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Induced stem cells Stem cells extracted from fat tissue after liposuction may be coaxed into becoming progenitor smooth muscle cells (iPVSMCs) found in arteries and veins. The 2D culture system of human iPS cells<ref name="doi10.1038/nbt1287"></ref> in conjunction with triple marker selection (CD34 (a surface glycophosphoprotein expressed on developmentally early embryonic fibroblasts), NP1 (receptor – neuropilin 1) and KDR (kinase insert domain-containing receptor)) for the isolation of vasculogenic precursor cells from human iPSC, generated endothelial cells that, after transplantation, formed stable, functional mouse blood vessels in vivo, lasting for 280 days.<ref name="doi10.1073/pnas | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells 1310675110"></ref> To treat infarction, it is important to prevent the formation of fibrotic scar tissue. This can be achieved in vivo by transient application of paracrine factors that redirect native heart progenitor stem cell contributions from scar tissue to cardiovascular tissue. For example, in a mouse myocardial infarction model, a single intramyocardial injection of human vascular endothelial growth factor A mRNA (VEGF-A modRNA), modified to escape the body's normal defense system, results in long-term improvement of heart function due to mobilization and redirection of epicardial progenitor cells toward cardiovascular cell types.<ref name="doi10.1038/nbt.2682"></ref> RBC transfusion is necessary for many patients | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells However, to date the supply of RBCs remains labile. In addition, transfusion risks infectious disease transmission. A large supply of safe RBCs generated in vitro would help to address this issue. Ex vivo erythroid cell generation may provide alternative transfusion products to meet present and future clinical requirements. Red blood cells (RBC)s generated in vitro from mobilized CD34 positive cells have normal survival when transfused into an autologous recipient. RBC produced in vitro contained exclusively fetal hemoglobin (HbF), which rescues the functionality of these RBCs. In vivo the switch of fetal to adult hemoglobin was observed after infusion of nucleated erythroid precursors derived from iPSCs | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells Although RBCs do not have nuclei and therefore can not form a tumor, their immediate erythroblasts precursors have nuclei. The terminal maturation of erythroblasts into functional RBCs requires a complex remodeling process that ends with extrusion of the nucleus and the formation of an enucleated RBC. Cell reprogramming often disrupts enucleation. Transfusion of in vitro-generated RBCs or erythroblasts does not sufficiently protect against tumor formation. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathway (which has been shown to be involved in the promotion of cancer cell development) plays an important role in normal blood cell development | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells AhR activation in human hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPs) drives an unprecedented expansion of HPs, megakaryocyte- and erythroid-lineage cells. See also Concise Review: The SH2B3 gene encodes a negative regulator of cytokine signaling and naturally occurring loss-of-function variants in this gene increase RBC counts in vivo. Targeted suppression of SH2B3 in primary human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells enhanced the maturation and overall yield of in-vitro-derived RBCs. Moreover, inactivation of SH2B3 by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing in human pluripotent stem cells allowed enhanced erythroid cell expansion with preserved differentiation. Platelets help prevent hemorrhage in thrombocytopenic patients and patients with thrombocythemia | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells A significant problem for multitransfused patients is refractoriness to platelet transfusions. Thus, the ability to generate platelet products ex vivo and platelet products lacking HLA antigens in serum-free media would have clinical value. An RNA interference-based mechanism used a lentiviral vector to express short-hairpin RNAi targeting β2-microglobulin transcripts in CD34-positive cells. Generated platelets demonstrated an 85% reduction in class I HLA antigens | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells These platelets appeared to have normal function in vitro One clinically-applicable strategy for the derivation of functional platelets from human iPSC involves the establishment of stable immortalized megakaryocyte progenitor cell lines (imMKCLs) through doxycycline-dependent overexpression of BMI1 and BCL-XL. The resulting imMKCLs can be expanded in culture over extended periods (4–5 months), even after cryopreservation. Halting the overexpression (by the removal of doxycycline from the medium) of c-MYC, BMI1 and BCL-XL in growing imMKCLs led to the production of CD42b+ platelets with functionality comparable to that of native platelets on the basis of a range of assays in vitro and in vivo. Thomas et al | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells , describe a forward programming strategy relying on the concurrent exogenous expression of 3 transcription factors: GATA1, FLI1 and TAL1. The forward programmed megakaryocytes proliferate and differentiate in culture for several months with megakaryocyte purity over 90% reaching up to 2x10 mature megakaryocytes per input hPSC. Functional platelets are generated throughout the culture allowing the prospective collection of several transfusion units from as few as one million starting hPSCs | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells See also overview A specialised type of white blood cell, known as cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs), are produced by the immune system and are able to recognise specific markers on the surface of various infectious or tumour cells, causing them to launch an attack to kill the harmful cells. Thence, immunotherapy with functional antigen-specific T cells has potential as a therapeutic strategy for combating many cancers and viral infections. However, cell sources are limited, because they are produced in small numbers naturally and have a short lifespan | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells A potentially efficient approach for generating antigen-specific CTLs is to revert mature immune T cells into iPSCs, which possess indefinite proliferative capacity in vitro and after their multiplication to coax them to redifferentiate back into T cells. Another method combines iPSC and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)<ref name="doi10.1158/2159-8290.CD-12-0548"></ref> technologies to generate human T cells targeted to CD19, an antigen expressed by malignant B cells, in tissue culture.<ref name="doi10.1038/nbt.2678"></ref> This approach of generating therapeutic human T cells may be useful for cancer immunotherapy and other medical applications. Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells have great clinical potential as adjuvants for cancer immunotherapy | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells iNKT cells act as innate T lymphocytes and serve as a bridge between the innate and acquired immune systems. They augment anti-tumor responses by producing interferon-gamma (IFN-γ).<ref name="doi10.1155/2012/720803"></ref> The approach of collection, reprogramming/dedifferentiation, re-differentiation and injection has been proposed for related tumor treatment. Dendritic cells (DC) are specialized to control T-cell responses. DC with appropriate genetic modifications may survive long enough to stimulate antigen-specific CTL and after that be completely eliminated. DC-like antigen-presenting cells obtained from human induced pluripotent stem cells can serve as a source for vaccination therapy | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-α (C/EBPα) induces transdifferentiation of B cells into macrophages at high efficiencies and enhances reprogramming into iPS cells when co-expressed with transcription factors Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and Myc. with a 100-fold increase in iPS cell reprogramming efficiency, involving 95% of the population.<ref name="doi10.1038/nature12885"></ref> Furthermore, C/EBPa can convert selected human B cell lymphoma and leukemia cell lines into macrophage-like cells at high efficiencies, impairing the cells' tumor-forming capacity.<ref name="doi10.1016/j.celrep.2013.03.003"></ref> The thymus is the first organ to deteriorate as people age. This shrinking is one of the main reasons the immune system becomes less effective with age | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells Diminished expression of the thymic epithelial cell transcription factor FOXN1 has been implicated as a component of the mechanism regulating age-related involution. Clare Blackburn and colleagues show that established age-related thymic involution can be reversed by forced upregulation of just one transcription factor – FOXN1 in the thymic epithelial cells in order to promote rejuvenation, proliferation and differentiation of these cells into fully functional thymic epithelium | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells This rejuvenation and increased proliferation was accompanied by upregulation of genes that promote cell cycle progression (cyclin D1, ΔNp63, FgfR2IIIb) and that are required in the thymic epithelial cells to promote specific aspects of T cell development (Dll4, Kitl, Ccl25, Cxcl12, Cd40, Cd80, Ctsl, Pax1). mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are under investigation for applications in cardiac, renal, neural, joint and bone repair, as well as in inflammatory conditions and hemopoietic cotransplantation. This is because of their immunosuppressive properties and ability to differentiate into a wide range of mesenchymal-lineage tissues | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells MSCs are typically harvested from adult bone marrow or fat, but these require painful invasive procedures and are low-frequency sources, making up only 0.001–0.01% of bone marrow cells and 0.05% in liposuction aspirates. Of concern for autologous use, in particular in the elderly most in need of tissue repair, MSCs decline in quantity and quality with age. IPSCs could be obtained by the cells rejuvenation of even centenarians. Because iPSCs can be harvested free of ethical constraints and culture can be expanded indefinitely, they are an advantageous source of MSCs. IPSC treatment with SB-431542 leads to rapid and uniform MSC generation from human iPSCs | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells (SB-431542 is an inhibitor of activin/TGF- pathways by blocking phosphorylation of ALK4, ALK5 and ALK7 receptors.) These iPS-MSCs may lack teratoma-forming ability, display a normal stable karyotype in culture and exhibit growth and differentiation characteristics that closely resemble those of primary MSCs. It has potential for in vitro scale-up, enabling MSC-based therapies. MSC derived from iPSC have the capacity to aid periodontal regeneration and are a promising source of readily accessible stem cells for use in the clinical treatment of periodontitis. Lai et al | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells , & Lu report the chemical method to generate MSC-like cells (iMSCs), from human primary dermal fibroblasts using six chemical inhibitors (SP600125, SB202190, Go6983, Y-27632, PD0325901, and CHIR99021) with or without 3 growth factors (transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF)). The chemical cocktail directly converts human fibroblasts to iMSCs with a monolayer culture in 6 days, and the conversion rate was approximately 38%. Besides cell therapy in vivo, the culture of human mesenchymal stem cells can be used in vitro for mass-production of exosomes, which are ideal vehicles for drug delivery | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells Adipose tissue, because of its abundance and relatively less invasive harvest methods, represents a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Unfortunately, liposuction aspirates are only 0.05% MSCs. However, a large amount of mature adipocytes, which in general have lost their proliferative abilities and therefore are typically discarded, can be easily isolated from the adipose cell suspension and dedifferentiated into lipid-free fibroblast-like cells, named dedifferentiated fat (DFAT) cells. DFAT cells re-establish active proliferation ability and express multipotent capacities. Compared with adult stem cells, DFAT cells show unique advantages in abundance, isolation and homogeneity | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells Under proper induction culture in vitro or proper environment in vivo, DFAT cells could demonstrate adipogenic, osteogenic, chondrogenic and myogenic potentials. They could also exhibit perivascular characteristics and elicit neovascularization. Cartilage is the connective tissue responsible for frictionless joint movement. Its degeneration ultimately results in complete loss of joint function in the late stages of osteoarthritis. As an avascular and hypocellular tissue, cartilage has a limited capacity for self-repair. Chondrocytes are the only cell type in cartilage, in which they are surrounded by the extracellular matrix that they secrete and assemble. One method of producing cartilage is to induce it from iPS cells | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells Alternatively, it is possible to convert fibroblasts directly into induced chondrogenic cells (iChon) without an intermediate iPS cell stage, by inserting three reprogramming factors (c-MYC, KLF4 and SOX9). Human iChon cells expressed marker genes for chondrocytes (type II collagen) but not fibroblasts. Implanted into defects created in the articular cartilage of rats, human iChon cells survived to form cartilaginous tissue for at least four weeks, with no tumors. The method makes use of c-MYC, which is thought to have a major role in tumorigenesis and employs a retrovirus to introduce the reprogramming factors, excluding it from unmodified use in human therapy | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells The most frequently used sources for reprogramming are blood cells and fibroblasts, obtained by biopsy of the skin, but taking cells from urine is less invasive. The latter method does not require a biopsy or blood sampling. As of 2013, urine-derived stem cells had been differentiated into endothelial, osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, skeletal myogenic and neurogenic lineages, without forming teratomas. Therefore, their epigenetic memory is suited to reprogramming into iPS cells. However, few cells appear in urine, only low conversion efficiencies had been achieved and the risk of bacterial contamination is relatively high. Another promising source of cells for reprogramming are mesenchymal stem cells derived from human hair follicles | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Induced stem cells The origin of somatic cells used for reprogramming may influence the efficiency of reprogramming, the functional properties of the resulting induced stem cells and the ability to form tumors. IPSCs retain an epigenetic memory of their tissue of origin, which impacts their differentiation potential. This epigenetic memory does not necessarily manifest itself at the pluripotency stage – iPSCs derived from different tissues exhibit proper morphology, express pluripotency markers and are able to differentiate into the three embryonic layers in vitro and in vivo. However, this epigenetic memory may manifest during re-differentiation into specific cell types that require the specific loci bearing residual epigenetic marks. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36315057 | Induced stem cells |
Arachnoid (botany) Arachnoid as a descriptive term in botany, refers to organs such as leaves or stems that have a cobwebby exterior appearance, from being covered with fine white hairs, usually tangled. Such material is one common cause of plants having a grey or white appearance. The usages of various authors in distinguishing between "arachnoid" and a few other terms referring to hairiness, such as floccose, pubescent, tomentum, cottony, or villous, tend to be arbitrary, but as a rule the term is best reserved for hairiness lighter than a felted layer, and inclined to rub off or to be easily damaged in other ways. The arachnoid appearance is common on the leaves and stems of various sclerophyllous members of the Asteraceae, such as some thistles | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36318138 | Arachnoid (botany) |
Arachnoid (botany) Nonetheless, "cobwebbiness" is a subjective impression, and in the likes of "Hayworthia arachnoidea" the arachnoid impression arises from the thicket of spinescent leaf denticles that are not at all fine, tangled, or fragile. In the cactus "Cephalocereus senilis", the arachnoid effect arises from long-lasting hairy spines. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36318138 | Arachnoid (botany) |
Mena (Mercurian crater) Mena is a crater in the Beethoven quadrangle on Mercury. It has a diameter of 25 kilometers. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1976. Mena is named for the Spanish poet Juan de Mena, who lived from 1411 to 1456. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36322067 | Mena (Mercurian crater) |
Caño Delgadito orthohantavirus (CADV) is a hantavirus present in Venezuela. Its natural reservoir is Alston's cotton rat. Transmission among cotton rats appears to be horizontal. While human disease caused by CADV has not yet been identified, it has been isolated from oropharyngeal swabs and urine of infected cotton rats, indicating that it may be infectious to humans in the same manner as other hantaviruses, via inhalation of aerosolized droplets of saliva, respiratory secretions, or urine. CADV was discovered in the 1990s from rodent species in Los Llanos in Venezuela. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36326574 | Caño Delgadito orthohantavirus |
Auguste Eugène Méquignon (21 February 1875, in Paris – 1958 in Paris), was a French entomologist. He specialised in Coleoptera, especially Staphyliniformia and Cucujoidea. He was a member of the Société entomologique de France and was president in 1922. partial list | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36327396 | Auguste Eugène Méquignon |
Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé (ANSM) superseded the tasks and duties of Agence Française de Sécurité Sanitaire des Produits de Santé (AFSSAPS) on 1 May 2012. It is responsible for assessing the benefits and risks associated with the use of health products throughout their life-cycle. ANSM assesses the safety, efficacy and quality of these products and must balance patient safety with access to novel therapies. The Agence française de sécurité sanitaire des produits de santé (French Agency for the Safety of Health Products), often abbreviated AFSSAPS or AFSSaPS, was a French government institution whose main mission was to assess health risks posed by health products intended for human consumption, particularly pharmaceutical drugs | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36332758 | Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé |
Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé It was responsible for issuing permits for marketing approval and became the single authority in the regulation of biomedical research. The agency was latest headed by Dominique Maraninchi and had about 1,000 employees plus 2,000 experts. Its budget amounts to approximately 157 million euros, with the bulk of revenue came from taxes and charges levied on the activity of the pharmaceutical industry. The (ANSM), superseded the tasks and duties of the AFSSAPS on 1 May 2012. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36332758 | Agence Nationale de Sécurité du Médicament et des Produits de Santé |
Mike Zuurman Michael Wilhelmer "Mike" Zuurman (born September 8, 1974 in Veendam) is a Dutch biologist by education and programmer for the non-profit organization Xentax Foundation in Emmen. His professional career is in programming, science and pharmaceuticals. His 'handle' is Mr. Mouse. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36337249 | Mike Zuurman |
George Meyer-Darcis Georges Meyer-Darcis, full name Georg Gottlieb August Meyer-Darcis (or Meyer Darcis) (12 September 1860 in Wohlen – 3 January 1913 in Florence) was a Swiss botanist and entomologist. Georges Meyer-Darcis was the son of a world-famous straw goods manufacturer (Sogin & Meyer). From 1875 to 1878 he was educated in the Technical Department of the cantonal school in Aarau. Encouraged by Professor Mühlberg, he collected rare plants and insects with his friend Samuel Döbeli. After a commercial apprenticeship in Geneva, he managed the straw goods factory. In Geneva, he collected insects in his spare time, encouraged by the curator of the Entomological collections of the University of Geneva Dr. Emil Frey-Gessner (1826–1917) | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36341988 | George Meyer-Darcis |
George Meyer-Darcis In addition to his own collections, he purchased world Coleoptera and plant collections, including one by Johann Luzi Krättli (1812–1903), which he then presented to the Botanical Museum of the University of Zurich. Some parts of his beetle collection were sold to the French entomologist René Oberthür and are now preserved in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36341988 | George Meyer-Darcis |
Max Bartel (1879 – 2 July 1914, Nürnberg) was a German entomologist. was an insect dealer (Insektenhändler) in Berlin. He specialised in Lepidoptera. He edited "Die palaearktischen Grossschmetterlinge und ihre Naturgeschichte". Band 1. Leipzig, (a monograph on butterflies) with Fritz Rühl and wrote pars Sesiidae in Adalbert Seitz Macrolepidoptera of the World - Bartel, M., 1912.– 24. Familie: Ageriidae (Sesiidae) pp. 375–416, pl. 51-52, In A. Seitz (Ed.), 1906-1913."Gross-Schmett.Erde", 2: 479 pp., 56 pls. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36342524 | Max Bartel |
Split networks For a given set of taxa like X, and a set of splits S on X, usually together with a non-negative weighting, which may represent character changes distance, or may also have a more abstract interpretation, if the set of splits S is compatible, then it can be represented by an unrooted phylogenetic tree and each edge in the tree corresponds to exactly one of the splits. More generally, S can always be represented by a split network, which is an unrooted phylogenetic network with the property that every split s in S is represented by an array of parallel edges in the network. A split network N can be obtained from a number of different types of data: | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36356112 | Split networks |
Azagny virus (AZGV) is an "Orthohantavirus" found in West African pygmy shrews. The virus was named after the Azagny National Park, where some sample collecting occurred. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36378177 | Azagny virus |
RV Southern Surveyor The RV "Southern Surveyor" was an Australian marine research vessel. It was owned and managed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), with its operations funded by the Australian Government to undertake oceanographic, geoscience, ecosystem and fisheries research. It was built in the UK in 1972 and acquired by CSIRO in 1988. It was replaced in 2014 by the RV "Investigator". The ship has carried out 111 Marine National Facility research voyages in the course of which she has travelled 481,550 km | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36400868 | RV Southern Surveyor |
RV Southern Surveyor Achievements include the discovery of submarine volcanoes between Fiji and Samoa, the compilation of climate records from ancient corals, the production of a carbon chemistry map of the Great Barrier Reef, and the 2006 discovery of a 200 km diameter vortex in the waters above the Perth Canyon off the coast of Rottnest Island, Western Australia. In 2012 the Southern Surveyor confirmed the 'undiscovery' of Sandy Island. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36400868 | RV Southern Surveyor |
Whindust is a local name used in Scotland and the North of England referring to fine-grained grit or dust resulting as a by-product from the grinding and breaking of Whinstone. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36415769 | Whindust |
Lorenz Oldenberg (2 January 1863, Berlin – 24 May 1931, Berlin) was a German entomologist who specialised in Diptera. was an official at the Patent Office. partial list | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36424317 | Lorenz Oldenberg |
Johann Egger Johann Nepomuk Georg Egger (15 May 1804, in Salzburg – 19 March 1866, in Vienna), was an Austrian entomologist who specialised in Diptera. Egger was a court physician in Vienna. Egger wrote only one scientific papers Egger, J. 1856. Neue Dipteren-Gattungen und Arten aus der Familie der Tachinarien und Dexiarien nebst einigen andern dipterologischen "Bemerkungen. Verh. Zool-Bot. Ges. Wien" 6: 383-92 but this is an important reference. His collection is conserved in Naturhistorisches Museum in Vienna. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36425203 | Johann Egger |
RV Investigator RV "Investigator" is an Australian marine research vessel which was designed by RALion (joint venture between Robert Allan Ltd. and Alion Science and Technology). It was constructed in Singapore and is owned and managed by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), through Australia's Marine National Facility, with its operations funded by the Australian Government to undertake oceanographic, geoscience, ecosystem and fisheries research. In May 2009 the Australian Government allocated A$120 million for a new ocean-going research vessel to replace the 1972 built RV "Southern Surveyor", which has served as the principal research ship for Australia's Marine National Facility since 1988 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426182 | RV Investigator |
RV Investigator RV "Investigator" was transferred from Sembawang Shipyard to the delivery crew on 5 August 2014 for pre-departure testing and setup. The vessel arrived at its home port of Hobart on 9 September 2014 and was officially launched on 12 December 2014. The RV "Investigator" is able to accommodate up to 40 scientists, go to sea for up to 60 days at a time and spend up to 300 days of the year at sea on research voyages. Operating costs are estimated to be $140,000 per day. Special features of the ship are a "gondola", similar to a winged keel, mounted 1 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426182 | RV Investigator |
RV Investigator 2 m below the hull, and two drop keels (which can be lowered to a maximum of 4m below the hull), to carry scientific instruments below the layer of microbubbles created by the movement of the ship’s hull through the water. Such instrumentation includes acoustic mappers, a pelagic sediment profiler to produce maps of the sea floor, and 2 Acoustic Doppler current profilers. The hull and the machinery of the ship have been designed to operate as quietly as possible to enhance its scientific capabilities. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426182 | RV Investigator |
Abell 222 is a galaxy cluster in the constellation of Cetus. It holds thousands of galaxies together. It is located at a distance of 2.4 billion light-years from Earth. Astronomers noticed an invisible string of matter was warping spacetime between and Abell 223. Upon further examination by using images from the Japanese Subaru telescope, astronomers discovered that this "invisible matter" is in fact dark matter. The astronomers used gravitational lensing to detect the dark matter filaments. The cluster is connected by a filament of dark matter to Abell 223 that is permeated by hot X-ray emitting gas. Further research shows that this filament only contains about 20 percent of normal matter, the rest is assumed to be dark matter | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426438 | Abell 222 |
Abell 222 This is seen to be in good agreement with the cosmological standard model. 5% of the universe is made up of baryonic or ordinary matter which contains protons and neutrons, also known as baryons, and electrons. Baryons and electrons are the foundation for atoms. Astronomers have not been able to locate the full 5% of baryonic matter within other galaxies, stars or gases. After observing gas that connects and Abell 223, scientists believe that the missing baryonic matter is within the gas that bridges the two galaxy clusters. This was difficult to locate due to the fact that the gas had a very low density, which made it hard to detect. This discovery was made possible because of Abell 222’s location | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426438 | Abell 222 |
Abell 222 It is within Earth’s line of sight, so scientists were able to see a strong concentration of this gas within a section of the sky. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426438 | Abell 222 |
Abell 223 is a galaxy cluster. It is located at a distance of 2.4 billion light-years from Earth. The cluster is connected to nearby cluster Abell 222 by a filament of matter. Research has shown that only 20% of that matter is normal. The rest is thought to be dark matter. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36426504 | Abell 223 |
NGC 2146 is a barred spiral galaxy type SB(s)ab pec in the constellation Camelopardalis. The galaxy was discovered in 1876 by Friedrich August Theodor Winnecke. It has a diameter of 80,000 lyr. The galaxy's most conspicuous feature is the dusty lanes of a spiral arm lying across the core of the galaxy as seen from Earth, the arm having been bent 45 degrees by a close encounter with a smaller galaxy possibly NGC 2146a about 0.8 billion years ago. This close encounter is credited with the relatively high rates of star formation that qualify as a starburst galaxy. It was host to supernova "SN 2005V", a type Ib/c supernova discovered by LIRIS on 30 January 2005. "SN 2018zd", a type II supernova (possibly type IIn), was discovered on 2 March 2018 by Koichi Itagaki. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36448794 | NGC 2146 |
Inktomi (crater) Inktomi, also known as The Splat, is a prominent rayed impact crater in diameter located in the southern hemisphere of Saturn's moon Rhea. The crater is named for the Lakota spider-god Iktomi and is located at . Inktomi is thought to be the youngest surface feature on Rhea, with estimates ranging from 8 to 280 million years. The rayed ejecta pattern indicates an oblique impact occurred from the west. The impact ejected pure water ice from beneath Rhea's surface creating a region contrastingly lighter than the surrounding regions. Recent analysis of "Cassini"s VIMS data revealed clean water ice without impurities at the crater and in its ejecta | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36456363 | Inktomi (crater) |
Inktomi (crater) Reassessment of the images from orbit, using additional images taken from Inktomi and its surroundings, confirms a continuous ejecta blanket almost devoid of small craters, thus likely a more geologically recent impact. A 3-dimensional anaglyph constructed from "Cassini" VIMS images shows a hilly crater floor with a prominent but topographically low central peak complex. While regular radial secondaries occur outside of the continuous ejecta blanket associated with the bright rays, clusters of numerous small craters could be identified in the eastern part of the crater floor and in the adjacent continuous ejecta. These small craters were most likely created by material ejected from the Inktomi impact at a steep angle. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36456363 | Inktomi (crater) |
Crackle breccia is a type of breccia where the clasts have been separated by planes of rupture, but have experienced little or no displacement. The individual clasts in crackle breccia must not have experienced more than 10° average rotation. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36458036 | Crackle breccia |
Karim Yassen is a Kurdish professor, who is known for finding the enzyme which causes gum disease. The research was done at Jagiellonian University in Poland. He works in the department of biology of Irbil's Salahaddin University-Erbil as a lecturer. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36463855 | Karim Yassen |
C20H32N2O The molecular formula CHNO may refer to: | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36477688 | C20H32N2O |
LARMOR neutron microscope The is a microscope based on the principle of neutron scattering. It is named in honor of Joseph Larmor and the principle of larmor precession that will increase resolution and accuracy. It is located at ISIS Neutron and Muon Source in Oxfordshire. LARMOR will be used to make high-precision, deep images of physical objects. Since neutrons bear no electrical charge, neutron beams can penetrate deeply into materials. By examining the few interactions that neutrons do have with atoms they encounter and enhancing the imaging using larmor precession, the microscope is predicted to create images with an atom-level resolution. The microscope will allow for observation of magnetic materials, complex liquids and living specimens | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36493464 | LARMOR neutron microscope |
LARMOR neutron microscope An example of application of this research is improved electronics and charge storage in lithium-ion batteries. LARMOR is a joint project of the Delft University of Technology, the Eindhoven University of Technology, the University of Groningen and the Science and Technology Facilities Council's ISIS Neutron and Muon Source . It is funded jointly by the participating Dutch universities and ISIS Neutron and Muon Source, and the Dutch NWO will contribute 2.3 million Euros. One-third of the microscope's time will be reserved for research from the Netherlands. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36493464 | LARMOR neutron microscope |
Franz Josef Kupido sometimes Cupido (6 August 1786, Brno- 17 December 1869) was a Czech entomologist principally interested in Lepidoptera. was a "Beamter". His collection is in the Moravian Museum, Brno. In 1825 Kupido described the autumn emperor moth, "Perisomena caecigena". | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36499196 | Franz Josef Kupido |
Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy Reaktor Serba Guna–Gerrit Augustinus Siwabessy (RSG-GAS) "(Multipurpose Reactor–Gerrit Augustinus Siwabessy)" is a research reactor located in the Serpong neighborhood of South Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia. The reactor plays an important role in the Centre for Nuclear Industry Development, at Puspiptek, Serpong to serve other supporting laboratories, namely, radioisotope production, nuclear material science, reactor fuel element development, reactor safety, waste treatment, radio-metallurgy and nuclear-mechano laboratories. The reactor was constructed through a $50 million contract with Interatom Internationale Atomreaktorbau GmbH, a unit of the West German steelmaker Kraftwerke Union, which was awarded in 1981 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36508850 | Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy |
Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy The reactor's fuel rods have originated in the United States, France and the United Kingdom; the fuel was enriched in the United States and Russia. The International Atomic Energy Agency safeguards the reactor. It was inaugurated by the second President of Indonesia, Suharto on August 20, 1987. The reactor was named after G.A. Siwabessy, Minister of Health and Minister of Atomic Energy under both president Sukarno and Suharto. RSG-GAS went to its first criticality on July 29, 1987. The nominal power of 30 MW thermal was achieved on March 23, 1992 at the sixth core containing 40 standard fuel elements and 8 control fuel elements. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36508850 | Reaktor Serba Guna G.A. Siwabessy |
Heinrich Ribbe (1832-1898) was a German entomologist. was an insect dealer in Dresden and Berlin. In 1876 he collected trade insects in the Crimea and in 1878 he collected for Otto Staudinger and Andreas Bang-Haas in Panama and Chiriqui. His private collection is in the State Museum of Zoology, Dresden. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36519826 | Heinrich Ribbe |
August Friedrich Böttcher (5 October 1825 – 20 November 1900) was a German entomologist. He was born in Berlin, where he became an insect dealer. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36520038 | August Friedrich Böttcher |
Robert Brendel (c. 1821–1898) and his son Reinhold Brendel (c. 1861–1927) were botanical modelmakers in first Breslau then Grunewald Berlin. They produced accurate, large-scale models of plant structures. These were sold to technical universities teaching practical botany. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36520327 | Robert Brendel |
NGC 4700 is a spiral galaxy located about 50 million light years away in the constellation of Virgo. was discovered in March 1786 by the British astronomer William Herschel who noted it as a "very faint nebula". was imaged by Hubble in 2012, showing an abundance of star-forming regions similar to the Orion Nebula. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36522126 | NGC 4700 |
Achávalite is a selenide mineral that is a member of the nickeline group. It has only been found in a single Argentinian mine system, being first discovered in 1939 in a selenide deposit. The type locality is Cacheuta mine, Sierra de Cacheuta, Mendoza, Argentina. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36538030 | Achávalite |
Cattle creep A cattle creep is a small, field-to-field access for farm animals, usually to allow passage beneath an obstacle such as a road, canal, or railway embankment. As they are intended primarily for cattle or other livestock, cattle creeps usually have a low head height and are uncomfortable for humans to use. On Dartmoor, in south west England, the term sheep creep is used to describe a purposely constructed gap in the base of a drystone wall, commonly topped with a granite lintel. The gap allows sheep to pass from field to field, but is deliberately too small for cattle or ponies. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36540089 | Cattle creep |
Palomar Distant Solar System Survey The (PDSSS) was a wide-field survey aimed at finding distant trans-Neptunian objects that used the robotic 1.2 m Samuel Oschin Telescope at Palomar Observatory and the QUEST large-area CCD camera. The survey was specifically designed to identify putative members of a Sedna-like population with perihelia greater than 45 AU. The limiting magnitude of this study was 21.3 in the R-band, it was sensitive out to distances of 1000 AU, and 12,000 square degrees of sky were searched. This observing program was responsible for the discovery of 25 minor planets including trans-Neptunian objects and centaurs. and Gǃkúnǁʼhòmdímà () were among the objects discovered by this survey. It redetected Sedna but no other objects in Sedna-like orbits were identified. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36548291 | Palomar Distant Solar System Survey |
Helmholtz flow is a term used in fluid mechanics for flow with free streamlines or vortex sheets. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36549035 | Helmholtz flow |
August Alphonse Derbès (8 May 1818, Marseille – 27 January 1894, Marseille) was a French professor of naturalist, zoologist and botanist at the University of Marseille who studied reproduction of sea urchins and of algae. Derbès was the first scientist to observe the fertilization of an egg in an animal when he detailed the process of an envelope forming around the gamete during sea urchin reproduction, a process now known to be associated with Ca release. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36571110 | August Alphonse Derbès |
Pierre-Aimé Millet de la Turtaudière (1783 in Angers – 1873) was a French naturalist. He was Secrétaire Général de la Société d'Agriculture d' Angers. Partial list See also WorldCat listings online here | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36574871 | Pierre-Aimé Millet |
Vasiliy Lindholm Vasiliy Adolfovich Lindholm (; 1874 – 17 September 1935), also published as Wilhelm Adolf Lindholm, was a Russian malacologist and herpetologist. Lindholm was a curator at the Zoological Museum of the Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Leningrad. He published works on the molluscs of Lake Baikal, the Crimea, the Caucasus and other parts of the U.S.S.R., and on Palaearctic molluscs generally. He also studied amphibians and reptiles, and described three new species of reptiles. A frog "Afrixalus lindholmi" is named for him, sometimes known as Lindholm's banana frog. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36584185 | Vasiliy Lindholm |
Kálmán Lambrecht (1889–1936) was a Hungarian palaeontologist, best known for his work on fossil birds. He authored the “Handbuch der Palaeornithologie”, an exhaustive review of fossil birds published in 1933. Positions held include librarianship of the Geological Survey of Hungary. He died of heart failure in Budapest. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36590966 | Kálmán Lambrecht |
Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections The (abbreviated SPNHC, often pronounced "spinach") "is an international society whose mission is to improve the preservation, conservation and management of natural history collections to ensure their continuing value to society". Founded in 1985, the society was created to cater to the needs of those involved in the care, management and development of natural history collections. Society activities include annual meetings, the publication of a newsletter, and an active list-serv in which members consult one another about natural history collections management issues. The mission of SPNHC continues to grow, broadly encompassing archival materials such as field notes, and new and growing efforts in digitization and mobilization of collections resources. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36591692 | Society for the Preservation of Natural History Collections |
NGC 1187 is a spiral galaxy located about 60 million light-years away in the constellation of Eridanus. has hosted two supernova explosions since the 1980s. In October 1982, the first supernova seen in — SN 1982R was discovered at La Silla Observatory and, in 2007, the amateur astronomer Berto Monard in South Africa spotted another supernova in this galaxy — SN 2007Y. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36605602 | NGC 1187 |
Earle Hesse Kennard (August 2, 1885 – January 31, 1968) was a theoretical physicist and professor at Cornell University. Kennard was born in Columbus, Ohio and studied at Pomona College and Oxford University as part of a Rhodes Scholarship. He went on to earn his Ph.D. from Cornell in 1913, where he would continue most of his scientific career. During a 1926 sabbatical spent at the University of Göttingen, he learned the newly developing quantum mechanics of Werner Heisenberg and Pascual Jordan. With this knowledge, he derived the first rigorous form of the uncertainty principle and fully solved several simple quantum mechanics problems for the first time. In 1926, he was appointed professor of physics at Cornell, which he remained until 1946 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36613133 | Earle Hesse Kennard |
Earle Hesse Kennard In 1941, still at Cornell, he became a part-time consultant at the David Taylor Model Basin (DTMB), the United States Navy modelling facility. In the period 1946–49 he was the head of the hydromechanics laboratory, and from 1950 until 1957 he was head of the structural mechanics laboratory. From 1957 until his retirement in 1960 he was a general scientific consultant to the commanding officer of the DTMB. Also after his retirement he continued to work for the DTMB under contract. Much of his research for the Navy focussed on hydrodynamics and elasticity, in particular on the theory of potential flow, the physics of underwater explosions and structural vibrations. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36613133 | Earle Hesse Kennard |
Sagittarius Stream In astronomy, the is a long, complex, structure made of stars that wrap around the Milky Way galaxy in an almost polar orbit. It consists of tidally stripped stars from the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy resulting from the process of merging with the Milky Way over a period of billions of years. This stellar stream was originally proposed in 1995 by Donald Lynden-Bell after analyzing the distribution of globular clusters in the Milky Way. The actual structure was identified by Newberg et al. (2002) and Majewski et al. (2003) using data from the 2MASS and SDSS surveys. In 2006, Belokurov and his collaborators found that the has two branches | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36613701 | Sagittarius Stream |
Sagittarius Stream The shredding apart of a large intruding collection of stars in the indefinite past appears to have sent oscillations analogous to sound waves through the Milky Way spiral arm structure. The effects of the oscillations are observed today as vertically stacked layers of alternately denser and sparser star distributions above and below the Solar System. Presently, the is positioned relative to the observed layers such that its progenitor, the Sagittarius Dwarf Elliptical Galaxy, is the strongest candidate intruder whose wake left behind the disturbance in the spiral arms. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36613701 | Sagittarius Stream |
Tony Swain (chemist) Tony Swain (1922–1987) was a chemist known for his definition of a plant polyphenol with Bate-Smith, Haslam and White, which includes specific structural characteristics common to all phenolics having a tanning property. It is referred to as the White–Bate-Smith–Swain–Haslam (WBSSH) definition. The discovery in 1943 by Martin and Synge of paper chromatography provided for the first time the means of surveying the phenolic constituents of plants and for their separation and identification. There was an explosion of activity in this field after 1945, none more so than that of Bate-Smith and Tony Swain. He worked with Edgar C. Bate-Smith at Cambridge University. Tony Swain was one of the first editors of "Phytochemistry" with Jeffrey Harborne | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36665511 | Tony Swain (chemist) |
Tony Swain (chemist) He started the sister journal "Biochemical Systematics" in 1973, renamed "Biochemical Systematics and Ecology" in the next year. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36665511 | Tony Swain (chemist) |
Flick (physics) In optical engineering and telecommunications engineering, the flick is a unit of spectral radiance. One flick corresponds to a spectral radiance of 1 watt per steradian per square centimeter of surface per micrometer of span in wavelength (W·sr·cm·μm). This is equivalent to 10 watts per steradian per cubic meter (W·sr·m). In practice, spectral radiance is typically measured in microflicks (10 flicks). One microflick is equivalent to 10 kilowatts per steradian per cubic meter (kW·sr·m). In radio astronomy, the unit flik was coined by a group at Lockheed in Palo Alto, California as a substitute for the SI derived unit W cm sr µm, or watts divided by centimeters squared, steradians, and micrometers | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36687166 | Flick (physics) |
Flick (physics) While it started out used only in Lockheed, many in the radio astronomy field adopted its use. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36687166 | Flick (physics) |
Moisture expansion is the tendency of matter to change in volume in response to a change in moisture content. The macroscopic effect is similar to that of thermal expansion but the microscopic causes are very different. is caused by hygroscopy. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36688650 | Moisture expansion |
NGC 2119 (also identified as UGC 3380 or PGC 18136) is an elliptical galaxy in the constellation Orion. It was discovered by Édouard Stephan on January 9, 1880. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36694720 | NGC 2119 |
Lagrangian particle tracking In experimental fluid mechanics, Lagrangian Particle Tracking refers to the process of determining long 3-Dimensional trajectories of small neutrally buoyant particles (flow tracers) that are freely suspended within a turbulent flow field. These are usually obtained by 3-D Particle Tracking Velocimetry. A collection of such particle trajectories can be used for analyzing the Lagrangian dynamics of the fluid motion, for performing Lagrangian statistics of various flow quantities etc. In computational fluid dynamics, the (or in short LPT method) is a numerical technique for simulated tracking of particle paths Lagrangian within an Eulerian phase. It is also commonly referred to as Discrete Particle Simulation (DPS) | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36714938 | Lagrangian particle tracking |
Lagrangian particle tracking Some simulation cases for which this method is applicable are: sprays, small bubbles, dust particles, and is especially optimal for dilute multiphase flows with large Stokes number. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36714938 | Lagrangian particle tracking |
Longest linear sequence In synthetic chemistry, the longest linear sequence, commonly abbreviated as LLS, is the largest number of reactions required to go from the starting materials to the products in a multistep sequence. This concept is very important when trying to optimize a synthetic plan. Since every reaction step can decrease the yield of the product, reducing the value of the LLS is a good way to increase the quantity of chemicals formed at the end: this can be done by devising quicker methods to couple the fragments or by introducing convergence | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36715119 | Longest linear sequence |
Longest linear sequence However, improving sequences which are not the longest linear one will generally not produce an overall enhancement to the yield of the reaction since the benefits incur in intermediates that were already present in excess, assuming that the yields for each of the steps are roughly equal. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36715119 | Longest linear sequence |
NGC 5970 is a large barred-spiral galaxy located about 90 million light years away in the constellation Serpens Caput. It appears to have two satellite or companion galaxies. can be seen 1° southwest of the star Chi Serpentis. A faint halo of dust can be seen around the galaxy's outer spiral arms. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36741953 | NGC 5970 |
Bennett's laws of quantum information are: where formula_1 indicates "can do the job of". These principles were formulated around 1993 by Charles H. Bennett. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36750998 | Bennett's laws |
Llewellyn separator The is a membrane molecular separator, a device for interfacing the effluence from a gas chromatograph to the ion source input of a mass spectrometer by changing a rather large (e.g. 10^4 TorrLitre) dilute (e.g. 1 part of vapour in 10^5 parts of carrier gas) gas flow into a small(e.g. <10^-3 TorrLitre) concentrated flow that can be admitted to the vacuum of the mass spectrometer. It is typically based on the substance passing through a few silicone rubber membranes in series. In order for the molecules of interest to be enriched in relation to the small and light carrier gas molecules the former must be captured by (dissolved in) the membrane polymer. The selection properties may be augmented by a liquid stationary phase on the membrane. (login required) | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36754975 | Llewellyn separator |
Hypogene In ore deposit geology, hypogene processes occur deep below the earth's surface, and tend to form deposits of primary minerals, as opposed to supergene processes that occur at or near the surface, and tend to form secondary minerals. At great depth the pressure is high, and water can remain liquid at temperatures well above 100 °C. Hot aqueous solutions originating in the magma contain metal and other ions derived from the magma itself, and also from leaching of surrounding rocks. deposition processes include crystallization from the hot aqueous solutions rising through the earth's crust, driven by heat provided by the magma | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36757278 | Hypogene |
Hypogene Major dissolved components are chlorine, sodium, calcium, magnesium and potassium, and other important components include iron, manganese, copper, zinc, lead, sulfur (as SO or S or both) carbon (as HCO and CO) and nitrogen (as NH). Most ore fluids contain chloride as the dominant anion. As the solutions rise the temperature and pressure fall. Eventually a point is reached where the minerals start to crystallise out. Minerals formed in this way are called primary, or hypogene, minerals. Sulfur is a common component of the fluids, and most of the common ore metals, lead, zinc, copper, silver, molybdenum and mercury, occur chiefly as sulfide and sulfosalt minerals | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36757278 | Hypogene |
Hypogene Examples of primary minerals formed in this way include the sulfide minerals pyrite (FeS), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS). The word hypogene is derived from the Greek "hypo-" meaning "under" and "-gene" meaning "born" or "produced". The terms "hypogene" and "supergene" refer to the depth at which they occur. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36757278 | Hypogene |
British Bryological Society The is an academic society dedicated to bryology, which encourages the study of bryophytes – mosses and liverworts. It publishes the peer-reviewed "Journal of Bryology". | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36758008 | British Bryological Society |
Boron aluminum titanium hydride Boron Aluminum Titanium Hydride (BATH) was developed as a radiation shielding material in the NERVA project for space nuclear thermal propulsion applications. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36763436 | Boron aluminum titanium hydride |
Tengion Tengion, Inc. is an American development-stage regenerative medicine company founded in 2003 with financing from J&J Development Corporation, HealthCap and Oak Investment Partners, which is headquartered in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. Its goals are discovering, developing, manufacturing and commercializing a range of replacement organs and tissues, or neo-organs and neo-tissues, to address unmet medical needs in urologic, renal, gastrointestinal, and vascular diseases and disorders. The company creates these human neo-organs from a patients own cells or autologous cells, in conjunction with its Organ Regeneration Platform | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36772719 | Tengion |
Tengion The company declared Chapter 7 bankruptcy in December 2014, and it, along with its assets and tissue engineering samples, have been bought back by its creditors and former executives as of March 2015. The purchase was expedited, so that time-sensitive research can continue. Founded in 2003 and formerly headquartered in East Norriton, Pennsylvania before moving to Winston-Salem, North Carolina in 2012, went public in 2010, after its stock has been approved for listing on the NASDAQ, through a $26 million IPO to help advance its research and development activities. Some of the groundbreaking regenerative medicine technologies of Dr | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36772719 | Tengion |
Tengion Anthony Atala, director of the Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, were the core from where those research and development activities developed. On September 4, 2012, received a notice from NASDAQ stating that the company had not regained compliance with NASDAQ Listing Rule 5550(b)(1) and that its common stock would cease trading on the NASDAQ Capital Market effective on September 6, 2012, and would begin trading on the OTCQB tier of the OTC Marketplace. The company was bought by former executives and creditors after declaring bankruptcy in 2014 | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36772719 | Tengion |
Tengion All current Tengion's regenerative medicine product candidates are investigational and will not be commercially available until the completion of clinical trials and the review and approval of associated marketing applications by the Food and Drug Administration. Its most advanced candidate is the Neo-Urinary Conduit. A Phase I clinical trial of the Neo-Urinary Conduit was completed in several health care institutions, in patients with bladder cancer who require a total cystectomy. The trial ended in December 2014, however information on the results has not yet been made publicly available | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36772719 | Tengion |
Tengion The company also develops the Neo-Bladder Augment, a Phase II clinical trial product for the treatment of neurogenic bladder resulting from spina bifida in pediatric patients, as well as neurogenic bladder resulting from spinal cord injury in adult patients; the Neo-Bladder Replacement to serve as a functioning bladder, eliminating the need for an ostomy bag, for patients who have their bladders removed due to cancer; and the Neo-Kidney Augment to prevent or delay dialysis by increasing renal function in patients with advanced chronic kidney disease | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36772719 | Tengion |
Tengion In addition, it is involved in developing the Neo-GI Augment, a gastrointestinal development program; and Neo-Vessel Replacement, which targets various blood vessel applications consisting of vascular access grafts, arterio-venous, and shunts for patients with ESRD (end stage renal disease) undergoing hemodialysis treatment, as well as for vessel replacement for patients undergoing coronary or peripheral artery bypass procedures. | Natural_sciences | https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=36772719 | Tengion |