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84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] Top-down processing
The effect of prior experience and current expectations on perception best illustrates the importance of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] absolute thresholds and difference thresholds
Psychophysics is best defined as the study of relationships between
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] 50% of the time
The absolute threshold is the minimum amount of stimulation that a person needs to detect a stimulus
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] A trim female figure is imperceptibly flashed on the TV screen during an ad for a weight-reduction clinic.
Which of the following strategies best illustrates the use of subliminal stimulation?
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] that information can be processed outside of conscious awareness.
Subliminal priming effects best illustrate
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] unconsciously processed information is unusually persuasive.
Those who believe in the value of subliminal audiotapes would be wrong to claim that
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] 8
If the just-noticeable difference for a 10ounce weight is 1 ounce, the just noticeable difference for an 80-ounce weight would be ________ ounce(s).
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] vanish from sight.
If we could stop our eyes from quivering as we stared at a stationary object, the object would probably
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] blind spot
The area of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye is called the
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] feature detectors
The nerve cells that respond to specific aspects of a visual stimulus, such as its shape or its movement, are
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] blindsight
Certain stroke victims report seeing nothing when shown a series of sticks, yet they are able to correctly report whether the sticks are vertical or horizontal. This best illustrates
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] green
When most people stare at a red square and then shift their eyes to a white surface, the afterimage of the square is
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] have been deaf from birth
. The auditory cortex is most responsive to visual input among those who
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] kinesthesis.
With her eyes closed, Sierra can accurately touch her mouth, nose, and chin with her index finger. Sierra's accuracy illustrates the importance of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] sensory input.
. Phantom limb sensations best illustrate that pain can be experienced in the absence of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] phantom limb sensations
Experimenters bent a finger slightly backward on the unseen hands of 16 volunteers, while simultaneously severely bending a finger on a visible fake rubber hand. This experiment illustrated the impact of ________ on the volunteers' experience of pain
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] placebo
People with persistent arm pain experienced a reduction in pain after receiving acupuncture with trick needles that retracted without puncturing the skin. The fake acupuncture treatment could best be described as a
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] umami
Research indicates that we have a receptor for a seeming fifth taste sensation, the meaty taste of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] we organize sensory information into meaningful forms.
Gestalt psychologists emphasized that
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] organize stimuli into coherent groups.
The Gestalt principles of proximity and similarity refer to ways in which we
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] have a lot of previous crawling experience.
Infants are especially likely to avoid crawling over the edge of a visual cliff if they
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] retinal disparity.
A 3D movie enhances our sense of depth perception by simulating the effects of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] linear perspective.
The convergence of parallel lines provides the distance cue known as
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] closer.
If two identical objects are equally distant from a viewer, the brighter object appears to be
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] stroboscopic movement
The perception that Bugs Bunny is hopping across a movie screen best illustrates
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] perceptual set.
Perceiving objects as having consistent shape, size, and color regardless of the angle, distance, and lighting conditions from which we view them is known as
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] large because we perceive it as unusually close to ourselves
The Moon just above the horizon typically appears to be unusually
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] the misperception of distance.
The Ames illusion involving two girls who are perceived as very different in size can best be explained in terms of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] perceptual set
In one experiment, preschool children judged french fries as tasting better when served in a McDonald's bag rather than a plain white bag. This best illustrates the impact of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] concepts that organize sensory input.
Schemas are best described as
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] a biopsychosocial approach
An integrated understanding of perception in terms of our sensory capacities, cultural contexts, and Gestalt principles is most clearly provided by
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] human factors psychologists
Psychologists who help design machines so that they make use of our natural perceptions are called
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] parapsychology.
The study of phenomena such as clairvoyance and telepathy is called
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] telepathy.
Shauna claims that she knows at any given moment exactly what important political figures are thinking. Shauna is claiming to possess the power of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] precognition
Scientific analyses of the predictive powers of dreams offer support for the existence of
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
84bc8e95_hapter_6_Flashcards___Cram_com__l_objects_and_events_is_called
[perception] there is no reliable evidence that anyone possesses ESP
Thousands of controlled experiments indicate that
[]
Psych 7a: Chapter 6 Flashcards - Cram.com
The process by which we organize and interpret sensory information in order to recognize meaningful objects and events is called
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/psych-7a-chapter-6-3294880
36/1438042988598.68_20150728002308-00307-ip-10-236-191-2_381098463_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A schedule showing the amounts of a good or service that buyers (or a buyer) wish to purchase at various prices during some time period. [Demand]
Demand Schedule
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The principal that, other things equal, an increase in a product's price will reduce the quantity of it demanded, and conversely for a decrease in price. [Demand]
Law of Demand
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
In any specific time period, each buyer of a product will derive less satisfaction (or benefit, or utility) from each successive unit of the product consumed. [Demand]
Diminishing Marginal Utility
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A change in the quantity demanded of a product that results from the change in real income (purchasing power) caused by a change in the product's price. [Demand]
Income Effect
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
(1) a change in the quantity demanded of a consumer good that results from a change in its relative expensiveness caused by a change in the product's price; (2) the effect of a change in the price of a resource on the quantity of the resource employed by a firm, assuming no change in its output. [Demand]
Substitution Effect
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A curve illustrating demand. [Demand]
Demand Curve
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
Factors other than price that determine the quantities demanded of a good or service. 1) consumers' tastes (preference) 2) the number of buyers in the market 3) consumers' incomes 4) the prices of related goods 5) consumer expectations. [Demand]
Determinants of Demand
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A good or service whose consuption increases when income increases and falls when income decreases, price remaining constant. [Demand]
Normal Goods
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A good or service whose consuption declines as income rises (and conversely), price remaining constant. [Demand]
Inferior Goods
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
Products or services that can be used in place of each other. When the price of one falls, the demand for the other product falls; conversely, when the price of one product rises, the demand for the other product rises. [Demand]
Substitute Good
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
Products and services that are used together. When the price of one falls, the demand for the other increases (and conversely). [Demand]
Complementary Good
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A change in the quantity demanded of a good or service at every price; a shift of the demand curve to the left or right. [Demand]
Change in Demand
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A change in the amount of a product that consumers are willing and able to purchase because of a change in the product's price. [Demand]
Change in Quantity Demanded
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The amounts of a good or service that sellers (or a seller) will offer at various prices during some period. [Demand]
Supply
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A schedule showing the amounts of a good or service that sellers (or a seller) will offer at various prices during some period. [Demand]
Supply Schedule
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The principle that, other things equal, an increase in the price of a product will increase the quantity of it supplied, and conversely for a price decrease. [Demand]
Law of Supply
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A curve illustrating supply. [Demand]
Supply curve
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
Factors other than price that determine the quantities of a good or service. 1) resource prices 2) technology 3) taxes and subsidies 4) prices of other goods 5) producer expectations 6) the number of sellers in the market. [Demand]
Determinants of Supply
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A change in the quantity supplied of a good or service at every price; a shift of the supply curve to the left or right. [Demand]
Change in Supply
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A change in the amount of a product that producers offer for sale because of a change in the product's price. [Demand]
Change in Quantity Supplied
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The price in a competitive market at which the quantity demanded and the quantity supplied are equal, there is neither a shortage nor a surplus, and there is no tendency for price to rise or fall. [Demand]
Equilibrium Price
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
1) The quantity demanded and supplied at the equilibrium price in a competitive market; 2) the profit-maximizing output of a firm. [Demand]
Equilibrium Quantity
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The amount by which the quantity supplied of a product exceeds the quantity demanded at a specific (above-equilibrium) price. [Demand]
Surplus
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The amount by which the quantity demanded of a product exceeds the quantity supplied at a particular (below equilibrium) price. [Demand]
Shortage
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The production of a good in the least costly way; occurs when production takes place at the output at which average total cost is a minimum and marginal product per dollar's worth of input is the same for all inputs. [Demand]
Productive Efficiency
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
The apportionment of resources among firms and industries to obtain the production of the products most wanted by society (consumers); the output of each product at which its marginal cost and price or marginal benefit are equal. [Demand]
Allocative Efficiency
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
Sets the maximum legal price a seller may charge for a product or service. [Demand]
Price Ceiling
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
4f55cab9_hapter_3_Flashcards___Cram_com__Demand
A minimum price fixed by the government for a product or service. [Demand]
Price Floor
[]
Macroeconomics McConnell Brue 17 Chapter 3 Flashcards - Cram.com
Demand
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/macroeconomics-mcconnell-brue-17-chapter-3-657677
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00029-ip-10-236-191-2_369494579_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
experimental data
data collected in laboratory environments
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
empirical analysis
the use of data to test a theory or estimate a relationship
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
economic model
a model consisting of mathematical equations that describe various relationships
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
econometric model
a mathematic model founded on the theories of the economic model that solves its ambiguities
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
cross-sectional data set
a sample of individuals, households, firms, cities, states, countries, or a variety of other units, taken at a given point in time
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
random sampling
a tool used to simplify the analysis of cross-sectional data; a sampling scheme
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
time series data
observations on a variable or several variables over time. Difficult to study because economic observations can rarely be assumed to be independent across time.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
data frequency
a feature of time series data that usually exists on a daily, weekly, monthly, quarterly, or annual schedule
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
pooled cross section
data sets with both cross-sectional and time series features, in which sample size is increased by combining data gathered in multiple places in time
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
panel data/longitudinal data
a data set consisting of a time series for each cross-sectional member in the data set. These are more difficult to obtain than pooled cross sections.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
ceteris paribus
other relevant factors being equal; a factor in determining causal relationships by accounting for other variables
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
simple linear regression model/two-variable linear regression model/bivariate linear regression model
a method of measuring how two variables relate to one another
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
other names for "y"
dependent variable, explained variable, response variable, predicted variable, regressand
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
other names for "x"
independent variable, explanatory variable, control variable, predictor variable, regressor
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
variable "u"
error term; disturbance factors other than x and y. Treated by simple regression analysis as unobserved. When assumption E(u given x)=E(u) holds, u is mean independent of x.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
Beta sub 1
the slope parameter for the linear relationship that exists when the change in u is 0. Central in applied economics.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
Bet sub 0
intercept parameter, aka the constant term. Rarely central to analysis.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
zero conditional mean assumption
E(u given x)=0. This is the result of the assumption that E(u)=0 and that E(u given x)=E(u).
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
population regression function (PRF)
E(y given x)
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
Ordinary Least Squares (answer is a formula in the book)
page 29, estimates 2.17 and 2.19 a method for estimating the parameters of a multiple linear regression model. These estimates are obtained by minimizing the sum of squared residuals
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
fitted value (answer is in book)
page 30, 2.20 The estimated values of the dependent variable when the values of the independent variables for each observation are plugged into the OLS regression line.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
residual
difference between an actual variable and its fitted value
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
first order conditions for the OLS estimates (answer in book)
page 29, 2.14 & 2.15 The set of linear equations used to solve for the OLS estimates
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
OLS regression line (answer in book)
page 32, 2.23 The equation relating the predicted value of the dependent variable to the independent variables, where the parameter estimates have been obtained by OLS
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
sample regression function (SRF)
page 32, 2.23 The equation relating the predicted value of the dependent variable to the independent variables, where the parameter estimates have been obtained by OLS
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
total sum of squares (SST)
the total sample variation in a dependent variable about its sample average
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
explained sum of squares (SSE)
the total sample variation of the fitted values in a multiple regression model
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
residual sum of squares (SSR)/sum of squared residual
in multiple regression analysis, the sum of the squared OLS residuals across all observations
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
r-squared/coefficient of determination
r^2=SSE/SST=1-SSR/SST in a multiple regression model, the proportion of the total sample variation in the dependent variable that is explained by the independent variable
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
elasticity
the percentage change in one variable given a 1% ceteris paribus increase in another variable
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
heteroskedasticity
page 53, slr.5 The error u has the same variance given any value of the explanatory variable. The variance of the error term, given the explanatory variables, is not constant
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
error variance/disturbance variance
sigma squared the variance of the error term in a multiple regression model
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
degrees of freedom
in multiple regression analysis, the number of observations minus the number of estimated parameters
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
standard error of the regression (SER)
the natural estimator of sigma; page 58 2.62 in multiple regression analysis, the estimate of the standard deviation of the population error, obtained as the square root of the sum of squared residuals over the degrees of freedom.
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
partial effect
the effect of an explanatory variable on the dependent variable, holding other factors in the regression model fixed
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json
c51357c9_8_Test_1_Flashcards___Cram_com___through_controlled_experiment
perfect collinearity
in multiple regression, one independent variable is an exact linear function of one or more other independent variables
[]
Econ 388 Test 1 Flashcards - Cram.com
data not accumulated through controlled experiment
http://www.cram.com/flashcards/econ-388-test-1-1773596
36/1438042988308.23_20150728002308-00178-ip-10-236-191-2_388049894_0.json

Dataset Card for "UnpredicTable-cram-com" - Dataset of Few-shot Tasks from Tables

Dataset Summary

The UnpredicTable dataset consists of web tables formatted as few-shot tasks for fine-tuning language models to improve their few-shot performance.

There are several dataset versions available:

Supported Tasks and Leaderboards

Since the tables come from the web, the distribution of tasks and topics is very broad. The shape of our dataset is very wide, i.e., we have 1000's of tasks, while each task has only a few examples, compared to most current NLP datasets which are very deep, i.e., 10s of tasks with many examples. This implies that our dataset covers a broad range of potential tasks, e.g., multiple-choice, question-answering, table-question-answering, text-classification, etc.

The intended use of this dataset is to improve few-shot performance by fine-tuning/pre-training on our dataset.

Languages

English

Dataset Structure

Data Instances

Each task is represented as a jsonline file and consists of several few-shot examples. Each example is a dictionary containing a field 'task', which identifies the task, followed by an 'input', 'options', and 'output' field. The 'input' field contains several column elements of the same row in the table, while the 'output' field is a target which represents an individual column of the same row. Each task contains several such examples which can be concatenated as a few-shot task. In the case of multiple choice classification, the 'options' field contains the possible classes that a model needs to choose from.

There are also additional meta-data fields such as 'pageTitle', 'title', 'outputColName', 'url', 'wdcFile'.

Data Fields

'task': task identifier

'input': column elements of a specific row in the table.

'options': for multiple choice classification, it provides the options to choose from.

'output': target column element of the same row as input.

'pageTitle': the title of the page containing the table.

'outputColName': output column name

'url': url to the website containing the table

'wdcFile': WDC Web Table Corpus file

Data Splits

The UnpredicTable datasets do not come with additional data splits.

Dataset Creation

Curation Rationale

Few-shot training on multi-task datasets has been demonstrated to improve language models' few-shot learning (FSL) performance on new tasks, but it is unclear which training tasks lead to effective downstream task adaptation. Few-shot learning datasets are typically produced with expensive human curation, limiting the scale and diversity of the training tasks available to study. As an alternative source of few-shot data, we automatically extract 413,299 tasks from diverse internet tables. We provide this as a research resource to investigate the relationship between training data and few-shot learning.

Source Data

Initial Data Collection and Normalization

We use internet tables from the English-language Relational Subset of the WDC Web Table Corpus 2015 (WTC). The WTC dataset tables were extracted from the July 2015 Common Crawl web corpus (http://webdatacommons.org/webtables/2015/EnglishStatistics.html). The dataset contains 50,820,165 tables from 323,160 web domains. We then convert the tables into few-shot learning tasks. Please see our publication for more details on the data collection and conversion pipeline.

Who are the source language producers?

The dataset is extracted from WDC Web Table Corpora.

Annotations

Annotation process

Manual annotation was only carried out for the UnpredicTable-rated-low, UnpredicTable-rated-medium, and UnpredicTable-rated-high data subsets to rate task quality. Detailed instructions of the annotation instructions can be found in our publication.

Who are the annotators?

Annotations were carried out by a lab assistant.

Personal and Sensitive Information

The data was extracted from WDC Web Table Corpora, which in turn extracted tables from the Common Crawl. We did not filter the data in any way. Thus any user identities or otherwise sensitive information (e.g., data that reveals racial or ethnic origins, sexual orientations, religious beliefs, political opinions or union memberships, or locations; financial or health data; biometric or genetic data; forms of government identification, such as social security numbers; criminal history, etc.) might be contained in our dataset.

Considerations for Using the Data

Social Impact of Dataset

This dataset is intended for use as a research resource to investigate the relationship between training data and few-shot learning. As such, it contains high- and low-quality data, as well as diverse content that may be untruthful or inappropriate. Without careful investigation, it should not be used for training models that will be deployed for use in decision-critical or user-facing situations.

Discussion of Biases

Since our dataset contains tables that are scraped from the web, it will also contain many toxic, racist, sexist, and otherwise harmful biases and texts. We have not run any analysis on the biases prevalent in our datasets. Neither have we explicitly filtered the content. This implies that a model trained on our dataset may potentially reflect harmful biases and toxic text that exist in our dataset.

Other Known Limitations

No additional known limitations.

Additional Information

Dataset Curators

Jun Shern Chan, Michael Pieler, Jonathan Jao, Jérémy Scheurer, Ethan Perez

Licensing Information

Apache 2.0

Citation Information

@misc{chan2022few,
  author = {Chan, Jun Shern and Pieler, Michael and Jao, Jonathan and Scheurer, Jérémy and Perez, Ethan},
  title = {Few-shot Adaptation Works with UnpredicTable Data},
  publisher={arXiv},
  year = {2022},
  url = {https://arxiv.org/abs/2208.01009}
}
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