KenanZeynalov/petrol_data · Datasets at Hugging Face

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the three groups of reﬁneries described here, the major difference
in the energy intensity is the amount of purchased natural gas for
utilities and hydrogen production, while the sum of feed reﬁnery
inputs are generally constant. Thus, in principle, GHG intensive
reﬁneries have the capacity to reduce life-cycle GHG emissions if
process fuels can be derived from renewable sources (e.g., renew-
able natural gas from anaerobic digestion of organic waste) instead
of fossil-fuel based natural gas, even though supplying a noticeable
amount of renewable process fuels to reﬁneries is challenging and
may affect the economics of reﬁneries adversely.
Systematic disaggregation of GHG emissions by each fuel-cycle
stage revealed the impacts of technical variations in reﬁneries in
the reﬁning life-cycle stage. Reﬁneries with higher resource efﬁ-
ciency tend to process heavier crude and yield more of the gasoline
and distillate, but are generally less energy-efﬁcient and produce
more GHG emissions compared to reﬁneries with higher HP yield,
i.e., less resource-efﬁcient.
Although the results of this study are limited to assessment of
the investigated group of reﬁneries, this work has shown that by
grouping reﬁneries into different groups it is possible to simplify
the understanding of reﬁnery energy and GHG intensities. These
results highlight the GHG emissions cost a reﬁner pays to process
deep into the barrel to produce more of the desired fuels (gasoline
and distillate). Within the context of possible future policy scenar-
ios, these results would likely be very different if reﬁners opti-
mized for GHG emissions in addition to proﬁt. Despite this, it is
clear that even if a reﬁner produced more HP for export at the
expense of gasoline and distillate, these HP (with higher carbon
Fig. 6. Life-cycle GHG emissions of gasoline, diesel, and residual fuel oil, as well as overall petroleum products for each group of reﬁneries.
J. Han et al. / Fuel 157 (2015) 292–298
297
content) will ultimately be consumed in the wider economy, pro-
ducing additional GHG emissions. Further work can complement
this study to better understand the environmental implications
of crude sourcing and reﬁnery yields in various markets.
Acknowledgment
We gratefully acknowledge the support of Sasol Synfuels
International and Jacobs Consultancy by providing data and giving
permission to publish this manuscript. This research effort by
Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the Bioenergy
Technology Ofﬁce and the Vehicle Technology Ofﬁce of the US
Department
of
Energy’s
Ofﬁce
of
Energy
Efﬁciency
and
Renewable Energy under Contract Number DE-AC02-06CH11357.
Appendix A. Supplementary material
Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in
the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.038.
References
[1] U.S.
EIA.
International
Energy
Statistics;
2014.
<http://www.
eia.gov/countries/data.cfm> [accessed 03.05.14].
[2] U.S.
EIA.
Annual
Energy
Review;
2014.
<http://www.eia.gov/emeu/
aer/contents.html> [accessed 01.06.11].
[3] EC. Eurostat Home. Eurostat Home; 2014. <http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.
eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home>.
[4] U.S. EPA. Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Regulatory Impact
Analysis. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2010.
[5] CARB. Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Program; 2009. <http://www.arb.ca.gov/
fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm> [accessed 21.02.14].
[6] EC. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the
Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources; 2009. <http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028>
[accessed
02.05.14].
[7] EC. Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the
speciﬁcation of petrol, diesel and gas–oil and introducing a mechanism to
monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; 2009. <http://eur-lex.europa.
eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0030> (accessed 02.05.14).
[8] Muller I. White Paper on EU Reﬁning: A contribution of the reﬁning industry to
the EU energy debate. Brussels, Belgium: Europia; 2010.
[9] Forman GS, Divita VB, Han J, Cai H, Elgowainy A, Wang M. U.S. Reﬁnery
Efﬁciency:
Impacts
Analysis
and
Implications
for
Fuel
Carbon
Policy
Implementation. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48: 7625–33. http://dx.doi.org/
10.1021/es501035a.
[10] Furuholt E. Life cycle assessment of gasoline and diesel. Resour Conserv Recycl

the three groups of reﬁneries described here, the major difference

in the energy intensity is the amount of purchased natural gas for

utilities and hydrogen production, while the sum of feed reﬁnery

inputs are generally constant. Thus, in principle, GHG intensive

reﬁneries have the capacity to reduce life-cycle GHG emissions if

process fuels can be derived from renewable sources (e.g., renew-

able natural gas from anaerobic digestion of organic waste) instead

of fossil-fuel based natural gas, even though supplying a noticeable

amount of renewable process fuels to reﬁneries is challenging and

may affect the economics of reﬁneries adversely.

Systematic disaggregation of GHG emissions by each fuel-cycle

stage revealed the impacts of technical variations in reﬁneries in

the reﬁning life-cycle stage. Reﬁneries with higher resource efﬁ-

ciency tend to process heavier crude and yield more of the gasoline

and distillate, but are generally less energy-efﬁcient and produce

more GHG emissions compared to reﬁneries with higher HP yield,

i.e., less resource-efﬁcient.

Although the results of this study are limited to assessment of

the investigated group of reﬁneries, this work has shown that by

grouping reﬁneries into different groups it is possible to simplify

the understanding of reﬁnery energy and GHG intensities. These

results highlight the GHG emissions cost a reﬁner pays to process

deep into the barrel to produce more of the desired fuels (gasoline

and distillate). Within the context of possible future policy scenar-

ios, these results would likely be very different if reﬁners opti-

mized for GHG emissions in addition to proﬁt. Despite this, it is

clear that even if a reﬁner produced more HP for export at the

expense of gasoline and distillate, these HP (with higher carbon

Fig. 6. Life-cycle GHG emissions of gasoline, diesel, and residual fuel oil, as well as overall petroleum products for each group of reﬁneries.

J. Han et al. / Fuel 157 (2015) 292–298

297

content) will ultimately be consumed in the wider economy, pro-

ducing additional GHG emissions. Further work can complement

this study to better understand the environmental implications

of crude sourcing and reﬁnery yields in various markets.

Acknowledgment

We gratefully acknowledge the support of Sasol Synfuels

International and Jacobs Consultancy by providing data and giving

permission to publish this manuscript. This research effort by

Argonne National Laboratory was supported by the Bioenergy

Technology Ofﬁce and the Vehicle Technology Ofﬁce of the US

Department

of

Energy’s

Ofﬁce

of

Energy

Efﬁciency

and

Renewable Energy under Contract Number DE-AC02-06CH11357.

Appendix A. Supplementary material

Supplementary data associated with this article can be found, in

the online version, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.038.

References

[1] U.S.

EIA.

International

Energy

Statistics;

2014.

<http://www.

eia.gov/countries/data.cfm> [accessed 03.05.14].

[2] U.S.

EIA.

Annual

Energy

Review;

2014.

<http://www.eia.gov/emeu/

aer/contents.html> [accessed 01.06.11].

[3] EC. Eurostat Home. Eurostat Home; 2014. <http://epp.eurostat.ec.europa.

eu/portal/page/portal/eurostat/home>.

[4] U.S. EPA. Renewable Fuel Standard Program (RFS2) Regulatory Impact

Analysis. Washington DC: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; 2010.

[5] CARB. Low-Carbon Fuel Standard Program; 2009. <http://www.arb.ca.gov/

fuels/lcfs/lcfs.htm> [accessed 21.02.14].

[6] EC. Directive 2009/28/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the

Promotion of the Use of Energy from Renewable Sources; 2009. <http://eur-

lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/ALL/?uri=CELEX:32009L0028>

[accessed

02.05.14].

[7] EC. Directive 2009/30/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council, on the

speciﬁcation of petrol, diesel and gas–oil and introducing a mechanism to

monitor and reduce greenhouse gas emissions; 2009. <http://eur-lex.europa.

eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32009L0030> (accessed 02.05.14).

[8] Muller I. White Paper on EU Reﬁning: A contribution of the reﬁning industry to

the EU energy debate. Brussels, Belgium: Europia; 2010.

[9] Forman GS, Divita VB, Han J, Cai H, Elgowainy A, Wang M. U.S. Reﬁnery

Efﬁciency:

Impacts

Analysis

and

Implications

for

Fuel

Carbon

Policy

Implementation. Environ Sci Technol 2014; 48: 7625–33. http://dx.doi.org/

10.1021/es501035a.

[10] Furuholt E. Life cycle assessment of gasoline and diesel. Resour Conserv Recycl