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en_HRS_11_22_24.v1

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[ [ "Yeah, you bring up a good point about the way most people talk about freewriting. For whatever reason, we get introduced to it as if it belongs in the \"prewriting phase\" of writing.\nThe reality of writing for me is that you can do whatever you want behind the scenes to make things happen. Writing is taught as if there are necessary stages, but I don't think we should stick freewriting into that phase with the assumption that it belongs there.\nIt's a technique, so it can be used at any time.\nI like to freewrite each morning. I find that it helps me clear my mind and to come up with some goals for the day. It can be surprisingly beneficial for just bringing about a general feeling of lightness for the rest of the day. How exactly that happens from just freewriting a couple of pages each morning must be difficult to describe. I am not sure if I really understand how it works. It's subtle, I guess. I'll say it that way.\nI also freewrite to generate new material. I start wherever I happen to be and then I keep going until it feels finished or I feel like moving on to something else.\nI keep a file of jots and notes that I look through to see if any of them grab my interest.", "487" ], [ "If so, then I will freewrite to expand them.\nFreewriting is also great for gaining some additional understanding about something. A goal I have or a writing project I want to figure out. One way I do this is to hold a topic or a question in the back of my mind. I'll write and basically talk to myself. It's way more productive than thinking about it. Maybe the material can be used in the actual document, or maybe it isn't usable except as part of the process.\nTons more I could say on this. It's a remarkably versatile way to write and think. <PERSON> is a great resource for further study of the philosophy that underlies the technique.\nI also teach courses in freewriting. I would love to see more people adopting freewriting outside the classroom. I have found it transformational, especially when doing writing marathons.", "487" ] ]

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[ [ "Cycloidal Disk Electro Mechanical Timer.\nIntroduction: Cycloidal Disk Electro Mechanical Timer.\nCycloidal Disk Electro Mechanical Timer is a mechanism I designed to control the start and stop of some of my automaton designs. When the user presses the start button, the automaton will start, cycle through the presentation, then stop automatically using this mechanism.\nI wrote a Python script for the Autodesk Fusion 360 \"Add-Ins\" menu in order to generate a hypocycloidal \"sketch\" curve based on pin count and pin diameter. From this curve I can easily create a cycloidal disk and plate. Thus the Python script allows me to easily adjust the input to output ratio and size of the cycloidal mechanism in order to synchronize the running time of an automaton with its presentation, all within a much smaller space than before. For this mechanism, I designed the cycloidal disk and plate for a ten to one input to output ratio, meaning the large gear will turn ten times before the cycloidal disk turns one time, at which point the mechanism stops.", "737" ], [ "Note there is aliasing in the video such that the gears do not appear to be rotating as designed.\nAs usual I probably forgot a file or two or who knows what else, so if you have any questions, please do not hesitate to ask as I do make plenty of mistakes.\nDesigned using Autodesk Fusion 360, sliced using Cura 4.7.0, and 3D printed in PLA on an Ultimaker 3 Extended and Ultimaker S5s.\nSupplies\n* Solder and Soldering Iron.\n* AWG28 Stranded Wire (blue and black).\n* Thick cyanoacrylate glue.\nStep 1: Parts.\nI acquired the following parts:\n* One micro lever switch (search for \"CYT1073\").\n* One normal open mini momentary push button switch.\n* One 4 AA battery holder with switch.\n* Four AA batteries.\n* One N20 6VDC 75RPM gear motor.\n* Two M2.5 by 16mm cap screws.\n* Two M2.5 nuts.\nI 3D printed the following parts at .15mm layer height with 20% infill:\n* One \"Base.stl\".\n* Two \"Bolt.stl\".\n* One \"Disk.stl\".\n* One \"Gear (1m 56t) and Axle.stl\".\n* One \"Gear, Motor.stl\".\n* One \"Pin, Disk.stl\".\n* One \"Plate.stl\".\n* One \"Retainer.stl\".\nPrior to assembly, I test fit and trimmed, filed, drilled, sanded, etc. all parts as necessary for smooth movement of moving surfaces, and tight fit for non moving surfaces. Depending on you printer, your printer settings and the colors you chose, more or less trimming, filing, drilling and/or sanding may be required. Carefully file all edges that contacted the build plate to make absolutely certain that all build plate \"ooze\" is removed and that all edges are smooth. I used small jewelers files and plenty of patience to perform this step.\nThe mechanism also uses threaded assembly, so I used a tap and die set (6mm by 1) for thread cleaning.\nStep 2: Assembly.\nTo assemble the mechanism, I performed the following steps:\n* Bent the momentary micro switch terminals as shown, then soldered two 100mm lengths of blue wire to the switch terminals.\n* Inserted the blue wires from the momentary micro switch up through the right wiring trough in \"Base.stl\", then secured the momentary micro switch to the base using the included nut.\n* Attached the micro lever switch to \"Plate.stl\" using the two 2.5mm cap screws and nuts.\n* Attached the plate assembly to the base assembly using two \"Bolt.stl\".\n* Soldered the battery back red wire to the motor \"+\" terminal.\n* Soldered a 100mm length of black wire to the motor \"-\" terminal.\n* Pressed the motor into the base assembly, then routed the motor black wire up the left wiring trough in the base assembly.\n* Routed the battery pack black wire up the left wiring trough, then soldered the battery pack black wire and one of the blue momentary micro switch wires to the micro lever switch normally open (NO) terminal.\n* Soldered the motor black wire and the remaining blue momentary micro switch wires to the micro lever switch common (C) terminal.\n* Pressed \"Pin, Disk.stl\" into one of the holes in \"Disk.stl\" and secured in place with a small dot of cyanoacrylate glue.\n* Placed \"Retainer.", "784" ] ]

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[ [ "What's a word for a person who took a very rough story and made it into a book?\nI have written a book.\nWell, actually, my mother-in-law told the story of her experiences as a German forced laborer in the Soviet Union after World War 2. This was given in German and recorded onto audio tape about thirty years ago by my sister-in-law. My S.I.L. later transcribed the story in German onto twenty or so tightly typewritten foolscap sheets, and a few years ago she gave us a copy of this. My wife and I eventually translated this into very rough English (we both speak German, my wife being a native speaker).", "522" ], [ "It is quite a story and we have determined to self-publish it as a book. It's basically finished at this point. So this is what I need: a word (or two) for my having put it into a final form for the book.\nSee, the original telling was done pretty much as it occurred to her to tell it, and it tends to get lost in parts, backtrack, go forward, and around the bend at times. The final version is still her story, but it has been reworked into what I hope is a readable and understandable whole, with a beginning, a middle and an end. I've also a spot of research on historical matters pertaining to the story, and because some words she used were Russian, I used Google Translate and the Russian Language SE to get some more information.\nOn the title page, I am giving the title of the book, followed by a subtitle, then the author attribution.\nBelow the author attribution (she is now deceased, btw), I want to indicate that the work is a transcription and a translation of the original tale, and the word I need is for the really hard part, putting it into a coherent form for publication. Here's what I got, so far:\nby\nAs told to her daughter .\nTranslated by her daughter\nand xxxxed by\nWhat is that word (or words) in the xxx's? Arranged? Edited? What? Or, as someone on the ELU SE said, perhaps I shouldn't even be mentioned at all? Although the form it was in before I worked on it for a few months was completely unpublishable.", "775" ] ]

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[ [ "Happy Pi Day! the Circling Billboard\nIntroduction: Happy Pi Day! the Circling Billboard\nThe purpose of this Instructable is three-fold:\n1) demonstrate the use of pi for calculating circumferences and circular movement,\n2) celebrate Pi Day (3/14), and\n3) continue the instructional sequence on using the 2020 Lego Mindstorm Robot Inventor Kit.\nThis Instructionable focuses on programming the Robot Inventor’s matrix and calculating values. It also elaborates on the movement commands which were first introduced in the “Lego Robot Inventor Kit - Blast: On His Own” Instructable along with motors and distance sensor.\nSupplies\n2020 Lego Mindstorm Robot Inventor Kit (51515)\nSelected parts including 2 motors, 4 large wheels, and 1 hub.\nMindstorms software.\nStep 1: Build the Moving Billboard\nPut the Moving Billboard together using parts from the Lego Set 51515.\n1) Set up two motors as shown in image 1.\n2) Set up the hub as shown in image 2\n3) Attach the motors to the hub as shown in image 3.\n4) Attach the wheels to the motors as shown in image 4.\nImages 5 - 7 show the completed Moving Billboard from various angles.\nStep 2: Wire the Motors to the Hub\nFacing forward from the back (see image 1).\n1) Attach the left motor* to the D port (see images 1 and 2).\n2) Attach the right motor* to the F port (see images 1 and 2).\n*The rear of the billboard is at the bottom of the screen in image 1.\nStep 3: Set Up the Mindstorm Program\n1) Open Mindstorms App (see image 1).\n2) Click on Projects (bottom of image 1).\n3) Scroll down to Other (see image 2).\n4) Click on Create new Project (see image 2).\n5) Select Word Blocks and click Create (see image 3).\n6) Click on the three vertical dots and select Rename Project - type Pi_Hello (see image 4).\n7) The new project automatically gets the code line “When Program Starts” (see image 5).\nStep 4: Outline the Programming Logic\nThe code (see image 1) instructs the Moving Billboard to:\n* 1. Move in a circle based on the radius provided.\n* 2.", "141" ], [ "Display the following message: Pi [symbol] 3.14 Happy Pi Day!\nStep 5: Create Variables\n1) Scroll down to Variables (see image 1).\n2) Click on Create Variable (see image 2).\n3) Name it pi and click OK (see image 3).\n4) Repeat step 4 for the following variables (see image 4 after completion):\ncircle_radius\nwheel_diameter\nwheel_difference\nwheel_circumference\ninside_circum\noutside_circum\nratio\nStep 6: Initialize Variables (Constants)\nThe variables set in this section are actually constants that are used throughout the program. Word Blocks does not have a constant command therefore variables is used.\n1) Measure the diameter of the wheels (2.25”).\n2) Measure the distance between the outsides of the tires on the rear (4.25”).\n3) Drag “Set pi to” from Variables Category (see image 1) to under “When program starts” (see image 2)\n4) Set the pi variable to 3.14.\n5) Repeat for circle_radius, wheel_diameter, and wheel_difference. (see image 3).\n6) Set the circle_radius to the radius of the circle that the moving billboard travels (6 for 6 inches).\n7) Set wheel_diameter to the wheel diameter measurement (2.25).\n8) Set wheel_difference to the difference between the rear tires (4.25).\nStep 7: Initialize Variables Using Other Variables\n1) Drag “Set wheel_circumference to” under “Set wheel_difference to” (see image 1).\n2) Repeat for inside_circum, outside_circum, and ratio (see image 2).\n3) Drag multiplication command from under Operators (see image 3) over the white oval (see image 4) in the “set wheel circumference” command.\n4) Drag wheel_diameter from under Variables (see image 5) to the first oval (see image 6).\n5) Drag pi from under Variables (see image 5) to the second oval (see image 6).\n6) Drag subtraction command (see image 7) to an open area in the coding section.", "149" ] ]

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[ [ "What design flaw would allow a computer virus to significantly damage or destroy computers on a hardware level?\nNormally computer viruses are designed to steal information and affect things largely on the software level. Rarely do we see actors trying to outright destroy computers using a virus. However, that is exactly what I am going for. In this situation, such a virus is being released as part of warfare operations against enemy computer systems.\nSome hardware-based viruses work on manipulating a programmable logic controller. Essentially the sections that handle instructions for smaller subsystems on a motherboard or system can cause issues by exploiting vulnerabilities in an operating system. These attacks are designed to create a physical action that adversely affects a computer. For example, reducing fan speeds to cause thermal runaway, cause a hard drive's mechanical arm to switch back and forth constantly, excessive reads and writes to an SSD and more will destroy parts of a computer.\nHardware Trojans exist on a circuity/integrated circuity level. Essentially a piece of grafting or extra hardware placed onto a board to allow the running of malicious remote software or pre-loaded instructions.\nSimilarly, a firmware-based virus can render entire memory banks infected in ways that can't be solved easily short of a firmware or hardware update completely.\nWhile devastating, hardware-based viruses are incredibly expensive to make.", "81" ], [ "They are also generally targeted against very specific systems (see Stuxnet). There are also numerous motherboard fail safes that have been built in to stop things such as power surges or thermal throttling. Even microcontrollers these days have ways of checking to see if something running is about to brick a system.\nFor the purposes of this question one can assume most motherboards are built in a very similar manner with an overall shared design layout. While sizing and certain portions may be different between boards, it's safe to assume that the PCB's share a lot of common features. One can also assume that no computer is air gapped for the purposes of this question.\nWhat design flaw would allow a computer virus to consistently destroy computers at a hardware level such that entire computers need to be thrown away and redesigned from the ground up?\nThe computer virus in question can be deployed in multiple ways and can be constantly updated. They can utilize things like AI and can tell if they are being executed in a virtual machine or not. Among other things. The virus in question is exploiting the design flaw in such a computer system, systems that don't share the same issue (like say a calculator or LED light) are not within the scope of the question.", "81" ] ]

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[ [ "Spanish Omelette - Enjoy Spanish Culture!\nIntroduction: Spanish Omelette - Enjoy Spanish Culture!\nBy and large, it is believed that Spanish Omelette was invented during the first Carlist War, in the 19th Century. Since then it has become one of our most famous Spanish dishes! Nowadays you are able to find it in every Spanish bar or cafe. Moreover, all of them have their own recipe and they all claim that theirs is the best.\nNow keep reading if you want to learn how to cook it!\nSupplies\n- Large and medium frying pan.\n- Large bowl.\n- Knife.\nIngredients:\n- 3-4 potatoes.\n- 2 onions.\n- Olive oil.\n- Salt.\n- 6 eggs.\nStep 1: Peel and Cut Both Onions and Potatoes\nFirst of all, cut the onions into little pieces. Then peel the potatoes and cut them into thin slices. It is advisable to use a mandoline during this step.\nThe most common recipes include onion but some people prefer not to include it, it's up to you! I highly recomend you to to give it a try.\nStep 2: To the Pan!\nStep 2: To the pan!\nFirst, add some oil in a large pan, and wait until it gets hot to introduce the ingredients.Then add both potatoes and onions to the pan and wait until the mixture is cooked.", "901" ], [ "Don't forget to add a pinch of salt.\nThis step is the longest one, as it needs to be fried in a low flame, and it requires time, so be patient, play a song in the midtime and move the mixture once in a while. The mixture is cooked when it turns tender!\nStep 3: Drain the Mixture\nDrain the mixture in order to separate the oil from the potatoes and onions mixture\nStep 4: Beat the Eggs and Mix\nBeat the eggs and add some salt during the process. Next, add the potatoes and onions to the beated eggs and mix it carefully.\nStep 5: Frying the Omelette!\nLast but not least, add some oil in a medium frying pan and set a high flame. With the oil hot, add the mixture and wait more or less 2 minutes, and then its time to flip it! Use a plate (bigger than the pan) to make It easier and wait until the other side is fried.\nIn the last years, a lot of variants of the recipe has been created. Therefore, you can take into consideration those changes and include in your Spanish Omelette new ingredients such as peppers or chorizo.\nStep 6: The Result!\nI hope you have enjoyed this instructable, It has been a pleasure to share a little bit of my Spanish culture with all of you!\nDon't be shy and give the recipe a try, I promise you will have a good time! And don't forget to share your pictures!\n¡BUEN PROVECHO! 😉💃🏻", "122" ] ]

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[ [ "The Incredible Shrinking Man\nI was no longer alone in my universe, I had an enemy\nOne of the most creative films I have ever seen.\nIm not taking the piss saying this was incredible, for a film of the 50's it takes the piss with how impressive it makes itself\nAll the stakes are so integral that the entire adventure values your time, it gets straight into it and all filmmaking aspects make it so interesting to watch\nFor a film like this it's inevitable to expect a predictable end but this does something so simple and brave it's conclusion is a total triumph above all others\nMy fears melted away and in their place came acceptance\nTo God there is no zero,\nI still exist", "462" ] ]

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[ [ "Only one person can really say for sure: <PERSON>'s original creator, writer <PERSON>, who wrote the character into a cameo appearance in The Incredible Hulk #180 way back in 1974, and then placing him as the Hulk's newest adversary in the follow-up book, The Incredible Hulk #181. Although designed by art director <PERSON>., <PERSON> was the one who decided how to write Wolverine. He was picked due to his work on an earlier comic called Brother Voodoo. Editor-in-chief <PERSON> was so impressed by <PERSON>'s writing of accents that he called <PERSON> up and told him \"You are doing something I cannot do as a writer; I cannot write accents to save my life. I'd love to see how you'd do a Canadian accent. Uh, <PERSON>'s a great name.\" <PERSON> then did research on wolverines, and noted that \"They are short, mean, nasty little creatures with razor-sharp claws that will attack anything twice their size and don't go anywhere near them; they will kill you.", "417" ], [ "Well, that's a character defined right there.\" <PERSON> implemented these characteristics into <PERSON>, adding an indestructible metal skeleton (later called Adamantium) and an accelerated healing factor, therefore giving him the necessary tools to battle a character like the <PERSON> in a believable sense; most of this information can be found in the DVD, X-Men Revealed. Later on, when X-Men Origins: Wolverine was released, <PERSON> said on the Blu-Ray special features that 'he has read \"Ten things you didn't know about <PERSON>\", which states that the character was originally intended to be a mutated wolverine. I write stories about human beings, not evolved animals (with apologies for any stories I may have written that involved the High Evolutionary). The mutated wolverine thing came about long after I was no longer involved with the book. I'm not certain if the idea was first suggested by <PERSON>, the late, much-missed <PERSON>, or <PERSON> when he came aboard as artist, but it most certainly did not start with me.' This second part of Wolverine's explained past can be found on Wikipedia. I hope this article helps.", "167" ] ]

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[ [ "Will my new dog and my other dog eventually get along well?\nMy dog's best friend / soul mate recently passed away. They were inseparable. They cuddled and played together all the time.\nHe seemed anxious and lonely without her, so we adopted another dog (similar breed and same gender to the one who passed away) to be a companion for him.", "1011" ], [ "During the meeting at the shelter they got along super well. Happily sniffing each other and acting very excited. At home though, our dog is kind of ignoring the new dog, and has even growled at her a few times when she tries to be affectionate with him.\nWe've only had her for a few days now. Is he simply trying to establish his alpha status and boundaries? Have you ever had a similar experience that ended in them being very happy with each other's company? Or is it more likely that he'll always be indifferent to her?", "63" ] ]

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[ [ "Safe Way to Store DVD TV Series\nIntroduction: Safe Way to Store DVD TV Series\nI love TV series. Not every TV series, mind, just the ones I actually enjoy.\nA few years ago, I decided to make it a goal to collect TV series that I love. I did hours of math and researching to find the best price and quality on DVD collections. Finally I'd settle on one and purchase it.\nThen I ran into a problem I hadn't anticipated. The new packaging on DVD collections is terrible. The spindles grip the paper thin DVD so tight that you can easily crack the hub when trying to get the DVD out. They stack the DVDs all on top of one another, making them prone to scratching and even harder to get out safely.\nSo, after much disappointment and cracked hubs, I settled on another way to house the DVDs that was both protective and looked good.\nSupplies\n1. TV series\n2. Scissors\n3. Tape\n4. DVD case/holder, fabric covered\n5. Cardboard box in appropriate size to hold the DVD holder\n6. Black construction paper\n7. Ruler\n8. Pen/pencil\nStep 1: The DVD Case Vs the Original DVD Holder\nThe DVD case I have been using for a few years holds 28 DVDs and is made by Case Logic. I have bought it at Walmart and Menards. I haven't had any problems with it. The dvds slide into the plastic sleeves and flip like a photo album. I don't recommend holders that hold past 30 dvds just because the dvds own weight could cause problems as they sit pressed against one another.\nThese cases zip closed and are easy to transport. You can stick labels on them for easy identification.\nThe original holders for TV series vary a bit, but it all comes down to two facts. One, the manufacturers stack the DVD right on top of one another.", "315" ], [ "There is nothing in between them so nothing is to prevent them from scratching against each other. Two, the spindles are not like your regular push spindles found in movie cases. They are soooo tight. I get scared I'm gonna crack the DVD any time I take them out (and I've had it happen too many times). Putting them back in is just as bad. Therefore, I trust this method way more than the original method.\nStep 2: Put the DVDs in the New Case\nCarefully take all the dvds out of the original case and transfer them to the fabric case.\nTake the colorful cover out of the plastic slipcase on the original DVD case. Set it aside.\nStep 3: Trim Plastic Slip Cover\nTrim the plastic slip cover off of the original DVD case. Trim as neatly and as close to the glue as possible. You will now have a sheet of plastic. Set it aside for later.\nStep 4: Sizing a Cardboard Box\nFind a cardboard box that will hold the new fabric DVD case. It should slide in it neatly. You should also be able to put the cover on the outside of the box.\nThis Ritz cracker box is almost perfect. It is just a little too tall and a little too long.\nWith the DVD holder inside the box, I lay the box on its side and trim with scissors. I make a straight cut that ends in line with the edge of the DVD holder.\nI keep doing this, then I cut across all the little cuts so I have a trimmed side. Making the little cuts helps keep the cardboard from bending funny while you cut the side off.\nDo that for both sides and the top and bottom, making them as straight as you can.\nStep 5: A New Top\nYour newly trimmed box needs a new top. It is too tall!\nPut the cover around the box as if it were on the box. With a ruler, mark the top of the cover on the sides and spine of the box.\nUnfold the original top of the box so you can trim it easily.\nWhere the top of the spine meets the top of the side, cut the corners to the mark you made with the pen. These help you to be able to fold the cardboard down along the marked line.\nFold down the sides at the drawn seams. There will be excess cardboard, but we'll trim it.\nTrim the excess cardboard on the sides so that the two bent side pieces can overlap on another cleanly without making the box lose its shape. Tape down the new top.\nStep 6: Adding a Background\nWhen you put your cover on the box to size it, you may have realized that you have a nice cover with ugly Ritz cracker box showing behind.\nNo big deal; just add some black paper!\nNow, I am gonna cheat and only cover the parts of the box that will show when the cover is on. You can cover the whole box if you want.", "163" ] ]

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[ [ "Interesting questions! I hope I can shed some sunlight on them.\nAs stated in the abstract that you quote, understanding and modeling of sunspots is an open question, especially the question how the stability of sunspots is sustained.\nThere are many models, as your citations indicate. First, some terminological clarification: the \"<PERSON> effect\" nowadays is essentially a model to explain the physics of the sunspot. The \"<PERSON> depression\" is an observable component of a sunspot: the geometric height of the visible solar surface is depressed compared to the rest of the Sun. AT the time of <PERSON>, it was a hypothesis, but such depressions have been measured, e.g., see the figure here. In principle, since the idea is that the sunspot is generated by convective activity below the photosphere (i.e., convective heat transport is blocked by intense magnetic fields, which is why strong magnetic fields are needed to sustain a stable sunspot), the sunspot could be much deeper than what we're able to observe, since we cannot see directly below the photosphere (since the Sun's plasma becomes too opaque).\nThere are other models to explain the depression of a sunspot. For example, a recent model, which is (apparently) free from any systematic uncertainties due to no model-dependent assumptions, minimizes the divergence of the magnetic field derived from spectropolarimetric observations. By applying their framework to observations of a sunspot, they state:\nThe derived <PERSON> depression (∼600 km) is consistent with results typically obtained from the <PERSON> effect.\nTheir results are consistent with those of studies that employ the <PERSON> effect, e.g., as you cite from the 2009 Saas Fee Advanced Course 39.\nSo, your questions:\nI would appreciate if somebody could explain [to] me the rather large range of depths. On the one hand, I am interested in the depth of the umbra measured from the penumbra (if it can be seen as flat), and on the other hand I also would like to know the distance from the penumbra to the end of the (visible) photosphere, everything ideally with errorbars.\nTo produce a plot with more precise answers and with errorbars would involve somebody already made such a plot, or I would have to make one. I do not have the time to do so myself, and I cannot find a published paper with it (it could be out there). So, I'll try to explain more conceptually.", "70" ], [ "Also, we cannot see below the photosphere so I think indirect methods would have to be used to obtain errorbars on observations of the depth of the umbra, which I am having trouble finding (and doubting if it's been done yet! EDIT: see the very last para. about helioseismology).\nThe wiki article states: \"The magnitude of the depression is difficult to determine, but may be as large as 1,000 km.\" But it does not cite this claim ;)\nModels of the <PERSON> effect, like those that you cite, are attempting to explain the emergence of a sunspot as originating from within the convective envelope of the stellar interior. Is that reasonable?: the depth cited of $\\sim 7.3$Mm for these swells of plasma are at least within the solar radius, which is $\\sim 10^9$m = 1 Gm. The photosphere is the deepest into the sun's interior that we can see optically, and it extends to about 4x10$^5$m. So it is conceivable that the sunspot can exist at depths below the photosphere inside a convective region of the sun without the bottom of the sunspot being too deep.\nADDED EDIT: In the models of <PERSON> and <PERSON>, e.g., 2014, \"sunspot stability [is] a function of their radius and magnetic field strength [which] varies monotonically with radius from about 700 G up to an asymptotic limit of about 4000 G. The depth of the Wilson depression grows linearly with B. The range of stable equilibria is limited in a way that larger sunspots (radius larger than about 12–18 Mm) are unstable, which may explain the absence of very large sunspot on the Sun, as well as the appearance of the light bridges in large sunspots dividing them in several parts. Sunspots with B in the range of 2.6–2.7 kG and an umbral radius of about 2 Mm are the most stable.\" Quote taken from Note 4. of this helioseismology review (also in last para. below), and see Figure 22 of that review for a schematic of their model.", "70" ] ]

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[ [ "Is the Legalisation of Marijuana in Trinidad & Tobago an ‘Idea Whose Time Has Come’? · Global Voices\nMarijuana leaf pattern; photo by <PERSON>, CC BY 2.0.\nEven as many parts of the world moves towards the decriminalisation of marijuana, Trinidad and Tobago still considers its cultivation and use illegal.\nAs early as 2014, activists in neighbouring regional territories were agitating for the “freeing up” of the herb. By February 2015, Jamaica became the first Caribbean nation to decriminalise marijuana when its House of Representatives passed a law allowing possession of up to two ounces of cannabis. The new legislation also allows users to grow up to five plants for personal consumption, and guidelines are being established for the cultivation and distribution of both medical marijuana and use of the herb for religious ceremonies.\nIn a region whose justice systems are plagued with a backlog of minor possession offences, decriminalisation has been a welcome move to many. In Jamaica, not only has use of the herb been decriminalised, it's been largely normalised — there's talk of ganja cooperatives and the potential of pot tourism. In fact, in late 2015, the country's first Rastafari Rootzfest celebrated the emancipation of marijuana, though some insist the development of Jamaica's legal ganja industry isn't happening fast enough.\nTrinidad and Tobago's stance on the issue, meanwhile, remains the polar opposite. The official Twitter feed of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service (TTPS) often posts photos and updates about the quantities of marijuana that are seized and destroyed:\nPolice destroy TT$650,000 worth in marijuana found in Las Cuevas. pic.twitter.com/etE1gaD7OP\n— T&T Police Service (@TTPoliceService) July 17, 2017\nSome netizens feel that the legalisation of ganja would separate its use from the dangerous and violent illegal drug trade and ease the burden on the country's justice system, but the TTPS continues to lump them all together, proudly noting that its 2017 marijuana seizures have increased by 29.7% from the year before.\nThe other facet of the issue is, of course, medical marijuana. In September 2015, C420, a cannabis law reform NGO in Trinidad and Tobago, threatened to sue the country’s ministry of health, saying that it had neglected to make known that legislation pertaining to the lawful possession of marijuana does exist in the country.\nBack in October 2015, writer <PERSON>, who has been a strong advocate for decriminalisation, wrote a guest post about the issue for Global Voices.", "957" ], [ "In it, she noted that this “updated legislation has also been mysteriously overlooked by the legions of lawyers who earn astronomical fees defending clients charged under the Dangerous Drugs Act. In the 15 years since it was introduced, it has never once been used as a defence in the thousands of marijuana possession cases that have been clogging the country’s judicial system.”\n<PERSON>'s work as an activist and leader of the Caribbean Collective for Justice, a political party that recently campaigned on a green platform that focused on cannabis legalisation, has convinced her that all the United States’ War on Drugs has managed to accomplish is the incarceration of predominantly “poor, young black men“.\nShe is not alone; her online petition, which calls for the government to “address the fact that as long as ganja remains illegal, it will always be under the control of criminal gangs”, has been signed by more than 3,000 people, and there is a documentary film about the subject. In a public Facebook post that <PERSON> shared, she noted that a former University of the West Indies lecturer, Dr. <PERSON>, wrote the country's prime minister and suggested that the legalisation of weed would see a dramatic drop in crime:\nThe only ones benefiting from keeping marijuana illegal are the drug gangs and they will be forced out of business by legitimate dealers who would be licensed and who would pay taxes on their sales to generate more revenues. Other products could also be manufactured from hemp to help diversify the economy.\nThe government will also save money from ending unnecessary prosecutions by directing police officers to cease and desist from going after non-violent marijuana users. […]\nIf the government is afraid of the electoral consequences of legalization, then call a referendum on the policy and let the people decide. Otherwise, encourage a bipartisan bill to be presented in parliament for legalization. Or encourage citizens to sue the government for the deprivation of liberty and let the courts decide. The more courageous move would be for the Honourable Prime Minister to lead the policy change with an immediate directive to the Law Revision Commission to reclassify marijuana as a legal substance.", "271" ] ]

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[ [ "Signs\nMy most notable Letterboxd review is a pan of Close Encounters. <PERSON>, who loves <PERSON> as we all do, wanted this to be his version of it. I think this one is way better.\nA broken man in an impossible situation relearns how to love and protect his family. <PERSON> crushed it with two great kid actors. Compared to a movie like Independence Day, this is basically a home invasion film.", "369" ], [ "It didn't have to be aliens, it could have been anything (except for the thematic reasons). <PERSON> is a tortured man just barely holding it together, which in retrospect turned out to not be a stretch for him. <PERSON> really didn't need to cast himself as the manslaughtering neighbor. Weirdly for a movie about an atheist preacher mourning his dead wife, this is kind of his funniest movie. It's really pretty cheesy but it works for me unlike Close Encounters.\nAlso, the shared memory people my age have of that footage of the birthday party being one of the most terrifying things in cinema is some sort of fever dream we all had. It's a tense moment but stop citing it as one of the scariest movie moments of all time.", "698" ] ]

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[ [ "War and Peace\nOn a scale of grand, grander and grandest; War and Peace smashes the scale into oblivion. It is beyond what you can imagine, both intimate and huge, as the best epics should be.", "352" ], [ "The fact that the director was even mad enough to take the lead role in the middle of it all is even more bonkers. The amount of people on screen at one time is something you just wouldn't see in today's film-making world and the camera work is freewheeling and delightfully chaotic at times. It really is a mighty piece of work.", "877" ] ]

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[ [ "Canon\nThe official Star Wars Databank has this to say:\nIf ever one needed an example of the irredeemable evil that was the Empire, turn to the shattered remains of Alderaan. An influential world, Alderaan was represented in the waning days of the Republic by such venerated politicians as <PERSON> and <PERSON>. A peaceful world, Alderaan was bereft of weaponry in an era of galactic strife. It was not without spirit, however. Alderaan was one of the earliest supporters of the Alliance to Restore the Republic, though its officials prudently kept all ties to the Rebellion secret.", "503" ], [ "Despite such discretion, the Empire knew it to be a haven of Rebel activity, and Grand Moff <PERSON> targeted the beautiful world for reprisal as soon as the Death Star was operational. The massive primary weapon of the battle station obliterated Alderaan, leaving only a lifeless asteroid field behind.\nWookieepedia (citing Star Wars Rebels – \"A Princess on Lothal\") says this:\nDuring this time, Alderaan became the Alliance's main source of munitions. The planet's crown princess and representative in the Imperial Senate, Princess <PERSON>, adoptive daughter of <PERSON> and <PERSON>, began using her diplomatic immunity as an Imperial senator to carry out Rebel missions in restricted Imperial systems.\nLegends\nIn Star Wars: Battlefront II, a 501st trooper says this:\n\"For all their talk of being a peaceful planet, Alderaan had been thumbing its nose at the Empire for years.\"\nThe Star Wars: Imperial Handbook: A Commander's Guide labels Alderaan as one of the Empire's priority targets for providing political and strategic aid to the Alliance.\nWookieepedia says this (although they didn't cite their source so take it with a grain of salt):\nImmediately after the formation of the Galactic Empire, Alderaan was wracked by anti-Imperial protests, mainly from alien refugees who were now forced to pay an exorbitant tax to return home. Alderaan eventually became a safe haven for rebellious elements who wished to fight the growing oppression of the Empire, which helped bring on the planet's very downfall.\nIncluded among the population was a group of Caamasi refugees depicted in the novel I, Jedi, for example, that fled to Alderaan after an Imperial bombardment destroyed their planet. They were most definitely Rebel sympathizers.\nConclusion - YES\nWhile it's hard to determine what percentage of the Alderaan people were pro-Rebellion, it had a reputation for being very sympathetic to the Alliance which should be sufficient for the question.\nIt's generally understood that a significant portion of the galaxy's population didn't like the Empire but any official stance against the regime would carry significant consequences and violent suppression. Therefore, Alderaan, being a peaceful planet, was officially aligned with the Empire but both its political figures and its people had a reputation of secretly being very influential supporters of the Rebellion.", "503" ] ]

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[ [ "Sword in the rock - make it last the ages\n<PERSON> the wizard has a problem.\nSure, it was a piece of cake to move forward in time to the 21st century, procure a sword that was made with the highest 21st century standards, go back in time, and stick it in a pile of cement. The sword's handle, of course, is imbued with DNA detectors and personality divining spells that will retract the perpendicular spikes at the tip of the blade, allowing he whom the wizard deems worthy to slide the blade out of the rock.\nSo <PERSON> looks at his handy work, smiling with satisfaction, but as he turns to go a thought pops up -\nHow can he expect the sword to last through the ages? Sure, 21st century grade steel is tough, but will it survive centuries in the British outdoors?\n<PERSON> turns back in alarm, sighs and starts working on making the sword last.\nWhat should he do? He's a wizard and uses magic, sure, but I'd like to minimize the handwaving, so pointing out specific changes that <PERSON> would make to the environment will be appreciated. Also, he's no engineer and would rather minimize the use of technology for this, but he does have limited access to 21st century tech (mostly stuff that he can buy/pay someone to make for him, but he can't bring people back in time to help).\nAlso - For how long can he get the sword to last (how long in the past can <PERSON> go to start the sword-in-the-rock legend? The longer the better, as ancient legends go)\nYe olde EDIT the 1st: to avoid being too story based I'll rephrase: Set in our world, wishing to minimize handwaving, what minimal changes to the environment around the sword (weather, terrain, maybe society, etc.) would prevent the sword from corroding or breaking, for as long as possible? Said changes should be explained in as scientific a way as possible, but I'm not looking for diamond-hard science, just a few paragraphs to explain to the readers how the sword lasted for as long as it did.\nYe olde EDIT the 2nd: The blade will be steel or some steel alloy.", "300" ], [ "The sword will be used in combat and needs to be stronger than other swords. The idea is to have something close-to-but-somewhat-better than middle ages swords. A lot of answers go for an all powerful material, but if I do that, it might as well be Adamantium that cuts through walls and shoots fireballs. Minimimalization is what I'm looking for (treks in time not withstanding).", "523" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\n<PERSON> barring <PERSON>, this is easily the best live action Star Wars show we've gotten. The reason I believe this, is actually the reason I'm not totally in love with it as well, and it's because of the writing. I think the show benefitted immensely from having <PERSON> be the sole writer on the project. He clearly has love for this character and knows her inner workings more than most. Prior to this show I had always thought of <PERSON> as being Star Wars' most consistently written character and I feel like this show continues that trend which is a relief.\nThe singular vision for the show really works. There's a simple story set out from the start and the show doesn't veer off this vision at all, no filler, it's all heading towards the main story. It just feels refreshing as most of the other SW shows have copious amounts of filler, and it was interesting to have a show focus solely on plot and a few characters.\nHowever, I do think there are still some glaring problems with the writing. The main issue with the show is the gatekeeping of why <PERSON> and <PERSON> broke up in the first place.", "282" ], [ "The entire show alludes to the reason <PERSON> left <PERSON>, and the whole time you are waiting for an answer, and it isn't until the last episode we find out. You would think for such an important plot point when it was addressed it would at least be in a satisfying way but no it's just randomly told to <PERSON> by <PERSON>.\n<PERSON>'s realisation that happens in episode 5, while I really do like the story of her letting go of her guilt, the dramatic change in her persona and how she acts towards <PERSON> makes no sense until we find out why she abandoned her in the last episode. Sure, retrospectively it works, but in structuring a show you shouldn't be confused of a turn a character takes for multiple episodes. It's annoying because clearly <PERSON> knows why <PERSON> would act the way she does, but you have to wait until a random scene with <PERSON> to understand this complete switch up.\nI also just don't think this switch warrants how ok <PERSON> is with the decision <PERSON> makes. I mean from where they stand, she has doomed an entire galaxy and the show ends on a note as if they've made up? I just think the whole switch up of <PERSON> was a little sloppy.\nIf this show gets a second season I really like where it ends off, all the characters split off doing their own things, and this season also having a satisfying arc, but if this doesn't have a second season, what an awful way to end a show. It doesn't matter if the storylines are picked up to end a show with so many loose threads only makes sense if there's another season.\nWas really such a delight having Rebels in live action, all the casting was on point, especially <PERSON>, I'm shocked at how much he feels like <PERSON> from Rebels. The show also just felt like a step up production wise, more in line with Andor, with its cinematography, music and stunt work. Really hoping there is a second season", "663" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>: There have been variations on farming in swamps, and if you study the chinampa style of farming in central/south america you will find examples of swamps/wetland/lakes that have been modified to create raised beds with channels between.\nThese allowed for farming of various produce and have also been used to providing grazing for livestock. Furthermore, aquaculture is practiced in the channels of water between the fields.\nPlants. Animals. Fish/Shellfish.\nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinampa https://www.ancient-origins.net/ancient-places-americas/chinampas-floating-gardens-mexico-001537 There are other/better links out there too if you keep digging.\nBasically, you dredge the bottom of the swamp and start to stack the soil in an area. This builds the soil and raises it above water level as you continue to stack it.\nThis is stacked in an area where a \"basket\" has been prepared by using stakes and reeds woven together. This basket forms the boundary of the \"field\".\nI have also read that trees, such as willows, have been planted along the field edge.", "571" ], [ "The willows roots grow to create a natural basket that is alive, versus dead wood that eventually rots away. You can see in various images from the links that there are these trees lining the boundaries of the fields.\nThese raised beds are made from stacking the dredged nutrient rich soil, and as they sit above water level, act sort of like a low-tech/passive organic hydroponics system by drawing water naturally from below.\nSome additional benefits are that with the proximity to water, the temperature extremes of the climate are regulated owing to the function of water and it's ability to carry/hold heat. Also, with the channels formed between the beds, aquaculture production of various fish/shellfish can be pursued.\nFurthermore, the beds can be used for livestock.\nAll in all, an impressive adaptation.\nAmazonian techniques: In the amazon there was also a form of soil improvement/adaptation that was part of a process to continually improve fertility/arability.\nhttps://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180723142845.htm I read about this in the book 1491. This above article is really scant on details.\nAnyhow, the amazon basin is a humid, waterlogged region, with soils that are actually fairly nutrient deficient. The amazonian people developed a technique to improve, dramatically, and in a long-lasting manner, the quality of the soil.\nThey \"smoldered\" wood, NOT burnt, and produced charcoal which was mixed into the earth with broken clay pottery as well as compost/manure. This produced a type of soil that, even hundreds of years after its production/use, is highly valued and productive today.\nIt's astounding, actually, if you read the science (I recommend reading 1491 as it covers it extensively), where yields are increased several-hundred fold, and with soil that maintains its viability for generations of continuous farming.\nEssentially, by farming in a style of permaculture, with trees mixed with various crops and livestock areas this is a pretty incredible and sustainable adaptation.\nI know that this amazonian dark earth aspect isn't directly attributed to being a swamp adaptation, but given the fact that the amazon basin is largely swamp/wetland area, I figure it's worth mentioning.\nIt's also worth mentioning the land-reclamation techniques used by the Dutch.\nDutch Land Reclamation: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuiderzee_Works\nAlthough, this is not farming in the swamp per se, it speaks about damming off regions, and pumping the water out from them. Theoretically, if your swamp and farming of it, was on such a large scale as the executed by the Dutch, you could investigate this also for your world design.\nCheers, -A", "1022" ] ]

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[ [ "Micro- and macro-averages (for whatever metric) will compute slightly different things, and thus their interpretation differs. A macro-average will compute the metric independently for each class and then take the average (hence treating all classes equally), whereas a micro-average will aggregate the contributions of all classes to compute the average metric. In a multi-class classification setup, micro-average is preferable if you suspect there might be class imbalance (i.e you may have many more examples of one class than of other classes).\nTo illustrate why, take for example precision $Pr=\\frac{TP}{(TP+FP)}$. Let's imagine you have a One-vs-All (there is only one correct class output per example) multi-class classification system with four classes and the following numbers when tested:\n* Class A: 1 TP and 1 FP\n* Class B: 10 TP and 90 FP\n* Class C: 1 TP and 1 FP\n* Class D: 1 TP and 1 FP\nYou can see easily that $Pr_A = Pr_C = Pr_D = 0.5$, whereas $Pr_B=0.1$.\n* A macro-average will then compute: $Pr=\\frac{0.5+0.1+0.5+0.5}{4}=0.4$\n* A micro-average will compute: $Pr=\\frac{1+10+1+1}{2+100+2+2}=0.123$\nThese are quite different values for precision. Intuitively, in the macro-average the \"good\" precision (0.5) of classes A, C and D is contributing to maintain a \"decent\" overall precision (0.4). While this is technically true (across classes, the average precision is 0.4), it is a bit misleading, since a large number of examples are not properly classified.", "964" ], [ "These examples predominantly correspond to class B, so they only contribute 1/4 towards the average in spite of constituting 94.3% of your test data. The micro-average will adequately capture this class imbalance, and bring the overall precision average down to 0.123 (more in line with the precision of the dominating class B (0.1)).\nFor computational reasons, it may sometimes be more convenient to compute class averages and then macro-average them. If class imbalance is known to be an issue, there are several ways around it. One is to report not only the macro-average, but also its standard deviation (for 3 or more classes). Another is to compute a weighted macro-average, in which each class contribution to the average is weighted by the relative number of examples available for it. In the above scenario, we obtain:\n$Pr_{macro-mean}={0.25·0.5+0.25·0.1+0.25·0.5+0.25·0.5}=0.4$ $Pr_{macro-stdev}=0.173$\n$Pr_{macro-weighted}={0.0189·0.5+0.943·0.1+0.0189·0.5+0.0189·0.5}={0.009+0.094+0.009+0.009}=0.123$\nThe large standard deviation (0.173) already tells us that the 0.4 average does not stem from a uniform precision among classes, but it might be just easier to compute the weighted macro-average, which in essence is another way of computing the micro-average.", "915" ] ]

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[ [ "Okay, I played my first (and quite possibly last) game of Ra: The Dice Game earlier today at the WBC. The game was explained by the ever-delightful <PERSON>, who made the transition from Ra to this dice version seamless and simple. Some credit must go to <PERSON> for this as well, I suppose. The reason I may never play it again is simply that I couldn't find a copy to buy at the vendor booths at the WBC--which was a shame because the game supports two players quite nicely and that's the itch that always needs to be scratched at my gaming venue of choice.\nThe mechanics are simple--Yahtzee rolling scheme, dice that show pharaohs, monuments, civ advances, Nile/floods, Ra's suns, and the wild-card Ankhs. There are some niggling details that must be mastered, such as the fact that suns may not be rerolled, and the color of the dice matter periodically (okay, that was sort of an obvious development) but not always. My favorite goal was simply to roll three suns and two ankhs every turn, which, had I been successful, would have ensured instant gratification to the tune of 5 points each turn. That was--due to the vagaries of probability--very unrealistic, sadly.\nMy opponents were a pair of very lovely Scots who'd been transplanted to the Philadelphia area, and I could tell that they were enjoying the dice decision processes a bit more than was I.", "755" ], [ "I honestly much prefer the original Ra to this game, if only because the Pharaoh and Nile tracks cap relatively early, and if you keep rolling Nile and Pharaoh dice faces to the point of total superfluousness, it's most displeasing. This sort of non-probable yet provably-possible outcome is the sort of thing that used to piss me off no end in Yahtzee. All I need to do is roll three more '2's to get the top bonus!!! What do you mean I keep rolling everything but a '2'?? How can this be? Same thing in Ra: The Dice Game. It's insanely easy to see what you should do with any given roll of the five dice, and the only challenge is in rolling what you need when you need it. So, in other words, it's all the luck of the dice.\nWere the decisions more difficult surrounding the dice allocation (Kingsburg pops into mind here, for no great reason--it's not like it's ever that hard to allocate dice in THAT game--it's just totally a no-brainer in this one) I'd have enjoyed this game a lot more. As it stands, it's a reasonable diversion that's not nearly as messy to deal with as actual Ra, but it's also not nearly as satisfying to me. Ra is generally an 8 out of 10 game for me, and this modification pulls it down into the 5-6 range.\nAs a public service, and to spare future visitors the tedium of the pissing match that I will eventually get into with one of this game's playtesters, here is a link to the game's rules, thoughtfully pointed out by the selfsame playtester:\nRules of Ra The Dice Game", "755" ] ]

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[ [ "A proof could go as follows:\nLet $\\Omega \\in\\mathbb{R^3}$, and consider the force field (which is a vector field) $\\textbf F:\\Omega \\rightarrow \\mathbb{R^3} $. Now, consider a particle $P$, of mass $m$, and let $\\gamma:[t_1,t_2]\\rightarrow \\Omega$, with $\\gamma \\in C^2([t_1,t_2])$ be the curve representing the path that $P$ follows in space.", "418" ], [ "We assume that $\\textbf F$ is the total force acting on P\n(Remember that the symbol $\\cdot$ indicates the scalar product)\nThe work done by $F$ on $P$ between the instants $t_1,t_2$, is defined as the line integral of $F$ over $\\gamma$; that is,\n$$W=\\int_\\gamma \\textbf F=\\int_{t_1}^{t_2} \\textbf F(\\gamma(t))\\cdot\\gamma'(t)dt $$\nBy the second law, $\\textbf F(\\gamma(t))=m\\textbf a(t)=m\\gamma''(t)$, thus, if $\\textbf v(t)=\\gamma'(t)$ is the velocity of $P$, $$ \\int_{t_1}^{t_2} \\textbf F(\\gamma(t))\\cdot\\gamma'(t)dt=\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}m\\gamma''(t)\\cdot \\gamma'(t)=\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}m\\textbf v'(t)\\cdot \\textbf v(t) $$\nIt's clear that $\\textbf v(t)$ is a vector, hence we'll write it in terms of its coordinates: $\\textbf v(t)=(v_x(t),v_y(t),v_z(t))$, and of course its derivative, the acceleration, can be written as $\\textbf v'(t)=(v'_x(t),v'_y(t),v'_z(t))$ . Hence, the scalar product between the velocity and the acceleration is $v_x(t)v'_x(t)+v_y(t)v'_y(t)+v_z(t)v'_z(t)$. Thus,\n$$\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}m\\textbf v'(t)\\cdot \\textbf v(t)=m\\int_{t_1}^{t_2}(v'x(t),v'_y(t),v'_z(t))\\cdot (v_x(t),v_y(t),v_z(t))=m\\int{t_1}^{t_2}(v_x(t)v'x(t)+v_y(t)v'_y(t)+v_z(t)v'_z(t))dt=m\\int{t_1}^{t_2} v_x(t)v'x(t)dt+ m\\int{t_1}^{t_2} v_y(t)v'y(t)dt+m\\int{t_1}^{t_2}v_z(t)v'_z(t)dt $$.\nNow it's easy to see (if not, just integrate by parts) that $\\int_{t_1}^{t_2} v_x(t)v'_x(t)dt=\\frac{1}{2}(v_x^2(t_2)-v_x^2(t_1))$, and the same for the other two integrals.", "804" ] ]

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[ [ "Mining timelines in a long text\nI am trying to detect timeline of brands histories. For my specific case, I believe it is easy because data is already clustered. For each Wikipedia article I can spot sentences surrounding dates. Here is an example:\nMcDonald's Corporation is an American fast food company, founded in 1940 as a restaurant operated by <PERSON> and <PERSON>, in San Bernardino, California, United States. They rechristened their business as a hamburger stand, and later turned the company into a franchise, with the Golden Arches logo being introduced in 1953 at a location in Phoenix, Arizona. In 1955, <PERSON>, a businessman, joined the company as a franchise agent\nFrom this, it is easy to narrow results programmatically to\nMcDonald's is founded in 1940\nGolden Arches logo introduced in 1953\n<PERSON>, a businessman, joined the company in 1955\nThis seems easy if documents are clustered.", "143" ], [ "If not, I am thinking of a basic algorithm to mine timelines 'or natural numbers). So I want to discuss existing studies and my intuition here.\nDefinitions:\n1. Timeline: a logical succession of events on one single subject.\n2. Dates in a timeline are natural numbers, and can be \"unordered relatively\".\n3. Timelines are continuous (one range like) and cannot intersect.\nLet's ignore the NLP related part, and try to figure out timelines in natural numbers ignoring topics (1st definition).\nDistance: Initial timeline length. It represents the minimum.\nExample:\nStep A\n1, 4, 2, 5, 3, 8, 7, 9, 20, 21, 23, 24, 1, 5, 7, 9\ndist = 4\n* Becomes:\n1, 4, 2, 5/ 3, 8, 7, 9/ 20, 21, 23, 24/ 1, 5, 7, 9\n* Score each set (of 4 elements): Scoring is critical but lets think of bubble sort score, where score = 1 / number exchange ops.\n1,4,2,5 => 1/1 | 3,8,7,9 => 1/1\nStep B\nThe reason to score sets is to identify if a set represents a timeline or the combination of two sets represent a timeline, to decide, we score the combined set and divide by two\n1,4,2,5,3,8,7,9 => 5/2\nWe conclude 1,4,2,5 and 3,8,7,9 are two sets, while 1,4,2,5,3,8,7,9 is not.\nWe move sequentially to process next sets.\nThe reason I said Distance is minimum is that before comparing scoring initial sets, we first identify sets of 4, 5, 6 or more elements and score them ((step A)) and only take separate sets with better score (minimum bubble sort score here).\nAny thoughts ?", "143" ] ]

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[ [ "Let $\\rm V$ be the $2 \\times n$ matrix whose $i$-th column is vector $\\rm v_i$. We have the Boolean optimization problem in $\\mathrm z \\in {0,1}^n$\n$$\\min_{\\mathrm z \\in {0,1}^n} \\| \\mathrm V \\mathrm z + \\mathrm w \\|_2^2$$\nLet\n$$\\rm z = \\frac 12 (x + 1_n)$$\nwhere $\\mathrm x \\in {\\pm 1}^n$.", "945" ], [ "Hence, we have an instance of the Boolean least-squares (BLS) problem\n$$\\min_{\\mathrm x \\in {\\pm 1}^n} \\| \\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b \\|_2^2$$\nwhere\n$$\\rm A = \\frac 12 V \\qquad \\qquad \\qquad b = - \\left( \\frac 12 V 1_n + w \\right)$$\nSince ${\\pm 1}$ is the solution set of the quadratic equation $x_i^2 = 1$, we have the following (non-convex) quadratically constrained quadratic program (QCQP) in $\\mathrm x \\in \\mathbb R^n$\n$$\\begin{array}{ll} \\text{minimize} & \\| \\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b \\|_2^2\\ \\text{subject to} & x_i^2 = 1 \\quad \\forall i \\in {1,2,\\dots,n}\\end{array}$$\nExhaustive evaluation of the objective function at all $2^n$ points is only feasible for small $n$.\nSDP relaxation\nNote that\n$$\\begin{array}{rl} \\| \\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b \\|_2^2 &= (\\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b)^{\\top} (\\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b)\\ &= \\mbox{tr} \\left( (\\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b) (\\mathrm A \\mathrm x - \\mathrm b)^{\\top} \\right)\\ &= \\mbox{tr} \\left( \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm A & -\\mathrm b\\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm x\\ 1\\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm x\\ 1\\end{bmatrix}^{\\top} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm A & -\\mathrm b\\end{bmatrix}^{\\top} \\right)\\ &= \\mbox{tr} \\left( \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm A^{\\top}\\ -\\mathrm b^{\\top}\\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm A & -\\mathrm b\\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm x\\ 1\\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm x^{\\top} & 1\\end{bmatrix} \\right)\\ &= \\mbox{tr} \\left( \\begin{bmatrix} \\,\\,\\,\\, \\mathrm A^{\\top} \\mathrm A & -\\mathrm A^{\\top}\\mathrm b\\ -\\mathrm b^{\\top}\\mathrm A & \\,\\,\\,\\, \\mathrm b^{\\top}\\mathrm b\\end{bmatrix} \\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm x \\mathrm x^{\\top} & \\mathrm x\\ \\mathrm x^{\\top} & 1\\end{bmatrix} \\right)\\end{array}$$\nSince $\\mathrm x \\in {\\pm 1}^n$, all $n$ entries on the main diagonal of $\\mathrm x \\mathrm x^{\\top}$ are equal to $1$. Thus,\n$$\\begin{bmatrix} \\mathrm x \\mathrm x^{\\top} & \\mathrm x\\ \\mathrm x^{\\top} & 1\\end{bmatrix}$$\nis symmetric, positive semidefinite and has only ones on its main diagonal, i.e., it is a correlation matrix. Its rank is $1$.", "262" ] ]

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[ [ "Imagining the Caribbean’s architectural alphabet · Global Voices\nThe ABCDEs of the Caribbean architectural alphabet, by artist <PERSON>. Instagram images used with permission.\nTrinidadian artist and graphic designer <PERSON> recently completed an interesting experiment. There's an annual online project called 36 Days of Type, which “invites designers, illustrators and graphic artists to express their particular interpretation of the letters and numbers of the Latin alphabet” for 36 consecutive days. Having observed the submissions over the past few years, <PERSON> decided to take up the challenge by doing something different—creating an architectural alphabet of the Caribbean.\nIn an email interview, <PERSON> admitted that because it was “a bit daunting to create something new every single day for 36 days,” he wanted to set additional parameters to his interpretation of the letters: “That's how I came up with the idea of trying to make [them] in the shapes of local architectural forms.”\nThe result is a series that captures the vernacular of Caribbean architecture, as well as its vibrant spirit and history, a process that began with observation. “I have a collection of photographs on my phone that I take when stopped at red lights, or when I go on walks,” <PERSON> says, “and these form the basis of where I pull certain elements from.", "216" ], [ "Sometimes I may be driving or I'll be without my phone so if I see something I make a mental note of what I've seen and I use different techniques to help me remember, and once I'm at home I make a sketch of whatever it was.”\nArtist <PERSON> working on the Caribbean alphabet series on his iPad. Photo courtesy <PERSON>, used with permission.\nFor this project, he drew all the letters in his sketchbook, and once he was satisfied, used the Procreate app to illustrate the final pieces. Stylistically, he was going for a modern aesthetic, even though some of the images pay homage to local heritage buildings, the architectural styles of which tend to lean towards Baronial, as in the case of Stollmeyer's Castle, or Indian Empire, as with the Roman Catholic Archbishop's residence.\n<PERSON> purposefully interspersed such landmarks located around the Queen's Park Savannah, and which are part of Trinidad's famous Magnificent Seven, with more generic buildings that speak to a regional design aesthetic. “That way,” he says, “people can imagine their own experiences and connect the illustrations to their own memories of Trinidad and Tobago and the wider Caribbean.”\nWhile some letters organically lent themselves to being converted to an architectural shape, <PERSON> had to push his creative boundaries to get more difficult letters to appear credible, such as his depiction of Trinidad and Tobago's Eric Williams Financial Complex, home to the country's Central Bank and affectionately referred to as the Twin Towers, to represent the letter X.\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> | Creative (@nicholashugginscreative)\nInterestingly, the drawing can also be interpreted as a suspension bridge or even a Bailey bridge, quite common sights throughout the region.\nAnother challenging letter was Z. “I had no clue what to do,” <PERSON> explains, “until that morning I was driving and passed by a recreational ground and the shape of the pavilion stood out to me immediately as a Z … by that time in the project, every drive had me looking at buildings as potential letter forms.”\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> | Creative (@nicholashugginscreative)\nThe sketch also looks very much like a detail of the Hasely Crawford Stadium in Port of Spain.\n<PERSON> says the most difficult letter to come up with an idea for was V, although “most of those letters at the end of the alphabet all posed unique challenges.”\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> | Creative (@nicholashugginscreative)\nWhile <PERSON>’ interpretation of the staircases typically seen on the exterior of homes in central and south Trinidad, many of which are built on stilts, immediately conjures up a Caribbean aesthetic, his favourite is a toss-up among A, J, or N.\nView this post on Instagram\nA post shared by <PERSON> | Creative (@nicholashugginscreative)\nThe letter A was obviously the first one <PERSON> did for the 36-day challenge, and he says the concept popped into his brain as “a really pure idea” that required no time trying to figure out.", "216" ] ]

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[ [ "Portrait of a Lady on Fire\nIf you are familiar with the work of French director <PERSON>, then you know that she often deals with sexual identity and gender fluidity within female protagonists (her best known work to American audiences is probably 2011's Tomboy, which deals with the subject quite literally). Portrait of a Lady on Fire takes things in a slightly more traditional approach, depicting a forbidden romance in the 18th century between a painter and a cultured aristocrat on a lonely island. Yet that \"traditional\" approach is surface level only, as the film deals with conforming to traditional societal definitions of gender, embracing of sexuality, and even memory being not just the most important thing we have in our lives, but being the only thing worth while in the end.\nSet on an island off the cost of Brittany in France, <PERSON> (<PERSON>) is hired to paint a wedding portrait of <PERSON> (<PERSON>), who has been resistant to such attempts in the past. At first hired in secret, <PERSON> eventually confesses her reason for being there to <PERSON> directly after having bonded in friendship. <PERSON> agrees to the portrait (despite her wish not to go through with the arranged marriage to a nameless nobleman), but as the two are left virtually alone on the island, their friendship develops into a forbidden connection that will drive their inner lives the rest of their days. There are a lot of layers involved in the film, metatextual (noticeably the allusion to the myth of <PERSON> and <PERSON>) and symbolic (the idea of portraits being an unspoken memory between the painter and the subject), and <PERSON> blends all of it masterfully. The layers never threaten to overwhelm the simple but deeply moving story either.", "80" ], [ "Part of this is due to the performances, both <PERSON> and <PERSON> are excellent in the film (and <PERSON> excellent cinematography doesn't hurt either). But just as much of it is down to <PERSON>'s vision as a director and her skills as a writer.\nAnd perhaps the best part of the film is that it never tries for that \"Hollywood ending\". Like all of <PERSON>'s films, fantasy, dreams and pretend are overcome by reality all too quickly. That kind of jarring, cold water dumped over the head moment helps keep the film grounded and makes the overarching symbolism of the second and third act (wherein the romance begins and ends in earnest) all the more meaningful.\nSome criticism can be laid at the feet of a subplot involving an unwanted pregnancy and a maid named <PERSON> (<PERSON>), as the subplot doesn't seemingly contribute anything of substance to the overall story. And that's a fair enough criticism I guess. That minor quibble aside though, ultimately the film is a masterwork in directorial storytelling; layering symbolism not for the sake of just appearing artistic, but for actually accentuating an otherwise simple (though very well told) story. In the end, <PERSON> has spearheaded the creation of a film memory that ranks as one of the most touching and most thought-provoking in quite some time. Highly recommended.", "80" ] ]

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[ [ "Digital Guerrillas Bring Down Russian State Censor’s Website · Global Voices\nImage by <PERSON> for the Noun Project. Mixed by <PERSON>.\nWhen access to the messaging app Telegram was interrupted in Russia on June 3, for the second time in less than a week, some worried that the app had been blocked by state authorities. Telegram has been under pressure from Roskomnadzor, the state censor, to comply with a law requiring online services to turn over user data and register with the government for many months.\nBut for once, Rozkomnadzor was not the culprit. Instead, Telegram was the victim of a guerrilla campaign launched by dymoff.space, a domain that is blocked in Russia. Thanks to a flaw in Roskomnadzor's registry of blocked websites, dymoff.space was able to alter its technical settings and pass off other websites’ IP addresses as its own.\nSo when Internet service providers (ISPs) added dymoff.space's IP addresses to their block list, they unknowingly blocked Telegram and several other websites in Russia.\nThe loophole\nRoskomnadzor was aware of this loophole before the attack and had instructed providers to take websites’ IP addresses directly from its registry of blocked sites, rather than from websites themselves.", "534" ], [ "Recently, however, ISPs have reverted to manually checking blocked websites’ IP addresses, resulting in multiple major websites — and even a program run by Roskomnadzor itself — being blocked.\nThese attacks call to mind rogue efforts to undermine the state censor in the wake of its decision to block <PERSON> blog in 2014. RuNet Echo's <PERSON> summarized the efforts at the time:\nBecause Roskomnadzor requires ISPs to constantly check if a resource is trying to circumvent a ban by changing its IP address, blocked resources can introduce code that redirects some of these IP queries to a different website. Eventually, goes the theory, ISPs will pick up on this redirect and block the secondary website as well. So if a blocked site is savvy enough to redirect to a government site, say Kremlin.ru, ISPs will ultimately block Kremlin.ru, a block that obviously can't stay in place for long.\nWhen Roskomnadzor established its registry in 2012, it recorded the domain names and IP addresses of every blacklisted website and handed this list to ISPs, so that they could block the sites on the list. Since 2015, Roskomnadzor has used an “Inspector” that automatically checks access to blacklisted websites to make sure they are actually being blocked, threatening providers with administrative fines if websites fall through the cracks.\nIn response, several providers have begun double checking IP addresses manually to avoid punishment. According to <PERSON>, the general director of the host diphost.ru, this manual check caused providers to add erroneous IP addresses to their block lists.\nA string of attacks\nIn this most recent attack, dymoff.space included IP addresses for Russia's state-run Channel One website, the social media websites Odnoklassniki and VKontakte, NTV.ru, Booking.com, Facebook, Russian Railways, Mail.ru, and a number of other websites in its DNS settings, though access to most websites was not entirely interrupted because they use a large number of IP addresses.\nHowever, users were completely unable to access one website that dymoff.space included in its troll: nag.ru, a website that provides analytical information about Russian ISPs.\nImage: Pixabay and Kremlin Press Service, edited by <PERSON>.", "384" ] ]

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[ [ "Understanding And Helping A Sad Cat\nA sad cat and a depressed cat may share similar symptoms but differ in severity and duration. A sad cat may show temporary signs like decreased energy, appetite, and grooming due to specific events.", "41" ], [ "In contrast, a depressed cat exhibits more severe and prolonged symptoms, including complete loss of appetite, energy, and interest, often indicating underlying health issues or trauma. Consult a vet to differentiate between sadness and depression, rule out medical problems, and find appropriate treatment. https://thepetstaff.com/cats/behavior/sad-cat/\nhttps://preview.redd.it/a3gotyk2jayb1.png?width=1064&format=png&auto=webp&s=d1ddf04a90bf585a6e7ad8b192ae8a1d797ff06c", "41" ] ]

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[ [ "How to choose between several constraints for a SAT task using quality metric?\nI'm trying to solve a constraint programming problem using a SAT solver. I have set of constraints in the form of propositional logic statements, which are converted to CNF using Tseitin transformation. A number of inputs are fixed and pretty large - up to ~30k. A number of constraints can be ~200k.\nRight now, I have to choose between several constraint candidates which will be added to the CNF formula. All of them have some quality parameter - basically, a candidate should not remove too many feasible solutions from a search space. I can choose between smaller rules (a few boolean operators like AND, OR and no more than 10 inputs), but it is just impossible for the larger constraints (dozens of operators and ~100 inputs), there is no way to predict the quality of solution in that case. So, I ended up with the idea of a tool, which will automatically choose the best option for me.\nFor example, I have the basic rule: $$\\neg(A \\wedge B \\wedge(C \\vee D \\vee E))1)$$ For this rules, I have two corresponding additional rules and I have to choose one of them: $$\\neg(A \\wedge B) \\wedge blah2)$$ $$\\neg (C \\vee D \\vee E) \\wedge blah3)$$ The (2) formula is the best for me - it removes lesser number of solutions. blah is not relevant to my question, but it always appears inside candidates.\nWhat I have tried already:\n1. Use Espresso logic minimization tool. I input all candidates at ones and hope to get the minimal representation. It kind of works, but the tool ignores a quality metric - the result is too constraining for my problem. Too many possible solutions are prohibited. In addition, my problem is far too big for Espresso and I have to use it in incremental manner. I assume that is an issue too - Espresso does not see the whole picture at ones.\n2. SAT solvers or model counting.", "143" ], [ "The idea is the following - estimate a number of possible solutions under some basic constraints. I can add one of the candidates, estimate a number of possible solutions again, remove it and run such a procedure for each candidate. Eventually, I can choose one with the largest number of legal solutions. It seems to be working, however, it is too slow with real cases - exact counter freezes forever, approximate counter concludes that there are infinite number of solutions.\nI would like to brainstorm that problem - maybe someone can propose interesting formulation/approaches for this task? May it can be formulated as ILP task somehow?\nUPDATE: I am given a geometry problem - i have a rectangular tile that should be filled with a set of various objects. Some configurations of objects are prohibited (it does not matter why). Each rule is populated in every applicable point of a tile: $$\\psi = \\neg (A_1 \\wedge B_1 \\wedge C_1) \\wedge \\neg (A_2 \\wedge B_2 \\wedge C_2)$$\nBlue bold lines are tile's borders. Such configuration of objects is prohibited: $$ \\neg (A \\wedge B \\wedge C) 4)$$ This fact is represented as a set of clauses. $\\psi$ forms a SAT task. You can think of it like \"SAT, find me a tile which does not have any of these prohibited configurations\". And this is my core formula. The same rule in different points of tile forms an identical set of clauses, but over different variables, e.g. $A_1, B_1, C_1$ and $A_2, B_2, C_2$ in the formula above - one rule forbids a set of 3 objects in 2 different points.\nAt the same time, such rules can be partially outside a tile (pay attention to the right side border). The object outside is transparent:\nThis is prohibited too. The issue is that SAT solver does not know anything about world outside a tile, there is literally nothing out there. However, I still need to capture such configurations.", "835" ] ]

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[ [ "What are your quips?\nAre you making fun of writing habits that are widely recognized as bad (1), or are you delving more into your own views (2)?\n(1) Let's say you make fun of X, and some author feels like it applies to them. If they're a reasonable person, they're not going to blame their negative feelings on you. So, you won't receive any fire from reasonable authors due to any of your criticism. However, if they're not very thick-skinned, then they may chose to put down the book, just because of how much it hurts or gives them anxiety. Others may take it as an opportunity to learn and be entertained at the same time (given your book is entertaining).\nNow, let's say the author isn't reasonable? Well, then they might take out their negative feelings out on your book, giving it a poor rating and criticizing it, etc. Now, their criticism won't likely hold much weight, unless they're smart. I believe intelligence and unreasonability are negatively correlated, but that's just my belief. So, consider the first possibility; their critiques aren't going to matter a lot, people will see they're just a hurt crybaby. If they're smart however, they may formulate it well enough, or just find something else, be it a legitemate issue they exaggerate, or a made-up issue that they convincingly critique.\nSo, TLDR; your problem will be unreasonable authors, and the biggest issue they bring is lowering your ratings; their critiques are unlikely to hold much weight.", "487" ], [ "You might also have problems with authors that aren't too good at receiving criticism, who may put down your book and be more hesitant to buy your books in the future, and less willing to reccommend you to other people.\n(2) If enough authors pick up your book, you'll cause controversy. Controversy can be good or bad; it gives you publicity, and lots of people will read it and know your name; it is more likely to give your book mixed or poor ratings however.\nThing is, these issues are all only present if the readers in-question are writers themselves. I'd argue that the vast majority of non-writers, even those very enthusiastic about literature, are unlikely to care about your opinions and are more interested in how well you communicate them. I mean, you're critiquing ways people write; it's not exactly a hot topic among the laymen.\nWhat is your intended audience?\nSo, in that vein, ask yourself, who will my readers be? I think that this kind of book will have a lot more readers that are themselves writers than the typical book. The subject matter is just more likely to attract writers, I believe. So, a normal book that for some reason is likely to offend a lot of authors isn't such a big issue, as there'll be lots of non-author readers. This book however, isn't a normal one.\nSo, if (2), maybe you want to find some elements that aren't so centered around the writing craft, and increase their significance, and market your book accordingly, so as to lower the concentration of authors in the book's readership. If (1), then I wouldn't worry too much. In fact, some unreasonable, butthurt authors spilling their guts in shitty reviews might just, through the generation of memes, bring more attention to your book.", "396" ] ]

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[ [ "Bee Movie\nThis isn't a GoodFella. This is a BadFella!\nPart 1: <PERSON>\nIt's no coincidence that DreamWorks' first animated film they released starred <PERSON>. And the best way to describe Bee Movie is a <PERSON> movie not starring <PERSON>. But in 2007, <PERSON> was a man in his 70s. To a dude like <PERSON>, even he's too old to headline a non-Aardman film. So pick the next best thing: <PERSON>. <PERSON> may be a movie star/director, but <PERSON> had a big TV show and isn't that the hot thing? It gets better. A movie about a bee suing the human race sounds like a <PERSON> script right there.\nPart 2: <PERSON> New York Groove\nSeinfeld was the big show in the 90s, right behind the <PERSON> White House. <PERSON> was another 90s institution, hell-bent on seizing power. Since Antz, most if not all DreamWorks films come off like <PERSON> bringing New York to Middle America. The problem is, <PERSON> is an elite New Yorker. <PERSON> doesn't come off like a man with real grievances. He comes off like a man who donates to left-leaning and special interest groups because he does. Now I think he's a few steps above <PERSON> until further notice. But that doesn't say much.\nPart 3: Politically Incorrect <PERSON>?\nBut jovially leftist executives are one thing. Their movies are another.", "711" ], [ "Bee Movie is one of, if not the edgiest DreamWorks film. Shrek never had suicide pact jokes. The Prince of Egypt didn't deal in drag queen quips. Bee Movie is enjoyably politically incorrect to a certain degree. When's the last time I've heard an antagonist promote global warming? And the court's decision to shut down honey production actually has ramifications. And not just the ATF gaining a letter. <PERSON>'s \"smoking gun\" stunt triggers a dramatic potential famine. And simply returning to honey production is what the world needs.\nPart 4: Epilogue\nBee Movie is a weird film, but one thing I like about it is that it's not ashamed of itself, even when it easily could be. Is it inappropriate? To a degree. There are limits to being as edgy as possible. And <PERSON> strikes me as a man who doesn't care who he's being edgy to. He doesn't know his audience. Bee Movie is a film I'm conflicted on. It's a demonstration of DreamWorks' best and worst tendencies. Now which tendencies will entirely depend on the viewer. But in terms of standard DreamWorks, Bee Movie is not that bad.", "711" ] ]

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[ [ "Define $\\mathbf{J}=\\mathbf{S}_1 + \\mathbf{S}_2$ where $\\mathbf{J}$ by definition is the total angular momentum to two identical, say spin-half, angular momenta. Define $\\sigma$ to be the operation that exchanges the two spins, i.e., it denotes the operation: $1\\leftrightarrow 2$. Then, it is easy to see that $\\sigma$ commutes with $\\mathbf{J}$ as $\\mathbf{S}_1 + \\mathbf{S}_2=\\mathbf{S}_2 + \\mathbf{S}_1=\\mathbf{J}$. (The argument can be extended to the case of the addition of $N$ identical spins where $\\sigma$ gets replaced by any pairwise exchanges which generates the permutation group in $N$ elements.)\nComing back to the case of two spins, it follows that we can simultaneously diagonalise $J^2,J_z$ and $\\sigma$. The action of $\\sigma$ must necessarily take an eigenstate of $J^2,J_z$ to one with the same $J^2,J_z$ eigenvalues. But the addition of two angular momenta says, that the multiplicity of $J^2$ eigenvalues is one. This is not true when you add more than two spins. It follows that for each given value of $J^2$, the multiplet has a definite $\\sigma$ eigenvalue.", "976" ], [ "Since $\\sigma^2=1$, its eigenvalues must be $\\pm1$.\nHowever, neither $S_{1z}$ or $S_{2z}$ commute with $\\sigma$. Thus, we have $$ \\sigma\\ |\\ell,m_1,\\ell,m_2\\rangle = |\\ell,m_2,\\ell,m_1\\rangle\\ , $$ in the notation where $\\ell(\\ell+1)$ is the $S_i^2$ eigenvalue and $(m_1,m_2)$ are the eigenvalues of $(S_{1z},S_{2z})$ respectively. So in general, the action of sigma is not diagonal, unless $m_1=m_2$. Coming to Prof. <PERSON>'s example. He considered two spin half-particles. The $(j=1,m=\\pm1)$ states only arise when $m_1=m_2=\\pm\\tfrac12$ and from the above argument must be symmetric.However, the $(j=1,m=0)$ and $(j=0,m=0)$ states arises as linear combinations of $m_1=-m_2$ state which are not diagonal. However, since the $(j=1,m=0)$ state can be obtained by using the lowering operator $J_-$ (which commutes with $\\sigma$), it will have the same $\\sigma$ eigenvalue as the state it was constructed from, i.e., $(j=m=1)$, which is symmetric. The singlet state must be (i) orthogonal to the triplet $m=0$ state and must necessarily be an eigenstate of $\\sigma$ (I can give the precise argument if you wish) (ii) antisymmetric.\nFor the sum of N identical spins, all one can say is that there exists a basis of multiplets organised/labelled by the representations of the permutation group (given by Young diagrams) in addition to the $J^2$ eigenvalue.", "66" ] ]

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[ [ "Micro Kombucha Wallet\nIntroduction: Micro Kombucha Wallet\nIntroduction\nThe Micro Kombucha wallet is made with what is called vegan leather, this leather is actually a type of cellulose produced by a colony of bacteria and yeasts that grow on the surface of the probiotic known as Kombucha. This vegan leather closely resembles animal leather in color and texture. Extremely resistant, this pulp is an excellent sustainable alternative to the use of animal leather, paper and cardboard.\nIn this tutorial I wanted to further explore the unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose and used an after-treatment to purify and make the cellulose stronger, thinner and more transparent. With that I was able to explore the options for applying colors to the material.\nThis treatment and purification can be seen in this video below and is recommended for those who want a multicolored wallet.\nSubscribe to the channel\nThis Instructables is based on my first experience in growing and using vegan leather to make alternative objects to animal leather. My first experience was with creating a Portfolio, and being seen in this Instructables:\nhttps: //www.instructables.com/id/Kombucha-Wallet / ...\nTo save time, I recommend that you look first and pay attention to the growing part of bacterial cellulose in Step 1 and drying process, Step 2 of my first Instructables.\nFirst, we need to grow our vegan leather in a container of at least 21cm x 18cm of area at the base by 12cm in height.Using these dimensions, to obtain a suitable thickness for our design, we need at least 3 liters of culture medium.\n3 liters of filtered water 300 g of crystal sugar 3 green tea bags 300 ml of apple cider vinegar 1 Scoby (symbolic culture of bacteria and yeasts) Important Only add the Scoby after the temperature drops below 30 degrees Celsius. Boil the water, extinguish the heat, add the sugar until dissolved and add the tea bags.\nHere I have a basic video where I show you how to prepare 10 liters of culture medium to grow your kombucha.\nAfter a temperature drops below 30 degrees Celcius, add the vinegar and the SCOBY, place it inside the container and cover it with a paper or a cloth stretched to avoid the contamination of its culture.", "730" ], [ "Keep your Kombucha culture at a temperature between 25 and 30 degrees Celcius for maximum yield. After 2-3 weeks, develop a gelatin about 1cm thick on the surface. Remove and wash with running water and soap with caring. Then dry in a piece of wood, the wood should be a plate or board, not varnished or sealed to help absorb water during drying in a ventilated place .. PS: SCOBY(Symbiotic Culture Of Bacteria and Yeast) or mother culture can be obtained in two ways: you can receive a donation from someone who grows Kombucha or buys it over the internet.\nStep 1: Supplies\nNow that you've cultivated your kombucha leaf, treated, purified, colored and dried, it's time to make our ecological micro wallet.\nThe sheet needed to make our micro wallet must have the size of half a sheet of A4 paper which has the following dimensions: 210mm x 297mm.\nOur sheet must be 210mm x 148.5mm. I recommend that before using combucha leather you use a sheet of paper to train the fabrication.To attach some parts we will need 3 strips of 15mm wide with lengths of 105mm, 105mm and 75mm respectively.\nList of tools:\n1-A scissors, stylet or rotary cutter\n2-Cutting base\n3-Glue for paper, but I think you won't need it for kombucha leather\n4-Steel ruler\n5-a pencil or pen for markings\n6-binder clip, or pegs or paper clips\nStep 2: Cutting, Folding and Pasting\nFollow the fold and glue markings in the photo sequence.\nWe have a video here to help you better understand how it's done. In the final part, after everything is ready, use a paste of carnauba wax to waterproof your micro wallet and it will be ready to us", "408" ] ]

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[ [ "Mixed states allow you to describe classical uncertainty, in addition to quantum uncertainty. Quantum uncertainty, as descriped by superposition of states, is familiar from an introductory quantum mechanics course. Consider the state $|\\psi\\rangle=\\frac{1}{\\sqrt{2}}(|\\uparrow\\rangle+|\\downarrow\\rangle)$. While there is a quantum uncertainty in whether a measurement will yield $|\\uparrow\\rangle$ or $|\\downarrow\\rangle$, there is no ambiguity as to the quantum state of the system. Expressed as a density matrix, this is written $$\\rho_1=\\begin{pmatrix} 1/2&1/2 \\ 1/2&1/2 \\end{pmatrix}.$$\nWhat if instead I told you there is a 50% the quantum state of the system (not the outcome upon measurement) truly is $|\\uparrow\\rangle$ or $|\\downarrow\\rangle$. This would be described by the density matrix $$\\rho_2=\\begin{pmatrix} 1/2&0 \\ 0&1/2 \\end{pmatrix}.$$ The difference between $\\rho_1$ and $\\rho_2$ is the off-diagonal values.", "66" ], [ "These are known as coherences, and indeed reflect a quantum coherence (superposition) between $|\\uparrow\\rangle$ and $|\\downarrow\\rangle$ in $\\rho_1$. The diagonal elements are called populations and are the same in $\\rho_1$ and $\\rho_2$ because there is in some sense the same amount of $|\\uparrow\\rangle$ and $|\\downarrow\\rangle$ in both density matrices.\nIndeed, a general density matrix can be expressed as $$\\rho=\\sum_ip_i|\\psi_i\\rangle\\langle\\psi_i|,$$ where the $p_i$ is the classical probability of the state $|\\psi_i\\rangle$ appearing in some particular ensemble of states. This is a classical mixture of pure states; you can think of it as a bag of pure states, just like the bag of marbles you study in a stats class.\nA first motivating example is the introduction of finite temperature into quantum mechanics. As you may know from classical statistical mechanics, ensembles of states are used to describe the classical uncertainty introduced by finite temperature, which encourages disorder (occupation of more states) in a system. In quantum statistical mechanics, much of the story remains the same. However, we now must study ensembles of quantum pure states. Ensembles are described by density matrices, and the canonical (thermal) ensemble is of the form $$\\rho_T=\\frac{1}{Z}\\sum_i e^{-\\beta \\hat H}|\\psi_i\\rangle\\langle\\psi_i|,$$ where $e^{-\\beta \\hat H}$ is the quantum version of the classical <PERSON> weight and $Z$ is the quantum partition function.", "976" ] ]

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[ [ "Can we derive most fundamental laws from the Action Principle?\nIt is said in the book Fearful Symmetry - The Search for Beauty in Modern Physics that we can derive all basic laws in physics from a simple principle called Least Action Principle (although it may be better called Stationary Action Principle). I am very excited at the following statements that: (cite page 109):\nThe reader should understand that the entire physical world is described by one single action. As physicists master a new area of physics, such as electromagnetism, they add to the formula for the action of the world an extra piece describing that area of physics. Thus, at any stage in the development of physics, the action is a ragtag sum of disparate terms.\nA picture taken from the book would best illustrate the point:\n* Question:\nAs the author (<PERSON>, from UCSB) is a particle physicist, I have confidence that this is true. But no further detail is given in the book.", "221" ], [ "With Google I could not find any book about Action Principle. Nor could I find any reference to the action shown in the book. Most physics book I read use Action Principle to describe the dynamics of a specific system in that field (e.g action of a free particle or action of the string etc) and then compute the equation of motion. But few of them use the Principle to derive the fundamental law in that area (Except the classic: Mechanics by Landau, in which The Newton's three law was shown to be implied by the Action Principle).\nCan anyone explain that how each of the magic terms in the above Fig.7.4 B may turn into the fundamental laws in Gravity, Electromagnetism, Strong and Weak forces? Or are there books I haven't found yet to describe this exciting law?\nVery sorry for my late response. After spending some days devouring in the books recommended by @hft , I realized that tje difficulty in understanding them. But still I am pleased to find that satisfying answers lie in those books.\nSome more books could be added to the list by @hft For classical mechanics and classical field theory(treating relativistic motion), <PERSON>'s books are always my favourite: Mechanics, third edition, <PERSON> (http://www.amazon.com/Mechanics-Third-Edition-Theoretical-Physics/dp/0750628960 The Classical Theory of Fields, fourth edition, <PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> The Classical Theory of Fields, fourth edition, Landau (http://www.amazon.com/Classical-Theory-Fields-Fourth-Theoretical/dp/<PHONE_NUMBER>/), where I found good derivation of the Maxwell's equation.", "221" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nLokesh mastering the \"greater, better film to watch but I wouldn't wanna revisit again\" format of films and this is definitely his second best if not THE BEST work till date. And he deserves every single hype he gets btw.\nThe first half felt eternally long but I don't mind as the world it was setting up and the films it was tying together (<PERSON> and <PERSON>) were intriguing but that full meals second half ate us up and left no crumps.\n<PERSON> literally showed up for like 5 mns and lit up the screen and HOW!!!\nCan't wait for Rolex to roar now.", "410" ] ]

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[ [ "Part of what an author needs to remember when asking this question is that there are only two different kinds of publishers as it relates to this question: Those who always accept unsolicited submissions and those who occasionally accept unsolicited submissions. This is important because persistence, content and luck are all required in order to publish a book, but for most authors nothing is more important that persistence. There is no publisher that will turn away an unsolicited manuscript if it is good enough.\nThe only caveat to that statement is that as authors we must remember that when we say good enough we are sometimes only thinking about content, where when they say good enough they mean good enough at earning a profit. As writers we have to learn the difference and keep working at understanding the economics that drive the business --frustrating as this may be.\nThe process is a simple but grueling one:\n* Research Publishers\nEvery print publisher of any significant size will have a website and on their website you'll find a submission guide. This will give you usually very specific directions on how to submit your work and whether they accept unsolicited materials. Even if they say they don't accept unsolicited work, there is ALWAYS a way around that. That's enough for a whole other question though...\n* Prioritize Your Targets\nWhile I stand by my statement that, \"There is no publisher that will turn away an unsolicited manuscript if it is good enough,\" there are imprints and brands for a reason. Readers put a lot of stock in the reputation of a publisher and so publishers tend to stick to one content area and do it well. Larger publishing companies usually segregate their different imprints and brands based on genre just like film production companies do. If you want to submit to every publisher in the world, go for it and be bold! But save yourself some time and money by choosing the best fits first.\n* Use Free Advice\nResearch what agents actually do. Try talk to some of them or listen to interviews with literary agents.", "396" ], [ "Essentially, if you're submitting unsolicited manuscripts you will be doing all of those tasks on your own. Don't underestimate how much a good agent actually does. It's one thing to choose to accept these responsibilities out of necessity, but an entirely different matter to blow off the industry's accepted conventions without having a clue. Understand self-representation and the pros and cons --there's a lot more to it than just a bigger cut of the profits.\n* Respect Your Peers\nThe arts are incredibly competitive and with the modern changes to the writing industry this is increasingly the case. There is a fine balance between doubt and over-confidence and if you want to succeed as a writer you will need them both daily. Always doubt that your work is done. If you think you're finished, look again, there is always something you can do to improve. Likewise, after you've given due diligence, believe in your product and represent it and sell it like it is made of gold and radiates a glowing aura beside a pile of scraps. Balancing this tension is crucial to approaching traditional publishing with the appropriate attitude.\nThe process of getting published can take years. I feel disrespectful even trying to answer this question in brief, but there are a lot of us out there, and it is good to help one another. If I could boil it down to one thought I would say: Always be refining and always be submitting. As long as you keep doing both of those things you're chances of publication will typically be increasing.", "396" ] ]

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[ [ "Superconducting Wavefunction Phase (Feynman Lectures)\nIn Volume 3, Section 21-5 of the <PERSON> lectures (superconductivity), <PERSON> makes a step that I can't quite follow. To start, he writes the wavefunction of the ground state in the following form (21.17):\n$\\psi(r)=\\rho(r)e^{i\\theta(r)}$\nIf the density $\\rho^2$ is approximated to be constant throughout a superconducting block, then <PERSON> says (21.18) that the (probability) current density can be written $J=\\frac{\\hbar}{m}\\left( \\nabla\\theta-\\frac{q}{\\hbar}A \\right)\\rho$\nBy insisting that the divergence of the current be zero, <PERSON> shows that the Laplacian of the phase is zero. (Assuming $A$ is chosen to have zero divergence).\n$\\nabla^2 \\theta =0$\nI follow everything up to here.\nThen he states that, for a single lump of superconducting material (by which I assume he means finite and simply-connected) this implies $\\theta=0$.\nI don't understand that step...I recognize that the <PERSON> equation has $\\theta=0$ as its unique solution if the boundary conditions are $\\theta=0$. But the implied boundary condition for the superconducting chunk I would assume is only $J=0$ normal to the boundary (so no current flows in/out), which is not equivalent to $\\theta=0$.\nNow, for concreteness, let me choose a B-field $B=B_0\\hat{z}$. Then one choice of $A$ is $A=B_0x\\hat{y}$.", "474" ], [ "This choice makes $\\nabla\\cdot A=0$. In fact, if we use this B-field, then we can set $\\nabla\\theta=\\frac{qB_0x}{\\hbar}\\hat{y}$, so that $J=0$ everywhere. The divergence of $\\nabla \\theta$ is zero, so <PERSON>'s equation is satisfied, and we can integrate this up to get a wavefunction\n$\\psi(r)=\\rho e^{i qB_0xy/\\hbar}$\nSo what have I done wrong? Why does <PERSON> say $\\theta=0$? This seems important as the next step results in the a London equation. [EDIT: <PERSON>, below, pointed out that this example was not valid. The reason is that my choice of $\\nabla\\theta$ has curl, and thus is not a possible gradient. Furthermore, my answer below lists an alternate route of derivation from <PERSON>'s.]\nThanks!", "474" ] ]

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[ [ "German Bread for Beginners\nIntroduction: German Bread for Beginners\nWe all know that feeling - bored in quarantine in a global pandemic and wondering how we can get our minds off all the stuff going on. Well, it's probably not exactly innovative to start baking. But as a result of baking all different kinds of bread for the last few months I can now proudly present:\nThe recipe that works - and tastes good - and doesn't take days to make.\nWhat I personally love about that bread the most is the crust. It not only tastes good but also has the right sound. You will know what I mean when you try it.\nHeads up: For Germans (like I am) it is a white bread. But Americans have a little different understanding of that, so please let me know how you would call this.\nSupplies\n* 750g wheat flour (type 1050)\n* 2 Tbsp brown sugar\n* 2 Tbsp bread spice (ingredients and instructions in optional step 2)\n* 1-2 Tbsp salt\n* 1 pack dry yeast (7g)\n* 3-4 Tbsp balsamic vinegar\n* ca 450ml warm water\n* a bit of oil for the bowl\nStep 1: Preparing the Dough\nTake a large bowl for the yeast dough to rise in (for me a metal bowl works best). Note that the bowl should withstand temperatures of up to 40 degrees celsius. Grease the bowl with some oil (not just the bottom, the dough will rise more than you think!) and set aside.\nIn another large bowl or kitchen aid, combine all dry ingredients.\nPut the balsamic vinegar in a measuring cup and add warm water until you hit the 450ml mark. Add this to the dry ingredients.\nKnead until well combined and the dough comes off the sides of the bowl. Then take the ball of dough out of the bowl and continue kneading in your hands by folding the eadges inside so you have a smooth surface facing you.", "293" ], [ "Place the dough in the greased bowl with the smooth side up.\nStep 2: Optional: Bread Spice\nIngredients (for 3-4 breads):\n* 1 Tbsp coriander\n* 1 Tbsp caraway\n* 1 Tbsp fennel\n* 2-3 star anise\nCombine all ingredients and grind. Store in a sealable jar.\nStep 3: Let It Rise\nPlace the bowl with the dough in the oven and just turn the lights on. Don't set a temperature.\nLet the dough rise for approx. 2 hours.\nNow the dough should have at least doubled in size. Take the bowl with the dough out of the oven, cover it with a kitchen towel (or similar) and place it somewhere warm. Meanwhile, preheat the oven to 180 degrees celsius convection.\nTake an oven-proof dish, put water inside and place it on the bottom of the oven.\nIf you don't have a convection oven, you should set the temperature a bit higher (I will try it out myself and edit this step as soon as I figured it out).\nStep 4: Baking the Bread\nWhen the oven has finished preheating, get the dough and tip it over onto a baking sheet without putting any pressure on it.\nCut a nice pattern into the dough so it can rise even more. But be very careful while doing so - we don't want the dough to flatten!\nPlace the baking sheet on a rack ca. 20cm above the bottom of the oven. Try not to leave the oven open for long that the steam doesn't escape.\nLet the bread bake for 10 minutes, take out the dish with water and continue baking for another 20 minutes.\nStep 5: Enjoy!\nTake the finished bread out of the oven and let it cool off for about an hour.\nThen it should be cold enough to touch it without getting hurt, but still a bit warm and smell \"freshly-baked\". It now tastes best with a bit of butter and salt.\nYou can eat and store it like any other bread. Enjoy!", "195" ] ]

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[ [ "To Divinity and Back: Nepal’s Living Goddess Returns to Normal Life After Nine-Year Stint as ‘<PERSON>’ · Global Voices\n<PERSON>, the ‘Living Goddess,’ Image via Green Peace Co-ed School. Used with permission.\nAfter living as the Living Goddess ‘<PERSON>’ for nine years in Nepal’s capital Kathmandu, <PERSON> returned to the school which she attended prior to being throned and is now expected to live the life of a normal school girl.\nNepal's institution of <PERSON>, is embedded in the culture of Kathmandu Valley. Even a glimpse of her is believed to bring good fortune. pic.twitter.com/diGAIqWkgE\n— Asia Luxe Travel (@asialuxe_travel) November 7, 2017\nIn 2008, around the age of three, <PERSON> was selected from the Buddhist Shakya clan to be the incarnation of Hindu Goddess Taleju through a rigorous process led by priests and astrologers for centuries. Accordingly, <PERSON> was then worshipped as ‘<PERSON>’ or the Living Goddess until she experienced her first menstruation when it is believed that the goddess vacates a girl's body.\nAccording to one Nepalese legend, King <PERSON>, the last Malla king of Kathmandu (12th-17th century) used to play secret games of dice with the Goddess Taleju. One day while the king was playing dice, his wife followed him and saw the goddess who had refrained the king telling about their meeting to anyone. This angered the goddess and she warned that if the king ever wanted to see her again or secure protection for his kingdom, he would have to look for her among the Shakya clan incarnated as a little girl. Hoping to appease the goddess, he went out in search of a girl with <PERSON>'s qualities and the practice continues until today.\nAmong the many Kumaris appointed in different Nepalese towns to protect them from evil, the three Kumaris of Kathmandu Valley (Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur cities) are considered to be the most revered and respected. The Kumari of Kathmandu, chosen from the Newar Shakya clan, is the most influential of all.\nFormer Kumari goes to school. Image via Green Peace Co-ed School.", "765" ], [ "Used with permission.\nTo be anointed as a Royal Kumari, a young girl must have '32 attributes of perfection,’ wrote <PERSON> and <PERSON>:\nThe list of requirements is elaborate: she must have perfect health without any history of serious illness, unblemished skin, black hair, gorgeous expressive eyes, a sonorous voice, long slender arms, delicate and soft hands and feet, straight hair curled toward the right side, no bad body smells, and must not have shed any blood. The most important requirement is that the girl has never menstruated… Her family’s reputation for piety is taken into consideration by the selection committee, which also looks for calmness and fearlessness in the girl. To ensure the girl’s compatibility with the King of Nepal, her horoscope is compared and must match with his, as the Kumari has an important role in relation to the King, including the traditional power to confirm the King’s rule.\nFrom girl to goddess, at what cost?\nThe sudden transformation of a little girl into a revered goddess comes at a price. She must remain in isolation, away from family and friends, and is expected to remain calm at all times, refraining from expressing any emotion. <PERSON> is carried so her sacred feet do not touch the ground and she always wears red with her hair in a bun and a ‘fire eye’ painted on her forehead to symbolize her powers of perception. Though she is not expected to take orders, she must perform ceremonial duties and her presence charges the air with awe and reverence to those who worship her.\nThe transition back to ‘normal’ social life is difficult. Society continues to fear or revere the little girl, despite her ‘return’ to a human form. She also must live with the superstition that anyone who marries a Kumari will die six months into the marriage.\nFormer Kumari <PERSON>, who wrote the autobiography ‘From Goddess to Mortal: the True Life Story of a Former Royal Kumari has tried to change perceptions and raise awareness about the reality of living as a goddess. <PERSON> underscores the lack of education received by Kumaris and describes the challenges of returning to school without the necessary knowledge needed to succeed.\nFormer Kumari in her classroom. Image via Green Peace Co-ed School. Used with permission.", "361" ] ]

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[ [ "How to Make an LED Lamp\nIntroduction: How to Make an LED Lamp\nwww.howidothingsdiy.com\nIn this video I'm going to show you how to make an LED lamp. I call it the bleeding lamp because the light bleeds through the openings in the panels. This was a pretty complex build including lots of woodworking, intricate assembly and detailed electrical wiring. First I made the base with my jigsaw and belt sander, then I made the post from a dowel. I glued and clamped the assembly and then drilled the hole in the post for the wire. Next I moved onto the panel frames. I made this with the miter saw. The final components were the panels. I made those on the miter saw and table saw.\nI finished the base and frame with shou sugi ban (burned wood) and then grey washed. The panels were spray painted white.\nThe assembly and electrical were complicated. I started by laying out the led strips and soldering wire to them. Then I ran the wire through the post and connected the LED switch and LED power supply. Finally, I added and nice piece of felt to the bottom of the lamp.\nPleas SUBSCRIBE to my YouTube channel for more great how-to videos!\nSupplies\n1x6 Pin\n1/4\" plywood\n1 1/2\" dowel\n1 1/2\" forstner bit\nLED Light Strips\nLED wire\nLED Power Supply\nLED Switch\nWood Glue\nCA Glue\n1\" Brad Nails\nPaint/Stain\nStep 1: Make Base\nMark out two 5\" circles on a piece of 1x6. Using a jigsaw, cut one to the exact size and the other about 1/4\" larger than the markings. Now, using a 1 1/2\" forstner bit, drill all the way through one of the two pieces.\nGlue and clamp the two pieces together and let dry. Once dry, drill a through hole for the wire.\nUsing a router flush trim bit, trim off the excess material from the piece not cut perfectly to size.\nFinally, add whatever features are needed to install the switch and wiring for power.\nNote: I put my switch and power wire on the same side.", "635" ], [ "I would suggest putting them on opposite sides.\nStep 2: Make Frame Pieces\nCut 2 pieces of 1x6 to 5 1/2\" long to make a square. Then mark out a 5 1/2\" octagon on one piece and cut the corners where marked at 45 degrees. All the sides should be the same length. Now, trace that shape on to the next piece and cut out a matching piece.\nUsing your 1 1/2\" forstner bit, drill about half way though the center of one of the pieces. Now take that same piece and cut 4 slots on the opposite side of the hole and perpendicular to each side (See image). These slots should be wide and deep enough to fit the LED wires in.\nStep 3: Make Post\nUsing a piece of 1 1/2\" dowel, cut to the desired lamp height. I cut mine to 5\". The longer it is, the harder it will be to drill a hole through for the wiring.\nNow assemble the dowel to the base and bottom frame piece using wood glue and clamps. Make sure everything is square and adjust the clamps if it is not.\nFinally, drill a hole all the way though the post to run the wire.\nStep 4: Make Panels\nUsing 1/4\" plywood cut 8 2\" x 8\" pieces.\nStep 5: Apply Finish\nFinish the lamp components with your finish of choice. For my lamp, I used Shou Sugi Ban, gray wash, paste wax and white paint.\nStep 6: Electrical & Final Assembly\nNow, install all the LED strips and solider on long wires. Carefully run the wires through the groove and through the post to the bottom of the lamp. I used CA glue to secure the wire in the slots and then covered up the wires and slots with a piece of felt. Nail the panels to the frame. I let them overhang the frames by 1/2\".\nSolider and heat shrink all the connections in the bottom of the lamp for the components you purchased. If you need a little more space, carefully use a chisel to create more room. Tuck the wires in and CA glue them down.\nNow, cover the bottom of the lamp with felt to cover the wiring.\nFinally, fill in any holes and sand any imperfections and touchup any paint that needs it!\nEnjoy your unique lamp that you will never see in anyone else's home!\nStep 7: Final Details", "56" ] ]

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[ [ "Researchers have been scratching their heads over this one for years. A lot of people have different opinions on the Big Bang theory, which attempts to explain how our universe came to be. There are those in the scientific community who maintain that the cosmos has always been, while others who believe it emerged from a singularity, a point of infinite density and temperature.\nSome fundamental events discovered through observation of the universe lend credence to the Big Bang idea. One such relic of the Great Bang is the cosmic microwave background radiation. <PERSON> and <PERSON>, who were given the Nobel Prize in Physics for discovering this radiation in the 1960s, were the first people to make this observation. The faint radio wave glow known as the cosmic microwave background radiation is assumed to be left over from when the cosmos was only a few hundred thousand years old. The Big Bang theory is supported by the observation that this radiation comes from a time when the cosmos was extremely dense and hot.\nThe preponderance of light elements in the universe is further corroboration of the Big Bang idea. According to this idea, hydrogen and helium should make up around 75% of the cosmos, with the remaining space filled by trace amounts of other elements. The abundance of these elements is consistent with the Big Bang theory, as indicated by astronomical measurements, which support this prediction.\nEvidence for the Big Bang theory is strengthened by the observed expansion of the cosmos. The expansion of the cosmos was first suspected in the early 20th century when astronomers noticed that faraway galaxies were receding from us.", "764" ], [ "Because of this, the Big Bang theory was developed to account for the expansion of the universe after the original explosion. Many separate measurements, such as those of the cosmic microwave background radiation and the large-scale distribution of galaxies, have all pointed to the same conclusion: the universe is expanding.\nTo me, the observable uniformity of the universe on enormous sizes is one of the most exciting pieces of evidence for the Big Bang idea. According to the hypothesis, everything in the cosmos should look the same in every direction. Observations of the cosmic microwave background radiation have proven this prediction correct by demonstrating the radiation's great uniformity in all directions. This uniformity is hard to reconcile with a pre-Big Bang universe, as it implies that the cosmos was extremely homogeneous and isotropic right from the start.\nThis entire body of data points to the Big Bang as the origin of the cosmos. Nonetheless, there are competing scientific ideas that imply the cosmos existed before the Big Bang. The cyclic model, for example, proposes that the universe expands and contracts in cycles, with each cycle starting with a Big Bang and ending in a Great Crunch. Yet, the homogeneity of the cosmic microwave background radiation is not explained by this scenario, even though it hints to the possibility of a pre-Big Bang cosmos.\nThe hypothesis of a multiverse is yet another alternative; it holds that there are numerous universes, each with its own Big Bang. The concept of inflation, which proposes a short period of exponential expansion right after the Big Bang, is the basis of this theory. During this time of inflation, several universes may have been created, each with its own Big Bang, according to this theory.", "764" ] ]

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[ [ "Boho Feather Hair Chain\nIntroduction: Boho Feather Hair Chain\nHair chains are a pretty big fad in the summertime. What better way to show off your boho style than with a hair chain with feathers? This hair chain is simple yet bold, not too much, yet a beautiful noticeable accessory. It is simple to make and the feathers are your choice.\nSupplies\n1. Feathers, I am using five\n2. Five small pieces of wire (I just stripped some twist ties, or bread ties; they measure around 2 and a half inches - if using wire you have, use 26 gauge)\n3. Chain - mine measures about 18 inches in all, 9 inches doubled.\n4. Smaller pieces of chain - these pieces measure about 2 inches.\n5. Jump rings - two large jump rings and three small jump rings\n6. Ruler (not pictured)\n7. Round nose pliers\nStep 1: Large Jump Rings\nDouble the chain over and make the two free ends meet. Lay the chain overtop of your ruler on a flat surface so you can use the measurements on the ruler to place the jump rings.\nPlace the two large jump rings at the two inch mark on both sides of the doubled over chain. Open the jump rings by giving the ring a sideways twist with the pliers and close them by twisting them the opposite direction that you twisted to open them.\n(If you aren't sure what I mean, this Instructable will show you how to properly open jump rings Jewelry Basics: How to Open Jump Rings/French Hooks\nStep 2: Add Small Jump Rings and Small Chains\nPull the chain along the ruler so that the large jump rings are lined up with the bottom of the ruler.", "902" ], [ "This is your new counting spot.\nAt the 3 1/2 inch mark is where we will put two of the small jump rings.\nOpen the first small jump and slide one of the small chains onto the ring. I went ahead and prepared all three of the small jump rings.\nTake the first small jump ring, with the small chain attached, and attach it to the large chain at the 3 1/2 inch mark. Do both sides of the chain so you have two small chains attached at both sides.\nThe last small jump ring and chain will be attached to the very end of the doubled over chain. Therefore, it will be in the middle of the doubled over chain where they bend.\nNow you should have five jump rings attached with three small chains hanging off the three small jump rings.\nStep 3: Wire Wrapping the Feathers\nTake one of your feathers and one of the small wires. Place the feather shaft over the wire, lining it up so that it is on the middle of the wire.\nTwist one side of the wire over the shaft, wrapping it around and around until you come to the end. You will want to have a bit of excess wire at the end, so don't wrap too tightly. You may have to adjust the spirals (make them farther or closer to one another) to make sure you have a bit of wire left over.\nWrap the other side of the wire the opposite direction of the first wrapping until you get to the top. You should have some excess left over just like the first side.\nStep 4: Attaching the Feathers\nTo attach the first feather, make a small hook on one end of your excess wire. Slide this hook through the last link in the end of the long chain (the chain length before the large jump ring).\nWith the pliers, bend the hook in the wire down to form a loop. Take the free end of the other wire and wrap it around the base of the new loop until you run out of wire. For the last bit you will probably need to squeeze it with the pliers to make the end lay flat against the wrapped wire (so it doesn't poke anybody).\nYour first feather is attached!\nStep 5: Attach the Remaining Feathers\nProceed to wrap the remaining feathers and attach them to the ends of the smaller chains that hang from the main chain.\nAfter you have attached all the feathers, you are almost finished!\nStep 6: How to Wear\nWearing this hair chain is very simple. Just insert two bobby pins into the large jump rings, then put the bobby pins in your hair like normal. You can adjust the height of the chain by adjusting where you place the bobby pins.\nThat's it! For anyone concerned with staying power, I wore this hair chain outside on a kinda windy day and it didn't budge.\nI hope you like your new hair chain! Have a great day and a great summer!", "902" ] ]

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[ [ "3D Printed Minecraft Pumpkin Figure (Made in Fusion 360)\nIntroduction: 3D Printed Minecraft Pumpkin Figure (Made in Fusion 360)\nIt is my first project to make Minecraft things. With the <PERSON> challenge, I combine Minecraft figure with pumpkin. Moreover, it is very fun to make it in Fusion 360. Fusion 360 is a powerful CAD software so far for me.\nYou can download for free, just visit my website. (you can choose Cults3d, Thingiverse)\nStep 1: Pixel Art\nMake a pixel art of your pumpkin face. You can make it in two ways. First, you can make it in Google Sheet. For more instruction, click Google Pixel Art tutorial.\nIf you are lazy to make it by yourself, I share my drawing and you can download mine.\nStep 2: Insert Image to Fusion 360\nTo make this pumpkin, I need to make 3D model first. To accomplish that, I use Fusion 360. Using Fusion 360, it is easier to use than Tinkercad because it is more precise. To begin with, open Fusion 360 software and do not forget to save your file. Insert your image by clicking \"Insert Canvas\" and then click ok.\nStep 3: Sketching\nStart sketching your image by clicking \"Create Sketch\". Choose line and trace the line one by one as shown in the image. After you finish, click finish sketch.\nStep 4: Extruding the Face\nHide the canvas image, so you can see your sketch clearly. Because you want to make a Minecraft, so the surface skin is not flat. To do this, you must extrude the grid one by one by clicking extrude and choose the grid that you want to elevate. It is up to you to choose the grid as you like or you can do as I did below. Just remember to keep eyes and mouth into holes. Choose the operation \"New Body\" and click ok.\nStep 5: Extruding the Other Sides of the Head\nMove the face to the other side. Now you can use your previous sketch to make other sides for the head. You should need 5 sides for this. To make it simpler, I used the same style for four sides. Repeat previous step. Only change the style of the surface skin.", "110" ], [ "You can make it as you desire. For the bottom of the head, I only use flat surface.\nStep 6: Wall Inside the Head\nMake walls attached to each side of head. To make this, make a sketch of rectangle and extrude it. When extruding, you will need as thin as you can for the wall.\nStep 7: Body and Legs\nNext step, you will add body and legs to the pumpkin figure. Make sketch and extrude it. Add some grids to make different skin to the figure.\nStep 8: Finish Modeling\nHere is the finish modeling. To make it prettier, render it in Fusion 360.\nStep 9: Printing\nSave your model to STL file. You can print all at once, but you need some support when printing. I am not comfortable working with support. It is very annoying and sometimes made our printing distorted. To overcome this, I prefer to print it one by one and assemble them later. For printing, I used 0.2 mm of layer height, no support, with raft and 20% infill. Total printing hour is about 4 hours to print all of it.\nStep 10: Assemble\nRemove unwanted prints in your printing. Assemble all parts by using super glue.\nStep 11: Put LEDs\nAdd some LEDs by using the glow circuit that is provided in Tinkercad. I made some changes to the glow circuit, so it is slimmer than the original one. Input the coin cell batteries and LED to the glow circuit. Just remember, cut a little bit the LED length, but keep the positive side longer than negative one. Put the glow circuit inside the head of the pumpkin figure. Secure it by using painter's tape. I used 3 LEDs for this project. I attach to the eyes and mouth.\nStep 12: Final Result\nHere is my final result of the Minecraft pumpkin figure. By using painter's tape or double tape, you can put this figure anywhere you like, such as TV monitor, Laptop, table, or other place you desire. Thank you for reading my instructables. I hope you like it.\nFor more project idea, visit 3D Printing Center.", "438" ] ]

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[ [ "My cat drools a lot\nHey I have a punch faced Persian, she’s around 17 months old. For the past couple of months we’ve noticed that she’s been drooling every 3rd/4th day. Sometimes she won’t drool at all for a week or two but it always comes back.", "664" ], [ "She also sometimes doesn’t eat much (although she’s always been a picky eater). I have a younger cat that’s around 5 months old and she’s sooo playful but the older one doesn’t even play with her. My sister thinks that her breathing rate is always on the faster side too. Any help would be appreciated, I’m desperate to find out what’s wrong with my baby!!! Thank you in advance!!", "664" ] ]

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[ [ "Book 6, chapter 23: <PERSON> telling <PERSON> \"Yes, <PERSON>, you can love.\" ... \"When given everything that has happened to you, is a great and remarkable thing. You are still too young to understand how unusual you are, <PERSON>.\" ... \"You are protected, in short, by your ability to love! The only protection that can possibly work against power like <PERSON>'s. ... <PERSON>, have you any idea how few wizards could have seen what you saw in that mirror? ...\" While not outright information about obscurials, it does shed some light on <PERSON> that we can use to postulate a few theories perhaps. When you compare what we know of <PERSON>'s life to what little glimpses we got to see of <PERSON> sad and abused life, heard about the eight year old imprisoned girl from Sudan and <PERSON>'s account of his sister <PERSON>'s experience, we can see that a pattern of sorts emerges.", "573" ], [ "The individuals who developed these parasitic forces have been mistreated and abused, whether it was a single traumatic event or prolonged exposure and multiple events. We don't know when <PERSON> actually developed into an obscurus. Was the scene in the movie where we first see <PERSON> his first incident? We're there others? Since <PERSON> and his creatures are blamed or the events and deaths we can only assume that it burst out of <PERSON> at such a level around the time of <PERSON>'s arrival. We know from <PERSON> that her adopted son <PERSON>'s mother was \"a wicked, unnatural woman\". I wonder what <PERSON> did to <PERSON>'s mom that she was able to take <PERSON> away from her and keep him? Is she dead? Murdered in some horrific witch trial by the Second Salamers? Did <PERSON> see or know about it? In addition to the beatings and punishments he suffered at <PERSON> hands, he was also called freak and trash by the Senator, and in general, ignored and likely made fun of by most people.\nAnother aspect I found fascinating was the similarities between how the dementors being the wizarding equivalent of depression are the obscurials the wizarding equivalent of another mental illness or feelings made manifest? Then we also have examples of <PERSON>'s mother, <PERSON>, and <PERSON> and even <PERSON> to a certain extent, losing their powers from unrequited love. So we can see a precedent that your emotional state is relevant to your power and abilities as well as your knowledge and experience. I see these all as related because they are aspects of the human condition and show a variety of different choices and outcomes. So what do you think?", "247" ] ]

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[ [ "Make Fungsional Radio Hat From 1949\nIntroduction: Make Fungsional Radio Hat From 1949\nHello from 1949 new Era on radio technology, \"don't use it, wear it\" the Slogan come from technology wearable radio hat from 1949. The hat come with radio, audio vacuum tube amplifier and battery pack. Now i want make this one, and this is all step.. happy making\nSupplies\n-Vintage Safari hat\n- electronic Moduls for radio, or just use a diy radio kit at online store\n-mini amply power\n-5v charger module\n-stepdown 3v module\n-dc 6E2 audio tube 2x\n-2x battery 18650\n-couple of wire\n-cap of jar\n-coil\n-Earpad\n-electronic tool\nStep 1: Making Radio\n- Assembly the radio kit, the kit come with a cmplete electronic modul just follow the intruction paper who come with.\n- soldering all electronic part to pcb board, becareful, you don't wan a mistake, because the radio can't turn on if have any mistake, yse a diagram and data sheet for guide you.\n- test funsion if yiu have already woth the mini radio.\nStep 2: Making Audio Tube\n- use a E62 audio vacuum tube kit, its coming with complete electronic part and pcb.\n-Soldering All item part to pcb board\n-makesure installation correctly\n- you need 2 pcs\nStep 3: Making Headset\n- this step you need 5w speaker, earpad, plastic cap, hard spon.\n-soldering wire to speaker\n-install the earpad to speaker with hot glue\n-use a plastic cap to cover speaker with hot glue\n-Cut a 3cm hard spon for making headset arm.\n-done\nStep 4: Making Antenna\n-This step you need plasti cap jar, a couple coil, plastic tape\n-Cut the plastic cap, just need a side circle (picture 2)\n-Wrap the coil a couple warp around the cap\n-Use tape to keep the coil in place\n-done\nStep 5: Assembly Radio Hat\n-This Step you need the safari retro hat.\n-Prepare the hat and all part who has we create before.\n-first we install the audio vacuum tube, make a pin hole on the hat same with pin on the tube, Plug the tube pin through the hat, on inside hat plug the board with insert the pin tube to adapter pin on pcb board, do same thing with another tube.\n- install the amply power, first modif the durection potensio on the pcb just bend the pin potensio, So that the face of the potential is facing up, make a hole at the front of hat, insert the shaff potensio on the hole, screw it and install the knob. Look a picture.\n-Instal the antenna, make a pin hole insert the coil to hole and install the circle antena on the back hat using hot glue.\n-Install the speaker, install the headset we make before to the right side oh the hat, use hot glue or screw.\n- for Radio is differen part with hat, use 2 battery 16850 for suply power, look diagram radio part, you need step down to 3v for powered radio, and charger modul becase the battery permanently soldering, so we need charger port.", "996" ], [ "The 7,2 V battery output use to powered the audio tube, you need 5 pcs wire @1 meter, the wires are used to connect the radio to the hat, 2wire is power, another 2 wire for audio and 1 wire for antena.\n-hat wiring, look at hat diagram, the 7,4v from battery input to power on amply power module and output go to power input the audio tube. Audio wire from radio go to audio input on audio tube, the output to speaker. Only use 1 audio tube in this tutorial because just use one speaker or mono. If you use stereo use of all audio tube, last wire connect to antena hat.\n- All done...\nThankyou\n<PERSON><PHONE_NUMBER> for suply power, look diagram radio part, you need step down to 3v for powered radio, and charger modul becase the battery permanently soldering, so we need charger port. The 7,2 V battery output use to powered the audio tube, you need 5 pcs wire @1 meter, the wires are used to connect the radio to the hat, 2wire is power, another 2 wire for audio and 1 wire for antena.\n-hat wiring, look at hat diagram, the 7,4v from battery input to power on amply power module and output go to power input the audio tube.", "996" ] ]

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[ [ "My wife, not a big gamer, saw The Amazing Labyrinth at Barnes and Nobles and decided she just had to have it. Excited about playing (don't see that from her very often!) she hurried the twin three-year-olds to bed on-time tonight so that we could get a game in with our nine-year-old and our six-year-old. What follows is a review of how it went with two kids who were more than ready to play.\nI took a moment to read the rules prior to to bringing the other folks into the room. Generally I digest the game before bringing the kids in, and I had recently tried having them open the package with me when I introduced Lucky Loop, with less than wonderful results. So I went back to standard operating procedure and reviewed all the materials (and punched out the cards and tiles) beforehand.\nBut frankly, given the simplicity of the rules, this likely wasn't necessary, even with a six-year-old in the mix. The rules for Amazing Labyrinth are quite simple, and the rulebook is well written save for three minor flaws which I shall mention in a moment.\nThe board consists of a set of fixed tiles in a waffle-pattern, which can be clearly seen in image 94599 shown here:\nThese tiles are part of the game board, but not painted on -- they are actual tiles that have been glued to the underlying board.\nAt the beginning of the game additional tiles are added in the blank areas between, and are free to move from turn to turn. These tiles are the same height as the ones affixed to the game board, so what results is a random board that generally connects much of the pathways together into a few big paths, but also includes scraps of paths that are short. An example of a filled-in board is shown in image 64615 shown here:\nNote that there is one additional tile left over once the board is filled. This is an important part of the unique mechanic of Amazing Labyrinth.\nAt the beginning of the game each player receives cards. This is flaw number one in the rules, although only a minor one. The rules do not specify how many cards each player gets, merely that they get cards. We chose to take three cards each as we were short for time and it seemed like a reasonable guess for a 30 minute game. It turned out to be about right. Each player leaves their cards face down in front of them in a pile, only looking at the first one when the game play begins.", "386" ], [ "On each card is a picture of something that also appears on the maze tiles -- a set of keys, a bag of gold, a dragon, etc. The player's goal is to move their game piece over the picture in the maze that appears on their card. Once they have reached the first card's goal, they turn over their second card and then move on from there until they have achieved all of their cards. Once the cards are complete they must return to their starting position at the corner of the board to win the game. Simple enough. Note there is an optional kid's rule which allows them to look at all of their cards and choose which one they want to go after first. My wife and I used the big people rule and let the kids use the kid's rule. This is a nice way to handicap a player in the game and made things closer for us. I recommend a similar approach if you play with your kids.\nOn each turn, the player first takes the leftover tile and inserts it somewhere along the edge of the board. That is, they use it to push a row or column of tiles one position to the left or right, up or down. That leftover tile now becomes part of the board, the tile that falls off the board on the far side becomes the \"leftover\" tile, and the maze has magically changed, sometimes quite dramatically. It is important to note that rows and columns with the fixed tiles cannot be moved -- only every other row and every other column are available for this adjustment.\nOnce the player has adjusted the board via this truly curious mechanism, they are free to move their game piece anywhere along the pathways that are connected to their piece's current position. Naturally, each player attempts to change the maze in such a way that it provides their piece with an opening to their current goal -- whatever image appears on their current card. Having the maze change to snooker one of the other players is a nice bonus as well, but in our first game we discovered that simply moving the maze to help ourselves was sufficient challenge for any particular turn.\nMinor flaw in the rulebook number 2 comes up at this point -- the user is required to move the board regardless of whether it will help them or not. Our edition of the rules does not indicate that it is the board that must move and not the player's piece, but the rule was easy enough to interpret given its context, once a bit of scrutiny was applied.", "597" ] ]

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[ [ "I apologize in advance because I feel this would be better suited as a comment, but I don't have the requisite reputation.\nI think all the other answers are great, but I just want to add another consideration that I used myself on my last conlang and found really helpful. If you consider semantic domains in vocabulary generation, you'll much more easily avoid remapping English (or whatever your preferred language is). I used to have a PDF that had several dozen semantic domain webs that covered lots of basic vocabulary and prompted more obscure words too, but the link's dead now and for the life of me I can't find a good replacement through some cursory googling. But I'm sure if you do some searching of your own you can find some good basic examples to look at.\nEssentially what this entails is you have a web of related concepts, and different languages will assign different lexemes to different groupings of these concepts. For example, in English we have: cloud, fog, mist, steam, smoke; and without bothering to look up their etymologies, those words all look unrelated.", "312" ], [ "Looking at concept webs like this might help you think about whether you want one word to cover \"cloud\" and \"fog\" but have two different words for steam from boiling water and steam from warm water (such as at a hot spring in the winter).\nI wish I had ready-made semantic domain webs or maps to link you to, but I'm finding it hard to find anything better than generic examples. As a supplemental tool, though, I think it's something that shouldn't be too hard to make on your own in your native language just to use as a jumping-off point for vocab generation. I don't think you'll hit 10,000 words like this, but I can personally attest that it can improve your generation rate significantly for your first several hundred words once your get yourself in the habit of immediately considering all the conceptually related lexemes for each basic word. You might collapse some into one word and add extra distinctions for others. It is kind of mind-boggling how many different words humans employ for things that are barely different. (Of course, if you make a hyper-polysynthetic language, maybe you just need one root per domain!)", "57" ] ]

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[ [ "Ultimate Router Station\nIntroduction: Ultimate Router Station\nHey guys! In this Instructable I’ll show you how I added tons of storage space to my router table to create the ultimate router station! I added enough room to store over 100 bits as well as quick access to commonly used tools as well a big storage drawers for router and accessories. Basically everything I own for my routers in one place!\nKeep reading and I’ll show you how I did it!\nIf you like this instructable be sure to check out my most popular instructables below:\n5 Pro Tips for Making Cutting Boards\nHow to Make an End Grain Butcher Block\nHow to Make a Slab Flattening Mill\nThe Ultimate Table Saw Fence\nIf you like this instructional content you can also find me at:\nMy Website (full tutorials, plans, videos): https://mwawoodworks.com\nMy YouTube (all my build videos): https://youtube.com/c/mwawoodworks\nMy Instagram (behind the scenes stuff): https://instagram.com/mwawoodworks\nMy Pinterest (things I find inspirational) : https://pinterest.com/mwawoodworks\nSupplies\nTOOLS AND SUPPLIES IN THIS PROJECT:\n►2-Sided Tape - https://amzn.to/3yha6ly\n►True Position Drawer Hardware Jig - https://amzn.to/3ePbWSJ\n►Mag Switch - https://amzn.to/3ePbWSJ\n►18\" Drawer Slides - https://amzn.to/3ePbWSJ\n►1/4\" router bit for locking rabbet joint - https://amzn.to/3ePbWSJ\n►Black Edge Banding - https://amzn.to/3ePbWSJ\n►Power Switch with Paddle - https://amzn.to/3ePbWSJ\nStep 1: Final Pics and Tour\nI was able to squeeze just about every square inch of storage space I could get out of my Woodpecker router table. I added a HUGE bottom drawer for storing handheld my handheld routers and accessories.\nThere's a 4\" drawer just below the router dust box for my coping sled and larger router bit sets.\nOn the right, I added a small drawer to hold my most used tools (collet wrenches, plate inserts and router lift tool)\nAnd finally I added this awesome slide out bit storage that has room for 100+ router bits in 1/2\" and 1/4\" shank sizes.\nEverything I own related to routers can be stored in this router station! Score +1 for shop organization!\nStep 2: Prepping for the Build (really, Deciding What I Want to Do LOL)\nOne thing I need to do before I get started is measure how much room I have under the dust box. I want to squeeze in a shallow drawer here to really maximize the storage space in this cabinet. I also measure for my side panels and the bottom drawer as well.\nAnd now I can remove the dust box to get it out of the way.\nI also need to drill a few screw holes to help me mount the panels.\nOnce all that is done I can begin cutting my cabinet parts.\nStep 3: Cutting the Side Panels\nSince the top and rails of the router table are black I wanted to find a way to make the whole cabinet black. At first I considered painting plywood because I really didn’t want to use black melamine. I’m really not a fan of particle board, but then I found something I’d never seen before at my local plywood dealer.\nIt’s called shelf liner and its got a melamine like coating on top of a plywood core.", "493" ], [ "This fits exactly with what I was thinking for this project.\nThe first step here is to cut the side panels of the cabinet and doing this at the MFT is pretty simple. I need four panels total.\nThe only other thing I need to do to these is cut notches on two corners and these allow space for the bolts that connect the frame of the router table. To do this I like to set up a mag switch to act as a positive stop. I just set the fence into position and I can knock these cuts out fast and each one is the same. To get the short side of the notch I just reposition the fence and the magnet and keep on cutting.\nStep 4: Installing the Side Panels\nThese fit in really nice with those notches cut out. I cut the back\npanels out of ½” ply. And for the top panel I needed to make an access for the dust collection as well as some air vents for the router.", "599" ] ]

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[ [ "Princess Mononoke\nthe world is cursed. people are cursed. but still, we wish to live.\nmy second(!!!!) time in theaters and it literally never fails to make me feel like a kid again in the best way possible.", "462" ], [ "i can confidently say this is my favorite animated movie of all time, and probably the movie that encapsulates my childhood the very best. something i noticed on this watch (unironically probably the 80th or 90th watch of my lifetime) is how the great spirit of the forest/the deities/the ‘nightwalker’ parallel a lot of the mythology i was exposed to from my family on the reservation; shapeshifters (aka a different s word i will not utter) in particular. this movie is truly fucking timeless and will always be one of the first movies i really loved with my entire body.", "462" ] ]

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[ [ "An electron with total orbital angular momentum of $L^2 = \\hbar^2 l(l+1)$ will experience a centrifugal force in addition to the Coulomb force from the nucleus. The result is that, in the frame rotating with the electron (don't read too much into this), the electron will see an effective potential energy given by:\n$$ V_l(r) = - \\frac{e^2}{4 \\pi \\epsilon_o r} + \\frac{\\hbar^2}{2 m} \\frac{l(l+1)}{r^2} $$ where $r$ is the distance between the electron and the nucleus.", "246" ], [ "I put the subscript $l$ on the potential $V_l(r)$ to stress that this effective potential will change as the orbital quantum number $l$ of the electron changes.\nThe radial wave function $U_{ln}(r)$ obeys the ordinary 1D Schrodinger equation for a particle in a potential $V_l(r)$:\n$$-\\frac{\\hbar^2}{2m}\\frac{d^2}{dr^2}U_{ln}(r) + V_l(r)U_{ln}(r)=E_{ln}U_{ln}(r)$$\nThe energies $E_{ln}$, as you can see, are the energy eigenvalues for an electron in an effective potential given by $V_l(r)$, one for each value of $n$. By convention we arrange these eigenvalues so that higher $n$ quantum numbers correspond to higher energies${}^*$.\nThere are fancy techniques for finding the $U_{ln}(r)$ in terms of familiar mathematical functions, but there is also nothing preventing you from writing a computer program to calculate these functions to arbitrary accuracy.\nOnce you find these $U_{ln}(r)$, the to calculate the probability $P(r_o,r^{\\prime})$ that an electron with quantum numbers $l$ and $n$ (independent of $m$) is found in some spherical shell between $r_o$ and $r^{\\prime}$, we only need to calculate the familiar integral: $$P(r_o,r^{\\prime})=\\int_{r_o}^{r^{\\prime}}dr \\left|U_{ln}(r)\\right|^2$$ This works provided the function is properly normalized: $$P(0,\\infty)=\\int_{0}^{\\infty}dr |U_{ln}(r)|^2=1$$ Typically the radial wave function is expressed in the form $R_{ln}(r)$ so that the probability $P(r,\\theta,\\phi)d^3x$ to be found in a small cube of volume $d^3x$ at the point $(r,\\theta,\\phi)$ is given by: $$P(r,\\theta,\\phi)d^3x=\\left|R_{ln}(r)Y^m_l(\\theta,\\phi)\\right|^2d^3x$$ It is easy to show that the two functions are related by the equation: $$R_{ln}(r) = \\frac{U_{ln}(r)}{r}$$\n${}^$ sidenote : It turns out by some mysterious coincidence that the lowest energy eigenvalue for an electron with a given $l$ is equal to the second* lowest energy eigenvalue for an electron with an angular momentum quantum number of $l-1$. Because of this, it is convention that for each $l$ we begin counting from $n=l,l+1,l+2,\\ldots$ so that it is sufficient to only specify $n$ (independent of $l$) to know the energy of the eigenstate.", "976" ] ]

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[ [ "What Were Global Voices’ Readers up to Last Week? · Global Voices\n“Reader!” Photo by Flickr user <PERSON>. CC BY-ND 2.0\nAt Global Voices, our community researches, writes, edits, and translates stories with a mission to support human rights and build bridges of understanding across countries, cultures, and languages.\nWe don't publish just to grab clicks or follow a news trend. We do, however, like to keep track of the ways in which our hard work has impact around the world.\nTo that end, one useful metric is how readers respond to our stories and translations. So let's take a look at who our readers were and what caught their attention during the week of February 26-March 4, 2018.\nWhere in the world are Global Voices’ readers?\nLast week, our stories and translations attracted readers from 204 countries! The top 20 countries represented across all of Global Voices’ sites were:\n1. United States\n2. Brazil\n3. France\n4. Mexico\n5. Japan\n6. Spain\n7. Colombia\n8. Germany\n9. United Kingdom\n10. Philippines\n11. Italy\n12. India\n13. Taiwan\n14. Canada\n15. Russia\n16.", "746" ], [ "Peru\n17. Bangladesh\n18. Argentina\n19. Indonesia\n20. Ecuador\nBut that's only a small slice of the diversity of our readership. Let's use the True Random Number Generator from Random.org and take a look at a few other countries on the list:\n106. China\n76. Ireland\n129. Martinique\n33. Poland\n184. Central African Republic\nGlobal Voices in English\nThe English-language site is where the majority of original content is first published at Global Voices. The top five most-read stories of last week were:\n1. “Stop Bombing Syria!” Berlin Protest Demands Immediate Ceasefire in Ghouta and Afrin\n2. “Do Others Know We Exist?”: A Nurse’s Testimony from Syria’s Besieged Eastern Ghouta\n3. A Sudanese Village Arts Festival Looks Back to the Future\n4. All of the Soviet Union’s Academy Award-Winning Films Are Legally and Freely Available Online\n5. A Suicide Mentality, on the Precipice of War in Northeast Asia\nGlobal Voices Lingua\nLingua is a project that translates Global Voices stories into languages other than English. There are about 30 active Lingua sites. Below is last week's most-read story or translation on each active language site.\nArabic\n* “ميتةً سريعة فلتكن!” شهادة أوس المبارك، طبيب أسنان من الغوطة الشرقية المحاصرة (“‘May It Be a Quick Death!", "746" ] ]

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[ [ "You also need to think of the psychological side.\nA general rule of thumb is that a human army will break when it loses about a third of it's number. So even if they have 'won' 10,000 to 3000 in casualties, that might be enough for the remaining humans to break for it (and rapidly get overwhelmed).\nThere is also the impact of them not dying. You shoot them with an arrow - they keep coming. You chop an arm off - it keeps attacking. You've cut it's legs off - now it's going for your legs whilst the next two are jumping on your shield. They have no fear and no sense of injury. So your line breaks; those in the rear echelons get spooked and start running, soon it's every man for himself.\nYes, if the defenders could stand in line, methodically chop off heads and ignore their own casualties they would probably win - but battles are not like that.\nWith additions as suggested..\nLooking at various tactics:\nCavalry:\nHaving a crowd of large horses with armored knights on them is a terrifying spectacle, if it is directed at you. Of course, the zombies feel no fear. Run them through with a spear, and you've just lost your spear. Hack with a sword and you might do some damage, but taking a head requires serious skill.", "358" ], [ "Stop to fight at bay, and the mob will close in. Lose the horse, and you'll be stumbling around half-blind in heavy armor whilst zombies dogpile you. Would you charge a horde of zombies knowing that death is almost certain?\nArcher:\nLook I made a pincushion. Time to leg it now.\nCannon:\nLook I played skittles. Skittles getting back up. Tile to leg it even more..\nShieldwall:\nIn which your first rank have swords; second and third ranks have spears that protrude.\nThe whole point of the shieldwall is that it's meant to be safe, that's what allows people to go into combat (most people worry about dying, and a solid formation makes it harder to slope off), and it's hard to attack because the first attackers get skewered. But the zombies don't care - the first ones charge straight onto any spears, without dying, dragging them down. The next wave are onto the swordsmen, and even if you do kill them, sheer weight of numbers will overbear you, as above.\nThe majority of deaths in medieval battles happen in the rout, when your formation breaks up and starts to flee. Once chaos starts, the zombies have all the advantages. Every time they stab someone, break a limb, or stun an opponent they've knocked that person out of the fight; knocking them out requires serious dismemberment.", "358" ] ]

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[ [ "There would be a few different sources of casualties\n1. The people who were at the time using machines which depend on electricity. This could be people in hospitals who are on life support, people driving electric cars (or any fly by wire car) or people flying. These people would die immediatly.\n2. The second wave of people to die would be because of the collapse of food distribution. The food distribution and manufacturing in developed countries is highly based on computers, knowing where to ship produce and in what amounts without computers (Or even long distance communication) would be impossible. This would lead to people leaving urban centers and creating pressure on the immediate country side.\n3.", "1006" ], [ "Long term effects - without electricity the food and medical supplies we rely on for modern society would not function properly. Without the ability to work the fields using modern technology, using old methods of creating fertilizer the supply of food would decrease dramatically. This will lead to wide spread starvation and eventually to a stable level of population which is much lower than it is today. The same thing applies to modern medicine, people will start dying much more often from diseases which with today's technology are curable\nIn non-industrialized countries most casualties will come from the first step. As the urban centers and agricultural industry don't rely as much on technology they will be much better poised to deal with these challenges.\nIf we look at how non industrialized societies have improved their agriculture in recent years, by using modern methods, we can estimate how much population their agriculture can support in the long term. According to this, the wheat production in the least developed countries has grown by 150% in the last 50 years. If we take this as a guide this means the population will decrease by about 60% in non industrialized countries.\nIf we look at industrialized countries we can see that they have about an urbanization rate of about 70-80%. Given our analysis this share of the population at a minimum will starve out given this event within a few weeks.", "998" ] ]

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[ [ "There can be differences between ice packs, but in practice the differences seem pretty small, and you'll have a hard time finding hard data on different ice packs' cooling abilities. How much ice/ice packs cool is determined by three things:\nFirst, the specific heat capacity of a material tells you how much energy it takes to raise 1g of the material by 1 degree C. Water has an unusually high specific heat capacity, so it has a lot of \"thermal inertia\", meaning that cold water can absorb a lot of energy from warmer objects before becoming warm itself. Secondly, the latent heat of a material tells you how much energy it takes to melt 1g of frozen material. Water also has a very high latent heat capacity, so ice at 0 degrees C will absorb a lot of heat before it fully melts and becomes water at 0 degrees C.", "815" ], [ "Finally, since the first two quantities are expressed with per mass units, we can conclude that a more massive object is a better heat sink than a smaller one - two ice packs can absorb twice the energy of one ice pack.\nIn terms of common substances, water is pretty much as good as it gets for a coolant - it has a very high specific heat capacity in both its solid and liquid forms, and the amount of latent heat absorbed while melting is also very large. A block of iron, on the other hand, absorbs slightly less energy per volume than water (it has 1/10 the heat capacity, but 8x density), and since it undergoes no phase change, it absorbs no latent heat. In total, the cooling capacity of a frozen block of iron will be roughly 20% of the same volume of ice over this temperature range.\nThe vast majority of the cooling effect of ice comes from melting - it takes only 2.1J to raise 1g of ice from -1C to 0C, but it takes 334J to turn 1g of 0C ice into 1g of 0C water. Keep the cooler packed with as much ice as you can, and replace it once it's melted, and you should have little trouble keeping food cold with a decent cooler. The cold liquid water is better than nothing, but most of its cooling ability was spent when it melted. Ice packs will have pretty much the same result, but may be more convenient since they're reusable and won't soak everything in the cooler, although it won't be quite as obvious when they're fully melted.", "815" ] ]

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[ [ "Forgetting, for the moment, looking for a translation for 'password' and instead looking at how the sentence 'all passwords must die' works:\nThe phrase 'udrir morghulis' ('udir' means 'word' and so 'udrir' means 'all words') doesn't technically translate to saying 'all words must die' but actually states the 'fact' that 'all words die' - 'valar morghulis' is actually the fact that 'all men die' (interesting and irrelevant aside: this explicitly excludes women - the phrase 'all people die' is actually 'abrar morghulis', which is also 'all women die'). Being extremely pedantic, it's really stating the fact that 'all men are currently going towards death'\nSo, there are a few ways to go about this:\n1. Create a valyrian word for password and put this in the statement that 'all passwords are going towards death'\n2. Create a valyrian word for password and put this in the command that 'all passwords must die' (easy once 1. has been done)\n3.", "242" ], [ "Create a statement that says something along the lines of 'all words that allow passage die'\n4. Create a command that says something along the lines of 'all words that allow passage must die'\nTo create a recognisable meme or somesuch, 1. would be the best option.\nFirst of all, creating something to mean password: the verb 'to pass' is 'rēbagon' and the noun 'word' is 'udir', so the simplest hack is just to use 'rēb' (the stem) and add 'udir' to the end. So The Valyrian word for 'password' is (probably) 'rēbudir' Proncounced [reː'budir] and is a 5th declension, aquatic noun.\nFrom this, 'All passwords are going towards death' translates to 'rēbudrir morghulis'\nAs 'morghūljagon' is a consonant-final verb, commanding all passwords to die is given by 'rēbudrirzi morghūljās'\nNow, forgetting about the word for 'password', translating the phrase 'all words that allow passage':\n* As before, 'all words' = 'udrir'\n* 'to allow' = 'gaomagon' (consonant-final, stem = 'gaom')\n* 'to pass' = 'rēbagon' (consonant-final, stem = 'rēb')\nTurning this into a relative clause (see comments) gives 'rēbagon gaomis luor udrir' as 'all words which allow to pass'.\nSo, the phrase 'all words that allow to pass are going to death' is 'rēbagon gaomis luor udrir morghūlis' and giving permission for 'all words that allow to pass may die' is 'rēbagon gaomis luor udrir morghūlis kostas'\nFinally, turning this into a command gives 'all words that allow to pass must die [go to death]' as 'rēbagon gaomis luos udrirzi morghūljās'\nAll of the information used above has been taken from the Tongues of Ice and Fire Wiki\nFor completeness (unnecessary as it was pre-edit, but potentially interesting):\nThe word 'passage' (or anything that's equivalent) is the noun of the verb 'to pass', which is 'rēbagon' as before. To turn this into a noun, just add 'non' to the stem:\n* 'passage' = 'rēbnon' (3rd declension, terrestrial)\nPutting 'word' as the subject and 'passage' as the object creates the phrase 'udrir rēbnon gaomisi' as 'words allowing passage'. 'current words allowing passage' would be 'udrir rēbnon gaomis'", "312" ] ]

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[ [ "The way you emphasize depends on what you're trying to emphasize.\nItalics are appropriate in dialogue, like in <PERSON>'s example. If there's a chance a particular word or phrase might be overlooked, make it stand out. You could use lengthy sentences to emphasize panic. There's no mental \"breath\" for the reader, inducing a subconscious quicker read to get to the break. Use a metaphor to emphasize an unusual characteristic. Use alliteration to drive a point home.\nHere's a simple example - I want to emphasize that time is passing agonizingly slow for my character who is waiting for something:\nThe plastic chair squeaked as she sat down. She checked the clock. The second hand was ticking so slowly. It was like it wasn't moving at all. She picked up a wrinkled magazine from the table to her right and flipped through the pages. She was bored. She put the magazine down. Was the clock even working?\nHuh, well, the reader is bored, but not in the way the character is bored. Italics are used for emphasis of the slow time and the character's boredom, but this isn't the right scenario for that device.\nThe clock read 12:38pm. The plastic chair squeaked as she sat down.", "873" ], [ "The clock read 12:38pm. The second hand ticked. Maybe. She picked up a wrinkled magazine from the table to her right. The clock read 12:39pm. Good. She flipped through the pages. The clock read 12:39pm. She put the magazine down. The clock read 12:40pm.\nHere, I used both repetition and short sentences. She's bored, she's restless, she's annoyed. The reader starts to feel the same. What will the time read next? Will it be the same? Different? The short sentences might get tedious to read, but it's piquing the reader's curiosity - what is she waiting for? When will it happen?\nSo, in essence, there is a right and a wrong way to emphasize something, but no solid list of right and wrong ways to emphasize. Each has their own pros and cons. If you're struggling to find the right path to take, try re-writing your scene over in the various methods people have already suggested in the answers and comments. Then, pick the one that works best (or, if you're not sure, an outside reader can tell you how they felt in each version).", "487" ] ]

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[ [ "Into The Ring\nAAAAAHHH I LOVE THIS DRAMA SO MUCH! For all its flaws, Into The Ring is probably hands down my fav drama recently. Very nice and enjoyable story, amazing chemistry between the leads and was consistently fun to watch from ep 1 to the last episode.\n<PERSON> is the obvious highlight of the series. From the first episode, I already loved <PERSON>. I loved how passionate she was and how she never gave up. <PERSON> has a huge heart and is so soft but never ever lets herself be walked over by anyone. <PERSON> did an amazing job bringing the character to life. She played the character so effortlessly, it really came so naturally to her. Her character is not perfect. She has flaws just like the rest of us. For example, I love how when she starts her job, she is just doing it for the money. She is not all holier than thou but is instead a realist. It's very honest and true to real life. When people are telling her to vote against the town getting a loan, I really thought she would vote that way as well. But nope. She’s like, give me my paycheck 😂 Maybe not the most ethical choice, but very honest.\nAll in all she is just a well rounded character. Life is happening to her and not just around her.", "217" ], [ "She is multi-faceted and has a variety of personality traits, like a real human being. Her character is nice, strong, vulnerable, funny, serious and selfless. AND I LOVE HER BABY VOICE! It should be annoying but no, ITS SO CUTE! I love her, and if she existed I would love to be her BFF.\nHer relationship with her parents, even if at times they weren’t the best, the love was always there first and foremost and no wonder she’s got such a great personality with such loving quirky parents. Her parents are hilarious! And warm-hearted. And flawed. And stubborn. And foolish. And wise.\n<PERSON> is her perfect love interest - the brains to her heart. He’s kind of awkward and blunt but so sincere and extremely loyal. He supported <PERSON> and made sure to always do what’s right, he would guide her and respect her in a way that really touches your heart, he always wants the best for her without ever patronising her. Chemistry both <PERSON> and <PERSON> are overflowing. I loved their interactions and how natural and comfortable they were with each other in their relationship.\nThe extended cast is amazing, particularly <PERSON> friends <PERSON> and <PERSON> - a great support system of true ride or die, sometimes a little unwillingly but they always pull through and you can count of them, plus our wise-beyond-years kid neighbour <PERSON> and her fellow politicians who are all so memorable whether its because you hate them, laugh at them or are conflicted over them. I gotta be honest some of the disputes may be a tad boring, but <PERSON> makes your time worth, because she has the best reactions, the best replies and the best sidekicks.\nThis is one of my absolute favorites! It ranks alongside My Mister, Mr. Sunshine and Reply 1988. It is an absolute masterpiece. I will so miss <PERSON>, one of my favorite female characters!", "1009" ] ]

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[ [ "You are pretty much spot on with your presumptions.\nBut anyway, here's a few things to consider:\n• CO2 has a far lower melting point than water, meaning it will not solidify under normal domestic-freezer conditions, and so will remain as a gas.\n• The sugary syrup, containing large amounts of glucose, also has a melting-point lower than water, meaning it too will remain as a liquid between ice crystals.\n• Molecules are very, very small.\n• Ice crystals have a lot of 'empty space' between them despite otherwise appearing entirely compact, This is due to water's natural molecular structure, in addition to the presence of tiny air-pockets formed during the freezing process (explaining why H2O expands when a solid). Hence, there is still liquid in the bottle.\n• Provided the bottle was sealed when frozen, the pressure within - though reduced due to the cold temperatures - would still superseded that of the outside world (the reason carbonated drinks schhhhhhhhhhhh when opened, as the pressure of the vessel equalises to the atmospheric normal).\nSo we now have a bottle containing frozen water and a liquid sugar syrup, in the presence of gaseous carbon dioxide - with all components loosely locked into one big crystal structure under pressure.\nYou open the bottle... Immediately, the pressure difference initiates the cool schhhhhhhhh noise, rapidly equalising the vessel to the standard atmosphere outside and releasing its CO2 in the process.\nTo escape, most of the CO2 must first pass through the frozen water - which it can do on account of being so small and the ice crystals having numerous little spaces between themselves. The migration of hundreds of thousands of CO2 molecules through the ice results in the passages, holes, 'tunnels', forming.\nThe CO2 is not alone in the journey, mind, as locked within the frozen water with it is the liquid Pepsi syrup, that - caught up in the movement of CO2 - also utilises the tunnels to rise up the bottle neck, pushed up and out of the ice by the force of the escaping gas behind it.\nThis fizzing process concludes once the pressure of the vessel equalises with the outside environment, halting the movement of CO2 and with it: the syrup, which now exists at the bottle's opening, and all over your hands...\nDelicious.", "815" ] ]

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[ [ "For computer software, the easiest way to take a sphere (and/or hemisphere) and flatten it into a flat shape (usually a rectangle) is the equi-rectangular projection (also known as the plate carrée), because it has the simplest formula relating pixels and coordinates:\n$x = w*\\lambda/360 + w/2$\n$y = -h*\\phi/180 + h/2$\nx and y is the pixel point\nw and h are the width and height (in pixels) of your map's rectangle\n$\\lambda$ (lambda) is the longitude in degrees and $\\phi$ (phi) is the latitude in degrees\nThis all assumes that your map puts the 0 longitude, 0 latitude point in the center. In other words, the prime meridian runs down the map's middle vertically and the equator runs down the map's middle horizontally. It also assumes that north and east are positive, while west and south are negative.\nNotice that you don't even have to take the sine or cosine of anything. That's why the equi-rectangular projection is so simple. It basically just takes longitude and latitude and makes them x/y coordinate with only an offset.", "204" ], [ "The offset comes because, usually in computer programming, the origin is at the top left instead of the center of the screen.\nNotice also that I negated the latitude in the y formula, because most computer systems in 2D coordinates have the positive y direction pointing down. This is opposite of a standard graph in math, where positive y goes up.\nIn your case, longitude and latitude will actually be Right Ascension and Declination respectively. They are basically stellar coordinates for the celestial sphere as opposed to ground coordinates for the geode.\nThere are many, many other map projections possible, but equi-rectangular is the simplest.\nHowever, your question is a little vague because you mentioned a \"virtual 3D world\", yet also asked how much you need to flatten it. If you already have a 3D model of a sphere in your computer graphics, you don't have to flatten it at all. You just draw the 3D model (sphere) with a texture on it. If you want to represent it as a map, then of course you have to flatten it, and equi-rectangular projection is the simplest way.", "204" ] ]

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[ [ "Vampires are real. How to stop everybody from freaking out?\nGood morning, ladies and gentleman, and congratulations on your promotions. You are now all official members of the Ministry of the Protection of Vampires. The creation of this new branch of the government had to be done faster than we had liked to, so excuse us the name. As you might all know, the government isn't denying the existence of vampires anymore. Which means new measures need to be taken.\nThe existence of vampires, although shocking to the general populace, was no secret to us. Vampires have been among us for a long time and we have been working together with the League of Vampires to keep vampire related accidents under covers. The League is a small group of vampires that strives for coexistence with humans and is currently the closest thing vampires have to a representative. For a long time we had both decided that the best way to preserve both species was to keep vampirism a secret, but demographics have shifted. Currently, about 1 on 1000 people are vampires. This made it difficult to contain them, as more and more vampires were asking for equal rights and more videos of vampires using their powers were going viral.\nThe premise of vampires entering our society is very interesting on paper. Even though they can only work nights shifts, they are many times more efficient in many jobs than humans through their superhuman strength, speed and reflexes. They also tend to live way longer, meaning that the average vampire has more work experience than the average human. They also opened a new market to these things called blood-oranges. People were comparing them to snozzcumbers? Don't ask me, I don't know what snozzwhates are.", "934" ], [ "Point is that they mean money.\nThe problem we're experiencing is that a lot of people aren't taking the reveal very well. Vampires are an image of fear, which makes it difficult for humans to accept them. It has been recently confirmed under the masses that vampires, unlike the myth, do not need permission to enter someone's home; technically they can just waltz in, take your blood, and walk out without much consequences due to their abilities. This causes humans to feel unsafe. Getting bitten by a vampire means inescapable doom: you either die or turn into a vampire yourself. That vampires lose all their powers during the day isn't making things any better, because this inspires a 'we must strike first' attitude in a lot of people. We already had various court cases of people who thought they were doing God's work by driving wooden stakes through innocent vampire citizens.\nIn reality, biting accidents don't really happen all that often. After all, vampires have been among us the whole time. Our statistics say the chance of getting killed by a cow is higher than getting bitten by a vampire. Vampires are overall just as reasonable as any human. They have blood-oranges as alternative and killing humans is seen as a sign of weakness and lack of self-control. The League of Vampires has almost perfect integrity in the vampire community and has ways of finding out if you've bitten a human. Consequences follow. Telling people this, however, had little effect. Media found vampirism to be a controversial topic, and things have been going downwards since the news is covering vampire-related accidents.\nGiven these facts, what is our best course of action? What measures could possibly be taken to calm down the masses? Some vampires have their objections as well, but they are being taken care off by the League. We don't have to bother with them.", "164" ] ]

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[ [ "Following a Summit-less 2015, This Year Will See Record Attempts to Reach the Peak of Everest · Global Voices\nMount Everest from base camp one. Image from Flickr by <PERSON> CC BY 2.0\nMount Everest, the tallest mountain in the world, challenges adventurers and record seekers every year.\nEach year, the determination to trek to the summit of Mt.Everest brings thousands of adventurous travelers to Khumbu pic.twitter.com/u299yDVJGB\n— AmiPlanet (@AmiPlanet) January 9, 2016\nIn 2015, however, Everest remained invincible — no-one could summit the peak for the first time since 1974. The devastating earthquake that killed around 9,000 in Nepal didn’t even spare the highest mountain in the world and its aspiring summiteers.\nIn its wake, nobody could climb Everest during the seven- to ten-day window of opportunity that presents itself each May, as the quake took down the ladders and pathways that provided safe access. Attempting to climb the mountain at any other time is even more dangerous, as conditions at the top are very harsh, with temperatures of between -32 to -41 degrees centigrade and winds of more than 150 miles per hour.\nFor the first time in 41 years, nobody reached the summit of Mount Everest. 22 died. Via @SCMP_News @NatGeo pic.twitter.com/fcmkTdVnP4\n— <PERSON> (@PatrickMcGee_) December 28, 2015\nIn spite of the harsh conditions and deaths happening every year during ascents, people never seem to get over the thrill associated with climbing Everest.\nHistorically, for every 100 climbers who have made it to the summit of mount everest, 4 have died\n— <PERSON> (@BeingStupid1) December 30, 2015\nUnfazed by earthquake and avalanche, this spring will once again see hordes of mountaineers, adventurers and daredevils rushing to the Everest region seeking to ascend to its peak.\nEverest summiteer <PERSON>, in his blog Summits Don’t Matter, wished, for the good of the country, that it were different:\nYes hundreds will probably return next spring to attempt Everest. Some operators will shift to the north, quietly, or in some case loudly, saying it is safer.", "849" ], [ "People with nothing more than a Kilimanjaro summit will claim to have the proper experience – until something goes wrong. Guides will continue to save lives, doing what they do; and the Everest machine will continue even though it is clear it is time to let Nepal recover.\nThe business of Everest\nSince Sir <PERSON> and <PERSON> (Sherpas are an ethnic community from the Himalayas) first made the climb to the top of Everest, 4,093 people have reached the peak an astounding 7,001 times.\nSir <PERSON> and <PERSON> become the the first people to reach summit of Mount Everest (May 1953) pic.twitter.com/NqoL3BRqLN\n— Photos of Change (@photosofchange) December 25, 2015\n<PERSON>'s son has been critical of “the charade that Everest has become”, catering to the heavy traffic of Western climbers at the expense of the upkeep and integrity of the mountain. Everest may have become a business, but it is one that is still attracting a lot of customers.\nOne of the worst avalanches in the mountain's history, in 2014, nearly resulted in a Sherpa boycott of their guide services at Everest, after the families of some of the Nepalese killed in the disaster were offered paltry compensation for their deaths. More died in April 2015 due to the avalanche triggered by the Nepal earthquake. Compared with the huge sums of money paid by climbers for the privilege of climbing Everest, Sherpas are paid nominally for their expertise — the lion's share of the money is divided between the tour companies and the Nepalese government.\nWhat is it like to climb the world's tallest mountain?\nFor those who want to understand how difficult it is to conquer Everest, two-time Everest summiteer <PERSON> shared his moments of glory in pictures. The journey typically starts with landing at the Lukla airport — one of the most dangerous airstrips in the world — then trekking to the village of Namche Bazaar.\nA bird’s eye-view of Namche Bazaar. Used with permission.\nThe hike from Namche Bazaar to the Everest Base Camp (EBC) is breathtaking — and often a once in a lifetime experience. The trek through the Everest region may be harsh, but it is also full of adventure.\nA continuous 11-day trek from Lukla takes you to the EBC at around 5,400 metres.", "849" ] ]

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[ [ "Nope\nI have this picture (taken by <PERSON>) in my room of this giant kite from the late 1800’s. And it reminds me a lot of the Nope alien! So then I looked it up and found lots of other intricate, old kite designs that definitely could've been misinterpreted as ufos by ppl back in the day :-0\nAlso the long string of flags that the creature had trialing behind it, and the way it moved after it expanded, kinda makes me think <PERSON> was inspired by kites! Esp cuz there have been incidents the last few yrs where ppl thought fancy tech kites were ufos?? idk", "322" ] ]

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[ [ "Let's discuss a whole set of cases.\n* You're standing on the planet. I'm guessing that you would describe the sensation as 'feeling' gravity pulling you down.\n* You're on a skydiving trip, standing in the plane. You still 'feel' gravity.\n* You're on the skydiving trip and you've just step out of the plane, but not had time to pick up speed. Here you don't 'feel' any gravity.\n* Later on, you deploy you chute and come to a rather modest terminal velocity. Now you 'feel' gravity again.\n* You've trained very hard, been selected as an astronaut and you've hanging out in the International Space Station. No 'feeling' of gravity.\n* Get in your Mars bound ship and turn on the rockets. 'Feel' gravity.\n* Still in that Mars bound ship, you've completed transfer orbit insertion and the rockets have turned off. No 'feeling' of gravity.\n* Arrived at Mars' orbit, with the planet coming up fast from behind. The rockets come back on to achieve match with the planet.", "947" ], [ "The rockets come on and the 'feeling' of gravity returns.\nSo which three cases have no 'feeling' of gravity? Just stepped out of a plane, in free orbit around the Earth and in free orbit between the planets.\nTwo things that can't explain the full set of cases.\n1. It's not whether or not you are subject to a gravitational force from the planet. That happens in both the sky diving and ISS cases.\n2. It can't be an acceleration relative the planet. You have that when stepping out of the plane and in the ISS (no 'feeling'), but also in the rocket on transfer insertion and matching with the destination ('feeling')\nBut what all the case where you 'feel' gravity have in common is that a material substance is pushing on you. On earth it is the ground (or floor). In the plane it is the floor of the plane. In the accelerating rocket it is the deck or more likely your crash couch. In the chute it is the harness.\nAnd the cases when you don't 'feel' acceleration is when you are in free fall.\nSo the thing that causes the 'feeling' of gravity is the normal force between you and a material object.", "393" ] ]

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[ [ "You Can Conquer Digital Worlds in Scottish Gaelic, Thanks to Hard-Working Localizers · Global Voices\nWidelands, Scottish Gaelic localization. © 2017 The Widelands Development Team, licensed under the GPLv2+.\nA version of this post was originally published at r12n.\nIn the strategy game Widelands, the player begins as the chieftain of a small settlement. The player guides the development of the settlement from a single outpost building into a sprawling commercial empire. In many ways, Widelands resembles the game series The Settlers, which first appeared in 1993. While the latest version of The Settlers can only be played in English, Widelands can also be played in dozens of other languages: global languages such as French and Spanish, national languages such as Bulgarian and Finnish, and even several languages of fewer speakers such as Catalan, Galician, and Esperanto. The game’s free and open source software model welcomes volunteer collaborators, including translators, to expand its language offerings.\nProportion of respondents in the 2011 census aged 3 and above who stated that they can speak Scottish Gaelic. Image by SkateTier CC BY-SA 3.0.\nManaging the Widelands Development Team since 2016 is <PERSON>, who joined the project as a Scottish Gaelic translator in 2013. <PERSON> (a pseudonym) has long been a respected member of the free software development community, having contributed translations to dozens of projects and managed broader translation initiatives.\nScottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig, not to be confused with Irish, Gaeilge) is a Celtic language indigenous to Scotland. Gaelic is spoken by around 58,000 people in Scotland, and over 7,000 people in Canada. Under pressure from English, Gaelic has been in decline as a community language for centuries, but a vigorous revitalization effort has been underway. A 2016 census found that only 522 public school students had Gaelic as the primary language at home; however, there has been a recent increase in Gaelic medium education.\nWhile there are few examples of commercial software available in Gaelic, an impressive collection of free software — games, office software, mobile apps, etc.", "200" ], [ "— is now available. Even more impressive is that this wealth of Gaelic software is primarily the result of the volunteer efforts of just two people: GunChleoc and <PERSON>, a Glasgow-based language consultant and publisher. I recently spoke with <PERSON> about her experience helping to enable and promote Gaelic-language computing.\nGaming in a minority language\nA version of the game Widelands was first posted online in 2001, and the game has been in continuous development ever since. Perhaps the primary factor in its longevity (aside from the fact that it is a lot of fun) is that it is a free and open source software project, entirely supported by a volunteer community of developers, artists, and writers. In contrast to proprietary software which is typically developed as commercial projects, free software is open to user modifications and contributions.\nFor a video game, these modifications might include new game mechanics or levels, new or refined artwork, and versions of the game that work on different platforms (Windows, OSX, Android, etc.). In the case of Widelands, this includes a global community that has completely or partially translated the game into 60 languages, including Scottish Gaelic (watch the game trailer in Scottish Gaelic below).\nThere is a solid case — moral, social, and cultural, if not initially commercial — for empowering language communities with fewer speakers to use their languages in digital contexts. GunChleoc has long believed that Gaelic deserves a digital presence, and has devoted an extraordinary amount of mostly-volunteer effort — literally years of work — into localizing software into Gaelic. Impressively, she is a not a native speaker, but a learner, which provides her with an additional context for understanding the language.\n“My first contact with the language was through the rock band Runrig. I liked the sound of the language, so I first started learning the pronunciation,” she explains. “Then a bit of grammar and vocabulary, then I went to visit Scotland… let’s say it became somewhat addictive.”\nA linguist and computer scientist by education, and a translator by profession, she also maintains the Fòram na Gàidhlig website and forum for Gaelic language learners.\n“When I stated running the Fòram na Gàidhlig site, I decided that having a Gaelic-language user interface for the message board software would be a good learning tool for myself,” she explains. “Since there was nobody else to do it, with help from the community, I went ahead and translated it to (probably pretty awful) Gaelic.”\n0 A.D.", "507" ] ]

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[ [ "In this answer, I’ll attempt to address two primary concerns impacting the habitability of your moon:\n* atmosphere retention\n* absorption of solar radiation\nYou will undoubtedly have to tweak the parameters of your planet in order to get the desired weather patterns. However, these two factors seem most important with respect to habitability.\nBefore getting into the weeds, here’s a list of definitions for variables I’ll use:\n* $R_m$, the moon’s radius\n* $M_m$, the moon’s mass\n* $L_{s}$, the combined average luminosity of the three-sun system\n* $D$, the distance of the planet-moon system from the three-sun system\n* $G\\approx 6.7\\cdot 10^{-11} \\space\\text{Nm}^2/\\text{kg}^2$, the gravitational constant\n* $k\\approx 1.4\\cdot 10^{-23}\\space \\text{J}/\\text{K}$, the <PERSON> constant\nAlright, let’s go! (Note: I’m bound to have made some computational error somewhere below. Hopefully it doesn’t affect my estimates too much, and they’re still within the right order of magnitude. Bonus points if you find a mistake!)\nAtmosphere retention\nNo matter how massive or cold your planet is, it will always continuously lose some of its atmosphere (as long as this atmosphere is gaseous). This is because not all of the atmospheric gas molecules have the same speed - their speeds are random, following the Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution. At all times, some of the molecules will be moving fast enough to escape.", "24" ], [ "The question is - how long do you want your atmosphere to last?\nThe escape velocity for your moon is approximately equal to $$v_{\\text{esc}} = \\sqrt{\\frac{2GM_m}{R_m}}$$ and the root-mean-square velocity of gas molecules in a gas of temperature $T$ is equal to $$v_{\\text{rms}} = \\sqrt{\\frac{3kT}{2m}}$$ where $m$ is the mass of the gas molecule in question. You certainly don’t want $v_{\\text{rms}}>v_{\\text{esc}}$, or your whole atmosphere will be gone in an instant. So, at the very least, you need\n$$\\sqrt{\\frac{3kT}{2m}} \\lt \\sqrt{\\frac{2GM_m}{R_m}}$$\nor, for a molecule of diatomic oxygen,\n$$\\frac{M_m}{R_m T} \\approx 2.92\\cdot 10^{12}\\frac{\\text{kg}}{\\text{m}\\cdot\\text{K}}$$\nFor a moon the size of Deimos (which is almost certainly much smaller than yours) and with an average surface temperature equal to Earth’s, the LHS of this inequality is approximately $8.3\\cdot 10^{8}$. That’s well below this rudimentary upper limit - so far, so good.\nLet’s get a little more nitpicky. Remember what I said before about how some of your planet’s atmosphere will always be escaping?\nAssuming the atmosphere’s depth is negligibly small compared to the planet’s radius, we have that the surface area of atmosphere exposed to space is approximately $4\\pi R_m^2$. According to the Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, if $T$ is the average temperature, then the proportion that have achieved escape velocity at any given time is equal to\n$$\\begin{align}\\alpha_{\\text{esc}} &= 2\\sqrt{2\\pi}\\int_{\\sqrt{GM_m m/kTR_m}}^\\infty v^2 e^{-v^2}dv\\ &= \\frac{2\\xi e^{-\\xi^2}+\\sqrt{\\pi}\\text{erfc}(\\xi)}{4}\\ &\\sim \\frac{\\xi e^{-\\xi^2}}{2} \\end{align}$$ for reasonably small values of $\\xi$, where $$\\xi=\\sqrt{\\frac{GM_m m}{kT}}$$\nAs an estimate, let’s use the Moon’s mass and radius and Earth’s surface temperature (and consider diatomic oxygen molecules). This yields approximate values of $$\\xi\\approx 18.5$$ $$\\alpha\\approx 2.", "24" ] ]

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[ [ "Folding Bench Top Extension Made From Recycled Bed Frame\nIntroduction: Folding Bench Top Extension Made From Recycled Bed Frame\nI recently reduced the length of my work bench to better fit my work area which was nice since I could move around it more easily. It has worked out great for the most part but whenever I work on larger or more complex projects I realized I need more horizontal space. So I decided to make a fold down extension to my bench top that could be stowed away when not in use.\nI used recycled bed frames to make a frame to hold the extension bench top. I liked the idea of having a metal frame so that I could switch out the top if it gets to beat up and worn out with out having to build everything from scratch again. If the extension top gets too damaged I can just unscrew it and replace it with another one. The actual extension bench top is made from two pieces of compressed particle board that a friend of mine was throwing out. Before he threw them in the trash he texted me to see if I could use them. At the time I didn't have a real use for them but they were free so I went by his warehouse and picked them up.\nI only had a vague idea of what I wanted so this is more of a design/build type of Instructable. Also the dimensions I used are specific to my bench this would most likely need to be customized to fit your personal space.\nSupplies\nBed Frames or Angle Iron\n2 pieces of 1/2\" x 18\" x 36\" inch particle board or plywood\nCircular Saw\nStraight Edge\nClamps\nAngle Grinder with cut off disks and flap sanders\nWelder\nDrill\nDrill Bits Various Sizes\nWood Glue\n50 pack 1 inch screws\nDoor Hinges\n6 - 2 inch wood screws\n4 - 5/16\" lag bolts with\n6 - 5/16\" Washers\n2\" x 2\" x 18\" piece of scrap wood\nBlack Spray Paint\nStep 1:\nThis is a picture of my bench. The second picture shows the particle board leaning against the bench, its sort of my mock up to see if the sizing is right. I didn't want the particle board to touch the floor so I decided to cut it shorter.\nStep 2:\nI decided to make the extension 32 inches long. I have some scrap wood to lift the pieces off the floor and then clamped the two particle board pieces together. Then I used another piece of scrap wood as a straight edge and my circular saw to trim down the two pieces.\nStep 3:\nNext I liberally spread wood glue all over one piece of the particle board. Then I placed the other piece on top and predrilled some holes and screwed it together.", "787" ], [ "I could have clamped it together and let it dry overnight but I was a little impatient and decided to screw it together instead.\nStep 4:\nA few weeks ago someone in a nearby neighborhood was throwing away several bed frames and posted a \"curb alert\" on a local neighborhood app. They were free for the taking and sitting on the curb in front of their house so I drove over and picked them up. I didn't have an immediate use for them but its good steel that's free so I couldn't pass them up.\nBed frames are great but they do come with a few extra pieces that need to be removed which is no problem for an angle grinder with a cutoff wheel. Most of the attachments are sort of pinned or riveted in place. To remove them you just cut off one side of the rivet. The more flush to the bed frame you can make the cut the better. Then hammer out the remaining piece of the rivet. Some times you need to use a steel drift to knock out the pin, if you don't have a drift then a scrap piece of round bar or a old/dull drill bit will do the job as long as it is smaller then the pin's diameter.\nSometimes if you don't need the full length you can just cut off the extra bit which saves time but waste material.\nStep 5:\nI cut all four pieces of the bed frame slightly larger than the particle board by about 1/4 inch. So the longer pieces of the frame were 32 - 1/4 inches long and the shorter pieces were 18 - 1/4\" long. This allows me to account for the thickness of the angle iron for the welding portion of the build. I also decided to notch both ends of the two smaller sections so that I could get flat seams when I weld the pieces together.\nStep 6:\nFull disclaimer: I can't weld. But I do have a welding machine. My welds are not pretty by any means but the are good enough to stick the pieces together. I made sure to weld all the inside and outside corners.", "220" ] ]

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[ [ "Xenon Lighting From Retro Flash Tube\nIntroduction: Xenon Lighting From Retro Flash Tube\nHeres how to repurpose a retro flash tube into a lamp.\nNote there will be high voltage involved. Be sure to know how to work on it safely and do not work on it when its plugged in\nSupplies\nYou'll need a small flash tube of some type(I used an ifk120) a halo eyes inverter and a 12v power supply(i used a 5v usb power supply however i found inconsistent results in that some tubes wouldn't start up because the voltage was too low for them), optionally some leather for decoration\nStep 1: Disassemble Case and Drill Holes\nThe back of the halo eye inverter can be popped off. Then the circuit board is removed by cutting the potting compound from the case.\nHoles in the back case cover are marked with the tube's spacing and then drilled out. The holes are then enlarged to fit the xenon tube.\nStep 2: Gluing the Leather(optional)\nThis step is pretty self explanatory.", "98" ], [ "A peice of leather was glued to the top of the case and then cut to shape for decoration. I got the leather from an old thrift shop jacket\nStep 3: Modifying the Electronics(output Side)\nThe potting compound was removed from the output capacitors(blue things) from both the top and bottom sides of the pcb.\nThe wires for one output channel was removed. Its layed out in such a way that there are 2 wires commoned together and there are 2 other wires connecting to each capacitor\nWhat needs to be done is one of the common wires gets cut off and one of the wires connecting to a cap gets cut off.\nThen the capacitor that is connected to the remaining output gets shorted out. This usually is for current limiting but it isnt nessisary to have\nStep 4: Modifying the Electronics(input Side)\nThe potting compound was removed from the bottom of the input side.\nThe existing wires were removed\nThe power supplies wire was stripped, tinned, and soldered in so it replaced the existing wires\nStep 5: Reassembly\nThe xenon tube was pushed into the bottom cover where holes where drilled and glued in.\nThe output wires are silicone and so they can just be pushed onto the xenon tube terminals\nThe top cover was then closed and the project is completed", "98" ] ]

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[ [ "Covering Salesman Problem (CSP) polynomial reduction to the TSP\nI am facing one problem that consists in polynomially reducing the Coverging Salesmen Problem (CSP) to the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP). So, let me first define the CSP. The CSP, I am working on, can be defined as a complete undirected graph $G(V, E)$, a metric edge weight function $w_e \\in \\mathbb{R}^+$, and a node covering function $S: V \\rightarrow \\mathcal{P}(V)$ such that $i \\in S(i)$, where $\\mathcal{P}$ is the power set function. The CSP goal is to find a minimum cost tour that covers all the nodes in $G$.", "835" ], [ "For example, let's take a look at the CSP instance example in the Figure below, where $S(a) = S(b) = {a, b}$ and $S(c) = S(d) = {c, d}$.\nA solution for this instance would be the tour $a, c$ as well as $b, d$, and if $w_{bc} = 2$, we could have the tour $b, c$, all of them with cost $4$.\nSo far I have planned a reduction scheme which I do not know if works but even though I would like to share with you, case it helps to show its correctness or find a working one. Let $\\mathcal{S} = {S(i) : i \\in V}$ be the set of clusters of the CSP instance, and for every $s \\in \\mathcal{S}$ let $C_s$ be an arbitrary cycle composed of the nodes in $s$, and $v_j^s \\in s$ be the $j$-th node in $C_s$. We will convert $G$ into a digraph $D(N = {i, i^{'}, x_i : i \\in V}, A = {(v_j^{s'}, v_j^s), (v_j^{s'}, x_{v_j^s}) : j \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}{\\leqslant |s|}, s \\in \\mathcal{S}} \\cup $ ${(x{v_j^s}, v_{j + 1}^{s'}) : j \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}{\\leqslant |s| - 1}, s \\in \\mathcal{S}} \\cup {(v_j^{s'}, v_k^t) : s \\neq t \\in \\mathcal{S}, j \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}_{\\leqslant |s|}, k \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}{\\leqslant |t|}})$, and we will create an arc weight function $w^{'}a \\in \\mathbb{R}^{+}$ such that $w^{'}{(v_j^{s'}, v_j^s)} = w^{'}{(v_j^s, x{v_j^s})} = 0$ $\\forall s \\in \\mathcal{S}, j \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}{\\leqslant |s|}$, $w^{'}{(x_{v_j^s}, v_{j + 1}^s)} = 0$ $\\forall s \\in \\mathcal{S}, j \\in \\mathbb{N}_{\\leqslant |s| - 1}^{}$ , and $w^{'}{(v_j^{s'}, v_k^t)} = w{v_j^s, v_k^t}$ $\\forall s \\neq t \\in \\mathcal{S}, j \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}_{\\leqslant |s|}, k \\in \\mathbb{N}^{}_{\\leqslant |t|}$. The Figure below shows the resulting digraph for the aforementioned CSP instance.\nMy idea was to make all nodes in $C_s$ be visited by a single $i$-$i^{'}$-path $P \\subset C_s$ $\\forall s \\in \\mathcal{S}$.", "835" ] ]

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[ [ "Newtonian motion of a particle confined to a smooth surface\nRecently, I've been considering a model wherein a lone particle with constant mass m is confined to a surface $F$: $\\mathbb{R}^m \\to \\mathbb{R}^n$ , where $m < n$. I declare this surface to be strictly stationary, even resisting rigid motions. We then declare the particle's initial position to be $w(t_0) = F(u(t_0))$ with $w$ in $\\mathbb{R}^n$ and $u$ in $\\mathbb{R}^m$, and we declare its initial velocity to be $v(t_0) = w'(t_0) = F'(u(t_0))*u'(t_0)$, where $F'$ is the Jacobian of $w$ with respect to $u$. So, $w(t_0+dt) = F(u(t_0) + u'(t_0)dt)$, to ensure our particle is still confined to $F$ at $t_0+dt$.\nHowever, the velocity vector cannot be unchanged from $t_0$ to $t_0+dt$, since the span of $w'(t_0)$ does not generally coincide with that of $F'(u(t_0) + u'(t_0)dt)$, i.e., the \"old\" velocity is not tangent to $F$ at the \"new\" position. To meet this requirement of tangency, I have proposed (axiomatically) that the true velocity of the particle at $t_0+dt$ is the projection of the \"old\" velocity $v(t_0)$ onto the span of the \"new\" Jacobian matrix $F'(u(t_0) + u'(t_0)dt)$, as to minimize any instantaneous acceleration. In other words, $$w'(t_0 + dt) := A(A^T A)^{-1}A^Tw'(t_0)$$ where $A = F'(u(t_0) + u'(t_0)dt)$; the $^T$ and $^{-1}$ postfixes denote matrix transposition and inversion, respectively.\nGiven this axiom, it is clear that $w'(t_0) \\neq w'(t_0+dt)$, implying that some instantaneous acceleration $$a = \\frac{w'(t_0+dt) - w'(t_0)}{dt}$$ is imposed on the particle.\nThese are my primary questions:\n* Where does this acceleration come from? Following an energy-conserving (Newtonian) model, some force should be present to impart any supposed acceleration to our particle. This would imply that something in the system loses energy.", "563" ], [ "Would we achieve conservation of energy by simply subtracting this energy from the momentum of the particle in question?\n* Is my proposed axiom one which is physically (in a Newtonian sense) valid? Am I going down the wrong rabbit hole when I assume that minimization of instantaneous acceleration is a correct way to describe the motion of a particle confined to a surface?\nI would greatly appreciate any sort of insight into how I could continue with and/or improve upon this model. If this model is totally invalid, or if there is a better way to approach this problem, any point in a better direction would be equally appreciated.\nP.S. This is my first ever post to any StackExchange site, so I apologize for any formatting/communication errors. I will be more than happy to clarify any uncertainties regarding my model as needed. Thanks!\n<PERSON> (edit) My intentions are that the particle not be acted upon by any external force (not even friction) other than that of constrain. Additionally, I intend for the particle to be bounded to the surface strictly, ie it is located on the surface at any given time.\nAs a final thought, why doesn't a force orthogonal to the particle's current velocity affect its kinetic energy? I suspect it has something to do with centripetal acceleration. I'd prefer to use linear functions to describe the particle's motion, but if trig functions are the only practical option then so be it.", "319" ] ]

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[ [ "Where did the water come from?\nThe Fremen were collecting water, under the guidance of Dr <PERSON> from the atmosphere into secret catch-basins using hidden wind traps.\nStation tools began finding their way into the sietch warrens - especially cutterays which were used to dig underground catchbasins and hidden windtraps.\nWater began collecting in the basins.\nDune - Appendix I - The Ecosystem of Dune\nAnd from various plants, cactus like in their retention of water:\nThere was a rare native root plant that grew above the 2,500 meter level in the northern temperate zone. A tuber two meters long yielded half a litre of water.\nDune - Appendix I - The Ecosystem of Dune\nThe water extracted from the deathstills† would also be available to be added to the catch basins.\nWhen it was done, <PERSON> clapped his hands once. Attendants came and removed the bodies, taking them to the deathstill where they could be rendered for their water.\n<PERSON>\nSandtrout were also placed into deathstills to extract their water.\nAnd She thought Sandtrout? Many times in this flesh and other had she played the childhood game, poling for sandtrout, teasing them into a thin glove membrane before taking them to the deathstill for their water.\n<PERSON>\nThis method as well as getting water will also remove some of the Sandtrout that are part of the Spice>Sandtrout>Sandworm cycle. Though this cycle would not be able to be broken until the terraforming of Arrakis begins with vast quantities of water\nUsing all of these methods <PERSON> estimated that it would take:\nIn the manner of a teacher answering a child who has asked the sum of 2 plus 2, <PERSON> told them: \"From three hundred to five hundred years.\"\nDune - Appendix I - The Ecosystem of Dune\nFollowing the establishment of a proto-ecosystem of various grasses and a few hardier plants in some protected areas of Arrakis the estimate was locked down a little further:\nFrom the charts emerged a figure. <PERSON> reported it. Three per cent. If they could get three per cent of the green plant element on Arrakis involved in forming carbon compounds, they'd have their self-sustaining cycle.\n\"But how long?\" the Fremen demanded.\n\"Oh, that: about three hundred and fifty years.\"\nDune - Appendix I - The Ecosystem of Dune\nThen came <PERSON>, who upon becoming emperor increased the pace of water collection to create the terraforming needed for the vision of the golden path he had, including the use of weather satellites to bring rain.", "321" ], [ "This was taken up by <PERSON> after his father could not continue on the golden path, until only a small personal desert, the Sareer, was left in <PERSON>.\nAs for food.\nThere is the Muad'dib mouse that <PERSON> took his Fremen name from, this could be eaten, as could anything that preys on it.\nThere are also carrion birds mentioned by <PERSON>\nThere are carrion eater birds over me. Perhaps some of my Fremen will see them and come to investigate.\nDune\nThese again could be eaten, and presupposes there is an active enough ecosystem on Arrakis to support them.\nPlants are shown to be tended in the sietches using plastic sills to gather water and funnel them to the roots.\nOne could also guess that mushrooms would grow in the various caves that make up a sietch.\nFollowing the establishment of the nascent ecosystem the following fauna and flora were introduced:\nThey turned then to the necessary animal life - burrowing creatures to open the soil and aerate it: kit fox, kangaroo mouse, desert hare, sand terrapin . . . and the predators to keep them in check: desert hawk, dwarf owl, eagle and desert owl; and insects to fill the niches these couldn't reach: scorpion, centipede, trapdoor spider, the biting wasp and the wormfly . . . and the desert bat to keep watch on these.\nNow came the crucial test: date palms, cotton, melons, coffee, medicinals - more than 200 selected food plant types to test and adapt\nDune - Appendix I - The Ecosystem of Dune\nAll of which would conceivably be used to supplement their existing diet.\n†a machine used to extract water from a body, usually dead, though the person can be alive when used as Fremen capital punishment", "779" ] ]

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[ [ "It's important for mechanical engineering students to get what we old timers describe as an “intuitive feel” for their subject. Luckily such is possible in this field, but not always in other fields, such as in Quantum Mechanics. Here's my suggestion for such an intuitive feel.\nMany of the answers give “correct” suggestions, but I don't see in any of them a way presented for the student to understand the physics that occurs as steam is giving up its internal energy in exchange for useful work.\nYes, it's due to the fact that latent heat is involved and that latent heat is orders of magnitude larger than sensible heat, or potential energy of compression, as you would have with using air as the working fluid. With compression of air, there's the added difficulty to hold onto all the energy put into compression. Compression increases the temperature of the air, and if the air storage tank isn't insulated, you will lose much of the compression energy in the form of heat to the environment.\nHere's the crux. Steam is usually introduced into piston engines and turbomachinery in the supersaturated state. In this state, it contains energy in a way similar to compressed air: there's no phase change. Thus, in the first moments in its travel through the machinery, it gives up its enthalpy (the best measure of energy transferred) just like compressed air does, until it begins to condense, which will occur when its pressure and temperature allow it, as it flows through its change of state within the machinery. With condensation, latent energy is released, and that “extra” energy can be intuitively visualized as a way for the liquid-to-vapor transition to add to its volume, with a tendency to increase its pressure above the pressure that it would experience without the phase change. As the steam flow continues down to lower pressures, more latent heat is given up, effectively keeping it's pressure at higher levels than it would be without the change of phase.\nThere's a very complicated relationship among the actual pressure experienced, the actual temperature experienced, and the amount of liquid water formed. There can be no latent energy release without the formation of liquid water, and the liquid water can cause damage to turbomachinery.", "568" ], [ "Thus the process is controlled and by the time the steam exits the machine, very little actual liquid water is present. It's a bit magical.\nAs some others point out here, that exiting steam is introduced to the condenser, which causes a partial vacuum in the condenser, increasing the overall pressure difference across the machine. When the steam enters the condenser, it's “quality” is relatively low. Quality is the mass fraction of vapor to liquid in a saturated fluid. Zero quality is all liquid. 100% quality is all vapor. And also as pointed out, the liquid water leaving the condenser requires much less energy to pump up to the boiler pressure, than if it were in gaseous form. That's because water is nearly incompressible, and work done is force times distance. With very little distance, there's little work done.\nFrom this view, one can see very easily that latent heat is a very important aspect to the use of steam as a working fluid. It takes much energy to vaporize liquid, but you get much of that energy back in the expansion process. Latent heat can be viewed as a large bucket, enabling you to carry a large amount of energy to the workings of the machine. With air, there's no such mechanism and you can't carry nearly as much energy to the machine.", "479" ] ]

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[ [ "DIY ESP32 Security CAM\nIntroduction: DIY ESP32 Security CAM\nHey guys and welcome back,\nThis is my DIY Security Cam which is made from an ESP32 connected with a 5V Charger circuit that converts 240V AC into 5V DC for ESP32 to run.\nThe goal for making this project was to make a cheaper alternative to the existing WIFI Security Camera.\nAlso, huge thanks to PCBWay for Supporting this project, Check out PCBWay for getting great PCB Service at a relatively less cost.\nSupplies\nThese are the things that I've used in this project-\n* ESP32 CAM\n* Custom PCB (which was provided by PCBWay)\n* 3D Printed Enclosure\n* Charger Circuit (BOM is attached)\n* Isolated 5V 1A SMPS Module\nStep 1: Getting Started\nNow, a few weeks ago I a post about the ESP32 CAM which you can check out, https://www.instructables.com/ESP32-CAM-WEB-Server-and-Getting-Started-Guide/\nIn that post, we learn how to control the ESP32 CAM and flash it with a UART Module. Flashing this esp32 is a pretty easy process, we first connect the module in the right writing order and then connect this with Arduino IDE and follow some basic guidelines like we need to press the Reset button once while uploading the sketch and our esp32 cam will flash like a normal esp32.\nHere we have an ESP32 that contains the CAM webserver sketch that enables us to connect this it with the internet and see the live camera footage.\ndoesn't that sound like a security camera?\nyes it does, the wifi security cam do exactly this but they provide more features that are mostly software-based so what I'm gonna do here is, I will provide this esp32 power with a charger circuit, I will use a custom PCB in this project which will contain the esp32 and charger circuit and then I will put that custom PCB in a 3D Printed enclosure.\nthis is the plan.\nwell, it will work electronically but I'm not pretty sure that the PLA can withstand being outside for this kind of project.\nStep 2: Circuitry\nAnyways, to get started with this project, I first designed a charger circuit by replicating and reverse engineering an existing 5V 1A Charger circuit that I found in an existing commercial mobile phone charger. (SCHEMATIC IS ATTACHED)\nNow, this project involves working with the AC supply which is pretty lethal so I don't recommend you guys to replicate this project as I did, instead of making an SMPS CIrcuit, you can use an isolated power supply module to power this board.", "382" ], [ "it's still dangerous but it will decrease the chances of getting elecuted by this project.\nTo use the isolated power supply, I have already added its Pads on the PCB so we can just solder this onto the circuit or use an extremely dangerous non-isolated charger circuit.\nI designed this whole project in my OrCAD software, I wanted to add a custom silkscreen to this board so I prepared this image in GIMP and then exported the PNG image.\nthen I converted the PNG file into a BMP (because the OrCAD only imports BMP Images) and then added this image onto my PCB design and this was the result! note- this method will be different for every PCB Designing suit so just follow your PCB Cad software image importing process and you'll be good.\nStep 3: Getting PCB Made From PCBWay\nAfter finalizing the PCB, I exported its Gerber data ad send that to PCBWay for samples,\nI received the PCBs in a week, PCB quilty was pretty great and I'm happy with it. PCBWay you guys rock, Check out PCBWay for getting great PCB Service at less cost!\nStep 4: Assembly Process\nAfter receiving the PCBs, I started the assembly process of this board.\n* We first add solder paste to each component's pad one by one. (a better alternative is to use a stencil which I didn't get because I'm such a genius 🤡)\n* After this, I added components to their assigned place one by one in the right order and then after doing that, I verify the board one last time, and then I put the whole circuit onto my DIY SMT Hotplate for the reflow process.\n* Solder paste will melt as soon as the reflow surface hit the solder paste melting temp and then we carefully remove the PCB from the hotplate and let it cool down for a little bit.\n* after checking the PCB solder joints and making sure that we didn't short any components, we then move on to the next step which is to add THT components like the capacitors, fuse, MOV, and transformer.", "472" ] ]

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[ [ "Standard practice with vet bills\nI understand that without insurance, standard medical treatment for pets is very expensive and some of it is justified in my eyes. However, I had a bad experience this week so not only am I grieving from the loss of my pet, I am also questioning the $1900 I paid to this vet in 3 days.\nOn Sunday, I took my dog into the vet because he hadn’t been eating or drinking for 2 days. They gave him some fluids (apparently not IV), took an X-ray, also charged an additional cost for them to review the X-ray, blood tests, special dog food, cerenia and sent him on his way in a couple of hours.\nWe get home and he’s still not eating or drinking. They said that in the X-ray they saw an object but it didn’t have an obstructive pattern. They said it maybe looked like a piece of a towel or something fuzzy, nothing wrong with bloodwork except for elevated white blood cells.\nI call on Monday, explain he still isn’t eating or drinking and they say to bring him in.", "589" ], [ "They want to run the same tests, same X-ray and other things that total over $800. I was so emotional and didn’t understand how another X-ray was going to show something different and it was another $300. I agreed to do it, and this time they saw what appeared to be an avocado seed obstructing and it would cost $4000 for surgery with immediate release or $8000 with overnight/after care. He was 10 and we had to make the difficult decision to put him down.\nWhat I’m flabbergasted about though, is that they didn’t seem to be able to see what was on the original X-ray, sent him home like that until he was in extreme pain and unable to walk. Then they squeeze another $700 out of us on the return so not only are we dealing with loss, but I’m going to be completely broke for the next month.\nCurious if anybody else had similar situations and if they did anything about it.", "589" ] ]

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[ [ "Question on notation of eigenvectors of position operator in quantum mechanics\n1. From the first postulate of quantum mechanics we known that the vector $|\\psi\\rangle$ is the mathematical entity that says, intuitively, \"in a time $t$, the (state of a) system is a vector\".\n2. Then, by the virtue of the second postulate, the next fundamental ingredient of a physical theory are expressed by operators $\\mathcal{O}$ acting on Hilbert space.\nwith 1. we have a formal way to say how to represent our physical phenomena; with 2. we have a formal entity that carries a way to extract important information about our physical phenomena: position $\\mathcal{X}$, linear momentum $\\mathcal{P}$, etc...\nMoreover, about 2., I read the second postulate (using now the position operator) as:\n$\"$I want say something about $|\\psi\\rangle$ currently position. Therefore, I must to apply the position operator on $|\\psi\\rangle$ as:\n$$\\mathcal{X}|\\psi\\rangle.\" \\tag{1}$$\n1.", "669" ], [ "From the third postulate, the way formal way that we extract information (we want to extract a numerical result) about $(1)$ is by virtue of the help of an eigenproblem such as:\n$$\\mathcal{X}|\\psi\\rangle = x|\\psi\\rangle \\tag{2}$$\nExpression $(2)$ is the root of my confusion. I'm going to explain it in the following with physics jargon.\n$$---------$$ Suppose we have a system (a electron say) $| \\psi \\rangle$. Now, I want to discover the position of this electron. Therefore, I must to solve: $\\mathcal{X}|\\psi\\rangle = x|\\psi\\rangle$.\nOn the one hand, we know, from postulate 1 of quantum mechanics, that the system state is given by:\n$$|\\psi\\rangle = a_{1}|\\psi_{1}\\rangle+...+a_{n}|\\psi_{n}\\rangle.\\tag{3}$$\nThen,\n$\\mathcal{X}(a_{1}|\\psi_{1}\\rangle+...+a_{n}|\\psi_{n}\\rangle) = x(a_{1}|\\psi_{1}\\rangle+...+a_{n}|\\psi_{n}\\rangle) = xa_{1}|\\psi_{1}\\rangle+...+xa_{n}|\\psi_{n}\\rangle. \\tag{4}$\nOn the other hand, we know, that the mere existence of a eigenvalue $x$ and it position operator $\\mathcal{X}$ states the existe of eigenvectors as $|\\psi_{x}\\rangle \\equiv|x\\rangle$:\n$$\\mathcal{X}|\\psi_{x}\\rangle = x|\\psi_{x}\\rangle \\equiv \\mathcal{X}|x\\rangle = x|x\\rangle \\tag{5}$$.\nTogether with the fact that $\\mathcal{X} = \\mathcal{X}^{\\dagger}$, we know that $|\\psi_{x}\\rangle \\equiv|x\\rangle$ forms an (infinite) basis for the Hilbert space and the system (the electron say) can be written as:\n$$| \\psi \\rangle = \\int c(x)|x\\rangle dx \\equiv \\int c(x)|\\psi_{x}\\rangle dx. \\tag{6}$$\nThe thing is, when I wrote $(3)$, I kept in my mind the following reasoning:\nThe whole superpositon $|\\psi\\rangle$ are expanded in terms of system states $|\\psi_{n}\\rangle$; the basis kets are the same \"electron\". Then in $(4)$ I have the position information $x$, the coefficients $a_{i}$ and the same electron state $|\\psi_{i}\\rangle$ (that will be possibly collapsed after the measurement).\nbut when it comes equation $(5)$ I kept in my mind the following reasoning:\nI'm using the whole linear algebra to construct a particular basis, the position basis (since I'm using the position operator), and then I write the whole state in terms of these position vectors $| x \\rangle$.\nI'm very, very confused.", "66" ] ]

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[ [ "The Birth of a Nation\nLetterboxd Season Challenge 2015-16\nWeek 1: September 6th-12th\n<PERSON>\nI choosed \"The Birth of a Nation\" for my first movie in the Letterboxd Season Challenge. And I did it on purpose. I was procrastinating about watching this one for, I think, 7 years.", "241" ], [ "I'd already seen another movies by <PERSON>, like \"Intolerance\", \"Way Down East\" and \"Broken Blossoms\", and I was really curious about \"The Birth of a Nation\" because of the history. I'd knew about the denouces of racism and censorship that <PERSON> had received at the time, and it got my special attention.\nI confess that it was really hard for me watching this one. I love <PERSON>'s movies, but this one was way behind the other ones, like \"intolerance\" - and I think you'll all disagree.\nBut <PERSON> was a genious as a director, and this is undeniable.\nps.: I love the fact that people called him racist, because of this he could gave me the masterpiece \"Intolerance\". Thank you, you all!\nMy list: http://letterboxd.com/brunaleo/list/letterboxd-season-challenge-2015-16/", "325" ] ]

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[ [ "Is <PERSON> the moral Conscience of <PERSON>?\nI'll admit from the outset that I haven't read many of the <PERSON> comics, and this is taking information primarily from the Dark Knight Trilogy. It seems to me that <PERSON> is <PERSON>'s and to the same extent <PERSON>'s moral guidance. The quotes below are what I believe to be evidence of this.\nWhat I'm interested to know is,\n1. If there is further evidence from the comic series?\n2. If any other characters who act as a moral compass to <PERSON> or <PERSON>? I was thinking of Commissioner <PERSON>, <PERSON> and <PERSON> who might be three such characters.\n3. Can <PERSON> and <PERSON> be seen as separate entities who had in someway their own individual conscience?\nBatman Begins (2005)\n<PERSON>: What have I done, <PERSON>? Everything my family... my father built...\n<PERSON>: The <PERSON> legacy is more than bricks and mortar, sir.\n<PERSON>: I wanted to save Gotham. I failed.\n<PERSON>: Why do we fall sir? So that we can learn to pick ourselves up.\n<PERSON>: You still haven't given up on me?\n<PERSON>: Never.\n<PERSON>: Will you be heading back to Princeton after the hearing, sir, or can I persuade you to stay on for a day or two?\n<PERSON>: I'm not heading back at all.\n<PERSON>: You don't like it there?\n<PERSON>: I like it fine. They just don't feel the same way.\n<PERSON>: I've prepared the master bedroom.\n<PERSON>: No. My room will be fine.\n<PERSON>: With all due respect, sir, Wayne Manor is your house.\n<PERSON>: No, <PERSON>, it's my father's house.\n<PERSON>: Your father is dead, Master <PERSON>.\n<PERSON>: And this place is a mausoleum. If I have my way, I'll pull the damn thing down brick by brick.\n<PERSON>: This house, Master <PERSON>, has sheltered six generations of your family.\n<PERSON>: Why do you give a damn, <PERSON>? It's not your family.\n<PERSON>: I give a damn, because a good man once made me responsible for what was most precious to him in the whole world. Miss <PERSON> has offered to drive you to the hearing. She probably hopes to talk you out of going.\n<PERSON>: Should I just bury the past out there with my parents, <PERSON>?\n<PERSON>: I wouldn't presume to tell you what to do with your past, sir.", "663" ], [ "Just know that there are those of us who care about what you do with your future.\n<PERSON>: Haven't given up on me yet?\n<PERSON>: Never.\nThe Dark Knight (2008)\n<PERSON>: Know your limits, Master <PERSON>.\n<PERSON>: <PERSON> has no limits.\n<PERSON>: Well, you do, sir.\n<PERSON>: Well, can't afford to know 'em.\n<PERSON>: And what happens on the day that you find out?\n<PERSON>: Well, we all know how much you love to say \"I told you so.\"\n<PERSON>: On that day, Master <PERSON>, even I won't want to. Probably.\n<PERSON>: People are dying, <PERSON>. What would you have me do?\n<PERSON>: Endure, Master <PERSON>. Take it. They'll hate you for it, but that's the point of <PERSON>, he can be the outcast. He can make the choice that no one else can make, the right choice.\n<PERSON>: Well today I found out what <PERSON> can't do. He can't endure this. Today you get to say \"I told you so.\"\n<PERSON>: Today, I don't want to.\n<PERSON>: I knew the mob wouldn't go down without a fight. But this is different, they crossed the line.\n<PERSON>: You crossed the line first, sir. You hammered then and in their desperation they turned to a man they didn't fully understand. Some men aren't looking for anything logical. They can't be bought, bullied, reasoned or negotiated with. Some men just want to watch the world burn.\nThe Dark Knight Rises (2012)\n<PERSON>: There's nothing out there for me.", "313" ] ]

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[ [ "From counterterrorism to counter-COVID-19, governments use crises to impose continuous states of emergency in the Middle East · Global Voices\nA municipal worker disinfecting surfaces in the capital Tunis, Tunisia. Photo credit: Lost in Tunis blog [Used with permission].\nIn response to COVID-19, governments around the world have declared states of emergency, allowing them to take exceptional measures to contain the pandemic.\nLiberal democracies from the United States , Canada to European countries , Malaysia and South Africa imposed emergency measures that restricted mobility under lockdowns. Likewise, in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), authorities declared states of emergency and imposed exceptional measures such as curfews and home confinement.\nIn a region plagued by decades of instability and conflict, authorities have long used exceptional and temporary emergency orders to justify repression and curb human rights. Based on this precedent, a number of governments are now using the coronavirus crisis to further crackdown on human rights — particularly freedom of expression.\nWhat is a state of emergency?\nWhen faced with an imminent threat such as disease or natural disaster, states can legally declare a state of emergency that allows authorities to temporarily exercise exceptional powers. This may include the suspension of basic human rights and freedoms such as restriction of movement or banning public gatherings.\nHowever, “governments must inform the population of its exact substantive, territorial and temporal scope and the related measures,” when activating these measures, according to the United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner (OHCHR):\nEmergency powers should not be a weapon governments can wield to quash dissent, control the population, even perpetuate their time in power. They should be used to cope effectively with the pandemic, nothing more, nothing less. says @UNHumanRights Chief https://t.co/xUufH1WJGc pic.twitter.com/LC40UJk1ut\n— Inter Press Service (@ipsnews) May 3, 2020\nUnder international human rights law, there are limits to what a state of emergency grants governments.", "827" ], [ "The OHCHR recommends that “all measures taken during emergency rules to be proportionate and limited to those strictly required by the exigencies of the situation. (…) The military should not conduct policing functions.”\nCertain basic human rights cannot be suspended. These include “the right to life, the prohibition of torture and ill-treatment, the prohibition of discrimination, and freedom of religion, as well as the right to a fair trial and freedom from arbitrary detention and the right to judicial review of detention,” said Human Rights Watch on March 20, in response to Jordan's declaration of a state of emergency.\nMENA quick to declare emergency powers\nIn the MENA region, governments were quick to react and exercise full powers, even when there were only a few COVID-19 cases.\nOn March 5, Palestinian President <PERSON> declared a 30-day state of emergency after coronavirus cases were reported in the city of Bethlehem . On March 13, Mauritania followed suit and declared a state of emergency after the first case in the country was reported.\nOn March 16, it was Sudan ’s turn to declare a state of emergency, following the death of a COVID-19 patient. The next day, Jordan’s King <PERSON> issued a royal decree granting his prime minister sweeping powers , including the ability to “monitor the content of newspapers, ads, and any other method of communication prior to publication, and to censor and shut down any outlet without justification.”\nIn Morocco , on March 20, King <PERSON> declared a state of emergency, allowing the government to “take all necessary measures to combat the COVID-19 epidemic.”\nGovernments were able to quickly adopt exceptional measures, imposing general lockdowns and curfews, banning gatherings, shutting down schools, businesses and courts by decrees without parliamentary or judicial oversight.\nTemporary to permanent\nWhile these measures may be justified to contain the spread of the virus, emergency powers carry an inherent risk of undermining the rule of law.\nIn MENA in particular, governments and authoritarian regimes have a record of abusing the state of emergency status to suspend democratic institutions and human rights over long periods.\nFor example, a number of governments in the region have previously exploited the “war on terror” to extend their powers, turning what was supposed to be a temporary state of emergency into a permanent one lasting for decades.\nAlgeria was under emergency rules for nearly 20 years following a brutal conflict with Islamist militants in the1990s. Peaceful protests were barred, political freedoms were repressed, the media was censored and arbitrary detentions were common. It was only lifted in the wake of the Arab spring in 2011.\nEgypt was under a continuous state of emergency for three decades following the 1981 assassination of former President <PERSON>. Protesters demanded to lift the emergency status during the Arab Spring and finally succeeded in 2012.", "409" ] ]

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[ [ "Calculating Pi 𝞹 Values Using Python Programming | Python MatplotLib | How to Calculate Pi 𝞹 Values? Visualization of Pi 𝞹 Values | Python | Pi Day\nIntroduction: Calculating Pi 𝞹 Values Using Python Programming | Python MatplotLib | How to Calculate Pi 𝞹 Values? Visualization of Pi 𝞹 Values | Python | Pi Day\nAs we all know that the circle is just a polygon, with infinite sides. So, with this concept, we can calculate the value of pi 𝞹. With simple trigonometry. We will consider every object as a circle & polygon at the same time. And use the naming convention interchangeably so, don't get confused.\nSupplies\nPython IDE\nBelow are the libraries required:\n* Math\n* Maplotlib\nThese need to be imported as follows:\nimport math\nimport matplotlib.pyplot as plt\nStep 1: Circle Is a Polygon With Infinite Sides\nWe can see in the above figure. As we go on increasing the number of sides of the polygon its shape starts to look like a circle.\nWhen the number of sides of the polygon is equal to infinity it becomes a perfect circle.\nStep 2: Pi 𝞹 Vs. Sides\nIn the graph shown above. It is a graph of the 𝞹 pi values calculated versus the number of sides of the polygon used to calculate that value.", "367" ], [ "The more the number of sides the more accurate the value we get approximated to 3.141592653589793238.\nStep 3: Polygons With Diagonals\nThe above figure shows the diagonals of the polygon.\nThe number of sides of polygon = number of diagonals.\nFor a perfect circle, there will be infinite diagonals. And the length of the diagonal will be equal to the diameter of the circle.\nSo, we will consider the radius = digonal/2.\nStep 4: Decagon for Calculations\nLet us consider this decagon for the explanation and calculation of the 𝞹 (pi) value.\nIt has 10 sides & 10 diagonals.\nStep 5: Angles (θ) of Polygon\nLet us consider the angle between any two diagonals of the polygon as theta(θ).\nTheta = 360 / no of sides\nfor decagon :\nθ = 360/ 10\nθ = 36°\nStep 6: Consider This Triangle\nLet us consider this triangle for the calculation.\nStep 7: Triangles in Polygon\nEvery polygon has diagonals. So a triangle is formed between two diagonals and the side.\nSo, we can use this triangle-based method for any polygon to calculate the value of pi.\nStep 8: Triangle for Calculations\nThis is the triangle to be used for calculation. We have separated it out from polygon. For better visualization and easier calculations.\nStep 9: Specs of Triangle\nThere is an angle θ theta between two diagonals. The two sides of the triangle can be considered radii because it is equal to the diagonal/2 of the polygon. The other side of the triangle is equal to the edge of the polygon.\nStep 10: Calculating Theta Θ\nThe values we know are theta, radius, phi.\nTo find: base,side\nlet us consider raduis = 10\nθ = 360 / no of sides\nfor decagon :\nθ = 360 / 10\nθ = 36°\nradius = 10\nhypo = radius\ntheta = 360/sides\nStep 11: Calculating Phi Φ\nAs per the figure shown. The phi value is equal to the half of theta value.\nΦ = θ /2\nfor decagon:\nΦ = 36 /2\nΦ = 18°\nphi = theta/2\nStep 12: Calculating Base of Triangle\nThis is a right-angled triangle.\nTherefore base = radius x sin(Φ)\nfor decagon:\nbase = 10 x sin(18)\nbase = 3.09016994\nbase = hypo* math.sin(phi*math.pi/180)\nStep 13: Calculating Edge of Polygon\nThe side length of the polygon is equal to twice the base of the right-angled triangle.\nside length = 2 x base\nfor decagon:\nside length = 3.09016994 x 2\nside length = 6.18033988\nside_length = 2* base\nStep 14: Calculating Perimeter of Polygon\nThe circle is a polygon with infinite edges.", "367" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\n“i didn't realize i hated you. i was so sure we loved each other. i couldn't hate you, so my hatred turned into an insane fear. i had nightmares. i bit my nails.", "427" ], [ "i pulled out tufts of hair. i wanted to cry, but i couldn't. i tried to scream, but i could only make stifled grunts.”\n“... but one thing i did understand: there wasn't a shred of the real me worthy of love and acceptance! you were obsessed. i grew more and more afraid of being annihilated. i said what you wanted me to say and copied your gestures! i didn't dare to be myself even when i was alone because i hated everything about myself!”\n“mama, is my grief your secret pleasure?”\ni feel like shit.", "427" ] ]

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[ [ "Guatemala: Experiences in Birdwatching · Global Voices\nPhoto by Bob MacInnes and used under a Creative Commons license\nBirdwatching is gaining popularity in Guatemala and is attracting many visitors from around the world. These birdwatchers are usually very excited to find a variety of birds located in beautiful sceneries. The number of species of birds located in the Guatemalan avifauna is more than 700. Many of these enthusiasts have started to write about their experiences through the use of blogs.\nThe blog Birdwatching Guatemala explains why Guatemala is so attractive to nature lovers :\nBiological diversity has enabled Guatemala to stand among the 25 countries with the most variety of natural resources in the world. Millions of species living in its varied ecosystems, more than 700 species of birds, mammals like the jaguar, tapir and a variety of reptiles and insects.\nJeff Bouton of the Leica Birding Blog was pleased with his discoveries and with his time spent in Guatemala during a birdwatching expedition in the department of Petén“\nWe spent a glorious morning birding the Cerro Cahuí reserve in Peten, Guatemala. It was a wonderful place and we enjoyed views of tropical specialties like Red-throated Ant-Tanagers, Gray-headed Tanagers, Royal Flycatchers, Sepia-capped Flycatchers, and Golden-crowned Warblers, occurring side-by-side with more familiar neotropical migrants like Magnolia, Worm-eating, & Kentucky Warblers, and Yellow-bellied & Great Crested Flycatchers. At one point we ran into an amazing feeding flock and we were picking out new birds left and right.\nRob Fergus, also known as “The Birdchaser” tells the story of Santiago, a small village located near Lake Atitlán, where he was able to see and learn about area birds:\nThe Tz'utujil Mayan town of Santiago Atitlan on the shores of Lake Atitlan is known in Tz'utujil as the “House of Birds.” We asked a lot of folks why it has that name, and were told that birds used to be abundant there, nesting in the rooftops of thatched houses. Most of the people we were able to talk to there are not as closely tied to the forest or fields as their predecessors, so we weren't able to get as many bird names or stories as we did in the Mopan or Q'eqchi’ areas, but we still collected some interesting accounts of using hummingbirds as cures for epilepsy and as love potions!\nAnother birdwatcher, Bill Thompson, III writes in his blog called Bill of the Birds about how he spent his birthday in Guatemala and about the present he received from Mother Nature, when he was able to see one of the most rarest birds:\nOne of the highlights from early 2008 was my birthday bat falcon in Flores, Guatemala. The bat falcon is a fairly common raptor in the tropics. In fact it was something of a sore point for me that I had not seen one after more than half a dozen trips to its range in Central America.", "398" ], [ "I'd gotten amazing looks at a larger (and much rarer) relative, the orange-breasted falcon on two different trips to Tikal, but the bat falcon had eluded me.\nBirdwatching is not only a hobby, but also a crucial activity to preserve the species, as explained by Dear Kitty :\nInvited by the Foundation for Anthropological Research and Environmental Studies (FARES), a Guatemalan archaeological research organization, the Cornell ornithologists recorded 184 bird species. The reserve holds one of the largest intact tropical forests in Central America as well as key Mayan archaeological sites at El Mirador and Tintal , where the Cornell researchers focused their surveys. The bird count may help with long-term biodiversity conservation plans at the reserve.\nPhoto by Arturo Godoy and used under a Creative Commons license\nIn addition, forest fires and narcoactivity are destroying the habitat where such lovely birds live. Many people, including some bloggers like Arturo Godoy are trying to raise awareness about the fragile habitat. He is spreading the word about a campaign from the National Park El Mirador – Río Azul, which is trying to spread wordabout its cause through its Facebook profile.\nwe're killing the forests of Petén. This year major forest fires are expected during the dry season. We need volunteers, real warriors in this fight for conservation and for life. We need their help in cleaning 44 kilometers of breach and also to spread this information to organizations which may help with equipment and provisions. Please get in touch with Ing. Francisco Asturias: <EMAIL_ADDRESS><PERSON> and used under a Creative Commons license\nBirdwatching is gaining popularity in Guatemala and is attracting many visitors from around the world.", "696" ] ]

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[ [ "At an in-principle level, no, it doesn't change the laws of physics, but it could change how we write the equations we use to describe them.\nThe laws of physics depend on the dimension Time. Any given clock is simply an instrument to measure time. The standard scientific unit, which we measure in, for time is the second.\nThe second is currently defined based on the vibration of certain atoms, but was originally defined as a fraction of an minute which was in turn defined as a fraction of an hour and so on - ultimately the second was originally based on the rotation of the earth. This could be considered one \"clock\" in the way you mean, if i understand you correctly.\nChanging the definition to be based on atomic vibrations allowed a more accurate definition of the size of the unit, but didn't change any fundamental physics, which ultimately relate to the dimension, time. Choosing to define it based on the vibrations of a different atom wouldn't have changed anything except the ease/accuracy/reliability with which we could measure the unit.\nIf you mean choosing a different unit size, other than what we currently know as a second, that would either have resulted in different choices of other unit sizes, or different looking fundamental equations - but they would only have differed by the constants needed to make the units work.\nTake <PERSON>'s Second Law.", "432" ], [ "The fundamental law is that force is equal to the rate of change of momentum. Given constant mass, that results in the familiar $$ F = ma $$ This is given use of kg for mass and meters per second per second for acceleration. However, if we wanted to measure acceleration in miles per hour per hour we could. The equation would then be $$ F = Kma $$ Where K is a constant (approximately 8052.985) to make the units work. The fundamental physics is the same.\nIn this case, we pretty much define the unit of force (Newtons) so that this holds (i.e. so that the constant K = 1 and can be left out altogether)\nIn practice, it would probably have resulted in changes in some other units to make things nicer, rather than just shoving in a bunch of constants.", "131" ] ]

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[ [ "Quebec Government Electric Car, 4 seater, 300km autonomy\nThe Quebec Government proudly announces its very own electric car, conceived and built in Quebec, for Quebecers, and available for every family at the very decent price of $10,000 CD. Fearing that our province would be flooded with cars from China, we gave top priority to developing an electric car of our own. It features a solar panel roof to extend the battery range. It has been rigorously tested and is guaranteed to work in our very cold and harsh climate. The two front seats are quite comfortable, the two back seats are rather tight, and there is no room for baggage if carrying four passengers.", "14" ], [ "It's intended for getting people to and from work, although a good amount of groceries could be carried if there were only the driver or one passenger. Each family will be allotted one of these cars, which come with the necessary charger, including installation of the charging station at home, and large families might be allowed to buy a second one. A contest is now open to choose a name for this car, the prize of course being one of the cars. Future plans are that every municipality have a fleet of Quebec Government made trucks and vans, to be available to their citizens. Check out our web site at QCGVTelectriccar.com and register for your family's car!", "560" ] ]

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[ [ "I know how to do my job\nWhere I work if a customer picks up an item/items we have a pick up sheet.\nIt looks like an excel spreadsheet.\nNow to make the process faster all we ask is for the customer to sign the spot where the signature goes. All they have to do is sign.\nThis sheet is purely for us, for our records. It's not a sheet they get.", "866" ], [ "There is no copy it's just ours.\nWell tonight this lady is refusing to sign until I fill the entire sheet out and goes; \"When you do a job you gotta do it right \"\nWell I am doing my job not only right but in a manner that is time efficient. Sign the paper, and get your stuff it's that simple. The rest I can fill out after you leave.", "245" ] ]

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[ [ "Introduction: Originally intended as a parody of D&D players who only care about killing monsters and obtaining loot at the expense of their friends (perhaps more contemporary, computer-focused gamers would refer to this type of player as <PERSON>\"), Munchkin exploded in popularity as a result of its ease of use, ability to encourage enjoyable player interaction, and willingness to go beyond the scope of its satire.\nReview: Beginning with the product itself, I'd want to comment on the incredible quality of the artwork, which is present on each card and is especially striking on the box art. Furthermore excellent are the one-liners and quotations on each card. The cards are composed of premium card paper that was difficult to fold and shuffled without sticking.\nIn Munchkin, there are two decks: Door and Treasures. At Level 1, each player receives a hand of cards (an equal number from each deck). The player may play one of each sort of Race or Class card they have in their hand right away (these cards grant the players particular bonuses and/or advantages based on what Race and/or Class they become).\nA player is only allowed to have one hat, one item in each hand (some cards state that the item is two-handed, so naturally they can only have one of them), one item for their feet (often boots! ), and one item of armor. Items can also be played right away.\nA player \"kicks down a door\" on their turn by simply turning the top card of the Door deck over, then deals with the outcome of the turn. If it's a monster card, they must attempt to beat it, which can be done by simply having a level number higher than the monster plus any bonuses already in play. Unless otherwise specified on the Monster card, killing a monster will increase the level of the active player by 1; the overall goal is to reach level 10 to win the game. Treasures can also be drawn upon killing a monster. Once the Curse has been removed, players can either \"look for trouble\" by playing a monster card from their hand and attempting to defeat it, as they would with a monster that is often revealed by breaking down a door, or \"loot the chamber\" by drawing a Door card into your hand.\nThese are the fundamentals of a turn, although there is more to it, particularly in terms of battle. In the event that the active player is unable to vanquish a monster that has been exposed, they are permitted to enlist the aid of one additional player, who will add their level and any benefits they may have to the battle.", "755" ], [ "Players might agree to split the treasure obtained from defeating the monster (given on the card) in any way in order to gain this assistance. Additionally, any player can make life difficult (or even easy!) for the active player by raising or lowering the monster's level using the modifier cards they now have. The effect of Bad Things, which is specified on the card and is unique for each monster, is applied if a player fails to defeat a monster.\nThe player loses everything if they pass away, however, they retain their race, class, and level (unless otherwise noted in a monster's Bad Things description). The other players are given the opportunity to \"Loot the Body,\" which allows them to select one card from the player's hand at the time of death or from the item cards they already had in play (excess cards are discarded). They only remain lifeless while the next player is doing their turn; nevertheless, they must wait until it is their turn to draw new cards.\nIt's a rather straightforward game that can be a lot of fun, especially with a group that is prepared to participate in its absurdity. Despite the frequently overwhelming number of cards and monsters in a set, no chance for a pun or amusing joke is ignored. Although few of them are laugh-out-loud humorous, they are at the very least amusing. The humor at the core of Munchkin has always been well-sold by <PERSON> art, which also gives the game a very recognizable and appealing visual style.\nThe regulations are one thing that Munchkin has, in my opinion, always had trouble with. The rules have always been a complete muddle for such a (relatively) easy game. Although there are many FAQs available online and even later rulesets included with games, this shouldn't be the case at all, especially since the game has been available for almost 20 years. Although mixing and combining the various sets might be challenging for players due to the crazily diverse sets and quirks that each can bring to the table, the rules can - and should - be simpler to understand in each edition.\nAnother problem with the game is the inherent chaos; it can be hard to play since, for example, kicking down a door could result in an entirely impossible monster (regardless of any help granted or given) on any player's turn, at any moment.", "755" ] ]

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[ [ "<PERSON>\nSKIN- When is a political narrative more than just “Politics”? When it’s vitally personal. When the subject embraces the sociology of a specific time period and illuminates it without didacticism.\nTelling a story through abstraction and bold imagery is a challenge. Not having dialogue to speak for the film maker intent is another challenge. My experience is that this type of concept is extremely difficult to pull off.", "306" ], [ "Painters like <PERSON>, <PERSON> or <PERSON> make us feel what their work is “about.”\n“Skin” does that in the short film format through the juxtaposition of compositions, color, movement and acting. Painting with the camera. All the choiceas are strikingly bold enough to challenge the viewer into deciphering their meaning. Watching “Skin” is not a passive experience, it’s as involving as a traditional narrative. If I say too much I could give you a “Spoiler!” It’s message and meaning gain clarity through it’s images as they inexorably lead us to the final destination.", "529" ] ]

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[ [ "Random Forest Multiclass Classification\nProblem Statement:\nGiven the details about a product we need to map it to its category.\nCurrently we are using Product Name as a feature and Product Category as the Label.\nThere are around 50,000 categories available currently and it will grow in future.\nI created a small dataset which consisted 20 categories and 100 records for each label. so the total record count is 2000. Using RandomForest I got 92% accuracy.\nProblem:\nSo I went on to create a model with 1800 categories[labels] and records for each categories varies from 500-1500. When I ran the same model with new dataset I got only 19% accuracy and more than 50% of the predicted value pointed to the same label.\nDataset Sample:\nProduct_Combined Category 2Pcs Led Light Lamp Strip Dimmer Switch Brightness Adjustable Control 12-24V 8A Arts, Crafts & Sewing | Painting, Drawing & Art Supplies | Drawing | Light Boxes 10 Pcs 1/4\" Male To 1/4\" Female Screw Adapter For Tripod Camera Flash Bracket Stand Arts, Crafts & Sewing | Painting, Drawing & Art Supplies | Drawing | Light Boxes L-Fine A4 Tracing LED Light Pad Box(13.86x9.45 Inches) with Adjustable Light Intensity for Artists,Drawing, Sketching, Animation Arts, Crafts & Sewing | Painting, Drawing & Art Supplies | Drawing | Light Boxes BZONE Solar Powered Operated Copper Wire LED Fairy Light Decorative String Lights for Indoor Outdoor Home Garden Lawn Patio Party Christmas Valentine''s Day (16.4ft, Pink Color) Arts, Crafts & Sewing | Painting, Drawing & Art Supplies | Drawing | Light Boxes LitEnergy 32.5 Inch Diagonal A2 Tracing Table with LED Light and Paper Arts, Crafts & Sewing | Painting, Drawing & Art Supplies | Drawing | Light Boxes\nCode:\nimport string import codecs import pandas as pd import numpy as np\nfrom sklearn.feature_extraction.text import CountVectorizer from sklearn.ensemble import RandomForestClassifier from sklearn.model_selection import train_test_split from stemming.porter2 import stem from sklearn.metrics import confusion_matrix\nfrom nltk.stem import PorterStemmer from nltk.corpus import stopwords\nfrom sklearn.model_selection import cross_val_score from sklearn.externals import joblib\nstop = stopwords.words('english')\ndata_file = \"Book3.txt\" #Reading the input/ dataset data = pd.read_csv( data_file, header = 0, delimiter= \"\\t\", quoting = 3, encoding = \"ISO-8859-1\") data = data.dropna() #Removing stopwords, punctuation and stemming data['Product_Combined'] = data['Product_Combined'].apply( lambda x: ' '.join([word for word in x.split() if word not in (stop)])) data['Product_Combined'] = data['Product_Combined'].str.replace( '[^\\w\\s]',' ').replace('\\s+',' ') data['Product_Combined'] = data['Product_Combined'].apply( lambda x: ' '.join([stem(word) for word in x.split()]))\ntrain_data, test_data, train_label, test_label = train_test_split( data.Product_Combined, data.Breadcrumb, test_size=0.3, random_state=100)\nRF = RandomForestClassifier(n_estimators=100) vectorizer = CountVectorizer( max_features = 50000, ngram_range = ( 1,3 ) ) data_features = vectorizer.fit_transform( train_data )\nRF.fit(data_features, train_label) test_data_feature = vectorizer.transform(test_data) Output_predict = RF.predict(test_data_feature) print (\"BreadCrumb_Accuracy: \" + str(np.mean(Output_predict == test_label)))\nwith codecs.open(\"out_bread_crumb.txt\", \"w\", \"utf8\") as out: out.write(\"Input\\tPredicted\\tActual\\n\") for inp, pred, act in zip(test_data, Output_predict, test_label): try: out.write(\"{}\\t{}\\t{}\\n\".", "392" ] ]

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[ [ "1. Introduction\nSo, after some back and forth I finally got my copy of Might & Magic Heroes. Since there is only one Review here, I thought I would write another one and here it is.\nThe first part will be kind of a walkthrough, so if you already know the rules just skip down to \"My thoughts\". I do hope this will be helpful for players wanting to get a little overview of what they get into (but not motivated enough to read the rules) before their first game. So I will not go into every detail (what are the rules for ) but explain the important parts.\n1.1 Unboxing\nSo when I opened the box my first thought was \"oh some stuff here, but not a lot\". Boy, was I wrong. There is a real lot of cardboard tokens in this game, at a rough estimate ~350 cardboard, 80 wooden pieces, a lot of small cards, the \"board\" and capitals. So all in all close to 500 pieces.\nThe overall quality is nice, the cardboard not to thin and I especially like the wooden capitals.\nAlso there a few bags in the box, unfortunately not anywhere near enough to sort the game in a decent system. However I do like that there are any bags at all.\n1.2 Rulebook\nFor the most part the rulebook is well written. It is 24 pages long and there a lot of small pictures to clarify its meaning. There a few small things which could have been done better - for example the week cards are explained in the setup, but the actual time when they are to be used is only mentioned in a brief sideline. Also there is no actual turn sequence in the rules (would be pretty short, however that would be where they could have mentioned the week cards). I also would have liked an overview over the different creatures for each faction, since some special abilites affects specific creatures and on first sight its not quite clear which creatures are affected.\n1.3 Setup\nFirst time setup, including sorting the tokens etc, took me about an hour. If you have everything sorted and know what to do, I doubt it will take more than 5-10 minutes.\nHere is a picture of my 2 player-solo-testgame:\n2.", "386" ], [ "Walkthrough\n2.1 Components\nSo in the middle of the table is the actual board. It consists of square tiles, the actual amount depends on the number of players. 9 for 2 player, 12 for 3 and 16 for 4. They are numbered so it is easy to get the right ones.\nOn the board there are various locations like mines, dragons dens and arenas. All of these are guarded by monster, represented by yellow (easy), purple (medium) and brown tokens (hard).\nDuring the game your heroes will set out from your capital (big wooden marker on the board) and travel across the map to claim sawmills/ore pits/crystal mines, destroy monsters and trying to gather treasure and precious artefacts. In doing so they will also get experience and level up, thus increasing their power.\nAt first the locations look pretty similiar, but once you play a few turns you will be able to recognize them pretty quick. Also on the backside of the rulebook they are all explained, in addition to the small symbols on the map itself.\nThe sheets below the board with the wooden tokens on it are the capital sheets of each player. Here you will track your victory points, your gold and resources and muster new armies to bring destruction to your enemies.\nIt also shows how far you have developed your city, up to lvl IV. If you upgrade your city, you get access to more creatures and more buildings.\nThe buildings are the 9 tiles below the city. On the front are the requirements for each building, represented by the little house which stands for the level of your capitol. Below are the costs, usually resources and in some cases gold.\nAs soon as you have constructed a new building, it is flipped over and on the other site there is a picture of the benefits. For example free ressources, the ability to recruit more monsters or a portal, allowing your heroes to use portals on the map from your capitol.\nThe improvement of your city level is represented by the small wooden token on the left most square. Left and right there are pictures of the different creatures you can build, which is one for each city level.\nOn the left of the buildings there is the hero currently in the game. Each faction starts with one and a medium army, but has three available which can be recruited as soon as the tavern is built.\nThe cards left of the capitol are skill cards and are earned by leveling up.\nEach hero has also different stats and abilites on his hero cards. These are used mainly for combat and maximum army size (different for different heroes).", "349" ] ]

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[ [ "Use of OS X in HPC and scientific computing is low and it has to do a lot with the pros and cons of OS X w.r.t. the alternative (Linux)\nOS X Pros:\n* Polished UI; still *nix\n* Desktop/Design app(s) such as MS Office, Adobe programs well supported\n* Multimedia very well supported\n* Some people like the Apple ecosystem (iPhone, iTunes etc.)\nOS X Cons:\n* Runs on expensive hardware and not everyone likes Macbooks, specially people used to Thinkpads (keyboard+trackpoint)\n* Cannot upgrade hardware (e.g. if you want to try the latest NVIDIA card with your CUDA app) on desktop/cluster\n* Bloated GUI that cannot be customized (in Linux you can use a minimalist window manager)\n* Package mgmt in Macports/Fink is sub par compared to Linux (Debian) distributions.", "81" ], [ "Most packages are not even actively maintained or are orphaned\n* Some useful tools/programs traditionally did not run or still dont run on OS X. For example ...\n* Sun Studio still doesnt work\n* Valgrind only started working recently and not all features are supported\n* Intel compilers have also been available in recent years\n* Apple doesnt even package a Fortran compiler and you have to rely on 3rd party (mostly individuals) to build binaries that work only on certain OS X versions (which the individual has). Support is rare or non-existant in such cases\n* Commericial scientific apps (ABAQUS, ANSYS, FLUENT and many more in industries such as oil/finance/engg etc.) do not run (natively) on OS X\nLinux (Debian) Pros:\n* First class package management i.e., installation of compilers, most numerical/scientific libraries etc. is a command away\n* Unlike Fink/Macports the packages are much better supported (in Debian you have the option of using bleeding edge/testing/stable versions)\n* Most cluster(s) run some version of Debian/Red Hat so less hassle in porting code(s)\nLinux (Debian) Cons:\n* No standard UI\n* Linux on desktop/laptop(s) may require some tweaking to get everything (suspend/resume, 3D video acceleration, sound etc.) working but this has improved a lot in recent years\nBaring some exceptions most users and cluster/system administrators find OS X easier for desktop productivity and NOT for scientific computing (compiling, using, developing stuff).\nOTOH most Linux users find the latter easier than former and this is reflected int the entire HPC/scientific computing ecosystem.", "81" ] ]

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[ [ "The answer to this question lies in cosmology.\nIt's because of relativity in positions. Every galaxy appears to be moving away from us and the universe we see is only the observable universe. Further points are more in the distant past, when you observe the deep field you observe the past. This may seem irrelevant to your question, but the idea of a \"center\" to a universe where any position in the universe, be it from our galaxy or from a galaxy in the Sloan Great Wall is the true center is not consistent with observation. That's because galaxies/clusters of galaxies are moving away from each other, relative to each other.\nEvery galaxy is slowly being pulled apart from other galaxies, save for those in gravitationally bounded clusters. (The whole architecture of the universe, with massive voids of absolute nothing and bunched up clusters of galaxies reflects this quite a bit) If the universe had a central point, this would be easily observed because there would be variation in the color shift of galaxies that could be analyzed to deduce a central point where the galaxies are moving away from.\nThat is not what is observed. Instead, pretty much most galaxies (save for exceptions like Andromeda or the Triangulum, who prove the rule since those galaxies are gravitationally connected to our galaxy via the local group) are moving away from us. The Great attractor being not a path to the center of the universe, but the center of the recently discovered Laniakea super cluster. So if there's attraction between galaxies, it's because of gravitational interactions.", "562" ], [ "The universe is also without any real edge unless you count the edge of the observable universe. The observable universe being more a historical record than what the contemporary universe around us looks like and is a byproduct of light speed being so limited. The speed of light in a vacuum is also the speed of information. The whole universe is far more massive by comparison.\nSo to speak about a center of the universe would require the following:\n1. A region of space that galaxy is moving away from or towards. (Which does not exist, instead relative trajectories and gravitational clustering is all regional at most.)\n2. Edges that are defined enough to pinpoint a center (If such edges exist, they are impossible to observe due to the limited speed information travels in the universe)\n3. Absolute positioning to pinpoint where this center would be. (All positions are relative, the galaxy, the sun and our planet all are moving at extremely fast velocities we don't notice thanks to relativity.)", "781" ] ]

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[ [ "Confusion About Conservation Of Energy When Analyzing This Experiment\nThe video here shows a clear demonstration of conservation of angular momentum. Given the experiment is performed within an isolated system, this is my thoughts:\nThe spinning bike wheel continues (if no friction) to have the same rotational kinetic energy during the whole experiment. When the guy in the video starts to rotate, the additional rotational kinetic energy must come from the guy, there is no other option, if the total energy must be conserved. The guy uses not only energy to turn the wheel, but also to make himself rotate. Where does the rotational kinetic energy of the guy rotating goes, when he stops the rotation? It dos not convert into new kinetic energy. It dos not convert into potential energy.", "782" ], [ "So it can only be converted into heat, if the total energy must be conserved.\nThat would mean, that the guy is supposed to use less energy to flip the wheel back again, than he used to flip the wheel the first time in order to conserve energy. Because if he used energy to stop his own rotation, we can’t say that all kinetic rotation energy of the guy on the turntable is turned into heat.\nHowever, the guy spending more energy to flip the wheel the first time, and less energy to flip the wheel the second time seems odd the me. He must still use energy, not only to flip the wheel back again, but also to create the counterforce, that stops the turntable from rotation. All in all it would make sense, if he had to use the same amount of energy every time he flips the wheel no matter what direction, and as a result of that, heat is not produced as an explanation of where the kinetic rotating energy of the guy on the turntable goes, when he stops rotating. The explanation now is that he uses energy to stop his own rotation.\nIf the spinning bike wheel where rotating in the opposite direction in the beginning of the experiment, he would also have to invest energy in making himself rotate. So why would that be different, when flipping the wheel back again? Energy is used to make the turntable rotate in the opposite direction, which causing the turntable to stop.\nIf this is true, which I believe for now, and he is actually using energy to make rotational kinetic energy disappear, that must lead to loss of energy in the isolated system.\nFor example if the potential energy of a spring is converted into the acceleration of a mass, energy is conserved. But if the potential energy of a spring is converted into making a mass decelerate (even that this is hard to imagine), energy is not conserved, because both the potential energy of the spring, and the kinetic energy of the mass who has been decelerated is lost from the system forever.\nSo, if my conclusion is right, performing this experiment again and again in a heat isolated room, would cause the temperature in the room to fall, because the total energy in the room would decrease.\nBy performing two experiments side by side any torsions on the earth would cancel out each other, so we do not need to include this in the total energy calculation of the isolated system.", "621" ] ]

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[ [ "AESTHETICS\nBoard\nThe game board is big, in two parts that fold out. When looking at it spread out on the table you get the impression that you are looking at a large map of the area rather than a game board. The map is split into locales of differing shape and size, but the edges of these locales are faint, though still easy to see if you are looking for them, and so fade into the background. There are woods, rivers, hills, towns, minor and major roads etc marked on the board, as one would expect, but one of the great things about the board is that the game effects of these geographical features are shown by symbols on the locale’s borders (called approaches in the game), showing whether that approach is obstructed, impassable, or gives a penalty to attacking infantry, cavalry or artillery. This means that the effects of the terrain on fighting are easily seen just by looking at the map. All in all, I was greatly impressed by the board – as I said above, more of a map really than a traditional game board.\nPieces\nThere are two types of pieces: rectangular wooden blocks for regular infantry, guards, cavalry and artillery, and metal corps commander pieces, made of a flag attached to a flat metal shelf, that sits on top of the wooden army blocks. Each of the wooden blocks has printed symbols, showing whether it is infantry, guard, cavalry or artillery and how strong the piece is (measured in how many symbols are printed on the piece, from 1 to 3). The rules say that a full strength infantry unit (3 infantry symbols in game terms) is approximately 2000 men, a full strength cavalry unit about 1400 troopers and an artillery unit represents about 30 massed guns and crew.\nOne thing I noticed with my copy was that some of the printing of the symbols on some of the blocks was a little hazy and off centre. Not enough to make any real difference to game play though. In addition, the allies use red blocks and some of them were a slightly different shade of red. Luckily these were not all of one unit type, so it doesn’t give any information away to your opponent, and the colour difference is not large and so not apparent on the board unless looked for. Another slight quibble I have with the pieces is that the corps commander pieces need sticky labels attached to them for the flags and the commander’s name on the metal shelf, and with my fingers this was easier said than done, but I did get there in the end.\nOverall\nWith the board (map) laid out and the unit and corps commander pieces in place the whole shebang looks fantastic, like some old fashioned map of a battle field.", "993" ], [ "I felt that all I needed to complete the look was a stick to push my units across the map, like those used for moving ships and planes on maps in WWII, a suitable hat and some gold braid!\nSYSTEM\nRules\nThere is a fairly large learning curve to these rules. It is not that the rules are badly written - in fact, I think the rules are very well written and elegant - but it is hard to see at first the effects of some them on your play and how they fit together. Over time you do get the hang of them and realise that they are logically laid out and clear, if you follow them closely (it took us only one full game before we understood them properly). So far as I am aware, there are no errata, not because they haven’t got around to them but because there is no need for them. The only complaint I have about the rules is that they need an index, but I think one is available here somewhere on this site.\nGameplay\nI won’t go into too much detail of how the rules actually work, as you can download them from the files section, but I will give a brief overview. Each side has a limited amount of commands they can give per turn (each turn is 1 hour long). The French can issue one order for each of their corps commanders and have four independent orders as well. The allies can only give out 5 corps commands a turn and only three independent commands. An independent command is used to order a unit that is not attached to a corps. Units can be detached from a corps by giving a command to do so or are detached when the corps is forced to retreat in battle. Detaching units is relatively easy but it takes a whole corps command to reattach each independent unit, so it is very time consuming to bring a detached corps back together – keeping corps in one piece is a valuable thing in this game.\nUnits can move 1 locale per turn, unless moving by road. In a locale a corps / unit can either be in reserve or on one of that locale’s approaches (borders).", "993" ] ]

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[ [ "The Continental: From the World of John Wick\nWoof. This was rough. Sadly it falls into the category of pointless spinoff from major franchises, and what makes it worse is how not only was it completely unnecessary but it was also just a bad show.\nI feel like this show proves just how magical the <PERSON> movies are. They have pitch perfect action and blend it together with a fairly basic story, but technically the films are operating at such a high level, it’s hard not to like.\nThis show was just missing all of the spark that makes the movies special. For one, the story is just so…boring. It’s drawn out so egregiously that the three episodes feel like they’re out staying their welcome. For a show to lack so much content that three episodes feels like a struggle, is a real sign the show probably isn’t telling the right story.\nThe main story is interesting enough, but there’s a multitude of side characters who we spend so much time with but they all are very surface level, if you’re going to give time to these characters at least give them something other than the stereotype you’ve cast them as.\nI really didn’t care for anyone in the show.", "952" ], [ "The plot is also paper thin, why did this have to be so drawn out. It’s more infuriating as it’s a prequel so you know where this ends up. This is often where side characters who you don’t know could become interesting but they’re just so plain. Most interesting aspect is definitely the world building with the high table, but it’s a small aspect of the show.\nNow you would think this being in the <PERSON> franchise they would at least have good action but it was serviceable, and honestly no where near the level of the films. One single scene sticks in my head, but the rest of the action scenes are not as gripping or shot as good as they could’ve been.\nSo I love the evolution of the franchise and the tone, I love how high camp they are yet are still able to balance it with a serious tone. This show was tonally awful. Serious sometimes and then weird jokes in the same scene, I was infuriated by a character who was written like a bad MCU character only giving quips, it was just so jarring and far from the magic of the films", "952" ] ]

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[ [ "The timeline gets interesting here.\nPapal States Join the Triple Alliance\nBy 1882, Italy in real world joins the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Assuming there is a two-state solution that agrees somewhat on foreign affairs, Papal States would join as well.\nIndustrialization was under way in Italy during the late 1800s and early 1900s. The Papal States would need to have a progressive Pope, willing to pursue fast modernization of economics to survive. This is possible to do in an authoritarian environment. Ask the German Empire, they'll tell you how.\nPapal States Ideology - Stronger than Nationalism\nAs the north of Italy industrializes, there would need to be charismatic Popes and social movements creating some religious-nationalistic identity for the Papal states. Tapping into Ultramontanism. Recruiting fervent Catholics to serve the Pope. Creating a politically and economically progressive ideology that upholds the complete authority of the Pope, for the glory of God and the universal Catholic church. Perhaps even disaffected Catholics fleeing the anti-clerical policies in France in the late 1800s and early 1900s.\nThe Great War\nThe Papal States stay neutral during World War I, along with Switzerland. Perhaps the Kingdom of Italy also stays neutral. This is where the butterflies begin to spin out of control. World War I was such a pivotal moment in history, you could take it 50 different ways.\nFor example: Germany wins in 1917 after the Russian Revolution-- without the pressure from Italy in the south against the Austro-Hungarian Empire, they barely roll over the trenches and take out Paris.", "274" ], [ "France is humiliated and signs a peace deal. Italy and the Papal states decide that authoritarianism wins, and doubles down on dictatorship. Fascism in the Kingdom of Italy, and an equally nasty Papal authoritarianism in the north. <PERSON> all around. Embracing Catholic supremacy, much like the Austrians during that same time.\nThe Next Great War\nAnother war would inevitably explode with a Revanchist France and an over-bloated Germany and the expanding Communist Russia. What happens next creates even more butterflies that could go 100 different ways.\nPerhaps the Papal States stay neutral, like Switzerland. To appease the religious Austrians, the Germanic allies decide to leave the Papal states alone. Perhaps the Papal states are enthusiastic about the German militarism against the godless communists of the Soviet Union.\nDictatorship into the 21st Century\nRegardless, it is very possible for authoritarian states to survive deep into the 20th century in Western Europe. Look at <PERSON> in Spain. Look at Portugal. Those semi-fascist authoritarian governments, with heavy Catholic religious support, continued far into the 1970s. Savvy popes could very well do the same all the way into the 1980s.\nAfter that, it gets tough. Either Germany would have to win and spread authoritarianism through the continent (in which case France and the Kingdom/Republic of Italy also remain authoritarian), or the Papal state in the 1980s and 1990s would turn inward, becoming a regressive dictatorship like Belarus-- which to this day is an authoritarian government sitting strong in Europe.", "274" ] ]

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[ [ "Customer started crying in the dressing room and wouldn’t leave the store…\nThis is my first week working retail as I’m normally a teaching assistant but needed extra income for the summer.\nIt was Saturday and so we were pretty busy. A woman came in with 5 or 6 dresses to try on that, in all honesty, I could tell were not going to fit. After about 15 minutes I went back to check on her because a line had formed for the 4 dressing rooms we had and she wasn’t out yet. I asked her if everything was alright, she kind of shakily said yes, so I went away.\nAnother 10 minutes, I check again.\n“Still doing okay?” A bit more firm now, she responds. “Yes, I’m fine!”.\nI stood nearby to keep an eye on things and kept hearing sniffles. Another 5 minutes went by, I knocked on the door this time.\n“Ma’am, are you almost done? There are other customers waiting for the dressing rooms.”\nShe stuck her head out the door and I could see then for sure she had been crying. She handed me all the dresses.\n“Put these back.” And then she closed the door.\nI kinda stood there confused for a minute and responded through the door again.\n“Are you alright?”\n“…”\n“I’ll put these back and give you a minute, but I’m sorry, we really do need the dressing room.”\nAnother 15 minutes went by.", "931" ], [ "By now she’s been in there a total of 45 minutes crying. The manager wasnt there that day and all my coworkers were less than helpful, so this was all on me and I had no idea what to do. I knocked on the door one more time, a bit forcefully.\n“Ma’am. You’ve been in there for a very long time and while I can see you’re having a bad day, we can’t let you just stay in there. You don’t have any clothes in there even. I can give you another 5 minutes but if you won’t leave by then I need to call security.”\nThe door FLEW OPEN and this woman, red faced and teary eyed scream-whispered at me about how if the store wasn’t going to carry any “normal” sizes then the least they could do was give her space when it made her feel bad! She went on a mini rant about unfair sizing and catering to normal sized people and the beauty industry.\nI do sympathize, and honestly our sizes do run a bit small, but they still fit the normal “straight size” range of 0-14. I felt bad because I know how frustrating that can be, but also I didn’t need that anger directed at me.\nI just looked at her and told her again “You need to leave now.” Thankfully she did, but she flipped me off at the door.\nWeird situation that has really put me off for the rest of the week. I’m sure it’s pretty tame compared to a lot of the stuff in here, but this is in fact my first rodeo and I did not enjoy it.\n——\nETA: This is a repost since my last one was removed! Fixed the problem.", "430" ] ]

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[ [ "The Super Mario Bros. Movie\nLet's a go!!\nAllright this is not a top tier animation movie, but damn is it entertaining.\nThere's a lot of fun to be had, for kids and for adult Nintendo fans. Since I'm in the last category, I mostly smiled and pointed at every reference (and there are so much good ones).\nIt's a movie hard not to enjoy, easy to take your kids to and also have a good time.\nVoice work is pretty ok and yes <PERSON> does an actually a good job.\n<PERSON> is the king though.", "995" ] ]

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[ [ "Stainless Steel Coloring Technique\nIntroduction: Stainless Steel Coloring Technique\nHi guys this is my first experimental Instructables and I am not often doing this kind of stuff. The thing I like about this is that it took the stainless-steel articles to a whole new level. Although it's not constrained to stainless steel, you can use this process on any type of steel and I found that hardened surface holds these colours much better. The principle is very basic, when you heat the steel at a certain temperature it changes colour and that colour comes due to the reaction of the top layer with oxygen. Now, these colours are definitely not that much robust like painted surface or like anodizing but if you used them onto the place where constant rubbing action didn't take place over that area it's completely ideal. I am using this technique nowadays on many stainless projects and this technique definitely took them to a whole new level. There are definitely a few things which you need to consider while doing this colouring technique which I am going to discuss in this instructable. Now if you take a look at the steel heating chart before it gets to red heat, it passes through many different colours stages. Some of them can be kept permanent while most of the higher degree heat remain temporarily and once the metal cools down it converts to black, which we don't want. Some of you might think that in stainless steel it deteriorates the top layer and stainless no longer remain protected but I didn't find any problems in that if the steel is 304 grade. During this Instructables 3 different techniques, I am going to share and all of them include heat but different material to change the colour. There are definitely many more chemical ways to do this colouring but they are a bit difficult to do. If you have any other method then definitely let me know.\nSupplies\nTools and material used.\nFor this particular demonstration, I am using\n1. stainless steel 304-grade finials\n2. Used motor oil ( burnt engine oil)\n3. Brass wire brush ( it needs to be pure)\n4. Acetone or mineral spirit ( for cleaning purpose)\n5.", "215" ], [ "Fire brick\nTools used\n1. Jewellers torch\n2. Tongs for holding the hot metal\n3. Locking plier\nStep 1: ​Finished Metal Surface\nThe first thing to have is the metal which has an even surface finish. Now this finish could be brush or high gloss. Usually, the articles already have finished surface onto the top so that you dint have to do that work but if that's not the case then make sure to get an even surface finish because first of all it looks even and second is that with even finish the heat distribution is much better.\nStep 2: ​Cleaning the Metal Surface.\nThe second important thing to do in this process is to clean the surface. Make sure no dirt remains on the surface and once the metal is completely clean make sure not to use your hands because there is always some oil on your hands so it's important to either use some tongs or gloves do the job. I highly recommend using your tong.\nStep 3: ​Heating With the Torch\nOnce the cleaning is done I made the setup and start the heating process. Now if you take a look onto the heat chart then color up to 330° C is achievable and more than that starts to deteriorate the surface finish. Now in the spectrum, there are a bunch of different colors and if you start heating them and constantly heating the surface then it starts to show you all the colors are shown in that chart.\nAn important thing that needs to be considered here is the property of steel. Steel has a very low thermal conductivity which means that if you heat a particular area it will not able to distribute heat to the surface evenly through the metal, which leads to irregular color grade. Now point here to consider is that make sure to move the torch constantly through the process so that heat will not concentrate on a particular area. Also if you want a pale straw color then make sure that before getting that color pause the heat for few seconds and the reason for doing this is that heat took some time to spread evenly inside steel, so if you wait for a while then the heat spread evenly and you didn't even need to apply more heat to the metal. But on the other way if you kept on doing that then you will surely overshoot the temperature and gets a different shade.\nIn this particular video, I played with only two colors,s and the reason for choosing them is because they are quite easy to get, and judging those colors during the heat is also very easy. The key to success here is to go slow and steady and spread the heat evenly.\nStep 4: ​Oil Dipping\nThe second colour technique is the oil dipping method. In this technique, you need burnt engine oil which turned completely black. The darker the oil is better the finish you are going to achieve.", "220" ] ]

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[ [ "Neumann boundary condition FD implementation for instationnary diffusion equation\nI am trying to solve this diffusion equation : $\\dfrac{\\partial D\\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}}{\\partial x}+S = \\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial t}$ ($D$ is not constant and varies according to $x$) with the following BC: $f(x,0)=1 , f(0,t)=0, \\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}(1,t)=0$\nI am using a central finite difference scheme (2nd order) for space and Euler explicit for time (1st order). The discretized $[0..1]$ domain contains the $x_{i}$ points, $i \\in [0..N]$ ($x_{0}=0 , x_{N}=1$).\nThe implementation of Dirichlet condition at $x=0$ is simple. For the <PERSON> boundary condition, I saw a lot of references that treated simple cases, adequate for constant diffusion coefficients and stationnary cases, like the ghost point, that I can't consider in my case(Diffusion coefficient can't be evaluated out of the domain, ghost point envolves evaluation the equation on a point that is not inside the interior domain...", "935" ], [ ").\nSo I am trying something at my own and I want confirmation or correction if I omitted an important aspect in my work:\nThe discretized equation evaluated at $x_{N-1}$ involves the value of $f_{N}$. If we had Diricihlet condition at $x_{N}$, the problem would have been solved directly. But in our case, $f_{N}$ is unknown.\nWhat I did is that I treated the Neumann BC with a backward scheme (at the 2nd order to preserve the general order of the whole scheme) in order to have an expression of $f^{k}_{N}$:\n$\\dfrac{\\partial f}{\\partial x}(x_{N},k\\Delta t)=\\dfrac{-3f^{k}{N}+4f^{k}{N-1}-f^{k}_{N-2}}{2\\Delta x}=0$\n$f^{k}{N}=4/3 f^{k}{N-1}-1/3 f^{k}_{N-2}$\nthen I injected the new expression of $f^{k}{N}$ in the discretized equation at $x{N-1}$. Meaning that I did not add an equation to the problem as I would do for a stationnary problem but I injected the expression of $f^{k}_{N}$ inside the last equation.\nSo the unknown vector $f^{k}$ in a case of matrix writing would only contain $f^{k}_{i}, i\\in [1..N-1]$ (like in a full Dirichlet situation)\nIs it correct ?\nFor information, the matrix form of the discretized problem is : $f^{k+1}=Af^{k}+S+B$, with $B$ the vector containing the B.C , and $S$ the 2nd member vector", "935" ] ]

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[ [ "This all deals with one of the major, and complex tasks in any processor. Namely decoding instructions. On a simple conceptual level, this may be viewed as taking the contents of the instruction register and translating this into logic commands to the various functional units of the processor to perform the desired action and then fetch the next instruction into the instruction register and repeat.\nTraditionally there are two competing camps called Random Logic and Microcode.\nThe random logic camp tends to look at the task as a sort of huge logic problem. Given an input (the instruction set), what outputs are needed (the instruction implementation). The result tends to look like a huge array of gates, flip-flops etc arranged in a non-intuitive (looking random, but no actual randomness here). Needless to say, for any non-trivial processor, this can be really complex.\nThe microcode camp on the other hand, maps each instruction to a stored program for a very simple but fast processor. Often, the microcode program is stored in very wide memory so that many program units can be simply connected to fields in the microcode with little or no additional decoding. In a sense, the microcode is implementing the random logic's output by table lookup.\nThese views are a gross simplification. Almost all random logic designs have small memory elements in them to simplify the state machines that are part of all processors, like the instruction fetch, operand decoding, or responding to interrupts.", "125" ], [ "Likewise, almost all microcode machines employ some logic to speed up the decoding of the microcode to avoid needing insanely wide microcode memory. In addition, logic is often employed to allow the microcode to loop or branch to create more complex behaviour.\nWhile microcode is extremely difficult to write, when an error is found, the code \"simply\" needs to be updated (assuming that you don't run out of microcode space, then well, problems) When a bug is found in the random logic decoder, it is not uncommon for the whole logic formulation to be affected. This can make random logic designs very hard to get right. The Z-8000 used random logic and its design was plagued by bugs in the instruction decoder. On the other hand, the simpler MC6809 also used random logic decoding and was highly successful.\nThe advantage of random logic is that it avoids the overhead of fetching the microcode from it's storage. In simpler processors avoiding this overhead can result in savings of silicon (that is money) and clock cycles (that is time).\nRISC computers have much simpler instruction sets than CISC machines. This is a major reason why the random logic decoder is so often associated with RISC chips. CISC chips have intricate, complex instruction sets, so microcode is highly favoured for those designs.\nI understand that most modern processors use a hybrid approach. Random logic for the simple and/or highly time critical stuff and microcode for the more complex behaviour and/or exception handling.", "125" ] ]

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[ [ "Relation between Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients and Wigner $D$-Matrix\nIt is known that Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are those of a linear transformation from the product basis ${|j_1,j_2;m_1,m_2\\rangle}{m_1\\in {-j_1,...,j_1},m_2\\in {-j_2,...,j_2}}$ to the coupled basis ${|j_1,j_2;J,M\\rangle\\rangle}{J\\in {|j_1-j_2|,...,j_1+j_2},M\\in {-J,...,J}}$ (the double ket to distinguish between the two basis). These two basis are orthonormal basis in the space $\\mathscr{E}(j_1)\\otimes\\mathscr{E}(j_2)$ and that means that there is a unitatry operator $\\hat U$ that transforms one basis to the other. The matrix elements of this operator are by construction the CG-Coefficients.\nOn the other hand a physical rotation $R$ is implemented on a ket in $\\mathscr{E}(j_1)\\otimes\\mathscr{E}(j_2)$ by a unitary operator $\\mathscr D (R)$.\nQuestion:\nIs there a physical rotation $R$ such that $\\mathscr D (R) = \\hat U$, where $\\hat U$ is the change-of-basis operator $\\hat U: {|j_1,j_2;m_1,m_2\\rangle} \\mapsto {|j_1,j_2;J,M\\rangle\\rangle}$ ?\nMy answer is no and here are my two arguments\n1.", "956" ], [ "Diagonalisation of observables (namely $\\mathbf J^2$ & $J_z$) is not possible by physical rotations\n2. The map $\\mathscr D :SO(3) \\to SU((2j_1+1)(2j_2+1))$ may not be surjective, i.e. there are unitary operators $\\hat{ \\mathcal O} \\in SU((2j_1+1)(2j_2+1))$ which do not correspond to physical rotations $R \\in SO(3)$\nThese two arguments do not exclude each other but I hope that someone can make this mathematically more precise, I hope this question makes sense.\nAdded:\nin other words are there e.g. Euler angles $\\alpha, \\beta,\\gamma$ such that matrix elements are something like this $$ \\mathscr D^{(J)}_{M',M}(\\alpha, \\beta,\\gamma) = \\langle j_1,j_2;m_1,m_2|j_1,j_2;J,M\\rangle $$ I know the indices are not consistent, they do not make sense! but this may not be a reason to beleive that there is no $R(\\alpha, \\beta,\\gamma)$ whose representation $\\mathscr D(R)$ does as\n$$\\hat U: {|j_1,j_2;m_1,m_2\\rangle} \\mapsto {|j_1,j_2;J,M\\rangle\\rangle}$$", "956" ] ]

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