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This symbolizes both the lack of a Pope and the governance of the Camerlengo over the temporalities of the Holy See.
As further indication, the Camerlengo ornaments his arms with this symbol during this period, which he subsequently removes once a pope is elected.
Previously during this period the arms of the Camerlengo appeared on commemorative Vatican lira coinage.
It now makes its appearance on Vatican euro coins, which are legal tender in all Eurozone states.
The interregnum is usually highlighted by the funeral Mass of the deceased pope, the general congregations of the College of Cardinals for determining the particulars of the election, and finally culminates in the papal conclave to elect a successor.
Once a new pope has been elected (and ordained bishop if necessary) the "sede vacante" period officially ends, even before the papal inauguration.
Cardinals present in Rome are required to wait at least fifteen days after the start of the vacancy before they hold the conclave to elect the new Pope.
After twenty days have elapsed, they must hold the conclave, even if some cardinals are missing.
The period from the death of the Pope to the start of the conclave was often shorter but, after Cardinal William Henry O'Connell had arrived just too late for two conclaves in a row, Pius XI extended the time limit.
With the next conclave in 1939, cardinals began to travel by air.
Days before his resignation in February 2013, Benedict XVI amended the rules to allow the cardinals to begin the conclave sooner, if all voting cardinals are present.
Historically, "sede vacante" periods have often been quite lengthy, lasting many months, or even years, due to lengthy deadlocked conclaves.
The most recent period of "sede vacante" of the Holy See began on 28 February 2013, after the resignation of Benedict XVI, and ended on 13 March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis, a period of 13 days.
The longest period without a Pope in the last 250 years was the approximately half year from the death in prison of Pius VI in 1799 and the election of Pius VII in Venice in 1800.
Whilst conclaves and papal elections are generally completed in short order, there have been several periods when the papal chair has been vacant for months or even years.
The following is a table of "sede vacante" periods in excess of a year:
The term "sede vacante" can be applied to other Catholic dioceses outside of Rome.
In such cases, this means that the particular diocesan bishop has either died, resigned, transferred to a different diocese, or lost his office and a replacement has not yet been named.
If there is a coadjutor bishop for the diocese, then this period does not take place, as the coadjutor bishop (or coadjutor archbishop, in the case of an archdiocese) immediately succeeds to the episcopal see.
Within eight days after the episcopal see is known to be vacant, the college of consultors (or the cathedral chapter in some countries) is obliged to elect a diocesan administrator.
The administrator they choose must be a priest or bishop who is at least 35 years old.
If the college of consultors fails to elect a qualifying person within the time allotted, the choice of diocesan administrator passes to the metropolitan archbishop or, if the metropolitan see is vacant, to the senior-most by appointment of the suffragan bishops.
Before the election of the diocesan administrator of a vacant see, the governance of the see is entrusted, with the powers of a vicar general, to the auxiliary bishop, if there is one, or to the senior among them, if there are several, otherwise to the college of consultors as a whole.
The diocesan administrator has greater powers, essentially those of a bishop except for matters excepted by the nature of the matter or expressly by law.
Canon law subjects his activity to various legal restrictions and to special supervision by the college of consultors (as for example canons 272 and 485).
Vicars general and episcopal vicars lose their powers "sede vacante" if they are not bishops; the vicars that are themselves bishops retain the powers they had before the see fell vacant, which they are to exercise under the authority of the administrator.
The term has been adopted in Sedevacantism, an extreme strand of the Catholic traditionalist movement.
Sedevacantists believe that all popes since the Second Vatican Council have been heretics, and that therefore the see of Rome is vacant.
Bantham Cross
Bantham Cross is a tiny hamlet near Churchstow, in Devon, England.
There are a few buildings in it, and a roundabout.
The buildings are sparse and are part of Elston, Offields, Osborne Newton and Nuckwell farms.
Human behavior
Human behavior is the response of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli.
It refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race.
While specific traits of one's personality and temperament may be more consistent, other behaviors will change as one moves from birth through adulthood.
In addition to being dictated by age and genetics, behavior, driven in part by thoughts and feelings, is an insight into individual psyche, revealing among other things attitudes and values.
Social behavior, a subset of human behavior, study the considerable influence of social interaction and culture.
Additional influences include ethics, social environment, authority, persuasion and coercion.
The behavior of humans (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some beyond acceptable limits.
In sociology, behavior in general includes actions having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and thus all basic human actions.
Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is a more advanced social action, specifically directed at other people.
The acceptability of behavior depends heavily upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control.
Human behavior is studied by the social sciences, which include psychology, sociology, economics, and anthropology.
Behavior changes throughout an individual’s life, as they move through different stages of life.
For example, adolescence, parenthood and retirement.
Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits.
For example, extraverted people are more likely to introverted people to participate in social activities like parties.
Personality traits vary from person to person and can produce different actions or behavior from each person.
Social norms also impact behavior.
Due to the inherently conformist nature of human society in general, humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors in society, which conditions the way people behave.
Different behaviors are deemed to be either acceptable or unacceptable in different societies and cultures.
Long before Charles Darwin published his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1858, animal breeders knew that patterns of behavior are somehow influenced by inheritance from parents.
Studies of identical twins as compared to less closely related human beings, and of children brought up in adoptive homes, have helped scientists understand the influence of genetics on human behavior.
The study of human behavioral genetics is still developing steadily with new methods such as genome-wide association studies.
Evolutionary psychology studies human behavior as the product of natural selection.
Human psychology and behavior is shaped by our evolutionary past.
According to evolutionary psychology, humans try to increase their social status as much as possible.
This increases their chances of reproductive success.
They may do this by fighting, amassing wealth or helping others with their problems.
Social norms, the often-unspoken rules of a group, shape not just our behaviors but also our attitudes.
An individual’s behavior varies depending on the group(s) they are a part of, a characteristic of society that allows their norms to heavily impact society.
Without social norms, human society would not function as it currently does; humans would have to be more abstract in their behavior, as there would not be a pre-tested 'normal' standardized lifestyle, and individuals would have to make many more choices for themselves.
The institutionalization of norms is, however, inherent in human society perhaps as a direct result of the desire to be accepted by others, which leads humans to manipulate their own behavior in order to 'fit in' with others.
Depending on their nature and upon one's perspective, norms can impact different sections of society both positively (e.g.
attending birthday celebrations, dressing warm in the winter) and negatively (e.g.
racism, drug use).
Creativity is a fundamental human trait.
It can be seen in tribes' adaptation of natural objects to make tools, and in the uniquely human pursuits of art and music.
The creative impulse explains the constant change in fashion, technology and food in modern society.
People use creative endeavors like art and literature to distinguish themselves within their social group.
They also use their creativity to make money and persuade others of the value of their ideas.
Another important aspect of human behavior is religion and spirituality.
According to a Pew Research Center report, 54% of adults around the world state that religion is very important in their lives.
Religion plays a large role in the lives of many people around the world, and it affects their behavior towards others.. For example, one of the five pillars of Islam is Zakat.
This is the practice whereby Muslims who can afford to are required to donate 2.5% of their wealth to those in need.
Many religious people regularly attend services with other members of their religion.
They may take part in religious rituals, and festivals like Diwali and Easter.
An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event; it alters between each individual.
Everyone has a different attitude towards different things.
A main factor that determines attitude is likes and dislikes.
The more one likes something or someone the more one is willing to open up and accept what they have to offer.
When one doesn't like something, one is more likely to get defensive and shut down.
An example of how one's attitude affects one's human behavior could be as simple as taking a child to the park or to the doctor.
Children know they have fun at the park so their attitude becomes willing and positive, but when a doctor is mentioned, they shut down and become upset with the thought of pain.
Attitudes can sculpt personalities and the way people view who we are.
People with similar attitudes tend to stick together as interests and hobbies are common.
This does not mean that people with different attitudes do not interact, the fact is they do.
What it means is that specific attitudes can bring people together (e.g., religious groups).
Attitudes have a lot to do with the mind which highly relates to human behavior.
The way a human behaves depends a lot on how they look at the situation and what they expect to gain from it.
The weather and the climate have a significant influence on human behavior.
The average temperature of a country affects its traditions and people's everyday routines.
For example, Spain used to be a primarily agrarian country, with much of its labour force working in the fields.
Spaniards developed the tradition of the siesta, an after lunch nap, to cope with the intense midday heat.
The siesta persists despite the increased use of air conditioning, and the move from farming to office jobs.
However, it is less common today than in the past.
Norway is a northern country with cold average temperatures and short hours of daylight in winter.
This has shaped its lunchtime habits.
Norwegians have a fixed half an hour lunch break.

This symbolizes both the lack of a Pope and the governance of the Camerlengo over the temporalities of the Holy See.

As further indication, the Camerlengo ornaments his arms with this symbol during this period, which he subsequently removes once a pope is elected.

Previously during this period the arms of the Camerlengo appeared on commemorative Vatican lira coinage.

It now makes its appearance on Vatican euro coins, which are legal tender in all Eurozone states.

The interregnum is usually highlighted by the funeral Mass of the deceased pope, the general congregations of the College of Cardinals for determining the particulars of the election, and finally culminates in the papal conclave to elect a successor.

Once a new pope has been elected (and ordained bishop if necessary) the "sede vacante" period officially ends, even before the papal inauguration.

Cardinals present in Rome are required to wait at least fifteen days after the start of the vacancy before they hold the conclave to elect the new Pope.

After twenty days have elapsed, they must hold the conclave, even if some cardinals are missing.

The period from the death of the Pope to the start of the conclave was often shorter but, after Cardinal William Henry O'Connell had arrived just too late for two conclaves in a row, Pius XI extended the time limit.

With the next conclave in 1939, cardinals began to travel by air.

Days before his resignation in February 2013, Benedict XVI amended the rules to allow the cardinals to begin the conclave sooner, if all voting cardinals are present.

Historically, "sede vacante" periods have often been quite lengthy, lasting many months, or even years, due to lengthy deadlocked conclaves.

The most recent period of "sede vacante" of the Holy See began on 28 February 2013, after the resignation of Benedict XVI, and ended on 13 March 2013 with the election of Pope Francis, a period of 13 days.

The longest period without a Pope in the last 250 years was the approximately half year from the death in prison of Pius VI in 1799 and the election of Pius VII in Venice in 1800.

Whilst conclaves and papal elections are generally completed in short order, there have been several periods when the papal chair has been vacant for months or even years.

The following is a table of "sede vacante" periods in excess of a year:

The term "sede vacante" can be applied to other Catholic dioceses outside of Rome.

In such cases, this means that the particular diocesan bishop has either died, resigned, transferred to a different diocese, or lost his office and a replacement has not yet been named.

If there is a coadjutor bishop for the diocese, then this period does not take place, as the coadjutor bishop (or coadjutor archbishop, in the case of an archdiocese) immediately succeeds to the episcopal see.

Within eight days after the episcopal see is known to be vacant, the college of consultors (or the cathedral chapter in some countries) is obliged to elect a diocesan administrator.

The administrator they choose must be a priest or bishop who is at least 35 years old.

If the college of consultors fails to elect a qualifying person within the time allotted, the choice of diocesan administrator passes to the metropolitan archbishop or, if the metropolitan see is vacant, to the senior-most by appointment of the suffragan bishops.

Before the election of the diocesan administrator of a vacant see, the governance of the see is entrusted, with the powers of a vicar general, to the auxiliary bishop, if there is one, or to the senior among them, if there are several, otherwise to the college of consultors as a whole.

The diocesan administrator has greater powers, essentially those of a bishop except for matters excepted by the nature of the matter or expressly by law.

Canon law subjects his activity to various legal restrictions and to special supervision by the college of consultors (as for example canons 272 and 485).

Vicars general and episcopal vicars lose their powers "sede vacante" if they are not bishops; the vicars that are themselves bishops retain the powers they had before the see fell vacant, which they are to exercise under the authority of the administrator.

The term has been adopted in Sedevacantism, an extreme strand of the Catholic traditionalist movement.

Sedevacantists believe that all popes since the Second Vatican Council have been heretics, and that therefore the see of Rome is vacant.

Bantham Cross

Bantham Cross is a tiny hamlet near Churchstow, in Devon, England.

There are a few buildings in it, and a roundabout.

The buildings are sparse and are part of Elston, Offields, Osborne Newton and Nuckwell farms.

Human behavior

Human behavior is the response of individuals or groups of humans to internal and external stimuli.

It refers to the array of every physical action and observable emotion associated with individuals, as well as the human race.

While specific traits of one's personality and temperament may be more consistent, other behaviors will change as one moves from birth through adulthood.

In addition to being dictated by age and genetics, behavior, driven in part by thoughts and feelings, is an insight into individual psyche, revealing among other things attitudes and values.

Social behavior, a subset of human behavior, study the considerable influence of social interaction and culture.

Additional influences include ethics, social environment, authority, persuasion and coercion.

The behavior of humans (and other organisms or even mechanisms) falls within a range with some behavior being common, some unusual, some acceptable, and some beyond acceptable limits.

In sociology, behavior in general includes actions having no meaning, being not directed at other people, and thus all basic human actions.

Behavior in this general sense should not be mistaken with social behavior, which is a more advanced social action, specifically directed at other people.

The acceptability of behavior depends heavily upon social norms and is regulated by various means of social control.

Human behavior is studied by the social sciences, which include psychology, sociology, economics, and anthropology.

Behavior changes throughout an individual’s life, as they move through different stages of life.

For example, adolescence, parenthood and retirement.

Human behavior is shaped by psychological traits.

For example, extraverted people are more likely to introverted people to participate in social activities like parties.

Personality traits vary from person to person and can produce different actions or behavior from each person.

Social norms also impact behavior.

Due to the inherently conformist nature of human society in general, humans are pressured into following certain rules and displaying certain behaviors in society, which conditions the way people behave.

Different behaviors are deemed to be either acceptable or unacceptable in different societies and cultures.

Long before Charles Darwin published his book "On the Origin of Species" in 1858, animal breeders knew that patterns of behavior are somehow influenced by inheritance from parents.

Studies of identical twins as compared to less closely related human beings, and of children brought up in adoptive homes, have helped scientists understand the influence of genetics on human behavior.

The study of human behavioral genetics is still developing steadily with new methods such as genome-wide association studies.

Evolutionary psychology studies human behavior as the product of natural selection.

Human psychology and behavior is shaped by our evolutionary past.

According to evolutionary psychology, humans try to increase their social status as much as possible.

This increases their chances of reproductive success.

They may do this by fighting, amassing wealth or helping others with their problems.

Social norms, the often-unspoken rules of a group, shape not just our behaviors but also our attitudes.

An individual’s behavior varies depending on the group(s) they are a part of, a characteristic of society that allows their norms to heavily impact society.

Without social norms, human society would not function as it currently does; humans would have to be more abstract in their behavior, as there would not be a pre-tested 'normal' standardized lifestyle, and individuals would have to make many more choices for themselves.

The institutionalization of norms is, however, inherent in human society perhaps as a direct result of the desire to be accepted by others, which leads humans to manipulate their own behavior in order to 'fit in' with others.

Depending on their nature and upon one's perspective, norms can impact different sections of society both positively (e.g.

attending birthday celebrations, dressing warm in the winter) and negatively (e.g.

racism, drug use).

Creativity is a fundamental human trait.

It can be seen in tribes' adaptation of natural objects to make tools, and in the uniquely human pursuits of art and music.

The creative impulse explains the constant change in fashion, technology and food in modern society.

People use creative endeavors like art and literature to distinguish themselves within their social group.

They also use their creativity to make money and persuade others of the value of their ideas.

Another important aspect of human behavior is religion and spirituality.

According to a Pew Research Center report, 54% of adults around the world state that religion is very important in their lives.

Religion plays a large role in the lives of many people around the world, and it affects their behavior towards others.. For example, one of the five pillars of Islam is Zakat.

This is the practice whereby Muslims who can afford to are required to donate 2.5% of their wealth to those in need.

Many religious people regularly attend services with other members of their religion.

They may take part in religious rituals, and festivals like Diwali and Easter.

An attitude is an expression of favor or disfavor toward a person, place, thing, or event; it alters between each individual.

Everyone has a different attitude towards different things.

A main factor that determines attitude is likes and dislikes.

The more one likes something or someone the more one is willing to open up and accept what they have to offer.

When one doesn't like something, one is more likely to get defensive and shut down.

An example of how one's attitude affects one's human behavior could be as simple as taking a child to the park or to the doctor.

Children know they have fun at the park so their attitude becomes willing and positive, but when a doctor is mentioned, they shut down and become upset with the thought of pain.

Attitudes can sculpt personalities and the way people view who we are.

People with similar attitudes tend to stick together as interests and hobbies are common.

This does not mean that people with different attitudes do not interact, the fact is they do.

What it means is that specific attitudes can bring people together (e.g., religious groups).

Attitudes have a lot to do with the mind which highly relates to human behavior.

The way a human behaves depends a lot on how they look at the situation and what they expect to gain from it.

The weather and the climate have a significant influence on human behavior.

The average temperature of a country affects its traditions and people's everyday routines.

For example, Spain used to be a primarily agrarian country, with much of its labour force working in the fields.

Spaniards developed the tradition of the siesta, an after lunch nap, to cope with the intense midday heat.

The siesta persists despite the increased use of air conditioning, and the move from farming to office jobs.

However, it is less common today than in the past.

Norway is a northern country with cold average temperatures and short hours of daylight in winter.

This has shaped its lunchtime habits.

Norwegians have a fixed half an hour lunch break.