcher, author of fiction and documentary works, a Tatar by nationality, and last but not least, the author of “Hawa-la” and “Ak Bure. Crimean Tatar saga.” The book itself was published in 2021 on the 100th anniversary of the Crimean ASSR.\n<PERSON> discussed the national movement of the Crimean Tatars, which he reflected through the prism of relations between the Kazan Tatars and Crimean Tatars in his book. <PERSON> rightly clarifies that “Tatars” and “Crimean Tatars” are two different peoples with their own history, destiny, and culture.\n<PERSON> explains that since there is a lot of contradiction around this history, he has not only relied on historical sources like archives and memoirs, but also representatives of the Crimean Tatar nation, such as the veterans of the National Movement of Crimean Tatars: <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and others. <PERSON> even recorded video interviews with some representatives of the Crimean Tatar nation about their national movement.\nThe novel “Ak Bure. The Crimean Tatar saga” explores the history of three generations of a Crimean Tatar family.", "926" ], [ "The main character of the novel, <PERSON> (Crimean Tatar), will have to figure out whether his father, in the past an active participant in the national movement of the Crimean Tatars, is a romantic hero or a traitor and a coward. The story is linked with important events in Russia and Crimea's history.\n<PERSON> was drawn to research this story after discovering that in different geographical localities, people understand or perceive the history of the Crimean Tatars and the history of the National movement of the Crimean Tatars differently. While some in the Western region know of the political and historical figure <PERSON> and the Mejlis, East of the Ukrainian borders <PERSON> and the NDKT (Национальное Движение Крымских Татар – National Movement of Crimean Tatars) are more familiar.\nThus, in “Ak Bure” the author reflects on which path the Crimean Tatars should take during the Perestroika (the 1980s) — following the NKDT's more liberal path, which is longer and more restrained, or choosing a more radical decisive path as the West did through the Mejlis. The author emphasizes that only the Crimean Tatars themselves know what is useful for the people.\n<PERSON>, explains that because he is not a Crimean Tatar, it was a rather bold decision to choose a Crimean Tartar as his main character.\n<PERSON> (RA): Normally, writers apologize for taking, for example, an Indian for the protagonist, not being an Indian, or a Negro, not being a representative of one or another people. I did not want to apologize, but still I was worried about how the representatives of the nation that I put at the head of the plot would eventually react. But despite all my fears, the Crimean Tatars received my book very warmly. They were glad that the topic was covered by a person from the outside, but they regretted that none of them [Crimean Tatars] took it on.\n<PERSON> notes that many Crimean Tatars often avoid digging into their still-fresh wounds. And yet, there is a completely different understanding between those who are in or from Ukraine in the West, and those in the East, in the countries of the former USSR.\n“It is also surprising that the perception of the Mejlis in Crimea, is completely different than in the West,” said <PERSON>. Many people have developed a negative perception of the Mejlis, especially among older generations.\nTo understand these nuances, it must be noted that historically, Ukraine's national policy did not account for the Crimean Tatars’ own autonomy.", "404" ] ]

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[ [ "Setting bible revision help\nWhen it comes to revising/reformatting a setting bible (for a video game) to make the setting more internally consistent and better organized, which place is the best part of a setting bible to look? (I didn't feel this question fit in with the world-building stack exchange which is more dealing with a world's mechanics and dynamics than how it is organized.)\nThe genre of the game is sci-fi, and one of the aims for this setting bible was accurate astronomy and generally some attempt at being relatively in line with reality to the best of my abilities (with a few willful deviations that are normally expected of in a space opera/sci-fi setting, mainly FTL usage and the claim that intelligent life is a very cosmically recent phenomena).\nIn my setting bible, I have formatted my setting into 5 major sections:\n1 - Worlds & Systems\n2 - Sapients\n3 - Civilizations and Cultures\n4 - Technology\n5 - Individuals and Characters\nEach of these sections are compilations of various societies, cultures, alien species and worlds which are stated to all exist within the same universe. And they have sub sections too.\nWorlds & Systems section\nWorlds & Systems gives different sections for home worlds, sterile worlds, biospheres and megastructures.\nOf the sections I feel this one has the least problems beyond perhaps still needing more worlds (you always need more worlds!). A few dozen worlds remains underwhelming when making a galaxy. Not to mention there is the issue of there being more sapients than worlds.\nThe Sapients Section\nSapients meanwhile tries to differentiate sapients by their advancement/relevance (with an arbitrary 'major' moniker for the sapients who I spent much more time developing than the other 'minor' sapients or 'ancient' sapients who are advanced but less 'relevant').\nI feel my sapient classification is the most broken of the sub sections I have as it seems I couldn't decide if I wanted to classify sapients by advancement or by relevance.\nCivilizations and Cultures\nThe civilizations and cultures section is organized into first a sub section detailing various belief systems that exist in the setting and than you get sets of \"civilizations\"- or blocs of multiple factions with a longer history between each other than other civilizations. This organization is mainly done as a product of how I bottle necked FTL development in the setting meaning these different civilizations are defined by having separate independent FTL developments from some non-FTL society.\nTechnology\nTechnology is a section that details the tech of the setting and gives separate sections for tech from specific major sapients/civilizations.", "154" ], [ "I am unsure if the tech section should actually exist or if tech should be elaborated in in the civilizations and cultures sections given the way technology does impact culture. Indeed I feel like that separating tech from culture may have been a mistake looking at it again.\nCharacters\nA set of characters. Notoriously underdeveloped and this I will try to fix this summer. It includes historical figures as well as various protagonist candidates.\nAnd it is in the revising stage that I find a lot of the inter connectivity of a setting is formed as internal consistency, plot hooks and such all start to become important.\nI had not looked at the setting bible for months due to school work and wanting to wait until I could see my universe in a clearer lens that I could when I drafted it out. I realized I may not have as clear an idea of what to do as I thought looking over things.\nTo avoid open endedness, let's focus on a single question- Given the above information about the priorities I have and the organization of the story bible, what would it be best for me to focus on first?", "239" ] ]

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[ [ "but what was being trained when training=True?\nLet's try to understand BatchNormalization(BN) layer first as it has more elements.\nTL;DR -\nγ, β are learned. These are initialized just like normal weights and learned in Backpropagation.\nMay read this crisp and spot-on answer on these parm Stat.SE\nFormally, BN transforms the activations at a given layer x according to the following expression:\nBN(x)= γ⊙(x−μ)/σ + β\ncoordinate-wise scaling coefficients γ and offsets β.\n[Quoted - http://d2l.ai/]\neach BN layer adds four parameters per input: γ, β, μ, and σ (for example, the first BN layer adds 3,136 parameters, which is 4 × 784). The last two parameters, μ and σ, are the moving averages; they are not affected by backpropagation, so Keras calls them “non-trainable”. However, they are estimated during training, based on the training data, so arguably they are trainable. In Keras, “non-trainable” really means “untouched by backpropagation.”\n[Quoted - Hands-on machine learning with scikit-learn keras and tensorflow, <PERSON>\ntraining=True: The layer will normalize its inputs using the mean and variance of the current batch of inputs.\ntraining=False: The layer will normalize its inputs using the mean and variance of its moving statistics, learned during training. [Quoted - Keras doc for BN]\nSo, if you will not set it False it will continue updating μ and σ with every batch of test data example and normalize the output accordingly.", "695" ], [ "We want it to use the values from the Training phase.\nBy default, it is False and fit method set it to True.\nDropout\nDropout is simpler of the two. We need this Flag here so that we can compensate(during testing) the loss to the Output value(on an average basis) due to the switched-off(during Training) Neurons.\nSuppose p = 50%, in which case during testing a neuron would be connected to twice as many input neurons as it would be (on average) during training. To compensate for this fact, we need to multiply each neuron’s input connection weights by 0.5 after training. If we don’t, each neuron will get a total input signal roughly twice as large as what the network was trained on and will be unlikely to perform well. More generally, we need to multiply each input connection weight by the keep probability (1 – p) after training. Alternatively, we can divide each neuron’s output by the keep probability during training (these alternatives are not perfectly equivalent, but they work equally well)\n[Quoted - Hands-on machine learning with scikit-learn keras and tensorflow, <PERSON>\nOn the example of Models difference\nThough, these are subjects to try and check.\nBut I believe generally we start to fine-tune when we believe that the upper layer is smoothened to match with the initial layers, to avoid a large flow in forward and backdrop. So the logic stated to keep it Flase in 2019 example might not hold too strong every time.", "740" ] ]

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[ [ "Paint Changes Color on Stucco. Chemical Reaction is Occurring, but What is Reacting?\nPROBLEM: When I apply paint to my home’s exterior stucco(currently white), the paint changes color. The grays change to purple. The whites change to yellow. Greenish-beige becomes orange. I have purchased many samples of paint, and a color change is apparent for all but the darkest colors. The change in color starts happening immediately when I apply the paint, and it becomes more intense over subsequent days.", "542" ], [ "After a few days, there is a radical difference between the paint’s intended color and the new color.\nApparently a chemical reaction is occurring between the paint and a substance in/on the wall, but I don't know what it is, or how to remedy it.\nSURFACE FACTORS: 1-The house is stucco, so perhaps the surface is very alkaline. The house was built in 1971, and several coats of paint have been applied by the previous owners since then, so I would think the alkalinity would no longer be a factor, but perhaps it is. (Would it even be possible for improperly cured stucco to remain highly alkaline for 44 years?)\n2-The previous owner told me that, around fifteen years ago, he painted the house with \"pool paint.\" (Unfortunately, I don’t know what type of “pool paint” was applied, or why it was applied.) My guess is that this was in response to the color-changing problem rather than the cause of the problem, but I don’t know for certain. (It is interesting that the pool paint has remained white all this time, while I’m unable to get a true white.)\nPERCEPTION: In case you’re wondering whether it’s simply a matter of perception, I have painted the wood that is immediately next to the stucco, and the paint on the wood appears exactly as it should and it remains constant in color over time (aside from becoming just slightly lighter as it dries). In other words, the paint only changes color on the stucco. Since the wood was never painted with pool paint, and since the wood is obviously not stucco, I still don’t know which factor (pool paint, stucco, or something else) is causing the color change. However, this does show me that it’s not an issue of perception, lighting or viewing angle. The paint color is truly changing on the stucco.\nI have some chemistry in my own background, but I am really stumped by this problem.\nAny help in figuring-out what’s going on would be very much appreciated.", "414" ] ]

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[ [ "Youth join Climate Strike in Japan as government invests in fossil fuels · Global Voices\nThermal coal terminal at the Hokuriku Denryoku electric generation plant, Tsuruga, Fukui. Photo by <PERSON>, CC BY 3.0\n<PERSON> noticed something odd when she went for a swim in the Setouchi Inland Sea with a cousin’s young son.\n“Normally, if you stay even just a bit longer in that sea, you start turning blue (from cold). But this summer, the weather was so hot and humid, and the water was unusually warm,” the environmental activist and filmmaker recounted.\n<PERSON> is an experienced field organizer in Japan for 350.org, an international organization working with student activists from Fridays for Future Tokyo (FFF) — a Japanese offshoot of Swedish teenager <PERSON>’s movement of the same name — to keep the global rise in temperature below 2 degrees Celsius.\n<PERSON> and others have noticed Japan has had its share of the consequences of climate change for some time.\nNot only has the ocean in places like the Inland Sea been gradually warming up, but unprecedented torrential rain and subsequent landslides during the typhoon season each August now regularly prompt local governments to ask for help from the Japanese Self-Defense Force, including assisting with evacuating 870,000 residents following heavy rains in southwest Japan in August 2019. Typhoon Hagibis, a powerful super typhoon, is poised to hit Japan on October 12.\nJapanese people are starting to take action. On September 20, 2019, as nearly as 5 million activists in 115 countries around the world joined the Global Climate Strike, some 2,500 young Japanese protesters marched from the U.N. University in Tokyo’s trendy Omotesando avenue to the famous Shibuya crossing, shouting slogans amid hundreds of visibly surprised pedestrians standing by.\ni-Dで取材してきました。800人近く参加してたらしい。学校帰りの高校生が結構いてたよ。 #FridaysForFuture #GlobalClimateStrikes #グローバル気候マーチ pic.twitter.com/Pglg9IF9zm\n— 平岩壮悟 (@sogohiraiwa) September 20, 2019\nI went to the march to report for i-D magazine. Close to 800 people showed up.", "202" ], [ "A lot were high schoolers on their way home from school. #FridaysForFuture #GlobalClimateStrikes\n<PERSON>, 16, a senior at a public high school in Tokyo and a member of the Fridays For Future Tokyo creative team, explained hers and her classmates’ decision to start the Tokyo leg of the global march for climate at 5 p.m., at the end of the school day, even as students in other parts of the world organized school strikes: “I cannot betray the public who’s paying for my education,” <PERSON> said.\n“We don’t even have a proper word in Japanese for ‘climate change’,” said <PERSON>, a college senior who co-organized the march. “Instead, the rather vague term ‘extraordinary weather events’ (異常気象) is used,” <PERSON> said.\nAs the host of the 1997 signing of Kyoto Protocol — the first global treaty setting internationally binding targets on carbon emission reductions — and of this year’s G20 — where it introduced a deal to reduce marine plastic waste — Japan was twice in a prime position to lead climate action.\nHowever, despite evidence of climate change’s impact on Japan, the central government has been sluggish to respond to the climate emergency that <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and others are desperately trying to draw attention to.\nInstead, Japan is promoting more GHG-producing coal- and gas-fired electric plants all over the world, exporting the technology to build them to countries such as Vietnam and India. In early October, only days after the climate strikes, Japanese plant engineering specialist JCG Holdings won a 3.73 billion USD contract to build a liquefied natural gas plant in Mozambique as part of a consortium of major oil and gas players that include Exxon Mobil.\nIn 2018, Japan rolled out a new energy plan that sets targets of generating 22-24 percent of electricity from renewable sources by 2030. This plan is an amendment of a 2002 strategy, whose goals, according to the Ministry of Industry, Trade, and Environment, have only been partly accomplished. As a result, Japan wasn’t even invited to speak at the latest U.N. Global Climate Summit in New York on September 23, 2019.", "202" ] ]

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[ [ "An Unusual Job\nWe were not rich: 6 kids, <PERSON> was an army captain, 'taxed to the max', he often grumbled, so I started earning money at an early age, first by picking up and selling glass bottles, then a paper route, ordinary kid stuff. But my brother and I did a rather unusual job once: changing targets at a shooting range. Dad was a gun lover, even shooting his revolver into a box of old books in our basement, and he drafted us to help out.", "119" ], [ "It felt like we were lost to the world, way out under a sand mound with an opening at the top where we had to put the fresh target after retrieving the used one. We had a walkie-talkie to relay the results and to say we were ready, but that fun soon wore out as we were there for hours... And we were paid very little! No need to say Dad couldn't find us whenever he needed THAT again!", "940" ] ]

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[ [ "Realistic Edible Modeling Chocolate Roses\nIntroduction: Realistic Edible Modeling Chocolate Roses\nThe first time I made modeling chocolate was to make roses for a cake for my sister. I wanted to make something spectacular as she was celebrating a special occasion. Making modeling chocolate was going out on a limb for me; I can cook, but I had never done anything like that. It turned out to much easier and much harder than I had expected, at the same time.\nMy rose making has become much better since then. I decided today to share with you how to make realistic roses for cakes or whatever desert you want. I think the added touch of a more realistic rose than what you see most of the time is very elegant and just brings instant beauty to a desert. Plus, the modeling chocolate tastes good!\nSupplies\nSorry, everybody, apparently the editor deleted my supplies list. I had issues with this when making the Instructable, but I thought I had finally succeeded. I was wrong. Here are the supplies:\n1. Candy melts. I am using Wilton candy melts in white, but you can use whatever color you want. You can also use food coloring and knead it into the clay after you make it to change the color.\n2. Light corn syrup\n3. Large heat proof bowl\n4. Small heat proof bowl\n5. Measuring utensils\n6. Spoon (not pictured)\n7. Plastic wrap\n8. Small pill bottles or other curved objects that you can place the rose petals on to harden so they hold their shape\n9. A roller (I have been told you can use a pasta machine, but I have never used one)\n10. Rose mold. You can make your own rose petal mold (which is what I did) from a real rose petal and Amazing Mold Putty.", "515" ], [ "This silicone putty is food safe and there are tons of videos online about how to make a rose petal veiner for your cakes.\n11. Cornstarch to prevent sticking\n12. A small heart cookie cutter about the size of your rose petal mold\nStep 1: Making Modeling Chocolate\nThe recipe I use is by Sugar Geek Show. You can find it here.\nIt calls for 16 oz candy melts to 4 oz corn syrup. If you have a kitchen scale, definitely use it. If not, this equals about 2 cups of melts and 1/2 cup corn syrup.\nPlace a piece of plastic wrap on your work surface. Make sure it is a large piece.\nPour the corn syrup into the small heat proof bowl. Heat in the microwave for just a few seconds to get it warm, NOT HOT. If you can't bear to have your finger in it, it is too hot. Set aside.\nNow melt the candy melts by heating in short bursts of about 10 seconds at a time. Stir between. Don't heat until all the melts are melted. Heat until almost all the melts are melted and then just stir them around until they all melt. The heat of the already melted candies will cause the solids to melt, too.\nNow pour the heated corn syrup into the melted candies. Fold it in. You will see streaks and feel the candies begin to seize (harden). Don't stir it, fold it in. The stage you want is described by everyone as \"soft serve ice cream\". You can see in my photos that it isn't like I exactly totally mixed it all together, just mostly.\nPour it out onto the plastic wrap. Cover with a second piece of plastic wrap and then flatten it. Leave it for a while so it can harden. Once it is hard, you will be able to break pieces off of it that you can then knead and they will be easily malleable.\nStep 2: Making Petals\nBreak off a piece of modeling chocolate and knead it until it is no longer stiff.\nLay down a piece of plastic wrap and sprinkle a thin layer of cornstarch on it. Roll your modeling chocolate out thinly (but not so thin it tears).\nTake the heart cutter and cut out a heart.\nTake the heart and press it into the rose mold, with the top of the heart being the top of the petal. Just lay it on the mold, put the top half of the mold on it and press.\nWha-la! A beautifully veined petal.\nOnce the petal is veined, lay it over the pill bottle to give it a slight curve as it hardens, making sure to lay it long ways, not sideways (the tops and bottoms of the petals should be pointed toward the tops and bottoms of the bottle, not going down the sides).\nYou can either make a whole bunch of petals and set them to harden, or you can make petals as you go.\n*You don't have to have a rose petal mold.", "515" ] ]

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[ [ "Extra Dark Chocolate Cake\nIntroduction: Extra Dark Chocolate Cake\nHello friends,\nI am <PERSON>, & I am sharing one of my best cake recipe here. I am actually Vegan, So everything in this recipe is totally plant based. Hope everyone like my recipe here.\nThank you\nIngredients\n* Soya Milk 400ML (1 Large Cup)\n* Refined Flour 400 Gram (2 Mini Bowl)\n* Baking Powder 1 Table Spoon\n* Sunflower Oil 200ML (1 Mini Bowl)\n* Dark Melted Chocolate 400ML (1 Large Bowl)\n* Unsweetened Cocoa Powder 4 Table Spoon\n* Crushed Sugar 200 Gram\n* Coconut Cream 4 Table Spoon\n* Wheatable Biscuits 10Pcs\nSupplies\nTools:\n* 1 Large bowl for Batter\n* 1 Spatula\n* 1 grinder for crushing sugar & biscuits.\n* Few Bowl & Mugs for cake Ingredients.\n* 1 Large Non Stick Pan for baking cake.\n* 2-3 Baking Sheets.\nStep 1: Mix Cake Ingredients\n* First add refined flour into the large bowl, then add sunflower oil, crushed refined sugar, unsweetened cocoa powder, baking powder, soya milk, coconut cream, & dark chocolate 200 ML.(We will use remaining 200ML dark melted chocolate & biscuits later, for cake topping)\n* Mix all the ingredients with spatula for 10 minutes. Mix them very well. Cake batter is smoother like the picture.(Attached)\nStep 2: Bake the Cake\n* Now, take non stick pan.", "305" ], [ "And oil the pan all over with spatula.\n* And then, insert baking sheets into the pan and fix them all over the pan correctly.\n* Now, transfer the batter into the pan & turn on the heat, this cake requires 15 minutes very slow flame with tight pan lid.\n* After 15 Minutes, turn off the heat. The cake is ready.\n* Now, its time to prepare cake topping.\n* So, lets go for the next step.\nStep 3: Prepare Cake Topping\n* Now crushed wheatable biscuits into biscuits crumb.\n* After this, add Half biscuits crumb into 200ml remaining dark melted chocolate. And mix them very well.\n* Now your cake topping is ready.\nStep 4: Cake Topping\n* Now, take biscuit crumb with chocolate batter and put them all over the cake smoothly.\n* After this, take remaining biscuit crumb and put it on cake.\n* Now, refrigerate for 1 Hour.\nStep 5: Final Look\n* Now, take out your cake into the fridge.\n* Cut the cake and enjoy with your family. This cake is yummiest. Trust me..\n* Hopefully you enjoyed my recipe.\n* Thank you so much", "195" ] ]

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[ [ "The Detective\nA film whose visual storytelling and thematics fall perfectly in-tune with its protagonist. The restrained yet hungry camerawork, the attentive detail in decoration on certain sets, and the highly controlled acting all communicate The Detective as a film working in mores decades strong at time of release, a hard-boiled procedural about crime and death in the big city, where the weary are worn a little thinner every day but ultimately get their man because that's just the way of things. In content and restlessness, though - its heavier than expected emphasis on the systemic pervasiveness of corruption and brutality within the police force, its serious examination of the consequences born from homophobic rage directed outward and inward alike, its brushes with explicit sex and violence - mark a film eager to participate in the rising ways and ideas of New Hollywood. We want so desperately to explore these exciting, murkier corners of the human spirit and societal rot, yet see no reason their illumination shouldn't be done with the same class and level heads so long in vogue. <PERSON> <PERSON> makes an ideal lead within this push-pull approach, a man who regards himself as basically good in contrast to the proud jackboots and career yes-men populating his department, and for this noble-minded separation cannot deny his own failings in love and prejudice and desire for everything they offer you to toe the line. Every time he stares long and hard into the camera or crumples his face in the corner, you feel he knows just where the next generation dictates the wind blows, tries to orient his feet to follow, but can't escape the ingrained magnetism back to status quo no matter how rotten.\nBeing so caught between eras does introduce aspects one might call flaws: extended introspection through flashback can get draggy while you're waiting on the next explosive moment, and some efforts to amplify tension through action scenes in the new way come across hokey (doubtless did back then too).", "217" ], [ "<PERSON>'s personal sacrifices at the finale and the plot work leading into them also edge a bit too close to reassurance one singular hero can put it all right again for my taste, despite dialogue establishing this very likely isn't the case. This is a picture which honestly means its marketing line about exploring the world of police work with a properly mature audience in mind, so even near-indulgences of Leland's future cinematic mutation into <PERSON> leave me uneasy. In view of how hard this hits when it really wants (\"Keeping 'em naked makes 'em easier to handle. I got the idea from a documentary on the Gestapo,\" says the black rookie hungering after a promotion) and how the style choices render it so unlike any predecessors or successors, I can accept these weaknesses as the consequences of dancing so boldly on a knife's edge. World's not remotely a nice place, the best of intentions are but grist for the mill, and prejudices kill best when held by those who can't examine them, or won't because there's something in it for temporary blindness. This mother can still crush if you're open to it.\n(Surprisingly small part for <PERSON>, all things considered.)\nShrink the Watchlist Challenge! Theme 2 - the most recently added (at the time I made this list like three years ago) film!", "698" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nLet me start of by saying, I watched this film because I love movies and I think it's important to see films like this. I do NOT, however, support <PERSON>, who is a well known antisemite. It makes no sense that he is somehow still working in this business and it is shameful.\nBut, I want to try and focus on the film itself and not the person who directed it.", "61" ], [ "With that being said, I thought <PERSON> was... fine, but the heart and soul went to <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON>. <PERSON> put up some STUNNING pictures and <PERSON> score was masterful.\nGreat film, but sometimes, it's really hard to separate and not think about the director outside the movie.\n➡️ 1995 RANKING ⬅️\nBEST PICTURE RANKING\nBEST DIRECTOR RANKING", "529" ] ]

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[ [ "Image Courtesy of stoogeThis review continues my series of detailed reviews that attempt to be part review, part resource for anyone not totally familiar with the game. For this reason I expect readers to skip to the sections that are of most interest.\nIf you liked the review please thumb the top of the article so others have a better chance of seeing it and I know you stopped by. Thanks for reading.\nSummary\nGame Type - Card Game\nPlay Time: 20-45 Minutes\nNumber of Players: 2-4\nMechanics - Set Collection, Dice Rolling\nDifficulty - Pick-up & Play (Can be learned in under 10 minutes)\nComponents - Good\nRelease - 2012\nDesigner - <PERSON> -( Diamonsters, Machi Koro: HarbourExpansion)\nOverview\nFrom a little cardboard town on an island in the Pacific comes the next big thing in small gaming since Love Letter...Machi Koro. I just love saying it...Machi Koro...rolls off the tongue.\nMachi Koro is a little town with big plans. You as the mayor need to plan and develop it for your citizens. It will need transport, agriculture, services, public works and perhaps a few amusements to keep your people happy.\nThe aim is simple enough...to build the best city possible and do it before those other neighbouring cities beat you to the plaudits.\nSo what are you waiting for? Get to it Mr and Mrs Mayor...your people are crying out for development, expansion and happy lives!\nThe Components\nMachi Koro is a card game and so the game is largely a series of cards. To help highlight the different types I have split them into their various categories.\nStarting Establishments – Each player begins with a Wheat Field and a Bakery. These establishments have no cost because they begin the game in play.\nLike all cards in the game the card-design is deliberate and effective. The activation number is found at the top of the card, the card's title and associated icon (important for triggering some effects) sit above the central artwork and a card's cost and benefit are found at the bottom of the card.\nThe cards are also coloured according to their type.", "581" ], [ "Primary industries are blue, secondary industries are green, restaurants are red and Major Establishments are purple. These colours are important to the function or timing of cards as will be spelled out in due course.\nIt's all very simple but it works well.\nImage Courtesy of EndersGame\nLandmarks - The game comes with 4 landmarks and these are identical on both sides of the card except that one side is a muted grey colour with a construction-like symbol and the other is a brighter yellowy-brown. The cost and power of each Landmark is printed on both sides to help the players plan ahead.\nImage Courtesy of EndersGame\nMajor Establishments - A series of purple cards represent the Major Establishments that help define the size and esteem of a town or small city. TV Stations, Stadiums and Business Centres are some of the purple cards found in the game. Because of their powerful abilities these locations are limited to one per player and they feature a tower icon to represent this.\nImage Courtesy of EndersGame\nEstablishments - The game includes a total of 15 establishments in the base game, but if we take away the two starting ones and the 3 purple ones, we find another 10 unique establishments are included. These range from cafes to mines to fruit and vege markets.\nIn all the game serves up a total of 16 different establishments (if we include the Mega Gaming Store Promo that is included in many copies of the game) and the 4 Landmarks to help keep the game varied and interesting.\nImage Courtesy of EnderGame\nDice– The game comes with two plastic dice, sometimes green and blue and sometimes both being red...depending on which edition you buy.\nThese are pretty standard fair but I do like the rounded corners.\nImage Courtesy of <PERSON>\nCoins - The coins are functional and do the job. They come in denominations of 1, 5 and 10 with each featuring a different colour and size to identify them quickly.\nAll that I would say here is that the coins could have used a matte/linen finish to increase the quality a little.\nImage Courtesy of lhapka\nTray Insert - The insert is worth mentioning for the simple fact that it works, but more importantly, they have provided nice deep card wells to ensure that cards from future expansions will fit easily into the base game box. Amen to helping us gamers maximise our shelf space.\nImage Courtesy of snarfel\nRules - One blessing to games with a light, simple nature is that it is pretty hard to screw up the rulebook. Here the rules are well laid out and it is easy to find the info you need in those early learning games.", "84" ] ]

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[ [ "A real image forms when multiple rays from the same point meet at again at another point. Without optical element, the rays just go in their own different directions and don't meet again. So there is no image.\nWhen you put a convex lens in front of the pen, why you can now see the image of the pen on the paper?\nBecause a convex lens bends the rays so that the diverging rays originating from any given point on the pen—as long as it is further than the focal point—start to converge on the other side.", "538" ], [ "The basic rules say that a ray passing through the centre of the lens passes straight and a ray passing parallel to the optical axis on one side passes through the focal point.\nThese rules allow you to trace three different rays through the lens and where they intersect on the other side, there is the real image (which you can see iff it coincides with a piece of paper). You could trace the other rays too, but that requires more advanced analytical geometry.\nWhen then can you see the image of a torch when you shine it on the paper?\nI you are talking about a real torch—as in a stick with a piece of burning rag wound around one end—you won't. You'll only see a more brightly illuminated spot where the paper is closer to the torch.\nIf you are talking about the electric kind, most of them are reflectors, that is they have a parabolic mirror mounted behind the light emitting element.\nThe mirror should be mounted so that the light emitting element is closer to the mirror than the focal point, in which case there is no real image, but a virtual image behind the mirror. Virtual image can be seen directly if the light is not too bright to look directly into it.\nHowever sometimes the mirror is mounted too far from the light element—or can be positioned there in the variable focus lights—and then there is a real image ahead of the light you can project on a paper.", "538" ] ]

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[ [ "Since the time I started solving problems in physics nearly 5 years ago, the most common mistake I've seen people make is trying to introduce 'signs'(into equations). The positive or negative value is purely a matter of convention, I.e., it is based on the coordinate system chosen by you. So I suggest that instead of trying to give the work done by friction a negative sign, just use your axes to give signs to all the forces, displacements and velocities and leave the unknowns with a positive sign. The values of work done and energies(kinetic and potential) will then have signs accordingly.\nEDIT: I'm sorry, but I hadn't read your question completely, so I will endeavour to answer your question as completely as possible. I strongly believe that instead of directly taking equations from an outside source, they should derive the equations themselves. Now the equation given to you by your professor is derived from the most fundamental law of physics, The Law of Conservation of Energy. It states that the sum of energies of the initial state is equal to the sum of energies in the final state. In case we bring in forces other than the gravitational force, such as friction, we have another term relating to the work done to overcome friction. Now the term $f_k$h relates to the done in overcoming friction as the first mass slides along the table. So the law of conservation of energy for the above case can be written as: $KE_1$ + $PE_1$ + $W_f$ = $KE_2$ + $PE_2$\nHere, the state 1 refers to the initial position while the state 2 refers to the position of the system after the second mass has moved by 1.4 m vertically.\nA small clarification of the work done against friction $W_f$.", "499" ], [ "By definiton, the force of friction acts against the direction of motion. Just keep this in mind.\nNow let us set our coordinate system. As the pulley is stationary, the centre of the pulley is chosen as the origin. The direction to its right is the positive x-direction while the direction going above it is the positive y. Also the mass moving horizontally is chosen as $m_1$ while the other mass is $m_2$. Now as both the masses are connected by the same rope, their distances and displacements are the same. Hence if $m_2$ moves along the negative y direction by 1.4 m, the mass $m_1$ moves by 1.4 m along the positive x direction. Also let the mass $m_2$ be at a distance of y m from the pulley. Let us assume the coefficient of friction $\\mu$ = 0.3.\nWe then move on to the calculation of the various terms of the above mentioned equation.\n$KE_1$ = 0.5$m_1$$v_1^2$ + 0.5$m_2$$v_1^2$\n$v_1$ = 0 as the masses are at rest initially. Hence, $KE_1$ = 0\n$PE_1$ = $m_1$g(0) + $m_2$g(-y) = -$m_2$gy = -47.4y J\n$W_f$ = $F_f$(1.4)\n$F_f$ = -$\\mu m_1 g$ as the force friction is in the opposite direction to displacement and hence in the negative x direction.\n$W_f$ = -$\\mu m_1 g$(1.4) = -11.53 J\n$KE_2$ = 0.5$m_1$$v_2^2$ + 0.5$m_2$$v_2^2$ = 0.5$v_2^2$($m_1 + m_2$) = 3.8$v_2^2$ J\n$PE_2$ = $m_1$g(0) + $m_2$g(-y - 1.4) = -47.4y - 65.86 J\nNow if we plug in the above values into the law of conservation of energy equation, we get-\n0 - 47.4y - 11.53 = 3.8$v_2^2$ - 47.4y - 65.86\nSimplifying, we get-\n3.8$v_2^2$ = 65.86 - 11.53 = 54.33\nand $v_2$ = $\\sqrt(\\frac{54.33}{3.8})$ = 3.", "512" ] ]

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[ [ "So you want me to cancel my order and order it again?\nI randomly decided I wanted a pizza one night from a chain pizza place so I stopped in at the nearest location to order and wait for it.\nAfter I placed my order they ring up the total and it's like $5 or $6 more than what it should have been (this is something I've ordered multiple times so I know what it costs). I made a statement about it and they told me \"oh that's our online price.\"\nI looked at them for a moment, trying to decide how I wanted to respond to what I certainly considered to be something absurd.\nI finally responded: \"So you want me to cancel my order and instead order the pizza on my phone?\"\nThe employee looked at me a bit funny and I could tell they were beginning to grasp the issue but weren't sure how to respond to my question.\nAt that point the manager had overhead this so he walked over and gave me a \"discount\" on my order so that it would be the same price as ordering online.\nThe manager did end up explaining to me that this was their attempt at getting people to stop placing orders through their employees in order to save the business money.", "156" ] ]

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[ [ "Computing adjusted p-values in batches\nData\nFor simplicity I propose the following scheme:\n1. I have two DataFrames, one with genes, the other with miRNA (it is a simple example, it is not the case what the DF are), the data are continuous:\nGene_1 Gene_2 Gene_3 Patient_1 220.43 12,959 12,311 Patient_2 270.27 12,870 13,234\nmiRNA_1 miRNA_2 miRNA_3 Patient_1 220.43 12,959 12,311 Patient_2 270.27 12,870 13,234 2. I must draw correlations all the genes against all the miRNAs (using either <PERSON>, <PERSON> or <PERSON> correlation, it doesn't matter) establishing as final result the following structure:\nGene miRNA Correlation P-value Adjusted P-value Gen_1 miRNA_1 0,959 0.00311 0.00014 Gen_1 miRNA_2 -0,039 0.00311 0.00014 Gen_1 miRNA_3 -0,344 0.00311 0.00014 Gen_2 miRNA_1 0,1333 0.00311 0.00014 Gen_2 miRNA_2 0,877 0.00311 0.00014 ...\nProblem\nThe result of the Cross Join (all against all) can result in a DataFrame with billions of rows.", "60" ], [ "To give a dimension of the required space, leaving aside the columns of the gene and the miRNAs and considering a small result of 300 million rows would need 300000000 * (16 bits of the correlation in floating pt + 64 bits of p-value + 64 bits of adjusted p-value) = 5 GB approx.\nIn order to optimize the memory usage, I do the computation in batches, the problem is with the adjusted p-values since I use the method of <PERSON> & <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> Gen_1 miRNA_3 -0,344 0.00311 0.00014 Gen_2 miRNA_1 0,1333 0.00311 0.00014 Gen_2 miRNA_2 0,877 0.00311 0.00014 ...\nProblem\nThe result of the Cross Join (all against all) can result in a DataFrame with billions of rows. To give a dimension of the required space, leaving aside the columns of the gene and the miRNAs and considering a small result of 300 million rows would need 300000000 * (16 bits of the correlation in floating pt + 64 bits of p-value + 64 bits of adjusted p-value) = 5 GB approx.\nIn order to optimize the memory usage, I do the computation in batches, the problem is with the adjusted p-values since I use the method of Benjamini & Hochberg (1995) with the function p.adjust of R (using a Python wrapper) that requires the complete p-value array, which makes me run out of memory.\nIs there any way to compute, either from another library or another similar statistical method, the p-value adjusted in batches?\nI already tried the FastLSU technique to be able to filter out some p-values that are not significant, but as I understood it, when I get the adjusted p-value for each row I need to know all the total p-values. If I could get for each row the adjusted p-value my problem would be solved since I could download the results of the batches to disk and goodbye to complications.\nIf someone could shed some light on the subject I would be very grateful", "60" ] ]

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[ [ "Help me please\nHello everyone!!\nI messed up and went about introducing my cat and my boyfriends dog the wrong way. We just moved into an apartment together and have never had to do this. We kind of just showed them each other and immediately had barking/hissing, the dog charged at the cat and now she won’t really leave my bedroom/stays under the covers most of the day.\nI 1.", "311" ], [ "Feel like a horrible cat mom and 2. Feel like I messed this up to the point of no return.\nRight now, I have a baby gate set up between my bedroom door where my cat is and the rest of the apartment where the dog roams around. He comes up to the gate from time to time and will occasionally bark at my cat, but he is elderly and doesn’t see her half of the time but she absolutely notices him every time.\nAny tips or suggestions on how to fix this would be so greatly appreciated 😭😭🙏🙏", "954" ] ]

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[ [ "List of things that have been said to me since the power went out an hour ago.\nSo I don’t have the account or the phone number tied to the power provider for the hotel. I ring the FOM 8 times. No answer. While I’m spam calling a man walks up to the desk in the dark:\nMan #1: Looks like a power outage. What’s going on?\nMe, cell to my ear listening to the endless ringing: Yes, I’m trying to get in touch with someone I’m not having any luck.\nMan #1: Well, when’s it gonna be back on?\nMe: No idea, I’m trying my best here.\nMan #1: They (the business across a six lane highway) has power.\nMe: Mhm.\nMan #1: So have you reported it?\nMe: I’m currently trying\nMan #1: Well who is the provider?\nMe: I’m working on that. I’m trying to get the information just please be patient.\nMan #1: So you haven’t called and reported it?!\nMe: Sir, I promise you I don’t want to be sitting here in the dark just as much as you don’t. I’m trying everything I can. But I can’t do anything just standing here talking to you about it.\nMan#1: Well I was just trying to help.\nHe then sits in my lobby pouting for ten minutes, mumbling about all the other places that have power.\nI try FOM once more before having to give up and call the GM instead. She doesn’t know either. Great.", "107" ], [ "She doesn’t even know which of the two area providers. So I wing it. Call until I find the right one. 1,104 people without power in town.\nI resolve myself to the blackness just to hear the tell-tale clonking of men’s flip flops.\nMan 2: The power’s out.\nMe: Yes- there was an accident a little ways down the road. Must have knocked something.\nMan 2: There’s lights on across the street.\nMe: Yeah. But the website says there’s almost 1200 people without power so- I guess they just got lucky.\nMan: Do they have generators over there?\nMe: I’m not sure\nMan: cause their power’s still on. seems like just a hotel thing.\nMe: air, there’s 1200 people without power. it’s not just us.\nThen finally until I post more in the comments:\nWoman, standing in the lobby thats pitch black except for the flood lights lighting up the immediate area: so is every room’s power out or just mine?\nMe: Its the entire hotel. There’s an outage in the area. 1200 people.\nWoman: Ohhhh okay. I was trying to make a bottle but the power wasnt working!\nMind you it’s 2am-3am that these are occurring.", "107" ] ]

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[ [ "What do you get when a first time design team (husband and wife, no less) start their own board game company, design a game, and handle the logistics of manufacturing and promotion? Just one of the very best board games in existence. Three Kingdoms Redux is a shining example of what's possible in the modern age of board gaming. The barrier to entry for creators and designers is at an all time-low. If you have an idea along with the drive and ambition to create your own board game, you can actually make it happen. Online collaboration and crowdfunding have reduced the need for publishers as gatekeepers. On the whole, I think it's a good development but it has also meant a lot of half-baked games being released. So how does Three Kingdoms Redux avoid the pitfalls that are so common with independent publishers and put together one of the best board games I've ever played?\nDesign: <PERSON> & <PERSON> Art: <PERSON> Publishing: Starting Player\nThis is a follow up article to a game covered earlier in the month. As such, it assumes that you are familiar with the game and how it works. If this game is new to you, check out the Initial Thoughts video to see if it's a game you would be interested in.\nI'd like to take some time and extol the brilliance of the box size. Take a standard, square, Ticket to Ride-sized box and reduce its depth by about half and you have a good idea of Three Kingdom Redux's box. It's svelte. It's dense. And most of all, it's respectful. The board is on the larger end of the board gaming spectrum with an ample supply of nice, thick tokens and counters alongside over 100 full sized cards. They all fit snugly in the box with little empty space. The creators chose to prioritize functionality over whatever benefit a larger box may serve on a store display. They respect the space needed to have these things in our homes. The box is exactly what is needed and nothing more. Ultimately, if the game came in a larger more ostentatious box I'd still be happy with it because the game is just that good but the fact that the creators were considerate enough to package the game in a way the favors the players is one of many ways that you can see how much thought and care was put into making this game a reality.\nThis respect of the player shows itself in the player count. Three Kingdoms Redux is a three player game only. Rather than provide a more flexible player count and risk the integrity of the game experience, the designers focused the efforts on creating the best three player game they could. Could they sell more copies if they offered a two-player variant? Quite possibly so, but it would likely be a lesser experience.", "304" ], [ "TKR (it's what the cool kids are calling it) was designed from its inception as a three player game. Every design point, system and goal was crafted with this in mind. Much like the constraints of poetry, the three player only design is not a limitation, it is an inspiration. This inspiration takes form most apparently in the alliance system.\nSometimes even an alliance isn't enough to scare away the enemy.\nEvery round, whichever two players are not in the lead are put into an alliance. It is a concrete implementation of what happens informally in many other games: trailing players band together and focus their efforts against the leader. TKR doesn't shy away from making the leader a target, it revels in it. From the beginning, the game skews the odds in favor of one player. The Wei faction begins the game with the most generals, giving them a distinct advantage when bidding for actions. Right off the bat it's 2v1 and the Wei had better get used to it. Together, the other two factions discuss which action space to place the alliance marker. Normally, there can only be a single winner of an action space, but when the alliance marker is placed, it allows the two players in the alliance to take the action together. Furthermore, those players combine the strength of their generals in the space for determining the winner of the bid. Simply placing the alliance marker can be enough to scare the leader from even attempting to take that action. The odds are not in their favor.\nIt's a simple system really, but it flavors the entire game experience in the best ways. By making the alliance action space declaration its own phase in the game, it creates a moment where all players can take stock of the game state. The allied players discuss potential spots the leader might like to take. They analyze potential strategies and try and get in the head of the leader. If they can successfully anticipate a move, they can move one step closer to the lead. But taking away an action from the leader is only one thing to consider in an alliance. You still have to look out for yourself. Sometimes helping your own cause is better than hindering someone else's. But you're in an alliance, remember?", "237" ] ]

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[ [ "Other than <PERSON>'s very valid points, several things would prevent this kind of naval strategy:\n1) Usually there are patrols and other defense systems, especially near a capital. 2) Hyperfuel: As we learn in Solo: A Star Wars Story, hyperdrives need coaxium to fuel them. While it doesn't necessarily need to be refined, it is highly unstable when unrefined and also highly reactive, making it dangerous to use unrefined coaxium. Coaxium itself is expensive and the refining process also costs money. In order to move a full fleet, you need the coaxium to fuel them for the entire journey there, plus probably at least a partial return journey. The logistics of doing this for just a bombing run on a capital planet don't make sense. 3) Risk management: If you commit your entire fleet to an attack, but the enemy has sufficient strength to stop your fleet, you lose your fleet and the enemy gains the upper hand.", "500" ], [ "They don't even need to be stronger. In the Expanded Universe, <PERSON> and Tarkin are both noted to have used Star Destroyers (or similar cruisers) equipped with gravity cones, which generate a powerful gravity signature to pull ships out of hyperspace and prevent them from entering. They used these mainly for offensive maneuvers, allowing their exit from hyperspace to be more controlled, but they can also be used in hyperlanes to block access and establish checkpoints. If your fleet gets unexpectedly pulled out of hyperspace, the enemy has some time for free shots before your crews react. 4) Ethics (and some kind of related logical stuff): Most of the time in Star Wars, guerilla warfare is seen to be not targeting civilians, but military targets that will make an effect. A capital world, even if bombed to ashes, won't put an end to an enemy's military. As seen from the fall of the Empire, even a military group that suffers a loss of government will continue to fight as long as they have some sort of leadership. It's kind of hard to take out the entire chain of command of a military, so this wouldn't be effective as it would leave no government to negotiate a full surrender while leaving military leadership to continue the fight.", "963" ] ]

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[ [ "There were several things that immediately grabbed my attention when I saw The Duke for the first time.\nFirst the tiles. Nice thick wooden blocks of two different beautiful wooden shades.\nSecond the Markings. The tiles are crisp and clear telling you how they move at a quick glance. Too often markings on wood are faded and difficult to make out, not so with these.\nThird the flip. Each tile (except the flags) are printed on both sides and have different movements on each.\nGAME PLAY:\nThe game plays very similar to chess with some interesting twists that bring new levels of intrigue to the classic game. The game is played on a smaller board only 6x6 instead of an 8x8. This lends to quicker game play. You start the game with only three pieces on the board, the duke (your king) and two footmen (the weakest of your pieces similar to a pawn). On your turn you have two options. You can move a piece or pull a piece from your bag of troops randomly.\nWhen moving a piece the ways it can move are shown on the piece itself. There are different symbols on the tiles that indicate different types of movement such as jumping, sliding, or some new movements: the jump slide, command and striking. All are very intuitive and learned quickly. After a piece is moved it is flipped over and when that pice is moved again will have different ways to move.\nWhen drawing a new tile from your bag you must place the new troop next to your duke. Thus if your duke is surrounded by your own or enemy pieces this action can not be taken.\nThere are two pieces that have special powers.", "597" ], [ "The oracle and the duchess. The oracle after moved the first time can be flipped again to allow you to draw three troops from your bag and place whichever one you like (the others go back to your bag or you can add them to your captured pieces if they are ones you would not like to draw later). The duchess can move next to the duke from anywhere on the board by flipping the duke and placing her next to him. There are other special abilities coming in expansion tiles as well.\nThere are a slew of variations offered in the rules as well such as the dragon tile, the mountain tile, a capture the flag, and the dark rider just to name a few. There are also blank tiles to add new troops of your own creation.\nMY FEELINGS:\nI always enjoyed playing chess but ran into the same problems many others did, namely unless you were playing against someone of a similar skill level the game was not much fun for either player. The Duke scratches the same itch but with enough of a random element to give a weaker player a fighting chance. The smaller board also speeds up play which for me is a good thing. There is enough strategy and tactics to mitigate much of the luck and a better player will still win most games. I imagine a skilled chess player would do quite well at The Duke.\nThe flipping of pieces with different movements on each side is nothing short of genius. It adds layers to the game that will make it very difficult to master and keep each game different and never boring or repetitive.\nI am sure there are chess purists that will not like this game due to the random elements. For casual chess fans however, I think this is a wonderful game. The production value is very high as the wooden tiles are beautiful and well made. The board has a clean classic look and the player aids are on nice glossy card stock.\nThe expansions soon to follow look like tons of fun as well pulling from classic figures in literature.\nIn conclusion this is a game I would recommend to any chess fan. It has a special spot on my shelf and look forward to exploring all of its variants and expansions for years to come.", "237" ] ]

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[ [ "What does the concept of \"free electron\" mean in the context of band theory?\nOften when conductivity is explained through band theory, the term \"free\" tends to crop up. As an example, I often come across descriptions of the valence band as a highest filled set of states occupied by electrons bound to their specific atoms; raising them to the conduction band supposedly \"frees\" them so that they can move freely in the metal, thereby enabling them to contribute to a current when an electric field is applied.", "927" ], [ "In fact, in my introductory solid-state physics book, the additional electron contributed by a donor in a doped semiconductor is referred to as \"loosely bound\" to the donor ion, requiring a push into the conduction band to break free and become a charge carrier.\nAt the same time, I was also given to understand that the electrons of a valence band do not contribute to a current when there is an electric field, because their respective velocities balance each other out perfectly; there is no net velocity and hence no net movement. Raising an electron into the conduction band essentially means creating a hole in the valence band so that the electrons can now redistribute (in k-space) and thereby achieve a non-zero net velocity.\nBut according to this latter statement, the electrons in the valence band should contribute to a current across the metal when an electric field is applied.\nA) How then can the valence band electrons be bound to a specific atom, as the former statement claims, if they are simultaneously capable of acting as charge carriers? Also, how then can the donor electron - which occupies an energy state above the valence band - be \"loosely bound\" to the donor atom, when the electrons below aren't?\nB) Assume that we raise the temperature enough (without the metal somehow disintegrating) so that some electrons from even the lowest band leave for higher energy bands. Will the holes that are left behind in this lowest band also mean that the remaining electrons in this band can carry charge, similar to how the electrons in the valence band with holes were able to carry charge?\nI'll be grateful for anything that can help me clear up this mess!", "531" ] ]

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[ [ "The rules keep changing.\nImagine if, in our universe, the laws of physics kept changing. E=mc^2? Oh well today it's E=mc^3. Every physics formula is subject to change without warning. Basically everything might be fine tomorrow or maybe the universe will explode.\nTurns out, magic is like that. It's energy drawn from a neighboring universe but the \"neighboring universe\" can shift from one to another at any time without warning and the new one may have completely different rules. The original magitek society was built during a time of unusual stability -- the rules for magic may well have been unchanged for thousands or millions of years and they didn't even know it could change. Until it did. When the shift occurred, the magitek devices drawing power (and, perhaps, a relative handful of sorcerers who were actively using magic when the shift occurred) experienced major malfunctions.\nMagic may be in a state of constant flux at the moment. The rules could change daily. Sorcerers can still access the energy, probe it, and use it, perhaps not unlike tapping into a totally unknown power wire where you're not sure what the volts or amps are or if it's AC vs DC. First you find out, then you buffer some energy, then you use it. That's sorcerers. They have not figured out how to make Magitek items that robust. They need a steady, known supply.", "227" ], [ "If magic settles down again, Magitek could take off again. And nothing stops you from making a device today, based on today's rules, but you don't know if it will work for an hour, a week or a month, and if it fails, you don't know how spectacular that failure will be (maybe you can invent a \"magic circuit breaker\" to avoid catastrophe but the constant shifting of rules still means your device stops working and has to be redesigned to fit the new rules, which, again, keep shifting).\n(To expand the electricity analogy, imagine trying to make a hair dryer that can work off of literally any power source. You can plug it into a USB port. Or a 120V US wall socket. Or a 240V wall socket. Or a wall socket in Japan. Or Germany. Or directly to the raw output of a nuclear power plant. It's probably possible but represents a big challenge and ultimately makes your hair dryer impractical -- you're spending more on the converters and buffers than on the device. This is what the people of this world face with magic. They can make the devices but since the properties of the power source keeps changing, the devices become something between impractical and dangerous. The sorcerers themselves might occasionally tap into the magic network and go \"Woo! Wow. Okay. Not using magic today I guess. Check back later.\")", "284" ] ]

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[ [ "Madagascar: Enjoying the 2012 Africa Cup of Rugby · Global Voices\nMadagascar is playing host to the Confédération Africaine de Rugby (CAR) Championship Division 1B competition from July 4 to 11. The other nations in the group are Morocco, Namibia and Sénégal. While the country has been marred in severe economic and political crisis since the 2009 coup, the Malagasy population is trying to escape their daily struggles by getting behind the Malagasy National Rugby Team also known as the “Makis de Madagascar” (The Maki Lemurs of Madagascar). The CAR competition also serve as qualifiers for the 2015 Rugby World Cup in England.\nEntertaining matches\nAll the matches between the 4 nations were played at the national stadium of Mahamasina in the capital city Antananarivo. The matches drew a bit of a crowd, with an estimated official attendance of 40,000 for the saturday game between Namibia and Madagascar (although attendance seems lesser to local observers.)\nThe Mahamasina stadium as seen from the hills of Antananarivo during the Morocco Madagascar match. Photo taken by the author\nThe national team brought out national unity and pride that have taken a serious hits with the current political situation. Probably taking a cue from the All Blacks, the Makis of Madagascar performed their own version of the haka before games:\nTheir victory against Namibia was a high-scoring affair (57-54). The match was an epic battle with a plethora of tries. <PERSON> sums it up [fr]:\nIl a fallu attendre la fin des prolongations (43-43 à la fin du temps règlementaire) pour qu’un vainqueur se révèle.", "165" ], [ "Grâce à un essai dans les dernières secondes, Madagascar s’est offert le scalp de la Namibie. Une victoire au goût de montée dans le groupe A et de progression au classement IRB : Après la rencontre, la sélection de Madagascar a gagné 14 places pour pointer désormais au 42ème rang mondial.\nOne had to wait for the end of the extra-time periods (43-43 at the of the regulation period) for a winner to be decided. With a try in the last seconds, Madagascar finally overcame Namibia. A win that allows Madagascar to climb into Group A and in the IRB ranking: after the match, the malagasy national team gained 14 ranks to be ranked 42 worldwide.\nHere are the highlights of the game courtesy of Madagate:\nUnexpected memes related to the games\nThe games were high on entertainment and malagasy citizens online are also buzzing over satire surrounding the games. The following photo taken during the game between Morocco and Madagascar was widly shared and attested to the tightness of the game.\nMadagascar national team players pulling all strings to stop Morocco from scoring via <PERSON> on Facebook\nAnother meme that had the Malagasy blogosphere talking was the interview of Namibia's captain conducted by a national TV reporter. On the following video after the game, the reporter is clearly conducting her first interview in English. While she meant to ask what troubles Namibia faced during the game, she instead asked the Namibian captain: ” What is your problem ?” Credit must be given to the captain for playing along and not taking offense even after a close defeat. He answered the question that he guessed was meant to be asked.\nMalagasy bloggers had various reactions to the interview ranging from light humor to an extrapolation on the quality of journalism in Madagascar:\nTheNickCartman wonders [mg] :\nTo tsisy nanao traduction\nSo no one actually translated? (editor's note: the captain's answer)\n<PERSON> gives credit to the captain for not missing a beat even though he was expecting another question [mg]:\n<PERSON> ary mbola miandry be ilay fanontaniana manaraka\n<PERSON> borkena fotsiny hoe thank you. Raha izaho aloha ny mpanao gazety ka mpilalao alemà ny eo raha tsy haiko ilay teny tsy hanon-tany zavatra@ teny alemà izany eh ny kiana ho entina <PERSON>\nThe player was expecting another question but she abruptely cut the interview off and said thank you. If I were a reporter and a german player was to be interviewed, I would not ask in German because it's better to not risk any misunderstandings.\n<PERSON> believes a reporter should be held to higher standards [mg]:\n<PERSON>, mpanao gazety io.", "165" ] ]

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[ [ "What Does Up-Down Asymmetry Mean?\nThere is strong experimental evidence (reported on in the linked paper), from more than one high energy physics experiment, that up-down asymmetry is present in the decays of certain charmed baryons. The abstract of the paper is follows (emphasis added):\nWe study the branching ratios and up-down asymmetries in the charmed baryon weak decays of Bc→BDM with Bc(D) with Bc(D) anti-triplet charmed (decuplet) baryon and M pseudo-scalar meson states based on the flavor symmetry of SU(3)F. We propose equal and physical-mass schemes for the hadronic states to deal with the large variations of the decuplet baryon momenta in the decays in order to fit with the current experimental data. We find that our fitting results of (Bc→BDM) are consistent with the current experimental data in both schemes, while the up-down asymmetries in all decays are found to be sizable, consistent with the current experimental data, but different from zero predicted in the literature. We also examine the the processes of Ξ0c→Σ′0KS/KL and derive the asymmetry between the KL/KS modes being a constant.\n* <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON> Baryon Weak Decays with Decuplet Baryon and SU(3) Flavor Symmetry\" (April 25, 2019).\nThe experimental data are all consistent at the one sigma level with an up-down asymmetry of exactly 1. The experimental data are inconsistent with the hypothesis of zero up-down asymmetry (in experiments capable of distinguishing between the possibilities with a significance of at least two sigma) at from 2.9 sigma to more than 8 sigma of significance.\nAs I understand the matter, the existence or non-existence of up-down asymmetry in charmed baryon decays is not a trivial consequence of the physical laws that make up the Standard Model of particle physics (unlike, for example, lepton universality where recent experimentally results have appeared to show violations of this principle at lower statistical significances). Instead, as I understand it, it is an approximate symmetry only and is an \"accidental symmetry\" in that it isn't automatically and trivially apparent from the physical laws set forth in the Standard Model.\nBut, at least three studies in the theoretical literature using Standard Model physics, cited in the paper linked above, predicted that up-down asymmetry in charmed baryon decays should be indistinguishable from zero with the experimental precision found in the experiments showing this result. As explained at page 8 of the linked paper:\nIt is interesting to point out that the up-down asymmetries for all decays are expected to be zero by theoretical studies in Refs.", "1020" ], [ "[15, 16, 26] due to the vanishing D-wave amplitudes, which are different from our nonzero results and inconsistent with the current experimental result[.]\nThose papers are (with links to the associated pre-prints where located, and otherwise to the abstract):\n[15] <PERSON> and <PERSON>, Phys. Rev. D 46, 3836 (1992),\n[16] <PERSON> and <PERSON>, Z. Phys. C 55, 659 (1992), and\n[26] <PERSON> and <PERSON>, Phys. Rev. D 55, 7067 (1997).\nI assume that the result has not made headlines because, while the experimental data is pretty much irrefutable since it exceeds the five sigma \"discovery\" threshold in the context of a very understood tried and true experimental set up used in many other contexts without apparent major flaws, the theoretical predictions are not emphatically certain and irrefutable, so it isn't entirely certain that this is really experimental evidence of \"new physics.\"\nStill, this could certainly be a very big deal, except for one thing. Even after reading this paper fairly carefully, I don't really understand what is meant by up-down asymmetry in this context, or what a particular numerical value of up-down asymmetry in the decay of a baryon means. The formula for the numerical value appears to be (9) in the linked paper, but I am at a loss to articulate what this means in words, or even to track back through the definitions of the variables and terms used in it.\nThe paper appears to be talking about a form of isospin violation described in Wikipedia as follows:\nIsospin is the symmetry transformation of the weak interactions.", "1020" ] ]

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[ [ "My dog is super clingy all of a sudden?\nMy dog typically likes to be around me; she'll sit on the couch with me a lot of the time, but she usually curls up at the end on a cushion. I wouldn't call her clingy, though.\nAll of a sudden, within the last few hours, she's become inconsolably clingy. Like, trying to sit right in my lap and following me to the bathroom and stuff.\nShe's not showing any signs of being sick or anything, she doesn't seem lethargic or feverish at all.", "664" ], [ "If anything, she seems a little restless. I fed her a couple hours ago (she didn't finish her food, though, which is a little weird) and just gave her fresh water, and I just took her outside.\nIf it helps at all to give this info, she's a 9-year-old Jack Russell Terrier-Chihuahua mix that is generally in good health, no chronic issues or anything.\nI don't know if this impacts things at all either, but I do currently have covid. However, I got covid almost a week ago and she hasn't been acting weird about it until just now.", "664" ] ]

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[ [ "As far as I understand it there are essentially two ways in which you can study quantum mechanics on a manifold with some curvature. Classically speaking these two ways lead to the same physics but in a quantum mechanical approach they are distinct.\nThe first approach is to think of a particle moving \"freely\" through three-dimensional space, but subject to external forces that confine the particle to some submanifold. The particle lives, in some sense, in a confining potential which defines the manifold. The phase space of the particle is, from the start, the usual phase space associated with the three-dimensional space. However, the external potential limits the particle to some subspace of this phase space.\nThe second approach is to work with generalized coordinates, as is done in Lagrangian mechanics. The coordinates of the particle are then a parametrization of the submanifold. What's important here is that there is no reference to the coordinates of the three-dimensional space. An example is the pendulum, which can be described solely in terms of the angle the pendulum makes with the z-axis.\nClassically there is no distinction between the two approaches. This no longer holds when you move to quantum mechanics. If you follow the first approach, using some confining potential to keep the particle on the manifold, you will deal with the uncertainty principle that prohibits the exact localization of the particle onto the manifold. Because of this principle the particle will never be fully screened from the larger dimensional space. You can still systematically set up the quantization procedure, though. The advantage of this approach is that quantization works in the usual way (you work with cartesian coordinates, after all). The resolution is to essentially split up the wavefunction and the Schroedinger equation (S.E.) in contributions due to the confining potential and a sort-of effective S.E. for the remaining part of the wavefunction. The effective S.E. then contains two effective potentials due to the Mean curvature and Gauss curvature of the corresponding manifold.\nThis is a very important feature: a cylinder, for instance, has no Gauss curvature, only a mean curvature. In the second approach you will find that there is no distinction between two cylinders with different mean curvatures, because in this approach only the Gauss curvature pops up. Take for instance a particle living on a 1D line.", "795" ], [ "You only require one coordinate to describe this line, so for the the second approach all systems are equivalent. But in the first approach you have to specify in what way the line is embedded in the higher dimensional space, and how the particle is confined to the lower-dimensional space.\nThe second approach might feel more natural, if you think like a mathematician. In this approach you require a way to quantize generalized coordinates -- which is a lot more subtle than ordinary quantization. The problem that plagues this approach is the so-called ordering problem. Essentially you want to replace the momentum label by a derivation operator $p \\rightarrow -i\\hbar\\nabla$. Furthermore, there's also the choice of parametrization of the manifold, which should ofcourse have no effect on the underlying physics (similar to general relativity). The ordering problem states that you do not know a priori which way the classical (commuting) variables have to be ordered before you replace them by their quantum mechanical (non-commuting) counterparts. What's even worse, because of the curvature of the space the derivative operator also contains some ambiguity. There is an ambiguity in the choice of your momentum operator and your Hamiltonian (and any other functions). Many quantum mechnical Hamiltonians have the same classical limit, and the equivalence principle (i.e. linking quantum mechanics to classical physics) does not dictate which is best. For instance, the kinetic operator $\\nabla^2$ can be defined using the canonical Laplacian or the Laplace-Beltrami operator. Still, there is some work out there which motivates a generalized equivalence principle (see e.g. <PERSON>) and results in a consistent quantization procedure.\nBoth approaches have interesting feature, but the first one is actually a bit more physical. The reason is that in condensed matter you deal with confining potentials due to some ionic lattice. Take for instance graphene, which is a two-dimensional surface. As it turns out, this surface is not completely flat but will always form some ripples. These deformations of the surface can be interpreted as if the electrons (or Dirac fermions, if you want to use the effective theory) live on a curved manifold embedded in a three dimensional surface. This leads to hilarious applications, such as the existence of wormholes in Graphene. But in the end the curvature has a very physical manifestation in the electronic properties of the system.", "976" ] ]

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[ [ "Constants/properties of a very small-scale and compact universe that is still recognisably like our own (and is it possible)\nEDIT: Thanks for all of the answers guys, both answers below were great but I don't know which one to upvote (they both seem equally valid) so it will probably be decided by this next question (the question is to try and narrow down my scope of what is realistic from a hypothetical standpoint). Not to much of a surprise, it turns out that there are many flaws with my supposed universe as you guys have pointed out. Now here's my perhaps better worded question: Is it possible to tweak the gravitational constant and the \"starting amount\" of matter so that:\n* My universe has 1-5 galaxies\n* There are a few thousand stars per galaxy (a solution with an order of magnitude more or less stars is fine)\n* The orbit sizes relative to the sizes of the bodies of mass involved are at least 5 times smaller\n* A planet like our own (preferably with tectonics aka. crust, mantle and core) that orbits a star and has 0.8 to 1.3G is 500-2000km (range is for a bit of flexibility although I don't mind going under 500km that much) in diameter and is able to be created by natural processes in the first place\nI understand that my criteria for the universe is very tight and may not have a solution at all but I would prefer to keep the universe as tight, compact and generally small-scale as possible and any insights would be great to creating a more realistic vision of my universe before starting to actually design layout/properties of planets, stars, solar-systems, etc.\nNote: Using tidal forces as a sort of substitute to tectonics for generating volcanos and earthquakes (and thus creating a more messy form of the geological and hyrdological cycle although I'm not sure if it would work that way for a close moon or something of the like) is fine by me.\nThanks for all of the help (for the giant amount of help I got prior to this and for any help in advance)! ^_^", "710" ] ]

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[ [ "Spanakopita Spirals With Spinach and Cheese\nIntroduction: Spanakopita Spirals With Spinach and Cheese\nSpanakopita is a fairly popular Mediterranean dish consisting of spinach and cheese filing sandwiched between layers of very thin phyllo pastry. It is usually made in a deep baking pan and once baked, it's simply sliced into portions. I'm always looking for ways to make my dinners into single serving, preferably hand-held meals, so I can take any leftovers to work and eat it on the go.\nAlthough this recipe is mainly just spinach and cheese, it's very filling and you won't need much. I usually double the recipe, I use half to make spirals for lunches and half to make regular spanakopita pie.\nSupplies\n400g (one box) phyllo\n600g spinach\n1 small onion + 3 garlic cloves\n3 eggs\n200g feta cheese\n200g ricotta\n1/4-1/3 cup olive oil\n3-4 tablespoons chopped dill (or dried)\npinch of nutmeg\nsalt, pepper\nStep 1: Prepare Ingredents\nSPINACH:\nFresh- you need to boil a pot of water and wilt the spinach leaves until they decrease in volume. Transfer to a colander and leave it out until all water is drained. Use your hands to squeeze extra moisture out and chop the leaves into smaller pieces.\nFrozen- leave the spinach out overnight, once it's thawed you will be able to squeeze extra moisture out using your hands and then chop the leaves into smaller pieces.\nONION AND GARLIC:\nDice an onion into tiny cubes and fry with a tablespoon of olive oil until translucent. Add minced garlic and fry on medium heat for 2-3 minutes. Take it off the heat and leave it until needed.\nFETA:\nCrumble it with a fork into small pieces.\nPHYLLO PASTRY:\nWhile working with it, it has to be kept moist, otherwise it will dry out, become fragile and starts to rip.", "265" ], [ "Unfold it from the box and keep it sandwiched between two sheets of moist paper towel.\nStep 2: Cheese Filling\nMix all ingredients except for spinach. Once mixed, add dill, nutmeg, pepper and approximately 1 teaspoon of fine salt. Give it a good mix until well combined.\nStep 3: Spinach\nAdd spinach and mix until well combined. If you have pastry bags or Ziploc bags, transfer the spinach mixture into a bag, so you can pipe it out. If you don't have the bags, just use a spoon to transfer the mixture onto the pastry.\nStep 4: Oiling the Pastry\nI like to place a sheet of cling film on the work surface, it will help to fold the fragile filo dough and prevent tearing.\nPlace one sheet on the cling film, dribble some olive oil on top and use your hand to distribute it all over the sheet. Place another sheet down, make sure it overlaps the first one by about 1 inch and oil that sheet as well. [You can use a pastry brush to brush oil onto the dough, but I've found that you use a lot more oil to cover the whole sheet using this method, and it takes longer, because you have to be careful not to tear the dough with the bristles.]\nPipe a line of spinach filling, it should be as thick as a thumb.\nStep 5: Creating Spirals\nGently roll the pastry to create a thin snake. Brush that snake with some oil and gently bend it into the shape of a spiral.\nStep 6: Spirals\nOnce the spirals are ready, sprinkle them with salt flakes and black sesame seeds, nigella seeds or poppy seeds.\nBake at 180°C for 35-45 minutes.\nNote the third spiral on the tray. It was made with a sheet of pastry that dried up while I was distracted, it was still usable once I covered it with a moist towel to regain some moisture, but it wasn't as flexible as before and began to ear up while I was bending it.", "195" ] ]

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[ [ "When theme and mechanics converge to create a realistic, engaging and thought-provoking game I consider it something worth celebrating. Wir Sind Das Volk, in my opinion, is worth celebrating.\nFor the uninitiated, Wir Sind Das Volkis an asymmetrical economic simulation of the antagonistic relationship between eastern and western ideologies during the Cold War. The game is probably best classified as an economic war game, were infrastructure, international prestige, socialism and decadent living replace conventional arm as the weapons of choice.\nThe most superficial thematic aspect of the game is related to the card driven gameplay. Each card represents events that occurred in East and West Germany during the four decades in which the game takes place. For those of us only vaguely aware of the history of the conflict (and sadly, there is no strong flavor text on the cards), the theme really comes to life in our decisions in how to use the cards. For example, as West Germany, I can decide to invest capital in hosting the Olympic Games, which has its own costs and benefits. Conversely, I can decide to repurpose that investment into my own economy or produce goods to keep my own populace happy and destabilize my foe’s society. The pressure inherent in balancing the cost and benefit of each way to use the card feels very real. And best of all, the costs and benefits never feel absolute because the true value of an action is greatly impacted by the strategy your opponent is pursuing.\nEspecially early in a decade, you will find yourself with lots of good card options. Generally, your opponent will find themselves in the same situation, and you have to make the decision of choosing to deny options to your opponents or taking your own plum cards. This type of play gives a real brinksmanship feel to the card play. In some cases, you are implicitly daring your opponent into a non-optimal course of action because of the immediate benefits a card in play may give you on your next turn. What Cold War simulation would be complete without strong elements of blink-and-you-lose brinksmanship?\nAnd all of this leads into, what I have found to be, the most thematic component of the game: the end-of-decade phase.", "237" ], [ "This phase is a complex system of delayed effects that determine if the game continues or ends. Each action you take has an immediate effect on the game-state, but each action also has a long term effect, which couple with other long term effects, to create this opaque soup of uncertainty. In essence, each action you take will have some long term butterfly effect that is difficult to fully predict. As gamers, I think we are somewhat conditioned to expect immediate feedback from a game to tell us if we have progressed towards our goals, but that’s often not how the real world works. The end-of-decade mechanism, at least in my eyes, creates a very real simulation of the uncertain long-term effects that stem from what we consider good decisions in the present.\nI know there will be plenty of people out there that do not agree with my admiration for the design. I will admit that each end-of-decade effect, when taken by itself, feels very fiddly and abstract. But I challenge you to judge the mechanism as a whole, rather than getting bogged down in the mechanics of each step. The opacity that stems from the end-of-decade makes climbing this game’s learning curve feel like you are a young politician cutting your teeth on complicated policy. I lost my first game as the West in the first decade because I made too few provinces rich at the expense of the rest of the country. I found this loss hugely intriguing rather than a setback. Why? Because I think it rare that a game system feels like it is teaching us lessons about how the world works: about how history works. In my opinion, this is one of the few such designs that accomplishes this goal.\nIf this review intrigues you in the same way the game intrigues me, seek out a willing partner to explore the depths of Wir Sind Das Volk. I think you might like what you find. And you might just learn something along the way.", "237" ] ]

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[ [ "The UK Is Among the World’s Largest Suppliers of Weapons—and Is Making Arms Boycotts Illegal · Global Voices\nProtest against UK arms sales to Israel on November 21, 2014 in London. Source: BDS Movement Website.\nThe United Kingdom’s arms industry is ranked as one of the largest globally , second only to the United States. It has been implicated in atrocities and abuses in varied contexts, recently evident in the arming of cluster bombs to its primary consumer Saudi Arabia in its war in Yemen. The Campaign Against Arms Trade (CAAT) has taken the UK government to court over these allegations on multiple occasions:\nWhy we're in court to say UK must #StopArmingSaudi pic.twitter.com/GEtfb7tYYk 3,500 children killed or injured in Yemen https://t.co/Ku6I1wDhKh\n— CAAT (@CAATuk) 8 February 2017\nAlongside the often-cited examples of Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Israel, weapons made in the UK have also been sold en masse in Mexico, where murders, mass disappearances, and mass displacement of civilians in the ongoing drug war have made the country one of the most violent on earth. The UK's security and military export licenses to Turkey were valued at £466 million from 2013-2016 and have been used in Turkey's widespread, brutal repression of civil society and Kurds.\nThrough “open” trade conventions such as the Security & Policing (S&P) exhibition and closed events such as the Defence and Security Equipment International (DSEI) fair , the UK allows local and international companies to showcase some of the world’s most lethal weapons. The UK is also home to one of the world's leading suppliers of surveillance software , Gamma Group.\nThe “Stop The Arms Fair!” network, a group of activists who sought to stop the upcoming DSEI fair in September 2017, recently highlighted the UK's role in routinely selling surveillance gear and weapons to governments notorious for abusing human rights including Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Ethiopia, and Venezuela.\n“Closed to public” UK arms fair sells surveillance gear and poison gas to torturers.", "157" ], [ "https://t.co/ptMPHgXAhf\n— Stop The Arms Fair! (@StopTheArmsFair) 11 March 2017\nJournalist <PERSON> recently wrote on inews.co.uk how:\nThe Government has approved more than 152 licences to export non-lethal arms abroad since 2010, including some £182,000 of tear gas or irritant ammunition due to be sent to Saudi Arabia in 2015 and crowd control ammunition worth £6.1m cleared for sale to the United Arab Emirates in 2014.\nAs the UK negotiates its exit from the European Union, it has its sights set on expanding this arena, according to both the post-Brexit green paper and one of the ministers for Exiting the EU, Member of Parliament <PERSON> .\nIn February this year, the UK doubled down on this position when it announced plans to make it unlawful for local councils, National Health Service (NHS) Trusts, public bodies and certain university student unions to boycott, divest from or sanction an industry or state “ other than where formal legal sanctions, embargoes and restrictions have been put in place by the Government .”\nThe UK wants to make it illegal for public bodies with government funding to boycott, divest from or sanction an industry or state.\nThe boycott law builds on consistent efforts by the Department for Communities and Local Government to bar publicly funded bodies from boycotting countries, or tenders from suppliers based in other countries, on ethical grounds. This affects procurement fund policies for purchasing goods and services, as n umerous public bodies have ethical procurement policies preventing them from investing in or buying specific kinds of products. It also affects how these bodies invest in pension pots, where funds are merged into “pooled funds” or “wealth funds”. Government ministers have warned that penalties for breaching this law will be “ severe .”\nIn response to this guidance, one of the largest trade unions in the UK, UNISON, emphasized : “Investment policy should be a matter for the scheme members and their decision makers, not for a government to intervene”. Last year, the Pensions and Lifetime Savings Association that represents over 1,300 pension schemes also stressed that these rules could hamper the best interests of pension fund members .\n‘Stop The Arms Fair’ protest against UK's arming of Israel on September 7, 2015. Source: Facebook.\nMany campaigns recognize the historically crucial role of local councils in furthering human rights and in strengthening processes that impact international norms. In the 1960s and 1970s, more than 100 local authorities in the UK opted to ban South African goods , and in 1981, Strathclyde Council ceased its pension fund investments in companies with South African subsidiaries.", "142" ] ]

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[ [ "Trebuchet With Paint Sticks\nIntroduction: Trebuchet With Paint Sticks\nProject Intro\nIn this instructable, I will be going over how to make a trebuchet mainly out of paint sticks. This project is aimed towards high school students but high school teachers can also use this instructable to plan a lesson\nLearning objectives\nStudents will be able to comprehend and create a working trebuchet after going through this instructable.\nStudents will be able to apply their knowledge of making a trebuchet to modify and change the original design.\nSTELs:\nStandards\n* Design in Technology & Engineering Education:\nMaking a trebuchet is an iterative process. You can follow my steps to get to the same conclusion as me, but you can also take it a step farther and modify different parts to see how it changes how the projectile is thrown. You could use a different object for the projectile, change the weight of the counterweight, change the pouch/carrier for the projectile, or even change the lever or frame sizes.\n* History of Technology\nTrebuchets help define history and can be used to teach students about the history trebuchets were involved in and deepen their understanding of the past. Students could learn what technologies influenced and where influenced by the trebuchet. They can also review the positive and negative impacts that trebuchets created.\nPractices\n* Creativity\nStudents can use different materials to make the trebuchet. They can modify and improve the original design to see if they can make the projectile go higher, farther, etc.", "74" ], [ "By doing this, students will fail at times but they will be able to learn from the failure and use it to succeed.\n* Making and Doing\nStudents will follow the guide to make the trebuchet and then they will physically make it. If students choose to modify the design after completing it, they can plan out what they will do first and then act out their plan.\nContexts\n* Built Environment:\nStructures are used by humans in everyday life and serve different purposes. Depending on the structure, different systems can be utilized to support it. For the trebuchet, the base provides stability for the structure when sending the projectile. The lever and axel allow movement in such a way that will launch the projectile.\n* Material Conversion and Processing\nThis context involves the physical creation of things. In this instructable, you will use paint sticks, wood, glue, rope, and more to create a trebuchet. Students could use this project to learn about how the materials used were made, like wood, glue, and rope.\nStep 1: Materials and Supplies\nYou will need the following supplies\n* 11 Paint sticks (1 foot long) ($2.00) https://www.homedepot.com/p/1-Gal-Paint-Mixing-Cra...\n* 3/8'' Wooden dowel rod (about $1.00)\n* Rope (1/8'' braided nylon rope) ($6.59) https://www.acehardware.com/departments/hardware/...\n* Wood glue ($3.97)\n* Scissors ($1.88)\n* Clamps (small ones can be bought for $1.00)\n* Duct tape ($4.98)\n* Ruler/measuring tape ($4.00)\n* Breeching snap (2-1/2 inches) ($1.59) https://www.acehardware.com/departments/hardware/...\n* Eyebolt with nut (3/16x2'') ($1.59) https://www.acehardware.com/departments/hardware/...\n* Coins (87 pennies, 23 nickels, 38 dimes, 74 quarters, total cost is $24.32)\n* Hole punch($3.11)\n* Sharpie/marker (can be bought for $8.54 as a 12 pack)\n* Lighter ($1.99)\n* Paper towels ($5.99)\n* Work gloves ($2.99)\n* Safety glasses ($1.79)\n* Luggage scale ($3.25)\n* Pencil/Pen\n* Table saw (or a saw) ($159.99)\n* Drill press (or a drill) ($74.99)\n* Counterweight container (Pillsbury storage container, holds 16.8 fluid ounces) ($1.00)\n* Miscellaneous heavy items (textbooks, unopened queso, duct tape) -> for applying pressure\nWashers ( I found these at my house so I had to measure them out myself )\n* 1 washer- (outer diameter is 1 inch, inner diameter is 7/16 inches) ($0.", "401" ] ]

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[ [ "\"A Dog's Plea\"\nBack in the early 90's it came time to have my vet (dear friend) put to sleep my retired working GS at the age of 11. Cancer. After doing so my friend gave me this which I have in turn shared with many othes since I received it. No one had ever read this before so many out here may not have either. The author is unknown and trust me, I have tried numerous times on Google to find them. Sharing this as it helped me and many others since I first received it. I'd drop in the MS Word document but wasn't sure if that world work or not.\nA Dog’s Plea\nIn Memory of\nTreat me kindly, my beloved friend, for no heart in the world is more grateful for kindness than the loving heart of me. Do not break my spirit with a stick, for though I might lick your hand between blows, your patience and understanding will more quickly teach me the things you would have me learn.", "119" ], [ "Speak to me often, for your voice is the world's sweetest music, as you must know by the fierce wagging of my tail when the sound of your footstep falls upon my waiting ear. Please take me inside when it is cold and wet, for I am a domesticated animal, no longer accustomed to bitter elements. I ask no greater glory that the privilege of sitting at your feet beside the hearth. Keep my pan filled with fresh water, for I cannot tell you when I suffer thirst. Feed me clean food that I might stay well, to romp and play and do your bidding, to walk by your side and stand ready, willing and able to protect you with my life, should your life be in danger. And, my friend, when I am very old, and I no longer enjoy good health, hearing and sight, do not make heroic efforts to keep me going. I am not having any fun. Please see that my trusting life is taking gently. I shall leave this Earth knowing with the last breath I draw that my fate was always safest in your hands.", "342" ] ]

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[ [ "Leather Bound Softcover LotR Set\nIntroduction: Leather Bound Softcover LotR Set\nToday we'll be discussing my creation of a set of leatherbound softcover LotR books for my wife. If you have read my other LotR 'ibles, you'll know that my wife is a huge Lord of the Rings fan nerd. If you haven't, check them out here and here. I'll wait. I don't mind.\nYou go read them yet? Good. Now, back to the matter at hand.\nAs mentioned, my wife loves LotR, and I wanted to make a custom set for her since her old copies had been read to the point of falling apart. Enter this 'ible.\nFor this set, I had a few goals in mind:\n(Fairly) Inexpensive - Custom leather sets of books are stoopid expensive\n(Mostly) Accessible - I didn't want to have to buy a ton of new tools for this project as I wasn't sure it would work, nor did I think I would be making more books.\nNice to hold - My wife loves her soft cover leather Bible, which I tried and successfully emulated with this project.\nPurty - I wanted them to look good while not being overly obnoxious but still be inviting to read. These are books; they're meant to be read, not stared at on a shelf!\nLet me say that there are many ways to skin a cat. I have found many different people who are more talented than myself at this and have perfected their own techniques. Please check out YouTube for other awesome people who are far more talented at this than I am. And better looking.\nStep 1: Supplies\nFor the supplies, I used a lot of what I already had on hand. In no particular order this includes:\nConsumables:\n* White PVA (School) glue\n* Superglue\n* Barge Cement - I use the ultra brain cell killing formula from Amazon, like this one\n* Wax paper\n* Glue stick\n* Pencil\n* Sharpie\n* Cotton cloth (I used an old T-Shirt, but I think pros use muslin)\n* Synthetic string\n* Embroidery floss - I used this set from Amazon. I used white and blue for this book.\n* Ribbon - I used this set from Amazon.\n* Faux Leather - This is the color I used for this book.", "726" ], [ "I used the same dealer in other colors for the other books.\n* Book you intend to make anew - This 'ible is for Return of the King.\n* Caffeine\n* Design for End Paper - I used the map from my other LotR 'ible. You should check it out if you haven't already. ;)\n* Design for your covers. I used the minimalist image uploaded here. I couldn't find the source, though, to credit the creator properly.\n* Ball point pen (not pictured)\n* Paper for end paper (not pictured)\n* Card stock (not pictured) for your new cover to bind to\nTools:\n* Ruler\n* Embroidery needles\n* Clamps\n* Scissors\n* Cutting mat\n* Xacto\n* Xacto Sharpener (which I used for rounding corners too)\n* Respirator (not pictured) cause <PERSON> will kill your melon otherwise\nStep 2: Begin at the Beginning\nStart by measuring your book with the cover on it. Measure all your dimensions—length, width, and depth. Measure the spine length and depth. Do it twice cause you forgot to write down your measurements the first time. These measurements will be necessary later if you want to make the new cover the same size as your old cover.\nThen do the most gut-wrenching thing you can to a book and rip off the cover (image 4). Bonus points if you can get both the front and back cover along with the spine in one piece. When you're done, you'll have something looking like the book in image 5. This is a good time to measure your book itself to determine your actual book page's size if the cover was oversized rather than the same size as the pages (image 6).\nAfter measuring your new book, transfer the width and height dimensions to a piece of cardstock. If you want your cover to be a different size than your book, now is the time to add to your dimensions. For example, I wanted the covers to be slightly larger than the pages, so I took the width and added 1/4 inch, and I added 1/8 inch to the top and bottom for an overall added 1/4 inch to that dimension.", "276" ] ]

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[ [ "Out of Darkness\nI'm officially showing signs of old age at the movies. This is the first time I woke up to the sound of me snoring. Thank goodness there were only three other people scattered about the theater. I knew there was a chance I'd fall asleep since I sat this after work but the movie didn't help matters. I was actually impressed for a good 40 minutes or so. It's not often you see a film that takes place during the Stone Age with its own invented language. Plus the leader played by <PERSON> is very easy on the eyes.\nWhere things went south for me was the attempts at tension and horror. Maybe seeing a person walk around for what seems like ten minutes in the dark scares some people.", "306" ], [ "As for me I get impatient and far from scared. This is actually the point where I nodded off. There's a character walking around a cave. When I woke up she was still walking around the cave. Oh well.\nThis is far from a complete dud. There's a lot to admire. The cinematography and location shooting are stunning. There's also a clear message about our current divided society going all the way back when we saw each other as \"monsters\" and even food. Had I liked the characters more and had there been more action (maybe a sex scene a la \"Quest for Fire\") maybe I probably would've enjoyed it more.", "79" ] ]

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[ [ "They had 317,000 £ so either <PERSON> is secretly rich, she stole from her parent's accounts, or someone else prepared cash while <PERSON> thought the reader assumed it. They have to be in the wildernes most of the time on the run and all that. However they wern't adverse to goign to town and buying food they did it for a special occation (I don't remember what) but the stupid tihng is that they never thought to kep buying food.\nOK so summary of what she was thinking is that they weren't going to be driven out of Grimmauld Place. So she decides to bring what was needed for thier infiltration. The book never mentions thier escape plan, I'm assuming whatever it was doesn't work once caught. They were NOT in the same position as a resistance, their situation is more liek real life fugitives. She also probably brough tea probably to relax themselves in a tense situation after done (or maybe inside the raid if the people who thought they were subordinates were on break) and in th wilderness it doubled as heat and hydration and YES British sterotypes. Note the North Irish and people who live in historical ulster not part of UK consume 30 times as much tea as other parts of the EU, nearly as much as the english despite the northern irish not considering themselves British.\nAs for the cheap excuse to make everyone hungry, yes but again consider they didn't think about being busted. Also people tend to forget about food when being fed by someone. So remembering to bring tea and not food is not out of the ordinary.", "45" ], [ "One might wonder why they had so much cash if they were so short sighted. It's easy to assume someone DID go to the bank off page for some spending money that afternoon and just hit \"zero\" too many times. As I mentioned they DID buy food at one ponint. However it was a small shop possibly family owned. These tend not to have a lot of preservable foods like canned food, at least in my coutnry. I think going to buy food more than once a week, even at different stores, is going into settled areas way too often considering that would look like vagrants who just happen to look like wanted people. Without access to refidgeration, there isn't much from the smaller shops that won't perish too quickly. One could argue that after they bought food once they could consider buying food every week to relieve their foraging presssure. I... don't really have a rebuttal to that. Maybe they just didn't have enough time to think?", "121" ] ]

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[ [ "How to read voice clips off a glass plate? (Like in Fringe, the TV series)\nThis question comes from the context of two great works on popular science, one a book on cognition and artificial intelligence <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON> (GEB) And the other a fictional TV series Fringe.\nIn the series there is a particular episode, where a villain, kidnaps a mutant woman who \"spontaneously combusts\", from her house. Following this, the protagonist gets clues by analysing the partially molten glass of a window by cutting off a chunk and playing it like a record (TV show, so whatever fancy tech), finds out a very small bit of what the woman was saying while she was confronting her kidnapper.\nIn the book GEB, there is a particular dialogue which involves a massive record player which can play any tune on a single record by altering the record player, rather than the usual case where different arrangement of grooves give different tunes.\nI have two related questions, one, is it possible to actually read voice info from the vibration patterns of partially molten glass; and two, is it guaranteed that the possible information will be a snippet of the actual conversation and not be random words/noise that happen to make \"sense\" due to possibly erroneous decoding?\nNote: There is a relevant discussion in this wiki page on archaeoacoustics.\nNote 2: For dialogue mentioned in GEB look at-\n<PERSON> : What? A jukebox with only one record? That's a contradiction in terms. Why is the jukebox so big, then? Is its single record gigantic- twenty feet in diameter.\nTortoise : No, it's just a regular jukebox-style record.\n<PERSON> : Now, Mr. <PERSON>, you must be joshing me. After all, what kind of a jukebox is it that has only a single song?\n<PERSON> : Who said anything about a single song, <PERSON>?\n<PERSON> : Every jukebox I've ever run into obeyed the fundamental jukebox- axiom, \"One record, one song\".\n<PERSON> : This jukebox is different, <PERSON>. The one record sits vertically suspended, and behind it there is a small but elaborate network of overhead rails, from which hang various record players. When you push a pair of buttons, such as B-1, that selects one of the record players.", "624" ], [ "This triggers an automatic mechanism that starts the record player squeakily rolling along the rusty tracks. It gets shunted up alongside the record- then clicks into playing position.\n<PERSON> : And then the record begins spinning and music comes out- right?\n<PERSON> : Not quite. The record stands still- it's the record player which rotates.\n<PERSON> : I might have known. But how, if you have but one record to play, can you get more than one song out of this crazy contraption?\n<PERSON> : I myself asked the <PERSON> that question. He merely suggested that I try it out. So I fished a quarter from my pocket, stuffed in the slot, and hit buttons B-1, then C-3, then B-10- all just at random.\n<PERSON> : So phonograph B-1 came sliding down the rail, I suppose, and plugged itself into the vertical record, and began spinning?\nTortoise : Exactly. The music that came was quite agreeable, based on the famous old tune B-A-C-H, which I believe you remember...\n<PERSON> : Could I ever forget it?\n<PERSON> : This was record player B-1. Then it finished, and was slowly rolled back into its hanging position, so that C-3 could be slid into position.\n<PERSON> : Now don't tell me that C-3 played another song?\n<PERSON> : It did just that.", "406" ] ]

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[ [ "People who think the baby is <PERSON>: <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>\nJamie S7 E5 CERSEI lifts her hands from the chair and places them both on her stomach indicating she's pregnant. <PERSON> looks shocked.\n<PERSON>: Who will you say is the father?\nCERSEI: You.\nTyrion S7 E7 CERSEI cradles her belly and TYRION notices. She takes a deep breath.\n<PERSON>: That thing you dragged here, I know what it is, I know what it means. And when it came at me, I didn't think about the world. Not at all. As soon as it opened its mouth, the world disappeared for me, right down its black throat. All I could think about was keeping those gnashing teeth away from the ones who matter most, away from my family. Maybe <PERSON> had the right idea. Get on a boat, take those who matter.\nTYRION: You're pregnant.\nPeople who think the baby is <PERSON>: <PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>\nSO when <PERSON> talks about the baby in S8E4, he means <PERSON>'s and <PERSON> baby.", "757" ], [ "He does not know about the <PERSON> <PERSON> \"baby\". He has no idea about the <PERSON> baby as <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON> discuss it just moments after <PERSON>' boats are ambushed by Eurons fleet. And there is no way this information would have reached <PERSON> and <PERSON> so quickly. Also if he knew the baby's was <PERSON>, we can safely assume he wouldn't care that much as opposed to the baby <PERSON> <PERSON> and <PERSON>.\nALSO,\nWhen <PERSON> goes up to <PERSON> to tell her to consider things with her baby in her mind, hes doing one of the two things:\n1. Genuinely thinking for the good of <PERSON> and <PERSON> baby and advising her to think of the baby.\n2. Knows how <PERSON> keeps her men bound to her by lying and manipulation. Cleverly throwing in a baby shade aiming at <PERSON>, to get into his head and if possible turn him against <PERSON> by talking about about <PERSON> and <PERSON>'s baby. So that if <PERSON> knows about a baby, he may back off support to <PERSON>. <PERSON> knows his sister and probably knows <PERSON> is in the <PERSON> basket for the sleazyness of it.\nALSO,\nPeople who actually know if the baby is real or a thrones move: <PERSON> and <PERSON>", "757" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nthought this doc was really interesting but didn't agree with the general letterboxd consensus: that <PERSON> had an exceptional passion for nature.\nvery quickly into the documentary, i sided with the indigenous people interviewed. although i'm sad he died, <PERSON> seems like a man who was deeply narcissistic and didn't respect the natural behaviours or boundaries of bears, and it ended tragically for two people.\nhis filmmaking, to me, showcases how egotistical his relationship with the bears were. his commentary about women and gay people in the footage only highlights how his desire to have an unprecedented human relationship with bears was mostly for self-gratification and a desire for stardom. however, i do think his efforts did have an impact on people's appreciation for nature.\nalso: i love bears", "61" ] ]

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[ [ "Could a viable solar system work with a cluster of dwarf stars in center? And would it last longer than a single stellar mass star?\nSo, I was watching various sci channel shows, and they touch on how extremely massive stars live only 100k years, vs the sun which lives ~10 billion years, and dwarf stars live some unspecified time longer.\nSo, lets say you have a galactic civilation, worried about \"heat death\", and in order to avoid it, they decide to take apart a number of large stars, making them into a cluster of dwarf stars, so the star will take much longer to burn out...\nFirst, can a group of dwarf stars orbit a common center, close enough that we can considering their combined luminosity as a unit? maybe if we can get them all within the orbital distance of mercury from the common center? Not sure how stable orbits would be once your talking a dozen or more objects?\nSecond, how much luminosity loss is there? Say you have a combined cluster of 20 dwarf stars, each 1/20 of the mass of the sun, and all within a sphere of mercury's orbit? How much lower would the combined luminosity be -- and so, how much closer would earth have to be in order to maintain liquid water? I'd guess you'd still have some extreme seasons as you made closest approch to any one dwarf.\nThird, if we know how close earth would have to get -- could there be a stable orbit around such a cluster, at that range?\nFinally, if you can do all that, do you really get much added time? Assuming the source star was halfway thru it's main sequence when split into the cluster of dwarfs, so I guess you'd be estimating the remaining lifetime of a dwarf star (each 1/20 of a stellar mass), which is halfway thru its main sequence?\nEdit: Since this is such a multi-stage question: if we know we can refute something right away (ie: perhaps you cannot have a dozen dwarf stars in any stable orbit unless they are very far apart), that could end the issue right away.", "710" ] ]

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[ [ "If you are only given glycogen and ATP as choices, then glycogen is the correct answer. The reason for this is, that muscle cells need ATP also for other very important processes (such as keeping the membrane potential stable and preventing cramps). Thus, while ATP is the actual fuel that powers myosin to create the muscle force, the cell needs to keep the ATP concentration constant in order to avoid negative impacts on other metabolic processes. Therefore glycogen is the actual energy storage.\nHowever glycogen is not the only energy storage used in muscles. The muscle actually uses a quite clever energy management system:\nDuring the first 2-7 seconds it uses phosphocreatine (or creatine phosphate) to quickly replace used ATP (as mentioned in the answer by <PERSON>).", "171" ], [ "This means a 100m Sprint can be almost completely performed using this energy storage system.\nFor the next ~30 min (but can be up to several hours for well trained endurance athletes), the muscle relies mainly on energy stored as glycogen. The glycogen is broken down into glucose and the glucose is then converted into glucose-6-phosphate and then ATP during glycolysis. Glycolysis creates ATP much faster than oxygen respiration. However, a side-effect of this is that glycolysis generates lactic acid which is further broken down by oxygen respiration, and in the liver. Overtraining can cause lactic acid accumulation whcih can acidify the muscle and cause lactic acidose There is much more energy stored in glycogen than in phosphocreatine which also makes this the more likely answer to your question.\nFinally, after glycogen stores are depleted, the muscle needs to reduce its energy output and rely on external energy provided by the liver and by fat reserves of the body. This is the reason why some trainers claim that you need to exercise for more than 30 min to start burning fat and thus to reduce weight but this is wrong because the glycogen stores in the muscles are also restored using energy from body fat (which means that the best and only way to loose weight is to burn more energy than you consume either by increasing exercise or reducing food intake or both).", "860" ] ]

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[ [ "Are most chefs hot heads?\nSettle a debate with my mom and I.\nOn Tuesday, I quit my job with no notice due to an incident with their executive chef. I was cussed out and beyond disrespected “all your here to do is take the fucking orders” to be exact. He’s had asshole tendencies but this was just so out of line. I know I deserved better, to be valued, and respected.", "270" ], [ "I was begged to come back (and am still welcome to) but I refuse if he still has a job.\nWhen discussing the incident with my mom, she agreed that he was completely out of line and it wasn’t acceptable. However I was also met with her opinion that “all chefs are hot heads, it’s just normal in that profession”. I wholeheartedly disagreed as I’ve been in the industry for over 10 years. Sure, we may come across someone who has a temper but it’s not the norm.", "270" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nThis film starts off strong. I really enjoyed the first 20 minutes. The sets looked awesome and I liked where the story was going. Unfortunately, the rest of the film isn't nearly as good. <PERSON> continues to be a great Dr. <PERSON>. I just wish he was in better films. This film feels like the greatest hits of all the <PERSON> films up to that point. It has moments and scenes that I recognized from other <PERSON> films.", "577" ], [ "It may seem familiar, but I liked it. Is it original? Not at all, but I prefer it to the first two Hammer Frankenstein films. However, this film has the worst looking Monster I've ever seen. The makeup is fucking atrocious. I cannot believe that was approved. It looks like absolute dog shit. It's unbelievably awful. I could go on, but you get the point. Overall, this is another disappointing Hammer Frankenstein horror film. It's my favorite of the first 3, but that's not saying much.", "1004" ] ]

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[ [ "The passage is making too many assumptions, and does not really open much of a dialogue with the reader. The De-Shi character is just kind of thrown at us without really explaining who they are, and why we should care about what they are saying.\nThere is also very little supporting evidence of forests that are planted by squirrels. Sure, a handful of acorns may germinate, and some trees may grow as a result, here and there, but there is no evidence presented which would make us think that entire forests are being planted. Trees reproduce in many different ways. This is simply one way that it can happen.\nIt is true that things in nature are interconnected. Seeds are spread by many different kinds of animals. Flowers are pollinated by bees, and other insects, as well as by humming birds, and the wind. The flowers themselves have bright colors, and sweet smells which attract insects.", "445" ], [ "The flowers also produce an excess amount of pollen, which is enough for the bees to convert that to honey and feed their hive, which in turn feeds other animals, including people.\nIt is also true that many living organisms have flaws. The argument that we have flaws for a reason is very weak. Sure, there is a positive side effect for some of the flaws in nature such as with squirrels, but not all flaws are positive. What is the purpose of a human being getting cancer, or some kind of other disease?\nThe point I am trying to make is that a writer doesn't need to get into lofty discussions about how the world works to have an impact. Especially if the writer does not have a complete understanding of the subject. The reader will not necessarily have a passionate response to something just because the writer intends it to be about a passionate subject. You can't guilt someone to be passionate, you must engage them in the conversation, and give them enough information for them to arrive at the place where you are. Sure, this is something you believe in, but you need to tell the reader how you arrived there, so they can follow along.", "487" ] ]

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[ [ "Ethiopia’s Anti-Graft Campaign is Rife with Ethnic Tensions · Global Voices\nLocals refer to this building on the outskirts of Addis Ababa as “Steal Display.” They allege a mid-level government official openly looted public funds to build it. Photo sourced from <PERSON> blog.\nLast week, the Ethiopian government announced the arrests of ‘top officials’ accused of ‘misdirecting public funds’ to ‘maximize their private interests,’ employing favored euphemisms for corruption. The names of those arrested were held back until later in the week, however, with one writer on Facebook comparing the delay to a suspenseful drama series.\nUltimately, when a state-backed media website revealed the list of ‘top officials’ as 48 junior government bureaucrats, middlemen and investors, the news was less groundbreaking.\nOn Twitter, some complained that the government had overhyped the corruption story with ‘breaking news,’ noting the list of names released did not include a single top official.\nRuling party affiliated FanaBC reported detention of top officials who are suspected of corruption in #Ethiopia. Names aren't mentioned yet.\n— <PERSON> (@befeqe) July 25, 2017\nThe highest official called out so far is the former chief executive officer of Capital Roads Authority (Addis Ababa), a position that is nowhere near as powerful as claimed by government media.\nEthiopian Prime Minister <PERSON> launched a highly publicized campaign targeting government and state-owned company officials suspected of corruption. The campaign has led to the arrest and prosecution of hundreds of officials since January 2017.\nEven though the government regularly publicizes these kinds of corruption cases, it has not convinced Ethiopian citizens of its sincere interest in ‘cleaning house.’ According to Transparency International’s most recent Corruption Perceptions Index, Ethiopia is listed among countries whose public perceive the pervasiveness of rampant corruption in the public sector.\nOnline public cynicism regarding the ongoing anti-corruption campaign shares an overwhelming opinion summarized in <PERSON> blog:\nThere are practically no non-corrupt officials. Those arrested are corrupt, and most of the top officials who are leading the anti-corruption campaigns are also corrupt. There’s no difference between the corrupt and non-corrupt officials.", "960" ], [ "The only difference is that those who were arrested have not secured the loyalty of senior functionaries that can shelter them.\nOne factor fueling public cynicism is that infrastructure projects are often delayed or stagnate while contractors, subcontractors, and government cronies grow wealthier.\nArresting and prosecuting junior officials won’t change anything said <PERSON> in a post on his widely circulated blog.\nAnother writer on Facebook recently pleaded with the Ethiopian government to stop the anti-graft campaign. He sarcastically warned that if authorities do not stop, Ethiopia will soon become a stateless society. In his view, Ethiopian corruption has permeated so many fields that it is a feature of the Ethiopian condition.\nThe pressure to launch an ongoing anti-graft campaign was driven by protests that began in Oromia, Ethiopia’s largest region, over alleged expropriation of farmlands around Addis Ababa. <PERSON> wrote:\n“Who said that the Oromo demands are about arresting a select few corrupt and depraved officials or their (questionable, because nepotistic) connections? The indictment of the # OromoRevolution is directed at the system, not some junior officials, or their wives, whom the system is disposing of as collateral damage in its combat with the Oromos.”\nCorruption and Ethnic Politics Intersect\nSome observers believe Ethiopia’s crackdown on a few mid-level officials is politically motivated. Many have complained about the discriminatory application of Ethiopia’s anti-corruption laws.\nSuch kind of charges have been used to settle within-party division in the past.\n— <PERSON> (@befeqe) July 25, 2017\nEthiopia is a one-party state in which the ruling Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) monopolizes power. The EPRDF, however, is a coalition of four ethnic-based parties. The four parties purport to represent particular ethnic groups, but they share the same ideology, political association, and policy preferences.\nAuthorities from these four parties – Amhara National Democratic Movement (ANDM), Oromo People's Democratic Organization (OPDO), Southern Ethiopian People's Democratic Movement (SEPDM) and Tigrayan People's Liberation Front (TPLF) – are currently Ethiopia’s top leaders. However, the TPLF is the core of the EPRDF, holding absolute power over the last quarter of a century.", "960" ] ]

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[ [ "Split Flap Assembly and Design\nIntroduction: Split Flap Assembly and Design\nWelcome to our Split Flap Assembly and Design Instructable! Split flap displays are a fun, and quirky way to display messages in alphanumeric text. Since the instructions here are pretty lengthy, we've grouped the steps into 4 major categories:\n1. Electrical Assembly\n2. Hardware Engineering\n3. Character Lettering Design\n4. Software Programming\nSupplies\nMaterials for the Electrical Assembly (per split-flap unit):\n1x Arduino nano (every) 1 https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07VX7MX27\n1x Perfboard 24x18 holes (5x7cm) https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07LF78ZY3\n1x Stepper motor Nema 17 with step angle 1.8deg https://www.amazon.com/dp/B094CQ4DBQ\n1x A4988 Stepper Motor Driver with Heat Sink https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07BND65C8\n1x Male header pins 4-pin https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0774VBJ3J\n2x Female header pins 15-pin\n2x Female header pins 8-pin\n2x Female header pins 3-pin\n2x Female header pins 2-pin\n3x Female header pins 1-pin\n1x Hall Effect Sensor https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07QS6PN3B\n3x colors 22AWG Solid Core Wire https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07TX6BX47\n4x TOTAL (for up to 8 split-flaps) Wire Nuts https://www.amazon.com/dp/B01MPXUEPO\n2x TOTAL (for up to 8 split-flaps) 5KOhm resistors https://www.amazon.com/dp/B07HDFN3NV\nMaterials for Hardware Design (per split-flap unit):\n2x Wooden Housing Case\n1x Front Acrylic Panel\n1x Acrylic Laser Cut Side Panel\n1x Acrylic Laser Cut Right Wheel\n1x Acrylic Laser Cut Left Wheel\n1x 3D Printed Hub\n1x 3D Printed Motor Mount\n50x Split Flap\n1x Acrylic Spring Holder\n1x Aluminum Spring Holder\n1x Spring Tin Strip\n1x Motor Coupling + its screws\n1x Magnet (for hall effect sensor)\n4x #4 Washer\n4x 4-40 Nut\n4x 4-40 Bolt\n11x #4 Wood Screws\n4x 2/56 Nut\n2x 4-40 Nut\n2x #4 Washer\n2x 4-40 x 1/2” screw\n2x 4-40 x 3/8” screw\n4x 2/56 x 3/8 Screws\n4x 8mm M3 Screw\nMaterials for Character-Lettering Design\n2x sheets of vinyl per 50-flap split-flap in the colors that you want the lettering to appear in\n1x Silhouette Cameo\n1x cutting mat\nStep 1: Electrical Assembly - Supplies\nHere is an image containing all the supplies you will need to assemble the electrical wiring.", "16" ], [ "See the supplies section above for a comprehensive list of all the needed components and links to purchase each\nStep 2: Electrical Assembly 1\nThe diagram is what we will be building today. Feel free to build it your own way or follow our detailed instructions below!\nFirst, solder wires to the hall effect sensor. Make sure the sensor is flipped the right way (when the face with chamfered edges is facing you, the wires are power, ground and signal left to right)! Add heat shrink for insulating the wires.\nStep 3: Electrical Assembly 2\nCut the header pins down to the following lengths:\n1x male 4-pin\n2x female 15-pin\n2x female 8-pin\n2x female 3-pin\n2x female 2-pin\n3x female 1-pin\nStep 4: Electrical Assembly 3\nPlace and solder components to perf board according to our design here. Your perf board's coordinates might not exactly match our spreadsheet, so be sure to still count the coordinates!\n(For assembly, use the Top View; for soldering, use Bottom View, flipping around a left-right axis)\n1. Plug 2 female 8-pin into the driver\n2. Plug 2 female 15-pin into Arduino\n3. Put Arduino onto the board and solder the pins to the board (Bottom View, solder D2-16, J2-16)\n4.", "939" ] ]

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[ [ "In this case, we've to calculate the oxidation states of carbon in the reactant and product side separately, the difference between those two and finally multiply it with the number of carbon atoms. While this is may be a seemlingly simple calculation, things can get uber-tricky because of the mammoth number of exceptional cases. Let's start with the basics; here's a gift for you:\n$${\\begin{array}{|l|c|} \\hline \\pu{Element} & \\pu{Oxidation Number} & \\pu{Remarks} \\\\hline \\pu{Alkali Metals} & \\pu{+1} & \\pu{Always} \\ \\pu{Alkali Earth Metals} & \\pu{+2} & \\pu{Always} \\ \\pu{Flourine} & \\pu{-1} & \\pu{Always} \\ \\pu{Halogen Family} & \\pu{-1} & \\pu{Generally} \\ \\pu{Oxygen Family} & \\pu{-2} & \\pu{Generally} \\ \\pu{Hydrogen} & \\pu{+1} & \\pu{Generally} \\\\hline \\end{array}}$$\nWhoa! I see three exceptional cases already (remarked \"generally\" in the table) and things haven't started yet. What's up with them?\nOxygen: Oxygen doesn't always exist as an oxide ion $(\\ce{O^2-})$ in its compounds, it can often-times exist as\n* Peroxide $(\\ce{O_2^2-})$: Oxidation state in this case is $-1$. Popular examples include $\\ce{H2O2}$, $\\ce{Na2O2}$, $\\ce{BaO2}$, etc.\n* Superoxide $(\\ce{O_2^-})$: Oxidation state is $-0.5$. Common examples $\\ce{KO2}$, $\\ce{RbO2}$, $\\ce{CrO2}$\n* Ozonide ($\\ce{O3-}$): $\\frac{-1}{3}$ oxidation state; for instance in $\\ce{KO3}$.\nHalogen atoms (except flourine): When $\\ce{Cl, Br or I}$ combine with elements of higher electronegativity ($\\ce{O and F}$), then these halogen atoms can show positive oxidation numbers; commonly $\\pu{+1, +3, +5, +7}$. In $\\ce{BrF5}$, that's an inter-halogen compound, $\\ce{Br}$ is in $+5$ oxidation state.\nHydrogen: In case of metal hydrides, it can show $-1$ oxidation state. As in $\\ce{NaH}$.\nPhew, er any more exceptions? You dare ask? Metals. Wait! Aren't metals electro-positive!? Yes, they are, but in some cases they can show zero or even negative oxidation numbers.", "979" ], [ "For example in $\\ce{CsAu}$, gold shows a $-1$ oxidation state. Let's bring in coordination-compounds: nickel in $\\ce{[Ni(CO)4]}$ finds itself in zero oxidation number.\nThere are plenty of them, I'm saving them for another day.\nLet's try calculating things you've asked.\nFor ethanol (\\ce{C2H6O}) we don't know the oxidation state of the carbon atom. Why don't we assume it to be $x$. Now, the oxidation state of a compound is either zero (if it's a neutral species) or it's equal to the charge it bears. Is ethanol neutral? Yes it is. So the individual oxidation numbers of elements (times the number of elements bearing that oxidation state) should sum up to be zero.\n$$2x+6(+1)+1(-2)=0$$\nSolving, we get $x=-2$. Doing the same thing for carbon-dioxide, we can get $x=+4$. So a carbon atom changed its oxidation state from $-2$ to $+4$, that's a jump of $+6$. And how many carbon atoms were doing this? Two carbons. That gives us $n=12$.", "979" ] ]

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[ [ "Introduction\nAll summer they drove us back through the Ukraine\nSmolyensk and Viyasma soon fell\nBy autumn we stood with our backs to the town of Orel\nCloser and closer to Moscow they come - riding the wind like a bell\n- <PERSON>, Roads to Moscow\nFighting Formations: Grossdeutschland Infantry Division is the first game in a new series from GMT Games. Much like the Series: Musket & Pike Battle (GMT/Vae Victis), each game in the series will share core rules and the playbook will have specific game exclusive rules.\nThis inaugural game covers action on the eastern front in WWII between the Germans and the Soviets between 1942 and 1943.\nThis is a two player game designed by <PERSON> of Combat Commander: Europe fame (among other titles). Scenarios run the gamut from approximately 2-3 hours for smaller scenarios to a large double map scenario that could fill an entire weekend.\nComponents\nGMT has recently set some impressive standards in wargame publishing. Mounted map boards for single map games like Washington's War and high quality paper maps for multi-scenario games and expansions such as the recent Combat Commander expansion. Beautiful counters that are both functional and nice to look at.\nIn this respect GMT has delivered the goods again.\nThe box however is of the old school thin cardboard style that GMT has not used in a long time. A small quibble is that they used a standard 2\" box rather than the thicker 3\" box; this is a mild disappointment as there is a lot packed inside. Everything does fit into the 2\" box even using two counter trays, but you'll need to split the card decks to make it even along the top. If and when expansions come to this module of the series, it might not fit.\nThe smaller box shouldn't be seen as a deterrent however. There will be more games in the series and those linear feet of shelf space fill up awfully quickly with the larger boxes. I should know, my closets overflow with games.\nThe maps are very attractive and functional, although I found the colour contrast to be muted when compared here with the Combat Commander maps; as you can in the photo here, the Combat Commander terrain features are more easily seen than with the Fighting Formations maps.\nComparing the maps in Fighting Formations (left) to Combat Commander\nWhat's also abundantly clear here is that the Fighting Formations' maps are larger than your typical Combat Commander scenario.", "993" ], [ "The introductory scenario in Fighting Formations uses a half sheet map like Combat Commander, but the other scenarios are all on full and in some cases even double map sheets.\nThe maps are historical depictions of parts of the eastern front. The scenarios all come with a nice long historical background to give the sense of the events about to unfold on the board.\nAnd... for those who felt they were missing from Combat Commander, yes folks, Fighting Formation comes with tanks!\nYes, it comes with tanks!\nRules\nThe rules span two volumes: the core rules and the playbook. The rules are not short, covering some 24 pages and the 64 page playbook adds about another dozen pages of game specific rules and some optional rules. The rest of the playbook is devoted to the 10 scenarios, designer and historical notes, orders of battle, and a detailed example of play.\nThe index is included at the back of the playbook, which can be a nuisance when you're looking for something that is actually in the rulebook, especially anything to do with the sequence of play, but a quick photocopy of the index page is a quick and easy remedy. What's important is clarity and ease of finding information, which are a hallmark of <PERSON> games.\nEven newcomers to wargaming would have little trouble learning the game from the rules, and veteran Combat Commander players will find a lot of familiar terminology.\nVictory is determined by victory points, which can be earned one of three ways:\n- eliminating enemy units\n- controlling certain objectives\n- exiting friendly units off the map\nThe player with the most victory points when the scenario ends is the winner.\nGame Play\nFighting Formations is a classic hex and counter game in many ways. We have the standard hexes, tanks and artillery pieces with facing and fire arcs, movement modified by terrain, and counters chock full of information. There are even rules for vehicles moving in reverse.\nAn interesting and deliberate omission are any stacking rules (except for vehicles moving in column). One could theoretically place every single unit in the same hex. It would be extremely foolish to do so, but you can if you really want to.\nThe lifeblood of Fighting Formations is the order matrix shown above. In order to do anything, you must select a cube from the order matrix, and the value of the cube limits which orders you can execute.", "993" ] ]

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[ [ "DIY Halloween Cornstalks\nIntroduction: DIY Halloween Cornstalks\nCreate homemade cornstalks for interior or protected exterior projects from simple items.\nSupplies\nYou’ll need: PVC Pipes, Brown Packing Paper roll, masking tape, tan spray paint, and scissors.\nStep 1: Start Creating the Leaves.\nGet a roll of brown packing paper at your local home improvement store. (Usually about $3 a roll) I tore off quite a few sheets about the same size...maybe about 1-1.5 feet long, just depends how big you want the leaves to be. After you tear off the sheets, stack them and fold them in half, longwise. I then cut out a leaf shape through all the sheets. By folding it in half, you can get double the amount cut in less time.\nStep 2: Spray the Pipes.\nCut your PVC poles to the height that you prefer. I made a bunch of random height stalks because I was going to use them for a couple different types of displays.", "6" ], [ "Then spray the base pole with the spray paint so the white doesn’t show.\nStep 3: Crinkle the Leaves and Attach.\nSo after the leaves are cut out, you’re going to grab a stack, maybe 6-10 sheets, and literally crinkle them up with a twist in your hands. You want them to wrinkle. After you crinkle them all, pull them apart so you have a box or stack of crinkled sheets, read to attach.\nNext, grab one of the sprayed base poles from previous step and wrap one leaf around the top of the pole and secure it with masking tape. Use the wider end for the pole and the pointy end hanging off the pole, then shape by hand so it points out and away from the pole.\nNext wrap the next leaf around the base of the previous leaf, covering the tape so it’s hidden. Then continue this pattern all the way down the pole, adding as many leaves as you desire.\nAt the base, I used some extra paper and crinkled it just to wrap around the very bottom of the stalk and taped it in place.\nStep 4: That’s It!\nYou’re basically done at this point. I’ve attached some images of the projects I used this for.", "984" ] ]

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[ [ "Tales from the front desk here… wanting to move on to serving as I’m starting school soon and hotel work is becoming to much. Just looking for insight from you guys who actually do it.\nSo, as my title states I’ve never been a server. I was a sort of server I guess for a few weeks when I was 15 at a breakfast place. I took drink orders and served them. And then I refilled coffee. I did get tips for that but the waitresses (only women staff there) were never too happy to give their 15 year old co worker a part of their tips. Which I understood and I quickly left that place…\nBut since I was 18 I’ve done front desk work. I’ve made my way to supervisor and the main trainer. However, im ready to start college and I just feel working front desk at a busy hotel is draining me to much.\nThey want me at least 4 days a week. For mid shifts, so I get off at 11pm and don’t get home till 11:30-12. And on my shifts I have to wear many hats. Im maintenance, concierge, housekeeping delivery, GPS?, and front desk agent who guests expect to take their shit with an ear to ear smile.\nI can handle angry guests. But the guests I deal with in hotels are different form when I did retail and even that server job. They are a level of entitlement I can’t explain.", "203" ], [ "I also deal with a huge work crew who just signed a contract with us. Who were just kicked out from a local hotel in our area. So we are their last resort.\nTheir behavior is awful. And being a female alone from 3-11 it can get very sketchy. These guys have already memorized my schedule. They haven’t been “mean” per se but they talk down to me and have asked very inappropriate questions. I can’t do anything because this contract is “to important” and my bosses have stressed that they have to be kept happy.\nAll in all, I think working as a server making tips and at least being surrounded by more than one co worker would be nice for my mental health. I’m sick of being alone all the time dealing with what I deal with. I was also hoping a serving job could be flexible with me wanting part time.\nI’m good with working any weekends and night time shifts. But I’d probably need some weekdays off for school. Right now I’m making about $2 more than minimum wage.\nI just wanted to ask you guys if the serving world sounds like a better fit in this situation or just any insights about what to expect if I change fields. I have ever yelled or gotten angry at guests. I know how to stay calm and I’d say I’m fit for customer service roles. I just wanna know more about what I’m getting into it. Should I expect the same level of entitlement from customers?", "756" ] ]

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[ [ "Ivorian Blogger Questions Government’s Response to Abidjan Stampede · Global Voices\nIvorian bloggers <PERSON> and <PERSON> have been released from police custody. Both citizens, helped create a humanitarian platform to assist victims of the January 1, 2013 stampede in Abidjan. But on January 4, 2013, they were arrested after being accused of interfering with official disaster assistance efforts. <PERSON> wrote about the events that led to their arrests on his personal blog [fr].", "637" ], [ "<PERSON>'s testimony highlights the deficiency [fr] of Côte d'Ivoire's public services:\nQui était censé mettre en oeuvre le dispositif sécuritaire pour cette soirée ? Qui a pris le temps de créer les couloirs de dégagement nécessaires ? Y a-t’il eu anticipation sur les flux naturels de circulation des populations après les feux d’artifice ? Si déploiement massif des forces de sécurité il y a eu, quels sont les éléments affectés à la tâche et quel a été leur rôle avant, pendant et après les évènements ? Pourquoi le dispositif mis en place la veille qui a garanti une sécurité maximale pour le concert pour la paix n’a-t’il pas été conservé pour cette soirée qui prévoyait attirer beaucoup plus de monde ?\nWho was supposed to implement the safety measures for that night? Who took the time to create the necessary safety exit ways? Was there some planning done on the natural flow of movement of people after the fireworks? If there was massive deployment of security forces, who were the elements assigned to work that night and what was their role before, during and after the events? Why was the police presence set up the day before, which guaranted maximum security for the Peace Concert not maintained for the New Year's eve event, an event likely to attract many more people?\nHere is a video of an interview of <PERSON> with AJ Stream on what happened from his perspective:\n<PERSON> and <PERSON> are not detained anymore. Their effort to help the victims of the stampede continued even during their arrest.\nHere is a poster with information on how to find relatives that went missing during the stampede:\nPoster designed by ivorian activists to help with the recovery after the stampede in Abidjan. It says: ” To retrieve relatives missing since December 31 after the plateau (a borough in Abidjan) event , call +225 <PHONE_NUMBER> via @cyriacgbogou -public domain\nWhile people gather to watch fireworks at a New Year celebration in Abidjan, a lethal stampede [fr] killed more than 60 and injured another 49 people. This is the third disaster of this kind since 2009 [fr] in Côte d'Ivoire.\nUpdate: The causes of the disaster are now clearer, as noted by the lead prosecutor. He cites [fr] the narrowing of the road due to the presence of a temporary metal fence, tree trunks on the sidewalk and the lack of lighting and law enforcement as main culprits for the disaster.", "637" ] ]

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[ [ "The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift\nTokyo Drift was the first Fast & Furious-Movie I've ever seen. And to this day it's the movie of the franchise I've seen the most.\nTokyo Drift was always one of my alltime Guilty Pleasures.", "462" ], [ "I even stood to that when my whole reputation of the franchise was: it's just Point Break with Cars.\nI love japan and nearly everything connected to it.\nBut I have to admit: it was really bold casting the 23-year old <PERSON> as a 17-year old highschooler. As the japanese student I'd buy it. (Japanese school is much longer from what I know)\nBut yeah I still like it :D", "577" ] ]

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[ [ "App Controlled Colour Cloud\nIntroduction: App Controlled Colour Cloud\nHi,\nin this instructable I show you how to build a room lighting from a gravel path grid. The whole thing can be controlled via WLAN with an app.\nhttps://youtu.be/NQPSnQKSuoU\nThere were some problems with the project. But in the end you can make it without special tools. Patience, some courage and time.\nBefore we start: if you like the project, please vote for me in the plastics competition :)\nTHANK YOU\nSupplies\n* White Heavy Duty Gravel Grid\n* Wemos D1 mini\n* Soldering stuff\n* adressable RGB-LEDs\n* a baseplate (i've used 3mm plywood\n* a diffusor (i've used very thin white plastic sheet)\n* Lots of very small screws (or a very good and suitable glue)\n* drillpress makes it much easier\n* cutting tools\nStep 1: Honey Combs\nI still had a remnant of the grids left over from the gravel path. Big enough for a decorative object. And these honeycombs look just too good to hide under the gravel.\nI roughly taped a kind of cloud shape with tape. Then I marked the shape with a marker and cut it out with a scroll saw. You can also cut it out with a handsaw, jigsaw or angle grinder. The material is apolar plastic. Very easy to work with, but almost impossible to glue.\nPolypropylene.\nStep 2: Baseplate\nIn the previous step I wrote that this kind of plastic cannot be glued.\nWell, there are some glues which can be used. But none of them worked for me.\nBut since this plastic has a weed fleece, it can be glued very well to wood with wood glue. But you should not use as much glue as I did. Especially the part in the honeycombs. I had to remove it later by hand. That was very annoying.\nSo spread wood glue on the edges and glue it with a lot of pressure on a suitable surface.\nI cut out the base plate with a starting cutter. But this is also possible with a saw.\nThen you should clean the edges.\nStep 3: LEDs\nThis part takes up most of the time.\nFirst I made a template to mark the middle of each honeycomb to drill it later.\nJust try on a piece of wood which drill fits best. With me it was 9,7mm. The LEDs are only plugged in. On the backside you should mark the wiring path (to that cable crossings somewhere).\nDrill, plug, solder.", "74" ], [ "And repeat.\nStep 4: ESP8266 (Wemos D1 Mini)\nThe ESP8266 (an ESP32 would also work) is simply soldered according to WLED's instructions.\nI have built in a quite big capacitor. Whether this is necessary, I can not say for sure. Just make sure, that you supply the LEDs separately with voltage. Just look at the power supply, how many amps it draws. I only used a 2A/5V (charger of a smartphone) as supply voltage.\n-> https://github.com/Aircoookie/WLED/wiki\nThe level shifter is not necessary in this project. The software can be flashed either via the Arduino IDE or with the ESP tool. Nothing in the code has to be adapted. This can all be done later directly in the web interface.\n(Using the ESP-tool and flashing a binary is as easy as copying a file on a harddrive.)\nI can only recommend an ESP32 if you want to add a touch function for example.\nThe USB connector at the bottom is for power supply. So it was easier for me to hide the plug later.\nStep 5: Diffusion\nThis is the part where everything went wrong for me at first.\nNot until this point I had noticed that I can't stick/glue anything on the grid. So I took advantage of the small round connector pieces and drilled holes to screw on my diffusion foil. First I had to drill the small hole through foil and grid. Then another bigger one through the foil to leave enough space for the screwing. The foil also expands a little. And because it is so thin, it also tends to curl a little. But if you drill the holes in the foil big enough, none of this will happen.\nDrilling, removing, drill bigger, place the screw. Repeat.\nStep 6: Cut\nNow I had a perfectly fitting foil, but it was still much too big all around.\nTo cut it to size, I drew the shape with a pencil and then removed all screws. Then I cut out the template by hand with nail scissors. OK. This is really no fun. But I have not found a better method.", "382" ] ]

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[ [ "Shear stress in Interstellar docking scene\nThe movie Interstellar has a scene where a huge spaceship (64 meter diameter ring) called Endurance is spinning out of control after an explosion. The protagonist slows its angular velocity down by docking his smaller craft (Ranger) to Endurance and using Ranger's retro thrusters for about 30 seconds until their (Ranger+Endurance) angular velocity is reduced to zero.\nThe first time I watched the scene, I couldn't stop thinking the docking mechanism would have to be massively strong to resist the shear stress caused by the torque applied to Endurance.\nI did some back of the envelope calculations to estimate the shear stress it would have to withstand.\n$$ \\omega = \\frac{2\\pi}{T} $$\n$$ \\alpha = -\\frac{\\omega}{\\Delta{t}} $$\n$$ I = MR^2 $$\n$$ \\mathcal{T} = I\\alpha = -\\frac{2{\\pi}MR^{2}}{T\\Delta{t}} $$\nWhere:\n$$ \\omega \\text{ is the angular velocity of the Endurance.}\\ \\alpha \\text{ is the angular acceleration required to stop the spin.}\\ I \\text{ is the moment of inertia of the Endurance approximating it to a ring.}\\ \\mathcal{T}\\text{ is the torque required to slow the Endurance down.} $$\nMy estimates follow: $$ T \\text{ is visually about 6 rpm, although TARS says 60 rpm. So } \\text{0.1 }s^{-1}.\\ \\Delta{t} \\text{ is about } 30 \\text{ s}.\\ M \\text{ is unknown.", "394" ], [ "I will use 445,000 kg to match the ISS mass.}\\ R \\text{ is 32 m, Endurance being 64-meter wide.} $$\nThe required torque would be $\\mathcal{T} = -954\\text{ MNm}$.\nThat is huge! And it should come from retro thrusters!\nSo I estimated the shear stress considering the docking mechanism to be a solid round shaft. It is a best case scenario, since it would have to be hollow to allow flow of people.\n$$ \\tau = \\frac{\\mathcal{T}r}{I_p} $$\nWhere:\n$$ \\tau \\text{ is the shear stress at distance }r\\text { from the center}\\ I_p \\text{ is the shaft polar moment of inertia.} $$\nFor a solid round shaft $I_p = \\pi{r}^4/2$. So if we consider a $\\text{2 m}$ diameter solid shaft, the maximum shear stress would be:\n$$ \\tau_{\\text{max}} = \\frac{2\\mathcal{T}}{\\pi{r}^3} $$\nAnd that would give $\\tau_{\\text{max}} = 607 \\text{ MPa}$.\nThis is above what most types of steel would withstand.\nDo my calculations make sense? Would that be possible in the real world anyhow?", "15" ] ]

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[ [ "This is a really interesting question. I think the easy answer has already been given:\n* Stars require lighter elements (Hydrogen, Helium) in order to generate energy (and hence light) from fusion. There is a finite (but thankfully enormous) amount of these lighter elements in our universe, all (in a \"black boxed\" sense) of which is gradually heading down the energy slope towards being fused into iron. Eventually this fuel will run out, everything will cool down, and no new visible light will be generated.\nMany stars now, no stars future, requires a decline. QED.\nBut the substance of your question was I think more about objects in the visible universe, ie objects from which we can possibly obtain any information. This one is much harder to answer, I think the real answer is \"we cant be sure\" the timescales the universe operates on so far exceed the period of our observation that we must hesitate to state anything with certainty.\nThat said, our best shot at giving any answer is to exrapolate from those limited observations. They are all we have.", "781" ], [ "I am going to choose to proceed on the assumption that \"the universe tomorrow will behave exactly the same as the universe today\" and \"the universe at distance operates the same as in our locality\" i.e. that the laws of physics are both space and time invariant.\nThe facts we know:\n* the universe is expanding. Now by this we dont simply mean that the objects in the universe are getting further apart, although they are, we mean that the rate at which they move apart is increasing, and not only is it increasing, it is increasing proportional to an objects distance from the observer. This is analagous to some underlying stretch in the space between objects.\n* The rate at which this expansion or stretch is occuring is accelerating.\n* Light travels at a finite speed. ~3*10^8m/s in a vacum. This is the fastest speed that any information can travel in the universe.\nFrom these three statements you would conclde that the visible universe must be shrinking. There would be (an unimaginably huge) distance apart two objects could be at which the acceleration due to distance would be ~3*10^8 m/s/s and within the second objects in that part of the universe would be lost to us\nA key point here however is that relativaty tells us that no two objects can exceed the speed of light relative to one another.\nThis means that no matter how hard you push, whatever force comes from this \"stretching\" cannot possibly force objects out of the visible universe.\nFrom this I conclude that in fact the scope of the visible universe in terms of objects from which we can obtain information, is probably increasing, and it will probably continue to increase for the entire future of the universe. Further I contend that this increase in scope is likely an asymtotic aproach to some maximum value.\nHope this helps.", "781" ] ]

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[ [ "In Appendix B to \"The Return of the King\", the August 3018 entry briefly mentions how <PERSON> hid in Moria to evade both the Elves and the servants of Sauron who hunted him, and how he was unable to leave through the West-Gate (the gate through which the Fellowship entered) when he finally found it.\nThe background material published as \"The Hunt for the Ring\" in \"Unfinished Tales\" goes into a bit more detail. <PERSON> entered Moria not only to hide from his enemies -- particularly from the <PERSON>, who were searching for the Shire along the Great River -- but also in hope of crossing the Misty Mountains westward in order to find the Shire and the Ring himself.\nWhat then happened to <PERSON> cannot of course be known for certain. He was peculiarly fitted to survive in such straits, though at the cost of great misery; but he was in great peril of discovery by the servant of Sauron that lurked in Moria, especially since such bare necessity of food as he must have he could only get by thieving dangerously. ... he became lost, and it was a very long time before he found his way about. It thus seems probable that he had not long made his way toward the West-Gate when the Nine Walkers arrived. He knew nothing, of course, about the action of the doors. To him they would seem huge and immovable; and though they had no lock or bar and opened outwards to a thrust, he did not discover that. In any case, he was now far away from any source of food, for the Orcs were mostly in the East End of Moria, and was become weak and desperate, so that even if he had known all about the doors he still could not have thrust them open. It was thus a piece of singular good fortune for <PERSON> that the Nine Walkers arrived when they did.\nStil in the vicinity of the gate, <PERSON> quickly picked up the Company's trail; <PERSON> already hears his footsteps before they make their first stop for sleep several hours after entering the Mines (as confirmed by the entry for January 13, 3019 in \"The Tale of the Years\": \"Attack by Wolves in the early hours.", "381" ], [ "The Company reaches the West-Gate at nightfall. <PERSON> begins to trail the Ringbearer\"). The passage quoted above suggests that <PERSON>, by then desperate to get out, would have followed anybody. But it didn't take him long to feel or guess that his Precious was with the party: he somehow found his way out of Moria despite the attack on the Fellowship and later that same day dared to enter the (to him) terrible Elvish land of Lothlorien. The idea of escape had quickly given way to pursuit of the <PERSON>.\nHow did he know the Ring was with the Company? I discount the idea that he could sense it as the <PERSON> could: during the Riddle Game <PERSON> stood right in front of him with the <PERSON> in his pocket, yet at its end <PERSON> failed to guess it was in there in 4 tries. But the sight of <PERSON>, who had quizzed him extensively about the Precious, leading a party that included no less than 4 hobbits might have been a good hint.\nIn the end, though, I think <PERSON> must have perceived a resemblance between <PERSON> and <PERSON>. He wasn't in any doubt as to which hobbit had the Ring: he tried to climb the tree <PERSON> is in the first night in Lorien, and later he unerringly followed <PERSON> when the Fellowship broke above Rauros Falls. <PERSON>'s ability to track them seems to have been based mainly on scent (in the Emyn Muil, <PERSON> says \"In this dry bleak land we can't leave many footprints, nor much scent, even for his snuffling nose\"). However much or little <PERSON> and <PERSON> looked alike, it could well be that they smelt enough alike to <PERSON>. I would also note that, besides the Ring, <PERSON> carried 2 of <PERSON>'s other belongings. <PERSON> had never worn the mithril coat all that much and had left it in a museum for decades, so I don't see how it could have carried much of his scent by the time of <PERSON>'s journey to Mordor.", "381" ] ]

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[ [ "Moonbase Alpha\nA game for 2 players designed by <PERSON>\n\"If you're gonna die, you might as well die on Alpha.\" Commander <PERSON>, Space: 1999\nIntroduction\nI grew up in the era of Star Trek in syndicated re-runs, the real Star Trek, with <PERSON> and <PERSON> and company, Space:1999, the original and oh so cheesy Battlestar Galactica, and the occasional episode of <PERSON>. I also saw the original Star Wars on the big screen, and a host of other sci-fi too. These were also the halcyon days of Metagaming and their Microgame series, which produced such classic titles as Ogre and G.E.V.\nThose original Microgames are ones I remember with a lot of nostalgic fondness as they were all interesting but perhaps most importantly, fun! This brings me to good old Victory Point Games. I love them, I really do. They produce games that have interesting ideas or themes in them, and I love the core philosophy that they're willing to put out interesting games.\nMoonbase Alpha is a small wargame set in a not too distant alternate future pitting two mining companies, Mond Bergbau and Luna Mining Corp, against one another in the harsh environment of the moon. Of course, in space, nobody can hear you scream, so the disputes over lunar stake claims are easily resolved through the use of private security forces, but the media may report on your failings on the lunar surface and drive down your stock price.\nWait a minute! Your stock price? Yes! Your stock price! For what gives Moonbase Alpha its beautiful and clever twist that you, as the CEO of one of our two lunar mining conglomerates, care about your options package, and so the victory conditions of the game revolve around getting your stock price to €1.600 before your rival does.\nComponents\nI bought the Gold Banner edition of Moonbase Alpha which comes in a box, with a laser cut mounted board that comes in a five piece puzzle board showing the lunar surface divided into areas. The game is also available in ziploc format that comes with a paper map (included in the boxed edition). Either edition comes with the thick laser cut counters. Also included is a deck of technology cards, and in the boxed edition, four high quality medium sized six sided dice.\nI have always appreciated the games produced by VPG for their interesting topics and fun game play.", "92" ], [ "Although the production values once spoke to their print-on-demand nature (never forgetting that their raison d'être is to be a games idea incubator and training ground, with an expectation and attendant philosophy that a game that only sold a couple hundred copies ever is perfect ok), the new Gold Banner standard components are of excellent quality.\nThe lunar surface provides a lovely high contrast backdrop for the counters.\nThe lunar surface isn't very exciting, being mostly shades of grey, but it produces a lovely and good contrast backdrop for the green and orange counters. The colours and artwork for the cards and counters are modern retro, by which I mean they are what one might have expected to see in those heady science fiction TV days of my youth, but with the three intervening decades of experience in graphic design and all the advantages that brings along being used. As a result, we have something that visually looks and feels like a pastiche of those bold shows from the past, but thoroughly modern in readability and usability.\nRules & Game Play\nMoonbase Alpha has as its core premise the idea that two mining companies on the moon are fighting it out, both literally and figuratively, for access to the best mining and resource sites on the lunar surface. There are three aspects of the game play that need to be paid attention to: the stock price of both companies; the lawsuit being fought back on earth; and the actual fighting on the moon. The rules for the game resonate strongly with the theme, and are not only well written and clear but also include plenty of examples. The start player is the last person to have walked on the moon, and from that statement alone you can infer just how fun the rest of this game is!\nThe players start in opposite corners of the board and have the same set of counters to begin - one media unit and three military units. In addition, each players is dealt five cards from the technology deck, which represents the R&D departments of either company. The rest of the cards are unused and set aside for the rest of the game.\nThe intervening spaces on the board are divided up into areas and movement can take place across area borders. Spaces with a mountain icon are cratered areas that cost extra movement to enter, and those with pickaxes are mining sites, and the little flasks represent areas of scientific interest. Areas are controlled individually by the side that has the largest number of units in it.", "336" ] ]

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[ [ "Nitrous oxide or laughing gas was discovered in 1772 by British chemist <PERSON>, who also discovered oxygen. His compatriot, <PERSON>, later named the gas and experimented on himself to discover its physiological effects. It is prepared by the action of zinc on dilute nitric acid, by the action of hydroxylamine hydrochloride on sodium nitrite, or more commonly, by gently heating ammonium nitrate to decompose it into nitrous oxide and water vapor.\nFor the first 40 years or so, N2O was primarily used for parties or public shows. In the 1840s, American dentist <PERSON> had one of his own teeth extracted while inhaling nitrous oxide, thereby demonstrating its anesthetic effect. It was then widely used for dental anesthesia until it was abandoned for a time because the high concentrations required to anesthetize sufficiently frequently placed the patient at high risk of severe hypoxia and death from asphyxia.\nUse of N2O was resumed at subanesthetic concentrations for analgesic and anxiolytic applications without unconsciousness, such as pain relief during labor, self-administration by cancer patients, clinical and emergency applications, dental work and widely used with children to alleviate their fear of medical or dental treatment.\nThis nonflammable, colorless gas with a pleasant, sweetish odor and taste has been used for nearly 150 years without much understanding of how it really works. It is well recognized as an anxiolytic, an analgesic and an anesthetic but its mechanisms of action are not clear. Recent studies are beginning to shed some light on the question.\nThe air we breathe in is composed of 21% O2, 0.4% CO2, 78%N2 and less than 1% of other gasses, mainly Argon. The air we breathe out is composed of 16,4% O2 and 4,4% CO2, due to our intake of oxygen and release of carbon dioxide. It has been biotransformed by the passage through our lungs.", "978" ], [ "When we breathe in N2O, we breathe out N2O in the same concentration. There is no biotransformation, and no new oxygen has entered our bloodstream. This deprives the blood of O2.\nWhen our brain has been deprived of O2 to a certain point, we feel nauseous and light headed, our thinking capacity decreases and we experience mental confusion. At the same time, NO2 causes the release of dopamine in the brain, inducing a sense of euphoria, accompanied with relaxation, giggling, laughter, insensitivity to pain, possible tingling in the extremities, sometimes nausea and dizziness. If this goes on too long without ventilation, it can lead to hypoxia and paralysis. In fact, medical and dental practitioners are particularly vulnerable to a long term overdose of N2O because the nitrous they administer to their patients is returned to the room’s air unchanged and accumulates to unhealthy concentrations without proper ventilation. Long time use may lead to vitamin B12 deficiency with all of its symptoms, not surprisingly since vitamin B12 is essential to the formation of red blood cells which are affected with oxygen deprivation.\nThe anesthetic effect power of N2O was determined to be equivalent to 10 to 15mg of morphine, when administered at 30% concentration. Further studies determined that its effect is opioid in nature and like morphine, may involve a myriad of neuromodulators in the spinal cord. Research is continuing to better understand the mechanisms of action of N2O, but it is safe to say that it should not be used as a recreational drug.", "978" ] ]

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[ [ "Measuring entropy for a table (e.g., SQL results)\nWe're running some benchmarks for an approximative query-answering system. It's sufficient to just think of it as running some SQL queries with joins. We are counting the results returned as part of the benchmark. However, the results often contain a lot of redundancy, so just counting results seems coarse.\nConsider the following table containing results for a query like \"for the US, give me its states and its car manufacturers\":\n================================\n|| ?us_state | ?us_car_manu ||\n||============================||\n|| Alabama | Chrysler ||\n|| Alaska | Chrysler ||\n|| ... ... ||\n|| Wyoming | Chrysler ||\n|| Alabama | General Motors ||\n|| Alaska | General Motors ||\n|| ... ... ||\n|| Wyoming | General Motors ||\n|| Alabama | Ford ||\n|| Alaska | Ford ||\n|| ... ... ||\n|| Wyoming | Ford ||\n===============================\nAll 200 (50 × 4) results are of course unique.", "151" ], [ "However, given that there is an inherent Cartesian product, the number of results flatters the amount of \"information content\" or \"entropy\" of the table: every additional car manufacturer adds fifty results for the fifty US states. (Again, this is just an example; I'm not interested in better ways to represent or run this particular query.)\nAs such, we're looking for a metric that will give an indication as to the (loosely speaking) redundancy-free content in the table for better comparison of content across different results for different queries. Other result tables may contain a mix of different types of Cartesian products (e.g., consider generalising the query to any country, where each country itself has its own product of states and car manufacturers, etc.).\nCurrently we're working off a simple metric which just counts unique term–position combinations: for the above example, the metric gives 50 + 4 = 54. This may be sufficient for comparison, but is not sensitive to the combination of terms for individual results.\nThanks to Wikipedia, I'm aware of—but not familiar with—the notion of entropy in information theory. However, I'm unclear on how the concept of entropy could be applied to this use-case. (I'm not interested in the entropy of the result strings; each term can be considered a \"symbol\".) Roughly speaking, each query variable could be considered as a free variable with the result terms in that column providing a set of possible outcomes and their frequency of occurrence being used as a probability mass function. This way I could compute the Shannon entropy for each column. But thereafter, I don't know how columns can be combined, or how tuples or results can be considered ... if a notion of conditional entropy would be better, etc.\nAnd so ...\nDoes anyone have pointers to related material on the measure of entropy/redundancy/etc. in tables or similar structures?\nOtherwise, does anyone have any ideas on how to use Shannon entropy in a convincing way for tabular data?", "783" ] ]

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[ [ "Just quit my server/bartending/manger job after being in industry for over 15 years.\nI worked at a small business with about 15 employees that was family owned. The owner was also the GM and hired family members and friends. There were only a couple of us who weren't related in any way. I worked my way up from busser, to server, to bartender, then I would manage a few nights a week. My boss told me that a family member would be taking over all management duties effective immediately, so I quit.\nI worked there 3 years, the first year I didn't say much as I was trying to build tenure, the second year I started to get frustrated with the favoritism. Third year I started speaking to my boss about how its destroying the moral of the company when the people get special treatment and that was the beginning of the end. I started to be scrutinized for things that were mainly untrue after being the star employee for years.\nWhen you own the business, even if you are morally wrong, you can still step over the people below you because you have power to do so and they are financially dependent on you. There are no checks and balances, its very much a dictatorship.", "985" ], [ "The entire business is inherently exploitative. Cooks are paid shit, do most of the work, and are frequently from disadvantaged backgrounds. Servers and Bartenders are paid minimum wage , live off tips, and have to deal with customers. Then on top of that the servers and bartenders have to tip out bussers, food runners, and hosts, so the employees are subsidizing wages for the owner.\nEven if you are a good person, being in this business will eventually emotionally and morally bankrupt you. At the end of the day its about the business making money, and if you are perceived the get in the way of that, you will be axed even if you are a perfect employees otherwise.\nNEVER BECOME A MANGER UNLESS YOU PLAN ON TRANSITIONING OUT THE INDUSTRY.\nBeing a manger only brings you more responsibilities and unless you are the GM/AGM at a nice restaurant, you will make less money. You will have to pick up shifts whenever someone calls out. You basically work harder for less money and then owner still ultimately makes decisions, so there really isn't any benefit to being the manger unless you like working long weeks and to be blamed for everything.\nI hope to never work in the industry ever again. I'd work a coffee shop or cafe style place before ever returning to a full-service restaurant.", "985" ] ]

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[ [ "What weaknesses could someone exploit to manipulate this \"Approval plus RCV\" electoral system?\nQuestion\nI know that there must be ways that this system can be manipulated, but I'm having trouble figuring out what they are. I imagine that, since I created this system, I'm simply too close to it to see where exactly it would go wrong. For the story I want to write, someone (who, exactly, is yet to be determined) will be trying to manipulate the system to their advantage, so I need to figure out where the weak points are.\nBut at the same time, if the weak points are too obviously weak, I think it would be beyond the reader's reasonable suspension of disbelief for me not to fix them to a certain extent. I need a system that's reasonably sturdy for this person (or group of people) to still make a serious attempt to manipulate it and I am hoping that, with minimal tweaking, this is the system that will get me there.\nTo re-phrase the same question: What attack vectors exist in this system that a \"bad actor\" could exploit to their own advantage?\nOne potential angle, which I was recently reminded of (thank you @Mark), that I'd like a more knowledgeable person than myself to expand upon is Arrow's Impossibility Theorem. While this system certainly wouldn't have a dictator, I'm not yet very confident in my ability to thoroughly judge the other three criteria.\nEverything beyond this point is a description of the system as I currently imagine it. I have many ideas to expand upon the government structure and the nature of checks and balances in this world, but I am trying to keep this down to only the relevant information. Feel free to request any such omitted details that you think may be relevant and I will edit to include them, if necessary.", "161" ], [ "Assuming that I can appropriately tweak this system, I plan to ask further questions regarding the other aspects of this government I've envisioned.\nElection Schedule\nElections are regularly scheduled, not called at the whim of the current party or parties in power.\nBallot\nAt its core, the voting system in this fictional world is a combination of approval voting and ranked-choice voting. Voters can approve of as many candidates for an elected office as they wish and must rank, at the very least, all of their approved candidates (although they can rank any/all of their unapproved candidates, as well).\nI currently imagine that the ranking of unapproved candidates would, to voters, seem like a vote of \"tolerance\" rather than \"approval.\" In other words, this is where voters would be ranking the \"lesser evils,\" in their opinion, among the candidates. Ballots on which voters rank some candidates but approve of none will still be accepted, as will blank ballots with no rankings or approvals. Each of these \"statement ballots\" will have meaningful effects upon the election of candidates to office and, to a certain extent, their powers while in office.\nStep 1 (Approval)\nOnce ballots have been submitted and the election workers are beginning to process the votes, the first piece of data they will be concerned with is each candidate's approval rating. Depending upon the number of seats per constituency an office elects, an approval threshold will be set (outlined below) beyond which a seated candidate will be said to have a \"mandate.\" Whether or not a candidate has a mandate is based solely upon original approval and not subject to subsequent adjustments through the \"satisfaction\" process outlined in Step 3.\nSo long as at least one candidate is beyond the approval threshold, only those candidates beyond the approval threshold will be considered for being seated at all. If only one candidate is beyond the threshold, then they immediately win the seat in question without considering voter rankings at all. If there are still seats left to be filled, but no remaining candidates are beyond the threshold, then all candidates will move on to the next step, where they will be judged based on voter preferences.\nImportantly, if a candidate is seated without a mandate, they will have certain limits placed on their powers in office and may even face electoral consequences such as a shorter term length or easier recall.\nSingle-Seat: For any office that elects only one member per constituency, which I will mostly limit to the Executive branch, candidates receive a mandate when they surpass 50% approval.\nReferenda: For all intents and purposes, votes on various competing referenda would follow the same process as Single-Seat offices, merely replacing candidates with the various legislation under consideration. They would need to surpass 50% approval to receive a mandate and, if no legislation receives such a mandate, may be subject to certain limits as prescribed by the legislature.\nMulti-Seat: For any office that elects multiple members per constituency, an approval threshold will be set equal to the reciprocal of the number of seated officials.", "161" ] ]

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[ [ "To answer your question it's important to understand exactly what the FRW solution is. The GR field equations give you a way to calculate the metric given some distribution of matter and energy (aka the stress-energy tensor). If you assume the universe is full of matter that is homogeneous, isotropic and non-interacting (except for gravity), then feed this into the field equations they tell you that the metric describing this universe is the FRW metric.\nThe metric allows you to calculate the curvature of the universe locally i.e. if you take some point you can work out the curvature of the universe around you. It doesn't tell you global properties like the topology, so for example the FRW metric wouldn't tell you whether the universe is an infinite sheet or a torus. Both would be possible.\nAll we get from GR is the metric, but then this is all we need. The metric tells us the local curvature, and because we started with the assumption that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic we know that the curvature is the same everywhere. Note that the metric describes spacetime not just space. If you know the metric at some starting point you can use it to work out the evolution of the universe in time as well as space.", "651" ], [ "In fact this is exactly how the big bang theory came to exist. The FRW metric predicts the universe must have started at a singularity, and that it will end either as another singularity or infinite expansion depending on the value of $\\Omega$.\nSo to get back to your question, there is no \"shape\" that is distinct from the metric. The metric/curvature is all there is. I mentioned that the global topology could be anything, but I suspect this isn't what you meant by \"shape\". Incidentally, when I mention the topology could be a torus, that doesn't mean space is curved into a dougnut shape. The topology just describes the connectivity i.e. a torus just means that whatever direction you move in you'll eventually get back to where you started. The universe could be a torus and still be flat (I'm not sure if an $\\Omega$ > 1 universe could be a torus).\nWere you thinking about the topology when you mentioned a cone? The problem with a cone topology is that spacetime wouldn't be isotropic. There would be some directions (around the cone) where you get back to where you started, but other directions (away from the tip) where you wouldn't get back to where you started. Also there'd be a singularity at the tip.", "393" ] ]

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[ [ "Wireless CNC Touch Probe\nIntroduction: Wireless CNC Touch Probe\nWireless conversion of Tormach passive touch probe using ATtiny85 generated Infrared beams\nAfter being a user of the Tormach passive touch probe for several months on my PCNC 440 mill, I became used to its cable and found it no big deal- until I was recently able to outfit the mill with an Automatic Tool Changer. At that point I wanted to store the probe in the ATC where it could be automatically loaded and unloaded for use in probing cycles during CNC operations. That won't work with a cable. There is a commercially available kit for conversion of the Tormach passive probe to wireless operation that I considered which seemed to be very robust and full featured but it was a bit of overkill for my needs so I decided to do a basic DIY version.\nVideo demo/build overview:\nhttps://youtu.be/wkzOw1YkcPI\nI chose an IR link rather than RF to simplify the implementation of a reliable short range connection. The design uses a 38KHz IR transmitter with the signal sourced by an Arduino compatible attiny85 pulsing high power IR LEDs using a transistor driver. The IR is received by a 38KHz IR receiver chip which uses a transistor to drive a reed relay operating in the Normally Closed mode used by Tormach passive probes. The NC relay contacts connect to the accessory input port of the mill.\nThe IR transmitter and receiver circuits are each powered by their own Lipo battery and associated USB Lipo charger module. The receiver circuit needs 5V, so its power circuit also includes a 5V boost regulator. The probe circuit has low standby power (.09ma) and wakes-up only on probe opening which should give very long probe battery life between recharges from 600maH Lipo probe battery. The IR Receiver standby of about .4ma should similarly provide long life between charges from 2500maH 18650 cell.\nSHOW LESS\nThe schematics and 3D model (including Fusion 360 and STL format files) are found here:\nhttps://grabcad.com/library/wireless-tormach-cnc-touch-probe-1\nThe ATtiny85 code for this project is found here:\nhttps://github.com/wolfend/WirelessIRProbe\nSHOW LESS\nSupplies\nTormach Passive probe\nParts as shown in schematic which includes both transmitter and receiver circuit boards.\nLipo batteries for Xmtr and Rcvr as shown in individual steps\nLipo battery USB charger/manager modules for Xmtr and Rcvr (TP4056)\n3D printed case\nATtiny85 programming environment (Arduino IDE + programmer)\n5-pin DIN male connector/cable to plug into mill accessory port- you could use the length of cable that you cut off the probe, but likely are better off waiting to cut the probe cable until testing is done. I purchased a MIDI cable from Amazon that has the same connector on each end and cut it in half.\nStep 1: Probe IR Transmitter\nBuild ATtiny85 circuit board as shown in schematic. Recommend using header pins for both LED and probe connections (not just LED connections like my prototype).\nSetup your Arduino environment for ATTiny using one of many online guides.", "267" ], [ "Use the SpenceKonde ATTiny core to do this as described in the guides. Program ATtiny85 using code from Github using your favorite method. You can use an Arduino to do this but I use one of the sparkfun PGM-11801 USB programming boards as shown in the photo. Prior to programming the chip the first time, the fuses for the ATtiny should be configured as shown in the screenshot of the menu drop down from the Arduino IDE by selecting \"burn bootloader\" from the menu. Plug the programmed ATtiny into socket on board. Verify the board works as expected and recommend measuring the 38KHz nominal output that it produces using a frequency counter or oscilloscope to verify that the frequency is within one kHz or so from the nominal 38KHz.\n3D print case and lid. I used 3mm layers with supports under the portions where the screws thread into. Use hot glue to install IR LEDs.\nWire the ATtiny board, the Lipo battery, and battery charger board as in the xmtr power schematic and install in case. Use hot glue to secure components as necessary. Be sure to use a connection between battery and rest of circuit that can be disconnected easily during maintenance. Wire the LEDs to their connector on the circuit board. They share a common Vcc and have individual current limiting resistors.\nStep 2: Probe IR Receiver\nBuild receiver circuit board per schematic. This board is connected to the receiver battery box using a cable made from a length of CAT5 cable.", "991" ] ]

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[ [ "Custom Paper Dice Using Sheet Metal CAD Tools\nIntroduction: Custom Paper Dice Using Sheet Metal CAD Tools\nHi, I'm Zero to Infinity. I was looking for paper dice with numbers written in different languages, but it was difficult to find a product that could meet such a custom need. I was also interested in making octahedron dice and other unique shapes that can't be found commercially. That's when I realised that CAD could come to the rescue.\nI learned how to use the sheet metal workspace for this project. The sheet metal workspace in CAD packages such as Fusion 360 allows the designer to create components designed to be fabricated by forming a sheet of material. The sheet can be made of anything malleable, and although sheet metal is the norm, paper can be used by simply modifying the rules associated with the component in CAD. In the case of a six-sided die, a flat pattern can be generated from a modeled cube. This technique can be further customized by designing oddball shaped dice with an uncommon number of faces. By recognizing that the sheet metal workspace can be used for more than just sheet metal, you will find new uses for your CAD package, just as I did.\nThis guide will use Fusion 360 to demonstrate a sheet metal workflow, but many of the techniques detailed below can be adapted to other CAD software.\nNote: on large screens, Instructables aligns pictures in order, but by columns (eg: Start looking at the top left, then go down the column, then start at the top right and go down the column). You can always click on the first picture to enlarge it and then use the arrows to move left/right in the correct order.\nSupplies\n* CAD (this guide uses Fusion 360)\n* Printer (for \"2D\" printing on paper, unlike literally every other project that I have which requires a 3D printer)\n* Hobby Knife\n* Glue Stick\nStep 1: Create a Sheet Metal Component\nEnter the sheet metal workspace by clicking \"Sheet Metal\" in the upper menu, as outlined in red. Then, click the \"New Component\" icon.\nWith the component activated (indicated by the grayed-in circle that appears to the right of the component name), create a sketch and draw a square. You will be guided through making a 6-sided die, but keep in mind that you can design die with any number of sides after learning the basics.\nHelpful tip in case you skipped past the introduction: on large screens, Instructables aligns pictures in order, but by columns (eg: Start looking at the top left, then go down the column, then start at the top right and go down the column).", "737" ], [ "You can always click on the first picture to enlarge it and then use the arrows to move left/right in the correct order.\nStep 2: Specify a Rule for Paper\nCreate a new rule by following the clicks shown in the screenshots.\nThe value that is important to consider is the thickness of the paper. 0.1mm works best for printer paper. For the sake of brevity, I will skip over the other values for now.\nOnce the rule is saved, apply the rule the previously created component by clicking the button to the right of the rule parameter located inside the dropdown. Select the newly created rule and confirm the changes.\nStep 3: Flanges!\nWe will use the flange tool to create a six-sided die. Activate the flange tool and select the face of the sketch before confirming. You will need to create a new body rather than component, because we've already created a component and applied a rule to it.\nStep 4: More Flanges! This Time for the Sides\nSelect the top edge of each side of the square and lengthen them to the same distance as the square's width. It's imperative to set the bend position to \"outside\" to ensure that interferences don't occur when it comes to generating a flat pattern.\nThen, select one upper inside edge of the newly formed cube and create a flange to form the sixth face of the die. Set the distance to [width - thickness] and the bend position to \"outside\".\nStep 5: Create Tabs\nSelect the edges the need to have tabs in order to enable the model to be glued together. Add symmetrical or full length tabs. It may help to set the angle to 91º to prevent interferences that will prevent the model from unwrapping into a flat pattern.\nStep 6: Create a Flat Pattern\nUse the Create Flat Pattern tool by selecting the top face of the bottom side of the cube and confirming.\nWith the flat pattern activated, create a new drawing with the paper setting that you intend to print with. A new tab will be opened, and a dialog will allow you to position the drawing and set the scale to 1:1. When the flat pattern is positioned to fit, click to save it's position.", "163" ] ]

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[ [ "We're Airborne. We don't start reviews, we *finish* them.\nI'm not a wargamer. I lack the patience, dedication and poor personal hygiene required to become one of gaming's elite. However, when I became aware of this title it instantly went onto my wishlist. Why is this? Two reasons...\ni) Twilight Struggle. It's the greatest game ever, and as such I'm crazy for the CDGs.\nii) The Vietnam War. I don't know why, but I've long been interested in this conflict. Maybe it's because Platoon is my favourite film of all time.\nAll I know, is that when I saw a the Vietnam/CDG combination I got excited and decided that I wanted this game. So, after a few solo runs and an initial loss to a foe so sneaky that he stole my underpants mid-game, what are my impressions?\nCard-Driven Wargaming. An eight-week college for the phoney tough and the crazy brave.\nI like games where theme and mechanic work in harmony; where neither feels like it's been shoe-horned in at the expense of the other. Sometimes, a review will wait until the end to tell you how a game feels. For me, how a game like this feels is not a postscript but its raison d'etre. For a wargame to get my attention it has to grab me. I'm pleased to say that Hearts and Minds gets it right.\nIt's a wargame, but it's not about conflict. At least, not really. It's about politics. It's about public opinion. As the Allied player you curse the loss of every unit, not because you care about the young men who just died, but because every loss brings the South closer to a coup and public opinion to rock bottom. As the Red player you are happy to throw everything at the Allies. Your guys are expendable, because you know that whatever happens you will stay in the fight. You don't need to win battles, you just need to kill enough Grunts to make the US public think twice about sending their boys In Country to die. The Arsenal of Democracy is useless here, as modern media made Vietnam a war that a Democracy couldn't win.\nThe game employs a rolling score chart, much like Twlight Struggle. If the score is in the negative, it's on the <PERSON> side. This is good for the Allied player.", "237" ], [ "If it is on the positive side, it's on the <PERSON> side. This is good for the Red player. But there's no 'first to twenty wins' here. The Allied player will be haemorrhaging points from turn one, and they'll keep pouring out all the way to 100 if necessary. He doesn't win the game by winning the war. He wins the game by stemming the bleeding enough to save face. Reinforcements come too slowly, and turn up untried and vulnerable, and those blue tokens representing US and International troops might as well have 'Free Doves!' written on them. The North player picks up points without even trying. The South player has to claw together Hawks where he can. The VC will turn entire provinces against you, ambush and kill your troops, and then vanish like the mist. You'll plug one hole, and NVA will pour in through another thanks to the almost total freedom of movement that the <PERSON> trail gives them. Naval and air supremacy is useful, but it won't save you. The Red player will enjoy having the time and resources to probe, mislead and devastate the South. The Blue player will feel the despair of a futile war, but also bleed every inch of joy from even the smallest victory.\nIn other words, Hearts and Minds gets my attention. But how does it work?\nI love this game at night. The dice...there's no right or wrong in them. They're just there.\nAs previously explained, this is a game where you are trying to get as many points as possible. The Red player gets points for controlling provinces, killing non-Vietnamese units, causing a coup in the South (mainly by killing Vietnamese units) and a few other places. The Blue player only gets points in a few specific situations, such as card events. Both players can benefit from making sure that their faction comes out on top in the civil wars in Laos and Cambodia, but those conflicts are sideshow - at least initially - to the main event in South Vietnam.\nEach year you get to play four cards. A card will give you Resource Points to spend. If you don't spend them all, you can save them for future turns - Stored Resource Points. You'll need those SRPs. You can use one each turn to supplement your card points, but you'll probably try and avoid this if you can. You'll really need those SRPs.", "597" ] ]

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[ [ "Whole Home Wireless Water Leak Detector and Emergency Water Shut Off System\nIntroduction: Whole Home Wireless Water Leak Detector and Emergency Water Shut Off System\nI live in a second story condominium and I've always had a concern about a major water leak in my unit causing damage to my own home as well as my downstairs neighbor.\nFor years, I have placed a 9V water alarm in my water heater's pan, but such an alarm only does any good if I am home at the time.\nIn this Instructable, I will describe a wireless whole-home wireless water leak detector and shut off system.\nThe problem can roughly be divided into two parts:\n* Electronically shutting of the water to your home\n* Detecting the leaks and controlling the valve\nFor the first part, there major determining factor is whether you want to have a plumber install a motorized valve in your plumbing or whether you want a retrofit that requires no modifications to the home's existing plumbing.\nThe second part, the determining factor is whether you want a single unit which detects the leaks and shuts off the water at one location, or whether you want a whole home system that consists of a central control unit as well as one or more wireless sensor modules you can put throughout the house.\nWe will look at some of these options in turn. I will also share some of my failures and a few turn-key commercial solutions you may consider.\nAll design files for this project are available on GitHub.\nSupplies\nOption 1: User-Installable DIY Retro-fit Motorized Winch\n* 12V 6 RPM Worm Gear Motor\n* 12V DC Power Supply\n* Fishing Line\n* PVC Pipe\n* 3D Printed Parts\nOption 2 (Recommended): Plumber-Installed Motorized Ball-Valve:\n* Taco Two-Way, Normally Open, 24VAC Motorized Zone Valve\n* 24V AC Power Supply\nRequired: Water Leak Detector and Valve Shut-off Unit\n* Adafruit HUZZAH32\n* Adafruit Latching Mini Relay FeatherWing\n* USB 5V Charger and USB cable (to power the ESP32)\nOptional: Remote Water Leak Sensor Modules\n* Adafruit HUZZAH32\n* Lithium Ion Polymer Battery Ideal for Feathers\nStep 1: First Option: Motorized Water Shut-Off Winch\nYour home's plumbing likely already has a manual main water shutoff valve. One way to accomplish our goals is to use a motor to mechanically actuate the valve.\nIn an earlier Instructable, I had added a PVC extension lever to my water valve. This lever was meant to make it easier for me to reach the valve, but later I realized that the additional leverage would allow me to use a simple motorized winch and some fishing line to pull the valve closed. I made an end-cap for the lever with a small hole for a cotter pin.", "459" ], [ "I mounted everything such that when the valve was completely closed, the cotter pin would be pulled out by the tension on the line, allowing the motor to free-spin.\nI searched for a \"12V worm gear motor\" on eBay and was able to purchase an inexpensive high-torque motor. I designed a pulley for the motor in OpenSCAD and a custom bracket that would allow me to clamp it to some pipes that ran parallel to the valve I wanted to shut off.\nI then ran some fishing line from the pulley to the cotter pin. By connecting the motor to 12V, the pully will wind up the fishing line and pull the valve closed.\nI chose to mount my winch to some parallel pipes, but it could be mounted any place that is appropriate for your situation.\nOnce installed, this valve can easily be controlled by a microcontroller such as the ESP32 with a relay board and a small plug-in 12V DC transformer.\nResources:\n* Winch design files on GitHub\n* Lever design files on GitHub\nStep 2: A Failed Experiment: 3D Printed Clamp on Actuator\nThe goal for this step was to design a 3D printed part that can mount the motor directly to the to the pipe and close the tap manually. This would make it a relatively easy retrofit for existing plumbing and was meant to be a more elegant solution than my winch.\nThe challenge here is making the part strong enough to push the handle. I've build several prototypes and have made corrections to make the plastic parts as strong as they can be. While I resolved various failure modes, at last the hole for the D-shaped motor axle in the \"pusher\" part striped out and failed to transmit enough torque to turn the handle.\nEven printing this part at 100% infill did not help.", "459" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nDUBBED\nYou’re witnessing history here. I finished a whole TV show. I can’t even finish shows I want to finish. Nothing against TV, I just have a hard time watching stuff at home. With all the breaks I get between episodes, it’s easy to not pick it back up.\nThis show is fantastic. I love everything about this. I’m so glad I didn’t skip out on the movie because I hadn’t seen the show. Obviously though. This show is filled with themes, ideas, and tones that I have a soft spot for. If you know me, you know I love misery. There’s some miserable shit all over this show. It’s very bittersweet overall. That’s why it hits so hard. On episode 24 I was finally starting to realize the show was coming to an end and it was hitting hard. It was genuinely difficult for me to depart from these characters.", "427" ], [ "This show makes you care so much about its washed up loser characters before you even notice it. It’s fantastic. I haven’t even gotten into all the genius symbolism and tons of other genius shit that just seemingly falls into place. Like seriously, how did you write this?\nLots to chew on here. Lots to love. Watch it. No matter if you watch anime or not. This isn’t just for weebs. It’s for everyone. It’s for people. Also, fantastic finale. Love the final moments. Started to see the movie in theaters right now. I feel so lucky and proud I didn’t skip out in fear of having to watch a show I was worried I wouldn’t care about. Turns out it’s the exact opposite.\nSEE YOU SPACE COWBOY…", "462" ] ]

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[ [ "The concept of \"evolution relative to the <PERSON> equation\" is an insightful means of considering your questions via a holistic interpretation of the reality to which most of modern physics seems to point. One should recognize that interacting with a measurement device is another aspect of interacting with \"the world\". This concept of the photon as a wave \"interacting with the world\" over \"many paths\" simultaneously is a much more significant element of determining the final outcome of all the interactions in which what we are taught to think of as a photon is involved than a semi-classical interpretation of the photon as a particle some of the time and a wave some of the time might suggest. (What we call a photon is, fundamentally, no more than our perception of the localization of a collection of properties associated with specific, quantum fields via a mode of \"bundling\" that interact in a pre-defined manner with particles with specific properties.)\n\"The world\" exists in a multi-dimensional framework that includes time. \"The world\" evolves in time, as must all experiments performed in \"the world\" that we detect as beings made of matter. The perception of a wave function as being uniquely linked to one photon that is somehow in one position in some temporal interval associated with measurement in a detector may be one cause of the questions that have been posed. Stop thinking of photons as highly localized in space and time in the same manner that one might think of a little ball as being highly localized in space and time when what is called a photon is, in fact, better conceived as a disperse, wave-like field that interacts with localized objects called atoms that we have learned to use to make what we call \"particle detectors\" (using a concept based on classical thinking).\nThe stuff that we use to interact with the photon in a detector is in a complex form that we call \"an atom\".", "800" ], [ "Because it is in this complex, atomic system, it is bound by rules that are defined by quantum physics relative to energy states and other particle properties. The photon in free space (in the classic, quantum description of what physics calls a \"photon\") is a free agent until it \"gets mixed up\" with the particle \"crowd\" that comprises the atom. The atom has a great deal of mass relative to the \"photon\", and it has a great deal of power to produce what we perceive as localized phenomenon in time and space, because the atom is, due to its mass (and, formally, momentum), a relatively localized phenomenon.\nRe-think the photon crudely as electro-magnetic energy in the environment (manifested in quantum fields) that is bundled by an atom due to the atom's relatively high momentum, which forces its probability wave to be relatively localized. Think of the electro-magnetic energy of what we call a \"photon\" as being highly interactive with \"the world\" until it has sufficiently interacted with the particle detector's energy \"bundling\" atoms to produce a result. At that point, we get some output data from the machine.\nBecause of the highly interactive nature of the photon with the world around it given its \"many paths\" aspect, we may find the results a bit surprising if we are too used to digging a rut in the same logical path by forming what one author described as \"cog-webs\" that define the photon as a particle some of the time. If we think of detection of a photon by a measurement device as a means of localizing (\"bundling\") electro-magnetic energy that is disperse in the environment (that follows \"many paths\" that overlap with other photons' \"many paths\"), and think of the speed of light as the rate at which electro-magnetic energy can be localized by atoms (with mass) to produce quantized changes in energy in things called atoms that we can use to detect the electro-magnetic energy in the environment, then it might come as no surprise that we begin to gather data about the environment that exceeds our expectations in some three-dimensional, directional sense in a given, laboratory experiment.\nIf we use an electro-magnetic energy source in a particular position sending energy in a more or less directional manner to provide most of that electro-magnetic energy being put into a given environment in which an experiment is occurring, it should come as no surprise that we detect information that is biased relative to a specific directional thumb-print in space and time, because most of the energy we gather carries a certain amount of information due to its point of origin, and objects in the related path. Because we are gathering electro-magnetic energy from the environment, should we expect all of the information reflected in what we call \"a signal\" to originate from one direction?", "800" ] ]

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[ [ "We're dealing with a shape shifting creature with the minds of very skilled and capable men by the time the blood is destroyed.\nThere are more then just one way to enter a safe, destroy the contents, and leave without a key. Another possibility is that the key to the safe was useless in the first place as the thing is a sum of its whole. And that whole can, as stated above and in the film's and story can change its shape.\nMost safes are not sealed. There is actually a wide gap area between the door and the frame. A very motivated thing, any one of them at the time could have waited for the room to be empty, walk up to the safe and reach inside, reconfigure and get it all in a matter of moments or minutes and no one would be the wiser.\nEven if the safe where sealed, that seal would only be ment to keep the environment inside and outside segregated from the other while closed. It keeps the cold in and the heat out. Again, a motivated thing creature would find very little pause to get past that seal when reaching into the Safe with out a key.\nThe keys being lost would make no difference. It's a red herring that is used as a plot device to further the men's distrust of each other to further muddle the identity of the real culprit.\nIf a key is all you need to get the safe open, a basic locksmithing knowledge will allow anyone to open the safe with a basic tool.", "999" ], [ "If the safe had a combo, the things hearing and nerve sensitivity could be enhanced so that they could just crack the combo of the safe. If both key and combo is required, it will take just a bit longer but it can be done.\nI personally don't even think that the safe was opened at all and it was destroyed while it was still shut. I also believe that the real culprit is likely one of the finger pointer when they all discovered the problem.\nBy this point there is clearly two or more things in the group. According to the story, and vaguely suggested in the film's. The think has a telepathic communication with each other. If that is true, then they like in the story can telepathically read our unguarded human minds with incredible ease and would be able to suss out the plans of the men with a little digging around a few key minds.\nThis makes me think that at least a couple of these men might have had a sort of natural latent telepathic resistance or ability that they themselves don't know about. <PERSON> being one of those sort giving him the ability to actually surprise the thing.\nThe point is that they is more then one way to skin a cat, just because the key is accounted for or not at the time of destruction of the blood, that doesn't mean that t was needed in the first place. It's clear that the humans would not have done it and at the time it happened, the outpost take over was well in progress by the time it happened, and they would.", "999" ] ]

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[ [ "Palestine: Sending A Message With Social Media · Global Voices\n<PERSON> is one of the co-founders of the Electronic Intifada and author of “Niet iedereen kan stenen gooien” (“Not Everyone Can Throw Stones: A Dutch Palestinian in search of his roots and identity”). <PERSON> made headlines last year for having a street in a Palestinian refugee camp named after his Twitter account, and has been involved with an online initiative in which people can request messages to be spray-painted on the West Bank wall. In this interview with Global Voices he talks about the potential of social media to help the Palestinian cause.\nYou have described yourself as strategist for humanitarian campaigns and social media. Do you think social media can play a role in effecting change in the Palestinan situation?\nAlready in the 90s with the rise of internet, I have always felt that internet as a communication tool would help tremendously in getting voices of people heard, especially from people living in military closed areas. More broadly speaking, in the debate in mainstream media around various conflicts you hardly hear the voices of ordinary people. Whether in Afghanistan, Somalia or Palestine, the vast majority of people, ordinary women and men, are hardly listened to. What you hear are political and military leaders and some self-defined experts that talk about people, but you hardly hear the voices of ordinary Palestinians. People like you and me. Social media easily connects ordinary women and men in Palestine to ordinary men and women in the West.\nA year ago you made headlines by having a street in Askar refugee camp [near the West Bank city of Nablus] named after your Twitter account. Why did you choose your Twitter account and not simply your name?\nAt that time a group of marketing experts were visiting Askar and wanted to support the renovation of a youth centre in the camp. As they were walking around the camp, they noticed that one of the unique selling points of the camp was that the streets had no names. In the West, you first need to be well-known or not living anymore, if you want to have a street named after you.", "926" ], [ "In the age of Twitter and Facebook people want to get acknowledged. By naming the street after my Twitter account I could relate this simple notion of a camp where the streets have no names to a vast number of people in the West that were looking at the enormous developments in social media, that on a daily basis were experiencing these new developments and who took notice of the headline ‘First street named after a Twitter account‘. If a street would be named after an ordinary name, they wouldn't have paid attention.\nIs it true that your account is one of the most popular in the Netherlands as a result?\nYes, indeed, and as a result I was the first Dutch Twitter account in the world's top 1000 of most-followed Twitter accounts and the first on Twitter's own suggested users list, between <PERSON> and Coldplay.\n<PERSON> in Askar refugee camp (photo courtesy of <PERSON>)\nAnother project you have been involved with is Send A Message, in which people request messages to be spray-painted on the West Bank wall. How did the project come about?\nIn the spring of 2004, a good friend of mine, <PERSON> visited Gaza and other parts of Palestine. He was shocked by what he experienced, and by everything that he did not know, or did not want to know. With support from a Dutch development organisation and former colleagues of his in the Dutch advertising industry, he organized three workshops with young Palestinians. The goal was to create effective, out-of-the-box communications concepts, that were inexpensive to execute as well. The first project, <PERSON>, was making it possible to leave a personal, spray-painted message on the Wall. Over 1,400 messages have been placed.\nSpray-painting a message (photo courtesy of Send A Message)\nWhat kind of response has there been, and can you give us some examples of the messages that people have requested?\nThis project was listed by Time Magazine as ‘most influential graffiti art’. Through the mainstream media, the project and Palestinians trapped behind the Wall, reached an audience of over 550,000,000 people. A story we will always remember is this: <PERSON> from the Netherlands is celebrating his honeymoon in Indonesia. He sits next to his wife, whom he proposed with a message on the Wall, and they watch an international news channel. This channel shows an item about Send A Message and camera zooms in at <PERSON>'s marriage proposal on the Wall.\nA message on the wall (photo courtesy of of Send A Message)\nDo you have any other initiatives coming up?\nYes, together with the Dutch-Israeli filmmaker <PERSON>, a crossmedia project about 60,000 Palestinian books that were systematically looted during the 1948 war.", "146" ] ]

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[ [ "Madagascar: Debating the Worth of Foreign Direct Investment · Global Voices\nWhile Madagascar attempts to find a way out of a prolonged political crisis, Malagasy bloggers are discussing the value of foreign direct investment (FDI). The worth of foreign investment came into sharp contrast when a land deal with Korean investor Daewoo came under criticism and partly triggered the current crisis.\nMany Malagasy believe that Madagascar, like many other African countries is rich in natural resources but that the land has been plagued by poor governance and unfair trade deals. Ten years ago, The Economist labeled Africa “The Hopeless Continent”. Their most recent publication highlights the rapid growth of many African countries‘ GDP. Still, the growth is not equally felt throughout the continent. In fact, Madagascar is projected to have one of the lowest level of growth in all of Africa.\nAdditionally, the capital city Antananarivo and other cities are currently experiencing frequent running water and power outages that have provoked frustration and outrage [fr] among Malagasy citizens.", "165" ], [ "The current situation is one of the reasons Antananarivo has been ranked as one of the cities with the lowest quality of life in the world by the Mercer’s 2011 quality of living survey.\nHaving been marred in a lengthy political quagmire, the Malagasy blogosphere is trying to steer the debate away from a political solution to an overall debate on how to re-ignite an economy that has faltered over the past three years.\nEvaratra in Madagascar. Photo credit to <PERSON> on the Madagoravox blog\nMaking FDI work for Malagasy people\nLand deals have been discussed at length in Madagascar as a way to get out of poverty; the aborted Daewoo deal was the most publicized case but similar deals have been implemented without much hesitation or reaction.\nThe soundness of deals related to the mineral wealth of Madagascar has been recently debated by Malagasy experts.\n<PERSON> is working at the International Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Madagascar. He voiced his frustration with the current status-quo in the Madagascar political system that according to him is the main roadblock preventing more bilateral cooperation with foreign investors [fr]:\nNous sommes actuellement en cours de création d'une relation commerciale sur le LONG TERME qui sera bénéfique pour les Entreprises de Madagascar entre notre pays Madagascar et le Koweït. L'objectif de cette coopération Étatique serait de mettre en place une ligne de trésorerie (emprunt) de 3 milliards de dollars (voire plus) sur 5 ans avec une mise a disposition immédiate de 1 millard de dollars (encaissement immédiat) que nous pourrions investir dans les activités a forte rentabilité de notre grand pays Madagascar (Activités d'INVESTISSEMENT et non de fonctionnement) [..] .La négociation concernant la mise en place de cette ligne de trésorerie serait la suivante : … 1) Un emprunt de notre État Madagascar a un taux de remboursement a 3,4 %…2) Pret aux Entreprises de Madagascar a un taux de 5,6% ce qui permet de casser le fonctionnement des banques de Madagascar qui prêtent a un taux de 18,20% sur des durées relativement courtes\nWe are currently in the process of building up a long term bilateral trading collaboration between Madagascar and Kuwait that would be beneficial for Malagasy companies. The goal is to set up a loan for three billion dollars over five years with one billion available right away that could be used for high return investment activities (investment and not operational funding). The negotiation is around the following line: 1) Madagascar will be borrowing at an interest rate of 3.4%… 2) the State could loan to Malagasy companies at 5.6% instead of the 18 or 20% rate currently proposed by the national banks on very short term periods.\nIn reaction to his post, <PERSON>, asks in the comment section [fr]:\nPourriez-vous m'expliquer pourquoi vous rêvez devant un emprunt à 3,4% alors que vous n'arrêtez pas de critiquer les institutions de Bretton Woods qui prêtent pourtant à des “taux concessionnels” de 0,5% ?\nWhy are you dreaming of an interest rate at 3,4% when you always criticize the Bretton Woods institutions who loan at 0.5% ?", "165" ] ]

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[ [ "I'll drop the bracket notation for mathematical clarity.\nThere are an important caveats for the adiabatic theorem. First of all, $H$ is assumed to be non-degenerate, and must stay non-degenerate, ie level crossing are forbidden. Intuitively, you need to match the spectra of $H(t)$ at different times. This is a first sufficient condition.\nAlso, in general, even when you impose normalisation, the $\\phi_n(t)$ are not uniquely specified. There is a gauge invariance which consists of multiplying each of them by a time dependent phase $e^{i\\theta_n(t)}$. This is why only closed loops in parameter space give rise to the geometric object known as Berry curvature. This means that when constructing such a basis, you need to constantly resolve this ambiguity. It also means that when you find a candidate, you can construct many more assuming the $\\theta_n$ are differentiable.\nTo make the discussion more simple, I'll assume a finite dimensional Hilbert space, the general case is more technical. One way to construct a solution, only assuming the differentiability of $H$ and the preserved non-degeneracy. The simplest way is to show that they are the solution of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) that you can easily obtain using non degenerate perturbation theory.\nAssume you've found such a solution. First of all, you need to define the $E_n(t)$, and check their differentiability.", "976" ], [ "This is done by using Cayley-Hamilton and seeing the spectrum as roots of varying polynomial. You can now use a general property of polynomials depending differentiably on a parameter which says that as long as its roots stay non degenerate, the roots can be matched at all values of the parameter and are differentiable under the parameter. You can easily convince yourself of this fact for low degrees since there are some explicit formulas.\nNow that you have the spectrum, say you found a candidate normalised $\\phi_n(t)$. Taking the derivative of their defining property $H\\phi_n= E_n\\phi_n$, you get: $$ (H-E_n)\\dot\\phi_n= -(\\dot H -\\dot E_n)\\phi_n $$ and you want to invert the $H-E_n$ to get the ODE, but you can't since $E_n$ is an eigenvalue. The equation actually defines $\\dot\\phi_n$ up to added multiple of $\\phi_n$ which is the consequence of the previously mentioned gauge invariance. You can choose to resolve the ambiguity by enforcing $\\langle \\dot \\phi_n,\\phi_n\\rangle=0$ which has the advantage of being compatible with the normalisation conservation $\\Re \\langle \\dot \\phi_n,\\phi_n\\rangle=0$, and is typically the implicitly chosen convention in perturbation theory. I now defined $n$ perfectly valid ODE's whose solutions satisfy you problem by construction.\nHope this helps.\nEdit\nI'll just clarify the mathematical reasoning. The French call it a demonstration by \"analyse-synthèse\" (couldn't find a translation), ie you assume you have the solution and accumulate enough necessary conditions until you are all set to construct the solution from scratch.\nFor your question, I assumed I found a basis depending differentiably with $t$, and followed through the equations to find a ODE that it would satisfy. The only tricky part is due to the non-unique nature, you need to additionally make a consistent choice so that the ODE is well defined. This is the \"analysis.\" The \"synthesis\" which I left out is simply checking that the ODE I found actually has a solution. This can easily be seen using classic mathematical theorems such as Cauchy-Lipschitz. In addition, using the unicity of the ODE's solution once specifying the initial conditions (here, assume you start out in a eigenbasis), it is guaranteed that the constructed solution is a solution of the original problem.", "976" ] ]

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[ [ "Humans piloting spacecraft are always going to be inferior to AI.\nHumans need life support, protective structures and a whole bunch of other garbage to make them even usable in deep space combat. Not to mention humans tend to think in 2D planes in terms of warfare.\nAI on the otherhand does not need life support or any other garbage, and the technology for such machines, isn't even really that scifi. You can also miniaturize AI space craft to be incredibly small given the lack of life support. And given both the 3D nature of space, the lack of obstacles, and zero air resistance Why have a space fighter jet when you can have a engine attached to a laser/missile launcher with an AI controlling it and an excellent IR camera (with out atmospheric distorition, and easy methods of heat dissipation that don't involve radiating heat you are very easy to see with IR cameras in space) making it hard to hit easy to mass produce and easy to manage and automate fights with. Plus you don't have to worry about losing one critical part of the ship and lose the pilot, you can even create redundant AI's. Plus computers have much better reaction times.\nIn the future it might get to the point you never need a human in the battlefield at all, even to give commands, and abstract battles to the strategic level \"Im going to send AI starfighters here to defend this location (the AI's can handle interbattle logistics) and AI's over here to do another thing\"\nSo why am I mentioning this if you are adamant on human pilots? Because you tagged this as science based.\nDrones were the primary fighter previously until some advances were made with MMI and biological enhancements. Also, multiple drone hacks were done so the public perception on them dwindled.\nHumans are going to be in relatively short supply compared to manufacturing drones, even ignoring the fact that the growth rate of humanity is projected to flatline on earth alone. Enhancing MMI isn't going to solve the rest of the logistical problems with carrying human sized vertebrates in space either, let alone humans themselves.\nAnd if you want to apply reactions of humans like those today to those of tomorrow, they are going to be even less receptive of sending actual humans into space than drones. The outcry of drone striking is significantly less than the outcry against the loss of humans themselves, or even humans yet to even exist!\nPlus just because humans are involved doesn't mean they aren't subject to being effected by electronic warfare. You can hack communications very easily giving humans the wrong orders.", "898" ], [ "Any electronics in the space ship are susceptible to hacking as well, if the corresponding drone parts were, and all they need to do is take out lifesupport.\nPilots are very rare and high value, ships will only launch them as a last resort. Each ship usually has a fee gunships (heavy and light) and then a couple fighters. The fighters are more akin to a lighter gunships with automated turrets and AI assistance than a traditional jet fighter.\nWhy are they launching them like this at all? With AI's you can just have a fleet, with no mothership, no \"last resort\" needed, every scrap of metal out there can fight. They can even easily be used as fodder, no need for \"rare high value ships\". You don't want to lose your rare stuff.\nVarious treaties have limited the use of drones (and other one-use large vehicles) as well as attempted to add responsibility to the fleets to limit debris in space (a large occupation sector in the series relies on scrappers cleaning up space debris).\nSpace is huge, like really huge. You would have to have trillions of vehicles and constant traffic in a sector with constant fighting for there to even be a noticeable increase in space debree for it to be worth even thinking about cleaning. For a planet it is different, but drones, given, that unlike your assumptions, would be small not large would even be less of a problem, less than your non drone space jets.\nAlso, treaty limiting use of drones? Why then? Why haven't we already had such a treaty? Drones, unlike WMDs, do not present an existential threat to humanities survival, but rather provide a similar threat to remote missiles, or really any remote kill tech. Drones are just more precise. They are coveted by modern militaries in part due to their public appeal (in the sense that less human deaths on their side take place) and ability to perform warfare with out being there.\nNo military in their right mind would obey the banned use of drones, even in the modern era, much less the space era. The military would have to simply not exist as we know it, as well as all the knowledge of weapons we currently have.", "898" ] ]

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[ [ "Yes, there is evidence to suggest that <PERSON> was influenced by revolution, the pace of technological change and debates over racial equality. (It's also a book about parenthood.)\nAs has been helpfully pointed out - the revolution in context of the book is the French Revolution:\nIf “Frankenstein” is a referendum on the French Revolution, as some critics have read it, <PERSON> politics align nicely with those of <PERSON>, who described violent revolution as “a species of political monster, which has always ended by devouring those who have produced it.” The creature’s own politics, though, align not with <PERSON>’s but with those of two of <PERSON>’s keenest adversaries, <PERSON> and <PERSON>. <PERSON> has made use of other men’s bodies, like a lord over the peasantry or a king over his subjects, in just the way that <PERSON> denounced when he described feudalism as a “ferocious monster.” (“How dare you sport thus with life?” the creature asks his maker.) The creature, born innocent, has been treated so terribly that he has become a villain, in just the way that <PERSON> predicted. “People are rendered ferocious by misery,” she wrote, “and misanthropy is ever the offspring of discontent.” (“Make me happy,” the creature begs <PERSON>, to no avail.)\nWe can see that this is about the pace (or rather the horrors and regret) of technological change:\n“Frankenstein,” the story of a creature who has no name, has for two hundred years been made to mean just about anything. Most lately, it has been taken as a cautionary tale for Silicon Valley technologists, an interpretation that derives less from the 1818 novel than from later stage and film versions, especially the 1931 film, and that took its modern form in the aftermath of Hiroshima. In that spirit, M.I.T. Press has just published an edition of the original text “annotated for scientists, engineers, and creators of all kinds,” and prepared by the leaders of the Frankenstein Bicentennial Project, at Arizona State University, with funding from the National Science Foundation; they offer the book as a catechism for designers of robots and inventors of artificial intelligences. “Remorse extinguished every hope,” <PERSON> says, in Volume II, Chapter 1, by which time the creature has begun murdering everyone <PERSON> loves. “I had been the author of unalterable evils; and I lived in daily fear, lest the monster whom I had created should perpetrate some new wickedness.” The M.I.T. edition appends, here, a footnote: “The remorse <PERSON> expresses is reminiscent of <PERSON> sentiments when he witnessed the unspeakable power of the atomic bomb.", "124" ], [ ". . . Scientists’ responsibility must be engaged before their creations are unleashed.”\nWe can see the book is about racial equality:\nAmong the many moral and political ambiguities of <PERSON>’s novel is the question of whether <PERSON> is to be blamed for creating the monster—usurping the power of God, and of women—or for failing to love, care for, and educate him. The <PERSON>-is-<PERSON> model considers only the former, which makes for a weak reading of the novel. Much of “Frankenstein” participates in the debate over abolition, as several critics have astutely observed, and the revolution on which the novel most plainly turns is not the one in France but the one in Haiti. For abolitionists in England, the Haitian revolution, along with continued slave rebellions in Jamaica and other West Indian sugar islands, raised deeper and harder questions about liberty and equality than the revolution in France had, since they involved an inquiry into the idea of racial difference. <PERSON> and <PERSON> had been abolitionists, as were both <PERSON> and <PERSON>, who, for instance, refused to eat sugar because of how it was produced. Although Britain and the United States enacted laws abolishing the importation of slaves in 1807, the debate over slavery in Britain’s territories continued through the decision in favor of emancipation, in 1833. Both <PERSON> closely followed this debate, and in the years before and during the composition of “Frankenstein” they together read several books about Africa and the West Indies. <PERSON> was among those abolitionists who urged not immediate but gradual emancipation, fearing that the enslaved, so long and so violently oppressed, and denied education, would, if unconditionally freed, seek a vengeance of blood.", "124" ] ]

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[ [ "The aliens did not evolve on the surface\nThese aliens evolved from ant/bug/worm-creatures, possibly moles if you want a more mammal origin. They never cared about how the surface looked, and only cared about 3D connectivity and branching. It's likely that they couldn't even see.\nIn the beginning their maps were made out of knotted straws, where knots indicates a larger hollow or other points of interest, and branching was made by tying another straw. This would be superficially similar to our quipu used for bookkeeping.", "920" ], [ "If the map had to be more accurate it had to be made out of something stiffer, like twigs or roots, so that directions such as up/west/east could be recorded.\nSurface points would be marked in a way to show the type of environment around it: field, rocky, woods, close to water, etc.\nThe version made out of straw would be portable because you can just fold it down to a small ball, and keep the relevant sections unfolded. This would of course require training and maybe special equipment to keep it from tangling.\nMove to the surface\nWhen this race started caring about the surface of the whole planet, the maps would still be made in the same way as had been previously done: folded straw/twig sections, the more advanced the society got, the more advanced materials could be used, and portable maps would be intricate jointed constructions automatically folded by small machinery.\nHowever, they had never needed anything flat to write on and it would never occur to them to ever make a 2D projection of something that was not 2D from the beginning - especially since they don't rely on vision.\nForced 2D projection\nEven though you want a classical 2D projection, this would be unnatural for these guys and would probably only be constructed for trading purposes with other species. This map would only contain points-of-entry to the rest of the 3D network, and they would have no real concept of \"projection\", so the map would very likely be divided into sections sized so that the curvature would not cause too much of a distortion, and then these sections would be printed out next to each other. Think of hexagons or square tiles. The closest system I could find today is the \"interrupted Goode homolosine projection\":\nIt would probably not have any borders at all, just point clusters - the different nations would just be separate sections, with textual descriptions on how the pieces should fit together.", "204" ] ]

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[ [ "Re-Imagined Green Ghost Game\nIntroduction: Re-Imagined Green Ghost Game\nHi all, This Instructable has been a long time coming. The original Green Ghost Game was one my brother and I's favorite as kids. It’s probably the game that led to my fascination/obsession with all things that glow in the dark.\nHowever our original games box we had was destroyed and subsequently the plastic game board was damaged and the majority of the game pieces were eventually lost over the years. Recreating this game was something I had always wanted to do, then when <PERSON> hit it was clear I’d have plenty of time to try and do so.\nI’ll try and be as detailed with my process as I can. Just know that some artistic things are well part inspiration / part compromise. So if for some reason I seem to neglect explaining something feel free to ask. Especially since there is Soooooooooo much involved with this game.\nSupplies\nMaterials\n* 1/2\" MDF board\n* 1/8\" Plywood (scraps)\n* 1/4\" Cedar board (scraps)\n* Spray Paint:\n* Glow in the Dark\n* Neon Green\n* White\n* Black\n* Vinyl for Cricut:\n* Red\n* Neon Green\n* Glow in the Dark\n* Kraft Board\n* Dowel Rods\n* Carbon Paper\n* Paperboard for Game Box\n* Painters Tape\n* Thin Black leather (scraps)\n* Gold Foil\n* Creepy Crawler Goop (good luck finding)\n* Wood Glue\n* Paint Pens\n* Silver\n* Black\n* Brown\nTools\n* Band Saw\n* Drill Press\n* Various <PERSON>\n* Jigsaw\n* Scroll Saw\n* Cricut Maker\n* Xacto Knife\n* Ruler\n* Creepy Crawler Maker (original)\n* Pyrograpghy Wood Burner Tool\n* Hand Trim Router with 1/2\" rounded bit\n* Adobe Illustrator for graphic design\nSpecial Purchase\n* Glow in the Dark 6 sided dice\n* Glow in the Dark 12 sided die\nStep 1: Research - Game History\nVery brief history: With out getting to bogged down in a lot of the details about the history of the game, here are some basics. Manufactured originally by Transogram Company Inc. based in New York, NY in 1965. The game was actually distributed by a couple other companies Marx Toys and Ideal. The most recent version was a 1997 30th anniversary edition.\nResearch was surprisingly difficult and easy. I was able to use some of my remaining game pieces for reference but ended up searching the internet to locate pictures of other parts.", "622" ], [ "Its out there but depending on what version you'll find variations of some parts especially the game board pictured here.\nStep 2: Recreating Art & Parts 1 - 6\nNow there are so many parts to this game as I first mentioned in the intro. So I’ll break them down alphabetically in separate steps. The Game Board and New Dice Tower (replaces the ghost spinner) in separate steps.\nStep 3: Parts 1: Mini Ghosts\nIn the original game the mini ghosts were made out of plastic (in fact almost the entire game was out of plastic) and I considered having them 3D printed (and may eventually) but I decided to make out of MDF and other materials I had available. So I created a simple tiny ghost design that I could easily cut on my scroll saw. The two eyes I used a tiny drill bit smaller than an 1/8\". After cutting them all out (12 total) I based coated with White spray paint. MDF board is like a sponge so it took two coats. After this I gave it a coat of Neon Green, then two hits of Glow in the Dark Paint.\nThese mini ghosts are collected through out game play. Oh in all of these steps I've put a picture of what the original game part or parts looked like.\nStep 4: Parts 2: Pet\nThe pets (playing pieces) were also originally made out of plastic. There are 4 pets Cat, Rat, Bat, & Vulture.\nI again made these out of MDF on my scroll saw. The MDF board was thick enough I didn't have to add any extra base for stability, they stood up right on their own just fine as is.\nFor the actual playing pieces I painted them a couple coats of white then a couple glow in the dark paint so they would be visible on the game board in the dark. I also went around the side edges with different colored Neon paint to make each look different as well.", "622" ] ]

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[ [ "Blueberry Pie\nIntroduction: Blueberry Pie\nThis blueberry lattice pie is a delightfully decadent treat, perfect for a midday snack.\nSupplies\nPie Dough:\nI used store-bought pie dough\nPie Filling\n1/3 cup to 3/8 cup (65 to 75 grams) granulated sugar, adjusted according to the sweetness of berries\n1/8 cup (15 grams) cornstarch\n1 teaspoon freshly grated lemon zest\n1 pound (450 grams) fresh blueberries (about 3 cups)\n½ tablespoon butter, cut into small squares (or less)\nStep 1: Making the Pie Filling\nToss blueberries with a mixture of sugar, cornstarch, allspice, cinnamon, salt, and a little lemon zest. When everything is well tossed, we tumble the filling into a prepared crust.\nStep 2: Assemble and Add Lattice\n* Roll out the second half of dough to a similar size as before. Cut into 3/4-inch strips. Lay five strips over filled pie, parallel and equally spaced from one another. Carefully fold back the second and fourth strips then lay another strip of dough perpendicular to them. Unfold second and fourth strips over new strip. Fold back the first, third and fifth strips then lay another strip of dough perpendicular to them. Unfold the first, third, and fifth strips over the new strip. Repeat until pie has been covered with a lattice crust.\nStep 3: Crimp Crust\n* Trim dough strips to 3/4-inch of the edge of dish. Fold edges of strips and bottom dough underneath itself, creating a thicker border that rests on the lip of the dish.", "69" ], [ "Crimp edges. Dot the butter over the open areas of the lattice. Make egg wash by whisking egg yolk and milk together then brush over pie dough. Sprinkle tablespoon of coarse sugar over crust. Refrigerate pie for 20 minutes or freeze for 5 minutes before baking.\nStep 4: To Finish\nHeat oven to 400 degrees F. Position an oven rack in the lower third of the oven then place a baking sheet on rack. (The baking sheet will catch any drips from the pie while baking). Bake chilled pie on hot baking sheet for 20 minutes, reduce heat to 350 degrees F then continue to bake for 35 to 45 minutes, or until the crust is golden and juices in the filling are bubbling eagerly. If, while baking, the crust begins to brown too much, cover with aluminum foil and continue to bake until done. Cool 2 to 3 hours before cutting to allow filling to set.", "891" ] ]

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[ [ "How to determine if a tree $T = (V, E)$ has a perfect matching in $O(|V| + |E|)$ time\nThis is a problem I've come across while studying on my own; it's from Algorithms by <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON>. Specifically, the problem statement is:\nGive a linear-time algorithm that takes as input a tree and determines whether it has a perfect matching: a set of edges that touches each node exactly once.\nIn the context of this book:\n* A tree is an undirected, connected and acyclic graph.\n* A linear-time algorithm on a graph $G = (V,E)$ is something that runs on $O(|V| + |E|)$ time.\nThinking on the problem, the following seemed promising:\nOf course, the tree must have an even number of nodes, otherwise we can exit early and report that there is no perfect matching. Additionally, if at any point we find an isolated vertex, we can can do the same.\nSince we're dealing with a tree, we can search for a leaf $v$, a node with a single incident edge $(u,v)$. This edge must be in the perfect matching, for it's the only one that matches $v$.\nWe then remove the vertices $u$ and $v$ from $T$, along with all edges that involve them, and repeat the process.\nIf we remove all vertices in this manner, we have found a perfect matching.\nNotice that, while the removal may disconnect the graph, it will remain acyclic and this is what matters. Disconnecting the graph essentially splits the tree into multiple trees, so the iteration continues to make sense even in this case.\nNow, this problem shows up in the chapter about greedy algorithms, so this approach seems like a natural fit.\nMoreover, searching on the topic I've found that a tree has at most one perfect matching (see, for instance, this).", "180" ], [ "In other words, if it has one, it is unique, so the algorithm must produce the one if it exists.\nHowever, when actually thinking about implementation, I don't really see how this runs in $O(|V| + |E|)$. The naive approach appearcs to be quadratic, because at each step we need to scan for a leaf and update the graph, and neither of these take constant time. I'm mostly thinking of adjacency list representation, but this seems to hold true for adjacency matrix as well.\nI've also toyed with precomputing and updating degree values for vertices, but haven't nailed it.\nSearching more on the topic, I've come across this link, which suggests what's essentially the same algorithm to solve the same problem (number 2 on the exam). However, in the statement and solution, they only claim it to run in polynomial time.\nHow would one implement this algorithm in linear time, or else design another algorithm to solve the problem in linear time? What do we assume about data structures or operation complexities involved?\nEDIT: Following on sdcvvc's suggestion, here's some C++-esque pseudocode implementing his idea. I think this works.\n```cpp enum class MatchStatus { HAS_MATCH, ROOT_NEEDS_MATCHING, CANNOT_MATCH }\nbool hasMatching(tree t) { return hasMatching(t.root) == MatchStatus<IP_ADDRESS>HAS_MATCH; }\nMatchStatus hasMatching(node treeRoot) { // Keep track of whether the current node (root of the current (sub)tree) // is matched to some child node bool isMatched = false;\nfor(node subTreeRoot : treeRoot.children)\n{\nMatchStatus subTreeStatus = hasMatching(subTreeRoot);\nif(subTreeStatus == MatchStatus<IP_ADDRESS>CANNOT_MATCH)\nreturn MatchStatus<IP_ADDRESS>CANNOT_MATCH;\n// The subtree has a perfect matching *except* its root needs to be matched\nelse if(subTreeStatus == MatchStatus<IP_ADDRESS>ROOT_NEEDS_MATCHING)\n{\nif(isMatched)\n// Current node is already matched\n// The subtree root needs a match but cannot be matched\nreturn MatchStatus<IP_ADDRESS>CANNOT_MATCH;\nelse\n// Match the current node to subTreeRoot\nisMatched = true;\n}\n// else if(childStatus == MatchStatus<IP_ADDRESS>HAS_MATCH) // continue; }\nreturn isMatched ?", "180" ] ]

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[ [ "Contents:\nIntroduction\nTheme\nRules\nStrategy\nVariants\nRepresentative Comments\nMy Take\nIntroduction\nStreetsoccer is a little game by <PERSON> that is simply one of the best two player soccer games out there. It’s specifically for 2 players, and it has a 6.82 rating on BGG, which is quite high for what is at heart just a roll and move game. If you are a soccer fan you owe it to yourself to try it, and even if you’re not you might just enjoy a game of Streetsoccer.\nFortunately, you can buy before you try, because it is very easy to play this game online. Two of the websites that host this game are www.littlegolem.net and the designer’s own site: http://www.mastermoves.eu.\nI’ve started playing games on the latter site a month or two and I’ve enjoyed myself immensely. In fact, while a friend of mine owns the real game, we never bother play it face to face, because the online interface is so friendly and easy to use. My apologies to the designer for not actually buying the game - at least not yet - but perhaps this review will make up for that.\nTheme\nIn Streetsoccer each player gets 1 keeper and 4 players, which are placed on the following board:\nYou’ll notice that the board shows a grass surface, which I suppose doesn’t quite make sense if this is meant to be Street soccer. In fact, when you play this game it actually feels much more like a real game of soccer, even with fewer numbers of players. As in professional soccer, it’s important to keep possession, it’s important to have good positioning to allow for smooth passing, and it’s important to roll high numbers. Wait a minute! Scrap that last bit. High numbers are useful in this game, but just like in the real game, smart play is frequently rewarded. No matter what all the naysayers argue.\nRules\nA homemade version by Colonel <PERSON>\nJust for once I’m going to indulge in a shameless act of plagiarism. I’m going to copy the rules straight from the Mastermoves website (I cannot vouch for whether they completely reflect the board game version). At least if I get something wrong now you can't blame me.\nQuote:\nRules of 'Streetsoccer'\nSummary: In StreetSoccer both players try to make the most goals in 25 turns (eventually maximum 10 turns extra time).\nKick-off: The first player places his figures, then the second player. Your goalie starts in your goal, one field player in the middle and at least one on own and one on opponent’s halve.\nFirst Turn: The first turn both players roll the die.", "581" ], [ "The player with the highest die-roll starts to kick the ball with the figure in the circle by the difference between the 2 die-rolls. You are not allowed to score a goal in this turn. After the first turn players get alternate turns which start each time by a die-roll.\nEach following turn: You choose 1 of your 5 figures to move. The die determines the number of steps you can move. You cannot walk diagonally. You can change direction after each step. If you reach the space with the ball, then your figure stops there and you kick the ball. The ball you move by the unused number of pips on the die PLUS 1. The ball you can move in any direction, and can change direction once from diagonal to straight or from straight to diagonal. You cannot shoot through a space with an opponent. You can reach a space with your own figure. Then you add one step for the ball movement, and you can choose any direction again, and the pass by this other player can have one direction change again.\nGoal: You score a goal if the ball passes the endline and the last space before it passes the endline is one of the 2 spaces in front of the goal.\nAfter a scored goal: You place your defeated goalie in one of the 2 spaces in front of your goal, and bring the ball in the field again starting at your goalie. You throw at least a 2.\nSudden death: If the game is equal after 25 turns for both players, then the game continues for a maximum of 10 moves both. If you score during these extra turns, then you win immediately.\nAnti kill-joy rules: Only the keeper may move to one of the two spaces in front of his goal. (except if there is a ball)\nOnly one outfielder can be in the 2 spaces in his own penalty area.\nYou may not surround the ball so that your opponent’s figures cannot reach the ball without moving outside the lines.", "597" ] ]

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[ [ "Modelling a queue to a resource pool (children queueing for balls)\nI want to develop an algorithm to serve the queue of children queueing to a basket full of balls of different colour, where each ball can be painted within a known time any colour (of several colours offered) requested by the child, and any child would eventually return a ball back to the basket after he/she finished playing with it. Painting of several different balls can happen in parallel.\nTo me this looks like a scheduling algorithm to serve a queue of requests to access one resource within a shared fixed-size resource pool, where each resource takes some time to prepare. Here are the requirements it should satisfy:\n* resources can belong to one of several classes (number of classes is low and fixed), each class takes a different (known and fixed) time to prepare;\n* each customer only requests one resource of a specified class;\n* we have visibility to the customers' requests for the entire queue, not just its head, i.e.", "478" ], [ "we can see all requested classes before the customer starts being served;\n* resource preparation can happen on demand, when customers arrive to the queue, as well as in advance, when we see the growing queue and want to \"guess\" what kind of resource future customers would want;\n* the maximum number of resource preparation activities we can run in parallel is the same as the pool size;\n* we want to maximise the queue throughput.\nOn the first glance, this looks like something we can address using the queuing theory for queues with multiple servers (due to our capacity to prepare several resources in parallel) and work-independent service times. The difference I see here is that each customer eventually returns resource it has obtained from the pool back to the pool. Returned resource can either:\n* be immediately served to a waiting customer, if the class of resource is what a waiting customer wants; or\n* be placed back to the pool (hoping we would soon get a customer that would want that resource class), therefore reducing pool's capacity for resources of other classes; or\n* be converted into another class: this is possible and takes same time it would take to prepare resource of that other class.\nIf we would know the distribution of time it takes each customer to return its resource back to the pool, can we still model this as a queue with multiple servers? How would this affect the distribution of the serving time? Or maybe there's another model describing what I want? Any help or pointers would be appreciated.", "783" ] ]

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[ [ "Bicycle Inner Tube Organizer-Upcycling\nIntroduction: Bicycle Inner Tube Organizer-Upcycling\nIn this upcycling activity, we're going to transform inner tubes taken from an old bicycle wheel into a criative and durable organizer that can be use in a infinity os aplications from office to hause suplies and home workshop.\nDepending on the length of the tube used and its width you can make different organizers. I prefer the wider and flatter ones for this task. Here I present the simplest and easiest way to do it where I basically fold the inner tube like an accordion and secure everything in place using a bicycle spoke.", "539" ], [ "With common tools and in a small space in your home, you can explore new possibilities of reuse of bicycle parts, transforming them into new products.\nSubscribe to the channel\nSupplies\nMaterial list:\n1-An bicycle spokes & nipples taken from a discarded wheel\n2-An old bicycle inner tube that may have many patches or holes that can be obtained for free at the bike shop near your home. Prefer the flat-shaped ones to the tubular ones.\nList of tools:\n1-An cutting pliers\n2-An Linesman’s pliers (common pliers)\n3-A metal file or sandpaper\n4-A small pointe scissors or stylet\nStep 1: Cleaning and Cutting\n1- Wash the inner tube with soap and water\n2 - Using scissors or a knife, cut around the base of the valve to remove this part.\n3 - Cut the bicycle spoke in half and separate the part that is threaded at the end.\n4 - Sharpen the tip of the bicycle spoke that was cut using a file or sandpaper.\nStep 2: Mounting\n1-Bend the inner tube of the bike so that it alternates in a zigzag pattern. Use a width not exceeding 7 cm\n2- To keep the set maintaining its final shape, use masking tape.\n3- Use the bicycle spoke with the nipple already screwed on, to pierce the folded rubber assembly through the middle.\nSo as not to hurt your palm in the process, use a PET bottle cap to protect.\n4-Once the tip of the bicycle spoke appears, you can use pliers to pull the spoke.\n5-Now you can remove the duct tape\n6- Note that the side of the bicycle spoke that contains the nipple does not go in as the hole is small. Force it through some layers\n7-On the side where the bicycle spoke remains, fold and cut the excess off.\n8-Another alternative would be to create a strap to be able to attach the set to the wall.\nTo do this, make another bend in the bicycle spoke close to the rubber as in the photo.\n9-Now using nose pliers, bend the bicycle spoke around the end of the pliers to make a loop.\nThen cut the finishing stock\nThanks for reading this tutorial and send me news about the execution and any doubts and changes in the execution of these instructables.", "539" ] ]

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[ [ "May December\nWhen <PERSON> “Tight Rope” is performed halfway through May December, I thought its lyrics must connect to the perspective of the <PERSON> character.\n“Like a rubber-neck giraffe\nYou look into my past\nWell maybe you're just too blind to - see”\nBut then—\n“I'm up on the tightrope\nOne side's hate and one is hope\nBut the top hat on my head is all you see”\nThose lyrics seem to best fit the performer POV of <PERSON> character.\nAnd I guess that’s kind of the point.\n<PERSON> is the only one who doesn’t seem to be giving a performance, which is maybe also the point.\nPersona by way of Poison Ivy (but not on either film’s level).", "378" ] ]

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[ [ "Demountable-Expandable Table\nIntroduction: Demountable-Expandable Table\nHello everyone, I want to show you this table that I designed and built, I wanted to do something a little different, and after many sketches on paper I got something that I liked,\nI wanted it to be a large and sturdy table, but despite this is not very complicated to transport it, with this in mind I tried to make it dismountable, and something I also wanted to try is to make an expandable furniture, so this was also the opportunity to try it. Thinking about materials... I really like the combination between wood and steel, so I definitely applied it here\nWell, this is how i did it.\nPS. Sorry but my english is not the best, I will try to explain as best I can :)\nSupplies\nMaterials\n- 15mm Plywood\n- Wood planks\n- Steel square bars (3/8\")\n- Steel flat bars (1\" 1/2)\n- Tee steel bar ( 3/4\")\n( These are the materials that I used in more quantity, the others I will show as I explain)\nPower Tools\n- Welder\n- Circular saw\n- Angle grinder\n- Drill\n- Router (opcional)\nStep 1: Concept\nThis is the basic idea, four wooden legs (C) that are joined to the metal structure (B), this structure is joined in the center, when it is disassembled it can be folded.\nAbove this is the tabletop, which is divided in half (A1 & A2) each one is attached to the metal structure with a rail, which facilitates its assembly and disassembly. Each of the two boards has an internal rail allowing its upper half to move and increase its surface. (approximately 35% more in total)\nP.S. I used mainly the metric system, but I will mention some things in inches because that is how it is sold locally (bits, some materials, etc).\nStep 2: Legs\nFor the legs I used a wooden plank 20 cm wide and 3.5 cm thick.", "787" ], [ "I drew the pattern on the wood looking to save some cuts.\nThe legs are attached to the metal structure with two screws each, I will make the holes later taking as a reference the metal plate that presses them.\nStep 3: Countertop- First Steps\nThe first thing is to use the plywood to cut the different panels, the drawing represents the four pieces that form one half, the width I used was 90cm.\nSome pieces have an inclined cut, they are 55 degrees (the maximum that my circular saw allowed), basically it serves to easily move the upper panel over the lower one when you want to expand the table. At that time I tried it and that inclination is enough so that the top panel can easily go up and down.\nStep 4: Bottom Panels\nWith wood glue I joined the two parts of the lower panel.\nThis is the easiest, the upper one has more parts ;)\nStep 5: Top Panels - the Idea\nThe upper panel by itself can move over the lower one, but it needs something that gives it a little more stability when expanding the table, this is where I use the tee, this profile does two tasks:\n1. It will serve as a rail to place a spring that holds and maintains both panels together, but without losing the ease of movement between them. 2. It will serve as a \"core\" that keeps the plywood panel rigid, preventing it from bending under its own weight.\nStep 6: Top Panels - the Tee\nThis step is a bit tedious, first I need to cut a part of the tee so that it has the same measurement as the thickness of the plywood, so that it does not hit the bottom panel. Now it is necessary to make a groove with the grinder where the spring can move. The other end of the spring will hold onto the bottom panel.\nI made two for each panel.\nStep 7: Top Panels - Plywood\nTo embed the tee in the plywood it is necessary to make some cuts and grooves.\nFirst I made a groove of the same thickness as the tee with the router, so that it can be flush with the board, then in the middle of this groove I cut the board into three parts to be able to embed the two tees. Along the entire length where the spring is displaced, I widened the cut a little more.\nStep 8: Top Panels - Join All\nNow to rejoin the board with the tees you have to do a few things.\nFirst, so that all the parts are well joined, I had to improvise some small plates with a hole, which I welded to the bottom of the tee, in this way the boards can be joined and fastened with a screw.", "599" ] ]

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[ [ "The Wikipedia article on filmmaking breaks it down fairly well. They list 5 stages, and then list each of the departments for each stage:\nDevelopment\n* Step outline\n* Film treatment\n* Scriptment\n* Screenplay\n* Film finance\n* Film budgeting\n* Green-light\nPre-production\n* Script breakdown\n* Storyboard\n* Production board\n* Production strip\n* Day Out of Days\n* Production schedule\n* One liner schedule\n* Shooting schedule\nProduction\n* Cinematography\n* Principal photography\n* Videography Shooting script\n* Film inventory report\n* Daily call sheet\n* Production report\n* Daily production report\n* Daily progress report\n* Daily editor log Sound report\n* Cost report\nPost-production\n* Film editing\n* Re-recording\n* Sync sound Soundtrack Music\n* Special effects (sound visual)\n* Negative cost\nDistribution\n* Distribution\n* Film release (wide limited delayed)\n* Roadshow\nKeep in mind that every production is different. These aren't necessarily a set of linear steps that need to be executed in order, though there are constraints on what can happen when. (You can't edit footage you haven't shot!)\nThe teams may interact a little or a lot, depending on the logistics and preferences of the people involved. For example, I have a friend who is a feature film editor. She often has to travel to where things are being filmed to do her work rather than waiting for shooting to wrap and doing everything in an editing suite at the studio. It's possible for other post-production staff to be on-set, too.", "900" ], [ "For example, I once met a programmer who worked for WETA on the Lord of the Rings films. While doing some of their green-screen filming, the post-production crew would do a live composite of what was being filmed with some rough CG footage to make sure it was going as planned.\nThat said, I don't know how often, for example, a screenwriter or storyboard artist would be on set, or an actor would be involved in editing. My guess is not very often. One thing I've learned is that the smaller the production, the more overlap there is between people and jobs. In a small production, a director might also be a writer and producer, and even possibly an actor. Someone holding booms and running lights might also edit or score a film. That's much less likely on a large studio production, especially where unions are more highly involved and have rules about who can do which jobs.", "900" ] ]

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[ [ "To give a quick, approximate, answer to the first question (see below for the significant caveats), the relevant figure of merit is the detectable chirp mass for a given configuration defined as $$ M_\\textrm{chirp} = (1+z) \\left(\\frac{M_1M_2}{M_1 + M_2}\\right)^{3/5} (M_1 + M_2)^{2/5},$$ where $M_1$ and $M_2$ are the masses of the merging black holes an $z$ is the redshift of the black hole. The sensitivity of a given experiment to a given chirp mass will depend a lot on the noise properties of an experiment. For an example for Advanced LIGO, see here: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/267293216.pdf\nWe can do a very rough approximation for the inspiraling phase of a merger fully classically, assuming no relativistic corrections and no black hole spin. The specific derivation can be found here: https://arxiv.org/pdf/gr-qc/9402014.pdf but in the end we get a differential equation relating the chirp mass to the frequency evolution of the merger, $$\\frac{df}{dt} = \\frac{96}{5} \\pi^{8/3} \\left(\\frac{G M_\\textrm{chirp}}{c^3}\\right)^{5/3}f^{11/3}.$$ We can use an extension to newtonian gravity to understand the merger better as we start going into the relativistic regime (so called post-newtonian formalism).", "675" ], [ "Derivations related to using post-newtonian formalism applied to black hole mergers can be found here: https://arxiv.org/abs/<PHONE_NUMBER>\nThe general solution for the actual observed frequency is a very complicated formula it depend on a lot of factors of the merger.\n1) The mass of the black holes 2) The redshift the merger occurs 3) The angular momenta (i.e. spin) of the incoming black holes 4) The orbital eccentricity of the system 5) The orientation of the merger 6) The relative angle between the arms of interferometer and the incoming gravitational wave\nIn addition to this, there are multiple regimes of the black hole merger; inspiraling, merger, ringdown. In the case of current black hole detection, we don't look for single individual spikes but try to find an entire waveform. There are multiple templates for various events that are generated from numerical simulations which can be used as matched filters to try to find merger signatures.", "675" ] ]

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[ [ "why don't solar panels contribute to global warming?\nI've been wondering this for a while but I have not yet encountered an explanation.\nThis is from my understanding of physics, which is by no means expert, so sorry for my crude explanation:\nEnergy within earth can be considered a closed system; it transforms but cannot be created or destroyed -- and from what I understand, heat seems to be its most natural form, so it will always end up like that in some way.\nTwo things affect the total sum of energy on earth: radiation into space will drain energy (and is limited because of the presence of atmosphere). Radiation from the sun adds energy to the system.\nBasically the sun is our only real source of energy (and we can consider it limitless, since when the sun is exhausted, we're over anyway).\nThe way I understand it, solar panels increase the efficiency of how we 'harvest' this solar energy, reflecting less of it back into space, and turning more of it into en energy (in this case, electrical). So we take more energy from the sun by putting solar panels in place. But the amount of energy that is removed from the system stays the same.\nHence the total sum of energy on earth increases (more) when we use solar panels.", "912" ], [ "So how come we consider them to be a way to counter global warming, instead of a contributing factor?\nedit: since all answers are about comparing solar cells to fossil fuels, let me clarify a bit more.\nI understand that fossil fuels will contribute more to climate change than solar cells -- but I just wanted to clarify that is seems to me that both are a net negative (not if you replace one by the other). In other words, that the idea that solar cells are 100% clean (apart from production cost), is not really true, then. Wind of hydro however, would be, since they use energy that is already present in the earth system. (and of course what we really need to do is require less energy)", "591" ] ]

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[ [ "How feasible would it be to build and field a tv/radio guided drone against aerial targets without modern technology?\nI have a constantly moving floating island that is looking to augment its air force against numerous threats in the sky. Having long run out of resources that don't grow out of crystals or biomaterial on the island, the majority of its resources come from attacking and excavating other islands. Islands which may have native hostile life or intelligent life.\nAt times multiple islands may be fighting each other or over the same piece of unclaimed land, so control over the skies around the island is critical. The air force operates a range of aircraft. One of which acts like a fleet defense aircraft. Only it defends the island, hurling long range missiles in beyond visual range combat. It combines a powerful radar, high fuel load, and decent computerized technology (pre 2000s military tech). However, due to limited resources and scales of industry they are unable to field many of these platforms. Furthermore, it takes a lot longer to re arm and refuel (does not use normal jet fuel). The large distances involved compound the situation.\nIn offensive actions it acts as a long-range missile platform, however once it expends its ammunition it cannot contribute any offensive action short of EW. To offset this lack of combat capability, drones carrying a load of missiles have been developed. Essentially missile trucks. Once a fighter expends its ammunition, they circle a drone carrier, link with a drone and fly off with one. Essentially a soft reload of sorts.\nWhile their exists automation on the island, there is no artificial learning, machine learning or deep learning. They are unable to make transistors at such a small level with the necessary computer science to enable truly autonomous aircraft control that is combat rated. As such the drone is only capable of basic auto pilot and preprogrammed holding patterns. Some even use electromechanical computers.", "46" ], [ "More advanced maneuvers require the use of a human operator who is in a parent fighter aircraft who establishes a link to the drone.\nThe human operator is essentially a back seater/weapons system officer (WSO) w/ a slightly extended suite. Using a combination of TV and radio guidance, the WSO flies the drone manually from their aircraft. The fighter's onboard radar handles targeting information for the drone. Once a target is locked on, the WSO executes a fire command, from which the drone will fire a missile. The missiles that can be fired include both active and semi active missiles. During such operations, the fighter won't be pulling any aggressive maneuvers except for defensive actions. It'll stay at distance firing away with missiles, aiding older generation fighters. After firing its magazine, the WSO will fly the drone back to an airship and land it while the fighter circles in a holding pattern.\nHow feasible would it be to build and field such a drone that utilizes TV and radio command guidance against air targets without access to modern technology\nAssume technology (military and industrial) is capped to pre 2000s, there is no contemporary AI control or advanced flight mapping technologies that you'd expect to see on either Loyal Wingman or FCAS' drones. All flight maneuvers short of a pre-planned takeoff or basic holding pattern will be done by a human operator over wireless.\nNotes:\n1. Total fuel load of parent fighter aircraft is of no concern\n2. The drone mounts a forward-facing camera and a few sensors across the aircraft. The WSO gets a HUD and relevant data superimposed onto the view they receive from the drone. Their station is equipped to handle these drones.\n3. WSO/back seater is pilot trained and qualified to fly these drones\n4. The targets these drones will be firing at will range from anything involving primitive aircraft to 5th gen aircraft platforms. While the island in question may not be able to build high transistor density chips, that doesn't mean other islands cannot. There are enough flying based organisms that pose a threat to warrant this aircraft to be sortied against them as well.\n5. Size can vary between something as small as a jet powered drone or as big as an F16.", "160" ] ]

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[ [ "The story you described matches “The Long Years” a story featured in <PERSON> The Martian Chronicles.\n<PERSON> said, “I went to the graveyard.” -“The four crosses were there?” (<PERSON>) -“ The four crosses were there, sir. The names were still on them. I wrote them down to be sure.” He read from a white paper: “<PERSON>, <PERSON>, <PERSON>, and <PERSON>. Died of unknown virus. July 2007.\n<PERSON> drank down his wine. He did not cry as he fell forward onto the table and slipped to the ground... “Say good-by to <PERSON> and the children for me.” (<PERSON>) -“Just a moment, I’ll call them”. (<PERSON>) -“No, no, don’t!” gasped <PERSON>. “They wouldn’t understand.", "417" ], [ "I wouldn’t want them to understand!”\nSome quick research reveals that there is indeed a film adaptation of this story, Episode 3 of “The Martian Chronicles miniseries”: The Martians. see https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1266007/?ref_=tt_eps_rhs_0\nMore successful is the adaptation of “The Long Years”, which sees <PERSON> (“Space: 1999”) as a lonely tinkerer named <PERSON> who uses lasers from his home observatory on Mars to signal passing spacecraft. <PERSON> succeeds in gaining the attention of <PERSON> (who was in the short story as well), along with <PERSON> Father <PERSON> (who was not). <PERSON> has been living with his wife <PERSON> (<PERSON>) and 14 year old daughter <PERSON> (<PERSON>), who was named after <PERSON> own beloved wife. <PERSON> and Father <PERSON> greet <PERSON>, who is tremendously excited to see another human being…not quite the reaction one would expect from a man who already has a family for companionship. <PERSON>’s excitement turns lethal, as he suffers a heart attack before collapsing dead to the floor of his home. <PERSON> and <PERSON> stare blankly at his corpse, unable to cry, since they are androids, built by <PERSON> after the real <PERSON> and <PERSON> passed away, some years earlier. The truth of <PERSON>’s existence deeply saddens <PERSON>. He and Father <PERSON> decide to leave the two androids ‘on’ in their preprogrammed blissful state, after burying <PERSON> near his real family. A coda to the story sees a still-wandering <PERSON> walking up to the <PERSON> home, introducing himself to the two smiling androids…\nsynopsis from https://musingsofamiddleagedgeek.blog/2020/05/18/revisiting-the-martian-chronicles-tv-miniseries/", "715" ] ]

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[ [ "Coffee Darkness Meter\nIntroduction: Coffee Darkness Meter\nOne of the difficulties in roasting your own coffee is determine quantitatively the darkness of your roast. Most home coffee roasters can say they roast somewhere between first and second crack, but where exactly in that \"medium\" roast you are is usually a mystery. Coffee darkness charts help, but are often influenced by room lighting and your own eyesight. A infrared coffee darkness meter aims to help the home roaster determine where in the medium roast you are.\nSupplies\nFor this meter you will need:\nArduino Nano (or Uno, but you will need to redesign the case)\n0.96\" OLED display\nTSL2561 lux and IR sensor on a brake-out board (I used Adafruit's)\nON/OFF toggle switch\nMomentary push button\n9V battery and battery clip\n2x IR LEDs\n2x 100ohm resistors\n2x 10K resistors\n2x 2.2K resistors\nwire for connecting\ncase for everything (3D printed)\nNote: I have allowed for using 2 regular light LED's in the circuit, but I ended up not using these for the readings.\nStep 1: Wiring the Major Components\nThe wiring is pretty straightforward.\n1) The IR LEDs are wired in series with 100 ohm resistors D6 and D7. I have shown red LED's, however, I ended up not using these in the final darkness calculation as only the IR sensor is used.\n2) The 0.96\" OLED is wired to the I2C bus.\n3) The TSL2561 sensor is also wired to the I2C bus.\n4) Pull up resistors (10K) are used on the I2C bus.\n5) Push button is wired to D2, with a 2.2K pull down resistor.\n6) 9V battery and on/off switch is wired to the Vin pin of the Arduino.\nNote: that I am using the Arduino Nano's voltage regulator to supply power to the LED's, sensor and OLED. I'm pretty close to maxing out the regulator.\nStep 2: Programming You Arduino\nFlash the code to your Arduino. You will need to download some libraries to run the code. Look for these libraries in the Arduino library manager: Adafruit_TSL2561 and for the OLED display: SSD1306Ascii\nThe Arduino code can be found on my GitHub feed: https://github.com/VinceC7/coffee-meter\nStep 3: Printing Out the Case\nThere are 4 files to print out and are available on the GitHub page above:\n1) Board plate.stl - holds the Adafruit TSL2561 breakout board - if you use a different one, you'll need to redesign this.\n2) Offset ring.stl - goes onto the board plate, it holds the sensor the right distance (offset) to centre the LED's light beam in the centre. Since this is touching your coffee beans, you can coat this part with food safe epoxy to be extra cautious.\n3) Middle ring.stl - holds the battery and Arduino nano\n4) Top panel holds the OLED screen\nI hot glued all the parts together. Its strong enough to hold, and easy enough to take apart if I want to change anything.\nStep 4: Calibration and Using Your New Meter\nTo enter calibration mode: press the push button while powering up.", "769" ], [ "You will need two calibration roast. I calibrate with ground coffee (a coarse grind for filter coffee), but the choice is up to you. You need a cinnamon roast (beginning of first crack). The software takes this as \"eggtron\" = 70, and an Italian roast (just end of 2nd crack) \"eggtron\" = 30. The rest of the measured \"eggtron\" values are based off of these two calibration points. Once the calibration routine is done, the values are stored in non-volatile memory. So the calibration values are remembered every time you use the meter.\nTo use the meter, just turn on the power. (with the button un-pressed). It will go through the start up routine, and then wait for you to hit the button to take the first reading. The meter requires 4 readings, and then displays the average raw IR value, as well as the calculated \"eggtron\" value, with a roast level.\nI have a short video on how to use the meter on YouTube: https://youtu.be/GFptb66RO1I", "152" ] ]

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