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categorize_bib_lang_grammar

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{ "label": 0, "text": "A dictionary or lexicon will indicate the proper gender for each word." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Masculine singular nouns and adjectives have no unique ending; they are the standard dictionary form." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Masculine dual terms end in ־ַיִם (pataq-yod-hireq-final mem), as in אַפַּיִם (nostrils)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Masculine plural terms usually end in ־ִים (hireq-yod-final mem), as in אֲנָשִׁים (men)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "There is a whole family of verbal prefixes and suffixes that indicate masculine gender for finite verbs." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive absolute is an extremely flexible non-finite verbal form and can function as an adverb, a finite verb, a verbal complement, or a noun." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Its most common use is to express intensity or certainty of verbal action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Of all the verbal conjugations in Biblical Hebrew, the Infinitive Absolute is the simplest in form but the most complex in function, demanding the most sensitivity to its context to determine its meaning." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Infinitive Absolute is described as being in the absolute state because it stands on its own as an independent grammatical entity." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The form can appear with the conjunction, but it never occurs in any other kind of construction with a prefix or suffix, an attached preposition, or with a noun in a construct chain." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Grammatically, the Infinitive Absolute is considered a non-finite verbal form but can function as an adverb, a finite main verb, a verbal complement, or even as a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The context must be carefully investigated to discern the precise meaning of an infinitive absolute in each instance." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Infinitive Absolute can express the following range of meanings." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In most cases, the Infinitive Absolute is paired with a finite verb of the same root." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When used in this way, the infinitive absolute functions adverbially, either certifying or intensifying the action of the main verb, depending on the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Normally an infinitive absolute precedes the main verb, except with Imperative verbs and with participles; in those cases, an infinitive absolute follows." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows an infinitive absolute expressing intensity of action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows an infinitive absolute expressing certainty of action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Infinitive Absolute often substitutes for a finite verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In these cases, an infinitive absolute can carry an emotive sense and should be treated with great sensitivity to the context for precise nuance of meaning." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "The examples listed below are not comprehensive, but only provide a sampling of potential options for the exact meaning." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows an infinitive absolute continuing the action of the preceding verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows an infinitive absolute functioning as an emphatic command (either direct or indirect)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example shows an infinitive absolute functioning ambiguously (could be an adverb or a finite verb)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "An infinitive absolute (or a pair of infinitive absolutes) can follow a finite verb of a different root to describe complementary action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, a single infinitive absolute is functioning adverbially." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, a pair of infinitive absolutes are functioning adverbially." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The Infinitive Absolute (and sometimes the Participle) of the specific root הלךְ can be used to express a sense of progression or continuance of the action of a main verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This is an extremely rare use of the Infinitive Absolute." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct is a non-finite verbal form that usually functions as a verbal complement, providing extra information regarding the purpose, result, or temporal frame of the verbal action of the main verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In rare cases, the infinitive construct functions independently as a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct generally functions as a verbal complement to a finite verb, but in rare cases it also functions independently as a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct is described as being in the construct state because it can occur in various constructions with prepositions, suffixes, and other nouns in a construct chain." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct is not found in the Hophal or Pual stems in Biblical Hebrew." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct can carry the following range of meanings." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This is by far the most common use of the infinitive construct, as a standard grammatical infinitive." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing purpose for the action of the main verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing the result of the action of the main verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing the complementary action of the main verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the infinitive construct is expressing complementary action, but with a more nuanced meaning." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the following example, the infinitive construct with preposition עַל to express purpose for the action of the main verb." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct can be used with other prepositions (besides those included below) to provide temporal reference." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In those cases, the context and the meaning of the preposition generally make clear the specific temporal nuance being indicated." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct sometimes functions as an independent noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct may also introduce an entire clause that functions as a noun." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The infinitive construct of אמר with preposition לְ is used to introduce direct speech." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "When the infinitive construct takes a pronominal suffix, that suffix can be either the subject or the object of the infinitive itself (not the main verb), as determined by the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example is an infinitive construct with suffix as subject of the action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The following example is an infinitive construct with suffix as object of the action." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A noun is a word that refers to a person, a thing, a place, or an idea." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, all nouns contain number, gender, state, and definiteness." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "By number, a noun can be singular, plural, or dual." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "By gender, a noun can be masculine or feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "By state, a noun can be in the construct state or in the absolute state." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Nouns are listed in a Hebrew dictionary by their singular absolute form." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Also, a variety of prefixes and/or suffixes can be attached to nouns that give extra information." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For example, a noun can appear dual when it is actually plural; a noun can appear masculine when it is actually feminine; and so on." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, it is very common for words to change their function within a sentence." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For example, adjectives, and participles (both active and passive) often function as nouns." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Also, sometimes a noun can function as an adverb or a preposition." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Common nouns are nouns that are not proper names (i.e." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A common noun is any noun that is not a proper name." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Common noun change their form according to gender (either masculine or feminine) number (singular, dual, or plural), and state (either absolute or construct)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A gentilic noun is a noun that describes the ethnic identity of a person or group of people." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Biblical Hebrew expresses national, tribal, or ancestral identity using nouns that (usually) immediately follow the noun they describe." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For this reason, some scholars prefer to classify gentilic nouns as gentilic adjectives, because they appear in the same position as attributive adjectives." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Either classification is grammatically correct." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Proper names (usually, of people or places) are a special class of noun called \"proper nouns\"." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In the example below, מֹשֶׁ֗ה \"Moses\" is a proper noun (because it is a name), but אִ֖ישׁ \"man\" is a common noun." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "Biblical Hebrew does not have capital letters to signify proper names." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Proper nouns always appear in the absolute state and are considered 3rd person singular when used as subjects of verbs, direct objects, or referred to by personal pronouns or pronominal suffixes." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Proper names can be either masculine or feminine." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The dual form of a term usually refers to a pair of items." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Both masculine and feminine terms take the same dual ending, ־ַיִם (pathah-yod-hireq-final mem)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The plural form of a term refers to two or more of that item." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, a term with plural form usually refers to multiple persons or objects." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "However, Biblical Hebrew can use the plural form of a word to express many different meanings about a singular entity." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Besides nouns, a plural term can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a plural form for verbs, independent personal pronouns, the direct object marker with a pronominal suffix, and pronominal suffixes." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The common plural expresses more than one of a thing." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The term אֲלֹהִים can function as a common plural, but it most often functions as a majestic plural (see example below)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some nouns can be singular or plural even though they appear in plural form." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "For example, the term שָׁמַיִם can be translated into English as \"heaven\" or \"heavens\", and the term מַיִם can be translated in English as \"water\" or waters\", depending on the context." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Biblical Hebrew can use the plural form for actions that have multiple processes or an action involving a collective noun (see example Gen 4:10 below, \"bloods\" = \"bloodshed\")." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The plural form can also express a collective, intensive or superlative sense of a singular item (or kind of item)." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For example, the noun אֲלֹהִים (God) appears in the plural form but usually refers to the singular entity \"God\"." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Some plural nouns in Biblical Hebrew are translated as singular in other languages." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In English, abstract plurals are often singular and have endings like -ness, -hood, and -ship." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, plural adjectives (also active and passive adjectival participles) use the common plural." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A finite verb and/or verbal participle in plural form indicates that the subject of the verb is plural." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Participles in plural form can generally use the common plural, but not always." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "A verbal participle in plural form indicates that the subject of the participle is plural." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Generally, pronouns and suffixes use the common plural." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "The singular form of a term refers to a single item, or a collection of items all of the same kind." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "In Biblical Hebrew, a word in its singular form usually refers to a single item, or to a collection of items all of the same kind." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "For nouns and adjectives, the singular form is the standard form found in a dictionary or lexicon." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "Besides nouns, a singular term can be recognized by a variety of changes to the form." }

{ "label": 0, "text": "These changes differ greatly from each other and are hard to sum up in a simple, helpful way." }

{ "label": 1, "text": "This paradigm shows a sample of the kinds of changes that signal a singular form for verbs, independent personal pronouns, and pronominal suffixes." }