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Solar Cell - Fill Factor (with maximum power point) Solar cell efficiency is the ratio of the electrical output of a solar cell to the incident energy in the form of sunlight. The energy conversion efficiency (η) of a solar cell is the percentage of the solar energy to which the cell is exposed that is converted into electrical energy. By convention, solar cell efficiencies are measured under standard test conditions (STC) unless stated otherwise. STC specifies a temperature of 25 °C and an irradiance (G) of 1000 W/m2 with an air mass 1.5 (AM1.5) spectrum. These conditions correspond to a clear day with sunlight incident upon a sun-facing 37°-tilted surface with the sun at an angle of 41.81° above the horizon. This represents solar noon near the spring and autumn equinoxes in the continental United States with surface of the cell aimed directly at the sun. Under these test conditions a solar cell of 20% efficiency with a 100 cm2 ( (10 cm)2 ) surface area would produce 2.0 W. The efficiency of the solar cells used in a photovoltaic system, in combination with latitude and climate, determines the annual energy output of the system. For example, a solar panel with 20% efficiency and an area of 1 m² will produce 200 W at STC, but it can produce more when the sun is high in the sky and will produce less in cloudy conditions and when the sun is low in the sky. In central Colorado, which receives annual insolation of 2200 kWh/m², such a panel can be expected to produce 440 kWh of energy per year. However, in Michigan, which receives only 1400 kWh/m²/yr, annual energy yield will drop to 280 kWh for the same panel. At more northerly European latitudes, yields are significantly lower: 175 kWh annual energy yield in southern England. Several factors affect a cell’s conversion efficiency value, including its reflectance efficiency, thermodynamic efficiency, charge carrier separation efficiency, and conduction efficiency values. Because these parameters can be difficult to measure directly, other parameters are measured instead, including quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor. Reflectance losses are accounted for by the quantum efficiency value, as they affect “external quantum efficiency.” Recombination losses are accounted for by the quantum efficiency, VOC ratio, and fill factor values. Resistive losses are predominantly accounted for by the fill factor value, but also contribute to the quantum efficiency and VOC ratio values. As of September 2013, the highest efficiencies have been achieved by using multiple junction cells at high solar concentrations (44.7% by the Fraunhofer ISE, Soitec, CEA-Leti and the Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin). Another defining term in the overall behavior of a solar cell is the fill factor (FF).The fill factor is directly affected by the values of the cell’s series and shunt resistances. Increasing the shunt resistance (Rsh) and decreasing the series resistance (Rs) lead to a higher fill factor, thus resulting in greater efficiency, and bringing the cell’s output power closer to its theoretical maximum. The fill factor formula is shown here.Related formulas |FF||fill factor (dimensionless)| |Pm||cell's power output (in watts) at its maximum power point (watt)| |VOC||open circuit voltage (V)| |ISC||short circuit current (A)|

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Earthworms can reproduce in Mars soil simulant Two young worms are the first offspring in a Mars soil experiment at Wageningen University & Research. Biologist Wieger Wamelink found them in a Mars soil simulant that he obtained from NASA. At the start he only added adult worms. The experiments are crucial in the study that aims to determine whether people can keep themselves alive at the red planet by growing their own crops on Mars soils. To feed future humans on Mars a sustainable closed agricultural ecosystem is a necessity. Worms will play a crucial role in this system as they break down and recycle dead organic matter. The poop and pee of the (human) Martian will also have to be used to fertilise the soil, but for practical and safety reasons we are presently using pig slurry. We have since been observing the growth of rucola (rocket) in Mars soil simulant provided by NASA to which worms and slurry have been added. "Clearly, the manure stimulated growth, especially in the Mars soil simulant, and we saw that the worms were active. However, the best surprise came at the end of the experiment when we found two young worms in the Mars soil simulant," said Wieger Wamelink of Wageningen University & Research. "The positive effect of adding manure was not unexpected," added Wamelink, 'but we were surprised that it makes Mars soil simulant outperform Earth silver sand." We added organic matter from earlier experiments to both sands. We added the manure to a sample of the pots and then, after germination of the rucola, we added the worms. We therefore ended up with pots with all possible combinations with the exception of organic matter which was added to all of the pots. Worms are very important for a healthy soil, not only on Earth but also in future indoor gardens on Mars or the moon. They thrive on dead organic matter such as old plant remains, which they eat, chew and mix with soil before they excrete it. This poo still contains organic matter that is broken down further by bacteria, thus releasing nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium for use by the plants. By digging burrows the worms also aerate and improve the structure of the soil, making watering the plants more effective. The latter proved to be very important in earlier experiments where water would not easily penetrate the soil. Wamelink confirmed that: 'the application of worms will solve this problem." To feed the future humans living on Mars or the moon the project Food for Mars and Moon aims to set up a sustainable agricultural system. It is based on the presence of soils and water (in the form of ice) on both Mars and the moon, and for the Earth-based research we are using soil simulants delivered by NASA. The simulants originate from a volcano in Hawaii (Mars) and a desert in Arizona (moon). The experiments started in 2013. Nowadays we are able to grow over a dozen crops, the only species that has resisted our efforts so far is spinach. However crops such as green beans, peas, radish, tomato, potato, rucola, carrot and garden cress all seem possible. The crops were analysed for heavy metals and also alkaloids to check their safety for human consumption. After passing these tests we organized a dinner based on the harvested crops for the people that supported our research via the crowdfunding campaign.

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Baptists in America: A History. By Thomas Kidd and Barry Hankins. Oxford University Press; 352 pages; $29.95. IN 1995, a century and a half after it was founded by supporters of slavery, the Southern Baptist Convention apologised to African-Americans. “We genuinely repent of racism of which we have been guilty,” wrote the group, which had by then become America’s largest Protestant denomination. It was a landmark moment, reflective of a complex and chequered history. American Baptists’ roots lie in the noble struggle for religious liberty. In colonial times they were a tormented minority, their preachers sometimes clapped into prison. Baptists held that only declared believers should be baptised, which offended other Protestants, who thought that infants should get a dipping. Some also complained that the Baptist rituals were too ostentatious. One 18th-century Anglican clergyman wrote that the Baptists gave the rite to “lascivious persons of both sexes” who wore “very thin linen drawers…which when wet, so closely adheres to the limbs, as exposes the nudities equally as if none at all.” As independence came, Baptists joined Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in an ultimately successful push for the separation of church and state. (Many colonies had had official churches, to which tax dollars flowed.) It was a vital and enduring victory for America. But as the Baptist movement spread, racism became virtually inextricable from the church’s existence, particularly in the South. The Southern Baptists broke from their northern brethren in 1845, as war between the states loomed. English Baptists urged their American counterparts to ditch slavery, but to no avail. After the war, white Southern Baptists enthusiastically endorsed segregation, and some Ku Klux Klan leaders came from their ranks. At the same time, black Baptists’ numbers ballooned—Martin Luther King grew up a member of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta, Georgia. “Baptists in America” is an illuminating book, if at times dense. The authors, Thomas Kidd and Barry Hankins, both history professors at Baylor University, a Baptist institution in Texas, wrestle capably with the oddly difficult question of what defines Baptists. Yet they sometimes skip too quickly over fascinating details. Why were white preachers often installed at black Baptist churches before the civil war? Why did urban black Baptist churches initially resist gospel music, with its rural overtones? How did black Baptists’ missionary efforts fare in Africa? The authors also miss chances to compare Baptists’ stances with those of their counterparts in other denominations on issues such as the biblical justification for holding slaves. What is clear is that Southern Baptists, for all their heritage of separation of church and state, have built themselves into a powerful juggernaut. They underpin opposition to abortion and gay marriage, a throwback, Mr Kidd and Mr Hankins argue, to their roots as outsiders resisting the mainstream. But white Southern Baptists will forever labour in the shadow of having been badly wrong on civil rights. As recently as this year, Southern Baptist leaders were publicly calling for the integration of churches. Plenty of work clearly remains to be done. This article appeared in the Books and arts section of the print edition under the headline "Dipped in controversy"

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We can all remember the fairy tales we were read as children - the colourful characters, the compelling plot-lines and the overarching message that the story was trying to tell. Snow White and the Seven Dwarves taught us not to give in to vanity, Pinocchio taught us to tell the truth, and Cinderella taught us to behave well in the face of adversity to eventually receive our reward. Fairy tales, have been used for hundreds of years as learning tools. Now, in the world of online learning, we can still use the fairy tale formula in the creation of training courses. Stories work as learning tools because people connect with the characters on a human level and the familiar structure of a story helps them remember the message that is being conveyed. The question is, how do we get from informative subject fact sheets or slides, to an engaging story with memorable characters? And how do we ensure that we don't lose the teaching focus along the way? We have come up with 5 tips to help get you started on your story-telling journey. At school, the teacher always tells pupils that an essay needs a 'beginning,' a 'middle' and an 'end.' This is exactly what is required when setting out to write an educational story. You need to start by identifying the problem and use your characters to establish how to solve the problem. Next you need the middle - the actions that your characters will take to solve the problem. Finally, you need the solution - have your characters achieved what they set out to do? What have they learnt in the process of getting there? The most important thing to remember when introducing characters to the story is that every character must serve a purpose. The reason you are creating this story is to use as a teaching method, there's no point in getting side-tracked developing characters that offer nothing to the overall message. Keep it simple. If you have your beginning, middle and end firmly in mind, this should be easy. Don't go off on tangential story threads that over-complicate the message. Your story will have much more impact if the story is simple, linear and easy to understand. 4) The Tools Find a good balance of text, interactions and imagery. People are used to reading stories, so you may be able to get away with more text when writing a story format eLearning course than you would otherwise. Equally 'a picture tells a thousand words' so making sure you use good imagery will help you convey your message. And it is a story, so you can have fun with it - using interactions such as drag and drop, slide and reveal and flipping panels (as in SkillGate WhizzAuthor), can help you make your story more interactive and memorable. 5) Use real life scenarios It's much easier to write what you know than to make it up. Draw from your real life experiences to build your characters and situations. You will be able to write much more convincingly if you really understand what you are writing about.

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Results are in: Children placed in one of the city’s free pre-K classrooms are likely to show skills linked to positive outcomes long-term. That’s according to two national assessment tools, results from which Mayor Bill de Blasio’s administration announced Friday. Children in the vast majority of these programs are more likely to demonstrate reading, math, and social skills, such as using expanded vocabulary, understanding shapes, and showing independence. Roughly 95 percent of city programs that were evaluated met or exceeded the threshold that predicts positive student outcomes under the Early Childhood Environmental Rating Scale—Revised. It represents a 7 percentage point increase since 2016-17. This rating scale looks at how classrooms are set up to provide instruction. It also evaluates whether a space is clean and well-maintained with child-size furniture. Also factored in: whether meals and snacks are well-balanced, and whether children’s work is displayed throughout the room. Additionally, 99.8% of pre-K sites met at least one of three thresholds for positive student outcomes under the Classroom Assessment Scoring System during the 2018-19 school year. That’s up nearly 1 percentage point since 2016-17. This tool looks at the quality of interactions between teachers and students and how well kids are emotionally supported. It zooms in on whether teachers are sensitive and responsive to students’ perspectives and work to create a positive classroom environment. “The city’s steady progress on key indicators of pre-K instructional quality is very encouraging,” Bank Street College President Shael Polakow-Suransky, said in a statement, “and is the result of the deep work on the part of teachers, coaches, principals, center directors and the Division of early childhood to build strong professional learning communities.” Most children in the city’s free pre-K program — serving some 70,000 children who turn 4 during the calendar year — attend schools run by community organizations. Teachers in these programs have historically been paid far less than their counterparts in classrooms run by the education department. Those providers have recently warned that the quality of programs would sag if the city didn’t close the wage gap, which could exceed $15,000 for starting teachers. Mayor Bill de Blasio and City Council members recently struck massive deals to narrow those disparities. The results released Friday reflected well on the pre-K initiative, the education achievement de Blasio touts most often. “The first and most important thing is kudos to the Department of Education for collecting this data because many programs don’t, and it’s the only way for improvement to occur,” said Ellen Frede, co-director at the National Institute for Early Education Research at Rutgers University. She added, “Could it be better? Yes. That’s the whole idea. We don’t collect the data to just feel good about the program. We do it to improve the program.” But she said the results aren’t the only metric parents should consider. It’s even more important for them to visit pres-K classrooms, observe the interactions between teachers and students, and see the social-emotional learning is going on there, according to Frede. “I’m a firm believer in spending some time in the program, and asking, ‘Would I be happy if I were spending six hours a day here?’ ‘Would I have opportunities to play with my friends?’ ‘Would I be safe?’” she said. The city said it has already seen tangible results from the program, based on third-grade state test scores last year from the first group who entered the city’s expanded pre-K program when it launched in 2014. Third-grade students who attended the city’s free pre-K programs outperformed students who did not. In addition, the gaps in test scores between white and black students and between white and Hispanic students were narrower for students in universal pre-K programs compared to those who were not in such programs. “We know that when students get in the classroom at a younger age, they are set up for academic success in later years, and this is evidence that in New York City, Pre-K for All is a strong foundation for our students,” Schools Chancellor Richard Carranza said in a statement. The city’s free public pre-K programs save New York City families an average of $10,000 per year on childcare costs, city officials say. The city also runs a free pre-K program for 3-year-olds, which will be in 16 of its 32 school districts this September. It is expected to serve an estimated 26,000 children. Applications for 3-K remain open until Apr. 24.

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What Is Stewardship? We are to give ourselves to God as living sacrifices. This means we are to give our time, our energy, and our very selves to Him as acts of worship and gratitude. But we must always be aware that God has given us these and all things. Biblical giving, therefore, is done in the context of stewardship, our management of the good things the Father showers upon us. We are to give ourselves to God as living sacrifices The concept of stewardship begins with creation. Creation is celebrated not only in Genesis but throughout Scripture, especially in the Psalms, where God’s ownership of the universe is declared: “The earth is the Lord’s, and all its fullness, the world and those who dwell therein” (Ps. 24:1). God is the author of all things, the Creator of all things, and the owner of all things. Whatever God makes, He owns. What we own, we own as stewards who have been given gifts from God Himself. God has the ultimate ownership of all of our “possessions.” He has loaned these things to us and expects us to manage them in a way that will honor and glorify Him. The word that is translated “stewardship” in the Bible is the Greek word oikonomia, from which we get our word economy. It is two distinct words joined together to create a new word: oikos, which comes from the Greek word for house, and nomos, the Greek word for law. The word that is translated “stewardship” literally means “house law” or “house rule.” In the ancient culture, the steward was not the owner of the house. Rather, he was hired by the owner to manage his house affairs. The steward managed the property and was responsible to allocate the resources of the home. It was his job to make sure that the cupboards were filled with food, the money was taken care of, the grounds were tended, and the house was kept in good repair. Humankind’s stewardship began in the Garden of Eden, where God gave Adam and Eve full dominion over the entire creation. Adam and Eve were not given ownership of the world; rather, they were given the responsibility of managing it. They were to insure that the garden was tilled and cultivated, and not abused or exploited, and that the goods God provided were neither spoiled nor wasted. So what we are talking about, fundamentally, when we discuss biblical stewardship is responsibility for managing or allocating resources that do not belong to us. They belong, ultimately, to God. This excerpt is from R.C. Sproul’s Five Things Every Christian Needs to Grow.

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On the heath the witches appear. They call themselves the "weird sisters" (1.3.30) and brag of their dread and magical deeds such as killing swine and cursing a sailor to waste away. The witches are established as both wicked and magically powerful. Macbeth and Banquo enter. The witches hail Macbeth as Thane of Glamis, Thane of Cawdor, and "king hereafter" (1.3.47). Banquo asks Macbeth why he seems to fear this good news, then questions the witches about his own future. They say that Banquo is "lesser than Macbeth and greater" (1.3.63) because though he'll never be king, his descendants will. Does the fear Banquo notes in Macbeth signal that Macbeth's doomed struggle against his ambition starts the instant he hears the prophecy? Macbeth asks how the witches know this information. But the witches vanish, making the two men wonder if they could have imagined the whole thing. Just then, Ross and Angus enter. They tell Macbeth that the old Thane of Cawdor was a traitor and that Duncan has made Macbeth the new Thane of Cawdor. The prophecy is fulfilled and the witches' power is proved to be genuine. The traitorous old Thane of Cawdor is replaced by Macbeth. Macbeth and Banquo are shocked. Macbeth asks Banquo if he now thinks that his children will be king. Banquo seems unsure, and comments that "instruments of darkness" sometimes tell half truths to bring men to ruin. As Banquo talks with Ross and Angus, Macbeth ponders the prophecy. If it's evil, why would it truly predict his being made Thane of Cawdor? If it's good, why would he already be contemplating murder, a thought that makes "my seated heart knock at my ribs" (1.3.134-136)? Macbeth feels that he's losing himself, and hopes that if fate says he'll become king, he won't have to act to make it happen. Macbeth is already thinking about killing Duncan, but the thought terrifies him: he's struggling against his ambition. His thoughts about fate are classic: does fate happen no matter what, or must one act? Ross and Angus think Macbeth's reverie is caused by becoming Thane of Cawdor. Macbeth and Banquo agree to speak about the witches' prophecy later. This exchange with Banquo is the last time Macbeth is honest in the play.

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Can the eclectic medieval history of the world's most conquered island be a lesson for our times? Home to Normans, Byzantines, Arabs, Germans and Jews, 12th-century Sicily was a crossroads of cultures and faiths, the epitome of diversity. Here Europe, Asia and Africa met, with magical results. Bilingualism was the norm, women's rights were defended, and the environment was protected. Literacy among Sicilians soared; it was higher during this ephemeral golden age than it was seven centuries later. But this book is about more than Sicily. It is a singular, enduring lesson in the way multicultural diversity can be encouraged, with the result being a prosperous society. While its focus is the civilizations that flourished during the island's multicultural medieval period from 1060 to 1260, most of Sicily's complex history to the end of the Middle Ages is outlined. Idrisi is mentioned, but so is Archimedes. Introductory background chapters begin in the Neolithic, continuing to the history of the contested island under Punics and Greeks. Every civilization that populated the island is covered, including Romans, Goths, Vandals, Byzantines, Arabs, Normans, Germans, Angevins, Aragonese and Jews, with profiles of important historical figures and sites. Religion, law, geography and cuisine are also considered. The authors' narrative is interesting but never pedantic, intended for the general reader rather than the expert in anthropology, theology, art or architecture. They are not obsessed with arcane terminology, and they don't advocate a specific agenda or world view. Here two erudite scholars take their case to the people. Yes, this book actually sets forth the entirety of ancient and medieval Sicilian history from the earliest times until around 1500, and it presents a few nuggets of the authors' groundbreaking research in medieval manuscripts. Unlike most authors who write in English about Sicily, perhaps visiting the island for brief research trips, these two are actually based in Sicily, where their work appears on a popular website. Sicily aficionados will be familiar with their writings, which have been read by some ten million during the last five years, far eclipsing the readership of any other historians who write about Sicily. Alio and Mendola are the undisputed, international "rock stars" of Sicilian historical writing, with their own devoted fan base. Every minute of the day somebody is reading their online articles. This is a great book for anybody who is meeting Sicily for the first time, the most significant 'general' history of the island published in fifty years and certainly one of the most eloquent. It has a detailed chronology, a useful reading list, and a brief guide suggesting places to visit. The book's structure facilitates its use as a ready reference. It would have run to around 600 pages, instead of 368 (on archival-quality, acid-free paper), were it not for the slightly smaller print of the appendices, where the chronology, the longest Sicilian timeline ever published, is 20 pages long. Unlike most histories of Sicily, the approach to this one is multifaceted and multidisciplinary. In what may be a milestone in Sicilian historiography, a section dedicated to population genetics explains how Sicily's historic diversity is reflected in its plethora of haplogroups. Here medieval Sicily is viewed as an example of a tolerant, multicultural society and perhaps even a model. It is an unusually inspiring message. One reader was moved to tears as she read the preface. Can a book change our view of cultures and perhaps even the way we look at history? This one just might. Meet the peoples! No data Found No data Found No data Found

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Veterinarians’ work can sometimes be emotionally stressful, as they deal with sick animals and the animals’ anxious owners. Some work nights and weekends, and long hours. They may have to respond to emergencies. Working on farms and ranches or with wildlife can also be physically demanding. Those who specialize in food animals or horses work outdoors in all kinds of weather and may have to perform surgery, often under unsanitary conditions. Veterinarians who conduct research work primarily in offices and laboratories and spend much of their time dealing with people, rather than animals. Most veterinarians work in private clinics and hospitals; others travel to farms, work in laboratories or classrooms, or work for the government. Veterinarians who treat horses or food animals must travel between their offices and farms and ranches. Employment of veterinarians is projected to grow 19 percent from 2016 to 2026, much faster than the average for all occupations. Increases in consumers’ pet-related spending are expected to drive employment in the veterinary services industry, which employs most veterinarians. Veterinary medicine has advanced considerably. Today’s veterinarians are able to offer many services that are comparable to healthcare for humans, including more complicated procedures such as cancer treatments and kidney transplants. Veterinarians must complete a Doctor of Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.M.D.) degree at an accredited college of veterinary medicine. A veterinary medicine program generally takes 4 years to complete and includes classroom, laboratory, and clinical components. Although not required, most applicants to veterinary school have a bachelor’s degree. Veterinary medical colleges typically require applicants to have taken many science classes, including biology, chemistry, anatomy, physiology, zoology, microbiology, and animal science. Most programs also require math and humanities and social science courses. In veterinary medicine programs, students take courses on normal animal anatomy and physiology, as well as disease prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Most programs include 3 years of classroom, laboratory, and clinical work. Students typically spend the final year of the 4-year program doing clinical rotations in a veterinary medical center or hospital. In veterinary schools today, increasingly, courses include general business management and career development classes, to help new veterinarians learn how to effectively run a practice. There are currently no educational opportunities in Connecticut to become a veterinarian. Licensure is required in the state of Connecticut. Requirements: Doctor of veterinary medicine degree or its equivalent from a school of veterinary medicine, dentistry or surgery which, at the time of graduation, was accredited by the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA); Successful completion the North American Veterinary Licensing Examination (NAVLE) or the National Board Examination (NBE) and Clinical Competency Test (CCT) in Veterinary Medicine, with the criterion-referenced pass point developed by NAVLE or NEEC. American Veterinary Medical Association 1931 North Meacham Road Schaumburg, IL 60173-4360

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By Ajai Shukla Business Standard, 29th Jan 13 Business Standard, 29th Jan 13 Even in the visually spectacular field of missile testing, the sight of a submarine-launched missile breaking through the surface is a breathtaking one. On Sunday, Defence R&D Organisation (DRDO) scientists cheered excitedly as their indigenous, submarine-launched ballistic missile (SLBM) leapt out of the water, its rocket motor fired soon after clearing the surface, and it soared off in a while plume to accurately strike a target 700 kilometres away. To nobody’s surprise, the underwater launch went exactly according to plan. This missile, called in turn the K-15, the Shaurya, and now the B-05, had already been launched 10 times from under water and thrice from land. This exacting test schedule is designed for assurance, since this is a missile that cannot afford to fail. Until a better one is developed, this will be the backbone of India’s underwater nuclear deterrence. That means that it will arm the INS Arihant, India’s first and only nuclear-armed ballistic missile submarine, or SSBN. Tipped with nuclear warheads, the K-15 will be launched from the Arihant only after a nuclear attack on India. New Delhi’s “no-first-use” nuclear policy prohibits the pre-emptive use of nuclear weapons. That means that India’s land-based and air-based nuclear weaponry, such as the Agni-series of missiles, might already have been destroyed by a pre-emptive enemy nuclear attack. The Arihant, and the B-05 missiles that it carries, are far more difficult to tackle, since they lurk underwater in complete secrecy. The underwater leg of the nuclear triad (land-launched, air-launched and submarine-launched weapons) has always been regarded as the most survivable. It is the ultimate currency of a nuclear exchange. Going by what the DRDO said about its own test, the B-05 is well up to the task. “The Missile, developed by DRDO, was launched from a pontoon and was tested for the full range. It met all the mission objectives. The parameters of the vehicle were monitored by radar all through the trajectory and terminal events took place exactly as envisaged,” said an MoD release on Sunday. The B-05 (or K-15, or Shaurya) is no ordinary ballistic missile. Top DRDO scientists briefed Business Standard that it is not a ballistic missile at all. It could better be characterised as a hypersonic cruise missile, since it remains within the earth’s atmosphere. A ballistic missile suffers from inherent disadvantages, since it is a relatively crude device, akin to a stone that is lobbed upwards, propelled by a rocket. After the rocket burns out, gravity comes into play, pulling the missile warhead down towards the target. Buffeted by wind and re-entry forces, accuracy is a problem; and, since the ballistic missile’s path is entirely predictable, shooting it down is relatively easy. The Shaurya has overcome most of these issues. Its solid-fuel, two-stage rocket accelerates the missile to six times the speed of sound before it reaches an altitude of 40 kilometers (125,000 feet), after which it levels out and cruises towards the target, powered by its onboard fuel. In contrast to conventional ballistic missiles that cannot correct their course midway, the Shaurya is an intelligent missile. Onboard navigation computers kick in near the target, guiding the missile to the target and eliminating errors that inevitably creep in during its turbulent journey. “I would say the Shaurya is a hybrid propulsion missile”, says Dr VK Saraswat, the DRDO chief, talking to Business Standard in 2010. “Like a ballistic missile, it is powered by solid fuel. And, like a cruise missile, it can guide itself right up to the target.” Making the B-05 even more survivable is its ability to manoeuvre, following a twisting path to the target that makes it very difficult to shoot it down. In contrast, a ballistic missile is predictable; its trajectory gives away its target and its path to it. The problem with the B-05 (or K-15, or Shaurya) remains its relatively short range of just 750 kilometres. While it could reach major cities in most countries if it were launched from just off the coast, that would necessitate a perilous submarine journey to the vicinity of the coastline. Therefore, the DRDO is also developing a longer-range missile, dubbed the K-4, which will have a range of almost 4000 kilometers. An Indian SSBN that is armed with the K-4 missile would be able to strike most likely targets from a safe patrol location in the Bay of Bengal.

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They are also known as hydro-dynamic pumps. In these pumps the pressure produced, is proportional to the rotor speed. In other words, the fluid is displaced and transferred using the inertia of the fluid in motion. These pumps are incapable of withstanding high pressures and are generally used for low-pressure and high-volume flow applications. Normally their maximum pressure capacity is limited to 20-30 kgf/cm3. They are primarily used for transporting fluids from one location to the other and find little use in the hydraulic or fluid power industry. Because of fewer numbers of moving parts, non-positive displacement pumps cost less and operate with little maintenance. They make use of Newton’s first law of motion to move the fluid against the system resistance. Although these pumps provide a smooth and continuous flow, their flow output is reduced as the system resistance (resistance to flow) is increased. In fact it is possible to completely block the outlet to stop all flow even while the pump is running at the designed speed. Thus the pump flow rate depends not only on the rotational speed (rpm) at which it is driven but also on the resistance of the external system. As the resistance of the external system increases, some of the fluid will slip back, causing a reduction in the discharge flow rate. When the resistance of the external system becomes very large, the pump will produce no flow and thus its volumetric efficiency becomes zero. Examples of these pumps are the centrifugal and axial (propeller) pumps. In a centrifugal pump, a simple sketch of which is illustrated in Figure 3.2, rotational inertia is imparted to the fluid. Centrifugal pumps are not self-priming and must be positioned below the fluid level. Principle of operation The fluid from the inlet port enters at the center of the impeller. The rotating impeller imparts centrifugal force to the fluid and causes it to move radially outward. This results in the fluid being forced through the outlet discharge port of the housing. The tips of the impeller blades merely move through the fluid while the rotational speed maintains the fluid pressure corresponding to the centrifugal force established. Centrifugal pumps are generally used in pumping stations, for delivering water to homes and factories. The advantages of non-positive displacement pumps are: • Low initial cost and minimum maintenance • Simplicity of operation and high reliability • Capable of handling any type of fluid, for example sludge and slurries. Since the impeller imparts kinetic energy to the fluid, centrifugal pumps are also known as hydrokinetic power generators.

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We are being told daily that carbon dioxide, and in particular, carbon dioxide that is man-made, controls the Earths climate in a direct fashion. However, all of the predictions of rapid dramatic warming in proportion to rising carbon dioxide have not been fulfilled. What we are seeing instead is increasing doses of deepened global cooling in winter, and shortened summers. Simply watch yourself for the mechanism of increasing cloudiness, rain, and snow. It validates the predictions of global cooling being made by more and more climate experts. This global cooling will be obvious to all by the year 2021, despite continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide . In fact it is the cycles of the ocean currents, the motion of the planets and their effect on the sun, as well as the position of our solar system in our galaxy, the Milky Way, that are the largest, most consistent determinants of earths climate. Carbon dioxide does not lead global warming, but instead follows it by hundreds of years, and is such a tiny effect on Earth’s climate as to be insignificant. The repetitive short cycles that describe the earths climate change over hundreds of years have been modeled successfully by Theodore Landscheidt, Carl Smith, And Geoff Sharp. They describe the cycles in relation to the motion of the planets in our Solar system. However, the mechanism was described by other researchers and theorists. Cosmic rays make clouds on Earth, and the Sun protects us from cosmic rays when it is active as shown by sunspots. The longer cycles of warm periods and long deep Ice ages That correspond to the approximate 25,000 year Mayan calendar can be accounted for by the same indirect solar mechanism that works over hundreds of years. The great Iceages are Caused by the gross exposure we have to cosmic rays from the black hole at the center of our Milky Way Galaxy.. The limited capacity of our Sun to protect us from cloud-forming cosmic rays is overwhelmed as the solar system oscilates out of and through the protective plane of our Milky Way galaxy. Approximately 25,000 years in protection, and 75,000 years out in the open. The Mayans knew the cycles. The crime of the millennium is that we are being told to prepare for uncomfortable heat, when we are in fact entering a period of deadly cold for at least 50 years, possibly longer, then warming for a while before rolling into another 75,000 year Ice Age at the end of this 25,000 year warm period. The warm period ended with the most recent Mayan calendar.. This essay titled “How in the Universe…” is my original compilation of 10 years of study on earths climate change theories and factual data, with some intuition on how to link it all together in a coherent and consistent “Global” model. This model works going back in Time. Global Warming theory quickly breaks down when applied to the record of Earth’s past Clomate changes. How can it be useful for predicting the future, if it cannot predict the past? It just can’t, and all of its predictions have failed to appear.

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No project is ever without risks, but it’s the character and complexity from the project that will probably determine the outcome from the risks around the overall success from the project. But if the project is big or small, complex or simple, a highly effective risk management strategy will minimise the outcome if, so when, the potential risks occur. To be able to manage the potential risks it’s important to recognize and analyse both of them prior to the project starts and through the lifecycle from the project. The primary tasks involved with Risk Management are: Developing a Risk Management Plan that will help in identifying and analysing the potential risks, monitoring the potential risks and answering them. Creating and looking after a danger Log listing the potential risks as well as their severity. This can be a helpful document not just for monitoring the potential risks but in addition for communicating the potential risks to any or all the stakeholders. Analysing the prospect of each risk occurring and it is impact at task level as well as on the general project when it comes to deliverables and scheduling Creating a technique for answering risks that occur Including contingency funds and building time contingency in to the Project Schedule Risk Management isn’t just down to the work Manager but additionally from the stakeholders because they have an interest in the work being effectively completed. Therefore the stakeholders ought to be aware of all of the risks identified and also the plan that’s set up to handle and mitigate them. You will find common reasons for risk which are easily identifiable in lots of projects, for example: Skilled people from the project team leave throughout the project Business decisions and contracts not arrived at early enough Poorly managed customer expectations Too little clearness in the industry needs document Technology limitations for example performance or capacity issues Poor communication between customer and provider However the Risk Management Plan should also be flexible enough to cope with individuals risks that may not have access to been predicted and thus weren’t identified before they happened. It’s very frequently the process which is used to cope with these unpredicted risks that determines the best success of the project. For the risks which have been identified either before the project beginning or throughout the project the work manager would normally have determined an answer. These risks could possibly cause delays towards the schedule and stop the delivery of the task but they are relatively easily managed by a skilled project manager with higher management and communication skills. There are numerous ways to reply to a danger which has happened but the most typical ways are: Accept- the danger could be recognized, by which situation the work manager will need to persuade the client the schedule, budget or deliverables won’t be met. The client will need to accept such deviations when the project will be considered successful. Transfer- when the risk which has happened is really that the particular task, feature or function can’t be delivered then it may be used in the next project therefore deferring the need to handle it in our. This response will need handling via a formal change management process. Mitigate- it might be easy to offer an acceptable workaround which will minimise or get rid of the issue. It’s important to note that risks can from time to time possess a positive effect and may really result in enhancements or enhancements towards the project that was not considered in the start. The Danger Management Plan may also include prioritisation from the project risks and ranking them with regards to your budget, the work schedule and also the deliverables. The ranking will recognise that some project risks might be acceptable although some are unacceptable and will need a achievable solution. Risks should never be eliminated from the project but you’ll be able to decrease the impact of risks by gaining knowledge from the encounters of your own projects yet others. It’s very valuable to document the training learned from the project to enhance the entire process of risk management on future projects. Managing risks inside a project is essential to help keep the work on the right track which are crucial skills for any project manager. The opportunity to precisely identify and measure risks inside a project and the way to react to predicted and unknown risks could be learnt on professional project management software courses in recognised methodologies for example APMP, PRINCE2 and PMP.

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According to reports, it is estimated that some of the megalithic blocks of stones weigh around three to four thousand tons. As if the massive size of the stones isn’t mindboggling, during one of the expeditions to the site, compasses of the geologists behaved very strangely and for some unknown reason, their arrows were deviating from the megaliths. (source) Do you believe it’s possible that all of those ancient texts mentioning giants walking on Earth are more than folklore and mythology? What if in the distant past, before written history and the rise of our civilization, advanced civilizations of ‘beings’ inhabited Earth? What if hundreds of thousands of years ago life flourished on a much different Earth than what we see today? Is it possible that these MASSIVE rocks found all over the planet from South America, Central America, and even Russia indicate that in the distant past, pre-human civilizations existed on Earth? And were destroyed by cosmic events causing civilization on Earth to reset several times? Some of the stones found in Russia are even bigger than the largest block located in Baalbek. These massive stone blocks are nested deep within the Siberian mountains. Located precisely in southern Siberia on Mount Shoria, there are huge blocks of stone with flat surfaces, mindboggling angles, sharp corners and other clues which according to many are the ultimate evidence of cyclopean masonry. According to preliminary reports, it is estimated that some of the massive stones at Mount Shoria weigh around three to four thousand tons. No matter where we go and at what ancient culture we look at, it seems that ‘Ancient Giant Beings’ were present on Earth before ‘ancient history,’ a time that corresponds to a period in the long history of planet Earth, where, according to mainstream scholars civilizations and mankind were totally undeveloped and perhaps, didn’t even exist. Is it ludicrous to think advanced civilization existed on Earth before our civilization arose? According to mainstream scholars, it is impossible, but there are numerous pieces of evidence scattered around the globe which clearly seem to indicate a different time on Earth. If we look at the Genesis, we will come across plenty of evidence indicating Giants may have existed on Earth. Genesis: 6:2: That the sons of God saw the daughters of men that they were fair, and they took them wives of all which they chose. Genesis: 6:4: There were Giants (in Hebrew Bible Nephilim) in the earth in those days; and also after that, when the sons of God came in unto the daughters of men, and they bare children to them, the same became mighty men which were of old, men of renown. Is it ludicrous to think that that just as ancient texts tell us, perhaps thousands of years ago in the distant past, beings unlike any we see today were present on the surface of Earth, and some of the huge megalithic sites were erected by them? The few scientists that have taken the time to research this megalithic site have proposed that this rock formation is the result of geological processes associated with the intense weathering of the rock comprising Mountain Shoriya. Natural formations or the result of cyclopean masonry, what do you think?

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What does artificial intelligence mean in 2018? No longer the realm of just science fiction AI is a reality, impacting manufacturing, computing, and each day of our personal and professional interactions. This machine learning bootcamp would be of use to anyone hoping to pursue a career in the AI industry. The technology news can’t get enough of the way that robotics and other innovations are helping to guide how things are made, safety, and how people and organizations make decisions. Here’s a deeper look at artificial intelligence now: what’s different. The Internet of Things is a powerful network of objects, from machine parts to cars to the thermostat in your home. Today, these devices are collecting and transmitting information about performance, use, and maintenance to each other, humans, and centralized storage. Companies are using the massive amounts of data generated by the IoT in remarkable ways. Machine learning can guide companies on how to optimize the use of tools, alert workers to needed maintenance or repairs, and make better decisions about scheduling and markets. Structured and unstructured data needs to be stored, often in the cloud, where exabytes of information can be stored and analyzed. We generate a great deal of information too, from usage patterns to requests for information that companies use to provide deeper insights into products and services. Robots Making Robots Neural networks, the computer algorithms behind software and digital tools, are now capable of advanced learning that allows these devices to do tasks on their own. It’s the technology behind facial and voice recognition and the technologies that can help identify diseases in scans. Neural networks that can learn and anticipate are key to personal assistants such as Apple’s Siri or Amazon’s Alexa. Using voice recognition, these tools can understand what we say and answer basic questions. Experts predict that these digital assistants will improve their capabilities in 2018 regarding conversations. In the future, these assistants may become more attuned to emotional nuances in speech, cross-language communication, and even recognizing signs of mental illness and providing resources or support. Advances in machine learning mean that robots with sophisticated machine-learning algorithms can now help build new machine–learning algorithms. AI is building AI. Advances in voice recognition will help personal assistants recognize more nuanced communication among and from users. AI is analyzing how we make decisions, whether it’s which email we open and click through to a website, or how often we order paper towels from Amazon. Automation continues to learn from behaviors and anticipate needs. By studying these patterns, AI can suggest options for us (such as when to reorder), fine-tune delivery of messaging in the moment of need, and recognize issues that may become future issues in machines and tools. AI helps to deliver information and services to customers and consumers. Chatbots populate many websites these days, asking questions that help deliver solutions to problems or connecting users to the right person. Bots can also be used to simplify work and personal business. For example, Alexa now can integrate a family’s schedules through syncs with Microsoft Outlook and Google. AI is a powerful tool that will continue to drive meaningful changes in business strategy and day-to-day interactions.

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The idea of philanthropy has been around for a long time, but has recently received a big boost and some changes. Big tech companies have entered onto the scene, and their philanthropic methods are fueling a new wave of charity. These massive tech companies have a huge amount of assets at their disposal, and are using these assets to help those who are in need. New policies are being introduced, and emphasis on different types of charity is shifting. It’s always good to give back and support the less fortunate, especially when you can make a big difference as a powerful tech company. However, how exactly is big tech fueling philanthropy? What policies have they enacted that are different from past companies, and how effective are these new policies? One of the more interesting policies that big tech companies have tried is the idea of donation matches. The idea behind it is that the big tech company matches an employee’s’ commitment to a good cause. Major tech companies like Apple and Google employ this tactic, and both policies have led to millions of dollars in donations and charitable support. Although the monetary contributions are nice, the support these companies provide their employees is even more important. Policies like these foster philanthropic efforts and over time will make the world a much better place. The price of higher education has been a hot topic throughout the world, and charity has followed suit. Many CEOs and companies have established foundations and charity organizations with the goal of putting as many deserving students through college as they can. These foundations focus on providing financial aid in the form of grants and scholarships to needy students. College tuition prices are rising rapidly, causing some students to be completely unable to afford college. Many promising students may lose a great career simply because they can’t afford to attend college. Thankfully, big tech companies understand the importance of a strong education and have dedicated themselves in promotion higher education. These scholarships are often awarded to those that perform highly in high school, and their financial value can range anywhere from a thousand dollars to the entire tuition being paid off. It may not seem like much, but one scholarship or grant can completely change someone’s life. It may sound crazy, but many of the biggest CEO’s have begun to donate their personal assets and fortunes to philanthropic causes. The biggest example of this is Mark Zuckerberg giving away 99% of Facebook’s shares to good causes. This has an estimated value of $45 billion dollars. Other smaller examples include people like Andrew Miller, Polycom CEO, who may not be able to donate $45 billion to charity, but still contribute a great amount. The best part about these donations is that they are completed early in the CEO’s lifetime. Instead of just pledging a small amount of their fortune on their deathbed, these tech CEOs have contributed a large amount of resources early on in their life. This type of dedication inspires action in others, and works to make the world a better place as a whole.

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I would love to learn more about improving pasture and whether it is possible organically without heavy spraying and cultivating. Here is an interesting website which promotes 'Biological Farming', which has a huge emphasis on soil health. There could be some good information here too? Good pasture starts in the soil, Making sure the soil can breathe air is fundamental to improved pasture. This is about building soil organic matter and humus (the black in top soil) A soil test will show pH, calcium levels, and phosphorus levels Lime is important and so is a source of phosphorus There are plenty of organic options like chicken manure, sheep pellets and reactive phosphate rock. I am sure the go organic course will cover soil fertility, however a good soil fertility and good aeration are critical to eliminating the need for sprays and insecticides. I'm no organic expert, but I've been doing a bit of reading online and have found quite a bit of interesting info around growing and managing pasture organically. Here's a bit of what I have learnt- - a combination of grasses, clovers and herbs will give a high quality and varied diet as well as being biodiverse and stable. - make sure you are using certified, untreated seed that is not genetically modified- perennial rye grass, white clover, red clover, plantain, chicory were all mentioned. - grow a summer crop (eg. turnips or maize) before planting into pasture. A rotation of leaf crops following root crops works well. - completely resow as oppose to over sowing. Oversowing is far less effective as the competition from the existing plants is too much for the new seedlings. - use a higher sowing rate and good technique to establish a strong healthy crop. - avoid pugging and over grazing once established as it will leave the pasture open to weed invasion, as well as pugging causing long term damage to your soil structure and erosion issues. - good grazing management (breakfeeding perhaps) and timely topping will also help keep on top of the weeds. - get the kids out grubbing thistles! I see there is also a Go Organic course run by AgNZ which sounds really interesting- "Our Go Organic course will provide key knowledge and skills required for successful organic growing". Check out http://pggwrightson.co.nz/services/training/agnz-go-organic for more info. Hope that's helpful! Hi @Springvaledowns - this is a great topic and we are really keen to create some discussion around it . If anyone wants to join this conversation feel free to sign up and share your knowledge/views/advise.

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PLASTIC BOTTLE RESIN MATERIALS Plastic bottles come in a variety of materials (resins). Plastic bottles produced from HDPE material are the most common and least expensive. Plastic bottles produced from PET material are crystal clear. Plastic jars produced from PP material are resilient and economical. Plastic Jars made from PS are clear. All of our plastic bottles are FDA approved food grade. This section provides a brief description of common plastic bottle resin materials, their qualities, usages and limitations. Plastic Bottles - High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) HDPE is the most widely used resin for plastic bottles. This material is economical, impact resistant, and provides a good moisture barrier. HDPE is compatible with a wide range of products including acids and caustics but is not compatible with solvents. It is supplied in FDA approved food grade. Plastic Bottles made from HDPE are naturally translucent and flexible. The addition of color will make HDPE bottles opaque although not glossy. HDPE plastic bottles lend themselves readily to silk screen decoration. While HDPE bottles provide good protection at below freezing temperatures, they cannot be used with products filled at over 160° F or products requiring a hermetic (vacuum) seal. HDPE is NOT suitable for use with essential oils. Plastic Bottles - Low Density Polyethylene (LDPE) LDPE is similar to HDPE in composition. It is less rigid and generally less chemically resistant than HDPE, but is more translucent. LDPE is used primarily for squeeze applications. LDPE is significantly more expensive than HDPE Plastic Bottles - PET Plastic Bottles made from Polyethylene Terephthalate are commonly used for carbonated beverage bottles. PET provides very good alcohol and essential oil barrier properties, generally good chemical resistance (although acetones and ketones will attack PET) and a high degree of impact resistance and tensile strength. The orienting process serves to improve gas and moisture barrier properties and impact strength. This material does not provide resistance to high temperature applications -- max. temp. 160° F. Plastic Bottles - Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Plastic Bottles made PVC are naturally clear, have extremely good resistance to oils, and have very low oxygen transmission. PVC bottles provide an excellent barrier to most gases and drop impact resistance is also very good. This material is chemically resistant, but it is vulnerable to solvents. PVC bottles are an excellent choice for salad oil, mineral oil, and vinegar. It is also commonly used for shampoos and cosmetic products. PVC exhibits poor resistance to high temperatures and will distort at 160° F, making it incompatible with hot filled products Plastic Jars - Polypropylene (PP) Plastic jars made from polypropylene provide a rigid package with an excellent moisture barrier. One major advantage of polypropylene is its stability at high temperatures, up to 200° F. Polypropylene bottles and jars are autoclavable and offer the potential for steam sterilization. The compatibility of PP with high filling temperatures is responsible for its use with hot fill products such as pancake syrup. PP bottles have excellent chemical resistance, but provide poor impact resistance in cold temperatures Plastic Jars - Polystyrene (PS) Plastic jars made from styrene offer excellent clarity and stiffness at an economical cost. These jars are commonly used with dry products including vitamins, petroleum jellies, and spices. Styrene does not provide good barrier properties, and exhibits poor impact resistance. Plastic Bottles - Flourine Treated HDPE:Plastic Bottles produced with a mixture of flourine gas and air, or exposed to flourine gas in a secondary operation, are similar in appearance to HDPE and have exceptional barrier properties to hydrocarbons and aromatic solvents. Flourine treated hdpe plastic bottles also resist penetration by oxygen and carbon dioxide. Flourine treated plastic bottles are excellent for use with insecticides, photographic chemicals, agricultural chemicals, household cleaners, waxes, paint thinner and gasoline.

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What is the difference between UDP and TCP? When devices communicate over the Internet, they use one of two types of protocols: TCP – Transmission Control Protocol or UDP – User Datagram Protocol. Both TCP and UDP are built on top of the Internet Protocol (IP) that send bits of data, known as packets, to and from IP addresses. Whether these packets are sent using TCP or UDP, they are treated the same as they bounce through different servers from your IP address to the destination site’s. While both these protocols do the same job, they go about it in very different ways. TCP is more concerned about accuracy. It allows devices to send and receive an ordered and error-checked stream of packets. UDP is more concerned with speed. It streams information faster by eliminating the error-checking. TCP, UDP and OpenVPN OpenVPN, is one of the protocol’s that DigibitVPN is built upon for the Android & Windows App’s, OpenVPN allows you to choose whether you would prefer to use TCP or UDP for your VPN connection. DigibitVPN’s default is to use UDP simply because it is faster. As UDP does not use TCP’s error correction mechanism, this speeds up the connection and reduces latency. This is why we advise anyone that is trying to stream a video or play games online use UDP. UDP-1194 is the default port for OpenVPN. However, if you have not been able to connect using UDP or if you are on an unstable network (or if you simply want a more stable connection) we encourage you to switch to TCP and connect again. To use TCP with your OpenVPN service, connect through port TCP-443. Occasionally one of the ports (1194 for UDP and 443 for TCP) will be blocked, which can prevent you from connecting to the Internet via OpenVPN. In this case, switching from one protocol to another will allow you to connect. you can easily switch between TCP & UDP on our Android & Windows clients by clicking the three lines menu at the top left of the Android app. However, unless there is a concrete reason to change protocols, DigibitVPN recommends maintaining the default connection via UDP. You can sign up for DigibitVPN by clicking HERE to avoid these blocks ensure you have a good VPN & This VPN is connected to a non UK server to avoid these service blocks & get back to enjoying your streams. True privacy shouldn’t break the bank! This is our right! So grab a 20% discount on our VPN with promo code “NOLIMITS” meaning you can sign up NOW for £2pm. The world is changing, So are we! Lets take privacy seriously!

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I was riding my bicycle across the overpass in Stanley Park and stopped in the middle to admire the perfect view of Lions Gate Bridge, when I noticed a little plaque that said the following: The Guinness brewing family built the Lions Gate Bridge which opened in 1938 to provide access to its British Properties lands in West Vancouver. Ownership was transferred to the Province in 1955. Tolls were removed in 1963 and the bridge was restored in 1998 after a long debate about its heritage value and capacity.Vancouver Heritage Foundation The most beautiful bridge north of San Francisco’s Golden Gate, Lions Gate Bridge brought Vancouver into the automobile age and heralded the era of auto-dependent suburbs when it opened in 1938. The Guinness brewing company was the primary financier, intent on providing access to its British Properties development in West Vancouver. Bisecting Stanley Park for the bridge’s causeway was the most controversial issue, but the proponents’ promise of jobs was too good to turn down, as the city was mired in the Great Depression. In 1933, the Park Board voted in favour of it, with only one commissioner opposed. The idea to build a bridge across First Narrows was investigated as early as the 1890s, but it wasn’t until the 1920s that plans began to take shape. In December 1933, approval for the building of the bridge was reached through a city wide vote. Construction began on March 31, 1937 by clearing ten acres of Stanley Park to create the right-of-way. Upon completion in November 1938, the Lions Gate Bridge was recognized as the longest suspension bridge in the British Empire and one of the biggest construction projects undertaken in Canada during the 1930s. Despite its great size, the open steelwork of the twin towers gives the structure a weightless quality that blends well with its picturesque setting. The bridge was remarkable because of its length and the technical innovations in cable use and construction. Alfred J.T. Taylor, a prominent engineering contractor and industrialist who had substantial land holdings on the North Shore and who assembled the financing for the project has been called the visionary behind the project. The Guinness brewing company acted as the primary financier, intent on providing access to its British Properties development in West Vancouver. Named in honour of a pair of pointed peaks along the North Shore mountain range known as ‘The Lions’, the south entrance to the bridge is graced by two monumental Art Deco lion figures which were the last great public work of Vancouver’s foremost sculptor, Charles Marega. The provincial government purchased it in 1955, its “Year of Bridges”. Other projects in the region included the Second Narrows and Oak Street bridges plus Highway 99 and the south arm crossing that became George Massey Tunnel. A third lane was squeezed onto Lions Gate Bridge to accommodate the increasing traffic volume. It ceased to be a toll bridge in 1963. Overcrowded for decades, the bridge narrowly avoided demolition in the 1990s, instead being refurbished by the provincial government. Its retention indicated the city was beginning to move beyond the automobile age. - Vancouver Heritage Foundation – Lions Gate Bridge - “The First Hundred Years, R.Mike Steele, Vancouver Board of Parks and Recreation, 1988. - Lions Gate Bridge, National Historic Site of Canada. Canada’s Historic Places.

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COOPER CONNECTION: Be safe while exercising in cold Got a case of the cold-weather blues? Fortunately, there’s a lot you can do both to prevent the blues from coming on and to get yourself back to normal if they’re already here. For some, it may be as simple as spending more time exercising outdoors. Exercise isn’t only for fighting holiday weight gain; it’s also a great way to lift spirits and increase energy throughout the day. But before you lace up your sneakers and head out the door, remember that exercising improperly in the cold weather can be just as harmful as in the extreme summer heat. Here are some helpful hints to keep in mind. Know the warning signs Hypothermia is a significant drop in the core body temperature to less than 95 degrees Fahrenheit. It can occur in freezing temperatures (below 32 degrees) as well as chilly temperatures above freezing. The elderly are more susceptible to hypothermia for several reasons. Their ability to regulate body temperature and to sense cold may lessen with age. Children are also more vulnerable because they lose heat faster than adults. Early warning signs of hypothermia are shivering, confusion, numbness, paleness and dizziness. It often resembles the state of intoxication. Left unchecked, the individual may become excessively sedated, with poor coordination and muscle stiffness. Eventually, breathing and heart rate slow, which can result in coma. Severe hypothermia is a medical emergency. In addition to hypothermia, prolonged exposure to frigid temperatures may cause the body to shut down blood circulation to the arms, legs and other extremities in order to maintain heat around the vital organs (brain, heart and lungs). This leaves the skin of these areas more vulnerable to freezing, as in frostnip and frostbite. Warning signs of frostnip are paleness, pain and numbness of the affected skin. If prolonged freezing of the skin occurs, the blood vessels and deeper layers can become severely damaged. This is considered frostbite, and medical intervention is necessary. The areas of the body most commonly affected are the hands, feet, nose and ears. Prevention is key Hydration is just as important in the cold as it is in the heat. Be sure to consume plenty of water before, during and after exercise. Avoid caffeine and alcohol. Invest in good outdoor gear. To maximize your winter workout wear, dress in layers. The first layer should help whisk sweat away from the skin. A synthetic material, such as polypropylene, should do the trick. Add an insulation layer such as fleece and top with a jacket that is both waterproof and made of a breathable fabric. Cover your head, as almost half of your body heat is lost here, and protect hands and feet with layers, too. Remember, you may need to buy larger shoes in order to accommodate an extra layer of socks. You may also want to consider a face mask or a scarf over the mouth, especially for those with asthma. In the darkness of winter months, remember to wear reflective gear as necessary. Practice common sense Extremes of cold weather, such as subzero temperatures, are best avoided. Take the wind chill factor into account, as well as the actual temperature. The risk of hypothermia increases when the wind chill factor drops below minus 20. Avoid exercise as a general rule if you have a fever, muscle aches or significant bronchial symptoms, such as coughing or wheezing, when sick with upper respiratory tract infections. When in doubt, stop and seek warm surroundings immediately. And, of course, speak to your doctor if you have any concerns about whether outdoor exercise is right for you. Laura Picciano is an internist at The Ripa Center for Women's Health and Wellness at Cooper.

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Inflammation of bursa – can be in deeper tissue or more superficially in subcutaneous tissues. Bursa are formed at areas of friction or impingement to facilitate movement – they are closed, self contained, round, flattened sacs lined by synovium – contain small amount of synovial fluid. Can be classified as deep or superficial. Bursa may become inflamed due to traumatic, inflammatory or infective processes. Traumatic causes include tissue damage from excessive shearing stress; trauma; chronic overuse; pressure over a bony prominence. Bursitis may also develop beneath a heloma durum. Inflammatory causes include rheumatoid arthritis and gout. Infections may also develop in bursa. At sites of bursa, there is a loosening of the interposed fibroareolar tissue. The resulting ‘clefts’ in the tissues are filled with tissue fluid, forming small cavities that eventually organise to be surrounded by synovial tissue. In acute cases trauma to the bursal wall result in the synovial membrane secreting a serous fluid when damaged. In chronic cases the bursal wall will thicken with proliferation of the synovium. Infective bursitis develops following the introduction of microorganisms into the bursa --. increase in amount of synovial fluid. Inflammation, heat and redness (less pronounced in chronic case); localised pain; Swelling and tenderness; Direct and lateral palpation will be tender; An infective bursitis will be much redder, swollen and painful – lymphangitis may be present. Periarticular tendonitis; muscle tears; synovitis; osteomyelitis; cellulitis A fistula between the bursa and the surface may develop, allowing fluid to be released from the bursa. Common sites for traumatic bursitis: Site Common Name Medial aspect of first MPJ Bunion Lateral aspect of fifth MPJ Tailors bunion Superficial retrocalcaneal Pump bump; Haglunds, winter heel Tuberosity of navicular Pre or suprapatellar Housemaids knee Acute case will need rest, ice, compressions, immobilisations and possibly NSAID’s. Corticosteroids are sometimes used. For chronic cases and after the acute phase is over: Pressure relief/accommodative padding An infective bursitis will need draining, possibly antibiotics and rest.

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The History of Stamp Collecting Part 18 – The Netherlands in 1862 In this series, we have already seen that the stamp collecting virus had spread quickly in 1862 in Europe. But had the virus reached the Netherlands? The answer is yes, but not until the end of that year. The first philatelic article appeared in the Netherlands in October 1862 in ‘Het Nederlandsch Jaarboekje der Posterijen’ (the Netherlands Postal Yearbook). The Schiedam postmaster S. Gille Heringa had translated articles from the Magasin Pittoresque (see episode 7) written by Natalis Rondot, and entitled them: ‘Postage Stamps by Natalis Rondot, freely translated’. The series continued in the yearbooks from 1863 and 1864. The main pioneer of philately in the Netherlands was based in Utrecht. And on November 27, 1862, he published the first Dutch language stamp catalogue. This booklet, entitled “Vade-Mecum voor Verzamelaars van Postzegels” (Handbook for Stamp Collectors) is a translation of the third edition of the “Manuel du Collectionneur de Timbres Poste” by J.B. Moens. The publisher of this book was William Frederick Dannenfelser, bookseller and publisher and since 1850 located at the Pausdam F. 274, Utrecht. It is unclear whether this issue was published with the consent of Moens. His name was not mentioned in the book. In 1864 he published a new catalogue, complete with prices of the stamps he sold himself. The layout of this catalogue was totally different than the first Handbook and probably copied from a German catalogue from that time. It is also known that Dannenfelser simply re-issued other publications and placed his name on them. Dannenfelser was born on May 26 1826 in The Hague. He became a bookstore owner/publisher and was married to Wilhelmina Berendina Doorman. Besides the catalogues mentioned above, he also published a stamp album in 1863. This was not his own design, but an adaptation of Lallier’s French album. The first edition had heraldic crests on the album pages in black and white (image above), the second edition which also appeared in 1863 the crests were coloured. In 1868 a completely new third edition appeared. Again not his own design but an adaptation of a German album from Wuttig, Bauschke and Kümmel (whom we refer to later in this series). Their names are this time mentioned in the publication. It was also mentioned that it was edited by M.J. Hasselt. Dannenfelser was probably a stamp collector. And certainly a trader, as evidenced by the above ad. The Vademecum mentioned was the already-published 1862 edition. It seems that the catalogue mentioned at the bottom of the advertisement was the above-described 2nd edition, published with prices. His other publications related to maps and history of countries. Dannenfelser was probably not such a good businessman. Although his business initially flourished, it was not long-lasting. In 1878 he moved to Amsterdam, where he, among other things, became co-director of the newspaper “News of the Day”. He published his last album (with brilliantly coloured binding) in 1882. He died in Amsterdam on May 8, 1894. In the next instalment, we remain in the Netherlands. 3,622 total views, 3 views today

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umepekto, gumanti, tumauli, ng mabuti, magkabisa, gantihin, magkaepekto, pagbungahin, papagkabisain Verb(1) show a response or a reaction to something(2) act against or in opposition to(3) undergo a chemical reaction; react with another substance under certain conditions (1) Finally, we examine whether investors react rationally to disaster announcements.(2) Most people would react negatively to these situations and Ian was no exception.(3) Why do some members of a family react to environmental substances and develop asthma, while others do not?(4) Direct sensing mechanisms might involve proteins or ligands that bind or react with oxygen.(5) Therefore you can suddenly react to a substance you may have come in contact with many times before.(6) The powers-that-be are scrambling to react to pressure from a dissatisfied public.(7) All my three daughters react differently to stress.(8) Just how will bond markets and stock markets react to the anticipated rise in US interest rates?(9) Our findings indicate that children at risk for atopy react sensitively to chemical substances that originate from passive smoking.(10) One reason is that financial markets react quickly to policy changes.(11) Why did the government react so violently to the report?(12) many babies react to soy-based formulas(13) Edging down a bit from record highs, but maybe not for long, oil prices react to events in Iraq.(14) If other readers react in the same way as I did, then this collection will have served its purpose.(15) Those who react to airborne allergens usually have allergic rhinitis and/or allergic conjunctivitis.(16) The market reacted positively to the news, pushing BHP's price up 1.5 per cent, to $17.42. (1) react to :: reaksyon sa 1. behave :: 2. rebel against :: 3. respond :: 4. oppose :: Different Formsreact, reactant, reactants, reacted, reacting, reactive, reacts English to Filipino Dictionary: react Meaning and definitions of react, translation in Filipino language for react with similar and opposite words. Also find spoken pronunciation of react in Filipino and in English language. Tags for the entry "react" What react means in Filipino, react meaning in Filipino, react definition, examples and pronunciation of react in Filipino language.

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PUMPKIN KERNELS – Nutritional Profile Pumpkin seed kernels are one of tastiest seeds available. Nutritionally they are a valuable part of any diet. A 32g serving provides 74% of the recommended daily allowance for manganese, 53% for tryptophan, 48% for magnesium, 40% for phosphourus and 22% for copper. The same serving would also provide 20% of the recommended daily allowance for protein and all supplied with just 180 calories. These figures are headline nutrients. A detailed analysis of the mak up of pumpkin seed kernels shows almost 80 nutrients are found within pumpkin seed kernels. PUMPKIN SEED KERNELS – Health Benefit A major beneficiary of eating pumpkin seeds is prostate health. Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy affects men over the age of 50 where testosterone over stimulates the prostate cells causing inflammation. Whilst not as serious as Prostate Cancer the condition can cause discomfort. Elements of pumpkin seed oil appear to interrupt the process for producing the specific elements from testosterone that cause the inflammation of prostate cells. Currently omega-3 fats and beta-carotenoids, both found in pumpkin seed kernels, are subject to studies to establish how well they impact the development and progress of Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. Bone density is a known problem for post menopausal women but it can also be an issue for older men and diets that include zinc are known to provide greater prevention against osteoporosis. Bone cells are constantly being destroyed and replaced by the body and in some older adults the rate at which new cells are created slows down leading to a lowering of bone density. Zinc is believed to be a key agent in slowing down the depletion of old bone cells thus ensuring that bone density is maintained. Arthritis is also a condition seen to benefit from a diet including pumpkin seed kernels. Treatment of the condition with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can result in side effects where deposits are left on the surface of joints which leads to the progression of the disease. Those side effects are not experienced when diet is managed to include an appropriate amount of pumpkin seed kernels for treating the original inflammation. Phytosterols are compounds, found in pumpkin seeds and they reduce levels of LDL cholesterol in the blood. The effects of these compounds are so good that they are being extracted from some foodstuffs, such as soya beans, to be added to butter replacement products at significant expense to the consumer. Pumpkin seed kernels are the third riches source of phytosterols after pistachios and sunflower seeds. They also have a high calorie count which makes them of great benefit when a diet to promote weight gain is required. Pumpkin seed kernels also make a good source of B-complex vitamins. Vitamins such as thiamine and riboflavin and niacin help reduce LDL-cholesterol levels in the blood. PUMPKIN SEED KERNELS – Product History Pumpkin seed kernels are often called pepita, especially in the United States of America where they are typically roasted and salted and served as a seasonal dish during the autumn. They are also widely available pre-packed at times out of season. Pumpkin seed kernels are not known to produce the anaphylactic reactions found with other nuts such as peanuts. They have been recognised for their health promoting properties throughout history. North American Indians recognised a beneficial impact on kidney problems and have used them to treat parasitic infections such as tape worms. Pumpkin seed oil important export for Austria and Slovenia.

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The common house spider is usually the spider most often encountered indoors. It is a nuisance pest, probably more because of its webs than the spider itself. This spider is found worldwide and is common throughout the United States and Canada. The house spider randomly selects its web sites and creates a tangled web. If a web does not yield prey it is abandoned, another site is selected, and a new web is built. Survival is low in modern homes with low humidity and few insects, higher in garages, sheds, barns, warehouses, etc. because of more prey and generally higher humidity, and highest outdoors in protected places. Inside structures, house spiders are most likely to be found in upper corners, under furniture, in closets, angles of window frames, basements, garages, and crawl spaces. Outside they are often around windows and under eaves especially near light sources which attract prey. House spiders are nuisance pests but pose no threats to humans. Long-bodied cellar spiders are commonly referred to as "daddy-long-legs" because of their very long, thin legs and as their name implies are found in dark and damp places. There are about 20 species of cellar spiders in the United States and Canada. Cellar spiders build loose, irregular, tangled webs in corners. They hang upside down on the underside of the web. The webs are not cleaned but instead a new web is continually added. This habit can result in extensive webbing in a relatively short time. The spiders and their webs are usually found in dark and damp places, such as cellars, basements, and crawl spaces. They can also be found in the corners of garages, sheds, barns, and warehouses, on eaves, windows, and ceilings, and in closets, sink cabinets, and bath-traps. Cellar spiders seem to fare better in areas with higher relative humidity. Cellar spiders do not pose a threat to humans. While they are commonly found in homes, they usually stay in one place. They are not known to bite. Urban legend has it that their venom is of the most deadly of spiders, but their weak mouthparts keep them from injecting venom into humans. While it is correct that they cannot successfully bite, their venom is not very potent. Jumping Spiders. The common name comes from their jumping ability and habit which they use to capture prey. They are an occasional nuisance pest indoors, and some colored species may cause concern when people mistake them for Black Widow spiders. About 300 species of jumping spiders are found in the United States and Canada. Jumping spiders do not construct snare webs but do build web retreats which are loosely woven, saclike, composed of several envelopes and usually have two openings. Unlike most spiders, jumping spiders are active during the daytime and seem to like sunshine. They are hunters and have the keenest vision of all spiders, being able to detect and react to movement up to 18" in away; however their night vision is very poor. They can rapidly move both sideways and backwards for short distances. As their name implies, they are excellent jumpers. Retreats may be built under furniture, in drapery folds, between books on bookshelves, in cracks found in wood floors, around door and window molding, etc. Outside retreats may be found under loose bark, between leaves, etc. Indoors, spiders will usually be found hunting around windows and doors because more insects are attracted to these areas and their vision is best in sunlit areas. Outdoors, jumping spiders are commonly seen running over tree bark, under stones and boards, on bushes, fences, decks and the outside of buildings, especially sunny areas. While they can bite, the jumping spider bite is not poisonous. They are not considered dangerous.

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Arizona’s winter sandhill crane population has boomed from about 4,000 in the late 1970s to more than 34,000 today, in large part because of the state’s Heritage Fund. Money from the Heritage Fund has secured ideal habitat for the birds in southeastern Arizona. Voters created the fund in 1990 and authorized Game and Fish to use Arizona Lottery dollars to support wildlife conservation. The fund gets as much as $10 million annually. Game and Fish doesn’t get any state general fund money. “One reason for the increasing number of cranes in the Sulfur Springs Valley is the availability of prime wetland habitat that the birds require and that the Game and Fish Department has provided,” said Mike Rabe, a migratory bird biologist with the Arizona Game and Fish Department. “Cranes that used to fly south to Mexico now stop in Arizona because of those habitats.” The impressive increase in sandhill cranes is good news for wildlife enthusiasts. Seeing hundreds or even thousands of cranes take to the skies, feed in the fields or come in to land is a thrilling sight. Adult sandhill cranes can have wingspans of 6-7 feet and stand five feet tall. The Heritage Fund’s direct impact on wildlife conservation is compounded by the economic benefit that wildlife viewing has on communities across the state, especially in rural areas. The city of Willcox estimates that $60,000 to $80,000 comes into the local economy from hotel, gas, restaurant, and other related purchases just during Wings over Willcox, an annual four-day bird viewing event. Two state wildlife areas – the Willcox Playa Wildlife Area near Willcox and the Whitewater Draw Wildlife Area near Douglas – offer visitors good viewing facilities, including bathrooms. The Wings Over Willcox website at Wingsoverwillcox.com features maps of viewing sites and all kinds of information about sandhill cranes. The cranes migrate to southeastern Arizona in September and stay as late as March, with most of the birds present between November and February, according to the Wings Over Willcox site. Sandhill crane viewing tips: • The best viewing time is at first and last light when the cranes head out to feed, although it is possible to see them throughout the day during winter. • Listen for the birds: They are very vocal and can often be heard before they are seen. • Don’t forget your binoculars, spotting scopes, cameras and bird field guides. For more information on wildlife viewing opportunities in the state, visit ww.azgfd.gov/wildlife. For more information on the Heritage Fund and other state wildlife conservation programs, go online to azgfd.gov/w_c.

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The Middle Ages are also called the Medieval Times. This was a period in European history that lasted 1,000 years, from 500 A.D. to 1500 A.D. Historians begin figuring the time from the fall of the Roman Empire to the point where the Ottoman Empire rose up. This was an era of castles, kings, peasants, cathedrals, crusades, and religious monasteries. We know some of the stories that involve such famous people as Joan of Arc, but others also include the Black Plague which killed a huge portion of the population. Some call the Middle Ages the Dark Ages, and while the Dark Ages are contained in the Middle Ages, they are usually referring to 500 A.D. to 1,000 A.D. When the Roman Empire fell, much of the culture and knowledge that they shared was lost. Romans kept superb records and when cultures lost technology, history recording, engineering, and art, with the fall, this became “dark” to communicating because there wasn’t any ruling government keeping track. Life in the Middle Ages depended on whether you were wealthy or poor. Almost all of the people living during this time were farm workers. They typically had a one or two room small home that was on the land of the local lord and they lived a peasant’s life. Most grew crops such as oats, wheat, and barley, and may have had gardens for fruits and vegetables. Some may also have had some farm animals and these may have also lived in the house with the rest of the family. They paid a kind of tax to the local lord, who lived in a fine larger castle or manor home. City life was also hard and they were dirty, crowded and often filled with disease. People that lived in a city usually had a craft or trade, but they could also be servants. A majority of the plain clothes that were made of heavy wool were worn by peasants for winter wear. The wealthier people wore much nicer clothing, often from velvet, wool, or silk. Believe it or not, there were laws that were called “sumptuary” that said who could wear what and of what materials. The purpose of this was to make sure everyone knew the wealthy from the peasants. Almost no one went to school, with the exception of some wealthy children. There were a few schools that were run by the church. It was a rare opportunity for a young person to become an apprentice for a skilled trade. Most kids worked with their parents to help the family survive. Rich families had a selection of foods, especially a lot of meat thanks to hunting on their lands. However, peasants weren’t so lucky. They mostly ate stews made of cabbage, dried peas, beans, a few other vegetables and maybe some bones. They saved any of the special eggs, cheese and meats for special holidays and occasions. The only way to keep meat fresh was to salt it or make a kind of jerky out of it.

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Sound is a constructed experience Chapter 7 endnote 1, from Lisa Feldman Barrett. Some context is: A sound, therefore, is not an event that is detected in the world. It is an experience constructed when the world interacts with a body that detects changes in air pressure, and a brain that can make those changes meaningful. [...] Some people believe that these vibrations are the essence of the sound because a sound cannot be heard without them. But this explanation misses the point. Vibrations are not sufficient for a sound to occur. Sounds do not have simple, single causes. Vibrations are not sufficient for a sound to occur. If humans had no ears (with all the machinery inside), we wouldn’t even have a concept of sound. It is possible to experience those same “vibrations” as something other than sound. Go to a loud concert and experience the physical thud of the bass drum in your chest. In principle, these vibrations could even be “seen” as visual images rather than “heard” as sounds. This is known as “sensory substitution.” For example, “seeing” can be transformed into “touching.” A blind person can wear a sensor, for example, a small camera on her forehead, that translates visual images, pixel by pixel, into something that will stimulate a part of the body that receives touch sensation, for example, patterns of pressure across the tongue. The brain quickly learns to “see” with the tongue. Sensory substitution was originally discovered by the neuroscientist Paul Bach-y-Rita to treat patients who suffered from damage to one sensory system. Many devices have now been invented to allow people to “see” with sound. Currently, vibrations on the fingers (i.e., touches) can be “heard” as sound. These sensory substitution effects occur because all neurons, in effect, are multi-modal. The brain only appears to have different systems dedicated to processing different sensory modalities. Taken together, this means that the tree falling in the forest does not make a sound, unless they are accompanied by a working human ear and brain that can construct a concept of a "Tree" to simulate what a tree sounds like when it falls. The falling tree only makes vibrations. Those vibrations can be detected and experienced in any number of ways. If you simulate the sound of a tree falling in the forest, you can hear it inside your head via the same mechanisms that plague you when you have a song stuck in your head (i.e., an "earworm"). Notes on the Notes - Bach-y-Rita, Paul, Carter C. Collins, Frank A. Saunders, Benjamin White, and Lawrence Scadden. 1969. "Vision substitution by tactile image projection." Nature 221 (5184): 963-964. - Bach-y-Rita, Paul. 2004. "Tactile sensory substitution studies." Annals-New York Academy Of Sciences 1013: 83-91. - Schürmann, Martin, Gina Caetano, Yevhen Hlushchuk, Veikko Jousmäki, and Riitta Hari. 2006. "Touch activates human auditory cortex." Neuroimage 30 (4): 1325-1331. - For a broader discussion, see Pascual-Leone, Alvaro, and Roy Hamilton. 2001. "The metamodal organization of the brain." Progress in Brain Research 134: 427-445. - Tinnitus is a problem with processing auditory prediction error. See Sedley, William, Karl J. Friston, Phillip E. Gander, Sukhbinder Kumar, and Timothy D. Griffiths. 2016. "An Integrative Tinnitus Model Based on Sensory Precision." Trends in Neurosciences 39 (12): 799-812.

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Money matters: Financial habits for 2019 For a lot of of us, our New Year’s resolutions might include growing our bank accounts. Here's some tips on how to do that. Buzz60's Natasha Abellard has the story. Happy New Year, Guam! The beginning of the year is a time when we make resolutions to help us improve ourselves. It could be losing weight, quitting a bad habit, or saving money. Goals are important to have, especially if we want to achieve a desired outcome. Tracking spending. If you have tried to lose weight, you may have kept a record of everything you ate. Until you write everything down, you may not realize just how many cookies you have consumed in a day or a week. Budgeting is similar. You may not realize how much money you’re spending on coffee, food, or clothes until you track the data. Writing down your eating habits helps you know how many calories you eat. Similarly, tracking your spending habits helps you discover how much money you are spending and where it is going. You may be surprised at the data. Start by tracking every transaction for a month before creating a budget. After you create a budget, continue tracking your spending to see how your actual spending habits line up with the goals you have created. You can find many different types of budgeting sheets online. There are many different types of smartphone apps that you can use to keep track of your spending. Find one that is easiest for you. Cash. It is easy to track your electronic payments such as your credit card, debit card, checking account, and automatic bank withdrawals. Using cash may be a bit more difficult, especially since we use it for smaller purchase like coffee, snacks, and even small donations. When buying things with cash, you’ll spare yourself from the hassle of manually recording your spending. Instead, you can review your electronic records weekly and input it into your spreadsheet. Some people use their credit or debit cards like cash and they do not see the actual money leaving their hands. This may cause them to spend more. What works for some will not work for all. Decide which is easiest for you. Mark it down. If you need help keeping track of your expenses, try using your mobile device or a small notebook and pen in your purse or pocket and log every transaction there. There are certain apps that can also help you with this. Writing it down will cause you to be more conscious about your spending habits, especially as you are making the purchase. You can also keep a small zip lock bag in your car and every time you make a purchase put the receipt into it and at the end of the day or week write it into your notebook. The envelope system. This is a great way to help you stay on budget. Label envelopes with different categories that you use regularly like groceries, lunch, or gasoline. For example, your envelopes might be labeled “Lunch $25,” “Gasoline $75” and “Target $40.” At the beginning of each week place that amount into the envelope. You may need one labeled “Miscellaneous” for expenses that may arise. At the end of the week, note the amount you have left in each envelope. Your lunch envelope, for example, may have $5 left. This system will help you stay within the amount you allotted in your budget for each category. It is also an easy way to track your spending. You’ll see your spending habits within broad categories without enduring the hassle of detailing every transaction. Michael Camacho is president and chief executive officer of Personal Finance Center. He has more than 24 years of experience in retail banking and at financial institutions in Guam and Hawaii. If there is a topic you’d like Michael to cover, please email him at email@example.com and read past columns at the Money Matters blog at www.moneymattersguam.wordpress.com.

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Abstract—The Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) is a class of deep artificial neural network and has recently gained special attention after demonstrating breakthrough accuracies in various classification tasks. CNNs have shown remarkable performance in machine vision tasks such as image classification, natural language processing and speech recognition. There is evidence that the depth of a CNN plays an important role in performance of CNNs. However, we investigated the feasibility of improving the performance of shallow networks via fusion of the features computed by a homogenous and heterogeneous set of pre-trained networks. We also explored a recently developed framework called the Generative Adversarial Network (GAN), in which we simultaneously train two models, a Generator and a Discriminator. The Generator attempts to produce data that mirrors the probability distribution of the “true” dataset. The Discriminator is trained to distinguish between the true dataset and the counterfeit data produced by the Generator. Our work involves the application of a GAN for generation and fine tuning of synthetic data to be used to train a deep CNN. Specifically, we investigate the use of a synthetic data generator along with a GAN to create an unlimited quantity of labeled training data, without the need for hand-labeling images. We apply this technique to the detection and localization of various vehicles. We attempt to distinguish between military trucks and other types of vehicles. A successful outcome could lead to improvements in addressing security threats rapidly, and cost-effectively. We also investigate an alternative method for generating synthetic data, the Variational Auto-Encoder (VAE). Variational auto-encoders are trained to encode then decode input vectors and can also be useful for generating new training data. VAEs are capable of dimensionality reduction and synthesizing data. Finally, we evaluate our multiplicative fusion method compared to the fusion methods that we investigated previously. Index Terms—DCNN, GAN, VAE, synthetic data, data augmentation, machine learning. S. Ezekiel is with the Computer Science Department, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA USA (e-mail: email@example.com). L. Pearlstein is with the Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, NJ USA. A. Alshehri is with the Electrical Engineering Department, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, KSA. Cite: Soundararajan Ezekiel, Larry Pearlstein, Abdullah Ali Alshehri, Adam Lutz, Jackson Zaunegger, and Waleed Farag, "Investigating GAN and VAE to train DCNN," International Journal of Machine Learning and Computing vol. 9, no. 6, pp. 774-781, 2019.Copyright © 2019 by the authors. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited (CC BY 4.0).

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Sign up for emergency preparedness courses offered by embrella for licensed resource parents. Click HERE Disaster Preparedness Part 1: Preparing Your Family Before an Emergency In part one of this four part training series, you will be introduced to the basics of disaster preparedness. Disasters can be chaotic for everyone, but as a resource parent you have the additional challenge of having to follow DCP&P policy, while keeping your family safe at the same time. Though emergency situations may be unpredictable, you can take steps today that will help your family survive and persevere. The course will cover important steps of preparation such as developing a family emergency plan, making emergency kits, and how to psychologically prepare children for disastrous events. It will also discuss the types of natural disasters most common to New Jersey so you know what to expect. Disaster Preparedness Part 2: Staying Safe During an Emergency In part two of this four part training series, you will learn how to protect your family while a disaster is occurring. The course will give you specific instructions and tips on what to do during a variety of disaster scenarios such as hurricanes, floods, and industrial accidents leaking harmful chemicals into the environment. You will also be introduced to details of evacuating and sheltering in place, and when you should do each of these. As a resource parent, you may well know that the children in your care may need extra emotional support. This becomes even more important in times of disaster, so the course will examine the emotional toll that disasters may take on children, and ways to support them. Disaster Preparedness Part 3: Recovering and Coping with Disaster In part three of this four part training series, you will begin to learn how to pick up the pieces in the aftermath of a disaster. As a committed resource parent, you may be accustomed to always being the one to help others, instead of the one asking for help. This course will detail the many types of assistance available following catastrophic events so you are aware of the resources available to you and your family. The other main focus of this course is recovery for both your children and you. It will explain some common reactions children have to disasters, along with tips on how to help them cope. Finally, you will learn stress management techniques for yourself and warning signs that a family member or you needs to seek extra mental health attention. Disaster Preparedness Part 4: More Than Mother Nature In the first three parts of our disaster preparedness series, the focus was on natural disasters. In this final course, we will shift gears and talk about man-made disasters. With technology advancing every day things like cyber attacks, nuclear power plant accidents and hazardous material incidents are subjects we have to become knowledgeable on to be prepared for anything. Acts of terrorism will also be discussed, along with another section on coping with these events.

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When no warm water has actually been utilized for a day or more, the fluid in the collectors and also storage space can reach quite high temperatures in all systems with the exception of those of the drainback variety. When the tank in a drainback system reaches its preferred temperature level, the pumps are shut off, placing an end to the heating process as well as thus avoiding the tank from overheating. One technique of supplying over warmth protection is to discard the heat right into a hot tub. Some energetic systems deliberately cool down the water in the tank by circulating hot water through the collection agency at times when there is little sunlight or at night, triggering enhanced heat loss. Get A Solar Water Heater Generator this is most efficient in direct or thermal shop plumbing system and also is essentially ineffective in systems that use left tube collectors, because of their remarkable insulation. Despite the enthusiast type, however, they might still overheat. High pressured closed solar thermal systems variations inevitably count on the operation of temperature and also pressure safety valve. Low stress, open vented ones have simpler, much more trusted safety and security controls, commonly an open vent. Up until the development of freeze-tolerant solar collectors, they were ruled out appropriate for cool environments since, in case of the collection agency being ruined by a freeze, pressurized water lines will require water to gush from the freeze-damaged collection agency up until the problem is discovered and corrected. In 2005, Spain came to be the very first country worldwide to need the installation of photovoltaic or pv electrical energy generation in new buildings, as well as the second (after Israel) to require the setup of solar water heater in 2006. The globe saw a fast development of making use of solar cozy water after 1960, with systems being marketed in Japan and Australia. Technical technology has boosted efficiency, life span as well as simplicity of use of these systems.Deals For Solar Heater Installation setup of solar water heating has actually come to be the norm in countries with an abundance of solar radiation, like the Mediterranean, Japan, and Australia.Colombia established a local solar water heating sector thanks to the designs of Las Gaviotas, directed by Paolo Lugari. Driven by a desire to minimize expenses in social housing, the team of Gaviotas studied the best systems from Israel and also made adaptations as to satisfy the specs established by the Banco Central Hipotecario (BCH) which recommended that the system must be functional in cities like Bogotá where there are more than 200 days overcast. The ultimate designs were so successful that Las Gaviotas supplied a 25-year guarantee on any of its installations in 1984. Over 40,000 were set up and also still work a quarter of a century later. Australia has a selection of motivations (nationwide as well as state) as well as regulations (state) for solar thermal presented beginning with MRET in 1997. Solar water heating unit have come to be prominent in China, where standard models start at around 1,500 yuan (US$ 235), more affordable than in Western nations (around 80 % less costly for an offered dimension of collector).Solar Hot Water Heater Innovations it is claimed that at the very least 30 million Chinese homes currently have one and that the appeal is because of the effective evacuated tubes which enable the heating units to function also under grey skies as well as at temperature levels well below freezing. Freeze security procedures prevent damage to the system due to the expansion of freezing transfer fluid. Drainback systems drain the transfer liquid from the system when the pump quits. Many indirect systems utilize antifreeze (e.g. Propylene glycol) in the warmth transfer fluid. In some direct systems, the collection agencies can be manually drained when cold is expected. This method prevails in climates where freezing temperatures do not happen typically, however is rather unstable considering that the driver can forget to drain the system.Innovations In Solar Water Heater other direct systems make use of freeze-tolerant collection agencies made with flexible polymers such as silicone rubber. A 3rd kind of freeze defense is freeze-tolerance, where low pressure polymer water networks made of silicone rubber merely increases on freezing. One such collection agency now has European Solar Keymark accreditation, adhering to added durability screening. Copyright 2015 Economic News Articles

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rsync is a free software computer program for Unix and Linux like systems which synchronizes files and directories from one location to another while minimizing data transfer using delta encoding when appropriate. An important feature of rsync not found in most similar programs/protocols is that the mirroring takes place with only one transmission in each direction. This tool is very appropriate to keep backup or setup mirror service. In this article you will get some clear idea. It can perform differential uploads and downloads (synchronization) of files across the network, transferring only data that has changed. The rsync remote-update protocol allows rsync to transfer just the differences between two sets of files across the network connection. If you are using Debian or Ubuntu Linux, type the following command: apt-get install rsync sudo apt-get install rsync If you are using Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) / CentOS 4.x or older version, type the following command: RHEL / CentOS 5.x or newer (or Fedora Linux) user type the following command: yum install rsync SSH-Keygen Generates Keys: It is safe to use rsync over ssh. To safely use rsync and to be secured you can generate keys to use rsync without giving password. This key will help you to keep backup. For better knowledge you can visit my another post by clicking here. Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Use remote machine ip to access without password. ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub "firstname.lastname@example.org -p 22" Here i will show you some tasks or examples. #1. Copy file from a local computer to a remote server. Copy file from /var/www/backup.tar.gz to a remote servers /var/www/ folder, called server1.domain.com rsync -v -e ssh /var/www/backup.tar.gz email@example.com:~/var/www/ Please note that symbol ~ indicate the users home directory (/home/user). #2. Copy file from a remote server to a local computer. Copy file /var/www/backup.tar.gz from a remote server server1.domain.com to a local computer’s /var/www/ directory: rsync -v -e ssh firstname.lastname@example.org:~/var/www/backup.tar.gz /var/www/ #3. Synchronize a local directory with a remote directory. (From local to server) rsync -r -a -v -e "ssh -l root -p 22" --delete /var/www/ server1.domain.com:/var/www/ #4. Synchronize a remote directory with a local directory. (From server to local) rsync -r -a -v -e "ssh -l root -p 22" --delete server1.domain.com:/var/www/ /var/www/ #5. Synchronize a local directory with a remote rsync server or vise-versa. rsync -r -a -v --delete rsync://server1.domain.com/backup /var/www/backup rsync -r -a -v --delete /var/www/backup rsync://server1.domain.com/backup #6. Mirror a directory between my “old” and “new” web server/ftp You can mirror a directory between my “old” (server1.domain.com) and “new” web server with the command (assuming that ssh keys are set for password less authentication) rsync -zavrR --delete --links --rsh="ssh -l root -p 22" server1.domain.com:/var/www /var/www Below command will be very helpful for backing up a database. mysqldump --opt -Q -u root --password='password' dbname | gzip > /var/www/dbname.gz Above command will backup the database by compressing that to gzip.

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This sub-section looks at overarching processes and developments in privatisation and commodification of water. It looks at overall policy issues, major interventions like water supply schemes under the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission, the series of privatisation of water supply in small towns, and other reforms in the water sector like the creation and functioning of Water Regulatory Authorities. This section also has thematic studies pertaining to water privatisation and reforms, in particular on alternatives to privatisation. It also attempts to bring together several strands to present the macro picture(s). Reports and Articles in this Theme पानी का बाज़ार बना मध्य प्रदेश इस लेख मे मध्य प्रदेश में पानी के बाज़ारीकरण, निजीकरण और जलक्षेत्र सुधारों का आकलन प्रस्तुत किया गया है | लेख, प्रकाशित फ़रवरी 2015. डाउनलोड हेतु यहाँ क्लिक करे PPPs: Tall claims, but little evidence The many arguments offered in support of Public Private Partnerships don’t stand up to close examination. The private sector is not more efficient than its public counterpart, nor is cheap money accessible to it as readily. Shripad Dharmadhikary and Gaurav Dwivedi report on India Together. Article, Published 6 October 2008. Read full article here India Country Brief for Water Sector, 2009 India Country Brief for Water Sector provides a bird’s eye view of the privatisation and reforms processes in the country. This brief includes various stages and aspects related to privatisation efforts in the country including status of privatisation and reforms projects in the country, role of the governments and international financial institutions, changes in laws and policies that have been brought about to facilitate private participation, involvement of private corporations, impacts of privatisation and the campaigns, movements and alternatives against the privatisation efforts. It was prepared to be distributed as conference material during the Jubilee South – Asia Pacific Movement on Debt and Development (JS-APMDD) conference in Bangkok on Climate Justice and Alternatives to Water and Power sector privatisation, September – October 2009. Brief, presented in September-October 2009. Read full brief here Privatisation and Commercialisation of Water Resources and Services in India Since 1991, large-scale changes have been initiated in India’s economy with the liberalization, privatisation and globalisation of almost every aspect of the economy. While this process began in 1991 itself in sectors like power, in the water sector it has started recently. 17 years after the blind and hasty liberalization and privatisation, the power sector is in a mess. The reforms have been a disaster, with severe power shortages and rocketing electricity tariffs, locking the country into expensive contracts for years to come. All this has now been acknowledged even at the official level. Instead of learning from the process, an almost exactly similar process of liberalization, privatisation and globalisation is being undertaken in the water sector. Note, published in 2008. Read full note here हिन्दी नोट यहॉं देखा जा सकता है।

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Where We Work See our interactive map This post originally appeared on the Frontline Health Workers Coalition Blog. The birth of a child is typically a time of happiness and celebration. But in Nepal a family’s joy turned to horror when during a traditional birth ceremony, 2-month-old Astha fell from her mother’s lap into an open fire. She was scooped from the flames and survived, but suffered severe burns all over her face. Unable to get the appropriate immediate treatment she needed, Astha’s injury quickly began to “heal” itself, and scars formed over her face to the point that her mouth was sealed almost completely closed. Unable to suck, Astha was only able to eat through a small eyedropper. Luckily, at this point Astha’s mother brought her to the hospital where a ReSurge International Surgical Outreach Program operates year-round. Dr. Nancy Chee, one of our volunteer occupational therapists and a 2014 REAL Award honoree, was there at the time. She and her Nepali trainee, Mohan Dangol, fashioned a small plastic splint that could hook on the corners of Astha’s mouth and stretch it open. Within days, Astha’s mouth opened enough for her to suck again. Astha was fortunate to have found health workers with the necessary training and creativity to treat her burns, giving her the chance to survive and live a life free of disability. This is unfortunately not the case for many children in her country. Health workers should know what to do when a burn victim enters their health post or clinic. With many still using open flames to cook, heat, and light their homes, the burns crisis in Nepal is severe. Burns are the second-most common injury in rural Nepal and the 10th leading cause of death for children under age 5. Add to this situation a chronic shortage of health workers—on average, there are only about 2 physicians for every 10,000 people in Nepal—and it is not difficult to understand why burns are also the 11th leading cause of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for children under 5. Many do not know that burns can also cause disability, because we don’t often see it in developed countries. However, when a burn survivor does not have access to basic medical care and the injury is left to heal by itself, a permanent tightening of the skin occurs as the body closes the wound. As a result, even a minor burn can restrict one’s ability to walk or cause a working hand to become an unusable fist. But during our nearly 45 years of providing reconstructive surgery, we have learned that when burn survivors are given simple and affordable treatment like the kind Astha received soon after a burn injury, the burn disability is often reduced in severity or avoided altogether. The global health crisis of burns afflicting more than 10 million people in developing countries annually can be tackled, but an expanded and improved health workforce is needed. The fact that the global shortage of health workers now stands at 7.2 million and counting is widely acknowledged. To reduce the number of debilitating burn injuries in Nepal and in other developing countries, an expanded force of frontline health workers is undoubtedly necessary. Beyond increasing the number of health workers, these workers must also be equipped to provide appropriate burn care by focusing on three areas: prevention, training, and treatment. With National Burn Awareness Week approaching, let’s remain mindful that 95% of severe burns occur in developing countries. Frontline health workers will be critical in addressing the hidden crisis of burns, and policymakers here in the United States and around the world must ensure that more is done to ensure that burns are prevented, managed, and treated through an expanded and strengthened health workforce. Get the latest updates from the blog and eNews

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Let’s talk about the Black Elderberry (Sambucus nigra), aka Elder, Common Elder, American Elder, and European Elder. It’s been used medicinally throughout history for a variety of ailments, and studies are showing that there is good reason. Elderberries are high in vitamins A, C, and B6, as well as iron and potassium. They are also a good source of inflammation-fighting quercetin. The 2017-2018 flu season has caught many folks off guard. It’s the most widespread outbreak of the flu virus in more than a decade. Did you know that several studies across the globe have proved that elderberry syrup can be effective in treating and lessening the symptoms of influenza viruses? It’s true. I’m not going to get into a debate about flu vaccines here; I am not a medical expert, I only know what works for me. I have had the flu just once in my life, and I personally believe that a good deal of the credit for that goes to daily use of a neti pot, a daily dose of my winter tonic (aka ‘fire cider’), and elderberry tincture or syrup when I feel cold and flu symptoms creeping in. In a double-blind study1 in 1993, 93.3% of subjects taking an elderberry preparation called Sambucol reported significant improvement in their flu symptoms within two days versus six days for those given the placebo. Not only is elderberry effective as a flu treatment, it may also help to prevent the flu virus, as reported in another study in the journal Phytochemistry in 20092. The report showed that flavonoids contained in elderberries produce antibodies that bind with H1N1 virion (that’s the infectious form of a virus), and prevent it from infecting host cells. A study reported in the Journal of Thoracic Disease3 explained that flavonoids from elderberries (including the quercetin mentioned earlier), are “comparing favorably to the anti-influenza activities of Oseltamivir (Tamiflu®). Tamiflu is the prescription-only antiviral flu treatment that is persistently in short supply during flu outbreaks, but elderberries can be as close as your garden. In the past I have always acquired elderberry syrup and tinctures from others, but the recent research I’ve done that went into writing this post led me to order my own plants; they will make a welcome addition to the garden. For a great tutorial on how to make elderberry syrup, check out this video from Mountain Rose Herbs: Freezing some of your elderberry syrup will help it to last longer, and ensure that you can have some available when it is needed. A Final Note It is important to cook elderberries before consuming them. Raw elderberries can cause a buildup of cyanide in your system, which is toxic and be dangerous. Disclaimer: This website does not provide medical advice. The information contained herein is for informational purposes only, and should not be used as a substitute for professional medical advice. 1Zakay-Rones, Zichria, et al. “Inhibition of Several Strains of Influenza Virusin Vitroand Reduction of Symptoms by an Elderberry Extract (Sambucus NigraL.) during an Outbreak of Influenza B Panama.” The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, vol. 1, no. 4, 1995, pp. 361–369., doi:10.1089/acm.1995.1.361. 2Roschek Jr. B, Fink RC, McMichael MD, et al. Elderberry flavonoids bind to and prevent H1N1 infection in vitro. Phytochemistry. 2009;70(10):1255-61. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.06.003. 3Shen X, Zhang X, Liu S. Novel hemagglutinin-based influenza virus inhibitors. Journal of Thoracic Disease. 2013;5(Suppl 2):S149-S159. doi:10.3978/j.issn.2072-1439.2013.06.14.

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|SOME ETHICAL ASPECTS OF MENTAL ECONOMY| STATE UNIVERSITY OF IOWA TO be economical of one's powers makes for efficiency; to be prodigal, makes for inefficiency. To be efficient in life is the highest ethics. To be inefficient because of prodigality is to be immoral. It will be observed that in this discussion I follow the Aristotelian conception of ethics as a practical science, rather than as a theoretical science. The object of the discussion is to consider certain modes of mental life, to evaluate them, and to offer a few guiding suggestions for the proper conduct of life. Professor Paulsen has compared this view of ethics with the science of medicine, which he says, "instructs us to solve the problems of corporeal life, to the end that the body may perform all its functions in a healthy manner during its natural existence; while ethics, basing itself on the knowledge of human nature in general, especially of its spiritual and social side, aims to solve all the problems of life so that it may reach its fullest, most beautiful and most perfect development. We might, therefore," he concludes, "call ethics universal dietetics, to which medicine, and all the other technologies, like pedagogy, politics, etc., are related as special parts, or as auxiliary sciences." ("A System of Ethics," p. 2.) The purpose of ethics, then, is "to determine the end of life, or the highest good, and to point out the way or the means of realizing it." This much by way of definition is given preliminary to my discussion of mental economy as a phase of ethics, in order to justify my treatment when I seem to digress from the immediate consideration of right and wrong and to discuss questions which might properly be also catalogued under pedagogy or mental hygiene. All will agree that no life is most nobly lived unless it has secured the complete unfoldment of the richest inheritances bequeathed by ancestry; unless it has appropriated environment in such a way as to secure the limits of individual advancement; unless it has rendered the utmost possible service to society. To fail in these particulars is to be prodigal and uneconomical. To be uneconomical is to be unethical. The world is full of work to be done, problems to be solved, which are of proportions never before assumed. To meet these duties and responsibilities requires the highest products of intellectual evolution, keen and broad sympathies, and vigorous, sustained will-impulses. To live completely and ethically, every one should accomplish more

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Bundoora is a local Aboriginal word meaning ‘the plain where kangaroos live’. In 2015, it is estimated 13,500 people live in Bundoora (within the City of Whittlesea) with a projected increase of about 1,800 people by 2036. This place snapshot provides a summary of future development in the Bundoora area for current and future residents, business owners, investors and community groups. For snapshots of development in other areas, see Place Snapshots: A Guide to Development in Your Area. Bundoora is a local Aboriginal word meaning ‘the plain where kangaroos live’. Bundoora was named after Keelbundoora, which was the name of the parish (land) where Bundoora exists today. Keelbundoora was also the name of the young boy present at the signing of the Batman treaty, a historic land agreement made by European settler, John Batman with the Aboriginal people of Melbourne in 1835. The treaty was later ruled invalid by the government of the day. Only a small part of Bundoora is within the City of Whittlesea boundary, the rest of the suburb is served by the Darebin City Council and Banyule City Council. Approximately 45 per cent of the population resides in the City of Whittlesea, 37 per cent in Banyule and 18 per cent in Darebin. European settlement of the area dates from 1838, with land mainly used for farming. The number of residents was small until the late 1800s. Significant development did not occur until the post-war era with Bundoora experiencing substantial growth in the 1960s, due to home affordability and provision of employment. Residential, retail and commercial growth is expected to continue particularly in the University Hill development. University Hill contains: The University Hill (The Janefield) development plan shows the proposed development for this housing estate in Bundoora. Development of these estate will generally follow the plan but is subject to change. In 2015, it is estimated 13,500 people live in Bundoora (within the City of Whittlesea) with a projected increase of about 1,800 people by 2036. Bundoora has the largest proportion of young adults aged 18 to 24 in the municipality (13 per cent). This is probably due to the presence of 2 universities in Bundoora. By 2036, the most populous age group is expected to be 35 to 49 year olds. In 2015, it is estimated there will be 169 births (3 births per week on average) and this will remain reasonably constant to 2036. Almost half of Bundoora’s residents (45 per cent) speak a language other than English at home with the most common languages spoken are Mandarin, Italian and Macedonian. In 2015 there are approximately 5,000 dwellings. By 2036 it is expected to increase to 5,700 dwellings with an average household size of 2.8 people. There are more residents working in the retail trade, health care and social assistance, than any other industry. There are less residents attending primary, secondary and preschool, although there is a larger proportion of people attending university compared with the broader Greater Melbourne. Seven out of 10 residents drive a car to their place of work with over 60 per cent of households having access to 2 or more motor vehicles.

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https://www.whittlesea.vic.gov.au/building-planning-development/future-development-plans/place-snapshots-a-guide-to-development-in-your-area/place-snapshot-bundoora/

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Returning values from your functions to PHP was described briefly in an earlier section; this section gives the details. Return values are passed via the return_value variable, which is passed to your functions as argument. The return_value argument consists of a zval container (see the earlier discussion of the call interface) that you can freely modify. The container itself is already allocated, so you don't have to run MAKE_STD_ZVAL on it. Instead, you can access its members directly. To make returning values from functions easier and to prevent hassles with accessing the internal structures of the zval container, a set of predefined macros is available (as usual). These macros automatically set the correspondent type and value, as described in Table 55-1 and Table 55-2. Table 55-1. Predefined Macros for Returning Values from a Function |RETURN_RESOURCE(resource)||Returns a resource.| |RETURN_BOOL(bool)||Returns a Boolean.| |RETURN_NULL()||Returns nothing (a NULL value).| |RETURN_LONG(long)||Returns a long.| |RETURN_DOUBLE(double)||Returns a double.| |RETURN_STRING(string, duplicate)||Returns a string. The duplicate flag indicates whether the string should be duplicated using estrdup().| |RETURN_STRINGL(string, length, duplicate)||Returns a string of the specified length; otherwise, behaves like RETURN_STRING. This macro is faster and binary-safe, however.| |RETURN_EMPTY_STRING()||Returns an empty string.| |RETURN_FALSE||Returns Boolean false.| |RETURN_TRUE||Returns Boolean true.| Table 55-2. Predefined Macros for Setting the Return Value of a Function |RETVAL_RESOURCE(resource)||Sets the return value to the specified resource.| |RETVAL_BOOL(bool)||Sets the return value to the specified Boolean value.| |RETVAL_NULL||Sets the return value to NULL.| |RETVAL_LONG(long)||Sets the return value to the specified long.| |RETVAL_DOUBLE(double)||Sets the return value to the specified double.| |RETVAL_STRING(string, duplicate)||Sets the return value to the specified string and duplicates it to Zend internal memory if desired (see also RETURN_STRING).| |RETVAL_STRINGL(string, length, duplicate)||Sets the return value to the specified string and forces the length to become length (see also RETVAL_STRING). This macro is faster and binary-safe, and should be used whenever the string length is known.| |RETVAL_EMPTY_STRING||Sets the return value to an empty string.| |RETVAL_FALSE||Sets the return value to Boolean false.| |RETVAL_TRUE||Sets the return value to Boolean true.| Complex types such as arrays and objects can be returned by using array_init() and object_init(), as well as the corresponding hash functions on return_value. Since these types cannot be constructed of trivial information, there are no predefined macros for them. Hosting by: Hurra Communications Ltd. Generated: 2007-01-26 18:00:30

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Eating disorders in kids can pose a serious threat to their health and overall well-being. If not diagnosed and treated early, eating disorders can give rise to life-threatening conditions. Here are a few things that you must know about eating disorders: 1.The two most common types of eating disorders are Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa. These two conditions can show up separately or together in one person. Yet another type of eating disorder is Binge eating. It is not necessary that kids with eating disorders are excessive skinny or overweight. 2. It is not necessary that only girls suffer from eating disorder. Boys can also suffer from eating disorder. Binge Eating disorder affects both girls and boys. 3. Anorexia Nervosa is the condition when kids refuse to eat adequate food and calories because of the fear of becoming fat. Kids suffering from Anorexia Nervosa are extremely conscious about their body image and constantly worry about what people will think of their bodies. 4. Kids suffering from Anorexia Nervosa have a body weight 15% less than normal weight, they are gripped by a fear of growing fat, and have a negative view of their body. 5. Your kid may be suffering from Bulimia Nervosa if he/she engages in Binge eating (eating more food than normal quantity) and throws out the food by either vomiting, excessive exercising, by abusing laxatives, diuretics or diet pills. 6. Binge Eating is the condition where a kid indulges in eating more food than people usually eat. Such kids overeat to the point where they feel discomfort. Kids suffering from binge eating have no control over them when eating and usually, overeat when they are depressed . 7. A number of factors can trigger eating disorders. These are a combination of social, biological, and behavioural factors. For instance, young girls can get influenced by the thin body images promoted in various media. Moreover, kids suffering from a feeling of helplessness, depression or low self-esteem may adopt such habits as a response to the stress they are experiencing. 8. Once you spot the signs of eating disorder in your child, immediately take them for psychological counselling. Such disorders need medical attention. The underlying psychological factors must be understood before treating this problem. If you have witnessed the symptoms of eating disorder in your child and if you are looking for a child psychologist in Kolkata. It is very important to improve the eating and nutrition habits of children by helping them improve their self-esteem. That’s the only way to help your kid overcome such a life-threatening condition.

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The Labour Party was out of power in the years 1951-64 not because of Conservative strengths but because of Labour’s mistakes and internal divisions. Assess the validity of this view. Between the years 1951 and 1964, the Conservative party saw a period of political dominance while Labour experienced a period which has become known as their ‘wilderness years’. This can partly be blamed on Labour’s mistakes and divisions within the party as this led to dissatisfaction within the electorate. However, other factors such as the role of key personalities, Conservative strengths and rising affluence were also responsible for Labour’s failure to win elections in the period. Labour Disunity was a major cause for the party being out of power in the years 1951 to 1964 as it was the start of increasing dissatisfaction with the party. The party was split during the 1950s due to the formation of two groups, the Bevanites and Gaitskellites who disagreed over key policies including defence spending and the development of nuclear weapons as well as relationships with trade unions. This split seriously harmed the effectiveness of the party’s opposition to the Conservatives in the 1950s. The creation of the hydrogen bomb in 1957 prompted the formation of the CND in 1958. Many left wingers in the Labour party joined them which turned some voters away from Labour before the election in 1959. The party leader, Gaitskell, also suffered defeats at party conferences over the issue. By presenting Labour as a divided party, this caused a loss in confidence within their supporters and they saw a drop in the number of seats won within the three elections in the period, from 295 in 1951 to 258 in 1959. Conservative strengths in the years 1955 to 1963 were also very important in allowing their thirteen years of dominance. The period saw a rise in affluence following the austerity during World War Two, which was one of the main causes for the party’s continued success. Throughout their period of dominance there was full employment, rising living standards and a successful welfare state, which were all things that Labour claimed were unachievable under a capitalist government and so made the party seem out of touch and unable to adapt to the changing society. After ending rationing in 1954, Britain became a consumer society, with huge rises in the purchase of consumer goods such as cars (between 1950 and 1965, sales of cars rose by 4 million) and televisions (between 1957 and 1959 the number of households owning a television rose by 32%). Combined with rising wages, from £8.30 in in 1951 to £15.35 in 1961, most people in Britain felt more affluent and were hesitant to switch parties when they were comfortable. However, it can be argued that this rise in prosperity can be attributed to simply a post-war by-product rather than due to successful policy making....

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If you suffer from stress and anxiety, you probably want to avoid future run-ins with these problems. Of course, stress is inevitable, but you can learn to cope with it in a functional, healthy way. Here are some tips for staving off stress and anxiety before they catch up with you. 1. Good Nutrition This is listed as number 1 for a reason. It is one of the most important and effective means by which you can cope with stress and anxiety and prevent them from taking over your life. Some nutrients and foods that are good for proper brain and body fuction are: -Essential Fatty Acids, such as those found in olive oil, salmon, flax seeds, and other unrefined vegetable oils should be sought out and deliberately included in the diet. This vitamin plays a signifcant role in mood regulation. In fact, has been used to treat people who suffer from Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD). 2. Regular Exercise This is also very important for avoiding the negative effects of stress and anxiety. Don’t wait until you feel stressed or anxious; like good nutrition, make exercise a part of your regular routine. Exercise increases circulation, and also induces the body to produce endorphins. These brain chemicals profoundly affect your mood and response to stress. Exercising with realistic goals is also important. You don’t want to bring on anxious feelings by “failing” at an enormous exercise goal like running a marathon right away when you’ve never run before. Keeping your goals realistic – say running a around a quarter-mile track once and walking another 3 laps – can boost your confidence and give you a sense of accomplishment. These are great weapons against stress and anxiety. 3. Positive Self-Talk You may need help in learning how to break negative self-talk patterns. Many of us have developed patterns of thought that automatically involve self-abasement. For example, if you make a mistake on a piece of paperwork, your mind may automatically begin “beating you up,” and you’ll have thoughts that you can’t do anything right, you are terrible at paperwork, and so forth. Learning to recognize this pattern and redirect your thoughts to more positive ones can help prevent further stress and anxiety. 4. Deep Breathing It may seem silly to focus on breathing as part of preventing stress and anxiety. Everyone knows how to breathe, right? Yes, everyone knows how to breathe, but few people know how to breathe properly. Deep breathing is the deliberate taking in of breath that helps focus your thoughts and energy. It also promotes the circulation of oxygen throughout the body. Exhaling deeply and fully is also important, as this more thoroughly eliminates toxins from the body. Getting adequate sleep is essential for helping your body cope with stress. Everything seems bigger, scarier, and more worrisome when you are exhausted. 6. Know the Symptoms Learn to recognise your body’s cues that it’s experiencing too much stress and its resulting anxiety. Pay attention to things like feelings of restlessness, fatigue, anxious thoughts, and muscle tension. Once you learn to recognise the stressful trend, you can stop it before it takes hold.

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Like many viruses, HIV can affect different people in different ways. If someone contracts HIV, they might experience persistent or occasional symptoms. Also, their symptoms might be mild or severe. Their overall health, the stage of their HIV, and the steps they take to manage their condition can all affect their symptoms. One of the most common symptoms of HIV is fever. Fever occurs when the body temperature is higher than normal. Several different things can cause HIV-related fever. Here are some of the potential causes and when a person should seek treatment for a fever. People with HIV can develop a fever for a variety of reasons. They can develop a fever as part of an adverse reaction to medications. Fevers can also be a symptom of many conditions unrelated to HIV, such as the flu. Other causes include: A person with HIV will likely begin to show symptoms of HIV within two to four weeks after contracting it. Recurrent or persistent fevers may be one of the first symptoms they experience. Their fever may also be accompanied by additional symptoms, such as: Fevers are a normal immune response to viral infections. If someone has an acute HIV infection, persistent fever is a sign that their immune system is still functioning relatively well. An opportunistic infection is one that occurs because of a weakened immune system. When the immune system is healthy, it can fight off many infections. When it’s impaired by HIV, it may be less able to fend off certain bacteria, viruses, and fungi. As a result, a person living with HIV may develop an opportunistic infection. There are several different types of opportunistic infections. They can range from minor to extremely serious. Examples include: - some types of bronchitis - cytomegalovirus (CMV) - herpes simplex - candidiasis, also known as thrush - herpes esophagitis An effective immune system is able to seek out and destroy some types of cancer before they can grow and cause problems. With an ineffective immune system, Some of these cancers may include: The length of a fever will depend on its cause and the steps taken to manage it. The initial stage of HIV can last from months to years. Within that time period, a person may experience intermittent fevers that last anywhere from two to four weeks. If a fever is related to an opportunistic infection, its length will depend on the type of infection, the treatment a person receives, and their overall condition. If a fever is caused by medication, its length will depend on the medication, how long someone takes it, and their overall condition. Most fevers aren’t serious and resolve on their own. But in some cases, fever can be a sign of a serious issue that requires treatment. A healthcare provider can help someone identify the cause of a fever and prescribe appropriate treatment. If someone suspects they’ve been exposed to HIV, they should make an appointment with their healthcare provider and ask about HIV testing. If they’re experiencing recurrent fevers or nonspecific symptoms, it may be a sign of an acute HIV infection. If someone’s already received an HIV diagnosis, they should make an appointment with their healthcare provider as soon as they develop a fever. It may be a sign of an opportunistic infection or problems with their medication regimen. If left untreated, their condition might become worse. One reason it’s important to adhere to an HIV medication regimen — and investigate any potential problems — is that people with an undetectable viral load are unable to transmit HIV, according to the In many cases, hydration and rest are all it takes to treat a fever. Depending on its severity and cause, a healthcare provider may also recommend other treatments. For example, they may recommend over-the-counter medication, such as acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin). If someone has an opportunistic infection, their healthcare provider may prescribe antivirals, antibiotics, or other types of medication. If they suspect someone’s fever is caused by medication, they may adjust the drug regimen. A person’s outlook depends on the severity and cause of the fever. In many cases, early diagnosis and treatment can help improve a person’s outlook. A person with HIV fever should ask a healthcare provider for more information about their specific condition, treatment options, and outlook.

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Ecologists love species diversity. But it remains a major conundrum why the highest diversity of plants is most often associated with nutrient-poor soils, rather than in the rich, fertile soils where plants grow best. One of the highest counts of plants that I know of was reported for a frequently burned, sandy soil in the Green Swamp in North Carolina, where there was an average of 35 species per square meter. A combination of low fertility and frequent disturbance seems to prevent a few species from dominating the rest at this site. Not surprisingly, plants have different efficiencies in nutrient uptake. Plants living in nutrient-poor habitats invest more energy in the growth of fine roots, enzymes for nutrient transport, and the symbiotic (mycorrhizal) fungi that aid in nutrient uptake. Plant ecologists express nutrient uptake efficiency as the amount of a nutrient, like nitrogen, taken up per unit of root growth per unit of time. High nutrient uptake efficiency comes at a cost to plants, because energy devoted to root growth and nutrient uptake is energy that cannot be devoted to the growth of leaves that fuel the overall plant growth. Numerous studies show declines in species diversity when soils are fertilized. The fertilized plot is dominated by a few species that show rapid growth, often shading out all competitors. When you fertilize a nutrient-poor plot of land, the species adapted to low nutrients are outcompeted by species that do not devote as much energy to nutrient uptake, which outgrow the species adapted to nutrient-poor soils. Many grasses are adapted to a high-nutrient diet; home gardeners know that fertilizing a lawn will help keep out the weeds. All this explains why ecologists are increasingly concerned about higher levels of nitrogen deposition from the deposition of air pollution. The nitrogen deposited from the atmosphere acts as a fertilizer, promoting the dominance of a few profligate species with low nutrient-uptake efficiency at the expense of species with higher nutrient-use efficiency and adapted to nutrient-poor soils. Across European meadows, species diversity has declined in areas where nutrient-deposition is greatest. The effects are subtle, but cumulative, so that a depauperate flora is left behind. Along with climate change, widespread nitrogen deposition is likely to take its toll on nature’s diversity. Fortunately, if we reduce the deposition of nitrogen air pollutants in nature, much of its biodiversity will return. This should be a clear choice for thoughtful folks. Austin, M.P. and B.O. Austin. 1980. Behaviour of experimental plant communities along a nutrient gradient. Journal of Ecology 68: 891-918. Cleland, E.E., and W.S. Harpole. 2010. Nitrogen enrichment and plant communities. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1195: 46-61. Goulson, D. 2013. A Buzz in the Meadow: the Natural history of a French Farm. Picador, New York. Hautier, Y., P.A. Niklaus, and A. Hector. 2009. Competition for light causes plant biodiversity loss after eutrophication. Science 324: 636-638. Huenneke, L.F., S.P. Hamburg, R. Koide, H.A. Mooney, and P.M. Vitousek. 1990. Effects of soil resources on plant invasion and community structure in California serpentine grassland. Ecology 71: 478-491. Kempton, R.A. 1979. The structure of species diversity and measurement of diversity. Biometrics 35: 307-321. Li, Y and 8 others. 2016. Increasing importance of deposition of reduced nitrogen in the United States. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences U.S. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1525736113 Stevens, C.J., N.B. Dise, J.O. Mountford, and D.J. Gowing. 2004. Impact of nitrogen deposition on the species richness of grasslands. Science 303: 1876-1879. Storkey, J. and 7 others. 2015. Grassland biodiversity bounces back from long-term nitrogen addition. Nature 528: 401-404. Tilman, D. 1987. Secondary succession and the pattern of plant dominance along experimental nitrogen gradients. Ecological Monographs 57: 189-214. Walter, C.A., M.B. Adams, F.S. Gilliam and W.T. Peterjohn. 2017. Non-random species loss in a forest herbaceous layer following nitrogen addition. Ecology 98: 2322-2332. Walker, J. and R.K. Peet. 1984. Composition and species diversity of pine wiregrass savannas of the Green Swamp, North Carolina. Vegetatio 55: 163-179.

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A newly agreed ban on several single-use plastic items could soon become “one of the EU’s proudest achievements”, according to NGOs. EU governments have finally reached an agreement to slash plastic pollution from single-use items after months of negotiations with the European Commission and Parliament. The final measures, which were first put forward by the European Commission in May, include: - Bans on several single-use plastic items including plates, straws, beverage stirrers, cutlery, expanded polystyrene food containers and more; - Ensuring manufacturers pay for waste management and clean-up of several single-use plastic items, including cigarette butts and fishing gear; - Ensuring all beverage bottles are produced from 25% recycled content by 2025. The EU also agreed to introduce labels informing consumers about the presence of plastics in products and about the environmental impact of littering. Meadhbh Bolger of Friends of the Earth said: “The EU deserves praise for being the first region to introduce new laws to reduce single-use plastics and slash plastic pollution in our fields, rivers and oceans.” “What’s less laudable is that the plastics lobby – backed up by some governments – was able to delay and weaken the ambition,” she added. Campaigners complained about the lack of binding targets to reduce the consumption of food containers and cups. They also regretted that collection targets for beverage containers were delayed by 4 years, and that the companies will still be able to rely on voluntary agreements to reduce the consumption of plastic items. A leaked letter recently exposed how major plastic polluters such as Coca-Cola, Nestlé, PepsiCo and Danone have been lobbying national environment ministers to water down Europe’s strategy to counter the plastic pollution crisis. Coca-Cola, Nestlé and PepsiCo have also recently been listed as responsible for the most plastic pollution in the world, according to a global analysis of 239 clean-ups and brand audits in 42 countries on six continents. But popular support for the agreed laws has grown across Europe. Three in four Europeans agree that they are worried about the impact on their heath of plastics, a Eurobarometer survey found last year. “If we don’t stop the plastic pollution crisis now, we’ll regret it forever,” said Jean-Pierre Schweitzer of the European Environmental Bureau (EEB). “Today’s decision could soon become one of Europe’s proudest achievements, but national governments must introduce these laws swiftly,” he added. EU governments will have two years to transpose the agreement into national laws, which should come into force by the beginning of 2021. A race to the top? The news came only one day after the decision by the UK to make retailers and producers of packaging pay for the full cost of collection and recycling. The UK is due to leave the EU block in March 2019, but whether the government will decide to retain EU environmental laws will depend on the final agreement with the EU. The UK, just like many other countries, has also been discussing whether to ban certain single-use plastic items. Political commentators have hinted at a potential ‘race to the top’ among member states and the European Commission itself. Enjoy this Twitter thread, courtesy of UK environment minister Michael Gove and European Commission vice-president Frans Timmermans: .@michaelgove One step ahead of you. EU legislation on single-use plastics coming before the summer. Maybe you can align with us? #EUDoesntSuck #StrongerTogether #PlasticsStrategy https://t.co/hbBBXT1eGa — Frans Timmermans (@TimmermansEU) February 23, 2018

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What's In a Name? Brook stickleback: refers to the spines on its back and the small streams where it lives Culaea (kul-lay´-ah) a name created for this fish inconstans (in-kon´-stans) means "variable" in Latin Where Do They Live? The brook stickleback is common throughout the state of Minnesota. It favors areas of rivers, streams, lakes, and ponds that have cool, unclouded (not turbid) waters with large amounts of vegetation. They often are found living with white suckers, creek chubs, fathead minnows, finescale dace, northern redbelly dace, and central mudminnows. How Big Do They Get? How Long Do They Live? Brook sticklebacks are minnow-sized fish. They usually do not grow much bigger than 60 mm (2.4 in). The biggest ones reach about 80 mm (a little over 3 in). The brook stickleback is like many of the smaller species in Minnesota in that it lives for only 1 to 2 years, occasionally for 3 years. What Do They Eat? Brook Sticklebacks are mainly carnivorous ("meat eaters"), but they also sometimes eat algae. The usual diet includes acuatic (water) insect larvae, terrestrial (land) insects, waterfleas, worms, snails, and sometimes fish eggs. What Eats Them? Despite the sharp spines on their backs, brook sticklebacks are eaten by many other fish species. These include brook trout, largemouth and smallmouth bass, northern pike, yellow perch, walleyes, and bowfins. Fish-eating birds are also a big predator of this fish. They include herons, kingfishers, mergansers, and terns. How Do They Reproduce? Brook sticklebacks spawn in late spring and early summer in Minnesota (late May through June). Water temperatures must be above 10° C (50° F) but below 20° C (68° F) for good spawning. Males pick sites in the weeds and create their territories. There, they use algae, sticks, other plant matter, and their own sticky secretion to build a nest almost the size and shape of a golf ball. It has an opening at one end and is attached to the stem of a plant. When a female enters the male's territory, he rushes up to get her to go into the nest. He will even push her in the direction of the nest. Once inside of the nest the female lays her eggs and then forces her way out the other side of the nest. The male then enters the nest and fertilizes the eggs. Once he is done with that, he usually repairs the nest to receive other spawning females. Sometimes a male builds a second, larger nest and transfers the eggs to it (carrying them in his mouth). Each female that visits the nest may lay 50 to 100 eggs. The male will guard the nest and young until he loses control of the school of young fish. Conservation and Management Brook sticklebacks have no special conservation status in Minnesota. They are probably important as natural controls for mosquitoes and make an interesting aquarium fish.

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University of Phoenix/Adam Bandy July 27, 2015 SOC/110: Stephen Eckstone People communicate in the world every second of the day. Communication plays a huge part in the world people live in. There are as few ways of communication. People communicate by facial expressions, gesturing, writing, pointing or using their hands. People communicate by drawing, touching, and eye contact. In the new era, technology has help people communicate more effectively by using computers and cellphones. Verbal communication is the sharing of information between people using speech. www.businessdictionary.com Verbal communication can be used by using sentences and talking with others. Also, verbal communication is used to convey a message to someone else with also a tone of voice. For instance, one can have a conversation with another person and begin to talk about what one day was like. One can elaborate with the receiver about the day about bringing in details far as the weather. Verbal communication is a way that someone conveys messages to someone else. Verbal communication also relies on how a person uses and languages while communicating. Another example of verbal communication is jargon. Jargon is a verbal shorthand professionals use to speak to each other clearly and efficiently. (Engleberg, Wynn, 2012) One was younger, growing up when one’s grandmother and mother would speak another language, so the children would not understand the message being conveyed. The language is called pig-latin. Non-verbal communication is not verbal; as a: being other than verbal; b. using a minimum amount of language. www.Merriandictionary.com Non -verbal communication is opposite of verbal communication. The difference with verbal and non- verbal is one uses words (verbal), and the other does not. Examples of non-verbal communication are facial expressions, hand gestures, body posture, body language, sign language, writing, eye contact. One can communicate non- verbally by using hand gestures. One can communicate non- verbally by using effective eye contact. For example one is at a meetings. I can make sure to pay attention to the speaker. I can give eye contact and make sure my body posture is correct. One can show correct body posture by not folding one’s arms together and staying alert at all times. It can also be helpful by standing instead of sitting while attending a meeting. Knowledge of non-verbal communication is helpful in communicating to others. One way knowledge is helpful is by allowing the person that is understanding exactly what the other person is conveying. For example, a person can be giving non-verbal cues while attending a meeting. The person looking at the other person can understand what the other person by reading the person’s body language, posture, and other non-verbal cues. Knowledge of non-verbal communication can help an individual understand what the person is saying as well. The results on the assessment of “Student Listening Inventory” was taken. The score is 112. The results stated, “You perceive yourself to be a good…

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The recipe for proteins — the fundamental building blocks of tissues, muscles, enzymes, and antibodies — is encoded in DNA. It’s these genetic dictionaries that define proteins’ three-dimensional structures and determine their functions, but predicting how their amino acid components will interact is notoriously difficult. DNA only contains information about chains of amino acid residues, not those chains’ final form. In fact, scientists estimate it would take more than 13.8 billion years to figure out all the possible configurations of a typical protein’s thousands of amino acids in order to identify the right structure. Encouragingly, scientists at Harvard Medical School have made progress toward an AI system that is capable of predicting the structure of effectively any protein and can spit out predictions upwards of a million times faster than current state-of-the-art systems without sacrificing accuracy. The work is detailed in a report published this week in the journal Cell Systems, and both the software and the results are freely available via GitHub. “Protein-folding has been one of the most important problems for biochemists over the last half-century, and this approach represents a fundamentally new way of tackling that challenge. What’s compelling about the problem is that it’s fairly easy to state: Take [an amino acid] sequence and figure out the shape,” said Dr. Mohammed AlQuraishi, research lead and instructor in systems biology in the Blavatnik Institute at HMS, in a statement. “A protein starts off as an unstructured string that has to take on a 3D shape, and the possible sets of shapes that a string can fold into is huge … [but] we now have a whole new vista from which to explore protein-folding, and I think we’ve just begun to scratch the surface.” Proteins, AlQuraishi explains, are constructed from a library of 20 different amino acids. These are combined into loops, spirals, sheets, twists, and other substructures in 3D space in close physical proximity, and they’re far from random. Amino acids respect the laws of physics, seeking out “energetically favorable” states, which makes them predictable. Previous methods have mapped new amino acid sequences onto predefined templates or sifted through genomic data to identify sequences that might have evolved together. Alphabet subsidiary DeepMind’s AlphaFold, for instance, which beat 98 competitors in the Critical Assessment of Structure Prediction (CASP) protein-folding competition last year, used the latter technique to suss out the structure of 25 out of 43 proteins. But, as AlQuraishi notes, these systems can’t determine structures for which we lack prior knowledge, because they don’t predict protein structures solely from sequences. He and colleagues instead employed differentiable learning — a machine learning method in which a model tunes and adjusts itself by feeding data samples forward and backward through its components — to discover the relationships between a protein sequence and its structure. Their recurrent geometric network, which is made up of only a few thousand lines of computer code, can predict both the most likely angle of the chemical bonds connecting amino acids and the angle of rotation around these bonds. Trained over the course of months on thousands of proteins, the AI system outperformed all other methods from several recent years of CASP at predicting protein structures for which there are no preexisting templates, and it leapfrogged all but the best models that made use of preexisting templates. Moreover, it made its predictions — which it compares against ground truth protein structures to check accuracy — in milliseconds, or around six to seven orders of magnitude faster than prior art, which can take hours. The model isn’t accurate enough for commercial applications; currently, it falls around six angstroms, which is equal to 0.1 nanometer. (About one to two angstroms are needed to resolve the full atomic structure of a protein.) But AlQuraishi says there are plenty of opportunities to optimize the approach, like further integrating chemical and physical rules. And he says the system can complement existing computational and physical methods to determine a wider range of protein structures than previously possible. “Accurately and efficiently predicting protein-folding has been a holy grail for the field, and it is my hope and expectation that this approach, combined with all the other remarkable methods that have been developed, will be able to do so in the near future,” AlQuraishi added. “We might solve this soon, and I think no one would have said that five years ago. It’s very exciting and also kind of shocking at the same time.”

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https://venturebeat.com/2019/04/17/harvard-medical-schools-ai-estimates-protein-structures-up-to-seven-times-faster-than-previous-methods/

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Pursuing a change in the operational management of Lake Okeechobee–like lowering lake levels in the dry season to protect human and environmental health as the Army Corps did this year–is one way to reverse Florida’s toxic tide now. During the summer of 2018, algae discharged into the St. Lucie River from Lake Okeechobee tested positive for microsystin at a level of 495.06 parts per billion, which is nearly 50 times more toxic than the level considered safe for human contact. The public responded in force. Thousands weighed in as the Corps began to deliberate a new Lake Okeechobee System Operating Manual (LOSOM), demanding water management that considered the harmful impacts to their communities. Bullsugar has worked with state and federal legislators since then, including Rep. Brian Mast, to focus on operational changes that acknowledge this human health crisis and seeks to protect all Floridians from toxic blooms by updating the existing priorities of the 1948 Central and Southern Florida Project. By proposing the protection of human health and safety as the primary consideration for operational management of Lake Okeechobee, Florida has a historic chance at a unified solution with immediate impacts for three critically important waterways. The best part is, we already know that it works. As a result of the Army Corps holding the lake lower this year, neither coast experienced the nightmarish, toxic qualities that scored Florida national headlines the past several summers. Securing a policy change that sends more water south and west in the dry season–when the system and treatment areas have capacity–protects the environment, the economy, and human health around Lake O and the estuaries, safeguards Miami’s drinking water supply, and protects Everglades National Park and Florida Bay from seagrass dieoffs like the one that contributed to a massive fishery collapse in 2015. The following excerpt from Monte Burke’s “The Everglades’ Wild Hope,” paints a picture of a critical crossroads in Florida’s history. He bluntly reminds us that our water crisis, decades in the making, is approaching the point of no return. There is hope–but only if we seize hold of opportunities like the one in front of us and fight for it with all we’ve got. (Original work written by Monte Burke. Published in the October/November 2019 edition of Garden and Gun, available online here. ) The Everglades are dying. On this matter, there is no debate. A century’s worth of dewatering, as well as pollution, dam and canal building, corporate welfare, and indifferent (at best) or bought-and-paid-for (at worst) politicians, has led to one of the greatest ecological tragedies in the country’s history, a fall from Eden that has serious ramifications for human and economic health. The question now for the Everglades—the matter still up for debate—is whether redemption remains possible. For the first time in two decades, there is, perhaps, reason for guarded optimism, thanks to a rare alignment of interests and events: the unified effort of moderate and radical advocacy groups, some fed-up fishermen, attention-grabbing (and interrelated) environmental devastation on both coasts of Florida, bold corporate activism, and (surprise!) even a few enlightened politicians. That hope is the good news. The bad news: We’ve been here before, only to see hope dashed. We still think that redemption is possible. And with the help of bullsugar supporters across the state and beyond, we’re committed to bringing the entire system, from the lake to the keys, back to health. For you chance to weigh in on the next LOSOM Project Delivery meeting, tune in, in-person on online, on October 24th. Your participation in these events is crucial as the Army Corps develops the new Lake O System Operating Manual. For more info, click the graphic below.

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Section 2: Indian Reorganization Act When Franklin D. Roosevelt became President of the United States in 1933, he appointed John Collier as Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Collier’s office had responsibility for administering law, health care, education and many other matters on American Indian reservations. Collier was known as a person who wanted to see some reforms in the relationship between American Indian tribes and the federal government. He admired Indian cultures. Collier helped to establish the Indian Emergency Conservation Program, or the Indian CCC. He asked that other federal work programs hire American Indians. In 1934, Collier presented to Congress the Indian Reorganization Act (IRA). This new law ended the allotment program (the 1887 Dawes Act), allowed tribes to purchase land, repealed the ban on tribal languages and customs, and allowed tribes to write constitutions. The IRA was controversial on many reservations. Collier thought that if tribes wrote constitutions, they would be able to govern their own reservations without federal interference. The tribes would also be able to establish businesses. The IRA required that each tribe vote on the law. If the tribe accepted the IRA, the tribe would write a constitution (subject to approval by tribal members) and set up a tribal council that would have responsibility for governing the reservation. The tribal council could, with approval from tribal members, become a business corporation and conduct tribal business. Many tribes saw this part of the IRA as an attempt to end traditional tribal leadership systems. Some said that voting, a process in which the majority rules, was foreign to traditional methods of tribal decision-making. Many tribes had previously made decisions by consensus or general agreement. In a voting society, the majority wins, but one (maybe more) group of people doesn’t win. These people may feel their views are not taken into consideration. This political division often leads to “factionalism.” A faction, a group of people who share a particular idea, may be in conflict with other factions. After tribes adopted constitutions and majority voting, factionalism often led to discord on the reservations. Other problems weakened the IRA. Tribal members who had no experience with constitutions and voting may not have understood their role in approving the IRA. It is also possible that some federal agents assigned to the tribes did not support the IRA because it would weaken their control over the tribes. Nationwide, about half of the tribes accepted the IRA and wrote constitutions. In North Dakota, only the Mandan, Hidatsa, and Arikara tribes of the Fort Berthold Reservation voted to accept the IRA. At Standing Rock, Turtle Mountain, and Fort Totten (now Spirit Lake) reservations, tribal members voted against the IRA. Why is this important? The Indian Reorganization Act was a turning point for American Indian tribes. It created in law the idea that tribes could govern themselves and that tribal cultural traditions had value and should be preserved. Though the law was flawed, it held out hope for changes in the relationship between the federal government and American Indians in the twentieth century.

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Nothing like a few diseases to give rise to a whole new class of products proclaiming that “they” will kill 99.9% of common bacteria, viruses and fungi. This includes everything from hand-sanitizing liquids to products like computer keyboard and shopping cart tissues. However, they often are based on laboratory tests that don’t represent the imperfections of real-world use. Human subjects, or countertops, in labs are usually cleaned first, then covered on the surface with a target bug. That is of course a far cry from a typical kitchen counter or a pair of human hands. Jason Tetro, a microbiologist at the University of Ottawa showed the difference by testing three hand-sanitizer products for CBC News last month among eighth graders in Hamilton, Ontario. Three popular sanitizers killed between 46% and 60% of microbes on the students’ hands, far short of 99.99%. Bugs that aren’t killed by sanitizers aren’t necessarily more dangerous than those that are. But the more that remain, the greater the chance of infection, doctors say. The companies whose products were evaluated responded that those lab tests are what health regulators require. “Real-world application is completely subject to interpretation,” says Jay Beckman, head of sales for MGS Soapopular Inc., the U.S. distributor of Soapopular, one of the products tested. “Nothing is guaranteed.” Soap can be effective, but human nature can stand in the way. In a now famous study Navy recruits (1996 – 1998) were directed by their commanding officers to wash their hands at least five times a day. That and other measures helped reduce outpatient doctor visits for respiratory illness by an impressive 45%. (http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0749379701003233) Civilians, lacking a commanding officer to direct them, can be a bit more problematic hand washers. Most, left to their own devices, don’t scrub the required time to achieve clean hands (20 seconds). To cite a 99.9% fatality rate, manufacturers don’t have to kill 99.9% of all known bugs. Regulations don’t require them to disclose which bugs they exterminate, just that the products are effective against a representative sample of microbes. For instance, many products can’t kill clostridium difficile, a gastrointestinal scourge, or the hepatitis A virus, which inflames the liver. Yet by killing other, more common bugs, they can claim 99.9% effectiveness. Rules governing claims of efficacy vary by agency. In the U.S., the EPA oversees claims about products intended for inanimate objects, while the FDA regulates skin products, including hand sanitizers. To claim that other microbe-unfriendly products such as household cleaners kill 99.99% of germs, companies are permitted to show such deadliness less than 99.99% of the time, according to the EPA’s rules. The standard test is run on 60 slides inoculated with a specific bug, and 59 of them treated with the product must exhibit the claimed rate of germ death. The 60th can fail to allow for a mistake on the part of testers, according to Jean Schoeni, director of research at TRAC Microbiology, which conducts EPA testing. “It’s a very fussy, particular test,” Dr. Schoeni says. Furthermore, if fewer than 59 slides show the high kill rate, manufacturers get a do-over. Some companies would like to say their products kill the swine-flu virus — a claim that some can reasonably make. However, the FDA bars companies from making claims for over-the-counter products about killing viruses, and has recently issued five warning letters to companies “for false/misleading H1N1 claims,” according to an FDA spokesman. H1N1 is, manufacturers say, rather fragile and easy to kill. But because of the FDA rule, many don’t test the efficacy of their products on the virus, says Doug Anderson, president of ATS Labs, which studies germ-killing products.

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|Mud volcanoes in the Mediterranean Sea are hot spots of exclusive meiobenthic species|In: Progress in Oceanography. Pergamon: Oxford,New York,. ISSN 0079-6611; e-ISSN 1873-4472, meer |Auteurs|| || Top | Dataset | - Zeppilli, D. - Mea, M. - Corinaldesi, C. - Danovaro, R. Mud volcanoes are cold seeps, in which the escape of gas and fluids associated with mud creates 3-D bottom structures that enhance the spatial heterogeneity and potentially alter the functioning of the benthic ecosystems. We investigated a complex system of mud volcanoes of the Mediterranean Sea characterised by the presence of different structures (i.e., isolated domes, domes surrounded by moats, clustered domes, and ridges) displaying different levels of seepage. We hypothesize that the combined effects of seafloor heterogeneity (i.e., different 3-D structures as revealed by detailed topographic analysis), fluid emissions and trophic characteristics of these systems can influence the structural and functional biodiversity of meiofauna (with special focus on the nematodes). We found that sediments affected by intensive seepage displayed the lowest faunal abundances and number of higher taxa. However, mud volcanoes without emissions, but characterized by a high structural complexity (such as the ridges), were associated with the highest meiofaunal abundances and number of higher taxa. Mud volcanoes hosted also a remarkable abundance of rare taxa specifically associated with these structures (e.g., acarians, cumaceans, tanaids, cladocerans and hydroids) and absent in slope sediments (used as a control). Each mud-volcano area displayed a different nematode species composition. Overall 76 nematode species (from a total of 235) were exclusively associated with mud-volcano structures, whilst 29 were exclusively encountered in slope sediments. We conclude that the presence of mud volcanoes, for their contribution to increase spatial heterogeneity and for the extreme conditions associated with gas emissions, promotes higher levels of beta diversity, thus enhancing the regional (gamma) benthic diversity. These findings provide new insights on the factors controlling meiobenthic biodiversity in mud volcanoes and clues for future action of conservation of the biodiversity specifically associated with these habitats. - Meiofauna of the pockmarks in the Western Mediterranean collected during various cruises in 2005 & 2007 and processed by UNIVPM

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Nuclear power plant owners in the U.S. are required by law to have liability insurance in place that covers any individuals and businesses located in the affected area who suffer damages in the event of a nuclear accident. A program for compensating the public for damage and injury caused by a commercial nuclear accident in the United States exists under the Price-Anderson Act. The measure, first passed by Congress in 1957 and renewed four times, most recently in 2005, ensures that adequate funds are available to satisfy liability claims for property damage and personal injury to the public and limits the liability of companies involved in certain nuclear activities, such as power plant operators, in order to encourage the development of private nuclear power. The measure also channels liability to the nuclear facility owner or operator. Currently, there is nearly $13 billion in liability insurance protection available to be used in the event of a commercial nuclear accident. The level of available insurance protection serves as the liability cap. Standard property/casualty insurance policies issued in the United States exclude coverage for property damage and personal injury caused by such accidents. All claims are channeled through the nuclear power plant operator. Under Price-Anderson, claims can be for any nuclear-related incident including those that result from theft, sabotage, transporting or storing nuclear fuel or waste and the operation of nuclear reactors. Claims covered include bodily injury, sickness, disease resulting in death, and property damage and loss, as well as reasonable living expenses for individuals who are evacuated from an affected area. Nuclear insurance consists of two tiers. The first tier is private liability insurance coverage made available by a pool of U.S. insurance companies, called American Nuclear Insurers. The second tier is made up of an assessment on nuclear power plant operators. Currently, owners of nuclear power plants pay premiums for $375 million in private liability coverage for each nuclear reactor they own. If there is an incident at a nuclear plant, and the $375 million in coverage is not sufficient, the owner’s coverage is supplemented by the second layer of protection, which is supplied by the nuclear power industry as a whole. Under the Price-Anderson Act, all reactor owners are committed to paying their share of any damages that exceed the incident reactor owner’s first tier limit of $375 million—up to $111.9 million per reactor. Since are currently 104 reactors in operation, the amount that would be available in the industry pool to pay claims totals $12.6 billion (2011). If this second tier is depleted, the act calls on Congress to decide whether any additional disaster funds are required. There has been only one major accident involving large scale liability payments to the public since Price-Anderson was enacted: the 1979 Three-Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant accident in Middletown, Pennsylvania. Following the Three-Mile Island accident, insurance adjusters immediately advanced money to evacuated families to cover their living expenses, and reimbursed more than 600 individuals and families for lost wages. A class action lawsuit for economic loss was filed later in federal court on behalf of the residents who lived near the site of the power plant. Insurers paid about $71 million in liability claims and litigation costs associated with the accident. The payments all came from the primary tier of coverage ($140 million per reactor at the time). In addition to the liability payments to the public under the Price-Anderson Act, $300 million was paid by a pool of insurers to the operator of the damaged nuclear power plant under its property insurance policy. Fact Sheet on Nuclear Insurance and Disaster Relief Funds U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Washington, D.C. 2010 Compensating Nuclear Damage: A Comparative Economic Analysis of the U.S. and International Liability Schemes University of Maastricht, Erasmus University, 2008 Price-Anderson Act Background Nuclear Energy Institute, 2005 Price-Anderson Act Background Information, 2005 American Nuclear Society, La Grange Park, Illinois GAO Highlights: Nuclear Regulation Need for Nuclear Liability Insurance American Nuclear Insurers, Glastonbury, CT. August 2010 International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES) International Atomic Energy Commission, New York, NY 2010 American Nuclear Insurers 95 Glastonbury Boulevard, Suite 300 Glastonbury, CT 06033 A nonprofit unincorporated association through which liability insurance protection is provided against hazards arising out of nuclear reactor installations and their operations.

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Training for Preschool Teachers Those wishing to start a preschool teacher career generally need to undergo some formal education and may need to become state certified. This training can help students learn necessary preschool teacher skills, such as teaching methodologies, and how to monitor students' progress. Aspiring preschool teachers need to be patient with their young students and should also aim to further develop their skills in communication, organization, and creativity to work with these students. How Many Years of School to Become a Preschool Teacher? The answer for students asking 'do you need a degree to be a preschool teacher?' is usually yes. In order to become a certified preschool teacher most employers require an associate's or bachelor's degree, although some may only require a high school diploma. These requirements may also vary by state. For example, preschool teachers in New Jersey are required to have a bachelor's degree. An associate's degree typically takes 2 years to complete while a bachelor's degree usually takes 4 years to finish. These programs are generally available with titles like Early Childhood Education, and many are available in online formats. During these degree programs, students are trained in current preschool teaching methodology and may gain hands-on experience through observations and practicum experiences. Other course topics may include: - Assessment in early childhood - Development of children - Infants and toddlers - Language development - Safety issues - Classroom management What Other Requirements Are There to Become a Preschool Teacher? As mentioned, states generally have different requirements for preschool teachers. Outside of education, some states may require these teachers to have prior work experience with young children. Students may gain this experience by working as teacher assistants or other childcare workers. Some states may also require preschool teachers to complete an exam and observation experience after their formal coursework to earn their Child Development Associate (CDA) credential. Public schools also typically require preschool teachers to be licensed. Depending on the state, this may require students to pass an exam after earning a bachelor's degree. The CDA credential does require renewal, while many teaching licenses have continuing education requirements. What Does a Preschool Teacher Do? The primary responsibility in a preschool teacher job description is educating children younger than 5 to help prepare them for school. In addition to basic learning concepts, such as numbers, colors, and shapes, these teachers also help young students develop their social, motor, and language skills. Other preschool teacher duties may include: - Planning curriculum - Creating daily schedules - Preparing activities - Identifying emotional or developmental problems - Communicating with parents How Much Do Preschool Teachers Make? In 2018, the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) reported that the average annual salary of a preschool teacher was $34,410. Most of these teachers worked in child day care services and made an average salary of $30,050 for the same year. The highest paid preschool teachers were those who worked for state governments (excluding schools and hospitals) and the BLS reported that these preschool teachers made an average salary of $51,340 in 2018.

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Or did it? Wallace later repented of this phrase, but in 2020, the 1963 George Wallace seems to be getting some traction. Because all over America and even in Alabama universities and schools are promoting and endorsing schemes that divide and label students by race. SEGREGATION ON CAMPUS The University of Alabama, for example, is endorsing a Goldman Sachs-backed "diversity" program that benefits black, Hispanic, Native American and LGBT students, but excludes other groups. White? Asian? Straight? You're not welcome. At the University of Colorado Boulder, a special retreat is available only to students "whose identity community/ies have been minoritized" in science, technology, engineering and math. Nor was it about special problems faced by "minoritized" students. As Campus Reform reports, "Activities at the event were centered around career development and networking, and not specific to minority experiences. They included creating research and teaching portfolios, coming up with questions to ask during interviews, networking with existing CU faculty, and learning the differences between types of faculty careers." Meanwhile, at Portland State University, the Women's Resource Center holds meetings "solely for people of color." At Williams College in Williamstown, Massachusetts, a symposium on science and technology invited only speakers who fit the categories of "African Americans, Alaska Natives, Arab Americans, Asian Americans, Latinx, Native Americans, Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders." And the University of Nevada, Las Vegas offers special race-based housing. The University of California, Berkeley, meanwhile, offers four orientations based on race in addition to the main orientation. It was the argument of the old-time segregationists that the various races were too different to get along side by side. The best that could be hoped for was that each could stay in its lane and flourish on its own with minimal contact with the others. That's sounding more and more like the sort of thing we're hearing on college campuses, where each group is told that others can't understand its thinking because of its unique experiences, requiring its own safe space. REPEATING RACIAL MISTAKES OF THE PAST Old-time segregationists prefigured the modern university in another way. Though they talked about separating the races, what they really meant was separating whites from all the others. The Virginia statute barring interracial marriage, struck down by the Supreme Court in the 1967 case of Loving v. Virginia, banned marriages between blacks and whites but allowed nonwhites to marry nonwhites of other races. Though the state said it was against race mixing, it was actually only against mixing whites with other races. (The statute featured an amusing carve-out for the descendants of Pocahontas, a status claimed by many of Virginia's top families who would otherwise have been treated as nonwhite due to that Native American ancestry.) Likewise, many of these university programs seem to lump all nonwhites except Asians, who, as sometimes happened under Jim Crow, often get thrown in as honorary whites into one category and whites in another. I think the segregationists of 1963 would have gotten a good laugh out of the way race is often treated on campus today. The rest of us shouldn't be laughing. All of this labeling, separating and dividing by race and other characteristics is one of the things contributing to a divided and divisive America. Sure, it generates plenty of make-work for campus administrators, but that's hardly a justification that should resonate with the taxpayers. As we were just reminded on Martin Luther King Jr. Day, progress on race in America used to mean seeing past color and race, not sorting people based on external characteristics. And, actually, it still means that. It's just that the people running the show on campus seem less interested in progress than in division. Sign up for the daily JWR update. It's free. Just click here.

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Cook Islands prepares for Early Action Rainfall Watch 21 May 2019, Rarotonga, Cook Islands - Just last week in the presence of the United Nations Secretary General, António Guterres, Pacific Island Forum Leaders reiterated that climate change is the single greatest threat to our Blue Pacific. Given this threat, it is imperative to enable early disaster preparedness action when early warnings are received. This week, Cook Islands stakeholders participated in a workshop to identify the impacts of year-to-year rainfall change on a range of environmental variables for example taro production. The consultation is part of a three-step process for the development of an Early Action Rainfall (EAR) Watch instigated by the Cook Islands Meteorological Services (CIMS) with the support of the Australia Bureau of Meteorology, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and the Secretariat of the Pacific Regional Environment Programme. The Cook Islands’ climate varies considerably from year to year due to the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). ENSO is a natural climate phenomena that occurs across the tropical Pacific Ocean and affects climate globally. El Niño and La Niña are the two extreme phases of ENSO. ENSO has opposite effects on the Northern and Southern Groups. In Rarotonga, El Niño events tend to bring drier than normal conditions, while in the North, El Niño usually brings wetter than normal conditions. Although drought is a naturally recurrent event in Cook Islands climate, scientists predict that the frequency and magnitude of drought to remain similar to current climate in the southern Cook Islands but increase slightly in the Northern Cook Islands under the high emission scenario (medium confidence). “The southern Cook Islands were affected by drought in 1982-83, 1997/98, 2010 and more recently in 2015 in Rarotonga. The most impacted are the Pa Enua where communication, transportation and resources are limited to support the basic services such as water supply, agriculture and health,” said the Director of Cook Islands Meteorological Services, Mr. Arona Ngari. “The main purpose of the EAR Watch is to provide sectors with information on rainfall variation over the past 12 months and rainfall forecast for the coming months to help them better plan, prepare and respond should there be increased risk of drought or flooding that would likely trigger secondary impacts such as the outbreak of water-borne diseases.” Ms Fine Tuitupou-Arnold, Secretary General of the Cook Islands Red Cross highlighted the simplicity of the EAR Watch as a valuable quality. “Organisations working with communities need to be equipped to communicate climate and weather information in simple terms that all groups in the community can understand. The EAR Watch will help the Cook Islands Red cross to do this,” said Ms Tuitupou-Arnold. The EAR Watch process has been replicated in Fiji, PNG, Samoa, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu and Vanuatu. It is implemented through the Australian Government funded Climate and Oceans Support Program in the Pacific through the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade “The government of Australia is proud to support the Climate and Oceans Support Program in the Pacific. I was pleased to be part of the EAR Watch consultation, and see the Cook Islands Met Service and representatives from government departments, sectors and NGOs discussing how information on rainfall and drought can help them with their planning in the face of climate change,” said Ms Natalie McKelleher of DFAT. The workshop was held from 20 – 21 May, 2019 in Rarotonga, Cook Islands and was attended by representatives from water, agriculture, health, disaster climate change, community representatives. For more information please contact Azarel Maiai on email@example.com or Olivia Warrick on Olivia Warrick Warrick@climatecentre.org

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Pomegranate shrubs are one of the easiest fruits to keep since they are usually not affected by many pests or diseases. The fruits are full of antioxidants and thought to have many health benefits. The scientific name assigned to this shrub is Punica granatum. It used to have its own family, Punicaceae, but studies have shown that it is part of the Lythraceae family. The name used for this fruit shrub is Pomegranate. It is sometimes misspelled as Pomegranite. The Pomegranate can range from a dwarf shrub of 3 feet (90 cm) to a small tree of 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 m). The average size of a standard Pomegranate shrub is 12 to 16 feet (3.6 to 4.8 m) tall with a round shape. If you want a short version, choose the 'Nana' variety. The leaves are glossy and have a narrow, lance shape. In most places they are deciduous, but in the warmer climates may be evergreen. The flowers are tube shaped and over 1 inch (2.5 cm) long. They are a brilliant scarlet red, and are very attractive to hummingbirds. The flowers are self-pollinating, though fertility is improved through cross pollination. The Pomegranate fruit is approximately 2.5 to 5 inches (6 to 13 cm) wide. It has a red, leathery rind. Each seed is encased in pulp and sectioned off by walls. Harvest when the color has developed and makes a metallic sound when tapped. Use a pair of pruning shears to cut the stem above the fruit instead of pulling it off. They can be stored for a long time if kept around 32 to 40 ºF (0 to 4.5 ºC). Light: Pomegranate shrubs may be grown in part shade as necessary, but ideally should be placed somewhere with as much sun and warmth as possible. Water: The Pomegranate is drought tolerant, though irrigation is needed for proper fruit production, per the California Rare Fruit Growers. Water every 2 to 4 weeks during the dry season when you are establishing new shrubs. Hardiness Zones: The optimal areas for this fruit are USDA Hardiness Zones 7-10. It is thought to come from Iran initially. Soil: The Pomegranate does best in well-drained soil, though it is able to thrive in a wide variety of soils from acid loam to alkaline soil. Fertilizer: Fertilize in November and March for the first two years. Otherwise, not much fertilizer is usually needed in subsequent years. The Pomegranate shrub is somewhat drought tolerant and also salt tolerant. It is perfect for the sunniest and warmest locations in the yard that might scorch other plants. Pomegranate flowers can be used along with other annuals, perennials, shrubs and trees that attract hummingbirds. The pomegranate is a popular choice for bonsai. The bark is a red-brown color, and branches may have spines. Propagation is through cuttings taken in winter and air layering. Seeds may be used, but varieties may not stay true. Pomegranates are prone to producing suckers, so remove them as they appear. Pruning procedures: Cut the pomegranate back once it is 2 feet (60 cm) high. Allow 4 to 5 shoots to develop about 1 feet (30 cm) above ground. For the first three years keep shortening the branches to encourage shoot development. Fruit only develops where there is new growth. After 3 years, just prune away dead, damaged or diseased branches. Pests and Diseases Pomegranate shrubs are one of the easier fruits to work with since they are not usually affected by many pests or diseases. Possible pests may include pomegranate butterfly, thrips, scale, mealy bugs and white flies. Deer will sometimes eat the leaves, and occasionally gophers will chew on the roots. Diseases include leaf spot, fruit spot, twig dieback, dry rot and soft rot. Some believe that the fruit in the Garden of Eden was really a pomegranate. In Greek mythology, Persephone was kidnapped and taken to the Underworld to be Hades' (God of Underworld) bride. She was rescued and allowed to leave on condition that she had not eaten anything down there. However, she had eaten part of a pomegranate while she was down there, so she spent eternity living among the mortal for half of the year and the Underworld for the other half.

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The wild ramp, AKA wild leek, botanical name Allium tricoccum, is a flowering perennial plant that grows in clusters. It is a member of the Allium family along with onions and leeks The Calamondin lime is a cross between a sour, loose skinned mandarin and a kumquat, therefore technically making it an orangequat. Salanova® lettuce is a full-sized variety developed for the baby lettuce market. Botanically these varieties are scientifically known as Lactuca sativa. Shinano Gold Apples Inventory, lb : 0 Shinano Gold apples are moderately sized, round to conical fruits with a uniform appearance. The skin is smooth, resistant to bruising, and firm, ripening from pale green to golden-yellow when mature, and is sometimes covered in small, brown spots. Underneath the surface, the flesh is fine-grained, aqueous, yellow, and crisp, encasing a central core filled with small, black-brown seeds. Shinano Gold apples are crunchy and have a robust, tropical aroma when sliced. The fruits are also known for their balanced, sweet-tart flavor and have low acidity with notes of citrus, honey, pineapple, and pear. Shinano Gold apples are available in the fall through winter in Japan. Shinano Gold apples, botanically classified as Malus domestica, are a modern Japanese variety that belongs to the Rosaceae family. This cultivar is a cross between a golden delicious and a senshu, an older Japanese apple, and the name Shinano refers to an old province in Nagano, Japan, where the variety is cultivated. There are three main varieties of Shinano apples, including Shinano Gold, shinano sweet, and shinano red. Shinano Gold apples were developed to expand the yellow apple market and are an improved variety of the golden delicious apple. The bright yellow variety is highly favored in Japan as a dessert cultivar, but it has also seen commercial success in Italy, where it is valued for its balanced flavor, extended storage capabilities, and unique coloring. Shinano Gold apples are an excellent source of fiber, which can help stimulate digestion. The apples also contain vitamin C, which is an antioxidant to boost the immune system and provide smaller amounts of potassium, calcium, and iron. Shinano Gold apples are best suited for raw applications as their tropical aroma, and sweet, tangy flavor is showcased when consumed fresh, out-of-hand. The apples can be quartered and served with dips, cheeses, and nuts on appetizer plates, sliced and stirred into oatmeal, cereal, and yogurt, or chopped and tossed into green and fruit salads. Shinano Gold apples can also be baked into cakes, tarts, muffins, and strudels for a sweet flavor or blended into soups. Shinano Gold apples pair well with cheeses such as blue, gorgonzola, and parmesan, ginger, curry, vanilla, and nuts such as walnuts, almonds, and pistachios. The fresh apples will keep 1-4 weeks when stored in a cool, dry, and dark place such as the refrigerator. Shinano Gold apples were introduced to commercial markets in Europe in 2005 under the name Yello®. The variety is primarily grown in South Tyrol, which is a province in Italy known for its apple production and was first released to European markets in 2015. Shinano Gold apples were renamed and trademarked to Yello® to highlight the apple’s unique golden hue and appeal to the European demographic. The variety is also heavily promoted as a specialty cultivar to expand the yellow apple market, and one notable feature of the fruit is the small label placed on the apple’s skin. The sticker depicts the fruit’s name in traditional Japanese writing, which is a subtle nod to the apple’s Asian origins. Shinano Gold apples were bred in 1993 at the Nagano Fruit Tree Experiment Station in the Nagano prefecture in Japan. The variety was developed as an improved yellow apple cultivar, and today Shinano Gold apples are found in local markets in Japan and Europe. The variety is also being trialed in Australia and is being released in limited amounts to select commercial markets. Recipes that include Shinano Gold Apples. One is easiest, three is harder. |Zen and Spice||Fennel Apple Salad with Walnuts| |For The Love of Cooking||Spiced Pork Chops with Apple Chutney| |The Spruce Eats||Apple Chutney|

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Nondelegation Doctrine—Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act Amtrak was created by Congress to provide passenger rail service, thus relieving the railroads of their common-carrier obligations to carry passengers and allowing them to concentrate on providing freight-rail services. In most parts of the country, Amtrak does not own its own railroad tracks but instead has a right under federal law to use tracks owned by the freight railroads; by law, Amtrak’s trains receive preference over other trains in the use of those tracks. Section 207 of the Passenger Rail Investment and Improvement Act of 2008 (“PRIIA”) authorizes Amtrak and the Federal Railroad Administration to work together to enact regulatory standards for on-time passenger-rail service, which then affect the freight railroads’ obligations to give Amtrak priority in using the tracks to allow Amtrak to meet the requirements for on-time service. When the Federal Railroad Administration and Amtrak disagree about what the regulatory standards should be, the PRIIA provides that an arbitrator will break the tie. The Association of American Railroads is a trade association whose members own railroad tracks that Amtrak uses and whose trains must sometimes be delayed in order to afford priority track usage to Amtrak trains. The Association challenged the standards that Amtrak and the Federal Railroad Administration imposed, claiming, among other things, that Congress established Amtrak as a private entity and therefore that Section 207 of the PRIIA unconstitutionally delegates the government’s regulatory authority to a private entity. The Association also claimed that Amtrak improperly regulates both itself and its competitors for use of the tracks, giving it an unfair advantage over other rail operators. The district court rejected the Association’s claims, but the D.C. Circuit reversed, agreeing with the Association that Amtrak is a private entity that cannot exercise the government’s regulatory authority. Today, in Department of Transportation v. Association of American Railroads, No. 13-1080, the Supreme Court vacated that decision, holding that Amtrak is a governmental entity for purposes of establishing standards under Section 207 of the PRIIA and therefore that Congress did not impermissibly delegate the government’s lawmaking authority to a private party. Writing for eight members of the Court, Justice Kennedy explained that although Congress had by statute declared Amtrak to be a private entity, (i) the Executive and Legislative Branches both exercise substantial supervisory powers over Amtrak, and (ii) Amtrak acts as the government when it establishes regulations jointly with the Federal Railroad Administration under Section 207. Thus, the Court held that Amtrak acts as the government, not a private party, when it formulates regulatory standards for rail service. The Court vacated and remanded the case to the lower courts to resolve the Association’s other constitutional challenges. In a concurring opinion, Justice Alito spoke directly to those other claims. Justice Alito forcefully argued that it is unconstitutional for Congress to have required arbitration of disputes between Amtrak and the Federal Railroad Administration over what the regulatory standards for on-time passenger service should be, because if the arbitrator is a private individual, that would constitute an unconstitutional delegation of the government’s legislative authority to a private party (since the arbitrator would have the final say in what the standards are); and even if the arbitrator were a government official, that still would be improper because the arbitrator could not determine final regulatory standards unless he or she was appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate—which the PRIIA does not require. Justice Alito also suggested that Amtrak’s governing structure might be unconstitutional because although Amtrak’s Board is appointed by the President and confirmed by the Senate, Amtrak’s president is not, thus violating the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment, agreeing that the D.C. Circuit’s decision should be vacated and remanded but expressing the view that even Congress’s delegation of rulemaking authority to the Executive Branch is constitutionally suspect. The case will be important to all railroads that either own tracks that Amtrak uses for passenger service or carry freight or passengers on those tracks, because it directly affects Amtrak’s ability to set the standards that give it priority access to tracks over other trains. Because of the substantial constitutional questions that remain over the regulatory authority conferred by Section 207, this case will likely continue to be hotly disputed, and another trip to the Supreme Court is quite possible before the matter is ultimately resolved.

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This page contains resources for composing and reading sentences. Because of English’s flexibility, its intent is to provide resources for sentence-level choices, rather than prescribe a specific writing style. Click on a header to jump to descriptions, examples, and links. Sentences convey ideas and how they are related. They may have multiple ideas and relationships, so different structures help to separate a sentence’s information. Word order is a language’s mostly fixed sequence for ideas and relationships, combining subjects and verbs respectively. English’s word order is subject-verb-object, where subjects and objects can be, but are not limited to, nouns. A team of several people developed the video game. Clause boundaries indicate where one [subject-verb combination] is ending and being connected to another [subject-verb combination]. [Not everyone had the same responsibility] [because development required different skills]. Punctuation refers to the different symbols that writing systems use to split up information to increase comprehensibility. When development began, the team did not have a main studio or office. Verbs indicate the actions and relationships among ideas. They carry important information such as the time or the number of ideas in the sentence. Verb tense indicates a sentence’s time frame. Currently, the team works in a rented space downtown. Subject-verb agreement reiterates the number of ideas in a sentence’s subject. Some members work from off-site locations. Verb transitivity indicates whether two or more ideas in a sentence are related as subject and object (using a transitive verb), or if the sentence only contains a subject (using an intransitive verb). Team leaders hold occasional team-building meetings as a result. Everyone participates. Active/passive voice indicates which idea takes the focus in the sentence. Passive voice shifts the focus from the subject to the object using a grammatical structure (be + verb) followed by an optional phrase (by + subject), and as a result, is only possible with transitive verbs. These meetings are led by different team members each week. Rhetorical choices give writing an effect that can help readers better understand the writer’s context or purpose. Formality tells the reader if the writing is situated in a casual context, professional context, or anything in between. Some meetings are casual, and members are encouraged to “just hang out and chill.” Idiomatic language conveys information using common word combinations that is meant to use cultural or contextual familiarity to deliver meaning. One all-nighter had a self-serve, Taco Tuesday-themed meeting because it was during crunch time. Concision shortens a sentence or any of its pieces to simplify the sentence to its most important ideas, which may change depending on the writer and reader’s background knowledge or attitude towards the topic. Various protein options were available for team members with dietary restrictions. Code-switching is any instance where a writer uses another language in a sentence to convey additional or more accurate meaning. Team members were not limited to eating tacos; they could also have tamales, quesadillas, or sopes.

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FOUR ASPECTS OF RECOVERY 1. RECLAIMING IDENTITY Some say life is a process of remembering who we are. Our identity can begin with our full birth name. What is the etymology of our name? If we are named after someone, who and why? We are comprised of the union between our blood parents, grandparents, great-grandparents and so forth. What are the names and stories of these relatives? In what ways are their stories ours? The way these people met and forged families together are all events that influence our identity. The foundational identity of our birthright is our blood lineage and the original lands our ancestors called home. Our identity can be found in the stories from these homelands and the stories of migration across the globe to our birth land. What is the history of the place we were born? What are the stories of the original inhabitants of that place? Many of our ancestors were driven from their lands by famine or conquest, creating a break in the bond with our primary caregiver, mother earth. The historical traumas that forced our ancestors from their home create a family wound that reveals itself in each generation. All people bear the burden of colonization and marginalization, experienced as internalized oppression. These wounds manifest as mood disorders, addiction, sexual abuse, violence, etc. Embracing our roots lets us stand in our strength. 2. LIBERATING SELF We all inherit the emotional legacy of our lineage, including unexpressed pain. Family loyalty manifests in unconscious ways that require us to give up parts of ourselves. Unconscious inheritance from traumatic events in our family history creates a template for relationship and how we experience the world. The shadows of the family legacy can be reframed to account for the challenges and triumphs in ways that honor the love through our lineage. Inquiry is the path to self-discovery. By asking self-reflective questions, we uncover subconscious processes, beliefs, and fears. Core language reveals core wounds, exposing core fears that may be reflected in the family tree. Through concrete exercises, we begin to liberate the individual from being inundated, enmeshed, merged, or identified with family and wounds. Problematic relational dynamics will lose their potency. A relational and energetic boundary is established, creating space for the self and none other. The room we have for ourselves increases our ability to be with others. The healthy space we consciously create with loved ones becomes a better way to honor the shared connection. Through the wound we enter the heart to find our medicine. 3. RECREATING SELF THROUGH RITUALIZED PRACTICES Ritual is alchemy for the soul, serving as the bridge between the sacred and the profane. Adding intention to practice creates an environment where habitual becomes ritual. Calling attention to the present and consciously acknowledging the unseen is the practice. Spirit speaks through the language of the heart. Science shows that our heart sends far more information to the brain than the brain sends down to our emotional center. As practices deepen, the heart opens and our capacity to feel deepens. Ritual and ceremonies evoke utter vulnerability. Depths of emotional expression in a ritual container trigger ancestral wisdom in the very foundation of our psyche. These are the mechanisms to be activated for sustained transformation. As the heart opens, pain is released. Suppressing emotions blocks the flow of life-force through the heart, limiting our capacity to love. Our repressed pain and the unexpressed heartache of our recent ancestry further distort the flow of ancient wisdom through our lineage, our connection to source. As the pain is released, the heart now has far more room to receive and express love in vibrant ways. Metaphor is the language of psyche. Information comes through the dreamtime and synchronicities, serving as a road map for integration. We acknowledge and make offerings of thanks for this guidance. We activate ancient wisdom in alchemical processes. As above, so below. 4. BUILDING COMMUNITIES, FACILITATING GROWTH The wounds we have as individuals are shared by the collective. It is imperative that we heal through community. Integration will include resourcing to create a network of people dedicated to wellness and living a balanced life. Fellowship is forged through creative outlets addressing the mind, body, and spirit. It is beneficial to pursue artistic mediums, educational endeavors, energetic activities, and spiritual aspirations in group settings. The group consciousness of people focused on a shared goal of self-growth supports our expanding momentum. Community serves as witness to our transformation, signaling to our psyche a successful shift is complete. We recognize a different quality of being. With initiation comes an obligation to take steps towards a truly just and balanced self, community, and civilization.

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M. C. Escher was an artist famed for the drawings he created based on tessellations, or patterns that can repeat indefinitely without gaps or overlap. You can also create animal tessellations by experimenting with stylized animal shapes to find sections that can border each other perfectly. One approach is to cut pieces out of a paper square and tape the cutouts on to the opposite edge of the paper. For more advanced tessellations, try rotating or offsetting the individual shapes. Fish present obvious opportunities for tessellations. A fish head can fit perfectly into a fish tail with very little modification, allowing an endless row of fish. These rows can be slightly offset relative to one another so that the upper and lower fins of the fish fit into the top and bottom gaps just ahead of the tail. Another approach is to rotate fish, arranging them to fit in sets of three which are fundamentally triangular, and then tessellating tiles of three fish each. Birds, like fish, have a balanced set of gaps and protrusions that you can fit together without too much difficulty, though you may need to offset, rotate or reflect certain bird shapes. Mirror image birds flying past one another, for example, is a well-known motif in Escher's work. You can also intermingle different types of birds, or for an interesting challenge try to create a tessellation out of birds whose basic shape is tall and skinny, like storks, or birds with long, curved necks, like swans or flamingos. Many mammals are asymmetrical when viewed from the side, making them hard to tessellate. One solution is to represent legs by dividing a single edge instead of by drawing two or four separate legs, which would be difficult to match to the animal's back. Animals with irregular backs, like camels, or necks, like giraffes, may be easier to tessellate. Another solution is to use mammals that are curled up or resting, providing smoother edges to work with. In a pinch you can interweave the legs of two rows of mammals by turning one row upside down. Insects, spiders, worms and other bugs present a vast variety of opportunities for tessellations. Butterfly wings, for example, are essentially a self-tessellating hourglass shape. You can arrange six- and eight-legged creatures into patterns in which their legs interlock by either rotating or reflecting them. The wavy shape of a worm is probably too easy a tessellation for most purposes, but worms' flexibility provides interesting potential. For example, three worms' curled tails could intertwine, while their heads reach out to border or intertwine with another set of three. - Jupiterimages/Photos.com/Getty Images

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By: Live Science Drought could kill vast swaths of forests around the world if global warming isn’t contained, new research suggests. That’s in part because a fundamental structure found in trees may limit how much they can adapt to parched conditions. What’s more, climate predictions seem to suggest that droughts will be much more common in the United States, said William Anderegg, a biologist at Princeton University who studies forests and climate change. [Dry and Dying: Images of Drought] “The droughts of the future look to be more frequent and more severe,” Anderegg said here yesterday (Dec. 14) at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union. However, there’s a potential silver lining in the (absent) clouds: If humans can reduce their carbon emissions sufficiently, the worst drought scenarios may not play out, leaving hope that more forests will survive, Anderegg said. Climate models of the impacts of forests on carbon emissions have come to wildly divergent conclusions. Some viewed forests as natural carbon “sinks” that absorb and trap carbon dioxide, thus helping to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. But others see forests as a significant source of atmospheric carbon. This huge uncertainty came from one problem: People weren’t sure exactly how many trees would be around in the future. (Beyond that, people didn’t even know how many trees were on Earth right now. Until recently, scientists assumed that there were about 400 billion trees on Earth, but another study presented here put the number of trees on Earth at a whopping 3.04 trillion.) At its heart, though, the disparity stemmed from uncertainty about whether plants would respond to the coming droughts. A plant’sresponse to drought is enormously complicated — water shortage can kill a tree in many ways, from making it more susceptible to bark beetles to producing conditions ripe for wildfires that could burn down a whole forest, Anderegg said. However, one factor seemed to play an outsize role in a tree’s ability to adapt to parched conditions. Plants suck water up through their xylem, the vascular system that threads through a tree’s roots and branches, by creating a pressure gradient. The less water there is in the soil, the harder these plants have to suck. “At a certain point, which varies by species and tissue, we start to get air bubbles pulled into these xylem elements,” Anderegg said. When enough of these air bubbles form in the xylem, they form an embolism, similar to the kind found in humans, that blocks the flow of needed water and nutrients, leading to “hydraulic failure,” Anderegg said. “This may be the dominant process we’ve got to get at to predict tree mortality,” he added. In a study published in the journal Nature Geoscience earlier this year, Anderegg and his colleagues calculated the hydraulic failure point of trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides) in Colorado, and found that those forests would die off if the hotter climate predictions came to pass. In follow-up research, he and his team found that the plant hydraulics seem to vary more among individual trees in a stand than they do among species or even different types of trees. Given that researchers know some plant types are much more resilient to drought than others (think of a cactus versus a fern), the findings suggest that the current definitions of plant types may not fully capture the diverse responses of plants to drought, he said. Exactly how plants seem to recover may also depend on how frequently the drought occurs, Anderegg said. He and his colleagues have found that there’s a fairly pervasive effect of drought on tree growth that lasts for two to four years after a drought period, with some forest regions having a stronger drought effect than others. “There are fairly strong legacy effects in the southwestern U.S.” Anderegg said. So, if drought occurs more frequently than that, trees in a forest may never return to their full stature, he said. By: Live Science

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The “Common Core” testing standards have been a thorn in many parents’ and teachers’ sides since it burst on the scene in 2009. You might remember it from these “old favorites”: - Math Teacher Burns Up the Internet With 2 Common Core Equations – And a Raging Response - Fourth Grader Shuts Down Common Core Problem By Invoking the Power of the ‘Girl Code’ - 8th Grade Common Core Assignment Asks About Alcohol, Sex & STDs. But It’s Not from Sex Ed Class… - Kid Looks Like a Genius with Matter-of-Fact Retort Why Common Core Math Problem 8 + 5 Doesn’t Add Up But it appears there’s good news on the Common Core front–the backers of the top-down bureaucratic program are losing the culture war. The standardized testing agenda was launched out of the blue by state governors without voter input or accountability in numerous states. It was a boondoggle for many states’ education curricula, but a boon for publishing companies like Pearson. Common Core and standardized testing in public schools are losing Americans’ support. The Heartland Institute reported on the development, which is based on a Harvard study: Education Next, a journal published by the Harvard Kennedy School’s Program on Education Policy and Governance, found, “[T]he demise of school reform has been greatly exaggerated.” “Public support remains as high as ever for federally mandated testing, charter schools, tax credits to support private school choice, merit pay for teachers, and teacher tenure reform,” the report states. “However, backing for the Common Core State Standards and school vouchers fell to new lows in 2016.” The poll results, released in August, show public support for Common Core has dropped from nearly 90 percent in 2012 to 50 percent in 2016. While the percentage of Americans who support school choice remains strong, there was a slight decline for those who support universal and targeted voucher systems. Heartland noted: “Overall public support for charters has remained quite stable since 2013,” the poll found. “In 2016 the share favoring charters is 65 percent, roughly the same as in the past four years.” The survey also found public support for targeted and universal school vouchers has declined, and support for targeted school vouchers, those designed for a specific demographic such as low-income students, is down from 55 percent in 2012 to 43 percent in 2016. Public support for universal school vouchers, open to every child, declined from 56 percent two years ago to 50 percent in 2016. Now, the best part. Common Core has a very negative brand in the mind of many Americans: The poll reports Education Next has for years “studied public response to the name ‘Common Core’ as distinct from opinion about the general concept of uniform state standards.” To accomplish this, researchers asked one group about uniform state standards and other group about the Common Core standards. “Differences in the responses to the two questions reveal that the Common Core ‘brand’ holds a negative connotation for many people: every year, support for using the same standards in general is higher than it is for Common Core in particular,” the survey states. One of the strongest signs that Common Core is losing the culture comes from a very unexpected place: Hollywood. A film popular among elementary and middle schoolers that is in movie theaters now is “Middle School: The Worst Years of My Life.” The film is based on a James Patterson book. The story details a middle school student’s quest to defeat the “evil” principal who is enforcing–get this–a standardized test. As his motto goes, “teach to the test, not the student.” Sure, it’s called the B.L.A.A.R., but anyone familiar with education knows that the writers might as well have called it Common Core. In the movie, a heroine gives a speech about schools stifling individuality. The hero boldly makes it known that “Rules Aren’t For Everyone.” The students plot to subvert the principal’s standardized test by exposing his scheme to rig the testing results. The film subtly undermines the entire concept of standardized testing with a message about the arts and individuality. And that might be one of the most effective forms of cultural subversion of them all.

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- Nickel(II) sulfate, or just nickel sulfate, usually refers to the chemical compound with the - This highly soluble blue-colored salt is a common source of the Ni2+ ion for - Several sulfate salts of nickel(II) are known, all being paramagnetic. - These salts differ with respect to their hydration or subtle structural details. - The salt is usually obtained by dissolution of nickel metal or nickel oxides in sulfuric - Aqueous solutions of nickel sulfate reacts with sodium carbonate to precipitate nickel carbonate, a precursor to nickel-based catalysts and - Addition of ammonium sulfate to concentrated aqueous solutions of nickel sulfate - Nickel sulfate occurs as the rare mineral retgersite, which is a - The second hexahydrate is known as nickelhexahydrite (Ni,Mg,Fe)SO4·6H2O. heptahydrate, which is relatively unstable in air, occurs as - This blue-colored solid is analogous to Mohr's salt, Fe(NH4)2SO4·6H2O. - The significance of the patient’s patch test results, namely allergic reactions to nickel sulphate, cobalt chloride, thiuram mix and colophony, can then be explained relative to her work and the workplace environment. - Nickel sulfate more frequently determines allergic dermatitis due to contact; less known are nassal inflamation & bronichical asthma caused by nickel - Nickel compounds are known to be human carcinogens based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in humans, including and mechanistic information, which indicates a causal relationship between exposure to nickel compounds and human cancer. - Micron size diameter fibers of 2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulfonic acid doped polyaniline were prepared via electro spinning. - The conductivity of individual fibers was found to be lower than that of a cast film of the same polymer. Using the electroless deposition technique, the fibers were coated with thin films of nickel. nickel and zinc ferrites synthesised using a microemulsion technique were characterised by high resolution transmission electron microscopy and vibrating sample magnetometry. - Injection of nickel produces distant tumors of the liver in some strains of mice. - A basic hypophosphite reduced electroless sulphate bath was chosen as the plating bath, where nickel sulphate and iron sulphate were used as the source of metals in the bath, and sodium hypophosphite served as the reductant and source of phosphorus. - The latter is occasionally used as a calibrant for magnetic susceptibility measurements because it has no tendency to hydrate. - Ammonium ferric sulfate dodecahydrate (Fisher) and nickel sulfate hexahydrate (Fisher) were used as-received as precursor salts for iron- and nickel-bearing powders respectively. - Nickel compounds and metallic nickel have many industrial and commercial applications including use in stainless steels and other nickel alloys, catalysts, batteries, pigments, and ceramics. Entrepreneur who want the information on "Technology, Product, Process, Patent, Consultants, Application, Reports, Msds E-mail us to

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By 2018, more than 80,000 unaccompanied asylum-seeking children were registered in the EU. That’s half of Bournemouth’s population. Refugee children pose considerable policy challenges, with their integration being of utmost importance. Studies show that refugee children have IT skills; however they lack the ability to make critical media choices Dr Annamaria Neag, a Marie Curie Research Fellow at BU’s Faculty of Media & Communication who has a keen interest in media literacy education, was Cafe Scientifique’s guest speaker earlier this month. Dr Neag’s project is looking at how unaccompanied refugee children use digital technology and social media in their countries of asylum. The aim of the project, beyond understanding their media use, is to create media literacy educational materials that can help them to become more critical about social media, and to use these technologies in a creative and responsible way. The project investigated how unaccompanied refugee children use digital technology and social media across four European countries; the Netherlands, Sweden, Italy and the UK. Dr Neag discussed with the Cafe Sci audience how these findings can assist in developing media literacy for refugee children’s civic participation. The project is unique because it brings together the disciplines of education, media literacy and migration studies for offering solutions to a matter of pressing urgency: the integration of unaccompanied minor refugees. Annamaria’s Café Scientifique talk highlighted the very different experiences and knowledge unaccompanied children had in the area of social media and technology use. Although policy papers frequently talk about them as if they are a homogeneous group, the findings show that their social media savviness is influenced by their previous educational background and their access to technology in the country of asylum, among other factors. She also talked about the importance of involving children’s mentors and guardians in helping children understand issues such as fake news, advertisements and the importance of privacy settings online. Dr Annamaria Neag reflects on her experience of speaking at Cafe Scientifique earlier this month; “I am very much interested in public engagement, so when I first heard about Café Scientifique I thought that it would be a great opportunity to present my research findings to people outside academia. I found it quite interesting to try and frame the talk in a way that is both academically sound, but still engaging enough for the greater public. As it turned out, people in the audience were really keen in hearing about the findings, and they had pertinent questions relating to their own perceptions on migration or their experiences with refugees. All in all, it was a wonderful experience, and I’d really recommend it to anyone believing in the importance of public engagement” Find out more about the project; Media literacy for unaccompanied refugee youth The theme of Refugee Week 2019; ‘You, me and those who came before’, is an invitation to explore the lives of refugees and those who have welcomed them throughout the generations. Events in London and across the country (e.g. Bristol, Coventry) There’s no need to register, make sure you get there early though as seats fill up fast! We’ll be joined by Debora Almeida from the Faculty of Health & Social Sciences who will be asking; Can you save a life? Exploring the quality of CPR delivered by bystanders Cardiac arrest is a sudden stop of the heart due to electrical failure and is a potentially reversible medical emergency yet, if untreated, it can lead to death within minutes. Every year in the UK, around 30,000 people receive resuscitation for out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, with survival rates ranging between 2-12%. High quality cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is crucial in generating circulation to vital organs during cardiac arrest. However, it has been demonstrated that the quality of CPR delivered by a lay person, first aiders and highly-trained-rescuers is often inadequate, inconsistent and with excessive interruption, resulting in reduced chances of survival. This talk will highlight some of the research taking place at BU into the use of real-time-feedback to improve the retention and quality of CPR skills. You will have the opportunity to learn a bit more about the equipment and practice your CPR skills. Can you save a life? We think so… If you have any questions please do get in touch

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5 Characteristics of Adolescence The years between 10 and 14 years of age are known as adolescence. It is a time characterized by rapid change and development, as it is the transition between childhood and young adulthood. Changes can be inconsistent and also uncomfortable. Adolescents experience physical, social, as well as personal and emotional changes. Cognitive processes will also begin to differ. The rate at which adolescents experience changes will vary depending on gender, genetics, environmental factors and health. Physical change is a primary characteristic of adolescents. Preteens will experience growth spurts, changes in skeletal structure, muscle and brain development, as well as sexual and hormonal development. Gender differences play a role in when these changes occur. For girls, physical changes begin to happen at about age 12, while boys typically begin to see changes at about age 14. Eating disorders, drug use and sexual activity can pose serious health risks if teens engage in these behaviors during these rapid physical changes. Socialization is another characteristic of adolescence, as they begin to socialize more with their peers and separate themselves from their family. During childhood, kids have a loyalty to their adult role models, such as parents or teachers. However, during adolescence, this loyalty shifts, making preteens more loyal to their friends and peers. For adolescents, self-esteem is largely dependent on their social lives. Girls tend to stick to small groups of close friends, while boys build larger social networks. Adolescents are highly aware of others and how they are perceived during this stage. Changes in cognitive processes are characteristic during adolescence 1. Preteens experience higher thinking, reasoning and abstract thought. Preteens develop more advanced language skills and verbalization, allowing for more advanced communication. Abstract thought allows adolescents to develop a sense of purpose, fairness and social consciousness. Adolescents also decide how moral and ethical choices will guide their behaviors during this time. Cognitive processes are affected by overall socialization, meaning that adolescents will develop differently during this stage based on the individual factors. Personal and Emotional Characteristics Adolescence is a time when emotions begin to run high. Parents and teachers may begin to notice argumentative and aggressive behaviors due to sudden and intense emotions. Adolescents are also characteristically self-absorbed. They are preoccupied with themselves because they are beginning to develop a sense of self, but they are also scrutinizing their own thought processes and personalities. Possibilities begin to look endless during adolescents, leading some teens to become overly idealistic. They also believe that their thoughts and feelings are unique, doubting that others could possibly understand what they are experiencing. - Creatas Images/Creatas/Getty Images

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Stars: An Introductory FAQ - 1. What are the stars? - 2. Is the Sun a star? - 3. Why do stars shine? - 4. The obvious next question is: why are stars so hot? - 5. Are stars all the same? - 6. What is the Main Sequence? - 7. How long do stars last? What are the stars? Stars are gigantic, self-gravitating spheres of (mostly) Hydrogen gas. Stars are also thermonuclear engines; nuclear fusion takes place deep in the cores of stars, where the density is extreme and the temperature reaches tens of millions of degrees Celsius. Is the Sun a star? Yes, the Sun is a star. It is the dominant centerpiece of our solar system. Compared to other stars, our Sun is rather ordinary; it appears to be so much bigger and brighter to us because it is millions of times closer than any other star. Why do stars shine? The short answer is: star shine because they are very hot. It is really no more complicated than that. Any object heated to thousands of degrees will radiate light, just like stars do. The obvious next question is: why are stars so hot? This is a tougher question. The usual answer is that stars get their heat from the thermonuclear fusion reactions in their cores. However, this cannot be the ultimate cause for the stars' heat, because a star must be hot in the first place for nuclear fusion to be triggered. Fusion can only sustain the hot temperature; it cannot make a star hot. A more correct answer is that stars are hot because they have collapsed. Stars form from diffuse gaseous nebulae; as the nebulous gas condenses to form a star, the gravitational potential energy of the material is released, first as kinetic energy, and ultimately as heat as the density increases. Are stars all the same? Stars have many things in common: they are all collapsed spheres of hot, dense gas (mostly Hydrogen), and nuclear fusion reactions are occurring at or near the centers of every star in the sky. However, stars also show a great diversity in some properties. The brightest stars shine almost 100 million times as brightly as the faintest stars. Stars range in surface temperature from only a few thousand degrees to almost 50,000 degrees Celsius. These differences are largely due to differences in mass: massive stars are both hotter and brighter than lower-mass stars. The temperature and Luminosity also depend on the evolutionary state of the star. What is the Main Sequence? The main sequence is the evolutionary state of a star when it is fusing Hydrogen in its core. This is the first (and longest) stage of a star's life (not including protostar phases). What happens to a star after it runs out of core Hydrogen is addressed in the stellar evolution article (coming soon). How long do stars last? The lifetime of a star depends very much on its mass. More massive stars are hotter and shine much more brightly, causing them to consume their nuclear fuel much more rapidly. The largest stars (roughly 100 times as massive as the Sun), will run out of fuel in only a few million years; while the smallest stars (roughly ten percent the mass of the Sun), with their much more frugal consumption rate, will shine on (albeit dimly) for trillions of years. Note that this is much longer than the Universe has yet been in existence.

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Project Financial Management - Definition, Processes, Templates According to the World Bank Financial Management Manual, financial management is a process which brings together planning, budgeting, accounting, financial reporting, internal control, auditing, procurement, disbursement and the physical performance of the project with the aim of managing project resources properly and achieving the project’s development objectives. As this website is based on the standards set by the PMBOK®, my focus is to cover hereafter those parts of financial management that are rather not taken into account in the project cost management according to the PMBOK®. The Project Financial Management Plan is a part of the Project Management Plan and is especially important for construction projects. Financial Management Definition (PMI™) Project Financial Management determines how the project will be financed, including the processes to acquire and manage the financial resources for the project. It is more concerned with revenue sources and monitoring net cash-flows for the construction project than with managing day-to-day costs. (PMBOK® Guide, Construction Extension 2016 Edition) Therefore to continuously monitor the project finances and to ensure the company's financial capacity to complete the project are the most critical finance manager jobs. This also includes the assessment and monitoring of financial risks and the implementation of suitable financial risk management strategies. Financial Management Processes (PMI™) Financial Management Planning - Project financial management planning is the initial phase of financial management. It identifies and provides all financial requirements for the project and assigns financial management roles and responsibilities. The goals of this financial management process: - Identification of sources of funds and alternatives, - Investigation of possibilities of short-term financial fluctuations, - Examination of the economic environment, - Development of financial analysis tools, - Evaluation of the most suitable legal entity, - Evaluation of contractual requirements, - Examination of financial impact risk factors, - Tax and other financial factors planning. Financial Management Monitoring & Control - Estimate cost is the process of developing and approximation of the monetary resources needed to complete the project works. - Financial audits, - Cash-flow analysis, - Financial reporting, - Ex-post evaluations. Download Area Project Financial Management Templates All you must know about Project Financial Management Brigham/Ehrhardt's Financial Management: Theory & Practice 15th Edition gives you a thorough understanding of the essential concepts you need to develop and implement effective financial strategies. The book begins with a presentation of corporate finance fundamentals before progressing to discussions of specific techniques used to maximize the value of a firm. It also explores the recent financial and economic crises and the role of finance in the business world. With its relevant and engaging presentation, numerous examples, and emphasis on Excel usage, this text serves as a complete reference tool for you in your academic or business career. The 15th edition is also available with learning solutions such as MindTap Finance, Aplia, and CengageNOW to help you to become First in Finance.

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Candles burn slowly because the heat from the flame must first melt the wax before it can burn the wick. Candles vary in color, shape and size and candle wax is made from a variety of materials, including gel and animal fats. These differences can cause candles to burn at different rates. Science projects can explore whether color, temperature, material or positioning will affect a candle’s burn rate. Determine whether the color of a candle affects its burning speed. Use at least two of four different colors of candles that are the same brand, material and shape. Mark a line about one inch down from the top of each candle. Light the first candle and, using a stopwatch, time how long it takes the wax to burn down to the line. Repeat for the second candle of the same color and average the results. Repeat the experiment for the remaining colors of candles. Determine why some colors would burn faster than others. Experiment with temperature to determine whether a room temperature candle will burn faster than a frozen candle. Gather six identical candles. Place two in the freezer for 24 hours and leave the rest in the room you’ll be experimenting in for the same amount of time. Light two candles at room temperature and time how long they burn. This establishes a baseline for your experiment. Then light a frozen and a room temperature candle at the same time. Leave them to burn until they go out on their own. Repeat burning for the second candles and average the times. Determine why one candle burns faster. Determine whether the material used to make a candle will affect how fast it burns Gather at least three different types of candles, such as beeswax, paraffin and gel. Find candles of the same shape, size and color. Light the first candle and time how long it burns. Repeat with the other materials and time those as well. Repeat the experiment a second time and average each result. Determine which type of candle burned the fastest. Research how each type of candle is made to supply a reason for your results. Experiment to determine whether gravity will affect how fast a candle will burn. Bend one end of two pieces of wire into a circle to form a base. Bend the other one so that a birthday candle fits into it pointing up and another one fits pointing down. Weigh each candle in its base. Light the upright candle and leave it to burn for one minute. Observe the color, shape and size of the flame. Put out the flame and weigh the candle in its holder. Determine how much mass was lost in burning. Place the downward facing candle into a foil pan and repeat the experiment. The candle should be at an angle of about 70 degrees from horizontal. If the angle is too steep, the dripping wax will put out the flame. Note which candle burned faster and whether the colors and shapes were different. Position a candle horizontally as well or repeat the experiment, placing the candles in a jar and allowing them to burn completely. Determine whether the burn rate changed inside the jar. - Tara Novak/Demand Media

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It’s impossible not to take splicing for granted because it’s hidden in the smallest, most disposable objects around you. Take, for example, your favorite morning coffee. That to go coffee cup? The corrugated sleeve? Both made possible by splicing. The shipping box at the post office? Spliced. Foam meat tray? Spliced. In the tape world, a splice is a process by which two rolls are combined using tape in order to create one seamless continuous roll. This is done because the roll of material is getting unwound and is going through some manufacturing or converting process to create an end use product, like a coffee cup sleeve or an Amazon box. In simple terms, when you have something on a roll (i.e. paper or film) and it needs to go through a converting process to make a finished product (i.e. envelopes, bags, boxes, newspapers, coffee sleeves, packaging), you need to “join” the rolls together to keep manufacturing process going. The process by which these two rolls are combined is called splicing. As one roll is unwound, it gets spliced roll to roll with tape. What types of products are spliced? - Anything that comes on a roll is spliced; for example, canvas, house-wrap, and tarps for trucks. - Starbucks cups are spliced. First, there’s the paper to make the cup which is unwound and spliced, then converted into the cup shape. Then there’s the paper to the make the sleeve by using a more expensive corrugated paper on the inside and smooth paper on the outside, both of which have been spliced. - Corrugated material is the stuff that boxes are made from and they splice paper to make this. But corrugate paper and cardboard are not the same things. Corrugated (or pleated) material is made up of three different layers of paper: an inside liner, an outside liner, and fluting which runs in between. Cardboard is a heavy-duty paper stock known as paperboard. It’s rarely used in heavy-duty packaging. Instead, think cereal boxes and other smaller consumer goods packages. - Fruit and vegetable trays. Rolls of foam are spliced before they are converted to the foam trays that you see in grocery stores. - Packaging in all forms is spliced. Shipping boxes begin the same way as the Starbucks coffee sleeve — corrugate paper that is spliced with three different layers. But coated film for packaging, such as potato chips, plastic bags, and chocolate bars, is spliced. It all starts as a wide roll of material which is then cut to narrower or shorter widths and lengths, which then go on a converting line to become the outer packaging. - Laminate flooring starts as a giant sheet of vinyl that needs to be spliced. Obviously, the list goes on, but you get the idea. Splicing makes our daily lives more efficient and more enjoyable, and splicing tape is the product that makes it possible. That said, not all tapes are created equal. It’s all about finding the right tape for the right application. Newsprint requires a different kind of tape than Styrofoam. Corrugate paper is different than vinyl. If the tape doesn’t stick properly, the machines have to be shut down and re-threaded. That can mean thousands and thousands of dollars in lost revenue. In fact, paper mills today do not stop machines at all – they run 24×7. Most have a scheduling maintenance just one time per year because it’s so incredibly expensive to stop and then start the machines! Different types of materials and manufacturing processes dictate the type of tape and adhesive needed to ensure optimal performance. It’s all about finding the right tape for the application and the field conditions. Pretty much what we have been working on for 40+ years with many of our manufacturing clients, regardless of industry. For more information about tape visit The Complete Technical Guide to Adhesive Tape. To learn more about ECHOtape and how we help customers find the right tape for their job, you can read about us here or contact us with any questions you may have.

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University of Sydney researchers aim to help clear up conflicting dietary advice around egg consumption, as a new study finds eating up to 12 eggs per week for a year did not increase cardiovascular risk factors in people with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. Led by Dr Nick Fuller from the University’s Boden Institute of Obesity, Nutrition, Exercise and Eating Disorders at the Charles Perkins Centre, the research was conducted with the University of Sydney’s Sydney Medical School and the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital. In the initial trial, participants aimed to maintain their weight while embarking on a high-egg (12 eggs per week) or low-egg (less than two eggs per week) diet, with no difference in cardiovascular risk markers identified at the end of three months. The same participants then embarked on a weight loss diet for an additional three months, while continuing their high or low egg consumption. For a further six months – up to 12 months in total – participants were followed up by researchers and continued their high or low egg intake. At all stages, both groups showed no adverse changes in cardiovascular risk markers and achieved equivalent weight loss – regardless of their level of egg consumption, Dr Fuller explained. Despite differing advice around safe levels of egg consumption for people with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, our research indicates people do not need to hold back from eating eggs if this is part of a healthy diet. A healthy diet as prescribed in this study emphasised replacing saturated fats (such as butter) with monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats (such as avocado and olive oil),” he added. The extended study tracked a broad range of cardiovascular risk factors including cholesterol, blood sugar and blood pressure, with no significant difference in results between the high egg and low egg groups. “While eggs themselves are high in dietary cholesterol – and people with type 2 diabetes tend to have higher levels of the ‘bad’ low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol – this study supports existing research that shows consumption of eggs has little effect on the levels of cholesterol in the blood of the people eating them,” Dr Fuller explained. Dr Fuller said the findings of the study were important due to the potential health benefits of eggs for people with pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes, as well as the general population. Eggs are a source of protein and micronutrients that could support a range of health and dietary factors including helping to regulate the intake of fat and carbohydrate, eye and heart health, healthy blood vessels and healthy pregnancies.” The different egg diets also appeared to have no impact on weight, Dr Fuller said. “Interestingly, people on both the high egg and low egg diets lost an equivalent amount of weight – and continued to lose weight after the three month intended weight loss phase had ended,” he said. The research was supported with a grant from Australian Eggs; they had no role in the research design, conduct, analyses or writing of the manuscript.

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Injuries happen, especially when you fully immerse yourself into any type of sport. Although injuries are preventable, they still happen. Common Basketball Injuries Just like any other sport, you’ll be prone to some common injuries while playing basketball. Thing is, if you take rest and exercise well, you should be able to prevent these injuries. And as is the case with everything in life, don’t overdo your training/exercise. Everything in moderation, folks. Take note (and take precautions!) to avoid the common injuries given below – As the name suggests, this is a tear in the ligaments of the ankle. A ligament is a short, tough fibrous tissue that connects two bones together. The ligaments around the ankle are responsible for keeping it in place. You know you’ve sprained your ankle when – - You can’t move your ankle (duh) - You feel pain when applying weight to your leg - When you see swelling or bruising Treating the sprained ankle – - A common method called R.I.C.E – Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation - Over the counter pain relievers - Stretching and balancing exercises This title doesn’t really suggest much, so I’ll just go on and explain a bit. A tendon is a strong, fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone. The Achilles tendon connects the calf muscles to the heel. A lot of running and walking will put stress on the lower end of the tendon, due to which the back of the heel will start hurting. Obesity and flat feet also contribute to this. Among other things, exercising in cold weather, not wearing proper shoes, will exacerbate the condition. You know you’ve got Achilles Tendonitis when – - You feel pain in the heel along the tendon when running, walking, or even while standing - You can see swelling on and around the heel Treating Achilles Tendonitis – - Avoid or limit doing things which need you to exert your legs - Anti-inflammatory drugs - Specific exercises Jumper’s Knee (Patellar Tendonitis) This refers to any injury to the tendon that connects the kneecap to the shinbone. Basically people who are into sports which need jumping are prone to this, such as basketball. You know you’ve got Jumper’s Knee when – - You feel pain when jumping or kneeling down, specifically in your kneecap. Treating Jumper’s Knee – - As with most injuries, you can follow the R.I.C.E treatment mentioned earlier. - If not rest, then anti-inflammatory drugs Well, this one’s hardly rocket science. If you exert too much pressure on your muscles, they’ll strain. Exercise very hard, lift something too heavy, overdo it, and you’ll end up tearing a muscle. You know you have a muscle strain – - It’s pretty evident by now that if you have any sort of swelling, or something hurts, it’s probably damaged. Treating Muscle Strains – - Try the good ol’ R.I.C.E method! Any Finger Injury Any sort of finger injury is very likely with a sport like basketball. It could be a simple bruise, or dislocations, or even fractures. You know you’ve got a finger injury when – - ….. Oh, come on? You want me to write this down as well! If it hurts, it’s injured. Jeez. Treating a finger injury – - Buddy taping – Tape one finger to another, so that the finger which hurts doesn’t move. - A cast or a brace - If it’s not too serious, just R.I.C.E

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In addition to the ABCs and 123s of primary school, educators realize the value of introducing the concept of academic integrity as early as possible. “Children are not born with integrity or the behaviors we associate with it,” says Marilyn Price-Mitchell, PhD. “...[S]tudents acquire these values and behaviors from adult role models and peers, and in particular, through an understanding of the principles of academic integrity.” By building a solid foundation of honesty, authenticity, and respect in the primary years, educators can help young students cultivate a strong sense of character that will serve them well in school and in life. Here are just a few ways you can implement integrity teachings in your classroom: - Teach and utilize the vocabulary of integrity. The more exposure young students have to the concept of integrity, the better they will be able to implement it into their long term academic lives. As a primary school teacher, it can be helpful to pre-determine a set of words that align with your classroom’s or school’s academic integrity policy, then utilize them often. Many rooms prominently feature a word wall, where important sight words are on display. Alongside those high-frequency words, integrate the words of integrity and teach students not only how to use them in a sentence, but why they are essential for learning. Lessons on “honesty,” “responsibility,” and “values” go a long way in building the foundation of integrity for young learners. It’s also never too early to use this vocabulary to teach students about finding reliable sources and attributing them, whether it's for a book report or a diorama project. Additionally, you can convey your classroom expectations with these words when discussing academic integrity with parents, and encourage them to have conversations at home with their children about the importance of citations and original work. - Cultivate an environment of kindness and respect. When young students feel safe in their relationship with their teacher and their peers, they will be more inclined to do their best work. They will also be more comfortable in asking for help when they find themselves stuck. On the International Center of Academic Integrity (ICAI) blog, Courtney Cullen highlights the Fundamental Values of Academic Integrity and looks specifically at three values teachers can develop with young students: trust, fairness, and respect. “Trust them when they confide in you, be fair when any issues arise, and respect the time and effort they put on assignments.” Kindness and respect go a long way in any classroom, but especially in an elementary space where students are just learning how to face and move through academic challenges. In the long run, if they are treated with trust and fairness in the classroom, they will treat others (and others’ work!) with kindness and respect. - Emphasize the importance of a growth mindset. Students who understand that their brain is a muscle that can become stronger with practice, have the ability to realize that mistakes and failures are a part of the learning journey. A growth mindset encourages students to reflect on what went right or wrong during an activity or lesson, then proactively take steps to change the outcome. A student without a growth mindset may feel that they have no control over their bad test scores and that cutting corners is the only solution. When students have a deeper sense of ownership over their learning, they can meaningfully develop confidence in their work, an integral component of academic buoyancy. If a student has the “ability to bounce back from seemingly minor, yet subjectively crucial, daily setbacks,” researchers have found that young learners will keep trying and will go from “I can’t do it” to “I can’t do it… yet.” No matter how young students learn the values of honesty, authenticity, and respect, whether it is through direct lessons and vocabulary work or indirectly through interactions with teachers and peers, the long-term benefits are priceless.

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This is a guest post by Gabriella Lawson, Teacher Developer for Monash College English Language Centre. Gaby is responsible for helping to develop teachers’ classroom delivery through designing and running professional development and observing and feeding back on teaching practice. Our main focus is always on teaching and helping our students, so it is sometimes easy to forget that in order to get the best out of our students, we need to get the best out of ourselves. Professor John Hattie has said that one of the reasons Growth Mindset may not have made an impact on student results was a lack of teacher training. It becomes a bit like ‘do as I say but not as I do’ if the school has a Growth Mindset policy, but the teacher hasn’t fully understood how that works in practice yet. Growth Mindset could give us some much needed answers about why our students are not motivated. In English language teaching, we see some students giving up who believe they are not good at English. We see students avoiding speaking in class due to a fear of mistakes. Other examples are students who avoid going to free extra workshops even though they need help. That’s why we need to train teachers to develop a growth mindset about their own teaching. After all, what teachers believe about learning has a big influence on what students believe about learning. Mistakes are how we learn. Brain plasticity means that as we form new neural pathways there will be misfires; recent research tells us that our brains are more likely to remember and correct a mistake if we have positive feelings about the lesson. Similarly, teachers are more likely to take feedback if they have positive feelings about their observation. If teachers aren’t worried about losing face, they are more likely to take risks in the classroom or ask for help when they face a challenge instead of suffering in silence until the complaints roll in. The first step is to see observations as professional development, so the aim is for teachers to choose something they’d like to get better at. The second is to stop thinking of observations as ‘teacher observations’ but to think of them as ‘lesson observations’. If teachers feel they are being evaluated as a person, research supporting Growth Mindset suggests that any negative feedback could result in a crisis of confidence. I think a lesson is a piece of work, like an essay draft, we often teach the same lesson again and again, course after course: it is in a constant process of refinement and development. When the lesson is observed, it is under construction, so there will be parts that are working well and parts that could work better. Observation feedback needs to focus on the strengths and weaknesses of the lesson not the teacher. Debate about what is good or bad teaching is very subjective, you can avoid this by looking at strengths and weaknesses against a set of criteria. This is why it is important to use something like the BALEAP Competency Framework for Teachers of Academic English to give feedback with e.g. No.7. Student autonomy – has the lesson demonstrated that the teacher has integrated tasks which develop learner autonomy? To what extent did it work? How could it have worked better? Lesson observations are a great opportunity for learning what growth mindset means in practice. When teachers can separate their sense of self from their teaching, they can reflect on the strengths and weaknesses of the lesson more objectively. If we apply Growth Mindset to the process of developing teachers, it is more likely that ‘sticky’ Growth Mindset behaviours will be passed on to our students, also as a bonus, observations will be much less stressful and more productive for everyone.

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A new report on water for food security and nutrition led by Lyla Mehta shows how land, food and water issues are inextricably linked and must be reflected in policymaking In the Red Room of Rome’s Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, a landmark report is being launched this morning, which, in the most tangibly ancient of European cities lays down some history of its own; it is the first f its kind to address water, food security and nutrition together. The Water for Food Security and Nutrition Report from the High Level Panel of Experts (HLPE) sets benchmark for addressing the essential interconnections between water, food security and nutrition and understanding these links in order to most effectively tackle poverty. It goes far beyond a focus on agricultural issues and highlights the necessity of water and sanitation for human wellbeing and survival and the crucial importance of gender equality. Professor Lyla Mehta, the STEPS Centre’s water and sanitation convenor and Fellow at the Institute of Development Studies, led the report for the UN Committee on World Food Security (CFS) and has today written for the Guardian calling for policy coherence at all levels of governance and management around water, food security and nutrition issues. “There is no doubt that land, food and water issues are linked. The barriers to joined-up national and global policies do not derive from a lack of technology or resources. Rather they are rooted in the absence of human rights, and the failure to recognise that water and food are intertwined,” writes Prof. Mehta. “The HLPE report argues for coherence on these issues at all levels of policymaking and management, from local to global. We are calling for a human rights approach to water governance to enhance food security and nutrition. Only this will ensure healthy and productive lives for all,” she adds. Prof. Mehta and other researchers at the STEPS Centre have been investigating the interconnections between water-food-energy-environment issues and the science-policy interface of the nexus for many years. A few of the key STEPS resources are listed below. Related resources from the STEPS Centre: - Journal article: Special issue: Critical Thinking on the ‘New Security Convergence’ in Energy, Food, Climate and Water: Is the Nexus Secure … and for Whom? - Working Paper: Not Another Nexus? Critical Thinking on the New Security Convergence in Energy, Food, Climate and Water STEPS Working Paper 75 by Shilpi Srivastava and Lyla Mehta - Blogs: The nexus – politics, practice and disciplinary dilemmas - Blog: Is it time to refocus the Water-Energy-Food nexus? - Project: Urbanisation in Asia: the peri-urban interface and sustainability of south Asian cities - Project: Uncertainty from Below - Project: The Nexus Network – food, energy, water and environment connections - Research: Find out more about the STEPS Centre’s water and Sanitation work - Media: Are African land grabs really water grabs? By Jennifer C Franco, Lyla Mehta and Gert Jan Veldwisch, CNN - Film: Water and Justice: Peri-urban pathways in Delhi - Film: Seeds and Sustainability: Maize pathways in Kenya - IDS Bulletin, ‘Some for All?’ Politics and Pathways in Water and Sanitation, edited by Alan Nicol, Lyla Mehta and Jeremy Allouche - Resources: list of the STEPS Centre’s STEPS water publications and resources which can be downloaded. - Presentations: from the STEPS event Not another nexus? Critical thinking on the ‘new security convergence’ in energy, food, climate and water

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OAKLAND, Calif. — Girls between 9 and 12 years of age with higher-than-average levels of bisphenol-A in their urine had double the risk of being obese than girls with lower levels of BPA, according to a Kaiser Permanente study published today in the journal PLOS ONE. “This study provides evidence from a human population that confirms the findings from animal studies — that high BPA exposure levels could increase the risk of overweight or obesity,” said De-Kun Li, MD, PhD, MPH, principal investigator of the study and a reproductive and perinatal epidemiologist at the Kaiser Permanente Division of Research in Oakland, Calif. BPA is used to make plastics and other materials, such as cash register receipts. It is a known endocrine disruptor with estrogenic properties. In children and adolescents, BPA is likely to enter the body primarily through the ingestion of foods and liquids that have come into contact with BPA-containing materials, Dr. Li said. “Girls in the midst of puberty may be more sensitive to the impacts of BPA on their energy balance and fat metabolism," Dr. Li said. While BPA is still being examined, it has been shown to interfere with a body’s process of relating fat content and distribution, he added. The study — among the first specifically designed to examine the relationship between BPA and obesity in school-age children — was conducted in Shanghai as part of a larger national study of puberty and adolescent health. Dr. Li and colleagues studied 1,326 male and female children in grades 4 to 12 at three Shanghai schools (one elementary, one middle and one high school). In addition to urine samples collected with BPA-free materials, they obtained information on other risk factors for childhood obesity, such as dietary patterns, physical activity, mental health and family history. The researchers found that in girls between 9 and 12 years old, a higher-than-average level of BPA in urine (2 micrograms per liter or greater) was associated with twice the risk of having a body weight in the top 10th percentile for girls of their age in the same population. The impact was particularly pronounced among 9- to 12-year-old girls with extremely high levels of BPA in their urine (more than 10 micrograms per liter): their risk of being overweight (in the top 10th percentile) was five times greater. The researchers did not identify significant BPA effects in any other groups studied, including girls over 12 years of age and boys of all ages. Among all the 9- to 12-year-old girls studied, 36 percent of those with a higher-than-average level of BPA in their urine were overweight or obese, compared with 21 percent of those with a lower-than-average level of BPA. “Our study suggests that BPA could be a potential new environmental obesogen, a chemical compound that can disrupt the normal development and balance of lipid metabolism, which can lead to obesity,” Dr. Li and co-authors wrote in PLOS ONE. “Worldwide exposure to BPA in the human population may be contributing to the worldwide obesity epidemic.” The PLOS ONE study is the latest in a series of studies published by Dr. Li and his colleagues examining the effects of BPA in humans: Kaiser Permanente is committed to researching and sourcing safer alternatives to products that may contain potentially harmful chemicals such as BPA. To that end, Kaiser Permanente's Sustainability Scorecard for Medical Products requires suppliers and manufacturers to disclose the presence of BPA in products. Most recently, the organization was able to eliminate BPA from packaging of supplemental nutrition and infant formula products. In addition to Dr. Li, co-authors of the study were: Maohua Miao, MD, PhD, Xiaoqin Liu, MD, and Siqui Wang, PhD, Department of Epidemiology and Social Science on Reproductive Health, Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research and WHO Collaborating Center for Occupational Health, Shanghai; Zhi Jun Zhou, MD, PhD, and Chunhua Wu, PhD, School of Public Health, Key Lab for Public Health and Safety and WHO Collaborating Center for Occupational Health, Fudan University, Shanghai; Huijing Shi, PhD, Department of Child and Adolescent Health, Fudan University, Shanghai; and Wei Yuan, MD, PhD, National Population and Family Planning Key Laboratory of Contraceptive Drugs and Devices, Shanghai. The study was funded in part by National Natural Science Foundation of China (#81172684).

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The world’s last remaining “wild” horses might not be as feral as previously thought. Research into the ancestry of today’s horses has shed new light on the origin of the species. It had been believed all modern domesticated breeds could trace their roots back to the Botai horses, from Kazakhstan. But a pivotal international study has turned this theory on its head. Researchers investigated genetic and archaeological evidence and discovered the Botai did not give rise to today’s equines, but are instead ancestors of the “wild” Przwalski horses. The study also indicates there are no surviving purely wild horses. “Our findings literally turn current population models of horse origins upside-down,” said study leader Professor Ludovic Orlando of the French National Centre for Scientific Research. “What we used to understand as the last wild horse on earth is in fact the descendant of the earliest domestic horses, which simply escaped human pressure and became feral during the last few millennia.” The researchers examined the genes of 88 ancient and modern horses from different eras and locations across Eurasia. They found many of the earliest Przewalski’s horses had white, spotty Dalmatian-style coats. These horses once roamed freely along the Mongolian-China border and have recently been reintroduced to the region, having been saved from extinction in captivity. Thousands of years ago a surprisingly large number were bred to have the Dalmatian-style colouring, possibly because it looked attractive. Professor Alan Outram and Professor Victor Zaibert carried out archaeological excavations on the Botai culture over decades, and found communities living there thousands of years ago had horses, who wore bits and were harnessed. The Botai people also milked the horses, ate their meat and built corrals to keep horses close to their homes. “There is a lot of evidence in the archaeological record demonstrating that Botai horses were husbanded,” said Professor Outram. “It is not just horse meat that Botai people consumed, but also mare’s milk. “It was essential to Botai people to manage the horse resource as it provided the basis of their subsistence strategy. “Probably horses were even first domesticated at Botai because horse riding somehow facilitated horse hunting.” A German zoo is reintroducing the Przewalski horse into the wild, in the hope that the breed will once again HORSE Magazine reviews Mustangs: Wild Horses of the West by Marie-Luce Hubert and Jean-Louis Klein An American land management programme is planning to capture 575 wild horses this month and administer contraceptives in order to The pioneering study was published in the peer-reviewed journal Science on 22 February. “Ironically, we used to think that the endangered population of Przewalski’s horses should be preserved as the last wild horses in the planet,” said Charleen Gaunitz, one of the two PhD students in Professor Orlando’s team. “We now find that they must be preserved as the closest descent of the earliest domestic horses.” For all the latest news analysis, competition reports, interviews, features and much more, don’t miss Horse & Hound magazine, on sale every Thursday.

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The National Council for History Education describes twelve practices that make up what they term History’s Habits of Mind, which are the skills that students develop when they are deeply engaged in rigorous history learning. While all of the skills are valuable, there is one that seems especially relevant during Black History Month: Utilizing multiple perspectives for comprehensive explanations. Incorporate this skill in the classroom by: Integrating multiple perspectives into the curriculum During the month of February, we are reminded of the importance of acknowledging the many ways that Black men and women have impacted history. Many of our history courses have units dedicated to the exploration of Black culture and history. For instance, in AP Art History class, students will both examine traditions and trends in 18th to 19th-century African tribal art and look at examples of Black voices in modern art, including Jacob Lawrence, Kara Walker, El Anatsui, and Faith Ringgold. In addition, The History of the Other is an entire elective course built around providing students opportunities to discuss periods in history from the perspective of various marginalized groups. Teaching global citizenship Classes like these highlight Sanford’s aim to use every day of class—not just the ones in February—to mold our students into global citizens who both understand and appreciate the experiences of people from other countries, cultures, and time periods. We build that historical foundation by requiring our ninth and tenth graders to spend the first two years of high school studying World Civilizations. During this class, students examine primary sources, including written works, art, architecture, dress, and religious beliefs to explore the political, economic, and social events that have defined our world from early civilization to the present day. As a pair of survey courses spanning thousands of years, the rise and fall of various civilizations are examined for similarities and differences as well as links to our modern times. connecting students to the past Our students start their high school journey by considering the historical context of civilizations all over the world, and we hope that this lays the groundwork for an academic experience that continually focuses on the ways that our world is interconnected. Understanding the importance of the past and how it affects the future is an essential skill for interpreting others' perspectives in a diverse society. Students learn to have empathy and compassion for others. In honor of Black History Month, we hope you’ll enjoy three recommendations for middle and upper school books that celebrate the perspectives of Black men and women who contributed to American history. Todd Helmecki is the History & Global Studies Co-chair and teaches in the Upper School History department. He received his bachelor's degree in Business Administration from Bryant University and his master's degree in World History from West Chester University. Alex Levine teaches Upper School History. He graduated from the University of St. Andrews in Scotland in 2013 with a Master of Arts degree in Art History and German, and from the University of Glasgow, also in Scotland, in 2015, with a Master of Letters degree in Technical Art History. Anna Littlefield graduated from the Commonwealth Honors College at the University of Massachusetts, Amherst, with a degree in history. She is an Upper School History Instructor. Eric Peoples is an Upper School History instructor and Co-Director of Sanford Summer Programs. He earned his bachelor's degree in Secondary Education from Clemson University and received his master's degree from Villanova in Education. Mark Shields teaches in the Upper School History Department. He received his bachelor's degree in Business Managment from U.S. Naval Academy and his master's degree in History from Temple University. Scott Swope is the History & Global Studies Co-chair, teaches Middle School History, and Global Studies and is the Co-Director of Sanford Summer Programs. He received his bachelor's degree in History/Secondary Education from Albright College and his master's degree from The Pennsylvania State University in Educational Leadership.

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Wrens have no economic impact on agriculture and probably little on forestry. Nevertheless, it is hardly surprising that birds so abundant and so vehement of song should figure as prominently in legend and folklore as wrens do. In Celtic mythology, the wren was the king of the oak tree and the symbol of the old year, while the robin was the symbol of the new year. This gave rise to a tradition of hunting the wren at the winter solstice to make way for the robin. On the Isle of Man and in southern Ireland, groups of boys caught wrens on St. Stephens Day (December 26), which were then paraded around with accompanying verse and solicitations for modest funds. "Wrenning" was not, in fact, confined to Celtic regions of the British Isles, but up until the nineteenth century was widespread over much of England as well. The verses chanted often made reference to the wren as the king of the birds, a belief widespread in the mythologies of very diverse peoples in Europe. In fact, in several European languages the name of the wren implies royalty—Winterkonig (Winter King) in Dutch and Zaunkönig (King of the Fencerow) in German, for example. Although the origins are obscure, there is a common theme in cultures as various as Ojibwa and Scottish Gaelic of the wren attaining kingship by outwitting the eagle. In one well-known story, all the birds agreed to decide their king by holding a competition to see who could fly highest. When the eagle, who had outflown all the other birds, could climb no more, the wren, which had concealed itself among the eagle's back feathers, popped out and flew just a little higher. The origin of this story may be an Aesop fable that has now been lost. In Native American folklore the wren appears frequently, often as a busybody; in Cherokee belief the wren is supposed to observe women in labor, rejoicing in the birth of a girl and lamenting the appearance of a boy. 1. Winter wren (Troglodytes troglodytes); 2. Gray-breasted wood wren (Henicorhina leucophrys); 3. Canyon wren (Salpinctes mexicanus); 4. Marsh wren (Cistothorus palustris); 5. Black-capped donacobius (Donacobius atricapillus); 6. Northern house wren (Troglodytes aedon); 7. Bay wren (Thryothorus nigricapillus); 8. Sumichrast's wren (Hylorchilus sumichrasti); 9. Zapata wren (Ferminia cerverai); 10. Cactus wren (Campylorhynchus brunneicapillus). (Illustration by Barbara Duperron) Was this article helpful?

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What Is Business Analytics? Here's a Primer When it comes to using the term “business analytics," people often throw it around without truly knowing what it means. But the impact that business analytics is having on the world — not to mention the technology behind it — is immense and quantifiable. Total revenue generated by business analytics is projected to increase from $168 billion to about $274 billion in 2020, indicating that organizations across the business spectrum are investing in analytics solutions. According to Gartner, business analytics is comprised of solutions used to build analysis models and simulations, to create scenarios, to understand realities and to predict future states. Business analytics includes data mining, predictive analytics, applied analytics and statistics, and is delivered as an application suitable for a business user. In short, business analytics is a tool for analyzing business data, making predictions based on that data, and running tests on how future scenarios might look based on proposed decisions. A restaurant, for example, might use software to analyze past customer data and predict how a coupon promotion might be structured -- factoring in things like menu item, marketing channel, and percentage discount. As advances in BA continue to merge with machine learning, businesses will be able to better analyze the impact of decisions and strategies with more granularity, and to choose the most cost-effective and productive solutions. How is Business Analytics Used? For starters, it's important not to confuse business analytics (BA) with its close relative, business intelligence (BI). While the two terms are sometimes used interchangeably, they are not the same. BI simply refers to the information and collection methodologies that form your data sets. By contrast, BA is used to analyze and interpret those data sets. A restaurant being able to smartly roll out a coupon promotion to maximize profits is a powerful example of how BA is enabling businesses to make better, data-driven decisions, and is just the tip of the iceberg of how BA is used today — and potentially the future. Banks, for example, now use business analytics in many facets of their business, such as predicting credit risk of customers when they're applying for a loan. In this case, a data analytics system might pull information from a variety of sources, including things like purchasing, credit, and real estate history to determine the proper terms of a loan. Organizations that make the most of business analytics tools, technologies, and software are those that have well-defined business goals and use cases. A technology company, for instance, might want to reduce the time it takes to locate, interview, and hire software engineers by 25 percent. Some businesses even use predictive artificial intelligence (AI) in combination with BA to predict things like which candidates are most likely to accept a job, or to map out various scenarios based on potential changes in the recruiting process. Based on the results, a company might determine that their goal can be achieved by interviewing more applications, reducing steps in the interview process, or taking other defined steps to meet their goals. The Future of Business Analytics Business analytics is advancing at a rapid pace, and its impact within organizations are already becoming apparent. Our Ki business analytics software platform, for instance, uses machine learning AI algorithms to analyze and generate more scenarios than humans can. The Ki engine then ranks the results based on both past data and advanced predictive modeling. The AI algorithms provide the ability to rank each theory or scenario based on its validity and likelihood in solving specific business problems and creating models to map the impact of specific changes or decisions. For example, advances in business analytics and machine learning will help companies find new efficiencies such as reducing shipping costs, or increase companies net promoter scores, or even decrease the time it takes a drug to pass FDA trials. All based on insights derived from BA engines. Sources of data continue to grow with the proliferation of things like connected devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and smart home equipment. BA systems will likely begin adapting to those changes, becoming more efficient at collecting and processing information from multiple sources on an ongoing basis. At its core, business analytics is all about squeezing every ounce of value from the vast array of data that businesses generate every second, and using that data to help business leaders predict which decisions will make the biggest positive impact on the bottom line. LATEST POST : How Sentiment Analysis Can Improve Customer Experiences

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American Trail keepers provide the animals with enrichment — enclosures, socialization, objects, sounds, smells and other stimuli — to enhance their well-being and give them an outlet to demonstrate their species-typical behaviors. An exhibit’s design is carefully and deliberately planned to provide physically and mentally stimulating toys, activities and environments for the Zoo’s animals. Each enrichment is tailored to give an animal the opportunity to use its natural behaviors in novel and exciting ways. Seals and seal lions live and frolic in two enormous state-of-the-art pools (the sea lions' pool holds 300,000 gallons, and the seals' pool holds 125,000 gallons of water). The pools mimic the natural coastal waters where seals and sea lions live in the wild. A wave machine keeps the water in constant motion, like the ocean, and provides sensory stimulation for the animals. Watch the sea lions propel themselves through the water from a submerged viewing window, a split-level viewing area, and an above-water viewing area. Husbandry training is an important part of sea lion and seal care at the Zoo. Keepers have trained these animals to hold still for eye exams (and to receive eye drops, if needed), dental exams, injections, blood draws, weigh-ins and radiographs. When keepers need to perform an all-over body check, they ask the sea lions to open their mouths and present body parts, such as flippers. Using non-toxic, water-based paint, American Trail's female raven Iris creates one-of-a-kind works of art! Many of the Zoo's animals paint for enrichment because it stimulates their visual, tactile, and olfactory senses. Apart from the fun of learning something new, it helps to reinforce the trusting relationship between Iris and her keepers. Watch Iris learn how to paint in this video. Dispersed among boulders, the landscaping for the Zoo’s two gray wolves, recreates a forest setting typical of North America. Native plants provide Crystal and Coby with enrichment, which encourages natural behaviors. Trees, grasses, and shrub shave been strategically placed throughout the exhibit. Staggered and stacked logs offer the wolves structures that they can climb upon, play on, scent mark, and survey their exhibit just as they would in the wild. The rear of the exhibit is filled with dense vegetation, enabling the wolves to spend some time away from the crowds. Beavers fell trees for construction projects like dams and lodges. At the Zoo, keepers provide the beavers with browse (fresh tree trimmings) to eat and arrange. The lodge in the North American beaver exhibit is built of wood that the beavers chewed and placed themselves as well as permanent artificial logs. The Zoo's beavers learn behaviors that help animal care staff evaluate their health, including opening their mouths and showing their paws and bellies. American Trail keepers are training them to voluntarily sit in a crate (for any transporting they may have to do), get on a scale (for weekly weight measurements), and hold still for injections and blood draws.

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Censorship plays a crucial role in society; however, recently, censorship may seem to be going a bit too far. Classic novels are reworked to be more politically correct — songs by popular rock bands are being banned from airwaves and artwork is being removed from exhibits. This begs the question: Has society gone too far? “Adventures of Huckleberry Finn” by Mark Twain has been a recent victim of the censorship epidemic. Words such as “Injun” and “nigger” have been removed from the novel and replaced with “slave” to appear more politically correct. The thought behind this change is to protect the students who are reading the book, but instead it may be depriving them of the full impact of the classic story. English Professor Scott Henkel, who teaches a Banned Books class at Binghamton University, sees both sides of the argument. “Interestingly, the book is in the public domain, which means that under U.S. copyright law, any of us have the right to take the book and make derivative versions (meaning to alter and republish the book). This last is a point of the debate that is being missed,” he said. “‘Huck Finn’ is offensive, but the book gives us the opportunity to face that offense, study it and use what we learn to challenge those injustices.” Thomas Glave, an English professor at Binghamton University, recently commented on this change in the article “Obscuring the Past” in The New York Times. “In 2010 (and always), we must be brave and honest enough to face the hard facts: replacing the word ‘nigger’ with the word ‘slave’ in Twain’s masterpiece ‘Huckleberry Finn’ will neither erase nor vanquish the ugly history out of which the novel and the offensive word emerged,” Glave said. But it’s not just classic American literature that is being revamped — Canada has recently decided to place a ban on the popular Dire Straits song from the 80s, “Money for Nothing.” A complaint from one listener after the song’s 26 years of existence caused the ban. Canada claims the song is homophobic because it uses the word “faggot” to describe the rock star in the song. While it is true the term “faggot” is mentioned in the song, censorship groups and rock fans argue that it is being interpreted completely out of context. The song is about a disgruntled man who complains about the success of a musician. The overall message of the song is that musicians are spoiled and receive a lot of fame and fortune without any hard work. “Faggot” is used in the third stanza of the song and could be interpreted as homophobic at a quick glance, but upon further inspection of the song, it is just a term to denote the bigot’s frustration with his laborious life, while musicians get to live in the lap of luxury. Geoff Hetherington, a junior majoring in computer science, disagrees with Canada’s decision. “I wouldn’t say it’s right to ban the song,” he said. “I don’t think it’s homophobic, either; there’s only a small part of the song that has upset people. I don’t think the whole piece together could be called homophobic.” Regardless of this, Canada is still sticking to the ban. Even the art world has succumbed to the pressure of political correctness. Wayne Clough, the secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, made the decision in early January to censor an exhibit at the Smithsonian’s National Portrait Gallery. Republican congressional leaders watched the video and complained it was anti-Christian because ants were crawling on the crucifix. This prompted Clough to remove the piece from the exhibit, “Hide/Seek: Difference and Desire in American Portraiture.” This video could be viewed as controversial and challenging to the Christian faiths, but there were several other racy pieces, as well. The exhibit included naked brothers kissing, genitalia and Ellen DeGeneres grabbing her breasts. Any of these pieces could be considered controversial and anti-religious as well, but they were not banned from the exhibit. Art is about freedom of expression, yet with censorship, artists can be hindered in their creative process. Though some may argue that censorship is necessary in certain instances, when censorship begins to hinder the freedom of expression, modify classics to be politically correct and ban songs that have been around for decades because of slang, then it may be going too far. Censorship is meant to protect society, not hinder the expression of its citizens.

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Jobs with NASA National Aeronautical and Space Administration The National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) was founded in 1958 by President Dwight D. Eisenhower. When President John F. Kennedy took office, he made the agency a priority and set a goal to successfully complete a manned lunar landing by the end of the 1960s. President Kennedy’s vision was achieved in July of 1969 when Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin became the first men to walk on the moon. The next challenge for NASA was to develop a system so that the same ship could be used repeatedly. The space shuttle took flight for the first time in 1981. The International Space Station was established as a cooperative effort between the United States and Russia, and means that humans have a permanent foothold in space. NASA continues to perform important work in the field of space exploration with its development of the Mars Pathfinder that will provide important information about the Red Planet. Researchers at the agency are developing ways to make air travel safer and more environmentally friendly. Other staff employed by NASA are involved in the Terra and Aqua satellite program, which gives scientists valuable information about our home planet. Working at NASA This organization doesn’t just hire astronauts. It offers job opportunities for highly-trained personnel in various locations across the United States. NASA is organized into four divisions, which are called mission directorates: - Aeronautics Research - Human Exploration and Operations - Space Technology Employees receive competitive pay, as well as an excellent benefits package. Getting hired by the agency means there is little likelihood of being laid off, since NASA strives to meet its budgetary retirements through attrition. This is a family-friendly workplace offering flexible schedules and an Employee Assistance Program. Locality pay, cost of living increases and pay increases for satisfactory performance also make opportunities with NASA very attractive. Benefits offered to employees include the following: - Annual Leave/Holiday Pay - Federal Credit Union - Jury Duty Leave - Military Leave - Sick Leave - Life Insurance - Long-term/Short-term Disability Coverage - Recreation/Fitness Programs - Tuition Assistance Internships and Summer Jobs at NASA The NASA Education website lists all programs available to students. Opportunities are available at various NASA installations, and each program has its own criteria for applicants. In most cases, applicants must be United States citizens to be considered. How to Apply for a Job at NASA Find job openings at NASA in the JobMonkey Job Center. Just click Apply to start the application process. You’ll need to follow NASA’s application process after leaving the JobMonkey website.

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The overall purpose of PTA is to make every child’s potential a reality by engaging and empowering families and communities to advocate for all children. Collaboration: We work in partnership with a wide array of individuals and organizations to accomplish our agreed-upon goals. Commitment: We are dedicated to promoting children’s health, well-being, and educational success through strong parent, family, and community involvement. Accountability: We acknowledge our obligations. We deliver on our promises. Respect: We value our colleagues and ourselves. We expect the same high quality of effort and thought from ourselves as we do from others. Inclusivity: We invite the stranger and welcome the newcomer. We value and seek input from as wide a spectrum of viewpoints and experiences as possible. Integrity: We act consistently with our beliefs. When we err, we acknowledge the mistake and seek to make amends. PTA welcomes into membership people representing a diversity of cultures, ethnic backgrounds, and political and religious beliefs. The purposes of the PTA acknowledge the importance of a spiritual life in the development of children and youth. As an association, PTA has the right to offer inspirational messages to open or close its meetings, but such messages by PTA leaders or invited religious leaders should be inspirational rather than sectarian, recognizing that in this pluralistic nation not all members share the same beliefs. Poetry, quotations from great men and women, uplifting anecdotes, and moments of quiet meditation can be used. Local PTAs are linked to the West Virginia PTA and the National PTA association, forming a nationwide network of members working on behalf of all children and youth. Because of its connections to the state and national PTAs, the local PTA is a valuable resource to its school community with: - access to programs to benefit children, youth, and their families - recognition and size to influence the formulation of laws, policies, and practices—education or legislative. Early Childhood PTAs Preschool groups often round up parents from several neighborhoods and various early-childhood programs. They involve child-care providers, grandparents, and others concerned with the education and development of children from birth to age five. Elementary/Middle School PTAs serve as a type of forum where parents, teachers, administrators, and other concerned adults discuss ways to promote quality education, strive to expand the arts, encourage community involvement, and work for a healthy environment and safe neighborhoods. Parent-Teacher-Student Associations actually provide youth members with the opportunity to make a difference by developing leadership skills, learning about the legislative process, increasing their self-esteem, and contributing to the school. In turn, adult members gain a new perspective for program development, as well as acquire a better understanding of the youth of today. Special Education PTAs believes that all children have the right to a quality public education, which allows each child the opportunity to reach his or her fullest potential. Special Education PTAs are designed to help parents advocate for special-needs children.

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In the world of finance, it is not uncommon to hear about stochastic calculus or stochastic processes. While the name may sound daunting, the concept and its application in finance is actually relatively straightforward. A stochastic process, sometimes referred to as a random process, is simply a group (or “system”) of random variables and their evolution or changes over time. Stochastic calculus is the branch of mathematics used to model the behavior of these random systems. In the finance world, these systems are often stock prices or bond interest rates and the random variables are factors that influence them. Take, for example, the price of Stock A. Stock A will rise and fall in value continuously during the open exchange period. Each time the price goes up or down, it can be thought of as a “step.” However, after each step, there is no way of knowing for certain in which “direction” (up or down) the price will go the next time it moves. The next step in the series is essentially random. A series of steps like this is sometimes referred to as a “random walk,” because with each “step” the “direction” of the walk can change randomly. Modeling this behavior, while very useful as a finance tool, is very difficult due to its random nature. The Wiener process is one of the most widely used and best known examples of this sort of model. This process, in particular, is often used to represent the rise and fall of stock prices and/or interest rates over time. The above example is a non-mathematical approximation of the concept behind the Wiener process. The process itself is a mathematical construct that can be used to translate the random motion of a non-mathematical concept (such as stock prices or the motion of molecular particles in a fluid) into something that can be calculated or processed as numbers using stochastic calculus. Essentially, it takes the random variables of reality and turns them into a mathematical formula so that they can be quantified and used in calculating financial models. This is useful for a number of reasons, not the least of which is the relative ease of understanding that a model can provide. Rather than tracking each individual variable (an impossible task, even with the best of computing technology), a model boils down the highly complex, real-life situation into a set of simple (and therefore easier to understand) components. This approach is not without its flaws but it is still a powerful tool in understanding and tracking economic progress and forces over time. The Wiener process, and stochastic processes and calculus in general, are important tools in quantitative analysis as it is applied to finance. Stochastic calculus is used for the valuation of stock options and derivatives, assessment of financial risk, and many other financial purposes. The models it produces provide insight and aid in a plethora of financial endeavors. However complex the mathematics behind stochastic calculus may be, the concept behind stochastic processes is relatively straightforward and a powerful tool in understanding financial markets and forces. Guest post contributed by Charles Ronson for www.easyfinance.com. Charles is a freelance business writer. He has extensive experience in consulting with small to medium sized businesses. His articles appear on various business blogs.

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(Today’s post is the first of a number planned to explore a new exhibit of Andreas Palladio’s drawings at The Morgan Library and Museum in New York. A peerless display of the Italian master’s work, it features drawings never seen before in the United States.) The drawings by Andreas Palladio at The Morgan Library and Museum have arrived in New York via a circuitous route over seven centuries. But for the efforts of a dedicated group of afficionados, it’s a near wonder that they are here at all. Their history reaches back to 1414 and Poggio Bracciolini’s discovery, at the monastic library of St. Galen in Switzerland, of a manuscript copy of “De architectura,” the treatise written by Roman architect Vitruvius in the first century AD “That was long before Palladio’s lifetime,” said Dr. Irena Murray, co-curator of the exhibit and also the Sir Banister Fletcher Director of the British Architectural Library at the Royal Institute of British Architects. “But later, one of his patrons wanted to publish a new edition of the manuscript.” The Vitruvius work called for illustrations, but lacked them. So in 1556, Palladio’s friend and patron Daniele Barbaro engaged him for the drawings in a book to interpret the Roman’s writing. “That’s our copy in the exhibition,” Dr. Murray said. “It’s edited by Barbaro and illustrated by Palladio. Our copy was owned by a 17th-century French architect and theorist whose signature is on the book. He was the first person to translate Palladio into another language, in 1650.” The Royal Institute of British Architects came by many of its works by Palladio through the efforts of British architect Inigo Jones, who traveled twice to Italy in the early 1600s, returning with 150 drawings sold to him by either a Palladio collaborator or his son. “When he brought them to London, he made them the focus of his social circle of painters, sculptors, architects and like-minded people at court,” Dr. Murray said. “It was the birth of Anglo-Palladianism.” In 1719, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of Burlington, brought back the second half of the Royal Institute’s collection. The Institute’s web site notes that, according to tradition, these had been found in a trunk at the Villa Barbaro at Maser, where Palladio had died in 1580. The rest is history. “We have the largest collection of Palladio drawings in the world – 330 of them,” Dr. Murray said. There were plans for an exhibit at the National Gallery in Washington to mark the 500th anniversary of Palladio’s birth, until the world economy slipped off its rails in 2008. Then Charles Hind, co-curator of the drawings, came up with the idea for a smaller exhibit of a different group of Palladio’s drawings – the ones that influenced early architecture in America. The Institute found willing supporters in the Richmond, Virginia-based Center for Palladian Studies in America. “It’s so exciting to get to know people who love Palladio in America,” Dr. Murray said. “The center as a group was one of our supporters, so we owe them a lot.” The rest of us, though, owe them all much more. Next: Palladio’s influence on 18th-century American architecture. For more on the Morgan Library and Museum, go to http://www.themorgan.org/home.asp For more on the Royal Institute of British Architects, go to http://www.architecture.com/ For more on the Center for Palladian Studies in America, go to

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The connection between the voice and self-expression may seem self-explanatory – indeed, using the voice is a key aspect to any form of verbal communication. However, there is an important distinction between ordering a meal and exploring the voice as a means of empowerment, affirmation, and healing analogous to the difference between expressing hunger or telling someone the time versus expressing sorrow or telling someone your story. In music therapy, therefore, the voice is regarded as an important tool for self-expression not only for its connection to verbal communication but because of its ability to explore and convey inner anxieties, emotions, experiences, memories, and identity. Self-expression is crucial. It is key to communicating how we feel, our thoughts, opinions, needs, and wants. It allows for the release of emotions. It highlights individuality while allowing us to share, bond, relate, and empathize with others. In music therapy, therapists combine the importance of self-expression with the power of music to further dig deep into the individual’s emotional, physical, and spiritual experiences. Music opens the door to important verbal discussions as well as, and this will be the main topic of discussion in this article, singing in order to effectively empower and heal individuals through the use of the voice. Singing can be a powerful, whole-body, emotional experience, and through encouraging individuals to sing, music therapists hope to help people get in touch with and articulate their feelings through an experience that is both creative and often pleasurable. Though singing may make individuals feel nervous or vulnerable, as many have difficulty overcoming the fear of sounding bad or making mistakes, working through this anxiety can have positive effects in itself, as often parts of the self are projected onto the voice and treatment of the voice. The hopeful end result of this process is the use of the voice as a way of empowering a person’s expressive and self-reflective capacities while providing them with a coping mechanism which draws on the individual’s inner resources in order to work through trauma, stress, anxiety, identity crises and insecurity. By combining singing with music, individuals have the opportunity to be verbally expressive while being supported by music and all of its positive effects. Cognitive science has demonstrated that music engages the body and brain in ways that little else can, lighting up emotional, physical, and linguistic centres. The music’s character, therefore, has the ability to evoke emotions and memories, which can provide individuals with the opportunity to explore different aspects of the themselves and their experiences. By engaging the creative self in the growth and healing process, singing gives individuals the opportunity for holistic empowerment through its ability to promote self-expression.

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By Katherine Reece Explores the significance of the Israelite civilization, its position in historical past, and its significant contributions to society Read or Download The Israelites: the children of Israel PDF Best ancient books Find out how the traditional Roman civilization started, built, flourished and died out. examine exchange, arts, schooling, politics and spiritual ideals. comprises pictures, illustrations, sidebars timeline, thesaurus, index, examining checklist and internet sites. Mithridates VI Eupator, the final king of Pontos, was once surely essentially the most popular figures within the overdue Hellenistic interval. all through his lengthy reign (120-63 BC), the political and cultural panorama of Asia Minor and the Black Sea zone used to be reshaped alongside new strains. The authors current new archaeological learn and new interpretations of assorted features of Pontic society and its contacts with the Greek global and its jap neighbours and examine the history for the growth of the Pontic nation that at last ended in the war of words with Rome. The writer provides a wide comparative database derived from ethnographic and architectural examine in Southeast Asia, Egypt, Mesoamerica, and different components; proposes new methodologies for comparative analyses of homes; and significantly examines current methodologies, theories, and knowledge. His paintings expands on and systematizes comparative and cross-cultural ways to the research of families and their environments to supply an organization starting place for this rising line of analysis. - Confucius: Chinese Philosopher: World Cultures Through Time (Primary Source Readers) - Narrators, Narratees, And Narratives In Ancient Greek Literature: Studies In Ancient Greek Narrative (Mnemosyne Supplements) - Reproducing Rome : motherhood in Virgil, Ovid, Seneca, and Statius - Faunal Extinction in an Island Society - Pygmy Hippopotamus Hunters of Cyprus - Rethinking the Mediterranean - Social Complexity in Prehistoric Eurasia: Monuments, Metals and Mobility Additional resources for The Israelites: the children of Israel Canaan: An ancient country in southwestern Asia on the east coast of the Mediterranean. Covenant: A treaty or agreement. Dung: Fecal matter of an animal. Falafel: A small fried ball of mashed chickpeas or fava beans seasoned with sesame seeds. Gaza: A coastal region at the southeastern corner of the Mediterranean Sea bordering Israel and Egypt. The region is currently under the control of the Palestinian Authority. Gefilte fish: A ball of chopped fish mixed with egg, meal, and seasonings, boiled, and served chilled. Judaism: The monotheistic religion of the Jews, having its spiritual and ethical principles written chiefly in the Torah and in the Talmud, the collection of ancient priests’ writings on Jewish law and tradition that form the basis of religious authority in Orthodox Judaism. Kerubim: An angel of God who is a messenger between man and god, or a guardian. Monarch: A nation’s ruler or head of state, usually by hereditary right. Monotheistic: Believing that there is only one god. Palestine: An area in southwestern Asia between the Jordan River and the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. In addition they made beer, wine, and grape juice. 32 CHAPTER VIII: RELIGION OF THE KINGDOM OF ISRAEL (Above) the name of Yahweh written in the Hebrew script. The painting shows Yahweh creating Adam, who Israelites believe was the first man. The Ten Commandments were rules for everyday behavior. The first five books of the Bible, known as the Torah, make up the basis for Judaism. One of the commandments said that there would be no other god before Yahweh. This was a rare belief in ancient times.

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The Purcell’s’ Cove backlands are a beautiful urban wilderness that overlook Halifax’s Northwest Arm. This area is especially important for conservation due to its proximity and accessibility to the urban core of Halifax. The area has been enjoyed for generations by local residents and visitors. It is an oasis of calm in the heart of the city. But it is that accessibility and proximity to the city that makes properties in this area at risk from development and encroachment. The Nature Trust has two neighbouring properties at the heart of the Backlands, together encompassing 32 hectares. The two properties were donated generously by families for whom their lands hold strong family memories and connections. This combined parcel of land features uniquely diverse geographic features and habitats including scattered rugged granite coastal headlands (normally found in more remote areas along Nova Scotia’s Atlantic coast), undeveloped freshwater shorelines contained within an undisturbed watershed, developing hardwood forests, bogs and granite barrens. In addition, these lands are home to a significant area of uncommon Jack Pine forest, rare plant life and two wetland complexes almost entirely contained within the protected area’s boundaries. This now forever-protected property is well-known by local residents as a popular spot for hiking and biking. With its close proximity to Halifax’s urban centre, it is accessible by public transit, biking and walking. The Captain Arnell Conservation Lands In 2002 the Nature Trust received the generous donation of lands surrounding the locally loved Purcells Pond. The lands had been in the Field family since the 1920’s. The lands were originally purchased for a summer home by Captain James Arnell, grandfather to the seven Field brothers (Christopher, Kenneth, Nicholas, Nigel, Peter, Robert and Roger) who donated the property. Captain Arnell was a sea captain, and he lived in Bermuda with his Haligonian wife. The couple purchased the land in Purcell’s Cove area and built a summer cottage to escape the heat of Bermuda. The Field brothers all had fond memories of backwoods exploring and swimming whenever they visited their grandparents. These memories were the catalyst for their decision to protect the lands forever. The Napier Family Conservation Lands The Napier Family Conservation Lands consist of 20 hectares of diverse wildlife habitat and undeveloped lakeshore overlooking Halifax’s beautiful Northwest Arm. Located off the Purcell’s Cove Road, this has long been a popular spot for nature-loving Haligonians who walk its shady paths, or swim in nearby Purcell’s Pond. The property was generously donated by the six siblings of the Napier family: Kenneth, John Jr. (by Corinne), Robert (by Agnes), Paul, Murray and Mary. They and their family before them enjoyed the rugged wilderness for generations and wanted to ensure that it would remain as it has always been.

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Asthma is a long-lasting health problem. It is a change in how the lining of the airways of the lungs work. Asthma makes the airways narrow and makes it hard to breathe. |Inflamed Bronchus in the Lungs| |Copyright © Nucleus Medical Media, Inc.| The exact cause is not known. It is likely a mix of genetics and the environment. Some things trigger symptoms in people with asthma, such as pollen, mold, and pet dander. It causes a reaction that makes it hard to breathe. Things that may raise the risk of asthma are: Some people may have mild asthma with few flare-ups. Others may have a severe asthma all the time. Symptoms may be: - A tight chest - Shortness of breath - Problems breathing - Feeling tired - Problems sleeping - Having a hard time exercising The doctor will ask about your symptoms and health history. A physical exam will be done. It will focus on the lungs. A spirometry test will be done to measure how much air is breathed in and out. It can also find out the amount and rate of air that can pass through a person's airways. An asthma action plan will be used to help people control asthma and handle asthma attacks. Medicine and lifestyle changes will be a part of the plan. The goal of the plan is to lower the risk of asthma attacks. A second goal is to manage attacks and ease breathing. Some medicine is taken on a regular basis. It may help to stop asthma tacks from starting. They cannot treat an attack when it happens. Medicine may be one or more of these: - Inhaled corticosteroids—to prevent airway swelling - Inhaled long-acting beta agonists—to keep airways relaxed - Oral leukotriene modifiers—to prevent airway swelling, ease mucus, and open the airways - Inhaled cromolyn or nedocromil—to prevent airways from swelling after contact with a trigger - Biologic agents—if asthma is not controlled by other medicine Other medicine can be used to treat an attack. These can help to open the airways and ease breathing:: - Inhaled quick-acting beta agonists and anticholinergic agents—to open the airways - Corticosteroids pills—to ease severe swelling Bronchial thermoplasty may be done for people with severe asthma. A tool is used to clear out excess muscle around the airway. It will help keep the airway more open during an attack. These healthy habits may help to manage asthma: - Reducing exposure to triggers - Getting enough exercise - Staying at a healthy weight - Not smoking American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, and Immunology http://www.aaaai.org Asthma and Allergy Foundation of America http://www.aafa.org Allergy Asthma Information Association http://aaia.ca The Lung Association http://www.lung.ca Asthma exacerbation in adults and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/asthma-exacerbation-in-adults-and-adolescents . Updated January 29, 2019. Accessed November 1, 2019. Asthma in adults and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/condition/asthma-in-adults-and-adolescents . Updated October 11, 2019. Accessed November 1, 2019. Asthma stepwise management in adults and adolescents. EBSCO DynaMed website. Available at: https://www.dynamed.com/management/asthma-stepwise-management-in-adults-and-adolescents . Updated May 25, 2018. Accessed November 1, 2019. Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) global strategy for asthma management and prevention. (GINA 2018) 11/2/2015 DynaMed Plus Systematic Literature Surveillance https://www.dynamed.com/topics/dmp~AN~T114449/Asthma-in-adults-and-adolescents : Normansell R, Kew KM, et al. Sublingual immunotherapy for asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug 28;8:CD011293. - Reviewer: EBSCO Medical Review Board Daniel A. Ostrovsky, MD - Review Date: 09/2019 - Update Date: 11/01/2019

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The lives and livelihoods of more than 60 millions people around the world have been turned upside down by the extreme weather events linked to the El Niño phenomenon, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon today said, calling for a scaled-up, unprecedented response that goes beyond humanitarian action. “Extreme weather events reverse development gains. People and communities cannot escape poverty or banish hunger if their resources are wiped out by floods, storms or droughts every few years,” the Secretary-General said at a high-level event at the UN Headquarters in New York on Responding to the Impacts of and Mitigating Recurring Climate Risks, organized by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). “Even when malnutrition is treated and children survive, they can be affected for life by stunting and impaired development. This has serious implications for education, the ability of people to make a living, and the opportunities for societies and nations to prosper and develop in a sustainable way,” he added. El Niño is the term used to describe the warming of the central to eastern tropical Pacific that occurs, on average, every three to seven years. It raises sea surface temperatures and impacts weather systems around the globe so that some places receive more rain while others receive none at all, often in a reversal of their usual weather pattern. We must prevent, prepare for and mitigate the effects of climate change, which has the greatest impact on those who have least responsibility for causing it. Mr. Ban highlighted that working together to reduce disaster risk was an important thread running through last year’s political achievements, including the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction, the 2030 Agenda and the Paris Agreement on climate change. “This new way of working presents a challenge, but also provides an opportunity for progress,” the Secretary-General said, noting that many governments have shown great leadership in driving a coherent and effective emergency response to El Niño, allocating significant resources of their own, while others have been able to reduce risks and mitigate impacts so as not to require international assistance. Still others, the UN chief said, have benefited from international solidarity expressed through resources from the Central Emergency Response Fund (CERF), which has provided $120 million to humanitarian partners for life-saving activities linked to El Niño in 19 countries. “We must learn from these successful practices. We must scale up our response and share the burden of climate change more equitably, demonstrating greater solidarity with those in need,” Mr. Ban said, calling on affected governments, donors, civil society, development and humanitarian actors, and private-sector partners to support the efforts of his two Special Envoys for El Niño and Climate, Mary Robinson and Macharia Kamau, in raising awareness and bringing greater resources to bear. In an interview with UN Radio, Ms. Robinson emphasized that El Niño is a normal weather pattern that has affected countries quite severely, and is now aggravated by climate change. “The effect is overwhelming for countries. They are suffering huge drought and, in some cases, terrible flooding that has destroyed the capacity to plant and to sow and to harvest,” she said. Invitation aimed at accelerating entry into force of Paris Agreement In related news today, the Secretary-General invited world leaders to a special event on 21 September to deposit their instruments of ratification, acceptance, approval or accession to the Paris Agreement on climate change. The event will also provide an opportunity for other countries to publicly commit to joining or ratifying the agreement before the end of 2016. The Paris Agreement, adopted by 195 parties to the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) this past December in Paris, calls on countries to combat climate change and to accelerate and intensify the actions and investments needed for a sustainable low carbon future. via UN News Centre

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Like an orthodontist or a periodontist, a prosthodontist is a type of dentist who has received specialized training in a particular type of dentistry. After completing their education in general dentistry, a prosthodontist continues to train for three additional years in the repair or replacement of teeth and jaw structure restorations. Specially trained prosthodontists even work with head and neck deformities. Prosthodontics is the dental specialty of dental prosthetics or prosthetic dentistry. In Greek, “prostho” means “replacement” or “addition,” and “dont” means “tooth.” So prosthodontists are specially trained in repairing your smile where teeth are damaged or missing. You might visit a prosthodontist if you want to improve the esthetics of your smile. Prosthodontists can repair your smile with many different dental prosthetics, including, but not limited to: Bridges are dental appliances that replace missing teeth and create a “bridge” between teeth. A prosthetic tooth, called a “pontic,” is attached to an existing tooth to fill a gap in your smile. Crowns cover and support a tooth to protect the tooth from breaking or to restore an already broken tooth. They can also cover a discolored tooth and are a great way to make your teeth stronger and improve their appearance. Dentures are a set of removable teeth that replace missing teeth. They can improve your smile and your overall dental health by making it easier to chew and eat and by preventing facial sagging. Dental implants are prosthetic replacements for natural teeth. They are anchored in the jawbone and permanently secured in your mouth, and they look and act like natural teeth. Inlays and onlays replace old fillings. An inlay is like a regular filling and fits inside of the cavity of the tooth. An onlay also fits inside the cavity, but it covers the tooth cusp as well. Veneers are thin prosthetics that are placed over a tooth to improve its appearance or strengthen it. Prosthodontists also work on TMJ/TMD problems in the jaw joint. General dentists can do some of the treatments that prosthodontists do, but prosthodontists specialize in these tooth restoration procedures. They even regularly lead teams of dentists to solve your dental problems and focus on the diagnosis, treatment planning, rehabilitation and maintenance of your oral health, appearance and comfort.

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The most precious gift to women is that she can get pregnant and she can be a mother .Giving child birth is an amazing feeling of women. Most of the women do not actually aware of the facts that how to get pregnant. If you are planning to get pregnant and have a baby, just go through these tips and knowledge about your menstrual cycles and ovulation periods. 1.Menstrual Cycle– first of all you have to know that your Menstrual cycles are regular or irregular. On average, a woman’s cycle normally is between 28-32 days, but some women may have much shorter or much longer cycles. Work out the length of your average menstrual cycle. Let me explain you…if you have 28 days cycle, it is easy to calculate ovulation periods. And if you know well about your menstrual cycle it would be easy to calculate ovulation period. 2. Ovulation period– Ovulation is when a mature egg is released from the ovary, moves down the Fallopian tube, and is available in the Fallopian tube to be fertilized. Normally menstruation occurs 14th day after ovulation. If you have 28 days cycle, ovulation period would be 14th day from the LMP (last menstrual period). If you have 30 days cycle, ovulation period would be at 16th day from your LMP. In 32 days cycle ovulation period would be 18th day from the LMP. I want to clarify that after ovulation it takes 14 days to get period. So if you want to calculate your ovulation period just go backward 14 counting from the next estimated date of menstrual period and that would be your ovulation period. Days of menstrual cycle -14= ovulation period Now you know about ovulation period. Next is important to know that life span of egg is 24 hours and sperm is 4-5 days. So Intercourse done during the fertile period would result in positive pregnancy, and chance of getting pregnant is 90 percent. Conclusion is that Intercourse at 12th,13th, 14th,15th and 16th day would give you positive pregnancy. 3. Position during intercourse– male should be on the top. Female should use a pillow under her waist making 45 degree angle for uterus so that path of sperm will be easy and directed towards uterus. After release of semen (sperms) women should keep raise her legs for at least 20 minutes, it will help sperms movement directed towards uterus. 4. Abstinence – 5 days abstinence will help in collection of large amount of sperms and faster movement when they release after 5 days of abstinence. 5. Do not pass urine after intercourse at least 2 hrs. 6. Do not take hot water shower till 3 days after ovulation period. 7. Deep breathing exercises will help you stress free and blood purification, blood flow towards uterus and positivity in your thoughts.

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When you discuss Yoga, you quickly partner it with extending the muscles. It is the perfect exercise for your muscles and joints. It causes you right your body stance and makes you feel light. Its few positions do certain benefits to your body. That is the reason many individuals want to take part in this physical movement than the typical body exercise. Beside conditioning your body physically, Yoga likewise improves the psychological and otherworldly side of the individual. When you begin to perform Yoga, you need to do it routinely to see the outcomes. A consistent routine with regards to its postures will upgrade your adaptability, helps your degree of capacity and energizes sound method for living. Suppleness is required in Yoga. As a tenderfoot, you should figure out how to acquaint the essential stances so your muscles can begin become adaptable. At the point when your body has arrived at the greatest degree of flexibility, you can in the end do the further developed postures. Here are a portion of the fundamental Yoga positions for adaptability and their short portrayal. You can experience them to give you a slight thought. - Shoulder Stand (Sarvangasana) - This posture helps in working up the organs, builds dissemination of all body liquids and tones your whole body. - Archer Pose (Dhanurasana) - This is ideal for the muscles of the hands, feet, hamstrings, calves and back. - Cobra Pose (Bhujangasana) - This is perfect for individuals with scoliosis. It remedies the bend of the spine. It additionally makes your spinal string adaptable. - Half Spinal Twist (Ardha Matsyendrasana) - This is proposed for the muscles of the hips, back, liver and spleen. - Wheel Pose (Chakrasana) - This posture will enable your spinal segment to build its adaptability - Locust Pose (Shalabhasana) - This posture gets down to business the lower half of the body - Mountain Pose (Vajrasana) - This posture is a decent exercise for the leg muscles - Fish Pose (Matsyasana) - This posture helps in extending the stomach area of the body - Head Stand (Sirshasana) - This posture is said to be the hardest one to perform. It improves the blood flow of your head and invigorates your pineal and pituitary organs - Plow Pose (Halasana) - This posture conditions the thigh and pelvic piece of the body and furthermore makes your spine progressively supple - Head to Knee Pose (Paschimottanasana) - This posture is useful for extending your back and an ideal blower for the mid-region. - Cock Pose (Kukkutasana) - This posture upgrades your hands, shoulders and muscular strength - Lotus Pose (Padmasana) - This posture makes your back and leg muscles become progressively adaptable and is ideal for rectifying your spine - Peacock Pose (Mayurasana) - This posture toughens the muscles of your midriff and arms Since you have a superior comprehension of these postures, it will be simpler for you to perform them. Simply make sure to tune in to your educator cautiously on the grounds that they will give you headings on the most proficient method to do these postures appropriately.

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SNOOK, TEXAS. Snook is at the intersection of Farm roads 60 and 2155, some fifteen miles southeast of Caldwell in eastern Burleson County. Snook grew out of a Czech farming settlement about a mile southwest of the current town. This settlement was first called Sebesta, or Sebesta's Corner, after the Sebesta family, who were among the earliest settlers in the area (see SEBESTA, TEXAS). In 1895 the community sought to obtain a post office. John S. Snook, the postmaster at Caldwell, arranged for the post office at the nearby community of Dabney Hill to be moved to a site halfway between Dabney Hill and Sebesta. The new post office was named Snook in his honor, and Sebesta residents gradually clustered around this new community center. Telephone service reached the community about 1901, and in 1910 a lodge hall was erected for the Slavonic Benevolent Order of the State of Texas. By 1914 there were an estimated eighty residents at Snook, which at that time had two general stores, a grocer, and a blacksmith. That year a new school, called Moravia School, was built. During the 1920s, when the community had some seventy-five residents, artesian wells were dug for the town water supply. Several smaller schools consolidated with that of Snook in 1935, and in 1937 a new school building opened at the community. It became the nucleus of the Snook Independent School District in 1949. During the 1950s improved local roads provided better transportation for the community, and with the employment opportunities provided by the growth of the nearby Bryan-College Station area, Snook's population increased to 140 in 1950 and 384 in 1970. The Snook Lions Club was organized in 1967. During the 1960s the Snook school was integrated with the nearby Jones School for black students. A fire department was organized at Snook about 1970. The community was incorporated in 1972, and a city hall was completed in 1975. In 1990 Snook reported some 488 residents and five businesses. The population reached 568 in 2000. Image Use Disclaimer All copyrighted materials included within the Handbook of Texas Online are in accordance with Title 17 U.S.C. Section 107 related to Copyright and “Fair Use” for Non-Profit educational institutions, which permits the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), to utilize copyrighted materials to further scholarship, education, and inform the public. The TSHA makes every effort to conform to the principles of fair use and to comply with copyright law. For more information go to: http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/17/107.shtml If you wish to use copyrighted material from this site for purposes of your own that go beyond fair use, you must obtain permission from the copyright owner. The following, adapted from the Chicago Manual of Style, 15th edition, is the preferred citation for this article.Handbook of Texas Online, Mark Odintz, "SNOOK, TX," accessed February 22, 2020, http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/hls61. Uploaded on June 15, 2010. Published by the Texas State Historical Association.

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Subira Popenoe is a junior at Mount Holyoke College working with Sherbro Foundation this summer. When discussing why educating girls is important, it helps to think about the long-term potential. In Sierra Leone, the problem is not so much societal opposition but rather a lack of access. Women are often faced with financial difficulties, family problems, or early marriage and motherhood. In addition, the country is still recovering from the crippling civil war which left its infrastructure years behind many other African countries. Although many more girls and women are now going to school, there is still progress to be made. Across the continent, African women are increasingly advocating for themselves, becoming leaders in their communities, and improving their quality of life. Particularly in post-conflict societies, women have had an influential role in recovery and rebuilding. Liberia, which neighbors Sierra Leone and also experienced a civil war, already has a female president, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf. Another notable example is Rwanda, a country which has made great strides towards gender equality. After the 1994 genocide, many women had to take over for their husbands who had been killed or imprisoned. They began running coffee farms, joining the police force and the army, and becoming engineers and government ministers. In part due to quotas, nearly two-thirds of the parliament now consists of women. Leadership itself can take many forms be it as a mother, teacher, community organizer, entrepreneur, businesswoman, or politician. Regardless, education is the key to meeting women’s potential. Educating both men and women is what will translate government policies into change at the local level. When women know their rights and abilities, along with the concrete skills needed to achieve their goals, they can help a country such as Sierra Leone develop. For more information: Women’s Struggle in Sierra Leone- http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/3777.cfm Sierra Leone Women Struggle for Political Role- http://www.voanews.com/content/sierra-leone-women-struggle-for-political-role/1554869.html Rwanda: A revolution in rights for women- http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/may/28/womens-rights-rwanda Rwanda’s women make strides towards equality 20 years after the genocide- http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2014/apr/07/rwanda-women-empowered-impoverished Twenty years after the genocide, Rwandan women bring the country back to life- http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/04/08/twenty-years-after-the-genocide-rwandan-women-bring-the-country-back-to-life/ Rwanda: The Land of Gender Equality?- http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/04/08/twenty-years-after-the-genocide-rwandan-women-bring-the-country-back-to-life/ The Role of Women in Reconstruction: Experience of Rwanda- http://www.unesco.org/new/fileadmin/MULTIMEDIA/HQ/SHS/pdf/Role-Women-Rwanda.pdf

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The Suffolk Coast is a special place for visitors and wildlife, it is also very rich and interesting in terms of habitats and wildlife. Our coast has several designations which reflect its beauty and importance locally, nationally and internationally. Some of these designations are commonly talked about, such as Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB), Heritage Coast, Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) and Local and National Nature Reserves (LNR and NNR). Some designations are not as well-known but are very important for wildlife (biodiversity). Special Protection Areas (SPA) and Special Areas of Conservation (SAC) as well as Ramsar Sites (wetlands) are vital for birds during migration and breeding, for feeding, roosting and nesting. These designations protect the birds directly as well as their habitats, as they provide important food, vegetation and landscapes for their lifecycles. Because wading birds are reliant on tides to expose mud and salt marsh to feed and rest, they can be very vulnerable to disturbance. Birds will move with the tides through the day as the water exposes and covers food and rest areas, often feeding at the water’s edge. The rising tide brings birds closer to the shore, people, dogs, and recreational activities that can disturb them, causing them to fly away. If there are no suitable areas for them to land, they will continue flying until the disturbance has gone away. Wading birds can be easily frightened away from feeding and resting areas, especially at high tide, preventing them from eating enough or getting enough rest. Nesting areas can also be close to where people like to recreate (walking, running, cycling, dog walking, paddle-boarding, boating, kitesurfing etc) and birds can be scared from their nests. The Suffolk Coast Recreation Disturbance Avoidance and Mitigation Strategy (RAMS) is a partnership between East Suffolk Council, Ipswich Borough Council and Babergh and Mid Suffolk District Councils. Its aim is to reduce the impact of increased levels of recreational use on Habitat Sites (also often called European Sites), due to new residential development in the Suffolk Coast area, and to provide a simple, coordinated way for developers to deliver mitigation for their developments. The RAMS project allows for a strategic approach to mitigating the in-combination effects of development on these designated areas and allows mitigation to be delivered across the project area. Taking a coordinated approach to mitigation has benefits and efficiencies compared to project by project mitigation packages. The RAMS partnership approach has support from Natural England. The Zone of Influence (ZOI) is the area where increased residential development will result in likely significant effects. As set out in the strategy, evidence shows that there is a 13 km Zone of Influence (ZOI) around the relevant Habitat Sites in the Suffolk Coast area (this includes East Suffolk, Ipswich Borough and Babergh and Mid Suffolk Council areas). Increased recreation without mitigation would result in the significant features of the sites being degraded, or lost, and these internationally important areas losing their birds and habitat, (and therefore their designations), and the Suffolk Coast losing significant important areas for birds, plants and wildlife generally. Any new residential development within the Zone of Influence will be required to mitigate the effects of the development and show how this will be achieved prior to approval of planning permission. This is most efficiently achieved through payment of the RAMS contribution. Where a financial contribution towards RAMS is required it can be paid upfront or via a legal agreement that will secure payment before, or upon commencement of the development. The RAMS contribution is set at £121.89 per dwelling within Zone A and £321.22 per dwelling within Zone B. Please check which zone your development will fall in using the interactive map. To make an upfront payment, you can complete the RAMS upfront payment form to make a BACS payment, then email the form along with proof of payment to firstname.lastname@example.org or make an online payment to the council (select ‘other payments’ and then ‘RAMS Habitat Mitigation’). The upfront payment is refundable in the event planning permission is refused, an appeal is dismissed, or the development is not implemented. Where a Section 106 Agreement is required for a planning permission, the Suffolk Coast RAMS payment can be included with the other obligations.

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What is it? Geocoding is a process by which geographic coordinates (latitude and longitude) of a location are determined based on street address, vcialis 40mg zip code, prostate or other location descriptors. These coordinates can be then be used by special software as mappoint or google spatial products to graphically represent geographic data points on a map allowing you to interact with them (query, look align, lasso, etc.). There are several benefits to having your data geocoded: * Your database will be more accurate and reliable * Your data will be possible to visualise with geospatial software directly from Office software and you can play with numbers * Your address information will be scrubbed and standardized resulting in savings on mailings and fewer returns * You will be able to optimize your sales territories based on accurate account locations within close proximity to each other * And many others If your data is not already geocoded you will still be able to use it in mapping programs however the placement of your data will be less accurate. Geocoding provides very specific positional information allowing your data to be precisely plotted on a map. Today, many corporate data sources already contain this information. You may want to contact your IT department or the provider of your data to see if this information is currently available. If it is not already part of your data or readily available from your data provider, you can have your data”geocoded”. This is an automatic process that appends the latitude, longitude and other geographic information to your data. Typically, before geocoding a data set, it have to be “scrub” or clean and standardize the address information to ensure its accuracy and consistency. This not only ensures that I get the best possible match from the national street level database but has the added benefit of providing you with a much cleaner data set when the process is complete. Address information is updated with correct ZIP Codes (and ZIP+4 where available), misspellings are corrected and standard USPS postal abbreviations are applied. If you use this data for mailing purposes, this can be a huge benefit since your mailings are much more likely to get to their intended recipients. cost and timing Prices of geocoding services are based on the number of records processed. There is a minimum processing fee of €50 per file or worksheet processed. To give you an idea on the costs of geocoding your data, refer to the following table: Number of records processed — Cost per record –Maximum Total Cost 500-1,000 €0.08 €80 1,000-3,000 €0.07 €210 3,000-10,000 €0.06 €600 These costs include both the address scrubbing (cleaning and standardization) as well as the appending of the latitude and longitude information required for use in GIS software. For most businesses, this is a one time investment with the exception of periodic updates and additions to the data. Most geocoding jobs can be completed in 3-5 business days. If your data set is particularly large or troublesome it may require more time. An estimate will be provided to you upon receipt of your data. If you would like a quote for larger quantities of data or would like to have your data scrubbed and geocoded, contact me.

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