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###Rationale: Ans. is 'd' i.e., Glaucoma
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Neostigmine is used in the following except ?
###Options:
A. Myasthenia gravis
B. Cobra bite
C. Atony of bladder
D. Glaucoma
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Hering's
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Secondary detion of the eye is based on the following law:
###Options:
A. Hering's
B. Listing's
C. Donder's
D. Sherrington's
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Autosomal recessive Neurofibromatosis is an inherited disorder It is of two types: ? Neurofibromatosis - Neurofibromatois II Genetics of Neurofibromatosis Both the neurofibromas are inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern. The genes for them are located on different chromosome - NF-1--) Neurofibrin gene on chromosome 17 - NF-2 --) Merlin gene on chromosome 22 NEUROFIBROMATOSIS TYPE I ? Neurofibromatosis is a comparatively common hereditary disorder in which the skin, nevous system, bone, endocrine glands and sometimes other organs are at the sites of a variety of congenital abnormalities often taking the fonn of benign tumours. . The main feature of neurofibromatosis I is - (i) Spots of hyperpigmentation and (ii) Cutaneous and subcutaneous neurofibromatous tumours'. Hyperpigmentation in Neurofibromatosis I takes two forms :? a) Cafe - au - lait spots' . These are patches of pigmentation and they appear sholy after bih' and occur anywhere on the body. . They are light brown in colour (cafe - au - lait) and do not change in number as the patient ages but they increase in size during pubey. . Presence of more than six cafe - au - lait spots > 1.5 cm in size is considered diagnostic of Neurofibromatosis. b) Freckles' . Neurofibromatosis I is also characterized by the presence of Freckles like or diffuse pigmentation of the axillae and other interiginous areas (groin, under breast) and small round whitish spots. When coupled with cafe au lait patches they are viually pathogtzomonice of the disease. ii) Neurofibromas a) Cutaneous tumours . They are situated in the dermis and form discrete soft or, firm papules. . They are ,flesh coloured or violaceous and often topped with comedo. When pressed, the soft tumours tend to invaginate through a small opening in the skin giving the feeling of a seedless raisin or a scrotum without a testicle. This phenomenon is spoken of as "button holding". b) Subcutaneous tumours . They take two forms ? a) Firm discrete nodules attached to a nerve. b) Plexiform neuromase (overgrowth of subcutaneous tissue sometimes reaching enormous size and occur most often in the face, scalp, neck and chest and may cause hideous disfigurement). Lisch Nodule'? This is another unique .finding of neurofibromatosiso. . It is a small whitish spote present in the iris. Tumours associated with Neurofibromatosis I are 1) Tumours of the CNS a) Optic Nerve Gliomao b) Non-optic Gliomas (usually low grade astrocytomas) c) Nonneoplastic ' hamaomatous" lesion Osborn writes - "The common CNS tumor in NF-1 is optic nerve glioma occuring in 5 to 15% of casese" 2) Other tumours associated with NF-1 a) Pheochromocytoma b) Rhabdomyosarcoma c) leukemia (myeloid leukemia) d) Wilms tumour e) Juvenile Xanthogranuloma
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Neurofibromatosis true all, except aEUR'
###Options:
A. Autosomal recessive
B. Associated with cataract
C. Scoliosis
D. Multiple fibroma
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ocular involvement is seen in almost 100% cases and is typically unilateral Incontinentia pigmenti Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP), also referred to as Bloch- Sulzberger syndrome is an unusual inherited disorder of skin pigmentation that is associated with abnormalties of :- i) Skin --) (100% of affected people) ii) Teeth --)(80-90% of affected people) iii) Bones --) (30-40% of affected individuals) iv) CNS i.e., brain & spinal cord (30-40% of affected individuals) v) Eyes --) (25-35% of affected individuals) Incontinentia pignzenti is an X- linked dominant disorder - Usually occurs in .females as dominant disease is lethal in males. (have only one 'X' chromosome). Dermatological manifestations There is characteristic neonatal rash along the line of Blaschko which passes through four stages:- i) Vesicular stage --f Present at bih ii) Verrucous stage --> Between the age of 2-8 weeks. iii) Hyperpigmented stage --> Between the age of 12-40 weeks. iv) Hypopigmented stage --> From infancy through adulthood Hair Scarring alopecia Nails -->Onychodystrophy or nail dysplasia, subungual keratotic tumor. Teeth & Jaw -Delayed eruption, - Paial anodontia, - Microdontia, - Conical or pegged teeth. - Micrognathia, prognathia. Bone - Hemiveebrae, - Scoliosis, - Spinabifieda, - Syndactyly, - Acheiria (Congenital absence of hands), extra ribs. CNS - Microcephaly, - Mental retardation, - Spasticity, - Seizures, - Ataxia, - Encephalopathy, - Hyperactivity Eves (20-35%) case - Involvement is assymetrical. - The two pathognomic chages are :? - Retinal pigmentary changes with mottled diffuse hypopigmentation. - Abnormal peripheral retinal vessels with areas of nonperfusion (avascularity of peripheral retina) - Other changes of eye are - Microphthalmia, - Retrolental mass (psedoglioma or retinoblastoma with intraocular calcification), - Cataract, - Leukocoria, - Band Keratopathy, - Strabismus, - Congenital glaucoma, - Blue sclera, Exudative retinal detachement
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: True about incontinenta pigmenti include the following except aEUR'
###Options:
A. X-linked dominant
B. Primary skin abnormality
C. Avascularity of peripheral retina
D. Ocular involvement is seen in almost 100% cases and is typically unilateral
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. It lowers the intraocular pressure increasing aqueous outflow facility
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Role of atropine in iridocyclitis includes all of the following except:
###Options:
A. It dilates the pupil, prevents the formation of synechiae and may break the already formed synechiae
B. Gives comfo and rest to the eye by relieving ciliary muscle spasm
C. It reduces exudation by decreasing hyperaemia
D. It lowers the intraocular pressure increasing aqueous outflow facility
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Answer- C. Inseion of drainage deviceTRABECULECTOMYECCEPCIOL INSEION
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Triple surgery in glaucoma includes all of the following except -
###Options:
A. Trabaculectomy
B. PCIOL implantation
C. Inseion of drainage device
D. Extra capsular cataract extraction
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. is 'a' i.e., Prodromal phase of acute angle closure glaucoma Features of latent PACG (Prodromal stage) are :? Shallow anterior chamber Occasionally complain of halos around light Sometimes slight-haziness or blurring of vision Normal 10P It is the only phase of glaucoma, where IOP pressure is normal at all the time. Whereas in incipient stage, there is recurrent elevation of IOP by predisposing factors like dim light.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient has complaint of seeing coloured holoes in the evening and blurring of vision for last few days with normal 10P ?
###Options:
A. Prodromal phase of acute angle closure glaucoma
B. Acute angle closure glaucoma
C. Chronic glaucoma
D. Epidemic dropsy
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (d) Steroid induced cataractRef: Ducker's ophthalmology 2/e, p. 412; Parson's 20/e, p. 251Steroid induced cataract is posterior subcapsular which causes the said complaints due to its central position. Age favours PSC than nuclear cataract.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A male 30 years of age complaints of poor vision in day light which improves in dim light. Which of the following is the most common cause?
###Options:
A. Cortical cataract
B. Morgagnian cataract
C. Nuclear cataract
D. Steroid induced cataract
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Kevorkian sign (fragmentation & segmentation of retinal vessels) is a sign seen in retina; which is independent of eye opening. it appears within minutes after death and stays there for about an hour. Tache noir is the dust deposition in the sclera in the form of two triangles on either side of iris when eyes are open. it is brown in color and later turns black. appears after 3-4 hours after death.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is proof of eyes being open for few hours after death
###Options:
A. Kevorkian sign
B. Tach noir
C. Both of above
D. None of above
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: His GCS would be 11Glasgow Coma ScaleEyes open Spontaneously 4To verbal command 3To painful stimulus 2Do not open 1Verbal Normal oriented conversation 5Confused 4Inappropriate/words only 3Sounds only 2No sounds 1Intubated patient TMotor Obeys commands 6Localises to pain 5Withdrawal/flexion 4Abnormal flexion 3Extension 2No motor response 1Bailey and Love 26e pg: 312
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 70-year-old gentleman met with an accident, he was able to point to pain site and opens eyes when pinched, he is confused and not sure where he is now or how he met with an accident. What will be his minimum GCS
###Options:
A. 11
B. 10
C. 9
D. 8
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Back of cornea
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Krukenberg's spindle seen in patients with pigmentary glaucoma refers to deposition of pigment on:
###Options:
A. Trabecular meshwork (gonioscopic sign)
B. Back of cornea
C. Anterior surface of the lens
D. All of the above
| You're a doctor, kindly address the medical queries according to the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: ANISEIKONIA Aniseikonia is defined as a condition wherein the images projected to the visual coex from the two retinae are abnormally unequal in size and/or shape. Etiological types: 1. Optical aniseikonia: may occur due to either inherent or acquired anisometropia of high degree. 2. Retinal aniseikonia: may develop due to displacement of retinal elements towards the nodal point in one eye due to stretching or oedema of the retina. 3. Coical aniseikonia: implies asymmetrical simultaneous perception inspite of equal size of images formed on the two retinae. Symptoms : 1. Asthenopia, i.e., eyeache, browache and tiredness of eyes. 2. Diplopia due to difficult binocular vision when the difference in images of two eyes is more than 5 percent. 3. Difficulty in depth perception. Figure : Schematic presentation of the ocular sources determining aniseikonia and the visualization of a visual field angle a (for simplicity the optical and visual axis are assumed equal here). Reference :- A K KHURANA; pg num:-39
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Aniseikonia refers to
###Options:
A. Difference in the refractive power
B. Difference in the corneal diameter
C. Difference in image colour
D. Difference in the retinal image size
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: The outer epithelial layer formed by the ectoderm, inner mucosal layer by the endoderm and middle fibrous layer by the mesoderm. Ref: Dhingra 6th edition page no.12
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The following structure represents all the 3 components of the embryonic disc
###Options:
A. Tympanic membrane
B. Retina
C. Meninges
D. None of the above
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Autoimmune hepatitis is a type of chronic hepatitis, which is associated with circulating autoantibodies (e.g., antinuclear antibodies) and high levels of serum immunoglobulins. The disease typically affects young women but occasionally afflicts older women and men. It is often accompanied by other autoimmune diseases (e.g., Sjogren syndrome, systemic lupus erythematosus). None of the other choices respond to steroids. Primary biliary cirrhosis (choice C) features anti-mitochondrial antibodies. Primary biliary cirrhosis (choice C) and primary sclerosing cholangitis (choice D) do not manifest the described histologic findings.Diagnosis: Autoimmune hepatitis
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 20-year-old woman presents with a 4-week history of dry mouth, fatigue, fever, and yellow sclerae. Physical examination shows mild jaundice and hepatomegaly Serum total bilirubin is 3.3 mg/dL. Serologic markers for viral hepatitis are negative. The anti-mitochondrial antibody test is negative. A liver biopsy discloses parenchymal and periportal inflammatory cell infiltrates composed primarily of lymphocytes and plasma cells. The patient's signs and symptoms abate following 2 months of treatment with steroids. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis?
###Options:
A. Autoimmune hepatitis
B. Extrahepatic jaundice
C. Primary biliary cirrhosis
D. Primary sclerosing cholangitis
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: .
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is not lined by non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium?
###Options:
A. Hypopharynx and laryngopharynx
B. Oesophagus
C. Cornea
D. Tympanic membrane
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Horner syndrome results in a small, round pupil on one side. Light and near reaction is brisk, and response to mydriatics and miotics is normal. The affected pupil will not dilate in the dark, so darkness accentuates the anisocoria. The syndrome is often idiopathic but can be caused by neoplasm, brain stem stroke, or carotid dissection.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 63-year-old man is noticed to have asymmetric pupils. He is completely well and has no symptoms. On examination, the left pupil is small, round, and has a brisk response to light and near stimuli (accommodation). There is also ptosis of the left eyelid, but no other ocular movement abnormality or symptoms of double vision.For the above patient with a pupillary abnormality, select the most likely diagnosis.
###Options:
A. essential anisocoria
B. Horner syndrome
C. tonic pupils (Holmes-Adie syndrome)
D. Argyll Robertson pupils
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Pterygium is a degenerative conjunctival fold which encroaches on the cornea in the palpebral area. It must be differentiated from pseudopterygium (an inflammatory fold of conjunctiva encroaching on cornea).Pterygium (L. Pterygion = a wing) is a wing-shaped fold of conjunctiva encroaching upon the cornea from either side within the interpalpebral fissure ref: A K KHURANA OPHTALMOLOGY,E4, Page-80 ref img
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Conjunctival mucosal overgrowth over cornea-
###Options:
A. Pterygium
B. Pingecula
C. Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
D. Herbe's pit
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Answer: c) Surface ectoderm (PARSON 22nd ED, P-5)NEURAL ECTODERMSURFACE ECTODERMMESODERM# Epithelium of iris# Epithelium of ciliary body# Constrictor and dilator pupillae# Retinal pigment epithelium and its 9 sensory layers# Optic vesicle and cup# Optic nerve fibres# Melanocytes# Secondary vitreous# Epithelium of Conjunctiva# Epithelium of cornea# Lacrimal glands# Tarsal glands# Conjunctival glands# Crystalline Lens# Sclera# Corneal stroma# Descemet's membrane# Corneal endothelium# Iris# Choroid# Ciliary muscle# Sheaths of optic nerve# Blood vessels of the eye# Extraocular muscles# Trabecular meshwork# Primary vitreous
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Crystalline lens of the eye develops from
###Options:
A. Mesoderm
B. Neural ectoderm
C. Surface ectoderm
D. Endoderm
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: In this case, sunken eyes and skin "goes back very slowly" (in 5 seconds) in a "lethargic" (drowsy) child, so it is a case of severe dehydration.
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 6-year-old drowsy child came in emergency with history of vomiting, loose motion for 3 days. On examination he had sunken eyes, hypothermia, skin on pinching was taking 5 seconds to reve. What is your diagnosis?
###Options:
A. No dehydration
B. Mild dehydration
C. Some dehydration
D. Severe dehydration
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: (D) Eye opening, best verbal response and motor function > Scale comprises three tests: eye, verbal and motor responses. The three values separately as well as their sum are considered.> Lowest possible GCS (the sum) is 3 (deep coma or death), whilst the highest is 15 (fully awake person).> Best eye response (E):> There are 4 grades starting with the most severe:> No eye opening> Eye opening in response to pain. (Patient responds to pressure on the patient's fingernail bed; if this does not elicit a response, supraorbital and sternal pressure or rub may be used.)> Eye opening to speech. (Not to be confused with an awaking of a sleeping person; such patients receive a score of 4, not 3.)> Eyes opening spontaneously> Best verbal response (V):
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Modified Glasgow coma scale defines neurologic impairment in terms of:
###Options:
A. Pupillary size, level of consciousness and motor function
B. Speech, cardiovascular status a consciousness
C. Sensory, motor function and speech
D. Eye opening, best verbal response and motor function
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Duret haemorrhage: "Progressive rise in ICP cause fuher downward herniation into the foramen magnum or coning. This result in shearing of perforators supplying the brain stem causing haemorrhage known as duret haemorrhage. Tractional damage to pituitary stalk can result in diabetes insipidus. With progressive herniation the pupils become midsize & non reacting. These are invariably irreversible events leading to brainstem death". In case of increased ICP downward herniation of brainstem occur, which cause stretching of perforators of basilar aery & may results in bleed (duret haemorrhage). The local syndrome may include cushing's triad (aerial hypeension, bradycardia & respiratory irregularity). Duret haemorrhage is small area of bleeding in ventral & paramedian pa of upper brainstem (midbrain and pons). It usually indicates a fatal outcome, however survival has been repoed. Diagnosis is made on CT or MRI". Ref: Love & Bailey, 24th Edition, Page 611; Operative Neurological Techniques by Henry, 5th Edition, Page 35
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following are true about Duret hemorrhage, EXCEPT:
###Options:
A. Seen in conjunctiva
B. ICT increase
C. Cushing's triad
D. Seen in brain
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is true of lepromatous leprosy a) Bacterial index + to ++ b) Involvement of earlobes c) Symmetrical involvement d) Only a few bacilli are seen in the lesion e) Loss of eyebrows
###Options:
A. abc
B. bce
C. ade
D. cde
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Answer with the best option directly. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A i.e. Dislocation of lens
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: The most common complication of hypermature sclerotic cataract is:
###Options:
A. Dislocation of the lens
B. Phakomorphic glaucoma
C. Uveitis
D. Neovascularization of retina
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Floor of Anterior Cranial Fossa is formed by :- 1)Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone 2)Frontal bone 3)Lesser wing of sphenoid Frontal bone and lesser wing of sphenoid contribute in forming roof of orbit Lesser wing of sphenoid contains optic canal for passage of ophthalamic aery and optic nerve (2nd CN) Ophthalmic aery is a branch of internal carotid aery (associated with sympathetic fibers) Ant view Post view
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: 28-year old male while playing was hit on the head by a cricket ball . This hit fractures the orbit and damage the optic canal. Which of the following structures are most likely to be damaged during this hit are -
###Options:
A. Optic nerve and ophthalmic aery
B. Ophthalmic vein and occulomotor aery
C. Ophthalmic aery and olfactory nerve
D. Ophthalmic nerve and optic nerve
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A i.e. Intraocular tension This is a case of angle recession glaucoma
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A patient presented with pain in left eye associated with visual distrubance, also a history of blunt trauma to eye 4 month back, first investingation of choice is
###Options:
A. Introcular tension
B. Ophthalmoscopy
C. Perimetry
D. Ultrasound
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Mucocele of the frontal sinus: presents in the superomedial quadrant of the orbit (90%) and displaces the eyeball forward, downward and laterally. The swelling is cystic and nontender; egg-shell crackling may be elicited. Sometimes, it presents as a cystic swelling in the forehead (10%). Patient's complaints are usually mild and may include headache, diplopia and proptosis. Imaging of the frontal sinus usually reveals clouding of the sinus with loss of scalloped outline which is so typical of the normal frontal sinus . Treatment is frontoethmoidectomy with free drainage of frontal sinus into the middle meatus. Ref: Dhingra 7e pg 252
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Frontal mucocele presents as:
###Options:
A. Swelling above medial canthus,below the floor of frontal sinus
B. Swelling above eyebrow lateral to grabella
C. External proptosis
D. Intianasal swelling
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans) b (Mucopuntlent discharge) Ref: Kansk, 6th ed p447-448Mucopurulent discharge is seen in conjunctivitis Symptoms of iridocyclitis-Sudden onset painPhotophobiaRednessLacrimationSignsVisual acuity decreased,Circumcomeal congestionMiosisKeratic precipitatesAqueous cells and flare, hypopyon occAnterior vitreous cellsPosterior synechiaLow IOP
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All are features of iridocyclitis except
###Options:
A. Pain
B. Mucopurulent discharge
C. Constricted pupil
D. Circum corneal congestion
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: .
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All the following are true about Retinitis spunctata albescens except NOT RELATED-OPTHALMOLOGY
###Options:
A. Autosomal dominant
B. Retinal pigmenta on in epithelium
C. Paicularly involves posterior pole of retina
D. White dots on fundus examination
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: This is the case of Hypeensive retinopathy with scattered flame (splinter) haemorrhages and cotton-wool spots. Hypeensive retinopathy is retinal vascular damage caused by hypeension. Signs usually develop late in the disease. Funduscopic examination shows aeriolar constriction, aeriovenous nicking, vascular wall changes, flame-shaped hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, yellow hard exudates, and optic disk edema. Ref khurana 6th edition pg 234
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: What is the diagnosis of the following examination of the fundus
###Options:
A. Diabetic retinopathy
B. Hypeension retinopathy
C. Optic atrophy
D. Central retinal vein occlusion
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Uterus Uterus is the least likely site of involvement in Leprosy "Although Leprosy rarely involves the female genital tract, the ovary is the most commonly involved gynaecological site" - Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract "There is little or no involvement of the female genital tract. 3 The repoed incidence of involvement of the ovary ranges from none or very litile,63.73'141 to almost half (47%) of cases."- International Journal of Dermatology: Visceral leprosy, Andria M. Klioze MD The above mentioned aicle has classified visceral organs into 3 categories: Uterus Uterus is the least likely site of involvement in Leprosy "Although Leprosy rarely involves the female genital tract, the ovary is the most commonly involved gynaecological site" - Blaustein's Pathology of the Female Genital Tract "There is little or no involvement of the female genital tract. 3 The repoed incidence of involvement of the ovary ranges from none or very litile,63.73'141 to almost half (47%) of cases."- International Journal of Dermatology: Visceral leprosy, Andria M. Klioze MD The above mentioned aicle has classified visceral organs into 3 categories: Organs with significant degree of infiltration or dysfunction Skin yes Peripheral nerves asopharynx arynx Kidney Liver esticles Organs with mild to moderate degree of infiltration or dysfunction Tongue Autonomic nervous system Spleen Bone marrow Adrenals Bone Lymph nodes Joints Peripheral vasculature Organs with none or minimal degree of infiltration or dysfunction Brain Striated muscle Cerebellum Ureter Leptomeninges Bladder Spinal cord Urethra Pancreas Prostate Lungs Seminal vesicles Hea External genitalia Great vessels Breasts Gallbladder Vagina Pancreas Uterus Esophagus Ovaries Stomach Thyroid gland Small intestine Parathyroid gland Large intestine Pituitary gland Striated muscle Pineal gland So according to this aicle both uterus and ovaries are none or minimally involved. Now this aicle fuher describes leprosy involvement of each and every organ system in detail. Under its description of Female reproductive system the aicle describes involvement of only ovary and does not even mention uterus. The exact lines are quoted below: 'There is little or no involvement of the female genital tract. The repoed incidence of involvement of the ovary ranges from none or very little, to almost half (47%) of cases. Menarche, menstruation, feility, and menopause do not seem to be affected." So to summarize: we have 2 Reference clearly stating that female genital tract is very rarely involved, and if there is any involvement, ovary is the most common genital organ to be involved.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Leprosy involves all except
###Options:
A. Uterus
B. Ovary
C. Nerve
D. Eye
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: A i.e. Hypermetropia of 2 D
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Refractive condition of the eye at bih is:
###Options:
A. Hypermetropia of 2 D
B. Myopia of 2 D
C. Hypermetropia of 5 D
D. Myopia of 5 D
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. A: Prominent retinal vessels The condition is abiotrophic in nature (premature senility and death of tissue) and genetically determined. Autosomal recessive is the most common and is very severe. Autosomal dominant is benign and is symptomatic only in adult life. X-linked recessive is least common. It is also a very severe form. Degeneration of rods commences near the equator. Macular region is not affected until late in the disease. The symptoms of retinitis pigmentosa are characteristic, the most prominent being defective vision in the dusk (night blindness/nyctalopia). It is due to degeneration of rods, which are primarily responsible for vision in low illumination. The visual field show concentric reduction. In early cases a paial or complete annular/ring scotoma is found. As the disease progresses the field becomes gradually smaller until at last it is reduced to a restricted area around the fixation point (tubular vision).Hence person has difficulty in moving about. Initially the equatorial region is affected. Ophthalmoscopic findings in the affected zones shows the retina studded with small, jet black spots resembling bone corpuscles with a spidery outline. The retinal pigment epithelium becomes transparent so that the choroid vessels become visible and the fundus appears tessellated or tigroid. The retinal veins, never the aeries, often have a sheath of pigment for pa of their course. The retinal vessels becomes extremely attenuated and thread like. The disc exhibits the characteristics of primary optic atrophy. It is pale and have a wax like yellowish appearance and is often termed as 'consecutive optic atrophy' (Ganglion cells destroyed with degeneration of the axial cylinders and optic nerve is known as consecutive atrophy). Ocular associations of retinitis pigmentosa are myopia, chronic simple glaucoma. Systemic associations of retinitis pigmentosa are in the form of various syndromes: Laurence - Moon - Biedl syndrome - obesity, hypogonadism, polydactyly and mental retardation. Usher's syndrome - deaf mutism. Secondary retinitis pigmentosa due to infections like syphilis, mumps, German measles (rubella) and due to drug like chloroquine must be differentiated from primary retinitis pigmentosa. Treatment: is unsatisfactory Vasodilators - nicotinic acid. High doses of Vitamin A.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following are seen in retinitis pigmentosa except: September 2009
###Options:
A. Prominent retinal vessels
B. Ring scotoma
C. Pigmentation around the retinal veins
D. Pale disc
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. (b) Laser trabeculoplasty* Please refer to above explanation* Treatment of choice for primary angle closure glaucoma (fellow eye, latent stage, subacute or intermittent stage , chronic stage) is laser iridotomy* Peripheral surgical iridectomy can also be used.* In acute congestive stage of PACG drug of choice is Pilocarpine, till the time laser iridotomy can be performed. Treatment of choice for fellow eye | | |Primary open angle glaucoma Primary angle closure glaucoma | | Laser trabeculoplasty Nd YAG Laser Iridotomy
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Treatment of choice for the other eye in open angle glaucoma is
###Options:
A. Peripheral iridectomy
B. Laser trabeculoplasty
C. Laser iridotoomy
D. Trabeculectomy
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Aqueous humor is produced by the ciliary processes of the ciliary body. It flows from the posterior chamber, through the pupil, into the anterior chamber, and finally to the canal of Schlemm, which empties into the extraocular/episcleral veins.
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Aqueous humor is produced by the
###Options:
A. Choroid plexus
B. Trabecular meshwork
C. Ciliary processes
D. Vitreous body
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Keratoconus usually have irregular astigmatism * B/L Non inflammatory ectatic condition of cornea Clinical Presentation * Young females with constantly changing power of glasses with myopia & high cylinder and irregular astigmatism SIGNS IN KERATOCONUS Munson sign Enlarged corneal nerves Oil droplet reflex( on DDO) Rizutti sign Hydrops Fleischer ring
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Most common type of astigmatism in keratoconus is
###Options:
A. Simple myopia
B. Simple hypermetropia
C. Irregular astigmatism
D. Regular astigmatism
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Biologically Important GAGs:
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Keratan sulfate I and II is found in
###Options:
A. Cornea
B. Cartilage
C. Loose connective tissue
D. All of the above
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. 1:4
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: In the incidence of primary angle closure glaucoma, male to female ratio is:
###Options:
A. 1:01
B. 1:02
C. 1:03
D. 1:04
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Goblet cells form the mucus layer of the tear film They are maximum nasally and least superiorly REF:Refer Khurana 6th edition page number 59
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Maximum density of goblet cells is seen in
###Options:
A. Superior conjunctiva
B. Inferior conjunctiva
C. Temporal conjunctiva
D. Nasal conjunctiva
| Your identity is a doctor, kindly provide answers to the medical questions with consideration of the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Malignant melanoma of the choroid is the most common primary intraocular tumor of adults usually between the age group 40-70 years. It is rare in blacks and is more common in whites. It arise from the neural crest derived pigment cells of the uvea as a solitary tumor and is usually unilateral. This tumor during the stage of extraocular extension burst through the sclera at limbus. This extraocular spread occur through the perivascular spaces of voex veins or ciliary vessels. Ref: Comprehensive Ophthalmology By AK Khurana, 4th Edition, Pages 162-5.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following malignancy is associated with invasion of Voex Vein?
###Options:
A. Retinoblastoma
B. Malignant melanoma
C. Optic nerve gliomas
D. Medullo-epitheliomas
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Occurs due to the retina being pushed away by a neoplasm or accumulation of fluid beneath the retina following inflammatory or vascular lesions. Etiology: Systemic diseases- toxaemia of pregnancy, retinal HTN, blood dyscrasias. Ocular diseases- scleritis, central serous retinopathy, orbital cellulitis, retinoblastoma, malignant melanoma of choroid. Ref: Khurana 5th edition , page no 298
###Answer: OPTION C IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Causes of exudative retinal detachment are all except -
###Options:
A. Toxemia of pregnancy
B. Scleritis
C. High myopia
D. Central serous retinopathy
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Hirschberg corneal reflex test: It is a rough but handy method to estimate the angle of manifest squint. In it the patient is asked to fixate at point light held at a distance of 33 cm and the detion of the corneal light reflex from the centre of pupil is noted in the squinting eye. Roughly, the angle of squint is 15deg and 45deg when the corneal light reflex falls on the border of pupil and limbus, respectively. Ref:- A K KHURANA; pg num:-327
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Hirschberg test is used to detect
###Options:
A. Optic atrophy
B. Squint
C. Glaucoma
D. Field defects
| Given your background as a doctor, please provide your insight in addressing the medical questions based on the patient's account.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: * Meibomian glands open in eyelid margins Meibomian glands Arranged veically More in upper lid than in lower lid Modified sebaceous glands Open in eyelid margins Constitute the oily layer of tear film Internal Hordeolum is the infection of meibomian gland
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Not true regarding meibomian glands
###Options:
A. Arranged veically
B. More in upper lid than in lower lid
C. Modified sebaceous glands
D. Open in follicles of eyelashes
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Near vision impaired they try to compensate by increasing their accomodation Infants are hyperopic by 2.5 D they are esotropic at bih ref : ak khurana 7th ed
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Esotrotropia is most commonly associated with
###Options:
A. Hyperopia
B. Myopia
C. presbyopia
D. Astigmatism
| Given your profession as a doctor, please provide responses to the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Clinical features of trachoma - Lacrimation Photophobia Red eyes Hall mark - Sago grain follicles Herbe's pits seen Arlt's line on upper palpebral conjunctiva seen - sub conjunctival line of fibrosis Arlt's triangle seen in anterior uveitis - lower 1.3rd of the corneal endothelium where Keratic Precipitates settle due to the normal aqueous flow dynamics Pannus seen (nonspecific sign) Chalazion are not associated with trachoma- chronic inflammatory granuloma of the meibomian gland Seen in people with Oily skin Ocular rosacea
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: NOT a feature of trachoma:
###Options:
A. Corneal opacity
B. Chalazion
C. Entropion
D. Herbe's pits
| Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Faucial diphtheria : commonest type of diphtheria. Characterized by fever, sore throat, pseudo membrane over fauces. Cervical adenitis with sub-mandibular edema is called bull neck.
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Bull's neck is characteristically seen in:
###Options:
A. Hamaoma of Lung
B. Diphtheria
C. Glaucoma
D. Hepatic Candidiasis
| As a medical professional, your responsibility is to address the medical questions using the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Background retinopathy is present in about 90% of diabetes after 25-30 years of disease. Microaneurysms, dilated veins, dot and blot hemorrhages, cotton-wool spots, and hard exudates are common findings.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: A 59-vear-old man with type 2 diabetes goes for a screening eve examination. The ophthalmologist reports that the patient has developed non-proliferative retinopathy. (List the findings.)For the above patient with a complication of diabetes, select the most likely diagnosis or findings.
###Options:
A. microaneurysms and hemorrhage (dot and blot)
B. vitreal hemorrhage
C. dilated veins
D. open-angle glaucoma
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Inferior constrictor muscle has 2 parts; thyropharyngeus with oblique fibres and cricopharyngeus with transverse fibres. Between these 2 parts, there is a potential gap called as killians dehiscence or gateway of tears as perforation can occur at this site during oesophagoscopy and it is also the site for herniation of pharyngeal mucosa in case of the pharyngeal pouch.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following is known as "Gateway of tears" -
###Options:
A. Killian's dehiscence
B. Rathke's pouch
C. Waldeyer's ring
D. Sinus of Morgagni
| Your role as a doctor requires you to answer the medical questions taking into account the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. Incomplete ligature mark
###Answer: OPTION B IS CORRECT. | ###Question: NOT a feature of ligature strangulation: Kerala 08
###Options:
A. Horizontal ligature mark
B. Incomplete ligature mark
C. Marked congested face
D. Sub-conjunctival hemorrhage
| In your capacity as a doctor, it is expected that you answer the medical questions relying on the patient's description.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Cycloplegics are used in any corneal disease as a symptomatic treatment.
Atropine ointment or eye drop is the DOC.
###Answer: OPTION A IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Which of the following will be the most important adjuvant therapy in a case of fungal corneal ulcer –
###Options:
A. Atropine sulphate eye ointment
B. Dexamethasone eye drops
C. Pilocarpine eye drops
D. Lignocaine eye drops
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: Ans. A, B and C
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: Corneal vascularisation is/are caused by:
###Options:
A. Graft rejection
B. Chemical burn
C. Contact lens use
D. All
| As a healthcare professional, please evaluate the patient's description and offer your expertise in answering the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
###Rationale: . <p>congenital rubella syndrome:- Refers to infants born with defects secondary to intrauterine infection or who manifest symptoms or signs of intrauterine infection sometime after bih. Congenital infection is considered to have occurred if the infant has IgM antibodies sholy after bih.( as IgM antibodies do not cross placenta,their presence indicate they must have been synthesised by the infant inutero) or if IgG antibodies persist for more than 6 months. At bih virus is easily detected in pharyngeal secretion,multiple organs, CSF ,urine and rectal swabs. Rubella infection inhibits cell division. The classic triad- deafness,cardiac malformation and cataract. Other defects include glaucoma, retinopathy, microcephalus, cerebral palsy, intrauterine growth retardation,hepatosplenomegaly, mental and motor retardation. These defects occuring singly/in combination is known as " congenital rubella syndrome ". Congenital rubella- chronic infection Acquired rubella- acute infection. The gestational age at which maternal infection occurs is a major determinant for extend of foetal infection. 1. First trimester- most disastrous as the organs are developing. Infection during this period results in abnormalities in 85% cases. 2. Second trimester- 16% cases. 3. After 20 weeks- bih defects uncommon. {Reference: park&;s textbook of preventive and social medicine, 23rd edition, pg no.151}</p>
###Answer: OPTION D IS CORRECT. | ###Question: All of the following statements are true about congenital rubella except-
###Options:
A. It is diagnosed when the infant has IgM antibodies at bih
B. It is diagnosed when Ig G antibodies persist for more than 6 months
C. M.C. congenital defects are deafness, cardiac malformation and cataract
D. Infection after 16 weeks of gestation result in major congenital defects
| Considering your role as a medical practitioner, please use the patient's description to answer the medical questions.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer- A. 0.01Tropicamide is the shoest acting mydriatic, concentration used is 0.5-l% drops (0.005-0.010).Tropicamide:Concentration used: 0.5-l% drops (0.005-0.010)Duration of action: Though effective for upto 3 hours, maximum effect appear 30 minutes after the last drop and lasts for only 10-15 minutesUsed in Adults. | Question: Concentration of tropicamide:
Options:
A. 0.01
B. 0.02
C. 0.03
D. 0.04 | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: B. 1.5-2.5 kg(Ref: Animal Models in Eve Research/ p188).The usual weight of rabbit used in ophthalmological experiments is between 1.5-2.5 Kg. Laboratory Animals:Laboratory AnimalsAnimalWeightRat180-200 gmGuinea Pig400-600 gmMouse20-25 gmRabbit1.5-2.5 KgdegHamster80-90 gm | Question: What is the usual weight of rabbit used in ophthalmological experiments?
Options:
A. 0.5-1 kg
B. 1.5-2.5 kg
C. 5-7 kg
D. 10-12 kg | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans. d. Hamate fractureMost common tumor of lacrimal gland is Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (37%)> Pleomorphic adenoma (25%). Most commonmalignant epithelial tumor of the lacrimal gland is adenoid cystic carcinoma.Lacrimal Gland TumorMC tumor of lacrimal glandNon-Hodgkin's lymphomadegMC epithelial tumor of lacrimal glandPleomorphic adenomadegMC malignant epithelial tumor of lacrimal glandAdenoid cystic carcinomadeg | Question: Most common tumor of lacrimal gland:
Options:
A. Trans-scaphoid perilunate fracture
B. Scaphoid fracture
C. Distal radius fracture
D. Hamate fracture | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans. c. Pharmacological blockade (Ref-YANNOFF 3/E PG,1052-1055)Pilocarpine I% is a sufficient miotic dose for any eye, but a sphincter with all its cholinergic receptor blockade by atropine or tropicamide (i.e. eye with pharmacological blockade) does not constrict with pilocarpine 1%. | Question: Topical administration of I% Pilocarpine failed to produce pupillary constriction in a patient who had a large, dilated pupil What should be the most probable reason?
Options:
A. Adie's tonic pupil
B. Diabetic III nerve palsy
C. Pharmacological blockade
D. Uncal herniation | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: C. Lateral geniculate body(Ref Walsh and Hoyt; Clinical Neuro-Ophthalmology 6/e p122)Key-hole shaped visual field defects are typically seen in the lesions involving lateral geniculate body but keyhole shaped defect (not visual field defect) is seen in the coloboma of Iris. | Question: Keyhole-shaped visual field defect is seen in lesion involving which of the following regions?
Options:
A. Optic disk
B. Optic chiasma
C. Lateral geniculate body
D. Occipital lobe | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: A. CRAO(licr Parson's 22/e p320-32l, 21 /e p313,314: Kanski 7/e p559-562: Yanoff and Duker 4/e p522)Cherry red spot & Hollenhorst plaque:Seen in both Central Retinal Aery Occlusion (CRAO) & BRAG.CRAO incidence is more common than BRAG. | Question: Cherry red spot and Hollenhorst plaque are seen in:
Options:
A. CRAO
B. CRVO
C. Branch RAO
D. Branch RVO | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
The nerve marked in the diagram is oculomotor nerve. It supplies superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior oblique. Superior oblique is supplied by Trochlear nerve. | Question: Which of the following muscle is not supplied by the nerve marked in the diagram?
Options:
A. Superior oblique
B. Medial rectus
C. Inferior rectus
D. Inferior oblique | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer- A i.e. As early as feasibleAll diabetic (IDDM & NIDDM both) aged over 12 years and/or entering pubey should be screened (visual activity measurement and fundus examination by ophthalmoscopy)For retinopathy. and those with risk for visual loss referred to an ophthalmologist.Type I DM (IDDM) require ophthalmoscopic examination within 3 years of diagnosis and annual review. (If lt is diagnosed before the age of pubey).Type II DM (NIDDM) require ophthalmoscopic examination at the time of diagnosis (because it is usually diagnosed after the age of 12 years) and annual review. | Question: A patient with a history of diabetes for one year with no other complications should have an ophthalmic examination?
Options:
A. As early as feasible
B. After 5 years
C. After 10 years
D. Only after visual symptoms level | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: A. Malignancy(Ref Yanoff and Duker 4/e p1339)Evisceration of eye is not done in malignancy.Evisceration:Surgical technique removing entire intraocular eye contents.Simpler procedure than enucleation surgery.Advantages:Leaves scleral shell & extraocular muscle attachments intact.Offers better orbital anatomy preservation & natural motility of ophthalmic socket tissues.Contraindications:Documented or suspected intraocular malignant tumors. | Question: Which of the following is not an indication for evisceration?
Options:
A. Malignancy
B. Panophthalmitis
C. Severe globe trauma
D. Expulsive hemorrhage | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer- A. Bitemporal hemianopiaInterruption of the optic chiasma will lead to bitemporal homonymous hemianopia because optic chiasma contains crossed over meclial fibers from both optic nerves, which are responsible for temporal Jield of vision."Hemianopia denotes loss of half of the field of vision. The commonest clinical form is homonymous hemianopia, in which the right or left half of the binocular field of vision is lost, owing to loss of the temporal half of one field and lhe nasal half of the other. This condition is due to a lesion situated in any pa of the visual paths from the chiasma to the occipital lobe. | Question: Interruption of the optic chiasm will lead to:
Options:
A. Bitemporal hemianopia
B. Binasal hemianopia
C. Homonymous hemianopia
D. Normal vision | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer: B. Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy studyETDRS stands for Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy study | Question: The ETDRS cha is used for visual evaluation in diabetic patients. What does ETDRS stand for
Options:
A. Extended treatment for diabetic retinopathy study
B. Early treatment for diabetic retinopathy study
C. Emergency treatment for diabetic retinopathy study
D. Emerging treatment for diabetic retinopathy study | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: B. Right head tilt(Ref. Yanoff and Duker 4/e p1228)Right trochlear nerve palsy:Accompanied by compensatory contralateral head tilt (left head tilt), not right head tilt.Signs:Classical sign of unilateral fouh nerve palsy is contralateral head tilt (an 'ocular' toicollis).Exhibited by most patients & usually sole presenting sign in children.Non-ophthalmological causes also considered.Presents with veical diplopia.Torsional diplopia - Due to ocular cyclotorsion accompanies veical diplopia in acquired fouh nerve palsy. | Question: Right trochlear nerve palsy can lead to all except:
Options:
A. Diplopia on upward gaze and adduction
B. Right head tilt
C. Exotropia
D. Hyperopia | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Primary open angle glaucoma - baring of the blind spot Diabetic macular edema - doesn't lead to any visual field defect Optic nerve hypoplasia - it is not developed enough to develop a proper visual field defect Papilledema (it is raised intracranial pressure causing disc edema ) - leads to enlargement of blind spot | Question: Enlargement of the blind spot occurs in which of the following
Options:
A. Primary open angle glaucoma
B. Diabetic macular edema
C. Optic nerve hypoplasia
D. Papilledema | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer-:A: photoreceptorRods and cones are the first-order receptor cells that respond directly to light stimulation.Bipolar neurons are the second-order neurons that relay stimuli from the rods and cones to the ganglion cells.Ganglion cells third-order neurons that form the optic nerve (CN II). | Question: First order neuron of visual pathway -
Options:
A. Photoreceptor
B. bipolar neuron
C. lateral geniculate body
D. all of the above | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: D. Ascorbate(Ref Yanoff and Duker 4/e p353)As compared to blood, vitreous humor has high concentration of ascorbate. | Question: As compared to blood, vitreous humor has high concentration of:
Options:
A. Sodium
B. Potassium
C. Glucose
D. Ascorbate | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer- B. Image is viual and erectIndirect Ophthalmoscopy:Convex lens is used of +16 to +18 DiopterImage is real and inveedMagnification is 4-5 timesIt is so bright that regular haziness is penetrated, useful for hazy media. | Question: Which of the following is false about indirect opthalmoscopy?
Options:
A. Convex lens is used
B. Image is viual and erect
C. Magnification is 4-5 times
D. It is so bright that regular haziness is penetrated | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Answer: A. Alpo syndrome* Alpo syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by kidney disease, hearing loss, and eye abnormalities.* People with Alpo syndrome experience progressive loss of kidney function.* Almost all affected individuals have blood in their urine (hematuria), which indicates abnormal functioning of the kidneys. | Question: 14 year old child with blindness, sensorineural hearing loss, progressive hematuria, hypeension with similar family history in father
Options:
A. Alpo syndrome
B. Goldenhar syndrome
C. Goodpasture syndrome
D. Nager syndrome | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans. b. Myopic degeneration can lead to retinal detachmentDegenerative myopia: ? It is seen in more than 6 dioptres of myopia.? More common in females as compared to males.? The condition has a racial predilection; it is more common in Jews and Japenese people, and most cases are of genetic origin.Patients with degenerative myopia typically complain of decreased vision, headaches, and sensitivity to light. If retinal degeneration or detachment is present, patients may also repo light flashes and floaters, which are associated with retina changes. Those with degenerative myopia have an increased incidence of cataract formation (nuclear cataracts are most typical).Some of the most typical features of degenerative myopia are:Vitreous liquefaction and posterior vitreous detachmentPeripapillary atrophy appearing as temporal choroidal or scleral crescents or rings around the optic discLattice degeneration in the peripheral retinaTilting or malinseion of the optic disc, usually associated with myopic conusThinning of the retinal pigment epithelium with resulting atrophic appearance of the fundusEctasia of the sclera posteriorly (posterior staphyloma)Breaks in Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris, resulting in lines across the fundus called "lacquer cracks"Fuchs spot in the macular area. | Question: Which of the following is true about degenerative myopia?
Options:
A. More common in males as compared to females
B. Myopic degeneration can lead to retinal detachment
C. It is seen in less than 6 dioptres of myopia.
D. The condition has no racial prediliction. | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans. B i.e. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathyDiabetic retinopathyFundus examination in DM:- NIDDM: As early as possible- IDDM: 5 years after diagnosis of DMIncidence of diabetic retinopathy increases with disease duration | Question: Capillary microaneurysms is an earliest sign of:March 2013
Options:
A. Vitreous hemorrhage
B. Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy
C. Trauma
D. Hypeensive retinopathy | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: C. Corneal tattooingRef: A, K. Khurana Comprehensive Ophthalmologt,4,h ed.Stenopic slit is useful in finding out the axis of the cylinder.(option b) stenopic slit is used in cases of corneal opacities to find out the optimal site for optical iridectomy.After dilating the pupil with a mydriatic, the slit is rotated in front of the eye and the axis which gives maximum clarity is chosen for optical iridectomy | Question: Stenopic slit'is used for all except-
Options:
A. Fincham's test
B. Determine the axis of cylinder
C. Corneal tattooing
D. lridectomy | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
Analyze the question and answer with the best option. | medmcqa |
Ans: C. Berlin's edema(Ref Kanski 7/e p882: Parson's 22/e p392, 21/e p382, 20/e p367; Yanoff and Duker 4/e p671)Cherry red spot after trauma in children due to Berlin's edema.Commotio retinae (Berlin's Edema):Common occurrence following a eye blow.Manifests as milky white cloudiness involving posterior pole with a 'cherry-red spot' in foveal region.Appear after some days or may be followed by pigmentary changes.Most frequently affect temporal fundus. | Question: Cherry red spot after trauma is seen in children due to:
Options:
A. CRAO
B. CRVO
C. Berlin's edema
D. Niemann-Pick's disease | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Ans: A. Pupil dilationRef: American Academy of Ophthalmolog 2018, third nerve palsyThe pathway for pupillary constriction for each eye has an afferent limb taking sensory information to the midbrain, and two efferent limbs (one to each eye). | Question: In 3rd nerve palsy all seen except?
Options:
A. Pupil dilation
B. Ptosis
C. Outward upward rolling of pupil
D. Impaired pupillary reflex | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Answer A. IOL should be removed in case of Posterior Capsule ossification 1. The indications for removing an intraocular lens (IOL) are:Chronic uveitisEndothelial corneal dystrophyUncontrollalbe glaucomaMetal loop cutting pupillary sphincterGross decentration of IOL (fibrous bands)Extraocular dislocation of IOL G. Recurrent severe hyphemaDevelopment of rubeosis iridisRemoval of iris (1) Iris tumor (2) Epithelial downgrowthEndophthalmitisUnilateral IOL in pending bilateral aphakia 2. The following may be indications for removing and/or replacing and/or replacing an IOL:Wrong dioptric powerForeign body attached to IOLIOL covered with pigmentRepair retinal detachment after extracapsular cataract extractionChoyce lens too shoDannheim IOL with absorbed supramid loop tipsDislocated Ridley IOLSclero-conjunctival erosion of Strampelli's "external-fixation" IOL loop Reference - <a href=" | Question: IOL placed in the young male., After 10 year what should be done..?
Options:
A. IOL should be removed in case of Posterior Capsule ossification
B. Never be removed
C. Remove when presbyopia sets in
D. Should be changed after 10 year | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Ans: A. Optic nerve invasion(Ref Kanski 7/e p510-517; Yanoff and Duker 4/e p793)Most common mode of retinoblastoma spread-By optic nerve invasion.Direct extension by continuity to optic nerve & brain seen.Retinoblastoma:Primary malignant intraocular neoplasm.Arising from immature retinoblasts within developing retina.Most common primary intraocular malignancy of childhood in all-racial groups.Strong tendencies invading brain optic nerve & metastasize widely. | Question: The most common mode of spread of retinoblastoma:
Options:
A. Optic nerve invasion
B. Lymphatics
C. Vascular
D. Direct invasion | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Answer- B. Cornea'Long-spacing collagen is a common component of normal human corneal stroma and its occurrence seems to correlatewith the age-related changes of the tissue.Corneal transparency is mainly dependent on the arrangement of these collagen fibers in stroma. | Question: In which of the following, long spaced collagen present?
Options:
A. Diaphragm
B. Cornea
C. Basement membrane
D. Tympanic membrane | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Answer- D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathyRetinitis pigmentosa, Methanol poisoning and Central retinal aerial occlusion (CRAO) can lead to optic atrophy.Occurs secondary to retinal disease (disease of inner retina or its blood supply)Its ascending type of optic atrophy.Causes:Retinitis pigmentosaCRAOExtensive retino choroiditis | Question: Optic atrophy is not seen in:
Options:
A. Retinitis pigmentosa
B. Methanol poisoning
C. Central retinal aerial occlusion (CRAO)
D. Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Ans: D. ABCG2(Ref Indian J Med Res. 2008 Aug:128(2):149-56. PM1D:19001678; http://wwwstembook.org/node/588).ABCG2:Universal marker of limbal epithelial stem cells.Limbal Stem Cell Marker.Keratin (K3-K13) = Corneal Stem Cell Marker | Question: Universal marker of limbal epithelial stem cells:
Options:
A. Elastin
B. Keratin
C. Collagen
D. ABCG2 | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Ans: C. Magnification is 5 times(Ref Parson's 22/e p137-139. 20/c p126-133).In direct ophthalmoscopy magnification = 15 times.In indirect ophthalmoscopy, magnification = 4-5 times.FeaturesDirect ophthalmoscopyIndirect OphthalmoscopyCondensing lensNot requiredRequired (Convex Examination distanceAs close to patient's eye as possibleAt an arm's lengthImageViual, erectdegReal, inveedMagnificationAbout 15 timesdeg4-5 timesdegIlluminationNot so bright, so not useful in hazy Bright, so useful for hazy Area of field in focusAbout 2 disc dioptersdegAbout 8 disc dioptersdegStereopsisAbsentPresentAccessible fundus viewSlightly beyond equatorUp to Ora serrata i.e. PeripheralretinadegExamination through hazy Not possiblePossibledegPatient positionSittingSupineEaseEasy procedure for visualization ofposterior pole of retinaDifficult, require training | Question: True statements regarding Direct Ophthalmoscopy are all except:
Options:
A. Image is viual and erect
B. 2 disk diameter field of vision
C. Magnification is 5 times
D. Self-illuminated device | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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Answer: B. DecreasesPregnancy, paicularly the second half, is associated with decreased IOP in healthy eyes. | Question: Intraocular pressure in pregnancy
Options:
A. Increases
B. Decreases
C. Remains same
D. None | Being a doctor, your task is to answer the medical questions based on information provided.
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