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The promontory was donated to the National Trust in December 1953 . The Southwest Coast Path was created in 1978 , and runs along the top of Zennor Head as part of its 630 miles ( 1 @,@ 010 km ) , following the edge of the cliffs closely . Zennor in Darkness , the 1994 McKitterick Prize @-@ winning novel by Helen Dunmore , was partly set around Zennor Head . In 2009 the headland suffered flooding which affected the cliff @-@ top footpath . The promontory has been designated as part of the Penwith Heritage Coast .

= = Geography and geology = =

Zennor Head is located on the north coast of Cornwall , England , facing the Atlantic Ocean . A headland extending some 750 metres ( 2 @,@ 460 ft ) , it is surrounded by steep cliffs plunging into the sea below . It is west of the town of St Ives , and north @-@ east of the town of Penzance . The nearest human settlement is the village of Zennor , and the headland is flanked by two coves , Pendour and Porthzennor . The nearest headland is Gurnard 's Head , 1 @.@ 6 kilometres to the west . Access is from the South West Coast Path , or the B3306 road ( West Cornwall coast road ) . There is a deep inlet known as Horseback Zawn on the western side , where seabirds nest . The headland is topped by an Ordnance Survey " Trig Point " . The Killas strata , which is exposed over the majority of Zennor Head , is a sedimentary rock formation laid down in the Devonian period , between approximately 415 and 375 million years ago ( myr ) . Zennor Head is on the surface boundary of the so @-@ called " Land 's End Granite " , part of the Cornubian batholith which dates from 279 to 274 myr . However , the intrusion of the granite into the Killas strata altered it metamorphically into a shale @-@ type rock .

= = Fauna and Flora = =

Zennor Head is home to a variety of wildlife , including the re @-@ introduced Cornish choughs ( Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax ) . Grey seals ( Halichoerus grypus ) have been sighted off the coast . Many seabirds nest on the cliffs , especially around Horseback Zawn , including herring gulls ( Larus argentatus ) and fulmars ( Fulmarus glacialis ) . Kestrels ( Falco tinnunculus ) hunt inland of the shoreline .

The headland is primarily covered with grass , as well as heather ( Calluna vulgaris ) , bracken ( Pteridium aquilinum ) , thyme ( Thymus mongolicus ) and western gorse ( Ulex gallii ) . In 1962 , specimens of the comparatively rare western clover ( Trifolium occidentale ) were found on Zennor Head . The lichen Dirina massiliensis has also been found high on the acid schist cliffs on the north- , seaward @-@ side of the headland . The parasitic plant dodder ( Cuscuta x . ) is also found amongst the other plants . There are also typical coastal flowering plants such as kidney vetch ( Anthyllis vulneraria ) , sea campion ( Silene uniflora ) , and thrift ( Armeria maritima ) .

= = Gallery = =

= Emily Ratajkowski =

Emily O 'Hara Ratajkowski ( / ˌrɑːtaɪˈkɒfski / ; born June 7 , 1991 ) is an American model and actress . Born to American parents in London and raised primarily in California , she rose to prominence in 2013 after appearing in the music video for Robin Thicke 's " Blurred Lines " , which became the number one song of the year in several countries and attracted controversy over its purported sexist content .

Ratajkowski 's modeling career has progressed from retail ad work to art house erotica and high fashion . She appeared on the cover of the March 2012 issue of the erotic magazine treats ! , which led to her being asked to appear in two music videos – " Blurred Lines " and Maroon 5 's " Love Somebody " . She appeared in the 2014 and 2015 Sports Illustrated swimsuit issues . Ratajkowski made her professional runway modeling debut for Marc Jacobs at New York Fashion Week in 2015 and has since walked on the Paris Fashion Week runway for Miu Miu . She appeared in a Buick Super Bowl commercial during Super Bowl 50 .

Ratajkowski began acting as a child in the San Diego area before she gained a recurring role on iCarly and later roles in major films . Her feature film debut was as the mistress of Ben Affleck 's character in the 2014 film Gone Girl . Ratajkowski 's 2015 roles included the films Entourage and We Are Your Friends ( her first leading role ) as well as the miniseries The Spoils Before Dying .

Ratajkowski is an advocate for women 's health issues as a spokesperson for Planned Parenthood and supports the right of women to express their sexuality . Her claim to being a feminist has been both supported and disputed . She is known for her sex appeal and fashion sense .

= = Early life = =

Ratajkowski was born in Westminster , London , the only child of Kathleen Balgley and John David " J. D. " Ratajkowski , both American . Balgley , a professor of English , was teaching under the Fulbright Program , when she met J. D. , a painter and art teacher , while they were both teaching at San Dieguito Academy . At the time of their daughter 's birth , they were aged 39 and 45 , respectively , and unmarried . Ratajkowski describes her mother as a " feminist and intellectual " . The family lived in West Kensington and Bloomsbury before they settled in the United States in San Diego , California , when Ratajkowski was five . She was raised primarily in nearby Encinitas in a small house near the ocean . Balgley formerly taught at California Polytechnic State University .

Ratajkowski is of Polish , Irish , and Polish Jewish descent . Her father was raised Catholic , while her mother was raised Jewish . Ratajkowski describes her heritage as " Polish Israeli " . She lived in , and traveled to , many parts of Europe as a youth , including long periods in the Irish town of Bantry and on the Spanish island of Mallorca . She spent her young adult summers in Ireland until she became a full @-@ time model .

Before Ratajkowski left London at the age of five , she was obsessed with theater . She began acting as a child , staging shows for her family . Ratajkowski 's first formal role was as Elsa in an adaptation of The Little Match Girl at the North Coast Repertory Theatre School in Solana Beach , California . Later , in 2004 , she played Harriet in the interactive Lyceum Theatre production of Harriet Potter and the Throne of Applewort . Ratajkowski grew up without television ; she tried soccer , acting , and ballet before modeling .

Ratajkowski visited nude beaches in Europe with her family during her youth . Exposure to the nude female figure in photography and art during her formative years , including the work of her father , as well as the photography of Helmut Newton and Herb Ritts , prepared Ratajkowski for nude work . She is comfortable with the naked body , and states , " We have this culture of men , especially , watching pornography , but then [ they are ] offended by a classic nude portrait or photograph , and I 've never felt that way . " Ratajkowski was also influenced by third @-@ wave feminism and works such as The Beauty Myth and Promiscuities by Naomi Wolf . She was a physically mature young teenager who endured pressure to limit expressing her sexuality and how she presented herself .

= = Career = =

With encouragement from an acting coach , Ratajkowski met and signed with a talent agent who contacted Ford Models . That same day , she signed with Ford at age 14 and went on to do teen print catalog modeling for Kohl 's and Nordstrom . At 15 , Ratajkowski began auditioning for Disney and iCarly roles , but as she pursued acting she was often cast as a " bitchy girl " , cheerleader , or other limited role . She attended San Dieguito Academy high school in San Diego , while modeling and acting in Los Angeles . After two nondescript movie roles , she appeared as Gibby 's girlfriend , Tasha , in two episodes of the third season of Nickelodeon 's iCarly ( 2009 – 2010 ) . Her manager discouraged her from pursuing many acting engagements until she could be more selective .

Ratajkowski attended the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) for one year in 2009 , then decided to model full @-@ time . She found the fine art education at the UCLA School of the Arts and Architecture arbitrary and in conflict with her artistic concepts . She did not enjoy socializing with fellow students .

After campaigns and editorials with photographer Tony Duran , Ratajkowski began shooting more fashion editorials and posed for several early issues of the artistic erotica magazine treats ! , including the cover of its third issue , in March 2012 . She credits that cover for bringing her the two unsolicited , high @-@ profile , music video roles . Ratajkowski later filmed commercials for Nikon and Carl 's Jr . , including multiple versions of a 2012 Carl 's Jr. commercial with Sara Jean Underwood . She also did nude and clothed art magazine modeling , as well as work for Frederick 's of Hollywood ; a 2012 holiday video and a 2011 Valentine 's video in which Ratajkowski appeared for the company are among the most popular videos on the company 's YouTube channel . Ratajkowski worked with photographer Tony Kelly for the March 2013 GQ Turkey cover .

= = = Music video performances = = =

Ratajkowski appeared in Robin Thicke , T.I. , and Pharrell Williams 's 2013 video , " Blurred Lines " . Previously , Ratajkowski had been cast in two other music videos : " Fast Car " by Taio Cruz , which was released on November 5 , 2012 , and Maroon 5 's " Love Somebody " , which was released two months after " Blurred Lines " .

" Love Somebody " , shot on January 13 , and " Blurred Lines " were both produced in 2013 . The video for " Love Somebody " was released on May 21 , 2013 . Directed by Rich Lee , it shows bare @-@ chested Adam Levine using inverse green screen technology to rub paint onto Ratajkowski with his hands . As they touch , they reveal each other .

Thicke had seen Ratajkowski 's treats ! cover that The New York Times 's Bee Shapiro described as " an artfully composed black @-@ and @-@ white photograph of Ms. Ratajkowski sitting completely nude with her knees tucked to her chest " and convinced director Diane Martel to cast her in the " Blurred Lines " music video . Martel felt that " she looked smart and stunningly beautiful " in the photo . Ratajkowski initially declined the role , fearing being classified as a music video model , but Martel persuaded her . The video was released on March 20 , 2013 . On March 28 , Thicke posted an explicit version , with a topless Ratajkowski .

" Blurred Lines " was controversial : its video was called sexist for its perceived degradation of women , and some felt its lyrics promoted rape . Others disagreed , asserting that the lyrics supported female power and sexual freedom . Martel defended Ratajkowski 's performance , saying : " it 's very , very funny and subtly ridiculing . " Ratajkowski did not think of the video as sexist and claimed that the producers , through the use of humor and sarcasm , " took something that on paper sounded really sexist and misogynistic and made it more interesting " . She said that the song " gave me an opportunity to say the things that I felt about feminism today and about women in general in pop culture . " Ratajkowski did not feel objectified and enjoyed performing in a sexual manner : the attention given to the nudity in the video , she said , shows that America has not advanced as far as it should have , and , she believes , society represses sexuality , which is bad for both sexes .

" Blurred Lines " , and Ratajkowski 's associated video performance , was prominent beyond the sociopolitical controversies . The song became the number one song of 2013 on music charts in many countries , including Canada , Ireland , the Netherlands , New Zealand , and the United Kingdom . Although second on the year @-@ end US Billboard Hot 100 chart , the song 's twelve consecutive weeks at number one made it the longest @-@ running number one song of the decade until " Uptown Funk " spent fourteen consecutive weeks at number one in 2015 . The song also remained in the news due to a copyright infringement lawsuit and appeal .

= = = Breakthrough = = =

The " Blurred Lines " video garnered Ratajkowski notoriety , especially as a sex symbol . In October 2013 , Esquire magazine named Ratajkowski " Woman of the Year " , over online fan vote finalist Jennifer Lawrence . That December , Rolling Stone magazine listed her among its twenty hottest sex symbols . In February 2014 , Sports Illustrated magazine named Ratajkowski as one of twelve 50th anniversary swimsuit issue rookies . In April , FHM ranked her the fourth sexiest woman in the world . Maxim magazine included Ratajkowski at number 62 on its 2014 Hot 100 list . AskMen ranked her the third most desirable woman of 2014 .

Ratajkowski was on the July 2013 cover of CR Fashion Book , which included erotic scenes with Karlie Kloss and male models , photographed by Bruce Weber . On June 24 , she appeared topless in the July 2014 American GQ cover story , photographed by Michael Thompson . A controversy ensued at retailer Lands ' End , some of whose customers received the issue for free . Some customers objected to the racy images , forcing Lands ' End CEO Edgar Huber to apologize .

Ratajkowski leveraged her sudden prominence into supporting roles in major films . Ratajkowski played Andie Hardy , the mistress of Ben Affleck 's character , in David Fincher 's 2014 adaptation of Gillian Flynn 's novel Gone Girl . Affleck encouraged Fincher to consider Ratajkowski after seeing the " Blurred Lines " video . U @-@ T San Diego described Ratajkowski 's performance as " nuanced " , while Andrew O 'Hehir of Salon and Wesley Morris of Grantland wrote that her small role as a " duplicitous and manipulative former student " was critical . Reflecting on the performance in 2016 , Wolf described Ratajkowski 's portrayal as sympathetic and compassionate .

Days after Gone Girl 's September 26 , 2014 , New York Film Festival premiere , Ratajkowski became the cover model for the November 2014 issue of Cosmopolitan . On October 30 , 2014 , she appeared with Taylor Kitsch in the Call of Duty : Advanced Warfare live @-@ action trailer . Ratajkowski appeared on the February 2015 FHM cover , but she tweeted that her picture was used without her consent . FHM responded that " we liked the pictures so much we stuck one on our front cover " .

Ratajkowski co @-@ starred in the 2015 film Entourage as a fictionalized version of herself , playing the love interest of Adrian Grenier 's character , Vincent Chase . Her performance received critical commentary ranging from " less than compelling " , by the The Hollywood Reporter 's Sheri Linden , to " uncanny realism " , by The Philadelphia Inquirer 's Steven Rea . Grantland 's Morris described her role and performance with scathing sarcasm . She was also cast in the 2015 miniseries The Spoils Before Dying as Agent Day , appearing late in the series . Her performance was favorably reviewed by Emily L. Stephens of The A.V. Club , while other critics commented that she was part of a solid supporting cast .

Ratajkowski earmed her first leading role , opposite Zac Efron , in We Are Your Friends , a musical drama released in August 2015 , and was part of the film 's promotional tour to Europe and North America . Starting with the August 11 London premiere , this tour marked her ascension as a style icon as she earned multiple best dressed citations from various sources . She played Stanford University dropout Sophie , the love interest of Efron 's character and girlfriend / personal assistant of Wes Bentley 's character . Her performance received mixed reviews . Alonso Duralde of TheWrap described the role as thin , as did Ty Burr of The Boston Globe . Burr said that Ratajkowski 's performance was " surpassingly dull " , while Nell Minow of Beliefnet stated that she " does more posing than acting " . Kyle Smith of the New York Post described her performance as " quietly entrancing " , and Jordan Hoffman of the Daily News described Ratajkowski 's performance as " stunning and sweet " . Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph and Grantland 's Morris noted Ratajkowski 's rhythmic dancing skills and sex appeal , as previously seen in " Blurred Lines " .

Around the time of the release of We Are Your Friends , Ratajkowski appeared on the covers of Grazia France , British GQ , harper by Harper 's Bazaar , InStyle UK , and InStyle Australia , as well as a role as a 2015 MTV Video Music Awards presenter . The British GQ cover story was photographed by Mario Testino , who produced a short film featuring Ratajkowski for the magazine 's website . Soon after , on September 17 , 2015 , she made her runway debut for Marc Jacobs at the spring / summer 2016 New York Fashion Week finale . This appearance contributed to her number one listing among Vogue 's 12 Breakout Beauty Stars of 2015 . For fall / winter 2016 fashions , Ratajkowski walked the Paris Fashion Week runway for Miu Miu on March 9 , 2016 . She has expressed the desire to break barriers for shorter and more curvaceous models , commenting : " You don ’ t have to be 5 ' 9 " and an A @-@ cup to be a successful model . "

A Buick Super Bowl ad for its Cascada convertible during Super Bowl 50 on February 7 , 2016 , featured Ratajkowski and Odell Beckham , Jr . The ad , in which she made a wedding bouquet catch reminiscent of Beckham 's famous catch from 2014 , received average ratings , according to USA Today 's admeter . The ad was filmed with a stunt double making the catch . Los Angeles @-@ based jewelry designer Jacquie Aiche featured Ratajkowski in a spring 2016 campaign wearing almost nothing but body chains , rings , bracelets , pendants , and chokers . In May , Ratajkowski appeared in the Russian @-@ language music video " Inseparable " ( sometimes translated as " Indivisible " ) with Russian entertainer Dima Bilan as a photographer and Ratajkowski as his muse .

As of June 2016 , Ratajkowski has a variety of upcoming roles . She will play Jessica Weintraub , the female lead opposite Spencer Boldman in the film Cruise , which is written and directed by Robert Siegel . Ratajkowski was hired as part of the cast of the film In Darkness , alongside Natalie Dormer , Ed Skrein , and Stacy Martin . She will also be involved in Joe Swanberg 's Netflix series , Easy . In June 2016 , she stated she was filming for Project Runway . Ratajkowski was one of five models to appear on the August 2016 Vogue Germany alternate covers along with Stella Maxwell , irIrina Shayk , Lily Aldridge and Rosie Huntington @-@ Whiteley .

= = Personal life = =

In February 2014 , Ratajkowski broke up with her boyfriend Andrew Dryden , a creative director and menswear buyer . In September 2014 , Ratajkowski was a victim in a female celebrity hacking and internet posting wave of stolen nude iCloud photographs . In December 2014 , Us Weekly confirmed she had begun dating musician Jeff Magid .

Ratajkowski has raised funds , done public service announcements , and committed to a short film promoting reproductive and sexual health for Planned Parenthood ( PPFA ) . She describes PPFA as her main charity because of its role in women 's health . Ratajkowski 's involvement has drawn ire from right to life advocates such as the National Right to Life Committee .

Ratajkowski says that she enjoys freedom of sexual expression " while still being a feminist " , and is outspoken about using her celebrity to support the empowerment of women and women 's sexuality . Amanda Hess of Slate questioned whether she is a feminist or an opportunist exploiting feminism . In The New York Times , Ratajkowski expressed her frustration that " society somehow feels that women can 't manage to be political , feminist and a sex symbol " . She has called society 's reaction to the naked female form " weird " . As a woman who enjoys expressions of the body ranging from ballet to pornography , Ratajkowski feels that she can be nude in her professional work and also support equality for women . British GQ 's Charlie Burton stated that she is a feminist with more to say than others . He said that her message is one of sexual empowerment , because sex should not feel like a service and should be beneficial to all involved parties . Wolf said Ratajkowski is a modern feminist in a Harper 's Bazaar interview of Ratajkowski , in which Ratajkowski defended her form of feminism .

On the eve of the February 2016 New Hampshire Democratic primary , Ratajkowski spoke at a Bernie Sanders rally in New Hampshire to endorse his campaign . One of the main points of her speech , and her social media activity surrounding it , was to counter Gloria Steinem 's statement that young female Sanders supporters were involved in the campaign ( rather than supporting fellow female Hillary Clinton ) to meet potential male romantic partners .

= = Media image = =

Ratajkowski has been frequently named in lists and polls that rank beauty or fashion in the media . She was ranked in Maxim 's Hot 100 list in both 2014 ( No. 62 ) and 2015 ( No. 2 ) . AskMen ranked her among its most desirable women of 2014 ( No. 3 ) and 2016 ( No. 14 ) ; while FHM ranked her among the sexiest in 2014 ( No. 4 ) , and 2015 ( No. 18 ) . She is also praised for her fashion sense : Ratajkowski made Vogue Italia 's Best Dressed List of 2015 , and Harper 's Bazaar placed her atop its best dressed list at the February 2016 New York Fashion Week .

Ratajkowski 's acting career had a slow start . After a minor acting role in Gone Girl , she played herself in Entourage . In their respective reviews of We Are Your Friends , Richard Roeper and Wesley Morris said that Ratajkowski , again playing the attractive object of affection , again failed to demonstrate acting prowess .

Ratajkowski described the pressure that she endured as a youth around her sexuality and her thoughts on female sexual empowerment , in Lena Dunham 's Lenny Letter newsletter on February 16 , 2016 . Elle magazine , Esquire magazine , and Harper 's Bazaar republished her letter . Critics , including Glamour magazine 's Hayley Spencer , The Huffington Post 's Jenavieve Hatch , and Rachael Moon of the Daily Mirror , praised it . According to Cosmopolitan magazine 's Nikki Kinstlinger and Georgia Simmonds of Marie Claire , Ratajkowski finds self @-@ empowerment in defining and owning the expression of her sexuality and body . Salon 's Erin Coulehan described the essay 's identification of a societal catch @-@ 22 , in which showcasing female sexuality that may " offend , excite , or create envy " leads to criticism and body shaming . InStyle 's Isabella Silvers concurred that " female sexuality isn 't always for the benefit of someone else " . Charlotte Gill of The Independent admitted that she was in the minority in finding the letter " rambling " and " dull " .

Ratajkowski defended Kim Kardashian from criticism when Kardashian posted a controversial naked selfie on Instagram in March , saying that women have the right to " express their sexuality and share their bodies however they choose " . Then , Kardashian and Ratajkowski jointly advocated via social media for female sexual empowerment and against body shaming ; nearly one million social media followers responded positively , and prominent global media outlets took notice .

Following her letter and social media statement , the controversy about her feminism heightened . Piers Morgan stated that Ratajkowski 's form of feminism was a misguided affront to true feminism , labeling it pseudo @-@ feminist gibberish . After Morgan wrote that " feminism as it was intended is dead " , the Chicago Tribune 's Heidi Stevens , as well as The Daily Telegraph 's Helen Pankhurst ( Emmeline Pankhurst 's great @-@ granddaughter ) said that Ratajkowski neither killed nor bolstered feminism . Women 's Wear Daily 's Taylor Harris questioned the impact of Ratajkowski 's feminism . The Independent 's Gill questioned Ratajkowski 's feminism , saying that her professional activities " continued to advocate industries that treat us as pieces of meat " . Heather Saul of The Independent wrote in support of Ratajkowski in an article subtitled " Ratajkowski is becoming an important feminist voice in the debate over female censorship and sexuality " . New York 's Allie Jones called Ratajkowski " the best feminist celeb " .

= = Filmography = =

= = = Film = = =

= = = Television = = =

= = = Music videos = = =

= = Magazine cover history = =

= Spafford Farm massacre =

The Spafford Farm massacre , also referred to as the Wayne massacre , was an attack upon U.S. militia and civilians that occurred as part of the Black Hawk War near present @-@ day South Wayne , Wisconsin . Spafford Farm was settled in 1830 by Omri Spafford and his partner Francis Spencer .

Before the war started they made numerous improvements to the parcel of land . On June 14 , 1832 five men were attacked by a Kickapoo war party , three whites were killed instantly , including Spafford . In total at least one Native and four white settlers were killed in the action . Two men managed to escape , though one was fooled into thinking Fort Hamilton had been overtaken by a group of friendly Menominee for days before he finally sought refuge there . The incident at Spafford Farm eventually led to the Battle of Horseshoe Bend ( also known as the Battle of Pecatonica ) .

= = Background = =

As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement , in 1828 the Sauk and Fox tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi River . However , Sauk Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty , claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted , nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede land . Angered by the loss of his birthplace , Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River beginning in 1830 . Each time , he was persuaded without bloodshed to return west . In April 1832 , encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British , he again moved his so @-@ called " British Band " of around 1 @,@ 000 warriors and civilians into Illinois . Finding no allies , he attempted to return to Iowa , but events overtook him and led to the Battle of Stillman 's Run . A number of other engagements followed , and the state militias of Wisconsin and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk 's band . The ensuing conflict became known as the Black Hawk War . On May 19 , a group of militia volunteers were ambushed at Buffalo Grove and the same day as the raid at Plum River , May 21 , a more famous war event , the Indian Creek massacre , occurred . The Indian Creek event , believed to mostly a peripheral event to the Black Hawk War was followed on by more violence preceding the attack at Spafford Farm .

= = Prelude = =

The Spafford Farm massacre , also known as the Wayne massacre , occurred in LaFayette County , Wisconsin , near present @-@ day South Wayne , Wisconsin during the course of the Black Hawk War . The first land claim in Lafayette County was made in tandem by Omri Spafford and Francis Spencer in 1830 . The location that become known as Spafford Farm , was located near the junction of the Spafford 's Branch and the Pecatonica River . The pair made many improvements on the land prior to the onset of the war in 1832 . Present at Spafford Farm the day of the massacre besides Spafford was Spencer , Bennett Million , Abraham Searles , James McIllwaine , and an Englishman identified only by the moniker " John Bull " , but probably being John Compton .

= = Massacre = =