Datasets:

HuggingFaceFW

/

fineweb-edu-score-2

like 48

Selva Bananito History The history of Selva Bananito is exceptional, and an important part of a visit to this area. Below is a brief description of the history of Selva Bananito, written by Jurgen Stein, the current owner of the lodge. I thought the story would best come from his words directly… "Selva Bananito Lodge is built on our family farm, of which only one third is actually used for farming. Our father, Rudi Stein, who has farmed in Latin America since the 1950's, purchased the land for farming and wood exploitation in 1974. In the early years of his land tenure, he obtained a government permit to do selective logging on the forested portions of his land. This permit went mostly unused, and in 1994 the Stein family decided to declare the untouched two thirds of the farm (850 hectares or 2,000 acres) a private, biological reserve and built the lodge as an alternative source of income. This was a moral, not an economic decision, since it is unlikely that the income from the lodge will ever approximate the commercial value of the protected wood. "The farmed portions of the land have a history worth telling: they were originally leased from the government in the 1920's by employees of a U.S.A.-based banana company. They harvested the primary forest along portions of the Bananito River valley while the company established mid-scale banana plantations in the nearby coastal region. A combination of factors, including a big recession in 1929, massive floods, and banana diseases, drove the company out in the 1920's and the land was left to fallow. "When our father purchased the land in 1974, the former banana fields had reverted to secondary forest. He cleared the brush from this secondary growth and established a sustainable, integrated crop system combining plantain, cocoa, and dwarf coconut, all interspersed with the native tree known locally as laurel (Cordia alliodora). At first this system worked well because the plantains produced good crops. After the third year, however, the plantain succumbed to a serious fungal disease (sigatoca) and was eliminated. By the time the cocoa plants reached maturity, it became clear that the hybrid which Rudi Stein's bank had required him to plant as part of the loan contract, was of far inferior quality than traditional, local varieties. In the meantime, the dwarf coconuts developed a serious root disease that felled the majority of the plants, and the remainder was not worth harvesting because of poor market prices. "After many years of trying out other farming alternatives, the farm is today home to organic banana plantations and a cattle breeding program intended to produce dual-purpose breeds, i.e., cattle as useful for milk production as for beef production. You will have a chance to learn more about the farm on our guided tour." Selva Bananito's history is echoed throughout Central America, but unfortunately, much of the land does not share in the positive present and future as the Selva Bananito Reserve. Travelers have the opportunity to learn first hand the history of the lodge, and experience the environment that the reserve was built to protect. Daily nature hikes into the reserve also give travelers plenty of opportunity to learn a little more about the valuable flora and fauna.

<urn:uuid:3da71cfd-efeb-4163-8523-90a7b1757e6b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.adventure-life.com/articles/history-selva-bananito-815/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Rembrandt van Rijn - Ship Highlights - Passengers : 32 S/V ‘Rembrandt Van Rijn’ was built as a herring lugger early last century. The vessel was rebuilt as a three-mast passenger sailing schooner in he Netherlands in 1994 and sailed various regions of the globe since then. The vessel underwent a complete rebuilding and refurbishment program which was completed 2011. The communication and navigation equipment has been completely renewed according to the latest SOLAS regulations. The ship is well suited for expedition cruising among small islands and offers good open deck viewing areas, also when under sail. The 2 inflatable rubber crafts (zodiacs) enable landing and wildlife viewing opportunities in otherwise inaccessible areas. Life aboard the Rembrandt van Rijn: The crew of the ´Rembrandt van Rijn´ consists of 7 experienced crew and 2 tour guides and a cook. The sailors are in charge during sailing and will bring guests ashore. Whilst sailing the assistance of the passengers is appreciated for handling the sails and taking the helm. This includes being on watch during nightly sailing. Expeditions aboard the Rembrandt van Rijn attract independent-minded travelers from around the world. They are characterized by a strong interest in exploring remote regions. The camaraderie and spirit that develops aboard is an important part of the expedition experience. The general interior public areas include a spacious restaurant area so that all meals can be taken together as well as separate bar area and reading table area. There is room to relax, read and socialize. Three meals of international cuisine per day are served buffet style in the restaurant and is prepared by the cook. The vessel furthermore consists of a separate bar including a reading table. The ship can accommodate a maximum of 32 passengers in 16 cabins in the following cabin types: one Triple Private cabin with porthole, shower and toilet, six Twin Private Inside cabins with shower, toilet and no porthole, and nine Twin Private cabins with shower, toilet and porthole. The electrical supply aboard the ship is 220 volt 50hz. Electrical outlets are standard European with two thick round pins. U.S. passengers may need a 220v/110v converter. The s/v Rembrandt van Rijn has no ice class. During her refit, the bow of the vessel was enforced and is therefore suitable to sail in the polar waters. - Length: 56 meters - Breadth: 7 meters - Draft: 2.5 meters - Displacement: 451 Ts - Engines: 2 cummins engines together 550 KW - Speed: 9 knots maximum - Crew: 7 crew and 2 guides - Passengers: 34 |Disko Bay: Whale Safari & Aurora ...||8||May, Jun, Sepshow dates||Arctic: Aasiaat, Disko Bay, Disko Fjord, Disko Island, Hunde Ejlands, Nordfjord| |Umanak 2013||11||Junshow dates||Arctic: Aasiaat, Disko Bay, Hunde Ejlands, Jakobshavn Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, Nordfjord, Uummannaq| |Disko Bay - Umanak||15||Jul, Augshow dates||Arctic: Aasiaat, Ata Sund, Eqi Glacier, Fortunebay, Hareøen, Inukavsait, Jakobshavn Glacier, Karrat Fjord, Nugarssuk, Saqqaq, Svartenhuk Halvo, Upernivik Ř, Uummannaq| |West & South Greenland Aurora Celestis||15||Sepshow dates||Arctic: Aasiaat, Disko Bay, Evighedsfjorden, Hunde Ejlands, Jakobshavn Glacier, Narsasuaq, Nuuk, Sydbay, Ukivik| |West Greenland Aurora Celestis||8||Sepshow dates||Arctic: Aasiaat, Disko Bay, Evighedsfjorden, Hunde Ejlands, Jakobshavn Glacier, Narsasuaq, Nuuk, Sydbay, Ukivik| |South Greenland Aurora Celestis||8||Sepshow dates||Arctic: Ivittuut, Lichtenfels, Narsasuaq, Nuuk, Qoornooq, Uunartoq| |West Greenland - Ski and Sail from Nuuk||8||Aprshow dates||Arctic: Evighedsfjorden, Manitsoq, Nuuk| |Alpine Peaks of West Greenland - Ski ...||8||Apr, Mayshow dates||Arctic: Disko Bay, Disko Island, Evighedsfjorden, Ilulissat, Jakobshavn Glacier, Manitsoq, Sydbay| |Umanak 2014||12||Jun, Julshow dates||Arctic: Aasiaat, Disko Bay, Hunde Ejlands, Jakobshavn Glacier, Kangerlussuaq, Nordfjord, Uummannaq| |Triple Private Porthole| Main deck, upper and lower berths, private bath facilities and porthole. |Twin Private Inside | Lower deck, upper and lower berths, inside cabins with private bath facilities. |Twin Private Porthole| Lower deck, upper and lower berths or two lower berths, private bath facilities and porthole.

<urn:uuid:794c0c92-551c-4d86-9367-dc3ef9f0d74d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.adventure-life.com/cruises/ships/rembrandt-van-rijn-108/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Michael E. Kitces is the director of research for Pinnacle Advisory Group, a private wealth-management firm located in Columbia, Md., that oversees about $1 billion of client assets. He is the publisher of the e-newsletter “The Kitces Report “and the blog Nerd’s Eye View through his website, as well as on AdvisorOne. Kitces, MSFS, MTAX, CFP, CLU, ChFC, is also one of the 2010 recipients of the Financial Planning Association’s “Heart of Financial Planning” awards for his dedication to advancing the financial planning profession. Follow Kitces on Twitter at @MichaelKitces. Today I ask and Michael (right) answers what I hope are Five Good Questions. 1. In your view, what are the difference and the significance, if any, in terms like wealth manager, investment manager and financial planner? While the exact meaning of these terms is somewhat debated, I do believe that they describe substantively different services, and require different knowledge and skills to execute effectively. And while some of it is semantics, I believe the distinctions are important – how we describe ourselves and hold ourselves out to the public matters. I would characterize an investment manager as someone who is focused solely on investment management – the service delivered is managing the pot (or pots) of money, and the expectation is to create value in the investment management process. A financial planner and a wealth manager, however, provide a broader range of services, typically incorporating advice regarding a broad range of financial issues, which may or may not include the hands-on investment management aspects as a part. As I wrote recently on my blog, the emerging factor that is distinguishing a financial planner from a wealth manager is the wealth level of the target client. This is more than just using lofty terms; the reality is that the body of knowledge needed to serve the ultra high net worth market – as a private wealth manager – is different than the knowledge needed to serve the rest of the public. Over time, I expect that we will increasingly differentiate between the two; an early glimpse of this is the curriculum being developed by IMCA (Investment Management Consultants Association) for their new CPWA (Certified Private Wealth Advisor) certification, which has only a limited overlap to the CFP certification curriculum. 2. Is the “4% rule” still an appropriate rule of thumb? I find the “4% rule” continues to remain relevant today. The reality, as I recently wrote, is that such safe withdrawal rates are based not on average returns, but the worst return sequences we’ve seen in history – environments where balanced portfolios don’t even generate 1% real returns for 15 years (the entire first half of retirement!). Accordingly, if real returns on bonds stay low and the S&P 500 merely makes it back to its old high by the middle of next decade – truly a horrible return environment – we’re merely looking at results that are similar to the exact returns the 4% rule is based upon in the first place. Ultimately, I am a little skeptical about whether those who retired in the year 2000 will ultimately violate the 4% rule, as market valuations back then truly reached levels of distortion never seen in our market history, even leading into the Crash of 1929 and the Great Depression. However, today’s market environment, while still overvalued, looks relatively similar to numerous other overvalued market environments throughout history, so while the year 2000 retiree may be at risk (although recent follow-up research by Bill Bengen has shown that actually the year 2000 is still reasonably on track!), this does not raise the same concerns for today’s retirees, as market valuations today are far less egregious. On the other hand, market valuations are still high on a long-term basis, so I wouldn’t necessarily recommend clients significantly raise spending above that benchmark, unless they have a higher tolerance for risk and a potential need to reduce spending in the future. 3. Do you think the barriers to entry to and/or the education and training components of our profession are too low? I do believe that the educational and training requirements for financial planning need to rise, for it to become a bona fide true profession – and I don’t believe financial planning has reached the status of true profession yet, because of this. It should require more than what is essentially “just” half a dozen undergraduate-level courses in personal finance, and should have a more formalized training process than just unleashing newly educated practitioners on the public to earn their experience without necessarily being supervised (and coached and trained) in the advice being delivered. Although it will be a long time before we get there, I expect financial planning in the future, as a profession, to have both a deeper body of knowledge, and also a great deal of additional focus in trust, communication, and how to help clients actually change their behavior (to implement the advice). Ultimately, significant training and educational requirements do effectively become a barrier to entry as well, which some have been critical of, but that’s part of the natural progression in the development of a profession. If the public doesn’t have a clear way to distinguish between the trained and untrained professional practitioner, it’s not a profession, and more importantly you can’t protect the public. 4. Appropriate regulation (whether by the SEC, the states or FINRA) is actively being questioned and considered today (obviously). How would you set things up if you were in charge? In my ideal world, no one would be allowed to hold themselves out as a financial planner, advisor, consultant, or analogous term, unless he/she actually had the education, training, and experience to serve as a professional advisor. A national regulatory body would oversee this (although in reality state regulation may be the most likely solution), ensuring that only those meeting the appropriate minimum standards can represent themselves as advisors to the public. Anyone who delivers advice would be subject to a fiduciary standard, as almost by definition there’s no such thing as advice that isn’t delivered in the interests of the person receiving the advice! Notably, this is also why the public continues to be confused by our discussion of fiduciary and non-fiduciary standards for advice – because in the eyes of the public, there simply is no such thing as non-fiduciary advice. That being said, I continue to see a role for people who sell and help clients to implement specific financial services product solutions. I don’t believe we need to eliminate the suitability standard or the existence of commission-based salespeople. However, such individuals should be required to hold themselves out to the public as salespeople, with a return to the labels “stockbroker” and “insurance agent” that were once used in the past. If that individual gives any advice to the client, that person becomes subject to a (fiduciary) advice standard. While I understand the origins of the exemption from the fiduciary standard for brokers and dealers who give advice that is “solely incidental” to their services as a broker/dealer, the reality in today’s world is that the exemption has become far too wide. As a result, there is significant confusion for the public as people routinely provide extensive advice while claiming they shouldn’t be subject to advisor regulation or standards and that the advice is “solely incidental” when it clearly is not. The bottom line is that the real choice for the public shouldn’t be between fiduciary and suitability standards at all; it’s about the choice between being sold a product from a salesperson, or getting advice from an advisor. That is a valid choice for consumers – as long as the people on each side of the line are held to appropriate standards, and use titles and provide services that make it clear where the line is. 5. A recent study from the National Bureau of Economic Research found that nearly half of all Americans die with virtually no financial assets. Clearly, many people are not getting good financial advice. How can we go about improving the quality of financial advice being given overall and making it more available to those without the assets to make them attractive clients? I think the first key to improving the financial circumstances of the average American is to understand that this is not merely a “financial literacy” problem, as though people would make the right and best decision for themselves if only they had a little more education. Yes, education helps – you certainly can’t make the right decisions if you have no idea what’s best in the first place – but it is only a necessary condition for success, not a sufficient one. If knowledge alone were sufficient, we would long since have conquered our country’s obesity problem, as there’s no lack of information regarding the harmful effects of obesity, and how “easy” it is to avoid it by simply eating less (and healthier), and exercising more. Instead, the reality is that improving financial health, like improving physical health, is about behavior change, and taking the steps necessary to help people change habits and implement changes in their lives. Thus, to me the starting point is actually better education and training for advisors about how to effectively help clients find real success – and understand that it’s about more than just giving them information and having the technically accurate answers (although that’s also necessary). The greater the positive impact we have on changing people’s behavior and leading them to a sustained improvement in their lives, the more people understand the value of financial planning and seek it out, and the easier it is to serve a wider base of people. In the end, the real reason that financial planners fail to serve the majority of Americans is simply that the public in the aggregate does not yet see enough value in what we do to demand our services en masse, and consequently firms and advisors seeking to serve the average American struggle with the marketing necessary to sustain enough clients for the business to be successful. To some extent, the lack of demand is simply because we haven’t done a very good job communicating the value of financial planning, so people don’t understand what we bring to the table; but I think the reality is that we could also get better at delivering real results for the average American that would make us more relevant and sought after, too. Other interviews in the Five Good Questions series:

<urn:uuid:70c86a1b-c471-443c-8041-c70530f0938f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.advisorone.com/2012/08/16/five-good-questions-for-michael-kitces-of-pinnacle

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

While France’s most famous actor, Gerard Depardieu, is now the latest in a wave of tax refugees to flee the country before a new wealth tax kicks in in 2013, new data from the U.S. Census Bureau suggests that ordinary Americans with average incomes continue to flee high-tax states like California for low-tax states like Texas. Reports say that Depardieu was likely motivated by tax avoidance considerations in moving to a small town in Belgium adjacent the French border city of Lille. The move comes after French luxury magnate Bernard Arnault made a similar cross-border move. Depardieu was famous for representing the French “everyman” so it is no surprise his moving has set off both introspection and fury among your average Jacques. Meanwhile, your average American Joe, with far less in earnings than French millionaires and billionaires, continues his migration from places like New York and California. The Census Bureau reports that the most common state to state moves in 2011 were New York to Florida (59,288), California to Texas (58,992) and California to Arizona (49,635). Notably, the Census Bureau data shows that job-related factors such as a new job or transfer were most commonly cited reason for moving among the top two income categories ($85,000 to $99,999 and $100,000 and above). A comprehensive recent study of a two-decades long exodus from California conducted by the Manhattan Institute made the link between migration and the tax and jobs climate of California explicit, saying: “The data … reveal the motives that drive individuals and businesses to leave California. One of these, of course, is work. States with low unemployment rates, such as Texas, are drawing people from California, whose rate is above the national average. Taxation also appears to be a factor, especially as it contributes to the business climate and, in turn, jobs. Most of the destination states favored by Californians have lower taxes. States that have gained the most at California’s expense are rated as having better business climates. The data suggest that many cost drivers–taxes, regulations, the high price of housing and commercial real estate, costly electricity, union power, and high labor costs–are prompting businesses to locate outside California, thus helping to drive the exodus.” Mark Perry’s U-Haul Index, tracking the number of one-way truck rentals, has also confirmed a pattern of ordinary people moving in the direction of lower taxes, the American Enterprise Institute economist maintains. Perry’s U-Haul Index may become increasingly important to economists, demographers and other researchers if the IRS and Census Bureau go forward with a reported plan to discontinue monitoring tax migration data. National Review reported Tuesday that the Obama administration is “quietly killing” continued studies of this metric, for which the government has compiled data since 1991. The politically conservative publication opines that “blue states with high state and local tax burdens have come out looking bad in recent years. California and New York have been embarrassed publicly, as a steady exodus is underway from both.” The IRS has not officially explained the move, but “unofficially it is suggesting that the problem lies in coordinating with the Census Bureau,” National Review continues. “It is asking for comments on how people use the data and how important it is, presumably so that higher-ups at the agencies can reverse their decision if necessary.”

<urn:uuid:c0c5dfc8-0085-4fc2-ae28-2e1420abe6f5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.advisorone.com/2012/12/12/wealthy-french-average-americans-continue-to-flee?t=economy-markets

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Re-inventing the Planned City Monday, March 12, 2012 TAU and MIT launch pilot project to re-think 50's era "New Towns" A bird's-eye view of Kiryat Gat In response to population growth, many "new towns" or planned cities were built around the world in the 1950s. But according to Dr. Tali Hatuka, head of Tel Aviv University's Laboratory for Contemporary Urban Design (LCUD) at the Department of Geography and the Human Environment, these cities are a poor fit for modern lifestyles — and it's time to innovate. TAU has launched a pilot project, in collaboration with a team from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology led by Prof. Eran Ben-Joseph, to revitalize this aging model. Last month, a team of five TAU and 11 MIT graduate students visited Kiryat Gat, a mid-sized town in the south of Israel. Home to branches of industrial giants Hewlett-Packard Company and Intel, Kiryat Gat was chosen as a "laboratory" for re-designing outmoded planned civic spaces. Based on smart technologies, improved transportation, use of the city's natural surroundings, and a reconsideration of the current use of city space, the team's action plan is designed to help Kiryat Gat emerge as a new, technologically-advanced planned city — a prototype that could be applied to similar urban communities. Planning a future for the mid-sized city The project, jointly funded by TAU's Vice President for Research and MIT's MISTI Global Seed Funds, will create a new planning model that could reshape the future of Kiryat Gat and similar cities across the world which are often overlooked in academia and practical planning. "Our goal is to put a spotlight on these kinds of towns and suggest innovative ways of dealing with their problems," says TAU student Roni Bar. MIT's Alice Shay, who visited Israel for the first time for the project, believes that Kiryat Gat, a city that massive urbanization has left behind, is an ideal place for the team to make a change. "The city is at a catalyst point — an exciting moment where good governance and energy will give it the capacity to implement some of these new projects." To tackle the design and planning challenges of the city, the team of students focused on four themes: the "mobile city," which looked at transport and accessibility; the "mediated city," dealing with technological infrastructure; the "compact city," which reconsidered the use of urban space and population growth; and the "natural city," which integrated environmental features into the urban landscape. Finding common ground Ultimately, the team’s goal is to create a more flexible city model that encourages residents and workers to be a more active part of the urban fabric of the city, said Dr. Hatuka. The current arrangement of dedicated industrial, residential, and core zones is out of step with a 21st century lifestyle, in which people work, live, and spend their leisure time in the same environment. "Much of the past discourse about the design of sustainable communities and 'eco-cities' has been premised on using previously undeveloped land," says Prof. Ben-Joseph. "In contrast, this project focuses on the 'retrofitting' of an existing environment — a more likely approach, given the extent of the world's already-built infrastructure." The students from TAU and MIT have become a truly cohesive team, and their diversity of background helps challenge cultural preconceptions, Bar says. "They ask many questions that help us to rethink things we took for granted." Shay agrees. "Tali and Eran have created an incredible collaboration, encouraging us all to exchange ideas. Our contexts are different but there is a common urban design language." The team estimates that they will be able to present the updated model of the city early next year. The next step is further exploring the project's key themes at a March meeting at MIT. And while the project has provided an exceptional educational experience for all involved, ideas are already leaping off the page and into the city's urban fabric. "In the next two months, the Mayor of Kiryat Gat would like to push this model forward and implement the initial steps that we have offered," says an enthusiastic Dr. Hatuka.

<urn:uuid:08c12af3-3a0e-45eb-852d-5a9c514658cb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aftau.org/site/News2/596546752?page=NewsArticle&id=16181&news_iv_ctrl=-1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

State and Province News October 2012 To keep up to date with this breakdown of news in the United States and Canada, visit www.AggMan.com for daily updates. By Therese Dunphy, Editor in Chief One size does not fit all seems to be the message being put forth by U.S. Rep. Jeff Flake. “We can strike a balance here between protecting the environment and having economic development,” he said during a meeting with local business leaders, “but we just need the federal government to cooperate.” According to the Mohave Valley Daily News, Arizona and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have wrestled for years over how the Clean Air Act should apply to particulate pollution in Maricopa County, which is out of compliance with federal standards, putting federal transportation funding in jeopardy. The Maricopa Association of Governments in 2007 developed a plan for reducing dust by 5 percent a year, but the EPA hasn’t accepted it. “The EPA simply won’t recognize that Phoenix is not Seattle,” Flake said. “Some air standards that apply in Seattle might not work here.” The Fresno County Planning Commission approved a proposal from Gerawan Farming to mine an 886-acre mine, as well as construct an asphalt plant, in eastern Fresno County. The request was approved at a meeting held in a ballroom, rather than the regular meeting room, in order to accommodate the crowd of more than 100 residents. The Fresno Bee reports that commissioners cited the county’s need for construction materials as grounds to permit the project, despite overwhelming opposition. State studies indicate that the region is falling far short of the necessary aggregate supply to meet its road and building needs. The most recent estimates from the Department of Conservation show that Fresno County has permitted mining for 71 million tons of aggregates, but will need 629 million tons over the next 50 years. The Carmelita mine is expected to produce 1.25 million tons per year annually throughout its 100-year life. In early September, Mt. Carmel city officials accepted three bids for the city’s annual road maintenance program. The Daily Republican Register notes that City Commissioner Joe Judge said the list of streets to be improved this year will be finalized in coming weeks. City officials also approved two bids from Mt. Carmel Sand and Gravel and one from Howell Paving to spend more than $173,000 on labor and materials throughout the fall to complete the program. In late August, Senator Ben Cardin (D-Md.) was scheduled to visit Waldorf-based Chaney Enterprises, the state’s largest family-owned and operated sand and gravel producer. The Baynet.com reports that Cardin toured a number of state businesses to highlight their success. Chaney Enterprises has 287 employees and is marking its 50th anniversary in business. Cardin is the chairman of the Water and Wildlife Subcommittee of the Environment and Public Works Committee and has expressed interest in mining reclamation and land management. In late July, Worcester Sand and Gravel was the site of the 11th annual truck show, sponsored by the Bay State chapter of the Antique Truck Club of America. According to the Telegram & Gazette, most of the exhibitors used their truck as part of their livelihood. Exhibitor William Thibeault III, who hauls asphalt in his truck, spent part of the day exhibiting the truck and the rest of it showing his family around. More than 170 vehicles took part in the show. It is the fourth year the Trotto family, owners of Worcester Sand and Gravel, has hosted the event. Attica town officials issued a cease-and-desist order to stop Hillcrest Industries Inc. from washing glass particles at its Attica Sand and Gravel property. According to The Daily News, the action was taken under the town’s zoning law. Supervisor Douglas Patti said that the city had received complaints about the odor from stockpiled glass and that processing of used glass particles is not permitted on the property in terms of the business’ special-use permit. The operator is working with the state Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) to resolve the issue and has stopped accepting new shipments of glass.

<urn:uuid:c8185a74-af06-4d19-a996-394715bb7ee0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aggman.com/state-and-province-news-october-2012-2/?full-article=true

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Elderly people are at increased risk of food-borne illness because as they age, their immune systems become weaker. In fact, the website for the Centers for Disease Control estimates that each year about 48 million people get sick, 128,000 are hospitalized and 3,000 die from food-borne diseases. The most severe cases tend to occur in the very old. The good news is that food poisoning can be prevented if you follow proper home food safety practices. Ruth Frechman, a registered dietitian and spokesperson for the American Dietetic Association, spoke with AgingCare.com about home food safety for elderly people. "Since older adults are at particular risk for food-borne illness, good food safety habits are extremely crucial." Ms. Frechman says three common cooking and food preparation mistakes can result in unsafe food and potential food poisoning. Bacteria in raw meat and poultry juices can be spread to other foods, utensils and surfaces. . "To prevent cross-contamination, keep raw foods separate from ready-to-eat foods and fresh vegetables," she says. "For example, use two cuttings boards: one strictly for raw meat, poultry and seafood; the other for ready-to-eat foods like breads and vegetables." She recommends washing cutting boards thoroughly in hot soapy water after each use or placing them in the dishwasher. Use a bleach solution or other sanitizing solution and rinse with clean water. Always wash your hands after handling raw meat. Leaving food out too long Leaving food out too long at room temperature can cause bacteria to grow to dangerous levels that can cause illness. "Many people think it's okay to leave food sitting out for a few hours," Ms. Frechman says. "But that's a dangerous habit. Food should not be left out for more than two hours. And if it's over 90 degrees, like at an outdoor summer barbecue, food should not be out for more than one hour." Its common knowledge that meat should be cooked to proper temperatures. However, most people don't know that even leftovers that were previously cooked should be re-heated to a certain temperature. Ms. Frechman says re-heating foods to the proper temperature can kill many harmful bacteria. Leftovers should be re-heated to at least 165 degrees Fahrenheit. "Harmful bacteria are destroyed when food is cooked to proper temperatures," she says. "That's why a food thermometer comes in handy not only for preparing food, but also for re-heating." How long it is safe to eat leftovers? Not as long as you would think, Ms. Frechman says. Chicken, fish and beef expire after three to four days in the refrigerator. To help seniors track if leftovers are still good, she recommends writing the date on the package of leftovers. Seniors and their caregivers should take these preventive measures to avoid germs in food and contracting food poisoning. Pay attention to the foods that are eaten, how food is prepared, and properly maintain the food in the refrigerator, and you may avoid an illness that could cause great discomfort, weakening of the body or even death.

<urn:uuid:fa1546c3-bbdd-441b-a8ad-eb263ea80d04>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.agingcare.com/Articles/Top-3-Food-Preparation-Mistakes-That-Cause-Food-borne-Illness-147181.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Click on any of the subsections to expand it Teaching / training 12 years, approximately 7000 lecturing hours Programming / Analysis (Most recently used first) All JavaSE APIs, including cryptography and multimedia Servlets, JSP, JSF, JavaMail, Web Services (JAX-WS, JAX-RS), EJB 2.x and 3.0, JBI Hibernate, Spring, Struts, Seam, JDO, GUICE, JUnit ASP, ASP.NET, Web Services, NHibernate, NUnit, Low-level communications Mule, Apache ServiceMix, Apache Camel, Websphere Message Broker / ESB SOAP, WSDL, BPMN/BPEL, WS-* Family of protocols, XML Encryption, XML-Digital Signature JQuery, JQuery Mobile, GWT, DWR, Yahoo UI, Google Maps Weblogic, JBoss, Tomcat, Websphere, Glassfish, IIS Oracle, MySQL, SQL Server Apache Cassandra, Apache Hadoop/HBase, Amazon SimpleDB Mobile Platforms and Frameworks JavaME, Android, Windows Mobile 6/6.5, Windows Phone 7, JQuery Mobile, Phonegap Eclipse, Netbeans, Visual Studio, IBM Visual Age, IBM WSAD Xen, VM Ware, Virtual Box Google App Engine, Microsoft Azure, Amazon Web Services (S3, EC2, Amazon RDS, SimpleDB, SNS, SQS) Visual SourceSafe, CVS, SVN, Sourceforge Software debugging and testing See for example a number of reporte bugs to different open-source packages such as Open-Source MySQL,Eclipse or NetBeans Symmetric key cryptosystems, public key (RSA, ElGamal), PRNGs, cryptographic protocols, PKI, steganography, digital certificates and SSL Networking and Telecommunications Modem programming , multiport serial board programming, CTI cards, high level and low level TCP/IP programming XPath, XSLT, XML Schema, XBRL, etc... Implementation of non trivial algorithms : file deltas, computational geometry, textual indexing, bi and three dimensional indexing (R-trees, BSP trees, etc.) Compilers and DSLs Design and development of parsers based on EBNF grammars, interpreters, code generators, code analyzers (software metrics, compliance control, etc.), LEX-YACC Numerical analysis and numerical methods for FFT, differential equations and systems of differential equations, PDEs, complex variable analysis, etc. I'm an independant and freelance consultant. I provide training and consulting services to leading spanish and multinational companies such as KPMG, Bank of Zaragoza, Bank of Santander, Banesto, Atos Origin,Jazztel, Madrid City Council, Bank of Spain, Ministry of Defense and others. Topics of expertise include Java/Web technologies, Mobile platforms, Web 2.0 applications, Service Oriented Architectures and Cloud Computing. I'm also an avid software deveoper and experimenter. You can see some of my recent "for-fun" developments in my software projects page. Member of the Scientific Advisory Committee of the Archimedes Project - a joint project by the Education and Science Department and the University of Murcia and the CNICE (Ministry of Science and Education) for the development of an educational TV series aimed at divulging science among kids. I was also charged with the specification and design of the Internet part of that project Design and development of a system for injecting internationalized messages into existing web applications. The system featured request interception and on-the fly translation of the generated output. Design and development of a transparent profiler for measuring web application performance and detecting bottlenecks. Design and development of a java charting and graphing library. As a Project Manager at PSD, I designed and led the team that implemented the following commercial products Kryptos – A cryptographic toolkit and library for Delphi/VB. Featured implementations of some of the most important protocols at the time : DES, 3DES, Twofish, Blowfish, stream ciphers with long-period PRNGs, and more. The system was used by customers such as the Russian Embassy in Madrid or Texaco Brasil SourceGuard – A version control system with bug tracking, source compliance metrics, code inspection support, visual differencing, etc. Winproblem – A system for defect/incident tracking and reporting, geared towards ISO 9000 requirements and procedures. Evolve – A patch creation/distribution system for Windows-based systems. Under my direction PSD started and implemented a process for software quality assurance as dictated by ISO 9001 and ISO 9000-3 An IVR (Interactive Voice Response) system for Dialogic boards and Windows 3.1 for telephone access to database data. The system included TTS (Text-To-Speech) synthesis, DTMF based queries and options like fax-back and voice mail. Many different applications for Lotus Notes 4.5 - Purchase management, Code Reviews, Quality Audits, etc. Design and Implementation of a turnkey real-estate valuation and appraisal system of the Bank of Santander. As a team lead, I oversaw the substitution of the existing (non-working) system with a completely rewritten one. The project was delivered on time and within the planned cost, resulting in net savings of over 10 million pesetas per year. When I left the project, it was handling all mortgage-related appraisals of the bank (over 500/day), and was accumulating a real-estata database of more than a million items. Design and Implementation of a real-estate valuation and appraisal system for the official institute of spanish architects. Design and Implementation of a real-estate valuation and appraisal system for Urquijo Bank End-to-End system for handling all real-estate information of Madrid for the Centre of Cadastre and Tributary Cooperation of the Ministry of Economy. End-to-End workflow and administration system for handling real-estate valuations and apprisals for Cohistasa, including remote transmission, digitalization and processing of multimedia documents (real estate photographs, economic data, drawings, etc). Design and implementation of a similar system for Urquijo Bank, Madrid. Universal xBase report generator for Merca/3, S.A. Development of the IT infrastructure of Merca 3, S.A. - including software for automatic transmission of audit results, market studies and real-estate apprisals. Universal xBase application generator, capable of generating a full dBase/Clipper CRUD application based on screens designed interactively by the user. As an experimental project, a multimedia communications terminal software ("Terminaltor II"), winner of the CATACOM'93 software contest, sponsored by Borland, Quarterdeck and Microsoft, in the area "Best communications software". The software (running under MS-DOS), besides the traditional features of the time (xModem/zModem transfers, ANSI terminal emulation, etc) featured a proprietary protocol that allowed the BBSs to present the user a GUI interface and interactive graphics. Also, as an experimental project, a mathematical graphing program for exploring partial differential equations and systems of PDEs, as part of the "Mathematical method of physics"course of the Complutense University. System for control and appraisal of plots of land and real estate properties for Merca/3 S.A. The system was later used by the land registries of many city halls. As a personal project, a multimedia hypertext system, winner of the CATACOM'92 contest in the "Best MS-DOS utility" category. The system was later used for one of the first electronic magazines - MicroPress During two years, SysOp of FantasyBBS - a BBS software developed by me in Turbo Pascal, devoted to programming topics and integrated in the FidoNet and WWIV networks. Interactive learning tutorials on Turbo Pascal and C for the "Learning" Academy. Multimedia software featuring text-to-speech synthesis under MS-DOS for helping children learn reading skills, for the "Learning" Academy Student tracking and control software for CEP - "Centro de Estudios Procesarles". Software for automatic generation and layout of advertisments for PostScript printers. Maintenance and enhancement of existing systems. Maintenance and optimization of the existing products for composition and layout of the Telex catalogues of ITDPC – International Telex Data Processing Center. Due to the customer's performance requirements, almost all of the existing dBase code (including the database access) was rewritten in assembly, achieving huge performance improvements. Cyrillic drivers for different products targeted at the USSR market. Software for real-time control of telex boards. CRM system, including sales tracking and reporting, provisioning, accounting, customer managemen, etc., for СП " Микросистеми" (Bulgaria) Pupil management software for handling pupil data and admission exam results for the English Language School in Sofia (Bulgaria)

<urn:uuid:3d906b22-fb27-4a2f-ad67-27ca3c94ccd1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ahristov.com/cv_en.jsp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

What is HIV? And what is AIDS? Find answers to some common questions in this section. How is HIV transmitted - and how is it not transmitted? Find out the answers in this section. Worried you might have HIV? Have an HIV test - it's the only way to know for sure. HIV treatment is not a cure, but it is keeping millions of people well. Start learning about it in this section. In this section we have answered some of the questions you might have if you have just found out you have HIV. Find healthcare services and support. A series of illustrated leaflets designed to support conversations between professionals and people with HIV. Our award-winning series of patient information booklets. Each title provides a comprehensive overview of one aspect of living with HIV. Twice-monthly email newsletter on the practical aspects of delivering HIV treatment in resource-limited settings. Our regular newsletter, providing in-depth discussion of the latest research across the HIV sector. Free to people personally affected by HIV. Find contact details for over 3000 key organisations in more than 190 countries An instant guide to HIV & AIDS in countries and regions around the world The most comprehensive listing of HIV-related services in the UK Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) – free webinar 18 April 2013As part of its European HIV prevention work, NAM is collaborating... Learning the basics about hepatitis C 05 April 2013If you are familiar with NAM’s patient information materials, hopefully you... Treatment as prevention – free webinar 20 March 2013As part of its European HIV prevention work, NAM is collaborating...

<urn:uuid:77e4b735-9163-48f4-84c1-c755c8c2ff0e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aidsmap.com/resources/treatmentsdirectory/drugs/iCombiviri-AZT3TC/page/1730921/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

'Australian hospital statistics 2010-11: emergency department care and elective surgery waiting times' presents information relating to emergency department care in major public hospitals and public hospital elective surgery waiting times for the period 1 July 2010 to 30 June 2011. In 2010-11: over 6.2 million emergency department presentations were provided by major public hospitals, with 70% of patients receiving treatment within an appropriate time for their urgency (triage category); about 621,000 patients were admitted to Australian public hospitals from waiting lists for elective surgery, with 50% of patients admitted within 36 days. Data on emergency department waiting times for the ACT have been corrected and resupplied to the AIHW for the period 2008–09 to 2010–11. Chapter 2 tables have been revised to reflect these correction and are available in the Excel tables that accompany this report. ISSN 1036-613X; ISBN 978-1-74249-262-9; Cat. no. HSE 115; 88pp.; Internet only Publication table of contents - Preliminary material - Title and verso pages - Emergency department care - Elective surgery waiting times - Body section - End matter - Appendix 1: National Non-Admitted Patient Emergency Department Care Database (Appendix tables (80KB XLS)) - Appendix 2: National Elective Surgery Waiting Times Data Collection - List of tables - List of figures - List of boxes - Related publications Notes and corrections The current version of the publication is presented above. Previous versions of files that have been updated or corrected are presented below. 1. (28 September 2012) Chapter 2 tables have been updated following corrections to the emergency department waiting times for the ACT for the period 2008-09 to 2010-11. These revised tables also include updated peer group information for all hospitals. AIHW 2011. Australian hospital statistics 2010-2011: emergency department care and elective surgery waiting times. Health services series no. 41. Cat. no. HSE 115. Canberra: AIHW. Viewed 18 May 2013 <http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420662>.

<urn:uuid:2a31d760-182a-49ed-9bf5-f547b7d4c56a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737420662

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Note on data Data on emergency department waiting times for the ACT has been corrected and resupplied to the AIHW for the period 2008-09 to 2010-11. The revised data is reported in Australian hospital statistics 2011-12: emergency department care. Hospitals are an important part of Australia’s health landscape, providing services to many Australians each year. A summary measure of the significance of Australia’s hospitals is the amount that is spent on them—an estimated $46.3 billion in 2009–10, about 3.7% of Australia’s gross domestic product, or about $2,181per person (AIHW 2011). Hospital spending has been increasing faster than inflation—adjusted for inflation, it increased by 5.0% each year, on average, between 2004–05 and 2009–10. Access to our hospital services, the quality of the services, as well as funding and management arrangements for them are under constant public scrutiny. This summary report presents an overview of statistics on our hospitals that can serve as a background to public discussion and debate. While most data for this report are for 2010–11, some data for private hospitals were only available for 2009–10. More detailed statistics and information on how to interpret the data can be found in the companion report, Australian hospital statistics 2010–11. Further detail is also available in spread sheets and interactive data cubes at <www.aihw.gov.au/hospitals-data/>.

<urn:uuid:825ab6bd-f352-4f1c-b0bb-721f9a086e66>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aihw.gov.au/publication-detail/?id=10737421715

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

AikiWeb: The Source for Aikido Information AikiWeb's principal purpose is to serve the Internet community as a repository and dissemination point for aikido information. Follow us on > Browse Articles Article: "Repelling an Attack With the Heart" Posted 12/31/2008 12:23pm [from Here's an article entitled "Repelling an Attack With the Heart" which describes the reaction and response of Matt and Theresas Fluty sensei of The Aikido Center in Sacramento, CA when they found their aikido dojo vandalized on Christmas Day. [Discussion: 1 reply] 1997-2013 AikiWeb and its Authors, All Rights Reserved. For questions and comments about this website:

<urn:uuid:fdcf7ab9-0422-4f09-8129-d90f835ae15a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aikiweb.com/news/display.html?range=article&news_id=1973

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Elisra melds offense and defense The maxim that attack is the best form of defense implies that the two modes are effectively two sides of the same combat coin. Elisra’s designers see it this way, claiming that their latest combined defensive aids suite (DAS) and intelligence, surveillance, reconnaissance, target acquisition and search (ISTAR) systems represent the most complete all-in-one-box package available for modern warplanes. This covers functions such as electronic support measures (ESM), as well as protection against laser and infrared threats. “Fighters have to be equipped with both self-protection and attack platforms. These are parallel systems so why should they not share the same sensors and processor,” said Nati Catran, the group’s deputy marketing vice president. “Why have double systems when all the key data can be handled in one spectrum.” What Elisra has on display in the vast Israeli Pavilion here at Le Bourget is claimed to be the first example of entire DAS and ISTAR functions being combined in one line-replaceable unit. By reducing the number of boxes required in a fighter, this approach makes for much easier installation, while also cutting life cycle costs and spares requirements. But no less importantly, explained Catran, it also significantly reduces pilot workload. Elisra’s single box includes the following elements: DAS controller, which does the data fusion and decision making; radar warning receiver; laser warning controller and analyzer; radio frequency jammer; and a chaff and flare dispenser. “The RWR (radar warning receiver) antenna must be able to measure accurately and at the same time the interpulse data of the radar has to be measured,” Catran told Aviation International News, explaining the type of combined processes through which the DAS essentially serves as the ISTAR system. “Everyone has been thinking about doing a system this way, but Elisra is the first to do it,” he added. Technological advances such as digital receivers and more advanced computer processors have made the all-in-one-box concept feasible, greatly reducing weight and power-supply requirements. Under another aspect of the same concept, Elisra can offer the following functions, all using infrared sensors: a passive approach warning system, panoramic displays (using IR cameras), collision avoidance and conflict resolution and weapons direction capability. “The user is getting all these functions for the price of one system–a DAS and a ESM for the price of a DAS,” concluded Catran. In other words, providing situational awareness is another task on top of other DAS and ISTAR functions. Maybe this sounds too good to be true–surely there are reliability issues? “Not really,” said Catran. “This is no different from the various sensors of the human body (eyes, ears, nose, etc) working together. However, there is a risk that the central processing unit will be damaged and so we have redundancy for this.” The Israeli air force is already using the DAS/ISTAR combination on various aircraft, including helicopters. Catran said that the same system can be applied for different force requirements so that, for example, AgustaWestland’s Merlin helicopters could be equipped for emerging urban attack roles. “Future helicopter programs require a high degree of commonality and this is possible through DAS/ ISTAR,” he stated. Elisra is also looking to apply the all-in-one concept to new military aircraft programs such as the AgustaWestland Future Lynx multi-role helicopter. It also sees potential for retrofit programs as operators such as the U.S. forces in Iraq see a need for defensive aids to protect against ground-launched weapons. The company is thinking of applying the all-in-one DAS/ ISTAR concept to unmanned air vehicles. This would use multispectral sensors and data dissemination systems to relay information to network centric warfare platforms.

<urn:uuid:78403ccd-ae6d-4153-96c4-40081366f31d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ainonline.com/aviation-news/paris-air-show/2006-12-13/elisra-melds-offense-and-defense

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ah, landing at Kai Tak Airport in Hong Kong used to be the life. From 1925 to 1998 it was the only airport with access to Hong Kong. Landing on Runway 13 always provided entertainment for the pilot and folks on the ground, but probably a lot of fear for those sitting in the back of the aircraft. Today I am sharing four videos high lighting how exciting landing with large aircraft at Kai Tak Airport used to be. However, in 1998 a new airport was opened, Hong Kong International Airport and Kai Tak was closed. VIDEO1: Shown above, shows a Japan Air Lines Boeing 747 Freighter from the ground landing at Kai Tak Airport VIDEO2: Shows from the city how the large aircraft looked flying over. VIDEO3: Takes a look at the approach from the cockpit I never had the opportunity to land at Kai Tak, anyone else care to share their stories in the comments?Found at tnooz via Shashank @ Simpliflying

<urn:uuid:3e20d550-c7fd-4bac-a56f-a070f4bc4a92>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.airlinereporter.com/tag/hong-kong-international-airport/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Dear Rosie & Sherry, I’m a single Jewish male, age 27, who makes a decent living doing work that I enjoy. After dating a number of women, I get the feeling that’s “not enough.” Many of the women seem to expect to maintain the standard of living they grew up with after they get married. I have also seen this indicated from some of your letters. Whatever happened to the days of starting out a marriage in a one-bedroom apartment and working your way up? I'm not saying all women are materialistic, yet why do so many of them look at how much a guy earns? Especially in today’s difficult economy, many people, including myself, have gone through additional career training after college in order to get a good job. I am grounded enough to realize that a husband must support his family, but am I doomed to be single until I become mega-successful in my career? You make a very good point that seems, to us, to reflect a problematic issue in contemporary culture – the expectation of "instant gratification" and the resistance to the idea of waiting to achieve a goal. You're right that many young adults – and we believe this to be true as much for men as for women – expect that once they finish school and embark on a career, they'll be able to live the same lifestyle they had when they were growing up. Some of them are shocked to realize that they cannot support this lifestyle on an entry-level salary, even when they've prepared for their career with higher education and internships. They may turn to their parents for supplemental income so they can have the better apartment, clothes, vacations and car they were accustomed to having. And they expect that, if they get married at this point in their lives, they'll start out with pretty much what they're used to. A generation ago, when we were getting married, most newlyweds expected to live modestly at first and, as they worked their way up the ladder, gradually acquire a more comfortable lifestyle, buy a home, drive a nicer car, and put some money in the bank. Today, it seems that the percentage of people who don't want to wait has grown. Many young people plan to work hard and gradually become more comfortable. On the other hand, we still know of many men and women in their 20s who expect to do what their parents and grandparents did – start off more simply, work hard, and gradually become more comfortable. They don't believe they'll be deprived of enjoyment by this choice, and they're right. In addition, they'll probably derive a lot of satisfaction from making their own way in the world and working together as a couple to build better financial security and more material comfort. This is not to denounce parents who worked hard to make a better life and don't want their adult children to have to struggle they way they did. And we know that, given the abysmal level of some starting salaries, sometimes parents feel they have to help their young adult children meet basic expenses for a modest lifestyle. What concerns us, however, is the sense of entitlement that some young adults have. When a young person expects to have what they always have and isn't willing to consider a situation in which they'll have to work themselves up to that, we think that they are losing more than they're gaining. Because in truth, accepting the idea of delayed gratification can help them deal with adversity. And that should not be regarded as a “hardship” for a marriage; it provides a good mutual experience in working through challenges. For after all, every married life will necessarily come with its challenges. One word of caution, however: Men and women often have different definitions of what it means to “live frugally.” A guy can have one pair of shoes and old bed linens and not feel that anything is amiss. A woman, however, often (though not always) has a better appreciation of the niceties of clothes and home furnishings. So beware that even if you find a woman who is willing to rough it for a while, you will need to be sensitive to her level of expectation, which may differ from your own. We also believe that in one respect this issue is having an adverse effect on the Jewish community. Many men and women are absorbing a message, prevalent in Western culture, that they must build up their careers, financial situations, and lifestyles before they get married. This makes logical sense on one level, but it means that many Jews are only beginning to think about marriage when they are in their 30s and 40s. By then, there may be less of a pool of suitable people who have the qualities they are looking for in a mate. In addition, many of them have become so entrenched in their independent lives that it can be hard to make some of the adjustments that will facilitate a healthy marriage. There's also a spiritual issue. Since many aspects of everyday Jewish life are centered around family relationships, a lot of unmarried men and women feel left out of the community. Some even lessen their commitment to Jewish observance because of this disconnection. Those who marry later usually have fewer children. And finally, men and women who are fortunate to find the right person to marry when they are in their 30s and 40s usually have fewer children than couples who married at an earlier age, which has an adverse effect on Jewish demographics. We like the idea of men and women marrying the right person in young adulthood and growing together, and we believe more people should be encouraged to start dating for marriage when they are in their 20s. This seems to be what you are doing, but it seems that you've been dating women who have a different perspective. Therefore we'd like to make the following suggestion that can help you find the one who is right for you: Let the people with whom you network know how you are working to achieve your goals and precisely what perspective on life you are looking for in a marriage partner. This may mean that you have a smaller pool of women available, but that's fine. You're looking for the right person to marry, rather than for a large amount of women to choose from. It sounds to us that you're headed in a good direction in life and know the type of young woman who would be a good partner in your journey. We wish you the best of luck in your search. Rosie & Sherry

<urn:uuid:72b98b77-9fac-45df-8ded-81185af7b9af>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aish.com/d/a/Dating_Maze_326_Monetary_Expectations.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

We are living in remarkable times. The approximately 60-year reprieve from anti-Semitism that the nations of the world have given our people out of pity and sympathy in the aftermath of the Holocaust seems to be coming to an end. Our default status in the world – scapegoat, blame, hatred, anti-Semitism, de-legitimization – is being restored as Israel is no longer the underdog and victim in the world's eyes, but rather somehow we have become the aggressor and the perpetrator. We sing with great enthusiasm, “When the month of Adar begins, we intensify our sense of joy.” But how can one be happy right now when we reflect on the Jewish condition in the world? What does Adar contain that would allow us to overlook and disregard the threats that Israel confronts, the isolation it experiences and the challenges our people face? One year ago, the beautiful Fogel family was brutally murdered. Udi and Rut Fogel, together with their children Yoav, 11, Elad, 4, and 3-month-old Hadas had their throats slit while they slept in their beds. Their three surviving children, Tamar, Roi and 3-year-old Yishai, live today with their grandparents who have at an advanced age heroically taken on the role of parents to these young children. As we mark the first yahrzeit of this atrocity we can't help but ask, where is the simcha [joy] of Adar? How can one feel a sense of joy when incidents like this still happen to our people? Today we are not safe even among the intellectual elite, even at the highest academic institution in America. Harvard's Kennedy School of Government is hosting a conference entitled: "Israel/Palestine and the One-State Solution," and you can be sure, that one state is not Israel. One featured speaker is Ali Abunimah, creator of the website Electronic Intifada, who opposes the existence of a "Jewish State." Also presenting is Harvard's own Stephen M. Walt, co-author of the anti-Israel book, The Israel Lobby. Where is the joy of Adar when an anti-Israel group can freely present hate-rhetoric at Harvard? Yes, some Harvard graduates have written to the university's president to protest their hosting this conference. But perhaps as appalling as the actual conference, is the relative silence of the Jewish community. Where is the outrage? Where are the rallies, letter writing campaigns, protests, sit-ins? Where is the joy of Adar when a virulently anti-Israel group can freely present their hate-filled rhetoric and advance their one-state-free-of-Jews solution, on the most prestigious campus in America? Today, even a candidate for public office is not afraid to reveal his blatant anti-Semitism. Just this past week, Arthur Jones, a republican candidate for Congress in Chicago, said: "As far as I'm concerned, the Holocaust is nothing more than an international extortion racket by the Jews." Jones, who organizes neo-Nazi events in commemoration of Hitler's birthday, continued by calling the Holocaust "the blackest lie in history. Millions of dollars are being made by Jews telling this tale of woe and misfortune in books, movies, plays and TV." Thankfully, Republicans have not put him on the ballot because of his views. But here is the scary thing. He has collected over 1,000 signatures on a petition to allow him to run. That means that there are more than 1,000 other people in Chicago that share his anti-Semitic views. His candidacy comes now, in the month of Adar, supposedly the most joyous of all months. Where is the simcha? A Sleeping Nation When Haman targeted the Jews for annihilation, he said to Achashveirosh, "Let's destroy the Jews." Achashveirosh replied, "Not so fast. I am afraid of their God, lest He do to me what He did to my predecessors." Haman relieved the King of that fear when he said "Yeshno am echad," which translates literally as “there is a certain nation.” The Talmud (Megillah 13b), using a play on words, explains that Haman was telling the King something much more strategic and insightful. Yoshnu am echad - there is a sleeping nation. They have been negligent of mitzvot, they are divided, fighting with one another and divisive. They are asleep as to what is important and what threatens them, Haman pointed out to the King. The Jews were on the brink of extinction, because they were asleep. The Jewish people were vulnerable and on the brink of extinction because they were asleep. Their eyes were closed to what was happening around them. They didn't take the threats seriously. Haman, like so many of our shrewd enemies throughout Jewish history, understood that going about business as usual, living with our eyes closed and sleep walking through life makes us particularly vulnerable and susceptible to attack. Haman recognized that “there is a nation that is sleeping.” All he had to do was continue to lull the Jewish people into a false sense of security, to breed complacency and apathy, and he could accomplish his goal of ridding the world of our people. So what spoiled his plan? The answer is simple: Mordechai and Esther stood up and, like an alarm, rang and rang until they woke up our people from their practically comatose sleep. Mordechai understood that the antidote to “the nation that is sleeping” is as the Book of Esther states, “lech knos kol ha'yehudim - go and gather all the Jews together” and wake them up. He understood that the response to “they are scattered and dispersed” is to bring them together in fasting and praying. That wakeup call saved our people and ignited a response that provided not only the spark that led to military victory but attracted people of Shushan to want to join the Jewish people. Purim Then and Now I look around today and can't help but think our people have been lulled asleep into a false sense of security once again, making ourselves vulnerable. Our enemies are no less evil than Haman, their plans no less nefarious, and their goal no less threatening to our very existence. And yet, for so many, it is business as usual, eyes shut to what is happening and threatening us. Now is the time to wake up, now is the time for to come together in prayer, and in fasting, in letter writing, phone calls, advocacy, lobbying and any way that we can raise our voice on behalf of our people. Do you think Israel is going to attack Iran? Or do you think no attack will take place and Iran will be allowed to go nuclear? Do you realize that either option is an absolute disaster, potentially devastating and earth-shattering? Do you truly understand the scenario and the casualties if Israel attacks Iran? Can you even imagine the rockets raining down throughout the country, terrorist attacks, condemnations from around the world seeking to isolate Israel, a possible embargo? And if no attack happens, do you understand the threat and reality of a nuclear weapon held at Israel's head? And if we do understand, how can we possibly remain asleep and go about business as usual? Purim is unfolding again right before our very eyes. Iran is modern-day Persia and Ahmadinejad is modern-day Haman sharing the same, explicit goal – to wipe out, in minutes, 6 million Jews. We must not allow that to happen. We have an obligation to remember Amalek and what they sought to do to us. The Torah says it is not enough to “not forget.” You can be asleep and yet not forget somewhere buried in your memory that these were once enemies. No, we must also “remember” – zachor. We must remember at all times what our enemies are capable of and never feel a false sense of security. Real joy is being alive, responsive and alert, ready to face whatever challenges may come. The time has come to wake up, to remember the Fogel family, and to hold accountable people who celebrate such a murder. The time has come to wake up and to raise our voices in protest of anti-Israel conferences at Harvard and at other universities in this country. The time has come to wake up and to vocally reject the candidacy of a man who can deny the Holocaust. And the time has come to wake up and do everything that we can to make sure Iran does not go nuclear. Perhaps the joy of Adar is the happiness of waking up, of rising from our sleep of recognizing what we confront and stepping up to make a difference. Real joy is being alive, responsive and alert, ready to face whatever challenges may come and to be confident that we will be triumphant, as we ultimately have been throughout our illustrious history. When Adar begins, we remember enemies past like Amalek and Haman and we focus acutely on our present enemies and stopping them. When we wake up and confront them, that in itself is a source of joy.

<urn:uuid:f5e2135f-ff06-4b27-a1f3-9eaf6d79db48>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aish.com/h/pur/t/dt/Purims_Wakeup_Call.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Select Preservation Resources - Shocking Statistics: Reasons for Preservation Week: Facts that illustrate the need for national preservation awareness. - PW Fact Sheet: More facts that discusses how items become damaged and simple steps to keep them safe. - Preserving Your Memories: Organized by material type, these web sites, books, and other sources give useful information on caring for any kind of collection. - Disaster Recovery: Information for before and after a disaster has damaged precious collections. - Bibliographies & Indexes: A list of links to resources collected by professional preservation organizations - Videos: Video resources depict ways and reasons to preserve collections - Preservation for Children: Tools to help children understand the importance of preservation. - Comprehensive Resources - Resources in Other Languages: Spanish, French, Chinese, Italian, and Arabic resources for spreading the preservation message. - Books of Fiction about Conservation - Books of Fiction about Books for Book Groups

<urn:uuid:2ca2992e-4394-4461-91b7-99387774cf64>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ala.org/alcts/confevents/preswk/tools/select

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Submitted by Jenny Levine on January 30, 2006 - 11:46am If you're still fuzzy on the "Library 2.0" concept (a bandwagon on which I am proud to say I am still a passenger), then this is your lucky day. I'm still waiting for the video from this month's OCLC Symposium, "Extreme Makeover: Rebranding an Industry" (notes here), to go online to highlight how libraries can do more in the physical world to implement L2 concepts. But now, thanks to both North Carolina State University and to Casey Bisson, we also have two powerful examples of how libraries need to think differently about their online services through the L2 lens. Karen has already written about the new NCSU catalog, so I want to highlight Casey's latest achievement. Read More » Submitted by Tom Peters on January 26, 2006 - 5:00pm Recently Apple, Inc., announced that it will allow colleges and universities to use a special sector within the overall iTunes service to load and distribute course lectures, other course content, and related digital audio and video files. The Cupertino, California-based company calls its new service " iTunes U." Read More » Submitted by Tom Peters on January 19, 2006 - 7:53am Years ago, the rallying cry, "Think globally, act locally," gained a certain popularity. It encouraged us all to consider the global, long-term consequences of our everyday actions, so we could then concentrate on making personal decisions and actions that were as socially, culturally, and environmentally responsible as possible. The phrase then got boiled down to a single word—"glocal"— which, for some reason, always makes me think of the old phrase "local yokel" meaning a dull and gullible country bumpkin or clodhopper. Read More » Submitted by Michael Stephens on January 17, 2006 - 8:40pm A lot of folks are winding up 2005 with a look back in various articles or blog posts. Some are looking toward 2006. One post that John Blyberg pointed me to is Dion Hinchcliffe's "Where Are We with Web 2.0?" Read More » Submitted by Teresa Koltzenburg on January 17, 2006 - 2:06pm Thanks, TangognaT, for catching this misquote in Michael Stephens's and Michael Casey's latest co-authored post, "Better Library Services for More People" on this blog. - > Hi, - > Thanks for the mention in your ALA TechSource post. I think I was - > misquoted a little bit.... I don't think my original post contains - > the text "It's time for examples." Sorry about that! Midwinter Read More » Submitted by Michael Stephens on January 16, 2006 - 8:10pm - UPDATE TO ORIGINAL POST on January 19, 2006 Please note that content, noted in text, has been amended. “What's going on here? I think Library 2.0 is a library response to the larger social technology changes going on right now. I wouldn't be surprised if there's an Automotive 2.0, a Psychiatrist 2.0, or a Teacher 2.0. Some librarians are noticing the change and are trying to figure out how libraries can capture the good stuff of Web 2.0 and use it to further serve our patrons. They have added a library-centric name to a larger concept that is appearing in our libraries, in our cities, and in the world at large." — from "Confrontational Aspects of Library 2.0 Discussed," by David King (on dave's blog). Read More » Submitted by Karen G. Schneider on January 16, 2006 - 6:38pm It was exciting to read Teresa's post about the North Carolina State University (NCSU) Libraries' catalog. This achievement represents a magnificent step forward for integrated library systems, and the NCSU Libraries catalog's rich combination of search and browse, combined with its powerful search engine, stand in silent rebuke to the piteously clunky library systems most libraries pay dearly for because we've never insisted that the catalog could be better than that. Read More » Submitted by Teresa Koltzenburg on January 13, 2006 - 3:56pm If you live in Chicagoland, then you likely know about the tremendous learning resources the Metropolitan Library System provides for the area's libraries. One of MLS's library-tech gurus is none other than Jenny Levine and, along with the help of Tame the Web's Michael Stephens (both of whom are contributors to this blog too), MLS will be providing yet another useful new-technology learning session here in Chicagoland this winter... as well as in Texas and Washington State a bit later this year (details to come in subsequent post about TX and WA sessions). On February 10 (in Burr Ridge) and on March 3 (Chicago): Jenny and Michael are presenting: Read More » Submitted by Teresa Koltzenburg on January 12, 2006 - 8:02pm If you attended LITA's Forum in San Jose last September, you may have heard this analogy: "Making minor changes to library catalog systems is like putting lipstick on a pig." Read More » Submitted by Teresa Koltzenburg on January 11, 2006 - 7:44pm I've been meaning since Monday to post about some of the technical problems the ALA TechSource blog (i.e., the RSS problem in Bloglines that Mark points to in a post last Saturday in his ...the thoughts are broken... blog) has been having. It's now the end of the workday (well, the official end, anyway) Wednesday, and I suppose this post could fall under a 'Better Late Than Never' category heading, but, still, I apologize for not addressing this on this blog earlier this week. Read More » Submitted by Teresa Koltzenburg on January 11, 2006 - 5:08pm Sad news has gripped us here at ALA. Tuesday, Gerald Hodges, associate executive director for marketing and communications, passed away. American Libraries Online provides a bit about Gerald's life, accomplishments, and his important contributions to the Association and to the field here. A longtime member and supporter of ALA, Hodges had stipulated that a portion of his estate be used to establish the Gerald Hodges Fund, in support of intellectual freedom issues and legal challenges to legislation such as the Children's Internet Protection Act and the USA Patriot Act. Read More » Submitted by Michael Stephens on January 10, 2006 - 12:41pm Submitted by Jenny Levine on January 9, 2006 - 1:10am I've been fascinated by the conversations taking place about Library 2.0, because even just a year ago it seemed unthinkable we would be at the point at which we have a name for the next generation of online library services. And yet, here we are. Unfortunately for me, other commitments have kept me offline for much of the last few months, so I've missed the details of those discussions. Still, I feel compelled to weigh in on some of the more recent questions about the concept, with caveat apologies if some of this has already been highlighted elsewhere and I just haven't seen it. Read More » Submitted by Tom Peters on January 6, 2006 - 2:11pm Like a puny but feisty kid trying to grow up and gain respect in a blue-collar town, portable electronic devices designed primarily for reading digital-textual documents, such as ebooks, are about to re-enter the general U.S. consumer electronic fray. When dedicated reading devices hit the U.S. market in the late 90s, they were soundly drubbed, or worse, laughed at and ignored. Will 2006 be just a re-match with the same, predictable result? Read More » Submitted by Michael Stephens on January 6, 2006 - 12:20am Submitted by Karen G. Schneider on January 5, 2006 - 12:29pm I am seeing some very good summaries about the year behind us—everything from top-ten lists to Roy Tennant's powerful rumination in LJ, "What I Wish I Had Known." But the date that popped into my head this morning as I huffed on the treadmill, working off the holiday gingerbread while my brain did the thirty-minute free-style, was January 1, 2007. I put myself there and asked, what do I want to look back on for the previous year? While my pudgy legs labored, I vanquished Google, fixed the library catalog, and brought the profession forward thirty years. 2006 in LibraryLand: A Brief History Read More » Submitted by Teresa Koltzenburg on January 3, 2006 - 12:27pm As Countdowns and Top [insert number here] Lists are the rage this time of year for content producers, bloggers who will be attending ALA Midwinter in San Antonio may want to know that there are only 19 days until OCLC's Blog Salon, er... and there are only 17 more days until Midwinter begins in San Antonio. Looks like the Salon is now in the RED suite (as Alice notes in a follow-up comment). See you there!

<urn:uuid:3d399079-98e9-4fec-b198-6264a0e2e241>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alatechsource.org/archive/200601

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

In preparation for Christmas, I read Stephen Nissenbaum's 1998 "The Battle for Christmas," a thorough exploration of this season. The book's title will be deceiving, because it has nothing to do with the recent sacred-vs.-secular Christmas quarrels. Nissenbaum explores the myriad ways that Christmas has evolved in our nation. It turns out we've been jockeying for more than 300 years over what this holiday means. In Colonial America our faith-filled ancestors banned Christmas altogether, outlawing it in some colonies. Until the 1760s, one could not even find an almanac that would print the word "Christmas" on the date Dec. 25. This opposition was because Christmas had become a drunken spectacle where gangs of poor young men roamed the streets, making merry and engaging in acts of petty rowdyism, vaguely like today's New Year's Eve. It was customary and permissible for these gangs to knock on doors of strangers to demand gifts. ("So give us some figgy pudding....") Our nation's first "battle" for Christmas was the movement to domesticate the holiday, a battle that Nissenbaum suggests involved merchants, the middle and upper classes and the church. Merchants began linking Christmas and the purchase of manufactured gifts as early as the 1830s as society began to stress family celebrations in front of a tree and with Santa visiting every home. In case you think that your complaining will reverse the commercialism of this holiday, according to Nissenbaum that complaint first emerged in the 1830s. Complain if you must, but don't expect results. Nissenbaum so thoroughly explores Clement Moore's "'Twas the Night before Christmas" that one learns why Saint Nick touches the side of his nose and why his pipe is a short one. Nissenbaum contends that the ascendance of Santa Claus, the emergence of the Christmas tree and even the giving of gifts contribute to this gradual process of making Christmas a less revolutionary, more predictable holiday. He explores Dickens and Scrooge, Christmas parties for poor children and even the complicated master-slave relationship at Christmas leading up to and immediately following the Civil War. If you prefer to maintain that Christmas was a pure season of private devotion and public worship until Sears, Roebuck, Wal-Mart and the Supreme Court got involved, don't read this book. Ditto if you enjoy lamenting that "They've taken Christmas away from us," Nissenbaum might say that a pure, simple Christmas never existed. Rather it has evolved since the first day the Colonists set foot on our shore, an evolution showing no sign of abating. Nissenbaum's scholarly, heavily footnoted book is enlightening and readable. But his analysis of Christmas reminds me of a scientist who thoroughly explains the rainbow but never grasps its beauty. And so as this season continues to evolve, I'll enjoy my Christmas tree, sing both "White Christmas" and "Joy to the World," and be grateful again for the mystery of Bethlehem, which properly understood, is the most revolutionary act of history. Contact columnist minister Creede Hinshaw at Wesley Monumental United Methodist Church in Savannah at email@example.com.

<urn:uuid:fc291606-3625-4033-97fb-f0d3e531c2bc>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.albanyherald.com/news/2009/dec/11/christmas-has-been-evolving-for-centuries/?features

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Washington has no plans to bolster its military forces in the Gulf, a senior US military officer stressed Wednesday, dismissing Iraq's new threats against Kuwait as mere "rhetoric." "Our military forces remain at the normal level of preparedness and alertness," said Lieutenant General Paul Mikolashek, commanding general of the US Third Army and Army Forces Central Command. Asked if Washington had any plans to bolster its forces in the region, he replied: "No. We have a continuous presence of forces here." "There has been a lot of rhetoric. What is important to us, the military, is what actions are being done. Right now, we see a lot of rhetoric," the general said, explaining he was in Kuwait on a routine visit. He said the current situation in the Gulf was "totally different" to the one that existed in August 1990, when Iraq invaded Kuwait. "As you know, (Iraqi President) Saddam Hussein was dealt a devastating defeat in (Operation) Desert Storm. He has lost military control over about 60 percent of his country. "His armed forces have been degraded and sanctions have been in place for 10 years. He (still) has some very dangerous military capability, but the situation is not anywhere near the way it was in 1990," Mikolashek said. Kuwait's state minister for foreign affairs Sulaiman Majed al-Shaheen said Tuesday that the latest Iraqi threats had escalated tension to pre-invasion levels. During his visit, Mikolashek has met with senior Kuwaiti officials including Defense Minister Sheikh Salem al-Sabah and will see thousands of US troops stationed in Kuwait. Some 4,500 US troops are in Kuwait, including 3,000 ground forces, a combat task force, an Apache helicopter unit, command and control systems, two Patriot batteries and stockpiles of propositioned military hardware. An undisclosed number of US aircraft and 400 aircrew are also deployed at Ahmad al-Jaber air base, 80 kilometers (50 miles) south of Kuwait City, from where they patrol the southern "no-fly" zone over Iraq. Kuwait has defense pacts with Washington, London and Paris, signed after the 1991 Gulf War, and the Kuwaiti military regularly holds exercises with their forces. The Central Command, one of five US regional commands, covers an area stretching from Pakistan to Egypt – KUWAIT CITY (AFP) © 2000 Al Bawaba (www.albawaba.com )

<urn:uuid:97de06cc-27f4-4fb0-9d55-bea3760a7599>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.albawaba.com/print/news/us-army-iraqi-threats-mere-words-no-need-reinforce-gulf

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Special Event: James Joyce and Paris in the 1920s and 1930s Friday, February 4, 2011, 4–10 pm FREE for Members $5 for non-members When James Joyce lived in Paris in the 1920s and 1930s, he lived in a world full of the influence and inspiration of artists, actors, dancers, and musicians. All events are in the Auditorium unless otherwise noted. Films: Paris in the 20s and Following James Joyce: Dublin to Buffalo (2004) Following James Joyce was directed by Patrick Martin and Stacey Herbert. Science: "Joyce and Albert Einstein: At the Crossroads" With David Ben-Merre, Assistant Professor of English, Buffalo State College Art: "Paris Explosition: Joyce among the Artists" With Mariann Smith, Curator of Education, Albright-Knox Art Gallery, and Laurence Shine, Buffalo State College Literature: "A Chapter of Accidents: Back to Paris, 1920" With Ronan Crowley, MA Trinity College, Dublin Dance: "Dancing in Paris: Isadora Duncan" With Cathy Skora, Folkloric Productions Music: "Paris: The Rite of Spring, the Rise of Jazz" With Charles Mancuso, Associate Professor of Music, Buffalo State College Part of M&T FIRST FRIDAYS @ THE GALLERY On the First Friday of every month—from 10 am to 10 pm—Gallery admission and most events and performances are free for everyone. www.mandtfirstfridays.org

<urn:uuid:76c36d8c-c281-4dae-923b-406c1bff8274>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.albrightknox.org/programs-and-events/event:02-04-2011-special-event-james-joyce-and-paris/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Connect to Trove Free search service for Australian and online resources: books, images, historic newspapers, maps, music, archives and more The National Library's database of Australian electronic journals A wide range of links to theological resources. Includes Lutheran but many others. Evangelical Lutheran Church of America (ELCA) Includes a "Resources" page with an excellent range of links to Lutheran theology. Contains a world-wide directory, resources on Lutheran beliefs, study tools and a liturgy page. Also has an eccentric (but funny) Lutheran humour resources page. Lutheran Church - Missouri Synod In addition to resources and directories, contains statements on Lutheran beliefs and practices. Lutheran Theology Web Site (David J. Webber) David Webber is a Lutheran pastor in the Ukraine. This site contains an amazing range of links and full text documents on the theology of Lutheranism from a wide array of sources including Australian. Lutheran Resource Site Contains links to Lutheran denominations in U.S. & Canada. Contains doctrinal statements and prayer resources. Lutheran Church of Australia Includes current doctrinal statements in ‘About Lutherans’ section. Project Wittenberg. Lutheran Electronic Archive Contains most of Luther’s works in electronic format. English and German with concordances & biographical notes. Find out what makes ALC a great place to grow.

<urn:uuid:81147c23-5b52-4c68-bde6-8afdb0785d81>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alc.edu.au/library/how-do-i-find/more-resources/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Heal Our Planet Earth Secondary and Universities Educational Outreach: Secondary (High) Schools and Universities Anthony Marr from the HOPE Foundation’s main point was the wild tigers. He believes that something must be done to keep these animals alive. "If we let this go, life will be less beautiful and worth less living," Anthony Marr quoted. The money that he receives as a conservationist is donated to help out the endangered species. He makes many trips to India to help them find other solutions to their problems. If the people living in India keep living the way they’ve done, India will soon become a desert. Changes need to be made and people need to adapt to these changes. I agree with Anthony’s beliefs. Even if tigers are bred, it does not make a difference, because they cannot survive on their own. No matter what humans do, it still will not change the fact that one of God’s creations is becoming destroyed. No animals should be killed for the purpose of human needs. It is not necessary to kill tigers to sell products and make money because of silly beliefs that of they eat this then something will happen. There are so many alternatives. Humans need food, but they do not have to consume so much meat. Every time they eat meat, a precious animal is being killed. Animals do not kill us and eat us, then why should we do the same? More solutions need to be found and more people need to become more involved in saving the beauty of the world. Go on to Student - 10

<urn:uuid:285c3b9d-ca3c-48fd-8ece-77b958f31b4b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.all-creatures.org/hope/edout-hs-20060928-09.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia The chloride ion is formed when the element chlorine picks up one electron to form the anion (negatively charged ion) Cl−. The salts of hydrochloric acid HCl contain chloride ions and are also called chlorides. An example is table salt, which is sodium chloride with the chemical formula NaCl. In water, it dissolves into Na+ and Cl− ions. The word chloride can also refer to a chemical compound in which one or more chlorine atoms are covalently bonded in the molecule. This means that chlorides can be either inorganic or organic compounds. The simplest example of an inorganic covalently bonded chloride is hydrogen chloride, HCl. A simple example of an organic covalently bonded chloride is chloromethane (CH3Cl), often called methyl chloride. Other examples of inorganic covalently bonded chlorides which are used as reactants are: - phosphorus trichloride, phosphorus pentachloride, and thionyl chloride - all three are reactive chlorinating reagents which have been used in a laboratory. - Disulfur dichloride (SCl2) - used for vulcanization of rubber. Chloride ions have important physiological roles. For instance, in the central nervous system the inhibitory action of glycine and some of the action of GABA relies on the entry of Cl− into specific neurons. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

<urn:uuid:4e76b8fd-c479-45d7-8ee7-faf61495aecb>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Chloride

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Industrial Design is an applied art whereby the aesthetics and usability of products may be improved. Design aspects specified by the industrial designer may include the overall shape of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors, texture, sounds, and aspects concerning the use of the product ergonomics. Additionally the industrial designer may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and the way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale. The use of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added values by improved usability, lowered production costs and more appealing products. Product Design is focused on products only, while industrial design has a broader focus on concepts, products and processes. In addition to considering aesthetics, usability, and ergonomics, it can also encompass the engineering of objects, usefulness as well as usability, market placement, and other concerns. Product Design and Industrial Design can overlap into the fields of user interface design , information design and interaction design. Various schools of Industrial Design and/or Product Design may specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges (product styling) to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines like exhibit design and interior design. In the US, the field of industrial design hit a high-water mark of popularity in the late 30's and early 40's, with several industrial designers becoming minor celebrities. Raymond Loewy, Norman bel Geddes, and Henry Dreyfuss remain the best known. In the UK, the term "Industrial Design" increasingly implies design with considerable engineering and technology awareness alongside human factors - a "Total Design" approach, promoted by the late Stuart Pugh (University of Strathclyde) and others. Famous industrial designers - Egmont Arens (1888-1966) - Norman bel Geddes (1893-1958) - Henry Dreyfuss (1904-1972) - Charles and Ray Eames (1907-1978) and (1912-1988) - Harley J. Earl (1893-1969) - Virgil Exner (1909-1973) - Buckminster Fuller (1895-1983) - Kenneth Grange (1929- ) - Michael Graves (1934- ) - Walter Adolph Gropius (1883-1969) - Jonathan Ive (1967- ) - Arne Jacobsen (1902-1971) - Raymond Loewy (1893-1986) - Ludwig Mies van der Rohe (1886-1969) - László Moholy-Nagy (1895-1946) - Victor Papanek (1927-1999) - Philippe Starck (1949- ) - Brooks Stevens (1911-1995) - Walter Dorwin Teague (1883-1960) - Eva Zeisel (1906- ) - Industrial design rights - Design classics - Interaction Design - Automobile design - Six Sigma - Famous Industrial Designers - Design Council on Product Design Design Council one stop shop information resource on Product Design by Dick Powell. - Industrial Designers Society of America - The Centre for Sustainable Design - International Council of Societies of Industrial Designers - U.S. Occupational Outlook Handbook: Designers - Core77: Industrial Designers' Online Community The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

<urn:uuid:a466a758-3d7d-477a-8ae7-30c1404a9da8>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Industrial_design

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Science Fair Project Encyclopedia Joe Walton(born 1936) A noted coach in college and professional football. Walton was born in Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania in 1936, the son of former Washington Redskins guard Frank “Tiger” Walton. Joe Walton attended the University of Pittsburgh on a football scholarship. Walton was drafted in the second round of the 1957 NFL entry draft by the Washington Redskins. Walton played for eight years in the NFL for the Redskins and the New York Giants. Walton later served as running backs coach of the Washington Redskins from 1974-77 and offensive coordinator from 1978-80. Walton served as the head coach of the New York Jets from 1983 to 1989 and his teams achieved a 53-57-1 record. He served as the offensive coordinator of the Pittsburgh Steelers from 1990 to 1991 srving under Coach Chuck Noll. On July 27, 1993, Walton was named the head coach of the newly formed Robert Morris College football team. Walton created the team from scratch and turned the Colonials into an instant powerhouse. His teams won five Northeast Conference championships and two NCAA Div. I-AA mid-major championships in their first ten years of existence. Walton was included on the ballot of the 2004 College Football Hall of Fame. In 2004, Robert Morris University announced that it would name it’s new football complex Joe Walton Stadium. The contents of this article is licensed from www.wikipedia.org under the GNU Free Documentation License. Click here to see the transparent copy and copyright details

<urn:uuid:ff51d0fe-ea3f-4725-854c-1955c3b9e43d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.all-science-fair-projects.com/science_fair_projects_encyclopedia/Joe_Walton

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Internet in Chile From Chile Wiki Broadband is named banda ancha in Chile. To get roughly the same bandwidth you'd pay about $30/mo in Northern America or Europe you'll have to pay $80 here, and fiber or ADSL2 service are still rare (fiber might become a more widely viable option around 2012/2013, based on announced rollouts). That said, it's about as good as it gets in Latin America, and things have vastly improved in just a few years. As of 2011, Chile has one cable ISP, a few DSL providers, and three 3G operators. Land-based ISPs typically package internet service with digital television and phone ("triple packs"). Some level of service is available in most places but given the country's geography, coverage may vary, especially in remote and rural areas. Providers offer a choice of USB or Ethernet modems (including with Wifi). If you have a modicum of technical knowledge it is best to have your own wired or wireless Ethernet modem/router, especially if you're using another OS than Windows. Most ISPs don't support Macs or Linux, if you own your modem it will make your life easier. By default you will get a dynamic IP address (via DHCP) though some sell fixed IP service too. Even though mobile broadband (BAM for banda ancha mobil) has been increasingly advertised since 2009, as of 2011 customers still find the performance pretty uneven for applications such as VOIP (e.g. Skype over 3G) because of high latency. Unless you happen to be right under a powerful cell, this is in most cases not a full substitute for a fixed line. - VTR is a cable provider whose rather poor performance and customer service track record has been significantly improving in past years. As of mid-2011 their highest tier offers 120 Mbps downstream / 4 Mbps (up from 2400/512 Kbps in 2007). Monthly bandwidth caps which used to make VTR's faster service somewhat self-defeating were dropped at the end of 2010 (in other words there's no traffic cap anymore). Tests on Speednet.net show that 40+Mbps level of bandwidth is delivered against Chilean test servers but actual speed against US-based servers can fall to mid single digits. VTR and other ISPs have had occasional routing problems because of their backbone provider Global Crossing (the number of international routes in and out of Chile is very limited). In such cases it has proven useful to connect through a US-based VPN. Overall, VTR is probably the best fixed-line option where it's available. - Telefonica Chile changed its name to Movistar in October 2009. They provide DSL and 3G service. In September 2010 they announced a plan to roll out fiber to hundreds of thousands of homes but released few details. At the time this apparently really amounted to a trial in the San Carlos de Apoquindo sector. In the meantime their commercial household is a 40Mbps VDSL (fiber+copper hybrid) available in certain parts of the country. Many ISPs such as Intercity just resell Telefonica DSL packaged with slightly different services. Telefonica owns most of the copper lines in Chile and has proved to be as nastily as any monopolist in the way it sells its Megavia wholesale DSL service to other ISPs. This will increasingly become a moot point as fiber infrastructures get deployed. To have a sense of how Chilean ISPs connect with each other and abroad, you can check PITs such as this one. - Entel used to sell DSL but has refocused on their 3.5G offering, going up to 12Mbps (with a monthly consumption cap). Probably the most reliable mobile operator but less present on fixed broadband. - Claro is the third 3G operator. Reputed to have the weakest coverage. In October 2010 Telmex announced it would fuse its Chilean operations with Claro. Fixed line plans went up to 10Mbps in mid 2011. - GTD Manquehue goes up to 12 Mbps with DSL and 100 Mbps with FTTH (Fiber To The Home), though the availability of their fiber offering is limited to a few districts in Santiago. Since early 2010, GTD owns Telefonica del Sur (which is NOT Telefonica/Movistar). - Tutopia goes up to 8192 downstream, 512 upstream. They're said to have a good backbone connection to the international net through their parent company IFX. Tutopia will connect you to their own IFX network in some cities such as Santiago or Valparaiso and resells Megavia dsl elsewhere (including Viña del Mar). As of 2011 this does not seem a very competitive option anymore and their offer has not evolved in years. - The electricity company Enersis did a Power Line Communications (PLC) trial in 2003 but apparently this never turned into a commercial service. To have a first glance at what's available in any given commune, you can check this site made by the government but it's not always up to date. - If you rent a home and don't have permanent residency, it may be easier to have the landlord contract internet service for you. - According to some press reports, even if a certain ISP is available in your neighborhood, its service might not make it into each building. It looks like some builders are setting things up in a way that grants an effective monopoly to a single vendor within some apartment buildings and condominiums. - Bottom line: if you're an expat just arriving in Chile, it is wise to figure out how you will get reliable internet service before signing a rental contract, especially if you're going to be out of the main cities. Broadband performance tips Here's a couple of tips if you've been used to better broadband outside of Chile and are looking to maximize the performance of your service: - bypass your ISP's DNS servers by using OpenDNS or Google Public DNS. This is especially useful if you're browsing a ton of different web sites. - Implement Quality of Service (QoS) rules or outbound traffic shaping (e.g. prioritization of ACK packets) with software such as cFos or a router that supports QoS. This is useful if you want to to make VOIP calls while you're downloading files. - Get more out of your web browser with performance tweaks (e.g. FasterFox plugin for Firefox). Speedtest works well to see whether you're getting the download and upload speed you contracted. Wifi hotspots are commonly found in many parts of Chile, though people have increasingly figured out they should secure them. - Speedy Wi-Fi is a paid plan managed by Movistar to access hotspots in hotels or cafes. - Some Mcdonalds fast food joints and gas stations offer free wifi. - The Santiago aiport has free wifi (signal found in front of the car rental desks). - makes a mobile wifi hotspot finder. Some libraries provide free wifi. Facilities vary considerably The following webpage has an interactive map with regions as hot spots. Press and get a list for that region. The Spanish language version appears to be more complete in its preamble by indicating now there are 412 libraries with internet, while the sort-of English version says 394. There are other methods for search as well. Internet in remote places Internet access in remote rural areas can be provided through adhoc wireless projects, see for instance Nortei Ltda. Some ISPs have announced WiMax projects but so far no service appears to be available to consumers or small businesses. How to get redundancy to stay online If you're relying on the internet to make phone calls and work remotely, you may want to have two broadband providers which will also provide the benefit of more bandwidth. To make the most out of such a setup, you can use an old computer running Linux or a "dual wan" router that supports load balancing and fail over. Manufacturers of such high-end routers include Zyxel, XinCom, and Draytek. Some of these devices can not only be connected to the internet through cable or dsl, but also via USB GPRS/EDGE/HSDPA modems (explanation from Draytek). Making phone calls on the internet - access Hulu from outside the US without a US proxy (for firefox) http://lifehacker.com/5583515/access-hulu-from-outside-the-us-without-a-proxy-server - Netflix started in Chile in September 2011. An alternative and previous solution was to purchase a VPN from http://www.strongvpn.com/ and access you Netflix subscription from anywhere. - Download anything you want with Graboid. - http://kebrum.com VPN service Initial section from this allchile forum topic. See the 'online television' section above for suggestions. - lowendbox.com and find a cheap vps (I pay 5.95 a month for 1000 GB transfer). Install OpenVPN on that VPS. Install the OpenVPN client on your home computer. Watch Netflix or Hulu and you get the speed of your internet connection. I'm watching Netflix from remote China through my personal vpn. (Oct 2011 post)

<urn:uuid:1309d111-5005-4412-a905-1cf3474b0ef0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.allchile.net/chilewiki/index.php?title=Internet_in_Chile&oldid=2679

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Compare book prices at 110 online bookstores worldwide for the lowest price for new & used textbooks and discount books! 1 click to get great deals on cheap books, cheap textbooks & discount college textbooks on sale. A collection of 24 paintings by Bessie Pease Gutmann, whose angelic pictures of infants have charmed millions of people for more than 50 years. 24 full-color illustrations. Recent Book Searches: ISBN-10/ISBN-13: 0521556821 / 978-0521556828 / CAE Practice Tests 3 Teacher's book / University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate, University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate 0521556872 / 978-0521556873 / The Cambridge Companion to Medieval Romance (Cambridge Companions to Literature) / 0521557380 / 978-0521557382 / Psychology and Law: A Critical Introduction / Andreas Kapardis 050552273X / 978-0505522733 / The Outlaw Viking (Timeswept) / Sandra Hill 0619115149 / 978-0619115142 / Fundamentals of C++: Introductory Course / Kenneth Lambert, Douglas W. Nance 0618601422 / 978-0618601424 / The Language of Literature, Grade 6 - Teacher's Edition / Arthur N. Applebee et al 1859640524 / 978-1859640524 / Traditional Spanish Cooking / Janet Mendel 1581150180 / 978-1581150186 / Selling Your Crafts / Susan Joy Sager 0521557690 / 978-0521557696 / Children's Work and Welfare 1780-1890 (New Studies in Economic and Social History) / Pamela Horn 0521557720 / 978-0521557726 / The Spanish Economy: From the Civil War to the European Community (New Studies in Economic and Social History) / Joseph Harrison 0521557801 / 978-0521557801 / Dearth, Public Policy and Social Disturbance in England 1550-1800 (New Studies in Economic and Social History) / R. B. Outhwaite 0521557844 / 978-0521557849 / Explaining Long-Term Economic Change (New Studies in Economic and Social History) / J. L. Anderson 0521557909 / 978-0521557900 / British Economic Performance 1945-1975 (New Studies in Economic and Social History) / B. W. E. Alford 0521558077 / 978-0521558075 / Ancient Greece Teacher's book / Tim Copeland 052155831X / 978-0521558310 / Epidemics and Ideas: Essays on the Historical Perception of Pestilence (Past and Present Publications) / 0521558425 / 978-0521558426 / New Theatre Quarterly 43: Volume 11, Part 3 (New Theatre Quarterly) / 0521558468 / 978-0521558464 / Partial Differential Equations in Classical Mathematical Physics / Isaak Rubinstein, Lev Rubinstein 0521558573 / 978-0521558570 / The Just Society: Volume 12, Part 2 (Social Philosophy and Policy) / 0521558654 / 978-0521558655 / US-Japan Alliance Diplomacy 1945-1990 (Cambridge Studies in International Relations) / Roger Buckley 0521558700 / 978-0521558709 / Black Holes and the Universe / Igor Novikov 0521558786 / 978-0521558785 / The Path to Genocide: Essays on Launching the Final Solution (Canto original series) / Christopher R. Browning 0521559049 / 978-0521559041 / Voices from the Language Classroom: Qualitative Research in Second Language Education (Cambridge Language Teaching Library) / 0521559189 / 978-0521559188 / Psychological Anthropology Reconsidered (Publications of the Society for Psychological Anthropology) / John M. Ingham 0521557518 / 978-0521557511 / Village Life in India Teacher's book (Cambridge Primary Geography) / Steve Brace 0521557623 / 978-0521557627 / God's Just Vengeance: Crime, Violence and the Rhetoric of Salvation (Cambridge Studies in Ideology and Religion) / Timothy Gorringe 0521557631 / 978-0521557634 / Critical Condition: American Culture at the Crossroads (Contemporary Artists and their Critics) / Eleanor Heartney 0521557712 / 978-0521557719 / The Growth of Big Business in the United States and Western Europe, 1850-1939 (New Studies in Economic and Social History) / Christopher J. Schmitz 0521558131 / 978-0521558136 / Rivers Teacher's book (Cambridge Primary Geography) / Penny Liddiard, Cottia Howard 0521558239 / 978-0521558235 / Mind, Culture, and Activity: Seminal Papers from the Laboratory of Comparative Human Cognition / 0521558603 / 978-0521558600 / The Standby Book: Activities for the Language Classroom (Cambridge Handbooks for Language Teachers) / The goal of this website is to help shoppers compare book prices from different vendors / sellers and find cheap books and cheap college textbooks. Many discount books and discount text books are put on sale by discounted book retailers and discount bookstores everyday. All you need to do is to search and find them. This site also provides many book links to some major bookstores for book details and book coupons. But be sure not quickly jump into any bookstore site to buy. Always click "Compare Price" button to compare prices first. You would be happy that how much you would save by doing book price comparison. Buy Used Books and Used Textbooks It's becoming more and more popular to buy used books and used textbooks among college students for saving. Different second hand books from different sellers may have different conditions. Make sure to check used book condition from the seller's description. Also many book marketplaces put books for sale from small bookstores and individual sellers. Make sure to check store review for seller's reputation if possible. If you are in a hurry to get a book or textbook for your class, you should choose buying new books for prompt shipping. Buy Books from Foreign Country Our goal is to quickly find the cheapest books and college textbooks for you, both new and used, from a large number of bookstores worldwide. Currently our book search engines fetch book prices from US, Canada, UK, New Zealand, Australia, Netherlands, France, Ireland, Germany, and Japan. More bookstores from other countries will be added soon. Before buying from a foreign book store or book shop, be sure to check the shipping options. It's not unusual that shipping could take two to three weeks and cost could be multiple of a domestic shipping charge. Please visit Help Page for Questions regarding ISBN / ISBN-10 / ISBN10, ISBN-13 / ISBN13, EAN / EAN-13, and Amazon

<urn:uuid:a062bc99-8923-4d0a-9adc-e75bf0c17e91>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alldiscountbooks.net/_0517556723_i_.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

5th-11th of October is National Identity Fraud Awareness Week, a nationwide awareness campaign designed to help you protect yourself from identity fraud, one of Australia’s fastest growing crimes. The threat is growing with around 4.4 million Australians (26 per cent) having now been affected by identity theft, up from 3.8 million (23 per cent) for the same period last year. Identity fraud occurs when thieves steal identifying details from victims by raiding their bins, by stealing their mail, through internet phishing scams or by convincing them to divulge personal details in person or over the phone. - 75% of Australians throw out enough personal information, such as credit card statements, in their rubbish and recycling to put them at risk of identity fraud - 87% of Australians are concerned about identity theft - According to The Australian Federal Police (AFP), identity fraud costs the nation up to $4 billion a year - When it comes to concerns about identity fraud, women fear financial loss, poor credit rating, feeling personally violated and embarrassment far more than men - 81% of middle Australia (household income $40k – $69k) are most likely to put themselves at risk of identity theft by throwing out personal information such as utility bills and credit card statements - Personal information such as your date of birth, address, mother’s maiden name and passwords are now as valuable as money. This is enough information for a fraudster to open bank accounts, apply for credit cards, loans and much more. It is very important to arm yourself or your business with the proper web security software to protect private information.

<urn:uuid:20424e7d-9ede-4b33-830e-06f3e90471bf>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.allforwomen.com.au/national-identity-fraud-awareness-week/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

As Arctic Ice Melts, U.S. Competes for Oil, Gold and other Resources Friday, May 13, 2011 (photo: Susanne Miller, USFWS) With Arctic ice receding due to global warming, American officials have been cozying up to Greenland, where future oil and mineral deposits may become available to exploration. State Department cables released by WikiLeaks reveal that the U.S. and other industrial nations are jockeying to “carve up” Arctic resources in the coming years. The U.S. Geological Survey estimates Greenland territory may sit atop oil reserves as large as those in the North Sea. The Arctic Circle could contain 90 billion barrels of oil, about 1,700 trillion cubic feet of natural gas, and 44 billion barrels of natural gas liquids. Greenland is an autonomous territory belonging to Denmark. But the U.S. believes Greenland is headed for independence, presenting “a unique opportunity” for American gas and oil companies to make money. Scientists have found that Arctic ice is melting faster than had been anticipated, leading various countries and companies to accelerate their plans for commercial exploitation. In addition to oil and natural gas, mining companies have their eyes on aluminum, iron ore, gold and rubies. There is also talk of opening a Northern Sea route between Europe and Asia that would be faster than going through the Suez Canal. Representatives of the eight Arctic Council nations—the United State, Russia, Canada, Denmark, Norway, Finland, Sweden and Iceland—met this week in Nuuk, Greenland, to discuss the future of the region. The battle for control of Arctic resources was considered important enough for President Barack Obama to send two members of his cabinet to the meeting: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and Secretary of the Interior Ken Salazar. They were accompanied by Sen. Lisa Murkowski (R-Alaska). -David Wallechinsky, Noel Brinkerhoff WikiLeaks Cables Show Race to Carve Up Arctic (by Meirion Jones and Susan Watts, BBC News) State Department Cables (WikiLeaks) Melting Arctic Opens Profit Opportunities for Oil, Gold, Tourism (by Noel Brinkerhoff, AllGov) U.S. Navy Prepares for Militarization of the Arctic (by Noel Brinkerhoff, AllGov) - Top Stories - Unusual News - Where is the Money Going? - U.S. and the World - Appointments and Resignations - Latest News - Arizona Taxpayers Pay the Price for New, Restrictive Laws - North Carolina Law Would Force New Cars to be Sold through Dealerships - Federal Court Panel Says Florida Cannot Punish Businesses with Cuban or Syrian Connections - Kansas Only State to Close Criminal Records to Public - New York City Police Officers Reminded to Allow Women to Bare their Breasts in Public

<urn:uuid:7e1c496c-12b0-4e25-be18-0e8a2568cdce>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.allgov.com/news/top-stories/as-arctic-ice-melts-us-competes-for-oil-gold-and-other-resources?news=842655

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Help kids practice their counting skills with this printable counting to eight (8) worksheet that has a fun birds theme. This worksheet will be a great addition to any numbers or counting lesson plan as well as any birds themed lesson plan. On this worksheet, kids are asked to count the number of cardinals and circle the correct number (eight) at the bottom of the page. View and Print Your Birds Themed Counting Worksheet All worksheets on this site were done personally by our family. Please do not reproduce any of our content on your own site without direct permission. We welcome you to link directly to any pages on our site without specific permission. We also welcome any feedback, ideas or anything you want to share with us - just email us at firstname.lastname@example.org.

<urn:uuid:62414080-4b8a-49db-816c-5a3eca396b17>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.allkidsnetwork.com/worksheets/animals/birds/birds-worksheet-counting8.asp

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Mixing business with pleasure, French poster artist Paul Colin (1892 – 1985) and jazz entertainer Josephine Baker became wildly successful. Baker’s lover and friend, Colin designed the magnificent Art Deco poster for Baker’s La Revue Nègre, which propelled them both to fame. Colin was hired by the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées to design 1,900 posters and countless stages sets, mostly for Baker. Colin, whose posters encompassed numerous themes from the performing arts, also illustrated Baker’s memoirs, published in 1927. The Giclee printing process delivers a fine stream of ink resulting in vivid, pure color and exceptional detail that is suitable for museum or gallery display. This art print is produced on a lightly textured superior stock - 192 gsm, acid-free and 100% cotton watercolor paper. Gham Bo by Paul Colin, ? 2008 ADAGP/Pro Artis

<urn:uuid:3c01e86b-9b70-4be8-a71e-3e0101b7a530>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.allposters.com/-sp/Gham-Bo-Posters_i2788090_.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Complete 2013 Long-Range Weather Forecast for the Northeast Region, November 2012 to October 2013 includes week-by-week details. Free 2-Month Weather Forecast MAY 2013: temperature 55° (1° below avg.); precipitation 3.5" (1" below avg. north, 1" above south); May 1-8: Showers, then sunny, warm; May 9-14: Rainy periods, cool; May 15-21: Showers, then sunny, cool; May 22-28: Scattered showers, seasonable; May 29-31: Sunny, hot. JUNE 2013: temperature 65° (avg.); precipitation 3.5" (avg.); Jun 1-4: T-storms, then sunny, cool; Jun 5-9: T-storms, warm; Jun 10-21: Showers, cool; Jun 22-25: Sunny, hot; Jun 26-30: Scattered t-storms, cool. Annual Weather Summary: November 2012 to October 2013 Winter will be colder and drier than normal, with below-normal snowfall. The coldest periods will be from Christmas through early January and in mid-January and early, mid-, and late February. The snowiest periods will be in mid-November, mid- to late December, mid- to late February, and early March. April and May will be slightly warmer than normal. Rainfall will be below normal in the north and above normal in the south. Summer will be drier than normal, with near-normal temperatures. The hottest periods will occur in early July and mid-August. September and October will be warmer and drier than normal.

<urn:uuid:7601182f-c545-437b-a2e6-ecc0683ded87>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.almanac.com/weather/longrange/ME/Mexico

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Japan will send its ambassador Masatoshi Muto back to South Korea one week after recalling him, as an ongoing territorial dispute heightens between Tokyo and Seoul over sovereignty of a chain of islands in the Sea of Japan (East Sea), Chinese Foreign Minister Koichiro Gemba said on Wednesday. The move comes just one day after Japan formally proposed to South Korea that the two countries take the territorial feud to the Hague-based International Court of Justice (ICJ) for arbitration. Gemba told a news conference Wednesday that Ambassador Masatoshi Muto will return to Seoul later in the day to "resolve the dispute from inside South Korea." He added that Japan needed to express its unwavering position on the territorial issue from inside South Korea, Chinese news agency Xinhua reported. Japan's foreign minister also said that sending Muto back to Seoul was in line with Prime Minister Yoshihiko Noda's policy to resolve the heightening feud by peaceful means and based on international law. But Tokyo stiffened its rhetoric on the disputed islands, known as Takeshima in Japan and Dokdo in South Korea, with Gemba saying in a parliamentary session earlier Wednesday that South Korea's control of the islets amounted to an illegal occupation. "We are in a situation where we cannot exercise part of our jurisdiction because of South Korea," Gemba was quoted by local media as saying. "We can say this situation constitutes an illegal occupation." Both Gemba and Defense Minister Satoshi Morimoto used the expression "illegal occupation" for the first time since the ruling Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ) took power in 2009 -- marking a volitional change in the severity of language used by the Japanese government to describe its stance on the territorial dispute. Gemba's remarks Wednesday came after South Korea swiftly rejected Japan's proposal to South Korea to take the island row to the ICJ to seek resolution on the issue. South Korean Foreign Minister Kim Sung-hwan stated that the proposal from Japan is "not worth consideration," and warned that South Korea will take stern measures against Japan if it " continues to raise any unjustified issue over the islets," according to local media reports. Gemba also rapped Kim for echoing remarks made by South Korean President Lee Myung-bak, calling for Japan's Emperor Akihito to apologize for the nation's past colonial rule of the Korean Peninsula if he were to visit South Korea. Lee's comments were made on the back of an unprecedented visit by a South Korean president to the islands just days before the August 15 anniversary of Japan's World War II surrender, which ended its 35-year colonial rule over the Korean Peninsular. The Japanese government is considering postponing an upcoming Japan-South Korea summit and intergovernmental consultations that are scheduled for the near future, in an official show of disapproval towards their South Korean counterparts, lawmakers here have said. In addition, Finance Minister Jun Azumi also said that Japan may scale back its currency swap deal with South Korea from the current 70 billion U.S. dollar level. Azumi will also be postponing this weekend's meeting with his counterpart in Seoul and Trade and Economy Minister Yukio Edano has decided not to hold bilateral talks with South Korean officials at the Association of Southeast Asian Nations economic ministerial meeting, which takes place later in August, officials said, in a sign the row will not rest in the near future.

<urn:uuid:8cf7d0d5-295f-431b-a7d0-22e01483e655>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.almanar.com.lb/english/adetails.php?fromval=1&cid=24&frid=24&eid=65911

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Questions to ask your Healthcare Team When diagnosed with ALS, it may feel overwhelming to receive a lot of information from healthcare professionals. Being prepared for meetings with the doctor and other members of the healthcare team can help in gathering the most information and gaining a better understanding of your diagnosis and treatment options. The following is a list of questions to ask the doctor and other healthcare professionals. It can be very helpful to bring another person along to the appointments. A friend or family member can be supportive, provide an extra set of ears, and ensure all the questions are answered. Note taking or tape recording the meeting is a good way your friend or family member can help you capture all important information. (if recording, be sure to ask for permission to record the meeting). Click here for a printer friendly pdf version of this information (this would be helpful as a take-along for new pts to clinic) Questions about a doctor’s experience Questions about your diagnosis Questions about treatment Questions about side effects Questions about diet Questions about exercise Questions about social concerns Questions to ask myself Questions about a doctor’s experience: - Where did you receive your medical training and complete your residency? - Have you ever cared for other people with ALS? - How many people with ALS do you care for each year? - Do you work with a healthcare team? Who are they and what are their specialties? Questions about your diagnosis: - What is my diagnosis? What type of ALS do I have? - Is there a stage of my ALS? What does this mean? - What are the symptoms that I may experience from this diagnosis? Questions about treatment: - What treatment(s) do you recommend? Why? - Are there any clinical trials available to me at this hospital? At other hospitals? - What are the benefits of each of my treatment options? - What are the risks of treatment? - What on-going evaluations will I need during my treatment? How often? - What about other treatment options such as complementary and alternative therapies? - Please explain the medications being prescribed for me. What does each one do? Questions about side-effects: - What are the potential side effects of my medication options? How likely are they to occur? - What medication(s) will be prescribed to help manage my side effects? Do these medications have additional side effects? - How can I contact you in case of an emergency or if I have further concerns? Questions about diet: - Will my diet need to be changed or modified? - Do you have a dietitian or nutritionist that you recommend? Questions about exercise: - What physical activities do you recommend? Are there any I should avoid? Questions about social concerns: - Are there any lifestyle changes I should make? - Who can I speak with about my financial and/or insurance concerns? - What support programs are available for myself and my family? Questions to ask yourself: - Does my doctor seem interested in my questions? Is the doctor easy to communicate with? - Did I get enough time with the doctor to answer all of my questions? - Do I feel that my doctor cares about my medical outcome? - Will I be able to reach my doctor if I have any questions or concerns while being treated? - Is my doctor open to me seeking a second opinion? Even if you feel comfortable with the answers a doctor gives, it might be advantageous to seek a second opinion. Second opinions can be extremely valuable when making decisions about treatment. They can help provide more information about treatment options as well as more confidence in the treatment plan. Ultimately, many doctors welcome hearing the opinions of their colleagues.

<urn:uuid:0925786e-3c61-4329-8ef9-a654c8697b21>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alsphiladelphia.org/page.aspx?pid=796

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

California Voters: What You Need to Know About Important State Ballot Initiatives Photo Credit: Shutterstock.com Stay up to date with the latest headlines via email. This article was published in partnership with GlobalPossibilities.org. With so much at stake nationally in this election, it may be hard to keep up with all the local issues, and especially hard to figure out how to vote on California's ballot initiatives. A really good, non-partisan roundup of all of them is available from public radio station KQED. If you're looking to cross-reference that with something more left-leaning, CREDO and the Courage Campaign teamed up to provide a Progressive Voter Guide that lets you compare how a whole bunch of progressive organizations stand on the ballot initiatives. (You can also download it to your phone by texting VOTECA to 30644.) And below, we take a look at some of the most crucial state-wide ballot initiatives. Proposition 30: Temporary Taxes to Fund Education. Guaranteed Local Public Safety Funding. Initiative Constitutional Amendment. Official Overview from the Secretary of State: This measure temporarily increases the state sales tax rate for all taxpayers and the personal income tax (PIT) rates for upper-income taxpayers. These temporary tax increases provide additional revenues to pay for programs funded in the state budget. The state's 2012-13 budget plan--approved by the Legislature and the Governor in June 2012--assumes passage of this measure. In a Nutshell Individuals making more than $250k and couples more than $500k a year would have an increase in their income tax for seven years. Sales tax would increase by a quarter of a cent for four years. The money generated (an estimated $6 billion over seven years), would help K-12 schools as well as community colleges, and public safety. If the measure is not passed, it's bad news. KQED reports, "This year's state budget includes 'trigger cuts' if the measure fails. K-12 schools and community colleges would lose $5.35 billion. The University of California and California State University systems would each lose $250 million. City police departments, CalFire, the park system, flood control programs and others would also lose several million dollars each." What People Are Saying This is one of the most important fights on the California ballot and supported by most progressive organizations across the board as being essential for education. It's also endorsed by many major labor and education groups as well as most of the state's major newspapers, including the Los Angeles Times and the S an Francisco Chronicle. Here is what the Yes on 30 campaign says the proposition would do: - Stop another $6 billion in cuts to our schools this year. After years of cuts, our schools still face a $6 billion dollar budget deficit this year. If we do nothing, the cuts will get deeper. - Prop. 30 stops the cuts, provides billions in new funding for our schools starting this year --- supporting everything from smaller class sizes to afterschool programs. - Guarantee local public safety funding. - Prop. 30 establishes a guarantee for public safety funding in our state constitution, where it can't be touched without voter approval. This will keep cops on the street and save the state billions in prison costs over the long term. Whose Side Are You On? The list of endorsers for Prop 30 is huge. Check out the full list here. The No on Prop 30 site lists its sponsors as Howard Jarvis Taxpayers Association, the National Federation of Independent Business California and Small Business Action Committee, with a full list of endorsers with one notable on the list that bears mentioning -- the Koch brothers' Americans for Prosperity. The No side has also been aligned with billionaire siblings Molly Munger and Charles Munger, Jr.

<urn:uuid:283e7d93-0351-4bf9-a787-846fb1071a51>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alternet.org/election-2012/california-voters-what-you-need-know-about-important-state-ballot-initiatives

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Dr. Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858-1929) had a rare double talent of understanding how to pursue fundamental science and, at the same time, of commercializing himself successfully as a inventor and discoverer. He discovered 4 elements (Neodymium, Praseodymium, Ytterbium, and Lutetium). He invented the incandescent mantle, that helped gaslighting at the end of the 19th century to a renaissance. He developed the Ferrocerium - it`s still used as a flint in every disposable lighter. He was an eminent authority, and great expert in the field of rare earths (lanthanoides). He invented the electric metal filament light bulb which is used billions of times today. Additionally, all his life he took active part in different fields, from photography to ornithology. His personal qualities are remembered highly by the people of Althofen, he not only had an excellent mind but also a big heart. These qualities ensured him a prominent and lasting place not only in Austria`s science and industrial history. 9th of Sept. 1858: Born in Vienna, son of Therese and Alois Ritter Auer von Welsbach ( his father was director of the Imperial printing office the "Staatsdruckerei"). 1869-73: went to the secondary school in Mariahilf, (then changed to the secondary school in Josefstadt.) 1873-77: went to secondary school in Josefstadt, graduation. 1877-78: military service, became a second lieutenant. 1878-80: Inscribed into the technical University of Vienna; studies in math, general organic and inorganic chemistry, technical physics and thermodynamics with the Professors Winkler, Bauer, Reitlinger; and Pierre. 1880-82: Changed to the University of Heidelberg; lectures on inorganic experimental chemistry and Lab. experiments with Prof. Bunsen, introduction to spectral analysis and the history of chemistry, mineralogy and physics. 5th of Feb. 1882: Promotion to Doctor of Philosophy at the Ruperta-Carola-University in Heidelberg. 1882: Return to Vienna as unpaid Assistant in Prof. Lieben`s laboratory; work with chemical separation methods for investigations on rare earth elements. 1882-1884: Publications: " Ueber die Erden des Gadolinits von Ytterby", "Ueber die Seltenen Erden". 1885: The first separation of the element "Didymium" with help from a newly developed separation method from himself, based on the fractioned crystalisation of a Didym-ammonium nitrat solution. After the characteristical colouring, Auer gave the green components the name Praseodymium, the pink components the name Neodidymium. In time the latter element was more commonly known as Neodymium. 1885-1892: Work on gas mantle for the incandescent lighting. Development of a method to produce gas mantle ("Auerlicht) based on the impregnation from cottontissue by means, measures, methods of liquids, that rare earth has been absolved in and the ash from the material in a following glow process. Production of the first incandescent mantle out of lanthanum oxide, in which the gas flame is surrounded from a stocking; definite improvement in light emmission, but lack of stability in humidity. Continuous improvements in the chemical composition of the incandescent mantel "Auerlicht", experimentations of Lanthanum oxide-magnesium oxide- variations. 18th of Sept. 1885: The patenting of a gas burner with a "Actinophor" incandescent mantle made up of 60% magnesium oxide, 20% lanthanum oxide and 20% yttrium oxide; in the same year, the magnesium oxide part was replaced with zirconium oxide and the constitution of a second patent with reference to the additional use of the light body in a spirits flame. 9th of April 1886: Introduction the name "Gasgluehlicht" through the Journalist Motiz Szeps after the successful presentation from the Actinophors in the lower Austrian trade union ; regular production of the impregnation liquid, called "Fluid", at the Chemical Institute. 1887: The acquisition of the factory Würth & Co. for chemical-pharmaceutical products in Atzgersdorf and the industrial production of the light bodies. 1889: The beginning of sales problems because of the defaults with the earlier incandescent mantle, ie. it`s fragility, the short length of use, as well as having an unpleasant, cold, green coloured light , and the relatively high price. The factory in Atzgersdorf closes. The development of fractioned cristallisation methods for the preparation of pure Thorium oxide from and therefore cheap Monazitsand. The analysis of the connection between the purity of Thorium oxide and its light emission. The ascertainment of the optimal composition of the incandescent mantle in a long series of tests. 1891: Patenting of the incandescent mantle out of 99% Thorium oxide and 1% Cerium oxide, at that period of time, because of the light emission it was a direct competition for the electric carbon-filament lamp. The resuming of production in Atzgersdorf near Vienna and the quick spreading of the incandescent mantle because of their high duration. The beginning of a competition with the electric lighting. Work with high melting heavy metals to improve and higher the filament temperature, and therefore the light emission as well. The development of the production of thin filaments. The making of incandescent mantle with Platinum threads that were covered with high melting Thorium oxide, whereby it was possible to use the lamps over the melting temperature of Platinum. This variation was discarded because with smelting the platinum threads either the cover would burst or by solidifying it would rip apart. The taking out of a patent for two manufacturing methods for filaments. In the patent specification Carl Auer von Welsbach described the manufacturing of filaments through secretion of the high smelting element Osmium onto the metallic-filament. The development and experimentation of further designing methods such as the pasting method for the manufacturing of suitable high smelting metallic-filaments. With this method Osmium powder and a mixture of rubber or sugar is mixed together and kneaded into a paste. The manufacturing results in that the paste gets stamped through a delicate nozzle discharged cylinder and the filament subsequently dries and sinters. This was the first commercial and industrial process in the powder metallurgy for very high smelting metals. 1898: The acquiring of a industrial property in Treibach and the beginning of the experimentation and discovery work at this location. The taking out of a patent for the metallic-filament lamp with Osmium filament. 1899: Married Marie Nimpfer in Helgoland. 1902: Market introduction of the "Auer-Oslight" the first industrial finished Osmium metallic-filament lamp using the paste method. The advantages of this metallic-filament lamp over the, at that period of time, widely used carbon-filament lamp were: 57% less electricity consumption; less blackening of the glass; because of the higher filament temperature, a "whiter" light; a longer life span and therefore more economic. The beginning of the investigation of spark giving metals with the aim ignition mechanisms for lighters, gas lighters and gas lamps as well as projectile and mine ignition. Carl Auer von Welsbach knew of the possibility to produce sparks by mechanical means from Cerium from his teacher Prof. Bunsen. The ascertainment of the optimal compound from Cerium-Iron alloys for spark production. 1903: The taking out of a patent for his pyrophoric alloys (by scratching with hard and sharp surfaces a splinter which could ignite itself.) In the patent specification 70% Cerium and 30% Iron was given as an optimal compound. Further development of a method to produce the latter alloy cheaply. The optimizing of Bunsen, Hillebrand and Norton´s procedure, used at that time mainly for producing Cerium, was based on the fusion electrolysis from smelted Rare Earth chlorides. The problem at that time was in the leading of the electrolysis to secrete a pore-free and long lasting metal. This was the first industrial process and commercial utilization of the rare earth metals. 30th of March 1905: A report to the "Akademie der Wissenschaften" in Vienna that the results of the spectroscopic analysis show that Ytterbium is made up of two elements. Auer named the elements after the stars Aldebaranium and Cassiopeium. He ommitted the publication of the attained spectras and the ascertained atomic weights. 1907: The founding of the "Treibacher Chemische Werke GesmbH" in Treibach-Althofen for the production of Ferrocerium- lighter flints under the trade name "Original Auermetall". The publication of the spectras and the atomic weights of both new, from Ytterbium separated elements, in the completion of his report to the Academie der Wissenschaften. Priority dispute with the french Chemist Urbain concerning the analysis of Ytterbium. 1908: The solution of the electrolysis of fused salts (cerium chloride) problem, at which the minerals Cerit and Allanite are used as source substances. 1909: The adaption of the procedure, from his collaborator, Dr.Fattinger, to be able to use the Monazitsand residue out of the incandescent mantle production, for the production of cerium metal for the lighter flints. The production of three different pyrophoric alloys: "Cer" or Auermetall I : Alloy out of fairly pure Cerium and Iron. Used for igniting purposes. "Lanthan" or Auermetall II : The Cerium-Iron alloy enriched with the element Lanthan. Used for light signals because of its particularly bright sparking power. Erdmetall or Auermetall III : Alloy out of Iron and "natural" Cermischmetall; a rare earth metal alloy of corresponding natural deposits. Both of the first alloys could not win its way through the market. only the easy to produce Erdmetall, after the renaming it Auermetall I, obtained world wide status as the flint in the lighter industry. 1909: The International Atomic weight Commission decided in favour of Urbain´s publication instead of Auer´s because Urbain handed it in earlier. The Commission of the term from Urbain Neoytterbium- known today as Ytterbium and Lutetium for the new elements. The carrying-out of large scale chemical separations in the field of radioactive substances. The production of different preparations of Uran, Ionium (known today as Th230 isotop), a disintegration product in the Uranium-Radium-line, Polonium and Aktinium, that Auer made available, for research use, to such renowned Institutions and scientists as F.W.Aston and Ernest Rutherford at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge (1921) and the "Radiuminstitut der Akademie der Wissenschaften" in Vienna. 1922: A report on his spectroscopic discoveries to the "Akademie der Wissenschaften" in Vienna. 1929:World-wide production of ligther flints reached 100,000 kg. 8th of April 1929: Carl Auer von Welsbach died at the age of 70.

<urn:uuid:f684139c-4f94-4f1f-821a-2847edc6ba5b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.althofen.at/AvW-Museum/Englisch/biographie_e.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Ethics of dementia research What are clinical trials and how are they controlled/governed? A clinical trial is a biomedical/health-related study into the effects on humans of a new medical treatment (medicine/drug, medical device, vaccine or new therapy), sometimes called an investigational medicinal product (IMP). Before a new drug is authorised and can be marketed, it must pass through several phases of development including trial phases in which its safety, efficacy, risks, optimal use and/or benefits are tested on human beings. Existing drugs must also undergo clinical testing before they can be used to treat other conditions than that for which they were originally intended. Organisations conducting clinical trials in the European Union must, if they wish to obtain marketing authorisation, respect the requirements for the conduct of clinical trials. These can be found in the Clinical Trials Directive (“Directive 2001/20/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 April 2001 on the approximation of the laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to the implementation of good clinical practice in the conduct of clinical trials on medicinal products for human use”). There are also guidelines to ensure that clinical trials are carried out in accordance with good clinical practice. These are contained in the “Commission Directive 2005/28/EC of 8 April 2005 laying down principles and detailed guidelines for good clinical practice as regards investigational medicinal products for human use, as well as the requirements for authorisation of the manufacturing or importation of such products” (also known as the Good Clinical Practice or GCP for short). This document provides more concrete guidelines and lends further support to the Clinical Trials Directive. The London-based European Medicines Agency (EMA) has published additional, more specific guidelines which must also be respected. These include guidelines on inspection procedures and requirements related to quality, safety and efficacy. Copies of the above-mentioned documents in 22 languages can be found at: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/pharmaceuticals/clinicaltrials/clinicaltrials_en.htm The protection of people participating in clinical trials (and in most cases in other types of research) is further promoted by provisions of: - the European Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine (Oviedo Convention, Act 2619/1998), - the Additional protocol to the Oviedo Convention concerning Biomedical Research - the Nuremberg Code of 1949, - the revised Helsinki Declaration of the World Medical Association regarding Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects, - The Belmont Report of 18 April 1979 on the Ethical Principles and Guidelines for the Protection of Human Subjects of Research. What are the different phases of trials? Testing an experimental drug or medical procedure is usually an extremely lengthy process, sometimes lasting several years. The overall procedure is divided into a series of stages (known as phases) which are described below. Clinical testing on humans can only begin after a pre-clinical phase, involving laboratory studies (in vitro) and tests on animals, which has shown that the experimental drug is considered safe and effective. Whilst a certain amount of testing can be carried out by means of computer modelling and by isolating cells and tissue, it becomes necessary at some point in time to test the drug on a living creature. Animal testing is an obligatory stage in the process of obtaining regulatory approval for new drugs and medicines, and hence a legal requirement (EU Directive 2001/83/EC relating to Medicinal Products for Human Use). The necessity of carrying out prior testing on animals is also stated in the World Medical Association’s “Ethical Principles for Medical Research Involving Human Subjects. In order to protect the well-being of research animals, researchers are guided by three principles which are called the 3Rs: Reduce the number of animals used to a minimum Refine the way that experiments are carried out so that the effect on the animal is minimised and animal welfare is improved Replace animal experiments with alternative (non-animal) techniques wherever possible. In addition, most countries will have official regulatory bodies which control animal research. Most animals involved in research are mice. However, no animal is sufficiently similar to humans (even genetically modified ones) to make human testing unnecessary. For this reason, the experimental drug must also be tested on humans. The main phases of clinical trials Clinical trials on humans can be divided into three main phases (literally, phase I, II and III). Each phase has specific objectives (please see below) and the number of people involved increases as the trial progresses from one phase to the next. Phase I trials Phase 1 trials are usually the first step in testing a new drug or treatment on humans after successful laboratory and animal testing. They are usually quite small scale and usually involve healthy subjects or sub-groups of patients who share a particular characteristic. The aims of these trials are: - to assess the safety of experimental drugs, - to evaluate any possible side effects, - to determine a safe dose range, - to see how the body reacts to the drug (how it is absorbed, distributed and eliminated from the body, the effects that it has on the body and the effects it has on biomarkers). Dose ranging, sometimes called dose escalation, studies may be used as a means to determine the most appropriate dosage, but the doses administered to the subjects should only be a fraction of those which were found to cause harm to animals in the pre-clinical studies. The process of determining an optimal dose in phase I involves quite a high degree of risk because this is the first time that the experimental treatment or drug has been administered to humans. Moreover, healthy people’s reactions to drugs may be different to those of the target patient group. For this reason, drugs which are considered to have a potentially high toxicity are usually tested on people from the target patient group. There are a few sequential approaches to phase I trials e.g. single ascending dose studies, multiple ascending dose studies and food effect. In single ascending dose studies (SAD), a small group of subjects receive a very low dose of the experimental drug and are then observed in order to see whether that dose results in side effects. For this reason, trials are usually conducted in hospital settings. If no adverse side effects are observed, a second group of subjects are given a slightly higher dose of the same drug and also monitored for side-effects. This process is repeated until a dose is reached which results in intolerable side effects. This is defined as the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Multiple ascending dose studies (MAD) are designed to test the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple doses of the experimental drug. A group of subjects receives multiple doses of the drug, starting at the lowest dose and working up to a pre-determined level. At various times during the period of administration of the drug, and particularly whenever the dose is increased, samples of blood and other bodily fluids are taken. These samples are analysed in order to determine how the drug is processed within the body and how well it is tolerated by the body. Food effect studies are investigations into the effect of food intake on the absorption of the drug into the body. This involves two groups of subjects being given the same dose of the experimental drug but for one of the groups when fasting and for the other after a meal. Alternatively, this could be done in a cross-over design whereby both groups receive the experimental drug in both conditions in sequence (e.g. when fasting and on another occasion after a meal). Food effect studies allow researchers to see whether eating before the drug is given has any effect on the absorption of the drug by the body. Phase II trials Having demonstrated the initial safety of the drug (often on a relatively small sample of healthy individuals), phase II clinical trials can begin. Phase II studies are designed to explore the therapeutic efficacy of a treatment or drug in people who have the condition that the drug is intended to treat. They are sometimes called therapeutic exploratory trials and tend to be larger scale than Phase I trials. Phase II trials can be divided into Phase IIA and Phase IIB although sometimes they are combined. Phase IIA is designed to assess dosing requirements i.e. how much of the drug should patients receive and up to what dose is considered safe? The safety assessments carried out in Phase I can be repeated on a larger subject group. As more subjects are involved, some may experience side effects which none of the subjects in the Phase I experienced. The researchers aim to find out more about safety, side effects and how to manage them. Phase IIB studies focus on the efficacy of the drug i.e. how well it works at the prescribed doses. Researchers may also be interested in finding out which types of a specific disease or condition would be most suitable for treatment. Phase II trials can be randomised clinical trials which involve one group of subjects being given the experimental drug and others receiving a placebo and/or standard treatment. Alternatively, they may be case series which means that the drug’s safety and efficacy is tested in a selected group of patients. If the researchers have adequately demonstrated that the experimental drug (or device) is effective against the condition for which it is being tested, they can proceed to Phase III. Phase III trials Phase III trials are the last stage before clinical approval for a new drug or device. By this stage, there will be convincing evidence of the safety of the drug or device and its efficacy in treating people who have the condition for which it was developed. Such studies are carried out on a much larger scale than for the two previous phases and are often multinational. Several years may have passed since the original laboratory and animal testing. The main aims of Phase III trials are: to demonstrate that the treatment or drug is safe and effective for use in patients in the target group (i.e. in people for whom it is intended) to monitor side effects to test different doses or different ways of administering the drug to determine whether the drug could be used at different stages of the disease. to provide sufficient information as a basis for marketing approval Researchers may also be interested in showing that the experimental drug works for additional groups of people with conditions other than that for which the drug was initially developed. For example, they may be interested in testing a drug for inflammation on people with Alzheimer’s disease. The drug would have already have proven safe and obtained marketing approval but for a different condition, hence the need for additional clinical testing. Open label extension trails Open label extension studies are often carried out immediately after a double blind randomised clinical trial of an unlicensed drug. The aim of the extended study is to determine the safety and tolerability of the experimental drug over a longer period of time, which is generally longer than the initial trial and may extend up until the drug is licensed. Participants all receive the experimental drug irrespective of which arm of the previous trial they were in. Consequently, the study is no longer blind in that everybody knows that each participant is receiving the experimental drug but the participants and researchers still do not know which group participants were in during the initial trial. Post-marketing surveillance studies (phase IV) After the three phases of clinical testing and after the treatment has been approved for marketing, there may be a fourth phase to study the long-term effects of drugs or treatment or to study the impact of another factor in combination with the treatment (e.g. whether a particular drug reduces agitation). Usually, such trials are sponsored by pharmaceutical companies and described as pharmacovigilance. They are not as common as the other types of trials (as they are not necessary for marketing permission). However, in some cases, the EMA grants restricted or provisional marketing authorisation, which is dependent on additional phase IV trails being conducted. Expanded access to a trial Sometimes, a person might be likely to benefit from a drug which is at various stages of testing but does not fulfil the conditions necessary for participation in the trial (e.g. s/he may have other health problems). In such cases and if the person has a life-threatening or serious condition for which there is no effective treatment, s/he may benefit from “expanded access” use of the drug. There must, however, be evidence that the drug under investigation has some likelihood of being effective for that patient and that taking it would not constitute an unreasonable risk. The use of placebo and other forms of comparison The main purpose of clinical drug studies is to distinguish the effect of the trial drug from other influences such as spontaneous change in the course of the disease, placebo effect, or biased observation. A valid comparison must be made with a control. The American Food and Drugs Administration recognises different types of control namely, - active treatment with a known effective therapy or - no treatment, - historical treatment (which could be an adequately documented natural history of the disease or condition, or the results of active treatment in comparable patients or populations). The EMA considers three-armed trials (including the experimental medicine, a placebo and an active control) as a scientific gold standard and that there are multiple reasons to support their use in drug development . Participants in clinical trials are usually divided into two or more groups. One group receives the active treatment with the experimental substance and the other group receives a placebo, a different drug or another intervention. The active treatment is expected to have a positive curative effect whereas the placebo is expected to have zero effect. With regard to the aim to develop more effective treatments, there are two possibilities: 1. the experimental substance is more effective than the current treatment or 2. it is more effective than no treatment at all. According to article 11 of the International Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research (IEGBR) of 2002, participants allocated to the control group in a trial for a diagnostic, therapeutic or preventive intervention should receive an established effective intervention but it may in some circumstances be considered ethically acceptable to use a placebo (i.e. no treatment). In article 11 of the IEGBR, reasons for the use of placebo are: 1. that there is no established intervention 2. that withholding an established effective intervention would expose subjects to, at most, temporary discomfort or delay in relief of symptoms 3. that use of an established effective intervention as comparator would not yield scientifically reliable results and use of placebo would not add any risk of serious or irreversible harm to the subjects. November 2010, EMA/759784/2010 Committee for Medicinal Products for Human Use The use of placebo and the issue of irreversible harm It has been suggested that clinical trials are only acceptable in ethical terms if there is uncertainty within the medical community as to which treatment is most suitable to cure or treat a disease (National Bioethics Commission of Greece, 2005). In the case of dementia, whilst there is no cure, there are a few drugs for the symptomatic treatment of dementia. Consequently, one could ask whether it is ethical to deprive a group of participants of treatment which would have most likely improved their condition for the purpose of testing a potentially better drug (National Bioethics Commission of Greece, 2005). Can they be expected to sacrifice their own best interests for those of other people in the future? It is also important to ask whether not taking an established effective intervention is likely to result in serious or irreversible harm. In the 2008 amended version of the Helsinki Declaration (World Medical Association, 1964), the possible legitimate use of placebo and the need to protect subjects from harm are addressed. “32. The benefits, risks, burdens and effectiveness of a new intervention must be tested against those of the best current proven intervention, except in the following circumstances: The use of placebo, or no treatment, is acceptable in studies where no current proven intervention exists; or Where for compelling and scientifically sound methodological reasons the use of placebo is necessary to determine the efficacy or safety of an intervention and the patients who receive placebo or no treatment will not be subject to any risk of serious or irreversible harm. Extreme care must be taken to avoid abuse of this option.” (WMA, 1964 with amendments up to 2008) The above is also quite similar to the position supported by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (PCSBI) (2011). In its recently published report entitled “Moral science: protecting participants in human subjects research ”, the Presidential Commission argues largely in favour of a “middle ground” for ethical research, citing the work of Emanuel and Miller (2001) who state: “A placebo-controlled trial can sometimes be considered ethical if certain methodological and ethical standards are met. It these standards cannot be met, then the use of placebos in a clinical trial is unethical.” (Emanuel and Miller, 2001 cited in PCSBI, 2011, p. 89). One of the standards mentioned is the condition that withholding proven effective treatment will not cause more than minimal harm. The importance of placebo groups for drug development The ethical necessity to include a placebo arm in a clinical trial may differ depending on the type of drug being developed and whether other comparable drugs exist. For example, a placebo arm would be absolutely necessary in the testing of a new compound for which no drug has yet been developed. This would be combined with comparative arms involving other alternative drugs which have already been proven effective. For studies involving the development of a drug based on an existing compound, a comparative trial would be necessary but not necessarily with a placebo arm, or at least with a smaller placebo arm Nevertheless, the EMA emphasises the value of placebo-controlled trials in the development of new medicinal products even in cases where a proven effective drug exists: “forbiddingplacebo-controlled trials in therapeutic areas where there are proven, therapeutic methods would preclude obtaining reliable scientific evidence for the evaluation of new medicinal products, and be contrary to public health interest as there is a need for both new products and alternatives to existing medicinal products.” (EMA, 2001). In 2001, concerns were raised about the interpretation of paragraph 29 of the 2000 version of the Helsinki Declaration in which prudence was called for in the use of placebo in research trials and it was advised that placebo should only be used in cases where there was no proven therapy for the condition under investigation. A document clarifying the position of the WMA regarding the use of placebo was issued by the WMA in 2001 in which it was made clear that the use of placebo might be ethically acceptable even if proven therapy was available. The current version of this statement is article 32 of the 2008 revised Helsinki Declaration (quoted in sub-section 7.2.1). The PCSBI (2011) highlight the importance of ensuring that the design of clinical trials enables the researchers to resolve controversy and uncertainty over the merits of the trial drug and whether the trial drug is better than an existing drug if there is one. They suggest that studies which cannot resolve such questions or uncertainty are likely to be ignored by the scientific community and this would be unethical as it would mean that people had been unnecessarily exposed to risk without there being any social benefit. Reasons for participation People with dementia who take part in clinical trials may do so for a variety of reasons. One possible reason is that they hope to receive some form of treatment that will improve their condition or even result in a cure. This is sometimes called the “therapeutic misconception”. In such cases, clinical trials may seem unethical in that advantage is being taken of the vulnerability of some of the participants. On the other hand, the possibility of participating in such a trial may help foster hope which may even enable a person to maintain their morale. A review of 61 studies on attitudes to trials has shed some light on why people participate in clinical trials (Edwards, Lilford and Hewison, 1998). In this review, it was found that over 60% of participants in seven studies stated that they did or would participate in clinical trials for altruistic reasons. However, in 4 studies, over 70% of people stated that they participated out of self-interest and in two studies over 50% of people stated that they would participate in such a study out of self-interest. As far as informed consent is concerned, in two studies (which were also part of this review) 47% of responding doctors thought that few patients were actually aware that they were taking part in a clinical trial. On the other hand, an audit of four further studies revealed that at least 80% of participants felt that they had made an autonomous decision. There is no proof whether such perceptions were accurate or not. The authors conclude that self-interest was more common than altruism amongst the reasons given for participating in clinical trials but draw attention to the poor quality of some of the studies reviewed thereby suggesting the need for further research. It should not be necessary for people to justify why they are willing to participate in clinical trials. Reasons for participating in research are further discussed in section 3.2.4 insofar as they relate to end-of-life research. In a series of focus groups organised in 8 European countries plus Israel and covering six conditions including dementia, helping others was seen as the main reason why people wanted to take part in clinical trials (Bartlam et al., 2010). In a US trial of anti-inflammatory medication in Alzheimer’s disease in which 402 people were considered eligible, of the 359 who accepted, their main reasons for wanting to participate were altruism, personal benefit and family history of Alzheimer’s disease. Random assignment to study groups As people are randomly assigned to the placebo or the active treatment group, everyone has an equal chance of receiving the active ingredient or whichever other control groups are included in the study. There are possible advantages and drawbacks to being in each group and people are likely to have preferences for being a particular study group but randomization means that allocation is not in any way linked to the best interests of each participant from a medical perspective. This is not an ethical issue provided that each participant fully understands that the purpose of research is not to provide a tailor-made response to an individual’s medical condition and that while some participants benefit from participation, others do not. There are, however, medical issues to consider. In the case in double-blind studies, neither the participant nor the investigator knows to which groups a participant has been allocated. Consequently, if a participant encounters medical problems during the study, it is not immediately known whether this is linked to the trial drug or another unrelated factor, but the problems must be addressed and possible contraindications avoided, which may necessitate “de-blinding” (DuBois, 2008). Although many people would perhaps like to benefit from a new drug which is more effective than existing drugs, people have different ideas about what is an acceptable risk and different reasons for taking part in clinical trials. People who receive the placebo are not exposed to the same potential risks as those given the experimental drug. On the other hand, they have no possibility to benefit from the advantages the drug may offer. Those receiving a drug commonly considered as the standard therapy are not necessarily better off than those receiving a placebo as some participants may already know that they do not respond well to the accepted treatment (DuBois, 2008). If people who participate in a clinical trial are not informed which arm of the trial they were in, valuable information is lost which might have otherwise contributed towards to treatment decisions made after the clinical trial. Taylor and Wainwright (2005) suggest that “unblinding” should occur at the end of all studies and so as not to interfere with the analysis of data, this could be done by a person who is totally independent of the analysis. This would, however, have implications for open label extended trials as in that case participants, whilst better equipped to give informed consent would have more information than the researchers and this might be conveyed to researchers in anad hocmanner. Open label extension trails Open label extension studies (mentioned in sub-section 7.1.8) seem quite fair as they give each participant the opportunity to freely consent to continuing with the study in the full knowledge that s/he will receive the experimental drug. However, Taylor and Wainwright (2005) have highlighted a couple of ethical concerns linked to the consent process, the scientific value of such studies and issues linked to access to drugs at the end of the prior study. With regard to consent, they argue that people may have had a positive or negative experience of the trial but do not know whether this was due to the experimental drug, another drug or a placebo. They may nevertheless base their decision whether to continue on their experience so far. For those who were not taking the experimental drug, their experience in the follow-up trial may turn out to be very different. Also, if they are told about the possibility of the open label extension trial when deciding whether or not to take part in the initial trial (i.e. with the implication that whatever group they are ascribed to, in the follow-up study they will be guaranteed the experimental drug), this might induce them to participate in the initial study which could be considered as a form of subtle coercion. Finally, researchers may be under pressure to recruit as they can only recruit people in an open label extended trial who took part in the initial study. This may lead them in turn to put pressure (even inadvertently) on participants to continue with the study. The scientific validity of open label extension trials is questioned by Taylor and Wainwright (2005) on the grounds that people from the experimental arm of the first study who did not tolerate the drug would be unlikely to participate in the extension trial and this would lead to bias in the results. In addition, open-label trials often lack a precise duration other than “until the drug is licensed” which casts doubt on there being a valid research purpose. The above authors suggest that open label extension studies are dressed up marketing activities which lack the ethical justification for biomedical research which is the prospect of finding new ways of benefiting people’s health. However, it could be argued that the aim of assessing long-term tolerability of a new drug is a worthwhile pursuit and if conducted in a scientific manner could be considered as research. Moreover, not all open label extension trials are open-ended with regard to their duration. The main problem in interpreting open label extension studies is that little is known about the natural course of the disease. Protecting participants’ well-being at the end of the clinical trial Some people who participate in a clinical trial and who receive the experimental drug experience an improvement in their condition. This is to be hoped even if benefit to the health of individuals is not the aim of the study. However, at the end of the study, the drug is not yet licenced and there is no legal right to continue taking it. This could be psychologically disturbing to the participants in the trial and also to their families who may have seen a marked improvement in their condition. Taylor and Wainwright (2005) suggest that the open label trials may serve the purpose of prescribing an unlicensed drug on compassionate grounds, which whilst laudable, should not be camouflaged as scientific research. Rather governments should take responsibility and set up the appropriate legal mechanisms to make it possible for participants whose medical condition merits prolonged treatment with the experimental drug to have access to it. Minimising pain and discomfort Certain procedures to which people with dementia or their representatives consent may by burdensome or painful or simply worrying but in accordance with the principles of autonomy or justice/equity, people with dementia have the right to participate. The fact that they have made an informed decision to participate and are willing to tolerate such pain or burden does not release researchers from the obligation to try to minimise it. For example, if repeated blood samples are going to be necessary, an indwelling catheter could be inserted under local anaesthetic to make it easier or medical staff should provide reassurance about the use of various scanning equipment which might be worrying or enable the person’s carer to be present. In order to minimize fear, trained personnel are needed who have experience dealing with people with dementia. The advice of the carer, if there is one, could also be sought. Drug trials in countries with less developed safeguards Clinical trials are sometimes carried out in countries where safeguards are not well developed and where the participants and even the general population are likely to have less possibility to benefit from the results of successful trials. For example, some countries have not signed the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human Being with regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine (1997) (referred to in section 188.8.131.52). The participants in those countries may be exposed to possible risks but have little chance of future medical benefit if the trial is successful. Yet people in countries with stricter safeguards for participants (which are often richer countries) stand to benefit from their efforts and from the risks they take, as they are more likely to be able to afford the drugs once developed. This raises ethical issues linked to voluntariness because there may be, in addition to the less developed safeguards, factors which make participation in such trials more attractive to potential participants. Such practices also represent a lack of equity in the distribution of risk, burden and possible benefit within society and could be interpreted as using people as a means to an end. Parallels can also be drawn to the situation whereby people in countries where stem cell research is banned profit from the results of studies carried out in countries where it is permitted or to the results of studies carried out in countries where research ethics are slack or inexistent. For a detailed discussion of the ethical issues linked to the involvement in research of people in other countries, particularly lower and middle income countries where standards of protection may by lower, please refer to the afore-mentioned report by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. - Researchers should consider including a placebo arm in clinical trials when there are compelling and sound methodological reasons for doing so. - Researchers should ensure that patients are aware that the aim of a randomised controlled trial is to test a hypothesis and provide generalizable knowledge leading to the development of a medical drug or procedure. They should explain how this differs from medical treatment and care which are aimed at enhancing the health and wellbeing of individual patients and where there is a reasonable expectation that this will be successful. - Researchers should ensure that potential participants understand that they may be allocated to the placebo group. - It should not be presumed that the treating doctor or contact person having proposed the participant for a trial has been successful in communicating the above information. - Researchers conducting clinical trials may need training in how to ensure effective communication with people with dementia. - Appropriate measures should be taken by researchers to minimize fear, pain and discomfort of participants. - All participants should, when possible, preferably have the option of receiving the experimental drug (if proven safe) after completion of the study. - Pharmaceutical companies should not be discouraged from carrying out open-label extension studies but this should not be the sole possibility for participants to access the trial drug after the end of the study if it is proving beneficial to them. - In multi-centre clinical trials, where data is transferred to another country in which data protection laws are perhaps less severe, the data should be treated as stated in the consent form signed by the participant. Last Updated: jeudi 29 mars 2012

<urn:uuid:9d3f2101-f19c-4a5e-a7b4-dcd94a6d33f1>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/FR%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%EF%BF%BD%20%EF%BF%BD%C2%B3/Ethics/Ethical-issues-in-practice/Ethics-of-dementia-research/Clinical-trials

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

United Kingdom - Scotland Restrictions of freedom Mental Health (Care and Treatment) (Scotland) Act 2003 The Act was designed to modernise and improve the use of compulsory measures in mental health care. It reflects the general move over the last two decades towards care and treatment in the community rather than in hospitals or other residential settings. The title reflects the philosophy of the legislation with the focus on ‘care’ and ‘treatment’. In basic terms, the Act provides for the protection of people with a mental disorder in a hospital or community setting. It contains mechanisms for dealing with offenders who have a mental disorder and so interacts with the criminal justice system. The Act covers individuals who are defined as having a ‘mental disorder’. The term includes mental illness, personality disorder and learning disability. The majority of cases involving compulsory measures have been in relation to people diagnosed with a mental illness. However, the Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland monitors the use of compulsory measures and has found increasing use of emergency or short term measures being used for people aged over 75 years with a diagnosis of dementia. Detention (Involuntary internment) The Act deals with several forms of compulsion in relation to a person with mental disorder where: There is a significant risk to the person’s health, safety or welfare or the safety of any other person (what is a significant risk is a question of judgement for health and social care professionals. The tribunal will test this assessment during an appeal or on an application for a compulsory treatment order). Treatment is available to prevent the person’s condition from deteriorating or to relieve its symptoms or effects Compulsory admission is necessary because the person will not agree to admission and/or treatment; and The person’s ability to make decisions about the provision of medical treatment is significantly impaired because of mental disorder. Types of order Emergency Detention (72 hours) Short Term Detention (28 days and can be extended) Compulsory Treatment Order (6 months – can be extended) Mental Health Tribunals The Act introduced a new system of mental health tribunals with a number of functions, including considering applications for orders and appeals against orders. This is detention in a psychiatric hospital for up to 72 hours if necessary. It does not authorise any medical treatment. In an emergency, common law powers might be used. A registered medical practitioner can sign an emergency detention certificate if s/he believes that a person’s ability to make decisions about medical treatment is significantly impaired because of mental disorder. This authorises the removal of the individual to a specific hospital. Before signing the certificate the medical practitioner must be satisfied that: There is an urgent need to detain the person in hospital to access the medical treatment s/he needs If the person was not detained, there would be a significant risk to his or her health, safety, or welfare or the safety of another person, and Any delay caused by starting the short term detention procedure is undesirable. If any treatment is needed the short-term detention procedure must generally be used. Short term detention This may be used where it is necessary to detain an individual with mental disorder who cannot be treated voluntarily and without the treatment the person would be at risk of significant harm. To obtain a certificate the approved medical practitioner must consult and gain the approval of a Mental Health Officer whatever the circumstances. Compulsory Treatment Order Compulsory Treatment Orders (CTOs) are granted by the Mental Health Tribunal. They last for 6 months, can be extended by the responsible medical officer for a further six months and then extended annually. The Tribunal reviews them at least every two years. Therefore, they can restrict or deprive liberty for long periods of time. The Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland looks at how these orders are used for people of different ages and genders to see if there are any trends. Over recent years, the number of new orders has come down. The use of CTOs for people aged 65 and over has increased for people with dementia in recent years. ‘De facto detention’ Practitioners must be careful that they are not using excessive coercion to prevent people from leaving hospital when they wish to. They must take care to document situations where they have concerns if an informal patient wishes to leave. The Tribunal can, under section 291 of the 2003 Act, order that an informal patient is being unlawfully detained. People with dementia pose a difficult problem. The Tribunal has ruled that a person with dementia is unlawfully detained in a general hospital when prevented from leaving. It can be appropriate to redirect someone and dissuade him/her from leaving but repeatedly thwarting a determined effort to leave is likely to a significant deprivation of liberty, and the patient should be formally detained. Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 Scottish incapacity laws were reformed with the introduction of the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act in 2000. This Act covers people with a mental disorder who lack some or all capacity to make decisions or act in their own interests. It recognises that capacity is not all or nothing but is ‘decision specific’. The Act introduced a number of measures to authorise someone else to make decisions on behalf of the person with incapacity, on the basis of a set of principles on the face of the Act. These are fundamental. Any action or decision - Must benefit the person - Must be the least restrictive of the person’s liberty in order to gain that benefit - Must take account of the person’s past and present wishes (s/he must be given assisted to communicate by whatever means is appropriate to the individual) - Must follow consultation with relevant others as far as practicable - Must encourage and support the person to maintain existing skills and develop new skills. The individual may, whilst competent, appoint one or more persons to act their financial (continuing) and or welfare attorney. This must be registered with the Office of the Public Guardian. It does not allow the attorney to detain the grantor in a psychiatric hospital. If the person refuses to comply with the attorney the attorney has no compulsory powers to detain. Where there is concern for the person’s safety the attorney can apply to the court for a welfare guardianship order. Powers can be granted to allow the guardian to decide on the accommodation of the person and other powers such as who they can consort with. Where the welfare guardian has powers over accommodation s/he is able to restrict the freedom of the person by placing them in a care home against their will. However, whether this amounts to deprivation of liberty under the European Court of Human Rights ruling will depend on a number of other circumstances and the accumulative impact of which would need to be considered (Patrick and Smith, 2009; Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland, 2011). With regard to the issue of non-compliance, if the person on guardianship, for example, runs away, the guardian can apply to the Court under s70 for an order to require the person to return. Because there is no automatic review of welfare guardianship orders there is concern that the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 may not be compliant with the European Convention on Human Rights. The Act states that the order should be for a standard 3 years but can be more or less at the discretion of the Court. However, there has been a practice of orders being granted for indefinite periods and this has given rise to concern in relation to certain groups. However, for people with dementia, who have a progressive brain disorder, an indefinite order may be deemed appropriate. The Scottish Law Commission is currently undertaking a review of the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 in relation to deprivation of liberty issues. It has established an advisory group of key stakeholders, including Alzheimer Scotland, and will be reporting in due course. The Road Traffic Act of 1991 contains a few articles relating to offences involving driving when unfit to do so, e.g.: - A person who causes the death of another person by driving a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place is guilty of an offence. - A person who drives a mechanically propelled vehicle dangerously on a road or other public place is guilty of an offence. - If a person drives a mechanically propelled vehicle on a road or other public place without due care and attention, or without reasonable consideration for other persons using the road or place, he (or she) is guilty of an offence. - According to the provisions of this act, a person is regarded as driving dangerously if the way s/he drives falls far below what would be expected of a competent and careful driver and it would be obvious to a competent and careful driver that driving in that way would be dangerous. A person who has been diagnosed with dementia must inform the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA). Failure to do could lead to a fine of up to £1,000. Moreover, a person who had an accident but did not previously inform the DVLA of his/her dementia might not be covered by his/her insurance company. Once the DVLA has been informed of that someone has dementia, they send a questionnaire to the person and request a medical report. A driving assessment may also be required. The Medical Advisers at the DVLA then decide whether the person can continue driving (Alzheimer Scotland, 2003). Patrick, H. and Smith, N. (2009),Adult Protection and the Law in Scotland, Bloomsbury Professional. Mental Welfare Commission for Scotland Annual Report 2010 – 2011 www.mwcscot.org.uk Last Updated: mercredi 14 mars 2012

<urn:uuid:ca6ee1dd-37e5-4f09-89d9-c924539ff0e6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/FR%C2%AF/Policy-in-Practice2/Country-comparisons/Restrictions-of-freedom/United-Kingdom-Scotland

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Our opinion on ... - Executive Summary - Necessity for a response - Genetic testing - General principles - Other considerations The present paper constitutes the input of Alzheimer Europe and its member organisations to the ongoing discussions within Europe about genetic testing (in the context of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia). Alzheimer Europe would like to recall some general principles which guide this present response: - Having a gene associated with Alzheimer's disease or another form of dementia does not mean that a person has the disease. - People who have a gene linked to Alzheimer's disease or another form of dementia have the same rights as anyone else. - Genetic testing does not only affect the person taking the test. It may also reveal information about other relatives who might not want to know. - No genetic test is 100% accurate. - The extent to which health cover is provided to citizens by the State social security system and/or privately contracted by individuals differs from one country to the next. On the basis of these principles, Alzheimer Europe has developed the following position with regard to genetic testing: - Alzheimer Europe firmly believes that the use and/or possession of genetic information by insurance companies should be prohibited. - Alzheimer Europe strongly supports research into the genetic factors linked to dementia which might further our understanding of the cause and development of the disease and possibly contribute to future treatment. - Based on its current information, Alzheimer Europe does not encourage the use of any genetic test for dementia UNLESS such test has a high and proven success rate either in assessing the risk of developing the disease (or not as the case may be) or in detecting the existence of it in a particular individual. - Alzheimer Europe requests further information on the accuracy, reliability and predictive value of any genetic tests for dementia. - Genetic testing should always be accompanied by adequate pre- and post-test counselling. - Anonymous testing should be possible so that individuals can ensure that such information does not remain in their medical files against their will. It is extremely important for people with dementia to be diagnosed as soon as possible. In the case of Alzheimer’s disease, an early diagnosis may enable the person concerned to benefit from medication, which treats the global symptoms of the disease and is most effective in the early to mid stages of the disease. Most forms of dementia involve the gradual deterioration of mental faculties (e.g. memory, language and thinking etc.) but in the early stages, it is still possible for the person affected to make decisions concerning his/her finances and care etc. – hence the importance of an early diagnosis. If it were possible to detect dementia before the first symptoms became obvious, this would give people a greater opportunity to make informed decisions about their future lives. This is one of the potential benefits of genetic testing. On the other hand, such information could clearly be used in ways which would be contrary to their personal interests, perhaps resulting in employment discrimination, loss of opportunities, stigmatisation, increased health insurance costs or even loss of health insurance to name but a few examples. The present discussion paper outlines some of the recommendations of Alzheimer Europe and its member organisations and raises a few points which deserve further clarification and discussion. The necessity for a response by Alzheimer Europe In the last few years, the issue of genetic testing has been increasingly debated. In certain European countries there are already companies offering such tests. Unfortunately, the general public do not always fully understand what the results of such tests imply and there are no regulations governing how they are carried out i.e. what kind of information people receive, how the results are presented, whether there is any kind of counselling afterwards and the issue of confidentiality etc. In order to provide information to people with dementia and other people interesting in knowing about their own state of health and in order to protect them from the unscrupulous use of the results of genetic tests, Alzheimer Europe has developed the present Position Paper. These general principles as well as the Convention of Human Rights and Biomedicine and the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights dictate Alzheimer Europe’s position with regard to genetic testing. Alzheimer Europe would like to draw a distinction between tests which detect existing Alzheimer's disease and tests which assess the risk of developing dementia Alzheimer's disease at some time in the future: - Diagnostic testing : Familial early onset Alzheimer’s disease (FAD) is associated with 3 genes. These are the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 and presenilin-2. These genetic mutations can be detected by genetic testing. However, it is important to note that the test only relates to those people with FAD (i.e. about 1% of all people with Alzheimer’s disease). In the extremely limited number of families with this dominant genetic disorder, family members inherit from one of their parents the part of the DNA (the genetic make-up), which causes the disease. On average, half the children of an affected parent will develop the disease. For those who do, the age of onset tends to be relatively low, usually between 35 and 60. - Assessment for risk testing : Whether or not members of one’s family have Alzheimer’s disease, everyone risks developing the disease at some time. However, it is now known that there is a gene, which can affect this risk. This gene is found on chromosome 19 and it is responsible for the production of a protein called apolipoprotein E (ApoE). There are three main types of this protein, one of which (ApoE4), although uncommon, makes it more likely that Alzheimer’s disease will occur. However, it does not cause the disease, but merely increases the likelihood. For example, a person of 50, would have a 2 in 1,000 chance of developing Alzheimer’s disease instead of the usual 1 in 1,000, but might never actually develop it. Only 50% of people with Alzheimer’s disease have ApoE4 and not everyone with ApoE4 suffers from it. There is no way to accurately predict whether a particular person will develop the disease. It is possible to test for the ApoE4 gene mentioned above, but strictly speaking such a test does not predict whether a particular person will develop Alzheimer’s disease or not. It merely indicates that he or she is at greater risk. There are in fact people who have had the ApoE4 gene, lived well into old age and never developed Alzheimer’s disease, just as there are people who did not have ApoE4, who did develop the disease. Therefore taking such a test carries the risk of unduly alarming or comforting somebody. Alzheimer Europe agrees with diagnostic genetic testing provided that pre- and post-test counselling is provided, including a full discussion of the implications of the test and that the results remain confidential. We do not actually encourage the use of genetic testing for assessing the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. We feel that it is somewhat unethical as it does not entail any health benefit and the results cannot actually predict whether a person will develop dementia (irrespective of the particular form of ApoE s/he may have). We are totally opposed to insurance companies having access to results from genetic tests for the following reasons: - This would be in clear opposition to the fundamental principle of insurance which is the mutualisation of risk through large numbers (a kind of solidarity whereby the vast majority who have relatively good health share the cost with those who are less fortunate). - Failure to respect this principle would create an uninsurable underclass and lead to a genetically inferior group. - This in turn could entail the further stigmatisation of people with dementia and their carers. - In some countries, insurance companies manage to reach decisions on risk and coverage without access to genetic data. - We therefore urge governments and the relevant European bodies to take the necessary action to prohibit the use or possession of genetic data by insurance companies. Alzheimer Europe recognises the importance of research into the genetic determinants of Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Consequently, - we support the use of genetic testing for the purposes of research provided that the person concerned has given informed consent and that the data is treated with utmost confidentiality; and - we would also welcome further discussion about the problem of data management. In our opinion, any individual who wishes to take a genetic test should be able to choose to do so anonymously in order to ensure that such information does not remain in his/her medical file. At its Annual General Meeting in Munich on 15 October 2000, Alzheimer Europe adopted recommendations on how to improve the legal rights and protection of adults with incapacity due to dementia. This included a section on bioethical issues. These recommendations obviously need to guide any response of the organisation regarding genetic testing for people who suspect or fear they may have dementia and also those who have taken the test and did develop dementia. - The adult with incapacity has the right to be informed about his/her state of health. - Information should, where appropriate, cover the following: the diagnosis, the person's general state of health, treatment possibilities, potential risks and consequences of having or not having a particular treatment, side-effects, prognosis and alternative treatments. - Such information should not be withheld solely on the grounds that the adult is suffering from dementia and/or has communication difficulties. Attempts should be made to provide information in such a way as to maximise his/her ability to understand, making use of technology and other available techniques to enhance communication. Attention should be paid to any possible difficulty understanding, retaining information and communicating, as well as his/her level of education, reasoning capacity and cultural background. Care should be taken to avoid causing unnecessary anxiety and suffering. - Written as well as verbal information should always be provided as a back-up. The adult should be granted access to his/her medical file(s). S/he should also have the opportunity to discuss the contents of the medical file(s) with a person of his/her choice (e.g. a doctor) and/or to appoint someone to receive information on his/her behalf. - Information should not be given against the will of the adult with incapacity. - The confidentiality of information should extend beyond the lifetime of the adult with incapacity. If any information is used for research or statistical purposes, the identity of the adult with incapacity should remain anonymous and the information should not be traceable back to him/her (in accordance with the provisions of national laws on respect for the confidentiality of personal information). Consideration should be given to access to information where abuse is suspected. - A clear refusal by the adult with incapacity to grant access to information to any third party should be respected regardless of the extent of his/her incapacity, unless this would be clearly against his/her best interests e.g. carers should have provided to them information on a need to know basis to enable them to care effectively for the adult with incapacity. - People who receive information about an adult with incapacity in connection with their work (either voluntary or paid) should be obliged to treat such information with confidentiality. People who take genetic tests and do not receive adequate pre and post test counselling may suffer adverse effects. Fear of discrimination based on genetic information may deter people from taking genetic tests which could be useful for research into the role of genes in the development of dementia. Certain tests may be relevant for more than one medical condition. For example, the ApoE test is used in certain countries as part of the diagnosis and treatment of heart disease. There is therefore a risk that a person might consent for one type of medical test and have the results used for a different reason. Last Updated: jeudi 06 août 2009

<urn:uuid:62210bfc-b709-4c59-93ac-36ec9784506d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.alzheimer-europe.org/FR%C5%A0%C2%B7%C5%A0%20/Policy-in-Practice2/Our-opinion-on/Genetic-testing

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Stanley Kubrick, one of America's legendary filmmakers responsible for films such as "Paths of Glory" (1957), "Spartacus" (1960), "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb" (1964), "2001: A Space Odyssey" (1968), "A Clockwork Orange" (1971), "The Shining" (1980), "Full Metal Jacket" (1987), to name a few. But all filmmakers have their beginnings and for Stanley Kubrick, his first feature film would be the 1953 film "Fear and Desire". Having created two documentaries ("Day of the Fight", "Flying Padre: An RKO-Pathe Screenliner") in 1951 and employed at "LOOK" Magazine, Kubrick quite his job to create his first feature film. Using funds that were raised by his family and friends, Kubrick and a classmate from his old high school, Howard Sackler, would go on to create "Fear and Desire". While not a box office hit, the film captured the attention of film critics, who took notice of Kubrick's talent. But among the Kubrick films available, "Fear and Desire" has only been screened at very few places since it's release. One of those screenings were at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. back in 1993. The film also has not been released commercially and even was downplayed by Kubrick, when he was alive, calling the film a "bumbling amateur film exercise". But in 2010, Turner Classic Movies aired a restored print courtesy of the George Eastman House and now, Kino Lorber will be releasing the film on Blu-ray and DVD in October 2012. The version of "Fear and Desire" presented was mastered in HD from archival 35mm elements newly restored by the Library of Congress. The Blu-ray and DVD release will also include "The Seafarers, a short film created in 1953, a film which Kubrick took on in behalf of the Seafarers International Union in order to raise money for his next film "Killer's Kiss" (1954). "Fear and Desire" revolves around four soldiers who have crash landed in enemy territory. Lt. Corby (portrayed by Kenneth Harp), Sgt. Mac (portrayed by Frank Silvera), Pvt. Fletcher (portrayed by Stephen Coit) and Pvt. Sidney (portrayed by Paul Mazursky) are six miles away from where they should be and know they must cross a river in order to survive. So, the four led by Lt. Corby, must evade enemy forces and create a raft and during nighttime, try to escape. But while building the raft, they are afraid they may have been spotted by a plane flying above them, so the four leave the raft and try to see what is out there in the surrounding area. The group spots a cabin where two enemy soldiers are eating. Seeing their weapons and food, the four knows they must take the soldiers out and so, they devise a plan and are able to kill the two soldiers including one enemy soldier returning to the cabin. But Pvt. Sidney begins to crack after he sees the dead mean staring at him. As the four begin to work on their raft and see what is ahead of them near the river, a woman is seen catching fish with other women in the river. While going home, she hears a noise (made by the soldiers hiding behind a bush). The soldiers take her, bind her and try to interrogate her, but she does not speak any English. So, the three continue their reconnaissance and leave the unstable Pvt. Sidney to watch over her. But with Pvt. Sidney's mind becoming more unstable, can the soldiers trust him to watch the woman? "Fear and Desire" is presented in 1080p High Definition (1:33:1, black and white) and features the rare George Eastman House print that is mastered in HD from archival 35 mm elements newly restored by the Library of Congress. For the most part, picture quality for this film is very good considering its age. I detected no film warping, excessive blurring or a lot of scratches. There are nicks and dust that can be seen but by no means, does it prevent you from enjoying the film. Whites and grays were well-contrast, black levels were inky and dark. Overall, picture quality of "Fear and Desire" on Blu-ray is not pristine but the film looks great! As for "The Seafarers", the film is presented in color but definitely looks its age. While in HD, it does have that feeling of early '50s documentary shorts. AUDIO & SUBTITLES: "Fear and Desire" is presented in monaural LPCM 2.0. I detected no major hissing or pops during my viewing of "Fear and Desire". Audio was clear and dialogue can be heard clearly with no problems whatsoever. It's important to remember that this low-budget film was shot without sound and dialogue and effects were added during post production. There are no subtitles included on this Blu-ray release. "Fear and Desire" comes with Kubrick's 1953 short "The Seafarers" which was preserved by the Museum of Modern Art. The Seafarers is a industrial documentary promoting the Seafarers International Union. "Fear and Desire", the first film by Stanley Kubrick that he never wanted people to see. Who can blame Kubrick? Having a remarkable list of films in his oeuvre, his first film was seen by him as amateurish and low-budget. And as a filmmaker, one can easily criticize their earliest work and would rather have people remember the popular films that he's known for, not his first film that he created at 24. But for cinema fans, "Fear and Desire" is fascinating American cinema for the fact that it shows that Stanley Kubrick was a filmmaker and writer that was ahead of his time. "Fear and Desire" is cleverly written to poke at America's continuing involvement in war. And while "Fear and Desire" is not about the United States but people of an unknown country, Kubrick tries to relate one's feeling towards war, the futility of the actions of government and like its title, our soldiers that are sent to fight in a war instead of live for their families, are in fear of their lives being taken and their desire to survive another day. For Kubrick's first film, the use of cinematography and clever editing worked to the film's efficacy. From the facial expressions and the eyes of the soldiers, the sight of a dead person as he grasps the food to show signs of life until no movement can be seen. Also, closeups showcasing the sight of death or insanity for a character to wide angle shots showcasing the river and the wilderness. Kubrick's cinematography was amazing to see at his young age and once again, showing how he was ahead of his time. Also, intriguing was the use of two characters playing the enemy. Actors Kenneth Harp who plays Lt. Corby also plays the enemy general and Stephen Coit plays Pvt. Fletcher and the enemy captain. Kubrick utilizes each character effectively. From the young woman (portrayed by Virginia Leith) with fear on her face as the unstable Pvt. Sidney starts to go insane and rubs his face all over her. While a seen between Kenneth Harp's two characters who encounter each other is quite a memorable sight. For the most part, Stanely Kubrick was able to craft an intelligent film that pokes on society during that era on war. Something he focuses a lot decades later in his film "Full Metal Jacket". As for the Blu-ray release of "Fear and Desire", the fact that many people were exposed to bootlegs, because the film was never released should be happy that the 35 mm elements was restored and that Kubrick fans finally get their wish for an official video release. Not only is the film restored but the film looks great on Blu-ray! As for the inclusion of "The Seafarers", it's more of an industrial documentary promoting the Seafarers International Union but for Kubrick fans, the short gives people a chance to see how a young Kubrick was able to pay the bill sand eventually finance his next film, and that was taking on these type of jobs to earn money. So, you get the 1953 film and his short made that same year in this one Blu-ray release! Just to get this rare gem, restored and presented on Blu-ray is fantastic! Overall, while Stanley Kubrick has many films in his oeuvre that will be forever known and loved by cinema fans, "Fear and Desire" is the legendary filmmaker's first feature film that provides an insightful look at a young Kubrick at work and how his work was ahead for its time. Highly recommended!

<urn:uuid:01dba91e-e35f-46b5-8916-b74283642309>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.amazon.ca/Stanley-Kubricks-Fear-Desire-Blu-ray/dp/B007K8ILUQ

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Medicaid is a State and Federal program that will pay most nursing home costs for people with limited income and assets. Eligibility varies by State. You must meet certain requirements in order to be eligible for Medicaid. Medicaid does not pay money to you; instead, it sends payments directly to your health care providers. Medicaid in Illinois is sometimes referred to as Public Aid and is administered by Health Care and Family Services (HFS).HFS Medical Benefits is a comprehensive healthcare program that covers doctor visits, prescription drugs, hospital care, emergency room coverage, long term care, durable medical equipment and a variety of other healthcare services. You may qualify if you meet the following criteria. - You are age 65 or older, or blind or have a permanent disability, AND - You live in Illinois, AND - Your income and assets are below the programís income http://health.illinois.gov/hfs.html#income and asset limits http://health.illinois.gov/hfs.html#assetlimit , AND - You are a U.S. citizen or you are an eligible qualified immigrant http://health.illinois.gov/hfs.html#qualifiedimmigrant Our staff is ready to assist you in completing an application if financial assistance is needed in paying for your cost of care.

<urn:uuid:fc0c23e9-4e84-4f2c-bc44-1531fef4940b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.amberwoodcarecentre.com/about-us/40-content/financial-options/141-medicaid

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

He started out studying at the Champ Universitaire Italien de Lausanne in Switzerland, where he took courses in architecture and urban planning. Magistretti studied architecture at Milan Polytechnic, graduating in 1945. In the 1950s Vico Magistretti built private houses, office buildings, churches and hotels. Magistretti worked as a freelance designer for companies such as Artemide, Cassina, De Padova, Flou, FontanaArte, Fritz Hansen, Kartell, Knoll, O-Luce, Schiffini, and Campeggi. From the 1960s Vico Magistretti designed furniture and objects of plastic. His "Telegono" table lamp dates from 1968. Magistretti created "Selene" (1969; for Artemide), a plastic stackable chair moulded in one piece. The Magistretti chairs "Gaudì" and "Vicario" were designed in 1970. In 1977 Vico Magistretti created "Atollo", a metal table lamp. In 1983 he designed "Veranda", a convertible sofa that is equipped with an adjustable headrest. No matter what materials were used, Magistretti always attached great importance to high quality workmanship. For a design solution to be long-lasting and of high quality, Vico Magistretti felt it had to be both beautiful and useful. His designs invariably link sculptural elegance with technical sophistication. Most of Magistrelli's lamps and furniture have been best sellers and also long sellers. His works have been displayed in the major design exhibitions throughout Europe, United States and Japan and are included in the permanent exhibitions of the world's most important museums. Numerous of his creations are part of the permanent collection of the New Yorker Museum of Modern Art. From 1980 Vico Magistretti taught at the Royal College of Art in London, becoming an Honorary Fellow in 1983 and, in 1996 a Senior Fellow. He was nominated Royal Designer for Industry by the Royal Society of Arts. In 2006 Ludovico Magistretti died at the age of 86 years in his birthplace Milan.

<urn:uuid:4e4e8499-adc4-418b-a7b2-947199b40831>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ambientedirect.com/en/designers/vico-magistretti

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Can women receive sacred orders? Let us consult several authoritative sources. Canon 1024 of the Code of Canon Law states, “A baptized male alone receives sacred ordination validly.” In 1994 Pope John Paul II said, “I declare that the Church has no authority whatsoever to confer priestly ordination on women and that this judgment is to be definitively held by all the Church’s faithful.” And the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith has weighed in on the issue more than once. A statement in 1995 read, “This teaching requires definitive assent, since, founded on the written word of God and from the beginning constantly preserved and applied in the tradition of the Church, it has been set forth infallibly by the ordinary and universal magisterium.” And in 2010 the doctrinal congregation stated, “both the one who attempts to confer sacred ordination on a woman, and she who attempts to receive sacred ordination incur a latae sententiae [automatic] excommunication reserved to the Apostolic See.” And so the issue is settled. Or is it?Development of Early Church Ministries Jesus chose the Twelve and others to help spread the word that God was working in the world uniquely through him. After his death and resurrection, local communities of believers formed; and within them leaders emerged or were chosen. In a natural way, the shape of such leadership was often borrowed from contemporary society. There were episkopoi, or “overseers,” in synagogues, who managed finances and sometimes settled disputes, and overseers in the civic world responsible for community projects, like the building of a road. There were presbyteroi, or “elders,” councils of men who formed administrative boards in synagogues and other religious institutions. Adopted by the Christian communities, these offices would develop into the episcopate and priesthood. Very early in the life of the church, around A.D. 55, the Letter to the Philippians names the episkopoi and diakonoi among its addressees. This latter group is our focus. Many ministries contributed to the fruitful life of the community. Some were transient, like speaking in tongues or prophecy, while others, like teaching, required more permanence. In the New Testament, a whole range of such contributions to community well-being are clustered under the heading of the Greek verb diakonein and its related nouns. An inclusive translation of these words would be “to minister,” “ministry,” “minister.” A diakonos in the secular society of the day was someone chosen and entrusted by another person with carrying out a specific task. This meaning carries over in the ministry words found in letters written by or attributed to St. Paul. Such services entrusted to a believer by God and/or the community could range from preaching the Gospel to encouraging the community to taking up a collection for hungry believers in Jerusalem during a famine. In the First Letter of Timothy, which most scholars date at the end of the first century, the word “deacons” appears to be used in a more narrow way. Requirements for the office (3:8-12) are not especially “spiritual” but basic to living with integrity: “dignified,” “not deceitful,” “not addicted to drink,” “not greedy,” “holding fast to the mystery of faith,” “tested first,” “must be married only once and manage their children and their households well.” What exactly the deacons did is not spelled out, although in Acts 6 and 7 they care for the needy and preach. 1 Timothy also stipulates that “women, similarly, should be dignified, not slanderers, but temperate and faithful in everything.” Much has been written about whether these women are the wives of deacons or deacons themselves. There is good reason to believe that they, too, are deacons. Paul in the Letter to the Romans famously calls Phoebe a diakonos, the only named individual explicitly so designated in the New Testament. Here a note of caution is called for. It would be premature to make judgments about the diaconate today from these passages, since the specific nature of this ministry is not clearly defined.What Deacons Did By the third century, the hierarchical structure of church communities had developed into the now familiar pattern: bishop at the top, then priest, then deacon. Deacons, ordained with an imposition of hands, taught, cared for the needy and assisted in the celebration of the Eucharist and baptism. In some places they administered the finances of the community. Circumstances also created a need for women to serve as deacons. Since persons were unclothed when they were baptized, having men ministering to women would have been highly improper. The same reservation would apply to men visiting sick women in their homes. Women deacons instructed women converts and greeted women who came to the Christian gatherings. There is no evidence that they had a public role in teaching or preaching. By the end of the fourth century in the Eastern churches, they were considered part of the clergy, made so through the laying on of hands. Kevin Madigan and Carolyn Osiek in Ordained Women in the Early Church: A Documentary History, sum up the situation in the East: “Female deacons…exercised liturgical roles, supervised the lives of women faithful, provided ongoing care for women baptizands, and were seen going on pilgrimage and interacting with their own families and the general population in a variety of ways.” Testimony about women deacons in the West is much scarcer and does not appear until the fifth century. Inscriptions from Africa, Gaul, Rome and Dalmatia, for example, each name a woman deacon. The decrees of three church councils in France, in 441, 517 and 533, prohibiting their ordination are testimony that the institution continued for at least 80 years after its prohibition. It is remarkable to note that in 1017, Pope Benedict VIII wrote to the bishop of Porto in Portugal giving him authority to ordain presbyters, deacons, deaconesses and subdeacons. By the end of the sixth century, however, the office of deacon for women outside monasteries was already in decline. One of the reasons given for this is the notion of cultic purity, meaning a suitability to approach sacred places and objects. It was believed that menstruation and childbirth made a woman ritually “impure.” Another factor was the move away from adult baptism—with its attendant nudity and need for modesty—to infant baptism. Communities of nuns would take over the nursing, charitable and teaching ministries without being ordained deacons. By the 12th century, women deacons anywhere were rare. The permanent male diaconate was also disappearing. Tensions arose over the understanding and practice of the ministry of priest and deacon. Many of the services of the deacon were gradually absorbed into the priesthood or taken up by other orders: subdeacons, acolytes, doorkeepers. The diaconate changed from a permanent office into a step on the way to priesthood.The Current Situation In recent years, several Eastern Orthodox Church conferences have called for the ordination of women to the diaconate. The Armenian Apostolic Church, which is not in union with Rome but is recognized by Rome as being in the line of succession to the apostles, with mutual recognition of sacraments and orders, has always had women deacons, though only a few serve today. Their ministry includes service at the Eucharist. But what about the Roman Catholic Church? The Second Vatican Council opened a new era by returning the diaconate to a permanent order. Today about 40,000 men throughout the world are deacons. Knowledge of the historical presence of women deacons would raise the issue of their ordination. The Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith issued a declaration in 1976 that reaffirmed the exclusion of women from the priesthood. The official commentary commissioned by the C.D.F., however, had acknowledged the existence of “deaconesses” in the early church but was uncertain whether they had received sacramental ordination. The congregation had decided that this discussion “should be kept for the future.” The first draft of what was to be a pastoral letter by the bishops of the United States on the role of women in society and the church appeared in 1988. It stated, “we recommend that the question of the admission of women to the diaconal office” be submitted to thorough investigation and that “this study be undertaken and brought to completion soon.” Differences of opinion emerged as the letter worked its way through discussions by the full body of bishops. When the letter was finally approved in November 1992, it noted that admission to the diaconate was among the concerns women had brought to the committee. The letter acknowledged “the need for continuing dialogue and reflection on the meaning of ministry in the church, particularly in regard to the diaconate, the offices of lector and acolyte and to servers at the altar.” The document was approved for release not as a pastoral letter of the episcopate but as a committee report. The sense of urgency or priority had disappeared. Obstacles to considering women for ordination to the diaconate were formidable. Canon 1024 limited sacred ordination to males, as we have seen. This exclusion was based on the practice of Jesus and the church’s long tradition of ordaining only men and on the so-called iconic argument. Articulated regularly, as in Pope John Paul II’s “Letter to Women” of 1995, the reasoning is that the person ordained is to be an icon, or living representation, of Jesus as bridegroom and shepherd and therefore male. In 2009 a very significant paragraph was added to Canon 1009 of the Code of Canon Law. It states that bishops and priests “receive the mission and capacity to act in the person of Christ the Head; deacons, however, are empowered to serve the People of God in the ministries of the liturgy, the word and charity.” This wording had already appeared in the modified Catechism of the Catholic Church issued in English in 1997. In other words, the diaconate is a sacred order but with a difference from the episcopate or priesthood. Bishops and priests represent “Christ the Head,” but this characteristic is not included in the description of deacons in their service to the people of God. Iconic maleness is not a requirement for them. The International Theological Commission advises the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith on important doctrinal matters. In 2002, it issued the results of its study on the diaconate under the title “From the Diaconate of Christ to the Diaconate of the Apostles.” This study also anticipates the change in Canon 1009 by emphasizing that “the unity of the Sacrament of Holy Orders, in the clear distinction between the ministries of the bishops and priests on the one hand and the diaconal ministry on the other, is strongly underlined by ecclesial tradition, especially in the teaching of the magisterium.” As for the ordination of women to the diaconate, it concludes, “It pertains to the ministry of discernment which the Lord established in his Church to pronounce authoritatively on this question.” It leaves the ordination of women to the diaconate an open question. It is rumored that more than one bishop, from the United States and other countries, has raised the issue during ad limina visits to the Vatican.Why Women Deacons? Women already minister extensively in the church. Consecrated religious serve in various fields. Thousands of other women serve in diocesan offices; in parishes as administrators, pastoral associates, directors of religious education, in the whole spectrum of parish life; in hospitals; in prisons. In contrast to the women of ancient times, women today play a very important part in public life, holding high offices in government, business, the professions and education. Cultural reasons to exclude women from the diaconate, at least in the West, no longer apply. Ordaining women as deacons who have the necessary personal, spiritual, intellectual and pastoral qualities would give their indispensable role in the life of the church a new degree of official recognition, both of their ministry and of their direct connection to their diocesan bishop for assignments and faculties. Besides providing such women with the grace of the sacrament, ordination would enable them to exercise diaconal service in the teaching, sanctifying and governing functions of the church; it would also make it possible for them to hold ecclesiastical offices now limited to those in sacred orders. And as the International Theological Commission document points out, what the Second Vatican Council was proposing was not a “restoration of a previous form” but “the principle of the permanent exercise of the diaconate [italics in the French original and in the English translation] and not one form which the diaconate had taken in the past.” Who knows what new and grace-filled enrichment of that ministry might grow from the ordination of women as deacons? The ordination of women to the diaconate is separate from the question of the ordination of women to the priesthood, as this discussion has, I hope, shown. That issue was addressed by the 1995 declaration of Pope John Paul II. Regarding the ordination of women to the diaconate, it is up to episcopal conferences and bishops, to theologians and historians and to concerned Catholics to raise the issue for wider and more public consideration. Listen to a conversation with Bishop Emil A. Wcela.

<urn:uuid:c93b4957-eefa-492d-9b78-ff6c75711c15>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americamagazine.org/comment/53067

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

About American Frontiers About American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey America's public lands are a treasured part of our national heritage, representing its grandeur, bountiful promise, and vast natural resources. All citizens share in the rights and the responsibilities of seeing that our public lands are cared for and managed in a way that meets the current and future needs of the American people. To highlight the beauty, the accessibility, and the benefits of our public lands, the Public Lands Interpretive Association (PLIA), an Albuquerque, New Mexico-based non-profit organization that provides interpretive and educational resources to the public, mapped out a Canada-to-Mexico trek exclusively on public lands, called American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey. The Journey, or Trek,involved two groups of travelers: one starting north from the Mexican border and the second headed south from the Canadian. Their route lay entirely on public lands, a feat that has never been accomplished before. The trek began on July 31, 2002 and ended two months later when the two teams met in Wasatch-Cache National Forest near Salt Lake City, Utah on September 27. Inspired by American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey, National Geographic Society has designed its Geography Action! 2002 curriculum around the theme of public lands. Aimed at teaching school-aged children the beauty and the benefits of America's public lands, Geography Action! 2002 followed the trekkers along the two-month journey, highlighting the diversity and grandeur of our nation's public lands. To demonstrate the different ways people get about on our public lands--and to stay within the 60-day limit of the journey--trek participants utilized numerous modes of transportation for this historic border-to-border journey across America. The hiked and backpacked, rode horses, mountain bikes, ATVs and dual sport motorcycles; rafted, canoed, drove pickup trucks, motorboats and 4WD vehicles, and even spent a few leisurely days on a houseboat. Along the route the two teams attended special events, round table discussions, visited schools and communities to learn about public land issues. And, of course, they saw some of the most spectacular scenery of the American West. Their journal entries eloquently describe the feelings public lands awoke in them and also the daily routine of the long trek. You'll enjoy reading them. Three years in the making, American Frontiers: A Public Lands Journey has enlisted numerous partners and sponsors including the National Geographic Society, the Department of the Interior, the USDA Forest Service, Bureau of Land Management, USGS, National Environmental Education and Training Foundation, Fire Wise Communities, American Honda, Kodak, the Coleman Company, and many others. For a full list of our sponsors, please look under "Our Sponsors" on the home page. To learn more about American Frontiers, please spend some time on this website, read the team members' journals, enjoy the photographs ot follow their route on the maps. For more information about American Frontiers, please contact the Public Lands Interpretive Association, 6501 Fourth Street, NW, Albuquerque, NM 87107 or call our toll-free number 877-851-8946. You can also email to SMaurer@plia.org Everyone inspired by the Public Lands Journey should pay a visit to our public lands. To find out more about recreation opportunities on public lands, please visit the Public Lands Information Center online. There, you can find detailed recreation information, interactive recreation maps, and a large selection of guidebooks and maps. All material copyright ©2002 - 2013, Public Lands Interpretive Association except photographs where ownership is otherwise indicated. All rights reserved.

<urn:uuid:b0a31cfd-73e9-4bc0-8d69-4691c2c822f9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanfrontiers.net/about/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Historic Sites “To A Distant And Perilous Service” Westward with the course of empire Colonel Jonathan Drake Stevenson took his way in 1846. With him went the denizens of New York’s Tammany wards, oyster cellars, and gin mills—the future leaders of California. June/July 1979 | Volume 30, Issue 4 Three weeks later, in a millrace on the American River in northern California, John Marshall spotted the flicker of gold. By the end of summer, 1849, the Los Angeles garrison, like every other encampment of the New York volunteers, was abandoned, the harbinger of Anglo-Saxon civilization scattered to the hills, the coastal towns and villages of California half-deserted. The little port of San Francisco had become the focus of world migration. Captain Folsom, the staff quartermaster, having secured appointment as collector of the port, was on his way to becoming a millionaire. The Russ family, purveyors of Moroccan leather and holiday fireworks, had opened a jewelry shop and begun assembling an empire of hotels, beer gardens, office buildings, and residential blocks. Sergeant John C. Pulis, late of Lippitt’s monstrous Company F, had become the first sheriff of San Francisco. Lieutenant Edward Gilbert was editing the Alta California , the leading newspaper in the territory; Captain Naglee (he of the bathtime rebellion) had founded the territory’s first bank; Lieutenant Hewlett had opened a boardinghouse; Captain Frisbee had started a commission agency and was in prospect of marrying the eldest daughter of General Vallejo; Lieutenant Vermeule, the plague of Abel Stearns, had set himself up as a lawyer and would soon be elected a delegate to the California constitutional convention and a member of the state legislature; and the Reverend Mr. Thaddeus M. Leavenworth, chaplain to the regiment, had attained the quasi-judicial position of alcalde of San Francisco and was granting homesteads and auctioning public lands with a Christian generosity that scandalized even his former associates. As for the colonel, he was well on his way to a second career (and a second marriage and a second family) as a legal counselor, politician, and founder of a grandiose ghost city called New-York-of-the-Pacific, which endures today only in the name of a slough on the edge of San Francisco Bay. The former New York boys were scattered by then throughout California, styling themselves doctors, lawyers, judges, or capitalists. A few in San Francisco called themselves the “Hounds”—or, on formal occasions, the “Regulators.” They were the first recognizable New York—style drinking-and-marching society in the Far West, and their raucous behavior soon aroused the more orderly citizens of the town to form the prototype of San Francisco’s several committees of vigilance. For better or worse, the Americanization of California had begun.

<urn:uuid:1dd05bbf-f83d-4605-ba5c-81c1a7767a1d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanheritage.com/content/%E2%80%9C-distant-and-perilous-service%E2%80%9D?page=10

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Historic Sites George C. Marshall Museum The museum dedicated to the life of General George C. Marshall also houses many of his papers in the research library. This museum profiles one of the 20th century's greatest military and diplomatic leaders through exhibits related to the Marshall Era (1880-1960). Marshall led the Allied military through World War II and organized the European Recovery Program (Marshall Plan), which rebuilt Europe when the war was over. The general's papers are housed in the research library.

<urn:uuid:27cdbc2c-b70f-4a92-bc8b-4a053bc38ed6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanheritage.com/content/george-c-marshall-museum

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The scientific world is abuzz with news of the ratification of the existence of the subatomic particle called the Higgs boson - or more colloquially, the 'God particle.' This subatomic particle's existence - which was verified recently (with virtually near certainty) by experiments at the Large Hadron Collider in Switzerland - lends credence to several long-standing physical theories such as the so-called Standard Model and the Big Bang Theory. The nickname God particle is ironic for two reasons. First, generally, the nuclear physicists who deal with these matters - postulating the fundamental physical laws of the universe and then setting about to either verify or refute them - tend not to be regular church-goers. While there are some highly prominent scientists who balance personal, religious beliefs with professional, scientific quests, most probably go along with the thoughts of the world-famous physicist, Stephen Hawking: I regard the brain as a computer which will stop working when its components fail. There is no heaven or afterlife for broken down computers; that is a fairy story for people afraid of the dark. [Interview in The Guardian, 7/9/12] Spontaneous creation is the reason there is something rather than nothing, why the universe exists, why we exist. It is not necessary to invoke God... [from his book; The Grand Design, 2010] So it is a bit ironic that physics' most famous quest has resulted in the discovery of the 'God particle.' Most physicists are quite comfortable having their names associated with famous - even if dead - humans like Newton, Einstein or the afore-mentioned Hawking. One will find few, if any, attributions to deities in the objects that physicists discover and name or the theories they propose. Second, and more importantly, the discovery that the God particle really exists does not - as the name suggests - imply that God played some role in the creation of the universe. In fact, quite the opposite. The matter is discussed at some length in the July 9 Daily Beast by Lawrence Kraus, a well-known physicist/cosmologist from Arizona State University: This term [God particle] appeared first in the unfortunate title of a book written by physicist Leon Lederman two decades ago, and while to my knowledge it was never used by any scientist (including Lederman) before or since, it has captured the media's imagination. What makes this term particularly unfortunate is that nothing could be further from the truth. Assuming the particle in question is indeed the Higgs, it validates an unprecedented revolution in our understanding of fundamental physics and brings science closer to dispensing with the need for any supernatural shenanigans all the way back to the beginning of the universe...If these bold, some would say arrogant, notions derive support from the remarkable results at the Large Hadron Collider, they may reinforce two potentially uncomfortable possibilities: first, that many features of our universe, including our existence, may be accidental consequences of conditions associated with the universe's birth; and second, that creating "stuff" from "no stuff" seems to be no problem at all-everything we see could have emerged as a purposeless quantum burp in space or perhaps a quantum burp of space itself. Humans, with their remarkable tools and their remarkable brains, may have just taken a giant step toward replacing metaphysical speculation with empirically verifiable knowledge. The Higgs particle is now arguably more relevant than God. So the term God particle was first used by a scientist, but was picked up and popularized by the media. It's catchy and enhances interest in the subject among the public. But like so much else that the media promotes, it is misleading and inappropriate.

<urn:uuid:ed184b23-5659-4b91-97c0-fd818297d417>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americanthinker.com/blog/2012/07/does_the_god_particle_prove_that_god_does_or_does_not_exist.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

I've asked my friend Tania to write a little bit about how autism has touched her life. Here is her story. Going food shopping. Going to the park. Driving to school. You know, the common tasks we all do. It may be just as simple as loading your kids in the car, but for me, it's got to be setup as a plan. "Where are we going?" "How long until we're there?" "Which way are we going to go?" Those are just some simple (daily) questions I get asked from my cute 5-year old, who is on the autism spectrum. When he requests his favorite Curious George listening CD in the car, it's not by title, it's by the disk number and track number: 3-2. He has memorized not only the disk numbers/track numbers from the Curious George CD, but he can tell me on any of my disks in my car, the song title and the disk number/track number to THOSE disks in my car. "Where are we going?" "How long until we're there?" "Which way are we going to go?" Those questions may seem very innocent, but I do admit, after a while, the same questions over and over again can be draining. If I go a different way to the store, I have to explain why. If he doesn't want to go to the store, I have to explain why we have to go, and then tell him the sequence of events of what will happen AFTER we go to the store. I think I've trained myself so much that it's second nature to me. Other people may just think I'm a good planner if they overhear me talking to my kids in the store. My 5-year old, despite being on the spectrum, is incredibly gifted. When he was 4 years old, he could count to 1000. Not only that, but he could count by 2's and 3's. He's reading at a 2nd grade level, and can help me cook, because he can read instructions. He's also so very cuddly and just has a sunshine personality. Seriously, this boy can brighten anyone's day by his amazing smile. We're extremely lucky. It's that thing called Autism that can get in the way sometimes.... First, let's talk about Autism. It's a biological disorder that affects approximately 1 out of 100 children. Autism Speaks (www.autismspeaks.org) states there are findings that boys are more susceptible to autism, with 1 out of 70 boys who are diagnosed each year. And the cause? Well, there are different theories out there: genetics, environmental toxins... others believe that vaccinations have made children autistic. This is the area where research is being conducted and, in my opinion, needs to be heavily supported: http://www.earlistudy.org/. ; As for as symptoms to look out for, there are very specific areas: Communication Difficulties, Social Symptoms, and Repetative Behaviors: http://www.autismspeaks.org/whatisit/symptoms.php. ; Usually kids on the spectrum speak later (or some do not speak at all), have little/sporadic eye contact with individuals, have difficulty regulating their bodies (sensory processing disorder: http://www.sensory-processing-disorder.com/), and have other symptoms as well. Early intervention is so critical with these children. I strongly recommend seeking as much treatment as possible- as often as possible- when your child is young. I remember traveling 45-minutes away, 3-days a week for about a year to a speech therapist to help our son speak. This was when insurance didn't cover a dime. What may be an everyday, typical task for you-- well, it takes me a little longer with a little bit more explaining to do. When you're off with the kids going to soccer practice, I'm off with my 5-year old taking him to Occupational Therapy to help him regulate his body (since his body has a difficult time processing things that are so common to our us -- touches to our skin, food textures, etc. To give an even better example of Sensory Processing Disorder- take something as giving a hug. Someone who has a sensory processing disorder may not realize they are squeezing the other person so hard that it hurts, since that person's body may be under-registering that type of touch.) On the weekends I also take my son to a Social Group, where he needs help understanding social cues and how to interact with his peers. We're so fortunate to have another little boy who is 3 years old who apparently is like a therapist for my oldest son. He engages his big brother into playing chase and board games. It's truly amazing to see how much my oldest son has accomplished.... from barely speaking at age 3 to now, where he makes jokes that has us laughing. He is now on a typical soccer team, and we're already planning summer programming to ensure he is constantly involved in different activities and engages with other children - to help him remain comfortable around his peers. We're so fortunate that our son is mild on the Autism Spectrum, as other families have it much harder. I cannot even imagine how life is for other families. But what I can say is that it's an expensive, exhausting disorder, that you can probably only comprehend if you're living with Autism, everyday, just like we do. Proud Mommy of Alex (5) and Aiden (3.5)

<urn:uuid:c9c8d890-9652-401e-acfb-1229ca56df8f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.americasnexttopmommy.blogspot.com/2010/04/in-tanias-words.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- Intercultural Studies (complementary major) (30 hours) The Intercultural Studies complementary major is an interdisciplinary course of study integrating methodologies and perspectives from such disciplines as cultural anthropology, sociology, religion, linguistics, and psychology. This course of study will provide students with the knowledge and skills essential to living and working in an increasingly diverse and culturally connected world. The program is individually structured and builds on a primary catalog major. In addition to the required core courses, other courses are selected to focus on a thematic or a regional studies concentration. Students with interests in such areas as business, health care, social work, teaching, ministry, missions, and community development can formulate a program of study designed to support their academic and career objectives. The development of this course of study will involve the active collaboration of the director of international and intercultural studies, the student, and a faculty advisor in the primary field of study. Students must obtain approval from the director of international and intercultural studies before embarking on this course of study. Willi E. Kant Director of the Center for International and Intercultural Studies

<urn:uuid:b3a9c8e9-2016-4cbf-89ec-9450243a2026>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.anderson.edu/academics/intercultural-studies

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Displaying 1 - 9 of 9 resources in Breeding and Articles: 1. Deputies Discover Dozens of Dogs in Lockport Home "From what I can see she is selling them online and this is a puppy mill," says Kobrin. The owner of the home, Elly Magrum ... 2. Editorial: Cruelty - 'Puppy mills' shouldn't escape state scruitiny Although state law requires inspections of animal shelters and pet stores, breeding kennels, even "puppy mills," are exempt. ... 3. Horse case puts spotlight on animal welfare in North Dakota A recent case of officials in Burleigh and Morton counties finding 99 dead horses in a man's custody and seizing an additional 157 live ones ... 4. Jailed elderly woman surrenders her 19 dogs, 3 puppies, authorities looking for new homes Nineteen dogs, and just-born puppies, were removed from a 66-year-old woman's house on Friday and need a new home. ... 5. Nova Scotia to get tough on animal abusers Under new legislation, Nova Scotia would become the first province to make it illegal for people to sell dogs that have not been certified by ... 6. Euthanasia: We Won't Run From What Needs to Be Done! Back in January, PETA sent out a news release about the number of sick, injured, elderly, and otherwise unadoptable animals we had to euthanize during ... 7. Killing of homeless dogs and cats plummets in Portland area shelters In 2006, the six shelters killed 40 percent of the dogs and cats they took in. Last year, the rate dropped to 19 percent. ... 8. Pet shop owner must pay nearly $34,000 to get his animals back Animal control officials said they discovered hundreds of dead fish, iguanas living in their own feces and other reptiles lying on top of one another ... 9. TN animal shelters face high euthanasia rates The Tennessean reports the kill rate at the Nashville's metro animal control is 78 percent, and that's after a recent drop. ...

<urn:uuid:72873a47-e243-40b7-b62e-a97026d55080>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.animalconcerns.org/topics.html?info=more&topicsku=2002130111023&topic=Breeding&topictype=topic&startat=1&catid=10&category=Articles&do=catsearch

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

"My pet groomer's negligence caused severe injuries to my dog. Assuming I can prove he was negligent, can I get emotional distress or loss of companionship damages?" The likely answer to this question is no. In the United States, domesticated animals (either pets or animals of a commercial importance) are considered the personal property of the owner. Animals have no independent legal rights for the most part (i.e., animals cannot be a party to a lawsuit in court). As a result, when a pet is injured or killed, it is the owner who must file a lawsuit to recover damages. Unfortunately, the traditional computation of damages for the loss of pet is the market value of the pet – the amount of money someone else would pay for the identical pet of the same, age, breed, and condition. Since most of our beloved cats and dogs are not pedigreed or are of mixed breed, they have little or no market value. Thus, despite the grievous nature of the act that injured the dog, owners are left with no compensation. The current movement in pet damages jurisprudence now focuses more on the impact to the human owners of the creatures injured or killed by the wrongful action of another. Courts now grapple with whether damages can be awarded for loss of companionship of the pet or whether damages can be awarded for the emotional distress suffered by the owner. While the majority of states still reject such damages for a variety of reasons, a few states have broken away from traditional property law notions to provide recovery for these non-human household members. States such as Alaska, Florida, Hawaii, Idaho, Kentucky, New York and New Jersey to some extent, as well as the District of Columbia express a willingness to accept claims requesting damages beyond market value. Causes of action for emotional distress (the mental anguish suffered by the owner as a result of the negligent or intentional actions of the wrongdoer), loss of companionship, and, on a more limited basis, the "intrinsic value" of the pet are now becoming more common. It is this consideration of intrinsic value (or as one court described it as, "that a pet is not just a thing but occupies a special place somewhere in between a person and a piece of personal property") that may be the first step toward increasing the status of pets under law. Thus, the answer to the initial question depends in large part on the state in which you live. Courts are generally reluctant to contradict established precedent in the state by creating a new legal remedy. However, the only way to force courts to take intentional and negligent acts against companion animals more seriously is to push the envelope. In this way, both the concerns of animal companions and their human guardians can be better addressed by the legal system. When a human is injured or killed due to the intentional or even negligent act of another, that individual usually has the right to sue the responsible party for damages (legal compensation for an injury). However, despite the importance we as a society attach to our pets, these same remedies are often unavailable for injury to our animal companions. While the criminal law has made great strides in addressing cruelty to animals, pet owners face an uphill battle in the civil arena. Legal Overview of Pet Damages Table of Cases Related to Pet Damages Table of Statutes Related to Pet Damages

<urn:uuid:846af8a0-9d48-43b5-875c-2ae6ada3810f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.animallaw.info/articles/qvuspetdamages.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Acrylic A synthetic fabric often used as a wool substitute. It is warm, soft, holds colors well and often is stain and wrinkle resistant. Angora A soft fiber knit from fur of the Angora rabbit. Angora wool is often combined with cashmere or another fiber to strengthen the delicate structure. Dry cleaning is reccommended for Angora products. Bedford A strong material that is a raised corded fabric (similar to corduroy). Bedford fabric wears well and is usually washable. Boucle A fabric made with boucle yarn(s) in wool, rayon and or cotton causing the surface of the fabric to appear looped. Brocade An all-over floral, raised pattern produced in a similar fashion to embroidery. Burnout Process of printing a design on a fabric woven of paired yarns of different fibers. One kind of yarn is burned out or destroyed leaving the ground unharmed. Cable Knit Patterns, typically used in sweaters, where flat knit columns otherwise known as cables are overlapped vertically. Cashmere A soft, silky, lightweight wool spun from the Kashmir goat. Cashmere must be dry-cleaned due to its delicate fibers and is commonly used in sweaters, shawls, outerwear, gloves and scarves for its warmth and soft feel. Chiffon A common evening wear fabric made from silk, cotton, rayon or nylon. It's delicate in nature and sheer. Chintz A printed and glazed fabric made of cotton. Chintz is known for its bright colors and bold patterns. Corduroy Cotton fibers twisted as they are woven to create long, parallel grooves, called wales, in the fabric. This is a very durable material and depending on the width of the wales, can be extremely soft. Cotton A natural fiber that grows in the seed pod of the cotton plant. It is an inelastic fiber. Cotton Cashmere A blend of cotton and cashmere fibers, typically 85% to 15% respectively, this combination produces an extremely soft yarn with a matte finish. Crepe Used as a description of surfaces of fabrics. Usually designates a fabris that is crimped or crinkled. Crinoline A lightweight, plain weave, stiffened fabric with a low yarn count. Used to create volume beneath evening or wedding dresses. Crochet Looping threads with a hooked needle that creates a wide, open knit. Typically used on sweaters for warm seasons. Denim Cotton textile created with a twill weave to create a sturdy fabric. Used as the primary material of blue jeans. Dobby Woven fabric where the weave of the fabric actually produces the garment's design. Embroidery Detailed needlework, usually raised and created by yarn, silk, thread or embroidery floss. Eyelet A form of lace in a thicker material that consists of cut-outs that are integrated and repeated into a pattern. Usually applied to garments for warmer seasons. Faille A textured fabric with faint ribbing. Wears wonderfully for hours holding its shape due to the stiffness of the texture. Used in wedding dresses and women's clothes. Fil'Coupe A small jacquard pattern on a light weight fabric, usually silk, in which the threads connecting each design are cut, creating a frayed look. French Terry A knit cloth that contains loops and piles of yarn. The material is very soft, absorbent and has stretch. Gabardine A tightly woven twill fabric, made of different fibers such as wool, cotton and silk. Georgette A crinkly crepe type material usually made out of silk that consists of tightly twisted threads. Georgette is sheer and has a flowy feeling. Gingham Two different color stripes "woven" in pattern to appear checked. Glen Plaid Design of woven, broken checks. A form of traditional plaid. Guipure Lace A lace without a mesh ground, the pattern in held in place by connecting threads. Herringbone A pattern originating from masonry, consists of short rows of slanted parallel lines. The rows are formatted opposing each other to create the pattern. Herringbone patterns are used in tweeds and twills. Hopsack A material created from cotton or woolthat is loosely woven together to form a coarse fabric. Houndstooth A classic design containing two colors in jagged/slanted checks. Similar to Glen Plaid. Jacquard A fabric of intricate varigated weave or pattern. Typically shown on elegant and more expensive pieces. Jersey A type of knit material usually made from cotton and known to be flexible, stretchy, soft and very warm. It is created using tight stitches. Knit A knit fabric is made by interlocking loops of one or more yarns either by hand with knitting needles or by machine. Linen An exquisite material created from the fibers of the flax plant. Some linen contain slubs or small knots on the fabric. The material wrinkles very easily and is a light fabric perfect for warm weather. Lurex A metallic fiber woven into material to give the garment shine. LycraTM Lycra is a type of stretch fabric where the fibers are woven into cotton, silk or synthetic fiber blends. These materials are lightweight, comfortable (need trademark symbol) and breathable, and the stretch will not wear away. Madras Originating from Madras, India, this fabric is a lightweight, cotton material used for summer clothing. Madras usually has a checked pattern but also comes in plaid or with stripes. Typically made from 100% cotton. Marled Typically found in sweaters, marled yarn occurs when two colored yards are twisted together. Matelasse A compound fabric made of cotton, wool or other fibers with quilted character and raised patterns. Matte A matte finish has a lusterless surface. Merino Wool Wool sheered from the merino sheep and spun into yarn that is fine but strong. Modal A type of rayon that is made from natural fibers but goes through a chemical treatment to ensure it has a high threshold of breakage. Modal is soft and breathable which is why it's used as a cotton replacement. Non-iron A treated cotton that allows our Easy Care Shirts to stay crisp throughout the day and does not need ironing after washing/drying. Nylon A synthetic fiber that is versatile, fast drying and strong. It has a high resistance to damage. Ombre A color technique that shades a color from light to dark. Ottoman A firm, lustrous plain weave fabric with horizontal cords that are larger and rounder than those of the faille. Made of wool, silk, cotton and other manufactured fibers. Paisley A pattern that consists of crooked teardrop designs in a repetitive manner Placket The piece of fabric or cloth that is used as a concealing flap to cover buttons, fasteners or attachments. Most commonly seen in the front of button-down shirts. Also used to reinforce openings or slits in garments. Piping Binding a seam with decoration. Piping is similar to tipping or edging where a decorative material is sewn into the seams. Pointelle An open-work knitting pattern used on garments to add texture. Typically a cooler and general knit sweater. Polyester A fabric made from synthetic fibers. Polyester is quick drying, easy to wash and holds its shape well. Ponte A knit fabric where the fibers are looped in an interlock. The material is very strong and firm. Poplin A strong woven fabric, heavier in weight, with ribbing. Rayon A manufactured fiber developed originally as an alternative for silk. Rayon drapes well and looks luxurious. Sateen A cotton fabric with sheen that resembles satin. Seersucker Slack-tension weave where yarn is bunched together in certain areas and then pulled taught in others to create this summery mainstay. Shirring Similar to ruching, shirring gathers material to create folds. Silk One of the most luxurious fabrics, silk is soft, warm and has shine. It is created from female silkworm's eggs. Silk Shantung A rough plain weave fabric made of uneven yarns to produce a textured effect, made of fibers such silk in which all knots and lumps are retained. Space dyed Technique of yarn dyeing to produce a multi-color effect on the yarn itself. Also known as dip dyed yarn. Spandex Also known as Lycra (trademark symbol), this material is able to expand 600% and still snap back to its original shape and form. Spandex fibers are woven with cotton and other materials to make fabrics stretch. Tipping Similar to edging, tipping includes embellishing a garment at the edges of the piece, hems, collars etc. Tissue Linen A type of linen that is specifically made for blouses or shirts due to its thinness and sheerness. Tweed A loose weave of heavy wool makes up tweed which provides warmth and comfortability. Twill A fabric woven in a diagonal weave. Commonly used for chinos and denim. Variegated Multi-colored fabrics where colors are splotched or in patches. Velour A stretchy knit fabric that looks similar to velvet. Very soft to the touch. Velvet A soft, silky woven fabric that is similar to velour. Velvet is much more expensive than velour due to the amount of thread and steps it takes to manufacture the material. Velveteen A more modern adaptation of velvet, velveteen is made from cotton and has a little give. Also known as imitation velvet. Viscose Created from both natural materials and man-made fibers, viscose is soft and supple but can wrinkle easily. Wale Only found in woven fabrics like corduroy, wale is the long grooves that give the garment its texture. Windowpane Dark stripes run horizontal and vertical across a light background to mimic a window panes. Woven A woven fabric is formed by interlacing threads, yarns, strands, or strips of some material.

<urn:uuid:04a048d3-152b-45eb-ac6e-e7717919a899>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.anneklein.com/Matte-Jersey-Sleeveless-Drape-Top/90724376,default,pd.html?variantSizeClass=&variantColor=JJQ47XX&cgid=90316517&pmin=25&pmax=50&prefn1=catalog-id&prefv1=anneklein-catalog

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The National Museum in Belgrade was the first cultural institution in the world to include a Piet Mondrian painting in its permanent exposition. The largest and oldest museum in Serbia, it was founded in 1844, with many valuable art masterpieces from across the globe in its extraordinarily rich collection. The building's structure has a layout typical of the classic art museum. The Ancient Art section has sculptures many thousands of years old, as well as Egyptian, Greek, Roman and ancient Celtic art works that have been found in the territory of the Balkans. There is also a numismatic collection with a great variety of coins, medals, rings and seals; as well as a mediaeval collection, whose greatest treasures are Miroslav's Gospel - a 362-page illustrated manuscript created in 1186 in Serbia (included in UNESCO's Memory of the World Register), along with Queen Teodora's ring (early 14th century), King Stefan Radoslav's ring (beginning of the 13th century) and a wide collection of icons (13th-16th century). The 14th-20th century visual art collection is undoubtedly the richest and most valuable of the collections in the museum - paintings, sculptures, drawings and graphics from various European countries and schools. The French art section stands out as the largest in the Balkans and one of the best in the world. At the core of this section is the private collection of Belgrade artist Erih Slomovic. While still quite young, he became a protégé of the greatest art dealer of the early 20th century, Ambroise Vollard, and developed his own high quality collection due to the connections he had made. There are about 250 works covering four centuries in the French art collection. The paintings and graphics of Gauguin, Renoir and Dégas are the most widely represented here, but the works of Toulouse-Lautrec, Matisse, Monet, Cézanne, Corot, Signac, Rodin, Rouault, Bonnard, Pissarro, Redon, Moreau, Daumier, Daubigny, Dérain, Dufy and many others are also found here. The museum's Italian art collection is also noteworthy. Here one can find the works of Titian, Tintoretto and Veronese, as well as Caravaggio, Canaletto and Modigliani. The Dutch and Flemish painters are represented by works from Rembrandt and Rubens, as well as van Gogh and van Dongen. The Russian, Austrian, and German art collections are also very interesting and contain valuable works by artists of the calibre of Kandinsky, Dürer, Sisley, Klimt, Lissitzky, Chagall, Borovikovsky and others. In addition to those previously mentioned, the museum also contains a captivating Japanese art collection, a broad Cubist art collection and a comprehensive Yugoslavian and Serbian art collection, from which one can learn a great deal about four centuries of the fine arts in this region. НАРОДНИ МУЗЕЈ У БЕОГРАДУ Trg Republike 1a Keywords: museum, Belgrade

<urn:uuid:a35faec4-ae43-4cc2-9d8c-81efebf70032>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.anothertravelguide.com/eng/europe/serbia/belgrade/destinations/culture/national_museum_in_belgrade

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Dr Craige Golding, a specialist physician in anti-aging medicine and medical director of Solal, admits that the term ‘anti-aging medicine’ is perhaps not the best description of his field of interest. “It tends to suggest a focus on the exterior, giving the impression that it’s all about wrinkles and Botox treatments. But the focus is much broader than that. Anti-aging medicine is really about the prevention, early detection and reversal of the chronic diseases that become more common with age, and which constitute nearly 90% of the illnesses doctors treat on an ongoing basis. It truly is the medicine of the new millennium, advocating that people actively take control of their health rather than simply waiting for diseases to develop. People want to spend a longer time living healthily and a shorter time dying.” Golding qualified as a specialist physician in 1999 and quickly found that much of the time he was treating the symptoms of conditions like diabetes, cancer, dementia, heart disease, osteoarthritis and osteoporosis, rather than addressing the causes. “And yet many of these degenerative diseases of aging are largely preventable or reversible, if one can intervene early enough using anti-aging treatments, like vitamins, minerals, amino acids, essential fats, nutraceuticals, herbal extracts, chelation therapies, intravenous nutrients and other intravenous treatments such as glutathione, hydrogen peroxide, phospholipid exchange, and measures like lifestyle modification. Hormone balancing and neurotransmitter assessmant and normalisation are also offered in anti-aging medicine. However, conventional practice didn’t give me the tools to practice this kind of preventive medicine. Anti-aging medicine addresses the cause of the underlying problem, rather than merely treating the symptoms.” And then Golding heard of A4M, the American Academy of Anti-Aging Medicine. It offers two board-certified courses in anti-aging medicine, requiring, inter alia, the completion of a number of modules (courses offered in the United States), oral and written examinations, participation in interactive webcasts, and case studies. Completing these courses required five trips to the USA. Golding is now the only person in Africa to hold these qualifications. The qualifications are: ABAARM (American Board Certification in Anti-aging and Regenerative Medicine) and FAAFM (Fellow in Anti-Aging and Functional Medicine.) “The primary aim of anti-aging medicine is to prevent disease,” he says. “We’ve seen a huge explosion in ‘convenience living’, with a lot of bad nutrition as a result of high intake of fast foods. In addition we’re exposed to a high level of pollutants. In fact, just living increases one’s risk for disease, since we are living in an increasingly toxic environment and exposed to poor diets and excessive stress. But by paying attention to one’s health, detoxifying and implementing lifestyle changes such as sound nutrition, exercise, stress management and anti-aging medicine, sickness can largely be prevented.” “We also look at the role of hormones in disease processes. The hormonal decline associated with aging predisposes people to disease, thus increasing risk. Replenishment with bio-identical/compounded hormones, which have the same structure as hormones naturally occurring in the human body, can be highly beneficial to one’s health.” Golding is looking to establish several integrative medicine centres throughout South Africa. The first of these, in Bryanston, Johannesburg, is already up and running, and offers bio-identical hormone therapy, chelation therapies, intravenous nutrient treatments and integrative approaches to cancer including, for example, high-dose vitamin C therapy. This centre also offers anti-aging skin treatments, specialist anti-aging consultations and bio-identical compounded hormone replacement therapies. Other future plans include the establishment of an age-diagnostic lab in South Africa. Says Golding, “In so many cases, ‘normal’ and ‘optimal’ hormone levels are not the same thing. We have aggressive reference ranges when it comes to issues like testosterone levels in men, for example. Conventional guidelines have a one-size-fits-all approach, even though one would think it obvious that what is normal or optimal in an 18-year-old would not be so in an 80-year-old. Low testosterone increases one’s risk for conditions like prostate cancer, loss of muscle mass, heart disease, vascular disease and osteoporosis. Restoring declining testosterone levels in an older man to the physiologically normal levels of a younger person can prevent a wide array of diseases.” Golding is also planning to do a number of seminars on anti-aging medicine, starting February 2008. The topics covered will include all areas of anti-aging medicine; to give some examples: - bio-identical hormone replenishment - thyroid health - adrenal fatigue - brain health - prevention of cancers, such as breast cancer - integrative approach to cancer treatments - chelation therapies - attention deficit disorder and autism spectrum - metabolic syndrome - weight loss Areas of promise Metabolic syndrome is now a major problem worldwide. “If we can prevent it from developing – or even just retard the process of decline – we can make a huge difference to an individual’s quality of life,” says Golding, “For example, chromium and other nutraceuticals such as alpha lipoic acid and Egcg can reverse or even prevent diabetes – and our goal is to ensure a healthy life without the burden of the chronic diseases of aging.” Chelation therapy is showing promise for the treatment of heavy metal toxicity – and treatment of this is unique to anti-aging medicine. Heavy metal toxicity can be tested for quite easily through urine tests, MELISA blood testing or hair sampling. We are all exposed to heavy metal toxicity and the consequences can be dire if not dealt with, contributing to conditions like heart disease, vascular disease, dementia and cancer. Golding is also very enthusiastic about the nutritional treatment of cancer by means of intravenous nutrients. In 2007, Dr Shari Lieberman presented her successful case studies to the Fellowship in Anti-aging. She has seen very positive results using nutraceuticals and high doses of intravenous vitamin C. Golding hopes to introduce this to South Africa in the course of 2008. Anti-aging medicine also extends to psychological wellness, and neurotransmitter testing. (South Africa still does not have the necessary facilities for this, however, and the evaluations have to be done overseas.) Rather than just prescribing antidepressants for depression and anxiety, amino acids, nutrients, cofactors, vitamins and minerals can be used in a more sustainable manner to restore neurotransmitter levels in the brain. Neurotransmitters are essentially molecules of behaviour within the brain and many disorders ranging from depression to anxiety to attention deficicit disorder to psychosis and other mental disorders can be addressed by optimisation of neurotransmitters. Golding is very conscious of the mind-body link. “Conventional medicine underestimates the importance of happiness. People want to feel good and be conscious of it. That’s why anti-aging medicine puts great emphasis on a holistic approach, viewing the patient/client as a complete entity, rather than only focusing on the one area where overt disease may be present.” The wellness revolution Golding feels that the world is undergoing a wellness revolution, and that anti-aging medicine will have an ever-greater role to play in the future. “More and more people are embracing the wellness model, realising that lifestyle plays a key role in the development of disease – and that because lifestyle is modifiable, disease is reversible. People want to feel well and be healthy, and the fact that many anti-aging practices are constantly booked up – often months in advance – attests to this changing mindset.” Golding became Solal’s medical director because he was very impressed with the company’s range of anti-aging products. The range comprises more than 200 types of nutraceuticals, all formulated with scientifically supported optimal doses. “It’s a very impressive range, maybe the best of its kind in the world and superior even to those available in the USA,” he says. “In addition, Solal also has ranges of cosmaceuticals and dermaceuticals, which hold a lot of promise for retarding aging of the skin.” Golding reveals that the A4M intends bringing the qualifications in anti-aging medicine to South Africa. He says, “GPs, for example, would be able to do these courses without giving up their practices.” Golding also foresees a time in the USA in the not-too-distant future when anti-aging medicine will become a recognised sub-specialty, requiring a four-year degree course. And given that South Africa tends to track trends in the USA, this will almost certainly become the case here too. “However, those of us who already hold the current qualifications will probably be ‘grandfathered in’,” he says. Though passionate about anti-aging medicine, wellness and the prevention of illness, Golding underscores that he is not negating the importance and value of conventional medicine, which also has its place. “After all, if you’ve actually had a myocardial infarction, you need treatment in an ICU, not a dose of vitamin C. My point is simply that for so long we’ve been over-focused on just managing diseases. But prevention, early detection and reversal of the disease process are better options. Take the analogy of a car. What makes more sense? To have the car serviced regularly or to wait for it to break down?” “We already have the diagnostic capabilities to pick up markers of disease before it becomes clinically evident. Developments in DNA/RNA measurement and genetic testing will continue to advance this – already, genetic studies can even pick up abnormalities before these are evident on PET scanning. Genetic modification in utero will be the next big, exciting development. Stem cell therapy is also showing great promise and is already being used in anti-aging medicine for the treatment of conditions like osteo-arthritis and macular degeneration, as well as myocardial infarction and stroke. Exciting times await us with an increased life expectancy and better health.”

<urn:uuid:8cf16866-a4aa-4b9b-ae8a-77157177ef33>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.antiagingdoctor.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=46:about&Itemid=54

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Dante Alighieri was the greatest Italian poet and one of the most important European writers. Dante live through the years of 1265 – 1321. He has a very unique way of writing and started his works at the age of 35. Dante wrote La Divina Comedia based on the era he live through and all the knowledge of his lifetime was imbedded in his works. In this specific work he writes about a journey which he wishes to better understand the afterlife receive his salvation. Throughout his journey Virgil was his guide and taught him all about the nine circles of hell and the punishments that the sinners received in each circle. Dante was a very powerful writer and his writing has many significant symbols to many different objects. This story is very complex and interesting to read and understand each After Dante exits hell with his guide Virgil, he arrives into Purgatory. Purgatory is the in between where Dante sees sinners being punished. Each sin has a different punishment depending on the sin. Purgatory is a place where sinners temporarily get punished in order to purify themselves and be ready for heaven. There these people learn the mistakes they have made and realize the seriousness of their sins and prepare to enter heaven/paradise. Virgil guides Dante throughout purgatory and leads him to paradise where Beatrice will be there to guide him to A very important character of the Divine Comedy is Virgil. Virgil is Dante’s guide throughout Purgatory. Virgil is a very helpful guide and is a poet whom Dante looked up to. Virgil symbolized human reason and taught Dante everything he knows about the inferno and purgatory. Virgil is in the first realm of hell, limbo. He is in limbo because he is a pagan and was never baptized. Virgil takes Dante through each circle and describes each circle, the reason people are there and describes each punishment. Virgil protects Dante from the leaders of each circle as...

<urn:uuid:f5054873-6adf-4f04-95b1-a3fdb4f478b6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.antiessays.com/free-essays/140615.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Antique Japanese Tsuba Signed Edo Period - For Sale Antique Japanese Tsuba Signed Edo Period Own this authentic symbolic piece of Japanese culture, art and history - a genuine antique Japanese Tsuba - sword hilt or guard of the katana nihonto - curved Samurai sword from the Edo Period (1603-1867) of feudal Japan. The piece was crafted and signed by Toryuken Shoyu (1790 - 1841) on the left and in gold inlay also. Shoyu was a student of the famous tsuba maker from Kyoto, Tetsugendo Seiraku. Circa late 1700s - early 1800s. Dimensions: approx. 3" X 3". This tsuba comes with a handmade Kiriwood display box with upholstered cushion bed and custom made upholstered blade shape position centering nub to maximize the display and safety of your fine authentic tsuba (see photo). Buy with confidence. This piece is 100% guaranteed authentic.

<urn:uuid:02af3b4c-e99c-475a-8034-9b2f44545c88>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.antiques.com/classified/Antiques/Antique-Arms-and-Armor/Antique-Japanese-Tsuba-Signed-Edo-Period

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

St. Anne, Patroness of Detroit St. Anne was named by the Vatican as the patron saint of the Archdiocese of Detroit. We honor the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary and prayerfully ask for her intercession. One may pray to any saint for any intention, but a patron saint is seen as the particular advocate for a chosen place or activity. St. Anne is the mother of the Blessed Virgin Mary. Though she is not mentioned by name in the Bible, we know of her through early Christian writings, the most important of which is the Protoevangelium of James, written in about 150 A.D. We are told that Anne, the wife of Joachim, was advanced in years before her prayers for a child were answered. An angel appeared and told her she would conceive a child who "shall be spoken of in all the world." St. Anne's feast day is celebrated on July 26. She is known as the patron saint of equestrians, housewives, women in labor, cabinet-makers, and miners. Devotion to St. Anne became popular in the Christian East by the fourth century, and that tradition later spread to the Christian West. When the French began to colonize modern-day Quebec, they brought their devotion to St. Anne with them—asking for her protection in the New World. This devotion was planted on the banks of the Detroit River by the original French-Canadian settlers. Two days after Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac landed with 51 others in what is now downtown Detroit on July 24, 1701, they celebrated Mass and began construction of a church named after Saint Anne. Today, Ste. Anne de Detroit Church is the second oldest continually operating parish in the United States. As is now recognized by the Holy See, the church of Detroit was placed under St. Anne's protection from its very founding.

<urn:uuid:8e1cef78-a3fc-4eeb-b94f-f8ec251e2e20>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aod.org/our-archdiocese/history-of-the-archdiocese/patron-saint/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Recommendation letters are often as important as grades when applying for graduate school, says Drew C. Appleby, PhD, a psychology professor at Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis. They are equally crucial for internship and job applications. But many students still treat them as an afterthought, hurting what could otherwise be a strong dossier. That's too bad, because they are one part of an application where students' personalities can shine through and perhaps trump middling transcripts or GRE scores, says Appleby. "Students have much more control over their destinies than they think they do," says Appleby. To help keep you in control of your future, we asked experts how you can get the glowing recommendations you deserve. Ask the right people The most important aspect of any recommendation is whom you ask to write it, says Appleby. "The question is not, 'Can you write me a letter of recommendation?' but 'Can you write me a strong letter of recommendation?'" he says. Most professors will answer the "strong letter" question honestly. This can save you from situations where a professor simply says you took a class with her and earned an A. Letters like that can actually hurt an application, particularly for internship recommendation letters, says Steve McCutcheon, PhD, who chairs the Association of Psychology Postdoctoral and Internship Centers Board of Directors. He says most students have already shown they are capable of earning good grades if they've made it to grad school. So seek recommendations that highlight such qualities as your character, dedication and drive. Also, stick to people who have worked with you professionally — that excludes your therapist or your parents, he notes. "Even if your mother is a clinical psychologist," Appleby says, "nobody will believe that she can write an objective letter about her child." For academic jobs, stick to letters from university faculty members and place extra emphasis on your research achievements and independence of thought. Make the process easy Busy professors spend hours writing recommendations. That's certainly the case for Appleby, who recently wrote 17 different letters to 17 different programs for just one student. Do everything you can to make the process easy, and your professors will appreciate it, he says. For starters, let your letter-writers know how to send in their recommendations, since some schools require electronic submissions while others want hard copies. Give your writers a list of requirements and due dates for each program to help them stay organized. Also, give them a summary of your achievements, research and other accomplishments. Even your closest advisers won't remember everything you've done and how you did it, says Deborah Boehm-Davis, PhD, psychology department chair at George Mason University. Be specific about the program or position you are applying for so the letter can be tailored to your abilities and potential fit. "Anything a student can do to make it easier for faculty members, they should do," says McCutcheon. "This is good common courtesy and good professional behavior." Contact your letter-writers to ensure your letters are sent by the deadlines, says Appleby. He recommends students follow up within a week of the due date. Also, contact your grad programs and potential employers to confirm your dossier's status. Just use some restraint when checking on your progress. "You don't want to bug them all the time," says Appleby, "but a simple call or e-mail is in your best interest." E-mail's easy, but a hand-written note is usually the best way to thank letter-writers, says Appleby. A thoughtful thank you may also increase the chances for future recommendations or even mentoring down the road. Anyone who writes you a recommendation letter cares about your future in the field and wants to see you succeed. So consider keeping your letter-writers updated on your progress—perhaps sending a quick e-mail about whether you got into a particular program, internship, postdoc or job, says Appleby. Finally, don't fall into some common traps of seeking recommendation letters. Many students, for example, may believe that having a "big name" on a letter of recommendation will increase their chances of acceptance. Yes, a letter from APA President James H. Bray, PhD, is impressive, but only if he's intimately aware of your achievements, character and future goals, McCutcheon says. If not, find a faculty member who can argue convincingly on your behalf based on what he or she knows from working closely with you. Be sure your letter-writers can be specific. "Letters that are brief and general are the worst because they indicate that the letter writer is not familiar with the student," McCutcheon adds. Also, don't ask to see a recommendation letter after it is written because recipients of the letter may be concerned that this will make letter-writers less candid. If you select the right faculty, "you should feel confident that the person will support your case," says Boehm-Davis.

<urn:uuid:719a4892-3b4f-4a46-8a88-587bea7ca5f5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apa.org/gradpsych/features/2009/recommendation.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Authors: Mika Pitkänen and Timo Simpanen Size: 210 x 297 mm Pages: 264, HB This is a book about 20 mm weapons and ammunition used by the Finnish Army, Navy and Air Force prior to 1945. The book contains information about anti-tank rifles, anti-aircraft cannons and aircraft cannons, all 20 mm calibre. As with other weapons used by the Finnish military during the wars of 1939-45, the diversity of 20 mm weapons and cartridge case types was wide. Besides the 20 mm calibre, development of 13.2 mm weapons and ammunition in the late 1930s is also covered. Although the text is mainly written in Finnish, chapters in this book have concise English summaries and also captions are in English. There are colour illustrations of almost all 20 mm cartridges used in Finland in the last chapter of the book. To order this title outside Finland, please contact to firstname.lastname@example.org to arrange the shipping and prepayment. Hinta: 49.50 € Valm. koodi: 9789525026597 Koko: 210x297 mm

<urn:uuid:2ac30859-c18e-4cb4-95e6-e3aa8759b351>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apali.fi/kauppa/product_details.php?p=282

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Last year, Vancouver design studio Green Over Grey created the largest living green wall installation in North America at the Semiahmoo Public Library in White Rock. This year, they unveiled a stunning new living green wall at Edmonton International Airport, likely to be the largest such installation in any airport. The 1,420-square-foot vertical garden is installed as a triptych in the main terminal and features 8,000 plants representing 32 different species. Most of those species have been proven by NASA to improve indoor air quality by drawing pollutants and CO2 from the air and returning fresh oxygen and moisture. The added humidity from the living walls is a bonus, as the air in Edmonton tends to be dry. The living wall is completely hydroponic and installed over waterproof eco-panels made from post-consumer food-grade plastic (such as milk jugs, plastic bags, etc). The moss filling the spaces in between plants is made from recycled fibers from the textile industry. A sharp eye might recognize the smaller side panels as representations of two famous Canadian paintings (Tree Forms by Emily Carr and Unnamed Abstract by Donald Flather). The design of the larger center panel was inspired by cirrus cloud formations. Read More: Edmonton Airport's Beautiful New Living Green Wall Works To Clean The Air at Inhabitat MORE VERTICAL GARDENS ON APARTMENT THERAPY: • Roundup: 9 Inspiring Vertical Gardens • A Six-Story Vertical Garden in Southern Spain • Vertical Garden Tiles Turn Buildings Into Living Walls (Images: Green Over Grey)

<urn:uuid:c53c0d02-fb5e-4823-b964-adc5db6bdaee>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/a-stunning-living-green-wall-purifies-the-air-at-edmonton-international-airport-inhabitat-171688?img_idx=3

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

As Valentine's Day nears, it gives us pause to take stock of all that we love...all of the tech we love, that is. Of course it's easy to love the shiny and new, but there's always going to be old devices and accessories that prove difficult to part ways with. We explore why we just can't seem to let go of our old tech, even if it means our stuff just sits rotting away in a storage closet somewhere taking up space. So why do we have so much trouble parting with old technology we've accumulated over the years? Whether it's an old television set or computer monitor, random cable, or camera, we always seem to store things away, shoving things into our ever-bulging closets. So why do we have so much trouble letting go? Maybe it's because like keeping a set of "skinny clothes", we're holding onto these items imagining the chance maybe someday we'll find ourselves needing their use again. So we find ourselves hanging onto every little adapter or cable or bolt and bracket that we've ever come across. Sometime it's because we spent so much damn money on a particular tech device or accessory, even though it's now worthless, we just can't bear to toss it out with the trash or let it go for pennies on the dollar. That old $4,000 rear projection screen TV that would cost $500 to repair? That $1,500 23" Apple Cinema Display with the acrylic case that's starting to crack and requires a brick of an adapter for its ADC connection type while you can get just about any old 23" monitor for $200. That $3,000 video camera that your smartphone outperforms and is always in your pocket. It's insane how much money we've sunk into tech and now we should just get rid of it like it didn't cost us a fortune before and is now worthless to us? Or perhaps we're just lazy. Maybe there's personal content on a smart phone or hard drive that we just need to clear out before we get rid of it. We could be just waiting to take a picture of it before listing it on Craigslist. Or maybe we promised it to our nephew but we keep forgetting to bring it with us whenever we see him. It might be that yard sale you keep talking about having and keep holding on to things for. And then there's sentimental value. How can we possibly let go of something we worked extra hours over the summer to afford? It was so beautiful that we went out and got it and we've kept it in such great condition over all these years and it still looks so pretty, just sitting there lonely and forlorn. There's no resale value but we can't bear to just toss it out with the trash. Whether it's hoarding or love or obsession or whatever reason you can justify to yourself, share with us your old loves, and tell us why you just can't let go. RECYCLE, SELL & DONATE TECH ON APARTMENT THERAPY • Confessions of a Tech Hoarder: Love It or Leave It • Using Social Networking to Recycle, Sell, & Donate Tech • Our Favorite Ways To Reuse & Recycle Old Tech • Time to Declutter: Smart Things To Do with Old Cables & Chargers • Responsible Ways To Recycle Your Old Tech • Declutter For a Good Cause: Recycle/Donate Your Old Tech • When Re-Gifting Is Good: Where to Recycle and Donate Tech • What To Do With Your Old iPhone? (Or Other Smartphone)

<urn:uuid:fcd8daf3-ca5e-4619-b8b6-d637e60984aa>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apartmenttherapy.com/holding-on-to-old-technology-why-we-have-trouble-letting-go-of-the-old-embracing-the-new-176109

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

If you like a James Bond mystery you will definitely like Alex Rider, a 14 year old miniature James Bond spy. After finding out that his uncle was killed and not in a car accident, Alex is reluctantly recruited by M16, a British intelligence agency. Equipped with his own special gadgets Alex is off on his first mission. He is sent to Cornwall to investigate a new computer system which Darrius Sayle has created. Sayle is donating a free Stormbreaker mega-computer to every school in Britain. But there is some underlying scheme connected with these Stormbreakers and Alex is sent to stop Sayle and his plans. After finding out the truth, Alex is in grave danger and must return to Britain to stop Sayle and save England. Will he succeed? There are some additional characters both good and evil that Alex encounters during his mission. There is the evil publicist, Nadia Vole, and the disfigured mute, Mr. Grim, assisting Darius Sayle. There is Jack Starbright and Sabina Pleasure helping Alex. Both Jack and Sabina are recurring characters in the other books of the series. The storyline is simple and the good guy/bad guy characters are easily defined. The story is fast paced and the cliff-hanger chapters leave the book hard to put down. Readers will enjoy Alex and his many talents. He has a knack for finding trouble and numerous ways of escaping it. The book will leave the reader wanting to explore the next one and eventually reading all of the books in the series. The recommended age level is for grades 5 through 9. Send a Question or Comment to Appleton Public Library.

<urn:uuid:d021ce8b-9531-47b1-8f74-bdbd438c7d6e>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apl.org/staffpicks/stormbreaker

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Scan this QR code with your smartphone for a video on what volunteers are doing to help Sandy Victims. When Aberdeen officials placed plastic cones to divert drivers from crossing the road after superstorm Sandy knocked out the power to some traffic signals along Route 35, many motorists simply drove around or over the obstacles. The town then placed officers along the stretch to enforce traffic. But with a force of 33 officers already stretched thin by the storm, the decision meant that officers standing in the middle of Route 35 were not at other areas also needing attention, Police Chief John Powers said. Eventually, buses were parked in the spaces between the Jersey barriers, and officers were reassigned from traffic duty. “We adjusted some of our methods and basically how we allocated our staff that were on the road,” he said. While many officials said extensive preparation and community cooperation helped their town’s efforts during Sandy, this once-in-a-lifetime event also gave them some learning opportunities. They found that some techniques worked well and some needed adjustments. For instance, the Barnegat Police Department found huge success by disseminating storm information through its Facebook page. The approximately 20,000-person township attracted about 80,000 unique visitors to its page, said Lt. Keith Germain. “It allowed us to reach a large amount of people very quickly in really a way we’re not used to being able to get them the information,” he said. But in Aberdeen, officials acknowledged that the township’s methods for communicating did not properly account for a situation where the municipality would be without power for days. The plan was for information to be spread via reverse-911 calls and on Aberdeen’s website, Powers said. But once the power went out, township officials struggled to update the site. The reverse-911 calls, known as Code Reds, often went to landlines that were dead or to cell phones without a charge. “We’ve become too dependent on it,” Powers said of the Internet. “We will make the necessary changes and we will do a better job next time.” Asbury Park Fire Chief Kevin Keddy said teamwork from the Office of Emergency Management really helped the city’s preparation and handling of the storm. The team, as well as a number of representatives from local organizations, met twice a day from Oct. 27 through Saturday, the first day the city decided it could reduce this frequency. “Overall, I give us a pretty good passing grade, but there’s always room for improvement,” Keddy said. One improvement he mentioned was providing backup emergency generators for the Springwood Avenue Center, which was used to feed people affected by Sandy. The city is considering making the facility the primary reception and care center in the future. In Belmar, Mayor Matt Doherty said the municipality handled the disaster as best it could, preparing for the storm through conference calls with Gov. Chris Christie’s office and the National Weather Service. And like other officials, Doherty credited the rescuers who fought 60 mph winds and water above their heads. The firefighters, first aid personnel, and water rescue teams in Belmar were all volunteers. Doherty said he hoped to be more convincing in future mandatory evacuation notices, because “every rescue puts our volunteers’ lives at risk.” And for many officials, the aftermath of these storms can simply be exhausting. Since Sandy, Toms River Police Chief Michael Mastronardy’s day starts early in the morning and is filled with a variety of tasks, including a morning meeting with township officials and personnel from other agencies, such as the Office of Emergency Management. And there is often an evening meeting to go over details of what has happened during the day concerning power restoration, road clearing and the latest on re-entry plans for those on the barrier island. “It is a long day. There are nights I just want to go home put my feet up and get warm and sleep,’’ Mastronardy said. But he knows that as the restoration moves forward, there is a lot of work that has to be done. In Brick, it was experience from past storms that helped officials weather Sandy and start moving forward. Sgt. Keith Reinhard said the township had task forces that combined police officers, firefighters, emergency medical service personnel and public works employees. These rescuers responded to calls together and were able to provide assistance for nearly any scenario. “It helped us really know where our resources were, and we were better able to dispatch our calls for service,” he said. Brick also had a 24-hour call center for people wanting general, non-emergency information. This, Reinhard said, relieved the amount of calls police dispatch centers received. And although the township was as prepared as possible, he said that “with this type of storm and its magnitude, I don’t think you’re ever 100 percent prepared.” Contributing: Staff writer Bob Vosseller

<urn:uuid:150865c4-4029-4c26-bbb5-66598c2b22a3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.app.com/viewart/20121114/NJNEWS/311100041/Lessons-Sandy-taught-Shore-s-first-responders?odyssey=mod%7Cnewswell%7Ctext%7C%7Cs

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Unified Smart Search Field. Get everywhere from here. Now there’s one simple field for both search terms and web addresses. When you enter a web address, Safari takes you right to the web page — and even fills in the entire URL. Safari finds what you’re looking for in a faster and smarter way. As you type in the field, Safari stays one step ahead and suggests a Top Hit — the closest match to what you’re looking for. Safari uses pages from your bookmarks and history to find a Top Hit, so you find the right web page fast. Tab View. A new point of view. Mountain Lion Tab View gives you the big picture of your browsing. Just pinch to see all your open tabs. Swipe left or right to move between them. And tap a tab to go right to the website. Multi-Touch makes Tab View a fun and natural way to browse. iCloud Tabs. Pick up the web wherever you left off. Mountain Lion iCloud Tabs makes the last websites you had open on your Mac available in Safari on your iPad, iPhone, and iPod touch. So you can go from one device to another without having to search for the web pages you were reading. It happens without syncing. Just click the iCloud Tabs button in the Safari toolbar to see the web pages you last viewed on any device. The URLs are encrypted for privacy. If you don’t want the web pages you view on your Mac to be visible on your other devices, you can turn on Private Browsing.* Improved performance. It’s power-browsing. More New Safari Features Safari takes your privacy seriously. You can turn on Do Not Track, an emerging privacy standard. Checking this Privacy pane preference sends websites you visit a request not to track you online. Safari also sends a request to websites not to track you when you use Private Browsing. Safari now stores the content from web pages in your Reading List so you can catch up on your reading even when you don’t have an Internet connection. If an article in your Reading List contains multiple pages, Safari fetches the pages ahead of time so you can read the entire article offline. Safari makes the web even better for Chinese users. Baidu, the leading Chinese search engine, is now available as a built-in option in the search field. In Mountain Lion, Sina Weibo, a popular Chinese microblogging service, is built into the Share menu. Chinese users can click the Share button and select Sina to share links right from Safari.

<urn:uuid:830fde87-d58b-4f92-8a78-8053adec6b1d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apple.com/safari/?ATCLID=206094561&SPID=4710&DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=11600

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

How many historic facts or symbols can you find by looking at Oregon's quarter? You can enter the information directly on the form and print with your input, or print the worksheet and complete it with pen or pencil. I look little....but I PRINT Click the worksheet printer icon that says "Full Page Print" for a high quality printable worksheet. All state quarter printables are interactive. You can type in your thoughts online or print them out to complete the worksheet offline.

<urn:uuid:087128a3-cecf-450b-9742-4f17d8e3b9f3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apples4theteacher.com/usa-states/oregon/printables/state-quarter.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Demands for lower cost manufacturing, lighter components, and recycleability are forcing manufacturers to switch from metal components to plastic. While the assembly processes are different, some of the same concerns apply. Finding a reliable assembly equipment supplier, defining part requirements, getting them involved early, and choosing the right assembly process are the keys to success. chart outlines the different characteristics, capabilities, and requirements of a variety of plastic welding processes. CLICK for the full-size graphic. Appliance components come in all shapes and sizes, and each one has its own unique characteristics that demand an assembly process to fit. Ultrasonic, hot-plate, spin, thermal, laser, and vibration welding are the most common plastic assembly methods. Choosing the correct method can be difficult. A supplier who has technical knowledge in all of the processes is the best choice. They will have knowledge of all the different process joint designs, can provide assistance in material selection, and can support once the process is in production. part requirement before the design of the plastic part is critical. This will save dollars in tooling costs and help assure that the correct process to achieve the requirements is chosen. All too often, the plastic molds are manufactured, the first parts are assembled, and then quality control determines that the parts will not pass a pressure test. This is too late; now significant dollars will need to be spent to correct problem. Requirements such as a need for pressurization, exposure to extreme cold or heat, cosmetic-part status (requires no blemishes), and parts assembled per minute are all factors in determining the correct process and plastic Each process has unique plastic-joint design requirements to assure proper weld strength. Assembly equipment suppliers can help design the weld area joint design. An example of joint design requirements for ultrasonic assembly is given by Guide to Ultrasonics from Dukane Charles, IL, U.S.): "Mating services should be in intimate contact around the entire joint. The joint should be in one plane, if possible. A small initial contact area should be established between mating halves. A means of alignment is recommended so that mating halves do not misalign during the weld operation." Obviously, these joint requirements should all be designed into the part prior to machining of the injection molds. What assembly process is correct for a part? As stated earlier, ultrasonic, hot-plate, spin, thermal, vibration, and laser welding are the most common methods used in production today. Each method has unique advantages. Ultrasonic assembly is a fast, repeatable, and reliable process that allows for sophisticated process control. High-volume small parts that have very tight assembly tolerances lend themselves well to ultrasonic assembly. Ultrasonic systems have the capability of exporting relevant assembly process data for SPC documentation and FDA validation. Ultrasonic welding can be easily integrated into automated systems. Hot-plate welding can accommodate a wide range of parts sizes and configurations. These machines offer high-reliability hermetic seals and strong mechanical bonds on complex part geometries. The process is fairly simple; the two parts to be jointed are brought in close proximity to a heated platen until the joint area is in a molten state. The platen is removed and the parts are clamped together until the joint cools off and returns to a solid state. Spin welding is a very cost-effective method for joining large, medium, or small circular parts such as washing machine tubs to agitator components. Water purification filters, thermal mugs, and irrigation assemblies typically are joined using the spin welding process. Careful attention to joint design is critical for parts that require flash-free appearance. Assemblies that require inserts at multiple points on multiple planes, like computer or vacuum cleaner housings, typically benefit from thermal insertion/staking. Thermal staking is ideal for attachment of non-plastic components to the plastic housing, such as circuit boards and metal brackets. Dates coding, embossing, and degating are other uses for thermal presses. Thermal welding can be a slower assembly process than ultrasonic, so, depending on the volumes of assemblies required, ultrasonic maybe a better choice. Vibration welding physically moves one of the two parts horizontally under pressure to create heat through surface friction. Compared to ultrasonic welding, vibration welding operates at much lower frequencies, much higher amplitude, and with greater clamping force. The limitation to vibration welding is simply that the joint must be in a single plane in at least one axis in order to allow the vibration motion. Like hot-plate welding, vibration welding is a highly reliable process that can handle large parts in challenging materials or multiple parts per cycle with ease. Chain saw housings, blower and pump assemblies, and large refrigerator bins are examples of potential vibration welding applications. Cycle times for vibration welds are very short, thus they are ideal for high volume and are easily automated. Laser welding is the newest technology of the processes available today. One benefit of laser welding is that the weld joints produce no flash or particulate outside of the joint. Assemblies that require absolutely no contamination for particulate, like medical filters, are good candidates. A second benefit is that the assembly is not exposed to heat or vibration. Devices that have very sensitive electronic internal components that may be damaged from vibration can now be assembled effectively. Laser welding requires the parts to be transmissive and absorbive, specifically how transparent the parts appear to the laser beam. One material transmits the coherent laser light and the other material absorbs the light and converts it to heat. Parts that appear black to the human eye can be transparent or opaque at the wavelength of the laser light. Clear-to-clear joints and joints that are optically transparent can be readily achieved by use of special coatings. Depending on the part geometry, laser welding can be a slower process then vibration or ultrasonic welding. Plastic appliance components are the direction of the future - they can be assembled economically and produce functional products. This information is provided by Michael Johnston, national sales and marketing manager, Dukane Charles, IL, U.S.).

<urn:uuid:134c9c22-8518-4641-bb31-a84d5ca3c9d3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.appliancemagazine.com/editorial.php?article=235&zone=1&first=1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

| ||How to Identify and Control Water Weeds and Algae| "How to Identify and Control Water Weeds and Algae" is the complete guide to identification, treatment options and measuring lakes and ponds to apply product to common aquatic plants. Identifying the type or species of plant(s) to be controlled is the first step in implementing a management strategy. This book is intended for government, commercial and private concerns responsible for maintaining the recreational, aesthetic and functional value of water resources. Recommendations are based upon decades of research in aquatic plant control and water management by industry, universities and government agencies. Literature files are in PDF file format and require a PDF reader to view. Need to find a hard copy of this book? Please contact us.

<urn:uuid:95cb4cb4-f885-463c-98a0-ad7ebe6588d9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.appliedbiochemists.com/weedbook.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Joel M. Moss Los Alamos National Laboratory "For his pioneering experiments using dimuon production in proton-nucleus interactions which demonstrate that there is no antiquark enhancement in nuclei, and which delineate the characteristics of charmonium and open charm production in nuclear systems."Background: Dr. Moss received his B.S. degree from Fort Hayes State University in 1964, and his Ph.D. in nuclear chemistry from the University of California, Berkeley in 1969. He spent two periods as a postdoctoral fellow: From 196971 at the Centre d'tudes Nuclaires de Saclay, France, and 197173 in the Physics Department of the University of Minnesota. In 1973 he accepted a faculty position in the Physics Department of Texas A&M University where he carried out an extensive series of experimental studies of nuclear giant resonances using beams at the Texas A&M cyclotron. In addition he developed the technique of focalplane polarimetry using a magnetic spectrograph. In 1979 he accepted at position in the Physics Division at Los Alamos National Laboratory. There, he and colleagues further developed the techniques of focalplane polarimetry at LAMPF and the Indiana University Cyclotron Facility, and applied them to the study of the nuclear spin response function. A wellknown application was to the search for pionic collectivity in nuclei. The implications of its apparent absence are still the subject of much debate. In 1986 he became spokesman of a new collaboration formed (experiment E772) to study dimuon production in proton nucleus collisions using 800 GeV protons at Fermilab's Tevatron. In the following years, he and Los Alamos colleagues played major roles in two further Fermilab experiments that emphasized aspects of the parton structure of nucleons and nuclei. His current interests are aimed at the future RHIC program, using the PHENIX detector to study highenergy nuclear collisions and the spin structure of the nucleon. Dr. Moss is a Fellow of the APS, and has served on the Nuclear Sciences Advisory Committee. Noemie Benczer Koller (Chair) John Harris, R G Hamish Robertson ('97 Recipient), Peter Paul (Vice Chair), Stephen J Wallace

<urn:uuid:3b2da199-2ee5-4afc-b464-4da4d485a963>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/prizes/prizerecipient.cfm?first_nm=Joel&last_nm=Moss&year=1998&renderforprint=1

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

On Friday, the Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) released a new report identifying interventions that can help increase physical activity in youth aged 3-17 years across a variety of settings. The primary audiences for the report are policymakers, health care providers, and public health professionals. APTA submitted comments in December 2012 on the draft report. Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report: Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth summarizes intervention strategies based on the evidence from literature reviews and is organized into 5 settings where youth live, learn, and play: school, preschool and childcare, community, family and home, and primary health care. Key findings of the report suggest that: Other materials released by HHS include an infographic highlighting opportunities to increase physical activity throughout the day and a youth fact sheet summarizing the report's recommendations for youth aged 6-17 years. More information can be found at www.health.gov/paguidelines/midcourse/. APTA has long supported HHS' efforts to increase awareness about the benefits of physical activity. It provided input on the 2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americansrelated to the importance of considering physical activity needs and barriers for people with disabilities. It also served on the Physical Activity Guidelines Reaction Group. The association also contributes to the Be Active Your Way Blog. therapists (PTs) and physical therapist assistants (PTAs), especially those who have patients with wounds, are encouraged to take steps to protect their most vulnerable patients from carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), a family of germs that have become difficult to treat because they have high levels of resistance to antibiotics. In addition to patients at high risks, PTs and PTAs should take all necessary precautions to prevent the spread of CRE to According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), CRE are resistant to all, or nearly all, antibiotics—even the most powerful drugs of last-resort. CRE also have high mortality rates, killing 1 in 2 patients who get bloodstream infections from them. Additionally, CRE easily transfer their antibiotic resistance to other bacteria. For example, carbapenem-resistant klebsiella can spread its drug-destroying properties to a normal E. coli bacteria, which makes the E.coli resistant to antibiotics also. "That could create a nightmare scenario since E. coli is the most common cause of urinary tract infections in healthy people," CRE are usually transmitted person-to-person, often on the hands of health care workers. Currently, almost all CRE infections occur in people receiving significant medical care. However, their ability to spread and their resistance raises the concern that potentially untreatable infections could appear in otherwise healthy people, including health care providers. includes resources for patients, providers, and facilities. The agency's CRE prevention toolkit has in-depth recommendations to control CRE transmission in hospitals, long-term acute care facilities, and is in the process of updating its Infectious Disease Control webpage to ensure that PTs and PTAs have the information they need to understand their critical role in helping to halt the spread of CRE. Look for a follow-up article in News Now when the webpage is launched. has selected 9 association members to serve on the PTA Education Feasibility Study Work Group: Wendy Bircher, PT, EdD (NM), Derek Brandes (WA), Barbara Carter, PTA (WI), Martha Hinman, PT, EdD (TX), Mary Lou Romanello, PT, PhD, ATC (MD), Steven Skinner, PT, EdD (NY), Lisa Stejskal, PTA, MAEd (IL), Jennifer Whitney, PT, DPT, KEMG (CA), and Geneva Johnson, PT, PhD, FAPTA (LA). The work group is addressing the motion Feasibility Study for Transitioning to an Entry-Level Baccalaureate Physical Therapist Assistant Degree (RC 20-12) from the 2012 House of Delegates. The work group will address the first phase of the study, finalizing the study plan and identifying relevant data sources for exploring the feasibility of transitioning the entry-level degree for the PTA to a bachelor's degree. APTA supporting staff members are Janet Crosier, PT, DPT, MEd, lead PTA services specialist; Janet Bezner, PT, PhD, vice president of education and governance and administration; Doug Clarke, accreditation PTA programs manager; and Libby Ross, director of than 200 individuals volunteered to serve on the work group by submitting their names to the Volunteer Interest Pool (VIP). APTA expects to engage additional members in the data collection process.

<urn:uuid:984179e4-db53-480f-9340-d6d19260bb41>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.apta.org/PTinMotion/NewsNow/2012/8/28/MidlifeFitnessStudy/?blogmonth=3&blogday=11&blogyear=2013&blogid=10737418615

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Pass cursor here for book details: Malawi cichlids have been, and will probably always remain, among the most popular aquarium fishes of all time. Their brilliant colors, ease of maintenance, and interesting behavior are the three most important reasons for their popularity. A selection of these fishes is all you need to create an interesting and decorative aquarium in your home. In order to enjoy your Malawi cichlid aquarium to the full, however, it is essential to take their specific maintenance requirements into account. This new guide provides expert advice on all elements of proper maintenance, such as choice of aquarium (with details of the minimum size and capacity required for each species discussed), creating the correct water conditions, providing appropriate decor, feeding, breeding, common diseases, etc. A detailed foldout map and 600 photos make this guide indispensable for anyone interested in these beautiful fishes. This book is a revised and greatly expanded version of the Malawi cichlids guide published in the Back to Nature Series in 1997. It contains several new chapters and the number of photos -- about 590 are new -- has doubled. Follow the book's basic guidelines and you will soon have a little piece of Lake Malawi in your living room, for you, your family, and your friends to enjoy. Be the first to add a reader review to this page! Got some experience to share for this page? No registration necessary to contribute! Your privacy is respected: your e-mail is published only if you wish so. All submissions are reviewed before addition. Write based on your personal experiences, with no abbreviations, no chat lingo, and using proper punctuation and capitalization. Ready? Then send your comments!

<urn:uuid:011ea180-45e1-44ff-b86a-96c69d8a86d0>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aquahobby.com/books/e_Konings_Back_Nature_Malawi_Cichlids.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Oklahoma Municipal League (OML) supports the Governor’s commitment to restore local control to cities and towns with regards to tobacco use in public places. OML joins the American Cancer Society, American Lung Society, Department of Health and many others in the Smokefree Coalition in efforts to return the rights of governing tobacco-related laws to municipalities. Several cities around the State have passed resolutions as a way to show the Oklahoma legislature their city council supports local rights on tobacco issues. “Oklahoma is one of only two states in the nation that prohibits communities from adopting any ordinance on tobacco that is stronger than state law,” said Carolyn Stager, OML Executive Director. “Local leaders are in the best position to respond to emerging tobacco industry strategies and help protect the physical and economic health of their citizens.” After listening to Governor Fallin’s State of the State address, Ponca City Mayor Homer Nicholson and President of the Oklahoma Municipal League said, “I applaud the Governor’s commitment to restore local control to cities and towns concerning the use of tobacco in public places. The OML Legislative Committee and Board of Directors are on record supporting this effort.”

<urn:uuid:18b1cdbc-44c8-49b6-8017-f98bc377db0c>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ardmoreite.com/article/20130207/NEWS/130209795/1013/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Shoppers are using computers and mobile devices to purchase holiday gifts on Cyber Monday. / Seth Wenig, AP Americans may have been shopping online all weekend, but they went out with a bang Monday. Online retailers had their biggest day ever on Cyber Monday as holiday shoppers drove sales up 30% vs. the same day last year, says IBM Smarter Commerce, which tracks Web sales at 500 top online retailers. "The reports of the death of Cyber Monday are greatly exaggerated," says Jay Henderson, IBM Smarter Commerce's strategy director. "Certainly, we saw shopping start earlier this year, but it hasn't diminished the growth in sales for Black Friday and Cyber Monday." Online sales for department stores account for much of the boost, Henderson says, as they were up 43% over last year. There were no early reports of crashes or major slowdowns on overloaded websites. Websites "in general are better prepared than in prior years," says Brad Wilson of BradsDeals.com. "I think this move to virtual Web hosting in the much-discussed 'cloud' is a part of why the day (was) better overall." The iPad drove more than 7% of online shopping, more than any other tablet or smartphone, IBM says. Mobile sales overall, which include smartphones and tablets, had a huge boost - up more than 96% from 2011. Though mobile sales and traffic were down from Black Friday as consumers returned to work and did more shopping on computers. Still, "the implication for retailers is that the winning strategy this weekend was retailers who made it easy for consumers to buy however they want it," Henderson says. IBM Smarter Commerce says more than 18% of consumers used a mobile device to visit a retail store, while 13% used a smartphone or tablet to make a purchase. As of Monday afternoon, PayPal had almost 200% more volume in mobile payments, compared with Cyber Monday last year. The two most searched-for products through most of Cyber Monday were the Kindle Fire and Ugg boots, says Experian Marketing Services, a company that helps retailers with digital marketing and analyzing consumer data. The five retail websites receiving the most "Cyber Monday" searches were CyberMonday.com, Target, Amazon, Walmart and MSN.Money, in that order, the Experian data show. Price comparison website PriceGrabber.com reported about a 17% increase in traffic over Cyber Monday last year as of about noon ET, and CEO Steve Krenzer expected about a 20% increase for the full day. "I'm just hoping for a Black December to go with this Black week," says Krenzer. He might get his wish. Economist Chris Christopher of IHS Global Insight said Monday that he expects online holiday retail sales to rise 17% above last year. "Last year's holiday online retail sales amounted to a little over $67 billion, and this year's holiday online retail sales are projected to be about $79 billion," Christopher says. "This is no longer chump change by any means." After seeing the traffic and crowds on Thanksgiving and Black Friday, Illinois forester Kevin Sorby, was looking forward to online shopping Monday. He was looking for a tablet and shopping on Amazon "with ease" Monday, he said. "Cyber Monday is my new Black Friday from here on out, " says Sorby. Copyright 2013 USATODAY.com Read the original story: Cyber Monday sales finish strong

<urn:uuid:7a23d652-0502-482a-b804-4489bc67f7d9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.argusleader.com/usatoday/article/1727005?odyssey=mod_sectionstories

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Overview of content related to 'java' This page provides an overview of 1 article related to 'perl'. Note that filters may be applied to display a sub-set of articles in this category (see FAQs on filtering for usage tips). Select this link to remove all filters. Perl is a high-level, general-purpose, interpreted, dynamic programming language. Perl was originally developed by Larry Wall in 1987 as a general-purpose Unix scripting language to make report processing easier. Since then, it has undergone many changes and revisions and become widely popular amongst programmers. Larry Wall continues to oversee development of the core language, and its upcoming version, Perl 6. Perl borrows features from other programming languages including C, shell scripting (sh), AWK, and sed. The language provides powerful text processing facilities without the arbitrary data length limits of many contemporary Unix tools, facilitating easy manipulation of text files. Perl gained widespread popularity in the late 1990s as a CGI scripting language, in part due to its parsing abilities. (Excerpt from Wikipedia article: Perl) See our 'perl' overview for more data and comparisons with other tags. For visualisations of metadata related to timelines, bands of recency, top authors, and and overall distribution of authors using this term, see our 'perl' usage charts. Ariadne contributors most frequently referring to 'perl':

<urn:uuid:3467d50d-60b1-442f-8fbb-77a31bf0642b>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/category/buzz/java?article-type=&term=&organisation=&project=&author=clare%20mcclean

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Natick Soldiers, employees help soup kitchen November 20, 2012 NATICK, Mass. (Nov. 20, 2012) -- A Soldier's boots tend to get a bit more wear than those of the average person. This is especially true for Spc. Rebecca Fant of Natick Soldier Systems Center, who gave up an extra pair of her boots to a woman without shoes during a weekly trip to a local soup kitchen. "I was proud of her," said Staff Sgt. Sharalis Canales, training noncommissioned officer for the NSSC Headquarters Research and Development Detachment. "That's something I would have done. It was just nice to see that those values and morals are instilled in her." Fant wasn't looking for praise or credit after performing such a selfless act. It was only after Canales posted the kind deed a Soldier performed as her Facebook status that the Public Affairs Office was able to track down Fant. A woman who was a regular patron of the Framingham (Mass.) Salvation Army Soup Kitchen was walking around in socks. Fant told Canales that she should ask where the woman's shoes were. The pair went outside to speak to the woman and found out that she didn't have any shoes. Fortunately, Fant wears the same size shoes as the woman and had a pair of Army winter boots in the trunk of her car. She and Canales went, without anyone else knowing, and put the boots on her. The woman gave them both a hug and said "thank you." "It's a nice thing to do," said Fant when asked about why she helps out at the soup kitchen. "I was always raised that you're supposed to give back when you have an opportunity, because you're blessed to be a blessing -- so, give back. I've never been homeless or anything, but I know about hard times. So, hopefully, I will always have the opportunity to give back." Soldiers and employees from NSSC have been assisting the "Miracle Kitchen" for years. Outreach from the base began in 1998 with Combat Feeding Directorate employees, and the NSSC community has participated ever since. On the third Thursday of each month, workers from the base donate time to give back to those in need in the local community. Canales decided to take this community service a step further. As president of the Better Opportunities for Single Soldiers program at Natick, Canales has brought Soldiers to the Miracle Kitchen every Thursday night since March as part of the BOSS program. "The Soldiers wanted to go more often," Canales said. "They enjoyed going, so we decided to go every Thursday from now on." Fant was actually in charge of taking the Soldiers to the soup kitchen every week while Canales was away for training. "She was providing transportation for them and taking them on her own personal time," said Canales, "and she influences my Soldiers now to go." Canales was, at one point in her life, very much like the patrons who come to the soup kitchen -- homeless and alone. Now she goes back to help, and it reminds her of when she used to be in the same position as the patrons. "It feels good to go back and help the cooks there out," Canales said. "Some of the homeless people ask me why we come, and I tell them I used to be in your same shoes. "I just find it very rewarding, and what I like is the fact that the Soldiers like to go and give back to the community. It opens their eyes to a lot of things and helps them appreciate the small things that we have, especially because a lot of the homeless people that go there are veterans that served." Soldiers and civilians alike help out with tasks such as cooking and cleaning. Whatever soup kitchen coordinator Jimmy Williams needs, they do their best to accomplish. "I love when the U.S. Army comes," Williams said. "They're hard workers." Williams makes a monthly schedule and knows he can count on Natick Soldiers to be there every week. He also has a "wish list" of items the kitchen needs. Items like nine-inch Styrofoam plates, drink mixes, metal serving spoons, coffee, and canned goods are helpful. Big cans of soup top his list. "With winter coming, I like to be able to have some hot soup going for our patrons," Williams said. Williams also coordinates delivery of meals to approximately 20 elderly homeless people who cannot make it to the soup kitchen. Lee-Ann Barkhouse, S&T Environmental Program coordinator at Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, coordinates the civilian part of the service outreach with the soup kitchen. She got involved when a friend from CFD asked her to help when they were short-handed. "She knew how much I love cooking," Barkhouse said. "I am thankful that I am able to give back to the community." "Over the years, I have met a lot of great friends I would normally not have the opportunity to interact with," she continued. "Knowing that we as a team go to the kitchen with one goal, to prepare a fabulous meal, while having fun and making a difference to just one person -- that really makes me thankful." Serving the community in this way allows the NSSC community to give back. After all, Fant is right: Having the opportunity to help those in need is a blessing.

<urn:uuid:90c5e66a-105b-4d77-9187-f2cada46768d>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.army.mil/article/91360/Natick_Soldiers__employees_help_soup_kitchen/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

December 12, 2011 Lavender oil and negative innuendo by Robert Tisserand In a recent blog post an Environmental Working Group (EWG) research assistant suggests that lavender oil may be unsafe, saying: “the science is still evolving and safety can’t be assumed.” The science is still evolving? Isn’t that true of anything? Are we just sowing the seeds of doubt here? I have written a number of posts about the EWG and sloppy science. Their modus operandi involves highlighting negative information, along with liberal use of the phrase “has been linked to”. Facts are so often distorted that their reputation in scientific circles is all but worthless. I have never read an EWG report in which both sides of an argument are presented. The problem I have with this approach is that the EWG audience is consumers, who have neither the scientific training nor the knowledge and expertise to challenge what is being said. In spite of this many do, because they instinctively feel that something is not right. Lavender oil “has been linked to” allergic reactions, it’s true. But how strong is that link? After all, if you look hard enough, you will find at least one allergic reaction report for almost every substance used in cosmetics. Cherry picking a few negative studies is not a useful way to help consumers assess product safety. What we need is a comparative rating that clearly flags high-risk ingredients, along with practical safety guidelines. “Allergy epidemics” have occurred in the past, most often with preservatives. As use becomes more extensive, adverse reactions escalate, and eventually the substance is either banned or restricted. In spite of widespread use, this is not happening with lavender, which has been the most popular essential oil for aromatherapy use since the 1970s. The EWG post is written by Swati Sharma. She tells us that: “Despite its ubiquity in cosmetics, researchers in Japan who compared eight essential oils found that lavender caused the greatest number of skin allergies.” No it did not, unless you only look at two of the nine years of the study! The Japanese researchers tested six essential oils, one absolute and two essential oil constituents. The essential oil that produced the most adverse reactions was ylang-ylang (tested at 5%), followed by geranium (tested at 20%) followed by lavender (also tested at 20%). And since all the other substances were tested at either 5% or 2%, the relative risk of each cannot be compared anyway. The higher the test concentration, the greater will be the number of reactions. And, the Japanese subjects were all dermatology patients “suspected of cosmetic dermatitis”, an especially high-risk group. Considering that the lavender oil was patch tested at 20% in a high-risk population, and that only 1.4% (21 of 1,483) of patients had an adverse reaction, this does not suggest a significant allergen. Other research points to lavender oil presenting a very low risk. When 50 healthy volunteers were patch tested with the undiluted oil, there were no reactions (Meneghini et al 1971). Similarly, none were produced in 25 volunteers tested with lavender at 10% (Opdyke 1976 p451). In a study of 200 dermatitis patients in Poland, none were sensitive to 2% lavender oil (Rudzki et al 1976). In a Danish study, two of 217 dermatitis patients (0.9%) tested positive to 2% lavender oil (Veien et al 2004). Tested at 1%, lavender oil produced no reactions in 273 dermatitis patients (Meneghini et al 1971). Taken together, these results show that two of 690 dermatitis patients (0.3%) reacted to lavender oil when patch tested at 1% or 2%. However, extrapolating from patch test data on dermatology patients to the general population is notoriously difficult (especially since the conditions of patch testing exaggerate risk) and the actual number of people with adverse reactions to lavender is very much less than 0.3%. Over a 15 year period (1986-2000) there have only been five cases of lavender oil allergy reported worldwide (Brandão 1986, De Groot 1996, Keane et al 2000, Schaller & Korting 1995, Selvaag et al 1995) and three were people with multiple allergies. This is in contrast to millions of bottles of undiluted lavender oil being sold to consumers per annum, and millions more personal care products containing lavender oil. From all of the above we can conclude that a 20% concentration of lavender oil might be risky for Japanese consumers with cosmetic allergies, but 2% is not a risk to anyone, and even undiluted lavender is safe to use on healthy skin. Not only is lavender a very low-risk skin allergen, it possesses anti-allergic properties. Topically applied, the oil inhibited immediate-type allergic reactions by inhibiting the release of histamine from mast cells (Kim et al 1999). How is this possible? Probably because in most cases, allergies only occur from the use of oxidized lavender oil. The unoxidized oil is anti-allergic, and is even moderately antioxidant (Wei and Shibamoto 2007). Sharma tells us that linalyl acetate, a major constituent of lavender oil, can oxidize in the presence of atmospheric oxygen, “forming allergens that can cause contact dermatitis” (Sköld et al 2008). Indeed it can, as can linalool, the other major constituent of lavender oil (Sköld et al 2004). However, these are theoretical risks, not actual risks, and lavender oil oxidation is a process that takes many months, even years. What this research suggests is that products containing lavender oil should be protected from oxidation by the addition of antioxidants, and that very old products should be discarded. The International Fragrance Association (IFRA) does not have a regulation for lavender oil, but it does for linalool. Referring to linalool-rich essential oils, the IFRA guideline recommends the addition of an antioxidant: “The addition of 0.1% BHT or a-tocopherol has shown great efficiency” (IFRA 2009). Next, Sharma informs us that “lavender oil may be toxic to human skin cells” though curiously no reference is given (it’s Prashar et al 2004). I addressed this issue in a previous post about lavender, in which I explain how we know that the oil is not a skin irritant, and is not toxic to skin cells when applied to human skin. Finally, Sharma raises the question of lavender oil and hormone disruption, an issue I have also addressed previously, in this article. To sum up, there was no established link between lavender oil and breast growth in three pre-perbertal boys, but lavender oil did show a weak in vitro estrogenic action in two (of the four possible) types of in vitro test for estrogenic activity (Henley et al 2007). None of this establishes that lavender oil disrupts hormones. To quote Diel et al (1999): “…even a combined use of several in vitro test systems is not able to predict the occurring action of a substance in the organism.” In other research, lavender oil was significantly toxic to human breast cancer cells (Zu et al 2010) suggesting that it would prevent breast cancer, and not increase risk. Consumer products containing lavender oil may benefit from the addition of an antioxidant, such as alpha-tocopherol. This should be used at 0.1-0.2% (note that using more is not more effective). Bottles of lavender oil, or products containing lavender oil, that are more than 12 months old (after first use) should be discarded if they no longer smell fresh. There is a theoretical risk of skin allergy from lavender oil, but this risk is extremely low. Restricting the percentage of lavender oil in leave-on products (skin creams, lotions, gels) to 2% would be over-cautious, but combined with the addition of an antioxidant, will make a product super-safe. Lavender oil has a weak in vitro estrogenic activity, but there is no reason to believe that this translates to a hormone-disrupting effect in humans. Brandão FM 1986 Occupational allergy to lavender oil. Contact Dermatitis 15:249-250 De Groot AC 1996 Airborne allergic contact dermatitis from tea tree oil. Contact Dermatitis 35:304-305 Diel P, Smolnikar K, Michna H 1999 In vitro test systems for the evaluation of the estrogenic activity of natural products. Planta Medica 65:197-203 Keane FM, Smith HR, White IR et al 2000 Occupational allergic contact dermatitis in two aromatherapists. Contact Dermatitis 43:49-51 Henley DV, Lipson N, Korach KS et al 2007 Prebubertal gynecomastia linked to lavender and tea tree oils. New England Journal of Medicine 365: 479-485 IFRA 2009 Standards, including amendments as of October 14th 2009. International Fragrance Association, Brussels. http://www.ifraorg.org Kim HM, Cho SH 1999 Lavender oil inhibits immediate-type allergic reaction in mice and rats. Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmacology 51:221-226 Meneghini CL, Rantuccio F, Lomuto M 1971 Additives, vehicles and active drugs of topical medicaments as causes of delayed-type allergic dermatitis. Dermatologica 143:137-147 Opdyke DL 1976 Monographs on fragrance raw materials. Food & Cosmetics Toxicology 14 supplement Prashar A, Locke IC, Evans CS 2004 Cytotoxicity of lavender oil and its major components to human skin cells. Cell Proliferation 37:221-229 Rudzki E, Grzywa Z, Brud WS 1976 Sensitivity to 35 essential oils. Contact Dermatitis 2:196-200 Schaller M, Korting HC 1995 Allergic airborne contact dermatitis from essential oils used in aromatherapy. Clinical & Experimental Dermatology 20:143-145 Selvaag E, Holm JO, Thune P 1995 Allergic contact dermatitis in an aromatherapist with multiple sensitizations to essential oils. Contact Dermatitis 33:354-355 Sköld M, Börje A, Harambasic E et al 2004 Contact allergens formed on air exposure of linalool. Identification and quantification of primary and secondary oxidation products and the effect on skin sensitization. Chemical Research in Toxicology 17:1697-1705 Sköld M, Hagvall L, Karlberg AT et al 2008 Autoxidation of linalyl acetate, the main component of lavender oil, creates potent contact allergens. Contact Dermatitis 58:9-14 Sugiura M, Hayakawa R, Kato Y et al 2000 Results of patch testing with lavender oil in Japan. Contact Dermatitis 43:157-160 Veien NK, Rosner K, Skovgaard GL 2004 Is tea tree oil an important contact allergen? Contact Dermatitis 50:378-379 Wei A, Shibamoto T 2007 Antioxidant activities and volatile constituents of various essential oils. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry 55:1737-1742 Zu Y, Yu H, Liang L et al 2010 Activities of ten essential oils towards Propionibacterium acnes and PC-3, A-549 and MCF-7 cancer cells. Molecules 15:3200-3210 Robert Tisserand is internationally recognized for his pioneering work in many aspects of aromatherapy since 1969 and frequent contributor to the aromaconnection blog. July 07, 2011 Déjà vu–It’s Still NO To SCA 2011 (HR 2359) The so called “Safe Cosmetics Act” has been rolled out again, with even more attendant shock and awe PR from the misguided zealots at the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics using misinformation on Environmental Working Group’s Skin Deep Database. If one were to rate the importance of this bill . . . what with a fragile economy in slow recovery, an unemployment rate stuck at over 9%, entire states in disarray (WI) or in near-complete shutdown (MN), so many environmental catastrophes (Exxon-Mobil/Yellowstone River Spill) or near catastrophes (Las Alamos National Laboratory Site Fire), (Nebraska Nuclear Power Plant Missouri River Flood) . . . it logically would be of low priority. To me, there appears to be so much more urgency to address myriad larger problems facing the Nation, I sometimes feel like Atlas with that giant granite weight crushing any hope that used to glimmer that our elected leaders are going to stop their partisan bickering and get on with the business of governing and helping remedy the continuing effects of a massive economic recession. I put the importance of HR 2359 at about a –minus –minus –minus ridiculous number. I don’t know about you, but I would much prefer our lawmakers to be focusing their time and efforts on some of these macro issues desperately in need of their attention. You know, like making sure our kids can go to school 5 days a week instead of the 3 or 4 now having to be imposed because of necessary budget cuts in many states. Hello! That’s surely going to help regain academic status in the world, isn’t it, and perhaps not possibly lose an entire generation to ignorance? And you can be damned sure my colleagues and I have more important things to do than weed through a poorly written bill, obviously crafted by those with little or no knowledge in the multiple scientific disciplines necessary to understand the minutia of cosmetic formulation, and especially pertaining to essential oils and natural plant extracts – the very ingredients consumers most want in their natural personal care products. Samara Botane/Nature Intelligence opposes Safe Cosmetic Act 2011 (HR 2359). As much as I and many other colleagues in the personal care, spa, herbal, natural perfume and aromatherapy industries may wish it weren’t so, we are once again faced with having to raise our small voices to defend the integrity of our professional pursuits to bring safe, effective personal care products into the marketplace . . . to avoid unnecessary, sometimes impossible regulations that are not going to make cosmetics any safer than they are now and only raise consumer prices because of the additional money, time and effort to comply. Never mind that, when this bill was first introduced in 2010, we have previously pointed out that lead has not purposefully been added to lipstick by unscrupulous manufacturers gleefully twirling their mustaches, and that it naturally occurs as an element of the Earth’s surface and is in EVERYTHING in microscopic amounts, especially natural botanical ingredients. It is in your water. How many times must one state a FACT before it is understood and accepted? This is still one of CFSC’s major talking points. It has grown to epic proportions and wends its way into many lists of toxins to avoid, such as Green America’s 9 Toxins to Avoid in Personal Care Products, a document not referenced nor annotated with any scientific substantiation. Those inclined to do more research on this matter would quickly find “Easily Led” a comprehensive thorough investigation of the claim (now urban legend), ending with the caveat, “The bottom line is that U.S. medical literature has yet to record a single case of anyone’s coming down with lead poisoning through lipstick use.” Of course, the CFSC has trotted out “Lead in Lipstick” in an attempt to overstate the danger in a desperate, somewhat hysterical hue and cry that microscopic levels of lead in lipstick at the highest tested 0.00000306 are of sufficient danger to browbeat our legislative representatives once again to put forth a bill that will never make its way through the process to become law, as it is now written. All of this frenzied PR hype (rolled out by CFSC before the bill was even publicly announced) cannot counter “A Perspective on the Safety of Cosmetic Products: A Position Paper of The American Council on Science and Health”. Nor can it counter the response from the Personal Care Products Council in 2010, nor their current response. If you’d like pleasantly-presented, factual, scientific based information on cosmetic safety, PCPC has produced this series of short videos for the consumer. You can search this site for a specific ingredient or browse by product category. If you are looking for an easily-searched, more scientific database, try Toxipedia, where you will find no alarming leading questions like “Are you sure about your lotion?” or untrue statements like “Most sunscreens aren’t safe.” such as are found on EWG’s Skin Deep. You will also not be subjected to a ineffective numerical rating system for product hazard, just scientific research and facts, no opinion . . . how refreshing. Never mind that we have carefully critiqued and debunked Annie Leonard’s cleverly crafted propaganda video “The Story of Cosmetics” as the supreme shock and awe scare tactic hype it is. Oh, but it’s cute, and cute appears to trump rational fact and common sense these days. The sad thing is that the frenzied imagery of a masked assembly line worker purposefully inserting poison (international skull and cross bones = SCARY) into a cosmetic container, followed by the same skull and crossbones ruthlessly stamped on a baby (even more SCARY) in the bathtub does not seem to invigorate the critical thinking necessary to separate fact from overblown fiction. And, this fictional video seems to incite, rather than inform those not capable of critically assessing information by comparing with credible reference and countering professional opinion. How sad. Examine the current FDA Authority Over Cosmetics and you will see it is comprehensive. It is true that there are issues of concern to be addressed. I believe the FDA will continue to do due diligence to insure the safety of cosmetic products. I believe that the industry will be more than willing to assist this effort and comply with reasonable regulations. HR 2359 is not the answer. At this time when we have so many stressful problems facing us, let us focus on what is urgent and necessary. Please join me in opposing HR 2359 by signing the petition. July 06, 2011 Ten reasons why you should not support SCA 2011 The Environmental Working Group, who have given birth to this legislation, is an incompetent organization that does not understand the science of toxicology, does not understand natural products, and that takes a biased, negative view of safety, often seeing dangers that do not exist. - SCA 2011 requires that all ingredients of ingredients must be declared on product labels or company websites (where labels are not large enough). This unfairly targets companies that make natural products. A product containing several herb extracts and/or essential oils will have an ingredient list with thousands of ingredients. This will make reading ingredient lists harder for consumers, not easier. - Unlike some other safety regulations, SCA 2011 does not distinguish between a naturally occurring substance (such as an ingredient of a herbal extract) and the intentional addition of a synthetic chemical. The end result of this will be that many herb extracts and essential oils will no longer be permitted as cosmetic ingredients as has already happened in Europe. - SCA 2011 requires that “contaminants” (the word is not defined anywhere in the bill) that are present in a cosmetic at one part per billion or over be declared on the ingredients list. This expectation is naïve, unnecessary and impractical. Even pharmaceuticals are not regulated to such a degree. - SCA 2011 requires a safety standard for cosmetics that is defined as a risk not greater than one in a million. Demonstrating this conclusively would, by definition, require testing on millions of either animals or humans. This is similarly naïve, unnecessary and impractical but if enforced, would mean that there will be no cosmetics, because it is an unreachable standard. - The above safety standard is specifically stated to include all “vulnerable populations” including a sick person with a compromised immune system, someone with asthma, and a newborn infant. Every cosmetic produced has to present zero risk to every human being. However, zero risk is a fantasy of the EWG – it does not exist on planet Earth. - Even though the bill includes a clause about alternatives to animal testing, the stipulations of SCA 2011 for safety testing for carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity will necessitate the deaths of thousands of animals because there are as yet no viable substitutes for these two toxicity tests. - The massive amount of new testing proposed by SCA 2011, and all the attendant administration will cost billions of dollars. One way or another, this cost will be passed on to consumers. This is not the time to be spending this kind of money on unnecessary legislation. - The amount of checking, testing, listing, re-designing, re-formulating, re-printing and form-filling would be a massive burden to cosmetics companies. Some, both large and small, will go out of business, with attendant job losses. - Labeling regulations are already onerous for any company selling internationally. Since the labeling requirements of SCA 2011 are not in line with those of any other country or region, this will create chaos in the industry. - Although SCA 2011 delegates authority to the FDA, it also allows for any “responsible party” to file a claim that a product may cause serious adverse health effects. This is the EWG giving itself the power to endlessly pursue products or companies that it does not like. Cosmetics safety regulations in the USA could be improved, but this is not the answer. It is over-reaching, unworkable and unnecessary. Robert Tisserand is internationally recognized for his pioneering work in many aspects of aromatherapy since 1969 and frequent contributor to the aromaconnection blog. August 17, 2010 The Safe Cosmetics Act 2010 by Robert Tisserand The Safe Cosmetics Act of 2010 (SCA 2010), now before the House of Representatives, is an inappropriate and seriously flawed attempt to make cosmetics safer. You can read the full text here. The thinking behind it is identical to a bill that was proposed (and defeated on March 1st this year) in Colorado (see Tunnel vision). Both are the brainchild of a group including the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics (SFSC) and the Environmental Working Group (EWG) which are in turn linked to the Skin Deep database. SCA 2010 is being opposed by groups representing small businesses such as Opposesca.com, the Indie Beauty Network and Personal Care Truth which also reflects the views of many cosmetic chemists. A petition opposing SCA 2010 can be found here. SCA 2010 is unscientific, unworkable, and if passed as is, would likely cause widespread job loss in the cosmetics industry. Far from being a step in the right direction, it would be a leap into regulatory chaos, as well as targeting small businesses and natural products. Yes, cosmetics could and should be safer, and cosmetics labeling in the USA does need more transparency. Safety can always be improved in any field, especially in the light of new scientific data, but SCA 2010 over-reaches what is needed to such an extent that, with the possible exception of distilled water, I cannot think of any cosmetic ingredient that would be acceptable under its terms. These require that there is “data demonstrating that exposure to all sources of the ingredient or cosmetic present not more than 1 in a million risk for any adverse effect in the population of concern”. Unfortunately, “population of concern” is not defined, but SCA 2010 further states that, in establishing a safety standard, “no harm will be caused by aggregate exposure for a member of a vulnerable population to that ingredient or cosmetic.” “Vulnerable populations” are defined, and include “pregnant women, infants, children, the elderly, and people with compromised immune systems.” Would “infants” include pre-term babies? Would “people with compromised immune systems” include those who do not get sufficient sleep, or who suffer from frequent colds? Much of the wording of the bill is vague and open to many possible interpretations. “Ingredient” includes every substance present in an ingredient “at levels above technically feasible detection limits.” This last phrase is not defined, but it could be as low as one part per billion (ppb, 0.0000001%) or one part per trillion (ppt, 0.0000000001%). SCA 2010 specifically mentions contaminants, and in foods and beverages they are commonly measured at these levels. Most essential oils contain about 100 constituents. The above data – for example no more than 1 in a million risk – must be demonstrable for each one of these constituents. Otherwise, the essential oil may not be acceptable in cosmetics, according to the terms of the bill. I can think of of no substance, natural or synthetic, that is known to cause no adverse reaction of any kind in less than 1 in a million people. In human tests for skin reactions, there are sometimes data covering tens of thousands of patch tests. But, that’s still a long way from a million, and there is no cosmetic ingredient that, if patch tested on one million people, would cause no more than one reaction. Except for distilled water perhaps. “Any adverse effect” is not defined, but is not as simple as it might seem. Linalool, for example, has caused CNS depression when inhaled by animals. (Alcohol is the classic CNS depressant – in large enough amounts, it causes loss of muscular control, slurred speech, stupor and other effects.) Linalool is one of the most common constituents of fragrant herbs and flowers, inhalation of which could therefore be regarded as hazardous under the vague terms of SCA 2010. In reality, linalool has no more than a mild calming, anti-anxiety effect when inhaled by humans. It’s one of the main constituents of lavender oil. The issue of dose and concentration is not given much consideration. “The Secretary shall presume that any ingredient or cosmetic that induces cancer or birth defects or has reproductive or developmental toxicity when ingested by, inhaled by, or dermally applied to a human or an animal has failed to meet the safety standard.” This is a complete reinvention of the science of toxicology, which up until now has been based on the principle of dose and of threshold levels. Above certain amounts toxicity may occur, below them it will not. This is why there are permissible levels for substances such as hydrocyanic acid (”cyanide”, restricted to 1 ppm) which naturally occurs in some foods. There’s also the question of the interaction between the constituents of a natural substance. Basil herb, for example, contains two known carcinogens – estragole and methyleugenol. Pesto is a particularly concentrated form of basil, yet the WHO has determined that the amounts in basil/pesto are so small that they present no risk to humans. Since that ruling, research has been published demonstrating that basil herb contains anticarcinogenic substances that counter any potential toxicity of the two carcinogens, and is itself anticarcinogenic (Alhusainy et al 2010, Dasgupta et al 2004, Jeurissen et al 2008). Some basil essential oils have been shown to have anticarcinogenic effects (Aruna & Sivaramakrishnan 1996, Manosroi et al 2005). Probable or known human carcinogens, such as acetaldehyde and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) are ubiquitous in fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat and fish at low ppb. I’m not saying this is a good thing, I’m just saying it’s a fact, and these foods are not regarded as dangerous, because the toxins are present in such minuscule amounts. BaP is one of the many carcinogens found in cigarette smoke, but it is also found in American drinking water at 0.2-2.0 ppb, and in olive oil at about 3 ppb. Olive oil is actually anticarcinogenic, because of its content of antioxidant polyphenols, squalene, β-sitosterol and linoleic acid (Sotiroudis & Kyrtopoulos 2008). It’s the same story with fruits and vegetables – they are generally anticarcinogenic due to a very much higher content of antitoxic substances. Many essential oils, herb extracts and foods contain tiny amounts of single constituents that alone, and in substantial amounts, are known to be toxic, but the parent natural substance is not toxic. However, this scenario is not taken into consideration by the CFSC or EWG. These organizations are, wittingly or unwittingly, campaigning to have natural substances banned from use in cosmetics because of their “tunnel vision” and “parts per billion” approach to safety. The thinking behind the wording of SCA 2010 is naive because there is an assumption that substances are either “safe” or “toxic”, and that if we simply eliminate the toxic ones from personal care products, the world will be a better place. It may seem like an excellent idea, but once you start talking about parts per million or lower, it is unnecessary and unrealistic. Not even foods are regulated to that degree, and our exposure to foods is far greater than our exposure to cosmetics. SCA 2010 requires that every constituent or trace contaminant of every ingredient be listed onthe product label. This arguably discriminates against natural products, since their ingredient lists would have to include hundreds of substances, if they could be proved to be safe under the terms of the bill, and if there was some way of actually listing that many ingredients on a label. A product containing what would normally would be regarded as five ingredients – olive oil, blue chamomile extract, and essential oils of orange, rose and vetiver – would require an ingredient list looking something like this: oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, squalene, hydroxytyrosol, tyrosol, oleuropein, ligstroside, elenolic acid, acetoxy-pinoresenol, oleocanthal, α-tocopherol, herniarin, hyperoside, umbelliferone, methylumbelliferone, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, quercetin, rutin, flavanone, isorhamnetin, quercimeritin, anthemic acid, choline, triacontane, patuletin, patulitrin, apigetrin, apigenin-7-glucoside, apigenin-7-apiosylglucoside, luteolin-7-glucoside, apigetrin-7-acetylglucoside, luteolin-4-glucoside, luteolin, patuletin, matricin, matricarin, galacturonic acid, d-limonene, citronellol, geraniol, myrcene, linalool, α-pinene, sabinene, β-phellandrene, geranial, neral, decanal, citronellal, (Z)-β-ocimene, β-pinene, valencene, β-elemene, terpinolene, dodecanal, γ-terpinene, β-sinensal, α-sinensal, δ-cadinene, α-copaene, γ-muurolene, nerol, δ-3-carene, (Z)-3-hexenol, perillaldehyde, octanol, cis-sabinene hydrate, undecanal, nonadecane, heneicosane, 1-nonadecene, 2-phenylethanol, (E)-β-ocimene, methyleugenol, eugenol, 1-heptadecene, eicosane, trans-linalool oxide, β-caryophyllene, 1-tricosene, α-terpineol, α-farnesene, farnesyl acetate, citronellyl formate, pentadecane, α-guiaiene, benzaldehyde, (Z)-β-farnesene, terpinen-4-ol, geranyl acetate, isogeranyl acetate, farnesyl propionate, methyl salicylate, citronellyl acetate, hexanol, α-humulene, methyl geranate, α-terpinene, cis-rose oxide, isogeraniol, β-bergamotene, δ-2-carene, cis-linalool oxide, octadecane, heptadecane, α-phellandrene, cis-rose oxide, β-maaliene, ethyl benzoate, geranyl acetone, 3-methylbutanol, docosane, 1-heneicosene, p-cymene, 1-eicosene, bourbonene, γ-cadinene, hexadecane, 1-tricosene, octanal, nerolidol, 2-undecanone, benzyl benzoate, α-muurolene, 2-phenylethyl phenylacetate, farnesol, geranyl formate, guaiol, heptanal, allo-ocimene, 1-octadecene, 2-phenylethyl-3-methyl valerate, hexadecanol, hexanal, 3-hexenyl formate, 2-phenylethyl benzoate, khusimol, vetiselinenol, cyclocopacamphan-12-ol (epimer A), α-cadinol, α-vetivone, β-vetivenene, β-eudesmol, β-vetivone, khusenic acid, β-vetispirene, γ-vetivenene, α-amorphene, (E)-eudesm-4(15),7-dien-12-ol, β-calacorene, (Z)-eudesm-6-en-11-ol, γ-amorphene ziza-5-en-12-ol, β-selinene, (Z)-eudesma-6,11-diene, salvial-4(14)-en-1-one, khusinol, cyclocopacamphan-12-ol (epimer B), selina-6-en-4-ol, khusian-ol, δ-amorphene, 1-epicubenol, khusimene, ziza-6(13)-en-3β-ol, ziza-6(13)-en-3-one, 2-epi-ziza-6(13)-en-3α-ol, 12-nor-ziza-6(13)-en-2β-ol, α-vetispirene, eremophila-1(10),7(11)-diene, dimethyl-6,7-bicyclo-[4.4.0]-deca-10-en-one, 10-epi-γ-eudesmol, α-calacorene, (E)-opposita-4(15),7(11)-dien12-ol, prekhusenic acid, 13-nor-eudesma-4,6-dien-11-one, isovalencenol, spirovetiva-1(10),7(11)-diene, 2-epi-ziza-6(13)-en-12-al, (E)-isovalencenal, preziza-7(15)-ene, (Z)-eudesma-6,11-dien-3β-ol, intermedeol, isoeugenol, isokhusenic acid, elemol, eremophila-1(10),6-dien-12-al, juniper camphor, khusimone, eremophila-1(10),4(15)-dien-2α-ol, eremophila-1(10),7(11)-dien-2β-ol, (Z)-isovalencenal, allo-khusiol, methyl-(E)-eremophila-1(10),7(11)-dien-12-ether, (E)-2-nor-zizaene, (Z)-eudesm-6-en-12-al, funebran-15-al No contaminants have been shown here, only natural constituents of the five ingredients. Whether this list of 200 chemicals would be useful for consumers is debatable, and it would be one of the shorter lists, since most natural products contain much more than five ingredients. Even single synthetic chemicals are not really single chemicals at all – they also contain some minor and trace constituents. Most fragrance chemicals for example are about 95% pure, the other 5% consisting of “impurities” which of course would have to be listed. So synthetic chemicals are not exempt from this challenge. This is one of the reasons that a naturally-occurring chemical is not the same as a synthetic one – the impurities present in the synthetic version. Synthetic coumarin, for example, causes skin allergies because of the impurities it contains (Vocanson 2006, 2007). But, SCA 2010 treats all chemicals of the same name as equal, which may be expedient if you are trying to pass legislation, but it’s not really scientific. SCA 2010 proposes that hundreds of ingredients should be assessed for safety in unrealistically short amounts of time, with no proposal as to what form this assessment process will take, who will undertake the work, and exactly what criteria will be used. The wording of the bill shows very little understanding of either toxicology or cosmetics science. It also assumes that any existing legislation in other countries must be good legislation, when in fact nothing could be further from the truth. I happen to believe that incremental legislation is generally a good thing. It at least allows for the possibility of public debate, and for finer points to be properly considered. Legislation as sweeping as SCA 2010 will cause chaos in the cosmetics industry, especially since States will be given the option to add further safety standards as they see fit. So, each State could have different standards – a manufacturer’s nightmare, and a pointless provision. Even without it, how any agency could enforce legislation involving hundreds of thousands of existing products, with hundreds of ingredients to consider for each one is mind-boggling. SCA 2010 will cost unknown millions or billions of dollars which the consumer will ultimately pay for. It will probably have no more than a negligible effect on cosmetics safety, but it poses a serious threat to many businesses especially those making natural products, those supplying natural ingredients, and the farmers that grow the plants they come from. SCA 2010 is especially onerous to small businesses (any corporation with a turnover of $7 million or less.) It requires each manufacturer to not only declare every constituent chemical of every ingredient on the label, but to also test each finished cosmetic to ensure that there is not even a trace amount of some toxic chemical that might have been formed during the making of the product. Most small personal care product businesses will not survive if SCA 2010 passes, a fact that may possibly be attractive to larger corporations. However, the bill has been criticised by Lezlee Westine, President and CEO of the Personal Care Products Council, which represents the larger cosmetics companies. Her statement includes the following: “We are concerned that the Safe Cosmetics Act of 2010 as written is not based on credible and established scientific principles, would put an enormous if not impossible burden on FDA, and would create a mammoth new regulatory structure for cosmetics, parts of which would far exceed that of any other FDA-regulated product category including food or drugs. The measures the bill would mandate are likely unachievable even with the addition of hundreds of additional FDA scientists and millions more in funding and would not make a meaningful contribution to product safety.” The Skin Deep database, mentioned in the first paragraph, gives an insight into the thinking of the CFSC and EWG. Skin Deep exaggerates toxicity by being selective in its reporting. For example, limonene, the major constituent of citrus essential oils, is flagged as being developmentally toxic in large doses. This is true, since when pregnant mice were fed 2,363 mg/kg limonene by stomach tube on days 7-12 of gestation, there was an increase in the number of fetuses with skeletal anomalies and delayed ossification (Kodama et al 1977). However, what is not stated by Skin Deep is that in the same report, when pregnant mice were given a lower dose, 591 mg/kg/day, there was no developmental toxicity. The higher dose is equivalent to daily human ingestion of 5.7 oz of limonene, and the lower dose is equivalent to 1.4 oz. If ingestion of 1.4 oz per day for 6 days is known to be non-fetotoxic, then there is no reason to believe that the use of limonene in cosmetics is likely to be in any way hazardous during pregnancy; in fact, quite the opposite (especially since stomach tube feeding generally increases toxicity). The Skin Deep page on limonene also mentions, under “cancer” that“one or more tests on mammalian cells show positive mutation results.” One reference is given. However, this ignores the fact that eleven other studies found no evidence of mutagenicity or genotoxicity for limonene (Anderson et al 1990, Connor et al 1985, Florin et al 1980, Haworth et al 1983, Myhr et al 1990, Pienta 1980, Sasaki et al 1989, Sekihashi et al 2002, Turner et al 2001, Watabe et al 1980, 1981), and two further studies reported antimutagenic effects (De Oliveira et al 1997, Kim et al 2001). This 13:1 “score” is part of the weight of evidence used to assess risk in toxicology. Mutagenicity testing is used to identify substances that may be carcinogenic. However, 85% of substances that are not in fact carcinogenic test positive in a least one mutagenicity test (Kirkland et al 2005). These are “false positives”, and present no risk. The one study cited by Skin Deep for limonene is a false positive. If you want to imply risk, it’s possible to do so simply by being selective about which facts you choose to report. Many small cosmetics manufacturers have become disenchanted with the manipulative ways of the CFSC and EWG. If they were sincere in caring about cosmetics safety they would welcome any pertinent opinions and facts, but they don’t. They either ignore or stridently oppose anything that does not accord with their fear-driven political agenda. It’s a shame, because a few of their concerns are genuine and well-founded, but their focus has become highly distorted. I urge you to oppose the Safe Cosmetics Act 2010. Here are some steps you can take. Alhusainy W, Paini A, Punt A et al 2010 Identification of nevadensin as an important herb-based constituent inhibiting estragole bioactivation and physiology-based biokinetic modeling of its possible in vivo effect. Toxicology & Applied Pharmacology 245:179-190 Anderson BE, Zeiger E, Shelby MD et al 1990 Chromosome aberration and sister chromatid exchange test results with 42 chemicals. Environmental & Molecular Mutagenesis 16(Suppl. 18):55-137 Aruna K, Sivaramakrishnan VM 1996 Anticarcinogenic effects of the essential oils from cumin, poppy and basil. Phytotherapy Research 10:577-580 Connor TH, Theiss JC, Hanna HA et al 1985 Genotoxicity of organic chemicals frequently found in the air of mobile homes. Toxicology Letters 25:33-40 Dasgupta T, Rao AR, Yadava PK 2004 Chemomodulatory efficacy of basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) on drug metabolizing and antioxidant enzymes, and on carcinogen-induced skin and forestomach papillomagenesis. Phytomedicine 11:139-151 De Oliveira AC, Ribeiro-Pinto LF, Paumgartten FJ 1997 In vitro inhibition of CYP2B1 monooxygenase by b-myrcene and other monoterpenoid compounds. Toxicology Letters 92:39-46 Florin I, Rutberg L, Curvall M et al 1980 Screening of tobacco smoke constituents for mutagenicity using the Ames test. Toxicology 15:219-232 Haworth S, Lawlor T, Mortelmans K et al 1983 Salmonella mutagenicity test results for 250 chemicals. Environmental Mutagenesis 5:3-38 Jeurissen SM, Punt A, Delatour T et al 2008 Basil extract inhibits the sulfotransferase mediated formation of DNA adducts of the procarcinogen 1′-hydroxyestragole by rat and human liver S9 homogenates and in HepG2 human hepatoma cells. Food & Chemical Toxicology 46:2296-2302 Kim MH, Chung WT, Kim YK et al 2001 The effect of the oil of Agastache rugosa O. Kuntze and three of its components on human cancer cell lines. Journal of Essential Oil Research 13:214-218 Kirkland D, Aardema M, Henderson L et al 2005 Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens I. Sensitivity, specificity and relative predictivity. Mutation Research 584:1-256 Kodama, R, Okubo A, Araki E et al 1977 Studies on d-limonene as a gallstone solubilizer (VII). Effects on development of mouse fetuses and offspring. Oyo Yakuri 13:863-873 Manosroi J, Dhumtanom P, Manosroi A 2005 Anti-proliferative activity of essential oil extracted from Thai medicinal plants on KB and P388 cell lines. Cancer Letters 235:114-120 Myhr B, McGregor D, Bowers L et al 1990 L5178Y Mouse lymphoma cell mutation assay results with 41 compounds. Environmental & Molecular Mutagenesis 16(Suppl 18):138-167 Pienta R J 1980 Evaluation and relevance of the Syrian hamster embryo cell system. Applied Methods in Oncology 3:149-169 Sasaki YF, Imanishi H, Ohta T et al 1989 Modifying effects of components of plant essence on the induction of sister-chromatid exchanges in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells. Mutation Research 226:103-110 Sekihashi A, Yamamoto A, Matsumura Y et al 2002 Comparative investigation of multiple organs of mice and rats in the comet assay. Mutation Research 517:53-74 Sotiroudis TG, Kyrtopoulos SA 2008 Anticarcinogenic compounds of olive oil and related biomarkers. European Journal of Nutrition 47:69-72 Turner SD, Tinwell H, Piegorsch W et al 2001 The male rat carcinogens limonene and sodium saccharin are not mutagenic to male Big Blue rats. Mutagenesis 16:329-332 Vocanson M, Goujon C, Chabeau G et al 2006 The skin allergenic properties of chemicals may depend on contaminants – evidence from studies on coumarin. International Archives of Allergy & Immunology 140:231-238 Vocanson M, Valeyrie M, Rozières A et al 2007 Lack of evidence for allergenic properties of coumarin in a fragrance allergy mouse model. Contact Dermatitis 57:361-364 Watabe T, Hiratsuka A, Isobe M et al 1980 Metabolism of d-limonene by hepatic microsomes to non-mutagenic epoxides toward Salmonella typhimurium. Biochemical Pharmacology 29:1068-1071 Watabe T, Hiratsuka A, Ozawa N et al 1981 A comparative study on the metabolism of d-limonene and 4-vinylcyclohex-1-ene by hepatic microsomes. Xenobiotica 11(5):333-344 Robert Tisserand is internationally recognised for his pioneering work in many aspects of aromatherapy since 1969. July 08, 2010 The Revealing Truth of the Money Trail of EWG by Kayla Fioravanti, reprinted with permission. With every stand that you take there are those that will stand with you, those that will digest the information and think about it and others who will take a stand against you. I know that is a risk that I took when I chose to publicly stand against the Environmental Working Group (EWG) and their Skin Deep Database. I debated posting what I found after I followed the money trail, since just my mention on social media that I was doing the research lost me a customer. I'd prefer to remain neutral, but I fear that neutrality would result in continued damage to small businesses around the country by an organization that sadly lacks the science to back up their claims. Being outspoken against the EWG may continue to cost me some customers, but I believe education is the key to fact based decisions and safe cosmetics. In the past few months I have been terribly disturbed to see the Environmental Working Group send repeated emails requesting just another $10 donation. Each letter sounds more dire than the next as if the world would literally end if the EWG didn't meet their budget. This inspired me to do a little digging to see just what Mr. Cook himself makes annually since he was making the earth shattering pleas for donations. The only 990 I could get a hold of for the EWG was 2008. According to BA Carrington with Empowerment Enterprises, LTD, "They (EWG) have not filed a tax return on the 501 c 3 since 2008, according to the 990 database Exempt World, which is a subscription service to track 990’s. Even though EWG is categorized as a charitable organization, it is still required to file a return under IRS codes and submit their “list of activities” to the IRS on an annual basis, even if they file an extension." It could be that they have filed an extension and the deadline for the information has not yet passed based on their calendar fiscal year. For more details on this possibility click here. The EWG has stepped up it's fundraising to now include promoting the purchase of the very same sunscreens that they claim are bad for you through Amazon to raise money for the EWG. Read more about that topic click here. In 2008 Ken Cook was paid $219.401.00 plus another $21,295.00 estimated amount of other compensation from organization and related organizations. Richard Wiles $179,218.00 plus $20,998.00 estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Jane Houlihan $150,226.00 plus $19,448.00 estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations. William Walker made $136,448.00 plus 19,743.00 estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Susan Comfort $115,752.00 plus $7932.00 estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Sandra Schubert $127,229.00 plus $4884.00 estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Alexander Formuzis $120.592.00 plus $10,920.00. Christopher Campbell $136,909.00 plus $11,988.00 estimated amount of other compensation from the organization and related organizations. Breaking it all Down In case you got sick of reading the pay that is a total of $1,185,775.00 being paid to the top 8 employees of the Environmental Working Group just in 2008. The total estimated amount of other compensation from the organization or related organizations for the top 8 at EWG was $117,248.00. The total reported 2008 salaries for EWG was $3,203,747.00 in 2008. The 2008 total revenue at EWG was $6,242,570.00. Over half of their total revenue went into paying the employees of EWG. I am not opposed to making a profit. I believe in Capitalism. I also appreciate that it takes time, money and resources to pursue any public policy position. But still, more than half of the operating budget is a lot. I am troubled when a non-profit that asks for $10 via email and $5 most of the time you click on their Skin Deep website as if they are on the verge of going out of business is spending so much of your money on their executives. In 2006 Ken Cook was reported to have been paid $192,000.00. If Ken Cook continued at the same rate of pay increase over the past two years as he did from 2006 to 2008 he may be making as much as $245,000.00 (only an estimate based on the pay rate of increase from 2006 to 2008). No wonder I get so many requests for another $5 or $10 donation from the EWG. At 2008 pay rates they need at least 118,578 people to donate $10 just to cover their top 8 executives pay...who knows how much is needed to cover it in 2009 and 2010?! You have to wonder if the EWG is really hurting for money or if they just like to keep their budget at a certain number. In 2008 the net assets or fund balances were $5,171,374.00 at the end of the year. They were given gifts, grants, contributions and memberships fees in 2004 of $4,975,899.00, 2005 of $3,539,214.00, 2006 of $3,478,044.00, 2007 of $4,004,846.00 and 2008 another $5,963,800.00. A very revealing, carefully documented and thoroughly research of the history of and who is behind the EWG can be found on the Personal Care Truth website (click here to read.) The EWG, Skin Deep and the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics have made many claims that cosmetic companies are financially driven to claim that ingredients are safe, I am simply wondering if EWG has a financial interest in saying that they are not safe. I don't know many small business cosmetic owners who are making as much money as the top 8 at EWG. I'm just saying...in this economy do they really need your $10? What do you think? Does knowing the money trail color your impression of the EWG as a non-profit? Kayla Fioravanti and her husband Dennis own and operate Essential Wholesale. Ed. note: After reading Kayla’s excellent report and the comprehensive history at Personal Care Truth, as well as examination of available information on the EWG website and other sources, several red flags wave. These include, but may not be limited to, proportional ratio of administrative salaries vs. actual program funding; lack of transparency of donors as well as staffing and operations; unclear financial and staffing relationship between EWG and EWG Action Fund. In 2002 an IRS complaint was filed against EWG asking for an investigation and revocation of their nonprofit status. Further research is needed to establish the determination of that action. February 24, 2010 by Robert Tisserand Reprinted with permission People should expect reasonable and sensible protection from harm by those who regulate consumer products, and vulnerable groups such as children and pregnant women may need special consideration. Therefore, cosmetics that are totally free of all carcinogens and teratogens may sound like a good idea. But is it realistic? And is more legislation needed? One problem is in that word “totally”. If you want to avoid encountering one molecule of a toxic substance, then you need to either live in a bubble, or stop eating, drinking, and breathing. Traces of cyanide, for instance, are found in foods and beverages, both natural and manufactured. That doesn’t mean its OK to consume in quantity, but toxicity is avoided by limiting the permitted amount to a few parts per million. The same goes for heavy metals and in fact most other toxins. Why not zero tolerance? Well, in many cases it is both unrealistic, and unnecessary. All toxic substances have NOAELs (No-Adverse-Effect-Levels) even carcinogens. NOAELs are established in animal studies, and then ratcheted down by 100 or 500 or 1,000 times. These mathematical excursions are a bit arbitrary sometimes, but if anything, they result in too much protection, not too little. A “zero tolerance” bill is on the table in the state of Colorado, and you can find more information about it here and here. Enacting this bill would mean, for example, that any amount of acetaldehyde would not be permitted in personal care products. Your body produces acetaldehyde whenever you drink alcohol, as it’s the major metabolite of ethanol. And chronic alcoholism can lead to cancer, with acetaldehyde the main suspect. Acetaldehyde is also a trace constituent of apples, bananas, bilberries, cherries, citrus fruits, cranberries, grapes, olives, passionfruit, peaches, plums, strawberries, raspberries, carrots, celery, cucumbers, garlic, onions, peas, potatoes and tomatoes. So, goodbye fruit extracts in cosmetics. If you see a strawberry only as something that contains acetaldehyde (tunnel vision), then suddenly, everything you thought was good for you, is now bad for you. But (problem number two), fruits and vegetables contain a plethora of antioxidants and antimutagens that more than compensate for any toxicity from the tiny traces of acetaldehyde they contain. Also, goodbye to rose otto and rose absolute. It was nice knowing you. And so long to nutmeg oil, mace oil, myrtle oil, basil oil, holy basil oil, citronella oil, ho leaf oil (linalool ct), elemi oil, and many other less common essential oils. Not because they contain acetaldehyde, but because they contain methyleugenol (ME). ME is occasionally found in traces in rosemary oil, clove oil, hyssop oil, tea tree oil, cananga oil, mastic oil, cassia oil, cinnamon leaf oil, savory oil, black pepper oil and, again, many others. Have you eaten any fresh basil or pesto lately? Then you have been consuming ME. But, neither fresh basil nor pesto is carcinogenic, because they also contain antimutagens and anticarcinogens that counteract any toxic effect of ME. I’m not just saying this, it has been demonstrated. The same goes for holy basil oil, to take one example – not only is it non-carcinogenic, but it is actually anticarcinogenic. The high content of geraniol in rose otto is almost certainly protective because of its anticarcinogenic action. Does this make a difference? Not if you have tunnel vision. The Environmental Working Group (and associated Skin Deep and Campaign for Safe Cosmetics) is an increasingly vociferous pressure group, which is now flexing its political muscle. Everywhere these people look, they find dangerous toxins, and guess what – if you look for them you will find them. And, if your vision becomes so narrow that all you can see is toxins, and the poor fetuses and children that you convince yourself they must be harming, it becomes difficult to take a step back and see the big picture. The EWG do not seem to appreciate that finding a substance in human tissue does not necessarily mean that the owner of that tissue has been harmed. Risk assessment has many facets (problem number three) but basically it is about deciding whether exposure to a substance in a particular way is or is not actually harmful, and where safety thresholds lie. Risk assessment is not about scaremongering, it’s not about getting people fired up about “chemicals”, and it should not be about pre-emptive and sweeping legislation. It should be about ensuring safety by looking at all aspects of a problem, and then making the best decision you can. I agree with many of the EWG campaigns. It’s just a shame that they have adopted the same “single-chemical” view of essential oils that has infected the EC legislation. If you live in Colorado and you agree with my opinion, you should act. If you don’t live in Colorado stay vigilant, because there’s more of the same on the way. Robert Tisserand is an esteemed aromatherapy educator, author, founder of the Tisserand Institute and consultant to the personal care products industry. February 23, 2010 Colorado Safe Personal Care Products Act : Take Action Immediately by Kayla Fioravanti Reprinted with permission If you live in Colorado or sell cosmetics into Colorado it is time for you to speak up. Colorado has a proposed a bill before them during this session known as The Colorado Safe Personal Products Act. This Act is so broad and vague that if it passes in this form the personal care shelves in stores would go bare. You can read the entire bill here. To follow the bill as it is updated click here and change the range to House Bills 1201-1250 and then scan down to 1248. As of February 3, 2010 the bill was assigned to House Judiciary Committee. There is a hearing scheduled March 1, 2010 for sponsors and those opposing the act to be heard. The committee meets in room 0107 (in the basement of the Capitol) beginning at 1:30 pm. You can find the phone number and email addresses of your Colorado State Representative here. The bill is sponsored in the house by Dianne Primavera phone # 303-866-4667 click here to email, Dennis Apuan phone # 303-866-3069 click here to email, Karen Middleton phone # 303-866-3911 click here to email, Joe Miklosi Cap phone # 303-866-2910 click here to email. The Women's Lobby of Colorado is holding open meetings. They support this bill and even have the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics logo on their website. Sadly, they have fallen for the bad science that the Campaign for Safe Cosmetics is using to cause hysteria. The voices of small businesses in the personal care industry need to be heard. The Women's Lobby of Colorado meetings are held at Colorado Education Association on the corner of Colfax and Grant—1500 Grant St—from 12:00-1:15 pm in the Bluebell Room. You can park free in their lot if you sign in in the lobby. Lunch will be provided. Upcoming meetings will be held March 3, March 17, March 31, February 3, April 14 and April 28. I will go into the faults of this bill in greater depth within the next few days, but in the mean time let me point out some of the serious flaws of this bill. "The bill creates the "Colorado Safe Personal Care Products Act" (act), which prohibits a manufacturer from knowingly selling, offering for sale, or distributing for sale or use in Colorado on and after September 1, 2011, any personal care product that contains a chemical identified as causing cancer or reproductive toxicity." HOUSE BILL 10-1248 Quick Response: Will these chemicals be ones that cause cancer when topically applied at normal usage percentges or will this information come from studies in which rats were injected with 100% concentration of said ingredients? There is a big difference between putting an diluated ingredient on the skin than injecting an ingredient into the body at full concentration. "THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY (23) DECLARES IT TO BE IN THE BEST INTEREST OF THE PEOPLE OF THIS STATE (24) TO TAKE STEPS TO ENSURE THAT PERSONAL CARE PRODUCTS SOLD AND (25) USED IN THIS STATE ARE SAFE AND DO NOT CONTAIN SUBSTANCES THAT (26) CAUSE CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY." HOUSE BILL 10-1248 Quick Response: There should be acceptable limits set and not a complete ban on ingredients. Many things in nature in high doses are known to cause cancer; for instance the sun! "2 (1) "AUTHORITATIVE BODY" MEANS THE FOLLOWING AGENCIES OR (3) FORMALLY ORGANIZED PROGRAMS OR GROUPS RECOGNIZED AS (4) AUTHORITATIVE FOR PURPOSES OF IDENTIFYING CHEMICALS THAT CAUSE (5) CANCER OR REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY: 6 (a) THE UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, (7) OR ITS SUCCESSOR AGENCY; (8) (b) THE UNITED STATES FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION, OR ITS (9) SUCCESSOR ENTITY; 10 (c) THE NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND (11) HEALTH, OR ITS SUCCESSOR ENTITY; 12 (d) THE NATIONAL TOXICOLOGY PROGRAM, OR ITS SUCCESSOR 13 PROGRAM; AND 14 (e) THE INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER, OR (15) ITS SUCCESSOR AGENCY." HOUSE BILL 10-1248 Quick Response: I think this portion of the bill gets to the heart of the Environmental Working Group (EWG), aka Skin Deep, aka Campaign for Safe Cosmetics entire agenda. The EWG wants to be that "or successor agency" mentioned in in the above list, my guess is the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel is not listed as a resource for information on cosmetic ingredient safety. Having any open ended "or successor agency" declare what causes cancer and what doesn't is dangerous. The EPA is an interesting choice as an expert on cosmetics. I read over there list of cancer causing chemicals and only a very small handful are used in cosmetics at all. I will give further detail on this list and provide a link to it this week. "5 25-5-1204. Prohibition - sale of personal care products (6) containing unsafe chemicals. ON OR AFTER SEPTEMBER 1, 2011, A (7) MANUFACTURER SHALL NOT SELL, OFFER FOR SALE, DISTRIBUTE FOR SALE, (8) OR DISTRIBUTE FOR USE IN THIS STATE ANY PERSONAL CARE PRODUCT (9) THAT CONTAINS A CHEMICAL IDENTIFIED AS CAUSING CANCER OR (10) REPRODUCTIVE TOXICITY. (11) 25-5-1205. Enforcement by private citizens - civil penalty. (12) (1) ANY PERSON ALLEGING A VIOLATION OF SECTION 25-5-1204 MAY (13) BRING AN ACTION AGAINST THE MANUFACTURER IN A COURT OF (14) COMPETENT JURISDICTION IN THE COUNTY WHERE THE VIOLATION (15) OCCURRED. UPON FINDING A VIOLATION, IN ADDITION TO ANY OTHER (16) RELIEF AUTHORIZED BY LAW, THE COURT SHALL ORDER THE (17) MANUFACTURER TO CEASE AND DESIST CONDUCT VIOLATING SECTION (18) 25-5-1204 AND SHALL ORDER THE MANUFACTURER TO PAY THE (19) PREVAILING PARTY REASONABLE ATTORNEY FEES AND COSTS. 20 (2) A MANUFACTURER THAT VIOLATES SECTION 25-5-1204 IS (21) SUBJECT TO A CIVIL PENALTY OF UP TO FIVE THOUSAND DOLLARS PER (22) VIOLATION PER PRODUCT FOR A FIRST OFFENSE, AND UP TO TEN THOUSAND (23) DOLLARS PER VIOLATION PER PRODUCT FOR A SECOND OR SUBSEQUENT (24) OFFENSE. PENALTIES COLLECTED PURSUANT TO THIS SECTION SHALL BE (25) DEPOSITED IN THE GENERAL FUND." HOUSE BILL 10-1248 Quick Response: Translation, the State of Colorado cannot afford to enforce this insane bill so they are leaving it in the hands of citizens to sue cosmetic companies. After California passed California Proposition 65 there was wide spread abuse. The lawyers got rich in California and companies wasted countless man hours and dollars defending themselves from all these lawsuits. This bill does not address "naturally occurring" substances found in natural ingredients. For instance, lead would be banned, but lead is in water and cosmetics contain water. The issue is severely complicated with naturally occurring substances since there is a complete ban and not tolerable levels. A great example of by-product of some cosmetics is formaldehyde. In 1987, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) classified formaldehyde as a probable human carcinogen under conditions of unusually high or prolonged exposure. In cosmetics there is not an unusually high or prolonged exposure to formaldehyde. tissues. Formaldehyde is water soluble and is not stored in fat so it can be metabolized very quickly with a half life in the human body of about 1.5 minutes. For a list of formaldehyde preservatives read here. Formaldehyde is naturally produced our bodies, the air that we breathe, and even the food we eat. Formaldehyde is emitted as a natural by-product in the cooking of certain vegetables like, Brussels sprouts and cabbage. How many small companies could afford to do business in Colorado if this bill passes as it is written today? Would you risk being fined $5000 or $10,000 when citizen take up bounty hunting cosmetic products for the promised cash reward? If you were completely innocent could you afford to defend yourself from these potential lawsuits?

<urn:uuid:fc764bcd-e8f7-4f00-b737-5324d57586a6>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aromaconnection.org/cosmetics/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Outmaneuvering Foodborne Pathogens At various locations, ARS scientists are doing research to make leafy greens and other fresh produce safer for consumers. Produce and leafy greens in the photo are (clockwise from top): romaine lettuce, cabbage, cilantro in a bed of broccoli sprouts, spinach and other leafy greens, green onions, tomatoes, and green leaf lettuce. If pathogens like E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella had a motto for survival, it might be: “Find! Bind! Multiply!” That pretty much sums up what these food-poisoning bacteria do in nature, moving through our environment to find a host they can bind to and use as a staging area for multiplying and spreading. But ARS food-safety scientists in California are determined to find out how to stop these and other foodborne pathogenic bacteria in their tracks, before the microbes can make their way to leafy greens and other favorite salad ingredients like tomatoes and sprouts. The research is needed to help prevent the pathogens from turning up in fresh produce that we typically eat uncooked. That’s according to Robert E. Mandrell, who leads the ARS Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit. His team is based at the agency’s Western Regional Research Center in Albany, California. The team is pulling apart the lives of these microbes to uncover the secrets of their success. It’s a complex challenge, in part because the microbes seem to effortlessly switch from one persona to the next. They are perhaps best known as residents of the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. For another role, the pathogens have somehow learned to find, bind, and multiply in the world of green plants. Sometimes the pathogenic microbes need the help of other microbial species to make the jump from animal inhabitant to plant resident. Surprisingly little is known about these powerful partnerships, Mandrell says. That’s why such alliances among microbes are one of several specific aspects of the pathogens’ lifestyles that the Albany scientists are investigating. In all, knowledge gleaned from these and other laboratory, greenhouse, and outdoor studies should lead to new, effective, environmentally friendly ways to thwart the pathogens before they have a chance to make us ill. In a greenhouse, microbiologist Maria Brandl examines cilantro that she uses as a model plant to investigate the behavior of foodborne pathogens on leaf surfaces. A Pathogen Targets Youngest Leaves Knowing pathogens’ preferences is essential to any well-planned counter-attack. So microbiologist Maria T. Brandl is scrutinizing the little-understood ability of E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella enterica to contaminate the elongated, slightly sweet leaves of romaine lettuce. With a University of California-Berkeley colleague, Brandl has shown that, if given a choice, E. coli has a strong preference for the young, inner leaves. The researchers exposed romaine lettuce leaves to E. coli and found that the microbe multiplied about 10 times more on the young leaves than on the older, middle ones. One explanation: The young leaves are a better nutrition “buy” for E. coli. “These leaves exude about three times more nitrogen and about one-and-one-half times more carbon than do the middle leaves,” says Brandl. Scientists have known for decades that plants exude compounds from their leaves and roots that bacteria and fungi can use as food. But the romaine lettuce study, published earlier this year in Applied and Environmental Microbiology, is the first to document the different exudate levels among leaves of the two age classes. It’s also the first to show that E. coli can do more than just bind to lettuce leaves: It can multiply and spread on them. Research assistant Danielle Goudeau inoculates a lettuce leaf with E. coli O157:H7 in a biological safety cabinet to study the biology of the human pathogen on leafy greens. Adding nitrogen to the middle leaves boosted E. coli growth, Brandl found. “In view of the key role of nitrogen in helping E. coli multiply on young leaves,” she says, “a strategy that minimizes use of nitrogen fertilizer in romaine lettuce fields may be worth investigating.” In other studies using romaine lettuce and the popular herb cilantro as models, Brandl documented the extent to which E. coli and Salmonella are aided by Erwinia chrysanthemi, an organism that causes fresh produce to rot. “When compared to plant pathogens, E. coli and Salmonella are not as ‘fit’ on plants,” Brandl says. But the presence of the rot-producing microbe helped E. coli and Salmonella grow on lettuce and cilantro leaves. “Soft rot promoted formation of large aggregates, called ‘biofilms,’ of E. coli and Salmonella and increased their numbers by up to 100-fold,” she notes. The study uncovered new details about genes that the food-poisoning pathogens kick into action when teamed up with plant pathogens such as soft rot microbes. Brandl, in collaboration with Albany microbiologist Craig Parker, used a technique known as “microarray analysis” to spy on the genes. “The assays showed that Salmonella cells—living in soft rot lesions on lettuce and cilantro—had turned on some of the exact same genes that Salmonella uses when it infects humans or colonizes the intestines of animals,” she says. Some of these activated genes were ones that Salmonella uses to get energy from several natural compounds common to both green plants and to the animal intestines that Salmonella calls home. Using a confocal laser scanning microscope, microbiologist Maria Brandl examines a mixed biofilm of Salmonella enterica (pink) and Erwinia chrysanthemi (green) in soft rot lesions on cilantro leaves (blue). A One-Two Punch to Tomatoes Salmonella also benefits from the presence of another plant pathogen, specifically, Xanthomonas campestris, the culprit in a disease known as “bacterial leaf spot of tomato.” But the relationship between Salmonella and X. campestris may be different than the relation of Salmonella to the soft rot pathogen. Notably, Salmonella benefits even if the bacterial spot pathogen is at very low levels—so low that the plant doesn’t have the disease or any visible symptoms of it. That’s among the first-of-a-kind findings that microbiologist Jeri D. Barak found in her tests with tomato seeds exposed to the bacterial spot microbe and then planted in soil that had been irrigated with water contaminated with S. enterica. In a recent article in PLoS ONE, Barak reported that S. enterica populations were significantly higher in tomato plants that had also been colonized by X. campestris. In some cases, Salmonella couldn’t bind to and grow on—or in—tomato plants without the presence of X. campestris, she found. Listeria monocytogenes on this broccoli sprout shows up as green fluorescence. The bacteria are mainly associated with the root hairs. “We think that X. campestris may disable the plant immune response—a feat that allows both it and Salmonella to multiply,” she says. The study was the first to report that even as long as 6 weeks after soil was flooded with Salmonella-contaminated water, the microbe was capable of binding to tomato seeds planted in the tainted soil and, later, of spreading to the plant. “These results suggest that any contamination that introduces Salmonella from any source into the environment—whether that source is irrigation water, improperly composted manure, or even insects—could lead to subsequent crop contamination,” Barak says. “That’s true even if substantial time has passed since the soil was first contaminated.” Crop debris can also serve as a reservoir of viable Salmonella for at least a week, Barak’s study showed. For her investigation, the debris was composed of mulched, Salmonella-contaminated tomato plants mixed with uncontaminated soil. “Replanting fields shortly after harvesting the previous crop is a common practice in farming of lettuce and tomatoes,” she says. The schedule allows only a very short time for crop debris to decompose. “Our results suggest that fields known to have been contaminated with S. enterica could benefit from an extended fallow period, perhaps of at least a few weeks.” Ordinary Microbe Foils E. coli While the bacterial spot and soft rot microbes make life easier for certain foodborne pathogens, other microbes may make the pathogens’ existence more difficult. Geneticist Michael B. Cooley and microbiologist William G. Miller at Albany have shown the remarkable effects of one such microbe, Enterobacter asburiae. This common, farm-and-garden-friendly microorganism lives peaceably on beans, cotton, and cucumbers. In one experiment, E. asburiae significantly reduced levels of E. coli and Salmonella when all three species of microbes were inoculated on seeds of thale cress, a small plant often chosen for laboratory tests. The study, published in Applied and Environmental Microbiology in 2003, led to followup experiments with green leaf lettuce. In that battle of the microbes, another rather ordinary bacterium, Wausteria paucula, turned out to be E. coli’s new best friend, enhancing the pathogen’s survival sixfold on lettuce leaves. “It was the first clear example of a microbe’s supporting a human pathogen on a plant,” notes Cooley, who documented the findings in the Journal of Food Protection in 2006. But E. asburiae more than evened the score, decreasing E. coli survival 20- to 30-fold on lettuce leaves exposed to those two species of microbes. The mechanisms underlying the competition between E. asburiae and E. coli are still a mystery, says Cooley, “especially the competition that takes place on leaves or other plant surfaces.” Nevertheless, E. asburiae shows initial promise of becoming a notable biological control agent to protect fresh salad greens or other crops from pathogen invaders. With further work, the approach could become one of several science-based solutions that will help keep our salads safe.—By Marcia Wood, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff. This research is part of Food Safety, an ARS national program (#108) described on the World Wide Web at www.nps.ars.usda.gov. To reach scientists mentioned in this article, contact Marcia Wood, USDA-ARS Information Staff, 5601 Sunnyside Ave., Beltsville, MD 20705-5129; phone (301) 504-1662, fax (301) 504-1486. Listeria monocytogenes on this radish sprout shows up as green fluorescence. The bacteria are mainly associated with the root hairs. What Genes Help Microbes Invade Leafy Greens? When unwanted microbes form an attachment, the consequences—for us—can be serious. That’s if the microbes happen to be human pathogens like Listeria monocytogenes or Salmonella enterica and if the target of their attentions happens to be fresh vegetables often served raw, such as cabbage or the sprouted seeds of alfalfa. Scientists don’t yet fully understand how the malevolent microbes form colonies that cling stubbornly to and spread across plant surfaces, such as the bumpy leaves of a cabbage or the ultra-fine root hairs of a tender alfalfa sprout. But food safety researchers at the ARS Western Regional Research Center in Albany, California, are putting together pieces of the pathogen puzzle. A 1981 food-poisoning incident in Canada, caused by L. monocytogenes in coleslaw, led microbiologist Lisa A. Gorski to study the microbe’s interactions with cabbage. Gorski, with the center’s Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit, used advanced techniques not widely available at the time of the cabbage contamination. “Very little is known about interactions between Listeria and plants,” says Gorski, whose study revealed the genes that Listeria uses during a successful cabbage-patch invasion. The result was the first-ever documentation of Listeria genes in action on cabbage leaves. Gorski, along with coinvestigator Jeffrey D. Palumbo—now with the center’s Plant Mycotoxin Research Unit—and others, documented the investigation in a 2005 article in Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Listeria, Behaving Badly “People had looked at genes that Listeria turns on, or ‘expresses,’ when it’s grown on agar gel in a laboratory,” says Gorski. “But no one had looked at genes that Listeria expresses when it grows on a vegetable. “We were surprised to find that when invading cabbage, Listeria calls into play some of the same genes routinely used by microbes that are conventionally associated with plants. Listeria is usually thought of as a pathogen of humans. We hadn’t really expected to see it behaving like a traditional, benign inhabitant of a green plant. “It’s still a relatively new face for Listeria, and requires a whole new way of thinking about it.” In related work, Gorski is homing in on genetic differences that may explain the widely varying ability of eight different Listeria strains to successfully colonize root hairs of alfalfa sprouts—and to resist being washed off by water. In a 2004 article in the Journal of Food Protection, Gorski, Palumbo, and former Albany associate Kimanh D. Nguyen reported those differences. Poorly attaching strains formed fewer than 10 Listeria cells per sprout during the lab experiment, while the more adept colonizers formed more than 100,000 cells per sprout. Salmonella’s Cling Genes Colleague Jeri D. Barak, a microbiologist at Albany, led another sprout investigation, this time probing the ability of S. enterica to attach to alfalfa sprouts. From a pool of 6,000 genetically different Salmonella samples, Barak, Gorski, and coinvestigators found 20 that were unable to attach strongly to sprouts. Scientists elsewhere had already identified some genes as necessary for Salmonella to successfully invade and attach to the guts of animals such as cows and chickens. In the Albany experiments, some of those same genes were disrupted in the Salmonella specimens that couldn’t cling to alfalfa sprouts. Their 2005 article in Applied and Environmental Microbiology helped set the stage for followup studies to tease out other genes that Salmonella uses when it is living on and in plants. A deeper understanding of those and other genes may lead to sophisticated defense strategies to protect tomorrow’s salad greens—and us.—By Marcia Wood, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff. Geneticist Michael Cooley collects a sediment sample to test for E. coli O157:H7. The pathogen was found near fields implicated in the 2006 outbreak of E. coli O157:H7 on baby spinach. Environmental Surveillance Exposes a Killer It started as a manhunt for a microbe, but it became one of the nation’s most intensive farmscape searches for the rogue pathogen E. coli O157:H7. ARS microbiologist Robert E. Mandrell and geneticist Michael B. Cooley of the Produce Safety and Microbiology Research Unit in Albany, California, had already been collaborating in their own small-scale study of potential sources of E. coli O157:H7 in the state’s produce-rich Salinas Valley when, in 2005, they were asked to join another one. The new investigation became a 19-month surveillance—by the two scientists and other federal and state experts—of E. coli in Salinas Valley watersheds. “It may seem like an obvious concept today,” says Mandrell, “but at the time, there was little proof that E. coli contamination of produce before harvest could be a major cause of food-poisoning outbreaks.” Mandrell and Cooley aided the California Food Emergency Response Team, as this food-detective squad was named, in tracing movement of E. coli through the fertile valley. This surveillance showed that E. coli O157:H7 can travel long distances in streamwater and floodwater. In 2006, E. coli O157:H7 strains indistinguishable from those causing human illness associated with baby spinach were discovered in environmental samples—including water—taken from a Salinas Valley ranch. Wild pigs were added to the list of animal carriers of the pathogen when one of the so-called “outbreak strains” of E. coli O157:H7 was discovered in their dung. The team documented its work in 2007 in PLoS ONE and Emerging Infectious Diseases. The Albany scientists used a relatively new technique to detect E. coli O157:H7 in water. Developed at the ARS Meat Animal Research Center in Clay Center, Nebraska, for animal hides, the method was adapted by the Albany team for the outdoor reconnaissance. Because of their colleagues’ work, says Cooley, “We had the right method at the right time.”—By Marcia Wood, Agricultural Research Service Information Staff. "Outmaneuvering Foodborne Pathogens" was published in the July 2008 issue of Agricultural Research magazine.

<urn:uuid:b366eb1a-184b-4885-b5a6-92a6d0c0f67f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/AR/archive/jul08/pathogen0708.htm

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

PROTECTION OF SUBTROPICAL AND TROPICAL AGRICULTURE COMMODITIES AND ORNAMENTALS FROM EXOTIC INSECTS Location: Subtropical Horticulture Research Title: Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production | Ploetz, R - | | Smith, J - | | Inch, S - | | Pena, J - | | Evans, E - | | Crane, J - | | Hulcr, J - | | Stelinski, L - | | Schnell, R - | Submitted to: World Avocado Congress Publication Type: Proceedings Publication Acceptance Date: November 28, 2011 Publication Date: February 1, 2012 Citation: Ploetz, R.C., Smith, J.A., Inch, S.A., Pena, J.E., Evans, E.A., Crane, J.H., Kendra, P.E., Hulcr, J., Stelinski, L., Schnell, R. 2012. Laurel wilt: A global threat to avocado production. World Avocado Congress. 186-197 In Proceedings VII World Avocado Congress. 5-9 September 2011, Cairns, Australia. Interpretive Summary: Laurel wilt is a lethal vascular disease of trees in the plant family Lauraceae, including avocado. It is caused by a fungal pathogen (Raffaelea lauricola) that is introduced into host trees by an exotic wood-boring beetle, the redbay ambrosia beetle (Xyleborus glabratus). The beetle was first detected in Georgia in 2002, and since has spread to six states in the southeastern U.S. Laurel wilt poses an imminent threat to commercial avocado production in south Florida, and a future threat to avocado in California, Mexico, Central and South America. Scientists at the USDA-ARS Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, in collaboration with the University of Florida, are conducting multidisciplinary research on the pest complex, including (1) evaluation of fungicides for laurel wilt, (2) screening for disease resistant avocado varieties, (3) determination of pathways for disease transmission, (4) identification of beetle attractants, repellents, and insecticides, and (5) assessment of host preferences. Information from these studies will be used by avocado growers and by state and federal action agencies engaged in monitoring programs for redbay ambrosia beetle. Laurel wilt kills members of the Lauraceae plant family, including avocado. The disease has invaded much of the southeastern USA, and threatens avocado commerce and homeowner production in Florida, valuable germplasm in Miami (USDA-ARS), and major production and germplasm in California and MesoAmerica. Laurel wilt is caused by a recently described fungus, Raffaelea lauricola, which is vectored by an invasive ambrosia beetle, Xyleborus glabratus. Current research topics include: disease management with fungicides; identifying host resistance; vector mitigation with insecticides and repellents; host ranges of, and interactions with, the pathogen and vector; and transmission of R. lauricola via avocado seed, scion material, root grafts and pruning tools. Although highly resistant avocado cultivars have not been identified, screening work continues on additional cultivars and new germplasm. Effective fungicides (e.g. triazoles) have been identified, but cost-effective disease management will depend on improved measures for xylem loading and retention of these chemicals. Insecticides have been identified that reduce boring activity of X. glabratus and its attraction to avocado and other hosts, but much remains to be learned about their impact on disease management. Although the disease’s host range is generally restricted to American members of the Lauraceae, nonhosts that attract the beetle are known. Raffaelela lauricola rapidly colonizes avocado after infection, but to low levels; tylose and gel induction in the host, rather than xylem obstruction by fungal biomass, are associated with impeded water transport and symptom development. Seed and fruit from laurel wilt-affected avocado trees do not appear to be infected by R. lauricola.

<urn:uuid:f5bb6156-473c-456e-b20e-b29dce901e8a>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publications.htm?seq_no_115=280283

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Researcher and regular collaborator in prestigious media on art and architecture, she discusses the significance it will have for the new museology the building that today holds the collection of Benozzo Gozzoli in Castelfiorentino, by the architect Massimo Mariani. Recognized authority on the life and work of Velazquez, in his books are A Palace for a King: The Buen Retiro and the court of Philip IV; Velázquez, painter and courtier, and Velazquez, the art of the genius. In his article he explains the details of the discovery of the new Velázquez of the Metropolitan in New York. Specialist in Spanish painting of the Golden Age and Christian iconography, she is a leading expert in the work of Francisco de Zurbaran. In this text she writes about the master from Extremadura and makes a path of her latest findings, which she includes in the Reasoned and Critic Catalog who she has just published. Ph.D., University Complutense of Madrid in the History section, he is professor of the Central and the Autonomous University of Madrid and researcher at the Scientific Research Council. His study of the Triptych of Saint John the Baptist was used to analyze the unknown work of Pierre Pourbus preserved in Spain. Doctor of Philosophy. He has been until recent months the General Director of Fine Arts at the Spanish Ministry of Culture. In these pages, he investigates the figure of the French painter Pierre Soulages, whose retrospective can be visited today in the Pompidou Center in Paris. She directed the painting section of the Documentation Service of the Orsay Museum for 15 years and she is currently responsible for the Library of the institution. During the exhibition on the impressionists on display in Madrid, she recalls the artistic vitality of the Parisian official salons of the period. He is one of the most important specialists of Caravaggio, Artemisa Gentileschi and the caravaggian painting but, his recent monograph about the roman period of José de Ribera has been a revolution for the Spanish art history. In his article, he explains the process to get to this discovery.

<urn:uuid:fffd99ce-d5a0-4b04-b385-cc3e334ebdbd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.arsmagazine.com/contributors/5/2010

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

From The Art and Popular Culture Encyclopedia The fact-value distinction is a concept used to distinguish between arguments that can be claimed through reason alone and those in which rationality is limited to describing a collective opinion. In another formulation, it is the distinction between what is (can be discovered by science, philosophy or reason) and what ought to be (a judgment which can be agreed upon by consensus). The terms positive and normative represent another manner of expressing this, as do the terms descriptive and prescriptive, respectively. Positive statements make the implicit claim to facts (e.g. water molecules are made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom), whereas normative statements make a claim to values or to norms (e.g. water ought to be protected from environmental pollution).

<urn:uuid:b5c9bea2-4439-4246-a5bd-da1fb437c875>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.artandpopularculture.com/Fact-value_distinction

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

TOURCOING.- Proximity and evidence make us blind: France is unaware of the inventiveness, the diversity and the current creative agitation of some of our closest neighbours. However, for the Northern region, with the ABC exhibition of Belgian contemporary art, there is real fraternity, a cultural permeability which, paradoxically, has not erased the borders in the way that, for example, American, German and even Japanese artists have done in favour of fashion and the art market. In many respects, Belgium has made an impact on all the current artistic disciplines: dance, theatre and the visual arts which including the invented forms where these practices merge. Collectors and amateurs in Belgium have been essential in accompanying this contemporary effervescence. ABC is an exhibition that does not claim to be a comprehensive portrayal of the diversity of the contemporary scene in Belgium. The disciplines most particularly taught and practiced at Le Fresnoy have formed the criteria of priority for selection purposes: photography, film, video, installation, performance and choreography. And these are the exact areas where Belgium has recently been excelling, drawing from its inheritance of documentary film devoted to other disciplines - in this the work of Jeff Cornelis continues to maintain the tradition, - through experimental film (with his legendary festival in Knokke-le-Zoute) in a specific anarcho-dadaist tradition and finally quite simply with poetry of "beyond-the-limit" attitudes which, in the past, gave rise to spectacular provocations. "I think that Flemish and Walloon artists are not particularly affected by internationalism. Belgium is possibly an artwork itself, and like every good artwork, it is a disappearing exercise which will continue to fascinate us and defy us."This is what Jan Fabre said one day and I retain two words that form a dumbfounding paradox, symbolist even: fascination and defiance. And we know how important art and symbolist poetry was for Belgian art, characteristics that continue to irrigate the most radical current practice. Further more, the exhibition is based on the hypothesis - and this was another factor of selection in the itinerary of the exhibition - that Belgium is probably the only country to perpetuate the cohabitation and mutual influence of two currents generally taken to be contradictory in post-1945 art: a conceptual, minimal trend and a post-dadaist trend with pranks verging on burlesque idiocy. ) It is a fragile country on the verge of implosion, drawn towards the idea of disappearing some say with an anarcho-poetical complacency that has become a cliché. In the last thirty years in Belgium there has been an exciting emergence of artists who do not wish to implode or disappear. A vitality based on a tradition of impertinence, provocation and nourished by the powerful and persistent belief in poetry, including the conjugation of visual forms where writing is the driving force. Symbolism, Surrealism and Minimalism form a specific trinity of which there is no equivalent in Europe and which forms the framework of ABC.

<urn:uuid:326d4840-bf90-4a97-a967-cad156b392af>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.artdaily.com/section/lastweek/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=39997&int_modo=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

SANTA FE, NM.- Eight Modern announced its upcoming exhibition, Jan Adlmann: Latter-Day Fabergé. Jan Ernst Adlmann is a Santa Fe resident well-known as a former museum director and curator, lecturer and writer, whose strange and wonderful sculptures have attracted a strong following over the past ten years. While zany is a word that almost always falls flat, it seems almost muted when used to discuss the tremendous enthusiasm that courses through Adlmanns inventive creations. For this exhibition, Adlmann will present both new work and a selection of past favorites on loan from some of his collectors in New Mexico. I thought it would be fun to wear two different hats, selecting twelve pieces of mine from past shows as a curator, and creating the other half of the show as an artist, Adlmann said. Adlmann spent many years as an art museum director and organizer of international exhibitions, before returning to Santa Fe and emerging as an artist a decade ago. As one might expect from an art historian, he creates art inspired by Renaissance wunderkammers, or cabinets of curiosities rooms dedicated to eclectic collections of art and curiosities. Or, as Adlmann describes them, The keen collector strove to assemble the world and all it has brought forth, with the first emphasis always being on the strange and unnatural. Adlmann grew up in the fishing town of Rockland, Maine, the same town as famed sculptor and assemblagist Louise Nevelson, thus, from his childhood, and from early acquaintance with Nevelson and her work, he was predisposed to the use of found materials in art. While Adlmann always felt frustrated when painting or drawing during his years as a museum director I had so much information on one side of the brain that told me that, say, Matisse did it better once he started working with found objects himself, he finally had a medium that allowed him to fashion his own art objects. It is liberating and gratifying and stimulating, because it is a different outlet for my creativity besides writing, Adlmann said. This is something entirely from left field, all instinctual and unpretentious. Adlmann also draws on a fascination with the history and technology of the Manhattan Project and Los Alamos, N.M., where he acquires many of the high-tech, cast-off materials used in his art. The curiosities I have assembled from found material are, I hope, either just that, or just thingamajigs that demonstrate how change of context, change of purpose and odd juxtapositions, when manipulating almost any materials, can sometimes result in consternation, delight or befuddlement, Adlmann writes. It can take years for one of the artists finds to work its way into an assemblage, as Adlmann is constantly trying different combinations of items. Most recently, he has taken a particular interest in the famously imaginative, luxury jewelers, such as Fabergé. Adlmanns credentials are as impressively diverse as his materials. Author of the 1996 book, Contemporary Art in New Mexico, Adlmann is a former assistant director of the Guggenheim Museum in New York. He has also served as director at the Vassar College Art Gallery, the Long Beach Museum of Art, the Tampa Art Museum and the Wichita Art Museum. He earned his M.A. in art history from New York University and also studied at the University of California and the Universities of Berlin and Vienna. The artist has had solo exhibitions in Santa Fe at Fred Kline and Lewallen Contemporary and also was granted a residency at Viennas Museums-Quarter compound. His deepest area of expertise is in 19th and 20th century European art. Adlmann has organized many international exhibitions, including a show of 40 New Mexican artists for SITE Santa Fe and Vienna Moderne: 1898-1914 at the Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt Museum in 1980, for which Austria presented him with its Knights Cross decoration. Adlmanns annual lecture series through the New Mexico Museum of Art has gained an enthusiastic following. He often lectures internationally and has contributed to major publications such as Art in America, Art News and Museum News.

<urn:uuid:e1d5dda4-331a-4495-ac09-5a727030d751>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.artdaily.org/index.asp?int_sec=11&int_new=34477&int_modo=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

We’ve all been in the same situation – we’re leisurely sitting in our homes watching television or catching up with some work on our computers when suddenly the lights throughout the house go out. Before you can scream “blackout”, there are a few things you as a homeowner can do if your home loses power. Follow these tips from Kim Hancock of Mike Counsil Electric in San Jose on what to do when your home loses power. Knowing the difference between a power overload and a full blackout can help you determine whether you should call a San Jose residential electrician. Before picking up that phone, make sure to check for the following indicators. - Check the circuit breaker to make sure it is not just a blown fuse. - Pay attention to what the service panel looks like and if there is any deterioration or moisture in the system. - If there has been an increase in the amount of amps used, it could indicate an improperly working system rather than a blackout. - Another indication of a faulty system is if the outlets feel warm. - Check where the blow out occurred. If it is localized to a specific room or area, it indicates a blow fuse rather than damage to the whole electrical system. - If there has been any flickering in the lights or appliances in the days leading up to the loss of power, or an increased energy bill in recent months, this could indicate a faulty system that has been overloaded. Since energy is not being used properly, it starts to drain the system and increases the overall amount of energy you use. The signs above could indicate a system overload due to a faulty set-up, an older system, or an improperly wired electrical structure. A system overload is less serious than a fully blown system or a total blackout, which means that it is not always necessary to call a San Jose electrician. If the loss of power is not as simple as indicated above, call a San Jose residential electrician to fix and analyze your system. Whether the loss of power is due to a neighborhood-wide surge, or your own faulty electrical system, making certain that your home is safe is of the highest priority. Improper wiring and faulty electrical systems can be dangerous and lead to an increased fire risk. To protect your home and keep its electrical system safe, contact a San Jose residential electrician when you lose power or if you suspect anything is not working properly. Having peace of mind for your home and the convenience of an efficient system is not something you should gamble with. Mike Counsil Electric 1915 O’Toole Way San Jose, CA 95131

<urn:uuid:afba5185-7f93-4f23-9751-71cb1f185289>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.articlenerd.com/what-to-do-if-your-san-jose-home-loses-power/3366

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Jim Jennings, (703) 295-6406, (540) 272-1452, jjennings@asceorg Tuesday, October 16, 2012 New data released today by the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) and TRIP show the deteriorating conditions of the surface transportation infrastructure system in Ohio is worsening, and drivers and businesses continue to feel the impact. Closing the investment gap in the state’s surface transportation infrastructure will grow Ohio’s economy, save jobs and protect personal income. “Failing to invest in Ohio’s roads, bridges and transit systems has a dramatic negative impact on the state and national economy,” said Andrew W. Herrmann, P.E., president of ASCE. “This data underscores the need for state and national policymakers to make smart, long-term investments in infrastructure.” By 2020, ASCE projects the consequences of these conditions will cost the U.S. economy $897 billion in lost Gross Domestic Product and $28 billion in exports as transportation costs rise. The recent surface transportation bill adopted by Congress addresses spending in only the next two years, and it doesn’t fill the current funding gap. “While addressing Ohio’s need for a safe, efficient and well-maintained transportation system will require a significant boost in investment, failing to act will result in even greater costs,” said Will Wilkins, executive director of TRIP. “Smart investments in transportation policies relieve traffic congestion, improve road and bridge conditions and enhance economic productivity.” Due to the underinvestment in transportation in the Great Lakes region, data from ASCE shows that by 2020 productivity losses will cause the region to underperform by $104 billion and 102,000 jobs will be lost resulting in a drop in personal income of almost $108 billion if no action is taken. “Ohio’s roads, bridges and transit systems keep our economy moving,” said Chris Runyan, President, Ohio Contractors Association. “Investing in key projects not only improves highway conditions in our state, but also creates good paying jobs.” The latest information from the Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) shows pavement has severe deterioration in Ohio, and the effects of the conditions are acute: - Vehicle travel on Ohio’s highways increased by 29 percent from 1990 to 2010. Ohio’s population grew by seven percent between 1990 and 2010. - Forty-five percent of Ohio’s major urban highways are congested, and - 42 percent of Ohio’s major urban roads are in poor or mediocre condition. - Driving on roads in need of repair costs Ohio motorists $2.5 billion a year in extra vehicle repairs and operating costs – an average of $315 per motorist. - Twenty-four percent of Ohio’s bridges (6,381) are structurally deficient or functionally obsolete. “Our highways, roads and bridges are real economic drivers for the state,” said Kevin Carpenter, director at WD Transportation, an inter-disciplinary engineering firm that provides services for Ohio government agencies, municipalities and counties. “Having worked on over 100 infrastructure projects in Ohio, I’ve seen first-hand the benefits of investing in our transportation system.” Bad roads mean big problems for businesses in Ohio considering 78 percent of the $563 billion worth of commodities delivered annually from sites in Ohio is transported by trucks on the state’s highways, and an additional 12 percent is delivered by parcel, U.S. Postal Service or courier, which use multiple modes, including highways. “Investing in high quality roads and bridges is important to our state’s quality of life,” said David Pritchard, civil engineer and consultant. “Our roads and bridges connect businesses to commerce and people to their loved ones as they move across our state and throughout the country.” Founded in 1852, the American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) represents more than 140,000 members of the civil engineering profession worldwide and is America's oldest national engineering society. For more information go to Founded in 1971, TRIP is a nonprofit organization that researches, evaluates and distributes economic and technical data on surface transportation issues. TRIP promotes transportation policies that relieve traffic congestion, improve road and bridge conditions, improve air quality, make surface travel safer and enhance economic productivity.

<urn:uuid:46eb3a09-c4a8-4065-970b-292ad11fe78f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.asce.org/Press-Releases/2012/New-Data-Finds-Closing-the-Surface-Transportation-Infrastructure-Investment-Gap-Will-Keep-Ohio-s-Economoy-Growing,-Save-Jobs-and-Protect-Personal-Income/

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The Nature Elephant The Karen people have always lived naturally in the forest, and, for many generations have relied on elephants to help them. Because elephants are ideal for carrying heavy loads they are essential for transportation through rural areas, and, more recently, for carrying tourists. The Karen people simply would not survive without them. The Karen people have always used elephants to help carry them through dense parts of the jungle which would be difficult on foot, such as down steep hills to fetch water from the creek, or carrying heavy bags of rice from the fields to the barn. What is little effort for an elephant would be a huge amount of labour for humans. Because they are so important to the Karen people, elephants are their friends, and are treated with respect. To manage an elephant and gain its trust requires knowledge, love and understanding. This is why the Karen people look after their elephants so well, and only certain members of the Karen family are trained enough to do this. Some of them call elephant-care a kind of black magic, and this black magic is passed down through families. Part of the skill of caring for elephants is to ensure the elephant is listened to. Karen legend has it that if a female elephant is ignored, it is likely that her eggs will become infected, and therefore she will not be able to continue the elephant family. This serious consequence acts as a grave warning to those handling elephants. A sense of duty, honor and patience are as important to the elephant as they are to the Karen people as a whole. The legend of Chang Karen This is a story about how elephants became so important in the life of the Karen hill tribe. The legend goes that once upon a time, there were two brothers living in the forest. One day, their mother needed to leave home for a business, so instructed the two boys to look after the house, be good, and by no means split open the bamboo tree, as it contained many flies. Being the mischievous boys they were, as soon as their mother was out of sight, they crept up to the forbidden bamboo and cracked it open, curious to see what would happen. Immediately, the room was filled with flies, two of which flew up into each of the boys' noses. Panicking, the boys didn't know what to do. Soon, they felt their bodies changing. Their legs began to itch, and grow longer and wider. Their heads began to swell, until they felt the size and shape of footballs. Their noses grew longer and their bodies became heavier and more clumsy. When their mother returned home, she was shocked to see what had happened to her sons. She offered them cooked rice, but they turned it down with a slow shake of their large heads, their noses swinging from side to side. They were still growing, and were too ashamed of their bad behaviour to eat. The mother offered them water, but they did not want to drink it. Soon, when the sons had grown too big for the house, and could now only walk on four legs, they left the house to find grass. This was all they felt like eating. Very soon the word spread, and people came from all over the valley to see the mutated boys. Their tongues had become too big for them to speak, so the sons had stopped talking. As if to compensate, their ears grew large so they cold hear very, very well. They had become elephant-boys. One day, some workers came to see if the elephant-boys could help them carry heavy loads. They gave them wood and lead them to their workshops, and the elephant-boys were calm and obedient. The workers realised that what was a huge job for them, was little effort for these giant elephant boys. And life continued this way for many generations. This is the remarkable story of how elephants and humans came to work together in harmony, explaining how they can exist together in the forest. Elephants and the Karen Hill Tribe people Deep in the rich forests of northern Thailand, in the bowl of a green valley, lies the Karen hill tribe community. Making the most of their natural surroundings, this tribe has managed to forge an incredibly simple life in the forest using no modern machinery or medicine. They need only the trees, plants, animals, and are especially reliant on the mighty elephant. The Karen people have a strong bond with elephants: their self-sufficient lifestyles are surprisingly similar, and intertwining. Wild elephants play a very important role in the Karen way of life, as well as the relationships of valley inhabitants, and the magic of the valley.

<urn:uuid:e54319d9-029a-48b0-8d3d-42adb0690b50>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.asianelephantsafari.com/news.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

| ASIS&T 2006 ||START Conference Manager Towards a Model of Information Scatter: Implications for Search and Design Suresh K. Bhavnani and Frederick A. Peck ASIS&T Annual Meeting - 2006 (ASIS&T 2006) Austin, Texas, November 3-9, 2006 Recent studies suggest that users often retrieve incomplete healthcare information because of the complex and skewed distribution of facts across relevant webpages. To understand the causes for such skewed distributions, this paper presents the results of two analyses: (1) A distribution analysis discusses how facts related to healthcare topics are scattered across high-quality healthcare pages. (2) A cluster analysis of the same data suggests that the skewed distribution can be explained by the existence of three page profiles that vary in information density, each of which play in important role in providing comprehensive information of a topic. The above analyses provide clues towards a model of information scatter which describes how the design decisions by individual webpage authors could collectively lead to the scatter of information as observed in the data. The analyses also suggest implications for the design of websites, search algorithms, and search interfaces to help users find comprehensive information about a topic.

<urn:uuid:0e783747-8e73-4729-bff8-d3b9590bfe0f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.asist.org/Conferences/AM06/papers/225.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

You're in the market for a heavy duty lawn mower, so you'll probably want to know about some different types. Just what sort of lawn mower you're actually going to buy depends upon what sort of issues you need to address in your lawn. Homeowners with acres and acres of regular grass that they need to mow on a weekly basis aren't going to need the same type of mower that people who own fields of wildflowers and weeds will need. Before you go shopping for your heavy duty mower, you should determine what sort of mower you are in the market for. A little bit of research may save you time and money in the long run. Ride-On Lawn mowers If you have an enormous area of lawn to mow, but that enormous area is carpeted with regular, old grass, then you are probably in the market for a ride-on lawn mower. A ride-on lawn mower kind of looks like a small tractor. You ride aboard and cut your grass without breaking a sweat. Ride-on lawn mowers are powered by gas. You drive them the same way you drive a go kart. They have keys, ignitions, gas pedals, brakes and steering wheels. You don't need a driver's license to operate one, and they don't go very fast so you can continue to make your teenager mow your lawn every week. Scythe and Rough Grass Mowers If you have a field of roughage or wildflowers that needs to be mowed, you need to buy a scythe and rough grass mower. Under no circumstance should you attempt to mow roughage with a regular mower. The blades will get stuck and your lawn mower will be broken. In extreme cases, you could injure yourself. Unfortunately, scythe and rough grass mowers need to be pushed along, so you can't mow your field in ease like the owners of ride-on mowers can.

<urn:uuid:a57b17b1-585d-46f8-abfa-002fc5866cc9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.ask.com/explore/types-heavy-duty-lawn-mowers

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Why Man U? AskMen / Getty Images "Gathering together at Old Trafford must have given these people something of the sense of community that they had previously known in their villages." Visiting Manchester the other day, I was driving down a nondescript road past dreary shops and offices when I saw the top of a sports stadium poking into the gray sky. It was Old Trafford. Team buses carrying soccer players from more glamorous cities such as Barcelona have been known to echo with cries of disgust as they pull in here. The home of Manchester United is rainy and underwhelming. The estimated 333 million humans who consider themselves United fans don’t all know that Manchester is a city in England, but many of those who do would probably be surprised to find just how mid-ranking a city it is. Yet when United’s American ruling family, the Glazers, sold club shares in August, United was valued at $2.3 billion. That made it the world’s most valuable sports franchise, ahead of Real Madrid and baseball’s New York Yankees, according to Forbes. In short, United is bigger than Manchester. So why on earth did this global behemoth arise precisely here? And how, in the last 134 years, has United shaped soccer, in England and now the world? When a soccer club was created just by the newish railway line in 1878, the Manchester location actually helped. The city was then growing like no other on earth. In 1800 it had been a tranquil little place of 84,000 inhabitants, so insignificant that as late as 1832 it didn’t have a member of parliament. The Industrial Revolution changed everything. Workers poured in from English villages, from Ireland, from feeble economies everywhere (my own great-grandparents arrived on the boat from Lithuania). By 1900, Manchester was Europe’s sixth-biggest city, with 1.25 million inhabitants. The club by the railway line was initially called Newton Heath, because the players worked at the Newton Heath carriage works of the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Company. They played in work clogs against other work teams. Jim White’s Manchester United: The Biography nicely describes the L&YR workers as “sucked in from all over the country to service the growing need for locomotives and carriages.” Life in Manchester then was neither fun nor healthy, White writes. In some neighborhoods, average male life expectancy was just 17. This was still the same brutal city where a few decades before, Karl Marx’s pal Friedrich Engels had run his father’s factory. The conditions of the industrial city were so awful it inspired communism. (My own great-grandparents lost two of their children to scarlet fever in Manchester before moving on to much healthier southern Africa.) Inevitably, most of these desperate early Mancunians were rootless migrants. Unmoored in their new home, many embraced the local soccer clubs. Gathering together at Old Trafford must have given these people something of the sense of community that they had previously known in their villages. That’s how the world’s first great industrial city engendered the world’s greatest soccer brand. Next Page >>

<urn:uuid:223e0d4e-5454-48af-94fe-79e339cdb888>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.askmen.com/sports/fanatic/why-man-u.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Empirical Quality Results In This Section: Today’s Magnet recognition process primarily focuses on structure and processes, with an assumption that good outcomes will follow. Currently, outcomes are not specified, and are minimally weighted. There are no quantitative outcome requirements for ANCC Magnet Recognition™. Recently lacking were benchmark data that would allow comparisons with best practices. This area is where the greatest changes need to occur. Data of this caliber will spur needed changes. In the future, having a strong structure and processes are the first steps. In other words, the question for the future is not “what do you do?” or “how do you do it” but rather, “what difference have you made?” Magnet-recognized organizations are in a unique position to become pioneers of the future and to demonstrate solutions to numerous problems inherent in our health care systems today. They may do this in a variety of ways through innovative structure and various processes, and they ought to be recognized, not penalized, for their inventiveness. Outcomes need to be categorized in terms of clinical outcomes related to nursing, workforce outcomes, patient and consumer outcomes, and organizational outcomes. When possible, outcomes data that the organization already collects should be utilized. Quantitative benchmarks should be established. These outcomes will represent the “report card” of a Magnet-recognized organization, and a simple way of demonstrating excellence. Nurses at Aspirus provide the very best care by following the Five Magnet Model Components. For more information about these five Components, and Aspirus-specific initiatives that fall within these Components, please follow the links in the diagram to the left.

<urn:uuid:f3314e8e-c37b-403b-9e0a-1561073071dd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aspirus.org/contactUs/index.cfm?catID=5&subCatID=54&pageID=787&pageTitle=Empirical-Quality-Results

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

At first sight, with superficial reasoning, the rectification, or correction, of a given birth time seems appropriate and necessary: We certainly do need an exact and reliable basis for any astrological interpretation. However, none of the diverse methods of rectification provides the desired safety or assurance; each rests upon a shaky, theoretical basis. Moreover, different techniques invariably lead to different results, from which, more or less arbitrarily, the "most fitting" eventually gets selected. I principally mistrust every rectification unless the difference from the given time only amounts to a couple minutes and/or the chart's owner did it, after long-time observation. Adjusting the birth time by several hours (which isn't such an unusual practice) is an absurdity. When this occurs, the thorough, imaginative rectifier tends to construct adventurous theories about the process of certification, about how and why the time could have been wrongly recorded or transmitted. Parents and relations sometimes assist in producing such fantasies: the longer the period of adjustment, the more colorful are the myths that get built around the circumstances of the birth. When in doubt I always prefer to use the officially given time. Although this may be considered as my natural Capricornian reaction to authority, my primary reason is actually scientific objectivity. In Germany, and in most other countries where the time of birth is routinely recorded, the personnel employed in hospitals, clinics and registrar's offices provide the most credible and authentic records. Why should they be otherwise? In almost every case these times were recorded close to the actual birth, and they are neutral and unbiased. These institutions just aren't interested in providing misinformation. Certainly, calculating the different birth time variants nourishes our demolished self-esteem; those long and complicated sequences of "hits" are really impressive, they strengthen our pride in what we do. The listings of close aspects look solid and grounded; they furnish our daily work with some scientific paint. The entries re-vitalize our ego (so badly weakened by statistical failures) since here we have unquestionable empirical data, concrete facts from the individual's biography! The juggling with figures gives us the illusion that our construct of knowing is provable; the demonstration makes it obvious to everyone that astrology is truly erected on reason, not on vague theories and speculations. Yet, upon some closer inspection we are forced to realize that this kind of proof is a circular one; no statement can prove its own premise. Fundamentally, a complete and whole paradigm like our ancient wisdom of the stars can be neither refuted nor denied from outside; therefore statistical investigations of astrology's truth inevitably have to fail. So why are we so desperate, why is our inner astrological self so heavily wounded, why do we need those attempts of legitimization? Isn't it science that has to justify its thoughts and deeds in face of manifold ecological disasters? In astrology we can't equate symbol and event; that would be a false simplification of the archetypes' diversity and multiplicity. Our system doesn't function according to a mathematical diagram of "y = mx + b"; we don't have exact connections between cause and effect as there are in classical physics! We are dealing with creation's primordial principles, which are essentially multi-layered and ambiguous. As astrology's cosmic wisdom can never be grasped completely by anyone, it is my opinion that much more modesty would be appropriate. The study of astrology is a life-long process this is so for even the greatest teacher; the study of it doesn't come to an end. One can never know the exact meaning of any astrological configuration, its definite manifestation or outcome, no possibility can really be excluded - this being our "science's" most frustrating and most fascinating aspect! Some astrologers invest much time and energy 'correcting' birth times. Wouldn't it make more sense to instead concentrate on an extensive study of the chart? In our field of knowledge "truth" always and only unveils itself intuitively, by way of an intense interrogation of a horoscope or person. The day's planetary configurations (even when no birth time is available) provide an abundance of material to discuss and consider. I suspect that those experts, who abstractly discuss at length questions of the right time, are actually avoiding the real-life situation of counseling: they are fleeing the encounter and confrontation with the client and his problems. Furthermore, I suspect their interpretation ability have become poor (filled with formulae and stereotypes), that they have lost their sensitivity and imagination. A final point even makes me angry: It seems those specialists in birth-time rectification are unable to handle astrology's implications of destiny. They subconsciously fail to accept facts simply put down "from above", they blasphemously usurp the Creator's role. In a sort of obsession (or psychic inflation, egotism) they want to manipulate, to shake the Tree of Life; like the Fates they want to direct the future's threads themselves, to feel life's currents running through their fingers - in doing so they are abusing their knowledge about the higher things. We should respect the existential powers that are intrinsically interwoven with astrology (which isn't just a funny and tricky psychology) and deal with them cautiously. Subjects like health and death should not be played with. Instead of stirring up the different birth times in a big pot, we should use the horoscope at hand and let it speak to us. (written in 1997) Richard Vetter's website:

<urn:uuid:6445ae6d-c0b4-4101-927f-0c08f34f1d68>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.astro.com/astrology/in_rectification_e.htm?cid=imjfileKVCGcN-u1337667387

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

- What is Atheism - Law & Politics - Press Information - Christians Take Over Interfaith Army Chapel in Combat Zone - Press Kit - 9/11: 'Never Forget' Must Include All Victims - Atheists Advocate Separation of Church and State at DNC - Congressman Pete Stark to Speak at 2013 National Convention - American Atheists Announces 50th Anniversary Logo Design Contest - American Atheists Announces Harassment Policy for Conventions and Conferences - American Atheists Jubilant Over Latest Religion Report - American Atheists Removes Religious Billboards from Charlotte - Former Pastor Now American Atheists Public Relations Director - Former Pastor Teresa MacBain New Public Relations Director - ITALIAN JUDGE LUIGI TOSTI ACQUITTED! - American Atheists to Protest Bradford County, FL Decalogue on May 19 Supporting Civil Rights for Atheists and the Separation of Church and State Atheism And The Concept Of Enlightened Self-Interest "It is as impossible for a society to be formed and be durable without self-interest as it would be to produce children without carnal desire or to think of eating without appetite, etc. It is love of self that encourages love of others, it is through our mutual needs that we are useful to the human race. That is the foundation of all commerce, the eternal link between men. Without it not a single art would have been invented, no society of ten people formed.” - Voltaire The rules of behavior are the same for the religious as they are for the rest of us, and when it comes to ethics, religion has nothing to do with how those rules govern human beings. Ethics and morality come to us through the evolutionary process, and the only choice we have in the matter is how we act out. Human emotion is contagious, and we feed off of the emotions of those who surround us and according to whatever experiences we are having, remembering or anticipating. We are happy when we are in joyful situations and we are sad when in miserable ones. As with many animals, we tend to form strong interpersonal bonds, but unlike many animals, we find ourselves being satisfied while simultaneously satisfying others. When one observes the social behavior of other primates, it soon becomes evident of our evolutionary moral and ethical behavior. The study of morality and ethics involve our problem solving mechanisms, and the only thing that makes this ethics and morality such controversial subjects is the complexity of today's world, mainly the infusion of religious belief into our societies. True enough, our heredity does control some of our general behavior, but our ability to think, reason and adaptively learn was activated by circuits that had been evolutionally hard-wired. Our instincts sometimes serve us well, but life in the post-modern world renders our instincts more and more inadequate with each passing generation, and this difficulty is becoming exponential. Just a couple thousand years ago we had no understanding where thunder and lightning came from, but today we are building complex machines such as the Large Hadron Collider. However, ancient dogmas are still clung to with the tenacity of an angry pit-bull, in spite of the fact that the Ten Commandments are the moral counterpart of rubbing two sticks together to make fire. It is because so many of these superstitions are held to as reality that there is a general stagnation of adaptation amongst our species. Propelling a two-million space shuttle into orbit required some change and adaptation to what we knew about mechanical flight. The same holds true with morality and ethics. Religious morality as taught by the Judeo/Christian belief system is a throwback to an early stage of our evolution as social beings. Basically, we are trying to launch the space shuttle with a campfire The fact is that god can no longer be the source of morality. We must rely on enlightened self-interest. Cooperating with others in a selfless, altruistic way to maximize the intensity and duration of personal gratification is a two-way street and demands reciprocity. This concept, along with justice to determines fairness, allows cooperation to operate at maximum efficiency. The desire for personal happiness, the happiness of others, justice and cooperation is the only moral and ethical formula that will allow the advancement of our species. Religion and it's accompanying unnatural degradations, bigotries and intolerances are the result of vain attempts by ignorant men of long ago to accommodate human needs by basing moral and ethical behavior on the perceived commands and desires of mythical deities with bad attitudes. Religious morality is counter-productive to the survival of our species. If we do not plant our ethics in the improvable and adaptable soil of science, natural selection and our own willful ignorance will insure our demise in short order. Al Stefanelli - Georgia State Director, American Atheists, Inc.

<urn:uuid:74edc244-01d5-40bf-88b2-bca23fe58896>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.atheists.org/content/atheism-and-concept-enlightened-self-interest

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

The CIA, the NSA, the FBI and all other three-letter, intelligence-gathering, secret-keeping agencies mimic and are modeled after secret societies. They gather and filter information by compartmentalizing the organization in a pyramid-like hierarchical structure keeping everyone but the elite on a need-to-know basis. The CIA was born from the WWII intelligence arm, the OSS (Office of Strategic Services), and was funded into permanence by the Rockefeller and Carnegie Foundations, which donated $34 million 1945-48 alone. Nearly every person instrumental in the creation of the CIA was already a member of the CFR, including the Rockefellers and Dulles brothers. In 1945 when the CIA was still the OSS, they began Operation Paperclip which brought over 700 Nazi scientists directly into the forming CIA, NSA, and other high-level government organizations. Since it was illegal to even allow these Nazis into the US, let alone into top-secret government agencies, the CIA convinced the Vatican to issue American passports for these 700+ Nazi scientists under the pretense that it was to keep them out of the hands of the Russians. “After WWII ended in 1945, victorious Russian and American intelligence teams began a treasure hunt throughout occupied Germany for military and scientific booty. They were looking for things like new rocket and aircraft designs, medicines, and electronics. But they were also hunting down the most precious ‘spoils’ of all: the scientists whose work had nearly won the war for Germany. The engineers and intelligence officers of the Nazi War Machine. Following the discovery of flying discs (foo-fighters), particle/laser beam weaponry in German military bases, the War Department decided that NASA and the CIA must control this technology, and the Nazi engineers that had worked on this technology. There was only one problem: it was illegal. U.S. law explicitly prohibited Nazi officials from immigrating to America--and as many as three-quarters of the scientists in question had been committed Nazis.” -Operation Paperclip Casefile: New World Order and Nazi Germany Hundreds of Nazi mind-control specialists and doctors who performed horrific experiments on prisoners instantly had their atrocious German histories erased and were promoted into high-level American jobs. Kurt Blome, for instance, was a high-ranking Nazi scientist who experimented with plague vaccines on concentration camp prisoners. He was hired by the U.S. Army Chemical Corps to work on chemical warfare projects. Major General Walter Schreiber was a head doctor during Nazi concentration camp prisoner experiments in which they starved, and otherwise tortured the inmates. He was hired by the Air Force School of Medicine in Texas. Werner Von Braun was technical director of the Nazi Peenemunde Rocket Research Center, where the Germans developed the V2 rocket. He was hired by the U.S. Army to develop guided missiles and then made the first director of NASA! “Military Intelligence ‘cleansed’ the files of Nazi references. By 1955, more than 760 German scientists had been granted citizenship in the U.S. and given prominent positions in the American scientific community. Many had been longtime members of the Nazi party and the Gestapo, had conducted experiments on humans at concentration camps, had used slave labor, and had committed other war crimes. In a 1985 expose in the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Linda Hunt wrote that she had examined more than 130 reports on Project Paperclip subjects - and every one ‘had been changed to eliminate the security threat classification.’ A good example of how these dossiers were changed is the case of Werner von Braun. A September 18, 1947, report on the German rocket scientist stated, ‘Subject is regarded as a potential security threat by the Military Governor.’ The following February, a new security evaluation of Von Braun said, ‘No derogatory information is available on the subject … It is the opinion of the Military Governor that he may not constitute a security threat to the United States.’” -Operation Paperclip Casefile: New World Order and Nazi Germany Shortly after Operation Paperclip came Operation Mockingbird, during which the CIA trained reporters and created media outlets to disseminate their propaganda. One of Project Mockingbird’s lead roles was played by Philip Graham who would become publisher of The Washington Post. Declassified documents admit that over 25 organizations and 400 journalists became CIA assets which now include major names like ABC, NBC, CBS, AP, Reuters, Time, Newsweek and more. In 1953 the Iranian coup classified as Operation AJAX was the CIA’s first successful overthrow of a foreign government. In 1951 Iran Parliament and Prime Minister Dr. Mohammed Mosaddeq voted for nationalizing their oil industry which upset western oil barons like the Rockefellers. On April 4th, 1953, CIA director Allen Dulles transferred $1 million to Iranian General Fazlollah Zahedi to be used “in any way that would bring about the fall of Mosaddeq.” Coup leaders first planted anti-Mosaddeq propaganda throughout the Iranian press, held demonstrations, and bribed officials. Then they began committing terror attacks to blame on Mosaddeq hoping to bring public sentiment away from their hero. They machine-gunned civilians, bombed mosques, and then passed out pamphlets saying, “Up with Mosaddeq, up with Communism, down with Allah.” Zahedi’s coup took place between August 15th and 19th after which the CIA sent $5 million more for helping their new government consolidate power. Soon America controlled half of Iran’s oil production and American weapons merchants moved in making almost $20 billion off Iran in the next 20 years. “In 1953 the Central Intelligence Agency working in tandem with MI6 overthrew the democratically-elected leader of Iran Dr. Mohammed Mosaddeq. Mosaddeq had been educated in the west, was pro-America, and had driven communist forces out of the north of his country shortly after being elected in 1951. Mosaddeq then nationalized the oil fields and denied British Petroleum a monopoly. The CIA’s own history department at cia.gov details how U.S. and British intelligence agents carried out terror attacks and then subsequently blamed them on Mosaddeq … The provocations included propaganda, demonstrations, bribery, agents of influence, and false flag operations. They bombed the home of a prominent religious leader and blamed it on Moseddeq. They attacked mosques, machine-gunned crowds, and then handed out thousands of handbills claiming that Moseddeq had done it … Dr. Mohammed Moseddeq, who was incarcerated for the duration of his life, fared better than any of his ministers who were executed just days after the successful coup for crimes that MI6 and the CIA had committed.” -Alex Jones, “Terrorstorm” DVD In 1954 the CIA performed its second coup d’etat overthrow of a foreign democracy; this time it was Guatemala, whose popular leader Jacobo Arbenz Guzman, had recently nationalized 1.5 million acres of land for the peasants. Before this, only 2.2% of Guatemala’s land-owners owned 70% of the land, which included that of United Fruit Co. whose board of directors were friends with the Dulles brothers and wanted to keep Guatemala a banana republic. So once again the CIA sent in propagandists and mercenaries, trained militia groups, bombed the capital, and installed their puppet dictator Castillo Armas, who the gave United Fruit Co. and the other 2.2% land-owners everything back. Military dictators ruled Guatemala for the next 30 years killing over 100,000 citizens. Guatemalan coroners were reported saying they could not keep up with the bodies. The CIA called it Operation Success. “The CIA has overthrown functioning democracies in over twenty countries.” -John Stockwell, former CIA official They always follow the same strategy. First, globalist interests are threatened by a popular or democratically elected foreign leader; leaders who help their populations nationalize foreign-owned industries, protect workers, redistribute wealth/land and other such actions loved by the lower and middle-class majority, hated by the super-rich minority. Next, the CIA identifies and co-operates with opposition militia groups within the country, promising them political power in trade for American business freedom. Then they are hired, trained and funded to overthrow the current administration through propaganda, rigged elections, blackmail, infiltration/disruption of opposition parties, intimidation, torture, economic sabotage, death squads and assassinations. Eventually the CIA-backed militia group stages a coup and installs their corporate sympathizer-dictator and the former leaders are propagated as having been radicals or communists and the rest of the world is taught to shrug and view American imperialism as necessary world policing. The CIA has now evolved this whole racket into a careful science which they teach at the infamous “School of the Americas.” They also publish books like “The Freedom Fighter’s Manual” and “The Human Resource Exploitation Training Manual” teaching methods of torture, blackmail, interrogation, propaganda and sabotage to foreign military officials. Starting in 1954 the CIA ran operations attempting to overthrow the communist North Vietnamese government, while supporting the Ngo Dinh Diem regime in South Vietnam. From 1957-1973 the CIA conducted what has been termed “The Secret War” in Laos during which they carried out almost one coup per year in an effort to overthrow their democracy. After several unsuccessful attempts, the US began a bombing campaign, dropping more explosives and planting more landmines on Laos during this Secret War than during all of World War II. Untold thousands died and a quarter of the Laotian people became refugees often living in caves. Right up to the present, Laotians are killed/maimed almost daily from unexploded landmines. In 1959 the US helped install “Papa Doc” Duvalier, the Haitian dictator whose factions killed over 100,000. In 1961 CIA Operation Mongoose attempted and failed to overthrow Fidel Castro. Also in 1961 the CIA assassinated the Dominican Republic’s leader Rafael Trujillo, assassinated Zaire’s democratically-elected Patrice Lumumba, and staged a coup against Ecuador’s President Jose Velasco, after which US President JFK fired CIA director Allen Dulles. In 1963 the CIA was back in the Dominican Republic and Ecuador performing military coups overthrowing Juan Bosch and President Arosemana. In 1964 another CIA-funded/armed coup overthrew Brazil’s democratically-elected Joao Goulart replacing him with Dictator General Castelo Branco, CIA-trained secret police, and marauding death squads. In 1965 the CIA performed coups in Indonesia and Zaire and installed oppressive military dictators; General Suharto in Indonesia would then go on to slaughter nearly a million of his countrymen. In 1967 a CIA-backed coup overthrew the government of Greece. In 1968 they helped capture Che Guevara in Bolivia. In 1970 they overthrew Cambodia’s popular Prince Sahounek, an action that greatly strengthened the once minor opposition Khmer Rouge party who went on to murder millions. In 1971 they backed a coup in Bolivia and installed Dictator Hugo Banzer who went on torture and murder over 2000 of his political opponents. In 1973 they assassinated Chile’s democratically-elected Salvador Allende and replaced him with General Augusto Pinochet who murdered thousands of his civilians. On and on it goes; The Association for Responsible Dissent put out a report estimating that by 1987, 6 million people worldwide had died resulting from CIA covert ops. Since then there have been many untold millions more. “Throughout the world, on any given day, a man, woman or child is likely to be displaced, tortured, killed or disappeared, at the hands of governments or armed political groups. More often than not, the United States shares the blame.” -Amnesty International annual report on U.S. Military aid and human rights, 1996 1979-1989 CIA Operation Cyclone, with joint funding from Britain’s MI6, heavily armed and trained over 100,000 Afghani Mujahideen (“holy warriors”) during the Soviet war in Afghanistan. With the help of the Pakistani ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence), billions of dollars were given to create this Islamic army. Selig Harrison from the Woodrow Wilson International Centre for Scholars stated, “The CIA made a historic mistake in encouraging Islamic groups from all over the world to come to Afghanistan. The US provided $3 billion [now many more billion] for building up these Islamic groups, and it accepted Pakistan’s demand that they should decide how this money should be spent … Today that money and those weapons have helped build up the Taliban … [who] are now making a living out of terrorism.” “The United States has been part and parcel to supporting the Taliban all along, and still is let me add … You have a military government in Pakistan now that is arming the Taliban to the teeth … Let me note; that [US] aid has always gone to Taliban areas … And when people from the outside try to put aid into areas not controlled by the Taliban, they are thwarted by our own State Department … Pakistan [has] initiated a major resupply effort, which eventually saw the defeat, and caused the defeat, of almost all of the anti-Taliban forces in Afghanistan.” -Congressional Rep. Dana Rohrbacher, the House International Relations Committee on Global Terrorism and South Asia, 2000 British Foreign Secretary Robin Cook stated before the House of Commons that “Al Qaeda” is not actually a terrorist group, but a database of international Mujahadden and arms dealers/smugglers used by the CIA to funnel arms, money, and guerrillas. The word “Al Qaeda” itself literally translates to “the database.” Not only did the CIA create the Taliban and Al-Qaeda, they continued funding them right up to the 9/11 attacks blamed on them. For example, four months prior to 9/11, in May, 2001, Colin Powell gave another $43 million in aid to the Taliban. “Not even the corporate US media could whitewash these facts and so explained it away by alleging that US officials had sought cooperation from Pakistan because it was the original backer of the Taliban, the hard-line Islamic leadership of Afghanistan accused by Washington of harboring Bin Laden. Then the so called ‘missing link’ came when it was revealed that the head of the ISI was the principal financier of the 9/11 hijackers ... Pakistan and the ISI is the go between of the global terror explosion. Pakistan's military-intelligence apparatus, which literally created and sponsored the Taliban and Al Qaeda, is directly upheld and funded by the CIA. These facts are not even in dispute, neither in the media nor in government. Therefore when we are told by the neocon heads of the new world order that they are doing everything in their power to dismantle the global terror network what we are hearing is the exact opposite of the truth. They assembled it, they sponsored it and they continue to fund it. As any good criminal should, they have a middleman to provide plausible deniability, that middleman is the ISI and the military dictatorship of Pakistan.” -Steve Watson, “U.S. Intel Officer: Al Qaeda Leadership Allowed to Operate Freely” (http://www.infowars.net/articles/july2007/160707ISI.htm) In a late 1980’s Newsweek article, outspoken opponent of President Bush and recently assassinated Pakistani Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto, told George Bush Sr., “you are creating a Frankenstein,” concerning the growing Islamist movement. She also came out in 2007 to say that Osama Bin Laden was already long dead having been murdered by Omar Sheikh. She was murdered herself a month after the interview, only two weeks before the Pakistani 2008 general elections.

<urn:uuid:96c4ba0b-5575-4365-9b5c-1164b7bca6d5>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.atlanteanconspiracy.com/2008/09/history-of-cia.html?showComment=1358287968011

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Why Leading SoC and Systems Companies Rely on SpyGlass® from Atrenta “In the end, it is silicon that drives our industry, and it is silicon that is the ultimate goal of a design project.” Advanced electronics, in the form of integrated circuit (IC) chips are powering the consumer electronics revolution all around us. This technology, known as system on chip (SoC), is paving the way for new and innovative products that touch our lives every day. SoCs represent the most complex designs ever made, and because they serve the fast-paced consumer electronics market, they must be designed and manufactured in far less time than ever before. The conflicting need for complex technology in less time creates high risk, high cost and unpredictable schedules. Traditional EDA tools struggle with SoC complexity and fall short of delivering an efficient process to ensure chips can be manufactured reliably and cost-effectively. Atrenta’s SpyGlass® Predictive Analysis solution provides a critical link between early SoC design ideas and the implementation process leading to the manufacture of these complex SoCs. Similar to an interactive guidance system, SpyGlass optimizes a design’s path to implementation early, before traditional EDA tools are deployed for detailed implementation. This ability to plot the fastest and most cost efficient path to market has become a must-have technology for thousands of design engineers and their managers who compete in the consumer electronics market. Atrenta’s SpyGlass Predictive Analysis platform gives engineers a powerful guidance dashboard that enables efficient verification and optimization of SoC designs early, before expensive and time-consuming traditional EDA tools are deployed. SpyGlass provides unprecedented levels of early-stage insight into SoC designs including: - Heterogeneous IP import and quality validation - Efficient chip assembly with a view to manufacturability - Detection of structural, coding and consistency problems at the earliest point in the process - Accurate timing and power estimation and advanced power reduction - Comprehensive analysis of the performance of key design elements such as clocks, resets and clock domain crossing (CDC) circuits - Formal analysis of design element correctness such as bus contention, dead code and other critical functional issues "Atrenta's SpyGlass CDC product is critical in helping us avoid design iterations and general risks associated with our complex designs. We have been very impressed by the comprehensive solution offered by SpyGlass CDC, which allows us to quickly identify real problems in our clock networks at the earliest possible point in the design flow..." Manager Hardware Development - Graphics Competence Center Fujitsu Microelectronics Europe Engineers at nineteen of the top twenty global semiconductor and consumer electronics companies trust that a SpyGlass Clean design™ is ready for implementation by downstream EDA tools, and ultimately by chip manufacturers. More than two hundred companies rely on SpyGlass to guide them along an efficient path to silicon. Our customers include: - LG Electronics - NEC Electronics Corporation - Wipro Technologies Atrenta invests heavily in the development of its automated SoC design guidance solutions, with more than 75% of its employees involved in R&D at facilities in San Jose (US), Noida (India), Grenoble (France) , Colombo (Sri Lanka) and Shanghai (China). The company supports its worldwide customer base with direct sales and support offices in Silicon Valley, Southern California, Texas and North Carolina in the USA; France, Germany, UK, Japan, Taiwan, Israel and India and distributors in China and Korea.

<urn:uuid:ea46fd5f-5b41-49f6-a6c7-3fa39a3bfabd>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.atrenta.com/about-atrenta.htm5

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Before disaster strikes, Attention Plus Care is here to help you prepare. We have developed many specific plans for whatever nature might bring upon us. Whether it be a hurricane or a house fire, we help make sure that your medical needs are taken care of, and that you have the supplies to make it through the storm. Our Care Managers can help by: - Conducting an environmental safety assessment in your home. - Obtaining home emergency and evacuation supplies. - Developing specific emergency plans based on the type of disaster: - Power Outages - Pandemic Disease - Advising you about emergency supplies so that you are ready when disaster strikes, and assisting you in purchasing supplies as needed. - Training your caregivers on how to react during an emergency. - Providing directions to the nearest emergency relief shelter, and instructions about what to bring with you. - Making sure that you have transportation to the relief shelter, and that you and your caregiver know who to notify if evacuation is needed. - Educating your loved ones about your emergency plans. - Helping you find an emergency response caregiver if this is appropriate.

<urn:uuid:7c621df6-79ad-4877-a7fc-c72257faed38>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.attentionplus.com/care-management/emergency-preparedness

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

It is the position of the American Academy of Audiology that the Doctor of Audiology (Au.D.) degree awarded by educational institutions should conform to the descriptions of clinical "first professional degrees" published by the United States Department of Education (http://www.ed.gov ). Educational programs for the Au.D. degree that are not consistent with this definition should not receive accreditation. The transition from the Master's degree to the Au.D. degree as the "first-professional degree" in audiology is rooted in the conviction that the educational models adopted approximately 40 years ago are inadequate to support the needs of individuals served by audiologists. The United States Department of Education describes first-professional degrees in clinical fields of Dentistry, Medicine, Optometry, Osteopathy, Pharmacy, and Podiatry as requiring 4 years of study following undergraduate preparation. The four-year design is not arbitrary, but was put into place on the basis of the collective experience of the health care professions that are held in high esteem. The vast majority of residential programs leading to the Au.D. degree require four years of study after completion of a baccalaureate degree. The recent emergence of Au.D. programs that require only three years of post-baccalaureate education and clinical training is likely to create confusion among prospective students, licensing boards, and the public. The consequences of the departure of the three-year programs from the United States Department of Education descriptions of first professional degrees represent a significant threat to the progress that the profession of Audiology is making to achieve autonomy from other healthcare professions.

<urn:uuid:33a2578c-759d-4f78-8d8c-20c440d26c5f>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.audiology.org/resources/documentlibrary/Pages/ProgramLength.aspx

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Efforts to achieve peace in the Middle East have for decades been a priority of German foreign policy. In addition to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, there are new challenges such as Iran’s nuclear programme and the upheaval in North Africa moreThe Middle East, the Maghreb The European Union is the biggest political success story of the past 50 years. Europe is a community of shared values, not only an economic area. Peace and freedom, prosperity and security are among its achievements. The project Europe will continue to offer opportunities for all.

<urn:uuid:04361a77-181b-47a0-8a82-258afbf815e9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/sid_F8CBCC0322B0322296551F0666FCD876/EN/Aussenpolitik/RegionaleSchwerpunkte/uebersicht_node.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Deciphering the function and regulation of AUTS2 University of California, San Francisco Autism is a neurodevelopmental disorder with complex genetic and environmental causes. Many gene mutations have been associated with autism; however, they explain only a small part of the genetic cause for this disorder. 98% of our genome does not encode for protein and is thus termed noncoding. In this noncoding space are gene regulatory sequences that tell genes when, where and at what amount to turn on or off. Mutations in these gene regulatory elements could thus be an important cause of autism. Despite the potential importance of these noncoding gene regulatory regions in autism susceptibility, very few studies have been performed trying to implicate them in this disorder. This pilot study focuses on a strong autism candidate gene, the autism susceptibility candidate 2 (AUTS2) gene. Mutations in its regulatory elements have been associated with autism and its function is not well known. Using both zebrafish and mice as the model organisms, the project aims to identify noncoding gene regulatory sequences of AUTS2. The fellow will then look to see if any individuals with autism have mutations in the regulatory regions identified. They will also reduce the expression of this gene in zebrafish and look for abnormalities to further clarify its function. This study promises to further our understanding of how differences in the noncoding region of the genome can lead to autism. It also aims to advance our understanding of a gene of unknown function that has been implicated in autism.

<urn:uuid:b119f23a-e8b4-478b-8b57-2472864187b9>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.autismspeaks.org/genetics/grants/deciphering-function-and-regulation-auts2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

By Mike Bennighof, Ph.D. During the 1700s, European armies grew enormously in size. The Seven Years’ War of 1756 – 1763 heightened the trend, and by the end of the Napoleonic Wars field armies had become enormous. Forces of 100,000 or even more, unheard of a century before, were not at all unusual by 1815. The French army introduced the concept of a corps d’armee, a body of infantry, cavalry and artillery plus essential services. The corps could fight alone or in cooperation with other corps, and included all necessary combat and administrative elements. By the end of the Napoleonic wears, all participants had organized their troops into corps, usually made up of varying numbers of divisions and During the years after 1815, some nations kept their corps structure in place during peacetime, using them to administer recruiting, training and other non-combat functions. This would speed mobilization and keep the staffs employed. The size and composition of corps also became regularized, with each usually having the same number and types of subordinate By the middle of the 19th century, an army corps had become defined as the number of troops that could be deployed from a single road in less than two hours: roughly 20,000 men. That rule of thumb had been badly exceeded as extra troops were added: cavalry, engineers, artillerymen, light infantry, medical services, supply columns and more. The Prussian corps organization used in the 1866 Austro-Prussian War had been introduced as part of War Minister Albrecht von Roon’s reforms starting in 1860. In 1859, the Prussian Army mobilized its four army corps for war on the side of Austria against France. The mobilization found many troops untrained, officers of poor quality and supply services either insufficient or non-existent. It also showed just how unwieldy the army’s corps organization would prove in action. The German Confederation, which included both Austria and Prussia along with 36 other german states, had adopted a corps of four divisions. Each division consisted in turn of two or three brigades, each brigade with two regiments of two battalions each plus one of light infantry. All told, a German division would go to war with 10 or 15 battalions, a corps with between 40 and 60. Roon rationalized this organization; in battle, he believed, a general was most efficient with fewer maneuver elements to command. A new-model Prussian infantry corps would have two divisions. Each division in turn had two brigades, and each of them had two regiments. The regiments would be larger, with three battalions rather than the former two, as a regimental colonel was expected to control all three by line of sight. A brigade commander only had to control the two regiments under his command. At the division level, things got more complex. The division controlled two brigades, plus an artillery detachment of four six-gun batteries. These would usually be parceled out to the brigades in action. During peacetime the division was responsible for either a pioneer battalion or a light infantry battalion; during wartime these would be held in the corps reserve. The corps controlled the two infantry divisions, plus attachments of artillery and cavalry. This varied from four to seven batteries (six guns each) and two to five cavalry regiments. Austria also reformed its corps organization in 1860, based on the lessons of the 1859 war. An Austrian corps had included two or three divisions, each in turn of two or three five-battalion brigades. Each brigade included the four field battalions of a single regiment plus a light infantry battalion: usually jägers but in a few cases grenzers (Croatian border troops) or volunteer student battalions. Austrian generals performed poorly in the 1859 war, and the reform commission appointed after the war recommended using fewer of them. In particular, it pointed out that the small brigades made regimental colonels superfluous. A peacetime regiment had contained four field battalions and a grenadier battalion; now they would have three field battalions, a fourth reserve battalion and in wartime a fifth training battalion. Two of these three-battalion regiments would be grouped in a brigade along with a light infantry battalion and an eight-gun artillery battery. It was a powerful and flexible organization, led by a major general (Austria did not have a “brigadier general” rank and this was the imperial army’s equivalent). The larger brigades required fewer light infantry battalions, allowing the role to be filled exclusively by jägers. The organization became less flexible at the larger echelons. An Austrian corps included four infantry brigades, a cavalry regiment and a brigade-sized artillery reserve as well as engineer, supply and medical units. The new arrangement required fewer general officers, which had been the goal. But handling six maneuver elements proved beyond the capability of most Austrian corps staffs in 1866, and the intermediate stage of division headquarters gave Austria’s Prussian opponents a decided advantage in flexibility and reaction speed. Though the Prussian staff was undoubtedly better organized and more efficient than their Austrian counterparts, their organization also gave them a lighter workload. of 1866: Frontier Battles the units are infantry brigades, cavalry regiments and artillery batteries, but players maneuver their units by corps. The corps are activated by the army command, or through the initiative of the corps commander. The Prussians generally activate in a much more predictable fashion, and can get all of their units into action thanks to the division commanders. An Austrian corps is much more difficult to handle and often only gets into action piece by piece. here to order Battles of 1866: Frontier Battles now.

<urn:uuid:7d84fe71-cb98-4aca-863d-b31baad541c3>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.avalanchepress.com/PrussianOrganization.php

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Mika Taanila: First of all, how did you end up making films after studying something else? Martin Arnold: The thing is I was always interested in making films, and especially experimental films. I got interested very early because back then the Austrian Film Museum in Vienna was very active in showing all kinds of classical avant-garde works lets say Kubelka, Kenneth Anger, Brakhage, Michael Snow so you really could see these things in this town. The only problem back then, and I think its somehow still a problem, was that the Arts Academy didnt have any classes for film or media, so there was no chance at all to study these things so I enrolled in psychology and art history. I always made films when I was a student, smaller projects, but essentially I never really liked them that much. So then at the end I finished the studies and I thought that I would never become a film-maker because the movies were so bad! I was sad, you know, but then I came up with pièce touchée. The film worked well and from that point on I was a film-maker. MT: You have previously told that you developed your film-making techniques of looping and stuttering images and sound while making pièce touchée. Can you tell more about that? MA: I was interested in using single frames, and I think the film-maker who influenced me most in this approach was Peter Kubelka who was very active in giving lectures in Vienna and always insisted that film was composed of single frames, and that we should think of film in terms of single frames. So thats how I got interested in single frames. Together with a friend, I built my own optical printer which is a tool that you can use to re-photograph single images, single stills, from an already existing film. When I started doing these things I tried all kinds of structures like running it forwards, then running it backwards, then I even inserted breaks and worked with extreme time lapse and also slow motion. So I did all kinds of things and ended up with this continuous forwards and backwards movement because I found them the most interesting. I used popular movies like B-pictures in my experiments and felt that if you break the continuum if you jump from frame 2 to frame 12, then jump back to frame 3 and then to frame 16 then this would insert breaks into the movement of the actors. What I found convincing in these continuous forwards and backwards movements was that I didnt actually break the gestures of the actors, but I could somehow extend them or change them, which means that I not only got to work in a formal way, but I also got to influence the gestures and the actions that we can see in the movies, so I could command somehow what was happening in the image. MT: Your work is based on found footage. Do you think there is such a thing as a found-footage movement in your opinion? MA: Well Im not sure if its still going on but of course there was a lot of found-footage film-making around in the 80s and also in the 90s, and there are still many film-makers using found-footage. The problem with found-footage is a lot of it ended up being pure citation. Very often when you see student films from the U.S. or films by film-makers, at a certain point they cut in found-footage and if its pure citation I somehow have already had enough of it. Its very easy to cite these films from the 40s and 50s, but Im more interested in getting something different out of it. This movement of pure citation has become a little bit too simple. There were already film-makers in the 60s like Joseph Cornell or Bruce Connor who used found-footage, so it was already there. It became interesting again in the 80s and 90s so I assume thats why so many found-footage films were made. This might also correspond with a certain perspective on things or phenomenae, because in the 60s film-making was widely concerned with questions like what can be done with film if I use it in a free way?, what can be done with film if I use it in the way that a painter uses his brushes?. This movement was strongly connected to the 60s and 70s like structural film and all of these things, and then in the 80s the next generation was more interested in somehow looking back, in what actually happened in film history. Its not so much oriented in terms of future concepts or in terms of the medium, i.e. film as film, but rather what does film mean in society, what did it mean in the past, not just what could it potentially be. I think this perhaps provided some fuel for found-footage film-making. MT: Your films feel and sound like music or miniature musicals in many senses. What is your relationship MA: Im not sure if I have a particular relation to music. I mean, like many people of my age Im interested in American music of the 80s like John Zorn and the people around John Zorn. Im also interested in hip hop, although Im not an expert. And of course Im also interested in all kinds of sampling strategies. Although I think in terms of my films a lot of it comes from film itself. I was always surprised to find out that running a film backwards all of these strategies are very old. Thats what the Lumière brothers did at the Grand Café in Paris at the time when they first showed their films. And then theres the Len Lye movie Doing the Lambeth Walk Nazi-Style, where he used footage from Triumph of the Will. So I think a lot of it essentially comes from film itself. MT: What kind of films in contemporary cinema do you like yourself? think Ive seen anything in the last one or two years which has really struck me. But what I like well there is Craig Baldwin, who I think is very interesting, and I like most of Mathias Müllers films, and then I also like American works that are more oriented towards autobiography for example Su Friedrichs work. And I also like Peter Tscherkasskys latest films, the ones that he did with a flashlight. MT: At the moment do you feel that you yourself belong to a particular movement of film-makers or artists? Do you feel a strong connection to any movements or certain MA: Well not really, and Im not really sure if there are any movements. Right now Im changing my work I think. I got an invitation from an artspace which is called Kunsthalle in Vienna and its a big exhibition space in a new building. Its an interesting place and they asked me if I would be interested in doing some installations for them, and I have a show next October. I already had a couple of concepts before they made contact, and I decided to stop this style of running old movies backwards and forwards. What Im doing now is erasing actors out of feature films. Were working on a feature film based peoject. The original film is called The Invisible Ghost and it stars Bela Lugosi. Its a B-movie from the early 40s shot in the U.S. What we are doing is erasing the actors, which means that throughout the movie the actors get lost somehow. So that at the end the camera just goes through the empty sets. Its a big change which sets me apart from any groups or styles of film-making. Its a new thing that will be more gallery based and more technical in terms of the technology involved. Were working with 3D animation and also with compositing programs - its very digital compared to the earlier works. MT: That sounds like a truly new direction. Ive never heard of films where the actors are erased. How are the installations made? Are there several projectors in the gallery space at the same time? MA: That has not been totally decided as yet. As well as the main piece, I will also make some shorter pieces, but the main piece will be a film which is about 60 minutes long. What I plan to do is construct a movie theatre like an old theatre that smells bad, a rather fucked up place! What I want is to create the impression that the audience is also lost not only the actors. So what Ill do is put in tons of rows of chairs, and usually there wont be more than 10 people in the whole theatre. It will be like a cheap, outdated, countryside movie space, showing an outdated film where the actors are getting lost. In terms of the movie there is another point because in the original movie Bela Lugosi is shown as a sort of madman. In the original shots he is talking to his wife, although his wife is not there because she died in a car accident. So of course he is frustrated, and he celebrates the wedding anniversary without his wife, just talking to nothing. So what Im doing is spreading [Lugosis] symptoms out to the other actors. Which means that for all the other actors, just like in the conversation at the beginning of the original film, there will always be one part missing. They get the same symptom and start talking to thin air, and in the end they all get lost. There will also be the High Noon loop - a short loop of about 3 minutes. Essentially its a similar thing, the actors are missing, but it will look very different because I took the big gunfight at the end of High Noon, which means that there is lot of very fast-paced editing going on creating a lot of very short individual shots. Its funny because there is a lot of smoke coming from the guns but you dont see the guns and you dont see them shooting, its like firecrackers exploding in the air. And then there are these very hysteric pans, but the camera pans are not following anybody, just panning with very hysterical music and nothing actually happening. How many people do you have working on this erasing project, or are you doing it mostly by yourself? MA: Well, thats also a big change. On the older films I worked just on my own as a one-person production team. Now I have producers and a team of three co-workers, with one person in charge of the technical part of the production, a technical supervisor. Its the first time Im working in a team. This is absolutely necessary otherwise I would only be able to show the film maybe two weeks before I die! Its so time consuming that it takes forever. Well have an output of something like five seconds per day per person. Thats not very much for a 60 minute movie. MT: What sort of feedback do you get from the audience after screenings of your films? MA: That depends on where I show them. I think that one of the most interesting thins is that they sometimes attract people who are not really fans of experimental cinema. I think they are open to very many readings, and sometimes even people who dont like experimental film especially the 60s versions of experimental films they still like what Im doing. So I think theres a certain kind of openness. I think that people like the rhythm. For example Fennesz told me that most of the experimental musicians that hes aware of know my movies because of their musical structure or whatever. So the reactions generally are pretty good. The one bad reaction although I wasnt there, I just read about this was when they showed one of my films at Cannes before a feature film. And people didnt like it there. The French were shouting Arnold, go home! which was very funny because I was home, I wasnt there!

<urn:uuid:f778b37d-57fa-4995-91f0-a789007c1210>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.avantofestival.com/avanto2001/2001_screenings/fv_arnold_interview.html

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en

Viewed against a dangerous and costly backdrop, clear team communication is obviously essential to create a safe, productive and effective work environment on the ramp. Tractor operators and wing walkers need to warn each other of impending dangers. The tractor operator needs to keep the flight deck informed of ground movement. And all ground personnel should at least be able to hear the flight deck and each other during a pushback. Ramp workers can do much more without the wire, the shouting or the hand signals. A typical wireless pushback and towing configuration uses a portable transceiver for continuous two-way communication among one or more wing walkers and the tractor operator during aircraft movement. The tractor operator is free to concentrate on correct maneuvering, and all crew members can warn others instantly of impending dangers. To optimize the flow of communication and minimize chatter, the system is configured so that all team members can hear the pilot, but only the tractor operator can talk directly to the flight deck. Because wireless communication increases coordination and enables real-time verbal warnings, it decreases the risk of accidents, shortens turn-around times, and increases the likelihood of hitting flight slots. In addition to pushbacks and towing, wireless team communication systems can also be used to improve safety and efficiency during deicing, cargo and maintenance operations. In a deicing configuration, a wireless system connects the driver and the basket, and the system itself can be connected to two-way radios enabling communication with remote users. Communication between the driver and the basket takes place on open microphone over a 1.9GHz (1.8GHz in the EU) encrypted frequency while also allowing radio monitoring and transmitting with a push to-talk button on the headsets. Systems can be configured to enable multiple deicing crews to communicate while working on the same aircraft - further improving efficiency. Additional configurations are available for maintenance teams and are scalable to almost any size. Choosing a Wireless Communication System Wireless headset systems are available in a wide variety of configurations and price ranges. To ensure a system meets the diverse needs of ground support, consider the following factors carefully: Is the system truly wireless? A number of so-called “wireless” systems actually require a wire from the headset to a radio or belt pack. While these systems allow freedom of movement, a belt pack or radio wire creates many of the same problems inherent in hardwire systems, particularly tangled cords. Moreover, belt packs generally have less than half the transmission range of self-contained systems worn on the head. Does the system use DECT or Bluetooth technology? Transmission technology can dramatically affect how well wireless systems perform in the field. Systems that employ Bluetooth technology generally have a limited range and are subject to radio frequency interference from nearby devices. Look for systems that use Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications technology. DECT units generally offer up to 30 times more coverage and are less subject to interference than Bluetooth. DECT transmissions also have multipath capability, meaning the signal will bounce up, over and around objects in order to establish the best possible connection. DECT signals are also digitally encoded to ensure privacy. Is the system full-duplex or half-duplex? Half-duplex systems allow communication in both directions, but only one direction at a time. That’s a walkie-talkie. On the other hand, full-duplex systems allow communication in both directions simultaneously. Full-duplex capabilities are an important safety consideration because they allow the parties to speak and hear others at the same time. Is the system radio-compatible? Communication during pushback and towing is generally confined to the flight deck, wing walkers and tractor operator; however, other ground support functions may benefit from the ability to communicate with remote users over a two-way radio. Look for a system with maximum radio-interface flexibility.

<urn:uuid:64b6024d-747e-42b4-94a5-ce98e783c943>

CC-MAIN-2013-20

http://www.aviationpros.com/article/10603970/wireless-headsets-for-team-communication-improve-ramp-safety?page=2

s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2013-20/segments/1368696381249/warc/CC-MAIN-20130516092621-00000-ip-10-60-113-184.ec2.internal.warc.gz

en