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21878 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam%20Rajavi | Maryam Rajavi | Maryam Rajavi (Persian , née Qajar-Azodanlu, Persian) ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar Mujahedin ta Iran (MEK), kungiyar tayi ƙoƙarin kifar da gwamnatin Iran da kuma zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa na National Council of Resistance Iran (NCRI). Ta auri Massoud Rajavi, wanda shi ne mataimakin shugaban kungiyar ta MEK.
Kuruciya da Karatu
An haifi Rajavi Maryam Qajar-Azodanlu ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1953. a Tehran, Iran . Tana cikin dangin masu karamin karfi wadanda suka fito daga zuriyar Qajar . Ta halarci Jami'ar Fasaha ta Sharif a Iran, inda ta samu BS a fannin karafa .
Harkar Siyasa
Rajavi ta bayyana cewa gwagwarmayar siyasarta ta fara ne tun tana 'yar shekara ashirin da biyu bayan da SAVAK ta kashe' yar uwarta Narges. Sannan ta zama memba na Mojahedin na Iran (PMOI / MEK), kuma ta fara harkar siyasa. Rajavi ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin kwamanda kuma Babban Sakataren MEK har zuwa shekara ta alif 1993. A ranar 22 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1993, NCRI ta zabi Rajavi ya zama "Shugaban rikon kwarya na Iran" idan NCRI za ta karbi ragamar mulki a Iran.
Rajavi tayi aiki a matsayin mai tsara kungiyar gwagwarmayar adawa da Shah a cikin 1970s. A cikin shekarar 1979, ta zama jami'in ɓangaren zamantakewar jama'a na PMOI / MEK, inda ta yi aiki har zuwa shekarar 1981. Rajavi ya kasance dan takarar majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1980.
A cikin shekarar 1982, an canza Rajavi zuwa Auvers-sur-Oise, Île-de-France inda hedkwatar siyasa ta Mojahedin take.
A shekarar 1985, ta zama Shugabar hadin gwiwa ta PMOI kuma tayi aiki a matsayin Sakatare Janar a tsakanin 1989 da 1993.
A cikin wata sanarwa da ta yi Allah wadai da harin da kungiyar ISIS ta kai wa majalisar dokokin Iran da kuma kabarin wanda ya assasa Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, Rajavi ya ce: "Halin da kungiyar ta ISIS take a bayyane yana amfanar da Jagoran gwamnatin Iran Khamenei, wanda da dukkan zuciyarsa ya yi maraba da shi a matsayin wata dama don shawo kan matsalar gwamnatinsa a yankin da kuma na duniya. da kebewa. Wanda ya kirkiro kungiyar kuma mai daukar nauyi na farko a jihar yana kokarin sauya wurin wanda ya yi kisan kai da wanda aka kashe da kuma nuna babban bankin ta'addanci a matsayin wanda aka zalunta. ”
Wani shiri mai ma'ana 10 wanda Rajavi ya wallafa ya tsara wani shiri na sauya Iran. Ta bayyana alƙawarin da ta yi game da Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da sauran kayan aiki na duniya. Ta yi kira da a soke hukuncin kisa, kirkirar tsarin shari’a na zamani da kuma samun ‘yancin alkalai. Rajavi zai kawo karshen kudaden da Tehran ke baiwa Hamas, Hezbollah da sauran kungiyoyin gwagwarmaya kuma tana da kudurin zama tare cikin lumana, huldar da dukkan kasashe da mutunta Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Bayanin ya kunshi bayanin cewa "Mun amince da kadarorin masu zaman kansu, saka hannun jari da tattalin arzikin kasuwa." A watan Yunin shekarar 2020, akasarin mambobin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka sun goyi bayan "kudurin bangare biyu" da ke goyon bayan Rajavi da kuma "kira ga Iran mai bin tsarin dimokiradiyya" na NCRI yayin da "suka la'anci ta'addanci da kasar Iran ta dauki nauyi . Kudurin wanda ya samu goyon bayan ‘yan majalisa 221 (ciki har da Louie Gohmert da Sheila Jackson Lee ), ya ba da goyon baya ga matakai 10 na Rajavi game da makomar Iran (wadanda suka hada da“ ‘yancin kada kuri’a na duniya, tattalin arzikin kasuwa, da Iran din da ba ta nukiliya ba”) yana mai yin kira ga rigakafin "munanan ayyukan jami'an diflomasiyyar gwamnatin Iran."
Rajavi ta gabatar da shirinta a Majalisar Turai a shekarar 2006, wanda ke tallafawa cikakken daidaito tsakanin mata da siyasa da zamantakewar al'umma, musamman, sadaukar da kai ga shigar mata daidai a cikin jagorancin siyasa. Shirye-shiryenta guda 10 kan makomar Iran ta tanadi cewa za a soke duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata kuma mata za su ji da 'yancin zabar tufafinsu kyauta. Hakanan ya haɗa da ƙarewar azaba da taƙama.
A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, Theresa May ta hana Rajavi zuwa Biritaniya a wata tafiya inda za ta "yi bayanin yadda ake cin zarafin mata a Iran". Daga nan sai babbar kotu ta shigar da karar Theresa May, tare da Lord Carlile na Berriew (tsohon mai nazarin gwamnati mai zaman kansa game da dokokin yaki da ta'addanci) yana mai cewa za a iya daukar hukuncin na May "a matsayin wanda zai gamsar da Mullahs" A cikin 2014, Kotun Koli ta Burtaniya ta yi watsi da daukaka kara daga Lord Carlile na Berriew QC da sauransu kuma ta goyi bayanta don ci gaba da haramcin, wanda aka fara aiwatarwa a shekarar 1997. Membobin Majalisar Iyayen Burtaniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa Sakataren Cikin Gida yana "keta doka ta 10 ('yancin faɗar albarkacin baki) na Yarjejeniyar Turai na' Yancin Dan Adam (Yarjejeniyar)", suna cewa "dalilan Sakataren cikin gida ba su da wata ma'ana ta doka, saboda sun dogara da tasirin da wata ƙasa za ta yi wanda bai yi daidai da ƙa'idodin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar ba. " Ba a cire Rajavi daga kowace ƙasar Turai ba kuma yana hulɗa tare da 'yan majalisa a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a kai a kai.
Maryam Rajavi ta hadu a bainar jama'a tare da Shugaban Kasar Falasdinu Mahmud Abbas a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016. a birnin Paris na Faransa.
A watan Afrilun shekarar 2021, Maryam Rajavi ta amince da kudurin HR 118, wanda ke nuna “goyon baya ga muradin mutanen Iran game da jamhuriya ta demokradiyya” kuma “ta yi Allah wadai da take hakkin dan Adam da ta’addancin da gwamnati ke daukar nauyinta”
Tarihin Zaɓe
A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2003, Rajavi ya kama 'yan sanda na Paris tare da wasu mambobin MEK 150. An binciketa ita da wasu mutane 23 kan zargin alaka da ta'addanci. Rajavi ya musanta tuhumar, yana mai cewa "an shigar da karar ne domin a farantawa Iran rai." Daga baya aka dakatar da duk tuhumar.
A watan Yulin 2010, Babbar Kotun Iraki ta ba da sammacin kame mambobi 39 na kungiyar ta MEK, ciki har da Rajavi, "saboda shaidar da ke tabbatar da cewa sun aikata laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama " ta hanyar "hada hannu da tsoffin jami'an tsaron Iraki wajen murkushe boren 1991 na tsohuwar Iraqi. tsarin mulki da kisan 'yan kasar Iraki ". Kungiyar ta MEK ta musanta tuhumar, tana mai cewa "wata shawara ce ta siyasa kuma ita ce kyauta ta karshe da gwamnatin Nuri al-Maliki ta gabatar ga gwamnatin Iran"
Babbar Maris zuwa Yanci
A'a ga Addinin Tilas, Babu Bautar Tilas ga Gwamnatin
Mata, Musulunci da Tsarin Addini
Iran Zata Samu 'Yanci
Mabuɗi don magance akidar Islama
Duba kuma
Jerin matan Iran
Jerin mutanen daga Tehran
Faransa –Iran alaƙar
Haifaffun 1953
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
41974 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Bade | Masarautar Bade | Masarautar Bade masarauta ce ta gargajiya wacce ke da hedikwata a Gashua, Jihar Yobe, Najeriya . Alhaji Abubakar Umar Suleiman shi ne Sarkin Bade (Mai Bade) na 11, wanda aka yi masa rawani a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2005.
Bade, kamar sauran ƙabilun Nijeriya, sun bi diddigin bullowarsu da kafuwarsu ta hanyar baka da wasu takardu da aka rubuta. Al’adun da suka shafi asalin Bade ya zama ruwan dare musamman a tsakanin mutanen Bade su kansu da kuma al’ummar da ke makwabtaka da su. Yana da kyau a lura cewa al’adar hijirar Bade daga Gabas ba wai kawai al’amari ne na Bade ba, har ma da yawan kabilun Arewa-maso-Gabas da galibin sassan Nijeriya gaba daya sun yi ikirarin asalin Gabas ne. Amma ana iya cewa mutanen Bade daga Larabawa ne kuma suka yi hijira saboda wasu dakarun tarihi da ba a fayyace su ba, wanda ya sa suka zauna a masarautar Bade a yau. Suka koma yamma suka zo Dadigar a ƙaramar hukumar Bursari a jihar Yobe a yau. Nan suka rabu gida hudu. A cikin wani rahoto da Mista Lethem, mataimakin jami’in gundumar (ADO) kan sashen Nguru ya hada, ‘Sarkin yana da wata mata mai suna Walu wadda ta haifa masa ƴaƴa huɗu; Ago, Muza, Amsagiya and Buyam. A Dadigar, waɗannan ƴan’uwa huɗu sun tsai da shawara cewa za su raba kowane ɗayansu. Ago, babba ya zauna a inda yake kuma ya zama kakan Bade (Yerima, 2017). Bade yana yarda da wannan sigar a duk faɗin Masarautar. Da na biyu Muza, ya tafi arewa kuma ya zama kakan Tourek, Amsagiya ya zama kakannin Kindin yayin da Ngizim ya fito daga Buyam, wanda ya tafi kudu. Mutanen Bade sun zauna a yankinsu na yanzu tun farkon c.1300 (Hogben da Kirk-Greene, 1963), zuwa 1750, sun kafa rukunin danginsu daban-daban a ƙarƙashin shugabanninsu da ake kira Dugums. Sakamakon hare-haren Kanuri da Fulani, Lawan Babuje na ƙabilar Gid-gid ya nemi goyon bayan sauran sarakunan Bade na Dumbari, Dagilwa, Garun-dole, Katamma, Tagali da Gunkwai tare da kafa kungiyar Pan-Bade da ta kawo Bade baki daya. dangi karkashin jagoranci daya kuma sun kare kansu daga hare-haren kasashen waje. Ana bikin Bade Fishing Festival a Bade Emirate. BADE FISHING FESTIVAL Wanda aka fi sani da Mauyi-Ganga Fishing Festival. An fara ne a ƙaramar hukumar Bade da ke jihar Yobe a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya a zamanin mulkin Mai Aji, tun da farko dai a matsayin bikin kamun kifi, amma a tsawon shekarun da aka yi ana gudanar da bikin kamun kifi da al’adu. Ya zama abin tarihi da za a yi la'akari da shi, yana girma a hankali zuwa ayyukan al'adu na ƙasa. Yankin ya kunshi yankin kogi mai albarka (Mauyi Gaga Riverside na Garin Gogaram) inda ake noman ban ruwa da yawa a wani ƙaramin gari mai suna Gogaram inda aka saba gudanar da bikin.
Galibin masunta mabiya addinin Islama ne kuma galibinsu manoma ne.
Gogaram babbar cibiyar tarihi ce a karamar hukumar Bade ga masu ziyara a fadin duniya.
Babban makasudin bikin kamun kifi na Bade shi ne don raya hadin kai da kuma taimakawa wajen daga martabar jihar Yobe a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido da kuma inganta kuɗaɗen shiga tsakanin jama’a da kuma a matakin daidaiku.
TARIHI An fara bikin kamun kifi na Bade ne a shekarar 1938 a zamanin mulkin Mai Aji, tun da farko dai a matsayin bikin kamun kifi, amma tsawon shekaru ya rikide zuwa gagarumin bikin kamun kifi da al'adu . Majiyoyin da ke da masaniya kan bukukuwan kamun kifi na Mauyi-Ganga ko Bade sun sanar da cewa, kafin a farfado da bikin, kowane kauyukan masarautar ya gudanar da bukukuwan kamun kifi na daban; tun daga shekarar 1956; wanda har yanzu ana yiwa lakabi da bikin Kamun kifi na Mauyi-Ganga, wanda aka yi imanin ya samo asali ne daga kogin Alkamaram. Bayanai sun nuna cewa Mauyi-Ganga ya samo asali ne a cikin tatsuniyar tatsuniyar da aka ɗaure ta da mai ganga daga wani tarihi mai nisa. A cewar Alhaji Mamman Suleiman, Maji Dadi na Bade, wanda kuma shi ne Sakataren Majalisar Masarautar Bade, Mauyi-Ganga ra’ayoyi ne da suka samo asali daga mai ganga tun da dadewa. A cewarsa, akwai wata katuwar bishiyar tamarind a bakin kogin Mauyi inda mazauna karkara sukan taru suna wasa. Da yake ba da labarin haifuwar al’adar, Alhaji Suleiman ya ce, “Bayan an yi nishadi ne, sai wani mai ganga ya manta da gangunansa, sai abokan aikinsa suka tambaye shi yayin da ya shiga kauyen inda ake buga ganga,” ya kara da cewa A. drum yana cikin abubuwa masu kima saboda an yi amfani da shi wajen nishadantarwa da kuma isar da sakwanni masu karfi a tsakanin al’umma.” Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa mai yin kadin ya amsa cewa bai da tabbacin ko ya bar ta a bakin kogin. An ce mutanen kauyen sun koma kogin ne domin neman gangunan da ya bata. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa, Sakataren Masarautar Bade ya ce tun a wancan lokaci ana kiran wurin da sunan Mauyi-Ganga, kuma ana amfani da shi wajen gudanar da bikin kamun kifi na shekara-shekara, wanda ke jawo masu yawon bude ido daga ciki da wajen jihar. Abin takaici, a 1993 ko kuma a wajen bikin ya tsaya saboda wasu dalilai, kuma a yanzu da muke ta kokarin ganin an kawo sauyi, gwamnatin Yobe da kuma al’ummar Masarautar Bade suka yanke shawarar cewa mu farfado da wannan biki, mu kuma karfafa taron domin amfanin al’umma. mutanen mu ban da raya al'adunmu. Ko da yake an sake farfado da bikin kamun kifi na Mauyi-Ganga a watan Fabrairun 2020, bayan da aka gudanar da shi na karshe sama da shekaru 24 da suka gabata, wadanda kasuwancinsu ya kamata su sani sun ce ya shafe shekaru 60 . GASARWA A ranar karshe ta bikin ne ake gudanar da gasar inda dubban mutane suka yi jerin gwano a bakin kogin da kuma jin karar harbin bindiga, dukkansu sun tsallake rijiya da baya suna daf da kama kifi mafi girma. Wanda ya yi nasara da kifin mafi girma yakan je yaƙin neman zaɓe tare da fitattun baƙi, wanda ke da mafi girma a kasuwa yakan tafi gida tare da babban kama a rana. Kayan aikin gargajiya ne kawai aka yarda a gasar. MANUFAR A cewar ’yan majalisar Bade Emerate, “Bikin kamun kifi wani karin hanyar samun kudaden shiga ne ga jama’armu, da samar da ayyukan yi da wadata, kuma ba shakka jiharmu za ta yi amfani wajen samar da kudaden shiga ta hanyar da ta dace. Harajin Ciki (IGR)." Hakanan ya haɗa da kamun kifi don nishaɗi, Haɗin kai da Nishaɗi. 2020 BADE FISHING BESTIVAL bugu na 38 tun da aka kafa shi, bikin na 2020 ya dauki tsawon kwanaki biyu ana baje kolin raye-rayen gargajiya, baje kolin mafarauta, jifan mashi, ninkaya a kan calabash, da gasar kamun kifi da dai sauransu. Wanda ya fi kama shi an ba shi keken keke mai uku wanda aka fi sani da Keke napep . Bikin dai ya samu halartar shugaban majalisar dattawa, gwamnan jihar Yobe gami da wasu manyan baƙi a ciki da wajen jihar.
Masu mulki
Sarakunan Masarautar: |
42584 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Marufi | Ibrahim Marufi | Ibrahim Maaroufi ( ; an haife shi 18 ga watan Janairun, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989) miladiyya, tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya .
Ya wakilci Morocco U-23 da Belgium U-21 a matakin kasa da kasa. A cikin watan Oktobar shekarar 2007 Maaroufi ya ayyana kansa ga Maroko maimakon Belgium .
Maaroufi ya fara aikinsa tare da tawagar Belgium Anderlecht kafin ya koma PSV Eindhoven na Holland .
Na ƙasashen duniya
An kira shi zuwa tawagar farko sau da yawa ta hanyar Roberto Mancini, amma a ƙarshe ya sanya tawagarsa ta farko da Serie A ta farko da Livorno, 25 ga watan Oktobar shekarar 2006, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Dejan Stanković a cikin minti na 82nd, ya zama dan wasa na biyu mafi ƙanƙanta a tarihin tarihi. na Inter, ya girmi Goran Slavkovski amma ƙarami fiye da Giuseppe Bergomi .
Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasar cin kofin Italiya a matsayin dan wasan FC Internazionale Milano a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwambar 2006, da FC Messina Peloro . Ya kuma buga wasan dawowa. Gabaɗaya Maaroufi ya buga wa Internazionale wasanni 6 tare da 1 ya zo a Seria A da kuma wasanni 5 ya zo a Coppa Italia.
FC Twente aro
A farkon kakar 2008-2009 an ba shi aro zuwa FC Twente don samun ƙarin ƙwarewa lokacin da Fred Rutten ya sanya hannu wanda ya taba horar da Maaroufi a PSV . Rutten ya bar kulob din ya koma FC Schalke kuma Steve McLaren ya maye gurbinsa ba da daɗewa ba.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2009, ranar ƙarshe ta taga canja wuri, an sayar da shi ga Vicenza a cikin tayin mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa wanda hakan ya hana shi buga wasu wasanni. Koyaya, Vicenza ya sake shi bisa yardar juna a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta 2009.
AC Bellinzona
A ranar 31 ga watan Agustan 2009, Maaroufi ya amince da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kaya na Super League na Switzerland AC Bellinzona .
Farashin MVV Maastricht
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2010 Maaroufi ya amince ya koma Netherlands, tare da Eerste Divisie kulob din MVV Maastricht a kan canja wuri kyauta, kawai ya bar shi a karshen kakar wasa; Dukkanin gogewa sun ƙare ba tare da buga wasan farko ba kwata-kwata.
Wydad Casablanca
A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2010, Maaroufi ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zakarun Morocco Wydad Casablanca . Sai dai an sake shi daga baya a watan Disamba, bayan ya bayyana a wasanni biyu kacal.
A cikin watan Janairun 2011, Belgian Pro League club Eupen ya sanar da sanya hannu kan Maaroufi akan canja wuri kyauta. A watan Yulin 2011 Eupen ta sake shi, bayan ya buga wasan farko na farko. Daga nan Maaroufi ya koma kungiyar AS Eupen ta Belgium, yana taka leda a gasar Belgium, duk da haka bayyanarsa tilo ta zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan da suka doke Standard Liège da ci 1-0 a watan Fabrairu. Ya kuma kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba sau hudu kafin Eupen ta sake shi a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
Racing Mechelen
A watan Agusta 2011, ya shiga Leeds United kan gwaji. Ya buga wa Leeds reserves da Farsley Celtic a ranar 6 ga Agusta.
Parseh Tehran
A kan 27 Oktoba 2014, Maaroufi ya sanya hannu a ƙungiyar Lega Pro ta Italiya a kan canja wuri kyauta.
Renaissance Schaerbeek
Tsakanin 2015 da 2017, Maaroufi ya buga wa Renaissance Schaerbeek a Lardin Belgian 1.
Toulouse Rodéo da gwaji
A cikin Maris 2017, Maaroufi ya shiga ƙungiyar Faransa Toulouse Rodéo a cikin rukuni na biyar Championnat National 3 .
Bayan barin kulob din a cikin 2018, ya yi gwaji tare da kulob din Dutch Eerste Divisie FC Eindhoven, ba tare da nasara ba.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Maaroufi ya buga wa Belgium da Morocco a matakin matasa. Tare da tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics ta Morocco a watan Disamba 2006, amma ya buga wasansa na farko na tawagar U-21 a Belgium da Sint-Truiden a watan Fabrairun 2007. An kuma kira shi don karawa da Serbia a watan Maris na 2007.
Ya buga wasansa na karshe na Belgian U-21 da Austria U-21, a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2007.
Maaroufi ya ce da farko zai amince da kiran da ake yi wa Moroccon ‘yan kasa da shekara 23 ne kawai idan aka nada shi kyaftin. Daga nan sai ya sake karbar kiran da tawagar 'yan wasan Olympics ta Morocco ta yi masa, don gasar cin kofin maza ta CAF ta 2008 a watan Oktoban 2007, a Kamaru. A cikin Oktoba 2007 Maaroufi ya ayyana kansa ga Maroko maimakon Belgium .
Rayuwa ta sirri
A watan Maris na 2016, an bayyana cewa Khalid El Bakraoui, daya daga cikin 'yan kunar bakin wake na harin bam a Brussels na 2016, ya yi amfani da sunan Maaroufi don samun damar shiga Belgium da kuma hayar gidan da aka kai hari a Brussels da kuma tare da shi. An shirya harin da aka kai birnin Paris a watan Nuwamban 2015 .
Inter Milan
Serie A : 2006–07, 2007–08
Supercoppa Italiyanci : 2005–06
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a Internazionale
Profile a Swiss Football League
Ibrahim Maaroufi
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29191 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Siffin | Yaƙin Siffin | An gwabza Yakin Siffin ne a shekara ta 657 miladiyya (37H) tsakanin Ali bin Abi Talib na hudu na Khalifofin Rashidun kuma Imamin Shi'a na farko da Mu'awiyah bn Abi Sufyan, gwamnan Sham mai tawaye. An yi wa yakin suna ne bayan wurin da yake, Siffin, a gabar kogin Furat. Fadan dai ya tsaya ne bayan da 'yan kasar Siriyan suka fuskanci kalubale mai karfin gaske, suka bukaci a shiga tsakani. Tsarin sasantawa ya kare ba tare da cikawa ba a cikin shekara ta 658 AZ. Ana daukar yakin a matsayin wani bangare na Fitna ta Farko.
Filin yakin ya kasance a Siffin, kauyen kauyen Rumawa da aka lalatar da ke da nisan yadi dari daga hannun dama na Kogin Furat da ke kusa da Raqqa a Siriya ta yau. An gano shi da kauyen Abu Hureyra na zamani a cikin gundumar Raqqa.
Bayan Fage
Kisan Usman
Mulkin halifa na uku, Usman, ya kasance mai cike da nuna son kai da tabarbarewar tarbiyya. A shekara ta 656 AZ, yayin da rashin gamsuwar jama'a da son zuciya da cin hanci da rashawa ya kai ga tafasa, 'yan tawaye sun kashe Usman a wani farmaki da suka kai masa.
Ali ya kasance mai shiga tsakani tsakanin ‘yan tawaye da Usman. A cewar Jafri, duk da cewa ya yi Allah wadai da kisan Uthman, amma mai yiyuwa ne Ali ya dauki gwagwarmayar juriya a matsayin wani sashe na adalci na talakawa da wadanda ba a basu hakkinsu ba. Fusatattun ’yan iska sun ji wa dansa Hasan rauni a lokacin da yake gadi a gidan Uthman bisa bukatar Ali.
Jim kadan bayan kashe Usman, jama’ar Madina suka koma ga Ali domin ya shugabanci, aka ki tun farko. Aslan ya danganta kin farko da Ali ya yi da tada zaune tsaye tsakanin al’ummar Musulmi bayan kisan Uthman. A gefe guda kuma, Durant ya ba da shawarar cewa, "[Ali] ya nisanta daga wasan kwaikwayo wanda siyasa ta raba addini, da sadaukarwa ta hanyar makirci." Amma duk da haka, in ba a samu wata babbar adawa da kuma buqatar ta musamman daga ‘yan tawayen Iraqi da Ansar ba, daga qarshe Ali ya xaukar nauyin halifa da musulmi ya cika masallacin Annabi da ke Madina da harabar gidansa don yi masa mubaya’a. A cewar Shaban, yanayin tashin hankali bayan kisan Uthman, mai yiwuwa ne ya sa Ali ya amince da halifanci don gudun tashin hankali.
Ba da jimawa Ali ya hau mulki ba, sai ya kori mafi yawan gwamnonin Usman, wadanda ya ke ganin gurbacewarsu, ciki har da Muawiya, dan Uthman. A karkashin Uthman mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar Madelung, Mu'awiya ya gina wani tsarin wutar lantarki mai kama da juna a kasar Siriya wanda ya yi kama da kishin daular Rumawa. Halifa na biyu Umar ya nada shi gwamnan Sham, sannan Usman ya sake tabbatar da shi. An lura cewa Muawiya ya kasance marigayi musulunta wanda mahaifiyarsa Hind ce ke da alhakin yanke gawar kawun Muhammad, Hamza. Mahaifin Mu’awiya, Abu Sufyan, shi ne ya jagoranci sojojin Makka a kan musulmi a lokacin yakin Uhudu da yakin Khandaq.
Ali ya ki amincewa da shawarar jinkirta shirin tsige Mu'awiya har sai lokacin da ikonsa ya tabbata. A cewar Hazleton, dangane da wannan shawara, Ali ya yi tsokaci kan cewa ba zai yi sulhu da imaninsa ba, ya kuma tabbatar da Muawiya, mutum mai raini a wajen Ali, a matsayin gwamna ko da na kwana biyu.
Ayyana yakin Muawiya
A lokacin da Muawiya ya ki komawa Madina, Ali ya rubuta masa cewa wata mubaya’a ta jama’a a Madina tana kan Mu’awiyya, yana mai cewa mutanen da suka yi mubaya’a ga halifofin da suka gabata ne. A martanin da Mu'awiya ya mayar, ya nemi a ba shi lokaci domin neman ra'ayin 'yan kasar Sham, a wani mataki da aka fassara a matsayin wani mataki na jinkirtar da Mu'awiya wajen hada dakarunsa don yakar Ali. A cewar Madelung, Mu’awiya ya kuma kaddamar da farfaganda a tsakanin ‘yan kasar Sham wanda ke nuna kishin kasa da kuma nuna kansa a matsayin dangin Uthman, wanda ke da alhakin daukar fansa.
Har ila yau, ta bakin wani wakili, Mu’awiya ya sanar da Ali a asirce cewa zai amince da halifancin Ali idan har yana so ya mikawa Sham da Masar ga Mu’awiya. An yi wannan shawara ne a asirce, a cewar Madelung, domin wata shawara da jama’a za su yi za ta tona asirin da’awar Mu’awiya na ramuwar gayya ga Uthman. Mai yiyuwa ne Ali ya fahimci wannan shawara a matsayin wata dabara ce daga Mu’awiya ta karbe mulkin halifanci mataki-mataki.
Yayin da aka ki amincewa da shawararsa, Muawiya ya shelanta yaki da Ali a wata wasika a madadin mutanen Sham, da nufin kashe wadanda suka kashe Usman, da tsige Ali, da kafa majalisar (shura) ta Sham don nada halifa na gaba, mai yiwuwa Muawiya. Game da wannan wasika, Madelung ya lura da haka
Wasu majiyoyi da dama sun ci gaba da cewa, Marwan ne ya dasa umarnin hukunta 'yan tawaye bisa ingizawar Mu'awiya, domin tada zaune tsaye a kan Uthman. Ana zargin cewa da gangan Mu'awiya ya hana taimakon da Uthman da aka yiwa kawanya ya nema jim kadan kafin kashe shi.
Dangane da shelanta yaki da Mu'awiya ya yi, Ali ya rubuta masa wasika yana mai nuni da cewa Muawiya ba dangin Usman ba ne don daukar fansa a kan mutuwarsa amma har yanzu yana maraba da gabatar da kararsa a gaban kotun shari'ar Ali. Sannan ya kuma kalubalanci Mu’awiya da ya bayar da duk wata hujja da za ta sa shi a kashe Usman. Har ila yau Ali ya kalubalanci Muawiya da ya bayyana sunan duk wani dan kasar Sham da zai cancanci zama majalisa.
Shi ma Mu'awiya ya yi amfani da wannan taga wajen fadada kawancensa. Musamman tare da alkawarin zama gwamnan Masar, Muawiya ya kawo Amr bn al-As sansaninsa. Amr, masanin dabarun siyasa, an yi imanin cewa shi ne shege dan baban Muawiya, Abu Sufyan. Amr kuma ya kasance babban mai tada hankali a kisan Uthman kuma ya fito fili ya dauki wani abu a kansa. Sai dai daga baya Amr ya nisanta kansa daga kisan Uthman kuma ya yi kawance da Mu’awiya, inda suka zargi Ali a maimakon haka.
Farkon tashin hankali
Bayan ayyana yaki da Mu'awiya Ali ya kira wata majalisar sarakunan musulunci wadda ta bukace shi da ya yaki Muawiya. Duk da haka, Ali ya hana mabiyansa la'antar Siriyawa, yana mai cewa hakan na iya kawo cikas ga duk wani fatan da ya rage na gujewa zubar da jinin da ke kusa. A farkon lokacin rani na shekara ta 657 AZ, sojojin Ali sun isa Siffin da ke yammacin kogin Furat, inda sojojin Muawiya suka yi ta jiransu. An umurci sojojin Siriya da su katse hanyoyin da makiya suke da shi na ruwan sha. Mu’awiya, a cewar Madelung, mai yiyuwa ne farfagandarsa ta tafi da ita cewa waxannan su ne waxanda suka kashe Usman da ya kamata a kashe su da qishirwa.” Amma sojojin Ali sun samu nasarar korar mutanen Sham tare da karva iko da wurin ruwa. Ali ya ba wa Siriyawa damar shiga ruwan cikin 'yanci.
Bayan haka, tsawon makonni, bangarorin biyu sun yi shawarwari. Musamman Mu'awiya ya sake maimaita shawararsa na amincewa da Ali a matsayin mayar da martani ga Siriya da Masar, wanda kuma aka yi watsi da shi. Shi kuma Ali ya kalubalanci Mu’awiya da a yi fada-a-ce-ku-ce don daidaita al’amura da kaucewa zubar da jini. Muawiya ya ki amincewa da wannan tayin.
Tattaunawar ta ci nasara a ranar 18 ga Yuli 657 kuma bangarorin biyu sun shirya don yakin. Madina, da Kufan, da Basranawa ne suka kasance a matsayi na rundunar Ali. Sahabbai masu yawa sun kasance a cikin rundunar Ali. Sojojin Muawiya dai sun kunshi wadanda suka makara zuwa Musulunci wadanda aka jawo su zuwa lardunan da ke kan iyaka da fatan samun ganima.
Babban alkawari
Babban yakin ya fara ne a ranar Laraba, 26 ga Yuli, kuma ya ci gaba har zuwa Juma'a ko safiyar Asabar. Ali ya yi yaki da mutanensa a fagen daga yayin da Muawiya ya jagoranci daga rumfarsa. A ƙarshen rana ta farko, bayan ya ture reshen dama na Ali, Muawiya ya yi kyau gaba daya.
A rana ta biyu, Mu'awiya ya mayar da hankalinsa kan bangaren hagu na Ali, amma sai yaki ya rikide, aka kori mutanen Sham. Mu'awiya ya gudu daga rumfarsa ya fake a cikin tantin sojoji. A wannan rana ne aka kashe Ubayd Allah dan halifa na biyu Umar kuma mai kisan kai sau uku yana yakar Mu'awiya. A daya bangaren kuma, an kashe Ammar bn Yasir, wani sahabi Muhammad dari bisa dari yana yakar Ali. Kamar yadda Sahihul Bukhari da Sahih Muslim suka ruwaito, hadisin da aka jingina wa Muhammad ya yi annabcin mutuwar Ammar, inda ya kara da cewa, “Shi (Ammar) zai kira su (Rundunar Mu’awiya) zuwa ga Allah, kuma za su kira shi zuwa wuta”.
A rana ta uku, duk da roƙon da sojojinsa suka yi, Mu'awiya ya ki amincewa da fafatawar da Ali don kawo karshen kisan. Bayan wata rana da ba a tantance ba, an ci gaba da gwabzawa cikin dare a cikin abin da ake tunawa da daren lailatul kadari.
Washe gari ma'auni ya koma ga Ali. Sai dai kafin azahar wasu daga cikin mutanen Sham suka daga magunansu na Alkur'ani, suna ta kirari guda suna cewa, "Bari littafin Allah ya yi hukunci a tsakaninmu." Fadan ya tsaya. Daga cikin wadanda suka mutu, an kiyasta cewa Ali ya rasa mazaje 25,000, yayin da Muawiyah ya rasa 45,000.
An yi imanin cewa Muawiya ya yi amfani da dabarar sasantawa a sama a lokacin da babban janar dinsa, Amr bn al-As ya sanar da shi cewa, mutanen Sham ba za su iya yin nasara a yakin ba.
Da yake fuskantar kira zuwa ga littafinsu mai tsarki, sojojin Ali sun daina fada, duk kuwa da gargadin da Ali ya yi cewa Muyawiyya ba mai addini ba ne, kuma tada Alkur’ani yaudara ce. An ruwaito cewa, Ash’ath ibn Qays al-Kindi, shugaban qabilar Kufa mafi qarfi, ya shaida wa Ali cewa babu wani daga cikin kabilarsa da zai yaqe shi idan bai amince da kiran da aka yi masa ba. Har ila yau, kiraye-kirayen da Ali ya yi wa sojojinsa ya fuskanci barazanar halaka, musamman wadanda za su zama jagororin Khawarijawa. Don haka aka tilasta Ali ya amince da waɗannan buƙatun kuma ya kira babban kwamandansa, al-Ashtar, wanda ya yi nisa zuwa sansanin Siriya. An amince da cewa wakilai daga bangarorin biyu za su yi sulhu kamar yadda Alkur'ani ya tanada.
Lokacin da bayanin shawarar Mu'awiya ya fito fili, wasu tsiraru daga cikin sojojin Ali sun ki amincewa da sulhuntawa, da alama sun fahimci manufar siyasar Muawiya. Wannan tsiraru dai sun bukaci Ali ya koma yakin. Ko da yake an ruwaito cewa Ali ya fifita hakan, amma ya ki amincewa da wannan shawara, yana mai nuni da cewa mafiya yawa za su murkushe wannan tsiraru da kuma Siriyawa wadanda duk suka bukaci a yi sulhu. Wasu daga cikin ‘yan adawar sun tafi Kufa, wasu kuma suka zauna, suna fatan Ali ya canja ra’ayinsa daga baya. Yayin da yake fuskantar kakkarfan ra'ayin zaman lafiya a cikin sojojinsa, Ali ya karbi shawarar sasantawa, a kan hukuncin da ya yanke.
Yawancin sojojin Ali a yanzu sun matsa kaimi wajen ganin Abu Musa al-Ashari mai tsaka-tsaki a matsayin wakilinsu, duk da rashin amincewar Ali kan butulcin siyasar Abu Musa. Duk da haka, an rubuta yarjejeniyar sasantawa kuma bangarorin biyu suka sanya hannu a ranar 2 ga Agusta, 657 AZ. Abu Musa ya wakilci rundunar Ali yayin da babban janar na Muawiya Amr ibn al-As yake wakiltar dakarun Muawiya. Wakilan biyu sun kuduri aniyar yin riko da Alkur'ani da Sunna, da kuma ceto al'umma daga yaki da rarrabuwar kawuna, wani sashi da ya fito fili don farantawa kungiyar zaman lafiya hankali. Duk da haka, an lura cewa Amr ya yi nisa daga tsaka-tsaki kuma ya yi aiki ne kawai don amfanin Muawiya.
Bayan kwana biyu da wannan yarjejeniya sojojin biyu sun bar fagen daga. Bayan dawowarsa Kufa, Ali ya sami nasarar maido da goyon bayan masu adawa da sulhu. Ya tunatar da sauran abokan hamayyar cewa sun zabi yin sulhu duk da gargadin da ya yi. Sai suka yarda suka gaya wa Ali cewa sun tuba daga zunubansu kuma suka bukaci Ali ya yi haka. Sai dai Ali ya tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da aka yi da Mu’awiya, kuma a hankali ‘yan adawa suka kafa Khawarijawa, ma’ana ‘yan ballewa, wadanda daga baya suka dauki makaman yaki da Ali a yakin Nahrawan. An dauki Khawarijawa a matsayin sahun gaba na masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci.
Bayan watanni da dama na shirye-shiryen, masu sasantawa biyu sun hadu tare, na farko a Dumat al-Jandal sannan kuma a Udhruh. Shari'ar ta ci gaba har tsawon makonni, mai yiwuwa ya wuce tsakiyar Afrilu 658 CE. A Dumat al-Jandal, masu sasantawa sun kai ga yanke hukuncin cewa an kashe Usman bisa zalunci, kuma Muawiya yana da hakkin ya dauki fansa. Ana kallon wannan a matsayin hukunci na siyasa, maimakon na shari’a, kuma kuskure ne na Abu Musa mai butulci. Hukuncin ya karfafa goyon bayan mutanen Sham ga Mu’awiya da raunana matsayin Ali.
A cewar Madelung, taro na biyu a Udhruh ya watse cikin rudani. A karshe, daya daga cikin bayanin shi ne cewa Abu Musa, bisa yarjejeniyarsa da Amr, ya kori Ali da Muawiya, kuma ya yi kira da a kafa majalisa don nada sabon halifa. A lokacin da Amr ya hau wannan mataki, ya tabbatar da cewa lallai masu sasantawa sun yi ittifaqi a kan sauke Ali amma ya kara da kuma cewa Muawiya ya ci gaba da mulki, don haka ya saba yarjejeniyarsa da Abu Musa. Tawagar Kufan ta mayar da martani da kakkausar murya ga rangwamen da Abu Musa ya yi. An kunyata shi ya gudu zuwa Makka, yayin da Amr ya sami karbuwa daga Muawiya da nasara bayan ya dawo Sham.
Bayan haka
Bayan kammala sulhu, mutanen Sham suka yi mubaya'a ga Mu'awiya a matsayin halifa na gaba a shekara ta 659 miladiyya. Ali ya yi Allah-wadai da abin da mahukuntan biyu suka yi da cewa ya saba wa Alkur’ani, ya kuma fara shirya wani sabon balaguro zuwa kasar Sham. Sai dai da labarin cin zarafi da suka yi wa fararen hula, Ali ya dage yakin da yake yi na ganin kasar Sham ta fatattaki Khawarijawa a yakin Nahrawan a shekara ta 658 Miladiyya. Da ya ji cewa Muawiya ya ayyana kansa a matsayin halifa, sai Ali ya yanke duk wata alaka da shi, ya yi masa la’ana, bisa tafarkin Muhammadu. Mu’awiya ya rama ta hanyar gabatar da la’ana ga Ali, da ‘ya’yansa, da babban janar dinsa. Kafin ya fara yakinsa na biyu zuwa Sham a shekara ta 661 Miladiyya, lokacin da yake addu’a a Masallacin Kufa, wani dan Khawarijawa ne ya kashe Ali.
Littafi Mai Tsarki |
25511 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/VA | VA | VA, Va da bambance -bambancen na iya nufin to:
Vä, Sweden, ƙauye
Birnin Vatican (ISO 3166-1 lambar ƙasa VA)
Virginia, gajarta ta gidan waya ta Amurka
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
VA Software (wanda kuma aka sani da "Binciken VA" da "VA Linux Systems") kamfani wanda a ƙarshe ya zama Geeknet
VA Tech Wabag, kamfani mai hedikwata a Austria da Indiya
Virgin Atlantic, kamfanin jirgin sama na duniya mallakar Richard Branson na kungiyar Budurwa
Virgin Australia (lambar IATA tun shekara ta 2011)
V Ostiraliya (lambar IATAshekara ta 2009zuwa shekara ta 2011)
Viasa (lambar IATA shekara ta 1960zuwa shekara ta 1997)
Ma'aikatar Tsohon Sojojin Amurka, sashen gwamnatin Amurka
VA (Jama'a & Kimiyya), ƙungiyar kimiyya ta Sweden
Kwalejin Vermont, shiga jirgi da makarantar sakandare ta rana a Kogin Saxtons, VT
VA, aika haruffa marasa adadi na Royal Order of Victoria da Albert
VA, sunan barkwanci ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙungiyar Valenciennes FC
Virtual airline (shaƙatawa) ƙungiyar kwaikwaiyo abin sha'awa ƙungiyar
Makarantar taimakon agaji, irin makarantar da jihar ke tallafawa a Ingila da Wales
Media da nishaɗi
<i id="mwMw">Va</i> (fim), fim na yaren Tamil na shekara ta 2010
Vampire Academy, jerin littattafai 6 mafi siyarwa
Gidan kayan tarihi na Victoria & Albert, galibi ana ba da shi azaman "V&A"
M Apathy, punk rock band daga Kalamazoo, MI
Virtual Adepts, "al'ada" a cikin wasan kwaikwayo Mage: Hawan Yesu zuwa sama
Virtual Analog, kayan kiɗan da ke kwaikwayon masu haɗa kayan analog
Kayayyakin gani
Mai kunna murya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ke ba da muryoyi don haruffa masu rai ko kafofin watsa labarai marasa gani
Kimiyya, fasaha, da lissafi
Biology da magani
Valproic acid, magani ne da ake amfani da shi sau da yawa da maganin kwantar da hankula
Anasaly na jijiyoyin jini, a magani
Cikakken tsakiya na tsakiya, wani ɓangaren thalamus a cikin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya
Ventricular arrhythmia
Kayayyakin gani, ma'aunin adadi na tsinkayen gani
Kwamfuta da tsarin
.va, yankin lambar babban matakin ƙasa (ccTLD) don Jihar Vatican City
Hukumar Tabbatarwa, a cikin mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa na jama'a
Adireshin mai rumfa, wurin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta a cikin sararin adireshin mai amfani
Tsaye a tsaye, fasahar da ake amfani da ita a cikin nuni na ruwa-crystal na zamani
Nazarin gani, kayan aikin hangen nesa na kasuwanci
Shigewa kima, kan aiwatar da gano da kuma quantifying vulnerabilities a wani tsarin
Lissafi da lissafi
Algebra na Vertex
Asymptote na tsaye, a cikin lissafi
Volt-ampere, siginar SI na auna ikon a bayyane, yayi daidai da watt
Sarari da jirgin sama
V A, ƙirar ƙirar saurin jirgin sama
Vozvraschaemyi Apparat ko VA kumbon sama jannati, abin hawa na Tarayyar Soviet
Sauran amfani
Mawaƙa daban -daban, waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a cikin bayanin kundin kiɗan wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin da aka tattara daga masu fasaha daban -daban
Mutanen Va, wata ƙabila ce a China da Myanmar
An ƙara darajar, a cikin tattalin arziƙi
Shekarar shekara mai canzawa, kayan aikin kuɗi
Mataimakin Admiral, mukamin soja
Virtual mataimakin, dan kwangila mai zaman kansa wanda ke ba da taimako ga abokan ciniki ta intanet
Acid mai rikitarwa ko gurɓataccen ruwan inabi, babban acetic acidity a cikin giya
Radiyon mai son kira prefix na Kanada, misali kamar a cikin "VA1BOB" |
34288 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee%20Martin | Tee Martin | Tamaurice Nigel " Tee " Martin (an haife shi a watan Yulin shekarar 25, 1978) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka kuma tsohon ɗan wasan kwata-kwata wanda shine babban kocin masu karɓa na Baltimore Ravens na National Football League (NFL). Ya taba zama mataimakin koci a Jami'ar Tennessee, Jami'ar Kudancin California, Jami'ar Kentucky, Jami'ar New Mexico, Arewacin Atlanta HS, North Cobb HS da Kwalejin Morehouse .
Martin ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji a Tennessee kuma Pittsburgh Steelers ne suka tsara shi a zagaye na biyar na 2000 NFL Draft . A lokacin wasanni shida na wasa a cikin National Football League (NFL) da kuma Canadian Football League (CFL), Martin ya taka leda a Pittsburgh Steelers, Rhein Fire, Philadelphia Eagles, Oakland Raiders da Winnipeg Blue Bombers .
Shekarun farko
Martin ya halarci kuma ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa a makarantar sakandare a Williamson High School .
Sana'ar wasa
Yayin da yake Jami'ar Tennessee, Martin ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na kwaleji a karkashin babban koci Phillip Fulmer daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 1999. Martin ya kasance mataimaki ga Peyton Manning a lokacin sabon saurayi da na biyu a Jami'ar Tennessee . A lokacin ƙaramar kakarsa, Martin ya jagoranci ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta 1998 Tennessee Volunteers zuwa rikodin 13 – 0 da nasarar Fiesta Bowl akan Jihar Florida, inda ya lashe makarantar NCAA Division IA na farko na gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa tun 1951 . Ya kasance abokan aiki tare da gudu Jamal Lewis a farkon shekarunsa a Tennessee da kuma mai karɓa na Peerless Price, wanda kowannensu ya ci gaba da yin wasa a cikin NFL.
A cikin lokacin 1998, Martin ya karya rikodin NCAA don kammala a jere. A kan South Carolina, Martin ya kammala wucewa 23 na farko. Haɗe tare da kammalawa a kan izininsa na ƙarshe a makon da ya gabata a kan Alabama, layin Martin na 24 a jere da kammala kashi 95.8% ya kafa sababbin bayanai. Martin ya karya rikodin taron Kudu maso Gabas na Ole Miss ' Kent Austin, wanda ya kasance 20 a jere. Ya karya rikodin NCAA don kammala wasanni da yawa tare da 23 a jere sama da wasanni biyu, wanda Southern Cal 's Rob Johnson da Scott Milanovich na Maryland suka raba. Bugu da kari, ya karya rikodin wasa daya na kammala 22 kai tsaye wanda Chuck Long na Iowa ya kafa a 1984. A ƙarshe, kashi 95.8% ɗinsa na kammalawa ya karya mafi kyawun kaso na ƙarshe na wasa ɗaya na baya na 92.6% wanda Rick Neuheisel na UCLA ya kafa a 1983.
A cikin 1999, Martin ya jagoranci Vols zuwa kwanon BCS na biyu a jere, asarar 31–21 zuwa #3 Nebraska a cikin Fiesta Bowl . A cikin shekaru biyu na Martin a matsayin mai farawa a Tennessee, Vols sun kasance 11-1 sama da manyan abokan gaba shida, (2-0 vs. Alabama, 2-0 vs. Auburn 2-0 vs. Jojiya, 2-0 vs. Vanderbilt 2-0 vs. Kentucky, da 1-1 vs. Florida ).
Ƙididdiga na kwalejin
An tsara Martin a zagaye na biyar tare da zaɓi na 163 na gaba ɗaya a cikin 2000 NFL Draft ta Pittsburgh Steelers . A cikin 2004, an sake Martin a matsayin memba na Oakland Raiders bayan yanayi huɗu na NFL. Martin ya shafe kakar wasa daya a gasar zakarun Turai ta NFL . A lokacin lokacin 2002, ya taimaka ya jagoranci Rhein Fire zuwa mafi kyawun rikodin 7–3. Wuta ta yi hasarar a cikin kwano na Duniya, ta faɗo 20–26 zuwa Tsawa ta Berlin .
Aikin koyarwa
Morehouse College
Martin ya fara aikinsa na koyarwa a matsayin mai kula da wasan wucewa a Kwalejin Morehouse a 2006.
North Cobb HS
A cikin 2007, Martin ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa Cobb a matsayin mai gudanar da wasan su na wucewa da kocin kwata-kwata.
North Atlanta HS
A cikin 2008, Martin ya shiga Makarantar Sakandare ta Arewa a matsayin mai gudanar da ayyukansu na cin zarafi da kocin kwata-kwata.
New Mexico
A cikin 2009, Jami'ar New Mexico ta dauki Martin a matsayin kocin kwata-kwata a karkashin kocin Mike Locksley .
A cikin 2010, Martin ya shiga a matsayin babban kocin masu karɓa a Jami'ar Kentucky a ƙarƙashin babban kocin Joker Phillips . A cikin 2010, an ba Martin ƙarin matsayi a matsayin mai gudanar da wasan wucewa.
A watan Fabrairun 2012, an ɗauki Martin a matsayin babban kocin masu karɓa a Jami'ar Kudancin California a ƙarƙashin babban kocin Lane Kiffin . An danganta shi da ayyuka a duka Alabama da Oregon a baya. Labarin da ya dauka a USC ya karye ta hanyar tweet by quarterback Matt Barkley . Martin ya maye gurbin Ted Gilmore wanda ya bar aiki a Oakland Raiders . A ranar 18 ga Disamba, 2015, an ƙara Martin zuwa babban mai gudanarwa na Trojans a ƙarƙashin kocin Clay Helton . A ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2018, bayan lokacin 5-7, Martin ya zama mai rauni na girgiza ma'aikatan kuma an kore shi daga mukamin.
A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2019, Martin ya shiga Jami'ar Tennessee, almater, a matsayin mataimakin babban kocinsu kuma kocin masu karbar baki a karkashin kocin Jeremy Pruitt .
Baltimore Ravens
A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2021, Baltimore Ravens ya ɗauki Martin a matsayin babban kociyan masu karɓar su a ƙarƙashin babban kocin John Harbaugh, ya maye gurbin David Culley, wanda ya tashi ya zama babban kocin Houston Texans .
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Martin kuma ya girma a Mobile, Alabama . Ya auri matarsa, Toya Rodriguez, mai rikodin rikodi da aka sani da sana'a kamar Toya. Babban ɗansa, Amari Rodgers, yana wasa a matsayin mai karɓa mai yawa ga Green Bay Packers kuma shi ne tsohuwar jami'ar Clemson, inda ya rubuta fiye da 1,000 yana karɓar yadudduka a lokacin babban kakarsa. Yaron tsakiya na Martin, Kaden, ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa ne da kuma mai son wasan ƙwallon baseball wanda ya jajirce zuwa Jami'ar Miami a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball amma kuma zai shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. An haifi ƙaramin ɗan Martin, Cannon, a cikin 2012.
Martin ya mallaki Playmakers Sports, kamfani mai ƙwarewa a cikin shirye-shiryen wasanni na wasanni, horo na kwata-kwata, da haɓaka basira kuma ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa ne na kwaleji a kan shirin Comcast Sports kudu maso gabas Talkin' Football . Shi kocin kwata-kwata ne na Nike Elite 11 Quarterback Camps, Nike Football Training Camps, kuma ya horar da yawancin makarantun sakandare da na 1 na kwata-kwata. A cikin 2008, Martin ya ƙirƙiri "Dual Threat" Quarterback Camp da Academy a Atlanta, Jojiya.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan Bayani na Baltimore Ravens
Winnipeg Blue Bombers bayanin martaba (daga 2005)
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1978 |
59691 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniyar%20terrestrial%20stilling | Duniyar terrestrial stilling | Tsayar da ƙasa a duniya shine raguwar saurin iska da aka gani kusa da saman duniya (~ tsayin mita 10) a cikin shekaru talatin da suka gabata (musamman tun shekarun 1980), wanda asalinsa ake kira "tsitsi". Wannan raguwar iskar ƙasa da ke kusa da ƙasa ta fi shafar yankunan tsakiyar latitude na duka sassan duniya, tare da raguwar matsakaicin duniya na -0.140 ms -1 dec -1 (mitoci a sakan daya a kowace shekara goma) ko tsakanin 5 da 15% a cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Tare da babban-latitude (> 75° daga ma'auni) yana nuna haɓaka a cikin duka hemispheres. Sabanin yadda iskoki ke yin rauni a saman nahiyoyin duniya, iskoki sun yi ƙoƙarin yin ƙarfi a kan yankunan teku . A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an gano raguwa a cikin wannan raguwar saurin iska wanda ke nuna farfadowa a ma'aunin duniya tun daga 2013.
Haƙiƙanin dalilin (s) na wanzuwar ƙasa a duniya ba shi da tabbas kuma an danganta shi da manyan direbobi guda biyu: (i) canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayin yanayi mai girma, da (ii) haɓakar yanayin ƙasa saboda girma daji, amfani da ƙasa. canje-canje, da ƙauyuka .
Bayar da canjin yanayi, canje-canje a cikin saurin iska a halin yanzu yana da yiwuwar damuwa ga jama'a, saboda tasirin da hydrology , da hydrologicals, da iska mai ƙarfi, ko ingancin iska, ko ingancin iska da lafiyar dan Adam, da dai sauransu.
Asalin wannan rauni na saurin iskar kusa da saman ƙasa ba cikakke ba ne, mai yiwuwa saboda dalilai da yawa waɗanda ke hulɗa a lokaci ɗaya, kuma suna iya canzawa a sararin samaniya cikin lokaci. Masana kimiyya sun yi nuni da manyan dalilai daban-daban da ke tasiri wannan raguwar saurin iska:
(i) Haɓaka rashin ƙarfi na ƙasa (misali girma gandun daji, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa da ƙauyuka) kusa da tashar yanayin yanayi inda kayan aikin anemometer ke kaiwa ga ƙarfin juzu'i wanda ke raunana ƙananan iska.
(ii) Bambance-bambancen yanayi mai girma, wanda ke da alaƙa da fadada poleward na tantanin halitta Hadley da kuma sauyawar cibiyoyin ayyuka (watau anticyclones da cyclones ) suna sarrafa canje-canje a cikin saurin iska na kusa.
(iii) Canje-canjen yadda ake auna saurin iskar, gami da tabarbarewar kayan aiki na na'urorin anemometer; inganta fasaha na anemometers; tsayin anemometer; canzawa a wuraren ma'auni; canje-canje a cikin yanayi a kusa da tashar sa ido; al'amurran daidaitawa ; da kuma auna tazarar lokaci.
(iv) The " duniya dimming ", watau, raguwa a cikin adadin hasken rana radiation isa zuwa doron kasa saboda ƙara aerosol da kuma greenhouse gas taro, tilasta a tabbatar da yanayi haifar da rauni iska.
(v) Wasu dalilai, kamar haɓaka yanayin damshin ƙasa da ake samu da sauye-sauye na sararin samaniya an gabatar da su gaba.
Duk da haka, har yanzu ba a warware ainihin abubuwan da ke haifar da dawwama a duniya ba saboda yawancin rashin tabbas da ke tattare da wannan lamari a fadin duniya.
Rashin tabbas
"Tsarin duniya" ba ya yin tasiri kamar yadda dukan sararin duniya ke fadin ƙasa da saman teku. A sararin samaniya, an ba da rahoton karuwar saurin iska ga wasu yankuna, musamman ga manyan latitudes, bakin teku da kuma saman teku inda marubuta daban-daban suka tabbatar da karuwar yanayin duniya. gudun iska ta amfani da ma'aunin tauraron dan adam a cikin shekaru 30-40 da suka gabata. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna raguwa a cikin mummunan hali na saurin iskar ƙasa, tare da farfadowa da yawa na kwanan nan / ƙarfafa saurin iska tun a kusa da 2013. Wannan yana haifar da rashin tabbas a fahimtar lamarin.
Yawancin rashin tabbas da ke bayan muhawarar "ƙaddarar duniya" tana zaune a cikin (i) gajeriyar isar da bayanan saurin iskar, tare da jerin farawa a cikin 1960s, (ii) nazarin saurin iskar da aka fi aiwatar da shi akan yankuna na tsakiya inda yawancin ma'auni na dogon lokaci. akwai; da (iii) ƙarancin ingancin rikodin anemometer kamar yadda rahoton kimantawa na biyar (AR5) ya nuna na Ƙungiyar gwamnatoci kan Canjin Yanayi (IPCC).
Karancin inganci a cikin jerin saurin iska ya samo asali ne saboda abubuwan da ba na yanayi ba (misali lura da sauye-sauyen aiki, ƙaura tasha, canjin tsayin anemometer) yana shafar waɗannan bayanan, wanda ke haifar da zama mara wakilci na ainihin bambance-bambancen saurin iska na tsawon lokaci. An haɓaka ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin homogenization don jerin saurin iska don ganowa da daidaita yuwuwar inhomogeneities.
Bincike mai gudana
Binciken da ake yi a halin yanzu game da tantancewa da kuma danganta wannan lamarin ya mayar da hankali kan rage ƙayyadaddun samuwa da ƙarancin ingancin bayanan saurin iska. Aikin binciken da Turai ta tallafa wa STILLING wani shiri ne na yanzu wanda ke da nufin rage wannan takurawa ta hanyar ceto, daidaitawa da dawo da mafi tsayi kuma mafi inganci jerin saurin iska a duk faɗin duniya. A halin yanzu aikin yana tattara bayanan saurin iska wanda ya fara a cikin 1880 yana ba masana kimiyya kusan bayanan shekaru 130, kusan shekaru 80 fiye da karatun baya da ake samu a cikin adabin kimiyya. Ingantacciyar masaniyar yanayin saurin iskar da ta gabata yana da mahimmanci don fahimtar abin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu na "zamantakewar duniya", gano idan sauyin yanayi ya biyo bayan wannan guguwar iska ko kuma irin wannan yanayin da ya faru a baya kuma ana iya sa ran nan gaba. Wato tare da dogon rikodin za a iya gano zagayowar decadal.
Abubuwan canjin saurin iska
Al'amarin "kwarjinin duniya" yana da babban sha'awar kimiyya, tattalin arziki, da muhalli saboda mahimmin tasirin ko da ƙananan saurin iskar da ke sauye-sauye a yanayin yanayi da yanayin teku da sauran fannonin da ke da alaƙa kamar: (i) makamashin iska mai sabuntawa; (ii) noma da ilimin ruwa saboda ƙawance; (iii) ƙaura na nau'in tsire-tsire masu watsar da iska; (iv) bala'o'in da suka shafi iska; (v) Tasirin ruwa da bakin teku saboda guguwar da iska ke haifarwa da raƙuman ruwa; (vi) watsar da gurɓataccen iska; a tsakanin sauran fannonin tattalin arziki da muhalli da yawa. Duk da haka, don makamashin iska kusa da saman sararin sama ana lura da saurin iska a cikin 10m na filin ƙasa, kuma tare da injin turbin da aka samo wasu 60-80. m sama da ƙasa ana buƙatar ƙarin karatu a nan. Ana kuma buƙatar ƙarin karatu a wurare masu tsayi, waɗanda galibi yankuna ne waɗanda ke samar da yawancin kayan ruwan mu, da ake kira hasumiya na ruwa, kamar yadda saurin iska ya nuna yana raguwa da sauri fiye da canje-canjen da aka rubuta a. ƙananan wuraren tsaunuka, kuma akwai takardun Sinanci da yawa da ke nuna wannan ga Tibet Plateau.
Sauyin yanayi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53362 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity%20Ngilu | Charity Ngilu | Charity Kaluki Ngilu (an haife ta 28 ga Janairu 1952) ɗan siyasan Kenya ce kuma gwamna na biyu da aka zaɓa a gundumar Kitui . Ba ta yi nasarar zama Shugabar Jamhuriyar Kenya ba a 1997. Ta rike mukamin ministar lafiya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007 da kuma ministar ruwa da ban ruwa daga Afrilu 2008 zuwa 2013. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015.
Charity Ngilu ta halarci makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Alliance, sannan ta shiga Kwalejin Sakatariyar Gwamnati, Kwalejin Kianda, da Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Kenya don karɓar ƙwarewar gudanarwa da sakatariya. Ta fara sakatariya kafin ta zama ’yar kasuwa mai wadata a masana’antar robobi da biredi.
Tare da Joyce Laboso da Anne Waiguru, Ngilu na ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka zama gwamnonin mata na farko a Kenya a 2017.
Rayuwar Siyasa
An zabi Ngilu a matsayin wakilin mazabar Kitui ta tsakiya a shekarar 1992 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat . An sake zaɓe ta a kujera ɗaya kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓe na 1997 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Kenya, ta ƙare ta biyar a bayan wanda ya ci nasara, Daniel arap Moi . Tare da Wangari Maathai, ta zama 'yar takarar shugabancin Kenya mace ta farko .
Daga baya, ta shiga jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya . A babban zaben watan Disamba na 2002, jam'iyyarta na cikin kungiyar National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). Gamayyar ta ci gaba da lashe zaben, kuma shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya nada ta a matsayin ministar lafiya lokacin da ya nada majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2003. An kuma nada ta shugabar NARC.
Ana ganin Ngilu a matsayin sabon dan makaranta a gwamnati, sabanin tsofaffin ‘yan makaranta kamar John Michuki da Shugaba Kibaki. Sai dai kuma an bar ta a makale bayan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta fice daga kawancen bayan da gwamnati ta sha kaye a kan daftarin tsarin mulkin kasar, yayin da mafi yawan mambobin NARC da suka rage suka kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar Narc-Kenya karkashin jagorancin Martha Karua .
A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2007, Ngilu ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga Orange Democratic Movement da dan takararta na shugaban kasa, Raila Odinga, a babban zaben watan Disamba na 2007 ; ta kwatanta Odinga da Nelson Mandela . Da farko ta ce ta ci gaba da zama a gwamnati, duk da goyon bayan babban abokin hamayyar Kibaki. Sai dai kuma Kibaki ya sanar da korar ta daga gwamnati a ranar 6 ga Oktoba.
An sake zaben Ngilu a kujerarta daga Kitui Central a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na Disamba 2007 . Kibaki ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa bisa ga sakamakon hukuma, amma jam'iyyar ODM ta yi sabani da hakan, kuma rikicin ya barke. A ƙarshe an warware rikicin tare da yarjejeniyar raba madafun iko, kuma a cikin babban majalisar ministocin da aka ambata a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2008 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, an nada Ngilu a matsayin Ministan Ruwa kuma Ban ruwa.
Ngilu ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Raila Odinga a takarar neman shugabancin kasar a zaben Kenya na 2013. Daga baya ta kaddamar da takarar shugaban kasa ta hannun jam'iyyarta ta Narc Political Party, inda daga karshe ta zabi tsayawa takarar sanata a gundumar Kitui sannan ta sha kashi a hannun David Musila a cikin wannan tsari.
Bayan nasarar da ta yi, Ngilu ta nada Ngilu a matsayin sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane ta shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta, amma ta yi murabus daga mukamin sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa.
Gwamnan gundumar Kitui
Ngilu ya tsaya takarar gwamnan gundumar Kitui a babban zaben shekarar 2017, inda ya doke Julius Malombe mai ci kuma ya zama daya daga cikin zababbun gwamnonin mata uku.
Umarni kan Kariyar Muhalli
Zaman Charity Ngilu a matsayin Hakimin Kitui ya fara ne da yanke shawara mai cike da cece-kuce da kuma wasu mutane da suka hada da hana tara yashi da konewa da safarar gawayi a yankin. Umurnin a cewar Ngilu ya kasance don kare muhalli a yankin. Haramcin safarar gawayi ya kawo zargin tayar da kabilanci. Wannan ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen da tambayoyi na Ngilu da Hukumar Haɗin kai da Haɗin kai ta ƙasa ta yi. Gwamnan lardin Kiambu, Ferdinand Waititu, ya kai kara Charity Ngilu saboda tada zaune tsaye. Matakin Ngilu ya jawo tsaro daga shugabanni a yankin gabashin Kenya, wanda aka fi sani da Ukambani . Ngilu ya samu umarnin kotu da ya hana ‘yan sanda kama ta kan garwashin. Aiwatar da dokar hana safarar gawayi na da matsala dangane da zargin cewa jami'an gwamnatin karamar hukumar Kitui na hada baki da masu safarar gawayi domin karya umarnin Ngilu. Matsalar kuma ta ja hankalin jama'a kan yadda za a aiwatar da haramcin.
Dangantaka da Majalisar Karamar Hukuma
A cikin shekaru biyun farko na mulkinta na Gwamna, Charity ta samu rashin jituwa tsakaninta da mambobin Majalisar Kitui. A watan Disamba na 2018, an zargi Charity da jinkirta sakin albashi ga 'yan majalisar gundumar. An ba da rahoton sadaka da membobin majalisa don haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki a cikin 2019. Charity ta zargi majalisar da jinkirta gabatar da karin kasafin kudi ba bisa ka'ida ba har zuwa watan Mayun 2020 yayin da ya rage saura wata guda a karshen shekarar kudi.
Matsalolin Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta County
A farkon rabin shekarar 2020, Majalisar gundumar ta ki amincewa da wadanda ta zaba zuwa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a (CPSB). Wa'adin hukumar da'ar ma'aikata ta farko a karamar hukumar ya kare a shekarar 2019. Kin amincewar ta taso ne bayan abin da Charity Ngilu ta yi la'akari da jinkirin da bai dace ba da ta dora wa shugaban majalisar Mista George Ndoto. Charity ta ci gaba da dora laifin kin amincewar da aka yi mata a kan abin da ta dauki katsalandan a siyasar cikin gida da Kalonzo Musyoka, shugaban jam'iyyar Wiper Democratic Party ya yi.
An ba da rahoton jinkiri na nadin membobin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na County na kawo cikas ga daukar karin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don inganta yakin da gundumar ta yi da cutar ta COVID-19 .
Babban Zaben 2022
A zaben 2022 Ngilu ya goyi bayan takarar Raila Odinga na neman shugabancin kasar. Ko da yake hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta (IEBC) ta wanke ta don kare kujerarta a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Kitui, daga baya za ta janye takararta domin goyon bayan Julius Malombe na jam'iyyar Wiper . Ana zargin ta na neman wani babban mukami a karkashin jagorancin Raila Odinga Azimio la Umoja – gwamnatin hadaka ta Kenya idan har kawancen zai lashe zaben watan Agusta.
Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Kenya
A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2012 kungiyar lauyoyi ta Kenya ta bayyana Ngilu a matsayin daya daga cikin jami'an gwamnati a cikin rahotanni daban-daban kan batutuwan da suka hada da cin hanci da rashawa zuwa laifukan tattalin arziki. Al’ummar ta shawarci masu kada kuri’a da kada su kada kuri’ar wadanda aka ambata a cikin rahoton kamar yadda suka yi a baya.
Tashin hankali 2013
A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, majalisar dokokin Kenya ta 11 ta yi muhawara game da halinta a matsayinta na sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane. Majalisar dai na aiki ne da shawarwarin da wani kwamiti na musamman wanda aikin sa shi ne ya binciki yadda ta nada sabon darakta a ma'aikatarta ba tare da shigar da majalisar dokokin kasar ba kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Kenya ya tanada.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Mijinta, Michael Mwendwa Ngilu, ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2006 a Afirka ta Kudu. Charity Ngilu tana da yara uku
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1952
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25815 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ios | Ios | Ios, Io ko Nio ( , Greek pronunciation: [ios], Ancient Greek ; na gida Nios ) tsibiri ne na Girka a cikin ƙungiyar Cyclades a Tekun Aegean. Ios tsibiri ne mai tuddai tare da tuddai har zuwa teku a mafi yawancin ɓangarorin, yana tsakanin rabin Naxos da Santorini. Tana da , tare da yanki na . Yawan jama'a ya kai 2,024 a cikin shekara ta 2011 (ƙasa daga 3,500 a ƙarni na 19). Ios yana cikin ɓangaren yankin Thira.
Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ios tana kan tashar tashar jiragen ruwa ta Ormos a arewa maso yamma. Akwai hanya zuwa saman tudun kusa da Chora, mai suna bayan kalmar Helenanci don babban ƙauyen a tsibirin. Chora ƙauyen farar fata ne kuma mai hawa -hawa, cike da matakala da kunkuntar hanyoyi waɗanda ke sa ba a iya samun damar shiga motoci. A yau, babban hanyar ta ƙauyen an mamaye shi gabaɗaya ta hanyar yawon shakatawa tare da gidajen abinci, kantin sayar da kaya, mashaya da gidajen cin abinci na baƙi. Baya ga tashar jiragen ruwa da ƙauyen Chora, Ios yana da wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi na shimfida gidaje a bayan manyan rairayin bakin teku (Theodoti, Kalamos, Manganari). Tun daga shekara ta 1990, magajin tsibirin Pousseos ya yi aiki kan ci gaban Ios don jawo hankalin nau'ikan masu yawon bude ido. Tare da taimakon Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Turai an gina wasu hanyoyi, dukkansu an yi musu shimfida, kuma masanin gine -ginen nan na Jamus Peter Haupt ya ƙirƙiro wani filin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo a saman tudun ƙauyen.
Dangane da Plutarch ana tsammanin sunan ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Helenanci don violets "" (Ia) saboda galibi ana samun su a tsibirin kuma shine mafi yarda da ilimin halitta. Hakanan an nuna cewa sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Phoenician iion, ma'ana "tarin duwatsu". Pliny Dattijon ya kuma rubuta cewa sunan ya fito ne daga Ionians waɗanda ke zaune a tsibirin. A zamanin Ottoman an kira tsibirin Anza ko Aina, kuma sunansa na yanzu an kafa shi a hukumance a cikin karni na 19 bayan sama da shekaru 2000 na amfani. A zamanin d the a ana kiran tsibirin "" (Phiniki), wanda aka sanya wa suna da kuma ta Phoenicians kuma a cikin karni na 3, lokacin da tsibirin ya shiga League of Islanders, wataƙila an ba shi suna Arsinoe na ɗan lokaci bayan matar Ptolemy II A yau mazauna Tsibirin Cycladic suna kiran tsibirin Nio, sunan da ya samo asali daga zamanin Byzantine. Sunan Little Malta, wanda aka samo a cikin rubutun matafiya a lokacin mulkin Ottoman, yana da alaƙa da kasancewar 'yan fashin dindindin a tsibirin. A cikin yaruka masu rubutun Latin, sunan tsibirin shine Nio ko Io.
Geography da geology
Siffar Ios tayi kama da murabba'i, tare da matsakaicin girman gefen 15 km (9.3 mi) da 7 km (4.3 mi) bi da bi. Tsawon mafi tsayi yana cikin hanyar NW, daga karatza cape zuwa Achlades Peninsula kuma shine 17.5 km (10.9 mi) tsayi, yayin da mafi tsayi mafi tsayi, a cikin jagorancin AD, shine 14 km (8.6 mi) dogon. Ios yana da 86 km (53.4 mi) na gabar teku, wanda 32 km (19.9 mi) re yashi rairayin bakin teku.
Mafi girman tudu (723 m, 2372 ft) shine Kastro ganiya kuma ana kiranta Pyrgos , wanda ke tsakiyar tsibirin, yayin da ke kusa da Kastro akwai manyan kololuwa uku na gaba: Xylodema ( (660 m, 2165 ft), Kostiza () (586 m, 1923 ft) da annabi Iliya ( (490 m, 951 ft).
Ios ya ƙunshi kusan duwatsun metamorphic, wanda akan iyakance iyakancewar quaternary.
Shirin Homer
Idan aka samu munanan abubuwan da suka faru kamar girgizar ƙasa, gobarar daji da dai sauransu Municipality na Ios ya shirya wani babban shiri da ake kira Homer (Girkanci: ) wanda ya haɗa da haɗin gwiwar duk mutanen Iiti.
Yawan jama'a
Dangane da ƙidayar mutanen Girka na shekara ta 2011 a Ios suna zaune mutane daga shekara ta 2084 zuwa 1754 daga cikinsu suna zaune a Chora. Daga shekara ta 1940s zuwa farkon shekara ta 1970s, yawan mutanen tsibirin sun ragu akai -akai. Babban abubuwan da ke haifar da wannan sabon abu shine ƙaurawar ƙaura, yanayin annoba na lokacin kuma zuwa ƙaramin adadin, asarar maza masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 45 yayin yaƙin.
Tsibirin ya shahara saboda cheeses na gida. An fi yin su a cikin kayan miya na birni ta amfani da madara daga awaki ko tumaki. Mafi shahararrun shine "skotíri" (), cuku mai tsami tare da ƙanshin ƙanshin rani. Shahararrun jita -jita na Ios sune "tsimediá" (, furannin kabewa da aka cika da shinkafa da "mermitzéli" (, sha'ir na hannu).
A cikin shekara ta 1827 shugabannin yankin Ios sun rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga gwamnatin juyin juya hali na Girka suna neman a buɗe makaranta a tsibirin. A cikin shekarun 1850 an buɗe makarantar farko wacce ta ƙunshi ɗaliban ɗalibai na kowane zamani. Irin makarantar da ake gudanarwa ana kiranta Skolarcheion (Girkanci: ) kuma yayi daidai da makarantar firamare tare da wasu darussan asali na makarantar sakandare. Yawancin ɗalibai a lokacin ba su kammala karatu ba saboda lokacinsu ya shagala wajen taimaka wa danginsu a cikin filayen. Wannan ya haifar da kaso mai yawa na yara marasa karatu. Iyalan masu arziki sun tura yaransu makarantun tsibiran da ke kusa. Daga shekara ta 1936 aka kafa makarantar firamare ta farko. A cikin shekara ta 1972 an buɗe makarantar yara ta farko kuma a cikin shekara ta 1980 makarantar sakandare ta farko wacce ke da wasu manyan darussan sakandare. A yau, a Chora akwai makarantar yara, makarantar sakandare, babban sakandare da makarantar sakandare ta EPAL.
Ios daga zamanin prehistoric kuma godiya ga amincin tashar jiragen ruwa na halitta ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a kan hanyoyin teku zuwa Crete. Masana ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun gano farkon sasantawar Cycladic akan tudun Skarkos da sauran wuraren tarihi na tsibirin.
Ios yana ƙarƙashin rinjayar Minoan sannan kuma na wayewar Mycenaean. Wataƙila 'yan Phoenicians mosy sun isa tsibirin kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa ƙarni na 9 BC. Ios ya zama Ionian a wani lokaci bayan, kamar yadda membarsa a cikin Ionic Amphictyony ya shaida. Daga shekara ta 534 BC tsibirin ya biya haraji ga Athens.
Lokaci na gargajiya da Hellenistic
Ios birni ne mai mahimmanci kuma mai ƙarfi a zamanin gargajiya da Hellenistic. Faduwarta ta fara ne daga mamayar Rumawa, lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita azaman wurin gudun hijira, kuma ta ci gaba a zamanin Rumawa. Tsibirin ya sami murmurewa a lokacin Duchy na Naxos, amma mulkin Ottoman ya katse shi. Palaiokastro, gidan da aka lalata na Venetian daga karni na 15 ya ta'allaka ne a arewacin tsibirin. Ios yana da mahimmancin isa a lardin Insulae na Rome don ya zama abin kallo na Metropolis na Rhodes, amma daga baya ya ɓace ya ɓace.
A cikin karni na 3 da na 2 BC kafin Ios ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu tsibirin, ta haƙa tsabar kuɗin ta, yawancin su ana iya samun su a Gidan Tarihin Archaeological na Berlin da Gidan Tarihi na Biritaniya. Akwai tsabar kudi 28 daban-daban. Suna kwatanta Homer, itacen dabino ko Athena, kamar yadda ake bauta mata a tsibirin. Yawancin su suna da ma'anar writing rubutun mutanen Ios.
Kodayake Ios ba shi da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi, amma tana ɗaya daga cikin tsibiran farko don ɗaga tutar juyin-juya hali a lokacin da aka fara Yaƙin 'Yanci na Girka a shekara ta 1821. Ios ya shiga yaƙin sojan ruwa a Kusadasi a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli, acikin shekara ta 1821, haka kuma a Majalisar Ƙasa ta Biyu a Astros a cikin shekara ta 1823 kuma a Majalisar Dokoki ta Uku a Troezen acikin shekara ta 1827.
Zamanin zamani
A cikin zamani na zamani, tsibirin ya fara fitowa a cikin shekara ta 1970s a matsayin sanannen wurin yawon buɗe ido ga matasa a Turai. A yau Ios tana riƙe da suna a matsayin tsibiri na matasa da nishaɗi, tare da kyawawan kayan aikin yawon shakatawa, marina mai tsari a tashar jiragen ruwa da isasshen hanyar sadarwa.
A cikin Ikklisiya, yankinta yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na Metropolis na Orthodox na Girka na Thera, Amorgos da Tsibirin Cocin Girka.
Mutuwar Homer
Tsibirin yana da alaƙa da Homer sosai, saboda a cewar labari, Homer ya mutu a Ios. An yi la'akari da babban mawaƙin almara na Helenawa, labari ya ba da labarin cewa ya mutu ne saboda ya karya maganar Pythian. A cewar Pausanias, Homer ya ziyarci Delphi oracle don tambayar Pythia game da iyayen sa da asalin sa. Pythia ta amsa da zancen "Gidan mahaifiyar ku shine tsibirin Ios, wanda zai karɓe ku lokacin da kuka mutu, amma yakamata ku kula da ƙyanƙyasar ƙananan yara." Mawaƙin, duk da haka, ya karya magana kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Ios. Can sai ya ga wasu kananan yara suna kamun kifi a gabar teku. Ya tambayi abin da suka kama sai yaran suka amsa da cewa: "Duk abin da muka samu mun bar shi kuma duk abin da ba mu samu ba mu tafi da shi". Yaran suna maganar kwari. Wadanda suka same su, sun kashe su, amma wadanda ba su same su ba, sun sanya su a kawunan su. Homer bai sami amsar ba, amma ya tuna gargadin Pythia. Ya firgita ya gudu da sauri. Hanyar tana da laka kuma mawaƙin cikin sauri ya zame ya faɗi, ya buga kansa ya mutu kusan nan take.
Dangane da wata sigar, Homer ya mutu saboda baƙin cikin da bai warware wuyar warwarewa ba, yayin da sigar ta uku ta ce ya riga ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma ya tafi Ios saboda ya san zai mutu. Tabbas, mutuwar Homer ba ta dogara ne akan bayanan tarihi ba, amma akan tatsuniyoyi da al'adun da suka watsu daga al'adar baka. Pausanias kawai ya rubuta sanannen labari.
Graf Pasch van Krienen balaguro
A cikin shekara ta 1771, wani adadi na Dutch mai suna Pasch di Krienen bayan ya karanta labarin, ya zo Ios don neman kabarin. Wani limamin cocin Saint Aikaterini Chapel ya sanar da shi cewa akwai wurin da marmara kuma wasu daga cikinsu suna da rubutu. An gaya masa cewa an gina su tun bayan mutuwar Homer amma ya dage kuma tare da taimakon Spyridon Valettas ya sami kaburbura uku kuma na ƙarshe yana da rubuce -rubuce game da Homer ciki har da wanda ke nufin a nan ƙasa ƙasa ta kasance mai alfarma shugaban jarumi Homer. Lokacin da ya sami wannan, Pasch ya tabbata cewa kabarin mallakar mawaƙin almara ne amma ya fahimci wasu kurakuran nahawu akan dutsen kabarin kuma ya fara shakkar sahihancin sa. Bayan ya ɓata lokaci mai yawa da kuɗi, sai ya yanke shawara ya daina bayan ya kuma sami kaburbura biyu a Agia Theodoti
Yankunan rairayin bakin teku
Ios yana jan hankalin ɗimbin matasa masu yawon buɗe ido, yawancinsu sun kasance suna bacci akan jakunkunan baccin su a shekarun 1970 a sanannen rairayin bakin teku na Mylopotas bayan biki cikin dare. A yau an haɓaka rairayin bakin tekun Mylopotas zuwa madaidaicin wurin yawon buɗe ido kamar Platys Gialos da Paradise Beach na Mykonos.
Ios yana da yanayi mai zafi na Bahar Rum tare da m hunturu da lokacin bazara mai daɗi. Mai kama da sauran tsibiran Cyclades, akwai kusan iska daga arewa a lokacin bazara, wanda aka sani da meltemi, wanda ke daidaita yanayin zafi.
Sanannen mutane
Critheïs, mahaifiyar Homer
Na zamani
Spyridon Valetas , masani, memba na Filiki Eteria
Lakis Nikolaou (an haife shi a shekara ta 1949 - ya mutu), shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa
Jean-Marie Drot , marubuci kuma masanin fim wanda ya ƙaunaci tsibirin kuma ya kafa Gidan Tarihin Jean Marie Drot a Ios
Hanyoyin waje
Municipality of Ios
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30201 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarin%20abubuwan%20dake%20haifar%20da%20gurbacewar%20iska%20daga%20AP%2042 | Tarin abubuwan dake haifar da gurbacewar iska daga AP 42 | Tarin abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓacewar iska daga AP 42 tarin bayanai ne na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) game da gurbatar iska, wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarata 1968. , bugu na ƙarshe shine na 5th daga 2010.
AP 42 Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors shine tarin abubuwan da ke fitar da gurbacewar iska, a wasu kalmomin lambobi waɗanda ke da alaƙa da adadin gurɓataccen abu da aka fitar a cikin sararin samaniya tare da wani aiki. Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a ta Amurka ce ta fara tattara wannan tarin kuma ta buga shi a cikin shekarar 1968. A cikin shekarar 1972, an sake dubawa kuma an fitar da shi azaman bugu na biyu ta Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA. A cikin shekarar 1985, bugu na huɗu na gaba ya kasu kashi biyu: Juzu'i na tun daga lokacin ya haɗa da ma'ana mai tsayayye da abubuwan fitar da tushen yanki, kuma juzu'i na II ya haɗa da abubuwan fitar da tushen wayar hannu . Juzu'i na I a halin yanzu yana cikin bugu na biyar kuma ana samunsa akan Intanet. Ba a ci gaba da jujjuya juzu'i na II kamar haka, to amma ana samun samfuran tarwatsewar iska ta hanya don ƙididdige hayaki daga ababan hawa da na ababan hawa da kayan aikin hannu akan yanar gizo.
A cikin amfani na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, Juzu'i na I na haɗar abubuwan da ake fitarwa ana kiransu da AP 42 kawai.
Abun ciki
Abubuwan da ke fitar da gurɓataccen iska yawanci ana bayyana su azaman nauyin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da nauyin raka'a, girma, nisa, ko tsawon lokacin aikin da ke fitar da gurɓataccen abu (misali, kilogiram na ɓarna da ke fitowa a kowace megagram na kwal da aka ƙone). Abubuwan da ke taimakawa wajen kimanta hayaki daga wurare daban-daban na gurɓataccen iska. Sannan A mafi yawan lokuta, abubuwan sune kawai matsakaicin duk bayanan da ake samu na inganci karɓuwa, kuma gabaɗaya ana ɗauka su zama wakilcin matsakaicin dogon lokaci.
Ma'auni don ƙididdige fitar da hayaki kafin a yi amfani da matakan rage hayaƙi shine:
E = A × EF
kuma don fitar da hayaki bayan raguwa ana amfani da su:
E = A × EF × (1-ER/100)
Ana amfani da abubuwan da ke haifar da fitar da iska ta hanyar ƙirar yanayi da sauran su don tantance adadin gurɓataccen iska da ake fitarwa daga tushe a cikin wuraren masana'antu.
Babi na 5, sashe na 5.1 ''Tsatar da Man Fetur'' ya tattauna ne game da fitar da gurɓataccen iska daga na'urori a sassa daban-daban na sarrafa matatun da kuma na'urorin sarrafa tururi da tanderu da injuna, Kuma sannan Table 5.1.1 ta haɗa da abubuwan da suka dace. Tebu 5.1.2 ya haɗa da abubuwan da ke fitar da iskar da ke gudu daga manyan hasumiya masu sanyaya jika a cikin matatun mai da na masu raba mai/ruwa da ake amfani da su wajen magance ruwan sharar matatar.
A fugitive iska gurbatawa watsi dalilai daga taimako bawuloli, bututu bawuloli, bude-ƙare da bututu Lines ko magudanun ruwa, piping flanges, samfurin sadarwa, da kuma like a kan famfo da kwampreso shafts an tattauna kuma sun hada da rahoton EPA-458 / R-95-017, "Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Emission" wanda aka haɗa a cikin sashe na 5 na AP 42. Wannan rahoton ya haɗa da abubuwan fitar da hayaki da EPA ta haɓaka don matatun mai da kuma masana'antar sinadarai ta roba (SOCMI).
A mafi yawan lokuta, abubuwan da ke cikin babi na biyar 5 an haɗa su don yanayin da ba a kula da su ba kafin a aiwatar da tsarin rage fitar da iska da yanayin sarrafawa bayan an aiwatar da ƙayyadaddun hanyoyin rage fitar da iska.
Babi na bakwai 7 "Tsarin Ma'ajiyar Ruwa" an sadaukar da shi ga hanyoyin ƙididdige asarar da aka fitar daga ƙirar tanki guda shida da aka yi amfani da su don ajiyar ruwa na Organic: kafaffen rufin (a tsaye da a kwance), rufin iyo na waje, domed waje (ko an rufe) rufin iyo, rufin ciki mai iyo, sannan sararin tururi mai canzawa, da matsa lamba (ƙananan da babba). Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka tare da haɗin gwiwar EPA ne suka samar da tsarin a Babi na 7.
Hukumar EPA ta samar da wata manhaja mai suna "TANKS" wacce ke aiwatar da dabarar babi na 7 don kididdige asarar hayaki daga tankunan ajiya. Fayil ɗin mai saka shirin tare da jagorar mai amfani, da lambar tushe ana samun su akan Intanet.
Babi na 5 da 7 da aka tattauna a sama suna kwatanta irin bayanan da ke cikin sauran surori na AP 42. Kuma Yawancin abubuwan da ke haifar da fitar da hayaki a Babi na 5 da tsarin lissafin hayaƙi a Babi na 7 da shirin TANKS su ma sun shafi sauran nau'ikan masana'antu da yawa ban da masana'antar mai.
Sauran hanyoyin abubuwan fitar da hayaki
Littafin Jagorar Kayayyakin Gurbacewar iska ta Duniya (GAP), Cibiyar Muhalli ta Stockholm, Sigar 1.7, Oktoba 2010 sei-international.org.
An adana bayanan abubuwan da ke fitar da hayaki na United Kingdom 2010. Inventory Inventory na Ƙasar Yanayi na Ƙasar Ingila
Littafin Jagorar Kayayyakin Kaya . EMEP/Hukumar Muhalli ta Turai 2007 Guidebook, an sabunta ta 2016
Abubuwan da ake fitarwa IPCC Database 2006, IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Revised 1996 .
Fitowar hayaki mai gudu daga ethylene da sauran tsire-tsire masu sinadarai harc.edu 2002.
Hannun Hanyoyi na Ƙimar Ƙimar fitar da hayaki (nau'i 94) Ƙididdiga Masu Guba na Ƙasar Australiya, 2006.
Hanyoyin Inventory Gas na Kanada Greenhouse . Rahoton Inventory Inventory 2016 Air Pollutant Emission Report: shafi 2 - Haɓaka ƙididdiga: Sashe na 1 Shirin Kula da Gurɓacewar iska na Ƙasa, (Kanada) 2018-05-29, an dawo da shi 2018-07-13
Sangea - Greenhouse Gas Emission Kimar Software Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka, 2012 ta Trinity Consultants/T3.
Hanyoyin Kiyasta Iskar Gas na Greenhouse Haɓaka Ma'adinai Na Kanada, 2000, Cibiyar Pembina, da Stratos Inc.
Laburare Factor Factor Pollutant Iska Finnish muhalli Cibiyar, dawo da 2018-07-13. (ya haɗa da bayani daga EMEP/EEA Guidebook na 2016)
Duba wasu abubuwan
Tukar siminti
Fasali na fitarwa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51232 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise%20Giroud | Françoise Giroud | Françoise Giroud,an haife ta Lea France Gourdji (21 Satumba 1916 a Lausanne,Switzerland kuma ba a Geneva ba kamar yadda ake rubutawa akai-akai-19 Janairu 2003 a Neuilly-sur-Seine)ɗan jaridar Faransa ne,Hymarubucin allo,marubuci,kuma ɗan siyasa.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Giroud ga iyayen Yahudawa Yahudawa Bature Sephardi baƙi;Mahaifinta shi ne Salih Gourdji Al Baghdadi,Daraktan Agence Télégraphique Ottomane a Geneva. Ta yi karatu a Lycée Molière da Collège de Groslay. Ba ta kammala jami'a ba. Ta yi aure ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu, da namiji (wanda ya rasu kafin ta)da mace.
Ayyukan Giroud a cinema ya fara ne tare da darekta Marc Allégret a matsayin yarinya mai rubutun a kan 1932 na Marcel Pagnol Sana''s Fanny .A cikin 1936 ta yi aiki tare da Jean Renoir akan saitin La Grande Illusion.Daga baya ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo na allo,a ƙarshe ta kammala cikakkun littattafai guda 30 (na almara da na almara),kuma ta rubuta ginshiƙan jarida. Ita ce editan mujallar <i id="mwJA">Elle</i> daga 1946 (bayan da aka kafa ta ba da daɗewa ba) har zuwa 1953,lokacin da ita da Jean-Jacques Servan-Screiber suka kafa mujallar ta Faransa.Ta gyara har zuwa 1971,sannan ta kasance darekta har zuwa 1974,lokacin da aka nemi ta shiga cikin gwamnatin Faransa.
Daga 1984 zuwa 1988 Giroud shine shugaban Action Internationale contre la Faim. Daga 1989 zuwa 1991 ta kasance shugabar hukumar inganta siyar da tikitin sinima.Ta kasance mai sukar wallafe-wallafe akan Le Journal du Dimanche,kuma ta ba da gudummawar shafi na mako-mako zuwa Le Nouvel Observateur daga 1983 har zuwa mutuwarta.Ta rasu ne a Asibitin Amurka da ke birnin Paris yayin da ake jinyar raunin kai da ta samu a faduwa.
Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin 1974,shugaban Faransa Valéry Giscard d'Estaing ya nada Giroud a matsayin Secrétaire d'État à la Condition féminine,wanda ta rike daga 16 Yuli 1974 har zuwa 27 ga Agusta 1976,lokacin da aka nada ta mukamin ministar al'adu.Ta kasance a wannan matsayi har zuwa Maris 1977,don jimlar sabis na watanni 32,tana aiki a majalisar ministocin Jacques Chirac da Raymond Barre.Ta kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Radical,kuma a kan takardun zabe ta lissafa sana'arta a matsayin "yar jarida" (ko 'yar jarida a Turanci).
Sauran ayyukan
Giroud ya karbi Légion d'honneur.Ta gudanar da ACF,mai ba da agaji ta Nobel,daga 1984 zuwa 1988.
Giroud sau da yawa yana bayyana burinta:don fitar da Faransa "daga cikin rudani".Ta ce Amurkawa suna da ra'ayin da ya dace;ba su shiga rudani ba.A ziyararta ta farko da ta kai birnin New York jim kaɗan bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu ya ƙare,“ƙarin fatan alheri,farin ciki” da ta samu a wurin ya burge ta.Wannan ra'ayi ya kasance tare da ita:"Akwai wani ƙarfi a Amurka wanda mu a Turai kullum muke raina."
A cikin shekarunta 80,Giroud ya bayyana a gidan talabijin na Faransa,a cikin shirin 100 Ans (wanda ke nazarin yiwuwar rayuwa ya zama dari).Ta bayyana daure fuska da hannaye daga faduwa daf da fara daukar fim.An nemi ta ba da shawarar abincin da zai samar da tsawon rai;ta amsa "yankakken nama da salati".Ta yi ƙoƙari (kuma ta kasa) ta bare apple da hannayenta masu ɗaure;bata iya ba ta fashe da dariya.
Labarun jaridu da yawa game da mutuwarta sun ambaci yadda ta kasance mai ban dariya.
Batu na musamman na ya rufe mutuwar Giroud.Ya ce:
Mata a ko'ina sun rasa wani abu.Madam Giroud ta kare su cikin basira da karfi.
Ms. Giroud ta ba da adireshin farawa a Jami'ar Michigan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1976.
Ayyukan da aka buga
Françoise Giroud tare da Tout-Paris
Hotunan Nouveaux
La Nouvelle m: hotuna de la jeunesse
Ina ba ku maganata
La comedie du pouvoir
Ce que je crois
Le Bon Plaisir
Une Femme mai daraja (an buga shi cikin Turanci azaman Marie Curie: A Life
Le Bon Plaisir (wasan kwaikwayo)
Dior
Alma Mahler, Ou l'art d'être aimée
Leçons particulières , 1990)
Marie Curie, Une Femme mai daraja (jerin talabijin)
Jenny Marx da matar aure
Les Hommes et les femmes (tare da Bernard-Henri Lévy, 1993).
Jaridar Parisienne
La rumeur du monde: jarida, 1997 da 1998
Daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a baya: récit
Daga isowa hier: jarida 1999
'Yar jarida mai sana'a: tattaunawa avec Martine de Rabaudy
Demain, déjà: jarida, 2000-2003
Fantama
Ƙaunar Ƙarshe
Duba kuma
L'Amour, Madame (1952, fim)
Julietta (1953, fim)
Matattun 2003 |
51705 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20tattalin%20arzikin%20Afirka | Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka | Mutanen farko sun kasance masu farauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali. Ko da a lokacin akwai cinikayya mai yawa wanda zai iya rufe nesa mai nisa. Masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa shaidar cinikayya a cikin abubuwa masu alatu kamar ƙarfe masu daraja da harsashi a duk faɗin nahiyar.
Tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka sau da yawa Kuma yana mai da hankali kan bayani game da talauci kuma yana rufe wasu fannoni kamar nasarorin manoman Afirka, 'yan kasuwa da jihohi, gami da ingantaccen tsaro na abinci, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru na ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Tarihin Da
Afirka tana da tarihin tattalin arziki mafi tsawo kuma mafi tsufa. Da zaran al'ummomin mutane sun kasance, haka kuma ayyukan tattalin arziki sun kasance. Mutanen farko sun kasance masu farauta da ke zaune a cikin ƙananan ƙungiyoyin iyali. Ko da a lokacin akwai cinikayya mai yawa wanda zai iya rufe nesa mai nisa. Masu binciken tarihi sun gano cewa shaidar cinikayya a cikin abubuwa masu alatu kamar karafa da kwarangwal a duk faɗin nahiyar sune manyan sana'o'in mutanen Berber, suna zaune a wuraren da suka bushe kuma sun zama makiyaya, yayin da a cikin gandun daji, amfanin gona da aka noma kuma ta haka ne zama na dindindin zai yiwu. Aikin noma ya goyi bayan manyan garuruwa, kuma a ƙarshe manyan hanyoyin kasuwanci sun bunkasa tsakanin garuruwa.
Asalin aikin gona
Aikin noma na farko a Afirka ya fara ne a kusa da Sahel da kudancin hamadar Sahara, wanda a cikin 5200 BC ya fi danshi da yawa fiye da yau. An haifi nau'o'in asali da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine lu'u-lu'u, sorghum da cowpeas, waɗanda suka bazu ta Yammacin Afirka da Sahel. Sahara a wannan lokacin ya kasance kamar Sahel a yau. Yankin da aka bude ya sauƙaƙa noma, amma ƙasa mara kyau da iyakantaccen ruwan sama ya sa noma mai zurfi ba zai yiwu ba. Har ila yau, amfanin gona na cikin gida ba su da kyau kuma suna samar da ƙananan adadin kuzari fiye da na wasu yankuna. Wadannan dalilai sun iyakance raguwa kuma sun kiyaye yawan jama'a da warwatse.
Arewacin Afirka ya ɗauki hanya daban-daban daga yankunan kudanci. A yanayin yanayi yana da alaƙa da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Fertile Crescent, kuma an karɓi dabarun noma na wannan yankin. Wannan ya haɗa da amfanin gona daban-daban, kamar alkama, sha'ir, da inabi. Har ila yau, Arewacin Afirka ya sami albarka daga ɗayan yankunan noma mafi arziki a duniya a kwarin Kogin Nilu. Tare da isowar aikin gona, yankin Nilu ya zama ɗayan yankunan da suka fi yawan jama'a a duniya, kuma Masar ta zama ɗaya daga cikin wayewar farko.
Kashewar Sahara ya haifar da babbar shingen tsakanin yankunan arewa da kudancin nahiyar. Muhimman bambance-bambance guda biyu sune Nubian Sudan, wanda ke da alaƙa da Masar ta hanyar Nilu da Habasha, wanda zai iya kasuwanci tare da yankunan arewacin Bahar Maliya. Jihohi masu iko sun girma a cikin waɗannan yankuna kamar Kush a Nubia (yanzu Arewacin Sudan da Kudancin Masar) da Aksum a Habasha. Musamman daga Nubia, ra'ayoyi da fasaha daga Gabas ta Tsakiya da Turai sun kai ga sauran Afirka.
Masana tarihi sun yi imanin cewa aikin ƙarfe ya ci gaba da kansa a Afirka. Ba kamar sauran nahiyoyi ba Afirka ba ta da lokacin jan ƙarfe da tagulla da ke aiki kafin Iron Age, saboda sun fi dacewa da fasaha. Jan ƙarfe yana da wuya a Afirka yayin da ƙarfe ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. A Nubia da Habasha, ƙarfe, kasuwanci, da albarkatun noma sun haifar da kafa birane da wayewa.
Yaduwar Bantu
Yawancin lokaci, a cikin yankunan da ba su da yawa, wannan lokacin ya ga fadada mutanen da ke magana da Bantu. Yaduwar Bantu ta fara ne a Kudancin Kamaru kimanin shekaru 4000 da suka gabata. Ana magana da harsunan Bantu a can a yau kuma akwai shaidar archaeological ga manoma masu shigowa na Neolithic a Arewacin Gabon c. 3800 BC. An san cewa fadada Bantu ya kasance mai sauri sosai kuma mai girma, amma ainihin injinsa ya kasance mai kawo rigima. Wannan lokacin ya riga ya wuce ƙarfe, wanda ya bayyana a cikin rikodin archaeological ta 2500 BC.
Ɗaya daga cikin fadadawa na farko na Bantu shine ƙaurawar Bubi zuwa Fernando Po (Bioko). Har yanzu suna amfani da fasahar dutse da farko. Matsalolin yanke gandun daji na equatorial don noma sun haifar da shawarar cewa fadadawar farko ta kasance tare da kwarin kogi, ra'ayi da aka goyi bayan nazarin sunayen kifi. Wani abu kuma na iya zama isowar amfanin gona na kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman AAB plantain, cocoyam da water-yam. Sake fasalin harshe ya nuna cewa kawai dabbobi da proto-Bantu ke da su shine awaki. A cikin ƙarni duka rabin kudancin Afirka an rufe shi da rukuni, ban da hamadar Kalahari kawai. Yaduwarsu ta ƙare kwanan nan. A cikin shekara ta 1000, 'yan kasuwa Larabawa sun bayyana cewa Bantu ba su kai ga Mozambique ba, kuma mazauna Turai sun lura da fadada Bantu zuwa Afirka ta Kudu a ƙarƙashin Zulu da sauransu, duk da haka babu wata shaidar archaeological da ke tallafawa da'awar su maimakon haka shaidar ta nuna kasancewar masu magana da Bantu da yawa a baya da sama da shekaru 1800 da sama da 1400 kafin zaman farko na Turai a yankunan Afirka ta Kudu na Mozambique da Afirka ta Kudu bi da bi.
Shigar da kiwo na Bantu ya sake fasalin tattalin arzikin nahiyar. Wani lokaci a cikin karni na farko, wani canji mai mahimmanci ya fara yayin da amfanin gona ya fara zuwa daga kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Tekun Indiya koyaushe yana buɗewa ga kasuwanci fiye da Atlantic da Pacific. 'Yan kasuwa za su iya hawa iskar ruwan sama ta yamma a farkon shekara kuma su koma gabas daga baya. An yi hasashen cewa waɗannan amfanin gona sun fara zuwa Madagascar, wanda kuma ya karɓi yarukan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, wani lokaci tsakanin AD 300 da 800. Daga tsibirin, amfanin gona ya haye zuwa yankin Great Lakes na Afirka. Sun hada da amfanin gona da yawa, mafi mahimmanci shine ayaba.
Ayaba da sauran amfanin gona sun ba da damar yin noma sosai a yankunan wurare masu zafi na Afirka, wannan ya fi shahara a yankin Great Lakes, yankin da ke da ƙasa mai kyau, wanda ya ga birane da jihohi da yawa sun kasance, ana ciyar da yawan su da yawa
Hanyoyin kasuwanci
Duk da yake wasu matakan kasuwanci sun ci gaba, haɓakar birane da daular sun sanya shi mafi tsakiya ga tattalin arzikin Afirka. Arewacin Afirka ta kasance tsakiya ga cinikin dukan yankin Bahar Rum. A waje da Misira, wannan kasuwancin ya fi sarrafawa daga Phoenicians waɗanda suka zo su mamaye Arewacin Afirka, tare da Carthage ya zama birni mafi muhimmanci. Helenawa sun mallaki yawancin kasuwancin gabas, gami da Tekun Maliya tare da Habasha. A cikin wannan yankin yawancin biranen kasuwanci na Girka da aka kafa sun yi aiki a matsayin hanyar wayewa da ilmantarwa.
Birnin Iskandariya na Masar (kuma daga baya, Roman) (wanda Alexander the Great ya kafa a 334 BC), yana ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin cinikin Bahar Rum na ƙarni da yawa. A cikin karni na 19 Misira ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ɓangarorin da suka fi bunkasa a duniya.
Nubia a Sudan ta yi ciniki tare da ƙasashen Afirka na ciki kamar Chadi da Libya, da kuma Masar, China, Indiya da yankin Larabawa.
Ga mafi yawan karni na 1 AD, Masarautar Axumite a Habasha da Eritrea tana da rundunar sojan ruwa mai ƙarfi da alaƙar kasuwanci har zuwa Daular Byzantine da Indiya. Tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 17, Ajuran Sultanate wanda ke tsakiyar Somaliya ta zamani ya yi aikin injiniya na ruwa kuma ya haɓaka sabbin tsarin aikin gona da haraji, wanda aka ci gaba da amfani dashi a wasu sassan Horn of Africa har zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19.
A gabar gabashin nahiyar 'yan kasuwa Swahili sun haɗa yankin cikin hanyar cinikayya ta Tekun Indiya, suna kawo shigo da tukwane na kasar Sin da masana'antun Indiya don musayar zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi. Masarautun Swahili sun kirkiro daular kasuwanci mai wadata, inda suka mamaye yankin Kenya, Tanzania da Uganda na zamani. Biranen Swahili sune manyan tashoshin kasuwanci don kasuwanci tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya da Gabas mai nisa.
A cikin Afirka, cinikayya ta fi iyakancewa. Ƙananan yawan jama'a ya sa kasuwanci mai fa'ida ya zama da wahala. Babban shingen gandun daji na Kongo ya fi girma fiye da Sahara, yana hana cinikayya ta tsakiyar nahiyar.
Zuwan sojojin Islama ne ya canza tattalin arzikin yawancin Afirka. Kodayake Musulunci ba shi da tasiri sosai a Arewacin Afirka inda manyan birane, karatu da rubutu, da jihohin tsakiya suka kasance al'ada, Musulmai sun fi tasiri wajen shiga Sahara fiye da Kiristoci. Wannan ya faru ne saboda raƙumi, wanda ya ɗauki fadada Larabawa kuma nan da nan zai ɗauki kasuwanci mai yawa a fadin hamada.
Jerin jihohi sun bunkasa a Sahel a gefen kudancin Sahara wanda ya sami riba mai yawa daga kasuwanci a fadin Sahara. Na farko daga cikin wadannan shine Masarautar Ghana, ta kai kololuwa a karni na 12. Ba da daɗewa ba, wasu kamar Daular Mali da Kanem-Bornu, suma sun tashi a yankin. Babban kasuwancin waɗannan jihohin zinariya ne, wanda ya kasance mai yawa a Guinea. Har ila yau, yana da mahimmanci shine cinikin bayi na Sahara wanda ya tura adadi mai yawa na bayi zuwa Arewacin Afirka.
600-1600 AD
Da yawa daga cikin masu arziki sun girma a kusa da yankunan bakin teku ko manyan koguna waɗanda suka zama wani ɓangare na mahimman hanyoyin kasuwanci. Masarautun Mali da Daular Songhai sun girma tare da Kogin Neja tsakanin 1200 da 1590. 'Yan kasuwa Berber daga Sahel - yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara - sun sayar da kwanakin, jan ƙarfe, dawakai, makamai da zane da suka kawo daga arewacin Afirka a cikin jiragen kasa na Kamel. Ciniki tare da mutanen Berber, da sauran kungiyoyi, sun haifar da ci gaban daular Ghana, wanda ke cinikin zinariya, kwayoyi, da bayi. Mutanen Yammacin Afirka sun haifar da bukatar gishiri, wanda aka tattara a wuraren da ke cikin hamada, kuma wanda suka yi amfani da shi don adana abinci da kuma sabunta shi.
A cikin 1324, Mansa Musa, sarkin Mali, ya yi sanannen Hajj (hajji) zuwa Makka. Akwai babban rukuni da aka shirya don gudanar da Hajji tare da sarki. Ya haɗa da "mutane 60,000, ciki har da ma'aikata 1200" kuma rubuce-rubuce sun nuna cewa Mansa Musa ya ba da zinariya mai yawa a Misira, cewa tattalin arzikinta ya zama mai baƙin ciki.
Tsakanin 1000 da 1500, gandun daji na Yammacin Afirka sun zama wani ɓangare na hanyoyin kasuwanci, musamman a ƙarƙashin mulkin sarakunan Yoruba. Ifé wani muhimmin gari ne na kasuwanci, tare da hanyar daga gandun daji zuwa Djenné, babban cibiyar kasuwanci a Sudan, kusa da wasu manyan biranen kasuwanci kamar Timbuktu da Gao. Yanayin Ifé ya kuma sanya shi kusa da Benin da Tekun Atlantika. Ci gaban Yoruba ya sami goyon baya daga biranen da ke kewaye da gonar noma, amma ci gaban kasuwanci mai yawa ya sa ya wadata.
A shekara ta 1000, mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bantu na Zimbabwe da Kudancin Afirka sun haɓaka cinikayya ta ƙasashen waje tare da ƙasashe masu nisa kamar China da Indiya, daga inda suka karɓi porcelain, beads, da tukwane na Farisa da Larabawa. Sun sayar da naman sa na gida (maimakon nama daga dabbobi), baƙin ƙarfe, da hauren giwa da zinariya. Birnin Great Zimbabwe, wanda aka kafa a kusa da 1100, shine cibiyar mulkin Shona har zuwa kusa da 1400.
Yawancin kasuwanci a cikin masarautun gandun daji an yi su ne a matakin gida, yawanci ta talakawa Yoruba a kasuwannin gida. A wasu garuruwa ana gudanar da waɗannan kowane kwana 3 ko 4. An sayar da tufafi, kayan lambu, nama, da sauran kayayyaki, kuma an biya su don amfani da ƙananan kwarangwal da ake kira cowries waɗanda aka shigo da su daga Gabashin Afirka. An samar da sandunan jan ƙarfe da ƙarfe, waɗanda ake kira manilas, a cikin daidaitattun siffofi don amfani da su azaman kuɗi. Sauran abubuwa da aka yi amfani da su a kasuwanci a matsayin nau'in kuɗi sun haɗa da gishiri, zane, da sandunan zinariya.
Ciniki tare da Gabas ta Tsakiya ya fara tun farkon Masar ta dā. An gabatar da Islama a yankin Horn da wuri daga yankin Larabawa, jim kadan bayan hijra. Masjid al-Qiblatayn mai mihrab biyu na Zeila ya kasance daga karni na 7. Yaduwar Islama ta kawo 'yan kasuwa Larabawa har zuwa Maroko. Adal Sultanate a yankin Horn kuma ya ci gaba da alakar biyu da Daular Ottoman.
Tsarin ma'aikata don cinikayya mai nisa a fadin iyakokin siyasa da al'adu an daɗe ana ƙarfafa shi ta hanyar karɓar Islama a matsayin tushen al'adu da ɗabi'a don amincewa tsakanin da kuma tare da 'yan kasuwa.
A kan iyakar Swahili zuwa kudu maso gabas, Sultan na Malindi ya aika da jakadu zuwa fadar sarauta ta kasar Sin a Nanjing Yongle dauke da giraffe da sauran kyaututtuka masu ban sha'awa.
Tasirin Turai
Farkon mulkin mallaka na Turai
Masu mulkin mallaka na farko na Turai sun zauna a Arewacin Afirka a zamanin d ̄ a. Wadannan masu mulkin mallaka sun hada da Finikiyawa da Helenawa. Mazauna daga tsohuwar Athens da sauran sassan Girka sun kafa kansu a bakin tekun Bahar Rum na Arewacin Afirka. Daga baya masu mulkin mallaka na Daular Roma suka bi su. Mutanen da suka mallaka na Roma "sun yi aiki a matsayin samfurin" don yunkurin mulkin mallaka na Turai zuwa nahiyar.
Portugal ita ce daular Turai ta farko da ta shiga cikin Afirka ta Kudu don kafa yankuna. Yarima Henry the Navigator na Fotigal ya ci gaba da binciken Fotigal na Afirka, wanda sha'awace-sha'awace guda biyu suka motsa shi: yada Kiristanci, da kuma kafa Afirka a matsayin sansanin Kiristanci a kan Daular Ottoman, wanda ke sa yawancin Afirka suka tuba zuwa Islama. An yi amfani da Afirka don dalilai na kasuwanci saboda wani burin Portuguese: neman hanyar zuwa Indiya, wanda zai buɗe duk yankin Tekun Indiya don kai tsaye kasuwanci tare da Portugal. Cin nasarar yankin a Afirka kuma yana nufin cewa Portuguese na iya amfani da zinare na Afirka don tallafawa tafiye-tafiye ta wannan sabuwar hanyar kasuwanci.
Portuguese sun fara kasuwanci mai mahimmanci tare da Yammacin Afirka a karni na 15. Wannan cinikin ya kasance da farko don irin kayan da Larabawa suka saya - zinariya, hauren giwa, da bayi. Portuguese sun sayar da tufafin Indiyawan Afirka da kayan da aka ƙera a Turai amma sun ki sayar musu da bindigogi. Ba da daɗewa ba, duk da haka, wasu ƙasashen Turai kamar Faransa, Denmark, Netherlands da Burtaniya suna haɓaka kasuwancin su da Afirka, kuma suna da ƙuntatawa kaɗan. Manyan ikon mulkin mallaka na Turai a Afirka sune Portugal, Burtaniya, Faransa, kuma zuwa ƙarami Jamus, Belgium, Spain da Italiya. Kasancewar Portugal a Afirka a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka ya kasance har zuwa shekarun 1970s, lokacin da na karshe daga cikin tsoffin yankunanta suka ayyana 'yancin kai bayan shekaru na yaki.
Cinikin bayi na Atlantic
A bayyane yake, cinikin bayi ya wadatar da bangarorin al'ummar Afirka da ke cinikin bayi. Koyaya, tarihin zamani na bautar ya sauya tsakanin sanduna biyu akan batun tasirin yawan jama'a da tattalin arziki a Afirka gaba ɗaya. Labaran tarihi na farko na cinikin bayi na Atlantic an rubuta su ne ga shahararrun masu sauraro ta hanyar abolitionists da tsoffin bayi kamar Olaudah Equiano waɗanda suka jaddada tasirinsa mai tsanani ga mutanen Afirka. Yayin da karni na 19 ya ci gaba, an kara amfani da asusun mummunar tasirin bautar don jayayya game da mulkin mallaka na Turai na nahiyar. Sabanin haka, akwai wadanda, kamar mai binciken Burtaniya da masanin ilimin ƙasa William Winwood Reade, wanda ya yi amfani da asusun 'yan kasuwa na bayi don jayayya cewa tasirin bautar yana da kyau.
A farkon karni na 20, ra'ayi game da bautar a matsayin mummunar tasiri a Afirka ya kasance tsakanin ƙwararrun masana tarihi a Turai da Amurka. A lokacin mulkin mallaka bayan yakin duniya na biyu, wani rukuni mai tasiri na malamai, karkashin jagorancin JD Fage, sun yi jayayya cewa mummunan tasirin bautar ya wuce gona da iri, kuma fitar da bayi ya ragu ta hanyar yawan jama'a. Walter Rodney, kwararre a kan Upper Guinea Coast, ya kalubalanci cewa bukatar Turai ga bayi ta kara muhimmancin tattalin arziki na cinikin bayi a Yammacin Afirka, tare da mummunan sakamako. Rodney, wanda ke aiki a cikin ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Pan-Afirka, ya zargi Fage da farfado da rawar da Turawa ke takawa a Afirka; Fage ya amsa ta hanyar zargin Rodney da soyayya ta kasa.
Tattaunawar game da tasirin tattalin arziki na cinikin Atlantika ya kara karfafawa ta hanyar wallafa littafin Philip Curtin mai suna The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census , wanda ya yi jayayya cewa an fitar da bayi miliyan 9.566 daga Afirka ta hanyar cinikin Atlantiki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, muhawara game da tasirin tattalin arziki na cinikin Atlantika ya karu da ƙididdigar yawan jama'a na fitar da bayi dangane da yawan haihuwa na nahiyar. Yawancin malamai yanzu sun yi imanin cewa Curtin ya kasance mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin lissafinsa, tare da mafi yawan kimantawa tsakanin miliyan 11.5 zuwa miliyan 15.4. Kwanan nan, John K. Thornton ya gabatar da wata gardama kusa da na Fage, yayin da Joseph Inikori, Patrick Manning da Nathan Nunn suka yi jayayya cewa cinikin bayi yana da tasiri mai raɗaɗi na dogon lokaci akan ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka.
Manning, alal misali, ya kai ga ƙarshe mai zuwa, bayan lissafin bambancin yanki a cikin fitar da bayi da kuma zaton yawan yawan jama'ar Afirka na shekara-shekara na 0.5.%: yawan mutanen Afirka ta Yamma zai kasance miliyan 100 maimakon ~ miliyan 50 a cikin 1850, idan ba don haɗakar tasirin kasuwancin bayi na waje da na ciki ba. Nunn, a cikin binciken tattalin arziki na baya-bayan nan na yankunan fitar da bayi a duk sassan Afirka, ya sami "dangantaka mara kyau tsakanin yawan bayi da aka karɓa daga ƙasa da ci gaban tattalin arziki na gaba". Nunn ya yi jayayya, kuma, cewa wannan ba za a iya bayyana shi ta hanyar talauci ba kafin cinikin bayi, saboda yawancin jama'a da kuma ci gaban tattalin arziki na Afirka sun koma baya a baya, wuraren fitar da bayi ba a lokacin Atlantic, trans-Saharan, Red Sea da Indian Ocean.
Zamanin mulkin mallaka
Taron Berlin (Jamusanci: Kongokonferenz ko "Taron Kongo") na 1884-85 ya tsara mulkin mallaka na Turai da kasuwanci a Afirka a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma ya dace da fitowar Jamus kwatsam a matsayin ikon mulkin mallaka. An kira shi da Portugal kuma Otto von Bismarck, shugaban farko na Jamus, ya shirya shi, sakamakon sa, Babban Dokar Taron Berlin, ana iya ganin shi a matsayin ƙaddamar da Scramble for Africa. Taron ya gabatar da wani lokaci na karuwar ayyukan mulkin mallaka ta ikon Turai, yayin da a lokaci guda ya kawar da mafi yawan nau'ikan da ke akwai na cin gashin kai da cin gashin kansa na Afirka. A wannan lokacin mulkin mallaka, an sake tsara tattalin arzikin Afirka don yin hidima ga Turai da Turai, kuma sarkar masana'antu ta Turai ta fara a Afirka kuma ta ƙare a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar masana'antu na Turai.
Dukkanin Afirka za su fada ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka na Turai a shekara ta 1914, ban da Habasha da Laberiya. Rarraba yankin Afirka tsakanin gwamnatocin Turai sau da yawa ya keta iyakokin da 'yan Afirka na yankin suka amince da su. Wasu daga cikin jihohin Afirka masu zaman kansu da rabuwa da nahiyar ta shafa sun hada da:
Tattalin Arziki
Ga wasu masu mulkin mallaka, kamar su Burtaniya, kyakkyawan mulkin mallaka ya dogara ne akan tattalin arziki mai budewa, yana aiki sosai a cinikin duniya ta hanyar fitar da albarkatun kasa da shigo da kayayyaki da aka gama. Birtaniya sun yi amfani da manufofin gudanarwa mai sauƙi, suna tilasta ƙananan ka'idoji a kan yankunansu, musamman a cikin batutuwan da ba na tattalin arziki ba. Muddin an cimma burin Burtaniya, an ba 'yan asalin' yanci mafi girma. Babban misali ga wannan shine tsarin ilimin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Ya dogara da albarkatun gida da harsuna a ilimi, yawancin masu wa'azi a ƙasashen waje suna gudanar da su ta hanyar 'yan Afirka. Wannan ya haifar da matakan lissafi mafi girma a yankunan da ilimin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ya rinjayi, kuma ta haka ne karuwar babban birnin ɗan adam. Sauran masu mulkin mallaka, kamar Faransanci, sun ɗauki tsarin aiki sosai ga shugabanci, suna ƙarfafawa ko ma suna buƙatar talakawan su su kara daidaitawa da al'adun Faransanci.
A yau, tattalin arzikin Afirka da yawa ya shafi gadon mulkin mallaka. A cikin aikin gona, tsarin shuka da suka gabatar ba za a iya jurewa ba kuma ya haifar da mummunar lalacewar muhalli. Misali, auduga yana rage yawan amfanin ƙasa a duk inda aka girma, kuma yankunan Yammacin Afirka waɗanda ke cike da gonakin auduga yanzu ba su iya canzawa zuwa amfanin gona mai fa'ida ba ko ma samar da abinci saboda lalacewar ƙasa. Kwanan nan, wasu ƙasashe sun fara shirye-shirye don canzawa zuwa al'adun gargajiya, nau'ikan noma masu ɗorewa kamar sauya noma da bishiyoyi don haɓaka isasshen abinci don tallafawa yawan jama'a yayin kiyaye amfanin ƙasa wanda ke ba da damar aikin gona ya ci gaba a cikin tsararraki masu zuwa. (Gyasi)
'Yancin kai da Yakin Cold
Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, halin Turai game da Afirka ya fara canzawa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu da farkon yakin sanyi, ikon 'Yamma' sun ƙi ra'ayin yin amfani da cin nasara kai tsaye don haɗa yankin. A lokaci guda, tashin hankali game da mulkin mallaka ya ci gaba a Afirka. Tsakanin 1945 da 1948 akwai jerin yajin aiki da zanga-zangar, a Senegal, Tanzania, a kan tsarin jirgin kasa na Yammacin Afirka na Faransa, da kuma tare da Gold Coast na Yamma.
Kasashen Afirka a hankali sun sami 'yancin kansu (tare da iyakokin zamanin mulkin mallaka), a mafi yawan lokuta ba tare da rikice-rikicen tashin hankali ba (ban da Kamaru, Madagascar da Kenya). Yayin da Yakin Cold ya ci gaba, gwamnatocin Afirka na iya dogaro da goyon baya daga ko dai gwamnatocin Yamma ko masu kula da Kwaminisanci, dangane da akidar su.
Shekaru na farko na 'yancin kai sun tafi da kyau ga yawancin ƙasashen Afirka. Wannan ƙarfin tattalin arziki ya lalace a mafi yawan shekarun da suka gabata. An yi muhawara da yawa don gano dalilai don bayyana faduwar tattalin arzikin kasashe da yawa na Afirka. Halin zuwa ga mulkin jam'iyya daya, haramta adawar siyasa, ya haifar da ci gaba da mulkin kama karya a cikin shekaru da yawa, ci gaba da manufofi da suka gaza. Kudin rance daga gwamnatocin kasashen waje ya zama nauyin rauni ga wasu ƙasashe waɗanda ke da wahalar biyan riba a kan rance. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Ciniki da Ci gaba (UNCTAD) ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin 1970 da 2002 "Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta karɓi dala biliyan 294 a cikin rance, ta biya dala biliyan 268 a cikin sabis na bashi, kuma duk da haka har yanzu tana da bashin dala biliyan 300".
A lokuta daban-daban a ƙarshen karni na 20, gwamnatocin Afirka sun yi bashin da ke biyowa (yawan suna cikin biliyoyin daloli na Amurka):
Najeriya
Afirka ta Kudu
Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo
Sudan
Habasha
A cikin shekarun 1980s, rikice-rikicen siyasa ya ɓarke cikin yakin basasa a wasu ƙasashe, kuma rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa ya sa wasu tattalin arziki ya kasance cikin damuwa na shekaru da yawa. Wasu gwamnatocin Afirka sun fuskanci matsaloli masu amfani wajen aiwatar da canjin masana'antu yayin da suke ƙoƙarin inganta tattalin arzikin su cikin sauri; matsalolin tsada da rashin kulawa a aikin gona, masana'antu, da sauran bangarori sun haifar da gazawar ayyukan da yawa. Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon shi ne ƙasashen Afirka da ke ƙara dogaro da shigo da abinci na ƙasashen waje.
Babban tambaya a cikin tarihin tattalin arzikin Afirka shine mayar da hankali kan bayani game da talauci na nahiyar. Masana tattalin arziki a yau suna amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban don bayyana wannan abin da ya faru yawanci ko na waje ko na ciki.
Hanyar waje
Hanyoyin waje yawanci suna mai da hankali kan tsarin ma'aikata a cikin tattalin arziki. Suna ƙoƙari su bayyana ci gaban tattalin arzikin Afirka a matsayin batun yanke shawara na hukumomin Turai na baya. Gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka na Turai ba su da wani dalili don ƙirƙirar cibiyoyin da ke inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki a yankunan Afirka, amma a maimakon haka fitar da tattalin arziki na albarkatun da aka ba su. Har ma a yau, cibiyoyin Afirka har yanzu sun dogara da waɗannan yanke shawara na farko. Misali, a Afirka, ba a kafa ko aiwatar da haƙƙin mallaka ta hanyar inganta ayyukan tattalin arziki ba.
Hanyar ciki
A nan dole ne a rarrabe hanyoyi biyu daban-daban: Wadannan galibi suna fitowa ne daga tsarin al'umma, suna da haɗin kai fiye da mutum ɗaya tare da kabilun ko iyalai suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a Afirka. Don haka rarraba haƙƙin mallaka cikas ne ga ci gaban tattalin arziki. Har ila yau, akwai ƙananan abubuwan da za su sauya wannan tsari zuwa yanayin da ya fi dacewa da tattalin arziki. Ga masu mulki sau da yawa zaɓi ne mai ma'ana don manne wa wannan tsarin haƙƙin mallaka, don haka samun damar cirewa daga mulkin su fiye da inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Hanyar ciki ta biyu tana mai da hankali kai tsaye kan kayan aiki a cikin takamaiman yankuna. Rashin aiki har zuwa karni na 20 tare da ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa ya haifar da hanyar noma mai yawa, wanda ya dogara da ƙasa mai yawa maimakon amfani da ma'aikata a ƙasar. Haɗe tare da mugayen cibiyoyin daga zamanin mulkin mallaka ko mulkin mallaka wannan tsarin tattalin arziki yana hana amfani da fasaha sosai kuma ta haka ne ragewa ko ma hana ci gaban tattalin arziki.
Masu arziki a Afirka a ƙarshen karni na 20 sun kasance suna da ma'aikatan gwamnati da ke aiki a matsayin "masu tsaron gida", suna riƙe da mukamai tare da iko don amincewa da taimakon kasashen waje, taimakon jin kai, da saka hannun jari mai zaman kansa (yawanci na kasashen waje). Cin hanci da rashawa sun zama masu ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe. Bala'in muhalli da siyasa sun haɗu a cikin yunwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 1970 da 1980 a Habasha, Mali, Mauritania da Mozambique. Tasirin fari da hamada na babban bangare na nahiyar ya kai ga jama'a a farkon karni na 21.
Ayyukan jirgin ƙasa suna da mahimmanci a cikin gundumomin hakar ma'adinai daga ƙarshen karni na 19. Babban aikin jirgin kasa da na hanya suna nuna ƙarshen karni na 19. An jaddada hanyoyin dogo a zamanin mulkin mallaka, da hanyoyi a lokutan 'bayan mulkin mallaka'. Jedwab & Storeygard sun gano cewa a cikin 1960-2015 akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin saka hannun jari na sufuri da ci gaban tattalin arziki. Siyasa mai tasiri sun haɗa da tsakiya kafin mulkin mallaka, rarrabuwar kabilanci, sulhu na Turai, dogaro da albarkatun halitta, da dimokuradiyya.
Tattalin arzikin Afirka ya fara tashi ne kawai a farkon shekarun 2000 yayin da yanayin siyasa ya inganta, gwamnatocin ƙasa sun fara murkushe cin hanci da rashawa da tallafawa, an fara aiwatar da shirye-shiryen ci gaban tattalin arziki da nufin inganta yanayin rayuwa, kuma miliyoyin 'yan Afirka sun ci gaba da taruwa zuwa biranen neman ayyuka da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa.
Tarihin Afirka
Tarihin Afirka
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Ƙarin karantawa
Austin, G. "Reciprocal Comparison and African History: Tackling Conceptual Eurocentrism in the Study of Africa’s Economic Past. African Studies Review 50 2007. 1–28.
Austin, G. "The ‘Reversal Of Fortune’ Thesis and the Compression of History: Perspectives from African and Comparative Economic History. Journal of International Development 2008. 20 , 996–1027.
Austin, G. African Economic History in Africa." Economic History of Developing Regions 2015. 30 , 79–94.
Curtin, Philip. The Atlantic Slave Trade: A Census. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969.
Daniels, Rudolph. "The Nature of the Agrarian Land Question in the Republic of South Africa." The American Journal of Economics, July 2006, pp. 1–16
Fage, J.D. A History of Africa (Routledge, 4th edition, 2001 ) (Hutchinson, 1978, ) (Knopf 1st American edition, 1978, )
Frankema, E. & M. Waijenburg. "Structural Impediments to African Growth? New Evidence from Real Wages in British Africa, 1880–1965" Journal of Economic History 2012 72#4, 895–926.
Hochschild, Adam . King Leopold's Ghost. Pan Macmillan. ISBN 0-330-49233-0. on Belgian Congo
Hopkins, A. G. "Fifty years of African economic history" Economic History of Developing Regions 34:1, 1-15, DOI: 10.1080/20780389.2019.1575589
Hopkins, A. G. An Economic History of West Africa (Longman, 1990).
Inikori, Joseph E. (ed.) Forced Migration: The Impact of the Export Slave Trade on African Societies (London and New York, 1982)
Inikori, Joseph E.The Chaining of a Continent: Export Demand for Captives and the History of Africa South of the Sahara, 1450–1870 Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies Press, 1992.
Inikori, Joseph E. and Engerman, Stanley (Eds.) The Atlantic Slave Trade Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham: Duke University Press, 1992
Lovejoy, Paul. Transformations in Slavery: A History of Slavery in Africa. London: Cambridge University Press, 1983
Manning, Patrick. Slavery and African Life: Occidential, Oriental and African Slave Trades. London: Cambridge University Press, 1990
Nduru, Noyiga. "Walking the Tightrope of Land Reform." Inter Press Service News Agency, September 30, 2006
Nunn, Nathan. "The Long Term Effects of Africa's Slave Trades." The Quarterly Journal of Economics, February 2008, pp. 139–76
Rimmer, D. The Economies of West Africa (Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1984).
Rodney, Walter. A History of the Upper Guinea Coast, 1545–1800 (Clarendon Press, 1970).
Rodney, Walter. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. (Washington: Howard UP, 1982, )
Thornton, John K. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800 Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998
Tattalin Arziki
Tarihin Afrika
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
13333 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katherine%20Maher | Katherine Maher | Katherine Roberts Maher ( /m ɑr / ) an haife ta a Afrilu 18, 1983) ita ce shugabar zartarwa da kuma mai-gudanarwar Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ta rike matsayin tun Yuni 2016. A baya ta kasance babban jami’ar sadarwa. Tana da asali a fagen ilimantarwa da fasahar sadarwa kuma ta yi aiki a bangarorin da ba na riba ba, da na kasa da kasa, tana mai maida hankali kan amfani da fasaha don karfafa hakkin dan adam da ci gaban kasa da kasa.
Farkon rayuwa da karatu
Maher ta girma ne a Wilton, Connecticut kuma ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wilton. Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare, Maher ta kammala karatun sakandare a Makarantar Koyon Harshen Larabci na Jami'ar Amurka a Alkahira a shekarar 2003, wanda ta ce kwarewa ce mai zurfi da ta sanya soyayya mai zurfin gaske a zuciyarta ga Gabas ta Tsakiya . Maher daga bayan nan tayi karatu a Institut français d’études arabes de Damas a Siriya kuma ta kwashe lokaci a Lebanon da Tunisiya .
A 2005, Maher ta sami digiri na farko a Jami'ar New York akan Gabas ta Tsakiya da Nazarin Addinin Islama.
Bayan horarwa a Ma'aikatan Harkokin Waje da Eurasia Group, a 2005 Maher ta fara aiki a HSBC a London, Jamus, da Kanada a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen ci gaban manaja su na duniya.
A 2007, Maher ta koma New York City inda daga 2007 zuwa 2010 ta yi aiki a UNICEF a matsayin jami'ar ƙirkira da sadarwa. Ta yi aiki don inganta amfani da fasaha don inganta rayuwar mutane da tafiya mai yawa don yin aiki kan batutuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiyar mahaifiyar, rigakafin cutar kanjamau, da sa hannun matasa a cikin fasahar. Ofaya daga cikin ayyukan ta na farko a UNICEF ya haɗa da gwada fa'idodin MediaWiki da suka danganci isa a Habasha . Wani aikin ya sami USAid Development 2.0 Challenge yana ba da kuɗi don yin aiki a kan amfani da wayoyin hannu don saka idanu akan abinci mai gina jiki a cikin yara a Malawi .
Daga 2010 zuwa 2011, Maher ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Koyar da Siyasa ta Kasa a matsayin Jami'in Shirin ICT, tana aiki a fagen bayanai da fasahar sadarwa (ICT). Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2013, Maher ta yi aiki a Bankin Duniya a matsayin kwararre kan ilimin kere-kere na ICT da kuma yin shawarwari kan fasaha don ci gaban kasa da dimokiradiyya, tare da yin aiki da ICT don daukar nauyi da gudanar da mulki tare da mai da hankali kan rawar da wayoyin hannu da sauran fasahohi wajen sauƙaƙa ƙungiyoyin jama'a da sake fasalin cibiyoyi, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka. Ta rubuta wani babi a kan "Yin Hanyar Hannun Gwamnati" na wani littafin bankin duniya wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Bayanai da Sadarwa don Ci gaban 2012: Rage Waya. A shekara ta 2012 an lura da shafin Twitter na Maher game da batutuwan da suka shafi Gabas ta Tsakiya saboda yaduwar Yankin Arabiya .
Daga 2013 zuwa 2014, Maher itace darektan bayar da shawarwari a Washington, DC - a Access Now . A wani bangare na wannan aikin, ta mayar da hankali ne kan tasirin mutane game da tsaro ta yanar gizo, halin kirki, da kuma bata sunan jihar da ke kara yin katsalandan tare da rage rashin yarda. Samun dama alama ce ta sanarwa ta 'Yancin Yanar Gizo .
Gidauniyar Wikimedia
Maher ta kasance babbar jami'ar sadarwa na Wikimedia Foundation tun daga April 2014 har zuwa March 2016. The Washington Post sun zanta da ita akan United States copyright law.
Maher ta zama executive director na Wikimedia Foundation a Maris 2016 bayan barin aikin tsohuwar executive director Lila Tretikov Kuma an zabe ta executive director a yuni 2016. Jimm wales ya sanar da zaben ta, a 24 Yuni 2016 a Wikimania 2016 a Esino Lario, Italy, ta fara aiki tun a 23, 2016.
Maher ta bayyana cewa tana mai da hankali kan hada hadar dijital ta duniya a zaman wata hanyar inganta da kare hakkokin mutane game da bayanai ta hanyar fasaha.
A 2013, The Diplomatic Courier sun sanya sunan Maher a cikin 99 na mutane manyan masu jagoranci ƙwararru na manufofin ƙasashen waje waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 33.
2011: Matasa don Fasaha Fasaha, Memba na kwamitin
Shekarar 2013: Truman na Tsaron Kasa, ,an Siyasa, Securityungiyar Tsaro na ƙasa, da ellowan Researchungiyar Bincike, Democraungiyoyin Dimokuradiyya & Rightsancin Dan Adam
2013: Asusun Kasuwancin Fasaha, Memba Kwamitin Ba da Shawara
Shekarar 2016: Taron tattalin arzikin duniya, Memba, Majalisar Duniyar Duniya kan makomar 'yancin dan adam
2018: Wikidata UK Hackathon, magana a gidan Newspeak
2018: Kungiyar Oxford, akan Fasaha da Masarauta
2019: Taron Duniya na Matasan Duniya Matasa Jagoran Duniya
Rayuwar ta
Maher tushenta a San Francisco, California. Tana jin Turanci, Larabci, Faransanci, da Jamusanci.
Duba kuma
Jerin mutanen Wikipedia
Ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe
Maher, Katherine (December 2010). " Yaƙe-yaƙe na Abinci - Nick Cullather's Duniyar yunwar: Yakin Amurka na Cold War da ke fama da talauci a Asiya " . Littattafai .
Maher, Katherine (March 21, 2011). "SXSW Festival yana ɗaukar amfani da fasaha don amfani da fasaha don tasirin zamantakewa" . The Guardian .
Maher, Katherine (August 17, 2012). "Shin theididdigar Yankin Yakin Cyber ya Exparu zuwa Bankuna da Kasashe Masu Yankin Ne?" . Tekun Atlantika
Raja, Siddhartha; Melhem, Samia; Cruse, Matthew; Goldstein, Joshua; Maher, Katherine; Minges, Michael; Surya, Priya (August 2012). "Babi na 6: Yin Motar Gwamnati" (PDF) . Bayanai da Sadarwa don Ci gaban 2012: Rarraba Wayar hannu . Washington, DC: Bankin Duniya. pp. 87-101. doi : 10.1596 / 9780821389911_ch06 . ISBN Raja, Siddhartha; Melhem, Samia; Cruse, Matthew; Goldstein, Joshua; Maher, Katherine; Minges, Michael; Surya, Priya (August 2012). Raja, Siddhartha; Melhem, Samia; Cruse, Matthew; Goldstein, Joshua; Maher, Katherine; Minges, Michael; Surya, Priya (August 2012). OCLC 895048866 .
Maher, Katherine; York, Jillian C. . "Asalin Yanar gizo na Tunisiya" . A cikin Hussain, Muzammil M .; Howard, Philip N. (eds.). Powerarfin renchasa 2.0: ritarfin ritarfin andancin andasa da agearfafa Siyasa a Duniya . Burlington, VT: Kungiyar wallafa Ashgate. ISBN Maher, Katherine; York, Jillian C. . Maher, Katherine; York, Jillian C. . OCLC 940726016 .
Maher, Katherine (February 25, 2013). "Sabon gidan yanar gizon New Westphalian: makomar Intanet na iya zama a da. Kuma wannan ba abu bane mai kyau" . Harkokin waje . An makale daga asalin a ranar Maris 5, 2015.
Maher, Katherine (March 19, 2014). "A'a, Amurka ba 'Ba da Gudanar da Kula da Intanet' ba . Siyasa .
Maher, Katherine (December 5, 2016). "Taron Dukkan Ilmi" (Bidiyo) . Tattaunawar Google .
Maher, Katherine (October 4, 2017). "Yadda Wikipedia ta canza Canjin Ilimi (Kuma Inda Zai Ci gaba)" . Forbes .
Maher, Katherine (October 17, 2017). "Shin Wikipedia zata wanzu ne a Shekaru 20?" (Bidiyo) . Berkman Klein Cibiyar Intanet da Society a Jami'ar Harvard .
Haɗin waje
Katherine Maher na Wikipedia
Katherine (WMF) a Meta
Katherine Maher a Twitter
Bayyanuwa a C-SPAN
Ma'aikatan Wikipedia |
30301 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Cripps | Peggy Cripps | Enid Margaret “Peggy” Appiah (née Cripps), MBE (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1921 ta kuma mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrerun shekarata ta 2006), marubuciyar littattafan yara ce 'yar Biritaniya, mai taimakon al'umma kuma mai son mu'amalantar mutane. Ta kuma kasance diya ga Hon. Sir Stafford Cripps da kuma Dame Isobel Cripps, kuma mata ga lauya dan Ghana kuma mai fafutukar siyasa Nana Joe Appiah.
Farkon Rayuwa
Enid Margaret Cripps itace auta acikin 'ya'ya hudu, an kuuma haife ta ne a Goodfellows a Gloucestershire, kusa da iyakar gundumar da aka haifi iyayenta wato Stafford Cripps da Isobel (née) Swithinbank, a ƙauyen Filkins, Oxfordshire.
Iyalin sunyi ƙaura kwanan nan zuwa Goodfellows, gidan da Peggy ta girma a Filkins, wanda adonsa da ci gabansa ke nasaba da Sir Lawrence Weaver, masanin gine-ginen, wanda ke tare da matarsa Kathleen, ɗaya daga cikin manyan abokan Cripps. Lady Weaver ta mutu a cikin shekarar 1927, daga ciwon huhu. Lokacin da Sir Lawrence kuma ya mutu a cikin shekarar 1930, 'ya'yansu biyu, Purcell da Toby, a zahiri, iyalan Cripps sun cigaba da kula da su. Daga bisani kuma, Peggy ko ta cigaba da ɗaukar su a matsayin ƴan uwanta.
Ta girma a karkara, ƙarƙashin kulawar mahaifiyarta, mai rainonta Elsie Lawrence, tare da abokiyarta kuma 'yar'uwarta Theresa, ta shafe tsawon yarintar ta wajen nazartar gefen garin Ingila, ta tattara furannin daji, 'ya'yan itatuwa, da ganyen mushroom waɗanda suke girma a gona mai fadin eka na mahaifinta da dazuzzukan gefe da kuma filaye. A matsayinta na memba na Ƙungiyar British Wildflower Society, ita da 'yar uwarta sun koyi yadda ake gane tsirrai kuma sun san sunaye na gama gari da na Latin na tsairrai da dama. Za ta kuma ci gaba da wanzar da wannan sha'awar a cikin 'yan shekarunta na gaba a dazukan kasar Ghana. Wannan sha'awar na tsirrai ne ya haɗe kan iyalinta. Ɗan’uwanta, Sir John Cripps, ba kawai ya yi noma a Filkins ba, amma ya buga ‘The Countryman’ kuma daga baya ya zama Kwamishinan Ƙarshen Turai.
A bangaren mahaifinta, dangin sun dade suna zaune a Gloucestershire: sun kasance dangi ne na sama-tsakiyar da ke da'awar zuriyar kai tsaye daga William the Conqueror. Kakan mahaifinta, Lord Parmoor, lauya ne wanda aka ba shi kyauta a 1914, lokacin da ya zama memba na Kwamitin Shari'a na Majalisar Masu Zaman Kansu. Kakan kakan mahaifinta, Joseph Cripps, ya kasance dan majalisar Cirencester. Lord Parmoor ya wakilci Stroud a cikin House of Commons.
Dangantakar siyasar bangaren ubanta ya kayatar. Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwan kakarta sun auri 'yan majalisar wakilai Charles Edward Henry Hobhouse da Leonard Henry Courtney, Baron Courtney. Wata babbar inna, Beatrice, ta auri Sidney Webb, wanda ya yi aiki tare da kakanta Lord Parmoor a gwamnatin Labour ta farko, a 1924, kuma shi ne Sakataren Gwamnati na Mallaka a gwamnatin Labour ta biyu a 1929, inda ya yi aiki a majalisar ministoci. tare da Lord Parmoor, a matsayin Ubangiji Shugaban Majalisar, kuma Stafford ya haɗa shi daga baya, a matsayin Lauyan Janar. (A wannan lokacin ne aka yiwa mahaifinta jaki.). Ta wurin kakanta na uwa Admiral George Winthrop, ta fito daga zuriyar Winthrop na Boston Brahmins a Arewacin Amurka na Burtaniya.
Iyalin Cripps sun kasance mabiya tafarkin Anglican ne. Lord Parmoor lauya ne na majami'a, memba - kuma a cikin 1911 shugaban - na gidan Laymen a lardin Canterbury, Vicar Janar na lardunan Ingilishi daban-daban, kuma marubucin Cripps on Church and Clergy. An ce Stafford Cripps shine mutum na farko da ya fara wa'azi a cocin St Paul's Cathedral. Lokacin da Peggy Cripps ke shirin tabbatar da ita, ta gaya wa iyayenta cewa tana da shakka game da wasu batutuwa 39 na bangaskiya na Cocin Ingila, kuma mahaifinta ya shirya ta ta tattauna da abokinsa, William Temple, Archbishop na York. (daga baya Archbishop na Canterbury). Peggy ta kasance tana jin daɗin gaya wa mutane cewa yayin da suka bi ta cikin talifofin 39, duk lokacin da ta bayyana shakka, Archbishop ya ce, “I, na ga wannan yana da wahala kuma!
Ta samu ilimin da ya dace da ita a matsayinta na budurwa. Ta fara karatu a makarantar kwana na Queen's College, London, da ke a Harley Street, daga baya kuma a Maltman's Green, makarantar kwana a Buckinghamshire, inda ita da gungun abokai suka halarci Gidan Taron Quaker. Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar iyayenta, ta kuma fara koyon wani abu na duniya a wajen Ingila. A cikin 1938 ita da danginta sun yi watanni da dama a Jamaica, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar ne Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda Stafford ya fara rubuta wasiƙa mai yawa tare da shi, sakamakon sha'awar da yake da shi na ci gaban mulkin demokraɗiyya a ƙasashen Burtaniya, ya ziyarci Goodfellows tare da 'yarsa Indira.
"Tafiyarta karatu"
Bayan kammala makaranta, ta nemi Jami'ar Edinburgh, amma ta fara tafiya Italiya don nazarin tarihin fasaha a Florence. Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu yana gabatowa, wanda ya tilasta mata cikin gaggawa gida zuwa Ingila. Ta ki amincewa da matsayinta a Jami'ar Edinburgh, inda ta shiga makarantar Sakatariyar Sakatariyar Whitehall, wadda aka kwashe zuwa Dorset tare da tashin bom a London, don haka za ta iya fara aiki nan da nan.
Bayan ta kammala horon ta, ta sami damar tafiya tare da mahaifinta zuwa Moscow, inda ya kasance jakadan Birtaniya kuma ta sami damar zama matsayin sakatariya a ofishin jakadancin. Domin hanyar zuwa Moscow kai tsaye zai buƙaci bi ta yankin Turai da Jamus ta mamaye, ita da mahaifiyarta da ƙanwarta Theresa, sun yi tafiya zuwa Rasha ta kasar Canada, suka tsallaka nahiyar ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa na Kanada na Pacific, sannan suka wuce Japan da China kafin su tsallaka Tarayyar Soviet ta titin jirgin kasa.
A birnin Moscow, Peggy ta yi aiki da mahaifinta sakatare kuma ta kulla abokantaka da 'ya'yan jakadun Yugoslavia da na kasar Sin, da kuma 'yar wani jami'in diplomasiyyar Iran, wacce ta zamo abokiyarta na har abada. A cshekarar 1941, a lokacin tana da shekaru 20, tare da iyayenta a Landan, da kuma 'yar uwarta a Iran, an bar ta a matsayin mai kula da tasowa daga ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya, dangane da mamayewar Jamus na Rasha. Tun da yake ita sakatariya ce a Ma’aikatar Waje a hukumance, ta sami kanta tana aiki da wani mutum mai suna Mista Cook a sashen ofishin jakadancin da ke Tehran. Daga baya, a lokacin da sojojin Birtaniya suka karbe tsarin titin jirgin kasa na Iran, ta yi aiki a matsayin sakatariya ga Birgediya da ke rike da mukamin.
A 1942, ta koma Ingila tare da mahaifinta, wanda ke dawowa daga ziyarar Indiya. Sun bi ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin jirgin ruwa, suka sauka a tafkin Galili na Isra'ila da kuma kogin Nilu a Masar, inda ta iya ganin dala na Masar. Wannan kuma ita ce ziyararta ta farko a nahiyar Afirka. A sauran yakin ta yi aiki a ma’aikatar yada labarai, da farko a sashin Indiya sannan kuma a sashin hulda da Soviet, inda ta yi amfani da iliminta na yaren Rasha wajen aikinta. Kamar yadda mahaifinta ya sadaukar da kansa na cikakken lokaci a siyasa. Rage kudin shiga wanda ya zo tare da asarar aikinsa na doka, dangi sun bar Goodfellows kuma suka koma wani ƙaramin gida a Frith Hill, Gloucestershire, kodayake ɗan'uwanta John ya karɓi aikin gona a Filkins.
A ƙarshen yaƙin, Peggy ta sami raguwar tashin hankali. Ta bar matsayinta a jami'a don ta kasance mai amfani a lokacin yakin; yanzu ta tsinci kanta da gogewa amma bata cancanci aikin da take yi ba. An tura ta zuwa Switzerland don ta warke a asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner da ke Zurich, ta yi lokacin rani a Lugano tana nazarin zane-zane, kuma ta koma Landan don yin karatun cikakken lokaci a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Anglo-Faransa a St John's Wood. , arewacin London. Daga nan sai ta ɗauki zanen a cikin ƙaramin ɗakin studio a cikin gidan mai zane Feliks Topolski kuma ta halarci karatun rayuwa a Makarantar Hammersmith Art, ƙarƙashin kulawar Carel Weight.
A tsawon wannan lokacin ta kasance cikin kusanci da iyayenta akai-akai, duk da cewa mahaifinta ya kara shagaltuwa da siyasa. Tare da nasarar jam'iyyar Labour a zaben 1945, Stafford ya shiga majalisar ministoci a matsayin shugaban hukumar kasuwanci, inda ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana aiki don yin shawarwari tare da shugabannin gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai na Indiya, ciki har da Gandhi, Nehru da Jinnah. A watan Nuwamba 1947, ya zama Chancellor na Exchequer da kuma mafi yawan sauran rayuwarsa ya taimaka wajen gudanar da farkon farfadowar Birtaniya bayan yakin da kuma samar da zamani jin dadin jama'a.
A shekara ta 1942, mahaifiyarta ta amince ta jagoranci wani kamfen na tara kudaden taimako ga jama'ar kasar Sin, wadanda ke fama da matsananciyar wahala sakamakon mamayar kasar Japan, da ambaliyar ruwa, da cututtuka da kuma yunwa. Bayan shekaru 6, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta gayyaci Lady Cripps da ta ziyarci kasarsu, domin ta ga irin yadda ake yi da wadannan kudade, da kuma nuna jin dadinsu ga aikin taimakon da Birtaniyar United ta yi wa kasar Sin. Peggy ta tafi tare a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abokan tafiyar mahaifiyarta. Da yake an so a yi amfani da kuɗin don a taimaka wa Sinawa duka, dukansu biyu sun zauna tare da Janar da Madame Chiang Kai-shek a gidansu. Ta ziyarci 'Yancin Kwaminisanci' a Yenan, inda Peggy ya sadu da Chou En Lai da Madame Mao. A hanyarsu ta dawowa daga China ita da mahaifiyarta sun bi ta Burma da Indiya.
Sakamakon abubuwan da ta samu a Jamaica, Rasha, Iran, China, Burma da Indiya, da kuma abokantakar danginta da mutane irin su Nehrus, Peggy, wacce ke da shekaru kusan ashirin da haihuwa, ta san mutane da yawa daga kasashe da yawa kuma sun sani. da yawa game da rayuwa a wajen Ingila, haƙiƙa a wajen Turai, fiye da yawancin mutanen zamaninta. Wannan gogewa, tare da zurfin alkawurranta na Kirista, ya kai ta yin aiki don haɗin kai tsakanin mutane; kuma a karshen shekarun 1940 ta fara aiki da wata kungiya mai suna Racial Unity, wacce Miss Attlee, 'yar uwar Firayim Minista ce ta fara aiki, tare da zama mai aiki a Sashen Matasa na Majalisar Coci ta Duniya (WCC). Ta hanyar aikinta na Racial Unity, wanda ta kasance sakatariya a 1952, ta fara haduwa da Joseph Emmanuel Appiah, wanda shi ne shugaban kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Yamma. Abokantakar su ta girma cikin sauri kuma a cikin Janairu 1952, ya ba da shawara kuma ta yarda.
A lokacin, duk da haka, Stafford Cripps ba shi da lafiya sosai. A watan Mayun 1951 an kai shi asibitin Maximilian Bircher-Benner a Zurich (inda Peggy ya murmure shekaru da yawa a baya) kuma a ƙarshe an yi tunanin isa ya koma gida zuwa gidan iyali a Frith Hill. Amma a farkon watan Janairun 1952 aka mayar da shi birnin Zurich, inda ya rasu kusan watanni hudu bayan haka. A sakamakon wannan rashin lafiya, Isobel ta yanke shawarar cewa zai fi kyau idan a ɓoye auren. Sa'an nan kuma, da zarar ya mutu, al'ada ta bukaci kada a sanar da alkawari na wata shekara. A halin da ake ciki, mahaifiyar Peggy ta ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata ta ziyarci Gold Coast da kanta, ta yi tafiya ta jirgin ruwa don ganin ƙasar da mijinta ya yi niyya.
Abin da ya ba ta mamaki, tuni Joe ya kasance a gida a Kumasi lokacin da ta isa, bayan da ya yi gaggawar dawowa bayan rasuwar kakansa, Yaw Antony, wanda zai gaje shi a matsayin shugaban reshensa na manyan mutanen Ashanti. Ta yi tafiya zuwa Kumasi a jajibirin Kirsimeti na 1952, inda ta sake haduwa da angonta, kuma ta hadu da danginsa, a karon farko, tare da shi, a ranar Kirsimeti. A jajibirin sabuwar shekara ta halarci taron Watch Night Service a cocin Wesley Methodist da ke Kumasi, inda ta yi ibada a karon farko a cocin wanda zai yi bikin jana’izarta fiye da shekaru hamsin bayan haka. Ta kuma ziyarci harabar jami'ar kimiyya da fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, wacce ta kasance kwalejin horar da malamai mai shekara daya, a karon farko; Jami’ar da za ta tura ‘ya’yanta zuwa makarantar firamare, kuma tana da shekaru 84 a duniya, a shekarar karshe ta rayuwa, ta samu digirin girmamawa na likitan wasiƙa, wanda ya yi matukar farin ciki.
A gida
A tafiyarta ta farko zuwa Afirka, ta yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa Navrongo, ta haye Volta ta shiga Faransa Togoland, a gabas, kuma ta tafi Elmina a yamma. An yi ta ce-ce-ku-ce kan abin da take yi a Ghana, kuma da yake ba a sanar da auren ba, ta kasa bayyana ainihin dalilin ziyarar tata. Ta fadawa jaridar Daily Graphic cewa: "[A matsayina na] memba na dangin siyasa a Biritaniya, ina sha'awar mutanen Gold Coast da kuma ci gaban siyasarsu." Tare da dangin mijinta na gaba ta sadu da fitattun 'yan Ghana da yawa, ciki har da Asantehene, Misis Rose Aggrey (matar wanda ya kafa makarantar Achimota Dr James Aggrey), mai zane Kofi Antubam, babban shugaba Nene Mate Kole, da kuma irin wadannan shugabanni. na yunkurin 'yancin kai kamar Kwame Nkrumah, Komla Gbedemah, Kojo Botsio, da Krobo Edusei.
Sanarwa da haɗin gwiwar ma'auratan a 1953 ya haifar da tashin hankali na tsokaci a Biritaniya da kuma a duniya; da kuma lokacin da Peggy Cripps da Joe Appiah suka yi aure a Cocin St John's Wood, arewacin London, a watan Yuni 1953, bikin ya kasance labarai na farko a Burtaniya, a Ghana, da sauran ƙasashe da yawa kuma taron na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewar al'umma. shekara. George Padmore, ɗan Afirka ta Yamma na Indiya ya kasance mafi kyawun mutum, wanda ya wakilci Kwame Nkrumah, wanda ya shagaltu da zama sabon shugaban Kasuwancin Gwamnati don halartar kansa. Hugh Gaitskell, magajin Stafford a matsayin Chancellor ya kasance a wurin, kamar yadda Michael Foot, shugaban jam'iyyar Labour na gaba, Aneurin Bevan, Lady Quist, matar kakakin majalisar dokokin Gold Coast, da Krishna Menon, jakadan Indiya a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wata jarida a Jamaica ta yi sharhi cewa akwai "masu kiyayya da rigunan riguna na Biritaniya ... tsoffin ministocin majalisar ministocin ... da kuma wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki na Tory da Socialist." Babban abin jan hankali, duk da haka, shine rigar kente ba kawai ango ba amma da yawa daga cikin danginsa da abokansa. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi a jaridu a duniya sun bambanta daga maƙiya zuwa masu shakka zuwa abin sha'awa.
Peggy da Joe Appiah sun yi hutun gudun amarci a Faransa kuma suka koma Ingila, inda Joe zai kammala horon shari'a a Temple ta Tsakiya. A cikin Mayu 1954 an haifi ɗansu na farko, Kwame Anthony Appiah, (a cikin wani bugu na tallan jarida) kuma a watan Nuwamba matasan dangin sun isa Gold Coast don fara sabuwar rayuwarsu. A wannan lokacin, yayin da Joe ke haɓaka aikin shari'a kuma ya fara rayuwarsa a matsayin ɗan siyasa, Peggy ya mayar da hankali kan mafi yawan kuzarinta ga danginta na matasa - An haifi Ama a 1955, Adwoa a 1960 da Abena a 1962 - kuma akan aiki azaman sakatariya kuma mataimaki a fannin shari'a a ofishinsa na shari'a da na mazabarsa, tana tallafawa mijinta kamar yadda ta tallafa wa mahaifinta. Ta koyi saka tufafi, ta fara halartar jana'iza, kuma ta san dangin mijinta da dangin mahaifinsa ma. Sun gina wa kansu gida a Mbrom (wani yanki na Kumasi), inda maƙwabtansu su ne Victor Owusu, wani babban ɗan siyasan NLM, John Brew, da kuma, a gefen titi, mahaifin Joe Appiah, J.W.K. Appiah da matarsa, Aunty Jane.
Fiye da shekaru 30, tun daga ƙarshen 1950s, babban ɗakin karatu na Peggy Appiah da ke Mbrom ya kasance yana samuwa ga yaran unguwar, waɗanda za su iya zuwa su karanta littattafan yara, kuma, yayin da suke girma, litattafai da waƙoƙin da ta tattara. . Daga cikin abubuwan da ta fi daraja akwai da yawa daga cikin kundin jerin Marubuta na Heinemann na Afirka. Sauran masu ziyartar gidan sun hada da ’yan kasuwar da suka kawo mata gwal da suka samu a tafiye-tafiyen da suke yi ta kauyuka da garuruwan Ghana. Ta kuma yi sha'awar ilimi da jin dadin wasu matasa, wadanda suka zama bangaren danginta, ciki har da Isobel Kusi-Obodom, wanda mahaifinsa ya rasu a gidan yarin Nkrumah, da kuma Dr Joe Appiah-Kusi na Seattle.
Bayan da aka zabi Joe Appiah a Majalisa a 1956, kafin samun 'yancin kai, Peggy Appiah ta ci gaba da samar da gida mai tsaro wanda zai iya dawowa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa, manta da siyasa, kuma ya huta a cikin kirjin iyalinsa. Peggy ta zabi shiga Cocin St. George da ke Kumasi. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Dr. Alex Kyerematen don bunkasa Cibiyar Al'adu a Kumasi. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin kula da yara, ta yi aiki tare da gidan marasa galihu a Bekwai, kuma a shekarun baya ta zama majiɓincin Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Ghana. A lokacin da aka tsare mijinta bisa umarnin Kwame Nkrumah a watan Oktoban 1961, ta ki barin kasar, kuma aka janye umarnin korar ta sa’ad da wata kasida ta farko ta bayyana a cikin jaridun Burtaniya da ke bayyana halin da take ciki.
A wannan lokacin danta Kwame ya yi rashin lafiya sosai. A wata mai zuwa, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta kai ziyararta ta farko a Ghana. Yayin da suke duba asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi, Sarauniya, Sarkin Edinburgh da Shugaba Nkrumah suka wuce gadon yaron. Tunda hoton iyayensa ya nuno akan teburinsa na gado, Duke na Edinburgh, wanda ya ziyarci Kumasi a baya kuma ya hadu da Peggy Appiah, ya dawo, yana tafiya, don aika gaisuwa. An ba da rahoton bacin ran da shugaba Nkrumah ya yi na jin kunya ta wannan hanya - wannan shi ne mijin wani shugaban kasar waje da ya aika gaisuwa ga matar wani mutum Nkrumah da ke tsare a siyasance - na daga cikin dalilan da suka sa aka kori likitan Kwame Appiah.
Haɗuwa da damuwarta akan mijinta da ɗanta ya sa ta shiga wani yanayi mai matuƙar wahala, wanda hakan ya ƙaru saboda kasancewarta a lokacin tana da juna biyu tare da ƙaramin ɗanta Abena, wadda ta yi fama da rashin lafiya a yawancin ƙarurinta. Duk da haka, ta ci gaba da kula da kwanciyar hankali ga 'ya'yanta da kuma yin aiki a hankali don a saki mijinta, tare da taimakon mahaifiyarta, Lady Cripps, wadda ta iya ziyartar surukinta a Ussher Fort a 1962.
Lady Cripps ta koma Ingila tare da jikanta mara lafiya. Kafin Kirsimeti 1962, an sake Joe daga kurkuku kuma an ba shi izinin komawa aikin shari'a. An sami sassauci a cikin shekarun ƙarshe na mulkin Nkrumah a 1966, ta hanyar juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da Nkrumah. A shekarun da suka biyo baya, yayin da ‘ya’yanta ke kasashen waje a makarantun kwana da jami’o’i, kuma mijin nata ya sake taka rawar gani a siyasar kasar Ghana, kuma a matsayinta na jakadiyar kasa, ta kasance mafi yawa a Kumasi, inda ya samar da tushe da zai iya fita daga ciki. cikin duniya, amintaccen sanin cewa Peggy tana kula da abubuwa a gaban gida. Ta sa ido a kan dukiyoyin da ya gada a wurin kakansa. Duk da yawan shigar da danginta ke yi a siyasance, Peggy kanta ba ta da sha'awar siyasar jam'iyya musamman. Ta tallafa wa mijinta, tabbas. Amma gudummawar da ta bayar ta hanyar ayyukan zamantakewa da yawa da ta shiga. Bayan ta koyi Twi, harshen Asante, ta zama mai sha'awar kuma ta san game da fasahar Akan da al'adun gargajiya, yayin da ta sami babban tarin zinariya, ta fara tattarawa da fassarawa. karin magana, kuma ta koyi labarun Ananse, yawancin su daga mijinta. Shekaru 30 da suka wuce, ziyarar gidanta da tarin gwal dinta na daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fi daukar hankali a ziyarar Ashanti ga maziyartan masu sha'awar fasaharta.
Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960, ta fara buga jerin jerin labaran Ananse, wanda aka sake rubutawa ga yara, wanda ya zama sananne a Afirka, Ingila da Amurka da kuma duk duniya masu magana da Ingilishi. Farawa da Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti Village in 1966, and followed by Tales of an Ashanti Father, she went on to publish the Children of Ananse in 1968, The Pineapple Child and Other Tales from Asante in 1969, Why There are So Many Roads in 1972, da Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and Other Tales from the Ashanti Gold Weights a 1977. Ta kuma wallafa jerin masu karatu don taimaka wa yaran Ghana su koyi Turanci: The Lost Earring, Yao and the Python, Abena and the Python, Afua and the Mouse and Kofi and the Crow, da jerin littattafan yara da manya. ciki har da Gift of the Mmoatia da Ring of Gold, da juzu'i biyu na waƙoƙi. Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta ana amfani da su azaman rubutu a makarantun firamare da sakandare a Yammacin Afirka. Wataƙila, mafi mahimmancin littafinta, duk da haka, wanda ya kasance sakamakon aikin kusan shekaru biyar, shine Bu Me Bé: Proverbs of the Akan, tarin karin magana na Twi fiye da 7,000 da aka kaddamar a Accra a 2001.
A shekarar 1985 ita da Joe Appiah sun yi balaguro zuwa kasashen waje tare don ziyartar abokinsu Kamuzu Banda, shugaban kasar Malawi, wanda suka san shi a lokacin da yake gudun hijira a Ghana, domin murnar cika shekaru ashirin da daya da samun 'yancin kai. Sun zagaya ko'ina a ƙasar kafin su tafi tare da 'yarsu Abena, wadda take zaune a Zimbabwe a lokacin, da Ama, wadda ke aiki a Angola. Daga baya a cikin shekaru goma, sun ziyarci Ama a Norway, inda aka gano Joe yana da ciwon daji da ya kashe rayuwarsa a 1990.
A cikin 1990, wata gwauruwa, Peggy Appiah, ba ta taɓa tunanin barin Ghana ba, tana gaya wa duk wanda ya tambaye ta lokacin da za ta “tafi gida,” cewa ta riga ta isa gida. Ta koma wani ƙaramin gida, wanda ta gina a cikin wani fili mai gida ga ɗiyarta Abena, ta ci gaba da aiki a cocinta, kuma ta ci gaba da nazarin tarihin Akan. Ta ziyarci danta da 'ya'yanta mata a Amurka, Namibiya da Najeriya, kuma 'ya'yanta da surukanta sun ziyarce ta, da jikokinta shida, Kristian, Anthony da Kojo, 'ya'yan Ama (Isobel) da Klaus. Endresen; da Tomiwa, Lamide da Tobi, 'ya'yan Adwoa da Olawale Edun. A gidan da ke kusa da ita, ita da yarta Abena, akwai jikokinta guda biyu, Mimi da Mame Yaa.
A cikin 1996, Sarauniya Elizabeth ta biyu ta ba Peggy Appiah lambar yabo ta MBE "don ayyuka ga dangantakar Burtaniya/Ghana da jindadin al'umma".
Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah ta ba ta digirin girmamawa a shekarar 2005.
Shekarun baya
A shekara ta 2001, Peggy Appiah ta ziyarci Ingila a karo na ƙarshe don bikin cikarta shekaru 80 da haihuwa tare da sauran waɗanda suka tsira a cikin danginta da ƴaƴanta da jikokinta, tare da ƴaƴanta da ƴaƴan ƴaƴan ƴan uwa da ƴan uwa da yawa.
A cikin shekaru na ƙarshe na rayuwarta, yayin da ta ƙara ƙaranci a cikin motsinta, ta ci gaba da kasancewa cibiyar cibiyar sadarwar dangi da abokai, da kuma gidan kulawa karkashin jagorancin maigidanta, Ma Rose. Kamar yadda ta rubuta a ƙarshen tarihin rayuwarta, wanda aka buga a 1995: "Na gode wa Allah saboda dukan abin da ya ba ni da farin cikin da ya kawo ni."
Peggy Appiah ta mutu a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2006, tana da shekaru 84, daga dalilan da ba a bayyana ba, a asibitin koyarwa na Komfo Anokye da ke Kumasi. An binne ta ne a makabartar Tafo da ke Kumasi, inda ta saya wa kanta fili a gefen kabarin mijinta.
Bu Me Be: Akan Proverbs. Africa World Press, 2006.
Busy body. Accra: Asempa, 1995.
Rattletat. New Namibia Books, 1995.
The Rubbish Heap. Accra: Asempa, 1995.
Kyekyekulee, Grandmother's Tales. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1993.
Kofi and the Crow. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Afua and the Mouse. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Abena and the Python. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
The Twins. Accra: Quick Service Books, 1991.
Tales of an Ashanti Father. Boston: Beacon Press, 1989.
A Dirge too Soon. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1976.
Ring of Gold. London: Deutsch, 1976.
Why There are So Many Roads. Lagos: African University Press, 1972.
Gift of the Mmoatia. Accra: Ghana Publishing, 1972.
Why the Hyena Does Not Care for Fish and other tales from the Ashanti gold weights. London: Deutsch, 1971.
A Smell of Onions. London: Longman, 1971.
The Lost Earring. London: Evans, 1971.
Yao and the Python. London: Evans, 1971.
The Pineapple Child and other tales from Ashanti. London: Evans, 1969.
The Children of Ananse. London: Evans, 1968.
Ananse the Spider: Tales from an Ashanti village. New York: Pantheon, 1966.
A cikin shahararrun al'adu
An ba da shawarar cewa abubuwan da Appiahs suka fuskanta, da kuma wani ɗan lokaci na ɗan littafin marubucin Lloyd Ruth Williams da auren ɗan Afirka Kgosi Seretse Khama, ya rinjayi rubutun fim ɗin da ya lashe Oscar, Guess Who's Coming to Dinner. .
Brozan, Nadine. "Peggy Appiah, 84, Author Who Bridged Two Cultures, Dies." New York Times, "International," Fabrairu 16, 2006.
Tucker, Nicholas. "Peggy Appiah: Daughter of Stafford Cripps who dedicated herself to creating a children's literature for Ghana" (obituary). The Independent, 17 Fabrairu 2006.
Addai-Sebo, Akyaaba. "The Legacy Of Peggy Appiah—A Tribute." The New Times Online. Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 2006.
Akosah, Kwabena Sarpong. "Tribute for Peggy Appiah". Homepage Ghana, 19 Fabrairu 2006. |
30051 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Ruwa%20a%20Amurka | Dokar Ruwa a Amurka | Dokar ruwa a Amurka tana nufin dokokin albarkatun ruwa da ke tsara ruwa a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa a Amurka . Bayan batutuwan gama-gari ga duk hukunce-hukuncen da ke ƙoƙarin daidaita amfani da ruwa, dole ne dokar ruwa a Amurka ta ci karo da abubuwa kamar haka:
Dokokin jama'a na ruwa, gami da kula da ambaliyar ruwa, ka'idojin muhalli - jaha da tarayya, tsarin kula da lafiyar jama'a da tsarin kamun kifi
Haɗin kai na haƙƙin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin ruwa, wanda ke zana abubuwan fitattun dokokin yanki da ikon sashe na kasuwanci na tarayya ;
Dokar aikin ruwa: dokar da aka haɓaka sosai game da samuwar, aiki, da kuɗin kuɗin jama'a da ƙungiyoyin jama'a waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jama'a na gida na kula da ambaliya, sarrafa kewayawa, ban ruwa, da kuma guje wa lalata muhalli ; kuma
Haƙƙoƙin Yarjejeniyar Baƙin Amurkawa .
Dokar da ke gudanar da waɗannan batutuwa ta samo asali ne daga dukkan matakan dokokin Amurka. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga ka'idodin doka na gama-gari waɗanda suka bunƙasa tsawon shekaru aru-aru, kuma waɗanda ke tasowa yayin da yanayin jayayyar da ake gabatarwa kotuna ke canzawa. Misali, tsarin shari'a game da haƙƙin masu mallakar ƙasa don karkatar da ruwan saman ya canza sosai a ƙarnin da ya gabata yayin da halayen jama'a game da ƙasa da ruwa suka samo asali. Wasu sun samo asali ne daga dokar doka ta jiha. Wasu suna samun ne daga asalin tallafin filaye da jama'a ke bayarwa ga jihohi da kuma takardun asalinsu.
Doka gama gari tushen dokar ruwa
{Ƙasar Amirka ta gaji tsarin dokokin bai-daya na Birtaniyya wanda ke samar da ka'idojin shari'a ta hanyar yanke hukunci na shari'a game da takaddama tsakanin bangarori. Dokokin doka da tsarin mulki sun tsara tsarin da ake warware waɗannan rikice-rikice a cikinsa, har zuwa wani lokaci, amma dokar yanke shawara da aka samo ta hanyar warware takaddama ta musamman ita ce babbar injin dokar ruwa.
A dokar gama gari dole ne a nemi duk wani haƙƙin ruwa bisa la’akari da ƙasar da ruwa ke gudana ko ya kwanta. Mai mallakar ƙasa na ƙasa zai iya kawo wani mataki a kan mai shi na sama saboda ragewa da yawa da ingancin ruwan da ke isowa a ƙasa.
Rigingimun ruwa sun taso a cikin abubuwa da dama. Lokacin da gwamnati, ƙaramar hukuma, ko tarayya ta ɗauki kadarorin masu zaman kansu waɗanda ke da haƙƙin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da mallakar sirri, ƙimar wannan kadarar tana da matukar tasiri ga haƙƙin ruwanta. Kuma, kadarorin da ke gefen ruwan jama'a sun zama ruwan dare gama gari, saboda mahimmancin ruwan jama'a ga kasuwanci, muhalli, da nishaɗi . Waɗannan shari'o'in suna wakiltar babban tushen dokar da ke bayyana iyakokin haƙƙin masu zaman kansu a cikin ruwa da haƙƙin jama'a.
Wani yanayi na biyu na samar da dokar ruwa ya taso ne daga takaddamar da ke tsakanin bangarori masu zaman kansu dangane da girman hakkokinsu na ruwa; misali, mai mallakar ƙasa a sama yana neman yanke magudanar ruwa a ƙasa kuma ya dace da waɗannan ruwan saman don amfani da shi na musamman. Mai mallakar ƙasa ya yi iƙirarin cewa mai gidan na sama ya ware ruwan da ke mallakarsa. Mai gida na neman dakatar da kwararar ruwa da ya wuce gona da iri wanda idan ba haka ba zai mamaye kasarsa ta yadda zai kara barnar ambaliya a kan mai ita. Kowanne bangare ya yi iƙirarin cewa halin ɗayan yana yin katsalandan ga haƙƙoƙin da ke tattare da mallakarsu na kadarorin.
Halin na uku na dokar ruwa ya taso ne daga jayayya game da ambaliya ko wasu mamaye dukiya ta hanyar ruwa. A cikin waɗannan lokuta, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna iƙirarin cewa ayyukan sirri ko na jama'a sun lalata dukiyarta na sirri, kuma dole ne kotu ta yanke hukunci game da yanayin haƙƙin jama'a da masu zaman kansu da suka taso daga canjin yanayin ruwa na ruwa .
Yana da mahimmanci a gane cewa akwai haƙƙoƙin sirri da na jama'a da ke da alaƙa da ruwa, amma ikon mallakar ruwa a ƙarƙashin dokar gama gari ana kamanta da iƙirarin "mallaka" hasken rana. Dole ne a ba da izinin samar da ruwa bisa ka'ida kafin a 'mallake shi', kuma hukumomin gwamnati da dokokin shari'a galibi ke sarrafa ka'idoji kan rabon. Wanene ke da rinjaye akan ruwa yawanci ya dogara ne akan wanda ya mallaki ƙasan ƙasa, amma dokokin gida, Jihohi da na Tarayya galibi suna iyakance adadin da nau'in amfani da ruwan da za'a iya amfani dashi don kare haƙƙin masu amfani da ƙasa. A wani lokaci, kafin ruwa ya isa teku sai ya tara isashen girma ta yadda filayen da ke karkashin kasa suka zama mallakin kasa ko jihar da suke cikinta. A wannan lokaci (wanda aka bayyana a matsayin babban iyakar kewayawa) haƙƙoƙin mutum ɗaya yana ba da hanya ga mafi girman haƙƙoƙin jama'a.
Haƙƙoƙin ‘yan qasar
Jihohin Gabas (duk waɗanda ke gabashin Texas, ban da Mississippi ), suna bin koyarwar kogi, wanda ke ba wa duk wanda ƙasarsa ke da gaban gaba a jikin ruwa don amfani da ruwa daga gare ta. Waɗannan jihohin su ne na farko da Turawa suka fara zama (saboda haka dokar Ingilishi ta fi rinjaye) kuma suna da mafi yawan ruwa. Kotun Koli ta yi bayanin juyin halitta na ka'idodin rafi a cikin Amurka v. Gerlach Dabbobin A tsakiyar karni na goma sha takwas, dokokin gama gari na Ingilishi sun haɗa da rukunin rukunan ruwa da aka sani da haƙƙin kogi. Tun da dadewa kamar yadda Cibiyoyin Justinian, ruwa mai gudana, kamar iska da teku, sun kasance res communes - abubuwa na kowa ga kowa da dukiyoyin kowa. Irin wannan koyaswar ce ta masu sharhi kan dokokin farar hula da ke kunshe a cikin ka'idar Napoleon da kuma a cikin dokar Spain. Wannan ra'ayi ya shiga cikin dokar gama gari. Daga waɗannan kafofin, amma galibi daga tushen dokokin farar hula, masu bincike da ƙarfi na Chancellor Kent da Mista Justice Story sun zana don samar da ainihin koyaswar dokar ruwa ta Amurka.Ma'anar magudanar ruwa ta samo asali sosai a waɗancan sassan Amurka inda aka shayar da ƙasa da ruwan sama . Amurka v. Gerlach, supra. Hukuncin Kotun ya ci gaba da cewa kamar haka:Babban kadari na halitta shi ne ƙasa, kuma gudun hijira a cikin rafuka ko koguna ya kasance mai haɗari. Tunda samun damar samun ruwa mai gudana yana yiwuwa ta kan filaye masu zaman kansu kawai, samun dama ya zama haƙƙi da aka haɗe zuwa gaci. Dokar ta bi ka’idar daidaito wadda ta bukaci da cewa gawar ruwan da ke gudana ta zama mallakin kowa, kuma baya ga iyakacin amfani da su na cikin gida da noma da wadanda ke sama, kowane mai kogin yana da hakkin ya gangaro masa ruwa. a cikin ƙararrakinta na halitta da tashoshi marasa lahani cikin inganci.
Yawancin jihohin yammacin, bushewa ta halitta, gaba ɗaya suna bin rukunan appropriation na gaba, wanda ke ba da damar ruwa ga duk wanda ya fara sanya ruwa zuwa amfani mai amfani . Colorado, inda koyaswar da ta gabata ta fara tasowa, gaba ɗaya ana kallonta azaman abin ƙira ta sauran jihohin Yammacin Turai waɗanda suka karɓi koyaswar rabon da suka gabata.
A wasu jihohin Ruwan da ke saman kasa, tafkuna, koguna, da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ana bi da su daban da ruwan ƙasa da ruwan da ake hakowa ta hanyar haƙa rijiyoyi ; duk da haka, a wasu jihohi ana sarrafa ruwan saman da ƙasa tare. Misali, a New Mexico, ana sarrafa ruwan sama da na kasa tare tun shekarun 1950. Wannan yanayin ya fito ne daga haɓakar fahimtar kimiyya game da tsoffin halayen tsarin ruwa na ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Misali, an yi bayanin gurbacewar ruwa da gishiri sannu a hankali tare da sanin cewa ɗibar ruwa daga rijiyar yana haifar da ɓarna a hankali a cikin yankin rijiyar, wanda zai iya gurɓata ta da yankunan da ke kewaye da ruwan teku daga gabar tekun da ke kusa. Irin wannan ilimin yana da amfani don fahimtar tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam akan samar da ruwa amma kuma yana iya haifar da sababbin hanyoyin rikici.
Dokokin tarayya, jihohi, da na gida iri-iri ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ruwa. Wani batu na musamman ga Amurka shine dokar ruwa dangane da Indiyawan Amurka . Hakkokin ruwa na kabilanci lamari ne na musamman saboda ba su faɗo ƙarƙashin tsarin kogi ko tsarin rabo amma an bayyana su a cikin Winters v. Shawarar Amurka . Haƙƙoƙin ruwa na Indiya ba su shafi ƙabilun da ba na tarayya ba.
Kabilun Indiya da aka amince da tarayya da dokar ruwa
Haƙƙoƙin ruwa na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka da aka keɓance ana fi sani da ' Haƙƙin Winters, waɗanda Winters da Arizona v. California lokuta.
Dokar tarayya ta bayyana haƙƙoƙi
Ƙirƙirar ajiyar ta hanyar yarjejeniya, ƙa'ida ko odar zartarwa ta haɗa da ma'anar tanadin haƙƙin ruwa a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ciki ko iyakar ajiyar.
Dangane da kwanan wata, masu amfani waɗanda ke da kwanakin rabon da suka gabata a ƙarƙashin dokar jiha suna fifiko akan haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, amma waɗanda ke da kwanakin baya suna ƙarƙashin ƙasa.
Yawan ruwan da aka tanada shine adadin da ya ishe don ban ruwa duk ƙasar da za a iya ban ruwa akan ajiyar
Ba a rasa haƙƙoƙia rashin amfani
Ƙabilun Indiyawa suna da haƙƙin ruwa kawai bayan sun ƙaddamar da aikin gona mai ban sha'awa (PIA). A cewar masanin shari'a Bruce Duthu, dole ne ƙabilu su tabbatar da cewa ana buƙatar adadin ruwan da ake bukata don filinsu da kuma gina wuraren da za a ceto shi.
Misali: Winters v. Amurka
Winters v. Amurka ya haɗa da Tsarin Tsarin Indiya na Fort Belknap, wanda aka ƙirƙira ta yarjejeniyar shekara ta 1888 tare da gwamnatin tarayya. Wannan yarjejeniya ta sanya iyaka ɗaya na ajiyar wani yanki na Kogin Milk, amma bai ambaci haƙƙin ruwa ga wannan kogin ba. Bayan haka, mazauna yankin da ba Indiyawa ba, sun gina madatsun ruwa a cikin kogin da suka kawo cikas ga amfanin noma na kabilar. Mazaunan sun yi ikirarin haƙƙin da suka dace bayan an kafa ajiyar, amma kafin ƙabilar ta fara amfani da ruwan. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa an tanadi haƙƙin ruwa ta atomatik ta yarjejeniyar shekara ta 1888 wacce ta haifar da ajiyar. Kotun ta yi zaton Indiyawan ba za su tanadi filayen noma ba tare da tanadin ruwan da zai sa irin wannan noman ya yiwu ba.
Misali: Arizona v. California
A cikin Arizona v. California , dole ne Kotun ta ƙayyade haƙƙin ruwa na ƙabilun da ke kusa da Kogin Colorado waɗanda ƙa'idoji da umarnin zartarwa suka kafa. Kotun ta yi imanin cewa doka ko umarnin zartarwa ba zai iya nufin kafa tanadi ba tare da tanadin amfani da ruwa don amfanin ƙabilun ba. Don haka,
Haƙƙoƙi masu siye ba Ba-Amurke ba
1. Ba'amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar yana da haƙƙin rabon ruwan ajiyar da ake buƙata don ban ruwa ƙasarsu.
2. Lokacin da Ba'amurke ya sayar da kason su ga wanda ba Ba'amurke ba, mai siye yana samun haƙƙin ruwa da aka keɓe na rabon.
3. Ranar fifiko na waɗannan haƙƙoƙin ya kasance ranar da aka ƙirƙiri ajiyar.
Winters haƙƙoƙi a matsayin dukiya
Haƙƙoƙin lokacin sanyi da ke fitowa daga yarjejeniya ko ƙa'ida ta ƙirƙira ajiyar dukiya mallaki ce wacce aka san take. Lokacin da odar zartaswa ta ƙirƙiri ajiyar wuri, "ba a san sunan ƙabila don dalilai na Gyara na Biyar ba."
Ƙabilu Ba a cikin tanadi
Hakkokin ruwa na Cherokee
Wannan shari'ar ta kotu ta ayyana matsayin ƙabilun Amirkawa a kotun zamani. Ya shafi haƙƙin ruwa a cikin al'amarin al'ummar Cherokee. Haƙƙin Winters ba sa aiki ga ƙasar Cherokee saboda babu ainihin ajiyar Cherokee. A cikin wannan ci gaba na Yuli na shekara ta 2009, jihar Oklahoma ta nemi diyya ta kuɗi da agajin gaggawa kan Kamfanin Abinci na Tyson, saboda raunin da ruwan kogin Illinois ya yi daga sharar kaji. Wanda ake tuhuma, Tyson Foods, Inc., ya yi watsi da karar saboda Cherokee Nation ba ta da hannu a ciki, kodayake jam'iyyar da ake bukata ce. Hukuncin wannan ƙuduri ya taimaka wajen sanin matsayin kasar Cherokee dangane da haƙƙin ruwa a yankinsu.
Kotun, domin tantance ko za a iya ci gaba da shari’ar ba tare da sa hannun ‘yan kabilar Cherokee ba, ta yi amfani da doka ta 19. Mataki na farko a cikin wannan tsari ya ƙayyade idan ƙasar Cherokee wata ƙungiya ce da ake bukata, ma'ana cewa ba za a iya ba da cikakken taimako ba, rashin su zai hana mutum damar kare sha'awar, ko kuma ƙarin wajibai na iya faruwa saboda sha'awar. A cikin wannan hukuncin na kotu, an ƙaddara cewa ƙasar Cherokee tana da buƙatu masu mahimmanci, kamar yadda aka gani a cikin Lambobin Ingancin Muhalli wanda ke nuna sha'awar kare kogin Illinois da kuɓutar da duk wani gurbataccen yanayi . Ƙasar Cherokee kuma tana da sha'awar dawo da magunguna ga duk wani rauni, a cikin tsari da harajin abubuwa da suka shafi muhallin Cherokee Nation. Bugu da ƙari, Ƙasar Cherokee ta yi iƙirarin haƙƙoƙin ruwa da aka samo daga dokar tarayya kuma yarjejeniyoyin ba su shafe su ba. A cikin shiga yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da kabilu, wanda zai zama dole don warware matsalar haƙƙin ruwa (musamman a cikin yanayin Cherokee Nation da Tyson Foods) dole ne jihar Oklahoma ta cika buƙatun bayyane.
Dokar aikin ruwa
Dokar aikin ruwa wani reshe ne na dokar jiha da tarayya wanda ke magana akan gine-gine, gudanarwa, kudade, da kuma gyara manyan ayyukan ruwa, ciki har da magudanar ruwa, ban ruwa, shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa, kewayawa da sauran ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin wadannan ayyuka gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi ne ke gudanar da su. Amma da yawa ana gina su da kuma sarrafa su ta hanyar gundumomi na musamman na inganta rayuwar jama'a, waɗanda ƙungiyoyin siyasa ne na musamman na gwamnatin jaha.
Dokar aikin ruwa ta na da, kuma tana ci gaba da samun muhimmiyar rawa wajen kula da muhimman albarkatun ruwa. Misali, magudanar ruwan noma, wanda mafi yawansu a yanzu ke da alhakin kula da muhimman ababen more rayuwa, ya samo asali ne daga wadannan gundumomi ko wasu hukumomi. Magudanar ruwa a Amurka ya faru ne a cikin lokuttan haɓakawa na farko guda biyu, a tsakanin 1870-1920 da kuma lokacin 1945-1960. Ya zuwa shekara ta 1920, fiye da daga cikin jimlar na ƙasar noma ta Amurka ta sami wani nau'i na magudanar ruwa. Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA), 1982 Inventory Resources Inventory (NRI) ta gano kusan na rigar ƙasa kamar yadda yake mafi kyau ko kuma magudanar ruwa mai kyau, wanda kashi 72 cikin 100 na gonaki ne. (Sabis na Binciken Tattalin Arziki, 1987. ) Sau da yawa, ana gina ayyukan jihohi a ƙarƙashin rigar hukumomin aikin ruwa na gida, ta hanyar amfani da kudade na musamman na tarayya da aka ware don waɗannan dalilai. Sau da yawa yankin dole ne ya amince a mayar da ainihin asusun tarayya don ci gaba da aikin har abada tare da kudaden gida, wanda aka samo ko dai daga haraji ko ƙima na musamman.
Ko da yake akwai musamman fasali na dokar jiha ga kayan aikin aikin ruwa, akwai abubuwa da yawa a gamayya. Yawancin wadannan gundumomi ne na ingantawa na musamman da dokar jihar ta ba su damar tattara kuɗaɗen shiga daga filayen da aka ci gajiyar ci gaban. Sau da yawa waɗannan ƙididdigar suna cikin nau'i na ƙima na musamman wanda yayi daidai da karuwar ƙimar da aka ba da filin da aka amfana ta hanyar aikin.
Wasu gundumomi ana gudanar da su ne a ƙarƙashin kwamitin da aka zaɓa. Haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a na iya dogara ne akan yawan jama'a a gundumar ko a wasu lokuta bisa mallakar filayen da aka amfana. A wasu jahohi, wasu gundumomi ana gudanar da su ne ta wasu ƙananan hukumomin da ake da su, kamar gwamnatin gundumomi, amma ƙarƙashin ikon doka na musamman. Dokokin da ke gudanar da waɗannan gundumomi suna gudanar da ikon tattara kima, caji, ko haraji. Sun ƙayyade wajibcin hukuma don kiyayewa. A wasu lokuta, kafa aikin, ko gunduma, yana ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa dama haƙƙin doka don nacewa a ci gaba da kiyaye aikin idan an cika ka'idojin doka. Misali, ana iya buƙatar wasu adadin masu mallakar ƙasa don yin koke, kuma su nuna cewa an cika sharuɗɗan kulawa.
Manyan shari'o'in shari'a a cikin dokar ruwa ta Amurka
Arizona v. California ( Kogin Colorado )
Dist Kiyaye Ruwa na Kogin Colorado. v. Amurka
Muhimman lokuta a Jihar Washington
Abubuwan da aka bayar na Sun Belt Water Inc. Kanada NAFTA Arbitration
Winters vs. Amurka
Wyoming v. Colorado ( Laramie River )
Rikicin ruwa na jihohi uku (Georgia, Alabama, Florida)
Tushen Dokar Ruwa
Binciken Dokar Ruwa na Jami'ar Denver
Dokar Ruwa
Jaridar Dokar Ruwa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kiyasin amfani da ruwa a Amurka a cikin 1995 Da'ira Daga: Wayne B. Solley, Robert R. Pierce, da Howard A. Perlman
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
41832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Daura | Tarihin Daura | Tarihin Daura
A sanin kowa ne cewar, kowace al'umma da kuma kowace kasa a duniya nan tamu, tana da tarihin asalin kafuwarta, al'adunta da kuma dabi'unta wadanda take alfahari da su. Su ne kuma suke bambanta kasa ko al'umma da waninta. Ta hanyar ilmin tarihi da al'adu da dabi'un kasa ne ake sanin mashahuran mutanen kowace kasa, da kuma irin gudunmuwar da suka bayar wajen daukaka martabar kasarsu ko al'ummarsu, har sun kai fagen zama ababen koyi ga na bayansu. Har ma ta kai ana yin misali da halayen da dabi'un da suka bari don amfanin ya'yannsu da jikokinsu. Masana tarihivbda al'adu da kuma dabi'u na kowacce kasa ko al'umma, yawanci sukan yi amfani ne da kuma tabbatar da sahihancin abin da za su bayyana dangane da tarihin ko al'adun al'umma ko kuma dabi'unta. Yawancin hanyoyin da aka fi amfani da su sune: Na daya, hanyar "Kunne ya gimi-kaka". Wato tarihin baka, irin na wane yaji ga wane, shi kuma ya fada wa wane. Hanya ta biyu, ita ce alamu na zahiri' da za a iya dogara dasu wajen tabbatar da kumakasancewar kasar ko dabi'unta ko kuma al'adunta. Wadanda sun hada da abubuwa kamar su gine-ginen mutanen kasar, tanadaddun kayan tarihi da kuma abubuwan tarihi da aka hako na mutanen da, wadanda suka yi zama a wurin, shekara da shekaru da suka wuce. Hanya ta uku, ita ce ta rubutattun tarihi, ko dai wadanda mutanen da suka rubuta da kansu ko kuma wadanda na bayan su suka rubuta, suka bari ta yin amfani da hanya ta daya da ta biyu. Tarihin kafuwar daular Daura da asalin sarautarta da kuma kafuwar kasashen Hausa, an same shi ne ta wadannan hanyoyi da aka bayyana a sama.
Kasar Daura na da matsayi na musamman a tarihin kasar Hausa. Labarin da ake da shi game da asalin Hausa Bakwai, ya nuna mana cewa daga Daura ne aka fara juyin nan da ya kawo canje-canje a sarautun kasashen Hausa. Tarihin ya nuna mana cewa, mata ne suka fara yin sarautar Daura. Ana kiran wadannan sarauniyoyi Magajiya.
A zamanin Magajiya Shwata ne wani bako sa aka fi sani da suna Bayajida ya zo Daura. Labarin zuwan Bayajida, ya ce shi mutumi nkasar Bagadaza ne a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya. A Daura ne ya kashe Macijiya da ta addabi mutanen gari. Wannan bajinta da kuma ya yi, ta zama sanadin da ya auri Magajiya. Bayan mutuwar Bayajida da Magajiya, sai sarautar Daura ta koma ga dansu Bawo. Daga nan ne kuma sarautar ta koma hannun maza.
Labari ya nuna mana cewa, 'ya'yan Bawo ne suka yi sarautar kasashen Hausa shida. Wadannan kasashe su ne Daura,Kano,Katsina,Zazzau,Gobir da Rano. Wadanda da Bayajida ya haifa kafin ya iso Birnin Daura a garin gabas, mai suna Biram, ya yi sarauta a gabas ta Biram, (Garun Gabas) wadda ita ce cikon Hausa Bakwai.
Ba mu da cikakken tarihin Daura daga labarin kafuwar mulki, sai bayan jihadin Usman Dan Fodyo da ya auku a farkon karni na goma sha tara.
Shi Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo, malami ne da ake zaune a kasar Gobir. Shi kuma Bafilatani ne. Yana da almajirai a ko'ina cikin kasar Hausa. Jihadin da ya hubanta domin gyaran addini, an fara shi a kasar Gobir. Bayan an cinye Gobir, sai Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo ya kafa sabuwar daula ta Musulunci. Haka kuma almajiransa suka gabatar da jihadi a sauran kasashen Hausa, suka tumbuke mulkin Sarakunan Hausa, suka kafa nasu a kasashen mulkin Shehu Usman Dan Fodiyo.
Mallam Isyaku ne almajirin Shehu USman Dan Fodiyo da ya shugabanci jihadi a kasar Daura. Mallam Isyaku ya mamaye garin Daura bayan Sarkin Daura Abdullahi, wanda aka fi sani da Sarki Gwari Abdu, ya fice daga garin tare da jama'arsa.
Mallam Isyaku ne Sarki Fulani na Farko a Daura. Zuri'arsa ta ci gaba da mulkin Daura har 1906 lokacin da aka mayar da sarakunan Daura na asali.
Sarakunan Daura sun yi gudun Hijira na shekara dari daga lokacin da sarkin Gwari Abdu ya fita har zuwa lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan gadon sarautarsu na Daura a cikin 1906.
Sarakunan Daura sun kafa mulkinsu a wurare da dama, a lokacin da suke gudun hijira. Sun zauna a Murya da Yekuwa garuruwan da yanzu ke cikin Jamhuriyyar Nijar. Sun kuma zauna a Yardaje, Toka da Acilafiya kafin su kafa mulkinsu a Zangon Daura wurin da ska fi dadewa. Daga nan ne kuma Turawan mulkin mallaka suka mayar da su a kan sarautar Daura, wato aka mayar da su gidansu na iyaye da kakanni.
Kasar Daurata samu ci gaba a lokacin Sarkin Abdurrahman wanda ya yi shekara 55 a kn gadon Sarautar Daura (daga 1911-1966) . Allah ya jikansa, ya rahamce shi,amin. Da kuma zamanin Sarki Bashar, wanda ya gaji Sarki Abdurrahman a cikin 1966 kuma yake sarautar Daura har zuwa lokacin da Allah ya dauki ransa a ranar Asabar 24 ga Fabarairu 2007.
A ranar Alhamis 1 ga watan Maris 2007 aka dorawa Alhaji Umar Faruk Umar wanda kane ne ga Marigayi Sarkin Daura Muhammadu Bsshar nauyin rikon wannan kasa a matsayinsa na Sarkin Daura na sittin . Allah bashi ikon daukar wannan nauyin ya kuma kare shi daga mahassada amin.
Asalin Mutanen Daura da Kafuwar Masarautar Daura
Abu ne mawuyaci kwaraia ce an tabbatar da ainaihin asalin kafuwar kowace irin al'umma ko kasa ba tare da an tabo matsugunnin farko na dan Adam ba. Har yanzu dai babu wani bigire (wuri) takamaimai inda marubuta tarihi suka hadu a kan cewa shi ne inda dan Adam ya fara zama; wasu su ce a nahiyar Afrika ne; wasu su ce a kasashen nahiyar Sin ne; wasu su ce a kasashen Hindu ne; wasu ma sun ce a kasashen Turai ne da dai sauran sassa na kasashen duniyarnan tamu. Duk da haka, masan tarihi da masana dabi'u da al'adun dan Adam da na kasashe da dauloli, sun hadu a kan cewar bigire (wuri) na farkon da dan Adam ya fara wayewa da kuma nuna basira da hikima da zaman duniya mahaliccinsa ya yi masa baiwa da su, shi ne wurin da yanzu aka fi sani da kasashen Gabas ta tsakiya. Daga wannan yanki na duniyanan ne za mu gutsuri tarihin kafuwar masarautar Daura da mutanen Daura. Kusan dukkan litattafan tarihin da suka yi bayanin kafuwar Daular Daura, sun tsamo tarihinne daga cikin mashahurin kundin tarihin nan da aka fi sani da suna "GIRGAM" wanda aka ce a halin yanzu akwai wani sashe na kundin yana can Damagaram. Shi kuma ya karbe shi ne daga wurin Sarki NUu a yayin da yake zaune a Zango sanadiyyar aukuwar mulkin Fulani a Daular Daura. Wani sashe na wannan kundi kuma an ce yana wata cibiyar ajiyar kayan tarihi a Ingila. Shi kuma Turawa ne suka yi dabarar dauke shi daga fadar Daura, a yayin da suke mulkin kasar nan. Har yau kuma ba su dawo da shi ba. Abubuwan da shi wannan littafi Girgam ya nuna shi ne cewar tun zamanin Kana'ana dan Sayyadina Nuhu. mutane ke zaune a wurin da ake kira Falasdinu. Wasu daga cikin wadannan mutane na Kan'ana ne suka yi hijira daga inda suke zaune wato Falasdinu a karkashin jagorancin wani da ake kira Najibu, suka yiwo kudu maso yamma har sai da suka iso wurin da a yanzu ake kira (Lubayya) Libya. A da can kuma duk wannan sashe yana karkashin kasashen Misra ne. A wannan wuri ne su mutanen Najibu suka zauna shekaru masu yawan gaske, har ma suka yi auratayya tsakaninsu da mutanen da suka tarar a wurin, wato kabilar Kibdawa (Coptics) wadanda suka kasance masu bakar fata ne. Sun hayayyafa da wawadannan mutane, ta yadda bayan shekaru masu yawa, sai ya kasance launin jikin jikokin mutanen Najib mutanen Kan'an ya jirkice daga launi irin na Larabawa ya komo na bakaken mutane.
A dai dai lokacin da Najib yayi zango a kasashen Masar sai dan sa Abdukl-Dar ya wuto zuwa kasashen Tura bulus inda ya zauna na wani dan lokaci har ma ya nemi sarauta a daya daga cikin biranen amma mutanen suka ki yarda da su ba bashi. Ganin haka, sai Abdul dar ya taso daga kasashen Turabulus, shi da mutanen sa wadanda suka biyoshi daga inda suka rabu da mahaifinsa wato Masar, suka fuskanci Kudu. Suna tafiya suka ratsa hamadar rairayin nan ta sahara har suka iso wani dausayi mai ni'ima da koramuda ake kira "Gigido". Wurin da aka fi sani da tsohion birni. A wannan wuri mai ni'ima ne suka tsaida shawarsu su zauna. Zaman Abdul dar da mutanensa a wannan wuri "Dausayi" shi ya haifar da kafuwar da garin da yanzu aka sani da sunan 'Daura'. Domin kuwa sanadiyar zamansu a wannan wuri m ai dausayi da koramu, ya sa suka saki jiki har suka kafa gari wanda ya kasaita hae ya zama Daula mai fadi wanda ta mamaye 'yan karkaru dakwe kusa da ita har ma da masu nisa da ita. Bayan mutuwar Abdul dar 'ya'yansa da jikokinsa mata ne suka ringa yin Sarautar wannan daular da ake kira Daura. Ana kiransu da sarautar MAgajiya. Ga sunayensu: Kufuru, Gini, Yakumo, Yakunya, Walzamu, Yanbamu, Gizir-gizir, Innagari, da Daurama itace ta karshe da tayi sarauta a tsohon birni. Itace ta matsa kudu ta kafa garin Daura na yanzu. Daga sunanta ne aka sam i sunan wannan gari Daura, kuma sarautar Daura ta tashi daga MAgajiya ta koma Daurama. Bayan mutuwarta a Daura ga sauran matan da sukayi sarauta: Gamata, Shata, Batatuma, Sandamata, Jamata, Hamata, Zama da Shawata.
Masana Tarihi su suna cewa a zamanin Daurama Shawata ne Bayajidda yazo Daura. Domin itace magajiya ta goma-sha bakwai kuma ta karshe a jerin sarautar mata.
ko da yake anyi bayani cewa, Abduldar da mutanensa sun zauna a Dausayin Gigidohar suka kafa Daula, da kuma bayanin kaurar Sarauniya Daurama zuwa inda garin Daura yake a yanzu, ba wai ana nifin babu wasu mutane da ke zaune a wanna nwuri bane sam sam. A'a, akwai mutane wadanda ke zaune a karkara mai dausayi, tun kafin zuwan su Abduldar da mtanensa. sai dai su wadannan mutane ba wai suna zaune ne a tattare ba, kowa yana zaune ne da iyalinsa da danginsa. Galibinsu mafarauta ne da asu hakar tam. Kuma suna yawo daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan. Basu da wani tsari na Shugabanci ko Addini, balle wani hali na ci gaba ko zamantakewa da dabi'u irin na al'ummar da kanta ya waye ko ya fara wyewa. misali, akwai irin wannan mutane a kewaye da Gigido har ma yawansu na farauta da hakar tama da kuma hanyoyin neman Abinci kan dauke su zuwa wurare masu nisa. Kamar yanda aka same su a wurare kamar Gindin dutsen Dala a kano, kasashen da yanzu aka sani da sunayen Katsina, Rano, Gobir, Zazzau, Gaya, Garun gabas da sauran wuraren da suka zamo kasashe HAusa a yau. Tun da yake irin wadannan mutane ba'a zaune suke wuri gida ba, kuma basu da tsari na shuganci sai ya kasance suna zaune ne cikin tsoro da rashin aminci.
Zuwan Abduldar dausayin Gigido shi ya haifar da kafuwar daular Daura. Bayan mutuwarsa mata suka ringa yin sarautar kasar Daura. Tarihin da aka Samo daga Girgam ya nuna mana cewa mata goma sha bakwai sukayi sarautar Daura kafin sarauta ta koma hannun maza.
Zuwan Bayajida |
46143 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabi%20Hassan%20Olajoku | Alabi Hassan Olajoku | Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, kuma ɗan siyasa, wanda wasu da ba a san ko su wanene ba suka kashe shi, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2005.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Alabi Hassan Olajoku a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, 1947, a Mushin, Jihar Legas, ga dangin Aristocratic na Alhaji Kehinde Asani Olajoku (Ile Oloosa Oko), na Isale Imole, llobu, Jihar Osun. Mahaifinsa ya zauna a Waigbo, wani yanki mai ban sha'awa na Mushin.
Asani Olajoku ya kasance wani babban jigo a harkar sufuri da aka tsara a birnin Legas, kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu safara tsakanin farkon shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970, ya mallaki daya daga cikin manya-manyan motoci ƙirar (BOLEKAJA). Shi ne Ekerin na Waigbo, Mushin, Lagos, Nigeria. Alabi Hassan Olajoku shi ne ɗa na farko.
A 1959 Alhaji Hassan Olajoku ya shiga makarantar firamare a makarantar Mrs. F. Kuti's Class, Mallakar ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi, Mrs. Olufunmilayo Ransome Kuti.
Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku ya halarci makarantar Ansaru-deen Grammar School da ke lamba 63 Randle Avenue, Surulere, Legas, inda ya fara karatunsa na sakandire daga 1964 zuwa 1968. A shekarar 1972, Alhaji ya tafi ƙasar Amurka, sannan ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta North Virginia dake Alexandria, Virginia, inda ya samu digiri a fannin kasuwanci, daga nan kuma ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci, Har-wayau ya kuma samu gurbin karatu a Jami'ar George Washington, Washington DC (Karkashin tallafin Gwamnatin Jihar Legas), sannan ya samu. BBA ( Bachelor of Business Administration ) a fannin kuɗi a shekarar 1976. Ya kammala karatunsa na digiri na biyu a fannin kasuwanci a jami’a, inda ya karanta MBA (Finance and Investment) a shekarar 1978, kafin ya dawo Najeriya a shekarar 1979 domin yin hidimar matasa na ƙasa a ƙasar da basu wuce shekara 30 da haihuwa ba. Hassan ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin jerin shugaban a duk zaman da ya yi a Jami'ar George Washington.
A shekarar 1970 Alhaji Hassan ya samu aiki a sashen ketare na National Bank of Nigeria Limited akan Broad street (Banuso House), Lagos, Nigeria.
A shekarar 1983, Alhaji Hassan ya sha ruwa a kamfanin sa na Gudanar da Shawarwari. Ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoninsa, Constructive Alternative Limited, ya kasance sanannen mashawarcin masu ba da shawara kan haraji zuwa Legas, Ribas da Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abuja.
Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku shi ne shugaba kuma wanda ya kafa rusasshen bankin Mushin Central Community.
Kamfanonin nasa sun hada da Lone Star Consulting Limited, Hassan-Olajoku Construction Limited, Hassan-Ola Consultancy da Paramo Development Ventures.
Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku ya shiga harkokin siyasa a shekarar 1987 ƙarƙashin rusasshiyar jam’iyyar sifiri ta gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar lbrahim Babangida.
Ya kasance sakataren rusasshiyar jam'iyar NRC ta jihar Legas, Najeriya da ya taimaka wajen kafa jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD). Wani abin burgewa ne ganin yadda irin siyasar da suka shuka tun daga lokacin ta yi tsiro zuwa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), a yanzu jam’iyya ce mai karfi wacce ta sauya fasalin siyasa da tattalin arziki a Najeriya.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Alhaji Hassan Olajoku Musulmi ne mai tsoron Allah kuma ya riƙe mukaman addinin Musulunci kamar su Baba Adeeni na Ilobu Jihar Osun da kuma Oganla Adeeni na Alakuko, Jihar Legas.
Alhaji Alabi Hassan Olajoku mutumin iyali ne. Yayi aure da Hon. Fausat Hassan Olajoku.
Ya haifi ƴaƴa shida ƴaƴan da su ka haɗa da; Ajibade Olajoku, Babatunde Hassan Olajoku, Dr. Folawiyo Kareem Olajoku, Abisoye Mojeed Olajoku, Toyosi Olajoku da Omoboroji Fasilat Olajoku.
Bayan nan, Kafin a kashe shi
Fitaccen dan Iobu Land ne kuma mai alfahari, ya kasance a sahun gaba wajen bunƙasa jihar Osun ta kowane fanni da suka haɗa da samar da ababen more rayuwa, noma, ilimi, masana'antu da siyasa. A ci gaba da gudanar da wannan mugunyar hangen nesa da kuma fafutukar neman kuɗi da dabarun zaben Rauf Aregbesola a matsayin gwamnan jihar Osun, wasu ƴan bindigar da ba a san ko su wanene ba, suka kashe shi a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, 2005, a mahadar Gbongan, jihar Osun, yana da shekaru 58 a duniya.
Don tunawa da shi
Rauf Aregbesola ya zama gwamnan Osun a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2010. wanda aka ce ya yi wa Alabi Hassan Olajoku rai, cewa bai mutu a banza ba. Rauf Aregbesola ya gina wurin shakatawa na duniya a daidai wurin da aka kashe shi don tunawa da shi, wurin an saka masa sunan: Hassan Olajoku Park Gbongan.
Haifaffun 1947
Mutuwan 2005
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
2005 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya |
29155 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaise%20Compaor%C3%A9 | Blaise Compaoré | Blaise Compaoré (an haife shi ranar uku ga watan Fabrairu a shekarar 1951) ɗan siyasan Burkinabé ne wanda ya kasance shugaban kasar Burkina Faso daga shekarar, 1987 zuwa 2014. Ya kuma kasance babban abokin tafiyar Shugaba Thomas Sankara a shekarun 1980, kuma a watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1987, ya jagoranci juyin mulkin da a lokacin aka kashe Thomas Sankara. Babban abokin sa ne kuma amininsa. Daga baya, ya bullo da manufar "gyara", tare da jujjuya manufofin gwamnatin sa domin su hadu da na Duniya Wanda Sankara ke bi. Ya ci zabe a shekara ta, 1991, 1998, 2005, da 2010 a cikin abin da ake ganin rashin adalci yunƙurinsa na yiwa kundin tsarin mulkin kwaskwarima don tsawaita wa'adin mulkinsa na shekaru 27 ya haifar da tashin hankalin Burkinabé na shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, Compaoré ya yi murabus, inda ya tsere zuwa kasar Ivory Coast .
Farkon aiki
An haifi Compaoré a Ouagadougou, babban birnin Burkina Faso (wanda ake kira Upper Volta) sannan ya girma a Ziniaré Ya kai matsayin kyaftin a rundunar Voltaïc. Compaoré ya sadu da Thomas Sankara a shekarar, 1976 a cibiyar horar da sojoji a Maroko, daga baya kuma aka ɗauki Compaoré da Sankara abokai na kud da kud. Compaoré ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a juyin mulkin da aka yi wa sauye sauye da Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo . Ya auri Chantal Compaoré (née Chantal Terrasson) tun a shekarar, 1985.
A karkashin jagorancin Sankara, wanda ya kasance daga shekarar, 1983 zuwa 1987, Compaoré ya kasance mataimakinsa kuma memba ne na Majalisar Juyin Juya Halin Kasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Kasa a Fadar Shugaban Kasa sannan daga baya ya zama Ministan Shari’a.
Compaore ya shiga cikin juyin mulkin shekara ta, 1983 da 1987, inda ya karbi mulki bayan na biyu wanda aka kashe magabacinsa Sankara. An zabe shi Shugaban kasa a shekarar, 1991, a zaben da 'yan adawa suka kaurace masa, aka sake zabensa a shekara ta, 1998 zuwa 2005, da kuma 2010.
1983 juyin mulki
Tun yana dan shekara 33, Compaoré ya shirya juyin mulki, wanda ya kori Manjo Jean-Baptiste Ouedraogo a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 1983. Libya ta goyi bayan juyin mulkin, wanda a lokacin, yana dab da yaƙi da Faransa a Chadi (duba Tarihin Chadi ). Sauran manyan mahalarta taron sun hada da Kyaftin Henri Zongo, Manjo Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani da Kyaftin Thomas Sankara — wanda aka ayyana a matsayin Shugaba.
A lokacin yakin Agacher Strip tare da Mali a watan Disambar shekarar, 1985, Compaoré ya umarci sojojin Burkinabé da suka rarrabu zuwa kananan kungiyoyi kuma suka yi amfani da dabaru na yaki da tankokin Mali.
Juyin mulkin 1987
Compaoré ya karbi mulki a ranar 15 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta, 1987 a juyin mulkin da aka kashe Sankara. Tabarbarewar dangantaka da Faransa da makwabciyarta Ivory Coast shine dalilin bayar da juyin mulkin. Compaoré ya bayyana kisan Sankara a matsayin "hatsari", amma ba a taɓa bincika yanayin yadda ya kamata ba. Bayan darewa kan kujerar shugabancin kasar, ya sake dawo da dimbin manufofin Sankara, yana mai cewa manufofin sa "gyara" ne na juyin juya halin Burkinabé.
Da farko suna yin hukunci cikin nasara tare da Henri Zongo da Jean-Baptiste Boukary Lingani, a cikin watan Satumba na shekarar, 1989 an kama waɗannan mutane biyu, ana tuhumarsu da shirya kifar da gwamnati, an yi musu taƙaitaccen hukunci, kuma an kashe su.
Zaben 1991 da 1998
An zabi Compaoré a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar, 1991 a zaben da manyan jam'i un adawa suka kauracewa domin nuna rashin amincewa da irin hanyar da Compaoré ya saba amfani da ita a matsayin farko. Kashi 25 cikin dari na masu kada kuri'a ne kawai suka kada kuri'a. A shekara ta, 1998, an sake zabensa a karon farko. A shekara ta, 2003, an cafke mutane da dama da ake zargi da shirya makarkashiya, biyo bayan zargin yunkurin juyin mulki da aka yi wa Compaoré. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2005, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa mai zuwa. 'Yan siyasa' yan adawa sun ɗauki wannan a matsayin abin da ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulki saboda gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin da aka yi a shekara ta, 2000 wanda ya takaita shugaban ƙasa zuwa wa'adi biyu, da rage tsawon wa'adin daga bakwai zuwa shekaru biyar. Magoya bayan Compaoré sun yi jayayya da wannan, suna cewa ba za a iya amfani da kwaskwarimar ta koma baya ba, kuma a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2005, majalisar tsarin mulki ta yanke hukuncin cewa saboda Compaoré ya kasance shugaban kasa a shekara ta, 2000, gyaran ba zai yi aiki ba har zuwa karshen wa'adin mulkinsa na biyu a ofis, ta hanyar ba shi damar gabatar da takararsa a zaɓen shekara ta, 2005.
Zaben 2005
A ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2005, aka sake zaɓar Compaoré a matsayin shugaban ƙasa, inda ya kayar da abokan hamayya 12 kuma ya sami kashi 80.35 na ƙuri'un. Kodayake jam’iyyun adawa goma sha shida sun ba da sanarwar haɗin gwiwa don kawar da Compaoré tun da farko a cikin tseren, a ƙarshe babu wanda ya so ya ba da matsayinsa a tseren ga wani shugaba a cikin kawancen, kuma yarjejeniyar ta ɓaci.
Bayan nasarar Compaoré, an rantsar da shi a wani wa'adi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumban shekara ta, 2005.
Zanga -zangar 2011
A ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta, 2011, an ba da rahoton Compaoré ya tsere daga Ouagadougou babban birnin kasar zuwa garinsu Ziniare bayan da masu gadin sojoji suka fara tayar da kayar baya a barikinsu bisa rahotannin alawus da ba a biya ba. Daga karshe ayyukan su ya bazu zuwa harabar fadar shugaban kasa da sauran sansanonin sojojin. Cikin dare an ji karar harbe -harbe a harabar fadar shugaban kasa kuma an ga motar daukar marasa lafiya tana barin harabar. Sojoji sun kuma yi awon gaba da shaguna a cikin birnin cikin dare.
Tashin hankali na 2014
A watan Yuni na shekara ta, 2014 jam'iyyar Compaoré mai mulki, Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), ta kira shi da ya shirya kuri'ar raba gardama da za ta ba shi damar sauya kundin tsarin mulki domin neman sake tsayawa takara a shekara ta, 2015. In ba haka ba, za a tilasta masa sauka daga mukaminsa saboda iyakokin wa'adin.
A ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2014, an shirya Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa za ta yi muhawara kan wani kwaskwarima ga kundin tsarin mulkin da zai bai wa Compaoré damar sake tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a shekarar, 2015. Masu hamayya sun yi zanga -zangar adawa da hakan ta hanyar kutsa kai cikin majalisar dokokin da ke Ouagadougou, inda suka fara harbe -harbe a cikinta tare da wawashe ofisoshi. BBC ta ruwaito hayakin da ke tashi yana fitowa daga ginin. Mai magana da yawun 'yan adawa Pargui Emile Paré, na Jam'iyyar People's Movement for Socialism / Federal Party ya bayyana zanga -zangar a matsayin "bakar ruwan Burkina Faso, kamar ta Larabawa".
Compaoré ya mayar da martani kan abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar yin watsi da canje -canjen kundin tsarin mulkin, rushe gwamnati, ayyana dokar ta -baci, da bayar da tayin aiki tare da 'yan adawa don magance rikicin. Daga baya a ranar, sojoji, karkashin Janar Honore Traore, sun ba da sanarwar cewa za su kafa gwamnatin rikon kwarya "cikin shawara da dukkan bangarorin" kuma an rusa majalisar ta kasa; ya hango "komawa ga tsarin mulkin" a cikin shekara guda. Bai bayyana ko wace rawa ba, idan akwai, ya yi tunanin Compaore a lokacin rikon kwarya. Compaoré ya ce a shirye yake ya bar ofis a karshen mika mulki.
A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Compaoré ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya bar kujerar shugabancin kasar kuma akwai "madafan iko". Ya kuma yi kira da a gudanar da zabe cikin 'yanci da gaskiya cikin kwanaki 90. Bayan haka jami'in tsaron fadar shugaban kasa Yacouba Isaac Zida ya zama shugaban kasa a matsayin rikon kwarya. An ba da rahoton cewa wani jerin gwanon motoci dauke da muggan makamai da ake kyautata zaton yana dauke da Compaoré yana kan hanyar zuwa kudancin garin Pô . Koyaya, ta karkata kafin ta isa garin sannan ya tsere zuwa Ivory Coast tare da goyon bayan Shugaba Alassane Ouattara .
Mako guda bayan haka, Jeune Afrique ya buga wata hira da Compaoré inda ya yi zargin cewa "wani ɓangare na 'yan adawa yana aiki tare da sojoji" don shirya masa juyin mulki kuma "tarihi zai gaya mana idan sun yi daidai." Ya kara da cewa "ba zai so babban makiyinsa" ya kasance a wurin Zida ba.
A farko shugaban kasa cewa ya kasance a cikin ofishin for fiye da wani gajeren lokaci bayan Blaise Campaoré ne Roch Marc Kirista Kabore kamar yadda na 29 ga watan Disamba shekara ta, 2015.
Yakin Basasar Saliyo
Compaoré ya gabatar da Charles Taylor ga abokinsa Muammar Gaddafi . Compaoré ya kuma taimaki Taylor a farkon shekarun 1990 ta hanyar tura masa sojoji da albarkatu.
Matsayin ƙasa da ƙasa
A cikin 1993, Shugaba Compaoré ya jagoranci tawagar Burkina-Faso da ta halarci Babban Taron Kasa da Kasa na Tokyo kan Ci gaban Afirka.
Compaoré ya kasance mai aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a al'amuran yankin. A ranar 26 ga Yuli 2006, an sanya shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani na Tattaunawar Inter-Togo, wanda aka yi a Ouagadougou a watan Agusta 2006 kuma ya haifar da yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnati da jam'iyyun adawa. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a rikicin Ivory Coast, inda ya karya yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da Shugaban Ivory Coast Laurent Gbagbo da sabon Shugaban Sojoji Guillaume Soro suka sanya wa hannu a Ouagadougou ranar 4 ga Maris 2007. A watan Maris na 2012, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a tattaunawa tsakanin wakilan juyin mulkin Mali da wasu shugabannin yankin.
BBC ta lura a cikin 2014 cewa "shine mafi tsananin kawance ga Faransa da Amurka a yankin," kuma "duk da tarihin kansa na goyan bayan 'yan tawaye da rura wutar yakin basasa a unguwar Afirka ta Yamma ... mafi mahimmanci, ya yi amfani da nasa cibiyoyin sadarwa don taimakawa ƙasashen Yammacin Turai da ke yaƙi da ta'addanci na Islama a cikin Sahel. "
, the capital is in the grip of a terrorist attack. Jihadists who had suites and tables in town, following agreements with Campaoré of non-aggression. As a result, the military group of the presidential guard received enormous credits while the army was impoverished to avoid any military coup.
Ya yi aiki a kan Hadin gwiwar Kasashe Masu Rarraba Kasashe Masu Yaki da Barazanar Cyber (IMPACT).
Ra'ayin Siyasa
A cikin wata hira da mujallar Famille Chrétienne, Shugaba Compaoré ya tabbatar da cewa ra'ayin kauracewa jima'i ba shi kadai ne na Cocin Roman Katolika ba kuma kungiyoyin Turai masu zaman kansu da ba su yarda da ɗabi'ar gargajiya ba suna cin riba daga halin da ake ciki don shiga tsakanin al'amuran yankin Afirka. .
A watan Afrilu na 2021, wata kotun soji a Burkina Faso ta gurfanar da Compaoré a gaban kotu, wanda aka tuhuma da kisan gillar da aka yi wa tsohonsa Thomas Sankara a shekarar 1987.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Pascal Drouhaud yayi hira da Blaise Compaoré
Reporters Without Borders, Burkina Faso 2004 Rahoton Shekara-shekara
IFEX: Sa ido kan 'yancin yada labarai a Burkina Faso |
29863 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20ingancin%20ruwa | Dokar ingancin ruwa | Dokokin ingancin ruwa suna kula da kare albarkatun ruwa don lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Dokokin ingancin ruwa ƙa'idodi ne na doka ko buƙatun da ke kula da ingancin ruwa, wato, yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin wasu ƙayyadaddun ƙarar ruwa. Irin waɗannan ƙa'idodi gabaɗaya a na bayyana su a zaman matakan ƙayyadaddun gurɓataccen ruwa (ko sinadarai, na zahiri, na halitta, ko na rediyo) waɗanda ake ganin an yarda da su a cikin ƙarar ruwa, kuma gabaɗaya an ƙirƙira su dangane da abin da aka yi niyyar amfani da ruwan - na amfanin ɗan adam, masana'antu ko amfani da gida, nishaɗi, ko matsayin wurin zama na ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan dokokin suna ba da ƙa'idodi game da canjin sinadarai, jiki, radiyo, da halayen halittu na albarkatun ruwa. Ƙoƙari na tsari na iya haɗawa da ganowa da rarraba gurɓataccen ruwa, ƙididdige yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin albarkatun ruwa, da iyakance fitar da gurɓataccen ruwa daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa. Wuraren da aka tsara sun haɗa da gyaran najasa da zubar da ruwa, sarrafa ruwan sharar masana'antu da noma, da sarrafa kwararar ruwa daga wuraren gine-gine da wuraren birane. Dokokin ingancin ruwa suna ba da tushe ga ƙa'idodi a cikin ma'aunin ruwa, saka idanu, dubawa da izini da ake buƙata, da aiwatarwa. A na iya canza waɗannan dokokin don biyan buƙatu na yanzu da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa.
Ruwan da aka ƙayyade
Ruwan ruwa na Duniya yana ko'ina, ruwa, da kuma haɗaɗɗun. A cikin zagayowar ruwa, ruwa na zahiri yana motsawa ba tare da la'akari da iyakokin siyasa tsakanin yanayin duniya, saman ƙasa, da ƙasa ba, ta hanyar tashoshi na halitta da na mutum.
Ruwan da aka ƙayyade
Dokokin ingancin ruwa sun bayyana ɓangaren wannan hadadden tsarin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawar tsari. Hukunce-hukuncen tsari na iya kasancewa tare da iyakoki na siyasa (misali, wasu nauyin yarjejeniya na iya shafi gurbatar ruwa a duk ruwan duniya). Wasu dokoki na iya aiki ne kawai ga wani yanki na ruwa da ke cikin iyakokin siyasa (misali, dokar ƙasa wacce ta shafi ruwan saman da ake kewayawa kawai), ko ga wani nau'in ruwa na musamman (misali, albarkatun ruwan sha).
Ruwan da ba a ƙayyade ba
Yankunan da ruwan da aka kayyade bai rufe ba. Bugu da ƙari, ruwa mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin ƙetare. Ko da a cikin hukunce-hukuncen hukunce-hukunce, sarƙaƙƙiya na iya tasowa inda ruwa ke gudana tsakanin ƙasa da ƙasa, ko kuma ya cika ƙasa ba tare da mamaye ta na dindindin ba.
Rabe-raben gurbataccen ruwa
Dokokin ingancin ruwa sun gano abubuwa da kuzari waɗanda suka cancanci a matsayin " gurɓataccen ruwa " don dalilai na ƙarin sarrafawa. Daga tsarin tsari, wannan yana buƙatar ayyana nau'ikan kayan da suka cancanci gurɓatawa, da ayyukan da ke canza abu zuwa gurɓataccen abu. Hukumomin gudanarwa na iya amfani da ma'anoni don nuna yanke shawara na manufofi, ban da wasu nau'ikan kayan aiki daga ma'anar gurbatar ruwa wanda in ba haka ba za a yi la'akari da shi a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa.
Misali, Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (CWA) ta ayyana “ gurɓacewar ruwa” (watau gurɓataccen ruwa) a sarari don haɗawa da duk wani “wanda mutum ya yi ko ɗan adam ya jawo canjin sinadarai, na zahiri, na halitta, da na rediyo. ruwa." Koyaya, Dokar ta ayyana “masu gurɓatawa” da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta musamman, kamar yadda “ganin ɓarna, ƙazamin sharar gida, ragowar incinerator, tacewa baya, najasa, datti, sludge najasa, alburusai, sharar sinadarai, kayan halitta, kayan aikin rediyo [tare da wasu keɓancewa.], zafi, tarkace ko kayan aikin da aka jefar, dutsen, yashi, dattin cellar da masana'antu, gundumomi, da sharar aikin gona da aka fitar cikin ruwa." Wannan ma'anar ta fara bayyana duka azuzuwan ko nau'ikan kayan (misali, sharar gida) da kuzari (misali, zafi) waɗanda zasu iya zama gurɓataccen ruwa, kuma yana nuna lokacin da in ba haka ba kayan amfani zasu iya canza su zuwa gurɓatawa don dalilai na tsari: lokacin. ana “zuba su cikin ruwa,” an ayyana su a wani wuri a matsayin “ƙara” na kayan zuwa ruwan da aka tsara. An keɓe ma'anar CWA don najasa da aka fitar daga wasu nau'ikan tasoshin, ma'ana cewa gurɓataccen ruwa na gama-gari kuma mai mahimmanci, a ma'anarsa, ba a ɗaukarsa gurɓatacce don dalilai na dokar ingancin ruwa ta farko ta Amurka. (Dubi Dokar ƙazantar da jirgin ruwa a Amurka .) Koda yake gurɓataccen yanayi yana ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida a ƙarƙashin CWA, tambayoyin ma'anar sun haifar da ƙararraki, ciki har da ko ruwa da kansa zai iya cancanta a matsayin "ƙazanta" (misali, ƙara ruwan dumi zuwa rafi). Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yi magana game da waɗannan batutuwa a gundumar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Los Angeles v. Majalisar Tsaron Albarkatun Kasa, Inc. .
Matsayin ingancin ruwa
Matsayin ingancin ruwa na yanayi
Ƙayyade ma'aunin ingancin ruwan da ya dace gabaɗaya yana buƙatar sabbin bayanai na kimiyya game da lafiya ko tasirin muhalli na gurɓataccen abu da ake bitar ta hanyar ma'aunin ingancin ruwa. Sharuɗɗan ingancin ruwa sun haɗa da saitattun alamomi waɗanda ke tantance ko ruwa ba shi da aminci ga lafiyar ɗan adam ko namun daji bisa bayanan kimiyya. Bayanan kimiyya sun haɗa da abubuwan da za a iya aunawa kamar zafin jiki, narkar da iskar oxygen, abinci mai gina jiki, sinadarai masu guba, gurɓataccen abu, ƙarfe mai nauyi, gurɓataccen ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, abubuwan rediyoaktif, da sediments. Ma'auni na ingancin ruwa na iya buƙatar lokaci-lokaci ko ci gaba da lura da jikin ruwa. Dangane da ma'auni, yanke shawara akan ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa na iya canzawa don haɗawa da la'akari da siyasa, kamar tsadar tattalin arziki da fa'idodin yarda.
Misali, {asar Amirka na amfani da ma'aunin ingancin ruwa a matsayin wani ~angare na ka'idojinta na ingancin ruwan saman qarqashin CWA. Shirin Ma'aunin ingancin Ruwa na ƙasa (WQS) yana farawa da jihohin Amurka waɗanda ke zayyana abubuwan da aka yi niyya (misali, nishaɗi, ruwan sha, wurin zama) don rukunin ruwan saman, bayan haka sun haɓaka ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa na tushen kimiyya. Ma'auni sun haɗa da iyakoki na gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, makasudin labari (misali, ba tare da furannin algae), da ma'auni na nazarin halittu ba (watau rayuwar ruwa wanda yakamata ya iya rayuwa a cikin ruwa). Idan jikin ruwa ya gaza ƙa'idodin WQS na yanzu, jihar ta haɓaka jimlar Matsakaicin Load na yau da kullun (TMDL) don ƙazantar damuwa. Ayyukan ɗan adam da ke tasiri ingancin ruwa sannan za a sarrafa su ta wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara don cimma burin TMDL.
Matsaya mai nasaba da fasaha
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka kuma tana buƙatar aiwatar da matakan tushen fasaha, waɗanda aka haɓaka don nau'ikan masu fitar da kowane mutum dangane da ayyukan fasahar jiyya, maimakon ma'auni na tushen wuraren ruwa. An haɓaka waɗannan ƙa'idodi don duka masu fitar da masana'antu da masana'antun sarrafa najasa na birni:
Don nau'ikan masana'antu, EPA tana buga jagororin Effluent don kafofin da ake dasu, da kuma Sabon Ka'idodin Ayyukan Aiki .
Don tsire-tsire masu kula da najasa, Dokokin Jiyya na Sakandare shine ƙa'idodin ƙasa.
Waɗannan ƙa'idodin suna ba da ƙaramin ƙaramin matakin buƙatun jiyya a cikin nau'in ƙasa baki ɗaya. Idan ana buƙatar ƙarin sarrafawa mai ƙarfi don wani ruwa na musamman, ana aiwatar da iyakoki na tushen ingancin ruwa.
Iyakantattun abubuwa
A cikin Amurka, ana buƙatar tushen tushen gurɓatawar don samun izinin fitarwa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Kawar da Kayayyakin Ƙira ta Ƙasa (NPDES). Iyakoki masu lalacewa buƙatun doka ne waɗanda aka haɗa cikin izini daban-daban. Ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙazantattun ruwa waɗanda za a iya saki daga takamaiman tushe. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don tantance iyakoki masu dacewa.
Matsayin ruwan sha
Ruwan da aka keɓe don amfanin ɗan adam azaman ruwan sha na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwan sha .
A cikin Amurka, alal misali, an samar da irin waɗannan ƙa'idoji ta hanyar EPA a ƙarƙashin Dokar Samar da Tsaftataccen Ruwan Sha, cewa wajibi ne akan tsarin samar da ruwan sha na jama'a, kuma ana aiwatar da su ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin kulawa da gyarawa. (Ba a kayyade akan rijiyoyin da ba na gwamnati ba a matakin tarayya. Amma wasu gwamnatocin jihohi da kananan hukumomi sun fitar da ka'idojin rijiyoyi masu zaman kan nasu).
Izini, tattaro bayanai, da kuma shigarwa
Izinin zubar da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin takamaiman sharaɗi.
Misali, an samar da hanyoyin tunkarar hakan da dama a kasar Amurka. Dokar samar da tsaftataccen ruwa na da bukatar Hukumar kula da Muhalli na kasar Amurka (EPA) da ta samar da dokokin zubar da gurbataccen abu akan kamfanoni masu samar da su don kayyadewa ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyi na ilimin fasaha.
Tattara Bayanai
A faɗin duniya
Dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa
Akwai manyan ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu guda biyu da suka yi babban ci gaba wajen inganta ingancin ruwa a duniya. Kungiyar Kungiyar Kasa (ILA) da Cibiyar Kasa da Kasa da Kasa (IIL) ta yi aiki tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don samar da Helsinki da Berlin.
Gurbacewar ruwa da na ruwa babbar barazana ce ga tekunan duniya.
Mulkin Ruwa
Ƙasar Ingila
Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ita ce dokar tarayya ta farko a Amurka da ke tafiyar da gurbatar ruwa, kuma EPA da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi ne ke gudanarwa.
Ana kiyaye ruwan karkashin kasa a matakin tarayya ta hanyar:
Dokar kiyaye albarkatu da dawo da albarkatu, ta hanyar tsara yadda ake zubar da dattin datti da sharar gida mai haɗari.
Dokar Amintaccen Ruwan Sha (SDWA), ta hanyar daidaita rijiyoyin allura .
Mahimman martanin Muhalli, ramuwa, da Dokar Lamuni (CERCLA) ko Superfund, ta hanyar ƙa'ida a cikin tsabtace datti mai haɗari.
Dokar Kwari ta Tarayya, Fungicides, da Rodenticide Act (FIFRA), ta hanyar daidaita magungunan kashe qwari.
Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), ta hanyar daidaita abubuwa masu guba.
Mahaɗin zuwa waje
US FDA - Gaskiyar Abinci: Ruwan kwalba
'Yancin Dan Adam
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26444 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Mu%27tah | Yakin Mu'tah | Yakin Mu'tah (Larabci: Marakah Mutah, ko Larabci: Ghazwah Mutah) yaƙi ne ko faɗa da aka yi a watan Satumba na 629 (1 Jumada al-Awwal 8 AH), kusa da ƙauyen Mu'tah, gabas na Kogin Urdun da Karak a cikin Karak Governorate, tsakanin sojojin Muhammad da sojojin daular Byzantine da mayaƙan Kiristocinsu na Larabawa.
A cikin tushen tarihin Islama, galibi ana kwatanta yaƙin a matsayin yunƙurin musulmai na ɗaukar fansa a kan wani sarkin Ghassanid saboda ya kashe ran mai aike. A cewar majiyoyin Byzantine, Musulman sun shirya kaddamar da harin a ranar biki. The Byzantine Vicarius na yankin ya koyi tsare -tsarensu kuma ya tattara garuruwan garuruwa. Ganin adadi mai yawa na sojojin abokan gaba, Musulmai sun ja da baya zuwa kudanci inda aka fara fadan a ƙauyen Mu'tah kuma an fatattake su ko kuma sun yi ritaya ba tare da ɗaukar fansa kan sarkin Ghassanid ba. A cewar majiyoyin Musulmai, bayan an kashe shugabanninsu uku, an ba Khalid ibn al-Walid umurnin kuma ya yi nasarar ceton sauran sojojin.
Bayan shekaru uku Musulmai za su dawo don fatattakar sojojin Rumawa a Yaƙin Usama bin Zayd.
Bayan Fage
Rumawa sun sake mamaye yankuna bayan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya tsakanin Sarki Heraclius da Sasanid janar Shahrbaraz a watan Yulin 629. The Byzantine sakellarios Theodore, an sanya shi a matsayin kwamandan runduna, kuma yayin da a yankin Balqa, kabilun Larabawa suma suna aiki.
A halin da ake ciki, Muhammad ya aike da wakilinsa ga sarkin Bosra. Yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Bosra, an kashe shi a ƙauyen Mu'utah da umurnin wani jami'in Ghassanid Shurahbil ibn Amr.
Tattara sojojin
Muhammad ya aika da rundunarsa 3,000 a cikin watan Jumada al-Awwal 7 (AH), 629 (AZ), don gaggawar kai farmaki da azabtar da kabilun saboda kisan Ghassanids na wakilinsa. Zaid bn Harithah ne ya jagoranci rundunar; na biyu shi ne Ja’afar bn Abi Talib na uku kuma shi ne Abd Allah ibn Rawahah. Lokacin da sojojin Musulmai suka isa yankin da ke gabashin Urdun kuma suka sami labarin girman sojojin Rumawa, sun so su jira su aika da kayan taimako daga Madina. Abdullahi bn Rawahah ya tunatar da su sha’awarsu ta shahada tare da tambayar matakin jira lokacin da abin da suke so ke jiransu, don haka suka ci gaba da tafiya zuwa rundunar da ke jira.
Musulmai sun shiga da Rumawa a sansaninsu ta ƙauyen Musharif sannan suka ja da baya zuwa Mu'tah. A nan ne rundunonin biyu suka fafata. Wasu majiyoyin Musulmai sun ba da rahoton cewa an yi yaƙin ne a cikin kwari tsakanin tsaunuka biyu, wanda ya ɓata fifikon adadi na Rumawa. A lokacin yaƙin, dukkan shugabannin musulmai uku sun faɗi ɗaya bayan ɗaya yayin da suke ɗaukar umurnin rundunar: na farko, Zayd, sannan Ja'afar, sannan Abdullah. Bayan rasuwar marigayin, wasu daga cikin sojojin musulmi sun fara cin karensu babu babbaka. Thabit ibn Aqram, ganin halin matsanancin halin da sojojin musulmi suke ciki, ya dauki tutar ya tara abokansa ta haka ya kubutar da sojojin daga halaka gaba daya. Bayan yaƙin, ibn Aqram ya ɗauki tutar, kafin ya nemi Khalid ibn al-Walid ya jagoranci.
Asarar Musulmai
An rubuta adadin wadanda aka kashe daga bangaren Musulmi a matsayin hudu daga Muhajireen yayin da takwas kuma daga Ansar. Sunayensu sune:
Zayd ibn Harithah
Ja'far ibn Abi Talib
Abd Allah ibn Rawahah
Masoud bin Al-Aswad
Wahb ibn Sa'd
Abbad bin Qais
Amr ibn Saad (ba dan Sa’ad bn Abi Waqqas ba)
Harith bin Nu'man
Saraqah bin Amr
Abu Kulaib bin Amr
Jabir ibn 'Amr
Amer bin Saad
Daniel C. Peterson, Farfesa na Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Jami'ar Brigham Young, ya gano raunin asarar rayuka a tsakanin shuwagabannin da ake tuhuma idan aka kwatanta da asarar da sojoji talakawa ke yi. David Powers, Farfesa na Nazarin Gabas ta Gabas a Cornell, ya kuma ambaci wannan son sani game da raunin da aka samu wanda masana tarihin Musulmi suka rubuta.
An ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da rundunar musulmin ta isa Madina, an yi musu azaba saboda janyewa kuma an zarge su da guduwa. An ruwaito Salamah bn Hisham, dan uwan Amr bn Hishām (Abu Jahl) ya yi sallah a gida maimakon zuwa masallaci don gudun kada yayi bayanin kansa. Muhammad ya umarce su da su daina, yana mai cewa za su dawo su sake yakar Rumawa. Ba zai kasance ba har sai ƙarni na uku bayan Hijira Tarihin Musulman Sunnah zai bayyana cewa Muhammadu ya ba Khalid lakabin 'Saifullah' ma'ana 'Takobin Allah'.
A yau, Musulman da suka fadi a yaƙin ana ɗaukar su shahidai (shuhadā). Daga baya an gina wani kabari a Mu'tah akan kaburburansu.
A cewar al-Waqidi da Ibn Ishaq, an sanar da Musulmai cewa sojojin abokan gaba 100,000 ko 200,000 sun yi sansani a Balqa'i. Sakamakon haka, masana tarihi na zamani sun karyata wannan yana mai cewa adadi ya wuce kima. A cewar Walter Emil Kaegi, farfesa na tarihin Byzantine a Jami'ar Chicago, girman dukan sojojin Byzantine a ƙarni na 7 na iya kaiwa 100,000, wataƙila ma rabin wannan adadin. Yayin da sojojin Rumawa a Mu'tah ke da wuya su kai sama da 10,000.
Labarun musulmai game da yaƙin sun bambanta kan sakamakon. A cewar David S. Powers, tushen Musulmi na farko kamar al-Waqidi sun rubuta yaƙin a matsayin cin kaskanci mai wulaƙanci (hazīma). Koyaya, Montgomery Watt ya lura cewa al-Waqidi ya kuma rubuta asusun inda sojojin Rumawa suka gudu. Ƙarfi yana ba da shawarar cewa daga baya masana tarihi na musulinci sun sake yin aiki da kayan farko don yin daidai da ra'ayin Islama game da shirin Allah. Majiyoyin da suka biyo baya sun gabatar da yakin a matsayin nasarar Musulmi ganin cewa mafi yawan sojojin musulmi sun dawo lafiya. |
15111 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilikiss%20Adebiyi%20Abiola | Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola | Bilikiss Adebiyi ko Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola ne a Nijeriya Shugaba na Lagos tushen juyin kamfanin, Wecyclers. Ta yi imani: "Sharar wani mutum taskan wani ne." Ita da kamfaninta sun tara kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama ciki har da kyautar King Baudouin International Development Prize a cikin 2018/19.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Adebiyi ne a Legas, inda ta je makarantar sakandare ta Kwalejin Ilimi. Ta shiga Jami'ar Legas, amma ta tafi bayan shekara guda don kammala karatun ta a Amurka. Ta kammala karatu a jami’ar Fisk sannan ta je jami’ar Vanderbilt, inda ta samu digiri na biyu. Ta yi aiki na IBM na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin ta yanke shawarar kara karatu. An yarda da ita don karatun Jagora na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA) a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
'Yan babur
Ta kirkiro da shawarar ne don sake kasuwancin yayin da take shekara ta biyu a MIT, inda take karantar sharar gida a matsayinta na kwararriyar malama. Tunanin ta na farko shine ta kara yawan sharar da zata iya tarawa daga gidaje ta hanyar basu tikiti na raffle a musayar. Lokacin da ta tattauna wannan a Najeriya a hutu sai ta yi mamakin farincikin da aka bayar don ra'ayinta. Sharar gida wata damuwa ce a cikin Legas kasancewar ana samun ƙananan kashi kaɗan a kai a kai. Adebiyi ta mayar da tunanin zuwa MIT inda ta sami damar tattara tallafi ta hanyar shigar da ra'ayinta a gasa. Bayan kammala karatu a shekarar 2012, Adebiyi ta koma gida Najeriya don zama tare da mijinta.
A shekarar 2012, ta hada hannu da kafa kamfanin Wecyclers, wani kamfanin da ke tara shara da ake iya sarrafawa daga gidaje a Legas. Lokacin da kasuwancin ya fara, Adebiyi za ta fitar da keke mai taya uku don yin tarin abubuwa don neman ƙarin bayani game da sabuwar kasuwancin ta. Da zarar an warware tarkacen, sai kamfanin ta ya aika da sakonnin SMS zuwa gidan, yana sanar da su maki nawa suka samu na fataucin shara. Wadannan maki zasu iya canzawa don abinci, kayayyakin tsaftacewa, ko kuma mintuna na wayar salula. Kamfanin yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kula da Sharar Ruwa ta Legas. Legas na samar da tan 9,000 na shara a kowace rana kuma hukumar na kokarin ninka kusan adadin da aka sake sarrafa shi daga kashi 18% a shekarar 2011. Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Afirka amma rashin tsari a Legas yana nufin ba za'a iya tara datti koyaushe ba. Masu amfani da babura suna amfani da babura masu taya guda uku waɗanda ke ba da damar tara datti a inda motoci na yau da kullun ba za su iya tafiya ba. Masu tuka keɓaɓɓu suna tarawa daga dubban gidaje. Kamfanin ya kiyasta a watan Oktoba na 2015 cewa ya tara tarar sama da tan 500, ya ƙirƙiri ƙimar daga wannan shara kuma ya ɗauki mutane 80 aiki.
Adebiyi wanda sunan sa mai suna Abiola ya shirya wa kamfanin Coca-Cola da GlaxoSmithKline don basu tallafin aikin su. Masu amfani da yanar gizo sun gano cewa kaso mai tsoka ya fito ne daga wadannan kamfanonin kuma a shirye suke su taimaka da kokarin sake amfani da su. Guinness a Najeriya ta amince ta hada hannu a shekarar 2018.
A cikin 2018 Abebiyi ya sauka a matsayin Shugaba na kamfanin Wecyclers don ya zama Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji da Lambu ta Jihar Legas (LASPARK). A cikin sabon aikin nata za ta ci gaba da bude gurabe a cikin jihar Legas abin birgewa tare da dasa bishiyoyi.
An ruwaito irin kokarin da Adebiyi ya yi a kasashen Najeriya, Ingila, Amurka da Jamus a shekarar 2014 da 2016. Coaukar hoto sun haɗa da CNN, Huffington Post, "Die Zeit", The Independent, Marie Claire Magazine, The Economist, NDaniTV da D + C . An ba ta kyauta daga MIT kuma ta ci kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Kyautar Injiniyar Mata ta Cartier don yankin Saharar Afirka a 2013. An bai wa masu kera kyautar Kyautar Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Sarki Baudouin a cikin 2018/19.
Abokan hulɗa
Abokan hulɗa na Wecycler an ce sun hada da FCMB, DHL, Unilever, Oracle, Kamfanin Bottling na Najeriya, MIT Sloan School of Management .
Ƴan Najeriya |
12125 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort%20Saint%20Anthony | Fort Saint Anthony | Fort Saint Anthony ( Fotigal : Forte de Santo António ; Yaren mutanen Holland : Fort St. Anthony) birni ne wanda Fotigal ta gina a shekara ta alif 1515 kusa da garin Axim, a yanzu kasar ta Ghana ce. A cikin 1642, Yaren mutanen Holland ya kwace sansanin soja kuma daga ya mai da shi bangare na Dutch Gold Coast. Yaren mutanen Holland sun fadada sansanin soja da yawa kafin su jiya shi, tare da ragowar mulkin mallaka, ga Birtaniyya a cikin 1872 Ginin yanzu shine mallakar jihar Ghana kuma yana budewa ga jama'a.
Kamar yadda yamma Fort na Yaren mutanen Holland mallaka, Fort Saint Anthony shi ne na farko Fort ci karo da Yaren mutanen Holland yan kasuwa, da kuma wurin da tattalinsu, kuma sabo ruwa da aka dauka a. Fort Saint Anthony zauna wani muhimmin Fort a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland mallaka, tare da kwamandan na aiki a matsayin babban kwamishina (Yaren mutanen Holland: cin nasara a majalisar) a masarautar mulkin mallaka a Elmina, tare da kwamandan Fort Nassau a Moree, kwamandan Fort Crèvecoeur a Accra, da kwamandan masana'antar a Ouidah, a Yankin Ku bauta na Yaren mutanen Holland . Ya bambanta da sauran abubuwan Dutch masu yawa a kan Gold Coast, Fort Saint Anthony ba a taɓa barin shi ba a cikin karni na 19, kuma ya kasance yana kasancewa har zuwa 1872.
Sakamakon karance-karancen karatun tarihin adabin na Portugal na karni na sha shida, ba a san ƙarami game da farkon shekarun Fort Saint Anthony da kuma dalilin Bafarangujin su zauna da kansu a Axim ba, duk da cewa muradin sarrafa cinikin zinare a yankin alama mai ma'ana dalili. Shaida ta farko game da shiga Portugal a kusa da Axim shine wasika daga gwamnan Elmina zuwa ga Sarkin Fotugal daga 1503, don aika kayan gini zuwa kyaftin Diogo d'Alvarenga, wanda ke kula da ginin "Gidan Axem. " Bayan mutanen yankin sun lalata wannan gidan, Fotigal ɗin ya gina sabon matsayi a ɗan gabas fiye da nesa, mai yiwuwa ne a wurin da har yanzu Fort Saint Anthony yake tsaye.
Ya bambanta da sauran makabartun da ke Gold Coast, ikon kwamandan Fort Saint Anthony ya kai nesa da birni mai kyau da kuma garin Axim. A cikin yarjejeniyar Axim wanda Netherlands ta sanya hannu a 1642 tare da mutanen gari bayan cin nasarar Saint Anthony daga Fotigal a shekara guda, sun ce suna da iko game da wasu ƙauyuka da ke kewaye da Axim, suna nuna cewa sun gaji wannan ikon daga da Fotigal. Bugu da kari, a watan Nuwamba 1656, bisa bukatar Buƙatar Janar Jan Valckenburgh, an gabatar da sanarwar ta wakilai na Gyommre, "Abripiquem," Ankobra, Ebokro, Axim da "Encasser," waɗanda suka ayyana su majiɓinta ne. tun a tarihi, kuma a koyaushe sukan sa rigimarsu a gaban kwamandan Fort Saint Anthony a Axim.
Babban yankin ikon yin tunanin shine sakamakon yunƙurin Portuguese a farkon karni na 17 don dawo da ikon su a cikin kasuwancin zinari - wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun nan Dutch ta ƙwace ta - ta hanyar samun dama kai tsaye ga tushen kasuwancin zinari a ciki. A shekara ta 1623, Fotigal ta kafa wani katanga mai kyau a Kogin Ankobra, mai tazarar kilomita 20 daga Axim, kusa da ƙauyen Bamianko na yanzu, daga nan suka kafa ma'adinin zinare a kan Dutsen Aboasi, kimanin kilomita takwas daga wannan hanyar. Bayan da Dutch ta ci Axim, suka karɓi ƙoƙarin Portuguese don sarrafa kasuwancin gwal a ciki. Koyaya, ginin da suka gina don wannan dalili akan Kogin Ankobra, Fort Ruychaver, kwamandan shi ne ya buge shi bayan shekaru biyar bayan ginin sa, bayan rikici tsakanin sa da mutanen gari.
Bayan da Dutch West India Company rasa ta kenkenewa a kan cinikin bayi a 1730, shi kokarin samar da auduga plantations a Axim.
Babban kwamandan Fort Saint Anthony ya ci gaba da samun ikon yin shari'a a kan jihohin da aka ambata tun daga karni na 19. Lokacin da a ƙarshen 1850s Yaren mutanen Holland suka sake yin kwalliyar kayansu a kan Gold Coast zuwa cikin gundumomi kuma sun umurce kwamandojinsu-yanzu ake kira "mazauna" - don yin rahoto game da mutanen da ke ƙarƙashin ikonta, mazaunin Fort Saint Anthony, Julius Vitringa Coulon, haƙiƙa ya zana taswira wanda ke nuna ikon yin kama da wanda Valckenburgh ya ayyana.
3D Model
A cikin 2013, Zamani Project ya wallafa Fort Saint Anthony tare da yin binciken 3D na laser 3D. Researchungiyar binciken da ba ta riba ba daga Jami'ar Cape garin (Afirka ta Kudu) ƙwararre ne a cikin takaddun 3D na kayan tarihin al'adun gargajiya . Bayanan da aka samo daga Zamani na Zamani yana kirkirar rikodin dindindin wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don bincike, ilimi, maidowa da kiyayewa. A 3D model, panorama yawon shakatawa da kuma tsare-tsaren na Fort Saint Anthony suna samuwa a kan www.zamaniproject.org .
Bayanan kula |
18417 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryam%20Salimi | Maryam Salimi | Maryam Salimi (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 1978) marubuciya ce, 'yar jarida, engenier sadarwa kuma ƙwararriya ce a fannin sadarwar gani musamman a fannin bayanai da zane-zane.
Rayuwar farko
Ta samu digirinta na uku a fannin sadarwar zamani, mastas dinta a fannin zane-zane da aikin jarida da kuma wadanda suka kammala karatunsu a bangaren huldar jama'a . Karatun maigidanta ya maida hankali ne kan zane-zanen labarai da bayanan labarai kuma kundin karatun nata ya shafi aikin jarida ne na bayanai wanda aka yi nazari dalla-dalla a karon farko a Kasar Iran .
A yanzu haka tana karantarwa a Jami’ar Azad ta Musulunci, da Jami’ar Soore da kuma Jami’ar Kimiyyar kere-kere da Fasaha. Salimi memba ce a fannin ilimi da kuma kungiyar zane-zanen littattafai a Kungiyar Nazarin Ilmi da Tsare-Tsare da ke da alaƙa da Ma’aikatar Ilimi kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mawallafin Littafin Ilimin Karatun Ilimi na aji goma. Ita ce mai ba da shawara ga kafofin watsa labarai don kungiyoyi da yawa, mai ba da shawara kan labarai na yawancin mujallu na kimiyya kuma ita ce mai shiga tsakani / gudanarwa a bukukuwan ɗalibai.
Salimi ita ce shugabar masu zane-zanen labarai da labarai a kamfanin dillancin labarai na Nasim kuma tare da hadin gwiwar Behrouz Mazloumifar (matar aurenta), ta samar da bayanai masu tsayayye sama da guda 1000 kuma kwanan nan wasu masu mu'amala da juna. Ta yi aiki a fagen aikin jarida na bayanai (a rubuce da na gani) tsawon shekaru 20 da hulɗar jama'a tsawon shekaru 17.
Ta fara aiki a cikin wallafe-wallafe daga Jaridar Khabar kuma ta yi aiki a Bavar mako-mako, jaridar Toseeh, jaridar Abrar Tattalin Arziki, jaridar Donya-e-Eqtesad, Hulda da Jama'a kowane wata da kuma Honar-e-Hashtom duk wata-wata a matsayin 'yar jarida, mai rahoto, mataimakiyar edita, mai daukar hoto, mai zane-zane da kuma daraktan zane-zane. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Fars News Agency for shekaru 12 da Tasnim News Agency daga 2013.
Salimi tare da ƙungiyar masu zane da zane a cikin labarai da bayanai sun kafa baje kolin bayanai na farko a bikin baje kolin wanda aka gudanar a ranar 20 ( g11 Maris shekara ta 2013). Ta gudanar da kwasa-kwasan horon labarai da labarai na farko a Ofishin Nazarin Watsa Labarai da Tsare-Tsare (wanda ke da alaƙa da sashen latsawa na Ma'aikatar Al'adu da Shiryarwar Musulunci ) a watan Satumba na shekara ta 2014.
Ta gabatar da Labarai da Infographics 2 (Interactive) yayin baje kolin manema labarai a shekara ta 2014 da kuma shekara ta 2015. Salimi ta samu karbuwa sosai a fagen aikin jarida da zane-zane a karni 14th zuwa karni 19th Press Festival kuma ya samu lambobin yabo a Farsi Infographics Festival na farko, Khakriz-e-Shishe'I Festival, Ta kuma samu wasu yabo a bukukuwan waka da dama.
News Graphics and Infographics, younes Shokrkhah and Maryam Salimi Bureau of Media Studies and Planning, 2014.
Walking Without You (Taradod Bi To), Ashian Publication, 2011.
Blue Plate (Pelak-e-Abi), Ashian Publication, 2010.
Public Relations: Associate to Bachelor Degree Exams for the University of Applied Science and Technology, Emamat Publication, 2012.
Bayani na 2, Alberto Cairo, Wanda Ahmad Ashrafi da Maryam Salimi suka fassara, Sorosh Publication, a shekara ta 2015.
Lambobin yabo
An girmama Salimi kuma an bashi bukukuwa da bukukuwa da yawa:
Mai sukar gwamnati a cikin Bikin Jarida na 14
Mafi kyawun rahoto a cikin kamfanonin labaru a cikin Bikin Pressan Jaridu na 15 da Wakilin Wakilin Labarai
Mafi kyawun hira a cikin kamfanonin labaru a cikin Bikin Jarida na 18
Ofayan labarai mafi kyau a cikin kamfanonin dillancin labarai a cikin Bikin Pressan Jarida na 19
Matsayi na uku a rukunin hira a cikin Bikin Masana'antar Banki
Matsayi na biyu a rukunin hira a cikin Bikin Mota na 1
Daya daga cikin goman farko a Kungiyar Yan Jaridu Musulmai
Shayari mafi kyau a bikin Nedaye Vahdat na Duniya
Fitaccen mai fasaha a bikin Fajr Afarinan
Mafi kyawun rahoto a cikin Bugawa ta 3 da Bikin Hukumomin Hukumomi a cikin Nauyin Haraji
Iran a cikin wasannin Olympics a bikin Infographics
'Yan Jaridan Kasar Iran
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1987
Mata 'yan jaridan Iran
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34273 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate%20Hairston | Nate Hairston | Nathan Hairston (an haife shi ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 1994). ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka don Minnesota Vikings na National Football League (NFL). Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Haikali, kuma Indianapolis Colts ne ya tsara shi a zagaye na biyar na 2017 NFL Draft.
Sana'ar sana'a
A kan Disamba 21, 2016, an sanar da cewa Hairston ya karbi gayyatarsa don yin wasa a 2017 Gabas-Yamma Shrine Game. Ya burge ƴan leƙen asiri da manazarta yayin ayyukan Wasan Shrine. A ranar 21 ga Janairu, 2017, Hairston ya rubuta abubuwan da aka haɗa guda uku a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar Gabas da ta yi rashin nasara da ci 10 – 3 zuwa Yamma a wasan 2017 Gabas-Yamma Shrine Game. Hairston ya halarci NFL Scouting Combine a Indianapolis kuma ya kammala yawancin hadawa da kuma matsayi.
A ranar 8 ga Maris, 2017, Hairston ya halarci ranar pro na Temple, amma ya tsaya a kan mafi yawan lambobin haɗin gwiwarsa kuma kawai ya yi rawar mazugi guda uku, ɗan gajeren jirgin sama, da ƙwanƙwasa matsayi. A ƙarshen tsarin da aka riga aka tsara, Hairston an yi hasashen za a tsara shi a ko'ina daga zagaye na biyar zuwa na bakwai ta hanyar kwararrun daftarin aikin NFL. An sanya shi a matsayin 30th mafi kyawun hangen nesa na kusurwa a cikin daftarin ta DraftScout.com.
Indianapolis Colts
Indianapolis Colts sun zaɓi Hairston a zagaye na biyar (158th gabaɗaya) na 2017 NFL Draft . Hairston shine 23rd kusurwar baya da aka tsara a cikin 2017.
A ranar 11 ga Mayu, 2017, Indianapolis Colts sun rattaba hannu kan Hairston zuwa kwangilar shekaru huɗu, $ 2.66 miliyan wanda ya haɗa da lamunin sa hannu na $267,758.
Hairston ya shiga sansanin horo a matsayin madaidaicin kusurwa da kuma ɗan wasan ƙungiyoyi na musamman kuma an tsara shi don zama aikin haɓakawa. Babban kocin Chuck Pagano mai suna Hairston a kusurwa na hudu a kan zurfin taswirar Colts don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun a cikin 2017. An jera shi akan ginshiƙi mai zurfi a bayan Vontae Davis, Rashaan Melvin, da Quincy Wilson .
Ya yi wasan sa na farko na ƙwararru na yau da kullun a cikin lokacin buɗewar Indianapolis Colts a Los Angeles Rams kuma ya yi tikitin solo guda ɗaya a cikin asarar su 46 – 9. A mako mai zuwa, Hairston ya fara aikinsa na farko a matsayin nickelback bayan da Vontae Davis ya yanke hukuncin rashin aiki saboda rauni a makwancinsa. Ya yi rikodi na solo guda hudu kuma ya yi aikin sa na farko a kan Cardinals' kwata-kwata Carson Palmer a cikin asarar karin lokaci na 16–13 ga Cardinal Arizona na 2017 . A kan Oktoba 1, 2017, Hairston ya tattara manyan abubuwan da aka haɗa guda shida masu tsayi kuma ya tilasta aminci don wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko na aikinsa yayin asarar 46 – 18 a Seattle Seahawks a cikin Makon 4. Hairston ya kori Seahawks' kwata-kwata Russell Wilson saboda asarar yadi shida a farkon kwata a yankin karshen saboda amincin aikinsa na farko. Hairston bai taka rawar gani ba don nasarar Colts' Week 5 da San Francisco 49ers saboda raunin quadriceps . A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2017, Hairston ya rubuta abubuwan da aka haɗa guda biyar, ya yi babban juzu'i biyu na wuce gona da iri, sannan kuma ya fara shiga tsakani na aikinsa a cikin rashin nasarar 20–16 na Colts a kan Tennessee Titans a cikin Makon 12. Ya yi karon farko na aikinsa na wucewa ta hanyar Titans' quarterback Marcus Mariota, wanda aka yi niyya don mai karɓa mai faɗi Taywan Taylor, kuma ya mayar da shi don riba mai yadi goma a cikin kwata na biyu. Hairston bai yi aiki ba don asarar Mako 15 na Colts zuwa Denver Broncos bayan ya sha wahala a makon da ya gabata. Ya gama kakar wasan sa a cikin 2017 tare da haɗin gwiwa guda 36 (solo 25), ɓangarorin wucewa biyar, buhu biyu, tsangwama ɗaya, da aminci a cikin wasanni 14 da farawa huɗu.
A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2018, Indianapolis Colts ta kori kocin Chuck Pagano bayan Colts sun gama da rikodin 4 – 12 a cikin 2017. A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2018, Indianapolis Colts ta dauki hayar tsohon kodinetan cin zarafi na Philadelphia Eagles Frank Reich a matsayin sabon kocin su. Hairston ya fafata da Kenny Moore da Pierre Desir don zama farkon lungu don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun. Shugaban kocin Frank Reich mai suna Hairston mai farawa kusurwa don fara kakar wasa ta yau da kullun, tare da Kenny Moore da safeties Malik Hooker da Clayton Geathers .
Hairston bai yi aiki ba don asarar Mako na 5 na Colts a New England Patriots a ranar Alhamis Night Football saboda rauni na hamstring .
New York Jets
A ranar 28 ga Agusta, 2019, an siyar da Hairston zuwa Jets na New York don zaɓin zagaye na shida na sharadi na 2020. A cikin mako na 14 a kan Miami Dolphins, Hairston ya rubuta karon farko na kakar wasa ta hanyar wucewa ta hanyar Ryan Fitzpatrick a nasarar 22-21.
An yi watsi da Hairston yayin yanke jerin sunayen na ƙarshe a ranar 5 ga Satumba, 2020, amma an sake sanya hannu bayan kwana biyu. An yi watsi da shi a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, 2020.
Baltimore Ravens
A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2020, an rattaba hannu kan Hairston zuwa ƙungiyar horarwa ta Baltimore Ravens .
Denver Broncos
A ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2020, Denver Broncos ya rattaba hannu kan Hairston daga ƙungiyar horon Ravens. Broncos ne suka sake shi a ranar 8 ga Afrilu, 2021, amma ya sake sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar washegari. An yi watsi da shi a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2021, kuma ya sake sanya hannu a cikin tawagar horo a washegari. An kara masa girma zuwa ga mai aiki a ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2021.
Minnesota Vikings
A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2022, Hairston ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da Minnesota Vikings.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Temple Owls bio
Haifaffun 1994
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22347 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadin%20Yara | Jihadin Yara | Yaƙin Jihadin Yara ya kasance sanannen yaƙine da Kiristoci a Turai sukayi don kafa Masarautar ƙudus ta Latin ta biyu a cikin Holyasa Mai Tsarki, wanda aka ce ya faru a shekarar 1212. 'Yan yaƙin basasar sun bar yankunan Arewacin Faransa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Stephen na Cloyes, da Jamus, karkashin jagorancin Nicholas. Tarihin gargajiyar na iya haɗuwa daga wasu abubuwan da suka faru na gaskiya da na almara waɗanda suka haɗa da wahayin da wani ɗan Faransa da wani Bajamushe, da niyyar musulmai a cikin ƙasa Mai Tsarki zuwa cikin Kiristanci cikin lumana, ƙungiyar yara da ke tafiya zuwa Italiya, da yara da ake sayarwa cikin bautar a Tunis.
Asusun gargajiya
Abubuwan bambance-bambancen tarihin daɗaɗɗen labarin Yaƙin Jihadin Yara yana da jigogi iri ɗaya. Yaro ya fara wa’azi a cikin Faransa ko Jamus; yayi ikirarin cewa Yesu ya ziyarce shi, wanda ya bashi umarnin jagorantar yakin Jihadi domin musuluntar da kirista cikin lumana. Ta hanyar jerin abubuwan al'ajabi da mu'ujizai, ya sami biyan yara har zuwa yara 30,000. Yana jagorantar mabiyansa kudu zuwa tekun Bahar Rum, tare da imanin cewa tekun zai rabu kan isowarsu, wanda zai bashi damar shi da mabiyansa suyi tafiya zuwa Kudus . Wannan baya faruwa. Ana sayar da yaran ga wasu 'yan kasuwa biyu, waɗanda ke ba yara da yawa izinin tafiya a kwale-kwale kamar yadda suke so. Daga nan sai a dauke mahajjatan zuwa Tunisia, inda 'yan kasuwa ke siyar da su a matsayin bayi ko kuma su mutu a cikin wani jirgin ruwan da ya kife a Tsibirin San Pietro da ke kusa da Sardinia a lokacin da ake yin haya .
Lissafin zamani
A cewar masu bincike na kwanan nan, da alama akwai ƙungiyoyi biyu na mutane (na kowane zamani) a cikin shekarar 1212 a Jamus da Faransa. Abubuwan kamanceceniya guda biyu sun bawa marubutan tarihin daga baya damar haɗawa da ƙawata tatsuniyoyin.
Nicholas na Cologne a Jamus
A motsi na farko, Nicholas, makiyayi daga Rhineland a Jamus, yi ƙoƙari ya jagoranci rukuni a ƙetaren Alps da Italiya zuwa a farkon bazarar 1212. Nicholas ya ce teku za ta bushe a gabansu kuma ta bar mabiyansa su tsallaka zuwa ƙasa Mai Tsarki. Maimakon ya yi niyyar yakar Sarakan, sai ya ce za a ci masarautun Musulmai baya yayin da ‘yan kasarsu suka koma Katolika. Almajiransa sun tafi yin wa'azin kira don "Yaƙin Jihadi" a ƙasan ƙasashen Jamusawa, kuma sun hallara a Cologne bayan weeksan makonni. Jama'ar sun kasu kashi biyu, jama'a sun bi hanyoyi daban-daban ta Switzerland. Biyu daga cikin kowane mutum uku da ke cikin tafiya sun mutu, yayin da wasu da yawa suka koma gidajensu. Kimanin 7,000 suka isa Genoa a ƙarshen Agusta. Nan da nan suka yi tattaki zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa, suna tsammanin teku za ta raba a gabansu; lokacin da mutane da yawa basuyi baƙin ciki ba. Wasu kalilan sun zargi Nicholas da cin amanarsu, yayin da wasu suka zauna don jiran Allah ya canza shawara, tun da sun yi imanin cewa abin da ba za a taɓa tsammani ba daga ƙarshe ba zai yi hakan ba. Bandananan rukunin sun burge hukumomin Genoese, kuma sun ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga waɗanda suke so su zauna a garinsu. Mafi yawa daga cikin 'Yan Salibiyyar sun yi amfani da wannan damar. Nicholas ya ƙi ya ce an ci shi kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Pisa, motsin sa na ci gaba da ɓarkewa a kan hanya. A cikin Pisa jiragen ruwa biyu da aka tura zuwa Falasdinu sun amince su hau da yawa daga cikin yaran waɗanda, wataƙila, suka sami nasarar isa Holyasa Mai Tsarki. Nicholas da wasu followersan mabiya masu aminci, a maimakon haka, sun ci gaba zuwa Papal States, inda suka haɗu da Paparoma Innocent III . Ragowar sun tashi zuwa Jamus bayan Pontiff ya gargaɗe su su kasance masu kyau kuma su koma gida ga danginsu. Nicholas bai tsira daga yunƙuri na biyu ba a ƙetaren tsaunukan Alps; bayan gida an kama mahaifinsa kuma an rataye shi a matsin lamba daga dangin da suka fusata wadanda danginsu suka halaka yayin bin yaran.
Wasu daga cikin mafi sadaukarwa membobin wannan Jihadi daga baya an ba da rahoton cewa sun yi yawo zuwa Ancona da Brindisi ; babu wanda aka sani ya isa Kasa mai tsarki.
Stephen na Cloyes a Faransa
Tafiya ta biyu ta kasance karkashin jagorancin wani mai suna Stephen (Étienne) na Cloyes, wanda ya ce a cikin Yuni cewa ya ɗauki wasiƙa zuwa ga sarkin Faransa daga wurin Yesu. Manyan gungun matasa da ke kusa da shekarunsa sun kusanci shi, mafi yawansu suna da'awar suna da baiwar Allah ta musamman kuma suna ganin kansu masu ban al'ajabi. Da jan hankalin mabiya sama da 30,000 manya da yara, ya tafi Saint-Denis, inda aka ba da rahoton ya haifar da mu'ujizai. Bisa umarnin Philip II, wanda Jami'ar Paris ta ba da shawara, an nemi mutanen da su koma gida. Filibus kansa bai bayyana da burgewa ba, musamman ma tunda baƙinsa ya jagoranci ɗan ƙaramin yaro, kuma ya ƙi ɗaukansu da gaske. Amma, Stephen bai firgita ba kuma ya fara wa'azi a wani abbey da ke kusa. Daga Saint-Denis, Istifanus ya zagaya Faransa, yana yaɗa saƙonninsa yayin da yake tafiya, yana mai alkawarin kai ƙararrakin Kristi zuwa Urushalima. Kodayake Cocin na da shakku, koyarwarsa ya burge manya da yawa. Kadan daga cikin wadanda suka fara haduwa dashi sun mallaki aikinsa; an kiyasta cewa akwai kasa da rabin farkon 30,000 da suka rage, adadi da yake raguwa cikin sauri, maimakon ya bunkasa kamar yadda watakila ake tsammani.
A ƙarshen Yunin 1212, Istifanas ya jagoranci manyan Can cibiyyar daga Vendôme zuwa Marseilles . Sun rayu ne ta hanyar rokon abinci, yayin da akasarin suke ganin kamar sun gaji da wahalar wannan tafiya kuma sun koma ga danginsu.
Tarihin tarihi
A cewar Peter Raedts, farfesa a Tarihin Zamani a Jami'ar Radboud Nijmegen, akwai kusan 50 tushe daga lokacin da ke magana game da jihadi, jere daga 'yan jimloli zuwa rabin shafi. Raedts ya kasafta tushen zuwa gida uku dangane da lokacin da aka rubuta su:
Tushen zamani da 1220 ya rubuta cewa;
Bayanai da aka rubuta tsakanin 1220 da 1250 (marubutan suna iya rayuwa a lokacin yaƙin jihadi amma sun rubuta abubuwan da suka tuna daga baya);
Bayanan da aka rubuta bayan 1250 ta marubutan da suka karɓi bayanansu hannu na biyu ko na uku.
Raedts baya ɗaukar tushen bayan 1250 a matsayin mai iko, kuma waɗanda suke kafin 1250, yana ɗaukar kusan 20 kawai masu iko ne. Sai a cikin labaran da ba na izini ba daga baya ne ake nuna “yaƙin yara” kamar yadda marubutan irin su Vincent na Beauvais, Roger Bacon, Thomas na Cantimpré, Matthew Paris da sauransu suka nuna.
Nazarin tarihi
Kafin karatun da Raedts yayi na 1977, ba a da ɗan littattafan tarihi kaɗan da ke binciken Yaƙin Childrenananan Yara. Na farko sun kasance daga Bafaranshen nan G. de Janssens da Reinhold Rinhricht na Jamus . Sun bincika kafofin amma basuyi nazarin labarin ba. Ba'amurken zamanin Dana Carleton Munro , a cewar Raedts, ya ba da mafi kyawun binciken hanyoyin har zuwa yau kuma shi ne farkon wanda ya bayar da cikakken bayani mai ma'ana game da Jihadi da aka cire labarin almara. Daga baya, JE Hansbery ya buga gyaran aikin Munro, amma tun daga nan ba a yarda da shi ba bisa tushen tushe. Wani masanin ilimin hauka na Bajamushe Justus Hecker ya ba da fassarar asali game da yaƙin, amma ya zama takaddama game da "halin rashin lafiyar da ke damun addini" wanda tun daga nan aka ƙi yarda da shi.
P. Alphandery ya fara wallafa ra'ayinsa game da yakin jihadi a cikin 1916 a wata kasida wacce daga baya aka buga ta cikin sigar littafi a 1959. Ya dauki labarin yakin jihadi a matsayin nuna al'adun zamanin da na Innocents, a matsayin wani nau'in sadaukarwa wanda Innocents suka ba da kansu don amfanin Kiristendam ; duk da haka, ya dogara da ra'ayoyinsa akan wasu tushe mara tushe.
Adolf Waas ya ga 'Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara a matsayin bayyanar tsoron Allah da kuma nuna adawa da ɗaukaka yaƙin mai tsarki. HE Mayer ya ƙara haɓaka ra'ayoyin Alphandery na Masu laifi, yana cewa yara zaɓaɓɓun mutanen Allah ne saboda sune mafi talauci; da yake fahimtar tsafin talauci, ya ce "Yunkurin Yaran ya nuna nasarar da kuma gazawar ra'ayin talauci." Giovanni Miccoli shine farkon wanda ya lura cewa majiyar zamani ba ta nuna mahalarta matsayin yara ba. Wannan fitowar ce ta lalata duk sauran fassarar, sai dai watakila na Norman Cohn wanda ya gan shi a matsayin motsi na chiliastic wanda talakawa ke ƙoƙarin tserewa daga baƙin cikin rayuwar su ta yau da kullun. A cikin littafinsa Yara na Jihadi: Tarihin Zamani, Tarihin Zamani , Gary Dickson yayi magana game da karuwar yawan "rashin yuwuwar" motsi a fadin Yammacin Turai a lokacin. Wadanda suka shahara saboda kauracewa duk wani nau'I na dukiya da kin shiga gidan sufi, zasuyi tafiya cikin rukuni-rukuni kuma su dogara da kananan gudummawa ko abinci daga wadanda suka saurari wa'azinsu don su rayu. Paparoman ya fitar da su daga waje, ya tilasta musu yin yawo kuma wataƙila sun ƙunshi babban ɓangare na abin da ake kira "Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara". Bayan yakin basasa bai yi nasara ba, Paparoma ya bayyana cewa masu bautar Nicholas da Stephen sun kunyata shugabannin kirista duka.
Masana tarihi sun sanya murƙushe cikin mahallin rawar da samari maza ke takawa a yakin basasa. Malaman adabi sun binciko rawar da take takawa a cigaban tatsuniyar Pied Piper .
Shahararrun asusun
Bayan karatun kimiyya akwai shahararrun juzu'i da ra'ayoyi game da Jihadin Yara. Norman Zacour a cikin binciken A Tarihin yaƙe-yaƙe gabaɗaya yana bin shawarar Munro, kuma ya ƙara da cewa akwai rashin kwanciyar hankali na zamani, yana kammala Yarjejeniyar Yara "har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin jerin fashewar zamantakewar jama'a, ta inda maza da mata na da. —Da yara ma - an sami saki ”.
Steven Runciman ya ba da labarin Yaƙin Jihadin Childrenananan yara a cikin littafinsa na Tarihin yaƙe-yaƙe . Raedts ya lura da cewa "Duk da cewa ya faɗi labarin Munro a cikin bayanan nasa, amma labarin nasa yana da ban tsoro ta yadda hatta mai karancin karatu zai yi mamaki ko da gaske ne ya fahimce shi." Donald Spoto, a cikin wani littafin 2002 game da Saint Francis na Assisi, ya ce sufaye suna da kwarin gwiwa ya kira su yara, kuma ba yawo da talakawa ba, saboda ana daukar kasancewar talakawa masu tsoron Allah kuma Cocin tana jin kunyar dukiyarta sabanin talakawa. Wannan, a cewar Spoto, ya fara al'adun adabi ne wanda shahararren labarin yara ya samo asali. Wannan ra'ayin yana bin HE Mayer a hankali.
Masanin tarihin Holland din Peter Raedts, a cikin wani binciken da aka buga a 1977, shine farkon wanda ya sanya shakku kan labarin gargajiya na waɗannan abubuwan. Yawancin masana tarihi sun gaskata cewa su ba (ko ba da farko ba) yara ne, amma ƙungiyoyi masu yawa na "matalauta masu yawo" a cikin Jamus da Faransa. Wannan ya zo da yawa daga kalmomin "parvuli" ko "jarirai" da aka samo a cikin asusun biyu na taron daga William na Andres da Alberic na Troisfontaines . Babu wasu asusun daga lokaci wanda yake ba da shawarar shekaru ko kaɗan, amma ma'anar kalmomin biyu suna ba da ma'anar gaba ɗaya. Marubutan Zamani suna raba rayuwa zuwa manyan sassa huɗu tare da bambancin shekarun da ke tattare da su. Cocin daga baya ta zaɓi wannan rabe-raben zuwa lambar hada-hadar al'umma, tare da maganar tana nufin ma'aikatan albashi ko leburori wada5nda suka kasance matasa kuma basu da gado. Chronica regia Coloniensis, wanda aka rubuta a 1213 (shekara guda bayan da aka ce yakin jihadi ya faru), yana nufin masu murƙushe 'yan tawaye wadanda suka "bar garmaho ko keken da suke tukawa, da garken da suke kiwo", suna ƙarawa ra'ayin ba shine "puerti" zamanin ba, amma "puerti" ne mai mulkin al'umma. Wata ma'ana, pueri, ana fassara ta daidai cikin yara, amma a kaikaice na nufin "marasa ƙarfi". Da yawa daga cikinsu sun yi ƙoƙari su isa Holyasa Mai Tsarki amma wasu ba su yi niyyar zuwa ba. Rahotannin farko na abubuwan da suka faru, wanda akwai bambancin ra'ayi da yawa da aka fada tsawon ƙarnuka, bisa ga wannan ka'idar, galibi apocryphal ne .
Raedts "matalauta masu yawo" ba tare da asusun yara ba an sake duba su a cikin 2008 ta Gary Dickson wanda ya ci gaba da cewa yayin da ba ta kasance ta ainihin yara ba, sun wanzu kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa.
A cikin zane-zane
Yawancin ayyukan fasaha suna nuni ne ga Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara; wannan jeri an mai da hankali ne kan ayyukan da aka saita a Zamani kuma an fi mai da hankali kan sake ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru. Jihadin Yara (disambiguation) .
La Croisade des enfants ("Yunkurin Yaran Yara", 1896) na Marcel Schwob .
"Makarantar Chalet da Barbara" Elinor Brent-Dyer , wasan Kirsimeti ya ambaci batun yaƙin yara.
Yakin Jihadin Yara , littafin tarihin yara na Henry Treece, ya haɗa da labarin ban mamaki na Stephen na Cloyes da ke ƙoƙarin raba teku a Marseille.
Gates na Aljanna , littafin da Jerzy Andrzejewski ya rubuta game da yakin basasa, tare da labarin da ke amfani da fasaha na hankali.
Tekun Rana da Faduwar rana , wani ɗan gajeren labari daga Yukio Mishima (wani ɓangare na tarin mai taken Ayyukan Ibada ), ya nuna wani tsohon Bafaranshe wanda ya shiga cikin Jihadin Yara a lokacin yaro kuma, ta hanyar yanayi mai rikitarwa, ya sami rauni a Japan.
Jihadi a Jeans (Yaren mutanen Holland: Kruistocht a spijkerbroek ), labari ne na 1973 da marubucin Dutch Thea Beckman ya shirya kuma fim ɗin 2006 ya daidaita game da Yaƙin Childrenan Yara ta idanun matafiyi ɗan lokaci.
An Army of Children , wani labari na Evan Rhodes wanda ke ba da labarin yara maza biyu, Katolika da Bayahude, suna cikin yaƙin Jihadin Yara.
Angeline , wani labari da Karleen Bradford tayi game da rayuwar yarinya, Angeline, firist, da kuma Stephen na Cloyes bayan an siyar dasu zuwa bautar a Alkahira.
The Crusade of Innocents , wani labari na David George, ya nuna cewa yaƙin Jihadin Childrenan yara wataƙila ɓarnar da aka yi game da Cathars a Kudancin Faransa ta shafa, da kuma yadda biyun suka hadu.
The Scarlet Cross , wani labari ne na samartaka daga Karleen Bradford .
1212: Shekarar Tafiya , littafin da Kathleen McDonnell ta rubuta . Matashin ɗan littafin tarihin manya.
Sylvia , wani labari daga Bryce Courtney . Yana bin wata yarinya yayin yaƙin Jihadi.
Crusade , littafin tarihin yara wanda Linda Press Wulf ta wallafa.
Tarihin Gaske na Yunkurin Yara , wani littafi mai hoto wanda Privo di Casato, ya ruwaito daga hangen nesa na Stephen na Cloyes.
1212 , wani rukuni na litattafan tarihi wanda yara da samari dan Denmark kuma dan jarida Carsten Overskov ya rubuta kan yara da matasa.
Yunkurin Yaran yara (masu ban dariya), babban taken da ke rufe fitowar abubuwa bakwai masu ban dariya wanda aka buga don Vertigo (DC Comics) wanda da alama ya danganta taron da sauran abubuwan da suka faru kamar abin da ya faru na gaskiya wanda ya ba da labarin Pied Piper. An buga shi a cikin 2015 ta Vertigo Comics azaman Freeasar Kyauta: Tatsuniya game da Yaƙin Yara.
Innocent shōnen jūjigun (, The Crusade of the Innocent Boys), manga da Usamaru Furuya ya rubuta (Manga F Erotics, 2005 ~ 2011, juzu'i 3).
Cruciadă mai girma (en. Yaƙin Jihadin Yara) , wasan Lucian Blaga wanda ya danganci Yakin.
Yunkurin Yaran yara , wasan kwaikwayon da Paul Thompson ya fara gabatarwa a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Cockpit (Marylebone), London ta gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Matasa na Kasa .
Doguwar Maris Zuwa Urushalima , wasan kwaikwayon da Don Taylor yayi game da labarin Bautar Jihadin Yara.
The Fire of Roses , wani labari na Gregory Rinaldi
Jihadi na Hawaye , littafin labari daga silsilar Tafiyar Rayuka ta CD Baker.
Masu kiɗa
Crusade , kiɗan Craig Christie da Wayne Hosking .
La Croisade des Enfants , wanda ba kasafai ake gabatar da shi ba daga Gabriel Pierné, wanda ke dauke da kungiyar mawaka ta yara, dangane da La croisade des enfants ("Yunkurin Yaran") na Marcel Schwob .
"Yarjejeniyar Yara", wani wasan kwaikwayo na zamani da R. Murray Schafer, wanda aka fara yi a shekarar 2009.
"Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara", waƙa ce ta Sting daga kundin waƙarsa ta shekara ta1985 The Dream of the Blue Turtles . Ba game da taron kamar haka ba, amma amfani da sunan azaman misalin.
"Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara", waƙa ce ta Tonio K daga kundin waƙarsa ta shekara ta 1988 Bayanan kula daga Civilarshen wayewa .
"Untitled Track", waƙa ce ta The Moon Lay Hidden Beneath Cloud, wanda aka samo asali akan 10 "EP Yndalongg , sannan aka sake fito da shi azaman waƙar" XII "akan CD Sauran akan Makamanku Ya Sauya , wanda ke ba da labarin labarin Yaƙin Jihadin Yara kuma yana nuna cewa wahayin ya samo asali ne daga Iblis .
Ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Australiya mai ci gaba mai suna Cinema Prague ta sanyaya rangadinsu na shekara ta 1991 "Yunkurin ƙananan Yara" a matsayin isharar tunani game da shekarun mambobin ƙungiyar, don a lokacin, yawancin ƙungiyar har yanzu matasa ne.
Gates zuwa Aljanna , fim ɗin Andrzej Wajda na littafin Jerzy Andrzejewski .
Lionheart , fim mai cike da tarihi / tsinkaye, wanda yake sakakke bisa labarin Bautar Jihadin Yara.
Yara don Sayarwa, wani ɓangaren Gumby wanda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin 1995 Gumby: Fim ɗin ., aka Wata Maris Cikin Lokaci , hoton motsi wanda aka tsara akan balaguron bazata da wani ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa daga ƙasar Netherlands ta zamani zuwa almara na Childrenan Yammacin Jamusanci wanda Nicholas ya jagoranta.
Kayan aiki, Kelly. "Matasa a Yakin a lokacin Tsararru na Tsakiya" a cikin The Premodern Teenager: Matasa a cikin Al'umma, 1150-1650 wanda Konrad Eisenbichler ya shirya, shafi na 207-223.
Dickson, Gary. "Stephen na Cloyes, Philip Augustus, da Yakin Jihadin Yara na 1212." a cikin tafiye-tafiye zuwa ga Allah: Hajji da Yaƙin Jihadi, ed. Barbara N. Sargent-Baur (Kalamazoo, Mich .: Wallafe-wallafe na zamanin da, 1992): 83-105.
Dickson, Gary. Yaƙin Yaran: Tarihin Zamani, Tarihin Tarihi na Zamani, 2008, Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-4039-9989-4
Sarauniya, Bernard. "Juyin Halittar Pied Piper." Littattafan Yara 7: 104–114. (DOI: 10.1353 / chl.0.0173)
Raedts, Bitrus. "Yunkurin Yaran yara na 1212", Journal of Medieval History, 3 , taƙaitaccen bayani game da tushe, batutuwa da adabi.
Russell, Frederick. "Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara", Dictionary na Zamani na Tsakiya, 1989,
Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara: Dubun-dubatar Yara suna Tattaki zuwa Holyasa Mai Tsarki amma Basu dawo ba
Chronica Regiae Coloniensis, tushen (wanda ake tsammani) asalin zamani. Daga Littafin Adireshi na daɗaɗɗen Zamani .
Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara a Taskar Tarihi Na Zamani Podcast
Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara, daga Gidan Tarihi
Cardini Franco, Del Nero Domenico, La crociata dei fanciulli, Giunti Editore, 1999,
New York Times. 1987 "Cikin Sawayen Yaƙin Jihadi na Yara" https://www.nytimes.com/1978/03/25/archives/in-the-footsteps-of-a-childrens-crusade-lost-20-pounds.html
Yaran Jihadi | Tarihi na Zamani |
53634 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CF%20Montreal | CF Montreal | CF Montréal ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Kanada wanda ke cikin Montréal, Quebec, Kanada. Kulob din yana gasar Major League Soccer (MLS) a taron Gabas . An kafa shi a cikin 1992 azaman Tasirin Montreal , ƙungiyar ta fara wasa a cikin MLS a cikin 2012 a matsayin ƙungiyar faɗaɗawa, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta goma sha tara da ƙungiyar Kanada ta uku.
A cikin 2015, Tasirin shi ne kulob na farko na Kanada kuma kulob na MLS na biyu da suka wuce zuwa wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai na CONCACAF, inda suka sha kashi a hannun Club América .
Kungiyar ta sake yin suna a matsayin Club de Foot Montréal a cikin 2021 tare da sabon salo da launuka. A cikin rashin gamsuwa da matsin lamba daga magoya baya da kafofin watsa labarai na cikin gida, kulob din ya gabatar da tambarin da aka sabunta don kakar 2023, tare da kiran kulob din kawai da CF Montréal.
CF Montréal da kulab ɗin da suka gabace ta sun lashe Kofin Voyageurs, kofin cikin gida na ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwallon ƙafa a Kanada, jimlar sau 11, biyar daga cikinsu suna cikin tsarin Gasar Kanada, gasar zakarun ƙasa don ƙwararrun kulake a Kanada da aka kafa a 2008. Kulob din yana gasa a gasar cin kofin Leagues, gasar shiyyar Arewacin Amurka don CONCACAF, kuma ya cancanci gasar cin kofin Campeones ta giciye, amma ba ya shiga gasar cin kofin US Open .
Kafa da zamanin pre-MLS
Impact de Montréal FC an kafa shi ne a cikin Disamba 1992 lokacin da dangin Saputo suka sami sabon ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka (APSL), a lokacin babban ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka da Kanada, waɗanda aka saita don fara gasa don kakar 1993. A cikin 1994, Tasirin ya ci Colorado Foxes 1–0 a Cibiyar Claude Robillard a Montréal, a gaban taron mutane 8,169. Nasarar ita ce gasar farko ga ƙwararrun ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa daga birnin Montréal. Tasirin ya kasance zakara na yau da kullun na yanayi uku a jere; daga 1995 zuwa 1996 a cikin APSL (wanda aka sake masa suna a matsayin A-League ), kuma a cikin 1997 a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar USISL A-League. A cikin 2004, Tasirin ya lashe gasar A-League ta hanyar doke Seattle Sounders 2-0 a Cibiyar Claude Robillard a Montréal, a gaban taron mutane 13,648 - sabon rikodin halartar kulob din a lokacin.
A-League an sake masa suna USL First Division a watan Nuwamba 2004. Tasirin ya fara kakar 2005 da wasanni 15 ba tare da an doke shi ba kuma ya kare da maki 10 a matsayi na biyu don lashe Kofin Kwamishina. Kungiyar Seattle Sounders ce ta fitar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. A wannan shekarar, kulob din ya sanar da gina Stade Saputo, filin wasa na musamman na ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma gidan kulob din na yanzu, wanda aka bude ranar 19 ga Mayu, 2008. Tasirin da aka maimaita a matsayin wanda ya lashe Kofin Kwamishina a 2006 kuma ya lashe gasar USL ta farko a 2009 bayan sun doke Vancouver Whitecaps da ci 6-3 a jimillar wasan karshe na kafa biyu. An buga wasa na biyu a Stade Saputo a gaban taron mutane 13,034.
Tasirin ya lashe bugu bakwai na farko na gasar cin kofin Voyageurs, kofin cikin gida don ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ga mafi kyawun ƙungiyar Kanada a cikin rukunin farko na USL, daga 2002 zuwa 2007. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, an ba da kyautar ga wanda ya lashe gasar Kanada . Tasirin ya lashe bugu na farko na gasar a shekara ta 2008 wanda ya ba kungiyar damar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta CONCACAF na farko, gasar cin kofin nahiyar ta farko. Kulob din ya ci gaba ta matakin farko da na rukuni zuwa matakin kwata-kwata na gasar zakarun Turai, inda aka doke Tasirin da ci 5-4 a jimillar kulob din Santos Laguna na Mexico. A cikin 2009, Tasirin ya sanar da shirye-shiryen shiga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Arewacin Amurka (NASL), sabon rukunin rukuni na biyu, amma saboda takaddamar shari'a da USL, maimakon haka sun shiga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun USSF ta 2 na wucin gadi na kakar wasa ɗaya a cikin 2010. Tasirin ya ƙare na uku a taron NASL na gasar kuma ya yi rashin nasara a wasan kusa da na karshe zuwa Carolina RailHawks FC . Kungiyar ta kuma jagoranci gasar a matsakaicin yawan masu halarta tare da 'yan kallo 12,608 a kowane wasa. Montréal a ƙarshe ya taka leda a cikin NASL na kakar wasa ɗaya, ya kasa samun cancantar zuwa wasan share fage, kafin shigarsu ta MLS ta maye gurbinsu.
MLS ikon amfani da ikon amfani da ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar Faransa da kuma canji
A ƙarshen 2007, an yi hasashe da yawa game da yuwuwar yunƙurin ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ƙananan yanki zuwa Major League Soccer (MLS). Gina filin wasa na Saputo wanda za'a iya faɗaɗa shi ya ƙara nuna sha'awar ƙungiyar don haye zuwa matakin farko na gasar Arewacin Amurka. Kodayake Toronto FC ta gudanar da yarjejeniyar keɓancewa na shekaru uku na Kanada wanda bai ƙare ba har zuwa 2009, sun bayyana a cikin Maris 2008 cewa za su yi farin ciki da maraba da Tasirin zuwa MLS.
Shugaban Joey Saputo ya tattauna da George Gillett (tsohon mai haɗin gwiwar Liverpool FC kuma tsohon mai kula da Montreal Canadiens ) game da yuwuwar mallakar haɗin gwiwa na ikon mallakar kamfani. A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2008, MLS ta ba da sanarwar cewa suna neman ƙara ƙungiyoyin haɓakawa guda biyu don kakar 2011, wanda aka jera Montreal a matsayin ɗan takara mai yuwuwa.
A ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2008, kwamishina Don Garber bai riƙe tayin ƙungiyar don samun ikon amfani da sunan MLS ba. Dangane da nasarar nasarar Vancouver a cikin Maris 2009, Impact GM Nick De Santis yayi sharhi cewa yana tsammanin shugaba Saputo zai bi kuma ya gane hangen nesansa na Montreal a matsayin ikon mallakar MLS wata rana. A ranar 16 ga Mayu, 2009, Jaridar Montreal Gazette ta ruwaito Garber da Saputo sun koma tattaunawa don fadada ƙungiyar don fara wasa a 2011.
A ranar 7 ga Mayu, 2010, Garber da Saputo sun sanar da Montreal a matsayin kulob na goma sha tara a Major League Soccer, wanda zai fara wasa don kakar 2012. MLS ikon mallakar ikon mallakar dangin Saputo ne na sirri.
A ranar 14 ga Yuni, 2011, Montreal Impact ta ba da sanarwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru biyar tare da Bankin Montreal don zama masu ɗaukar nauyin jagorancin su da mai daukar nauyin riga a MLS.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14649 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki%20Minaj | Nicki Minaj | Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (An haife ta ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1982),wadda akafi sani da Nicki Minaj ( /m ɪ n ɑ ʒ / ), ita ne mai Trinidadian-American rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, da kuma model.An haife ta a gundumar Saint James na Port of Spain kuma ta tashi ne a gundumar Queens da ke New York City, ta sami karbuwa a wurin jama'a bayan ta saki kayan hadawa na Playtime Is Over , Sucka Free , da Beam Me Up Scotty .
farkon aikin ta,Minaj aka san ta da kayayyaki da kuma wigs, ta bayyana kwarewa,da kuma yin amfani da alter egos da wasulla,da farko British cockney.Bayan fara waka tare da Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment, a shekara ta Minaj ta saki studio album din tana farko, Pink Friday ,wanda ta karba lamba daya a Amurka Billboard 200 ginshiƙi kuma aka bokan sau uku platinum ta Recording Industry Association of America ( RIAA). Kundin ya samar mada Minaj Billboard Hot 100 zama na farko acikin biyar, "Super Bass"
Kundin wakokinta na biyu, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded ya ga Minaj ta matsa zuwa ga rawar-pop tare da mai da hankali kan waƙar ta. An fara faifan kundin a saman jadawalin a kasashe da yawa,wanda ya haifar da Billboard Hot 100 guda daya acikin biyar, "Starships". Minaj na uku da na hudu na kundin faifai, The Pinkprint da Queen , sun nuna ficewa daga salon raye-rayen rawar rubuce-rubucen da ta gabatar da kuma komawa tushenta na hip hop,tare da tsohuwar da ke haifar da Billboard Hot na farko a cikin- guda biyar " Anaconda ". Yanayinta a kan remix na Doja Cat's"Say So " da 6ix9ine" haɗin gwiwar. Trollz",duka an sake su a cikin shekarar sun nuna alamar farko da na biyu a ɗaya a cikin Hot bi da bi, tare da na biyu, sun sa ta zama ta biyun 'yar wasan mata da fara fitowa a saman jadawalin bayan Lauryn Hill shekara ta .
A wajen kiɗa, aikin fim na Minaj ya haɗa da rawar murya a cikin animated films Ice Age: Continental Drift da The Angry Birds Movie 2 gami da matsayin tallafi a cikin finafinan ban dariya na The Other Woman da kuma Barbershop: The Next Cut . Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin alkali a lokacin twelfth season na American Idol a shekara ta . An ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu fasahan saurin na rap a kowane lokaci, Minaj ta sayar da kimanin fayafayan rikodin miliyan a duk duniya, yana mai da ta ɗaya daga cikin world's best selling music artists. A tsawon rayuwar ta, Minaj ta sami yabo da yawa, gami da kyaututtukan kiɗa na Amurka guda shida, BET Awards goma sha biyu, kyaututtukan kiɗa na MTV Video Music Awards guda huɗu, <i id="mwaA">Kyaututtukan</i> Kiɗa na <i id="mwaA">Billboard</i> guda huɗu, da Mata biyu na <i id="mwag">Allon</i> Kyautuka a cikin Wakokin . An kuma zabe ta don Grammy Awards. Minaj itace mafi girman-ranked mace rapper a kan allon-tallan ' jerin saman artists na shekarar( 2010s). A cikin shekara ta Minaj ta kasance cikin jerin Lokaci na shekara-shekara na mutane masu tasiri a duniya..
Rayuwar farko
Onika Tanya Maraj an haife ta ne a Saint James a ranar ga watan Disamba, shekarar Mahaifinta, Robert Maraj, babban jami'in harkokin kuɗi kuma mawaƙiyan bishara na ɗan lokaci, na Dougla ne (Afro-Trinidadian mahaifiyar da Indo-Trinidadian mahaifin ) zuriya.Mahaifiyarta, Carol Maraj, ita ma mawaƙa ce ta bishara tare da asalin Afro-Trinidad. Carol ta yi aiki a cikin ɓangarorin biyan kuɗi da na lissafi a lokacin ƙuruciya ta Minaj.Mahaifin Minaj ya kasance mai yawan shan giya da sauran kwayoyi, kuma yana da saurin fushi, tana ƙona gidansu a cikin watan Disamba shekarar ta .Tana da wani dattijo mai suna Jelani, wata ƙanwarta mai suna Maya, ƙanin ta mai suna Micaiah, da kuma ƙanwarta mai suna Ming.
Yayinda yake karamin yaro, Minaj da dan uwa sun zauna tare da kakanta a Saint James. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta koma Bronx a cikin New York City don halartar Kwalejin Monroe, kawo dangin zuwa Queens lokacin da Minaj ke da shekara biyar. A lokacin, dangin suna da gida a titin 147th. Minaj ya tuna, "Bana tunanin cikin gidana. Mahaifiyata ta motsa ni, amma ba ta da tsayayyar gida. Na so na zama mai tsayayyen gida. ” Minaj ta sami nasarar saurarar karatun shiga Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music & Art da kuma Arts, wanda ke mai da hankali kan zane da zane-zane . Bayan kammala karatu, Minaj ta so zama 'yar fim, sai aka sanya ta a wasan Off-Broadway A Cikin Abin da Ka Manta a shekarar ta .
A lokacin da take da shekaru yayin da take fama da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran aiki a wani Red Lobster a cikin Bronx, amma an kore ta saboda rage darajar kwastomomi. Ta ce an kore ta daga "aƙalla ayyuka saboda dalilai iri ɗaya..
== Manazarta == |
30117 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felicia%20Abban | Felicia Abban | Felicia Abban (née Ansah; haifaffiyar 1935) ita ce ƙwararriyar mace ta farko a Ghana. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto ga shugaban Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah, na shekaru masu yawa a cikin shekarun 1960.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Felicia Abban a shekara ta 1935 a yankin yammacin Ghana kuma ta girma a wani gari da ke bakin teku mai suna Sekondi-Takoradi. Ita ce kuma babba a cikin ’ya’ya shida kuma cikin sauri ta bi sawun mahaifinta JE Ansah wajen daukar hoto, kuma ta zama almajiri tun tana shekara 14. A lokacin tana da shekara 18, bayan aurenta, Felicia ta sake zama daga Takoradi zuwa Accra, inda ta kafa fadin nata.
Abban ya yi karatu a wurinsa na tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa yana aikin sana'arta kuma tana da shekaru 18 Felicia ta sake zama daga Takoradi zuwa Accra, inda ta kafa nata studio. Ta koma Accra a nan ne ta gina ta kafa nata studio domin fara aikin nata. A cikin ƴan watanni ta buɗe kasuwancinta, “Mrs. Felicia Abban Day and Night Quality Art Studio" a tsakiyar Jamestown, Accra a 1955.
Mijin Felicia, Robert Annan, shi ne ya kera wannan masana’anta da hoton Kwame Nkrumah a kan furanni tare da taswirar Ghana domin bikin samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1957. Fadin Abban kuma yana kusa da wasu dakunan karatu da suka hada da J.K. Bruce Vanderpuije's "Deo Gratias" da James Barnor's "Ever Young Studio". Sun kuma ba da gudummawa ga tarihin masu daukar hoto na Ghana a wannan lokacin. Wannan ya kasance har yanzu kafin Ghana ta sami 'yancin kai kuma "Deo Gratias shine mafi tsufa ɗakin daukar hoto har yanzu yana aiki a Accra. Kakan Tamakloe James Koblah Bruce-Vanderpuije ne ya kafa shi a cikin 1922, ya sami suna don tattara mahimman abubuwan da suka faru a tarihin ƙasar. Gidan daukar hoto na James Barnor a farkon shekarun 1950 kuma ya dauki lokaci na fitattun fitattun mutane da manyan jiga-jigan siyasa, ciki har da firaministan Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah yayin da yake kokarin samar da hadin kan kasashen Afirka baki daya da 'yancin kai daga mulkin mallaka. A farkon rayuwar Abban ta kuma yi aiki da Kamfanin Dillancin Labarai na Guinea, wanda a yanzu ake kira The Ghana Times, wadda ita ce mawallafin jam'iyyar Convention People's Party na Kwame Nkrumah lokacin da ya zama shugaban kasa.
Aikin daukar hoto
Tsawon shekaru 50, aikinta na daukar hoto ta fara lokacin da ta koyi daukar hoto daga wurin mahaifinta, kuma ta zama mace tilo da ta koyo a lokacin. Felicia Abban ita ce mace ta farko mai daukar hoto a Ghana. Ta, duk da haka, ta ci gaba da zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar hoto da ake mutuntawa a nahiyar a zamaninta - a kan biyan kuɗin Kwame Nkrumah da kuma cikakken mai sharhi kan sauyin ƙasarta. Ta shahara wajen daukar hoton kanta, musamman wadanda ta dauka gabanin wani taron a matsayin wata hanya ta tallata kasuwancinta daga shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970. Abban ya kafa Studio dinta a Accra a 1955 kuma ya dauki wasu mata a matsayin masu koyo. Daga nan sai aka gane ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan matan Ghana na farko masu daukar hoto waɗanda ke tsara labarin Afirka ta hanyar ruwan tabarau.
A lokacin samun 'yancin kai na farko, Hotunanta kuma sun yi amfani da tufafi a matsayin ainihin bayanin ainihinta kuma an yi amfani da su azaman "katunan kira" a kusa da nata kayan tarihi. Hotunan nata sun yi kama da hotunan mujallar fashion tare da ƙarin mahallin zamani. Abin da ya yi daidai a cikin waɗannan hotuna daban-daban shi ne yadda Abban ya yi amfani da tufafi don bayyana ainihin macen da ta yi wasa tare da al'ada da na zamani a cikin fasahar fasaha da aka kwatanta da birni da kuma tekun Atlantika.
Nana Oforiatta Ayim ce ta fara nunin aikinta na farko a bainar jama'a kuma an shirya shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ANO a cikin Maris 2017 kuma gallery ɗin yana da shirye-shiryen mayar da ɗakinta zuwa gidan kayan gargajiya don girmama ta. Gidan kayan tarihin, idan an kammala shi, zai taimaka wajen kiyaye aikinta don ci gaba da zama cibiyar tallafawa masu fasaha masu zuwa. Nana Oforiatta Ayim ta kuma ba da Freedom Ghana Pavilion na farko na Ghana a Venice Biennale a cikin 2019, wanda ya haɗa da Felicia Abban a cikin masu fasaha shida da aka zaɓa. Hotunan Abban da na kansa sun yi wani ɗan lokaci a tarihin Ghana ta hanyar kallon mace wanda ba kawai salonsu ba har ma da halayensu a lokacinsa.
An kuma nuna aikin Felicia Abban a bugu na 12 na haduwar Bamako na shekarar 2019. Tarin Hotunan Abban na sirri sun ƙunshi hotunan kai kafin ta halarci events. Ta yi ritaya daga daukar hoto sakamakon mummunan yanayin ciwon huhu.
Rayuwar iyali
Felicia ta auri Robert Abban, mutumin da ya kera katangar don tunawa da bikin samun ‘yancin kai a Ghana a shekarar 1957 tare da hoton Kwame Nkrumah da ke dauke da furanni masu dauke da taswirar Ghana. Mista Abban ya kasance daraktan kirkire-kirkire na tsohon kamfanin masana'antu da masana'antu na Ghana (GTMC). Ta taka rawar gani wajen baiwa mai shirya fina-finan Seminal Kwaw Ansah jagoranci, da kuma mai tsara kayan kwalliya Kofi Ansah wanda dukkansu daya ne daga cikin ‘yan uwanta.
Rayayyun mutane |
38880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanessa%20Nakate | Vanessa Nakate | Articles with hCards
Vanessa Nakate (an Haife ta ranar 15 ga watan Nuwamba ta shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da shida 1996,yar gwagwarmayar ce sannan tana kwatanta Adalci a yankin Yuganda. ta girma a yankin Kampala, kuma ta zama shahararriyar a watan Disamba na shekarata ta duba biyu da sha takwas 2018. bayan ta damu da yanayin zafi da ba'a saba ganin ta ba.
Rayuwar farko
Nakate ta girma ne a babban birnin Uganda wato kampala.Nakate ta kammala karatun digiri tare ta na farko a fannin kasuwanci,a cikin digiri na talla daga Makarantar Kasuwancin Jami'ar Makerere .
Ayyuka don yanayin
Greta Thunberg ta yi wahayi zuwa ga fara motsin yanayi nata a Uganda, Nakate ta kuma fara yajin aikin kadaici kan rashin daukar mataki kan rikicin yanayi a cikin Janairu 2019. Tsawon watanni da dama ita kadai ce mai zanga-zanga a wajen kofar majalisar dokokin Uganda . Daga ƙarshe, wasu matasa sun fara amsa kiran da ta yi a kan kafofin watsa labarun don wasu don taimakawa wajen jawo hankali ga yanayin dazuzzuka na Kongo. Nakate ya kafa kungiyar Matasa don Gabatar Afirka da kuma Rise Up Movement mai tushen Afirka.
A cikin Disamba 2019, Nakate ya yi magana a taron COP25 a Spain, tare da matasa masu fafutukar yanayi Greta Thunberg da Alejandro Martínez.
A farkon Janairun shekarar 2020, ta haɗu da kusan 20 sauran matasa masu fafutukar yanayi daga ko'ina cikin duniya don buga wasiƙa ga mahalarta taron tattalin arzikin duniya a Davos, suna kira ga kamfanoni, bankuna da gwamnatoci da su daina ba da tallafin albarkatun mai . Ta kasance daya daga cikin wakilai biyar na kasa da kasa da Arctic Basecamp ya gayyace su zuwa sansaninsu a Davos yayin taron tattalin arzikin duniya; Daga baya wakilan sun shiga tattakin yanayi a ranar karshe ta dandalin.
A watan Oktoba na 2020, Nakate ya ba da jawabi a Laccar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya ta Desmond Tutu yana kira ga shugabannin duniya da su "tashi" kuma su amince da sauyin yanayi a matsayin rikici, daure shi da talauci, yunwa, cututtuka, rikici da cin zarafin mata da 'yan mata. "Sauyin yanayi mafarki ne mai ban tsoro da ya shafi kowane bangare na rayuwarmu," in ji ta. “Ta yaya za mu iya kawar da talauci ba tare da duba wannan rikicin ba? Ta yaya za mu iya cimma matsananciyar yunwa idan sauyin yanayi ya bar miliyoyin mutane ba su da abin ci? Za mu ga bala'i bayan bala'i, kalubale bayan kalubale, wahala bayan wahala idan ba a yi wani abu game da wannan ba." Ta kuma yi kira ga shugabanni da su bar wuraren jin dadinsu su ga hadarin da muke ciki su yi wani abu a kai. Wannan lamari ne na rayuwa da mutuwa.”
Nakate ya fara aikin Green Schools Project, wani shiri na makamashi mai sabuntawa, wanda ke da nufin sauya makarantu a Uganda zuwa makamashin hasken rana da sanya murhu masu dacewa da muhalli a wadannan makarantu. Ya zuwa yanzu, aikin ya gudanar da ayyuka a makarantu talatin.
A ranar 9 ga Yuli 2020 Vanessa Nakate ta yi hira da Angelina Jolie wanda mujallar Time ta shirya game da ƙarfi da mahimmancin muryoyin Afirka a cikin motsin adalci na yanayi. A watan Agusta, mujallar Jeune Afrique ta bayyana ta a cikin manyan 100 da suka fi tasiri a Afirka. A watan Agustan 2020, Vanessa Nakate ta haɗu da tsohon Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon a Dandalin Alpbach don tattauna gwagwarmayar yanayi.
A watan Satumba, Vanessa ta yi magana a kan wani kwamiti mai suna "Sparking Era of Transformational Climate Leadership" don Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya; ta yi magana game da hangen nesanta a cikin "Tattaunawa da Masu Canjin Yanayi" na Oxfam. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanar da Vanessa Nakate a matsayin shugabar matasa na SDG 13 a cikin 2020 . An nuna Nakate a cikin Mata 100 na OkayAfrica, wani dandali ne na musamman don karrama mata 100 ƙwararrun ƴan ƙasashen waje a lokacin watan tarihin mata. An ambaci Nakate a cikin manyan matasan Afirka masu tasiri a cikin 2020 ta YouthLead. Nakate ya kasance babban mai magana a Tattaunawar Canjin Makamashi ta Berlin 2021 akan 16 Maris 2021 tare da wasu manyan shugabannin duniya. Jawabin nata ya hada da sukar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen tarayyar Jamus a matsayin masu shirya bitar abubuwan da matasa masu fafutukar kare sauyin yanayi suka bayar wadanda ba a shafi sauran masu magana da aka gayyata ba.
Da yake rubutawa a cikin The Guardian a watan Oktoba 2021, Nakate ya bayar da hujjar cewa kasashe da kamfanoni da ke da alhakin fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya kamata su biya kasashen Afirka da al'ummomin Afirka asara da barnar da ta taso daga sauyin yanayi da suke fama da ita a yanzu.
A cikin hirar 2019 da Amy Goodman don Dimokuradiyya Yanzu!, Nakate ta bayyana dalilinta na daukar matakin sauyin yanayi : "Kasar ta ta dogara da noma sosai, saboda haka yawancin mutane sun dogara ne akan noma. Don haka idan aka lalata gonakinmu da ambaliyar ruwa, idan aka lalata gonakin da fari kuma amfanin amfanin gona ya ragu, hakan yana nufin farashin abinci zai yi tsada. Don haka sai wanda ya fi kowa gata ne kawai zai iya siyan abinci. Kuma su ne manyan masu fitar da iska a kasashenmu, wadanda za su iya tsira daga matsalar abinci, yayin da mafi yawan mutanen da ke zaune a kauyuka da yankunan karkara, suna fuskantar matsalar samun abinci saboda tsadar kayayyaki. Kuma wannan yana haifar da yunwa da mutuwa. A zahiri, a gundumara, rashin ruwan sama yana nufin yunwa da mutuwa ga marasa galihu.”
An nada ta a matsayin jakadiyar UNICEF.
Ra'ayin Siyasa
Nakate yana kan majalisar Progressive International, ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke haɓaka siyasar hagu mai ci gaba . Ta soki tsarin jari hujja, tana danganta shi da lalata muhalli .
Kece daga hoto
A cikin Janairu 2020, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press (AP) ya cire Nakate daga hoton da ta fito a cikin nuna Greta Thunberg da masu fafutuka Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, da Loukina Tille bayan sun halarci taron tattalin arzikin duniya . Nakate ya zargi kafafen yada labarai da halin wariyar launin fata. Kamfanin dillancin labaran Associated Press daga baya ya canza hoton kuma ya nuna babu wata manufa ta rashin lafiya, ba tare da gabatar da uzurin ta ba. A ranar 27 ga Janairu, 2020, editan zartarwa na AP, Sally Buzbee, ta aika sakon ban hakuri ta hanyar amfani da asusunta na sirri tana mai cewa ta yi nadama a madadin AP. Nakate ta mayar da martani da cewa ba ta yarda da kalaman AP ko uzurinsu ba, inda ta kara da cewa: “Duk da cewa wannan lamari ya cutar da ni da kaina, na ji dadi saboda ya kara daukar hankalin masu fafutuka a Afirka. . . .Watakila kafofin watsa labarai za su fara kula da mu ba kawai lokacin da mu ke fama da bala’o’in yanayi ba.”
Nakate ta sami lambar yabo ta dokar Haub muhalli na 2021 don karrama diflomasiyyarta ta 'yan ƙasa wajen kawo muryar tsararrakinta ga yaƙin neman zaɓe na muhalli na duniya da kuma ƙwazonta na fafutukar yanayi a Uganda da kuma bayanta.
Vanessa Nakate da Wasu Matasa Masu fafutuka shida Wanda Babban Taron Matasa Masu fafutuka na 2020 ya karrama yayin Tattaunawa kai tsaye akan Duniyar Bayan-COVID-19. Haɗa Sama da Mutane 8,600 Daga Ƙasashe 100.
Nakate tana cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC da aka sanar a ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2020.
Hakanan tana cikin jerin Time100 na gaba wanda mujallar TIME ta buga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2021, kuma an nuna ta a bangon TIME's Nuwamba 8/15 ga Nuwamba, 2021.
A cikin 2022, Nakate ta sami lambar yabo ta Helmut-Schmidt-Future-Future-Prize don jajircewarta, sabbin abubuwa, ayyukan da suka dace don amfanin gama gari na duniya da adalcin yanayi. Bundeskanzler-Helmut-Schmidt-Stiftung, Die Zeit da Sabuwar Cibiyar ne suka ba da kyautar.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hardback edition indicated, 256pages.
Duba kuma
Kelvin Doe
Greta Thunberg
Alexandria Villaseñor
Nyombi Morris
Evelyn Aham
Elizabeth Wathuti
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1996 |
45360 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanta%20Kotal | Kanta Kotal | Muhammad Kanta Kotal wanda aka fi sani da Kanta Kotal Jarumin Hausa ne kuma Janar na Soja wanda ya zama Sarkin Masarautar Kebbi na farko, a yanzu kebbi jiha ce a Arewacin Najeriya. Kanta shi ne babban mai kula da lardin Lekka (a yanzu wurin ake kira Kebbi), a ƙarƙashin daular Songhai.
A matsayinsa na Janar a Sojan Songhai, ana zarginsa da kasancewa jigo a yaƙin da ake zargin cewa daular ta mamaye Jihohin Hausa biyar ( Kano, Gobir, Katsina, Zazzau da Zamfara ) da ma Agadez. Kanta ya yi wa Askia mai girma tawaye bayan an samu saɓani a kan wata ganimar yaƙi tare da ayyana Kebbi a matsayin masarauta mai cin ƙashin kanta. Daga nan sai ya sake gyara birnin tare da ƙarfafa kariyarsa kuma ya sami damar daƙile hare-haren ramuwar gayya da daular Songhai ta yi da kuma cin galaba a kansu a faɗace-faɗace da dama. Kanta Kotal zai ci gaba da cin galaba a kan wasu daga cikin tsoffin yankunanta da suka haɗa da wasu jahohin ƙasar Hausa da Agadez, tare da korar sojojin Songhai a waɗannan yankuna. Kotal kuma zai yi nasarar fatattakar daular Bornu da kuma hana Moroko daga isa ƙasar Hausa.
Hazikin shugaba kuma jarumi marar tsoro, na ɗan wani lokaci, Kebbi ta zama ƙasa mafi karfi a ƙasar Hausa kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan masarautu a yankin Sahel a farkon rabin ƙarni na 16. A lokacin da ta yi tsayin daka, Kebbi ta yi nasarar kokawa da wasu jihohi masu ƙarfi a nahiyar. Kanta Kotal na ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin gungun manyan shugabanni da suka taso a yankin Sahel tsakanin ƙarni na 14 zuwa 16.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Muhammad ga gimbiya Tamatu ƴar Katsina. An ce mahaifinsa Mukata daga zuriyar Uthman Nann Ibn Mas'ud ne wanda aka ce shi ne shugaban wata ƙungiya mai kula da samar da ruwan sha a ɗakin Ka'aba. Kanta ya bar birnin Katsina ya zama makiyayi ga fula. Nan da nan ya tabbatar da kansa a matsayin babban jarumi. Ya kayar da duk wani abokin hamayyar da ya yi dambe ko ya yi kokawa da shi, inda ya samu inkiyar ko laƙabin "Kotal", wanda ke nufin "Bai da abokin karawa-(bai da tsara a wurin karawa)".
Aikin soja
A ƙarshen ƙarni na 15, Kotal ya shiga sojan daular Songhai inda aka naɗa shi shugaban yaƙi mai kula da yankin Kebbi. An ce Kanta ya taimaka wa daular a yakin da ta yi da ƙasar Hausa. Daga nan sai ya shiga rundunar sarki a kan nasarar da suka yi a Agadez. Har ila yau, ta yiwu balaguron da aka yi wa ƙasar Hausa shi kaɗai ne ya yi shi a wani lokaci.
Rigima da Tawaye Akan Askia
Bayan balaguro a Agadez, Kotal ya damu da cewa Sarkin bai yi niyyar raba ganima ba. A lokacin da ya bayyana damuwarsa ga Dendi Fari (Gwamnan Gabas) ya ƙi yarda da cewa Yarima zai ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan tawaye idan ya yi haka. Wasu daga cikin mutanen Kotal ne suka zo masa da irin wannan abin da suka yi na ganimar, ya bayyana musu abin da ya faru tsakaninsa da Dendi Fari, amma ya tabbatar musu da cewa idan za su goya masa baya zai yi da’awar kasonsu na ganimar idan sun amince. Ya koma Dendi-Fari, amma an sake hana shi, sai aka gwabza yaki tsakanin mutanensa da sojojin daular. Sojojin Kanta sun yi nasarar kakkabe nasu da sojojin sarakunan suka yi ta gwabzawa da su, inda ya wargaza kawancensa da Askiya, ya dawo ya naɗa kansa a matsayin Sarki.
Sarkin Kebbi
Muhammad Kanta Kotal ya ayyana Kebbi a matsayin masarauta kuma shi ne Sarkinta na farko. Ya gina tudu da ramuka don tabbatar da tsaro a Kebbi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan gine-gine har yanzu suna nan a tsaye musamman a babban birnin Surame. Daga nan sai ya yi da'awar tsohon yankin Songhai da suka haɗa da Agadez da wasu sassan yankuna a ƙasar Hausa ciki har da Yauri.
Yaƙe-yaƙe da Daular Songhai
Kanta ya yi wa Askia Muhammed kwanton ɓauna a rangadin larduna da ya saba yi duk shekara tare da tilasta masa guduwa. Kebbi ta sami cikakken ƴancin kai shekara guda bayan da ta fatattaki sojojin Songhai a yankin Tara, a shekarar 1517. Masarautar Songhai sun yi yunƙurin kwato Kebbi amma yunkurinsu haƙa bata cimma ruwa ba'-(yunkurin ya ci tura ko basu yi nasara ba). Musamman ma dai sun yi wani kukan kura don murƙushe Kebbi a yankin Watarmasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Askia Mohammad Benkan inda suka sha da ƙyar, kuma aka tilasta musu guduwa daga Kebbi a gagarumar fafatawar, shi kansa jagoran yaƙin, Askia da kyar ya tsira da ransa. Wannan mummunan shan kashi ya taimaka wajen faɗuwar daular Songhai. Ba da daɗewa ba Moroccans-(Yan Maroko) suka mamaye daular kuma ba su yi daidai da ci gaban musket ɗinsu da igwa ba.
Balaguro a Bornu da sauran Yaƙe-yaƙe
An ce Kanta Kotal ya ci wasu jihohin yankin da suka haɗa da Nupe da Zabarma kuma tasirin sarkin ya kai har zuwa kudu. A shekarar 1545, Kebbi ta samu galaba (akan wani mai Mai suna)- Mai ' na Sojojin Bornu. Bornu ƙarƙashin, Mai Muhammad Ibn Idrissi sun taimaka wa Agadez bayan sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya amma sai aka tilasta musu gudu zuwa Unguru inda su kai rashin nasara har sau bakwai a yaƙe-yaƙen da su kayi da Kebbi.
Yaƙar Moors-(ƴan moroko)
Ƴan Maroko sun yi yunƙurin mamaye ƙasar Hausa ta yamma, amman Kebbi ta ci su da yaƙi.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Duk da yake Kotal Kanta na da ƙwar-ƙwar da yawa, amman ance yana da mata ɗaya da aka ce mummuna ce.
Muhammad Kanta Kotal ya rasu ne sakamakon kibiya mai guba bayan da wasu ƴan daba su ka kai masa hari a Dugul Katsina a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa daga balaguro a Bornu. Ya rasu a Jirwa, Katsina amma an kai shi gida aka binne shi a Surame. Ɗan sa Muhammadu, ne ya gaje shi. Sai dai Kebbi za ta ci gaba da mamaye yankunan Gobir, Zamfara da Agadez har zuwa ƙarni na 18 lokacin da kawance tsakanin Jihohin ya karya ikon Kebbi a kansu.
Jarumi a ƙasar Hausa
Jihar Kebbi
Masarautu a Nijeriya
Tarihin Najeriya |
14016 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Malaman%20Afrika | Majalisar Malaman Afrika | Majalisar Malaman Afrika majalissar malamai ce dake nahiyar Afirka a kudancin sahara.
Tunanin kafa wannan Majalisa ta malaman Afrika, wadda take kudancin sahara,duk lokacin da aka haɗu a wuraren taruka da sauran hidimomi, irin wadanda malaman Afrika kan halarta tare da bayar da tasu gudunmawa. Sawa’un waxannan taruka, irin waxanda ake shiryawa ne tare da kuma gudanarwa a cikin wannan yanki na Afrika ko a wajensa. Kai har aka wayi gari wannan tunani ya zama wani abin tattaunawa da tsokaci a tsakanin malaman wannan nahiya, ta hanyar musayar saqonni irin na kar-ta-kwana ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa na zamani. A haka kuma har aka gamsu da cewa, lokaci fa ya yi, wanda kuma ya kamata a cikinsa, a fito da wannan tunani a fili kuma a aikace. Musamman, saboda ganin irin yadda sabbin abubuwa da dama, suke ta kara faruwa kuma a cikin gaggawa a duniyarmu ta yau, mai cike da qungiyoyi da majalisu barkatai, farare da baqaqe.
Abin da yake tafe a cikin wannan takarda, wani xan taqaitaccen tarihi ne na wannan Majalisa, da irin yadda aka shimfixa tare da kafa ta tun farko har zuwa yau..
An yi tunanin kafa wannan Majalisa ne a kan tunani, da manufar ta zama wani qasaitaccen zaure ga malaman wannan yanki na duniyar Afirka da ke kudancin sahara, wanda zai zama wata makoma ta ilimi da neman fatawa, tare da yin gagarumin tasiri a tsakanin gaba dayan al’umomin Afrika. Wata manufar kuma ita ce, inganta matsayi da irin gudunmawar da malamai masu wa’azi suke bayarwa, a wayi gari sun zama jagoran rayuwa ga gaba dayan al’umomi da ma qabilu da suke rayuwa a wannan yanki, ta hanyar samarwa fatawa cikakken tsari da kangado. Burin wannan Majalisa ne, ta riqa tsoma baki a cikin al’amurra da matsalolin rayuwar jama’ar wannan yanki, ta gaba daya. Sa’annan kuma ta zama ita ce ke magana da yawun bakin musulman wannan yanki na Afrika,dama daukacin tarukan cikin gida, da na waje, da ma matakin duniya baki daya.
Babban qudurin wannan Majalisa shi ne, samar da wata makoma ta ilimi irin na Shari’ar Musulunci, wanda zai zama sanadi kuma ginshiqin daukaka da cigaba da bunqasar al’ummar musulmi da suke cikin wannan yanki na Afrika.
Babban nauyin da yake kan wannan Majalisa shi ne rayawa, ingantawa tare da fitowa da qoqarce-qoqarcen malaman nahiyar Afrika, da haxa kansu a matsayin tsintsiya madaurinki daya, domin hakan ya ba su cikakkar damar jagorancin al’umominsu a bisa ingantaccen tafarki Addinin Musulunci.
Dalilan Massasa Majalisar
Akwai manyan dalilai, da suka haifar da tunanin kafa wannan majalisa, da suka haɗa da;
Rashin wani zaure qwara daya, da ake da shi a wannan nahiya, a matsayin makoma da musulmin Afrika a cikin al’amurra na ilimi.
Rashin sauti daya, da yake wakiltar gaba dayan Al’umman musulmin wannan nahiya, idan ana zancen manyan matsaloli, da suka shafe su a matsayin al’umma.
Yawaitar matsaloli da tashe-tashen hankula, da sauran nau’ukan gwagwarmayoyin rayuwa, wadanda musulmi suke cikinsu tsundum.
Warwatsewar qoqarce-qoqarcen malaman da’awa, da rashin hadin kan da yake tsakaninsu.
Rashin isasshen ilimi da zai bayar da damar bayar da ingantattun fatawoyi.
Manyan Dokokin Gudanarwa
Manyan dokokin gudanar da wannan Majalisa a matsayin siyasar tafiyarwa, sun hada da:
Aiki da Alqur’ani da Sunna bisa fahimtar magabatan farko shiryayyu, bisa aqida matsakaiciya, wadda babu zurfafawa ko kasawa a cikin ta.
Kula da gaba dayan yankunan wannan nahiya ta Afirka komai nisan su, ta bangaren kafawa da gudanarwa, tare da samar da wakilci na haqiqa daga kowane yanki na nahiyar.
Gudanar da ayyukan Majalisa bisa tsari na cikakken gashin kai, tare da nisantar karbar umarni daga kowace irin kasa ko kungiya.
Kulla kyakkyawan zumunci da gaba dayan al’umomin nahiyar Afirka, ta hanyar alkinta matsayin wakilansu, tare da shirya taruka a kasashe da garuruwansu, wadanda suke dauke da sako mai ma’ana da manufa da kamanni iri daya.
Amfani da kwararru a fagen ilimi da aiki, domin daukar matakai da yanke shawarwari, da bayyana fahimta da ra’ayoyi.
Dogara a kan hanyoyi da dabaru irin na hikima da fasaha a fagen ilimi, domin mu’amala da wasu qungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ma’aikatun Gwamnati, da sauran vangaroran al’umma, wadanda ba fahimtarmu daya ba, da su.
Yin cikakken amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kafofinta, na zamani a fagen yadawa da isar da saqonnin Majalisar a fadin nahiyar ta Afrika.
Majalisar kuma, za ta bude kofofinta ga maza da mata, da suke son yin aiki tare da ita, amma, bisa sharudda da qa’idoji irin na Shari’ah.
Gurace-guracen wannan Majalisa sun hada da:
Samar da wata makoma ta ilimi da da’awa, wadda za ta riga daidaitawa da kuma tsara yadda ya kamata qoqarce-qoqarcen malamai, na ilimi da da’awa, su gudana a wannan nahiya ta Afrika.
Samar da qasaitacciyar makoma ta Musulunci, wadda za ta riqa magana da yawun musulmin nahiyar Afrika, a duk lokacin da aka hadu da qungiyoyi da ma’aikatu na ilimi da jami’an gwamnatocin qasashe da kuma na qasa da qasa.
Bayar da gudunmawa tare da raya qoqarce-qoqarcen da malamai suke yi na karantarwa da ilmantarwa ga al’umomin wannan nahiya ta Afrika.
Karfe kakakin fatawa daga hannun wadanda ba su cancanta ba, musamman a cikin manyan al’amurra da suka shafi gaba daya al’ummar nahiyar Afrika.
Samarwa tare da inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin manya da qananan al’umomin nahiyar Afrika.
Samarwa tare da bude kafafen sadarwa domin hulda da wasu Majalisu da qungiyoyi na Musulunci masu irin wannan hidima da kula da al’amurran al’ummar musulmi.
Domin tabbatar da cin nasarar gudanar da wasu gurace-gurace, wannan Majalisa za ta bi hanyoyi kamar haka:
Shirya yadda al’amurran ilimi da da’awa da tarbiyya za su riqa gudana a wannan nahiya ta Afrika.
Kafa wuraren gudanar da hidimomi irin na ilimi da da’awa da tarbiyya, da kuma kula da su.
Bunqasawa da qarfafa qungiyoyi da cibiyoyin harkokin Musulunci na cikin gida da qananan yankuna.
Bugawa tare da watsa bayanai a kan manyan al’amurran da suka shafi al’umma, ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa.
Gabatar da nasihohi da gargadi da luraswa ga dukan bangarorin da suke bukata.
Yin tsaye tsayin daka a kan ganin an warware rikittan da suka shafi musulmin wannan nahiya.
Bayar da fatawa a kan manyan al’amurra da sabbin matsaloli.
Shirya taruka manya da qanana irin na ilimi da da’awa, tare da shirya taruka irin na qara wa juna ilimi da za su shafi gaba dayan nahiyar.
Shirya wadansu taruka irin na koyarwa da habaka hikima da fasaha, don amfanin ‘ya’yan wannan nahiya masu baiwa ta musamman.
Shiryawa tare da bugawa da yada ayyukan bincike da nazari.
Samar da wadansu shiraruwa wadanda za a riqa saurare da kallo, a cikin harshen Gwamnatocin qasashe da qabilun Afrika.
Samarwa tare da amfani da gaba dayan kafofin sadarwa
Raya Masallatai da mimbarorinsu, da kuma samar musu da limamai da malamai wadanda suka cancanta, domin saqon da suke isarwa ga al’umma ya zama nagartacce.
Samar da tsararrun bayanai da suke magana a kan Musulunci, a wannan nahiya ta Afrika, wadanda za su bayar da cikakkar damar nazarin Musulunci da sanin makamarsa a sauqaqewa.
Qa’idojin Zaɓen Mambobi
Qa’ida ne kafin a zabi mutum a matsayin manba a wannan Majalisi, ya cika wadannan sifofi:
Lallai ne ya kasance mutum mai cikakken tasiri da fada a ji a yankinsa.
Lalle ne ya kasance mai kyakkyawan tarihi; ba wanda ya shahara da ayyukan barna da badala ba.
Tsare-tsaren Bunqasa Ayyukan Mambobi
Saboda bukatar da take akwai ta bunqasuwa tare da inganta ayyukan mambobin wannan Majalisa a tsakanin jama’arsu, wannan Majalisa ta dauri aniyar gudanar da wadansu tsare-tsare, da gabatar da wadansu hidimomi zuwa gare su. Amma, da sharadin rashin kasancewar wadannan abubuwa samammu gare su qarqashin tanade-tanaden da suke hannun cibiyoyi da sauran qungiyoyin abokan aiki, da suke kula da irin wannan hidima ta da’awa da sauran ayyukan Musulunci, a yankunasu. Wadannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa da:
Samar da adiresai da sauran shafukan ilimi a yanar gizo, da za su sauqaqe hanyar watsawa da yada karance-karance da fatawowinsu.
Alkinta yanayin Masallatai, da gina cibiyoyi, da samar da dakunan karatu.
Tabbatar da ganin an nada an kuma watsa aikace-aikacensu na ilimi da da’awa, tare da kusantar da su ga al’umma da sauran daliban ilimi.
Shirya taruka irin na bayar da horo domin bunqasa yanayin jagoranci da tasiri da qwarewar da suke da shi.
Tsarin Shugabanci
Manyan Ginshiqai
Al-Jam’iyyatul Ámmah (Mahadar dukan mambobi)
Al-Mu’utamarul Ám (Taron wakilai na ko ina)
Al-Majalisul Ám (Babbar mahadar shugabanni)
Majalisar Zartaswa:
Arri’ásah (Shugabancin Majalisa)
Al’amanatul Ámmah (Sakatariya)
Al-Lijánul Fanniyyah wal- Far’iyyah Addá’imah (Kwamitoci na ayyuka na musamman da kuma na din-din-din)
Qa’idojin Zaben Babban Ofishi
Kafin a zabi wuri a matsayin inda za a kafa babban ofishin wannan majalisa, sai an yi la’akari da wadannan abubuwa kamar haka:
o Rinjayen Musulunci a wurin.
o Rinjayen Sunnah a wurin.
o Rashin tashe-tashen hankali irin na Siyasa.
o Sassafcin dokokin rajista da ayyukan qungiyoyi.
o Qaqqarfan asasi irin na a zo a gani a fagen na’urorin sadarwa.
o Wadatar rukunnai da muqarraban gudanar da ayyukan Musulunci.
Matakan Kafa Majalisar
Mataki na Farko: Tunani
Tunanin samar da qasaitacciyar makoma ta Musulunci a farfajiyar nahiyar Afrika, tunani ne da ya samu gindin zama a zukatan malamai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ayyukan Musulunci a cikinta. Sauran abin da ya rage kuma na wannan tunani, ya cigaba da bunqasa ne ta hanyar tattaunawa a tsakanin wadannan rukunnai biyu, a duk inda suka haxu a wasu taruka, da kuma ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa na zamani a matakin daidaiku. A haka har aka cimma mataki da qoqarin aiwatarwa. Sai dai akwai bukatar samar da wani rukuni da zai kula da tuntuba da bibiya, da kuma tanade-tanade na wajibi.
Mataki na Biyu: Kafawa
Bayan gudanar da shawarwari da musayar tunani da nazari, sai aka cimma matsayin cirata daga wannan mataki zuwa mataki na gaba, wato kafawa. Wadanda kuma aka tuntuba a lokacin gudanar da wadannan shawarwari sun hada da:
Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Lauhu, daga Senegal
Dr. Sa’id Muhammad Baba Sílah, daga Málí
Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, daga Najeriya
Bayan haka ne fa, aka samu kammala samar da asasin wannan Majalisa a cikin qwaqwalwa, a kan hanyar ciratar da shi zuwa haqiqa. Wadannan bayanai ma da muke gabatarwa yanzu suna daga cikin wadancan tsare-tsare.
Mataki na Uku: Bayar da Sanarwa
Wannan shi ne babban mataki kuma ginshiqi a fagen qoqarin kafa wannan Majalisa. A wancan mataki na kafawa, mambobinsa sun riga sun samar da asasi na farko, wanda a cikinsa aka amince da zabar wadansu zaqaquran malamai na wannan nahiya ta Afrika, wadanda za su zama su ne mambobin kwamitin tabbatarwa da kafa Majalisar, da suka hada da:
§ Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Lauhu, daga Senegal
§ Dr. Sa’id Muhammad Baba Sílah, daga Málí
§ Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, daga Najeriya
§ Dr. Bashir Adam, daga Ghana
§ Dr. Sa’id Burhan, daga Juzrul- qamar
§ Dr. Musa Fadiga, daga Sahilul- Áj
§ Dr. Yahaya Abdallah Ahmad, daga Chadi
§ Shaikh Khalfan Khumais, daga Kenya
§ Shaikh Gahutu Abdalkarim, daga Ruwanda
§ Shaikh Muhammad Zainu Zahruddin, daga Ethopia
§ Shaikh Salim Bar Hayyan, daga Tanzaniya
§ Shaikh Bilal Isma’il, daga Afrika ta kudu
Ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba, sai wannan kwamiti ya shiga aikinsa gadan-gadan, ta hanyar amfani da kafafen sadarwa na yanar gizo da sauran shafukan sadarwa na zamani, da tattaunawa ta hanyar waya. A karshe, aka yanke shawarar haduwa a birnin Makkah mai alfarma, a daidai lokacin gudanar da aikin Umra, domin gudanar da tattaunawa ta qarshe a kan yadda wannan Majalisa za ta kasance, da kuma bayar da sanarwa a kan ta, daga wannan bigire, inda hasken Musulunci ya samo asali. Wannan haduwa kuwa ta kasance ne tsakanin 7-12 ga watan rabi’us sání 1432H wanda ya yi daidai da 9-14 ga watan Maris 2011, wanda takwas daga cikin mambobin wannan kwamiti suka samu halarta. A qarshen wannan haduwa kuma an yi matsaya a kan wadannan abubuwa:
1) Tabbatarwa tare da shimfida tsarin asasin wannan Majalisa.
2) Shirya tsare-tsaren gudanar da babban taron qaddamarwa, da ambata inda za a yi. A qarshe, aka amince da gabatar da taron a Bamako babban birnin qasar Mali, a tsakanin 7 zuwa 9 ga watan Rajab 1432, wanda ya yi daidai da 8 zuwa 10 ga watan 7 na 2011. Daga baya kuma aka aminta da daga shi zuwa 9 zuwa 11 ga SSha’aban 1432, wanda ya yi daidai da 8 zuwa 10 ga Yuli 2011.
3) Zabe tare da samar da jerin sunayen wadanda za su zama mambobin farko, zakarun gwajin dafi, gwargwadon masaniyar da su ‘ya’yan wannan kwamiti suke da ita a kan kowane daya daga cikinsu. Sa’annan kuma a bar kofar zauren a bude domin bayar da damar cigaba da zaqulo irin wadannan mutane, da suka cika sharuddan da aka gindaya tun da farko. Babbar matsalar da aka fuskanta a wannan mataki, ita ce samun cikakken adireshin mutanen da aka ga dacewarsu, balle a iya sanar da su. Sai dai kawai aka sha alwashi tare da lasar takobin tabbatar da ganin an isar musu da wannan saqo ta kowane hali, bayan wannan taro, domin su samu damar halartar taro na gaba wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci, sai kuwa wanda samun adireshin nasa ya faskara.
4) Samar da wata cibiya, wadda za ta yi riqon qwarya na jagorancin wannan Majalisa, wadda kuma ita ce za ta tsara yadda wannan babban taro na qaddamarwa zai kasance.
5) Zana taswirar tsare-tsaren da suka zama dole don shiryawa da gudanar da wannan taro na qaddamarwa.
6) Samar da jadawalin tabbatar da gurin wannan Majalisa na shekaru hamsin nan gaba.
7) Tuntubar manyan qungiyoyin bayar da agajin ayyukan alhairi, na Afrika domin nemo gudunmawar gudanar da wannan taro.
Babban Taro
Allah, cikin ikonsa an samu gudanar da wannan babban taro na qaddamar da wannan Majalisa kamar yadda aka tsara; a garin Bamako, babban birnin qasar Mali, wanda baqi da daman gaske daga wannan nahiya ta Afrika da wajenta suka halarta. Daga wannan lokaci ne kuma aka bayar da sanarwar kafuwar wannan Majalisa ta Malaman Afrika. Lokaci wanda, daga bayansa ne kuma aka shiga aiki gadan-gadan, a matakin ginawa, da aiki irin na hadin guiwa.
Abokan Aiki
Tun lokacin da wannan Majalisa ta karbi zanannen sunanta, take neman abokan aiki irin ta, wadanda suka damu da al’amurran Musulunci a fadin wannan nahiya ta Afrika, domin ta hada hannu da su. Ta kuma yi haka ne sakamakon nazarin qwaqwaf tare da shata bangaroran da ake da bukata da wannan qawance a cikin su. Wannan qawance kuma, abu ne mai sauqi, ya wuce iyakokin wannan nahiya ta Afrika, ya hada har da wadansu bangarora na musayar dabaru, da sha’anin kudi, da kwarewa, da tsare-tsare a wasu bangarora da al’amurra daban-daban.
Mafi girman abin da ya kamata mu kalla a daidai wannan mataki, shi ne abin da Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya gaya wa Annabin sa sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, wanda shi ne jagora, kuma babbar Makarantarmu, wato: “Kuma ka yi shawara da su a cikin al’amari. Kuma idan ka yi azama, to, ka dogara ga Allah. Lalle ne Allah yana son masu tawakkali.” Suratu Ali Imran: 159 Alhamdu lillah |
34300 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Hamlin | Michael Hamlin | Michael Leon Hamlin (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 21, 1985) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Amurka a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa don Dallas Cowboys, Jacksonville Jaguars, da Washington Redskins . Ya buga kwallon kafa na kwaleji a Jami'ar Clemson .
Shekarun farko
Hamlin ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lamar . Ya yi takara a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon kwando. A matsayinsa na na biyu, ya kasance ɗan wasa ta hanya biyu a faɗin mai karɓa da aminci, yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar ta kai wasan zakarun jihar na 2001.
A matsayinsa na babba, ya yi rikodin 4 interceptions (ya jagoranci tawagar), 20 liyafar don 290 yadudduka, 4 touchdowns, 148 punt dawo yadudduka, 179 kickoff dawo yadudduka kuma ya jefa 3 wucewa ga 2 touchdowns, ciki har da daya ga ɗan'uwansa a cikin jihar take game. .
Hamlin ya kammala karatunsa na sakandare tare da tsangwama 23. Ya samu kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Jiha har sau biyu. Ya kuma kasance zaɓi na Duk-Yanki sau uku. Ya ba da gudunmawa ga makarantar da ta lashe taken Class A a cikin 2002 da 2003.
Ya sami lambar yabo ta Duk-yankin a cikin wasan ƙwallon kwando da ƙwallon kwando, yana taimaka wa makarantar ta lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin ƙarami.
Aikin koleji
Hamlin ya karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Clemson . A matsayin sa na jajayen riga, ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 12 tare da farawa 7 a aminci mai ƙarfi . Ya yi rajista 55 tackles (daya don asara), 2 interceptions da 3 wuce kariya. Farkon faransa ya zo ne da Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina, inda ya yi takalmi 8.
A matsayinsa na biyu, ya fara wasanni 10, yana tattara 64 tackles (5 don asara), 2 interceptions, 3 passes kare, daya tilasta fumble da 2 fumble murmurewa. Ya sami koma bayan tsakar yadi 74 a farkon kakar wasa da Jami'ar Florida Atlantic . Ya rasa wasanni 3 bayan karya kashi a kafarsa ta hagu a karawar da Kwalejin Boston . Ya yi gwagwarmaya 10 a kan Jami'ar South Carolina . Ya sami 15 tunkaro a cikin 2006 Music City Bowl a kan Jami'ar Kentucky .
A matsayinsa na ƙarami, ya rasa rabin rabin aikin bazara, yana murmurewa daga tiyata don gyara karayar damuwa da ya sha a lokacin aikin tabarbarewar ƙafar dama. Ya fara duk wasanni 13, yana yin rajistar 97 tackles (na biyu a cikin tawagar), 4 interceptions (ya jagoranci tawagar), 3 tackles for asara, 6 wuce kima kare, daya tilasta fumble da 2 fumble murmurewa. Ya katse yunƙurin jujjuya maki biyu akan Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina kuma ya mayar da shi yadi 100 don kariyar farko a tarihin makaranta daga ƙoƙarin ƙarin maki na abokin hamayya. Ya yi 14 tackles a cikin 2007 Chick-fil-A Bowl da #21 ranked Jami'ar Auburn, kafin barin wasan tare da rauni.
A matsayinsa na babba, ya fara wasanni 13 a matsayin "Cat" ( aminci mai ƙarfi ). Ya yi rajista 110 tackles (na biyu a kan tawagar), 6 interceptions (ya jagoranci tawagar), 111 interception yadudduka dawo (na hudu a makaranta tarihi), 16 wuce kariya (ya jagoranci tawagar), daya buhu, 2 kwata-kwata matsa lamba, 3 tackles don asara. da kuma 2 tilasta fumbles.
Ya fara 43 a gasar 48 ya kasance rikodin makaranta don masu tsaron baya . Ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 326 tackles (12 don asara), 14 interceptions (na uku a tarihin makaranta), 8 takeaways (na biyu a tarihin makaranta), 22 wuce kariya, buhu daya, 4 tilasta fumbles da 4 fumble warkewa.
Sana'ar sana'a
Dallas Cowboys
Dallas Cowboys ne ya zaɓi Hamlin a zagaye na biyar (166th gabaɗaya) na 2009 NFL Draft . Ya sha wahala a karye dama wuyan hannu a cikin na uku preseason game yayin wasa a kan musamman teams . An ayyana shi baya aiki don wasannin 9 na farko na kakar wasa, har sai an kunna shi ranar 22 ga Nuwamba. Ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 6, wanda ya sa ƙungiyoyi na musamman guda ɗaya suka yi nasara a cikin lokaci na yau da kullum da 3 a cikin wasanni.
A cikin 2010, ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 2 na farko kafin a cire shi a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, bayan da tawagar ta yanke shawarar ba da karin lokacin wasa ga rookies Akwasi Owusu-Ansah da Danny McCray .
Jacksonville Jaguars
A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2010, an rattaba hannu da shi zuwa tawagar motsa jiki ta Jacksonville Jaguars . An daukaka shi zuwa ga mai aiki a ranar 7 ga Disamba kuma ya buga wasanni 4 na karshe. Ya yi takalmi na karewa guda 3 sannan ya kare shi. An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Agusta, 2011 .
Indianapolis Colts
A ranar 29 ga Agusta, 2011, Indianapolis Colts ta sanya hannu. An sake shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba.
Washington Redskins
A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 2011, Washington Redskins ta rattaba masa hannu a cikin tawagarsu. An yafe shi a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2012 .
Aikin koyarwa
A cikin 2013, an ɗauki Hamlin a matsayin mataimaki na digiri a Jami'ar almajiransa Clemson, inda ya yi aiki tare da masu tsaron baya. A cikin 2015, ya ɗauki aikin horarwa a cikin NFL a matsayin kocin kula da inganci na musamman tare da Buffalo Bills . Kuɗin ba su riƙe Hamlin ba don kakar 2016. A cikin 2017, an ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mai horar da baya a makarantar sakandare ta Wilson .
Rayuwa ta sirri
'Yan uwansa Markee da Marquais, sun buga lafiya ga Jami'ar Jihar South Carolina . Dan uwansa Amari DuBose, ya taka leda a baya don Kwalejin Sojojin Ruwa ta Amurka .
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1985
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
49240 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9%20Maria%20Neves | José Maria Neves | José Maria Pereira Neves ( Portuguese: [ʒuzɛ mɐɾiɐ pɨɾejɾɐ nɛvɨʃ] ; an haife shi 28 Maris 1960) ɗan siyasan Cape Verde ne wanda a halin yanzu shine shugaban Cape Verde, wanda a baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Firayim Minista na Cape Verde daga 2001 zuwa 2016. Shi memba ne na Jam'iyyar Afirka don Independence na Cape Verde(PAICV). A zaben shugaban kasa na 2021, an zabe shi da kashi 51.7% na kuri'u, inda ya doke abokin hamayyarsa Carlos Veiga wanda ya samu kashi 42.4% na jimillar kuri'un.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Neves a tsibirin Santiago a shekara ta 1960. Ya fara sha'awar siyasar Cape Verde tun yana matashi, kuma shi ne jagoran wata kungiyar matasa masu kishin kasa a lokacin da kasar ta sauya sheka daga mulkin Portugal zuwa'yancin kai da dimokradiyya a 1975. Wani ɓangare na karatunsa na gaba shine a Makarantar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta São Paulo na Gidauniyar Getúlio Vargas a Brazil .
Ya koma Cape Verde a cikin 1980s kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a cibiyoyin jihohi daban-daban. Daga 1987 zuwa 1989, ya kasance kodineta na Ayyukan Gudanarwa da Gyara da Zamantakewa. Daga 1988 zuwa 1988, ya kasance daraktan cibiyar horar da jama'a ta kasa. Daga shekarar 1989 zuwa 1998, ya kasance mai ba da shawara a fannin horar da jama’a da ci gaban ayyukan al’umma.
Sana'ar siyasa
A cikin 1989, ya zama memba na jam'iyyar PAICV. A matsayin dan takarar shugabancin jam'iyyar a taron PAICV na Satumba 1997, ya fuskanci Pedro Pires ; Pires ya doke Neves a zaben shugabancin, inda ya lashe kashi 68% na kuri'un. A watan Mayun 2000, Neves — sannan ya zama shugaban majalisar Santa Catarina Town Council — ya sanar da cewa zai sake neman shugabancin PAICV a taron jam'iyyar Yuni 2000; Pires ya bar shugabancin PAICV ne da sa ran tsayawa takararsa a zaben shugaban kasa na shekara mai zuwa.
Bayan da ya zama firaministan kasar Sin, ya kulla huldar diplomasiyya da jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin . A cikin 2002, ya sanya hannu kan "yarjejeniya ta musamman" tare da Tarayyar Turai, an tattauna ta a ranar 15 ga Nuwamba 2005. A cikin 2007, ya yi kira ga dangantaka ta musamman da Tarayyar Turai saboda kusancin tsibiran da sauran tsibiran Macaronesia, waɗanda yankuna ne na Spain da Portugal. An gudanar da taro tare da CPLP (Ƙasashen Masu Magana na Portuguese) a cikin Nuwamba 2002. Ya kuma gana da Alamara Nhassé, firaministan Guinea-Bissau . Ya rike karin fayil din Ministan Kudi daga 2003 zuwa 2004.
A watan Agustan 2005, ya ziyarci Brazil, inda ya zagaya jihohi shida kuma ya sami masu sauraro tare da Shugaba Lula da Silva . Wani batu na tattaunawa shine zuba jari a Cape Verde, ciki har da Jami'ar Cape Verde, jami'ar farko ta jama'a a cikin tsibirin.
Ya lashe zaben ' yan majalisar dokoki na 2006 a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu da kashi 52.28% na kuri'un da aka kada kuma ya samu kujeru 41. kuma a ranar 7 ga Maris, ya yi wa'adi na biyu a matsayin Firayim Minista. Bankin Duniya da IMF sun yanke hukunci mai kyau kan manufofin tattalin arziki da na kudi.
Yayin da yake amincewa da illolin da bauta da mulkin mallaka ke haifarwa a Afirka, Neves ya ce a cikin watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 cewa shugabannin Afirka su ne ke da alhakin matsalolin da nahiyar ke fuskanta a yau, kuma "dole ne su dauki nauyin da ya rataya a wuyansu na samar da wata dabara mai kyau ga makomar Afirka da za ta ci moriya. daga dukkan karfinsa na dan Adam da albarkatun kasa."
A ranar 2 ga Janairu, 2007, ya so ya ba Cape Verde matsayi na musamman tare da ECOWAS .
An sanar da sabuwar gwamnati a karkashin Neves a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2008, tare da ministoci shida da suka shiga gwamnati yayin da ministoci hudu suka bar ta. Uku daga cikin sabbin ministocin mata ne, wanda ya zama gwamnati ta farko a Cape Verde da ke da rinjayen mata (takwas cikin 15 na mukamai).
A ranar 6 ga Fabrairun 2011, yawancin masu jefa ƙuri'a na Cape Verde suka zaɓe shi a wa'adi na uku da kashi 52.68 bisa MPD da 38 daga cikin kujeru 72, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙarfafa tasirin jam'iyyarsa a majalisar dokokin Cape Verde.
Ya ziyarci taron ciniki, na 4th Global Review of Aid for Trade in daga 8 zuwa 10 Yuli 2013.
A ranar 6 ga Satumba, 2014, ya sanar da wata gwamnati . Janira Hopffer Almada ya gaji Neves a matsayin shugabar bangaren majalisa na jam'iyyar PAICV. Bayan zaben ' yan majalisa na 2016 a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, Ulisses Correia e Silva ya gaje shi a matsayin Firayim Minista.
A cikin Oktoba 2021, José Maria Neves, ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa a zagayen farko na 17 ga Oktoba. Bisa sakamakon farko da aka buga a shafin yanar gizon hukuma, ya samu kashi 51.5% na kuri'un da aka kada, wanda ya zama cikakkiyar rinjaye da ya zama dole a zabe shi a zagayen farko.
A matsayin marubuci
Neves kuma marubucin littattafai ne da wasu labaran labarai. An buga wasu daga cikin waɗannan a wasu ƙasashen Afirka da wasu sassan Turai da Brazil. Ya rubuta:
Ensaios sobre la Administrativa de la Ciência Política
A Teória de la Administração Pública em Cabo Verde ( Ka'idar Gudanar da Jama'a a Cape Verde )
Principios sobre a Administração Pública em Cabo Verde no Século XXI
O Estado ea Administração Pública em Cabo Verde ( Jiha da Hukumar Mulki a Cape Verde )
Administração Pública no Concelho do Santa Catarina ( Hukumar Gudanarwa a cikin Municipality na Santa Catarina )
Ya Estado na Era da Modernização no Cabo Verde. ( Jihar a cikin Zaman Zamantakewa a Cape Verde )
Uma Agenda de Transformação para Cabo Verde ( Ajandar Canji na Cape Verde )
Cabo Verde - Gestão das Impossibilidades ( Cape Verde - Gudanar da abubuwan da ba za a iya yiwuwa )
Um Futuro a Construir, em co-autoria com Francisco Pinto Balsemão. ( Makomar Gina ), tare da Francisco Pinto Balsemão a matsayin marubucin haɗin gwiwa
Kara karantawa
Richard A. Lobban Jr et Paul Khalil Saucier, "José Maria Neves Pereira", Kamus na Tarihi na Jamhuriyar Cape Verde, Scarecrow Press, 2007, p. 167. ISBN 978-0-8108-4906-8
Tarihin Rayuwa, Jami'ar Boston, Oktoba 9, 2003
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1960
Jose maria neves |
22075 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public%20participation | Public participation | Shiga cikin jama'a, wanda kuma aka sani da sa hannun ɗan ƙasa, shine shigar da jama'a cikin ayyukan kowace ƙungiya ko aikin sa Kai. Kasancewar jama'a nayi kama, to amma yafi hada-hada tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki .
Gabaɗaya sa hannun jama'a yana nema da kuma sauƙaƙe sa hannun waɗanda ke iya shafar ko sha'awar yanke shawara. Wannan na iya kasancewa dangane da mutane, gwamnatoci, cibiyoyi, kamfanoni ko duk wasu abubuwan da suka shafi bukatun jama'a. Ƙa'idar shigar jama'a ya nuna cewa wannan shawarar ta shafi sunada 'yancin kasancewa cikin tsarin yanke hukunci. Kasancewar jama'a yana nuna cewa gudummawar jama'a zai rinjayi shawarar.
Shiga cikin jama'a ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na ƙarfafawa kuma a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na gudanar da mulkin farar hula na demokraɗiyya.
Dangane da yanayin kula da ilimin ne wasu ke ganin kafa tsarin tafiyar da aiki tare a mai gudanarwa ta hanyar hada kai da kuma hada harin kai, wanda aka tsara ta hanyar sha'awar kasancewar dukkan al'umma ko al'ummomi.
Kasancewar jama'a wani bangare ne na ka'idojin "mutane masu cibiya" ko kuma "tsaka-tsakin mutane", waɗanda suka samo asali a cikin al'adun Yammacin shekaru talatin da suka gabata, kuma suna da ɗan fa'idar ilimi, kasuwanci, manufofin jama'a da shirye-shiryen taimakon ƙasa da ƙasa. Jama'a na hallara akan cigaba da humanist na ƙungiyoyi. Na halartar jama'a na ci gaba a matsayin wani ɓangare na canjin yanayin mutane na farko. Dangane da haka halartar jama'a na iya ƙalubalantar batun cewa "babba ya fi kyau" da kuma ma'anar tsarin sarauta, ciyar da wasu dabaru na "ƙarin kawuna sun fi ɗaya" kuma suna jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a na iya ɗorewa mai amfani kuma mai ɗorewa.
An sanya rawar da jama'a za su taka a ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban dan'adam a Yarjejeniyar Afirka ta shekara alib 1990 don Kasancewar Jama'a a Cigaba da Sauyi .
A cikin shekarata alib 1990 masu aikin sun kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don a samu Masu Amincewa da Jama'a don mayar da martani ga ƙaruwar sha'awar aikin, sannan kuma suka kafa kungiyar horaswa ta Duniya don Kasancewar Jama'a (IAP2). An kafa aikinta sosai a duniya kuma kungiyar kasashen Duniya ta Haɗin Jama'a yanzu tana da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa a duk faɗin duniya.
Ta filin wasa
Kasafin Kudi
Kasafin kudin sa hannu tsari ne na shawarwarin dimokiradiyya da yanke shawara, inda talakawan birni ke yanke shawarar yadda za su ware wani bangare na kasafin kudin birni ko na jama'a. Kasancewar kasafin kudi na ba da gudummawa yawanci ana yin sa ne da fasali daban-daban na mahimmanci: ana gano abubuwan fifikon ciyarwa ta hanyar membobin al'umma, zaben wakilan kasafin kudi don wakiltar al'ummomi daban-daban, gudanarwa da taimakon fasaha ta ma'aikatan gwamnati, majalisun kananan hukumomi da na manyan jami'ai don yin shawara da jefa kuri'a kan bayar da fifikon kudi, da aiwatar da ayyukan cikin gida mai tsarin kai tsaye. Birane dake a duk duniya su na iya amfani da kasafin kuɗaɗen shiga, kuma an yada shi sosai a Porto Alegre, Brazil, sune farkon tsarin tsara kasafin kuɗi na farko wanda aka fara daga Shekara ta alib 1989.
Ci gaba
A cikin ka'idar ci gaban tattalin arziki, akwai makarantar ci gaba da hadin kai . Bukatar ƙara sa hannu a cikin jama'a a cikin taimakon agaji da cigaba ya haifar da kafa wata yar-takamaiman mahallin, takamaimai hanyoyin, matrices, koyarwa da kuma hanyoyin wucin gadi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da ƙwarewa da aiki; Binciken aiki tare (PAR), kimanta karkara cikin sauri (RRA) da ƙididdigar ƙauyuka (PRA); nazarin tasirin sarrafa tasiri (AIC); hanyoyin "bude sarari"; Manufofin Shirye-shiryen Buga (ZOPP); nazarin yanayin rauni da iya aikin bincike .
Kusan masana duniya sunyi aiki tare da al'ummomin yankin su. Al'ummomin gida sune mahimman masu ruwa da tsaki don al'adun gargajiya.
An yarda da shawarwari tare da al'ummomin gida bisa tsari a cikin tsarin tafiyar da al'adu. Su na da mahimmanci don bayyana mahimmancin wuri / rukunin al'adu, in ba haka ba suna fuskantar haɗarin kula da ƙimomin da yawa, suna mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin “masana”. Wannan haka lamarin yake a cikin kula da al'adun gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na ashirin 20. Canjin yanayi ya fara ne tare da Yarjejeniyar Burra ta ICOMOS Ostiraliya a 1979 sannan daga baya aikin GCI ya inganta shi a kusa da 2000. A yau, wanda ake kira “adana-mai kiyayewa” yana a tushe na kula da kayan gado don shafukan WH:an kafa masu ruwa da tsaki da ƙimomin ƙa'idojin babban mataki ne na ƙirƙirar Tsarin Gudanarwa don waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon.
Tunanin masu ruwa da tsaki ya fadada ya hada da al'ummomin yankin.
Matsayi daban-daban na ƙananan hukumomi, cibiyoyin bincike, masana'antu, ƙungiyoyin agaji, da al'ummomi dukkansu mahimman ƙungiyoyi ne. Ayyuka su kamar musayar ilimi, shawarwari, nune-nunen, al'amuran ilimi, yaƙin neman zaɓe, da sauransu duk hanyoyi ne masu tasiri don shiga cikin gari.
Misali, kungiyoyin bada agaji na gari a Homs, Syria suna gudanar da ayyuka da dama tare da al'ummomin yankin don kare al'adunsu.
Wani shiri na kiyayewa a garin Dangeil na kasar Sudan, ya yi amfani da alakar zamantakewar al'umma da tattalin arziki tare da al'umma don ganin aikin ya ci gaba cikin dogon lokaci.
A Ostiraliya, al'ummomin yan asalin kungiyoyi su na da matakan kula da tsare-tsare da gudanar da shirye-shirye don kulawa, a saka idanu da kula da wuraren al'adun gargajiya da shimfida wurare, musamman waɗanda ke ƙunshe da fasahar dutsen.
Manufofin jama'a
A wasu ƙasashen sa hannun jama'a ya zama babbar ƙa'idar aiwatar da manufofin jama'a . A Burtaniya da Kanada an lura cewa duk matakan gwamnati sun fara da gina dan ƙasa da masu ruwa da tsaki cikin tsarin aiwatar da manufofin su. Wannan na iya haɗawa da manyan shawarwari, binciken ƙungiyar mai da hankali, tattaunawar tattaunawa ta kan layi, ko jarabawar 'yan ƙasa masu ba da shawara. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban na halartar jama'a, kodayake waɗanda sukan raba fasali ɗaya (don jerin sama da 100, da rubutun hanyoyin, duba Rowe da Frewer, 2005).
Ana kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin kayan aiki, wanda aka yi niyya don sanar da tsarawa, tsarawa ko ba da kuɗi na ayyuka. Hakanan ana iya amfani da halartar jama'a don auna manyan manufofin, kimanta tasiri, da kuma gano darussa don aikin koda yaushe. Duk kundin tsarin mulki na yau da kullun da mahimman ka'idoji sun ƙunshi kuma sun bayyana ra'ayi da ƙa'idar ƙaƙƙarfan ikon mallakar, wanda ke da mahimmanci cewa mutane sune tushen asalin ikon jama'a ko ikon gwamnati. Manufar shahararren masarauta ita ce kawai a cikin al'umar da aka tsara don aiwatar da siyasa, ra'ayin mutane gaba daya shine kawai madaidaicin matakin siyasa. Ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a cikin tsarin ƙididdigewa, da kuma wakilcin dimokiradiyya. Sabili da haka, mutane suna da haƙƙin mallaka kai tsaye koda su shiga kai tsaye cikin aiwatar da manufofin jama'a da kuma yin doka.
A cikin Amurka shiga cikin jama'a a cikin tsarin mulki yana nufin tsarin da dokokin da aka gabatar suke batun yin bayani game da jama'a na wani takamaiman lokaci. Halartar jama'a galibi ne abin tilastawa ne ga ƙa'idodin da hukumomin zartarwa na gwamnatin Amurka dake gabatarwa. Ka'idoji ko manufofin hukumar na iya ba da umarnin sauraren jama'a a wannan lokacin.
Amincewar jama'a
A cikin 'yan shekarun nan rashin amincewa da jama'a ga hukumomi da' yan siyasa ya zama abin damuwa a cikin yawancin al'ummomin dimokiradiyya. Kasancewa cikin jama'a ana daukar shi a matsayin babbar hanyar magance rikice-rikicen amincewa da shugabanci na jama'a, musamman a Burtaniya, Turai, da sauran ƙasashe masu mulkin demokaraɗiyya. Manufar ita ce cewa ya kamata jama'a su shiga cikin cikakkiyar manufa ta yadda hukumomi za su nemi ra'ayoyin jama'a da kuma shiga, maimakon daukar jama'a kamar kawai masu karbar shawarar siyasa.
Babban tunanin da masu ra'ayin siyasa, masu sharhi kan zamantakewa, har ma da 'yan siyasa ke yi shi ne, kasancewar jama'a na kara yarda da jama'a ga hukumomi, da inganta tasirin dan kasa, inganta manufofin dimokiradiyya har ma da inganta ingancin yanke shawara kan manufofi. Koyaya, har yanzu ba a tabbatar da fa'idar da aka sanya ba na kasancewar jama'a cikin dawo da amanar jama'a.
Amincewa da nuna gaskiya
Hakanan ana iya kallon halartar jama'a a matsayin haɓaka lissafin kuɗi. Hujjar ita ce kasancewar shigar jama'a na iya zama wata hanya ga al'ummomin da ke halartar su tuhumi hukumomin gwamnati da aiwatar da su. A cikin Burtaniya ana amfani da 'yan ƙasa don tabbatar da adalci da mutuntar da fursunoni. Masu ba da agaji sun hada da Hukumar Kula da Masu Zaman Kansu mai zaman kanta da ke bayar da rahoto game da adalci da tsare mutuncin fursunoni da fursunoni.
Muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa
A cikin shekarun nan kasancewar sa hannun jama'a ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na magance matsalolin muhalli da kawo ci gaba mai ɗorewa . A wannan yanayin iyakokin dogaro ne kawai ga tsarin mulki na yanke shawara, kuma ana jayayya cewa sa hannun jama'a yana ba gwamnatoci damar aiwatar da manufofi da kafa dokoki da suka dace da al'ummomi da la'akari da bukatunsu.
An yarda da kasancewar jama'a a matsayin ƙa'idar muhalli, duba da Ka'idoji da Manufofin Muhalli, kuma an sanya shi cikin sanarwar Rio .
Fassara mai mahimmanci
An soki ra'ayi da aikin shigar da jama'a, galibi ana amfani da tsarin nazarin Foucauldian. Irin waɗannan asusun suna ba da cikakken bayani game da yadda sa hannu zai iya zama hanyar ɗaukar ayyukan al'umma a cikin tsarin mulki da ikon duk da cewa an kuma lura cewa kamawa da ƙarfafawa na iya kasancewa tare.
Kasancewar jama'a cikin tafiyar da muhalli
Tare da kara rikitarwa game da lamuran muhalli, sa hannun jama'a ya zama kan gaba cikin nazarin ilimi game da muhawara ta zamani game da tsarin muhalli .
Akwai maganganu da yawa da ke nuna fifikon tsarin ba da gudummawa, wanda ke jaddada cewa shigar jama'a muhimmin abu ne a cikin harkokin kula da muhalli wanda ke bayar da gudummawa wajen yanke shawara mai kyau. An san cewa matsalolin muhalli ba za a iya magance su ta hanyar gwamnati ita kadai ba. Kasancewa cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya danganta jama'a da tsarin kula da muhalli. Ta hanyar shigar da jama'a, wadanda su ne asalin dalilan biyu da kuma magance matsalolin muhalli, a tattaunawar muhalli, za a iya cimma nasara a bayyane da rikon amana, don haka ya tabbatar da halaccin dimokiradiyya na yanke shawara cewa kyakkyawan shugabancin muhalli ya dogara ne. Za a iya yarda da shi, kasancewa mai ƙarfi daga cikin jama'a game da kula da muhalli na iya ƙara himma tsakanin masu hannun jari, wanda ke ƙarfafa bin doka da kiyaye dokokin muhalli. GIS na iya samar da kayan aiki mai mahimmanci don irin wannan aikin (duba GIS da shugabancin muhalli ). Bugu da kari, wasu masu adawa suna jayayya cewa 'yancin shiga a yanke shawara kan muhalli hakki ne na tsari wanda "za a iya gani a matsayin wani bangare na babban hakki na kare muhalli". Daga wannan mahangar, ana sa ran gudanar da muhalli zai yi aiki cikin tsarin da ya dace da "ka'idar tsarin mulki na adalci (hada daidaito)", wanda babu makawa yana bukatar cikar "'yancin muhalli" kuma a karshe yana kira ga shiga jama'a. Bugu da kari, a cikin yanayin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da al'amuran muhalli, halartar jama'a na taimakawa wajen magance irin wannan rashin tabbas da kuma cike gibin da ke tsakanin matsalolin muhalli da aka ayyana a kimiyance da gogewa da kimar masu ruwa da tsaki. Ta hanyar kokarin hadin gwiwa na gwamnati da masana kimiyya tare da hadin gwiwar jama'a, ana fatan samun kyakkyawan shugabanci na muhalli ta hanyar yanke shawara mafi dacewa.
Kodayake akwai yarjejeniyoyi da dama, amma batun shigar da jama'a cikin yanke shawara game da muhalli ya kasance mai dorewa game da hakikanin sakamakon tasirin mahalarta muhalli. Masu sukar suna jayayya cewa sa hannu ga jama'a ya kan mai da hankali ne kan cimma matsaya tsakanin 'yan wasan da suke da dabi'u daya kuma suke neman sakamako iri daya. Koyaya, rashin tabbas na yawancin batutuwan muhalli zai lalata ingancin shiga cikin jama'a, kasancewar a lokuta da dama masu wasan kwaikwayo sunzo kan teburin tattaunawa suna da ra'ayi mabanbanta game da matsala da kuma mafita wanda da wuya a haɗa shi cikin yarjejeniya saboda rashin dacewar mukamai daban-daban. Wannan na iya haifar da haɗarin fifikon ƙwararru, wanda ke haifar da ƙarin wariya kamar yadda waɗanda ke adawa da yarjejeniya za su kasance sanannu a cikin shawarar yanke shawara game da muhalli, wanda ya keta ƙimar amfani da tsarin mahalarta don samar da shawarwarin muhalli na dimokiradiyya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙarin tambaya game da shin yarda ya kamata ya zama ma'aunin nasarar nasarar halartar. Kamar yadda Davies ya bayar da shawara, dimokiradiyya mai ba da gudummawa ba za ta iya ba da tabbaci ga fa'idodin muhalli ba 'idan akwai ra'ayoyi masu gasa game da yanayin da ya kamata ya kasance da kuma abin da ke da muhimmanci'. Sakamakon haka, wanene ya kamata ya shiga cikin waɗanne matakai a yayin yanke shawara game da muhalli kuma mecece maƙasudin irin wannan sahun ya zama jigon mahawara kan shigar jama'a a matsayin babban batun tafiyar da muhalli.
Kimiyyar dan kasa
Kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa kalma ce da aka kirkira da aka saba amfani da ita don bayyana kasancewar waɗanda ba masana kimiyya ba a cikin binciken kimiyya.
Ekirarin shigar da masana ƙwararrun masana kimiyya cikin binciken siyasa yana da mahimmanci. Ilimi ne da ya rataya a wuyan saukake "demokradiyya ta hanyar binciken manufofin". Wannan yana da fa'idodi da yawa: sanya 'yan ƙasa cikin ba kawai gudummawar bayanai ba, har ma da ƙira da haɓaka bincike kanta.
Mabuɗin cin nasara wajen amfani da kimiyyar ɗan ƙasa ga ci gaban manufofi shi ne bayanan da suka "dace, masu ƙarfi, kuma sanannen ƙwarewa don ƙirar tushen shaidu". Matsalolin amfani da kimiyyar dan kasa ga ci gaban siyasa sun hada da rashin dacewa tsakanin bayanan da aka tattara da kuma manufar da ake magana akai da kuma shakku dangane da bayanan da wadanda ba masana suka tattara ba.
'Yancin shiga jama'a
Mataki na 21 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ya nuna 'yancin kowane mutum ya shiga cikin al'amuran kasarsa, kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar zabar wakilai. Hakanan, 'yancin shiga siyasa na nufin' yancin da hukuma mai mulki ke jajircewa wajen samar da 'yanci ga' yan kasa, gami da 'yancin zabar da zabar wakilai, rike mukaman gwamnati bisa ka'idar daidaiton dama, shiga cikin sirri da tarurrukan jama'a, da 'yancin kafa da shiga jam'iyyun siyasa. Shafuka na 20 da 27 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Civilan Adam da Siyasa sun yi irin wannan sanarwa game da haƙƙin shiga cikin harkokin al'amuran jama'a.
A wasu yankuna doka ta tanadi haƙƙin shigar jama'a. Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, ko kuma bayyanuwar haƙƙin toancin haɗuwa da freedomancin taro . Kamar yadda Netherlands, Jamus, Denmark da Sweden, suna da damar shiga cikin jama'a da 'yancin samun bayanai a cikin tsarin shari'arsu tun kafin Tsararru. Dimokiradiyya da sa hannun jama'a suna da alaƙa da al'ummomin dimokiraɗiyya waɗanda suka haɗa haƙƙoƙin shiga jama'a cikin dokokinsu ƙarnuka da yawa. Misali, a Amurka 'yancin koke ya kasance wani bangare na Kwaskwarimar kundin tsarin mulkin Amurka na farko tun shekara ta 1791. A kwanan nan, tun daga shekarun 1970 a cikin New Zealand dokoki da yawa (misali: kiwon lafiya, ƙaramar hukuma, kula da muhalli) suna buƙatar jami'an gwamnati su "tuntuɓi" waɗanda abin ya shafa kuma su yi la'akari da ra'ayinsu yayin yanke shawara.
Ingantaccen halartar jama'a ya dogara da jama'a da samun dama ingantacce kuma mai gamsarwa. Saboda haka dokoki game da sa hannun jama'a galibi suna magana ne a kan batun haƙƙin sani, samun bayanai da 'yanci na bayanai . Hakanan ana iya haɓaka haƙƙin shiga cikin yanayin daidaito da haƙƙin ƙungiya, wanda ake nufi don tabbatar da daidaito da kuma cikakken halartar ƙungiyar da aka ayyana a cikin al'umma. Misali, a yanayin nakasassu.
Bayanin Rio kan Muhalli da Cigaba
Sanarwar ta Rio na 1992 ta ƙunshi shigar jama'a cikin ƙa'idodinta 27. Ka'ida ta 10 ta ce "an fi dacewa da magance matsalolin muhalli tare da sa hannun dukkan 'yan ƙasa da abin ya shafa, a matakin da ya dace". Bayanin na Rio ya ci gaba, yana jawo kusanci tsakanin samun dama ga bayanai da kuma halartar jama'a:A matakin kasa, kowane mutum yana da damar da ta dace game da yanayin da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da shi, gami da bayanai kan abubuwa masu hadari da ayyukan cikin al'ummominsu, da kuma damar shiga cikin tsarin yanke shawara. Jihohi za su taimaka da karfafa wayar da kan jama'a da kuma halartar su ta hanyar samar da bayanai a ko'ina. Za a samar da ingantacciyar hanyar yin shari'a da gudanarwa, gami da gyara da magance su.
Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Nakasassu
Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan Hakkokin Nakasassu ta amince da cewa "nakasa ta samo asali ne daga cudanya tsakanin mutane da nakasa da halaye na gari da na muhalli wadanda ke hana su cikakkiyar damar aiwatar da tasiri a cikin al'umma daidai da na wasu" kuma "masu nakasa suna ci gaba don fuskantar shinge a shigarsu a matsayinsu na daidaikun alumma. "
Yarjejeniyar ta sanya halartar nakasassu daya daga cikin ka'idojinta, yana mai cewa "Ka'idodin Babban Taron na yanzu zai kasance :. . . Cikakken kuma ingantacce shiga tare da hada kan cikin al'umma; ", wanda daga baya ya sanya 'yancin nakasassu su shiga a dama da su daidai a cikin al'umma, ilimi, kowane bangare na rayuwa (a mahallin zaman lafiya da gyaranta ), siyasa da rayuwar jama'a, rayuwar al'adu, hutu da wasanni.
Duba kuma
Pages with unreviewed translations |
50808 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Hughes%20%28mai%20ginin%20gine-gine%29 | Dorothy Hughes (mai ginin gine-gine) | Eugenie Dorothy Hughes, MBE , FRIBA (26 Yuni 1910 - 16 Agusta 1987) 'yar ƙasar Kenya ne,'kula yar siyasace,mai kawo sauyi kuma mai fafutukar naƙasa. Ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Kenya kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar nakasassu ta wasanni. A matsayinta na mace ta farko da ta fara gine-ginen gabashin a Afirka,ta mallaki kamfani nata kuma an fi saninta da ƙirarta na Cathedral of the Holy Family a Nairobi.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Eugenie Dorothy Ullman an haife ta a ranar 26 ga Yuni 1910 a Landan. Iyayenta sun koma garin Rift Valley na Eldoret a gundumar Uasin Gishu,a cikin 1913, suna gini na biyu a wannan garin.Ta girma a Kenya amma ta koma London don yin makaranta, tana halartar Makarantar Architectural Association School of Architecture. Ta koma Kenya kuma ta auri wakilin Ford na Kenya,John Hughes, wanda daga baya ta kafa Hughes Motors.Daga baya, ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya 6.
Hughes ta zama Fellow na Royal Institute of British Architects a 1946. Ta bude wani kamfani na gine-gine, Hughes da Polkinghorne, suna zayyana irin su Golden Beach Hotel, Murangi House, Asibitin Gimbiya Elizabeth,Rift Valley Sports Club, da St. Mary's School, Nairobi,da dai sauransu. A cikin 1950, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Most Excellent Order of the British Empire (MBE) saboda aikinta na zane a asibitoci a Kenya,kamar Asibitin tunawa da Yaƙin Nakuru. Tsakanin 1950 zuwa 1951 Hughes ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar mata ta gabashin Afirka,wadda aka kafa don inganta wani shiri da kuma tattara kudade don magance karancin asibitoci a Nairobi; Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin shugaba na 1951-1952.
A cikin 1955 an zaɓi Hughes don yin aiki a majalisar birnin Nairobi kuma galibin mazabar Afrikaner ne suka zabe ta a 1956 don wakiltar mazauna Uasin Gishu a Majalisar Dokoki.A cikin 1959,an zabe ta a matsayin wakiliya a 1960 Lancaster House Conference a London don tabbatar da 'yancin kai na Kenya. Hughes ta rasa kujerarta a zabukan 1961 musamman saboda addininta na Katolika da kuma zama memba a jam'iyyar New Kenya.Zaben fidda gwanin ta kasance ne kawai ga farar fata,mazabar da a baya suka zabe ta yawanci ba farar fata ba ne,kuma jam’iyyar New Kenya ta kasance jam’iyya ta farko mai yawan kabilu a Kenya. Bayan rashin nasarar zaben, Hughes ta mayar da hankalinta ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a kamar Cheshire Homes na nakasassu. Hughes ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin shirya taron kasa da kasa kan jin dadin jama'a da aka gudanar a Nairobi a watan Yuli, 1974 kuma ta kasance memba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Kenya.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Wasannin Nakasassu ta Kenya.
Babban aikin ƙira na Hughes shine na Cathedral of the Holy Family wanda ta tsara a cikin 1960. An san ta da salon zamani da gilashin da ba na alama ba,ginin ta kuma ƙunshi marmara carrara da wurin zama na 4,000.Ban da babban bagade,akwai bagadai biyu na gefe,da majami'u biyu da kuma ɗakunan sujada takwas.A halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin hedkwatar Archdiocese na Nairobi. A cikin ƙarshen 1960s,ta ƙirƙira wani haɗin gwiwa zuwa Hukumar Raya shayi ta Kenya (KTDA) wacce ke gudanar da mashahuriya gidan rawa mai siffa mai tashi sama wanda aka sani da kiɗan benga na gida,da kuma Afro-Caribbean calypso da soukous rhythms. Kulob din, wanda take a gundumar ja-haske na Nairobi a kan titin Koinange, ta bi sauye-sauyen sunaye daban-daban amma a cikin gida an san ta da F1, Madhouse,ko Maddi,har zuwa rushewar 2014. Dukkan wadannan gine-ginen jaridar Daily Nation ta jera su cikin jerin manyan gine-gine a Kenya.
A ƙarshen rayuwa, Hughes ta ba da gudummawar gidanta a Mũthangari,a yankin Lavington na Nairobi ga ƙungiyar Opus Dei a matsayin gidan dindindin na Kwalejin Kibondeni.Ta yi aiki tare da membobin Opus Dei shekaru da yawa don samar da damar ilimi ga 'yan mata a Nairobi. Ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Agusta 1987 a Tunbridge Wells,Kent, Ingila kuma an binne ta a makabartar St.Austin, Mũthangari, Nairobi, Kenya. |
50589 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingrid%20Mattson | Ingrid Mattson | Ingrid Mattson (an haife ta a watan Agusta 24,1963)yan gwagwarmayar Kanada ne kuma masani.Farfesa ce a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci,a halin yanzu ita ce shugabar al'ummar London da Windsor a fannin ilimin addinin musulunci a Kwalejin Jami'ar Huron a Jami'ar Western Ontario da ke London,Ontario,Canada.Mattson tsohowar shugaban kungiyar Islamic Society of North America (ISNA)ne kuma an bayyana ta a matsayin"Wataƙila wanda aka fi sani da matan musulmin Amurka"a cikin labarin New York Times na 2010.
Rayuwar kuruciya da asali
Ingrid Mattson,ta shida cikin yara bakwai,an haife ta a1963 aKingston,Ontario,inda ta yi kuruciyarta kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Ta yaba wa matan Katolika da suka ba ta ilimi da samar da"ilimi mai ban sha'awa"da "wuri don bincika da haɓaka wannan farkon,ruhaniyar matasa". Ta karanta Falsafa da Fine Arts a Jami'ar Waterloo da ke Kanada daga 1982– 87.A matsayin wani ɓangare na karatunta,ta yi lokacin ashekara ta 1986 a matsayin ɗaliba mai ziyara a Paris,Faransa.A wannan lokacin,ta yi abokantaka da daliban Afirka ta Yamma daga al'ummar Musulmi Sufi. Lokacin karatun Alkur'ani,ta sami,"sanin Allah,a karon farko tun Tana karama." Bayan ta koma Waterloo,ta musulunta a shekarar 1987.Ta kammala karatunta a Waterloo kuma ta sami digiri na digiri a cikin Falsafa da Fine Arts a 1987.
Babban ilimi da farkon Aiki
Ingrid Mattson ta sami digirin digirgir a cikin Harsunan Gabashin Gabas da wayewa daga Jami'ar Chicago a 1999. Sannan ta zama Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Addinin Musulunci da Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi daga 1998– 2012 a Makarantar Hartford da ke Connecticut.A wannan lokacin,ta kafa shirin digiri na farko na malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka.Shekaru da dama kuma ta kasance Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Musulunci da Kirista da Musulmi ta MacDonald a Makarantar Hartford.
Yayin da takezama mataimakin shugaban kasa kuma shugaban kungiyar Islama ta Arewacin Amurka,Mattson ta yi aiki a lokuta da dama tare da jami'an gwamnatin Amurka.Ta ba da shawarwari a lokacin gwamnatocin shugabannin Amurka George W.Bush da Barack Obama.Wannan aikin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manufofin da suka shafi tsattsauran ra'ayi,aikin soja na musulmi da Amurka,da kuma kare haƙƙin jama'a ga musulmi-Amurkawa. John O.Brennan,daraktan hukumar ta CIA,a lokacin da yake mataimakin mai baiwa shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro da yaki da ta'addanci,kuma mai taimakawa shugaba Obama ya godewa Mattson bisa jagorancinta a wani taron jama'a a jami'ar New York.
Ayyukanta sun mayar da hankali kan haɓaka kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin ƙungiyoyin addinai daban-daban.Ita ce mai bayar da shawara ga cudanya tsakanin addinai da fafutuka masu yawan gaske domin amfanin jama'a. Ta shafe aikinta na ilimi tana karantar da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci da huldar addinai a cibiyoyin kiristoci na tarihi.A matsayinsa na shugaban ISNA,Mattson ta kafa ofishin alakar addinai na kasa a Washington,DC a shekara ta 2006.Ta gayyaci Rabbi Eric Yoffie,Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙungiya don Gyara Addinin Yahudanci, don yin magana a taron shekara-shekara na kungiyar a Chicago a 2006.Mattson ta yi magana a shekara mai zuwa a Biennial na kungiyar inda ta sami babban yabo tare da sanar da "sabon haɗin gwiwar da ke inganta tattaunawa tsakanin addinai da sauran ayyukan gina dangantaka" tsakanin ƙungiyoyin biyu. Ta kuma kafa shirye-shirye tare da sauran kungiyoyin Yahudawa."Shirin Twinning" tare da Gidauniyar Fahimtar Kabilanci ɗaya ce irin wannan shirin. Wani shi ne shirin shekaru uku na "Yahudawa da Musulmai a Amurka" wanda aka samar tare da haɗin gwiwar Cibiyar Tauhidi ta Yahudawa da Cibiyar Carnegie ta tallafa.
Mattson ta ba da shawarar samun fahimtar juna da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Musulmai da mabiya addinin Buda kuma.Ta raba matakin tare da Dalai Lama a lokuta da yawa,ciki har da shirin "Seeds of Peace" a Seattle a 2008,a Indiana a 2010, da kuma a Chicago a 2011.
Mattson asali itace mai rattaba hannu kan " Kalmar gama-gari" kuma ta halarci tarurrukan Kirista da Musulmi da yawa da tattaunawa tare da Cibiyar Royal Aal al-Bayt ta Jordan don Tunanin Musulunci. Burt Visotzsky na Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka ta amince da shugabancinta a cikin haɗin kai tsakanin addinai. An kuma ba ta digirin girmamawa na girmamawa a cikin 2012 ta Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Chicago saboda hidimarta ga al'ummar bangaskiya.
Ra'ayi kan rawar da mata ke takawa a Musulunci
Mattson tana ba da shawarar ba da gudummawar jama'a ga mata musulmi a matsayin shugabannin addini.Lokacin da ta kafa shirin farko na digiri na farko ga malaman addinin Musulunci a Amurka, ta dage cewa a bude wa mata. Mattson tana sanye da hijabi, amma yana jayayya cewa bai kamata gwamnatoci su sami ikon tilasta sanya tufafin addini ko hana shi ba. Mattson ta yi aiki da wata hukumar kula da zamantakewar musulmi mai suna Peaceful Families. Kungiyar ta yi kira ga al'ummar musulmi da su guji cin zarafi a cikin gida da kuma jayayya da tafsirin Alkur'ani da ke ba da damar cin zarafi ko wariya ga mata.
Mattson kuma ita ce Wanda ta kafa da Darakta na The Hurma Project - wani shiri na taimaka wa al'ummomin musulmi su hana su yin aiki da cin zarafi na ruhaniya da jima'i daga wadanda ke da matsayi na addini da tasiri. Ta bayyana a cikin wata hira da mujallar Haute Hijab cewa ta yi hakan ne bayan ta shaida a lokuta da dama yadda al’umma ba su iya gane yadda ya kamata da tunkarar irin wannan yanayi.Ta ce, "Na gane cewa muna bukatar wani abu mai fadi kuma na da'a don nazarin iyakar matsalar,mu fahimci dukkanin abubuwan da ke faruwa da kuma bunkasa kayan ilimi da matakai da za mu iya kawowa ga al'umma."
Adawa da tsattsauran ra'ayin Musulunci
Mattson ta kasance mai sukar tsattsauran ra'ayin addinin Islama tun lokacin da ta fara haduwa da Taliban a lokacin da take kokarin ilmantar da 'yan matan Afganistan 'yan gudun hijira a Pakistan. Bayan harin na Satumba 11,Mattson ta buga labarin intanet mai suna "Musulman Amurka suna da wani wajibi na musamman." A cikin labarin,ta bayyana cewa, “Ni a matsayina na shugabar musulman Amurka,ba wai kawai ‘yan kunar bakin wake da Taliban ba ne,amma shugabannin sauran kasashen musulmi da ke dakile dimokuradiyya, da murkushe mata,suna amfani da Alkur’ani wajen tabbatar da halayya da ba ta dace da Musulunci ba da karfafa tashin hankali." Tun hare-haren na Satumba 11,an yi hira da Mattson sau da yawa a rediyo.Ta gabatar da lacca a bainar jama'a don yin tir da tashe-tashen hankula da sunan Musulunci tare da yin kira da a warware rikici da bambance-bambancen cikin lumana. A cikin wata makala ta 2007,Mattson ta yi Allah wadai da "Masu banbance-banbance,masu cin nasara,na al'umma (addini ko siyasa)" wadanda ke tabbatar da munanan hare-hare kan wasu kungiyoyi. Mattson tana daya daga cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan sakon Amman wanda ya kasance martani da sunan musulunci.
Littafin nata mai suna “Labarin Kur’ani: tarihinsa da matsayinsa a rayuwar musulmi (yanzu a bugu na biyu) a shekarar 2012 ne kungiyar ‘National Endowment for the Humanities’ ta zaba domin shigar da ita cikin shirinta na “Bridging Cultures”.
Tambayoyi h
Akan ME YA SA "Fresh Air" tare da Terry Gross "Mai Musulunta Ya Daukar Jagoranci," Satumba 28, 2006;
A kan "Maganar Imani" na APM tare da Krista Tippett "Sabuwar Muryar Musulunci," Maris 6, 2008;
Faɗuwar Ruhaniya ta 9/11," Satumba 5, 2002;
A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Kiristoci da Musulmai," Fabrairu 13, 2008:
A WNPR's "Inda Muke Rayuwa" tare da John Dankoski "Neman Tushen Addini," Janairu 27, 2009:
A kan "Bugu na Lahadi" na CBC tare da Michael Enright "Don Neman Musulmai Matsakaici," Janairu 4, 2010:
A kan WBEZ's Worldview" tare da Jerome McDonnell "Jagorancin Mata Musulmai," Mayu 4, 2010:
Jerin mutanen Jami'ar Waterloo
Rayayyun mutane |
21118 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabarmawa | Zabarmawa | Mutanen Zarma ko Zabarmawa, ƙabilu ne da galibinsu ake samu a mafi kusa da yammacin Nijar . Hakanan ana samun su a cikin adadi mai mahimmanci a yankunan da ke kusa da Najeriya da Benin, tare da ƙananan lambobi a Burkina Faso, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Kamaru da Sudan .
Mutanen Zarma galibinsu musulmai ne na makarantar Maliki -Sunni, kuma suna zaune ne a cikin ƙasashen Sahel masu bushewa, a gefen kwarin Kogin Neja wanda yake shi ne tushen ban ruwa, wurin kiwon garken shanu, da ruwan sha. Dangane da wadata, sun mallaki shanu, tumaki, awaki da kuma dromedaries, suna ba da su ga Fulani ko kuma Abzinawa don kulawa. Mutanen Zarma suna da tarihin bayi da tsarin sarauta, kamar yawancin kabilun Yammacin Afirka. Kamar su, su ma suna da al'adar kiɗa ta tarihi.
Ana kiran mutanen Zarma a matsayin Zerma, Djerma, Dyerma, Zaberma, Zabarma ko mutanen Zabermawa.
Yawan jama'a da harshe
Kimanin jimillar yawan jama'ar Zarma ya zuwa shekarata 2013 gabaɗaya an sanya su sama da miliyan 3, amma ya bambanta. Sun kasance ƙananan ƙungiyoyin ƙananan ƙabilu da yawa, wadanda ko dai yan asalin wannan zamanin ne kafin daular Songhai kuma sun shiga cikin mutanen Zarma, in ba haka ba mutanen asalin Zarma ne wadanda suka banbanta kansu wani lokaci a zamanin mulkin mallaka (ta hanyar yare, tsarin siyasa, ko addini), amma waɗannan suna da wahalar banbancewa gwargwadon Fuglestad. Ƙungiyoyi galibi ana kiransu ɓangare na Zarma ko Songhay, to amma waɗanda ke da alamun tarihi da aka gano sun haɗa da mutanen Gabda, Tinga, Sorko, Kalles, Golles, Loqas da Kourteys.
Harshen Zarma ɗayan ɗayan yarukan Songhai ne na kudu, reshe ne na dangin harsunan Nilo-Saharan. Saboda yare da al'adar gama gari, wasu lokuta kuma ana kiransu "Zarma Songhay" (kuma ana rubuta shi "Djerma-Songhai"). .
Mutanen Zarma ƙabila ce ta Afirka tare da kuma tarihin da ba a rubuta su ba kuma ba su da tsoffin rubutu. Kamar sauran kabilun yankin, yawancin tarihin da aka sani ya samo asali ne daga bayanan addinin Islama bayan ƙarni na 8, musamman daga asusun tsohuwar Larabawa da masana tarihin Arewacin kasashen Afirka, in ji Margari Aziza Hill - farfesa a fannin ɗabi'a.Cinikin Islama ya kasance mai cigaba da sauƙaƙe ta hanyar kasuwancin da ke akwai tsakanin Afirka ta Yamma da Bahar Rum kafin Musulunci ya zo, kuma a cikin haka zuwan Islama ya rinjayi tarihin dukkan mutane ciki har da Zarma. Musulmin Arewacin Afirka sun haɓaka cinikin Saharar Sahara, suna zama masu mahimmancin gaske ga dukiyar ƙabilu da shugabanninsu. 'Yan kasuwar Musulmai sun kasance manyan' yan wasa wajen gabatar da Musulunci. Sahel, wanda ya samar da asali da kuma asalin gidan mutanen Zarma, ya kasance yanki ne na tattalin arziki da muhalli da kuma hanyar tafiye-tafiye da ke kusa da hamadar Sahara mara dadi da kuma yankin daji da ke kudu da Saharar Afirka.
Yankin Neja Delta ya riga ya sami manyan matsugunai na mutane kafin Musulunci ya iso. Takardun Larabawa na farko daga karni na takwas sun ba da shawarar cewa Musulmai sun tafi Afirka ta Yamma don kasuwanci, suna musanya gishiri, dawakai, dabino, da raƙuman da suke da su daga ƙasashen Arewa da na Larabawa da zinariya, katako, da abinci daga kwarin kogin Neja da yankuna da ke kusa da su. Mutanen Songhay-Zarma. Wannan kasuwancin da kasuwancin ya haifar da sauya al'adu da addini. An gabatar da ra'ayoyi daban-daban kan yadda, yaushe da dalilin da ya sa mutanen Zarma suka musulunta. Dangane da bayanan larabci, makarantar Maliki ta fikihun Islama ta zama mafi yawan tsarin mulki a yankin kogin Niger da Afirka ta Yamma a cikin karni na 11, bayan mamayewar Almoravid na Arewacin Afirka, kogin Niger, Kohanbi Saleh na Ghana da yankunan kogin Senegal. Malaman musulmai sun yi sabani idan wadannan takardu na farko na Islama sun kasance abin dogaro, yayin da wasu ke jayayya da yaren "mamayar", suna dagewa kan cewa ya kasance cikin lumana, da son sauyawa daga tsohuwar tsarin Musulunci zuwa sabuwar makarantar Malikiyya. Misali, Ahmad Baba a 1615 CE ya bayyana cewa Musulman baƙar fata na Afirka sun yarda da Musulunci, ba don barazanar soja ba.
Mutanen Zarma sun yi ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabas daga yankin Niger Bend na ƙasar Mali inda aka sami mutanen Songhay a cikin babban taro, zuwa ƙididdigar su ta yanzu a kewayen kwarin kogin Neja a lokacin mulkin daular Songhai, suka sauka a garuruwa da yawa, musamman abin da yake yanzu Kudu maso Yammacin Nijar kusa da babban birnin Yamai . Ƙirƙirar wasu ƙananan al'ummomi, kowannensu ya jagoranci wani sarki ko mai mulki da ake kira Zarmakoy, wadannan lamuran sun kasance suna rikici ga kasashe masu sha'awar tattalin arziki da noma tare da Abzinawa, Fulawa da sauran ƙabilun yankin. Wannan hijirar zamanin da aka gabatar da ita ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi a tsakanin al'ummar Zarma, inda wasu ke ambaton asalinsu na Malinke da Sarakholle, waɗanda zalunci ne daga shugabannin musulmai na gari ko hamayya tsakanin ƙabilu.
A cewar Abdourahmane Idrissa da Samuel Decalo, mutanen Zarma sun daidaita kwarin Dallol Bosso, wanda ake kira Boboye a cikin harshen Zarma, a karni na 17. A cikin ƙarni na 18, sun kasance cikin rikici daga Fulani da kuma Abzinawa wadanda suka yi kokarin sanya tsarinsu na Jihad a Afirka ta Yamma. Rikicin da aka yi a kan matsugunan mutanen Zarma sun haɗa da hare-hare don hannun hatsi, ƙona amfanin gona da ke tsaye, tattara tilas ko kwace rarar ko wadata daga gidaje, kamawa, bautar da tilasta ƙaurawar mutane.
Bauta abune da ya zama tarihi a Afirka ta Yamma tun kafin zuwan mulkin mallaka. A Nijar da Mali, inda mafi yawan mutanen Zarma suka rayu a tarihi kuma suna da asalinsu, akwai shaidar rubutu na jerin kamfe na shekara-shekara yayin dokokin Ali 'dan Sunni da Askiya Muhammad (Turé) don kamo mutane a matsayin bayi,dukansu don amfanin gida da kuma fitar da su zuwa Arewacin Afirka galibi Morocco,Algiers,Tunis da Tripoli.Sarki na ƙarni na 15 Sunni Ali wani ɓangare ne na tatsuniyoyin da mutanen Zarma ke girmamawa.
Tsarin bautar ya kasance babban ɓangare na al'umma da tsarin siyasa.A cewar Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan,yawan bayin ya kai kusan kashi biyu bisa uku zuwa kashi uku cikin huɗu na yawan mutanen Songhay-Zarma.Waɗannan lambobin sun yi kama da yawan kaso na bautar da ake samu a wasu kabilun da suka kasance a Yammacin Afirka kafin mulkin mallaka, a cewar Martin Klein.Koyaya, Bruce Hall ya yi gargadin cewa yayin da yake "tabbas gaskiya ne cewa yawancin jama'a" suna da matsayi na rashin ƙarfi, waɗannan ƙididdigar zamanin mulkin mallaka na "bayi" a cikin ƙabilun yankin kogin Neja ƙari ne saboda akwai bambanci tsakanin matsayin bautar da matsayin bautar.
Ƙabilun da suka haɗa da mutanen Songhay-Zarma,in ji Benedetta Rossi, wadanda suka mika wuya ga Sahelo-Sudan din sun yi tarayya a tsarin siyasa da tattalin arziki wanda ya danganci bautar tun zamanin mulkin mallaka. Bayi sun kasance kayan tattalin arziki, kuma anyi amfani dasu don noma, kiwo da kuma aikin gida.Tsarin bautar ya kasance ingantacce kuma mai rikitarwa,a cewar Rossi,inda tsarin daidaita zamantakewar jama'a da aka kirkira tsakanin bayi kuma tsarin matsayin mai-bawa ya ci gaba koda bayan an dakatar da bautar a hukumance a lokacin mulkin mallakar Faransa. Ƙungiyoyin bayi sun kasance wani ɓangare na abubuwan tunawa da mutanen Zarma,in ji Alice Bellagamba.
Zamanin mulkin mallaka
Masu mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun zo yankunan da mutanen Zarma ke zaune a ƙarshen 1890s,lokacin da sarakuna da shugabannin yaƙi a cikin al'ummar Zarma suka kasance cikin rikici na ƙabilanci. Faransawan sun zabi Zarmakoy Aouta na Dosso a matsayin abokin tarayyarsu,kuma suka kafa mukamin soja a wani gari da ke can kauyen Dosso a watan Nuwamba 1898. Lokacin da ya biyo baya ya kawo bala'o'i da yawa kamar yunwa da hare-haren fara daga 1901 zuwa 1903.Faransawa sun haɓaka kasancewar su a wannan lokacin.
Faransawan sun dogara ne da sansanin soja na Dosso da kwarin Neja don sake cika kayansu, yayin da suke yunkurin kafa yankin mulkin mallaka mafi girma a Sahel har zuwa Chadi.Wannan ya haifar da rikice-rikice da tashin hankali a kan mutanen Zarma,ta yadda ya maimaita tashin hankali da tsarin girmamawa da aka ɗora wa Zarma daga "aƙalla farkon karni na sha tara", jihar Dennis Cordell da Joel Gregory.
Mulkin mallaka na Faransa ya kafa ma'adinai don albarkatu a Afirka ta Yamma kamar a gefen Gold Coast, kuma waɗannan ma'adanai suna da ma'aikata na Afirka waɗanda suka dogara da yawancin mutanen Zarma masu ƙaura.Dubun-dubatar mutanen Zarma sun yi tattaki zuwa mahakan ma'adinai daban-daban na Faransa, tare da gina hanyoyi da titunan jirgin kasa don hada manyan wuraren da ke da muhimmanci ga mulkin Faransa.Wannan aikin bakin hauren ya bi al'adun zamanin mulkin mallaka na mayaƙan Zarma da ke zuwa gabar Zinariya don ganima, amma ma'adinai na mulkin mallaka sun ba da sha'awar tattalin arziƙi,amma a yawancin lokuta ƙaura ta kasance hanya ce ta "tsere wa tattalin arzikin Faransa".
Daga cikin ƙabilu daban-daban a Nijar,hadin kan farko na manyan masu fada a ji ya haifar da wani gado inda aka ciyar da bukatun Zarma kuma sun ci gaba da kasancewa wani bangare na masu fada a ji na siyasa bayan samun cikakken 'yanci a shekarar 1960.
Jama'a da al'adu
Yaren, jama'a da al'adun mutanen Zarma ba a iya rarrabe su da mutanen Songhai . Wasu masana na ganin cewa mutanen Zarma wani bangare ne kuma mafi yawan kananan kabilu na Songhai - kungiyar da ta hada da makiyaya ƙasar Mal masu magana da yare daya da Zarma. Wasu suna nazarin ƙungiyar tare a matsayin mutanen Zarma-Songhai. Koyaya, ƙungiyoyin biyu suna ganin kansu a matsayin mutane daban-daban.
Tsarin zaman jama'a
Jean-Pierre Olivier de Sardan, Tal Tamari da sauran masana sun bayyana cewa mutanen Zarma a al'adance sun kasance al'umma da ke da rarrabuwar kai, kamar mutanen Songhai gabaɗaya, tare da jama'arsu da ke da gwanayen fada . Dangane da bayanin zamanin da da na mulkin mallaka, aikin su na gado ne, kuma kowane rukuni da ke da rarrabuwar kawuna ya kasance mai rikitarwa. Tsarin zamantakewar jama'a ya kasance baƙon abu ta hanyoyi biyu; daya tana kunshe da bautar, a inda mafi karancin yanki na mutane suka gaji bautar, na biyu kuma Zima ko firistoci da malaman addinin Islama dole ne a fara amma ba su gaji wannan sana'ar ba kai tsaye, wanda ya sa limamin ya zama mai karya. A cewar Ralph Austen, farfesa wanda ya yi fice sosai a tarihin Afirka, tsarin zaman lafiya a tsakanin mutanen Zarma ba shi da kyau kamar yadda tsarin tsarke yake a tarihin da aka samu a cikin ƙabilun Afirka da ke yamma da su.
Louis Dumont,marubucin ƙarni na 20 da ya shahara wajen shahararren Homo Hierarchicus,ya amince da yadda ake lalata zamantakewar jama'a a tsakanin mutanen Zarma-Songhai da ma sauran kabilun da ke Yammacin Afirka,amma ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata masana ilimin halayyar dan Adam su ƙirƙiri wani sabon lokaci don tsarin daidaita zamantakewar Afirka ta Yamma.Sauran masana suna ganin wannan nuna banbanci ne da kebewa saboda tsarin Afirka ta Yamma ya ba da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin Dumont, gami da tattalin arziki,al'ada, ruhaniya, dabi'a, abubuwan gurbata muhalli, rarrabuwa da yadawa a babban yanki.A cewar Anne Haour - wata farfesa ce a Nazarin Afirka, wasu masana na daukar batun wargaza zamantakewar al'umma irin ta tarihi a cikin mutanen Zarma-Songhai a matsayin wani abin da ke gabanin Musulunci yayin da wasu ke ganin an samo shi ne daga tasirin Larabawa.Ɓangarori daban-daban na mutanen Zarma-Songhai sun haɗa da sarakuna da mayaƙa,da marubuta, da masu sana'a,da masaka, da mafarauta, da masunta,da fatu da masu gyaran gashi (Wanzam),da barorin gida (Horso, Bannye). Kowane rukuni yana girmama ruhunsa mai kulawa. Wasu masana kamar su John Shoup sun lissafa waɗannan rukunin a cikin rukuni uku: kyauta (sarakuna, manoma da makiyaya), masu aiki (masu fasaha, mawaƙa da gwarzaye),da kuma rukunin bawa. Ƙungiyar masu buƙata an buƙaci zamantakewar su kasance masu haɗari,yayin da bayi za a sami 'yanci a cikin ƙarni huɗu. Straungiyoyin da ba na al'ada ba na mutanen Zerma sun mallaki kadarori da garken shanu,kuma waɗannan sun mamaye tsarin siyasa da gwamnatoci a lokacin da bayan mulkin mallaka na Faransa.A cikin tsattsauran tsarin zamantakewar al'umma, tsarin musulinci na auratayya wani bangare ne na al'adar mutanen Zarma, tare da fifikon abokan zama 'yan uwan juna, da kuma tsarin karɓar al'adu tsakanin matan aure. Wannan endogamy yayi kama da sauran ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma.
Kaciyar mata
Matan cikin mutanen Zarma, kamar sauran ƙabilun Sahel da Afirka ta Yamma, suna yin al'adar kaciyar mata ta al'ada . Koyaya, yawan yaduwar ya kasance ƙasa da faɗuwa. A cewar UNICEF da nazarin Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, a cikin al'adun Zarma ana kiran kaciyar mata Haabize . Ya ƙunshi al'ada biyu. Isayan shine yanke al'ada daga sabbin ƴan matan da aka haifa, na biyu shine kintace a tsakanin shekarun 9 zuwa 15 inda ko dai an yanke al'aurarta ko kuma an yanke wani ɓangare na dukkanin kumburin mahaifa sannan a cire labia minora sannan a cire. Masu wanzamin gargajiya da ake kira wanzam suna yi wa al'ada aiki.
Nijar ta yi yunƙurin kawo ƙarshen aikin FGM. A cewar UNICEF, waɗannan yunƙurin sun samu nasarar da kula rage yi wa wani ruwan dare kudi a cikin guda lambobi (9% a Zarma kabila a 2006 ), idan aka kwatanta da gabas-ta Arewa Afirka (Misira zuwa Somalia) inda FGM rates suna da tsayi sosai.
Ƙauyukan Zarma a al'adance suna haɗe da katangu masu shinge inda ƙungiyar dangi da ake kira windi ke rayuwa. Kowane mahadi yana da shugaban namiji kuma mahaɗan na iya samun ɗakunan bukkoki daban-daban, kowace bukka tare da matan daban na mazan. Bukkoki na gargajiya ne na zagaye, ko kuma tsarin madauwari wanda aka yi shi da bangon laka tare da rufin kwano mai banƙyama.
Mutanen Zarma suna noman masara,gero,dawa, shinkafa,taba, auduga da gyada a lokacin damina (Yuni zuwa Nuwamba). Suna da aladu na garken dabbobi, waɗanda suke ba da haya ga wasu har sai sun gama sayar da su nama. Wasu dawakai nasu, gadon waɗancan mutanen Zerma ne waɗanda a tarihi suke cikin ƙungiyar mayaƙa kuma ƙwararrun mahaya dawakai a cikin sojojin musulunci. Rayuwa kusa da Kogin Neja, wasu mutanen Zarma sun dogara da kamun kifi. Gadon dukiya da zuriyar sana'a na ɗan adam ne. Yawancin mutanen Zarma, kamar Songhai, sun yi ƙaura zuwa biranen bakin teku da biranen Afirka ta Yamma, musamman Ghana. Mutanen Zarma suna shuka guavas, mango, ayaba, da 'ya'yan itatuwa. .
Mutanen Zarma, kamar kabilun da ke makwabtaka da su a Afirka ta Yamma, suna da kyawawan al'adun kiɗa, raye raye da raira waƙa. Kayan kayan kida na yau da kullun wadanda suke tare da wadannan zane-zane sun haɗa da gumbe (babban ganga), dondon (ganga mai magana), molo ko kuntigui (kayan kida), goge (kayan kidan violin). Wasu daga wannan waƙar kuma suna haɗuwa tare da walwala, ko al'adun da ke da alaƙa da mallakar ruhu.
Duba kuma
Songhay mutane (ƙaramin rukuni)
Tsarin katako a Afirka
Mutanen Mande
Mutanen Mandinka
Mutanen Azbinawa
Masarautar Zabarma - daular musulunci ta Zarma da ƙarniafa a cikin karni na 19 a Arewacin Ghana.
Mutanen Nijar
Mutanen Afirka
Mutanen Najeriya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34569 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enderta%20%28Ethiopian%20District%29 | Enderta (Ethiopian District) | Enderta ( Tigrinya ) yana daya daga cikin Gundumomin Habasha ko gundumomi a yankin Tigray na Habasha . An yi wa sunan sunan tsohon lardin Enderta, wanda daga baya aka hade shi zuwa lardin Tigray . Yana cikin yankin Debub Misraqawi (Kudu maso Gabas) a gefen gabas na tsaunukan Habasha Enderta yana iyaka da kudu da Hintalo Wajirat, a yamma da Samre, a arewa maso yamma ta yankin Mehakelegnaw (tsakiya), a arewa ta Misraqawi . (Gabas) Zone, kuma a gabas ta yankin Afar ; birni da yanki na musamman na Mek'ele wani yanki ne a cikin Enderta. Garuruwan Enderta sun hada da Aynalem da Qwiha ; Kauyen Chalakot mai tarihi ma yana cikin wannan gundumar.
Akalla majami'a guda ɗaya yana cikin wannan gundumar: sadaukarwa ga Mikael a ƙauyen Zahero, wanda ke gabas.
Bisa kidayar jama'a a shekarar 2007 da hukumar kididdiga ta kasar Habasha (CSA) ta gudanar, wannan gundumar tana da jimillar jama'a 114,297, wanda ya karu da kashi 8.02 bisa dari bisa kidayar shekarar 1994, wadanda 57,482 maza ne, mata 56,815; ba a samu labarin mazauna birane ba. Tana da fadin murabba'in kilomita 3,175.31, Enderta tana da yawan jama'a 36.00, wanda bai kai matsakaicin yankin na mutane 53.91 a kowace murabba'in kilomita ba. An ƙidaya gidaje 24,618 a wannan gundumar, wanda ya haifar da matsakaicin mutum 4.64 ga gida ɗaya, da gidaje 23,856. 99.68% na yawan jama'a sun ce su Kiristocin Orthodox ne .
Kididdiga ta kasa ta shekarar 1994 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan gundumar mai mutane 105,814, wadanda 51,871 maza ne, 53,943 kuma mata; 12,375 ko kuma 11.7% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Ƙabilar mafi girma da aka ruwaito a Enderta ita ce Tigrai ; duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.5% na yawan jama'a. An yi magana da Tigrinya a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 99.44%; sauran 0.56% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Mafi yawan jama'a, 99.32%, sun yi addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha . Game da ilimi, 13.64% na yawan jama'a an dauke su karatu, wanda bai kai matsakaicin Zone na 15.71%; 21.31% na yara masu shekaru 7-12 suna makarantar firamare; 1.71% na yara masu shekaru 13-14 sun kasance a makarantar sakandaren ƙarami; 2.62% na mazauna shekaru 15-18 sun kasance a babbar makarantar sakandare. Dangane da yanayin tsafta, kusan kashi 90% na gidajen birane da kashi 29% na dukkan gidaje sun sami tsaftataccen ruwan sha a lokacin ƙidayar; kusan kashi 29% na birane da kashi 6% na duka suna da kayan bayan gida.
Wani samfurin kididdiga da CSA ta yi a shekarar 2001 ya yi hira da manoma 22,546 a wannan gundumar, wadanda ke rike da matsakaicin kadada 1.22 na fili. Daga cikin kadada 27,421 na fili mai zaman kansa da aka bincika, 95.37% na noma ne, 0.36% kiwo, 1.41% fallow, 0.3% na itace, da 2.56% an sadaukar da su ga sauran amfanin. A kasar da ake nomawa a wannan gundumar, an shuka kashi 85.11 cikin 100 a hatsi, kashi 6.16 cikin 100 na hatsi, kashi 2.16 cikin 100 na irin mai, sai kadada 35 na kayan lambu. Yankin da aka dasa a itatuwan 'ya'yan itace ya kai hekta 402, yayin da aka dasa 16 a gesho . Kashi 74.42% na manoman duk sun yi noman noma da kiwo, yayin da kashi 23.08% kawai suke noma da kuma 2.51% na kiwo. Filayen filaye a wannan gundumar an raba tsakanin kashi 81.93% na mallakar filayensu, da kuma 15.89% na haya; lambar da aka gudanar a wasu nau'ikan wa'adin ba ta nan.
Tafkunan ruwa
A wannan gunduma da ake da ruwan sama wanda ke wuce watanni biyu kacal a shekara, tafkunan ruwa daban-daban suna ba da damar girbin ruwan damina daga lokacin damina don ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Tafkunan gundumar sun hada da:
Gabaɗaya, waɗannan tafkunan suna fama da siltation mai sauri. Wani ɓangare na ruwan da za a iya amfani da shi don ban ruwa yana ɓacewa ta hanyar tsagewa ; Kyakkyawan sakamako mai kyau shine cewa wannan yana taimakawa wajen sake cajin ruwan ƙasa .
Sake tsara gundumar 2020
Kusan 2020, an gyara iyakokin Inderta na gundumar:
An haɗa manyan sassa kusa da Mekelle a cikin gundumar Mekelle
An tura yankunan da ke yammacin kogin Giba daga Dogu'a Tembien zuwa Inderta
Gundumomi kewaye
Bayanan kula |
23492 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaizayar%20Kasa | Zaizayar Kasa | A cikin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa, yashewar shi ne aikin hanyoyin ƙasa (kamar kwararar ruwa ko iska) wanda ke cire ƙasa, dutse, ko narkar da abu daga wuri guda a kan bagon duniya, sannan ya ɗauke shi zuwa wani wuri. Rushewa ya bambanta da yanayin wanda bai ƙumshi motsi ba. Kau da dutse ko ƙasa kamar yadda "classic" laka ake cewa jiki ko inji yashewa. Wannan ya bambanta da lalacewar sinadarai, inda kuma ake cire ƙasa ko kayan dutse daga wani yanki ta hanyar narkewa. Za a iya safarar gurɓataccen ruwa ko ɗan ƙaramin milimita, ko kuma na dubban kilomita.
Wakilan zaizayar ƙasa sun haɗa da ruwan sama ; suturar gado a cikin koguna ; yashewar bakin teku ta da raƙuman ruwa ; cirewar "glacial", "abrasion" , da "scour" ; ambaliyar ruwa; "abrasion" iska; hanyoyin ruwan karkashin kasa; da tsarin motsi na jama'a a cikin shimfidar wurare masu faɗi kamar zaftarewar ƙasa da tarkace. Ƙididdigar da irin waɗannan ayyukan da ake gudanarwa suna sarrafa yadda sauri ke ɓarna. Yawanci jiki yashewa sai dai fi sauri a kan "steeply" gangaren saman, da kuma "rates" iya zama zuwa wasu "climatic ally" -sarrafawa "Properties" ciki har da yawa na ruwa kawo ta (misali, ta hanyar ruwan sama), "storminess", iska gudun da kalaman dibo da ko na yanayi zafin jiki (musamman ga wasu hanyoyin da suka shafi kankara). Za a iya kuma sake mayar da martani tsakanin raunin zaizayar ƙasa da adadin abubuwan da aka lalata waɗanda tuni an ɗauka da misalin da kogi ko ƙanƙara. A kai na "eroded" kayan daga asali wuri da ake bi ta hanyar shaida wanda yake zuwa da "emplacement" na kayan a wani sabon wuri.
Duk da yake zaizayar ƙasa tsari ne na halitta, ayyukan ɗan adam sun ƙaru da sau 10-40 ƙimar da zaizayar ƙasa ke faruwa a duniya. A wuraren aikin gona da ke tsaunukan "Appalachian" , ayyukan noma mai zurfi sun haifar da zaizayar ƙasa har sau ɗari bisa ɗari na yawan zaizayar ƙasa a yankin. Yawan zaizayar ƙasa (ko hanzarta) zai haifar da matsalolin “a-site” da “off-site”. Tasirin yanar-gizon ya haɗa da raguwar yawan amfanin gona da (a kan shimfidar wurare na halitta) rushewar muhalli da duka saboda asarar raƙuman ƙasa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki. A wasu lokuta, wannan yana haifar da kwararowar hamada . Kashe-site effects hada sedimentation na waterways da eutrophication na ruwa jikinsu, kazalika da laka lalacewar hanyoyi da kuma gidaje. Raguwar ruwa da iska sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar ƙasa ; a hade, su ke da alhakin kusan kashi tamanin da biyar na yawan ƙasashen duniya na ƙasƙantar da ƙasa, suna mai da yaƙar wuce gona da iri ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matsalolin muhalli a duka duniya.
Noma mai zurfi, sare bishiyoyi, hanyoyi, canjin yanayi na ɗan adam da yaɗuwar birane suna daga cikin mahimman ayyukan ɗan adam dangane da tasirin su a kan kwararowar. Koyaya, akwai hanyoyin rigakafi da gyara da yawa waɗand n zasu iya ragewa ko iyakance yaƙar ƙasa mai rauni.
Tsarin jiki
Ruwan sama, da kuma surface dake kwarara wanda zai iya haifar da daga ruwan sama, samar hudu main iri ƙasa yashewa : fantsama yashewa, takardar yashewa, rill yashewa, kuma gully yashewa. Ana ganin ɓarkewar ɓarna a matsayin mataki na farko kuma mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin ɓarnawar ƙasa, wanda ke biye da ɓarna ta takarda, sannan yayyafin yaƙi kuma a ƙarshe gully erosion(mafi tsananin huɗu).
A cikin zaizayar ƙasa, tasirin saukar ruwan sama yana haifar da ƙaramin rami a cikin ƙasa, yana fitar da ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Nisan da waɗannan ƙwayoyin ƙasa ke tafiya na iya zama har zuwa 0.6 m (ƙafa biyu) a tsaye da 1.5 m (ƙafa biyar) a kwance a ƙasa.
Idan ƙasa ta ƙoshi, ko kuma idan ruwan sama ya fi yadda ruwan zai iya shiga cikin ƙasa, kwararar ruwa na faruwa. Idan gudun ruwan yana da isasshen karfi, shi zai safarar gãshin ƙasa barbashi ( laka ) saukar da gangara. Rushewar takarda ita ce safarar barbashin ƙasa da aka sassaƙa ta kwararar ƙasa.
Zaaizayar kasa na - Rill yana nufin ci gaban da kananan, ephemeral da mayar da hankali da kwarara hanyoyi da aiki kamar yadda biyu laka tushen da laka isarwa tsarin for yashewa a kan hillslopes. Gabaɗaya, inda ƙimar yashewar ruwa a yankunan da ke cikin tashin hankali ya fi girma, rills yana aiki. Zurfin zurfafa a cikin rills yawanci tsari ne na 'yan santimita (kusan inci) ko ƙasa da haka kuma gangarawar tasha na iya zama mai tsayi. Wannan yana nufin cewa rills suna nuna kimiyyar hydraulic sun sha bamban da ruwan da ke gudana ta cikin zurfi, manyan hanyoyin rafi da koguna.
Rushewar haushi yana faruwa lokacin da ruwa ya kwarara kuma yana gudana cikin sauri a cikin kunkuntar tashoshi yayin ko nan da nan bayan ruwan sama mai ƙarfi ko narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, yana cire ƙasa zuwa zurfin zurfi.
Matsanancin zaizayar ƙasa zai iya ci gaba zuwa samuwar gandun daji . Waɗannan suna samuwa a ƙarƙashin yanayin babban taimako a kan sauƙaƙƙen gindin ƙasa a cikin yanayin da ya dace da zaizayar ƙasa. Yanayi ko hargitsi da ke iyakance haɓakar tsirowar kariya (rhexistasy) sune babban jigon samuwar badland.
Kogi da rafi
Zaizayar kasa na rafi ko kogi na faruwa tare da ci gaba da kwararar ruwa tare da sifa mai layi. Rushewar yana ƙasa duka, yana zurfafa kwarin, kuma yana kan gaba, yana faɗaɗa kwarin zuwa cikin tsauni, yana haifar da yanke kai da bankunan tudu. A matakin farko na yashewar rafi, aikin lalata yana da yawa a tsaye, kwaruruka suna da sashi mai fasali na V kuma raƙuman rafi yana da tsayi. Lokacin da aka kai wani matakin tushe, aikin lalata zai canza zuwa yashewar gefe, wanda ke faɗaɗa kwarin kuma yana haifar da kunkuntar ambaliyar ruwa. Jigon rafi ya zama kusa da leɓe, kuma ɗorawar ɓoyayyen ɓoyayyiyar ƙasa ta zama mai mahimmanci yayin da rafin ke ratsa ƙasan kwarin. A duk matakai na yashewar rafi, zuwa yanzu mafi yawan zaizayar ƙasa tana faruwa a lokutan ambaliyar ruwa lokacin da ake samun ƙarin ruwa mai sauri da sauri don ɗaukar nauyin rami mafi girma. A cikin irin waɗannan hanyoyin, ba ruwa kaɗai ne ke ɓarna ba: dakatar da barbashi, tsakuwa, da duwatsu suma suna iya yin lalata yayin da suke wucewa ta farfajiya, a cikin tsarin da ake kira traction .
Zaizayar bakin rafi shine lalacewar bankunan rafi ko kogi. An bambanta wannan daga canje -canje a kan gado na magudanar ruwa, wanda ake kira scour . Ana iya auna gurɓacewa da canje -canje a cikin yanayin bankunan kogi ta hanyar saka sandunan ƙarfe a cikin bankin tare da yin alamar matsayin saman bankin tare da sandunan a lokuta daban -daban.
Zaizayar Thermal kuwa shine sakamakon narkewa da raunana permafrost saboda ruwa mai motsi. Zai iya faruwa a gefen koguna da a bakin teku. Gudun hijirar tashar kogi mai saurin gani da aka gani a cikin Kogin Lena na Siberia ya faru ne saboda lalacewar ɗumbin zafi, saboda waɗannan ɓangarorin bankunan sun haɗa da kayan da ba a haɗe da permafrost-ciminti ba. Yawancin wannan rushewar yana faruwa yayin da bankunan da aka raunana suka gaza a cikin manyan raguwa. Har ila yau, zaizayar ƙasa tana shafar tekun Arctic, inda aikin raƙuman ruwa da yanayin zafi kusa da tudu ke haɗuwa don lalata gandun dajin permafrost a gefen tekun kuma ya sa su kasa. Yawan lalacewar shekara-shekara tare da yanki na Tekun Beaufort ya kai a kowace shekara daga 1955 zuwa 2002.
Yawancin yashewar kogi yana faruwa kusa da bakin kogi. A kan lanƙwasa kogi, mafi ƙarancin mafi kaifi yana da ruwa mai motsi a hankali. A nan ana yin ajiya. A kan mafi ƙanƙantar da gefen lanƙwasa, akwai ruwa mai motsi da sauri don haka wannan gefen yana ɓarna galibi.
Rushewa da sauri ta hanyar babban kogi na iya cire isasshen gurɓataccen ruwa don samar da layin kogin, kamar yadda koma baya na ɗaga gadajen dutse waɗanda ba su da nauyi ta lalacewar gadaje masu wuce gona da iri.
Zaizayar bakin teku
Zaizayewar bakin teku, wanda ke faruwa a kan wuraren da aka fallasa da kuma mafaka, da farko yana faruwa ta hanyar aiki na raƙuman ruwa da raƙuman ruwa amma canjin matakin teku (tidal) shima zai iya taka rawa.
Lamari da ake kira hydraulic na farywa ne lokacin da iska a cikin haɗin gwiwa ba zato ba tsammani ta matsa ta hanyar igiyar ruwa ta rufe ƙofar haɗin gwiwa. Wannan sai ya fashe. Tashin igiyar ruwa shine lokacin da kuzarin kuzarin da ke bugun dutse ko dutse ya fashe. Abrasion ko corrasion yana faruwa ne sakamakon raƙuman ruwa da ke ɗora ruwan teku a dutsen. Ita ce mafi inganci da saurin gurɓataccen yashi (kada a ruɗe da lalata). Gurbatawa shine narkar da dutsen ta hanyar carbonic acid a cikin ruwan teku. Ƙwanƙolin duwatsu suna da haɗari musamman ga irin wannan zaizayar ƙasa. Haɗuwa shine inda barbashi/nauyin ruwan da raƙuman ruwa ke ɗauke da su yayin da suke bugun junansu da duwatsu. Wannan to yana sauƙaƙe kayan don wankewa. Kayan ya ƙare kamar shingle da yashi. Wani muhimmin tushen zaizayar ƙasa, musamman a gabar tekun carbonate, yana da ban sha'awa, ɓarna da niƙa ƙwayoyin cuta, tsarin da ake kira bioerosion .
Laka da aka dauko tare da bakin tekun a cikin shugabanci na da rinjaye halin yanzu ( longshore gantali ). Lokacin da samar da gurɓataccen ruwa ya yi ƙasa da adadin da ake ɗauka, zaizayar ƙasa na faruwa. Lokacin da yawan ɓoyayyen ɗimbin ya yi yawa, yashi ko bankunan tsakuwa za su kasance suna haifar da sakamakon sakawa . Waɗannan bankunan na iya yin sannu a hankali yin ƙaura tare da bakin tekun a cikin hanyar tsallaken tekun, a lokaci guda suna karewa da fallasa sassan gabar teku. Inda akwai lanƙwasawa a cikin gabar teku, galibi ana samun ɓataccen abu mai ɓarna wanda ke haifar da dogon bankin mai kunkuntar ( tofa ). Armoured rairayin bakin teku da kuma kura idon teku sandbanks yiwu ma kare sassa na wani ƙirin daga yashewa. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, yayin da sandunan ke canzawa sannu a hankali, ana iya juyar da zaizayar zuwa farmaki sassa daban -daban na gabar.
Rushewar saman gabar teku, sannan faduwa a matakin teku, na iya samar da yanayin ƙasa na musamman da ake kira rairayin bakin teku .
Rushewar sunadarai
Rushewar sunadarai shine asarar kwayoyin halitta a cikin shimfidar wuri a cikin hanyar solutes . Ana yawan lissafin zaizayar sunadarai daga abubuwan da aka samo a rafi. Anders Rapp ya fara nazarin yaƙar sunadarai a cikin aikinsa game da Kärkevagge da aka buga a 1960.
Samuwar ramuka da sauran fasalulluka na karst - topography misali ne na yaɗuwar sunadarai da yawa.
Glaciers sun zaizaye galibi ta hanyoyi daban -daban guda uku: abrasion/scouring, plucking, and ice thrusting. A cikin tsarin abrasion, tarkace a cikin ƙanƙara mai ƙanƙara a kan gado, gogewa da goge duwatsun da ke ƙarƙashinsu, kama da sandpaper akan itace. Masana kimiyya sun nuna cewa, baya ga rawar zafin da ake takawa a cikin zurfafa kwarin, sauran hanyoyin glaciological, kamar zaizayar ƙasa kuma tana sarrafa bambancin giciye. A cikin tsarin gurɓataccen ɗigon ƙasa, an ƙirƙiri sashe mai lanƙwasa a ƙarƙashin kankara. Kodayake dusar ƙanƙara tana ci gaba da ɓacewa a tsaye, siffar tashar da ke ƙarƙashin kankara a ƙarshe za ta kasance mai ɗorewa, ta kai sifar U-dimbin kwatankwacin hali kamar yadda muke gani yanzu a cikin kwaruruka masu ƙanƙara . Masana kimiyya kuma suna ba da adadi na adadi na lokacin da ake buƙata don samun kyakkyawan kwarin siffa mai kama da U — kusan shekaru 100,000. A cikin ƙasa mai rauni (yana ɗauke da kayan da za a iya ƙerawa fiye da duwatsun da ke kewaye) ƙirar ɓarna, a akasin haka, an ƙuntata yawan zurfin zurfin saboda ƙanƙara da ƙanƙara na raguwa.
Glaciers kuma na iya haifar da gutsuttsarin gutsuttsarin guguwa yayin aiwatar da girbi. A cikin dusar ƙanƙara, ƙanƙara ta daskare zuwa gadonta, sannan yayin da ta hau gaba, tana motsa manyan zanen daskararre a ƙasan tare da ƙanƙara. Wannan hanyar ta samar da wasu dubban tafkunan tafkin da ke gefen Garkuwar Kanada . Bambance -bambancen da ke tsakanin tsayin dutsen ba wai kawai sakamakon tasirin tectonic bane, kamar ɗaga dutse, har ma da canjin yanayi na gida. Masana kimiyya suna amfani da nazarin yanayin duniya don nuna cewa zaizayar ƙanƙara tana sarrafa matsakaicin tsayin tsaunuka, saboda sauƙaƙe tsakanin tsaunukan tsaunin da layin dusar ƙanƙara gaba ɗaya ya takaita zuwa tsaunuka ƙasa da 1500. m. Rushewar da dusar ƙanƙara ke haifarwa a duk duniya tana lalata tsaunuka yadda yakamata ta zama ana amfani da kalmar buzzsaw glacial, wanda ke bayyana iyakance tasirin kankara akan tsayin tsaunin. Yayin da tsaunuka ke ƙaruwa, galibi suna ba da damar ƙarin ayyukan ƙanƙara (musamman a yankin tarawa sama da madaidaicin layin glacial), wanda ke haifar da karuwar yuwuwar dutsen, yana rage yawan taro da sauri fiye da sake dawo da isostatic zai iya ƙarawa kan dutsen . Wannan yana ba da kyakkyawan misali na madaidaicin madaidaicin amsa . Binciken da ke gudana yana nuna cewa yayin da ƙanƙara ke ƙoƙarin rage girman dutsen, a wasu yankuna, ƙanƙara na iya rage haɓakar zaizayar ƙasa, yana aiki a matsayin kayan yaƙi na kankara . Kankara ba zai iya lalata duwatsu kawai ba amma kuma yana iya kare su daga ɓarna. Dangane da tsarin ƙanƙara, har ma da ƙasa mai tsayi mai tsayi ana iya kiyaye ta ta lokaci tare da taimakon kankara. Masana kimiyya sun tabbatar da wannan ka’idar ta hanyar yin samfarin taro takwas na arewa maso yammacin Svalbard ta amfani da Be10 da Al26, suna nuna cewa arewa maso yammacin Svalbard ya canza daga yanayin ƙanƙara-ƙanƙara a ƙarƙashin matsakaicin matsakaicin ƙanƙara mai tsananin ƙanƙara, zuwa yanayin ƙanƙara-makamai da ke cike da sanyi, kankara mai kariya lokacin da yawan sanyin sanyi mafi yawa na glaima yayin da shekarun ƙanƙara na Quaternary ya cigaba.
Waɗannan matakai, haɗe da yashewa da sufuri ta hanyar ta hanyar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙanƙara, suna barin yanayin ƙasa mai ƙyalli kamar moraines, drumlins, moraine na ƙasa (har), kames, kame deltas, moulins, da kura -kurai a cikin farkawarsu, yawanci a tashar ko a lokacin komawar kankara .
Mafi kyawun ci-gaban yanayin kwarin gwal yana bayyana cewa an iyakance shi ga shimfidar wurare tare da ƙarancin ƙimar dutsen (ƙasa da ko daidai da 2mm a kowace shekara) da babban taimako, wanda ke haifar da lokutan juyawa. Inda yawan hauhawar dutsen ya zarce 2mm a kowace shekara, ilimin halittar kwarin gwal na gaba ɗaya an canza shi sosai a cikin lokacin postlalacial. Haɗuwa da yaɗuwar kankara da tilasta tectonic shine ke jagorantar tasirin ilimin glaciations akan orogens masu aiki, ta hanyar tasiri tsayin su, da kuma canza fasalin ɓarna a cikin lokutan glacial mai zuwa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin dutsen dutsen da siffar giciye.
A manyan kwarara, kolks, ko vortices ana samun su ta manyan kundin ruwa mai saurin gudu. Kolks yana haifar da matsanancin zaizayar ƙasa, yana ɗebo gindin ƙasa da ƙirƙirar fasali irin na tudun ƙasa da ake kira kwandon dutse. Ana iya ganin misalai a cikin yankunan ambaliyar ruwa sakamakon tafkin Lake Missoula, wanda ya haifar da ɓarna a yankin Columbia Basin na gabashin Washington .
Ruwan iska
Zaizayar iska ya kasance muhimmin abu a labarin kasa e, musamman a yankuna masu bushewa da bushewa. Hakanan babban tushen lalata ƙasa, ƙaura, hamada, ɓarna mai iska mai cutarwa, da lalacewar amfanin gona - musamman bayan an ƙaru sama da ƙimar dabi'a ta ayyukan ɗan adam kamar gandun daji, birane, da aikin gona .
Rushewar iska na iri biyu ne na farko: ɓarna, inda iska ke ɗauka kuma ta kwashe barbashi mara nauyi; da abrasion, inda saman yake lalacewa yayin da guguwar iska ke ɗauke da su. An raba rabe -raben gida gida uku: rarrafe a saman, inda mafi girma, barbashi masu nauyi ke zamewa ko mirgina a ƙasa; gishiri, inda ake ɗaga barbashi a ɗan gajeren tsawo zuwa cikin iska, kuma ya yi tawaye da gishiri a ƙasan ƙasa; da dakatarwa, inda ƙanana da ƙanƙara masu sauƙi iska ke ɗaga su cikin iska, kuma galibi ana ɗaukar su zuwa nesa mai nisa. Gishirin yana da alhakin yawancin na yashewar iska, sannan dakatarwa , sannan rarrafewar ƙasa .
Zaizayar iska ya fi tsanani a yankunan da ba su da ruwa da kuma lokacin fari. Misali, a cikin Manyan Filaye, an kiyasta cewa asarar ƙasa saboda ɓarnawar iska na iya ninka har sau 6100 a cikin shekarun fari fiye da na damina.
Tafiya taro
Motsawar babban jiki 9wao (Mass Movement) shine motsi na ƙasa da na waje na dutsen da gutsuttsura a kan tudu, galibi saboda ƙarfin nauyi .
Motsawar jama'a wani muhimmin sashi ne na tsarin gurɓataccen yanayi kuma galibi shine matakin farko a cikin ɓarna da jigilar kayan masarufi a cikin tsaunuka. Yana motsa abu daga tsaunuka masu tsayi zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci inda sauran wakilan da ke lalata abubuwa kamar rafuffuka da ƙanƙara za su iya ɗaukar kayan kuma su motsa shi har ma da ƙananan tsaunuka. Tsarin motsi-motsi koyaushe yana faruwa akai-akai akan duk gangaren; wasu matakan motsi-taro suna aiki a hankali; wasu na faruwa ba zato ba tsammani, galibi tare da munanan sakamako. Duk wani motsi mai gangarawa-ƙasa na dutsen ko ɓarna galibi ana kiran su gaba ɗaya azaman zaftarewar ƙasa. Koyaya, zaftarewar ƙasa za a iya rarrabasu ta hanyar cikakken bayani wanda ke nuna hanyoyin da ke da alhakin motsi da saurin motsi. Daya daga cikin wanda ake iya gani topographical manifestations na wani sosai m nau'i na irin wannan aiki shi ne wani scree gangara.
Slumping yana faruwa a kan kasa masu tudu, yana faruwa tare da yankuna daban -daban masu fashewa, galibi a cikin kayan kamar yumɓu wanda, da zarar an sake shi, na iya motsawa cikin sauri. Sau da yawa za su nuna ɓacin rai isostatic mai siffa mai siffa, wanda kayan ya fara zamewa ƙasa. A wasu lokuta, raunin yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ruwa ƙarƙashin gangaren yana raunana shi. A lokuta da yawa kawai sakamakon ƙarancin injiniyanci ne akan manyan hanyoyin inda abin yake a kai a kai.
Surface creep shine jinkirin motsin ƙasa da tarkace dutsen ta hanyar nauyi wanda galibi ba a iya fahimtarsa sai ta tsawaita kallo. Koyaya, kalmar kuma tana iya bayyana mirgina barbashi ƙasa da aka watsa a cikin diamita ta iska tare da saman ƙasa.
Abubuwan da ke jibantan zaizayar kasa
Yanayi (Climate)
Adadi da tsananin tsananin zubar ruwa, kankara ko raba daga sama shine babban abin da ke haifar da lalacewar ƙasa ta ruwa. Dangantaka ne musamman karfi idan nauyi ruwan sama ya auku a sau a lokacin, ko a wurare inda, kasar gona ta surface ba da kariya da ciyayi . Wannan na iya kasancewa a lokacin lokutan da ayyukan noma ke barin ƙasa babu ruwa, ko kuma a cikin yankuna masu ƙarancin bushe inda ciyayi ba su da yawa. Rushewar iska na buƙatar iska mai ƙarfi, musamman a lokutan fari lokacin da ciyayi ba su da yawa kuma ƙasa ta bushe (haka ma ya fi ƙaruwa). Wasu dalilai na yanayi kamar matsakaicin zafin jiki da kewayon zafin jiki na iya shafar zaizayar ƙasa, ta hanyar tasirin su akan ciyayi da kaddarorin ƙasa. Gabaɗaya, idan aka ba da irin wannan ciyayi da tsirrai, yankunan da ke da ƙarin hazo (musamman ruwan sama mai ƙarfi), ƙarin iska, ko guguwa ana tsammanin za su sami ƙarin lalata.
A wasu yankunan na duniya (misali tsakiyar Amurka ta yamma ), tsananin ruwan sama shine babban abin da zai ƙaddara ƙaƙƙarfan gurɓataccen iska (don ma’anar bincike na ɓarna, ) tare da ƙara yawan ruwan sama gabaɗaya wanda ke haifar da ƙarin lalata ƙasa. Girman da gudun ruwan sama yana da mahimmanci. Ruwan ruwan sama mai girma da girma yana da kuzari mai ƙarfi, don haka tasirin su zai kawar da barbashin ƙasa ta nesa mafi girma fiye da ƙarami, mai h sauƙaƙan motsi.
A wasu yankuna na duniya (misali Yammacin Turai ), kwararar ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa suna haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwan sama wanda ke fadowa akan ƙasa mai cike da ƙima. A irin wannan yanayi, yawan ruwan sama maimakon tsananin ƙarfi shine babban abin da ke tantance tsananin lalacewar ƙasa taruwa.
A kasarTaiwan, inda yawan guguwa ta ƙaru sosai a cikin ƙarni na 21, an sami haɗin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin ƙaruwar yawan guguwa tare da ƙaruwar ɗimbin laka a cikin koguna da madatsun ruwa, wanda ke nuna tasirin canjin yanayi na iya haifar da rushewar ƙasa.
Ciyayi/Tsirran wuri
Tsirrai suna aiki azaman abin dubawa tsakanin yanayi da ƙasa. Yana qara permeability na ƙasa zuwa tara ruwan sama, haka ragewa dake kwarara. Yana ba da kariya ga ƙasa daga iska, wanda ke haifar da raguwar gurɓataccen iska, gami da canje -canje masu fa'ida a cikin microclimate. Tushen shuke -shuke suna ɗaure ƙasa tare, kuma suna yin hulɗa da wasu tushen, suna samar da ƙarin ƙarfi wanda ba shi da saukin kamuwa da ruwa da zaizayar iska. Cire ciyayi yana ƙaruwa da yawan yashewar ƙasa.
Bisan Kasa
Tsarin yanayin bisan ƙasa yana ƙayyade saurin da ruwan saman zai gudana, wanda hakan ke ƙayyade lalatawar kwararar ruwan. Doguwa, gangaren tudu (musamman waɗanda ba su da isasshen murfin ciyayi) sun fi saukin kamuwa da zaizayar ƙasa a lokacin ruwan sama fiye da gajarta, ƙasa da tudu. Har ila yau, tudu mai tsauri ya fi saurin kamuwa da zaftarewar ƙasa, zaftarewar ƙasa, da sauran hanyoyin tafiyar da yaƙi.
Hanyoyin Tectonics suna sarrafa ƙima da rarrabuwa na zaizayar ƙasa. Idan aikin tectonic ya haifar da wani ɓangaren farfajiyar Duniya (misali, tsaunin tsaunuka) a ɗaga ko saukar da shi dangane da yankunan da ke kewaye, wannan dole ne ya canza canjin yanayin ƙasa. Saboda yawan zaizayar ƙasa kusan koyaushe yana kula da gangaren gida (duba sama), wannan zai canza adadin lalacewar a yankin da aka ɗaga. Tectonics masu aiki kuma suna kawo sabo, dutsen da ba a gama juyawa zuwa farfajiya ba, inda aka fallasa shi ga aikin lalata.
Koyaya, zaizayar ƙasa na iya shafar al'amurran tectonic. Cirewa ta hanyar zaizayar dutsen mai yawa daga wani yanki, da kuma ajiye shi a wani wuri, na iya haifar da sauƙaƙe nauyi akan ƙananan ɓawon burodi da mayafi . Saboda matakan tectonic suna motsawa ta hanyar gradients a cikin filin damuwa da aka haɓaka a cikin ɓawon burodi, wannan saukarwa na iya haifar da haɓaka tectonic ko isostatic a yankin. A wasu lokuta, an yi hasashen cewa waɗannan bayanan tagwayen na iya yin aiki don keɓancewa da haɓaka yankuna na saurin hakowa na manyan duwatsu masu zurfi a ƙarƙashin wurare a saman duniyar tare da hauhawar hauhawar yanayi, alal misali, ƙarƙashin ƙasa mai zurfi na Nanga Parbat. a yammacin Himalayas . An kira irin wannan wurin " tectonic aneurysm ".
Ci gaba
Ci gaban ɗan adam, a cikin sifofi ciki har da bunƙasa aikin gona da birane, ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar rawa a cikin yaƙar ƙasa da safarar ɗimbin abinci, wanda hakan ke ƙara haifar da karancin abinci. A cikin Taiwan, ana iya samun ɗimbin ɗimbin ramuka a arewacin, tsakiya, da kudancin tsibirin tare da tsarin ci gaban kowane yanki a cikin karni na 20. Da gangan mutane suka cire ƙasa da dutsen wani nau'in ɓarna ne wanda aka sanya wa suna lisasion .
Zaizaya a ma'auni daban -daban
A matakin tsaunuka
An san cewa tsaunukan suna ɗaukar miliyoyin shekaru kafin su lalace har zuwa matakin da suka daina wanzuwa. Masana Pitman da Golovchenko sun ƙiyasta cewa wataƙila yana ɗaukar fiye da shekaru miliyan 450 don lalata dutsen da ya yi kama da Himalaya a cikin ɗan ƙaramin falo idan babu manyan canje-canjen matakin teku . Rushewar tarin duwatsun zai iya haifar da ƙirar babban taro daidai gwargwado da ake kira daidaiton taro. An yi jayayya cewa tsawaita lokacin rushewar orogenic shine mafi inganci hanyar rage tsayin tsaunukan orogenic fiye da zaizayar ƙasa.
Misalan zaizayar tsaunuka da aka lalata sun haɗa da Timanides na Arewacin Rasha. Rushewar wannan ogen ya samar da gurɓataccen ruwa wanda yanzu ake samu a Dandalin Gabashin Turai, gami da Tsarin Sablya na Cambrian kusa da Tafkin Ladoga . Nazarin waɗannan lamuran sun nuna cewa mai yiwuwa yuwuwar ɓarkewar ogen ya fara a cikin Cambrian sannan ya ƙaru a cikin Ordovician .
Idan yawan zaizayar ƙasa ya yi yawa fiye da ƙimar ƙasa, ana lalata ƙasa. Inda ba a lalata ƙasa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa a wasu lokuta na iya hana samuwar fasalulluka ƙasa waɗanda ke yin sannu a hankali. Inceptisols ƙasa ce ta yau da kullun da ke samuwa a cikin wuraren da ake lalata da sauri.
Yayin da yashewar ƙasa tsari ne na halitta, ayyukan ɗan adam sun ƙaru da sau 10-40 ƙimar da zaizayar ƙasa ke faruwa a duniya. Yawan zaizayar ƙasa (ko hanzarta) zai haifar da matsalolin “a-site” da “off-site”. Tasirin yanar-gizon ya haɗa da raguwar yawan amfanin gona da (a kan shimfidar wurare na halitta ) rushewar muhalli , duka saboda asarar raƙuman ƙasa mai wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki. A wasu lokuta, sakamakon ƙarshe shine kwararowar hamada . Kashe-site effects hada sedimentation na waterways da eutrophication na ruwa jikinsu, kazalika da laka-related lalacewar hanyoyi da kuma gidaje. Raguwar ruwa da iska sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da lalacewar ƙasa ; a hade, su ke da alhakin kusan kashi 84% na yawan ƙasashen duniya na ƙasƙantar da ƙasa, suna mai da yaƙar wuce gona da iri ɗaya daga cikin mahimman matsalolin muhalli .
A kasar Amurka, manoma da ke noma ƙasa mai iya ɓarna dole ne su bi tsarin kiyayewa don samun cancantar wasu nau'ikan taimakon aikin gona.
Sakamakon zaizayar ƙasa da ɗan adam ya yi
Duba kuma
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin waje
Shafin Raguwar Ƙasa
Ƙungiyar Kula da Rushewar Ƙasa
Bayanan Rushewar Ƙasa a cikin Tashar Ƙasa ta Turai
Dakin Labarai na Kasa na USDA
Ƙungiyar Kula da Ruwa da Ruwa
Mamayewar kasa da sahara
Zaizayar Kasa
Noman Zamani
Ilimin Fasahan shuke-shuke
Ilimin fasahar Kasa
Zaizayewar Kasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
35367 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankunan%20Forcados%20da%20Badjibo | Yankunan Forcados da Badjibo | Yankunan Forcados da Badjibo yankuna ne guda biyu dake kusa da kogin Niger, Najeriya ta yau, da Ingila ta bawa Faransa haya a karkashin yarjejeniyar Anglo-Faransa ta 1898. Faransa ce ta same su bayan tafiye-tafiye da dama tare da Nijar, ta hanyar Hourst , Granderye , Touté (1895 da 1899-1900), da Lenfant . -02, da sauransu. ). Faransa ta so ta tantance ko za a iya samar wa yankunan da take mulka na Sudan cikin sauki ta hanyar kogin Nijar maimakon ta hanyar Dakar ta gargajiya.
Sharuɗɗan yarjejeniya
An tabbatar da Yarjejeniyarta hanyar sanya hannu a ranar 20 ga watan Mayun 1903 sun ƙayyade sharuddan hayar ga mukala ta 8 na yarjejeniyar 14 ga watan Yunin 1898 da Ministan Harkokin Wajen Faransa Théophile Delcassé, da Sir Edmund Monson, Jakadan Birtaniya a Faransa. An dai cimma wannan yarjejeniya ne a cikin shirin Entente na hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen biyu, wanda ya kawo karshen zaman tankiya da fafatawa a kan yankuna a nahiyar Afirka, kuma bisa wanan tsarin ‘yancin zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na tsawon lokaci a Nijar.
Kowane yanki da aka bada hayar ya kai girman kimanin hekta 47 ( kasa da murabba'in mil 0.2) kuma an keɓe shi don sauke kaya, adanawa da jigilar kayayyaki, tare da mazauna yankin ga ma'aikatan da aka yi amfani da su don waɗannan dalilai tare da iyalai da bayinsu. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance na tsawon shekaru talatin a kowane hali, kuma ta haɗa da sharuɗɗa kamar buƙatu don rufe yankin da hana ciniki. An saita hayar shekara-shekara akan franc ɗaya a shekara.
An ambaci wadannan yankuna da aka ambata a cikin littattafan Faransanci a 1926 kuma an bayyana su a matsayin waɗanda ba a mamaye su a cikin 1929. amm ba a sabunta yarjejeniyar ba a ƙarshen farkon lokacin shekaru talatin.
An sanya wa sunan 'Forcados' (ma'ana 'forked') daga 'yan kasuwancin bayi na Portugal wanda suka fara zuwa bincika yankin Neja Delta a jihar Bayelsa na yanzu. Wurin da aka ba da hayar yana da siffar trapezoid, tare da ɗan gaba daga gefen kogin Forcados kusa da ƙauyen Gula, daura da Ogidiba, kuma yana da nisan mita 700 daga bakin ruwa. Ko da yake ba a sanya hannu ba har sai 1903, an yi la'akari da yarjejeniyar za ta ci gaba har tsawon shekaru talatin daga ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1900 kuma yankin da aka yi hayar ya kasance ƙarƙashin doka a lokacin da ake aiki a British Southern Nigeria Protectorate .
Yankin Badjibo (Kada a dauke shi da wuri mai irin sunan a Gabon ) yana cikin mahadar Nijar tare da Doko mafi ƙanƙanta, kimanin nisan 36. km daga saman Jebba zuwa ƙasa daga Boussa rapids inda Mungo Park ya mutu. Ya kunshi wani fili mai siffar kwatankwacin kwatankwacinsa, mai gabar ruwa 400m da zurfin mita 200, daura da kauyen Badjibo. Ya kasance kusa da Fort Arenberg, wanda Georges Joseph Toutée ya kafa a cikin 1895 kuma mai suna don girmama Auguste d'Arenberg kafin a watsar da shi. Saboda wannan dalili, wani lokaci ana kiransa da Arenberg enclave. Ko da yake ba a sanya hannu ba har sai 1903, an yi la'akari da cewa yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Yuni 1900 kuma yankin ya kasance a karkashin doka sannan yana aiki a karkashin British Northern Nigeria Protectorate .
Duba kuma
Mallakar Najeriya
Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransanci da mazauna
Kogin Niger
Faransa Yammacin Afirka
Scramble for Africa
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Lupton, Kenneth, 'Rarrabuwar Borgu a 1898 da Faransanci a Najeriya, 1900-1960', Journal of the Historical Society of Nigeria, 12.3-4 , 77-94
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Base Choiseul : constitutions de bail d'un terrain situé au confluent du Doko avec le Niger (Badjibo - Fort Arenberg) et d'un autre sur la rive gauche de la rivière Forcados, signées par Théophile Delcassé et Sir Edmund Monson le 20 mai 1903.
Dahomé Niger Touareg –Récit de voyage, na Kanar Georges Joseph Toutée
Le Niger voie overte a notre empire africa na Captain Eugène Lenfant
Principaux résultats géographiques de la mission Toutée, Commandant Toutée, Annales de Géographie 1897 (Persée)
Tarihin mulkin mallakan turawa |
27145 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days%20of%20Glory%20%282006%20fim%29 | Days of Glory (2006 fim) | Ranakun Girma (Yan Asalin ) Fim ne na Faransa a shekarar 2006 wanda Rachid Bouchareb ya ba da umarni. Simintin ya haɗa da Sami Bouajila, Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Mélanie Laurent da kuma Bernard Blancan .
Fim din yana magana ne game da gudummawar da sojojin Arewacin Afirka suka bayar ga Sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da kuma, a cikin takaddama, tare da nuna bambanci. Fitar da fim ɗin ya ba da gudummawa wajen amincewa da wani ɓangare na haƙƙin fansho na sojoji daga tsoffin mallakar Faransa da gwamnatin Faransa ta yi.
Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila da kuma Bernard Blancan duk sun lashe kyautar Prix d'interprétation a shekarar 2006 Cannes Film Festival saboda wasan kwaikwayo, kuma fim din ya lashe kyautar François Chalais . An kuma zaɓi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje .
A cikin Faransa ta Arewacin Afirka a cikin shekarar 1943 an dauki mutane da yawa daga mallakar Faransa a ketare a cikin Sojojin Faransa na Farko na Sojojin Faransa masu ' Yanci don yin yaki tare da sauran kawancen kawancen Nazi Jamus da 'yantar da Faransa daga mamayar . The sojojin kunshi biyu main abubuwa: pieds-noirs, cewa shi ne mutane na kagaggun Turai zuriya, kuma 'yan asalin, wadanda daga kagaggun Afirka lõkacin saukarsa. "Indigènes" sun ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyi uku: Aljeriya, Moroccan (wanda aka sani da goumiers ) da kuma sojoji daga yankin Saharar Afirka .
Saïd, makiyayin akuya matalauta, ya shiga RTA ta bakwai (Régiment de Tirailleurs Algériens). Tare da shi akwai wasu 'yan Algeria ciki har da Messaoud, wanda ke son yin aure ya zauna a Faransa, da Kofur Abdelkader mai ilimi, wanda ke neman daidaito da mazauna ga 'yan asalin kasarsa. Akwai kuma 'yan uwa biyu 'yan Morocco Yassir da Larbi, burin Yassir ya zama ganima domin Larbi ya samu damar yin aure.
Ba da da ewa maza, ado a mafi yawa ara-haya American kayan hadu Saje Martinez, wani yaki-taurare pied-noir, wanda basu horo su kafin ya shugabance su a kan su na farko alkawari da Jamus a Italiya . Manufar su ita ce kama wani dutse da ke da kariya sosai, amma ba da jimawa ba za a fahimci cewa kwamandan Faransa na amfani da su a matsayin abincin dabbobi don gano wuraren da ake hari da bindigogi. Sojojin mulkin mallaka sun yi nasara a ƙarshe, tare da asarar hasara mai yawa. Lokacin da wakilin Faransa ya tambaye shi game da ra'ayinsa game da asarar da aka yi, Kanar na Faransa ya amsa, "yau babbar nasara ce ga Sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci".
Dakarun RTA na 7 na gaba sun fara shirin Operation Dragoon, don kwato kudancin Faransa. Yayin da yake cikin jirgin ruwa, wani mai dafa abinci na Faransa ya ƙi ba da tumatir ga sojojin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Abdelkader ya yi kira da a samar da daidaito, amma an kaucewa tashe-tashen hankula lokacin da Martinez da kyaftin din kamfanin suka yi alkawarin cewa za a yi wa kowa da kowa.
Lokacin isa Marseille, ana gaishe da sojojin mulkin mallaka a matsayin jarumai. Messaoud ya gana kuma ya gurfanar da Irène, wata Bafaranshiya, ya yi alƙawari lokacin da rundunar ta bar aikin zai rubuta kuma wata rana zai dawo. Tace zata jirashi zasuyi aure. Duk da haka, saboda tantance saƙon sojoji, Irène ba ta taɓa sanin makomar Messaoud ba.
Saïd ya zama mai bin tsari na Martinez, wanda sauran sojoji ke kiransa "yarinya" kuma suna nuna cewa shi ɗan luwaɗi ne. Daga ƙarshe ya zaro ya riƙe wuƙa a makogwaron Messaoud. Abdelkader calms da halin da ake ciki, amma ya ce da ke sa shi share cewa a cikin wannan nuna wa mata banbanci duniya da Faransa hukumomi za a ba su mulkin mallaka da sojoji da wani abu. Da yake ganin hoton iyali a cikin kayan Martinez, yayin da yake shan ruwa tare da sajan Saïd, ya ambata cewa su biyun sun yi kama da juna biyu da uwa Balarabe. Hukumar NCO ta kai masa hari tare da yi masa barazanar kashe shi idan ya tona asirin.
Sojojin mulkin mallaka sun gano cewa, yayin da ba a ba su izinin ba, ana barin membobin Faransa na Sojojin Faransa na 'Yanci su tafi gida. Daga karshe an ce mazan za su koma gida, amma yaudara ce; maimakon haka, ana billeted su a bayan layin kuma ana ba su wasan ballet . Cikin gundura da ruɗewa, yawancinsu suna barin alfarwa sun yi taro a waje suna nuna rashin adalci. Martinez ya kalubalanci ƙungiyar, karkashin jagorancin Abdelkader, kuma aka fara fada.
Da sanyin safiya, Ƴan sandan sojan Faransa sun kai Messaoud wani shingen wucin gadi inda ake tsare da Abdelkader. Messaoud ya ce an kama shi ne saboda kokarin komawa Marseille ya nemo Irène. An gabatar da Abdelkader a gaban Kanar Faransa wanda ya gaya masa cewa yana bukatar shi ya tafi wani aiki na musamman: ya kai harsashi ga sojojin Amurka da ke yakin Lorraine Campaign sannan kuma ya kasance sojojin Faransa na farko da suka 'yantar da Alsace . Jami'in na Faransa ya yi alkawarin cewa Abdelkader da sauran sojojin mulkin mallaka za su sami lada da kuma sanin cewa nasara a wannan aiki za ta kawo. Daga baya, kyaftin din farar fata ya gaya wa kofur cewa Kanar zai cika alkawarinsa.
Yayin da suke tsallaka layukan Jamus, akasarin mutanen sun mutu ne sakamakon wani tarko da suka hada da dan uwan Yassir, kuma Martinez ya samu munanan raunuka. Wadanda suka tsira galibi suna son komawa, amma Abdelkader ya tara su don ci gaba. Daga karshe kofur, Saïd, Messaoud, Yassir da wadanda suka jikkata sun isa kauyen Alsatian. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa sojoji suka shiga cikin yankin kuma Saïd ya yi abota da wata mai shayarwa . Lokacin da rukunin Jamusawa suka isa ƙauyen, yaƙi ya barke. Messaoud ya ji rauni sosai sakamakon makamin roka na Panzerschreck sannan wani dan ƙasar Jamus ya harbe shi. Saïd yayi ƙoƙarin kwashe Martinez, amma Panzerschreck ya harbe su duka, inda suka kashe Saïd tare da kara raunata Martinez, wanda ya kare cikin sauri. Abdelkader da Yassir sun yi yunkurin guduwa, amma wani Bajamushe ya harbe Yassir a baya. Duk da haka, kamar yadda kofur ɗin ya kasance, ƙarin sojojin mulkin mallaka sun isa suka kori Jamusawa daga ƙauyen.
Yayin da ginshiƙan sojojin Faransa na Free suka fara zagawa cikin yankin, Abdelkader ya ga Kanal ɗin yana wucewa a cikin motarsa kirar jeep, amma kwamandan Faransa ya yi watsi da shi, sai wani jami'in ma'aikaci ya ja shi ya tambaye shi inda rundunarsa take. Lokacin da Abdelkader ya ce duk sun mutu, kawai an tura shi wani NCO na Faransa. Yayin da yake fita daga ƙauyen, ya wuce wani mai ɗaukar hoto yana ɗaukar hotunan sojojin Faransa kawai da ke tsaye kusa da mutanen ƙauyen da aka kwato. Mutanen kauyen kuwa sun yabawa Abdelkader yayin da ya tafi.
Fim ɗin daga nan ya ƙaura zuwa yau. Wani tsoho Abdelkader ya je makabartar yaki a Alsace don ziyartar kaburburan abokansa: Martinez, Saïd, Yassir da Messaoud. Daga nan sai ya koma ƙaramin falon da yake zaune a ƙasar Faransa ta zamani. Fim ɗin ya ƙare da taken cewa daga shekara ta 1959 fansho ga masu yi wa hidima daga ƙasashen waje na Faransa da ke zaune a Faransa ba su sami wani ƙari ba bayan ranar da ƙasarsu ta samu ƴancin kai.
Ƴan wasa
Jamel Debbouze - Saïd Otmari
Samy Naceri - Yassir
Roschdy Zem - Messaoud Souni
Sami Bouajila - Abdelkader
Bernard Blancan - Sajan Roger Martinez
Mathieu Simonet - Caporal Leroux
Assaad Bouab - Larbi
Mélanie Laurent - ƙauyen Margueritte Vosges
Benoît Giros - Kyaftin Durieux
Thibault de Montalembert - Kyaftin Martin
Aurélie Eltvedt - Irène
Dioucounda Koma - Touré
Philippe Beglia - Rambert
Antoine Chappey - Kanal
Kalen Bushe - Kanal na biyu
Thomas Langmann - Dan jarida
Julie de Bona
Dacewar zamani
Duk da yake kowanne yana da nasa manufar, waɗannan ƴan asalin Afirka sun shiga yaƙin neman ƙasar Faransa da ba su taɓa gani ba. A cikin kalmomin Le Chant des Africains, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo hudu na rera waka a cikin fim din, "mun fito daga yankunan da ke mulkin mallaka don ceton uwa, mun zo daga nesa don mutuwa, mu maza ne na Afirka." Fim ɗin ya nuna ƙayyadaddun kwatancen yadda ake bi da su a cikin ƙungiyar sojojin da ke nuna ƙyama ga Faransawa na Turai.
Ana ci gaba da nuna wariya da mahukuntan Faransa suka yi wa wadannan sojoji yayin da gwamnatocin Faransa da suka shude suka dakile kudaden fansho na wadannan tsofaffin 'yan asalin kasar a lokacin da kasashensu suka samu 'yancin kai. Bayanan rufe fim din sun nuna cewa, duk da hukuncin da aka yanke na cewa ya kamata a biya kudaden fansho gaba daya, gwamnatocin Faransa da suka shude tun shekara ta 2002 ba su yi haka ba. Bayan fitar da fim din ne aka sauya manufofin gwamnati don ganin an samu kudaden fansho na ƴan gwagwarmaya na kasashen waje daidai da abin da ake biyan tsoffin sojojin Faransa. Amma, ya zuwa 2010, ba a yi la’akari da fenshon yaƙi a kan kari ba (kusan shekaru 40).
A shekara ta 2009, BBC ta buga shaidun da ke nuna cewa sojojin turawan mulkin mallaka - wadanda tare da sojojin arewacin Afirka da ke da kashi biyu bisa uku na sojojin Faransa masu 'yanci - an cire su da gangan daga rukunin da suka jagoranci ƙawance ƴantar da Paris a 1944. Janar Charles de Gaulle ya bayyana karara cewa yana son sojojin Faransa masu ƴanci su fara shiga babban birnin Faransa. Saboda haka rundunar kawance ta dage cewa a maye gurbin dukkan sojojin baƙaƙen fata da Turawa da na Arewacin Afirka daga wasu sassan Faransa.
Kamar yadda masanin tarihi Julian Jackson ya bayyana, "Da zarar ƴan tawaye sun ci Vichyite Algeria, an ba de Gaulle damar zuwa can, a watan Mayu 1943. Yanzu Algiers ya maye gurbin London da Brazzaville a matsayin babban birnin Faransanci na 'Yanci. Abu mafi mahimmanci shi ne cewa Aljeriya na ƙunshe da wani muhimmin tafki na sojojin arewacin Afirka. A karshen shekara ta 1942 jimillar sojojin de Gaulle ba su kai 50,000 ba, amma yanzu, a 1943, albarkacin Aljeriya, yana da sojoji kusan rabin miliyan. An fara jefa wannan runduna ta kabilanci da yawa a Italiya a shekara ta 1943 - ta yi yakin Monte Cassino - sannan ta sauka tare da Amurkawa a kudancin Faransa a watan Agustan 1944 ... An aika da 2nd Armored Division of Leclerc zuwa ... arewacin Faransa, - a cikin kalmomin wani babban janar na Amurka shi ne, 'kaɗaicin Faransanci wanda za a iya sanya 100% fari'. . . Ko da ba a yunƙurin de Gaulle ba ne, da alama bai yi adawa da wannan farin-wanke na matakin ƙarshe na almara na Faransanci na Kyauta ba. . . Faransawa sun yi saurin manta cewa saboda godiya ga sojojinsu na mulkin mallaka cewa suna da wani da'awar sake shiga yakin a 1944 a matsayin babban iko."
Amsa mai mahimmanci
Fim ɗin Days of Glory yana da ƙimar amincewa na 83% akan gidan yanar gizon mai tattara Tumatir Rotten Tumatir, dangane da sake dubawa na 86, da matsakaicin ƙimar 7.23/10. Muhimmiyar yarjejeniya ta gidan yanar gizon ta ce, " Ranakun ɗaukaka almara ne mai ƙarfi na tarihi wanda ke ba da girmamawa ga jiga-jigan gungun sojoji waɗanda aka manta da sadaukarwarsu da yawa". Hakanan yana da maki 82 cikin 100 akan Metacritic, bisa ga masu suka 25, yana nuna "yabo na duniya".
Jamel Debbouze, Samy Naceri, Roschdy Zem, Sami Bouajila da kuma Bernard Blancan sun lashe kyautar maza ta Prix d'interprétation a bikin Fim na Cannes na 2006 .
An zabi fim ɗin don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Harshen Waje, amma ya ɓace ga Rayuwar Wasu .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gidan Yanar Gizo na Kwanaki na Girma (Turanci)
Rahoton Labarai na 4 akan tasirin Ranakun ɗaukaka
Sinima a Afrika
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30953 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise%20Mushikiwabo | Louise Mushikiwabo | Louise Mushikiwabo (an haife ta 22 ga watan Mayu, Shekarata 1961) ita ce ta huɗu kuma a halin yanzu Sakatariyar Janar na Ƙungiyar internationale de la Francophonie. Ta taba rike mukamin ministar harkokin wajen kasar Rwanda daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2018.Ta kuma kasance Kakakin Gwamnati.A baya ta kasance ministar yada labarai.
A ranar 12 ga Watan Oktoba, shekarata 2018, an zabe ta na wa'adin shekaru hudu don matsayin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) a taron Francophonie a Yerevan, Armenia.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Louise Mushikiwabo a ranar 22 ga watan Mayu , shekarat 1961 a Kigali, babban birnin Rwanda. Mahaifinta shi ne Bitsindinkumi, dan Tutsi daga kabilar Batsobe; Bitsindinkumi ta yi aiki a matsayin manomi, yana kula da ƙananan gidaje da kuma aiki a matsayin mai kula da kantin sayar da kofi na mulkin mallaka. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Nyiratulira, kani na farko ga masanin falsafa Abiru kuma masanin tarihi Alexis Kagame. Ta yi yarinta a Kigali. Ƙananan yara tara, 'yan uwanta sun haɗa da Lando Ndasingwa, wanda ya zama sanannen dan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa a Rwanda kafin a kashe shi a 1994 a lokacin kisan kare dangi na Rwanda, da Anne-Marie Kantengwa, wanda ya karbi otal din Chez Lando. Bayan rasuwarsa kuma ya yi aiki a majalisar dokokin Rwanda daga shekarata 2003 zuwa 2008.
Bayan ta kammala makarantar firamare da sakandare a Kigali, Mushikiwabo ta tafi karatu a Jami'ar Kasa ta Ruwanda (Jami'ar Ruwanda a halin yanzu), a kudancin birnin Butare, a 1981. Ta kammala jami'a a shekarar 1984, inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin Ingilishi, sannan ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin malamar sakandare. A cikin 1986, ta yi hijira daga Ruwanda zuwa Amurka, inda ta fara karatun digiri na biyu a cikin Harsuna da Fassara a Jami'ar Delaware, tare da Faransanci a matsayin yaren ƙwararrunta. Bayan kammala karatun ta a 1988, ta ci gaba da zama a Amurka, ta zauna a yankin Washington, DC. Ta fara aiki ne da kungiyoyi masu fafutuka, kafin ta yi aiki a African Development Bank (ADB); A matsayin wani ɓangare na rawar da ta yi tare da ADB ta zauna a Tunisiya na ɗan lokaci, kuma daga ƙarshe ta zama Daraktan Sadarwa na banki.
A cikin shekarar 2006, Mushikiwabo ta rubuta wani littafi, Rwanda Means the Universe, wanda Jack Kramer, ɗan jarida ɗan Amurka kuma tsohon soja ne ya rubuta shi. Littafin na ɗan littafin tarihin rayuwa ne, yana kwatanta tarihin dangin Mushikiwabo, farkon rayuwarta a Ruwanda, da abubuwan da ta faru a lokacin yin hijira zuwa Amurka. Har ila yau, ta yi bayani dalla-dalla game da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Ruwanda, ta fuskar tarihi da kuma ta fuskar Mushikwabo da ke zaune a Washington, yayin da ta samu labarin cewa an kashe 'yan uwanta da dama.
Aikin siyasa
Ministan Yada Labarai, 2008 – 2009
A watan Maris din shekarar 2008 ne shugaban kasar Rwanda Paul Kagame ya gayyace Mushikiwabo da ya koma kasarta ta Rwanda da samun mukami a gwamnatinsa. An nada ta a matsayin ministar yada labarai, ta maye gurbin Laurent Nkusi. A farkon mulkinta, Mushikiwabo ita ce ke da alhakin yanke hukunci kan ko za ta dauki mataki a kan wasu kungiyoyin yada labarai na cikin gida da suka yada labaran batanci kan Kagame. Wata jarida, jaridar Kinyarwanda kullum Umuco, ta buga labarin kwatanta shugaban kasa da Adolf Hitler, kuma babbar majalisar 'yan jarida (HCP) ta bukaci gwamnati ta dakatar da lasisin jaridar. Nkusi ya ki amincewa da wannan bukata, kuma yayin da Mushikiwabo bai dakatar da takardar a hukumance ba, amma duk da haka ya daina bugawa a watan Oktoba 2008. Mushikiwabo gabaɗaya tana ƙarfafa abokan aikinta da su goyi bayan 'yancin aikin jarida, amma kuma ta dage wajen tabbatar da cewa kafofin watsa labaru sun bi ƙaƙƙarfan dokokin Ruwanda da ke tattare da kin kisan kiyashi. A shekara ta 2009, ta ba da sanarwar dakatar da gidan rediyon Kinyarwanda na wucin gadi da gidan rediyon Burtaniya (BBC) ke yadawa, saboda ta yi iƙirarin cewa an watsa shirye-shiryen "wanda ke ba da damar kisan kiyashi da masu adawa da kisan kiyashi kyauta"; BBC ta musanta wannan ikirari, tana mai cewa ita da gwamnati suna da tafsiri daban-daban game da kisan kiyashin.
Kazalika kasancewar ta dauki nauyin yanke shawarar ma’aikatar, Mushikiwabo ta kuma cika aikin mai magana da yawun gwamnati a lokacin da take rike da mukamin ministar yada labarai. Misali a lokacin da Rwanda ta fuskanci rikicin diflomasiyya da Jamus bayan kama shugabar tsare-tsare ta shugaba Kagame Rose Kabuye, Mushikiwabo ya yi magana da kafafen yada labarai na duniya don fayyace matsayin gwamnatin Rwanda. Ta yi amfani da basirarta na harshe, tana iya ba da bayanai a duk yarukan hukuma na Rwanda, Kinyarwanda, Faransanci da Ingilishi.
Sauran ayyukan
Gidauniyar Afirka ta Turai (AEF), Memba na Babban Rukunin Ƙungiyoyin Jama'a akan Harkokin Afirka da Turai (tun 2020)
Taron Tsaro na Munich, Memba na Majalisar Shawarwari
Gasar Cin Kofin Jinsi na Duniya (IGC), Memba
Rayuwa ta sirri da iyali
Dan uwanta, Lando Ndasingwa, shi ne kawai ministar Tutsi a gwamnatin Habyarimana na karshe, amma an kashe shi a farkon kisan kare dangi na 1994. 'Yar uwarta, Anne-Marie Kantengwa, ta dauki nauyin kula da otal da gidan cin abinci na dan uwansu, Chez Lando, bayan kisansa. Mushikiwabo kuma 'yar autan fitaccen malami ne dan kasar Rwanda kuma limamin coci Alexis Kagame. |
25174 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KT | KT | KT, kT ko kt na iya nufin to:
Arts da kafofin watsa labarai
KT Bush Band, ƙungiyar da mawaƙa Kate Bush ta kafa
<i id="mwDg">KT</i> (fim), fim mai ban sha'awa na siyasa na Japan na 2002, dangane da ainihin sace Kim Dae-jung
Karlstads-Tidningen ( KT ), wata jaridar Sweden da aka saki a Karlstad
Knight (chess), yanki wasan jirgi (kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin sanarwa)
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
KT Corporation, kamfanin sadarwa ne a Koriya ta Kudu, tsohon Koriya Telecom
Kataller Toyama, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa a Japan
Kandy Tuskers, ƙungiyar da ke halartar gasar Premier ta Lanka
Haikalin Kensington, cocin Pentecostal ne a yammacin London, UK
Koei Tecmo, kamfani mai riƙewa wanda aka kirkira a cikin 2009 ta haɗin kamfanonin wasan bidiyo na Japan Koei da Tecmo
Birgenair (IATA code KT), wani tsohon kamfanin jirgin sama na haya na Turkiyya wanda ke da hedikwata a Istanbul, Turkiyya
KT Manu Musliar (an haife shi a 1934), masanin addinin Islama na Indiya, mai magana, kuma marubuci
KT McFarland (an haife shi 1951), jami'in gwamnatin Amurka kuma mai sharhin siyasa
KT Oslin , mawaƙin mawaƙin ƙasar Amurka kuma mawaƙa
KT Sankaran (an haife shi 1954), alƙalin Indiya
KT Sullivan, mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
KT Tunstall (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), mawaƙin Scottish-songwriter
Kola Tubosun, marubuci kuma masanin harshe a Najeriya
Yankin lambar lambar KT, UK, ta rufe kudu maso yammacin London da arewacin Surrey a Ingila
Tsibirin Kirsimeti [lambar kasa ta NATO: KT], yankin Australiya a Tekun Indiya
Kastoria, Girka (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Katy, Texas, mai suna bayan layin dogo Kansas-Texas-Missouri
Kitzingen, Jamus (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Kuala Terengganu, birni ne a Malaysia
Kutina, Croatia (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Tarnów, Poland (lambar farantin abin hawa KT)
Kimiyya da fasaha
Physics da sunadarai
Kt, karat ko Carat, a cikin nazarin allo na zinare
<i id="mwTA">kT</i> (makamashi), a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, ana amfani dashi azaman ƙima mai ƙima don ƙimar makamashi a cikin tsarin sikelin ƙwayoyin cuta
Kilotesla (kT), naúrar yawan juzu'i na maganadisu
Kiloton (kt), ma'aunin kuzari da aka saki a fashewar abubuwa
karfin juyi na mota (K T )
Knot (naúrar), naúrar gudu (kodayake "kn" shine alamar da aka fi so)
Kosterlitz - Canji mara iyaka a cikin injiniyoyin ƙididdiga
Kriegstransporter, jerin Yaƙin Duniya na II na jiragen ruwan fataken Jamus ( KT 1 - KT 62 ), kamar KT 3
King Tiger, tankin Jamus da aka ƙera a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II
KT don Krylatyj Tank, tankin Antonov A-40, wanda kuma ake yiwa laƙabi da "tankin tashi" ko "tankin fuka-fuki"
Cutar Klippel -Trénaunay, wani yanayin rashin lafiya na ɗan lokaci wanda jijiyoyin jini da/ko jijiyoyin jini suka kasa yin kyau.
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha
Taron KT -Cretaceous-Paleogene taron ƙarewa ko taron K-Pg, wanda aka fi sani da Cretaceous-Tertiary ko KT taron, yawan ɗimbin nau'in kusan shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata
Iyakar K -Pg, tsohon iyakar KT, taƙaitaccen yanayin ƙasa don sauyawa tsakanin lokacin Cretaceous da Paleogene
Sikelin Kardashev, hanyar auna matakin ci gaban fasaha na wayewa
Kotlin (yaren shirye -shirye), yaren shirye -shirye don Injin Virtual Java
Knight Bachelor (Kt), wanda wasu ke tunanin zama wani ɓangare na tsarin karramawar Burtaniya amma Knight Bachelor a zahiri ba shi da waɗanda aka zaɓa bayan zaɓe.
Knight na Thistle (KT), memba na Order of Thistle
Knight Templar, babban matakin tsarin York Rite - freemansory
Sauran amfani
"Tsawon Lokaci" kamar yadda yake cikin ATKT ( An ba da izinin kiyaye sharuddan ), ana amfani dashi a tsarin ilimin Indiya
KT, acronym for Canja wurin Ilimi, canja wurin ilimi daga wani ɓangare na ƙungiya zuwa wani
Kaituozhe (dangin roka), wanda ke amfani da kariyar KT
Kennitala (kt.), Lambar shaidar Icelandic
Duba kuma
Kati (disambiguation)
Katy (rashin fahimta) |
41056 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit | Sanskrit | Sanskrit (/;- _ _ _ _ _ , saṃskṛta-; mai ् , saṃskṛtam, IPA: [sɐ̃skr̩tɐm] ) harshe ne na gargajiya mallakar reshen Indo-Aryan na harsunan Indo-European. Ya taso ne a Kudancin Asiya bayan harsunan da suka gabace sa sun bazu a can daga arewa maso yamma a ƙarshen zamanin Bronze. Sanskrit shine harshen Hindu mai tsarki, harshen falsafar Hindu na gargajiya, da na rubutun tarihi na Buddha da Jainism. Ya kasance harshen haɗin gwiwa a zamanin da da na tsakiyar Asiya ta Kudu, kuma bayan watsa al'adun Hindu da Buddha zuwa kudu maso gabashin Asiya, Gabashin Asiya da Asiya ta Tsakiya a farkon zamanin da, ya zama yaren addini da al'adu masu girma, kuma na manyan siyasa. a wasu daga cikin wadannan yankuna. Sakamakon haka, Sanskrit ya yi tasiri mai ɗorewa a kan harsunan Kudancin Asiya, Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya da Gabashin Asiya, musamman a cikin ƙamus ɗinsu na yau da kullun da koyo.
Sanskrit gabaɗaya yana nuna nau'ikan yaren Indo-Aryan da yawa. Mafi girma daga cikin waɗannan shine Vedic Sanskrit da aka samu a cikin Rigveda, tarin waƙoƙi 1,028 da kabilun Indo-Aryan suka yi ƙaura daga gabashin Pakistan zuwa arewa maso yammacin Indiya tsakanin 1500 KZ da 1200 KZ. Vedic Sanskrit ya yi hulɗa tare da tsoffin harsunan da suka rigaya sun kasance na yanki, suna ɗaukar sunayen sabbin tsirrai da dabbobi; bugu da kari, tsoffin harsunan Dravidian sun rinjayi salon sauti na Sanskrit. Sanskrit kuma yana iya ƙara kunkuntar zuwa ga Sanskrit na gargajiya, ingantaccen tsari kuma daidaitacce na nahawu wanda ya fito a tsakiyar karni na 1 KZ kuma an daidaita shi a cikin mafi ƙarancin nahawu na zamanin da, Aṣṭādhyāyī ('surori takwas') na Pāṇini. Babban ɗan wasan kwaikwayo a Sanskrit, Kālidāsa, ya rubuta a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya, kuma an fara bayanin tushen ilimin lissafi na zamani a cikin Sanskrit na gargajiya. Manyan almara guda biyu na Sanskrit, Mahābhārata da Rāmāyaṇa, duk da haka, an haɗa su cikin kewayon rajistar labarun baka da ake kira Epic Sanskrit wanda aka yi amfani da shi a arewacin Indiya tsakanin 400 KZ da 300 CE, kuma kusan. na zamani tare da Sanskrit na gargajiya. A cikin ƙarnuka masu zuwa, Sanskrit ya zama mai ɗaure al'ada, ya daina koyo a matsayin yaren farko, kuma a ƙarshe ya daina haɓaka a matsayin harshe mai rai.
Waƙoƙin Rigveda sun yi kama da mafi kyawun kasidu na iyalai na Iran da Girkanci, Gathas na tsohon Avestan da Iliad na Homer. Kamar yadda Rigveda aka watsa ta baki ta hanyoyin haddace na musamman hadaddun, tsauri da aminci, a matsayin rubutu guda ɗaya ba tare da bambance-bambancen karatu ba, da aka kiyaye ta archaic syntax da ilimin halittar jiki suna da mahimmanci mahimmanci a cikin sake ginawa. harshen magabata na gama gari Proto-Indo-European. Sanskrit ba shi da ingantaccen rubutun ɗan ƙasa: daga kusan ƙarshen karni na 1st CE, an rubuta shi a cikin rubutun Brahmic daban-daban, kuma a cikin zamani na yau da kullun a Devanagari. [lower-alpha 1]
An gane matsayin Sanskrit, aiki, da wuri a cikin al'adun gargajiyar Indiya ta hanyar shigar da shi cikin Tsarin Tsarin Harsunan Jadawali na takwas na Indiya. Koyaya, duk da ƙoƙarin farfaɗowa, babu masu magana da harshen farko na Sanskrit a Indiya. A cikin kowace ƙidayar shekara ta Indiya na baya-bayan nan, 'yan ƙasa dubu da yawa sun ba da rahoton Sanskrit ya zama yarensu na asali, amma ana tsammanin lambobin suna nuna buri na daidaitawa da martabar harshen. An koyar da Sanskrit a cikin gurukulas na gargajiya tun zamanin da; ana koyar da shi a yau a matakin sakandare. Kwalejin Sanskrit mafi tsufa ita ce Kwalejin Benares Sanskrit da aka kafa a 1791 yayin mulkin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya. Ana ci gaba da amfani da Sanskrit sosai a matsayin harshe na biki da al'ada a cikin waƙoƙin Hindu da na Buddha da waƙoƙi.
Etymology da nomenclature
A cikin Sanskrit, sifa na fi'ili sáṃskṛta- kalma ce da ta ƙunshi ('tare, mai kyau, da kyau, cikakke') da -('made, formed, aiki'). Yana nuni da aikin da aka “shirya da kyau, tsarkakakke kuma cikakke, goge, mai tsarki”. A cewar Biderman, kamalar mahallin da ake magana a kai a cikin asalin asalin kalmar shine tonal-maimakon ma'anar-halaye. Sauti da watsawa na baka sun kasance halaye masu kima sosai a tsohuwar Indiya, kuma masu hikimarta sun tace haruffa, tsarin kalmomi da ainihin nahawunsu cikin “tarin sauti, wani nau’in kyakyawan kyawon kide-kide”, in ji Biderman, a matsayin harshe na gama-gari. ake kira Sanskrit. Daga ƙarshen lokacin Vedic zuwa gaba, jihar Annette Wilke da Oliver Moebus, sauti mai raɗaɗi da tushe na kaɗe-kaɗe sun jawo "madaidaicin adadin litattafan harshe, falsafa da na addini" a Indiya. An hango sauti a matsayin "mafificin dukkan halitta", wani wakilcin duniya kanta; "Maganin ban mamaki" na tunanin Hindu. Neman kamala a cikin tunani da makasudin 'yanci na daga cikin ma'auni na sauti mai tsarki, kuma zaren gama gari wanda ya sadar da dukkan ra'ayoyi da zaburarwa tare ya zama neman abin da Indiyawan da suka yi imani da shi ya zama cikakken yare, "phonocentric episteme". ta Sanskrit.
Sanskrit a matsayin yare ya yi gogayya da yarukan Indiya da yawa, marasa madaidaicin harsunan Indiya da ake kira Prakritic harsuna (prākṛta). Kalmar a zahiri tana nufin "na asali, na halitta, na al'ada, mara fasaha", in ji Franklin Southworth. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin Prakrit da Sanskrit tana samuwa a cikin matani na Indiya da aka kwanan wata zuwa karni na 1 AZ. Patañjali ya yarda cewa Prakrit shine yaren farko, wanda kowane yaro ya karbe shi da dukkan kurakuren sa kuma daga baya yana haifar da matsalolin fassara da rashin fahimta. Tsarin tsarkakewa na harshen Sanskrit yana kawar da waɗannan kurakurai. Mawallafin nahawu na Sanskrit na farko Daṇḍin ya bayyana, alal misali, cewa yawancin harsunan Prakrit sun samo asali ne a cikin Sanskrit, amma ya ƙunshi "asarar sautuna" da lalata da ke haifar da "rashin kula da nahawu". Daṇḍin ya yarda cewa akwai kalmomi da tsarin ruɗani a cikin Prakrit waɗanda ke bunƙasa ba tare da Sanskrit ba. Ana samun wannan ra'ayi a cikin rubutun Bharata Muni, marubucin tsohuwar rubutun Natya Shastra. Masanin Jain na farko Namisādhu ya yarda da bambancin, amma ya ƙi yarda cewa yaren Prakrit lalata ne na Sanskrit. Namisādhu ya bayyana cewa yaren Prakrit shine ('ya zo gabanin, asali') kuma ya zo ga yara bisa ga dabi'a, yayin da Sanskrit ya kasance gyaran Prakrit ta hanyar "tsarkake ta hanyar nahawu".
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26666 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziza%20Amir | Aziza Amir | Aziza Amir ( ; 17 Disamban shekarar 1901 - 28 Fabrairun shekarar 1952) jarumar Finafinai ƴar ƙasar Masar, kuma mai rubuta fim. Tana da matsayi na almara a cikin fim ɗin Masar. Ita ce matar farko ga Mahmoud Zulfikar.
AzizaRayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Aziza Amir Mofida Mohamed Ghoneim a Damiettia, Masar a ranar 17 ga Disamban shekarata 1901. Amir ta tafi makaranta a Hosn El Massarat dake kan titin Mohamed Ali. Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a teku don ciyar da iyalinta. Amir ta canza sunanta saboda yadda al'ummar Masar suke kallon matan wasan kwaikwayo da kuma yadda hakan zai yi illa ga mutuncin danginta. Bayan juyin juya hali na 1919 matakan makamashi na mata ya tashi kuma suna so su kawo canji. Amir ya fara wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo. Daga nan sai Aziza ta dauki mataki ta fara aiki a matsayin jarumar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta taka rawar ƴar Napoleon a kan mataki, kuma ta haka ne ta hadu da mijinta na farko Ahmed El Sheirei, wanda shi ne magajin garin Samalout.
Ta shiga ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Ramsis" a 1925. Ta yi aiki a gidan wasan kwaikwayo har zuwa 1935, lokacin da ta yanke shawarar mayar da hankalinta kan fina-finai. Bayan shekaru a cikin kasuwancin gidan wasan kwaikwayo ta yanke shawarar shiga kasuwancin silima, Ta fito cikin abin da masana za su iya cewa fim ɗin Masar na farko da aka taɓa yin Laila ya fito a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 1927. Sakin Laila ya biyo bayan matsaloli daban-daban da Daraktanta na Turkiyya Wadad Orfi da furodusoshi na Jamus. Akwai rikice-rikice yayin da ake yin fim ɗin kuma, sakamakon haka, Orfi ya maye gurbin Stephane Rosti . Kafafen yada labarai da dangin Amir a lokacin da aka saki Laila sun yi adawa da shigarta a fim din; Laila taci gaba da samun nasara.
A cikin 1933, ta rubuta, ba da umarni, da fitowa a cikin Biyan Zunubanku .
Masana'antar fina-finai ta Masar ta fara bunkasuwa a shekarun 1940; Amir ya fara rubuta karin wasan kwaikwayo a sakamakon haka. A ƙarshe za ta sami rubutattun ƙididdiga goma sha bakwai ga sunanta.
Amir tana da ƴar riƙo Amira wadda ta yi aiki tare da ita a cikin fim ɗin ‘yata .
Amir za ta fito kuma ta fito da jimillar fina-finai ashirin da biyar a rayuwarta.
Haka kuma Amir ya taka rawa a fim din Fattah min Istanbul wanda ba shi da rai, kuma ya taka rawar Brezka a cikin fim din Ahl El Kahf.
Amir ya shiga harkar fim ya zauna ya kuma yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na shirya fina-finai, walau furodusa, ‘yar wasa ko darakta. Ta shirya wani fim game da gwagwarmayar Falasdinu tare da mijinta Mohamed Zul Fokar da Soad Mohamed a kan gaba. An ambato Talaat Harb yana cewa "ta samu abin da maza ba su samu ba." Taha Hussein tace "ta mallaki muryar zinare."
Amir ya gabatar da wani rawa da shahararren dan rawa Bamba Kashar ya yi a Laila Har ila yau, an saka raye-raye a cikin daruruwan wakokin wakokin Masarawa wadanda suka biyo bayan wannan fim ɗin. Amir ta ci gaba da taka rawa a fina-finan kusan dozin biyu, yawancinsu mijinta ne, jarumin darakta Mahmoud Zoulficar. Akwai wasu mahawara a kan ko Amir ne ya ba da umarni a fina-finan biyu wanda a wasu lokuta ake ba ta kyautar darakta, Bint al-Nıl /The Girl from the Nile da Kaffirı 'an khati'atik / Atone for Your Sins , amma abin da ya tabbata shi ne ta shirya mafi yawan fina-finan da ta fito ta hanyar kamfanin shirya fina-finan nata, Isis Films. Ta kasance mai ƙwazo a matsayinta na jagorar ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da furodusa har zuwa rasuwarta tana da shekaru hamsin da ɗaya, lokacin da ta rasu daga rashin lafiyan da ba a bayyana ba.
Siyasa da harkar fim
Tare da sakin Laila, a cikin shekarun 1920 lokacin da Masar ke kafa ƙafafu da kuma ginawa a matsayin al'ummarta, dabam da 'yan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, tunanin kishin ƙasa da abin da ya dace ya tashi sama kuma jama'a suna fatan ganin wani fim na Masar. Sai dai ba wannan ne dalilin da ya sa Amir ya maye gurbin daraktan Turkiyya Wadad Orfi da Stephane Rosti ba, sai dai kokarin da ya yi na wani shirin fim ya yi barna. An nuna fim ɗin Laila a cikin gidan sarki ga Sarki Fuuad, fim ɗin "Masar" wanda ya dace da lokaci kuma mai ban sha'awa don ɗauka a cikin allo. Yayin da Saad Zaghloul ya zama firaminista kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulkin ya fitar da cewa dukkan maza da mata suna daidai da yadda suke yi wa kasarsu hidima, hakan ya kara wa mata da yawa jin dadin zama na kasa da kasa baki daya. Matsayin Amir a cikin fim din Laila bai wuce kawai rawar da ya taka ba amma ya yi kokarin gyara tsohuwar al'ada tare da wanda ya fi dacewa da zamani, inda ya nuna halin da ake ciki a yankunan karkara tare da haɗawa da halin da ya fi dacewa da tushen fir'auna ta hanyar nuna mata a cikin sahara na Saqarra. . Yayin da kasar ke kokawa da asalinta da kuma mayar da kasashen yammaci da kuma jawaban ra'ayin mazan jiya da suka sabawa ra'ayin 'yanci, wasan da Aziza Amir ta yi a cikin fim dinta Laila har yanzu abin lura ne kuma an ambace ta a matsayin fim din Masar na farko da aka taba yi.
Ƙaunar mata
Yayin da Masar ke gwagwarmaya don gina asalinta, mutane ba su san ko za su yi riko da tsohuwar al'adunsu ba ko kuma sabo. Ƙungiyoyi irin su Feminism sun bayyana a Masar amma a cikin irinsa. Masarawa sun zaɓi su mai da hankali kan ikon mata da matsayinsu a cikin gida da kuma haɓaka ƙarfin kishin ƙasa musamman a cikin gida. A cikin jan hankalin al'adun da suka shafi dangi na tsarin dangin Larabawa, mata na Masar sun nuna kansu a matsayin keɓantacce kuma ba a shigo da su daga sauran ƙungiyoyin ƴantar da mata na ƙasashen waje ba. Asalin Amir wanda yake a waje da hoton mata na al'ada na yunƙurin ginawa duk da haka ba a yi la'akari da shi ba saboda kalamanta da suka mai da hankali kan haihuwa da kuma ra'ayin kallon "Masar a matsayin iyali." A daya bangaren kuma, Amir ta zanta da kaifin basirar da ta yi game da matsayinta na mace kuma mai shirya fina-finai ta hanyar wayo ta yin amfani da kalaman da aka fada a baya wajen baiwa kanta 'yancin kai ta hanyar cewa "Ina da 'ya daya kuma ita ce Cinema ta Masar". Ta karkatar da tattaunawar kasa da jigogin haihuwa, inda ta karfafa matsayinta na mace mai aiki a harkar fim. Ana yawan kiran Amir a matsayin "mahaifiyar silima ta Masar."
A matsayin jaruma
Laila
Daughter of the Nile
Istanbul sokaklarinda
Pay for Your Sins
His Highness Wishes to Marry
The Apple Seller
El warsha
Wedding Night
Ibn al-Balad
The Urchin
Valley of Stars
The Magic Hat
My Daughter
Money
The Return of the Magic Hat
The Unknown Singer
All is Well with the World
A Candle Is Burning
Hadaya
Above the Clouds
Everyone is Singing
Nadia
Fate and Fortune
A matsayin marubuciya
Pay for Your Sins
The Workshop
El warsha
Ibn al-Balad'''
The Urchin
The Magic Hat
My Daughter
Hadaya
Above the Clouds
A Girl from Palestine
My Father Deceived Me
A matsayin furodusa
Laila
Pay for your Sins
My Daughter
Hadaya
Everyone Is Singing
Above the Clouds
Virtue for Sale
My Father Deceived Me
A matsayin darakta
Daughter of the Nilu
Pay for your sins''
Matan Masar
Mata Mawaka
Mata yan fim
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50890 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigrid%20Hjert%C3%A9n | Sigrid Hjertén | Sigrid Hjertén (27 Oktoba 1885 - 24 Maris 1948)'yar wasan zamani ne na Sweden.Ana ɗaukar Hjertén a matsayin babban jigo a tsarin zamani na Sweden. Lokaci-lokaci ta kasance mai hazaka sosai kuma ta halarci nune-nune 106.Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane na tsawon shekaru 30 kafin ta mutu sakamakon rikice-rikice daga lobotomy don schizophrenia .
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Sigrid Hjertén a Sundsvall a shekara ta 1885.Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar College of Arts,Crafts da Design a Stockholm kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a matsayin malamar zane.A wani ɗakin studio a 1909, Hjertén ta sadu da mijinta na gaba,Isaac Grünewald mai shekaru ashirin,wanda ta riga ta yi karatu tare da Henri Matisse a shekara guda a Paris. Grünewald ya gamsar da ita cewa za ta ƙara yin adalci a matsayin mai zane. Daga bisani kuma ta tafi makarantar fasaha ta Matisse.An ce "ta kasance almajiran da Matisse ya fi so saboda kyawun launi."
Yayin da Hjertén ke karatu a ƙarƙashin Henri Matisse a Paris,yadda shi da Paul Cézanne suka yi mu'amala da launi ya burge ta.Ta ɓullo da salo na filaye masu launi masu bambanta da sauƙaƙan kwane-kwane. Babban manufarta na ado yana da alaƙa da launi, kuma a cikin ayyukanta na baya daga 1930s ta yi magana game da launuka cikin sharuddan kamar ruwan rawaya mai sanyi.Hjertén ta yi ƙoƙari don nemo siffofi da launuka waɗanda za su iya bayyana motsin zuciyarta.A cikin wannan girmamawa aikinta tana da alaƙa da masu magana da Jamusanci, irin su Ernst Ludwig Kirchner,fiye da masu zane-zane na Faransa,tare da wasan kwaikwayo mai kyau na layi.
Bayan shekara daya da rabi ta koma Sweden.A 1912 Hjertén ta shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na rukuni a Stockholm. Shi ne baje kolin ta na farko a matsayin mai zane.A cikin shekaru goma da suka biyo baya ta halarci nune-nunen da yawa a Sweden da kuma kasashen waje,da dai sauransu a Berlin a shekarar 1915,inda ta samu karbuwa sosai.Hjertén kuma an wakilta shi a baje kolin Exhibitionist a konsthall Liljevalch a Stockholm a 1918,tare da wasu masu fasaha guda biyu.Duk da haka,masu sukar zamani ba su da sha'awar fasaharta.
A cikin fasahar Hjertén,inda ta nuna kanta sosai,mutum tana lura da matakai daban-daban na ci gaba. Tasirin Matisse wataƙila ana iya gane shi a cikin 1910s. A cikin wannan shekaru goma,Hjertén ta ƙirƙira zane-zane da yawa tare da hotuna na cikin gida da ra'ayoyi daga gidanta,na farko a dandalin Kornhamnstorg sannan daga baya a titin Katarinavägen, a Stockholm. Mijinta Isaac Grünewald da ɗanta Ivàn,da kuma Sigrid kanta,ana nuna su sau da yawa a cikin fage da ke ɗauke da rikice-rikice iri-iri.A wannan lokacin Hjertén ta san kuma ta yi wahayi daga fasahar da Ernst Josephson ta yi a lokacin rashin lafiya.
Ateljé na ciki
Ateljéinteriör (Studio ciki) daga 1916 ya nuna yadda Hjertén ta kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayi don lokacinta. Zanen ya bayyana irin rawar da ta taka a matsayin mai fasaha,mace, da uwa: daban-daban a cikin duniya daban-daban. Hjertén tana zaune akan kujera tsakanin masu fasaha biyu – mijinta, Isaac Grünewald, kuma, watakila, Einar Jolin – masu magana da juna a kan ta. Manyan idanuwanta shudin na kallon nesa.A gaba wata mata sanye da bakaken kaya – wani sophisticated alter ego – jingina da wani mutum siffa wanda zai iya zama mai zane Nils Dardel .Ɗanta Ivàn yana rarrafe daga kusurwar hannun dama. A bango mun hango daya daga cikin zanen da Hjertén ta yi na lokacin, Zigenarkvinna (matar Gypsy).
Ateljéinterior da Den röda rullgardinen (The Red Blind),daga 1916, zane-zane ne masu ban tsoro da suka haifar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan zuwa sababbin fassarori dangane da nazarin jinsi na zamani da kuma bayyana bayanai game da rayuwar sirri na mai zane.
Tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1932, Hjertén da danginta sun zauna a Paris,kuma sun yi balaguro da yawa zuwa ƙauyen Faransa da Riviera na Italiya don yin zane.Wannan lokaci ne mai jituwa a cikin fasahar Hjertén, amma abubuwan nuninta sun iyakance sosai a wannan lokacin. Mijinta sau da yawa ziyarci Stockholm inda ya yi m aiki. A ƙarshen 1920s Hjertén tana ƙara samun cututtuka na psychosomatic iri-iri,kuma ta koka game da kaɗaici.
Yayin da lokaci ya wuce,ana iya ganin tashin hankali a cikin fasaharta.A ƙarshen 1920s,yayin da ta keɓe sosai a Faransa, launuka masu sanyi da duhu sun fara bayyana a cikin zane-zanenta. Yawan bugun jini mai maimaitawa ya taimaka wajen ba da zane-zane mai ban sha'awa.
A 1932, Hjertén ta yanke shawarar komawa Stockholm. Amma a lokacin shiryawa ta faɗi.Ta isa Sweden kuma an kai ta na ɗan lokaci zuwa asibitin masu tabin hankali na Beckomberga tare da alamun schizophrenia . Ta murmure lokaci-lokaci, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa fasahar Hjertén ta ƙare a cikin crescendo, inda,kamar wanda yake da ita, ta yi hotuna waɗanda ke nuna tsananin jin daɗi.Ta sadaukar da kanta ga zane-zane mai zurfi, ƙirƙirar hoto ɗaya a rana, littafin hoto na rayuwarta, bisa ga wata hira a cikin mujallar fasaha ta Sweden Paletten . Hotunan Hjertén na wannan lokacin galibi suna da alaƙa da sautuna masu ban tsoro,haɓakar gajimare,da jin watsi da su.Wasu zane-zane suna haskaka tsoro yayin da wasu ke ba da ra'ayi mai daɗi da jituwa.
A lokacin 1934,ta yi tafiya tare da danginta a kudancin Turai,inda ta yi fenti.A ƙarshe Hjertén ta sanya sunanta a matsayin mai fasaha a cikin masu sukar a 1935,lokacin da ta nuna tare da Ishaku a Gothenburg . Duk da haka, yawancin masu sukar zamani suna da mummunan hali har ma da raini game da ayyukan fasaha na Hjertén,kuma da yawa daga cikinsu sun rubuta sharhi mai ban tsoro. Daga cikin wasu abubuwa, zane-zanenta da ake kira wawa, humbug, tsoro da samfuran nakasa.
Ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a ne kawai a cikin 1936,lokacin da ta sami babban baje kolin solo a Royal Academy of Arts a Stockholm. "Bayan kallon kusan ayyukan 500 a cikin 1936 na baya,masu sukar sun kasance gaba ɗaya:an yaba da nunin a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi ban mamaki a kakar kuma an girmama Hjerten a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu fasaha na zamani na Sweden.Don haka,ta sami karɓuwa-amma ta yi latti."
Isaac,wanda yake da mata da yawa a cikin shekaru, ya sake Hjertén kuma ta sake yin aure.Dukansu Isaac da sabuwar matarsa daga baya sun mutu a wani hatsarin jirgin sama a 1946.
A ƙarshen 1930s, Hjertén ta kamu da schizophrenia, kuma an kwantar da ita a asibiti na dindindin a Asibitin Hauka na Beckomberga da ke Stockholm, inda ta kasance har tsawon rayuwarta. Bayan 1938 aikinta na fasaha ya ragu.Bayan botted lobotomy,ta mutu a Stockholm a cikin 1948.
Jimlar samar da Hjertén ya kai fiye da zane-zane 500,tare da zane-zane, launukan ruwa da zane-zane. Hjertén ta yi yaƙi da son zuciya a lokacinta a duk lokacin da take aiki. Hotunan nata sun yi kama da na musamman ga zamanin da aka yi su, lokacin da batutuwan launi da sifofi suka fi girma a zukatan masu fasaha. Sha'awarta ga bil'adama sau da yawa ana bayyana ta cikin ban mamaki,har ma da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da tsarinta na launi yana da motsin rai da tunani.
Bayanan kula
Sigrid Hjertén, by Annika Gunnarsson, in Moderna museet - boken, ed. Cecilia Widenheim et al., Stockholm: Moderna museet, 2004
Katarina Borgh Bertorp, Sigrid Hjertén: l'hértière de Matisse du Grand Nord: heir of Matisse from the Far North, Paris: Centre Culturel Suédois, 1997
Anita Goldman, I själen alltid ren: Om Sigrid Hjertén, Stockholm: Natur & Kultur, 1995,
Kara karantawa
Sigrid Hjertén at Svenskt kvinnobiografiskt lexikon
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sigrid Hjertén at DigitaltMuseum
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50035 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Ade-Ojo | Michael Ade-Ojo | Cif Michael Ade-Ojo, OON (an haife shi a ranar 14, ga watan Yuni 1938) hamshakin attajiri ne kuma hamshakin ɗan kasuwa ne kuma wanda ya kafa jami'ar Elizade a jihar Ilara-Mokin Ondo, Najeriya.
Rayuwar farko
Michael Ade-Ojo, wanda aka fi sani da "The Chief" Yoruba ne daga jihar Ondo a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma an haifi Michael Adeniya Ojo a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, 1938, a Ilara-Mokin, wani gari a jihar Ondo a cikin dangin marigayi Cif Solomon. Ojo (c.1878-1956), the Lisa of Ilara-Mokin, and Mrs. Beatrice Ademolawe Ojo , na 5 cikin yara shida. Mahaifinsa ya yi auren mata fiye da daya kuma yana da mata 3. Mahaifiyarsa, Ademolawe, ita ce 'yan ta uku ga Fatunsin, diyar limamin Ifa Erubuola. Ya halarci Makarantar Anglican St. Michael, Ilara-Mokin, Jihar Ondo, Najeriya . Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Imade da ke Owo, Najeriya , inda ya samu takardar shedar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma. Ya wuce Jami'ar Najeriya, Nsukka (UNN) a shekarar 1961, inda ya sami digiri na farko (BA) a fannin kasuwanci a shekarar 1965.
Cif Michael Ade-Ojo shi ne ya kafa Jami’ar Elizade, Ilara Mokin, a Jihar Ondo da kuma Elizade Motors. A yau, kamfanin da Ade Ojo ya fara da ma'aikatan tallafi guda daya kawai a shekarar 1971 ya zama kamfani tare da rassa da yawa ciki har da Toyota Nigeria Limited, Mikeade Investment Co. Ltd, Mikeade Property Dev. Co. Ltd, Classic Motors Ltd, Elizade Autoland Nigeria, Okin Travels Ltd, Oodua Creations Ltd, da sauransu. kuma kwanan nan, Shugaban Kamfanin Toyota Nigeria Limited, kuma wanda ya kafa Elizade Nigeria Limited, Cif Michael Ade. Ojo, sama da shekaru arba’in, ya shafe harkar kera motoci na Nijeriya kamar kolosi, Ya fara siyar da nau’ikan motoci iri-iri kamar Peugeot, Volkswagen, da sauransu, kafin daga bisani ya zauna kan Toyota, samfurin ya koma gida. suna a kasar. ya kalubalanci dansa, Demola, wanda ke jagorantar kamfanin Elizade Autoland wajen tura sabon jariri na kamfanin, JAC, don sanya dan kasar Sin wani sunan gida a tsakanin masu son motoci a Najeriya. Ade. Ojo, wanda ya ce har yanzu akwai sauran abubuwan da Toyota za ta cim ma a Najeriya, ya kuma bukaci masu gudanar da aikin na JAC da su yi la’akari da manyan kamfanonin kera motoci ta hanyar kaiwa matsayi na daya.
Ya ce, “Muna so mu ci gaba da zama kamfanin mota na daya a Najeriya, mu sanya tambarin JAC ya zama na biyu ko ma ya wuce Toyota. Ina son ganin kyakkyawar hamayya tsakanin kamfanonin motoci biyu da ke da alaka da ni a Najeriya.”
A hankali Ade Ojo yana canza garinsa na haihuwa Ilara-Mokin daga ƙauye zuwa wani gari mai fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ta hanyar ayyukan ci gaban al'umma daban-daban. Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya taya shugaban kamfanin Elizade Motors, Cif Michael Ade-Ojo murnar cika shekaru 80 da haihuwa a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni. Malam Garba Shehu, babban mataimaki na musamman ga shugaban kasa kan harkokin yada labarai da yada labarai, a wata sanarwa da ya fitar a Abuja ranar Laraba ya ce sakon taya murnan shugaban na kunshe ne a cikin wata wasika da shugaban ya aikewa Cif Ade-Ojo. Shugaba Buhari ya bi sahun ‘yan kasuwa da ‘yan uwa da abokan arziki na Cif Ade-Ojo wajen taya shi murna da “babban dan kasuwa yayin da yake murnar cika shekaru 80 a duniya a ranar 14 ga watan Yuni 2018.”
Fellow, Kwalejin Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwanci (F.AES) na Ausbeth Ajagu
Fellow of Lagos State Polytechnic, Ikorodu, Lagos. 2009
Rayuwa ta sirri
Cif Ade-Ojo ya auri matarsa ta farko, Elizabeth Wuraola Ade-Ojo a ranar 26 ga watan Fabrairu, 1966, a Enugu, Nigeria, ya hadu da ita a Jami'ar Nsukka. Ya haɗa sunanta na farko Elizabeth da sunan sa na tsakiya, Ade, don ƙirƙirar sunan kamfaninsa Elizade. Daga baya ya kara sunansa na karshe zuwa sunansa na karshe, Ojo, kuma ya zama Ade-Ojo. Daga cikin ‘ya’yansa sun hada da Adeola Ade-Ojo, mai zanen kaya, Olakunle Ade-Ojo, dan kasuwa, da Ademola Ade-Ojo, dan kasuwa kuma. Duk 'ya'yansa biyu suna gudanar da managing director a Toyota Nigeria. Matarsa ta rasu kuma daga baya ya sake yin aure da Taiwo Ade-Ojo a shekarar 2012.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1938 |
13290 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor%20Roosevelt | Eleanor Roosevelt | Anna Eleanor Roosevelt (/ɛlɪnɔr roʊzəvɛlt/; October 11, 1884 – November 7, 1962) ta kasance 'yar siyasar Amurka ce, 'yar diplomasisiya, 'yar gwagwarmaya. Ta zama Matar Shugaban kasa na kasar Amurka daga watan Maris 4, din shekarar 1933, zuwa Afrailu 12, 1945, lokacin shugabancin mijinta President Franklin D. Roosevelt ke kan karagar mulki, making her the longest-serving First Lady of the United States. Roosevelt served as United States Delegate to the United Nations General Assembly from 1945 to 1952.
President Harry S. Truman later called her the "First Lady of the World" in tribute to her human rights achievements.
Roosevelt memba ne na sanannen dan Amurka na Roosevelt da Livingston kuma dan wa na Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt . Tana da ƙuruciya da ba ta jin daɗi, saboda mutuwar mahaifan da ɗayan atar uwanta a ƙarami. A 15, ta halarci Allenwood Academy a London kuma shugaban kula da shugabar mata Marie Souvestre ya yi tasiri sosai. Komawa Amurka, ta auri dan uwanta na biyar da zarar an cire ta, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a cikin 1905. Auren Roosevelts ya kasance da rikicewa daga farkon mahaifiyar Franklin, Sara, kuma bayan Eleanor ta gano alaƙar mijinta da Lucy Mercer a 1918, ta ƙuduri aniyar neman biyan buƙata a cikin jagorancin rayuwar kanta. Ta shawo kan Franklin ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin siyasa bayan ya kamu da cutar sankara a 1921, wanda hakan ya ba shi damar amfani da ƙafafunsa, kuma ya fara gabatar da jawabai da bayyana a yayin kamfen a wurinsa. Bayan zaben Franklin a matsayin Gwamnan New York a 1928, kuma a duk sauran ragowar aikin Franklin a gwamnati, Roosevelt ya kan gabatar da karar jama'a a kai a kai, kuma a matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, yayin da mijinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa, ta yi matukar sakewa da kuma sake fasalin matsayin na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa.
Duk da cewa mutuncinta na da mutunci a cikin shekarun baya, Roosevelt ita ce Uwargida Marubuciya mai rikitarwa a wannan lokacin da ta fito fili, musamman game da hakkin jama'a na ba-Amurkan Amurkawa. Ta kasance matar shugaban kasa ta farko da ta gudanar da taron manema labarai na yau da kullun, rubuta kantin jaridar yau da kullun, rubuta shafi na wata-wata, ta shirya wasannin mako-mako na rediyo, kuma ta yi jawabi a babban taron jam’iyya na kasa. A wasu 'yan lokutan, ta nuna rashin amincewa da manufofin mijinta.
Ta ƙaddamar da wata ƙungiyar gwaji a Arthurdale, West Virginia, ga iyalan masu aikin hakar ma'adinan da ba su da aikin yi, daga baya aka ɗauke su a matsayin wadanda su gazawar. Ta yi kira da a fadada matsayin mata a wuraren aiki, da hakkin ofan Afirka baƙi da andan Asalin Amurka, da haƙƙin refugeesan gudun hijirar Yakin Duniya na II. Bayan mutuwar mijinta a 1945, Roosevelt ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tsaka-tsaki cikin siyasa don sauran shekaru 17 na rayuwarta. Ta matsa wa Amurka da ta kasance tare da tallafawa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma ta zama wakilinta na farko . Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar farko ta Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kare hakkin dan adam da kuma sa ido kan daftarin Dokar Kare Hakkin Bil Adama ta Duniya .
Daga baya, ta jagoranci Hukumar Shugaban Fasaha ta John F. Kennedy akan Matsayin Mata . A lokacin da ta mutu, ana daukar Roosevelt a matsayin "daya daga cikin mata masu daraja a duniya"; Jaridar New York Times ta kirata "abin kusanci ga duniya" a cikin labarin.
A cikin 1999, tana matsayi na tara a cikin manyan goma daga jerin Jerin Gallup na Waukakan miabi'un Mutane da ke ofarni na 20 .
Rayuwar ta
Farkon rayuwa
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt an haife ta a ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1884, a Manhattan, birnin New York , ga masu amfani da Anna Anna Rebecca Hall da Elliott Bulloch Roosevelt . Tun daga farkon shekarunta sun fi son a kira ta da sunan ta na tsakiya, Eleanor. Ta wurin mahaifinta, ita ɗan 'yar Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt ce . Ta hanyar mahaifiyarsa, ita 'yace ga 'yar wasan Tenis ce ta Valentine Gill "Vallie" Hall III da Edward Ludlow Hall . Mahaifiyarta sunanta lakabi da "Granny" saboda ta aikata wannan mummunan aiki tun suna yara. Anna kuma tana ɗan jin kunyar bayyanar 'yarta.
Roosevelt tana da ƙannenta biyu: Elliott Jr. da Hall . Tana da ɗan'uwan rabin, Elliott Roosevelt Mann, ta hanyar al'amar mahaifinta da Katy Mann, wani bawan da iyali ke aiki. Roosevelt aka haifa a cikin wani duniya na babba dũkiya da gata, kamar yadda ta iyali shi ne wani ɓangare na New York high jama'a da ake kira "ta kumbura".
Mahaifiyarta ta mutu daga cutar sankara a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 1892, kuma Elliott Jr. ta mutu da wannan cutar a watan Mayu mai zuwa. Mahaifinta, an giya tsare a wani sanitarium, ya mutu a kan Agusta 14, 1894, bayan tsalle daga wani taga a lokacin da wani Fit na delirium tremens . Ya tsira daga faduwar amma ya mutu sakamakon amare. Roosevelt ta yarantaka asarar bar ta yiwuwa zuwa ciki cikin rayuwar ta. Heran’uwa Hall ɗin daga baya ya sha wahala daga shan giya. Kafin mahaifinta ya mutu, ya roƙe ta ta zama uwa ga Hall, kuma wata bukata ce da ta yi kyau har tsawon rayuwar Hall. Roosevelt ya yi wasa a zauren Hall, kuma lokacin da ya yi rajista a Makarantar Groton a 1907, sai ta bi shi a matsayin shugabana. Yayinda yake halartar Groton, ta rubuta shi kusan kullun, amma koyaushe yana jin taɓawa da laifi cewa Hall bai sami cikakkiyar ƙuruciya ba. Ta yi farin ciki da rawar da Hall ta yi a makarantar, kuma tana alfahari da nasarorin ilimi da yawa, wanda ya haɗa da digiri na biyu a aikin injiniya daga Harvard .
Bayan mutuwar iyayenta, Roosevelt ta tashi ne a gidan kakarta, Mary Livingston Ludlow ta gidan Livingston a Tivoli, New York . Tun tana yarinya, ta kasance cikin rashin tsaro da yunwar rashin so, kuma ta dauki kanta da "mummunar haihuwar". Koyaya, Roosevelt ya rubuta a shekaru 14 cewa abin da mutum ya samu na rayuwa bai dogara da kyau ta zahiri ba: "komai irin yadda mace zata kasance a fili idan gaskiya da aminci sun kasance akan fuskarta dukkansu zasu ja mata hankali."
Roosevelt an yi ta ɓoye cikin sirri kuma tare da ƙarfafawar innarta Anna "Bamie" Roosevelt, an tura ta zuwa makarantar Allenswood tun tana ɗan shekara 15, makarantar sakandare mai zaman kanta a Wimbledon, a wajen London, Ingila, inda ta sami ilimi daga 1899 zuwa 1902. Shugabar mata, Marie Souvestre, malami ce mai ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimi wacce ta nemi haɓaka tunani mai zaman kanta a cikin youngan mata. Souvestre ya ɗauki sha'awa ta musamman ga Roosevelt, wanda ta koyi magana da Faransanci sosai kuma ya sami amincewa da kai. Roosevelt da Souvestre sun ci gaba da kasancewa tare da rubutu har zuwa Maris 1905, lokacin da Souvestre ta mutu, kuma bayan wannan Roosevelt ta sanya hoton Souvestre a kan teburinta tare da kawo mata wasiƙun. Cousinan uwan farko na Roosevelt Christine Douglas Robinson, wanda lokacinsa na farko a Allenswood ya mamaye Roosevelt na ƙarshe, ya ce lokacin da ta isa makarantar, Roosevelt itae '' komai 'a makarantar. Ta ya ƙaunataccen da kowa da kowa. " Roosevelt nufin ci gaba a Allenswood, amma ta kirawo gida da kakarta a 1902 da ta jiyar da zamantakewa halarta a karon .
Lokacin da ta cika shekara 17 a 1902, Roosevelt ta kammala karatun nata kuma ta koma Amurka; An gabatar da ita a wani wasan bangon debutante a otal din Waldorf-Astoria a ranar 14 ga Disamba. Daga baya aka ba ta ita '' fitowa jam'iyyar ''. Ta ce a karon farko a tattaunawar da ta yi a bainar jama'a, "Wannan abin takaici ne kawai. Wata ƙungiya ce mai kyau, amma, amma na kasance mai farin ciki, saboda yarinyar da ta fito tana baƙin ciki sosai idan ba ta san samari ba. Tabbas na dade a ketare har na daina hulɗa da dukkan 'yan matan da na sani a New York. Na yi bakin cikin wannan duka. ”
Aure da rayuwar iyali
A lokacin rani na 1902, Roosevelt ta ci karo da kakanin mahaifinta na biyar, Franklin Delano Roosevelt, a kan jirgin zuwa Tivoli, New York . Su biyun sun fara musayar sirri da soyayya, kuma sun yi aiki a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 1903. Mahaifiyar Franklin, Sara Ann Delano, ta ƙi ƙungiyar kuma ta yi masa alƙawarin cewa ba za a sanar da wannan yarjejeniyar a hukumance ba har tsawon shekara guda. "Na san irin azabar da zan yi muku," ya rubuta wa mahaifiyarsa shawarar da ya yanke. Amma, ya kara da cewa, "Na san tunanina, na kuma san shi na dogon lokaci, kuma na san cewa ba zan taba tunanin wani abu ba." Sara ta ɗauki ɗanta a cikin jirgin ruwa a Caribbean a cikin 1904, tana fatan cewa rabuwa zai gurbata soyayya, amma Franklin ya ƙuduri aniyar. An shirya ranar daurin aure don karbar Shugaba Theodore Roosevelt, wanda aka shirya zai kasance a New York City don bikin St. Patrick's Day, kuma wanda ya yarda ya ba da amarya.
Ma'auratan sun yi aure ne a ranar 17 ga Maris, 1905, a wani bikin da Endicott Peabody, shugaban ango a makarantar Groton ya shirya . cousinan uwanta Christine Douglas Robinson amarya ce. Theodore Roosevelt da ya halarci bikin shine labarai na shafin farko a jaridar New York Times da sauran jaridu. Lokacin da aka nemi ra'ayoyin sa game da kungiyar ta Roosevelt-Roosevelt, shugaban ya ce, "Abu ne mai kyau mutum ya sa sunan a cikin dangi." Ma'auratan sun kwashe farkon sati na farko na mako guda a Hyde Park, sannan suka fara aikin gadin gida a wani gida a New York. Wannan bazara da suka tafi a kan su m gudun amarci, a wata uku yawon shakatawa na kasashen Turai.
Returning to the U.S., the newlyweds settled in a New York City house that was provided by Franklin's mother, as well as in a second residence at the family's estate overlooking the Hudson River in Hyde Park, New York. From the beginning, Roosevelt had a contentious relationship with her controlling mother-in-law. The townhouse that Sara gave to them was connected to her own residence by sliding doors, and Sara ran both households in the decade after the marriage. Early on, Roosevelt had a breakdown in which she explained to Franklin that "I did not like to live in a house which was not in any way mine, one that I had done nothing about and which did not represent the way I wanted to live", but little changed. Sara also sought to control the raising of her grandchildren, and Roosevelt reflected later that "Franklin's children were more my mother-in-law's children than they were mine". Roosevelt's eldest son James remembered Sara telling her grandchildren, "Your mother only bore you, I am more your mother than your mother is."
Roosevelt da Franklin suna da yarashida:
Anna Eleanor Roosevelt
James Roosevelt II
Franklin Roosevelt
Elliott Roosevelt
Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr.
John Aspinwall Roosevelt II
Duk da cewa tayi ciki har sau shida, Roosevelt bata son yin jima'i da mijinta. Ta taɓa gaya wa ’yarta Anna cewa“ matsala ce da za a haihu ”. Ta kuma dauki kanta cewa ba ta dace da matsayin uwa ba, daga baya ta rubuta, "Ba ta al'ada ce a gare ni don fahimtar ƙananan yara ko jin daɗin su ba".
A watan Satumbar 1918, Roosevelt ta buya akwatunan jakadanta na Franklin lokacin da ta gano wata wasiƙar ƙauna zuwa gare shi daga sakatariyar zamantakewarta, Lucy Mercer. Ya kasance yana tunanin barin matarsa don Mercer. Koyaya, sakamakon matsin lamba daga mai ba shi shawara kan siyasa, Louis Howe, da kuma daga mahaifiyarsa, waɗanda suka yi barazanar rabuwa da Franklin idan ya bi ta hanyar kashe aure, ma'auratan sun yi aure. Haɗinsu daga wannan lokacin daga wancan haɓakar siyasa ne. Rashin rikicewa, Roosevelt ya sake zama mai aiki a rayuwar jama'a, yana mai da hankali sosai ga aikin zamantakewarsa maimakon rawar da yake mata.
A August 1921, the family was vacagidan at Campobello Island, New Brunswick, Canada, when Franklin was diagnosed with a paralytic illness, at the time believed to be polio. During the illness, through her nursing care, Roosevelt probably saved Franklin from death. His legs remained permanently paralyzed. When the extent of his disability became clear, Roosevelt fought a protracted battle with her mother-in-law over his future, persuading him to stay in politics despite Sara's urgings that he retire and become a country gentleman. Franklin's attending physician, Dr. William Keen, commended Roosevelt's devotion to the stricken Franklin during the time of his travail. "You have been a rare wife and have borne your heavy burden most bravely," he said, proclaiming her "one of my heroines".
This proved a turning point in Roosevelt and Sara's long-running struggle, and as Eleanor's public role grew, she increasingly broke from Sara's control. Tensions between Sara and Roosevelt over her new political friends rose to the point that the family constructed a cottage at Val-Kill, in which Roosevelt and her guests lived when Franklin and the children were away from Hyde Park. Roosevelt herself named the place Val-Kill, loosely translated as "waterfall-stream" from the Dutch language common to the original European settlers of the area. Franklin encouraged his wife to develop this property as a place where she could implement some of her ideas for work with winter jobs for rural workers and women. Each year, when Roosevelt held a picnic at Val-Kill for delinquent boys, her granddaughter Eleanor Roosevelt Seagraves assisted her. She was close to her grandmother throughout her life. Seagraves concentrated her career as an educator and librarian on keeping alive many of the causes Roosevelt began and supported.
In 1924, tayi neman zabe ma Democrat Alfred E. Smith in his successful re-election bid as governor of New York State against the Republican nominee and her first cousin Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Theodore never forgave Roosevelt. Her aunt, Anna Roosevelt Cowles, publicly broke with her after the election. She wrote to her niece, "I just hate to have Eleanor let herself look as she does. Though never handsome, she always had to me a charming effect, but alas and lackaday! Since politics have become her choicest interest all her charm has disappeared..." Roosevelt dismissed Bamie's criticisms by referring to her as an "aged woman". However, Bamie and Roosevelt eventually reconciled.
'Yar tsohuwar Theodore Alice ita ma ta fasa tare da Roosevelt a kan kamfen ɗin ta. Alice ita da kawarta sun yi sulhu bayan ɗan ƙarshen sun rubuta wa Alice wasiƙar ta’aziyya game da mutuwar ’yar Alice, Paulina Longworth.
Roosevelt da 'yarta Anna sun sami kansu cikin damuwa bayan da ta kama wasu ayyukan zamantakewa na mahaifiyarta a Fadar White House. Dangantaka ta kara tabarbarewa saboda Roosevelt yana matukar son ya tafi tare da mijinta zuwa Yalta a watan Fabrairun 1945 (watanni biyu kafin mutuwar FDR), amma ya dauki Anna a maimakon. Bayan 'yan shekaru bayan haka, su biyu sun sami damar yin sulhu da hadin gwiwa kan ayyuka da yawa. Anna ta kula da mahaifiyarta lokacin da take fama da rashin lafiya a shekara ta 1962.
Sean Roosevelt Elliott ya rubuta litattafai da yawa, gami da jerin abubuwan ban mamaki waɗanda mahaifiyarsa ce jami'in bincike. Koyaya, William Harrington ya bincika kuma ya rubuta waɗannan asirin kisan. Sun ci gaba har zuwa mutuwar Harrington a 2000, shekaru goma bayan mutuwar Elliott. Tare da James Brough, Elliot kuma ya rubuta wani littafi na sirri game da iyayensa wanda ake kira The Roosevelts of Hyde Park: Labarin Untold, wanda a ciki ya bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da rayuwar jima'i na iyayensa, gami da alaƙar mahaifinsa tare da farka Lucy Mercer da sakatare Marguerite ( "Missy") LeHand, da kuma cikakkun bayanai masu hoto game da cutar da ta gurgunta mahaifinsa. An buga shi a 1973, tarihin rayuwar ya kuma ƙunshi mahimman bayanai game da takarar FDR don mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, hawan sa zuwa kan mulki na New York, da kuma kama ragamar shugabancin sa a 1932, musamman tare da taimakon Louis Howe. Lokacin da Elliott ya buga wannan littafin a cikin 1973, Franklin Delano Roosevelt Jr. ya jagoranci la'antar dangi game da shi; siban uwan Elliot sun ƙi littafin. Wani daga cikin 'yan uwan, James, ya buga My Iyali, mai Banbancin Ra'ayoyi (tare da Bill Libby, 1976), wanda aka rubuta a sashi don mayar da martani ga littafin Elliot. Misali ga An Untold Labari tare da James Brough, wanda aka buga a cikin 1975 kuma mai taken A Rendez tsananin Tare da Kaddara, ya ɗauki nauyin Roosevelt zuwa ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na II. Uwar R ..: Eleanor Roosevelt's Untold Labari, shima tare da Brough, an buga shi a 1977. Eleanor Roosevelt, tare da Loveauna: Tunawa da Centenary, ya fito ne a cikin 1984.
A cikin shekarun 1930, Roosevelt ya kasance yana da kusanci sosai da matattakalar jirgin sama Amelia Earhart . Lokaci guda, su biyun sun fice daga Fadar White House kuma sun tafi wata liyafar da ta shirya bikin. Bayan tashi da Earhart, Roosevelt ta sami izinin ɗalibai amma ba ta ci gaba da shirye-shiryenta na koyon tashi ba. Franklin bai dace da matarsa ba ta zama matukin jirgi. Koyaya, matan biyun sun yi ta tattaunawa koda yaushe a rayuwarsu.
Roosevelt kuma tana da dangantaka ta kusa da Associated Press (AP) labaru Lorena Hickok, wanda ya rufe ta a lokacin da na karshe watanni na yakin neman zabe da kuma "fadi a wajenka, a soyayya tare da ita". A wannan lokacin, Roosevelt ya rubuta wasiƙu 10-shafi 15 zuwa 15 ga "Hick", wanda ke shirin rubuta tarihin rayuwar Uwargidan Shugaban. Harrufan sun hada da irin wannan soyayya kamar, "Ina so in sanya maku hannuwana in sumbace ku a kusurwar bakinku," kuma, "Ba zan iya sumbantar ku ba, don haka ina sumbantar 'hotonku' ina kwana da safe! A bikin rantsarwar da Franklin ya yi a 1933, Roosevelt ta sa zoben safen safiya wanda Hickok ya yi mata. FBI Darakta J. Edgar Hoover ya yi watsi da sassaucin ra'ayi na Roosevelt, matsayin sa game da 'yancin jama'a, da ita da kuma sukar da mijinta ke da ita game da dabarun sanya ido na Hoover, don haka Hoover ya kiyaye babban fayil akan Roosevelt, wanda masu shirya finafinan biopic J Edgar ya nuna hadewar tabbatar da wannan alakar, wacce Hoover yayi niyyar bata sunan Roosevelt. Hickok ya rikita shi a matsayin mai ba da rahoto, ba da daɗewa ba Hickok ya sake murabus daga matsayinta tare da AP don kusanci da Roosevelt, wanda ya amintar da ita ta yi aiki a matsayin mai bincika shirin New Deal .
Akwai tattaunawa mai yawa game da ko Roosevelt ya yi jima'i da Hickok. Sananne ne a cikin kungiyar 'yan jaridu ta fadar White House a lokacin Hickok' yar madigo ce. Masana, ciki har da Lillian Faderman da Hazel Rowley, sun tabbatar da cewa akwai wani bangare na zahiri ga dangantakar, yayin da masanin ilimin halitta Hickok Doris Faber ya kafa hujja da cewa jumlolin marasa tushe sun yaudari masana tarihi. Doris Kearns Goodwin ta fada a cikin asusun bada lambobin yabo na Pulitzer na shekara ta 1994 - wanda Hick da Eleanor suka zarce sumbata da hular "ba za a iya tantance su da tabbas ba. Roosevelt ya kasance abokai na kusa da wasu ma'aurata 'yan madigo, kamar Nancy Cook da Marion Dickerman, da Esther Lape da Elizabeth Fisher Karanta, suna ba da shawara cewa ta fahimci' yar madigo; Marie Souvestre, malamin koyar da yara na Roosevelt kuma yana da tasiri sosai a tunaninta daga baya, ita ma 'yar madigo ce. Faber ya buga wasu labaran Roosevelt da Hickok a 1980, amma ya kammala cewa furucin soyayyastruck kawai shine "murkushe makarantar da ba a saba ba" kuma ya gargadi masana tarihi da kada su yaudare. Mai Bincike Leila J. Rupp ta soki hujjar Faber, ta kira littafinta "nazarin shari'ar a tsakanin maza da mata" da kuma jayayya cewa ba a sani ba Faber "shafi bayan shafi na shaidu wanda ke bayyana ci gaban da bunkasar alakar soyayya tsakanin matan biyu". A 1992, malamin tarihin rayuwar Blanse Wiesen Cook, Roosevelt ya ba da hujjar cewa, dangantakar ta gaskiya ce, ta jawo hankalin} asa. Wata takarda ta 2011 da Russell Baker ya sake yin bitar wasu bayanai biyu na tarihin rayuwar Roosevelt a cikin New York Review of Littattafai ( Franklin da Eleanor: Wani Babban Aure, wanda Hazel Rowley, da Eleanor Roosevelt: Uwargidan Shugaban forman Canji, na Maurine H. Beasley) ta ce, "Wannan Haɗin Hickok ya kasance mai son rai yanzu da alama ya wuce gardama idan aka duba abin da aka sani game da haruffan da suka yi musayar. "
Dangantakar Roosevelt da Miller ta faru ne a daidai lokacin da mijinta yake da wata jita-jita ta dangantaka da sakataren sa, Marguerite "Missy" LeHand. Smith ya rubuta, "da mamaki, duka ER da Franklin sun yarda, sun karɓa, kuma sun ƙarfafa shirin ... Eleanor da Franklin mutane ne masu ƙaunar juna waɗanda ke kulawa da farin ciki da juna amma sun gaza iyawarsu don samar da abin." Roosevelt da Miller ta dangantaka aka ce sun ci gaba har sai ta mutuwa a 1962. Suna zaton sun corresponded kullum, amma duk da haruffa da aka rasa. A cewar jita-jitar, an sayi haruffan kuma ba a san su ba, ko kuma an kulle ta yayin da ta mutu.
Roosevelt ya kasance abokiyar aiki ta Carrie Chapman Catt tsawon lokaci kuma ya ba ta kyautar Chi Omega a Fadar White House a 1941.
Eleanor Roosevelt a bayyane ya nuna rashin amincewa ga Yahudawa masu arziki a cikin shekarar 1918, inda suka gaya wa surukarta cewa “partyan yahudawa [ya kasance] abin tsoro. . . . Ba na taba son jin kudi, kayan ado ko sabulu da aka sake ambata. " . Lokacin da ta zama ma'aikaci na makarantar Todhunter a New York City, an yarda da adadin yahudawa. Yawancin ɗaliban sun kasance Furotesta a cikin manya, sannan Roosevelt ya ce ruhun makarantar "zai bambanta idan da yawan yaran yahudawa." Ta ce matsalar ba wai kawai yawa ce ba amma inganci, tunda yahudawa “sun bambanta da kanmu” kuma har yanzu ba su isa ba. Kishiyarta ba ta ragu ba, musamman yadda abokantakarta da Bernard Baruch ke ƙaruwa. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II sai ta zama zakara a fagen Isra'ila, wanda ta yi alfahari da ita saboda ƙwarin gwiwarta ga ƙimomin New Deal.
Bayan farawa ta rashin lafiya Franklin a cikin 1921, Roosevelt ta fara kasancewa a matsayin miji na gajiyayyu mara miji, ta bayyanar da jama'a a madadinsa, wanda Louis Howe ke koyar dashi a hankali. Ta kuma fara aiki tare da Kungiyar Kasuwancin Mata (WTUL), ta tara kuɗi don tallafawa ƙungiyar ƙungiyar: awanni 48 na aiki, mafi ƙarancin albashi, da kuma soke ƙwadago yara . A cikin 1920s, Roosevelt ya zama mai tasiri sosai a matsayin jagora a Jam'iyyar Democratic State New York yayin da Franklin tayi amfani da abokan huldar ta tsakanin matan Demokiradiya don karfafa matsayinsa tare da su, tare da samun babban burinsu na ciyar da jihar gaba. A shekarar 1924, ta yi kamfen din Democrat Alfred E. Smith a cikin nasarar da ya samu na sake zabensa a matsayin gwamnan jihar New York kan dan takarar Republican da dan uwanta Theodore Roosevelt Jr. Franklin sun yi magana game da "tir da kai" Theodore rikodin "a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Navy a lokacin cin zarafin Teapot Dome, kuma a cikin sa, Theodore ya ce game da shi," Yana da wata mummunar cuta! Ba ya suturar da sunan danginmu, "wanda ya fusata ta. Ta kare Theodore kan hanyar kamfen din jihar New York a cikin wata motar da ta dace da papier-mâché bonnet wacce aka yi kama da katon teapot wanda aka yi don fitar da tururi mai sauki (don tunawa da masu jefa kuri'a game da tunanin Theodore, amma daga baya ya rikide, haɗin kan abin kunya), kuma ya yi magana da jawabinta da na nata, suna kiran shi ba ya gaza. Daga baya za ta murkushe wadannan hanyoyin, ta yarda cewa suna kasa da mutuncin ta amma tana cewa "Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ce ta lalata su". Theodore ya ci da kuri'u 105,000, kuma bai taba yafe mata ba. A shekarar 1928, Roosevelt ya inganta dan takarar Smith a takarar shugaban kasa da kuma nadin Franklin a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar Democrat na gwamnan New York, wanda zai gaje shi. Kodayake Smith bai yi takarar shugabancin kasa ba, amma Franklin ya ci nasara kuma Roosevelts ya koma cikin gidan gwamna a Albany, New York. A lokacin mulkin Franklin a matsayin gwamna, Roosevelt ya yi balaguro a cikin jihar don yin jawabai da kuma duba cibiyoyin jihar a madadinsa, yana ba da labarin abin da ta gano a ƙarshen tafiya.
A shekarar 1927, ta hada kai da abokanta Marion Dickerman da Nancy Cook wajen siyan makarantar ' Todhunter for Girls', makarantar da ta kammala, wanda kuma ya bayar da kwasa-kwasan karatun kwaleji, a birnin New York. A cikin makarantar, Roosevelt ya koyar da manyan darussan a cikin wallafe-wallafen Amurka da tarihin, yana ƙarfafa tunani mai zaman kansa, abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu, da kuma aiki tare da zamantakewa. Ta ci gaba da koyar da karatun kwana uku a mako yayin da FDR ke aiki a matsayin gwamna, amma an tilasta ta barin koyarwa bayan zabensa na shugaban kasa.
Roosevelt became First Lady of the United States when Franklin was inaugurated on March 4, 1933. Having known all of the twentieth century's previous First Ladies, she was seriously depressed at having to assume the role, which had traditionally been restricted to domesticity and hostessing. Her immediate predecessor, Lou Henry Hoover, had ended her feminist activism on becoming First Lady, stating her intention to be only a "backdrop for Bertie." Eleanor's distress at these precedents was severe enough that Hickok subtitled her biography of Roosevelt "Reluctant First Lady".
In the first year of her husband's administration, Roosevelt was determined to match his presidential salary, and she earned $75,000 from her lectures and writing, most of which she gave to charity. By 1941, she was receiving lecture fees of $1,000, and was made an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa at one of her lectures to celebrate her achievements.
Roosevelt maintained a heavy travel schedule in her twelve years in the White House, frequently making personal appearances at labor meetings to assure Depression-era workers that the White House was mindful of their plight. In one famous cartoon of the time from The New Yorker magazine (June 3, 1933), satirizing a visit she had made to a mine, an astonished coal miner, peering down a dark tunnel, says to a co-worker, "For gosh sakes, here comes Mrs. Roosevelt!" |
57466 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda%20Clarity | Honda Clarity | [[File:2019 Honda Clarity Fuel Cell (SIAM 2019).jpg|2019_Honda_Clarity_Fuel_Cell_(SIAM_2019)|right|300px[]
Honda Clarity wani farantin suna ne da Honda ke amfani da shi akan madadin motocin mai . An fara amfani da shi ne kawai a kan motocin lantarki na man fetur na hydrogen kamar 2008 Honda FCX Clarity, amma a cikin 2017 an fadada sunan sunan don haɗawa da baturi-lantarki Honda Clarity Electric da plug-in matasan lantarki Honda Clarity Plug-in Hybrid, ban da na gaba tsara Honda Clarity Fuel Cell . Samar da tsabta ya ƙare a watan Agusta 2021 tare da hayar Amurka don bambance-bambancen tantanin mai ya ci gaba har zuwa 2022.
Honda FCX Clarity
The Honda FCX Clarity dogara ne a kan 2006 Honda FCX Concept kuma samuwa kawai a matsayin hydrogen man fetur abin hawa lantarki . Clarity na FCX yana da halayen motar lantarki kamar hayakin sifiri yayin da yake ba da lokutan mai na minti biyar da dogon zango a cikin babban aikin sedan. Ita ce farkon abin hawa hydrogen man fetur samuwa ga abokan ciniki.
An fara samarwa a watan Yuni 2008 tare da yin haya a Amurka wanda aka fara a watan Yuli 2008. An gabatar da shi a Japan a watan Nuwamba 2008. FCX Clarity yana samuwa don haya a cikin Amurka, Japan da Turai . A Amurka, yana samuwa ne kawai ga abokan cinikin da ke zaune a Kudancin California inda akwai tashoshin mai da hydrogen da yawa. An yi hayar FCX Clarity akan a wata a cikin 2010, gami da ɗaukar haɗari, kulawa, taimakon gefen hanya da man hydrogen. Akwai kusan wasu 10 akan haya a Japan da kuma wasu 10 a Turai a cikin 2009. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da ke haifar da ƙarancin adadin motoci a cikin Amurka shine rashin tashoshi na hydrogen. A cikin 2014 Honda ya sanar da fitar da FCX Clarity. Daga 2008 zuwa 2015, Honda ya yi hayar jimlar raka'a 48 FCX a Amurka.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai
Wutar lantarki ta FCX Clarity ta fito ne daga 100kW Honda Vertical Flow (V Flow) tarin kwayar man fetur ta hydrogen inda ake samar da wutar lantarki akan buƙata. Dangane da yawancin motocin lantarki, motar tana da birki mai sabuntawa kuma tana amfani da baturi daban don adana makamashin da aka samu yayin birki.
Motar lantarki ta dogara ne akan motar da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin EV Plus, wanda aka ƙididdige shi a da 189 lb⋅ft (256 N⋅m) karfin juyi a 0 3056rpm. Kewayo akan cikakken tankin hydrogen (4.1kg 5000psi) an tabbatar da EPA a . An kiyasta motar zata yi kusan kowace kilogiram na hydrogen a cikin birni, kowace babbar hanya ta kilogram da kowace kilogiram a hade tuki.
Bayanin FCX yana da kusan ya gajarta fiye da yarjejeniyar Honda ta 2008. Nunin da ke cikin dashboard ɗin ya haɗa da ɗigon da ke canza launi da girma yayin da amfani da hydrogen ke girma, don sauƙaƙe wa direban don lura da ingancin tuƙi. Nuni daban yana nuna matakin ƙarfin baturi kuma wani yana nuna fitowar mota. Ana sanya ma'aunin saurin gudu sama da nunin jirgin don sauƙaƙa wa direba ya sa ido akan hanya. A ciki, kayan ado a kan kujeru da rufin ƙofa ana yin su da Bio-Fabric na shuka na Honda.
An samar da FCX Clarity a Japan a wani keɓaɓɓen layin haɗin man fetur-cell-motoci a cikin Cibiyar Sabbin Mota ta Honda Automobile ( Takanezawa-machi, Shioya-gun, Tochigi Prefecture ). An samar da tarin man fetur da kansa a Honda Engineering Co., Ltd. ( Haga-machi, Haga-gun, Tochigi Prefecture).
An ba da rahoton cewa Honda na shirin bayar da motar jigilar mai ta hydrogen a farashi mai gasa tare da manyan motoci masu girman man fetur nan da shekarar 2020 duk da cewa wanda ya riga ya yi da hannu a shekarar 2005 zuwa Clarity ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1.
A cikin Yuli 2014 Honda ya sanar da FCX Clarity za a daina kuma maye gurbinsu da wani sabon kuma mafi girma-girma hydrogen man-cell abin hawa da za a gabatar.
Kudin gudu
An bayar da rahoton a shekara ta 2009 cewa hydrogen da aka yi daga iskar gas ya kai kimanin dala 5 zuwa dala 10 a kowace kilogiram a California, kuma bayan matsawa farashin da kudin sufuri, ana sayar da shi kan dala 12 zuwa dala 14 a kowace kilogiram. Ko da yake ya ninka daidai da adadin man fetur a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2009, motocin da ke amfani da man fetur sun ninka ingancin irin wannan samfurin tare da injin mai. Matsakaicin FCX Clarity ya kai 60 mi (100 km) da kilogiram na hydrogen.
Fasalolin FCX Clarity sun haɗa da rediyon motar AM-FM tare da na'urar CD, haɗin kai don iPod da iPhone, tashar USB, shigarwar taimako, tsarin kewayawa GPS mai kunna murya, rediyon tauraron dan adam XM, wuraren zama na zane, Bluetooth, da kayan aikin dijital.
Tun lokacin da aka bayyana motar a 2007 Los Angeles Auto Show, an ruwaito a watan Mayu 2008 akwai mutane 50,000 da ke tambaya game da motar ta hanyar yanar gizon ta. |
32293 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farinata | Farinata | Farinata, socca, torta di ceci, ko cecina wani nau'in bakin ciki ne, maras yisti pancake ko gauraye da aka yi daga chic. Ya kuma samo asali ne daga Genoa kuma daga baya ya zama abinci na yau da kullum na Tekun Ligurian, daga Nice zuwa tsibirin Sardinia da Elba. Hakanan yana da kama da a Gibraltar, inda ake kiransa calentita.
Ba a san asalin tasa ba. Wani labari na asali ya ce rukunin sojojin Romawa ne suka kirkiri farinata da suka gasa fulawa a kan garkuwa.
A cikin daidaitaccen Italiyanci, ana kiran tasa farinata ("wanda aka yi da gari") yayin da yake cikin Ligurian, musamman a yaren Genoese, yana tafiya da sunan fainâ. A Nice da Cote d'Azur, ana kuma kiranta socca, a Tuscany, cecina ("wanda aka yi da chickpeas") ko torta di ceci ("chickpea pie") kuma a cikin Sardinia fainè. A cikin Uruguay da Argentina an shahara sosai kuma ana kiranta fainá.
Hanyar dafa abinci
Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar zuga garin kasuwar a cikin ruwa da man zaitun a hada da ruwa da man zaitun a samu batter, a zuba a cikin kasko don yin pancake mai kauri mai kauri 4mm, sai a gasa shi na ’yan mintuna, bisa ga al’ada a cikin tanda a budadden gwangwani a cikin kwano. -plated tagulla baking kwanon rufi. Farinata za a iya dandana tare da Rosemary, barkono da gishiri na teku. A al'adance ana yanka farinata zuwa yankan yankan triangular marasa tsari, kuma a ci (ba tare da toppings ba) akan ƙananan faranti tare da barkono baƙi na zaɓi. Wani wuri a Italiya - bisa ga al'ada a Tuscany, inda ake kira cecina (daga kalmar Italiyanci don chickpea, ceci) - ana amfani da shi a cikin ƙananan focaccia (yafi a cikin Pisa) ko tsakanin gurasa biyu, kamar yadda yake a al'ada a Livorno. Ana sayar da shi a pizzerias da gidajen burodi.
Bambance-bambancen Italiyanci
A bakin tekun Tuscan, kudu da Liguria, musamman a lardin Pisa, Livorno, Lucca, Massa Carrara cecina ko, a Livorno, torta (di ceci) ana gasa (ba tare da Rosemary da ake amfani da shi don toppings ba).
A Sassari, Sardinia, saboda alakar tarihi da Genoa, la fainé genovese (genoese fainé), abinci ne na yau da kullun.
A lardin Savona (kusa da Genoa), ana amfani da sigar farinata da ake kira farinata bianca (fararen farinata). Ana yin shi da garin alkama maimakon garin kaji.
Sunan panissa ko paniscia a cikin Genoese yana nuna wani ingantaccen dafaffen irin lemun tsami, wanda aka yi shi da kayan abinci iri ɗaya da farinata. Ana iya yanke shi cikin tube da soyayyen, wanda ake kira panissette.
A cikin Genoa, bambance-bambancen farinata sun haɗa da wani lokacin albasa ko artichokes, amma mafi shahararren girke-girke na asali shine fainâ co i gianchetti ("farinata with whitebait"), a wasu lokuta da wuya a samu saboda ka'idodin kamun kifi, amma a al'ada ana ganin shi a matsayin babban fainâ. .
Bambance-bambancen Faransanci
Socca [fr] kuma ƙwararre ce ta abinci na kudu maso gabashin Faransa, musamman a cikin birnin Nice da kewaye, kuma kusan iri ɗaya ne da farinata, wasu sun ce yanayin ya ɗan bambanta. Ana iya toya shi akan farantin jan karfe mai gwangwani fiye da mita daya a diamita.
A kusa da Toulon da Marseille, kuma yana yiwuwa a same shi a ƙarƙashin sunan cade.
Panisse kwararre ne na Marseille, kuma irin tasa ce, amma ya fi kauri, kuma yawanci ana yanka shi cikin murabba'i da soyayyen.
Wani wuri
A Aljeriya, karantita wani irin abinci ne wanda ya shahara sosai. Ana ba da shi da zafi kuma a sanya shi da cumin da harissa.
A Argentina da Uruguay (inda dubban mutanen Ligurian suka yi hijira a tsakanin ƙarni na 19 zuwa na 20) farinata ana kiransa fainá, kama da ainihin sunan Genoese fainâ. Ana yawan cin shi a saman pizza (a caballo).
A Uruguay, "el fayná" (wanda ake kira "la fayná" a Argentina) ana daukarsa a matsayin abincin gargajiya na Uruguay, wanda baƙi suka kawo a 1915, har 27 ga Agusta an kira "Ranar Fainá". Man zaitun, mai tsada, ba lallai ne a yi amfani da shi ba; za a iya amfani da wasu kayan lambu mai, wanda ke shafar ɗanɗanon ɗanɗano.
A Gibraltar, inda wani muhimmin yanki na yawan jama'arta ya fito daga asalin Genoese, ana san shi da calentita lokacin da aka toya ko panissa lokacin soyayyen. Yawancin lokaci ana cin su a fili, ba tare da wani abin toppings ba. Ana ɗaukar waɗannan a matsayin jita-jita na ƙasar Gibraltar.
A Indiya, dal (kalmar pulses) "chila" (lafazin "cheela") ko besan (kalmar garin kajin kaji) "puda" (lafazin "poora"), ya danganta da yankin, irin wannan tasa ce ta yin ta. dafa chickpea (ko wani bugun jini) fulawa da ruwa akan kaskon mai mai. Kayan lambu irin su albasa, kore chili, kabeji da ganyaye da kayan kamshi irin su coriander kuma ana saka su a wasu nau'ikan shirye-shiryen. |
41227 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashi%20a%20Buni%20Yadi%2C%20Fabrairu%202014 | Kisan kiyashi a Buni Yadi, Fabrairu 2014 | A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2014, an kashe yara maza hamsin da tara , a Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Buni Yadi a Jihar Yobe a Najeriya. An kuma ƙona gine-gine ashirin da huɗu na makarantar sakamakon harin. Kawo yanzu dai babu wata ƙungiya da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin, amma a cewar kafafen yaɗa labarai da jami'an ƙasar ana zargin mayaƙan Boko Haram ne suka kai harin.
Bayan fage
Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya makarantar kwana ce da ke Buni Yadi, wani gari a Jihar Yobe, Najeriya. Makarantar haɗin guiwa da sakandare tana da gine-gine ashirin da huɗu a lokacin da aka kai harin.
Tun a shekarar 2009 ne mayakan ke rikici da gwamnati a Arewacin Najeriya. Kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga sun ƙara mayar da hankali wajen kai hare-hare kan fararen hula tun a watan Mayun 2013 lokacin da Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya bai wa sojoji izinin kawar da ‘yan adawa. Rikicin ya haifar da ƙaruwar rashin zaman lafiya a Najeriya, wadda ke kan gaba wajen samar da man fetur a Afirka. A watan Fabrairun 2014, 'yan bindiga sun yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 300, galibi fararen hula. A karshen watan Fabrairu ne gwamnatin kasar ta rufe iyakar Najeriya da Kamaru a ƙoƙarin ta na hana ‘yan bindiga kai hare-hare a Najeriya sannan su tsere zuwa Kamaru.
Ƙungiyar Boko Haram, wacce sunanta ke nufin "ilimin yammacin duniya zunubi ne", ta sha kai hare-hare a makarantu a lokuta da dama. An bayyana ƙungiyar a hukumance a matsayin ƙungiyar ta’addanci a Najeriya da Amurka, kuma an bayar da tukuicin ga duk wanda ya ba da labarin da zai kai ga kama shugabannin ƙungiyar. A jimilce, an danganta mutuwar sama da mutane 1,000 da Boko Haram tayi sanadiya tun daga watan Mayun 2013. Ƙungiyar ta ƙona makarantu sama da 200 kamar yadda alƙalumma suka nuna. Abubakar Shekau, wanda ake zargin shugaban ƙungiyar Boko Haram ne, ya fitar da wata sanarwa ta faifan bidiyo a tsakiyar watan Fabrairun 2014 inda ya yi alƙawarin ci gaba da yaƙin da ƙungiyar ke yi na yaki da kimar kasashen yamma tare da yin barazanar faɗaɗa hare-haren su na ta'adanci.
Mako guda kafin kai harin, ƴan ƙungiyar Boko Haram sun kashe mutane 60 a garin Bama da ke jihar Borno mai makwabtaka; kwanaki huɗu kafin wannan harin, mayakan sun kashe mutane 106 a wani ƙauye mafi yawan mabiya addinin Kirista, Izghe; sannan makwanni uku kafin nan mayakan sun kashe mutane 78 a wasu hare-hare biyu da aka kai a yankin.
Kai hari
A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2014, ‘yan bindiga sun kutsa cikin Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya a lokacin da daliban ke barci. Sun jefa bama-bamai a cikin dakunan kwanan dalibai yayin da suka kutsa dakunan riƙe da bindigogi. A cewar wani shaidan gani da ido, “daliban na ƙoƙarin hawa taga, sai ‘yan ta’addan suka yanka su kamar tumaki da suka sare makogwaronsu. An kashe wasu da suka gudu.” Dukkan gine-gine ashirin da hudu sun ƙone kurmus yayin harin.
An kashe yara maza hamsin da tara a harin. Wasu sun mutu sakamakon harbin bindiga ko raunukan wuka, yayin da wasu kuma suka ƙone kurmus. An kai gawarwakin waɗanda suka tsira da ransu zuwa asibitin kwararru na Sani Abacha da ke babban birnin jihar Damaturu. Mai magana da yawun asibitin ya ce da alama mayakan sun ceci dalibai mata da gangan.
Rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai na cewa, harin ya “bore the hallmarks” na ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Jami’an yankin sun kuma danganta harin da kungiyar, amma ba a samu ƙungiyar da ta ɗauki alhakin kai harin ba.
Bayan haka
Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya kira harin da aka kai Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da "Kisan banza da rashin hankali ... ta ‘yan ta’adda da masu tsattsauran ra’ayi waɗanda a fili suka rasa duk wata dabi’a ta ɗan Adam, suka juya zuwa ga halayar dabba” Ya sha alwashin "kawar da bala'in ta'addanci har abada". Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Ban Ki-moon ya yi Allah wadai da harin yana mai cewa "babu wata manufa da za ta iya tabbatar da irin wannan tashin hankali" ya kuma ce ya damu matuƙa da ƙaruwar hare-hare da rashin tausayi.
Ƴan uwan waɗanda harin ya rutsa da su sun kewaye ɗakin ajiyar gawa a fusace suna neman a ba su amsa. Sojoji sun mamaye ginin domin dawo da zaman lafiya. Kasawar da gwamnati ta yi na hana kai harin Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya da makamantansu ya janyo hasarar al’umma a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ɗalibai a faɗin yankin sun ki kwanciya barci a makarantunsu na kwana bayan harin inda suka koma gidajensu.
Gwamnatin jihar Yobe
A cewar gwamnatin jihar Yobe, sojojin da ke gadin wani shingen binciken ababan hawa da ke kusa da wurin da aka kai harin sun janye daga aiki sa’o’i kaɗan kafin harin. Gwamnan jihar Ibrahim Gaidam ya ɗora alhakin janye sojojin da silar kai harin kuma ya ce sojojin ƙasar sun gaza wajen kare daliban.
Kakakin rundunar Soji
Kakakin rundunar sojin ƙasar, ya ce tun da farko an tarwatsa shingen binciken a wani ɓangare na aikin rundunar hadin gwiwa. Ya ce lalata layukan waya, mai yiyuwa maharan su kayi, don hana sojoji jin labarin harin a lokacin da za su mayar da martani.
Najeriya da Amurka
Ƙungiyar Boko Haram da ƙasar Najeriya da Amurka suka ayyana a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci, ana zargin hakan ce ta saka ƴan ta'adan fara kai harin a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin da ta ke yi na samar da daular Musulunci a yankin Arewacin Najeriya na Musulmi.
Duba kuma
Harbin makarantar jihar Yobe
Bayanan kula
2014 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Boko Haram
Jihar Yobe
Kisan kiyashi a Najeriya |
28621 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20kiyashin%20Zamfara%20na%202022 | Kisan kiyashin Zamfara na 2022 | Kisan kiyashin Zamfara wanda ya faru daga ranar 4 zuwa 6 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, 'yan bindiga sun kashe mutane sama da 200 a jihar Zamfara da ke Najeriya. Wannan shi ne harin ta'addanci mafi muni a tarihin Najeriya na baya-bayan nan.
Rikicin ‘yan bindiga a Najeriya, wanda aka kashe dubban mutane, ya faro ne a shekara ta 2011, kuma yana da alaka da rikicin manoma da makiyaya da kuma rikicin Boko Haram. Kungiyoyin ‘yan bindiga na kai hare-hare a wasu jihohin arewa maso yammacin kasar da suka hada da yin garkuwa da mutane da kuma kisan kiyashi. Hare-haren da aka kai a jihar Zamfara a shekara ta 2021 sun hada da sace ‘yan matan sakandare 279 a Jangebe a watan Fabrairu da kuma kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa sama da mutane 50 a garin Zurmi a watan Yuni.
Gabanin hare-haren, hare-haren da sojojin gwamnati suka kai a ranar 3 ga watan Janairu ya yi sanadin mutuwar 'yan bindiga sama da 100 tare da lalata sansanoni da dama. Hakan ya sa ‘yan bindigar suka ci gaba da tunzura zuwa yankin, inda suka kai harin ramuwar gayya. Bayan 'yan kwanaki gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya 'yan fashin a matsayin 'yan ta'adda.
Kisan kiyashin
Jim kadan gabanin hare-haren, ‘yan bindigar sun kai farmaki kan wasu shanu 3,000, sai dai ‘yan banga na yankin sun yi taho-mu-gama da su, lamarin da ya kai ga fafatawa tsakanin bangarorin biyu. ‘Yan banga da suka fi yawa sun yi hasarar kuma da yawa daga cikinsu ‘yan bindiga sun kashe su, sannan aka fara kashe-kashen mutanen kauyen.
Tun da misalin karfe 12:45 na rana, a ranar Talata, 4 ga watan Janairu, wasu ‘yan bindiga a kan babura wadanda aka kiyasta adadinsu ya kai 300 zuwa 500, sun shiga cikin garin Kurfar Danya, lamarin da ya nuna an fara kai hare-hare a kauyukan Anka da Bukkuyum. kananan hukumomin Zamfara. ’Yan bangar sun harbe mutanen kauyen yayin da suke kwasar ganima tare da kona gidajensu kurmus. Kwanaki biyu ‘yan fashi da makami sun yi wa garuruwan Kurfa da Rafin-Gero kawanya ba tare da gwamnati ta sa baki ba. Yan bindiga sun lalata matsugunai daban-daban guda biyar. Wani wanda ya tsira ya bayyana ‘yan fashi da harbi “duk wanda yake gani”.
An kawo karshen kisan kiyashin ne a ranar Alhamis, 6 ga watan Janairu, bayan da dakarun soji suka kama ‘yan bindiga. An zargi wani shugaban ‘yan fashi da makami mai suna Bello Turji da alhakin kisan gilla.
Jerin matsugunan da aka tabbatar da niyya
Wadanda abin ya shafa
Hukumomin jihar Zamfara sun ce adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 58, amma hakan ya janyo cece-kuce. Wasu ‘yan gudun hijirar sun ce adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 154. Mai magana da yawun Sadiya Umar Farouq, ministar harkokin jin kai, ta ce an binne gawarwaki sama da 200, kuma mazauna yankin sun amince da hakan. Daga cikin wadanda kashe-kashen ya rutsa da su har da Gambo Abare, wani fitaccen shugaban kungiyar ‘yan banga na yaki da ‘yan bindiga.
Bayan haka
Sama da mutane dubu goma ne suka zama ‘yan gudun hijira da kuma kona kauyuka biyar. Mutane da yawa har yanzu ba a gansu ba. An sace albarkatu da dama, inda aka yi kiyasin shanu 2,000 da 'yan fashi suka kwashe. Hukumomin Najeriya sun isa gundumomin domin taimakawa wajen shirya jana'izar jama'a, kuma har yanzu suna ci gaba da aiki. Ana ci gaba da kokarin bayar da agaji.
Gwamnatin Najeriya da ‘yan sandan kasar sun kaddamar da farautar wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika, tare da daukar jiragen yaki.
Har yanzu dai ba a daina kai hare-hare na ‘yan bindiga ba, kuma a ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, ‘yan bindiga sun kai farmaki kauyen ‘Yar Kuka na Zamfaran, inda suka yi awon gaba da mutane goma sha biyu da suka hada da hakimin kauyen, da matarsa da dan uwansa, da kuma wasu ma’aikatan hakar ma’adinai biyu daga Burkina Faso. Washegari ‘yan bindiga sun kai farmaki garin Kadauri a karamar hukumar Maru inda suka yi garkuwa da wasu mata shida. A ranar Talata, 11 ga watan Janairu, ‘yan bindiga sun kashe fararen hula 51 daga jihohin Filato da Neja a irin wannan lamari.
A ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, gwamnan Zamfara Bello Matawalle ya sanar da cewa rashin tsaro ya zama “barazana” a jihar da kuma yankin Arewa maso yammacin Najeriya baki daya, ya kuma bukaci gwamnatin tarayya da ta kara sanya kanta cikin rikicin.
'yan Najeriya
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairu, shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya yi tir da kashe-kashen da ake yi, inda ya kara da cewa Najeriya za ta nemi murkushe ta'addanci a kasar. Tsohon sakataren gwamnatin tarayya Anyim Pius Anyim ya ce ya ji takaicin kashe-kashen da aka yi, inda ya yi tir da “lalata rayuka da dukiyoyi” da masu aikata ta’addancin ke yi.
Sarakunan Anka da Bukkuyum, Alhaji Attahir Ahmad da Alhaji Muhammad Usman, sun karfafa matakan tsaro a yankin. Nan take Bello Matawalle ya kai ziyara garuruwan da abin ya shafa, inda ya gana da wadanda suka tsira da rayukansu da kuma iyalansu. Ya soki kafafen yada labarai da cewa suna yin karin gishiri a kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu, yana mai cewa kafafen yada labarai sun “nakalto daban-daban alkaluma masu ban tsoro na mace-macen da suka taso daga hare-haren baya-bayan nan ta hanyar tserewa daga ‘yan bindiga.
Jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta yi Allah-wadai da lamarin, inda ta bayyana cewa za ta goyi bayan rundunar sojojin Najeriya a yunkurinta na zakulo wadanda suka aikata wannan aika-aika. John James Akpan Udo-Edehe ya mika sakon ta’aziyya ga iyalan wadanda suka rasa ‘yan uwa tare da jajantawa gwamnati da al’ummar jihar Zamfara a madadin jam’iyyar.
Kungiyar Kwadago ta Najeriya ta yi Allah-wadai da kisan kiyashi da kuma “mugunta da rashin mutuntaka” da ‘yan fashin suka yi.
Femi Fani-Kayode, wanda a baya ya taba rike mukamin ma’aikatar sufurin jiragen sama ta Najeriya, ya bayar da shawarar cewa Najeriya za ta iya hana kashe-kashen jama’a a nan gaba ta hanyar amfani da salon tayar da bama-bamai, lura da cewa a baya-bayan nan ne sojoji suka mallaki jiragen Tucano. Shi ma gwamnan jihar Kaduna, Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai, ya goyi bayan amfani da hanyar.
Suna kashe mutane a Sakkwato, ku tattara sojoji a can, ku fatattake su, su koma Kebbi, daga Kebbi idan aka tashi bam, sai su koma Kaduna. Abin da ya kamata a yi shi ne a yi musu bama-bamai ta sama, kasa, dakaru a kasa lokaci guda a duk jihohi biyar, shida na Arewa maso Yamma da Nijar. Kuma ana iya magance wannan matsala a ganina, cikin makonni. Na yi imani matakan rashin tsaro a yanzu sun kasance a wani wuri mai mahimmanci kuma wani abu ya kamata a bayar. Fatana shi ne abin da zai bayar shi ne karshen wannan ‘yan fashin har abada. Matsala ce.
-Nasir Ahmad el-Rufai
Ƙasashen Duniya
Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Turkiyya ta mayar da martani tana "mai matukar bakin ciki da samun labarin cewa sama da fararen hula dari ne suka rasa rayukansu a wasu hare-hare da aka kai a jihar Zamfara."
A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya bayyana kakkausar suka kan lamarin, inda ya ba da goyon baya ga ayyukan yaki da ta'addanci a Najeriya, yana mai shaidawa hukumomin Najeriya cewa "ba za su yi kasa a gwiwa ba wajen gurfanar da wadanda ke da alhakin wadannan munanan laifuka a gaban kuliya". Guterres ya jaddada goyon bayan MDD ga kasar.
Kungiyar Hadin Kan Musulunci ta yi tir da lamarin, inda ta nuna juyayi ga wadanda abin ya shafa.
Ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Masar ta aike da sakon ta'aziyya tare da yin Allah wadai da kisan kiyashin a matsayin harin ta'addanci.
2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya
Rikici a Najeriya
Satar mutane a najeriya
Rikicin Fulani da manoma |
48799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Togo | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Togo | Harin da tawagar kwallon kafar kasar Togo ta kai wani harin ta'addanci ne da aka kai a ranar 8 ga watan Janairun na shekarat 2010 02010 10 a daidai lokacin da 'yan wasan kwallon kafar Togo suka ratsa lardin Cabinda na kasar Angola a kan hanyar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka na shekarar 2010, kwanaki biyu kafin fara gasar. Wani ɗan ƙaramin sanannen yanki na Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC), ƙungiyar haɓaka 'yancin kai ga lardin Cabinda, wanda aka sani da Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda - Matsayin soja (FLEC-PM), ta dauki alhakin harin. An kashe direban bas Mário Adjoua, mataimakin manajan kungiyar Améleté Abalo, da jami’in yada labarai Stanislas Ocloo, tare da jikkata wasu da dama. Sakatare Janar na FLEC-PM Rodrigues Mingas, wanda a halin yanzu yake gudun hijira a Faransa, ya yi ikirarin cewa harin ba a kan 'yan wasan Togo ba ne, amma a kan sojojin Angola da ke kan ayarin motocin. Hukumomi sun ce an tsare mutane biyu da ake zargi da hannu a hare-haren.
Kai hari
A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2010, wasu 'yan bindiga sun kai wa motar bas din tawagar kasar Togo hari yayin da suke kan hanyarta ta lardin Cabinda na Angola domin halartar gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka . Motar bas din ta fuskanci harbin bindiga ne a daidai lokacin da ta ketara kan iyaka daga Jamhuriyar Congo zuwa lardin Cabinda na kasar Angola mai cike da hazaka . Duk wasannin farko na Togo za su gudana ne a rukunin B a filin wasa na Estádio Nacional do Chiazi da ke Cabinda.
A cewar shugaban 'yan tawayen, Mingas, Kwamandan sa Sametonne ne ya kai harin wanda ya ce mayakan FLEC 15 ne suka shiga cikin kwanton baunar. Tsawon ya dauki akalla mintuna 30. An kashe direban bas din, Mário Adjoua, ya yanke duk wata hanya ta tserewa. Fasinjojin sun boye a karkashin kujerun. Tawagar jami’an tsaro mai dauke da mutane kusan 10 a cikin motoci biyu da ke tafiya tare da tawagar sun mayar da wutan maharan.
Dan wasan baya na FC Vaslui Serge Akakpo ya samu munanan raunuka sakamakon harbin bindiga da jini, kamar yadda mai tsaron gida Kodjovi Obilalé ya samu . Tare da 'yan wasan biyu, mataimakin shugaban kasar Gabriel Ameyi na hukumar kwallon kafar Togo da mambobi bakwai da suka hada da dan jarida da likitocin kungiyar biyu sun samu raunuka. Emmanuel Adebayor ya ce harin shi ne, "daya daga cikin mafi munin abubuwan da na taba fuskanta a rayuwata." Dole ne ya dauki abokan aikinsa na kururuwa zuwa asibiti saboda yana daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa. Thomas Dossevi ya ce, “Ai jahannama ce ta gaske. Minti 20 na harbe-harbe, na jini da tsoro," kuma Richmond Forson ya ce, "Bas din da ke dauke da kaya yana cikin rudani. Wataƙila sun yi tunanin muna can. Sannan suka bude wuta har da kociyoyinmu. Yana da muni.” Dossevi ya ce tawagar "an yi harbi da injina, kamar karnuka."
Kungiyar ' yan aware ta Angola Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (FLEC) ta dauki alhakin kai harin. Sanarwar da Sakatare Janar na FLEC, Rodrigues Mingas ya sanya wa hannu, ta ce, "Wannan aikin fara ne na wasu shirye-shiryen shirye-shiryen da za a ci gaba da gudanarwa a daukacin yankin Cabinda." Kakakin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Faransa, Bernard Valero ya ce "harfafa tashin hankali ba abu ne da za a amince da shi ba kwata-kwata" kuma ana iya tuhumar Mingas a karkashin dokokin Faransa saboda yin irin wadannan kalamai. Wata babbar kungiyar da aka fi sani da Armed Forces of Cabinda (FLEC-FAC) ita ma ta dauki alhakin. Shugaban kungiyar Jean-Claude N'Zita ya yi watsi da bangaren Mingas a matsayin masu son kai.
Wadanda abin ya shafa
An kashe mutane uku tare da jikkata wasu tara.
Améleté Abalo - Mataimakin kocin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Togo kuma manajan ASKO Kara (ya rasu a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2010)
Stanislas Ocloo (ya mutu a ranar 9 ga Janairu 2010) - mai sharhi kan wasanni na TV / ɗan jarida na Gidan Talabijin na Togo
Mário Adjoua - direban bas haifaffen Angola (ya mutu a ranar 8 ga Janairu 2010)
Kodjovi Obilalé – an harbe shi a baya. Harsashin ya rabu gida biyu yana shiga cikinsa. An ba da rahoton cewa an daidaita yanayin mai tsaron gidan a ranar 11 ga watan Janairu. Likitocin Afirka ta Kudu sun ba da shawarar barin guntun harsashi a cikinsa tunda aikin cire su zai iya haifar da ƙarin barna.
Serge Akakpo
Hubert Velud - Manajan
Wake Nibombé
Elista Kodjo Lano
Divinelae Amevor - likitan ilimin lissafi
Tadafame Wadja - likita
Dangane da mummunan harin da aka kai kan tawagar kwallon kafar Togo, 'yan sandan Angola sun kama wasu mutane biyu da ake zargi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun na shekarar 2010. Kamar yadda gidan rediyon kasar ya ruwaito, ya nakalto mai gabatar da kara, an kama mutanen ne a yankin Cabinda na kasar Angola, dake tsakanin Jamhuriyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango a Afirka ta Tsakiya. An kama mutane 9 da ake zargi.
Angola ta kama mutane hudu – Monsignor Raul Tati, firist na Roman Katolika kuma daga baya bishop, Francisco Luemba, lauya, Belchior Tati, masanin tattalin arziki da Jose Benjamin Fuca, tsohon dan sanda. - wanda ke da takardu game da Flec kuma ya tafi Paris don ganawa da shugabannin da aka yi hijira. A watan Agusta, an daure su a gidan yari saboda kasancewarsu mambobin FLEC-PM. Wata kotu a birnin Cabinda ta samu mutanen hudu da laifin cin zarafin jami'an tsaron kasar; kodayake alkalin bai bayyana ko mutanen hudu suna da alaka kai tsaye da harin ba. Hukuncin da aka yanke musu daga shekaru uku zuwa biyar.A ranar 11 ga watan janairu, an kama jami'an FLEC kusa da wurin da aka yi harbin.
Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama sun soki shari'ar da suka zargi gwamnatin kasar da amfani da hare-haren don tabbatar da murkushe masu suka. Martinho Nombo, Lauyan da ke halartar zaman kotun, ya ce alkalin ya yanke musu hukunci ne kawai saboda sun yi magana ko kuma sun yi rubuce-rubuce kan ‘yancin cin gashin kan Cabinda. “Wannan ya sabawa tsarin mulki. Alkali ba zai iya daure wani ba don komai. Wannan zai kara dagula halin da Angola ke fama da shi kan hakkin dan Adam da kuma tsarin zaman lafiya da FLEC baki daya. An nuna hanyar haɗin da ake tsammani maimakon faɗi. An yanke musu hukunci ne bisa wadannan takardu." Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kuma soki hukuncin da ta kira mutanen hudu da "masu fafutuka" tare da cewa "A fili wannan wata dama ce da aka bata na maido da adalci a Angola, musamman a Cabinda."
Bayan haka
Togo za ta buga wasanta na farko na gasar da Ghana, kwanaki uku bayan harin da aka kai ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2010. STV Sport ta ruwaito cewa Togo ta fice daga gasar bayan kwana guda .
Daga baya an sami wani abu na koma-baya yayin da biyu daga cikin 'yan wasan Togo suka ce za su buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka a cikin "tunawa da matattu." Thomas Dossevi, daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Togo, ya sanar da cewa Togo za ta fafata "don nuna launin kasa, dabi'unmu da kuma cewa mu maza ne." Gwamnatin Togo, duk da haka, daga baya, ta umurci tawagar da su koma gida bayan komai, bisa dalilan tsaro.
A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun na shekarar 2010, Togo ba ta samu shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a hukumance ba bayan da suka koma kasarsu ta haihuwa. Tawagar Togo ta tashi ne a ranar Lahadi, kwanaki biyu bayan harin da aka kai kan motar bas din tawagar. "Kungiyar ba ta cancanta ba, wannan rukunin zai kunshi kungiyoyi uku", in ji mai magana da yawun hukumar kwallon kafa ta Confedération Africaine de Football (CAF). A cewar ministan wasanni na kasar Togo, Christophe Padumhokou Tchao, an ki amincewa da bukatar kasar Togo ta sake shiga gasar duk da dalilin da ya sa aka nuna alhini ga ‘yan wasan da suka mutu.
Ministan gwamnatin Angola António Bento Bembe ya kira ta da "aikin ta'addanci", da kuma karfafa tsaro a gasar. Martin O'Neill, kocin dan wasa Moustapha Salifou a Aston Villa, ya bayyana kaduwarsa a shafin yanar gizon kungiyar. Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na Manchester City da Portsmouth sun bayyana damuwarsu game da tsaron lafiyar 'yan wasansu. 'Yan wasa daga wasu kungiyoyi a Afirka, irin su Benni McCarthy da Momo Sissoko, sun yi Allah wadai da harin. Firayim Ministan Togo Gilbert Houngbo ya ba da umarnin gudanar da zaman makoki na kwanaki uku. "Gwamnati ta zabi tsawaita zaman makoki na kwanaki uku a fadin kasar, wanda zai fara ranar Litinin 11 ga watan Janairun na shekarar 2010," in ji Houngbo a gidan talabijin na kasar.
Danny Jordaan, wanda ya shirya gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na 2010 da aka buga a Afirka ta Kudu a watan Yuni da Yuli 2010, ya yi watsi da damuwar cewa harin yana da wata alaka da shirye-shiryen tsaro na gasar cin kofin duniya.
A ranar 12 ga watan Afrilu, kaftin din Togo Emmanuel Adebayor ya sanar da yin murabus daga buga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa, yana mai cewa "har yanzu abubuwan da na gani a wannan rana mai muni." Daga baya Adebeyor ya koma bakin aikin kasa da kasa a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2011 biyo bayan tabbaci daga Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Togo game da aminci, ya dawo da shi a wasan da – doke Guinea-Bissau da ci 1-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 2014 .
Duba kuma
Jerin abubuwan ta'addanci, 2010
2009 hari a kan Sri Lanka tawagar cricket ta kasa
kisan kiyashi a Munich
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Togo footballers ambushed in Angola at Wikinews |
34161 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilya | Ilya | Ilya, Illia, Ilya, Iliya, Il'ja, Ilija, or Ilia ( , IPA: [ɪlʲja], ko kuma [ɪlʲɪja] ; Ukrainian [ilʲɑ] ) shine sifar Slavic ta Gabas na sunan namiji Ibrananci Eliyahu (Iliya), ma'ana "Allahna shine Yahu / Jah ." Ya fito ne daga lafazin Bazantine na Hellenanci na vocative (Ilía) na Helenanci Elias (, Ilías). Ana furta shi da damuwa akan sila ta biyu. Siffar raguwar ita ce Iliusha ko Iliushen'ka . Ma'anar sunan farko na ɗan Ilya shine "Il'jich ", kuma 'yar ita ce" Ilyinichna ".
Mutane masu suna
Mutanen gaske
Ilya (Archbishop na Novgorod), malamin Orthodox na Rasha na karni na 12 kuma saint.
Ilya Averbukh, dan wasan kankara na Rasha
Ilja Bereznickas, Lithuania mai raye-raye, marubucin rubutun hoto kuma mai fa'ida.
Ilya Bryzgalov, mai tsaron ragar hockey na Rasha
Ilya Ehrenburg, marubucin Rasha kuma jakadan al'adun Soviet
Ilya Glazunov, mai zanen Rasha
Ilya Grigolts, dan wasan violin
Ilya Grubert, violinist
Ilya Ilf, marubucin Rasha na Kujeru goma sha biyu da Maraƙin Zinare
Ilya Ilyin, Kazakhstani mai ɗaukar nauyi na Olympics
Ilya Ivashka, dan wasan tennis na Belarus
Ilya Kabakov, ɗan Rasha-Amurka mai ra'ayi na asalin Yahudawa
Ilya Kaler, dan wasan violin
Ilya Kaminsky, Ukrainian-Amurka-Yahudawa mawaƙi
Ilya Kovalchuk, dan wasan hockey na Rasha a cikin KHL kuma tsohon NHL na Atlanta Thrashers, New Jersey Devils, LA Kings da Babban Birnin Washington.
Ilia Kulik, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Rasha
Ilya Kuvshinov, animator
Ilya Lagutenko, jagoran mawaƙa na ƙungiyar rock na Rasha Mumiy Troll
Ilya Lobanov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), ɗan wasan hockey na Kazakhstan
Elia Abu Madi, mawaƙin Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Lebanon
Ilya Espino de Marotta, Injiniyan Ruwa kuma jagoran Aikin Fadada Canal na Panama
Ilya Mechnikov, masanin ilimin halittu na Rasha wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel
Ilya Petrov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Rasha
Ilya Prigogine , masanin kimiyyar jiki kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel.
Ilya Piatetski-Shapiro, Rasha-Yahudu-Isra'ila masanin lissafi
Ilya Yashin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1983), ɗan siyasan Rasha
Ilya Yefimovich Repin , mai zanen Rasha
Ilya Salkind, furodusan fim
Ilya Salmanzadeh, mai shirya wakokin Farisa-Sweden
Ilya Samsonov, dan wasan Rasha na Babban Birnin Washington
Ilya Sorokin, mai tsaron ragar Rasha don 'yan tsibirin New York
Ilya Strebulaev, masanin tattalin arziki na Rasha-Amurka
Ilya Sutskever, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta
Ilja Szrajbman, ɗan wasan ninkaya na Poland
Ilya Ulyanov, mahaifin Soviet juyin juya hali Vladimir Lenin
Ilya Zhitomirskiy, Ba'amurke/Rasha wanda ya kafa Diaspora
Ilja Hurník, mawaƙin Czech, mawallafin piano kuma mawallafi
Ilja Leonard Pfeijffer, Mawaƙin Holland, mawallafin marubuci, masanin siyasa kuma ƙwararren masani.
Ilya Serov (an haife shi a shekara ta 1986), mai busa ƙaho na Rasha-Amurka kuma mawaƙa
Ilja Richter, Jarumar Jamus
Ilya Dzhirkvelov marubuci kuma KGB mai rauni
Masu kishin addini
Ilya Muromets, Orthodox monastic saint, gwarzon mutanen Rasha
Iliya, annabi Ibrananci na ƙarni na tara KZ, wanda aka sani da Rashanci kamar Ilya
Ali ko Eli (sunan Larabci), kani kuma surukin annabin musulunci Muhammad, kuma limamin shiah na farko.
(Akwai ambato daga Imam Ali "ana ce da ni Elya / Alya a cikin Yahudawa, Iliya a cikin kiristoci, Ali ga babana, Haydar kuma ga mahaifiyata"),
Haruffa na almara
Ilya Pasternak, almara hali daga wasan bidiyo Ace Combat 6: Gobarar 'Yanci
Illya Kuryakin, babban jigo a cikin shirin talabijin The Man from UNCLE
Ilya Tretiak, wani hali a cikin fim din 1997 The Saint
Ilya a cikin littafin Haruffa daga Rifka
Ilya, wani hali a cikin littafin da daidaitawar fim Heaven Knows What
Ilya Afanasyevich Shamrayev, wani hali a cikin Anton Chekhov's The Seagull
Ilya Stepanovich Igolkin, wani hali a cikin Plutonia Vladimir Obruchev
Ilya (Ilyusha) Snegiryov, wani hali a cikin Fyodor Dostoevsky ta Brothers Karamazov.
Illyasviel von Einzbern, wani hali a cikin jerin Fate ta Type-moon
Duba kuma
Elia (rashin fahimta)
Ilija (sunan ba)
Iliya (suna)
Ilyinsky (rashin fahimta)
Ilya (band) |
26374 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimeji%20Bankole | Dimeji Bankole | Sabur Oladimeji "{asa, Dimeji" Bankole (an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1969), shi dan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin Mai Magana da Yawun Majalisa na tara (9th) a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya . An zabe shi ne lokacin yana da shekaru 37, Bankole ya kasance shine mai ƙaramin shekaru a tarihin majalisar kuma dan ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Ogun ne a shekarar 2019 a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Action Democratic Party .
Rayuwar Farko, Ilimi da Sana'a
Shi Bayarabe ne Mai cikakken asali sosai a tarihi, shi ya kasance dan kasuwa ne kafin aka zaɓe shi zuwa majalisa. Shi Musulmi ne kuma dan kabilar Egba, An haifi Bankole a Abeokuta wanda ake kira yanzu da Jihar Ogun a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1969. Iyayenshi sune Alani Bankole, dan kasuwa, tsohon mataimakin shugaba kuma shugaba na rikon kwarya na jam'iyyar All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) ta kasa baki daya kuma mariƙin Sarauta mai take Oluwa of Iporo Ake kuma the Seriki Jagunmolu of Egbaland, sai kuma daya daga cikin matansa mai suna Atinuke Bankole, wacce ta kasance ita ce Ekerin Iyalode na Egbaland da kanta.
Jaridar Thisday ta bayyana ilimin Bankole kamar haka: Baptist Boys' High School, Abeokuta daga shekarar 1979; Albany College, London, England, daga shekarar 1985; Jami'ar Reading, Karatu, England, daga shekarar 1989; gajeren kwas a Jami'ar Oxford's Kolejin Koyarda Ofisoshi, Oxford, England, a cikin shekarar 1991; kuma Jami'ar Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, US, a shekarar 2005.
Bankole ya sami Digiri na Babbar Jagorancin Jama'a daga Makarantar Gwamnati na John F. Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard, Amurka a shekarar 2005. . A cikin shekarar 2014, ya zama Mason Fellow a cikin Manufofin Jama'a da Gudanarwa a Makarantar Gwamnati ta John F. Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard, Amurka.
A cikin shekarar 1991, Bankole ya ƙaddamar da zaɓin DAB zuwa Royal Military Academy Sandhurst yayin da yake yin kwasa-kwasa ga hafsoshin soji a Jami'ar Oxford inda ya kasance a cikin Rundunar Sojoji.
Bankole dan wasan polo ne, kuma memba ne na Kungiyar Polo Club ta Legas da Guards Polo Club, Abuja tare da tsaro a matsayin matsayin da ya fi so. Yana kuma jin daɗin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa .
Bangaren masu zaman kansu
Masanin tattalin arziki, Bankole shine Shugaban, Aspire Integrated Consultants Nigeria (tun 2012) kuma Mataimakin Shugaban, Africa House London (tun 2016).
A baya, Bankole ya kasance Darakta na Kamfanin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya Limited daga shekarar 1995 zuwa 1998, Babban Daraktan Ayyuka na Yammacin Afirka Aluminium Products Limited daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2004, kuma Daraktan ASAP Limited daga shekarar 2000 zuwa 2003.
Bangaren Jama'a - Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya
A shekarar 2002, an zabi Bankole a majalisar wakilai akan tikitin jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) don wakiltar mazabar Abeokuta ta kudu ta jihar Ogun. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kudi na Majalisar yayin da Aminu Bello Masari ke zaman Kakakin Majalisa, ( Farouk Lawan shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin) sannan kuma a baya shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Sufurin Kasa. Sauran kwamitocin da ya zauna a kansu su ne bangarori na tsaro, Harkokin Cikin Gida da Banki, da Currency.
An sake zaɓar Bankole a watan Afrilu shekarar 2007. Yana la'akari da muradun sa na doka a matsayin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da tsaro da kuɗi.
Kakakin Majalisar
A watan Satumbar shekarar 2007, wani kwamiti ya yiwa kakakin majalisar Patricia Etteh tambayoyi game da kashe ₦ 628 miliyan ($ 4.8m) kan gyaran gida da motoci. Ta musanta aikata ba daidai ba, amma wakilai da yawa ba su ji daɗin yunƙurin da ta yi na kare kanta ba, an yi cinikin busa a farfajiyar Gidan, kuma dole ne a fitar da Etteh daga zauren. Tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo da manyan jiga -jigan PDP da yawa sun ci gaba da mara mata baya, amma wani bangare mai yawa na jam’iyyar, wanda Lawan ke jagoranta har da Bankole, sun bukaci ta yi murabus. An ba da rahoton cewa Bankole, a tsakanin sauran masu fafatawa, yana fatan zai gaje ta a farkon 5 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2007.
Bayan murabus din Etteh daga mukamin a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba (tare da mataimakiyarta, wacce ita ma ta shiga cikin badakalar), memba na Integrity Group (anti-Etteh) Terngu Tsegba ya zama mai magana na wucin gadi.
A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, an zabe shi don ya gaji Etteh. An fara zaben da karfe 10:30 na safe. Majalisar ta gaza ga membobi 360 saboda uku (Moses Segun Oladimeji, Joe Anota da Aminu Shuaibu Safana) sun mutu. Mazabu biyu har yanzu ba su zabi wakilansu ba. 328 daga cikin mambobi 355 sun kada kuri'a. Samson Osagie na jihar Edo ya zabi Bankole a matsayin shugaban majalisar, kuma Lynda Ikpeazu na jihar Anambra ya goyi bayan shawarar. Wanda ya fafata da shi shine wakilin jihar Osun George Jolaoye, wanda ya doke shi da kuri'u 304 yayin da 20 (da 4 suka kaurace). Etteh na cikin wadanda suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da Bankole. Sabon mataimakin kakakin majalisar shine Usman Bayero Nafada . An bayyana Bankole a matsayin kakakin majalisar da karfe 1:30 na rana.
A cikin jawabinsa na karba, mai taken "Mun tsaya a bakin kofa na Tarihi", Bankole ya ce "Ina karbar ragamar shugabanci a wani mawuyacin lokaci. Amma waɗannan lokutan wahala ne, muna buƙatar sake gina kwarin gwiwa da tabbatar wa jama'a cewa har yanzu mu ne wakilansu. Ina son gida mai zaman kansa da ‘yan Najeriya za su yi alfahari da shi, wannan shi ne aikina na farko.”
Daya mako bayan zabensa, da siyasa, da abokan adawar da'awar cewa Bankole ya ba kammala wa} asa hidima (wa kasa hidima) sabis, wanda wajibi ne duk Nijeriya jami'a a karkashin shekara talatin da shekaru a lokacin da suka kammala karatu, da kuma kira ga ya yi murabus a kan batun. Bankole ya bayar da takardar sallamarsa ta NYSC, inda ya kawo karshen jita -jitar. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2010, Bankole ya dakatar da 'yan majalisar 11 har abada saboda rashin tsari da fada a cikin gidan.
Ma’aikatan Gwamnati sun dawo da kudaden da ba a kashe su ba
A lokacin mulkinsa, majalisar wakilai sakamakon gudanar da aikin sa ido ta tabbatar da cewa Ma’aikatun Gwamnatin Tarayya, Ma’aikatu da Hukumomi (MDA) sun mayar da kudaden da ba a kashe ba wadanda suka kai kimanin naira biliyan 450 zuwa baitulmalin gwamnati a shekarar 2007 yayin da kimanin naira biliyan 350 aka sake farfadowa a shekarar 2008. Gabaɗaya, Majalisar Wakilai ta tabbatar da dawowar kusan Tiriliyan 1 da ba a kashe ba ta MDA a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin kasafin kuɗi na shekara -shekara a ƙarƙashin mai magana da yawun Bankole. Wadannan ba a taba ganin irin su ba a tarihin sa ido a majalisar dokokin Najeriya. Har zuwa lokacin, MDA's bai dawo da kudaden da ba a kashe ba. Hakanan, Majalisar Wakilai ta gano cewa kusan Tiriliyan 5 na kudaden shiga da MDA ba ta sake tura su ba tsawon shekaru 5 da suka gabata kafin bincike.
Karshen kwangilar Titin Jirgin Abuja
A karkashin Bankole, an yi kwangilar kwangilar naira biliyan 64 na titin jirgi na biyu na tashar Nnamdi Azikwe da ke Abuja an gano cewa ya yi yawa. Don haka gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kawo karshen kwangilar.
Takardun kuɗi
A karkashin sa, majalisar wakilai ta amince da kudiri 328, ta amince da kudurori 282 sannan ta zartar da wasu dokoki 136. Wadannan takardar kudi sun hada da Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai (FOI) da Dokar Kula da Fiscal wanda ya tabbatar da cewa dukkan hukumomin samar da kudaden shiga na gwamnati suna gabatar da kasafin kudin su don dubawa kowace shekara. Hukumomin, wadanda suka hada da CBN, NNPC da Kwastam na kashe tiriliyan na naira duk shekara ba tare da majalisar kasa ta ware musu ba.
A shekarar 2011, hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta Najeriya ta yi wa Bankole shari'a kuma an wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume-tuhume.
Alkalin yayin da yake wanke Bankole ya bayyana cewa majalisar wakilai ta ciyo bashi daga banki don gudanar da ayyukanta, an biya bashin gaba daya ga bankin kuma Bankole bai kasance mai cin moriyar bashin ba ta kowane fanni, saboda haka, babu wani laifi da aka aikata. .
Dan takarar Gwamnan ADP
Tsohon kakakin majalisar, Dimeji Bankole a ranar Asabar 6 ga Maris 2018, ya zama dan takarar gwamna na (ADP) Action Democratic Party a jihar Ogun kafin babban zaben Najeriya a 2019.
Rayuwar mutum
Dimeji Bankole ya saki matarsa ta farko, Olaitan Bankole a shekarar 2017. Wannan ya sa ya zama babban mai neman digiri na farko a cikin da'irar ƙwararrun 'yan wasa a ciki da wajen Najeriya na ɗan lokaci. Ya sake yin aure a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2021, ga Miss Aisha Shinkafi Saidu, bisa hakkokin Musulunci. An daura auren ne a filin Harrow, Ahmadu Bello Way, Abuja kuma ya samu halartar manyan fitattun mutane ciki har da Aminu Tambuwal gwamnan jihar Sokoto na yanzu. Mawakan Najeriya Laycon da Timi Dakolo suma sun kasance a wurin taron kuma sun burge baƙi tare da kida mai daɗi. Amaryarsa Miss Aisha Shinkafi Saidu itace diyar gwamnan jihar Kebbi na yanzu, Abubakar Atiku Bagudu . Lauya ce kuma mai karatun digiri a jami’ar Hull da ke Burtaniya. Jika ce ga marigayi mai nauyi na siyasa kuma tsohon shugaban kungiyar tsaro ta Najeriya Alhaji Umaru Shinkafi, Marafan Sokoto kuma mahaifiyarta 'yar Shinkafi ce kuma' yar uwar tsohon Gwamnan jihar Zamfara, Mahmud Shinkafi .
Pages with unreviewed translations |
22114 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia%20Altizer | Sonia Altizer | Sonia M. Altizer (an haife ta a shekara ta 1970) wata farfesa ce kuma Mashawarcin Ilimi da kuma Kungiyar Wasannin Ilimin Jami'a a Jami'ar Georgia, Odum School of Ecology .
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Altizer a matsayin ɗiyar Jim da Chris Altizer na Watkinsville, Georgia . Sha'awarta ta ilmin halitta da duniyar ta fara ne lokacin da ta sami kyautar madubin hangen nesa da kuma kayan kara-girma-naka-kan-kan-kan-kan-ta a ranar haihuwar ta goma sha biyu.
Altizer ta sami BS daga Jami'ar Duke a shekara ta 1992 da kuma Ph.D. daga Jami'ar Minnesota a shekara ta 1998. Ta kuma yi karatun digiri a Jami’ar Princeton da Jami’ar Cornell .
Domin shekaru 20 tun a digiri na biyu dalibi na jami'ar Minnesota, Altizer tafiya cikin duniya zuwa binciken monarch malam hijirarsa, da lafiyar qasa, sannan kuma interactions da protozoan m . Ta yi bincike kan yadda ƙaurawar lokaci-lokaci na waɗannan malam buɗe ido ke shafar yaduwar kwayar cuta, kuma ta haɓaka ɗakunan bayanai na haɗin gwiwa na cututtukan dabbobi masu ɗauke da dabbobi, kan halayen mai gida, ilimin ɗabi'a, da kuma tarihin rayuwa da ke hulɗa tare da sifofin ƙarancin yanayin duniya . Har ila yau, ta mayar da hankali ga bincike game da tasirin songbird-pathogen, ciki har da nazarin gida finch conjunctivitis, West Nile virus, da salmonellosis . Altizer ta buga wallafe-wallafe da yawa kuma a kwanan nan ta sake shirya wani littafi wanda za a buga a cikin shejara ta 2015, mai taken Sarakuna a cikin Canjin Duniya: Biology da Conservation na wani Iconic Kwari. Ta kuma shiga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin aiki waɗanda aka keɓe ga masarautar kiyaye malam buɗe ido. Wani aikin kimiyyar dan kasa mai suna Monarch Health wanda dalibanta ke gudanarwa a jami'ar Georgia, wanda yanzu shine shekara ta takwas. Akwai daruruwan masu sa kai a duk fadin Arewacin Amurka a cikin samfurin sarakunan daji don cuta.
Yankunan bincike
Abubuwan bincike na Altizer shine ilimin halittu na cututtuka a cikin al'ummomin ƙasa, juyin halitta na juriya da rikice- rikicen ƙwayoyin cuta, ilimin kwari da kuma juyin halitta, ƙaurawar dabbobi, da canjin yanayin ɗan adam da cututtuka.
Rayuwar mutum
Lokacin da Altizer ba ta cikin harabar jami'a ko tafiya don aiki, sai ta hau kan dokinta a ƙauyen Watkinsville tare da mijinta, wanda take da 'ya'ya maza biyu tare da shi.
2014 Rushmore, J., Caillaud, D., Hall, RJ, Stumpf, RM, Meyers, LA da Altizer, S. Alurar riga kafi ta hanyar sadarwar yanar gizo na inganta ƙwarewar sarrafa cuta a cikin chimpanzees na daji. Jaridar Royal Society Interface. 11 , 20140349
2013 Altizer, S., Ostfeld, RS, Harvell, CD, Johnson, PTJ, da Kutz, S. Canjin yanayi da cututtukan cututtuka: daga shaida zuwa tsarin tsinkaye. Kimiyya. 341: 514-519.
2013 Rushmore, J., D. Caillaud, L. Matamba, RM Stumpf, SP Borgatti, da S. Altizer. Nazarin hanyar sadarwar zamantakewar jama'a na kifin kifin daji tare da hangen nesa game da haɗarin cututtukan cututtuka. Jaridar Lafiyayyun Dabbobi, 82: 976-986.
2012 Streicker, DG, Recuenco, S., Valderrama, W., Gomez-Benavides, J., Vargas, I., Pacheco, V., Condori, RE, Montgomery, J., Rupprecht, CE, Rohani, P. da Altizer, S. Ecological da anthropogenic direbobi na cutar hauka a cikin jemage vampire: abubuwan da ke faruwa don watsawa da sarrafawa. Ayyukan Royal Society Series B. 279 : 3384-92.
2011 Altizer, S., Han, B da Bartel, R. Hijira da dabba da cututtukan cututtuka. Kimiyya. 331: 296-302
2010 Altizer, S., da Davis, AK Yawan jama'a na masarautar masarauta tare da halaye daban-daban na ƙaura suna nuna bambancin ra'ayi a cikin ilimin halittar fuka. Juyin Halitta. A cikin Latsa.
2010 DeRoode, JC da Altizer, S. Tattaunawar kwayar halittar mahaifa da alakar yaduwar kwayar cuta a tsakanin al'ummomin masarautar masarauta. Juyin Halitta. A latsa.
2009 Harvell, CD, Altizer, S., Cattadori, I., Harrington, L. da Weil, E. Canjin yanayi da cututtukan namun daji: yaushe mai masaukin baki ya fi damuwa? Ilimin halittu 90: 912-920.
2008 De Roode, JC, Yates, AJ da Altizer, S. Virulence-watsa ciniki da cinikayyar mutane da bambancin yawan mutane a cikin lalata a cikin wani abu mai rikitarwa na malam buɗe ido. PNAS. 105: 7489-7494
2008 Bradley, CA, Gibbs, SEJ da Altizer, S. banasar amfani da ƙasar ta yi tsinkayen kamuwa da cutar West Nile a cikin tsuntsaye. Aikace-aikacen muhalli. 18: 1083–1092
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
2018 : Lamar Dodd Kyautar Binciken Bincike
2014 : UGA leticungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Wasannin Kasa ta UGA
2012 : Odum School of Ecology Faculty Malami na Kyautar Shekara
2008 : Kyautar Farkon Aikin Shugaban Kasa a Kimiyya da Injiniya (PECASE)
2008 : Kyautar Kyautar Kwarewa a Jami'ar Georgia
2008 : Odum School of Ecology Award don Koyarwar Kwarewa
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Sonia Altizer
Ilimin Lafiyar Cututtuka a cikin Labarin Altizer
Sonia Altizer
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Pages with unreviewed translations |
34176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulis | Sulis | A cikin mushrikan Celtic na gida da ake yi a Birtaniya Sulis wani abin bautawa ne da ake bautawa a wurin bazara na Bath (yanzu a Somerset ). Romano-British ne ya bauta mata a matsayin Sulis Minerva, wanda abubuwan da aka rubuta da kuma allunan dalma da aka rubuta sun nuna cewa an haife ta duka biyu a matsayin allahiya mai gina jiki, mai ba da rai kuma a matsayin wakili mai tasiri na la'anar da masu rinjayenta ke so.
Asalin kalma
Ma'anar ainihin ma'anar sunan Sulis ya kasance batun muhawara, amma yarjejeniya mai tasowa tsakanin masana ilimin harshe game da sunan a matsayin haɗin gwiwa tare da tsohon Irish súil ("ido, gani").
Tushen Proto-Celtic gama gari *sūli-, masu alaƙa da ire-iren kalmomin Indo-Turai don “rana” (cf. Homeric Greek , Sanskrit sūryah, daga c * suh 2 lio-) kuma an ba da shawarar, kodayake kalmomin Brittonic na "rana" (Old Breton houl, Old Welsh heul) yana nuna diphthong wanda ba ya nan daga Sulis kuma suna ba a ba da shaida a matsayin nau'i na mata ko tare da -i- inflection . Pierre-Yves Lambert yayi jayayya da sigar Proto-Celtic * su-wli-, wanda ya ƙunshi prefix su- ("mai kyau") a haɗe zuwa jigon fi'ili na Celtic * wel- ("gani").
Sunan sirri na tsakiyar Welsh Sulgen (< Sulien ; "an haife shi daga Sulis") da sunan sirri na Breton Sul, wanda wani waliyyi na gida ya haifa, suna da alaƙa.
Cult a Bath
Sulis ita ce allahn gida na maɓuɓɓugan zafi wanda har yanzu ke ciyar da wuraren wanka a Bath, wanda Romawa suka kira Aquae Sulis ("ruwa na Sulis"). Wataƙila an girmama Sulis a matsayin allahntaka mai warkarwa, wanda maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi na iya warkar da wahala ta jiki ko ta ruhaniya. A cewar masanin Miranda Green, al'adun Sulis a Bath yana aiki har zuwa tsakiyar karni na huɗu AZ. Sunanta da farko ya bayyana a rubuce-rubucen da aka gano a wani yanki mai faɗi a wurinta a Bath, tare da misali guda ɗaya kawai a wajen Birtaniya a Alzey, Jamus.
A haikalin Romawa da ke Bath, ƙarin daɗaɗɗen daɗaɗɗen da aka yi a wurin bagadin sun nuna cewa hadaya tana da babban sashe na bautar allahiya. Wataƙila an yi amfani da wurin da ke kewaye da bagadin don yin jerin gwano da hadayun nama da ruwaye na jama'a. Yawancin abubuwan da aka samo a cikin bazara sun ƙunshi tsabar kudi da allunan la'ana (duba: Allunan da aka rubuta), tare da tsabar kuɗin Roma sama da dubu goma sha biyu da rabi da tsabar Celtic goma sha takwas da aka samu a cikin tafki. Bugu da ƙari, an kuma dawo da abubuwa waɗanda wataƙila sun kasance na sirri, kamar kayan ado, duwatsu masu daraja, faranti, kwano, kayan soja, kayan katako da fata.
Tasoshin Pewter da aka samu a cikin tafki na bazara ya sa wasu masana suka kammala cewa hulɗar jiki da ruwa na iya zama mahimmanci don canja wurin kayan warkarwa, tare da waɗannan tasoshin ana amfani da su don zubar da ruwa a kan jikin baƙi.
Daga shaidar rubutun jana'izar da aka gano a wurin, ya bayyana cewa maziyartan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki na iya haɗawa da sojoji da suka yi ritaya, sojoji masu yin yawon buɗe ido, da/ko sojoji masu neman taimako daga rauni ko rashin lafiya. Domin samun kuɗin rubutun, waɗanda suka rubuta ziyararsu da bagadai ko duwatsun kaburbura wataƙila sun kasance suna da matsayi mafi girma.
Haikali zuwa Sulis Minerva an san shi da ƙona gawayi a cikin bagadin wuta maimakon itace. Da bayi ko bayi ne suka kawo wannan gawayi, waɗanda kuma za su taimaka wajen tsaftacewa da hidimar abinci na ibada.
Mutum - mutumin al'adun gargajiya na Sulis Minerva "ya bayyana an lalata shi da gangan" wani lokaci daga baya Antiquity, watakila ta hanyar maharan barasa, masu kishin Kirista, ko wasu sojojin.
Allunan da aka rubuta
Kimanin allunan la'ana guda 130, galibi ana magana da Sulis, a cikin maɓuɓɓugar ruwa mai tsarki a wuraren wanka na Romawa a Bath. Yawanci, rubutun akan allunan da aka miƙa wa Sulis yana da alaƙa da sata; misali, na ƴan kuɗi kaɗan ko tufafi daga gidan wanka. A bayyane yake, daga salon Latin da aka yi amfani da shi (" British Latin ") da aka yi amfani da shi, cewa yawancin allunan sun fito ne daga al'ummar ƙasar. A cikin tsari, sau da yawa na doka, yare, allunan sun yi kira ga allahn Sulis da ta hukunta waɗanda suka aikata laifin da aka sani ko ba a san su ba har sai an biya su. Ana buƙatar Sulis yawanci don cutar da lafiyar jiki da tunani na mai laifi, ta hanyar hana barci, ta hanyar sa ayyukan jiki na yau da kullun su ƙare ko ma mutuwa. Wadannan wahalhalu za su gushe ne kawai idan aka mayar da dukiyar ga mai shi ko kuma a zubar da ita yadda mai shi ke so, sau da yawa ta hanyar sadaukar da ita ga baiwar Allah. Wata saƙo da aka samu a kan kwamfutar hannu a cikin Haikali a Bath (da zarar an canza lambar) ta karanta: "Docimedis ya rasa safar hannu guda biyu kuma ya nemi barawon da ke da alhakin ya rasa tunaninsu [sic] da idanu a cikin haikalin allahiya."
Ana yawan rubuta allunan a cikin lamba, ta hanyar haruffa ko kalmomi da ake rubuta su a baya; Za a iya jujjuya tsarin kalmomi kuma ana iya rubuta layi a madadin kwatance, daga hagu zuwa dama sannan dama zuwa hagu (boustrophedon). Duk da yake mafi yawan rubutu daga Roman Birtaniya suna cikin Latin, rubutun biyu da aka samo a nan, waɗanda aka rubuta akan zanen gado, suna cikin yaren da ba a sani ba wanda zai iya zama Brythonic. Su ne kawai misalan rubuce-rubuce a cikin wannan harshe da aka taɓa samu.
Kwamfutar kwanan wata daya tilo na tarin ita ce kwamfutar hannu Bath 94, kodayake ba a bayar da shekara tare da ranar da wata ba. Ana iya fahimtar wannan, ko da yake, idan aka kwatanta da rubutun hannu da aka yi amfani da su a kan wasu allunan, wanda ya tashi daga 'Tsohon lankwasa' na Romawa na ƙarni na biyu da na uku AZ zuwa 'Sabuwar lasifikan Romawa' na ƙarni na huɗu AD. Kamar yadda Tomlin ya yi jayayya a cikin littafinsa na shekarar 2020, wannan yana nuna shaharar rubutun, sabili da haka yuwuwar yarda da ingancin su, na aƙalla ƙarni biyu.
Syncretism tare da Minerva
A Bath, an keɓe haikalin Roman ga Sulis Minerva a matsayin babban abin bautar haikalin. Wataƙila sadaukarwa ga Sulis ta wanzu a Bath kafin kasancewar Roman a yankin, ta ƙabilar Celtic Dobunni na gida, waɗanda wataƙila sun yi imani cewa Sulis yana da ikon warkarwa. Kasancewar Sulis kafin zuwan Romawa kuma an ba da shawarar ta hanyar gano tsabar shekarun Celtic Iron Age goma sha takwas a mafi ƙanƙanta matakan rukunin yanar gizon, kamar yadda Barry Cunliffe ya rubuta a cikin 1988. Wannan shine ɗayan dalilan da yasa aka fara suna Sulis a cikin syncretic Sulis Minerva. Ta hanyar Roman Minerva syncresis, daga baya masana tatsuniyoyi sun gano cewa Sulis ma allahiya ce ta hikima da yanke shawara.
Daga cikin bagadai 17 na sadaukarwa da sansanonin da aka samu a haikalin Roman a Bath, 9 sun kori Sulis Minerva ta hanyar sunanta ɗaya ko biyu. Musamman, akwai bagadai guda biyu da aka samo a Cross Bath (RIB 146) da Hot Bath (RIB 150) shafukan bi da bi, waɗanda ke jera 'Sulis Minerva' a cikakke. Bagadin da aka samu a Bath mai zafi yana karanta "Ga gunkin Sulis Minerva Sulinus, ɗan Maturus, da son rai kuma ya cika alkawarinsa" (RIB 150).
Sulis ba shine kawai allahn da ke nuna syncretism tare da Minerva ba. Sunan Senua ya bayyana a kan allunan zabe masu ɗauke da hoton Minerva, yayin da Brigantia kuma yana raba halaye da yawa da ke da alaƙa da Minerva. Gano gumakan Celtic da yawa tare da allahn Romawa ɗaya ba sabon abu bane (dukansu Mars da Mercury an haɗa su tare da yawan sunayen Celtic). A gefe guda, alloli na Celtic sun yi tsayayya da syncretism; Sulis Minerva yana ɗaya daga cikin 'yan kaɗan da aka tabbatar da haɗin kai na allahn Celtic tare da takwararta na Romawa.
Sadaukarwa ga “ Minerva ” na gama-gari a cikin Birtaniya da nahiyar Turai, galibi ba tare da wani taswirar Celtic ko fassarar ba (cf. Belisama don banda ɗaya).
Ubangijin rana
Dangane da ilimin asalin sunanta, da kuma wasu halaye da yawa, kamar haɗin gwiwa tare da gani, dokokin jama'a, da abubuwan da suka shafi haske, an fassara Sulis a matsayin allahntakar rana, aƙalla a zamanin Romawa.Wasu masu bincike sun kara ba da shawara a matsayin de facto Celtic hasken rana allahntaka, hade suna zama shaida na allahiya a wani wuri.
Ibadar zamani
Sulis yana da adadin masu bauta na zamani a tsakanin al'ummomin Wiccan da arna. Tun daga shekarun 1998, wasu mutane har yanzu suna ajiye hadayu a cikin ruwan wanka na Romawa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana ƙarfafa baƙi su jefa tsabar kudi a cikin Bakin Da'ira, wanda aka tattara kuma ana amfani da shi don ba da kuɗin Bath Archaeological Trust.
Sulis a cikin Art da Epigraphy
Sulis Minerva shugaban
An gano wani shugaban tagulla na allahiya Sulis Minerva a cikin Bath a cikin shekarar 1727 (duba saman dama), wanda mai yiwuwa ya fito ne daga wani mutum-mutumi na al'ada da ke tsaye a cikin haikalinta, kusa da Bahar Mai Tsarki. Wataƙila wannan mutum-mutumin an ajiye shi a cikin farfajiyar Haikali daga wurin bagaden hadaya. Mutum-mutumin na iya kasancewa samfuri na harsashin ginin Rum, tun daga ƙarshen ƙarni na farko AZ. Akwai wasu sanannun gilt tagulla guda biyu ne kawai daga Roman Birtaniyya.
Haikali Pediment da Gorgon ta Head
An gano shi a cikin shekarar 1790, wannan pediment daga Haikali na Sulis Minerva yana da babban kan Gorgon a tsakiyarsa. Wataƙila an sassaƙa shi a ƙarni na farko AZ, da ’yan fasaha daga arewacin Gaul. Asali a tsayin mita goma sha biyar, da ginshiƙai guda huɗu suna goyan bayan pediment ɗin. Har ila yau, akwai hotuna da yawa masu raka a kan pediment, irin su Tritons (masu bautar rabin kifi da rabin maza zuwa Neptune), hular fuska mai kama da kan dolphin, ƙaramin mujiya, da Nasarar mata da ke tsaye a kan globes.
Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar hoton tsakiya, yana ba da sunan sunan, shine cewa kai yana wakiltar Gorgon na tatsuniya. Kamar yadda tarihin Girkanci ke da shi, jarumi Perseus ya kashe Gorgon kuma ya ba da kai ga Athena, wanda ya sa shi a kan sulke. Don haka, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna yiwuwar haɗi tsakanin Gorgon zuwa gunkin Sulis Minerva (Minerva kasancewar Roman daidai da Girkanci Athena). Yayin da Gorgon a kan pediment namiji ne kuma Gorgon tatsuniya mace ce, an nuna cewa an canza hoton pediment don nuna haɗe-haɗe na salon Celtic da na gargajiya.
Wani fassarar kuma ita ce shugaban tsakiya yana nuna allahn ruwa, saboda kamanceceniya da sauran alloli na ruwa daga Biritaniya. Alal misali, gidan kayan gargajiya na Roman Baths yana nuna wani tasa na azurfa daga Mindenhall wanda ke nuna allahn Oceanus.
A cikin labarin 2016, Eleri H. Cousins sun yi jayayya cewa yawancin hotuna a kan pediment za a iya danganta su da alamar mulkin mallaka, ciki har da Nasara, itacen oak da kuma tauraron a koli. Bugu da ƙari, Cousins sun haskaka wasu misalan irin abubuwan gine-gine na ƙarni na farko da na biyu, musamman hotunan Gorgon da aka samu a Gaul da Spain, don nuna cewa an yi amfani da Forum na Augustus a Roma a matsayin babban nau'i na archetype. A cewar Cousins, pediment da hotunansa ba kawai 'Romawa' ko 'Celtic' ba ne, amma sun samo asali ne daga cakuda salo da ra'ayoyi daga "na gida zuwa daular".
Tushen Mutum-mutumi mai kama da Altar
An sami ginin mutum-mutumi mai kama da bagadi a kan shimfidar da ke kusa da matakan Haikali na Sulis Minerva. Tushen yana karanta, "Ga gunkin Sulis, Lucius Marcius Memor, boka, ya ba (wannan) kyauta" (RIB III, 3049). Wannan shine kawai sanannen misali na haruspex, ko ƙwararriyar duba wanda ya fassara haƙoran dabbobi da aka sadaukar, daga Birtaniya. Rubutun asali ya yi amfani da gajarta 'HAR' don bambanta Memor a matsayin haruspex, amma ya bayyana akwai ƙarin haruffan 'VSP' daga baya. Wannan yana iya kasancewa ƙoƙari ne na bayyana matsayinsa fiye da 'boka' na yau da kullun, kuma yana nuna cewa Memor bazai kasance a haɗe da haikalin da kansa ba, amma mai yiwuwa ya kasance memba na ma'aikatan gwamna.
Altar-kamar Dutsen kabari
Wannan kabari mai kama da bagadi (duba sama a hagu) an same shi tare da kayan cinerary guda biyu a wajen birnin Bath, a cikin Ikklesiya ta Bathwick, mita 800 arewa-gabas da wuraren wanka na Roman. Dutsen kabari ya karanta, "Ga ruhohin da suka tafi; Gaius Calpurnius Receptus, firist na allahiya Sulis, ya rayu shekaru 75; Calpurnia Trifosa, 'yar'uwarsa (da) matarsa, ya kafa wannan" (RIB 155). Sunan gwauruwa Receptus, Trifosa, Hellenanci ne kuma yana nufin 'De Luxe', kuma da alama an ba ta suna lokacin da take bawa, kafin ta 'yanta ta kuma auri tsohon mai gidanta, firist Receptus.
Sulis a Adabin Zamani
Sulis ya dauki hankalin marubuta da masu ba da labari da yawa.
Sulis da Roman Baths an sake yin tunani a cikin ayyukan almara na tarihi masu zuwa:
Ruwan Sul - Moyra Caldecott
Sirrin Flavia - Lindsay Townsend
Crown na Acorns - Catherine Fisher
Mai La'anta - Kelli Stanley
Memento Mori: Littafin Laifi na Daular Roma - Ruth Downie
Duba kuma
Jerin gumakan hasken rana
Dutsen Solsbury
Ruwa da addini
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50879 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/NITEL | NITEL | Nigerian Telecommunications Limited (NITEL), ya kasance mai ba da sabis na tarho a Najeriya har zuwa 1992 lokacin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa dokar Hukumar Sadarwa ta Najeriya da ke ba wa sabbin masu shiga cikin sashin sadarwa. A lokacin da kuma bayan shekaru na mallakar, aikin kamfanin ya kasance mai sauƙi, hali mai kama da sauran kamfanonin mallakarsa na jihar kamar NEPA da kamfanoni na ruwa mallakas gwamnati. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekarar 1985 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar hukumomin gwamnati guda biyu, sashin sadarwa na sashen Post da Telecommunications (P&T) a karkashin Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sashen Saduwa na waje na Najeriya (NET)
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008 wani rahoto daga BBC News ya ce gwamnatin Najeriya ta ɗauka cewa kamfanin kasa da kasa bai inganta aikin NITEL ba sabili da haka ya dakatar da keɓancewa don goyon bayan Transcorp. A shekara da 2015, gwamnati ta kammala ma'amala da ta ga kadarorin N ITEL da Mtel ga NATCOM. Yarjejeniyar ta kai dala miliyan 252.
An ƙaddamar da wani Kamfanin Telecom na Najeriya (Ntel) A watan Afrilu wanda ya maye gurbin Nitel, Ntel shine sabon sake reincarnation na kamfanin sadarwa na yanzu, NITEL. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta mika kadarorin NITEL / Mtel ga NATCOM (kamfanin iyaye na Ntel) a cikin yarjejeniyar da ta kai dala miliyan 252 a shekarar da suka gabata. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2017, Nitel ya nada Nate James a matsayin mataimakin shugaban gudanar da asusun.
Ma'aikatar Sadarwa da Sashen Sakatarwa (P&T)
A lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1985, sashen Post da Telecommunications ya ba da sabis na aika saƙo da sadarwa na ciki tsakanin biranen Najeriya yayin da NET ta ba le sabis ɗin sadarwa tsakanin zaɓaɓɓun birane na Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Saboda ƙuntatawa na albarkatun, an tsara samar da ayyuka a matakai tare da fadadawa tsakanin shekarun 1950 zuwa 1970.
Ayyukan Telegraph sun fara ne a cikin 1880s kuma Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Jama'ata ce ta fara gudanar da su har zuwa 1907 lokacin da aka sauya waɗannan ayyukan zuwa P & T. A cikin 1908, an gabatar da musayar tarho ta hannu tare da allon sauyawa na layi 100 a Legas kuma a shekara ta 1920 kimantawar layin taruwa a kasar ya kai 920, a 920. Bayan shekara guda, an gabatar da allon sauyawa mai yawa tare da damar yin layi 800 kuma a cikin 1941 an ga haɗin kai tare le teleprinter. A cikin shekarun 1950, an ƙaddamar da saka hannun jari da aka tsara wanda ya haɗa da fadada musayar tarho ta atomatik da da'irori na akwati, ƙaddara hanyar watsa rediyo ta Legas zuwa Port Harcourt da kuma gabatar da watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon V.H.F. da yawa zuwa wasu birane da garuruwa. A shekara ta 1961, sun kasance fiye da 32,000 tarho line da 120 tarfon musayar. Zuba jari a cikin sadarwa ya motsa tushen masu biyan kuɗi zuwa sama da 100,000 a 1973 kuma har zuwa 400,000 a 1990.
Sadarwar waje ta Najeriya
Tarihin NET za a iya gano shi zuwa mulkin mallaka zuwa ƙarshen karni na sha tara. A cikin 1886, Kamfanin African Direct Telegraph Company ne ya samar da sabis na telegraph tsakanin Legas da London, wannan kamfani daga baya ya zama Imperial da International Communications bayan haɗuwa sannan Cable da Wireless. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar shiga cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Cable da Wireless, samun sha'awa ga hannun Najeriya na Cible da wireless. Sabuwar kamfanin ta samar da sabis na tarho na kasa da kasa, telex da telegraph, watsa bayanai mai sauri da watsawa da karɓar talabijin na ainihi amma waɗannan ayyukan sun fi ƙuntata zuwa Legas da manyan biranen Najeriya kamar Ibadan, Enugu, Kaduna, da Port-Harcourt. Babban saka hannun jari na kamfanin shine gina tashar watsawa da karɓar HF.
Kamfanin ya fara samar da sabis na telex na atomatik a cikin 1971 kuma a mu 1980, NET ta gabatar da kai tsaye na kasa da kasa kuma saurin sabis tsakanin Najeriya da zaɓaɓɓun ƙasashen Yamma. NET kuma ta ba da sabis na telegraph mai zaman kansa tare da biyan kuɗi na shekara-shekara ga kamfanoni da kuma gudanar da abubuwan talabijin da aka watsa ko karɓa ta hanyar tauraron dan adam kamar FESTAC 77 da ayyukan wasanni. Ga yawancin wanzuwarsa, kayan aikin NET ba su isa ba idan aka kwatanta da bukatun kasuwanci da yawan jama'a, lokacin mutum ya cika layin kamar yadda laƙoƙin da ke kan akwatunan tarho ba za su iya ci gaba da zirga-zirga ba.
An kafa Nigerian Telecommunications Limited a cikin 1985 a matsayin haɗuwa da sashen sadarwa na Post da Telecomunicaciones da NET. An kafa sabon kamfanin ne don inganta daidaita ayyukan sadarwa a cikin ƙasar, don yin sadarwa ta ciki da kasuwanci a manufa da kuma rage ninka yawan rabon kasafin kuɗi da saka hannun jari. NITEL ta gaji mafi yawan kayan aikin analog daga wadanda suka riga ta kuma dole ne ta ba da kuɗin sabon saka hannun jari a cikin kayan aiki na dijital. Ya gabatar da wayar hannu a cikin 1992, ta hanyar MTS, haɗin gwiwa tare da Digital Communications Limited, kamfanin Atlanta. Koyaya, a cikin aiki, har yanzu ba shi da inganci, layin sun cika, tsarin biyan kuɗi bai yi ingani ba kuma ƙimar kammala kira don kiran nesa ya kasance ƙasa da 50%. Lokacin da sabbin ayyukan tarho masu zaman kansu suka fito a Legas a cikin shekarun 1990, da yawa daga cikinsu sun dogara da NITEL mara aminci don ayyukan haɗin kai. Bugu da kari, bukatar ayyuka a wasu birane sun fi karfin NITEL yayin da yawancin layin N ITEL ba su aiki ba saboda rashin kulawa da ababen more rayuwa ko rashin isasshen kayan aikin sadarwar kebul.
A shekara ta 2002, MTEL wanda ya sami kadarorin MTS, ya samu lasisin GSM.
Da farko a shekara ta 2001, kamfanin ya shiga cikin wani lokaci na tallace-tallace da fitarwa, na farko shine sayar da kashi 51% ga ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari a ƙarƙashin sunan kasuwanci na Investors International London iyakance, an soke sayarwa bayan masu sa hannun kuɗi sun kasa yin farashin ƙarshe. Daga baya, gwamnati ta dakatar da saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin kuma ta amince da kwangilar sauyawar gudanarwa tare da kamfanin da ake kira Pentascope a shekara ta 2003. An soke kwangilar a shekara ta 2005 bayan ya bayyana cewa Pentascope ba shi da isasshen albarkatu don gudanar da NITEL. Wani rashin nasarar sayarwa ga Orascom a shekara ta 2005 ya biyo baya kafin a sayar da kamfanin ga wani reshe na Transcorp a cikin shekara, amma an soke wannan sayar a shekarar 2009. A cikin 2014, an sayar da kamfanin ga NATCOM, ƙungiyar masu saka hannun jari karkashin jagorancin Tunde Ayeni.
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Kasuwanci a Afrika |
50834 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennium%20Earl | Millennium Earl | The Millennium Earl(,Sennen Hakushaku),also known as"the Creator" and "Adam",is a fictional character in the manga series DGray-man by Katsura Hoshino.Introduced as the series' main antagonist,the Earl's role is to help revive the dead and turn them into demons known as Akuma.With Akuma,a group known as the Noah Family plans to destroy humanity.
The Earl takes an interest in the protagonist:young exorcist Allen Walker, who is connected to the Noah.When he learns that the exorcist Allen Walker is the successor of the 14th Noah,Nea D. Campbell he attempts to capture him.The character also appears in the second light novel based on the series.
Hoshino ya kafa wannan hali ne a kan wani sanannen wanda ta ki bayyana sunan sa.Da farko ɗan wasa a farkon bayyanarsa,daga baya ta bayyana siffar ɗan adam wanda zai yi tasiri da ba a bayyana ba a cikin jerin.Muhimmin martani ga Millennium Earl yana da kyau, tare da masu sukar yadda ya farfado da matattu da kashe mutane abin ban mamaki ne.Zurfinsa mai ban mamaki a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow,an kuma yaba masa.An saki kayayyaki iri-iri dangane da halayen.
Halitta da tunani
The Millennium Earl aka asali featured a matsayin villain na Katsura Hoshino ta daya-shot comic,Zone,wanda featured wasu haruffa daga cikin D.Gray-man jerin, mafi musamman Lenalee Lee da kuma hali wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin tushen Allen Walker,Robin.Ya jarabci Lenalee ta hanyar dawo da masoyinta da ta bata amma Robin ya hana shi.[vol.8:40 ] Kamar yadda yake a D.Gray-man,Earl ya yi wa mutane alkawari cewa zai mai da ’yan’uwansu da suka mutu zuwa rai. Hoshino ta samo asali ne a lokacin kuruciyarta lokacin da take burin rubuta shi a matsayin babban jigon ayyukanta. Duk da haka,gano halin da bai dace da mujallar manga da ke nufin matasa ba, maimakon haka ta ƙirƙiri Allen ya zama babban jarumi.Da zarar D.Gray-man ya fara serialization,Hoshino yayi tsokaci cewa ta kafa Earl akan wani wanda ba a tantance ba,sanannen mutum. Ko da yake an san mutumin da fasaha, umarninsa na harsuna da yawa da annabce-annabcensa,ba a san lokacin da mutumin ya mutu ba.Ya kira kansa"masanin ilimin zamani",kuma lokacin da aka buga kundin farko D.Gray-man an yi imanin cewa yana raye.[vol. 1 :112]Zuwa farkon jerin, Hoshino ya sami hali a matsayin ɗaya mafi sauƙi ga zane ɗaya tare da Hevlaska. [vol.3:86] A wata hira da aka yi da shi daga baya,Hoshino ya sami kayan ado irin na Earl har yanzu yana da sauƙin kwatanta idan aka kwatanta da mafi “kyau”haruffa,irin su Yu Kanda.
A cikin zayyana Earl,Hoshino ya ba shi kyan gani don ya bambanta masu tsattsauran ra'ayi waɗanda suka sanya baƙar fata maimakon.Wannan kallon an yi shi ne don ba da ra'ayin wani ɗan adam mai alaƙa da bala'in da ya haifar yayin da Hoshino ya haɗa shi da fure mai guba. Hoshino ya riga ya tsara sifar ɗan adam na Earl kafin manga ya fara jeri.Ta sami siffar ɗan adam"gajiya"a matsayin babban abokin gaba na jerin wanda ya dace da masu karatun jerin kuma ɗayan jigoginsa:baƙin ciki.An tsara shi a sashin edita na Jump J-books,kuma dandanonta ya bayyana a cikinsa.Ko da yake yawancin masu karatu sun yi la'akari da Earl kiba, Hoshino cikin raha ya ci gaba da cewa ba haka ba ne;duk da haka,girmansa yana da mahimmanci ga makirci na gaba.
Lokacin da ta fara zana shi a matsayin ɗan adam ba tare da suturar sa mai kama da kyan gani ba,Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙari ya sa Kunnen ya zama mai hankali saboda ba ta yarda cewa maza masu matsakaicin shekaru sun shahara a cikin jerin ba.Ta yi mamakin yadda ya yi kasa a zaben fidda gwani na hudu ,duk da kokarin da ta yi na ganin ya kara burge shi a wurin da yake kuka a cikin barcinsa bayan gazawar da ya yi na daukar tsohon abokinsa,Nea,cikin dangin Nuhu.Gamuwar da ke tafe tsakanin Earl da Nea an rubuta ta a hankali don jan hankali daga yawancin masu karatu saboda yadda Hoshino ya yi ƙoƙarin zana ganawar.Hoshino ya tafi bayyana cewa Earl shine halin da ta fi so a cikin jerin har ma fiye da Allen.
Junpei Takiguchi ne ya bayyana Millennium Earl a cikin jerin' karɓawar anime na farko na harshen Jafananci da Yutaka Aoyama a cikin mabiyi,D.Gray-man Hallow.Ayyukan Aoyama ya sami yabo daga Hoshino saboda gaskiyar cewa dole ne ya yi ɓangarorin Earl biyu:mai 'yanci mai kama da dabi'a da makoki na ɗan adam wanda ya ƙudura ya dawo da ɗan'uwansa,Nea.Aoyama ya yi mamakin furucin Hoshino yana mai cewa bai fahimci babban abin da ta yi ba.Aoyama ya kuma ji cewa wasa da siffar Earl na ɗan adam yana da wahala saboda yadda ya bambanta da halayensa a cikin wannan yanayin har ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi wuyar murya.Jason Liebrecht ne ya bayyana halin a cikin harsunan Ingilishi na jerin duka.
Babban mai adawa da manga,shi ne shugaban kabilan Nuhu kuma ya rayu tsawon shekaru7,000.Earl yana yaudarar mutanen da suke baƙin cikin abokansu ko danginsu da suka mutu don tada su, kuma ya mayar da su Akuma:makamai masu cinye jikin mutum kuma suna bin umarninsa.[ch.1 ]Mutum daya tilo da ya tsira daga wannan kaddara shine yaro, Allen Walker,wanda ya lalata Akuma na waliyyinsa( Mana Walker )kafin ya karbi jikinsa ta hanyar amfani da makamin da aka halicce shi ta hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna"Innocence"A farkon manga,Earl yayi ƙoƙari ya kashe wani ƙaramin yaro wanda mahaifiyarsa ta mutu Akuma ta kashe abokinsa;Allen ne ya tsayar da shi. [ch. 4 ] Earl sai ya umarci mabiyansa, Iyalin Nuhu, da su kashe janar-janar Baƙar fata (kungiyar masu fitar da fatara da ke adawa da su);[ch.29 ]wannan ya fara yaƙi da Order. Lokacin da ya san cewa memba na Black Order Lenalee Lee yana iya samun rashin laifi da aka sani da "Zuciya"wanda ke kawo nasara,Earl ya jawo gungun masu baƙar fata fata zuwa wani nau'i da aka sani da Jirgin Nuhu. [ch.88 ]Jirgin ya fara rushewa kuma Earl ya tsere daga yankin tare da Nuhu Tyki Mikk,wanda Janar Cross Marian ya kusa kashe shi.[ch.129 ]
Earl sannan ya umarci Nuhu ya aika matakin-3 Akumas don kai hari kan hedkwatar Black Order kuma ya kashe masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.[ch.139 ]Kamar yadda masu korar fatara suka rinjayi mamaya,[ch.157 ]yana tsinewa kansa da rashin kashe Allen a lokacin da suka hadu.[ch.158 ]A wani yaƙin Earl ya gano cewa Nea,9almajirin Nuhu na 14, yana cikin Allen kuma yana ƙoƙarin ɗaukar shi a matsayin Nuhu.[ch.189 ]Ko da yake Nea ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe shi shekaru da yawa da suka wuce,Earl yana so ya kasance kusa da shi kuma ya ba da umarnin sace Allen.[ch.196 ] Lokacin da Allen ya bar Umarni bayan ya rasa haƙƙinsa a matsayin mai fitar da rai,Earl da Nuhu suka bi shi.Kamar yadda kusurwoyin Earl Allen a cikin wani gari Nea ya mallaki mai fitar da wuta.[ch.218 ]Ya bayyana cewa Earl shine rabin rabin karni na Millennium Earl,wanda ya ɓace kuma ya sake dawowa a matsayin tagwaye Mana D. Campbell da Nea D.Campbell.Mana shine Kunnen yanzu).[ch.219,220 ]Mutuwar Nea ta sa Kunnen ya rasa tunaninsa.Cikin rudewa ana kiransa"Mana"yana cewa Mana "ya tafi",Earl ya watsar da Nea. [ch.221]
Har ila yau,halin ya bayyana a cikin Kaya Kizaki's D.Gray-man Reverse,na biyu D.Gray-man haske novel,wanda a cikinsa ya nemo mutane don ƙirƙirar Akuma.Earl ya sami da yawa amma ya keɓe ƙaramin yaro don wani dalili da ba a sani ba,yana rikitar da abokinsa Road Kamelot.Ya mayar da yaron wurin iyayensa,yana gaya masa ya kirkiro Akuma.
Earl na iya zama wani babban ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasar Victoria:mai jujjuyawar siffa a cikin cape da babban hula(boye ƙahonsa),tare da ƙyalli na har abada da kuma abubuwan gani na pince-nez.Ko da yake halinsa sau da yawa yana fara'a, yana saurin bayyana abin da ya fi tsoratar da shi,ɓarna.[ch.3]Earl yana da golem mai suna Lero,laima mai ruwan hoda tare da ƙaramin jack-o-lantern mai magana a bakinsa.Yakan yi magana cikin jin daɗi ko kururuwa,yana ƙara sunansa zuwa ƙarshen kusan kowace jumla.Lero,wanda Earl ke amfani da shi azaman laima mai tashi irin na Mary Poppins,yana da aminci gare shi kuma yana tsare takobinsa. [ch.89 ]Hanya sau da yawa tana ɗaukar Lero ba tare da son rai ba,yana amfani da shi azaman tsintsiya madaidaci ko laima na yau da kullun.[ch.20,23,24]An yi amfani da shi azaman fitila don kiran Akuma, don jigilar masu fitar da mutane da yawa zuwa cikin Jirgin da kuma tsare Nuhu.[ch.4 ] Lero yana da takobi mai kama da takobin Allen Walker na zubar da jini, wanda ya ba shi mamaki lokacin da suka yi karo da jirgin Nuhu Duk da rashin jin daɗinsa ga Nuhu Nea,Kunnen yana ƙara damuwa lokacin da yake magana game da shi.[ch.202 ]
The Millennium Earl ya sami karbuwa sosai daga manga,anime da sauran wallafe-wallafe.Da yake bitar juzu'in farko na manga,AE Sparrow na IGN ya kwatanta shi da uku daga cikin mugayen Batman : Penguin,Joker da Fuska Biyu,waɗannan kamanceceniya.Bugu da ƙari,Sparrow ya kira Millennium Earl a matsayin"mugun abu mai ban tsoro da za ku so ku ƙi". Ross Liversidge na UK Anime Network kuma ya ji daɗin wannan hali,yana yaba da canjin ƙirarsa da ayyukan mugunta. Sheena McNeil ya yarda,yana mai cewa Earl yana aiki da kyau a matsayin muguwar jerin tare da"sautin ƙauna kamar yadda zukata suka nuna a cikin kumfa na magana da murmushi na har abada, dukansu biyun suna nan don sa shi ya ƙara yin zunubi ta hanyar ɓoye gaskiyarsa. dabi'a".Tom Tonhat na Escapist shi ma ya yaba da tsarin Earl na farfado da matattu a matsayin Akuma, yana ganin shi a matsayin jigo mai karfi da ke baiwa masu kallo damar tausayawa wadanda abin ya shafa.Ya kuma lura cewa farkon bayyanar wannan hali a matsayin "marasa barazana a matsayin ɗan wasa mai ɗaukar hankali"ya sa ayyukansa sun fi ƙiyayya.Todd Douglass,Jr.na DVD Talk ya kira Earl's canji na mutane zuwa Akuma"fiendish".Lynzee Loveridge na Anime News Network ya haɗa da shi a jerin9"7 Clowns to Haunt Your Nightmares"na gidan yanar gizon.Erin Finnegan na ANN ya sami wannan hali mai ban sha'awa saboda "ya rataye a cikin wani wuri mai girman gaske tare da jack-o'lanterns"kuma ya kwatanta shi da Mad Pierrot daga jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Cowboy Bebop.Neo ya bayyana cewa yayin da ƙirar Earl ke jin ba ta da wuri, ya dace da nau'in ƙira mai ban tsoro daga masu adawa.
Brian Henson na Mania Beyond Entertainment ya ji daɗin Earl da duhun labarin Nuhu a cikin labarun baya,da Yussif Osman na Japanator ya kira su mugaye amma abin so.Marubuciyar hanyar sadarwa ta Anime News Anne Lauenroth ta soki halin Earl a farkon abubuwan D.Gray-man Hallow;ko da yake ta yi la'akari da shi "bangaren buffoon, part mugun clown"(wanda ya sanya shi "giciye mai ban sha'awa tsakanin ban mamaki da ban tsoro"),"daskararre grin daga jahannama"bai fi tsoro ba.A cikin bita na baya,Lauenroth ya rubuta cewa Earl ya canza daga halin"mai ban sha'awa"a lokacin abubuwan Hallow kuma ba ta fahimci sha'awarsa da Nea ba. Chris Kirby na Fandom Post ya sami sabani na halin da Allen bayan mai fitar da shi ya bar Order a cikin baka na gaba mai tsawo,mai ban sha'awa cliffhanger;masu karatu sun jira sigar yaren turanci su cim ma na Jafananci.An yaba wa wahayin da ke bayan Earl ta ainihin ainihi yayin da jerin ke mayar da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe, ƙarar manga ya mayar da hankali kan shi kuma Nea ya mayar da hankali ne kawai a kansu tare da fasaha mai ban sha'awa kuma yana mamakin makomar Earl guda biyu la'akari da Mana ya mallaki Allen, Mana. dan reno.
Neo ya sami aikin Junpei Takiguchi a matsayin ɗan wasan Jafananci na Earl wanda ya fi wanda ya fito daga Turanci, Jason Liebrecht.An ba da shayin madara na Earl tapioca a 2016 D.Grey-man Halloween Cafe a Tokyo,da faci masu alaƙa,fara'a na wayar hannu da kayan kwalliyar kwalliya an sayar da su.
D.Gray-man manga juzu'i na Katsura Hoshino.Asalin sigar Jafananci ta Shueisha ta buga.Fassarar Turanci ta Viz Media ta buga. |
18610 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuciya | Zuciya | Zuciya dai murdaddiyar sashin jiki ce a mafi yawan dabbobi, wanda farashin sa jini ta cikin jini daga cikin jijiyoyi . Jinin da aka zubo yana ɗaukar iska wato oxygen da abinci mai gina jiki zuwa jiki, yayin daukar dattin rayuwa kamar su carbon dioxide zuwa hunhu . A cikin mutane, zuciya kusan girman dunkulen hannu ne kuma tana tsakanin hunhu, a tsakiyar bangaren kirji .
A cikin mutane, wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa, da kuma tsuntsaye, da zuciya ne zuwa kashi hudu da bẽnãye: babba hagu da kuma dama atria da kuma kananan hagu da kuma dama ventricles . Galibi ana kiran atrium na dama da ventricle tare azaman zuciyar dama da takwarorinsu na hagu kamar zuciyar hagu . Akasin haka, kifi yana da dakuna biyu, atrium da ventricle, yayin da dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da dakuna uku. A cikin lafiyayyar zuciya, jini yana gudana ta hanya guda ta cikin zuciya saboda bugun zuciya, wanda ke hana sake komowa . Zuciya a rufe take cikin jakar kariya, pericardium, wanda kuma ya kunshi karamin ruwa . Bangon zuciya yana da tsari uku: epicardium, myocardium, da endocardium .
Zuciya tana harba jini tare da amo wanda wata gungiyar kwayoyin cuta masu sassaucin ra'ayi ta kaddara a cikin kumburin sinoatrial . Wadannan suna haifar da wani yanayi wanda ke haifar da guntatawar zuciya, tafiya ta cikin kirar atrioventricular kuma tare da tsarin tafiyarwar zuciya . Zuciya tana karɓar jini kasa da iskar oxygen daga zagayawa na tsari, wanda ya shiga atrium na dama daga mafi girma da kankancin venae cavae kuma ya wuce zuwa gefen dama. Daga nan ne ake harba shi zuwa cikin huhu na huhu, ta huhu inda yake karbar iskar oxygen kuma yana bayar da iskar carbon dioxide. Jinin da yake dauke da iskar oxygen sannan ya dawo zuwa atrium na hagu, ya ratsa ta gefen hagu kuma ana fitar da shi ta cikin aorta zuwa zagayawa na yau da kullun − inda ake amfani da iskar oxygen din kuma a sanya shi zuwa carbon dioxide. A zuciya lashe a shimfida, rate kusa zuwa 72 lashe minti daya. Exercise dan lokaci qara kudi, amma lowers Allaha zuciya rate a cikin dogon lokaci, da kuma shi ne mai kyau ga lafiyar zuciya.
Zuciyar bangaran dama
Zuciyar dama ta kunshi dakuna biyu, atrium na dama da na dama, wadanda bawul dinsu ya rabu, tricuspid valve. The dama atrium na'am da jini kusan ci gaba daga jiki ta biyu manyan veins, da m kuma na baya venae cavae . Ananan jini daga jijiyoyin jini kuma yana malalawa a cikin atrium na dama ta hanyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini, wanda yake nan da nan sama da zuwa tsakiyar budewar karancin vena cava. A bangon dama atrium akwai wani irin yanayi mai kama da oval da aka sani da fossa ovalis, wanda ya kasance ragowar budewa a cikin zuciyar tayi wanda aka fi sani da foramen ovale . Yawancin bangaren ciki na atrium na dama yana da santsi, bacin rai na fossa ovalis na tsakiya ne, kuma farfajiyar gaba tana da manyan rakuman tsokoki na pectinate, wadanda suma suke a cikin madaidaicin kararrakin atrial .
An hada atrium na dama zuwa ventricle na dama ta tricuspid bawul. Bangon hagu na dama yana hade da carneae na trabeculae, tsoffin tsokar zuciya da aka rufe ta endocardium. Bugu da dari ga wadannan rakuman tsoka, gungiyar kwayar tsoka ta zuciya, wanda aka rufe shi da endocardium, wanda aka sani da gungiyar mai daidaitawa yana karfafa ganuwar bakin ciki na kyamar dama kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanarwar zuciya. Yana fitowa daga ƙananan bangaren bangaren mabubbuka na tsaka-tsalle kuma ya tsallaka sararin ciki na kyamar dama don hadi tare da tsokar papillary mara karfi. Hannun dama na dama ya shiga cikin akwati na huhu, inda yake fitar da jini yayin kwangila. Gangar jikin huhu ta sauka zuwa jijiyoyin hagu da dama na jini wadanda suke daukar jini zuwa kowane huhu. Bakin ciki na huhu yana tsakanin zuciyar dama da akwatin huhu.
Zuciyan bangaran hagu
Zuciyar hagu tana da dakuna guda biyu: atrium na hagu da na hagu, wadanda aka kebe da bawul na mitral . Atrium na hagu yana karbar jini mai iska daga huhu ta bayan jijiyoyin huhu hudu. Atrium na hagu yana da fitarwa wanda ake kira appendage na hagu . Kamar atrium na dama, atrium na hagu yana layi ne da tsokoki na pectinate . Hannun hagu na hagu zuwa haɗin hadin hagu ta maballin mitral. Hannun hagu na da kauri sosai idan aka kwatanta shi da dama, saboda tsananin karfin da ake bukata don dora jini a jikin duka. Kamar ventricle din dama, na hagu shima yana da carneae, amma babu gungiyar mai yin magana . Hagu na hagu yana harba jini zuwa jiki ta cikin bawalin aortic kuma zuwa cikin aorta. Smallananan kananan kofofi sama da bawul aortic suna dauke da jini zuwa zuciyar kanta, babban jijiyoyin jijiyoyin zuciya da kuma jijiyar dama na jijiyoyin jini .
Cututtukan zuciya
Cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini (CVD) sune sanadin mutuwa a duniya baki daya kamar na shekarar 2008, wanda ya kai kashi 30% na mace-macen. Daga cikin waɗannan fiye da kashi uku cikin uku sakamakon cututtukan jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jini ne da cutar shanyewar jiki . Hadarin dalilai sun hada da: shan taba, kasancewa kiba, kadan motsa jiki, high cholesterol, hawan jini, da kuma talauci sarrafawa ciwon sukari, da sauransu. Cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini akai-akai ba su da alamomi ko kuma na iya haifar da ciwon kirji ko karancin numfashi . Ganewar asali na cututtukan zuciya galibi ana yin sa ne ta hanyar daukar tarihin likita, sauraren sautunan zuciya tare da stethoscope, ECG, da duban dan tayi . Kwararrun da ke mai da hankali kan cututtukan zuciya ana kiran su masu ilimin zuciya, kodayake yawancin fannoni na magani na iya kasancewa cikin magani. |
31149 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinemann%20%28Mawallafa%29 | Heinemann (Mawallafa) | William Heinemann Ltd., tare da tambarin Heinemann, sun kasance mawallafan London ne wanda William Heinemann ya kafa a 1890. Littafin su na farko da aka buga, 1890's The Bondman, ya kasance babban nasara kuma ya samar da cigaba sosai ga kamfanin. Sydney Pawling ya haɗa shi a cikin 1893. Heinemann ya mutu a shekara ta 1920 kuma Pawling ya sayar da kamfanin zuwa Doubleday, ya yi aiki tare da su a baya don buga ayyukansu a Amurka. Pawling ya mutu a 1922 kuma sabon gudanarwa ya karbi ragamar mulki. Doubleday ya sayar da sha'awar sa a cikin 1933.
A cikin shekarun 1920s, kamfanin ya kasance sananne don buga ayyukan shahararrun marubuta waɗanda aka buga a baya a matsayin serials. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai ayyukan HG Wells, Rudyard Kipling, Somerset Maugham, George Moore, Max Beerbohm, da Henry James, da dai sauransu. Wannan ya jawo sababbin marubuta don buga bugu na farko tare da kamfanin, ciki har da Graham Greene, Edward Upward, JB Priestley da Vita Sackville-West . A duk lokacin, an kuma san kamfanin don litattafan litattafai da kasida na duniya, kuma a cikin zamanin bayan WWII, kamfanin ya mai da hankali kan kayan ilimi.
A cikin shekarun 1950, hannun jarin Tilling Group ya karɓe kamfanin a hankali. A cikin 1953 sun buɗe ofisoshi a Hague don siyarwa a nahiyar Turai, kuma a cikin 1978 sun buɗe wani kamfani na daban a Portsmouth, New Hampshire don sayar da ayyukansu na ilimi a kasuwar Amurka. Lokacin da BTR plc ta siya Tilling a shekarar 1983, BTR ta sayar da duk kadarorin da ba na masana'antu ba; An sayar da Heinemann zuwa Kamfanin Bugawa na Octopus. Octopus ya haɗe da kamfanin Reed International a cikin 1987, wanda daga nan ya sayar da dukiyoyin wallafe-wallafen da suka shafi kasuwanci ga Penguin Group a 1997. An sayar da bangaren ilimi na Burtaniya ga Ilimin Pearson da sashin Amurka ga Houghton Miffin Harcourt . Duk waɗannan suna ci gaba da amfani da tambarin.
Kamfanin William Heinemann ya fara aiki a cikin masana'antar wallafe-wallafe a karkashin Nicolas Trübner, wanda ya kasance babban mawallafin abin da ake kira guraben karatu na Oriental. Lokacin, shekaru biyu bayan mutuwar Trübner, kamfanin na Kegan Paul ya kama kamfaninsa, Heinemann ya bar kuma ya kafa William Heinemann Ltd a Covent Garden, London, a cikin 1890. Taken farko da aka buga shine Hall Caine 's The Bondman, wanda ya kasance "nasara mai ban mamaki", yana sayar da fiye da kwafi 450,000. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya fitar da ayyuka da yawa da aka fassara zuwa Turanci a ƙarƙashin alamar "Heinemann International Library", wanda Edmund Gosse ya gyara. A cikin 1893, Sydney Pawling ya zama abokin tarayya. Sun zama sananne don buga ayyukan Sarah Grand. Kamfanin ya buga sigar Burtaniya na Scribners ' shirin Ilimi a ƙarƙashin taken Heinemann's Great Education Series, amma bai haɗa da ƙididdigewa ga editan Amurka na asali, Nicholas Murray Butler ba, tsallakewa wanda ake yawan suka.
A tsakanin 1895 zuwa 1897, Heinemann shine mawallafin New Review na William Ernest Henley na lokaci-lokaci. A ƙarshen 1890s, Heinemann da mawallafi Ba'amurke Frank Doubleday sun tallafa wa Joseph Conrad a lokacin ƙoƙarinsa na farko na rubuta abin da ya zamo Ceto, kuma Heinemann shine mawallafin Burtaniya na Conrad's The Nigger na 'Narcissus a cikin 1897. Ɗaya daga cikin kasuwancin kamfanin a lokacin shi ne sayar da littattafan Turanci ga Japan wanda ya fara sha'awar abubuwa na al'adun Yammacin Turai. An sayar da Heinemann zuwa kantin sayar da littattafai na Japan Maruzen fassarar ayyukan Dostoyevsky da kwafi 5000 na Mutual Aid: Factor of Juyin Halitta na Peter Kropotkin. A cikin 1912, kamfanin ya fara buga jerin littattafan gargajiya na Loeb, wallafe-wallafen ayyukan da aka yi tare da rubutun Helenanci ko Latin a shafi na hagu, da fassarar zahiri a shafi na hannun dama. An kira silsilar "mafi mahimmanci" na fassarorin layi daya. Tun 1934, an haɗa shi tare da Jami'ar Harvard .
Mutuwar Heinemann a cikin 1920 mawallafin Amurka Doubleday ya siye mafi yawan cin hannun jarin siya kamfanin, tare da Theodore Byard, wanda daga baya ya kasance ƙwararren mawaƙi, yana shiga don jagorantar ofisoshin.
An kafa wani kamfani a Hague a cikin shekarar 1953; Da farko an yi niyya don rarraba ayyuka cikin Ingilishi zuwa nahiyar Turai, daga ƙarshe kuma ta fara buga littattafan Heinemann kai tsaye.
Daga baya Thomas Tilling ya mallaki kamfanin a cikin shekara ta 1961. Lokacin kwace kamfanin ya zama sananne, Graham Greene (wanda ya kasance tare da Heinemann tun farkon aikinsa a 1929) ya jagoranci yawancin marubutan Heinemann waɗanda suka nuna rashin amincewa ta hanyar ɗaukar ayyukansu zuwa wasu masu wallafa, ciki har da The Bodley Head, wanda Greene ya kasance. darakta.
BTR ta sayi Thomas Tilling a cikin shekarar 1983, kuma ba su da sha'awar sashin bugawa, don haka an sanya Heinemann a kan toshe. Kungiyar Octopus Publishing Group ce ta siya Heinemann a shekarar 1985, kuma jim kadan bayan haka ta siyar da hedikwatar Heinemann mai yaduwa a cikin karkarar Kingswood, Surrey don ci gaba; Reed International (yanzu Reed Elsevier) ya sayi Octopus a cikin 1987. Heinemann Professional Publishing an haɗa shi da Butterworths Scientific a cikin 1990 don ƙirƙirar Butterworth-Heinemann . Random House ya sayi wallafe-wallafen kasuwanci na Heinemann (yanzu mai suna William Heinemann) a cikin 1997. Ƙungiyar ilimi ta Heinemann ta zama wani ɓangare na Ilimin Harcourt lokacin da Reed Elsevier ya sayi kamfanin a 2001. Pearson ya sayi makaman Harcourt na Burtaniya, Afirka ta Kudu, Ostiraliya da New Zealand a watan Mayun 2007, yayin da Houghton Miffin ya sayi ayyukan Amurka bayan 'yan watanni.
A cikin shekara ta 1957, littafin Heinemann Educational Books''' (HEB) ya sama da jerin Marubutan Afirka, wanda Alan Hill da kwararre a Yammacin Afirka Van Milne ke jagoranta, don mai da hankali kan buga marubutan Afirka kamar Chinua Achebe, wanda shine editan shawarwari na farko na jerin. An ba Heinemann lambar yabo ta 1992 Worldaware Award don Ci gaban Jama'a. Pearson ya sake ƙaddamar da jerin a cikin 2011.
Ƙwararrun Marubutan Afirka, Leon Comber ya ƙaddamar da shirin Writing in Asia Series a 1966 daga Singapore. Littattafan Austin Coates guda biyu a cikin jerin, Ni kaina Mandarin da City of Broken Promises, sun zama mafi kyawun siyarwa, amma jerin, bayan buga lakabi sama da 70, za su ninka a cikin 1984 lokacin da ƙungiyar iyaye ta masu wallafawa ta karɓi Heinemann Asiya.
A cikin 1970, Jerin Marubutan Caribbean - wanda aka tsara akan Marubutan nahiyar Afirka - James Currey da wasu sun ƙaddamar da shi a HEB don sake buga ayyukan manyan marubutan Caribbean.
Ayyukan da aka buga
Ci gaba da karatu
John St John, William Heinemann: Ƙarni na Bugawa, 1890-1990'', London: Heinemann, 1990.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yanar Gizo na hukuma (ilimin Burtaniya)
Yanar Gizo na hukuma (US)
Gidan yanar gizon hukuma (na yara)
Charles Pick (Daraktan Gudanarwar Rukunin Heinemann, 1979-1985) Taskar Labarai, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia
Kamfanonin da aka kirkira a 1890
Pearson plc
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25048 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT | CT | CT ko ct na iya nufin to:
A cikin zane-zane da kafofin watsa labarai
c't ( Computer Technik ), mujallar kwamfuta ta Jamus
Connecticut wakili na Freelancer (CT), almara almara a cikin jerin gidan yanar gizo Red vs. Blue
Kiristanci A Yau, mujallar Kirista ta Ikklesiyoyin bishara ta Amurka
Kasuwanci da ƙungiyoyi
CT Corp, haɗin gwiwar Indonesiya
CT Corporation, alamar laima don kasuwanci biyu: CT Corporation da CT Liena
C | T Group, tsohon Crosby Textor Group, bincike na zamantakewa da kamfanin zaɓe na siyasa
Canadian Tire, wani kamfani ne na Kanada da ke aikin siyarwa, ayyukan kuɗi da man fetur
Calgary Transit, sabis na jigilar jama'a a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada
Central Trains (National Rail abbreviation), tsohon kamfanin sarrafa jirgin kasa a Burtaniya
Česká televize, mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin na jama'a a Jamhuriyar Czech
Transit na Jama'a, sabis na jigilar jama'a a gundumar Snohomish, Washington, Amurka
Comunión Tradicionalista, tsohuwar jam'iyyar siyasa ta Spain
CT (tashar TV), kebul na Filipino da cibiyar talabijin ta tauraron dan adam
Centime (ct), Faransanci don "cent", ana amfani dashi cikin Ingilishi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa na Faransanci
Stotinki (), kudin Bulgaria
Yankin lambar lambar CT, don Canterbury da kewayenta a kudu maso gabashin Ingila
Connecticut (taƙaicewar wasiƙar Amurka)
Lardin Catania (lambar rijistar abin hawa), Sicily, Italiya
Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (FIPS Pub 10-4 code da tsohon hoton NATO)
Tsibirin Canton da Enderbury (tsohuwar lambar ƙasa ta ISO 3166), wani ɓangare na Tsibirin Phoenix a Tekun Pacific
Cape Town (babban birnin Western Cape, Afirka ta Kudu)
Ct, don "Kotu"; kariyar titi kamar yadda ake amfani da ita a Amurka
Kimiyya da fasaha
Biology da magani
Haplogroup CT, Y-DNA haplogroup.
CT scan ko X-ray lissafin tomography, hanyar hoton likita
Calcitonin (alamar CT), hormone da aka samar a cikin glandar thyroid
Cardiothoracic tiyata, fagen magani ƙwararre kan tiyata
Chemotype (ct.), Bambancin sunadarai a cikin shuka ko ƙwayoyin cuta
Ilimin hankali, nau'in ilimin halin kwakwalwa
Nau'in haɗi, wani nau'in nau'in halittu
Chelation far
Kwayar cutar kwalara, furotin mai guba wanda Vibrio cholerae ya ɓoye
Tsarin Ƙofar Ƙofar (C t ), duba sake zagayowar ƙima/cancanta
Gwajin COVID19
Intel Ct, samfurin shirye -shirye masu yawa na SIMD wanda Intel ya haɓaka
Tabbatar da Gaskiya, a cikin tsaro na cibiyar sadarwa
Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha
Darajar CT, a cikin shan ruwa mai guba
Ƙarfin ƙofa (C t ), ma'auni a cikin zagayowar ƙididdigewa/cancantar haɓakar sarkar polymerase na ainihin-lokaci
Carat (tsarki) (ct), ma'aunin tsarkin zinare da platinum
Carat (taro) (ct), wani yanki na taro da ake amfani da shi don auna duwatsu masu daraja da lu'u -lu'u
Sigin lokaci na lokaci-lokaci, adadi mai yawa (sigina) wanda yankinsa ci gaba ne
Matsa cibiyar, waya da aka haɗa ta rabin hanya tare da ɗaya daga cikin windings na transformer, inductor ko resistor
Hasumiya mai dacewa, wani dandamalin mai na ruwa mai zurfi
Yanayin zafin jiki, a kimiyyar yanayi
Transformer na yanzu, wani irin transformer da ake amfani dashi a masana'antar wutar lantarki
Lexus CT, mota
Tsarin Honda CT, jerin kekunan Honda
Crawler-transporter, motar da aka bi don amfani da ita don jigilar Jirgin Sama daga Ginin Majalisar Motoci zuwa Kaddamar da Runduna ta 39
Sufurin Jiragen Sama (lambar IATA)
Cruiser Training, rarrabuwa na jirgin ruwan sojan ruwan Amurka
Sauran amfani
Ct, nau'in buga rubutu
ct (cum tempore, Latin don "tare da lokaci"), yana nuna cewa lacca za ta fara awa huɗu bayan lokacin da aka bayyana; duba kwata kwata
Yankin Lokaci na Tsakiya, yankin lokaci a Kanada, Amurka, da Mexico
Rubutun akwatin gawa
Ka'idar makirci ko kaidar
Yaki da ta'addanci
Injiniyan Cryptologic, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta shiga ƙimar ko ƙwarewar aiki
ct biye da lamba yana nufin adadin abubuwan da ke cikin kwali (misali zucchini 3 ct)
Duba kuma
Champions Trophy (rashin fahimta), an ba da kofuna da yawa a wasanni daban -daban
Tendon tsakiya (disambiguation) |
48948 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/First%20City%20Monument%20Bank | First City Monument Bank | First City Monument Bank (FCMB), memba na FCMB Group Plc, wani kamfani ne mai kula da harkokin kudi wanda ke da hedkwata a Legas. FCMB Group Plc yana da rassa guda tara da aka raba tsakanin ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci guda uku: banki na kasuwanci da dillali, bankin zuba jari, da sarrafa kadara da dukiya. Ya zuwa watan Disambar 2020, jimillar kadarorin kungiyar an kimanta dalar Amurka biliyan 5 (NGN: tiriliyan 2).
Cibiyar da aka kafa bankin, City Securities Limited (CSL), an kafa shi ne a cikin 1977 ta Oloye Subomi Balogun, Otunba Tunwashe na Ijebu, dan kabilar Yarbawa na gargajiya. First City Merchant Bank aka kafa a 1982 tare da babban iri daga CSL. An haɗa shi azaman kamfani mai iyaka mai zaman kansa akan 20 Afrilu 1982 kuma ya ba da lasisin banki akan 11 ga Agusta 1983. Shi ne banki na farko da aka kafa a Najeriya ba tare da tallafin gwamnati ko na kasashen waje ba. A shekarar 2001, an canja sunan bankin daga First City Merchant Bank zuwa First City Monument Bank Limited bayan da bankin ya rikide zuwa bankin duniya. An kafa wani sabon reshen, FCMB Capital Markets Limited, don tallafa wa harkokin kasuwancin sa. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2004, FCMB ta canza matsayinta daga kamfani mai iyaka mai zaman kansa zuwa kamfani mai iyaka na jama'a kuma an jera shi a kan kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya (NSE) ta gabatarwa a ranar 21 ga Disamba 2004.
Credit Direct Limited, wani reshen banki, an kafa shi a cikin 2007.
A sakamakon dokar da babban bankin Najeriya (CBN) ya yi a shekarar 2010, an kafa FCMB Group Plc kuma ta zama kamfani mai rike da kudade ga rassan FCMB kai tsaye.
A cikin 2014, FCMB (UK) Limited, reshe na First City Monument Bank Limited, an ba shi izinin yin aiki a Ƙasar Ingila. Hukumar kula da da'ar kudi da kuma Prudential Regulation Authority ne ke tsara shi.
A cikin Nuwamba 2017, FCMB Group ta sami FCMB Pensions Limited (tsohon Legacy Pension Managers Limited). A cikin Yuli 2021, FCMB Pensions Limited ta sami hannun jarin kashi 60% a AIICO Pension Managers Limited.
FCMB Group PLC ta ƙunshi rassa guda tara waɗanda suka haɗa da:
FCMB Capital Markets Limited - Bankin Zuba Jari & Ayyukan Shawarwari - Lagos, Nigeria
FCMB (United Kingdom) Limited - Bankin Zuba Jari - London, United Kingdom
CSL Stockbrokers Limited - Ayyukan dillalan hannun jari - Legas, Najeriya
FCMB Pensions Limited (Tsohon Legacy Pension Fund Adminstrators) – Abuja, Nigeria
Credit Direct Limited - Lamuni na Microfinance - Lagos, Nigeria
FCMB Microfinance Bank - Microfinance Bank - Lagos, Nigeria
FCMB Limited - Sabis na kasuwanci da banki - Lagos, Nigeria
FCMB Asset Management Limited - Gudanar da kadara da dukiya - Lagos, Nigeria
FCMB Trustees Limited - Gudanar da kadara da canja wuri - Lagos, Nigeria
A watan Nuwambar 2010, IFC, memba a rukunin Bankin Duniya, ta sanar da zuba jarin dala miliyan 70 a FCMB. A wannan watan ne dai Bankin FinBank da First City Monument Bank (FCMB) suka sanar da cewa FCMB ta nuna sha’awarta na samun hannun jari da kuma zama mai dabarun saka hannun jari a FinBank, wani bankin kasuwanci na Najeriya da ya gaza samun jari.
A watan Fabrairun 2012, bayan amincewar ka'idoji, FCMB ta sami hannun jari 100% kuma ta fara haɗin gwiwar Finbank a cikin ayyukan da yake gudana.
A shekarar 2017, FCMB tana da abokan ciniki miliyan 4.3, da rassa 220, da kuma wani reshen banki a Burtaniya. A shekarar 2021, kwastomomin bankin sun kai kusan miliyan 8.
A watan Oktoban 2020, bankin ya shiga Budaddiyar Bankin Najeriya, wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce ke ba da shawarar samar da daidaitattun ma'auni na buɗaɗɗen aikace-aikacen shirye-shiryen Interface (API) a cikin yanayin yanayin kuɗin Najeriya.
A cikin 2021, FCMB ta sami lambar yabo mafi kyawun bankin SME a Afirka da kuma mafi kyawun bankin SME a Najeriya a lambar yabo ta yankin Asiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya da Afirka.
Kanana da matsakaita Enterprises (SMEs)
Sabis na Ba da Shawarar SME na FCMB yana ba wa ƙanana da matsakaitan masana'antu (SMEs) basirar kasuwa, taimakon fasaha, da kuɗin shiga tsakani. A cikin 2019, bankin ya ƙaddamar da Hub One, wurin aiki tare don ba da damar intanet na farawa. A cikin 2020, FCMB ta sami lamunin dala miliyan 50 daga IFC don taimakawa bankin faɗaɗa lamunin SMEs ɗin su don tallafawa kasuwanci yayin barkewar cutar sankara . Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, ta ba da garantin lamuni na sama da Naira biliyan 23 ga SMEs tare da rashin isassun lamuni ko waɗanda ke cikin matakin farawa. A shekarar 2021, FCMB ta samu lamunin dala miliyan 50 daga Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB) don tallafawa harkokin noma, masana'antu, kiwon lafiya da kuma makamashin da ake sabunta su, inda kashi 30% na kudaden ke zuwa kasuwancin mata ne. Hakanan ta sami lamuni dala miliyan 10 daga Oikocredit don tallafawa kasuwancin noma, musamman a yankunan masu karamin karfi da cutar ta COVID-19 ta shafa.
FCMB tana da shirye-shirye da yawa a cikin masana'antar agribusiness don taimakawa samar da ingantacciyar damar samun kuɗi, bincike, da haɓaka ma'aikata. Ya zuwa watan Mayun 2021, bankin ya taimaka wa manoma 100,000 su kara samar da abinci ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da daidaikun mutane, kungiyoyi, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haɗin gwiwa tare da manoma da ƙananan manoma da Babban Gona (Great Farm), wanda ya girma daga 100 zuwa sama da 20,000; haɗin gwiwa tare da Psaltry International Limited, wanda ke samarwa da kuma sayar da kayayyakin rogo; da Plantation Industries Limited, kamfani ne da ke sarrafa danyen koko cikin barasa, da man koko, wainar koko da kuma garin koko. Bankin ya kuma bayar da Naira miliyan 300 ga masu noman tarakta (Tractor Own and Hiring Facilities Association of Nigeria) (TOHFAN) domin kungiyar ta samar da taraktoci ga manoman Kaduna.
Kasuwanci mallakar mata
A cikin Maris 2019, FCMB ta ƙaddamar da SheVentures, shirin da ke taimaka wa mata ko kuma masu kula da SMEs samun kudade, horarwa, jagoranci, da kuma hanyar sadarwa. Wadanda suka ci gajiyar tallafin na karbar lamuni tsakanin Naira 500,000 zuwa Naira miliyan 5 kuma ba su biya ruwa ba. Tun daga shekarar 2019, shirin ya taimaka wa mata fiye da 15,000 SMEs.
A cikin 2015 FCMB ta ƙaddamar da Flexx, asusun banki wanda ke taimaka wa matasa yin yanke shawara mai kyau na banki. Flexx Hubs bankuna ne ga ɗalibai a cibiyoyin karatu daban-daban a cikin Najeriya ciki har da Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Jihar Legas (MediLag), Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Legas (Lapsotech) da sauransu. A shekarar 2018, bankin ya dauki nauyin daukar nauyin mambobi 1,000 na masu yi wa kasa hidima (NYSC) a cikin shirin samar da kasuwanci da karfafa matasa. A shekarar 2021, FCMB ta hada hannu da gidauniyar WeForGood da Slum Art Foundation don yin aiki tare da yara 200 a unguwar marasa galihu na Ijora-Badia, Legas, inda suke koya musu fasaha da zane-zane.
Makamashi mai sabuntawa
A shekarar 2021, FCMB ta aiwatar da yarjejeniyoyin inganta rance na Naira biliyan 20.9 don tallafawa ayyukan makamashin da ake sabunta su a Najeriya. Bankin ya kuma samar da wani samfuri don masu haɓaka ƙananan grid a ƙarƙashin wani yunƙuri da Bankin Duniya/Hukumar Lantarki na Karkara (REA) ta bayar.
An jera hannun jarin hannun jari na First City Monument Bank a kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya, inda suke ciniki a karkashin alamar: FCMB . Cikakken cikakken hannun jari na yanzu a cikin banki, biyo bayan haɗin gwiwa tare da FinBank, ba a samuwa a bainar jama'a.
FCMB Group Plc (FCMB) ta ci gaba da jajircewa wajen kafa ka'idojin gudanar da kamfanoni a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin kamfanoni. Ana ci gaba da tabbatar da bin ka'idojin gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na babban bankin Najeriya, da kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya da hukumar hada-hadar hannayen jari.
Kwamitin gudanarwa na FCMB Group Plc ya kunshi shugaba da daraktoci tara (manyan daraktoci uku da masu gudanarwa shida wadanda ba na zartarwa ba) daidai da tsarin da ya dace na kasa da kasa, wanda ke bukatar adadin shugabannin da ba na zartarwa ba ya fi na manyan daraktoci. . Akwai rabe-raben ayyuka a tsakanin shugaban kungiyar da shugaban hukumar.
Hukumar na yin taro akai-akai don tsara faffadan manufofi don kasuwanci da ayyukan ƙungiyar, kuma tana tabbatar da cewa an kiyaye haƙiƙa da ƙwararrun alaƙa tare da masu binciken ƙungiyar don haɓaka bayyana gaskiya a cikin rahoton kuɗi da waɗanda ba na kuɗi ba. Ana bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi daraktoci, da kuma bayanan hannun jarinsu, a cikin Rahoton Shekara-shekara da Asusun Ƙungiyar.
A shekarar 2017, an nada Ladi Balogun shugaban rukunonin kamfanin riko na FCMB, FCMB Group Plc. Ya taba zama Manajan Daraktan FCMB. Karkashin jagorancinsa daga shekarar 2007-2017, bankin ya girma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasuwanci 10 a Najeriya. Balogun yana aiki a hukumar gudanarwar kamfanonin FCMB da dama, ya shugabanci hukumar Credit Direct Limited, sannan ya rike mukamin shugaban kamfanin zuba jari na Tenet da kuma shugaban Legacy Pension Managers Ltd.
A watan Janairun 2021, Yemisi Edun, Babban Darakta na FCMB kuma Babban Jami’in kudi, an nada shi mukaddashin Manajan Darakta bayan Manajan Darakta a lokacin, Adam Nuru, ya sauka daga mukaminsa. A watan Yuli, nadin ya zama a hukumance, wanda ya zama mace ta farko da ta zama shugabar FCMB. Edun ya fara shiga bankin ne a shekara ta 2000 a matsayin shugaban sashen kula da harkokin cikin gida.
Ta yi digirin farko a fannin Chemistry daga Jami’ar Ife, Ile-Ife, sannan ta yi digiri na biyu a fannin Accounting and Finance a Jami’ar Liverpool, United Kingdom . Ita ma'aikaciyar Cibiyar Nazarin Chartered Accountants ta Najeriya ce kuma Tabbatacciyar Manazarcin Kudi, CFA. Ita kuma ƙwararren mai binciken tsarin bayanai ce.
Rukunin FCMB Group Plc na tara suna ƙarƙashin jagorancin:
Yemisi Edun, Manajan Darakta, First City Monument Bank Limited
Colin Fraser, Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa, FCMB (UK) Limited
Akinwande Ademosu, Manajan Darakta, Credit Direct Limited
Adetunji Lamidi, Manajan Darakta, FCMB Microfinance Bank Limited
Abimbola Kasim, Ag. Manajan Darakta, FCMB Capital Markets Limited
Abiodun Fagbulu, Manajan Darakta, CSL Stockbrokers Limited
Christopher Bajowa, Ag. Manajan Darakta, FCMB Pensions Limited
James Ilori, Manajan Darakta, FCMB Asset Management Limited
Samuel Adesanmi, Manajan Darakta, FCMB Trustees Limited
Bankuna a Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40488 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Abu%20Laban | Ahmad Abu Laban | Ahmad Abu Laban ( an haife shi a shekara ta 1946 - ya mutu a ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2007) limamin Danish-Palestine kuma shugaban ƙungiyar Islamic Society a Denmark . Ya kasance babban jigo a cikin muhawarar zane-zanen Jyllands-Posten Muhammad .
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Ahmad Abu Laban a shekara ta 1946 a garin Jaffa na kasar Falasdinu . A cikin shekara ta 1948, danginsa sun gudu zuwa Alkahira, Masar, kuma ya girma a can. A shekarar 1969, ya sauke karatu a matsayin injiniyan injiniya . A shekarar 1974, ya auri babban dan uwansa Inam; ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya bakwai. Ya yi karatun tauhidi a wurin malamai a ƙasashen musulmi daban-daban. Ya yi aiki a masana'antar mai na Gulf Persian daga shekara ta 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1982 sannan ya yi aiki da wani kamfani mai kwangila a Najeriya daga 1982 zuwa 1984. Ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan Musulunci a fannin ilimi a jihohi daban-daban na Najeriya.
Ya yi hijira zuwa Denmark a shekara ta 1984 kuma ya zauna a can har tsawon rayuwarsa. Ya fito fili ya yi tir da ta'addanci da amfani da tashin hankali wajen ciyar da tafarkin Musulunci gaba. Bugu da ƙari, an san shi da yin gwagwarmaya don tabbatar da adalci da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin zamantakewa, ta hanyar yin wa'azin cewa Musulmin Danish yana da alhakin inganta al'ummar da suke cikin ciki. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2007, kungiyar Islama a Denmark ta sanar da cewa Abu Laban yana da saurin yada cutar kansa kuma mai yiwuwa kansar huhu ne. Abu Laban ya rasu a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, 2007 yana da shekaru 60. Soyayya da sadaukarwa da da yawa daga cikin Musulman Denmark suka nuna wa Abu Laban a wajen jana'izar sa, inda dubban Musulmi suka yi ta kwarara kan titunan Copenhagen domin gudanar da jana'izar sa na Musulunci.
A lokacin rasuwarsa, Abu Laban ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin addini a ƙungiyar Islamic Society a Denmark. A cewar shafin yanar gizon ƙungiyar, ya kasance memba na "Co-Co-ordination Council of Imams " a Turai.
An ayyana Abu Laban a matsayin wanda ba grata ba a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masar saboda ra'ayinsa na Islama . Ya kasance sananne a kafafen yaɗa labarai na Danish saboda maganganunsa masu tsaurin ra'ayi game da Musulunci da kuma shigar da baƙin haure cikin al'ummar Denmark.
Mai bincike na Sri Lanka Rohan Gunaratna, marubucin littafin Inside Al Qaeda, ya bayyana Ahmed Abu Laban a matsayin mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Islama. Gunaratna ya kuma zargi Abu Laban da bayar da tallafin siyasa da tattalin arziki ga kungiyar Islama ta Masar al-Gama'a al-Islamiyya, wacce Amurka da Tarayyar Turai ke kallon ta a matsayin ƙungiyar ta'addanci.
Muhammad cartoons rigima
Abu Laban ya shiga cikin rikicin kafafen yaɗa labarai da ya barke a kasar Denmark bayan fitowar zane-zanen Muhammad a jaridar Jyllands-Posten mai ra'ayin rikau. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2005, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin tawagar da ta zagaya yankin gabas ta tsakiya domin neman goyon bayan diflomasiyya, ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da fusata a yankin a farkon shekarar 2006. Tare da Akhmed Akkari, ya rubuta littafin Akkari-Laban wanda aka yi amfani da shi a wannan yawon shakatawa.
Karin hotuna guda uku - waɗanda ake zargin an aika wa Abu Laban amma ba a buga ba - an saka su cikin jerin zane-zanen zane-zane da aka buga a cikin kundin da aka raba yayin wannan rangadin. Ahmad Akkari ya bayyana cewa an kara zane-zane guda uku ne domin su ba da haske kan yadda yanayi ke nuna kyama ga musulmi.
Wasu maganganu masu rikitarwa da ambato
A cikin hudubarsa ta Juma'a nan da nan bayan harin 11 ga Satumba, ya yi wa'azi cewa "[ya yi makoki] da busassun hawaye".
Da yake mayar da martani ga kisan Theo van Gogh, martaninsa ya kasance a fili don sukar shi. Ba da dadewa ba, ya soki yadda Turai ke cin zarafin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki game da batun fim mai cike da ce-ce-ku-ce na Submission na dan fim din Holland da aka kashe.
Lokacin da aka yankewa Amina Lawal daga Najeriya hukuncin jefe-jefe, ya ki yin Allah-wadai da hukuncin, ganin cewa shi ba alkali ba ne, kuma bai san hakikanin abin da ya faru ba.
Bayan wani kisan gilla da aka yi a Copenhagen, Abu Laban ya ba da shawarar hana duk wani kisa na ramuwar gayya ta hanyar biyan kudaden "kudin jini" da ya kai DKR. 200,000 – ko kuma kwatankwacin rakuma 100, bisa lissafinsa, a kudin yau, don hana daukar fansa.
"Ina kiran wadannan mutane beraye a cikin ramuka" shine halayensa na dan siyasar Danish mai sassaucin ra'ayi Naser Khader .
A Sallar Juma’a Abu Laban ya yi kira ga jama’ar sa da su sadaukar da rayuwarsu a wani jihadi na Falasdinawa. A wajen motocin bas-bas na masallacin suna jira su kai jama'ar wajen gudanar da zanga-zanga a dandalin majalisar, inda suka daga alamomin da ke nuna Isra'ilawa da 'yan Nazi, suka kona tutar Isra'ila .
Matattun 2007
Haifaffun 1946 |
26317 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular%20Ashanti | Daular Ashanti | Daular Asante ( Asante Twi : ) ta kasance masarauta akan babba akan wasu masarauta daga shekarar 1701 zuwa 1957, a cikin kasar ta Ghana ta yanzu . Ta fadada daga Ashanti ta hada da Yankin Brong-Ahafo, Yankin Tsakiya, Yankin Gabas da Yammacin Ghana na yanzu da kuma wasu yankuna na Ivory Coast da Togo . Dangane da ƙarfin soja na masarautar, wadata, gine-gine, tsarin sarauta da al'adu, masarautar Ashanti an yi nazari mai yawa kuma tana da littattafai da Turawa, musamman marubutan Burtaniya suka rubuta fiye da kowane al'adun asali na Sahar hirka .
Farawa a ƙarshen karni na 17, da Ashanti sarki Osei Tutu da mai ba shi shawara Okomfo Anokye sun kafa Masarautar Ashanti, tare da kuma Zinariyar ta Asante a matsayin wata alama ta haɗin kai. Osei Tutu ya lura da fadada yankin Ashanti da yawa, gina sojoji ta hanyar gabatar da sabuwar kungiyar da kuma mayar da rundunar da ta dace da masarauta zuwa injin fada. A cikin shekarar 1701, sojojin Ashanti sun ci Denkyira da yaƙi, suna ba Ashanti damar zuwa Tekun Gini da kasuwancin Tekun Atlantika tare da Turawa, musamman Dutch . Tattalin arzikin Daular Ashanti ya ta'allaka ne akan kasuwancin zinare da bayi. Sojojin sun kasance kayan aiki mai inganci don sayan kamammun.
Masarautar Ashanti ta yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tare da masarautun maƙwabta da ƙananan kabilu masu tsari kamar Fante . Ashanti ta ci nasarar mamaye Masarautar Birtaniyya a farkon biyun farkon yaƙe-yaƙe Anglo-Ashanti huɗu, inda suka kashe janar na sojan Burtaniya Sir Charles MacCarthy kuma suka riƙe ƙwoƙwan kansa a matsayin kofin shan giya mai zinare a shekarar 1824. Saboda bunkasar Burtaniya game da fasahar makamai, kone-kone da kwasar babban birnin Kumasi da shan kashi na ƙarshe a Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na biyar, masarautar Ashanti ta zama wani ɓangare na mulkin mallakar Gold Coast a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1902.
A yau, Masarautar Ashanti ta wanzu a matsayinta na mai kiyaye kundin tsarin mulki, ƙasa mai zaman kanta tare da Jamhuriyar Ghana. Sarkin masarautar Ashanti na yanzu shine Otumfuo Osei Tutu II Asantehene . Masarautar Ashanti gida ce ga Tafkin Bosumtwi, tafkin ƙasar ta Ghana kaɗai. Kudaden da jihar ke samu ta fuskar tattalin arziki ya samo asali ne daga kasuwancin gwal, koko, goro da kuma noma .
Tarihi da asalin
Sunan Asante yana nufin "saboda yaƙi". Kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmomin Twi ɔsa ma'anaKent's "yaƙi" kuma nti ma'ana "saboda". Wannan sunan ya fito ne daga asalin Asante a matsayin masarauta da aka kirkira don yaƙi da masarautar Denkyira.
Sunan banbancin "Ashanti" ya fito ne daga rahotannin Biritaniya wadanda ke fassara "Asante" kamar yadda Turawan ingila suka ji shi, as-hanti. Daga baya aka sake sakin lafazin kuma sunan Ashanti ya kasance, tare da haruffa daban-daban ciki har da Ashantee gama gari a farkon karni na 20.
Tsakanin ƙarni na 10 da na 12 AD al'umman kabilar Akan sun yi ƙaura zuwa cikin belin gandun daji na Kudancin Ghana kuma suka kafa ƙasashen Akan da yawa:
Ashanti ,
Brong-Ahafo ,
Assin -Denkyira- Fante Confederacy - Masarautar Mankessim ( yankin tsakiyar yau)
Akyem - Akwamu - Akuapem - Kwahu ( yankin Gabas a yanzu da Babban Accra ), da
Ahanta - Aowin - Sefwi - Wassa ( yankin Yammacin yanzu ).
Kafin Masarautar Ashanti ta yi hulɗa da Turawa, tana da kyakkyawar kasuwanci tare da wasu ƙasashen Afirka saboda arzikin gwal na Ashanti. Ciniki tare da jihohin Turai ya fara ne bayan tuntuɓar Turawan Fotigal a ƙarni na 15 AD. Lokacin da ma'adanan gwal a yankin Sahel suka fara taka rawa, Masarautar Ashanti ta zama babba a fagen cinikin gwal. A tsayin Masarautar Ashanti, mutanen Ashanti sun zama masu arziki ta hanyar kasuwancin gwal da aka haƙa daga yankin su.
Kungiyar siyasa ta Ashanti ta kasance asalinsa ga dangi waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban sarki ko Amanhene. Wata kabila, Oyoko, ta zauna a yankin gandun daji na Ashanti, inda suka kafa cibiya a Kumasi . Ashanti sun zama bayin wata jihar Akan, Denkyira amma a tsakiyar karni na 17th Oyoko karkashin Cif Oti Akenten sun fara karfafa dangin Ashanti zuwa cikin hadaddiyar kungiyar adawa da Denkyira.
Gabatar da Zinariyar Zinare ( Sika dwa ) wata hanya ce ta daidaitawa a ƙarƙashin Osei Tutu. A cewar tatsuniya, an kira taron dukkanin shugabannin dangi na kowane yanki Ashanti tun kafin a bayyana samun 'yanci daga Denkyira . A wannan ganawa da Kujerar zinare aka umarce saukar daga sama daga Okomfo Anokye wanda yake, sarki-firist, ko Mai bada shawara ga Asantehene Osei Tutu na da ita tanã gudãna saukar daga sama a cikin cinyan Osei Tutu I. Okomfo Anokye wanda yake ayyana da Kujerar ta zama alamar ta sabon hadn kan Asante ( Masarautar Ashanti ), kuma an yi rantsuwa da biyayya ga kujera da Osei Tutu a matsayin Asantehene. Sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka bayyana ta Ashanti daga baya ta yi yaƙi da Denkyira kuma ta kayar da ita. Matsayin ya kasance mai tsarki ga Ashanti kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa ya ƙunshi Sunsum - ruhu ko ruhun mutanen Ashanti.
A cikin 1670s shugaban dangin Oyoko , Osei Kofi Tutu I, ya fara sake karfafa mutanen Akan cikin sauri ta hanyar diflomasiyya da yaki. Sarki Osei Kofu Tutu I da babban mai ba shi shawara, Okomfo Kwame Frimpong Anokye sun jagoranci gamayyar manyan jihohin Ashanti masu adawa da danniyar juna, Denkyira wanda ke riƙe da Masarautar Ashanti a cikin ta. Masarautar Ashanti ta ci su da yaƙi kwata-kwata a yakin Feyiase, suna shelar samun 'yancinta a cikin 1701. Bayan haka, ta hanyar karfi da karfi na makamai da diflomasiyya mai kyau, su biyun sun sa shugabannin sauran biranen Ashanti sun ayyana biyayya da bin Kumasi, babban birnin Ashanti. Tun daga farko, Sarki Osei Tutu da firist Anokye sun bi mai faɗaɗawa da kuma manufofin ƙasashen waje na mulkin mallaka. A cewar tatsuniya, an yi amannar Okomfo Anokye ya ziyarci Agona-Akrofonso .
Karkashin Osei Tutu
Fahimtar karfin kungiyar hadin kan jihohin Akan, Osei Tutu ya karfafa hadin kan kungiyoyin Akan da ke kewaye da shi tare da fadada karfin tsarin shari'a a cikin gwamnatin. Wannan dunƙulen ƙungiyar ta ƙananan-biranen birni ta zama masarauta kuma daga ƙarshe masarauta tana neman faɗaɗa kan iyakokinta. Sabbin yankuna da aka ci nasara suna da zabin shiga daular ko zama jihohin masu biyan haraji. Opoku Ware I, magajin Osei Tutu, ya faɗaɗa kan iyakoki, tare da karɓar yawancin yankunan Ghana.
Saduwa da Bature
Saduwa da Turai da Asante a yankin Tekun Gulf na Guinea yankin Afirka ya fara ne a cikin karni na 15. Wannan ya haifar da fataucin zinare, hauren giwa, bayi, da sauran kayayyaki tare da Turawan Fotigal, wanda ya haifar da daula irin ta Ashanti. A ranar 15 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1817, Baturen Ingila Thomas Bowdich ya shiga Kumasi. Ya kasance a can har tsawon watanni, abin ya burge shi, kuma lokacin da ya dawo Ingila ya rubuta wani littafi, Ofishin Jakadancin daga Cape Coast Castle zuwa Ashantee. Yabonsa ga masarautar bai gaskata ba saboda ya saba da nuna wariya. Joseph Dupuis, karamin jakadan Ingila a Kumasi, ya isa a watan Maris a ranar 23, shekarar 1820. Dukansu Bowdich da Dupuis sun kulla yarjejeniya tare da Asantehene. Amma, gwamna, Hope Smith, bai sadu da tsammanin Ashanti ba.
Bautar gargajiya al'ada ce a Daular Ashanti, tare da bawa galibi waɗanda aka ɗauka a matsayin fursunoni daga abokan yaƙi. Masarautar Ashanti ba kawai babbar ƙasa ce ta mallakar bayi ba a cikin ƙasar ta Ghana a yanzu amma har ila yau ita ce babbar 'yar kasuwa a yankin don samar da cinikin bayi na Atlantic . Jindadin bayinsu ya banbanta daga iya samun dukiya da yin auri tare da dangin maigida zuwa sadaukarwa a bikin jana'iza. Ashanti sunyi imani cewa bayi zasu bi iyayen gidansu zuwa lahira. Bayi wasu lokuta na iya mallakar wasu bayi, kuma suna iya neman sabon maigidan idan bawan ya yarda ana wulakanta shi ko ita.
Ashanti na zamani tana ikirarin cewa ba safai ake cin zarafin bayi ba, kuma mutumin da ya wulaƙanta bawa ya kasance mai raini ta hanyar jama'a . Suna kare '' bil'adama '' na bautar Ashanti ta hanyar lura cewa an ba wa waɗannan bayin damar yin aure. Idan maigida ya ga baiwar mace abin so ce, zai iya auren ta. Ya fĩfĩta irin wannan tsari zuwa cewa wani yanta mace a al'ada aure, domin aure zuwa wani bautar mace a yarda da yara gãdar da wasu daga cikin mahaifin ta dukiya da kuma matsayi. Koyaya, abin da ya faru na sadaukarwar bayi a cikin daular Ashanti yana ba da wani hoto daban sai kuma tunanin bautar '' mutuntaka '' da masu neman gafara ke nema.
Wannan tsarin da aka fi so ya faru ne da farko saboda abin da wasu maza suka ɗauki rikicinsu da tsarin haihuwa. A karkashin wannan tsarin dangin, ana daukar yara a cikin dangin uwa kuma sun dauki matsayinsu daga dangin ta. Kullum ta Babbansu wa aiki a matsayin shawarta to ta yara, musamman ga yara maza. 'Yan uwanta sun kiyaye ta. Wasu mazajen Ashanti sun fi jin daɗin ɗaukar kuyanga ko matar aure a cikin aure, saboda ba za ta sami wata ƙungiya ba (babba namiji, uba, kawu ko ɗan’uwa) da za su yi roƙo a madadin ta yayin da ma’auratan suka yi faɗa. Tare da matar da aka bautar, maigida da maigidan suna da cikakken ikon kula da 'ya'yansu, tunda ba ta da dangi a cikin jama'a.
Dangantakar Birtaniyya
A watan Disamba shekarar 1895, Turawan Burtaniya sun bar Cape Coast tare da sojojin tafiya. Ya isa Kumasi a cikin watan Janairu, shekarar 1896, a ƙarƙashin umarnin Robert Baden-Powell . Asantehene (sarki) ya umurci Ashanti da kada su ƙi, saboda yana tsoron kisan kare dangi . Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Gwamna William Maxwell ya isa Kumasi shi ma.
Birtaniyya ta hade yankunan Ashanti da Fanti kuma ta zama masarautar Ashanti Crown a ranar 26 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1901. An cire Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh an kama shi, kuma an tura shi da sauran shugabannin Ashanti gudun hijira a cikin Seychelles . Sanungiyar Asante ta narke . An sanya Mazaunin Birtaniyya na dindindin a cikin garin Kumasi, kuma jim kaɗan bayan an gina sansanin Birtaniyya a can .
Dagowa daga 1900 tun daga 1935
A matsayin matakin karshe na juriya, sauran kotun Asante da ba a yi kaura zuwa Seychelles ba ta ci gaba da kai hare-hare kan Mazaunan Birtaniyya a Kumasi Fort. Sarauniyar Asante Yaa Asantewaa, Sarauniya-Uwar Ejisu ce ta jagoranci gwagwarmaya. Daga watan Maris 28 zuwa ƙarshen watan Satumba 1900, Asante da Birtaniyya sun tsunduma cikin abin da za a sani da Yakin Zinari na Zinare . A ƙarshe, Turawan ingila sun yi nasara; sun kori Asantewaa da sauran shugabannin Asante zuwa Seychelles don shiga Asante King Prempeh I.
A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1902, a ƙarshe Biritaniya ta sanya Masarautar Ashanti a matsayin mai kariya . aka maido da masarautar Ashanti don cin gashin kanta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1935. An maido da Asante King Prempeh II a 1957, kuma Masarautar Ashanti ta shiga cikin hadaddiyar jihar da Ghana kan samun 'yencin kai daga Burtaniya.
Tsarin tarihin yankin ƙasa
Gwamnati da siyasa
Yankin Ashanti yanki ne mai hadewa wanda ya kunshi jerin jigajigan shugabannin da suka fara daga " Abusua Panyin" wanda yake shugaban iyali ko nasaba. Iyali sune asalin rukunin siyasa a daular. Iyali ko tsatson sun bi ƙungiyar ƙauye wacce Odikro ke jagoranta . Duk ƙauyuka an haɗa su wuri ɗaya don kafa ƙungiyoyi wanda shugaban yanki ya kira Ohene . An rarraba bangarorin daban-daban a siyasance don kafa jihar wacce Omanhene ko Amanhene ke shugabanta . A ƙarshe, duk jihohin Ashanti sun kafa Daular Ashanti tare da Asantehene a matsayin sarkin su.
Gwamnatin Ashanti an gina ta ne a kan ingantaccen tsarin mulki a Kumasi, tare da ma'aikatu daban-daban don kula da al'amuran jihar. Babban abin lura shi ne Ofishin Harkokin Wajen Ashanti wanda ke Kumasi; duk da ƙaramarta, ta ba jihar damar ci gaba da tattaunawa mai rikitarwa tare da ikon ƙasashen waje. Ofishin ya kasu kashi zuwa sassan don kula da alaƙa daban da Turawan Ingila, Faransa, Dutch, da Larabawa . Malaman tarihin Ashanti, irin su Larry Yarak da Ivor Wilkes, ba su yarda da ikon wannan masarrafar ba idan aka kwatanta da Asantehene, amma sun yarda cewa hakan alama ce ta ci gaban ƙasa sosai tare da hadaddun tsarin bincike da daidaito .
A saman tsarin ikon Ashanti shine Asantehene, Sarkin Ashanti. Kowane Asantahene an nada shi a kan Dutsen Zinare mai tsarki, Sika 'dwa, abin da ya zo don nuna ainihin ikon Sarki. Osei Kwadwo ya fara tsarin cancanta na nada manyan jami'ai gwargwadon ikon su, maimakon haihuwarsu.
A matsayinsa na Sarki, Asantehene yana da babban iko a cikin Ashanti, amma bai ji daɗin cikakken ikon sarauta ba . Ya zama dole ya raba manyan dokoki da ikon zartarwa tare da ingantaccen tsarin mulki na Ashanti. Amma Asantehene shine kawai mutumin da ke Ashanti wanda aka ba da izinin yin hukuncin kisa a yayin aikata laifi. A lokacin yakin, Sarki ya kasance a matsayin Babban Kwamandan rundunar Ashanti, kodayake a cikin karni na 19, Ma'aikatar Yaki a Kumasi ta ci gaba da gudanar da yakin. Kowane memba na ƙungiyar ma ya wajaba ya aika da girmamawa ta shekara-shekara ga Kumasi.
Ashantihene (Sarkin duk Ashanti) ya mallaki duka kuma shine Sarki na rarraba Kumasi, babban birnin ƙasar, da daular Ashanti. An zabe shi ne kamar yadda aka yi wa sauran sarakuna. A cikin wannan tsari na tsari, kowane sarki ko Sarki ya rantse ga wanda ke sama da shi - tun daga ƙauye da yanki, zuwa rarrabuwar kai, zuwa ga shugaban Kumasi, kuma a ƙarshe Ashantihene ya yi rantsuwa a kan jihar .
Dattawan sun kewaye ikon Ashantihene, kuma shugabannin sauran bangarori sun duba ikon Sarki sosai. Wannan a cikin sakamako mai amfani ya haifar da tsarin bincike da daidaito. A matsayin alama ta al'umma, Ashantihene ya sami girmamawa ta al'ada, domin mahallin ya kasance addini ne kasancewar shi alama ce ta mutane a cikin jiki: mai rai, matacce ko kuma har yanzu ana haihuwarsa. Lokacin da sarki ya aikata abin da shawarar dattawa ko ta mutane ba ta yarda da shi ba, za a iya tsige shi, kuma a mayar da shi ga talakawa.
A zama na aristocratic kungiyoyi da kuma majalisar dattawa ne shaida na oligarchic hali a Ashanti rayuwar siyasa. Ko da yake dadadde maza kula ga monopolize siyasa ikon, Ashanti kafa wata kungiya da samari, da nmerante, cewa kula ga democratize da liberalize siyasa a cikin daular. Majalisar dattawa ta aiwatar da ayyuka ne kawai bayan sun tuntubi wakilin nmerante . An dauki ra'ayoyinsu da mahimmanci yayin da suke halartar yanke shawara a cikin masarautar.
Gidan Asantehene na yanzu shine Fadar Manhyia da Burtaniya ta gina a shekarar 1925 kuma aka gabatar da ita ga Prempeh I a matsayin kyauta bayan dawowarsa daga gudun hijira.
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun kona asalin gidan Asantehene a Kumasi a shekarar 1875. Daga asusun Turai, ginin ya kasance mai girma kuma an tsara shi da kyau. A cikin shekarar 1819, ɗan Ingilishi matafiyi kuma marubuci, Thomas Edward Bowdich ya bayyana fadar a matsayin... babban gini na manyan kotuna masu tsawo da kuma murabba'ai na yau da kullun [tare da] abubuwanda aka ƙawata tare da nuna kwarjini da ado na mutunci da halayen mutanan Egypt. Suna da ɗakin ɗakuna a saman su, tare da ƙananan tagogi na ƙyallen katako, na aiki mai wuya amma na sassaka na yau da kullun, kuma wasu suna da katako waɗanda aka zana da zinare siriri. Murabba'ai suna da babban ɗaki a kowane gefe, a buɗe a gaba, tare da ginshiƙai masu goyan baya guda biyu, waɗanda suka lalata ra'ayi kuma suka ba shi dukkannin fasikancin ko gaban matakin tsofaffin gidajen wasan kwaikwayon na Italiya. Suna da tsayi kuma na yau da kullun, kuma ginshiƙan aikin kara kuzari a cikin alto-relievo. An dakatar da labulen labulen gwangwani mai ban sha'awa a gaba, kuma a cikin kowane, mun lura da kujeru da kujeru waɗanda aka zana da zinariya, da gadaje na alhariri, tare da kayan ado masu warwatse. Winwood Reade ya kuma bayyana ziyarar tasa zuwa Fadar Masarautar Ashanti ta Kumasi a shekarar 1874: “Mun je fadar sarki, wacce ta kunshi farfajiyoyi da yawa, kowannensu ya kewaye shi da kayan shaye-shaye da verandah, kuma muna da kofofi biyu ko kofofi, ta yadda kowane yadi ya kasance hanya. . . Amma bangaren fadar da ke gaban titi gidan ne na dutse, Moorish a cikin salo. . . tare da rufin kwano da shimfiɗa, da kuma ɗakunan benaye a hawa na farko. Fanti masons ne suka gina shi shekaru da yawa da suka gabata. Dakunan da ke saman bene suna tuna min titin Wardour. Kowane cikakken Shagon Sha'awa ne. Littattafai a cikin harsuna da yawa, gilashin Bohemian, agogo, farantin azurfa, tsofaffin kayan ɗaki, katifu na Farisa, Katifu na Kidderminster, hotuna da zane-zane, akwatuna da akwatuna marasa adadi. Takobi mai ɗauke da rubutu Daga Sarauniya Victoria zuwa Sarkin Ashantee. Kwafin Times, a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1843. Tare da wadannan akwai samfuran aikin hannu na Moorish da Ashanti da yawa. ”
Majalisar Asanteman
Wannan ma'aikatar ta taimaka wa Asantehene kuma ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga sarki. Majalisar ta kasance ta Amanhene ko manyan sarakuna wadanda suka kasance shugabannin wasu jihohin Ashanti. Majalisar ta kuma hada da wasu shugabannin larduna. A doka, Asantehene bai taɓa yin watsi da shawarar majalisar Asanteman ba. Yin hakan na iya sa a sake shi daga kan gadon sarauta.
Daular Ashanti ta kasance daga cikin manyan birane da jihohin lardi. Metasashen birni sun kasance daga hanan Ashanti waɗanda aka sani da amanfo. Jihohin lardin wasu masarautu ne da suka mamaye masarautar. Kowace jihar Ashanti tana karkashin jagorancin Amanhene ko kuma babban sarki. Kowane ɗayan waɗannan manyan sarakunan sun yi aiki a matsayin shugabannin gwamnatocin jihohinsu, inda suke yin zartarwa, ikon doka da na shari'a.
Ohene sune manyan shugabannin bangarori karkashin Amanhene. Babban aikin su shine ba da shawarar Amanhene. Manyan shugabannin sun kasance mafi girman tsari a bangarorin jihar Ashanti daban-daban. Rabobin sun kasance daga ƙauyuka daban-daban da aka haɗu. Misalan sarakunan rarrabuwa sun hada da Krontihene, Nifahene, Benkumhene, Adontenhene da Kyidomhene.
Kowane ƙauye a cikin Asante yana da sarki wanda ake kira Odikro wanda shine mamallakin ƙauyen. Odikro shine ke da alhakin kiyaye doka da oda. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin mutanen mulkin sa, kakannin sa da kuma alloli. A matsayinsa na shugaban ƙauyen, Odikro ya jagoranci majalisar ƙauyen.
Sarauniya ko Ohenemaa ta kasance muhimmiyar alama a tsarin siyasar Ashanti. Ta kasance mace mafi iko a cikin Daular. Tana da damar da za a nemi shawararta yayin aiwatar da nadin sarki ko sarki, tunda ta taka rawar gani a nadin da zaɓin. Ta sasanta rikice-rikicen da suka shafi mata kuma tana cikin yanke shawara tare da Majalisar Dattawa da sarakuna. Ba wai kawai ta shiga cikin ayyukan shari'a da na dokoki ba ne, har ma da sanyawa da yin yaki, da kuma rarraba kasa.
An kasuwar da suka yi nasara waɗanda suka tara dukiya da maza gami da rarrabe kansu ta hanyar ayyukan jarumta an ba su lambar yabo ta zamantakewa da siyasa ta hanyar kiransu "Abirempon" ko "Obirempon" wanda ke nufin manyan mutane. Zuwa karni na goma sha takwas da sha tara AD, sunan kira "Abirempon" ya tsara kuma ya sanya siyasa don rungumar waɗanda ke gudanar da kasuwanci wanda duk jihar ke amfana. Jiha ta sakawa yan kasuwar da suka samu irin wannan nasarar da Mena (wutsiyar giwa) wanda shine "alamar sanarwa" Obirempon s yana da karfin ikon yin doka a yankunansu, sama da manyan masu mulkin Dahomey amma basu kai gwamnonin yankin ba. na Daular Oyo. Baya ga kula da lamuran mulki da tattalin arziki na yankin, obirempon ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Alkalin yankinsu, yana jagorantar kararrakin kotu.
Kotoko majalisa
Kotoko ta kasance majalisar gwamnati a cikin gwamnatin Ashanti. A siyasance, majalisar kotoko tayi aiki a matsayin mai aunawa ga majalisar dattawa ta sarki kuma a zahiri tana kunshe da jam'iyyar masu fada aji a cikin gwamnati. Majalisar ta kafa majalisar dokoki ta tsarin gwamnati na Ashanti. Ya kasance daga Asantehene, uwar Sarauniya da kuma shugabannin jihar da ministocinsu.
Zaɓen Sarakuna da Asantehene ( Sarkin Sarakuna ko sarki ) kansa ya bi tsari. Babbar mace daga zuriyar sarki ta zabi mazajen da suka cancanta. Wannan babbar mace sannan ta nemi dattawa, maza da mata, na wannan layin. Sannan an zabi dan takarar karshe. An gabatar da wannan zaɓen ga majalisar dattawa, waɗanda ke wakiltar wasu layin a cikin garin ko gundumar . Daga nan Dattawan suka gabatar da nadin ga mutanen da suka hallara.
Idan 'yan ƙasa da aka haɗu ba su yarda da wanda aka zaɓa ba, an sake aiwatar da aikin. Zaɓaɓɓu, sababbin Sarakuna dattawa sun ba da izini, waɗanda suka yi masa gargaɗi da tsammanin. Sarakunan da aka zaba sun rantse da babbar baiwar Allah da kakanninsa don su cika aikinsu yadda ya dace inda ya “sadaukar da” kansa da rayuwarsa don ci gaban jihar.
Wannan zaɓaɓɓen Sarki mai cikakken iko da jin daɗi ya yi farin ciki da babban bikin mai girma tare da kallo da biki da yawa. Ya yi mulki tare da yawa umarci ikon, ciki har da ikon yin farillai na rayuwa da mutuwa a kan talakawansa. Koyaya, bai ji daɗin cikakken mulki ba . A kan kursiyin, Sarki yana da tsarki. Ya kasance a matsayin tsaka-tsakin matsakaici tsakanin mutane da kakanni. Ikon fahimtarsa a bayyane ya kasance fiye da na ainihi kuma yana dogara ga shawara da yanke shawara na Majalisar Dattawa.
Sarakunan daular Ashanti wadanda suka keta duk wata rantsuwar da aka yi yayin shigar sa, ta hanyar masu yin Sarki. Misali, idan sarki ya hukunta 'yan kasa ba da son rai ba ko kuma aka fallasa shi a matsayin mai cin hanci da rashawa, za a sanya shi cikin gida. Rushewar ruwa ya jawo masu sarauta cire sandar sarki tare da dunkule gindi a kasa sau uku. Da zarar an sauko daga ofis, tsarkakansa da haka girmamawarsa sun ɓace, saboda ba zai iya amfani da kowane iko da yake da shi ba a matsayin sarki; wannan ya hada da Babban mai gudanarwa, Alkali, da Kwamandan Soja. Sarki da ya gabata a yanzu an ƙwace masa Stool, takuba da sauran kayan sarauta waɗanda ke alamta ofishi da ikonsa. Ya kuma rasa matsayinsa na mai kula da ƙasar. Koyaya, koda an fita daga ofis, sarki ya kasance memba na gidan sarauta wanda aka zaɓe shi. Tsige shi ya faru a lokacin mulkin Kusi Obodom, wanda ya faru sakamakon gazawar mamayewar Dahomey .
Tsarin doka
Asasar Ashanti, a zahiri, ta kasance tsarin mulki ne . Yana yin kira ga addini, maimakon na zamani - wanda aka tsara na doka. Abin da yanayin zamani ke ɗauka a matsayin laifi, Ashanti yana ɗaukar kusan zunubai . Ayyukan da ba su dace ba na mutunta magabata, kuma suna da illa ga jama'a ne kawai . Idan shugaba ko Sarki ya kasa hukunta irin waɗannan ayyukan, sai ya roƙi fushin magabata da alloli, don haka yana cikin haɗarin tsige shi . Hukuncin wasu laifuka (zunubai) shine kisa, amma wannan ba safai ake zartarwa ba; wani hukuncin da yafi na kowa shine kora ko ɗauri .
Sarki yawanci yana yin aiki ko sauya duk wasu manyan lamuran . Waɗannan jimlolin sauƙaƙe na Sarki da shugabanni wani lokaci suna faruwa ta fansa ko rashawa ; suna kayyade a cikin irin wannan hanyar da ya kamata su ba zama kuskure domin tara, amma suna dauke a matsayin kudaden shiga ga jihar, wanda ga mafi part maraba da husuma, da jayayya, da kai kara . Sauyin ra'ayi yana da yawa fiye da kisa .
Ashanti ana kyamar kisan kai, kuma kashe kai ana daukar sa a matsayin kisan kai. Suna yanke kan waɗanda suka kashe kansu, hukuncin al'ada na kisan kai. Kashe kansa saboda haka ya raina kotu, don Sarki kawai zai iya kashe Ashanti.
A shari’ar kisan kai, dole ne a tabbatar da niyya. Idan kisan kai da gangan, mai kisankan ya biya diyyar zuriyar marigayin. Ba za a iya kashe mahaukaci ba saboda rashin ƙaddara niyya - sai dai kisan kai ko la'antar Sarki; game da zagin sarki, buguwa madaidaiciya kariya ce. Laifukan manyan mutane sun hada da kisan kai, yin lalata tsakanin mace ko na miji, da saduwa da mace mai haila , fyade da matar aure, da yin zina da duk wata matar sarki ko ta Sarki. Cin zarafi ko zagin wani sarki ko kotu ko Sarki suma suna da hukuncin kisa .
La'anar Sarki, kiran ƙasa da iko don cutar da Sarki, ana ɗaukarsa azaman ba za a iya faɗi ba kuma yana ɗaukar nauyin mutuwa . Wanda ya kirayi wani don aikata irin wannan aikin dole ne ya biya babban lada. Masu aikata nau'ikan sihiri (na sharri) na sihiri da maita suna karɓar mutuwa amma ba ta hanyar yanke jiki ba, don ba dole ne a zubar da jininsu ba. Ana karɓar kisa ta hanyar shakewa, ƙonewa, ko nutsar da su.
A ka’ida, iyalai ko layuka suna sasanta rikici tsakanin mutane. Duk da haka, irin wannan rigingimu za a iya kawo wa gwaji kafin a manyan ta furta da taboo rantsuwar wani sarki ko sarki. A ƙarshe, Kotun Sarki ita ce kotun yanke hukunci, don Sarki ne kawai zai iya ba da umarnin hukuncin kisa . A gaban Majalisar Dattawa da Kotun Sarki, masu shigar da kara sun yi magana sosai. Duk wanda ke wurin na iya yin tambayoyin wanda ake tuhuma ko mai tuhuma, kuma idan shari'ar ba ta kai ga yanke hukunci ba, ana kiran mashaidi na musamman don ba da ƙarin shaida . Idan shaidu guda ne kawai, rantsuwarsu ta tabbatar an faɗi gaskiya. Bugu da ƙari, cewa ya nuna fifiko ko ƙiyayya ga ko dai mai shigar da kara ba abin tunani ba ne. Sharuɗɗa ba tare da shaida ba, kamar sihiri ko zina ana daidaita su ta hanyar jarabawa, kamar shan gubar .
M veneration tabbatar da Ashanti halin kirki tsarin, da kuma samar da babba kafuwar ga gwamnati takunkumi. Haɗin haɗin tsakanin uwa da yaro ya haɗu da duk cibiyar sadarwar, wanda ya haɗa da magabata da maza maza. Tsarin shari'arta ya jaddada tunanin Ashanti na daidaito da halaye na gari, wanda ke fifita jituwa tsakanin mutane. Nyame ( Allah Maɗaukaki ) da kakanni ne suka yi dokokin, kuma dole ne mutum ya yi daidai da hakan.
Labarin kasa
Masarautar Ashanti tana ɗaya daga cikin jerin masarautu a bakin teku gami da Dahomey, Benin, da Oyo . Masarautar Ashanti tana da duwatsu da rarar noma da yawa. Yankin Kudancin Masarautar Ashanti an lullubeshi da gandun daji mara kyau yayin da Guinea savanna ta rufe arewacin masarautar Ashanti. Guinea Savanna ta kunshi gajerun itatuwa marasa yankewa da kuma bishiyoyi masu hana wuta. Hakanan dazukan Riparian suna faruwa tare da Kogin Afram da koramu na yankin savanna. Soasa a Masarautar Ashanti galibi iri biyu ne, ochrosol na gandun daji a kudancin Masarautar Ashanti yayin da aka keɓe savanna ochrosols zuwa arewacin Masarautar Ashanti.
Mafi yawan dabbobi da dabbobi da dabbobin da aka ci karo da su a masarautar Ashanti sune kaza, tumaki, akuya, agwagwa, turkey, zomo, kifin kaza, kifi, da goro wanda ya zama tambarin ƙasar ta Ashanti, kazalika da kimanin nau'ikan flora iri biyu na bishiyoyi da bishiyoyi da sama da talatin da biyar na kayan adon da ke kawata masarautar Ashanti. Wadannan bishiyoyi / shrub-amfanin-dabba (kaza / kifi) an hade su sosai da kuma / ko kuma akan layi guda na gidajen Asante.
Tattalin arziki
Albarkatun kasa
sasashen da ke cikin Masarautar Ashanti kuma suna da wada
taccen zinare, koko da goro, kuma Ashanti ba da daɗewa ba sun yi ciniki tare da Fotigal a sao Jorge da Mina da ke bakin teku, daga baya Elmina, da Songhai, da kuma tare da ƙasashen Hausa .
Ashanti sun shirya filayen ta hanyar konawa kafin farkon lokacin damina kuma an noma su da fartanya ta ƙarfe. An bar filayen fallow har tsawon wasu shekaru, yawanci bayan shekaru biyu zuwa hudu na noman. Shuke-shuke horar da hada plantains, yams, manioc, masara, mai dadi dankali, gero, wake, da albasarta, gujiya, tumatir, da kuma da yawa daga 'ya'yan itãce . Manioc da masara sune sabbin dashen Duniya da aka gabatar yayin kasuwancin Turai na Atlantic . Da yawa daga cikin wadannan kayan lambu ana iya girban su sau biyu a shekara kuma rogo (manioc), bayan ci gaban shekaru biyu, yana samar da tushen sitaci.
Ashanti ya canza giyar dabino, masara da gero cikin giya, abin sha da aka fi so; kuma anyi amfani da man daga dabino don yawan girke-girke da amfanin gida.
Ashanti sun kirkiri Fontomfrom, wani tambarin magana na Asante, kuma suma sun kirkiri Gangar Akan . Sun buga sakonnin zuwa nisan sama , kamar sauri kamar telegraph . Yaren Asante (Twi) da Akan, yaren mutanen Ashanti yana da sauti kuma ana samar da ƙarin ma'ana ta hanyar sauti. Gwanin ya sake buga waɗannan sautunan, alamun rubutu, da lafazin jimla don kunnen da aka horar ya ji gaba ɗaya daga cikin jumlar kanta.
Ashanti ya ji kuma ya fahimci maganganun da waɗannan "duriyar magana" suka samar. Kalmomin daidaito sun yi kira ga tarurrukan sarakuna ko makamai, ana faɗakar da su game da haɗari, da watsa sanarwar mutuwar manyan mutane. An yi amfani da wasu ganga don karin magana da gabatarwar shagulgula.
Tarihin yawan mutane na Masarautar Ashanti na ɗaya daga cikin jinkirin ƙaddamarwa. A farkon karni na 19 Asantehene ya yi amfani da harajin shekara-shekara don kafa dakaru na dindindin dauke da bindigogi, wanda ya ba da damar kusanci sosai ga Masarautar Ashanti. Masarautar Ashanti na ɗaya daga cikin jihohin da ke tsakiyar Saharar Afirka. Osei Tutu da wadanda suka gaje shi sun kula da manufofin hadewar siyasa da al'adu kuma kungiyar kwadagon ta kai matsayin ta na 1750. Ya kasance ƙawance na manyan-biranen birni da yawa waɗanda suka yarda da ikon mai mulkin Kumasi da Masarautar Ashanti, da ake kira Asantehene. Masarautar Ashanti tana da yawan jama'a, yana ba da izinin ƙirƙirar manyan biranen birni . Ashanti ya mallaki murabba'in kilomita 250,000 yayin da yake mulki kusan mutane miliyan 3.
Gine-ginen gargajiya na Ashanti sune kawai ragowar gine-ginen Ashanti. Gine-gine da zane sun ƙunshi tsarin katako wanda aka cika shi da yumɓu da ciyawa tare da kwaryar ganye. Wuraren da aka keɓe sune wuraren tsafi, amma akwai wasu gine-gine da yawa a baya tare da tsarin gine-gine iri ɗaya. Waɗannan gine-ginen sun kasance fadoji da wuraren bautar gumaka da kuma gidaje don mawadata. A Ashanti Empire kuma gina kabari wanda housed kaburbura da dama Ashanti shugabannin. Gabaɗaya, gidaje ko an tsara su don mazaunin ɗan adam ko kuma na gumaka, sun ƙunshi gine-gine masu faɗi huɗu na kusurwa huɗu da aka girke a farfajiyar da ke buɗe; an haɗa kusurwoyin ciki na gine-ginen da ke kusa da su ta hanyar bangon allo da aka fantsama, wanda bangarorinsa da kusurwoyinsa za a iya daidaita su don ba da damar kowane kuskure a cikin shimfidar farko. Yawanci, uku daga cikin gine-ginen a buɗe suke ga farfajiyar, yayin da na huɗu aka haɗa shi a wani ɓangare, ko dai ta ƙofa da tagogi, ko kuma ta aikin buɗe ido da ke buɗe ƙofa. Bowdich ya ambaci abubuwan da aka kafa a cikin gine-ginen Ashanti yayin ziyarar da ya kai Kumasi a 1817, kamar Fadar Ashanti wacce aka rusa a lokacin yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti. Ya kuma idan aka kwatanta da murabba'ai na fada wa mai proscenium na wani Italian wasan kwaikwayo.
Kayan more rayuwa
Lantarki kamar hanya kai da kuma sadarwa a ko'ina cikin daular aka kiyaye via wani cibiyar sadarwa na da kyau-sa hanyoyi daga Ashanti babban yankin zuwa Nijar kogin da sauran cinikayya birane. Baƙi na Ingilishi zuwa Kumasi a cikin ƙarni na 19, sun lura da rabe-raben babban birnin zuwa anguwanni 77 tare da manyan tituna 77; ɗayan yana da faɗi yadi 100. Gidaje da yawa musamman wadanda ke kusa da fadar dutse ta sarki wasu gine-gine ne hawa biyu wadanda aka sanya su da aikin famfo na cikin gida a cikin suran bandakuna wadanda suka cika da galan na tafasasshen ruwa. Nkwansrafo ko masu kula da hanya wadanda suka yi aiki a matsayin 'yan sanda na babbar hanya sun kasance a wurare daban-daban na hanyoyin Ashanti; duba motsin yan kasuwa da baƙi akan duk hanyoyi. Hakanan suna da alhakin leken asiri kuma an caje su da karɓar kuɗin fito daga yan kasuwa. Masarautar Ashanti kuma ta gina gadoji a cikin sassan ruwa don jigilar kaya. Asantehene Kwaku Dua ya umarci injiniyoyinsa su gina ingantattun gadoji a saman rafuka a cikin biranen Ashanti. Thomas Freeman, wanda ya ziyarci daular a karni na 19, ya bayyana ginin da cewa ;
'Yan sanda da sojoji
'Yan sanda
Asantehene ya gaji mukaminsa ne daga mahaifiyarsa ta sarauniya, kuma an ba shi taimako a Kumasi babban birnin kasar, ta hanyar ma’aikatan farar hula maza da suka kware a fagen kasuwanci, diflomasiyya, da soja, tare da wani shugaban da ake kira Gyaasehene . Men daga kasar Larabawa, Sudan, da kuma Turai an aiki a cikin Ashanti daular aikin farar hula . dukkansu Asantehene ne ya nada su. A cikin manyan biranen Ashanti, policean sanda da yawa suna da alhakin kiyaye doka da oda. A Kumasi, ‘yan sanda sanye da kaki, wadanda dogon gashinsu ya bambanta, sun tabbatar da tsari ta hanyar tabbatar da cewa babu wani da ya shiga kuma ya bar garin ba tare da izinin gwamnati ba. A ankobia ko musamman 'yan sanda da aka yi amfani a matsayin daular da ke da dakaru na musamman da kuma masu kare lafiyarsa da Asantehene, kamar yadda kafofin daga m, kuma zuwa kashe tawaye. Domin mafi yawan karni na 19th kuma a cikin karni na 20th, da Ashanti sarki jihar zauna m.
Sojojin Ashanti sun yiwa daular aiki da kyau, suna tallafawa dogon lokacin fadada ta da kuma juriya ta gaba ga mulkin mallaka na Turai.</br> Amfani da makamai ya kasance da farko da bindigogi, amma wasu masana tarihi sun yarda cewa ƙungiya ta asali da jagoranci na iya taka muhimmiyar rawa a nasarar Ashanti. Waɗannan, watakila, sun fi mahimmanci yayin la'akari da cewa Ashanti yana da sojoji da yawa daga waɗanda suka ci yaƙi ko haɗe da mutane, kuma sun fuskanci yawan tawaye da tawaye daga waɗannan mutanen a kan dogon tarihinta. Hankalin siyasa na “kwalliyar zinariya” ta alama da tasirin hargitsi na rundunar ƙasa, ya ba da haɗin kai da ake buƙata don ci gaba da mulkin. ƙarfin gaba ɗaya ya kai kimanin 80,000 zuwa 200,000 wanda ya sa sojojin Ashanti girma fiye da sanannen Zulu, kuma ya yi daidai da mafi girma a Afirka- rundunonin Habasha. An bayyana rundunar Ashanti a matsayin tsayayyen tsari wanda sarki zai iya "kawo mutum 200,000 a cikin filin kuma a bayyane yake cewa jarumawan ba sa jin tsoron bindigogin Snider da bindigogi masu linzami 7" Duk da yake ainihin sojojin da aka tura cikin filin ba su da ƙarfi sosai. ƙarfi, dubun dubatan sojoji galibi ana samun su don biyan buƙatun masarautar. Motsa kai ya dogara ne da kananan jami'ai na yau da kullun, wadanda ke jagorantar da jagorantar rarar da rundunonin da aka kira daga gwamnonin lardin.
An tsara ƙungiya a kusa da mai tsaro na gaba, babban jiki, mai tsaron baya da abubuwa biyu na dama da hagu. Wannan ya ba da sassauci a cikin ƙasar kurmi sojojin Ashanti yawanci suna aiki a ciki. An san dawakai suna rayuwa a cikin Kumasi amma saboda ba za su iya rayuwa ba a yankin dajin tsuntsaye da ke cikin kudanci a kudu, babu mahaya. Manyan hafsoshin Ashanti sun hau dawakai tare da hauteur na hafsoshin Turai amma ba su hau zuwa yaƙi ba. Hanyar zuwa fagen fama yawanci ta hanyar haɗa ginshiƙai, kuma dabaru sun haɗa da kwanton-bauna da manyan ayyuka a fuka-fuki. Babu kamarsa tsakanin sojojin Afirka, Ashanti ta tura rukunin likitoci don tallafawa mayakansu. Wannan karfin ya fadada masarautar sosai kuma ci gaba har fiye da karni, kuma ta kayar da Birtaniyyawa a karo da yawa.
An samar da tagulla na tagulla a wasu jihohi a cikin Gold Coast gami da Daular Ashanti a ƙarni na sha takwas da goma sha tara. Bayanai daban-daban sun nuna cewa maƙerin Asante ba kawai sun iya gyara bindigogi ba, amma ana sake yin ganga, makulli da hannun jari a wasu lokutan.
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Asante
Daga 1806 har zuwa 1896, Masarautar Ashanti tana cikin yanayin yaƙi na har abada wanda ya shafi faɗaɗawa ko kare yankunanta. Amfani da Ashanti akan sauran sojojin Afirka ya sanya shi mafi girman iko a yankin. Yunkurin da ya nuna a kan Burtaniya ya sa ya sami girmamawar manyan Turai.
Yaƙin Asante – Fante
A cikin 1806, Ashanti ya bi shugabannin tawaye biyu ta yankin Fante zuwa bakin teku. Kin Biritaniya da mika wuya ga ‘yan tawayen ya haifar da harin Ashanti. Wannan ya kasance mai lalacewa sosai har ingila ta ba da dan tawaye; dayan ya tsere. A cikin rikice-rikice na 1807 tare da Fante ya haifar da Yakin Ashanti – Fante, wanda Ashanti suka yi nasara a ƙarƙashin Asantehene Osei Bonsu ("Bonsu, whale").
Yakin Ga – Fante
A yakin 1811 Ga – Fante, kawancen Asante da Ga sun yi yaki da kawancen jihohin Fante, Akwapim da Akim. Injin din Asante ya sami nasarar fatattakar kawancen a yakin da aka tura makiyansu zuwa tsaunukan Akwapim. Ashanti duk da haka ya watsar da kamfen ɗin bin su bayan kame birinin Burtaniya da kafa kasancewar su da ikon su a bakin teku.
Yaƙin Ashanti – Akim – Akwapim
A cikin 1814 Ashanti sun ƙaddamar da mamayar Gold Coast, galibi don samun damar zuwa yan kasuwar Turai. A yakin Ashanti – Akim – Akwapim, masarautar ta fuskanci kawancen Akim-Akwapim. Bayan yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa, an kayar da kawancen Akim – Akwapim mai lamba kuma sun zama masu biyan haraji ga Ashantis. An kafa Masarautar Ashanti daga tsakiyar yankin zuwa bakin teku.
Yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti
Farkon Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti
Farkon yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Ashanti ya faru a cikin 1823. A cikin waɗannan rikice-rikicen, Masarautar Ashanti ta fuskance ta, tare da nasarori daban-daban na nasara, kan Masarautar Burtaniya da ke zaune a bakin tekun. Tushen rikicin ya samo asali tun daga 1823 lokacin da Sir Charles MacCarthy, ya bijirewa duk wata hanyar da Ashanti ta bi don tattaunawa, ya jagoranci rundunar mamayewa. Ashanti ya kayar da wannan, ya kashe MacCarthy, ya ɗauki kansa don ganima ya wuce zuwa bakin tekun. Koyaya, cuta ta tilasta musu komawa. Ashanti sun sami nasara sosai a yakin da ya biyo baya wanda a cikin 1826 suka sake komawa bakin teku. Da farko sun yi gwagwarmaya sosai a fagen yaƙi da manyan sojojin ƙawancen Burtaniya, gami da Denkyirans. Koyaya, sabon rokoki na Biritaniya ya sa sojojin Ashanti suka janye. A 1831, wata yarjejeniya ta haifar da shekaru 30 na zaman lafiya, tare da karɓar Pra River a matsayin iyaka.
Yaƙin Anglo-Ashanti na biyu
Ban da 'yan kaɗan na hasken wuta na Ashanti a fadin Pra a cikin 1853 da 1854, zaman lafiya tsakanin Masarautar Ashanti da Masarautar Burtaniya ya kasance bai yanke ba har tsawon shekaru 30. Bayan haka, a cikin 1863, wata babbar tawagar Ashanti ta haye kogin tana bin wani ɗan gudun hijira, Kwesi Gyana. An yi fada, an yi asara a bangarorin biyu, amma bukatar da gwamnan ya yi na sojoji daga Ingila ta ki amincewa kuma rashin lafiya ta tilasta janye sojojinsa na Yammacin Indiya. Yaƙin ya ƙare a 1864 a matsayin tsaka mai wuya tare da ɓangarorin biyu sun rasa maza da yawa ga cuta fiye da kowane mahimmin abu.
Yaƙi na Uku Anglo-Ashanti
A cikin 1869 an kai wani iyalin Turawan mishan zuwa Kumasi. An karbe su da karimci kuma anyi amfani dasu azaman uzuri don yaƙi a cikin 1873. Hakanan, Birtaniyya ta mallaki ƙasar Ashanti da Dutch ta yi ikirarin. Ashanti sun mamaye sabon mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. An aika Janar Wolseley da sanannen zobensa na Wolseley a kan Ashanti. Wannan yaƙin zamani ne, wanda aka cika shi da ɗaukar hoto (gami da sanannen ɗan rahoto Henry Morton Stanley ) kuma an buga ainihin umarnin soja da na likita ga sojojin. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta ƙi roƙo don tsoma baki ga masana'antun kera makamai na Burtaniya waɗanda ba su da takurawa wajen sayar wa ɓangarorin biyu.
Duk ƙoƙarin Ashanti na tattaunawar an yi watsi da su. Wolseley ya jagoranci sojojin Biritaniya 2,500 da sojojin Yammacin Indiya da Afirka da yawa zuwa Kumasi. An mamaye babban birnin na ɗan lokaci. Burtaniya ta gamsu da girman gidan sarauta da kuma girman abubuwan da ke ciki, gami da "layin littattafai a cikin yare da yawa." Ashanti sun yi watsi da babban birnin bayan yakin basasa. Turawan ingila sun kona shi.
Birtaniyyawa da kawayensu sun sha mummunan rauni a yakin sun rasa sojoji da yawa da manyan hafsoshin soja. amma a ƙarshe ƙarfin wutar ya fi ƙarfin shawo kan Ashanti. Asantehene (sarkin Ashanti) ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Burtaniya a cikin Yulin 1874 don kawo karshen yakin.
Yaki Na Hudu Anglo-Ashanti
A cikin 1895, Ashanti ya ƙi tayin da ba na hukuma ba don zama masarautar Burtaniya.
Masarautar Ashanti tana son hana Sojojin Faransa da na Turawan mulkin mallaka fita daga yankin Masarautar Ashanti (da zinarta), Turawan Burtaniya sun kosa su ci Masarautar Ashanti sau daya tak. Duk da cewa suna tattaunawa da masarautar game da sanya shi a matsayin masarautar Burtaniya, Birtaniyya ta fara Yakin Anglo-Ashanti na Hudu a 1895 bisa dalilan rashin biyan tarar da aka yiwa sarkin Asante bayan yakin 1874. Birtaniyyawa sun yi nasara kuma an tilasta Masarautar Ashanti sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya.
Al'adu da zamantakewa
Tsayawa tsakanin iyalai galibi siyasa ce. Iyalan masarauta yawanci sune ke kan gaba a matsayi na sarauta, sannan dangin shuwagabannin manyan yankuna. A kowace masarauta, layin mace na musamman ke samar da shugaba. Wani kwamiti na maza da yawa da suka cancanci wannan mukami ya zaɓi shugaba. Iyalin Ashanti na yau da kullun sun kasance masu girma da haihuwa . Brotheran uwa ya kasance mai kula da 'ya'yanta. Uba a gefe guda yana da karancin nauyin shari'a ga 'ya'yansa ban da tabbatar da lafiyar su. Mata kuma suna da damar fara saki yayin da miji yana da wasu haƙƙoƙin doka akan matarsa kamar haƙƙin yanke hancinta saboda zina.
Fitattun mutane sun sa siliki. Talakawan Ashanti suna saye auduga yayin da bayi ke sanye da baƙin baƙi. Gargaji ya nuna matsayin mai sawa a cikin al'umma kuma launinta ya bayyana ma'anoni daban-daban. Farar fata ta kasance talakawa bayan sun ci nasara a shari'ar kotu. An sanya launuka masu duhu don jana'iza ko makoki. Dokoki sun wanzu don takura wasu ƙirar Kente ga masu martaba. An tsara wasu auduga ko siliki a jikin Kente don sarki kawai kuma ana iya sa shi da izininsa kawai.
Ilimi da yara
Ilimi a cikin Masarautar Ashanti an gudanar da shi ne ta hanyar Asante kuma masana da aka shigo da su kuma mutane Ashanti galibi za su halarci makarantu a Turai don babbar ilimin su .
Iyaye masu haƙuri sun saba da Ashanti. Ana ɗaukar yara a matsayin lokacin farin ciki kuma yara ba za su iya ɗaukar alhakin ayyukansu ba. Yaron ba shi da alhakin ayyukansu har sai lokacin balaga . Yaro ba shi da lahani kuma babu damuwa game da kula da ransu, ainihin asalin duk ayyukan jana'izar, don haka jana'izar da aka saba yi wa mamacin Ashanti ba ta da kyau ga yara.
Ashanti sungaisa da tagwaye lokacin da aka haife su a cikin gidan sarauta saboda ana ganin su wata alama ce ta zuwa mai zuwa. A ka’ida, ‘yan tagwaye sun shiga soja tare da tagwayen‘ yan matan da za su iya zama matan Sarki. Idan tagwaye maza ne da 'ya mace, babu wani aiki na musamman da ke jiran su. Matan da suka haifa sau uku ana girmama su sosai saboda ana ɗaukar uku a matsayin masu sa'a. Special rituals ensue na uku, shida, da kuma tara yaro. Yaro na biyar (mara sa'a biyar) na iya tsammanin masifa. Iyalai masu yara da yawa ana mutunta su sosai kuma ana ba'ar mata bakararre.
Haila da najasa
Ashanti sun gudanar da al'adun balaga ne kawai ga mata. Iyaye maza suna umartar 'ya'yansu ba tare da kiyaye jama'a ba. An girmama sirrin yara maza a masarautar Ashanti. Yayinda jinin haila ya gabato, yarinya takan je gidan mahaifiyarta. Lokacin da aka bayyana jinin haila, sai uwar ta yi bushara a ƙauyen ta doke fartanya ta baƙin ƙarfe da dutse. Tsoffin mata sun fito suna rera wakokin Bara (na haila).
Mata masu haila sun sha ƙuntatawa da yawa. Ashanti suna kallon su a matsayin marasa tsabta. Ba su dafa abinci ga maza ba, ba su kuma ci wani abinci da aka dafa wa namiji ba. Idan wani haila mace shiga kakanninmu stool (shrine) gidan, ta kama, kuma azãba ta iya haifar da mutuwa. Idan ba a zartar da wannan hukuncin ba, Ashanti sun yi imani, fatalwar magabata za su shaƙe shugaba . Mata masu haila suna rayuwa a cikin gidaje na musamman yayin lokutansu saboda an hana su ƙofar gidajen maza. Da suka yi rantsuwa ba rantsuwõyinku, kuma babu rantsuwõyinku aka rantsar domin ko da su. Ba su halarci kowane ɗayan bikin ba kuma ba su ziyarci wurare masu tsarki ba.
Kiwan lafiya da mutuwa
Cuta da mutuwa sune manyan abubuwan da suka faru a masarautar . A talakawa herbalist divined da allahntaka hanyar da rashin lafiya kuma bi shi tare da na ganye magunguna .
Mutane sun tsani kasancewa su kadai tsawon lokaci ba tare da wani ya samu damar yin wannan aikin ba kafin marassa lafiya su fadi. Iyalin sun yiwa mamacin sutura da mafi kyawun tufafi, kuma suka qawata su da fakiti na ƙurar zinare (kuɗi don bayan rayuwa), kayan ado, da abinci don tafiya "kan tudu". An binne gawan a cikin awanni 24. Har zuwa wannan lokacin jana'izar ta shiga rawa, kada ganguna, harbe-harbe da bindigogi, duk tare da marin dangi. Anyi wannan ne saboda Ashanti galibi sunyi imani cewa mutuwa ba wani abin bakin ciki bane, amma wani ɓangare ne na rayuwa. Kamar yadda Ashanti suka yi imani da bayan rayuwa, iyalai sun ji cewa za su haɗu da kakanninsu bayan sun mutu. Ibadun jana'izar don mutuwar sarki ya shafi ɗaukacin masarautar kuma lamari ne mai cikakken bayani.
Manya-manyan bukukuwa na Ashanti suna tuno da ruhohin shuwagabannin da suka tashi tare da miƙa musu abinci da abin sha, suna neman alfarmarsu don amfanin jama'a, wanda ake kira Adae . Kwana guda kafin Adae, gangunan Akan sun watsa shirye-shiryen bikin da ke gabatowa. Ma'ajin kujeru yana tara tumaki da giya wanda za'a miƙa. Babban firist yana hidimar Adae a cikin kujerun gidan da kakanni suka zo. Firist ɗin yana ba da kowane abinci da abin sha. Bikin na jama'a yana faruwa a waje, inda duk mutane suka shiga rawa. Minstrels yana rera kalmomin jumla na al'ada; gangunan magana suna ɗaukaka sarki da kakanni a cikin kalmomin gargajiya. Odwera, sauran manyan shagulgulan bikin, suna faruwa a watan Satumba kuma galibi suna ɗaukar sati ɗaya ko biyu. Lokaci ne na tsarkake zunubi daga al'umma ƙazantar, da kuma tsarkake wuraren ibada na kakanni da alloli. Bayan sadaukarwa da liyafa na kaza kaza- wanda rayayyu da matattu ke rabawa-sabuwar shekara za a fara wacce duk suke da tsabta, masu ƙarfi, da lafiya.
Duba kuma
Tsarin soja na Afirka
Tsarin soja na Afirka bayan 1900
Tsarin soja na Afirka zuwa 1800
Yaƙe-yaƙe Anglo-Ashanti
Tarihin Ghana
Jerin sarakunan Asante
Edgerton, Robert B. Fall of the Asante Empire: The Hundred Year War for Africa's Gold Coast. Free Press, 1995.
^ a b Ashanti Order in Council 1901
^ a b c d e f g
^ a b c Collins and Burns , p. 140.
^ a b c d
^ a b c Collins and Burns , p. 139.
^ MacLean, Iain. Rational Choice and British Politics: An Analysis of Rhetoric and Manipulation from Peel to Blair, 2001. Page 76.
Kings And Queens Of AsanteArchived 2012-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ashanti.com.au Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Alan Lloyd, The Drums of Kumasi, London: Panther, 1964, pp. 21-24.
^ Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's, 1995 , p. 194.
^ a b History of the Ashanti Empire.Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Giblert, Erik Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the 2004
Kings And Queens Of AsanteArchived 2012-10-30 at the Wayback Machine
^ Ashanti.com.au Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Alan Lloyd, The Drums of Kumasi, London: Panther, 1964, pp. 21-24.
^ Kevin Shillington, History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's, 1995 , p. 194.
^ a b History of the Ashanti Empire.Archived 2012-04-13 at the Wayback Machine
^ Giblert, Erik Africa in World History: From Prehistory to the Present 2004
Basil, Davidson African Civilization Revisited, Africa World Press: 1991 ISBN 9780865431232
Kevin Shillington, 1995 , History of Africa, New York: St. Martin's Press.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ashanti - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
UC San Diego - Tsarin Harshen Asante - Nazarin Kai tsaye
Labaran BBC | Afirka | Jana'izar sarki Ashanti
masarautar Ashanti Osei Tutu Encyclopedia - Britannica Online Encyclopedia
Katolika na Asante a Googlebooks
Shafin Ashanti a Atlas na Atlas, wanda aka ci gaba a Cibiyar Nazarin Lafiyar Jama'a da Lissafi, Jami'ar Kent, Canterbury
Masarautar Ashanti a Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Afirka, a PBS
Al'adar Ashanti ta ƙunshi zaɓaɓɓun jerin hanyoyin yanar gizo akan batun, musamman shafukan yanar gizo waɗanda ke aiki azaman cikakken jerin ko ƙofofi
Labarin Afirka: Asante - Labaran Duniya na BBC
Bayanin yanar gizo game da Masarautar Asante : Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Leiden
Encyclopædia Britannica, Shafin Countryasa - Masarautar Ashanti
Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka |
53472 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Brodie%20%28Dan%20%C6%99wallo%29 | Richard Brodie (Dan ƙwallo) | Richard Jon Brodie (an haife shi a 8 ga Yuli 1987) manajan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Ingila kuma tsohon ɗan wasa ne wanda shine manajan kungiyar Burscough ta Arewa maso Yamman Counties League. Brodie ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan gaba kuma ya fara aikinsa tare da Whickham kuma, bayan kasancewa babban dan wasansu a kakar 2005–06, ya koma Newcastle Benfield a 2006. Ya rattaba hannu a Birnin York a watan Janairu 2007 kuma ya gama 2006 – 07 da manufa daya kuma ya taka leda a wasan kusa da na karshe na wasan na kasa . Ya fara 2007–08 da kwallaye 3 kacal a 2007, amma ya kare kakar wasa da kwallaye 14. A farkon 2008 – 09, Brodie ya kasance aro ga Barrow kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a cikin wata daya. Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin babban dan wasan York da kwallaye 19 kuma ya taka leda a wasan karshe na cin kofin FA na 2009 a filin wasa na Wembley . Kakar ta 2009–10 ta ga Brodie ya taka leda a rashin nasarar York a gasar Premier wasan karshe na 2010 a filin wasa na Wembley kuma ya sake gamawa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye, a wannan karon da kwallaye 34. Ya shiga Crawley Town a cikin watan Agusta 2010 akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba, kuma tare da su ya ci taken Babban Taron a 2010-11 .
Ya shiga Fleetwood Town akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci don 2011 – 12, ya lashe taken Babban Taron Babban Taron na biyu a cikin yanayi da yawa. Brodie yana da lamuni tare da Morecambe da Grimsby Town a kan 2012–13, kuma bayan da Crawley ya sake shi ya shiga Gateshead . An ba shi rancen zuwa Hereford United da Southport, yana shiga na dindindin a cikin 2014. Bayan ya kasance babban dan wasan Southport da kwallaye 14 a cikin 2014–15, Brodie ya koma Aldershot Town amma ya gama 2015–16 tare da gundumar Stockport . Ya koma York a cikin 2016, amma an sake shi a shekara mai zuwa bayan lamuni da Macclesfield Town . Wannan ya biyo bayan gajerun lokuta tare da Boston United da Southport. Ya kammala shekaru na ƙarshe na aikinsa na wasa tare da sihiri a Skelmersdale United, Solihull Moors, Rushall Olympic, Warrington Town, Ramsbottom United da Ilkeston Town . Ya buga wa tawagar C ta Ingila wasanni biyu daga 2008 zuwa 2009.
Aikin kulob
Rayuwar farko da aiki
An haifi Brodie a Gateshead, Tyne da Wear, kuma ya girma a cikin garin a matsayin mai goyon bayan Sunderland . Ya halarci Makarantar Whickham kuma ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ga ƙungiyar gundumar Gateshead yana matashi. Daga baya ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na matasa tare da Whickham Fellside Juniors tun yana dan shekara 10 zuwa 16, Redheugh Boys Club, inda ya zira kwallaye shida a nasarar 14 – 2 akan Consett Badgers a watan Maris 2004, da kuma kungiyar Durham County karkashin 18, wanda ke nuna a gasar cin kofin matasa na gundumar FA a watan Nuwamba. Brodie ya fara babban aikinsa a shekara ta 2004 bayan ya yi maye gurbinsa da Whickham a cikin Semi-professional Northern League Division Biyu kafin ya buga musu wasa na dindindin yana da shekara 17. Ya ci hat-trick ga Whickham a nasara da ci 5–3 a kan Marske United a watan Nuwamba 2005. Ya zira kwallaye 21 a raga a wasanni 35 don Whickham kuma shine babban dan wasan su a kakar 2005 – 06.
Brodie ya koma kulob din Newcastle Benfield na Division One na Arewa a lokacin bazara na 2006 kuma ya zama sanannen dan wasa a kulob din. Wannan matakin ya biyo bayan burge kociyan Benfield Paul Baker a wasa tsakanin kungiyoyin, inda Brodie ya yaba da yanayinsa. Yayin wasa na ƙwararru, Brodie ya ɗauki horo na ɗan lokaci a cikin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin ɗan shiga na cikakken lokaci. Ya ci wa Benfield kwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunci da Newcastle United a watan Satumba, wanda aka tashi da ci 4-3. Brodie ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Cammell Laird da ci 2-0 da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 25. yadi. Ya taimaka wa Benfield samun nasara a wasan FA na Vase da suka yi da Castle Vale a watan Disamba ta hanyar zura kwallo ta biyu a cikin nasara da ci 2–0, wanda ya kafa zagaye na biyar da Truro City . Kungiyar Premier ta Bolton Wanderers ce ta gurfanar da shi a gaban shari'a kuma ya buga musu wasa a gasar kananan yara da aka yi a Faransa, wadda ta kare ba a yi nasara ba bayan buga shi a tsakiya . Ya zura kwallaye 3 a wasanni 11 da ya buga wa Benfield.
Birnin York
Bayan da ya taka rawar gani a karawar da kulob din York City na Conference National a wasan zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin FA, Brodie ya yi gwaji tare da kulob din kuma ya taka leda a kungiyar tasu, yayin da kuma aka ba shi damar taka leda a Benfield a gasar FA. Ya sanya hannu don York a ranar ƙarshe na canja wuri, 31 Janairu 2007, akan kwangila har zuwa ƙarshen 2006 – 07 don ƙimar ƙima. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na York da kwallo ta uku a cikin nasara da ci 4-0 a wajen Altrincham a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2007, bayan ya shiga wasan a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin na mintuna 64. An kore shi yayin wasan North Riding Senior Cup wasa don ajiyar York da Scarborough a cikin Fabrairu 2007, amma dakatarwar ba ta fara aiki ba sai bayan kwanaki 14, ma'ana ya sami damar buga jagororin gasar Dagenham & Redbridge . York ya kasance na hudu a cikin National Conference National kuma Brodie ya taka leda a duka kafafu biyu na wasan kusa da karshe na rashin nasara a hannun Morecambe, ya rasa 2–1 akan jimillar, kuma ya gama kakar tare da bayyanar 14 da burin 1. A cikin Mayu 2007, York ya yi amfani da zaɓi don tsawaita kwangilarsa don 2007-08 .
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987 |
22382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Samun%20Wadatattun%20Sutura | Yancin Samun Wadatattun Sutura | Yancin samun wadatattun sutura, ko' yancin sanya tufafi, an amincewa da shi a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin wasu kayan aiki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa ; wannan, tare da haƙƙin abinci da haƙƙin zama, ɓangarori ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kamar yadda aka sani a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 11 na Yarjejeniyar onasa ta Duniya kan Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR). Hakanan an yarda da haƙƙin sutura a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR).
Masu cin gajiyar
Hakkin sanya sutura wani bangare ne na 'yancin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, kuma don hakan, ana daukarsa a matsayin wani abu da ya kamata a tabbatar don hana mutane rayuwa a karkashin talauci. Lallai, sanya sutura alama ce ta talauci mai girma da Kuma arziki:
Don nuna yadda ake da damar samun suturar da ke akwai, Dakta Stephen James ya samar da jerin wasu wadatattun masu cin gajiyar hakkin mafi karancin sutura. Wadanda suka hada da wannan jerin mutanen sune wadanda suka fi fama da rashin sutura, kamar su:
Masu karamin karfi, gami da marasa aikin yi, marasa karfi da aiki ;
An fansho da sauransu sun dogara da tsaro na zamantakewa ;
Marassa matsuguni da sauransu a cikin rashin matsuguni;
Waɗanda ke cikin masaukin gaggawa (alal misali, wuraren neman mata ), ko na hali ko masu zaman kansu (gami da masaukin sadaka);
Tsofaffi, ko kuma a cikin keɓaɓɓun gidaje ko hayar haya, ko na jiha, na kasuwanci ko na jinƙai gidajen kula da jinya, asibitoci da masu kula da asibiti;
Mutanen da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya ta hankali ko na rashin ƙarfi na tunani ko na jiki (ko suna rayuwa a gida ba tare da kansu ba, tare da danginsu ko wasu, ko kuma a kungiyoyi Yanki na al'ummomi rabin-gida-gida, asibitoci na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu da sauran cibiyoyi);
Yara da matasa, musamman marayu da yara masu laifi a cikin kulawa, makarantun jihohi ko wuraren tsare mutane;
Marasa lafiya da wadanda suka ji rauni a asibitoci (ko cibiyoyin gyarawa), gami da waɗanda ake kula da su saboda shaye-shaye da sauran masu dogaro da ƙwayoyi ;
Fursunoni, a tsare ko akasin haka;
Ma'aikata a cikin masana'antun haɗari (alal misali, masana'antar kera sinadarai da masana'antar hakar ma'adanai ), ko kuma suna aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayi na matsi (misali, masu gumi ), waɗanda rayuwarsu ko lafiyarsu ta dogara da tufafin kariya (haɗe da masu aikin yara);
'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke rayuwa a cikin talauci;
'Yan Gudun Hijira, masu neman mafaka, da kuma ma'aikatan bakin haure (musamman wadanda ke aiki a kasuwannin bayan fage ba bisa ka'ida ba); kuma,
Wadanda ke fama da bala'o'i, rikice-rikicen cikin gida, yakin basasa da na duniya (gami da fursunonin yaƙi ), zalunci na kisan kare dangi da sauran ɓarna.
Rashin tattaunawa a game da haƙƙin sutura ya haifar da rashin tabbas game da burin dama da kuma yawan tufafi da ake buƙata. Masani Matthew Craven ya lura cewa mafi ƙarancin matakin tufafi shine abin da ake buƙatar samarwa; yana da "mahimmin mahimmanci ba kadan ba saboda a mafi karancin matakan yana wakiltar batun rayuwa." Wannan abin da ake buƙata na "mafi ƙarancin" ko "isasshe" ana nuna shi a cikin rahotanni daga Kwamitin UNancin Haƙƙin Yara ( UN) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma rahoto daga Consortium For Street Children, kazalika a matsayin yawan Janar Bayani daga Kwamitin Kula da Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) dangane da tsofaffi, nakasassu, da ma'aikata. Akwai, duk da haka, babu wata alama game da abin da irin wannan mafi ƙarancin "ƙarancin" ko "isasshen" daidaiton ya ƙunsa: hakika, ba safai ba ne CESCR ya yi tambayar wata ƙungiya ta ICESCR game da aikinta game da haƙƙin sutura ko tufafi.
An sami takaitaccen sharhin ilimi game da burin 'yancin sanya sutura dangane da' yan gudun hijira. James Hathaway ya bayar da hujjar cewa ya kamata 'yan gudun hijirar su samu suturar da za ta dace da yanayin kuma ta wadatar da duk wani aiki ko wasu mukamai da suke fatan aiwatarwa. Bugu da ƙari, bai kamata a tilasta su sanya kowane irin tufafin da zai haifar da ƙyamar jama'a ko nuna bambanci a matsayin baƙi ba. A gefe guda kuma, duk da haka, idan 'yan gudun hijirar suka zabi sanya tufafin da ke wakiltar al'adunsu, kasar da suka fito ko kuma al'ummarsu, suna da kariya a karkashin doka ta 27 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa don yin hakan. Kwamitin kan Hakkin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya karkata zuwa ga amfani da fassarar takamaiman mahallin kan abin da ya isa daidaiton sutura; ya zuwa yanzu, ba a yi la'akari da haƙƙi a cikin azancin sa gaba ɗaya a cikin sharhi na gaba ɗaya ba.
Hakkin mallakar sutura ko tufafi an yarda dashi a cikin gida tsawon shekaru dubbai - aƙalla sashi - amma ya sami ƙarancin sanarwa a yanayin duniya saboda wasu dalilai. Ba a bayyana dalilin da ya sa ake samun rashin ganewa ba; wani marubucin ya ba da shawarar cewa rashin bayani dalla-dalla ya samo asali ne saboda bambancin bukatun al'adu da bukatunsu. Koyaya, wannan bayanin an ɗauke shi a matsayin "ba mai yiwuwa ba ne": Dr James ya lura cewa "[c] bambancin al'adu, muhalli da tattalin arziki a cikin 'buƙatu da buƙatu' tabbas suna da alama game da gidaje, lafiya kamar yadda suke a ciki dangantaka da sutura, amma wannan bai hana ba da cikakken bayani ba game da waɗancan haƙƙoƙin a cikin dokokin duniya. " Masani Matthew Craven ya kammala a shekarata 1995 cewa:
Koyaya, Dr James ya sake cewa: "... babu wani daga cikinmu da zai yi sakaci cewa ba za mu tsinci kanmu cikin bukatar wadatattun sutura ba. Hakkin yana da mahimmancin amfani sosai. 'Yanci ne mai mahimmanci, ba ado ko wauta ba ta shari'a ". Ya kuma yi kira da a cigaba da tattaunawa da sharhin ilimi, yana jayayya da hakan:
Hulɗa tsakanin haƙƙin sutura da sauran haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam
Kamar yadda haƙƙin tufafi ya shafi irin wannan mahimmin al'amari na ɗan'adam, a dabi'ance yana hulɗa da wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke ƙunshe cikin wasu kayan aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
Hakkin rayuwa
Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa, kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na uku na UDHR. Koyaya, idan mutane ba sa suturar da ta dace, sun fi kyau fuskantar yanayi. Ba tare da dumi tufafi, wani mutum zai iya da kyau mutu daga hypothermia a lokacin da wani sanyi da hunturu; suturar da ba ta dace ba, a gefe guda, na iya taimakawa ga zafin jiki, rashin ruwa da gajiya a lokacin bazara ko a yanayin zafi. Bugu da ƙari kuma, rashin wadatattun tufafi na iya ƙara ɗaukar hotuna zuwa hasken ultraviolet ; kara rashin lafiyar jiki da yanayin fata; da kuma tsananta yanayin kiwon lafiya da suka kasance.
Bugu da ƙari, samun damar zuwa wajen likita - kamar yadda aka tabbatar a karkashin Mataki na 25 na UDHR da kuma Mataki na 12 na ICESCR - ana iya hana ta ta hanyar rashin wadatattun kayan sawa, musamman idan ba a samun damar saye da suttura mai warkarwa ko takalmin ƙafa ko tsada.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki
Sanya tufafi - ko fiye daidai, zaɓar waɗancan tufafi da za a sa - shine, ga mutane da yawa, wani muhimmin bangare na bayyanawa kamar yadda aka tabbatar a ƙarƙashin Mataki na 19 na UDHR. Mutanen da ke da babban nakasa na iya yin suturar da ba ta dace ba, suna musun maganganun da suke so. Bugu da ƙari, tilasta sanya sutura mai datti, yage, mara kyau da ma tsofaffin tufafi na iya kiran izgili da raini da kuma haifar da kunya. Wannan na iya zama gaskiya musamman ga yaran makaranta - iyaye na iya yin jinkirin la’akari da tura yaro zuwa makaranta sakamakon gori da kunya da aka kawo ta tufafin da yaron ya sanya. Ya kamata a ke rarrabewa, duk da haka, tsakanin waɗanda aka tilasta musu sa rigunan da suka yage, marasa kyau ko tsofaffin kayan aiki da waɗanda suka sani sanye da sanya irin waɗannan tufafi a matsayin 'bayanin sanarwa'.
'Yanci daga wariya
Tufafin da mutane suka zaɓi sanyawa na iya gano abubuwa da yawa game da mutum: alaƙar addini, ƙabila, asalin ƙasa ko siyasa, al'ada, ko launin fata. Za a iya gardama da shi, tufafin da matalauci yake sawa zai iya nuna talaucinsu. Wannan alamar talauci ko talaucin halin tattalin arziki na iya zama sanadin wariya da zagi. Ari akan haka, tufafi wanda yake da banbancin al'ada ko kuma yake nuna alaƙar addini na iya haifar da wariya kuma ya haifar da ƙin damar jama'a, tattalin arziki, ko siyasa da kasuwanci.
Hakki zuwa 'yanci daga zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutum ko horo
Akwai babbar dama ga "cin zarafin amana, don wulakanci da cin zarafi iri-iri a cikin likitanci da tsarin hukumomi, musamman dangane da mata da yara, nakasassu da tsofaffi." Idan aka hana mutum samun wadatattun sutura - musamman tufafi masu mahimmanci, kamar su kayan ciki - mai yiyuwa ne a sanya su cikin rauni ga danniya, rashin mutuntaka, ko wulakanta mutum ko hukunci a karkashin doka ta 5 ta UDHR. Irin wannan musun zai hada da karbar tufafi da karfi, kuma yana da matukar muhimmanci a mahallin tsarewa da gidajen yari: "[o] ne a zahiri ana iya barin shi tsirara a tsakiyar karfin mulki, wani mummunan yanayi da ake gani sau da yawa a gidajen yari, a cikin yaki da sansanonin tattara hankali. " Misalan irin wannan cin zarafin a gidan yarin Abu Ghraib da ke Iraki da Guantanamo Bay sun gano sun haifar da cututtukan hankali, gami da rikicewar tashin hankali, sakamakon tilasta wa fursunoni yin tsirara da farati a gaban mata masu gadi, da kuma wadanda ake tsare da maza ana tilasta musu su sanya kayan mata.
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese]
[Versions in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian and Chinese] |
42188 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20M%C3%BCller | Thomas Müller | Thomas Müller (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta 1989) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Jamus wanda ke taka leda a kulob din Bundesliga na Bayern Munich da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Jamus . Müller an tura shi a cikin iri-iri na kai hari – a matsayin mai kai hari a tsakiya, na biyu dan wasan gaba, tsakiyar gaba, kuma a kan kowane reshe . An yaba wa Müller saboda matsayinsa, aiki tare, juriya, da kuma yawan aiki, kuma ya nuna daidaito a duka biyun zura kwallo da samar da raga. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kowane lokaci saboda sanin matsayinsa. Müller ne ke rike da tarihin wanda ya fi taimakawa a Bundesliga, inda ya ci kwallaye 168.
Wani samfurin tsarin matasa na Bayern, Müller ya wakilci kulob din tun lokacin baya. Ya yi nasara a wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010 bayan an nada Louis van Gaal a matsayin babban koci; ya buga kusan kowane wasa yayin da kulob din ya lashe gasar lig da kofin sau biyu kuma ya kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai . Müller ya zira kwallaye 23 a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013 yayin da Bayern ta lashe kofin tarihi ; gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, gasar zakarun Turai . Ya karya rikodin Bundesliga na taimakawa ta hanyar samar da 21 a cikin kakar wasa (rakodin a cikin manyan lig-lig guda biyar tare da Lionel Messi a La Liga ) kuma ya zira kwallaye 14 a raga yayin da Bayern ta lashe kofi na biyu a kakar shekarar, 2019zuwa 2020 .
Müller ya samu kira zuwa ga bugawa tawagar kasar Jamus agasa rkofin duniya na shekarar, 2010. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2010 ya zira kwallaye biyar a wasanni shida da ya buga yayin da Jamus ta kare a matsayi na uku . An nada shi mafi kyawun matashin dan wasan gasar kuma ya lashe kyautar takalmin zinare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar, tare da kwallaye biyar da taimako uku . A gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe kofin, inda ya zura kwallaye biyar tare da karbar kyautar Azurfa a matsayin dan wasa na biyu a gasar da kuma Boot Silver a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye na biyu, kuma an sanya sunan shi a cikin gasar. Kofin Duniya All-Star XI kuma a cikin Mafarki Team . A cikin shekara ta, 2014, Müller ya kasance a matsayi na biyar mafi kyawun ƙwallon ƙafa a duniya ta The Guardian . Müller shi ne dan wasan kwallon kafa na Jamus da ya fi kowa ado a tarihi, inda ya lashe kofuna 32.
Wassani a kulob
Müller ya taka leda a matsayin matashi ga tawagar TSV Pähl, kuma yana da shekaru 10 ya tafiya mai nisan kilomita 50 don shiga cikin gida na Bundesliga Bayern Munich a shekara ta, 2000. Ya ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin matasa kuma yana cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙare ta biyu a gasar Bundesliga ta ƙasa da 19 a shekara ta, 2007.
Tawagar Bayern Munich
Ya fara buga wasansa na farko ga kungiyar ajiyar a watan Maris a shekara ta, 2008 lokacin da ya maye gurbin Stephan Fürstner a wasan Regionalliga da SpVgg Unterhaching, wanda ya zira kwallaye. Ya sake buga wasanni biyu na Regionalliga a cikin kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, yayin da yake ci gaba da taka leda a kungiyar 'yan kasa-19. A kakar wasa ta gaba, tazarar ta biyu ta Bayern ta cancanci shiga sabbin 3 da aka kafa. Liga, kuma Müller ya kafa kansa a matsayin babban dan wasa - ya taka leda a cikin wasanni 32 cikin 38 kuma ya zira kwallaye 15 sau don sanya shi zama dan wasa na biyar a gasar.
Kakar 2010-11
Müller ya dawo ne daga hutun da ya yi bayan yaci gasar cin kofin duniya inda ya sake rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya, a wannan karon ya tsawaita zamansa a Bayern har zuwa shekara ta, 2015. Kamar yadda yake tare da duk mahalarta gasar cin kofin duniya na Bayern, ya rasa yawancin wasannin pre-season, kuma wasansa na farko shine Supercup da Schalke 04 a ranar 7 ga Agusta. An sanya sunan shi a farkon 11, kuma ya zura kwallon farko a ci 2-0. Makonni biyu bayan haka ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Bayern Munich a wasan da suka doke VfL Wolfsburg da ci 2-1 a gida.
Kakar 2013-14
Müller ya fara wasa a kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 karkashin jagorancin sabon koci Pep Guardiola ta hanyar buga gasar cin kofin Jamus. A ranar 5 ga Agusta, Müller ya ci hat-trick yayin da Bayern ta ci 5–0 a wasan zagayen farko na DFB-Pokal na shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 da Schwarz-Weiß Rehden . A wasan farko na Bayern na shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 na Bundesliga, Müller ya yi rashin nasara a bugun fanariti a karon farko. Bayan dakika guda, ceton bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ya yi hannun Álvaro Domínguez wanda hakan ya haifar da wani bugun fanareti wanda David Alaba ya rama. Bayan haka, Müller ya ce, "Har yanzu ina farin cikin shan bugun fanareti, amma ina ganin David Alaba ne babban wanda ya kai bugun tazara a yanzu." Ya buga gasar UEFA Super Cup .
Kakar 2014-15
Bayan kakar shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 ta wuce, Müller ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragi da zai ci gaba da zama a Bayern har zuwa shekarar, 2019 kuma ya ki amincewa da tayin kwangila daga Manchester United . Müller ya taka leda a DFL-Supercup, wanda shine wasan farko na Bayern a kakar shekarar, 2014 zuwa 2015 . Bayern ta sha kashi a wasan da ci 2-0. Burinsa na farko na kakar wasa shine a kan Preußen Münster a cikin DFB-Pokal a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2014. Sai kuma a wasan farko na Bundesliga, a ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2014, Müller ya zura kwallon farko a ragar Bayern Munich a wasan Bundesliga da VfL Wolfsburg. Bayern ta ci wasan da ci 2-1.
Salon wasa
Ana iya kwatanta rawar da Müller ke takawa a matsayin mai kai hare-hare a cikin wasa , ƙwararren ɗan wasa wanda ke da ikon taka rawa a wurare daban-daban. Yayin da ya zo ta tsarin matasa, ana ganinsa da farko a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya, amma tun lokacin da ya shiga cikin rukuni na farko an yi amfani da shi a cikin karin hare-hare. Bayern Munich yawanci taka a 4–2–3–1 samuwar, kuma Müller ne mafi sau da yawa wani ɓangare na uku kai hare-haren tsakiya a baya na tsakiya dan wasan . Zai iya taka rawa a kowane matsayi na tsakiya na kai hare-hare amma yawanci yana bugawa tsakiya a Bayern, amma kuma ya taka leda a bangaren dama, musamman ma Jamus. An yi amfani da shi a tsakiyar kai hari a matsayin dan wasan gaba da waje a wani lokaci, ko ma a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haifi Müller a Weilheim a Oberbayern, a kasar Bavaria. Ya girma a ƙauyen Pähl da ke kusa, wanda ya zama cibiyar kula da kafofin watsa labaru a lokacin cin kofin duniya. Iyayensa su ne Klaudia da Gerhard, kuma yana da ɗan’uwa Simon, wanda yake ɗan shekara biyu da rabi.
Müller ya auri budurwarsa Lisa Trede, ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar dawaki wacce ke aiki a gona, a watan Disamba 2009 bayan an ɗaure shi tsawon shekaru biyu. A watan Yuni shekara ta 2011, ya zama jakada na YoungWings, sadaka da ke taimaka wa yaran da suka sha wahala ko rauni.
Kididdigar Wasanni
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32486 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Sabuwar%20Doya%20na%20Igbo | Bikin Sabuwar Doya na Igbo | Bikin Sabuwar Doya na kabilar Igbo (Orureshi a yankin idoma, Iwa ji, Iri ji ko Ike ji, Otute dangane da yare) bikin al'adu ne na shekara-shekara da kabilar Igbo ke gudanarwa a ƙarshen damina da wuri. Agusta.
Ana gudanar da bikin Iri ji (a zahiri "cin sabon-doya") a duk faɗin Afirka ta Yamma (musamman a Najeriya da Ghana) da sauran ƙasashen Afirka da ma bayan haka, wanda ke nuna alamar ƙarshen girbi da kuma farkon tsarin aiki na gaba. Bikin ya yi daidai da al'adu, inda ya hada al'ummar Igbo guda daya a matsayin masu noma da dogaro da doya, sarkin amfanin gona.
Al'adar Igbo
Doya na daga cikin kayan amfanin gona na farko da za a fara shukawa a farkon lokacin noman. Tsakanin Afrilu da Agusta, ana girbe amfanin gona na farko kamar masara, koko, da kuma kabewa kuma ana ci ba tare da ƙora ba. Don haka bikin sabuwar doya biki ne da ke nuna yadda doya ta yi fice a cikin zamantakewa da al’adun kabilar Ibo. A wasu al’ummar Igbo, duk wani tsohon dawa (daga noman shekarar da ta gabata) dole ne a sha ko kuma a watsar da shi a jajibirin bikin Sabuwar Dowa. Washegari, jita-jita na dawa ne kawai ake yi a wurin bukin, domin bikin alama ce ta yawan amfanin gona.
Ko da yake salo da hanyoyin na iya bambanta daga wannan al'umma zuwa na gaba, muhimman abubuwan da suka haɗa da bikin sun kasance iri ɗaya ne. A wasu al'ummomi, ana yin bikin ne tsawon yini guda, yayin da a wurare da yawa ana iya yin mako guda ko fiye. Wadannan shagulgulan sun hada da nishadi da bukukuwa iri-iri, da suka hada da yadda Igwe (Sarki) ko babban mutum yake yi, da raye-rayen al'adu na maza da mata da 'ya'yan kabilar Igbo. Bikin ya kunshi ayyukan al'adun kabilar Igbo ta hanyar nunin nunin zamani, raye-rayen raye-raye, da faretin tufafi.
Liyafa na Ịwa-ji
Galibi, a farkon biki, ana bayar da doya ga gumaka da kakanni kafin a raba wa mutanen kauye. Ana yin al'ada ko dai ta babban mutum a cikin al'umma ko kuma ta sarki ko fitaccen mai rike da mukami. Haka nan kuma wannan mutumi yana bayar da doya ga Allah da gumaka da kakanni ta hanyar nuna godiya ga Allah madaukakin sarki bisa kariyar da ya yi da shi wajen ja-gorancinsa daga lokacin rani zuwa lokacin girbi mai albarka ba tare da mutuwa sakamakon yunwa ba. Bayan addu'ar godiya ga Ubangijinsu, sai su ci doya ta farko domin an yi imanin cewa matsayinsu ya ba da damar zama masu shiga tsakani tsakanin al'ummarsu da gumakan ƙasar. An yi bikin ne domin nuna godiyar al’umma ga alloli da suka sa aka samu noman amfanin gona, kuma ana bin su sosai duk da sauye-sauyen zamani da aka samu saboda tasirin addinin Kiristanci a yankin. Don haka, wannan ya bayyana abubuwa uku na ra’ayin Ibo, cewa su na aiki ne, da addini, da kuma godiya.
Ranar alama ce ta jin daɗi bayan lokacin noma, kuma ana raba yalwar tare da abokai da masu fatan alheri. Bukukuwa iri-iri na nuna cin sabuwar doya. raye-rayen jama'a, raye-raye, fareti, da jam'iyyu suna haifar da gogewar da wasu mahalarta suka sifanta da "art"; biki mai ban sha'awa wani abin kallo ne na nuna farin ciki, godiya, da nunin al'umma.
Akan gasa doya da ake amfani da ita wajen gudanar da babban biki a sha da man dabino (mmanụ nri). Har ila yau, Iwa ji yana da kamanceceniya da bikin tsakiyar kaka na Asiya, saboda duka biyun sun dogara ne akan zagayowar wata kuma ainihin bukukuwan girbin al'umma ne.
Wannan taron yana da mahimmanci a kalandar al'ummar Igbo a duk faɗin duniya.
Girbin doya da kuma shagulgulan allolin ƙasar ta hanyar bukin Sabuwar Yam alama ce ta imani da mutane suka yi na addini ga Allah maɗaukakin Sarki. Zuwan sabon wata a watan Agusta shi ne shirye-shiryen babban bikin "Iri Ji Ohu", amma lokaci da yanayin shiri ya bambanta daga al'umma zuwa al'umma.
Bikin Sabon Yam wani taron fasaha ne mai jan hankali. Bikin mai kayatarwa wani abin kallo ne na hadin kai, raye-raye, murna da liyafa, bikin baje kolin shekara-shekara ga al’umma, domin nuna karshen kakar noma, bikin da jama’a ke nuna jin dadinsu ga wadanda suka taimaka musu girbi mai tarin yawa. girbi.
Duba kuma
Bikin Ikeji
Bikin Ito Ogbo
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje |
32998 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Foster | Jacqueline Foster | Jacqueline Foster, Baroness Foster na Oxton, DBE ( née Renshaw ) yar siyasa ce a jam'iyyar Conservative ta Biritaniya kuma tsohon memba ne a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila.
A watan Disamban 2020, aka sanarwar cewa za a ba ta Matsayin Rayuwa bayan nadin da Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya yi a matsayin wani bangare na Darajojin Siyasa na 2020. A cikin Janairu 2021, an kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin Baroness Foster of Oxton, na Oxton a karkashin gundumar Merseyside.
Fara aiki
An haifi Jacqueline Foster a Liverpool kuma ta yi karatu a Prescot Girls' Grammar School. Ta yi aiki a British Airways na sama da shekaru ashirin.
Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1985 ta bar British Airways kuma ta zama Manaja a Austria don Horizon, Ma'aikaciyar Yawon shakatawa ta Burtaniya kafin ta koma British Airways bayan shekaru hudu. A cikin 1989, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cabin Crew '89, ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Sakatare. Ta ci gaba da aiki a British Airways har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe ta matsayin MEP a 1999. Ta kuma zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Faransa da Sifaniya. Tana fahimtar harsunan Faransanci da Jamusanci.
Shiga siyasa
A shekarar 1988, bayan jawabin Bruges da Margaret Thatcher, ta yi adawa da shigar Biritaniya cikin tsarin kudaden Turai guda ɗaya tare da shiga cikin Sashin zamantakewa. Tare da gogewarta na rayuwa da aiki a Turai, koyaushe tana riƙe da ƙwaƙƙwaran Euro.
Foster ta haɗe ayyukan ta na ƙungiyar kasuwanci tare da kuma harkokin ta na memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative, aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Twickenham Conservative Association da kuma rike da ofisoshin siyasa na son rai iri-iri na yankin Greater London. A babban zaɓe na 1992, ta kasance 'yar takarar Conservative a Newham South, kujera ta Labour a gabashin London. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, Foster ta yanke yawancin Labour. An tantance ta a matsayin ‘yar takarar Eastleigh a zaben fidda gwani na shekarar 1994 amma ta sha kaye a zaben.
1997 babban zaben Burtaniya
Ta ci gaba da neman zaɓe kuma a Nuwamban 1995 ne Eric Forth ya kada ta a zaɓen yankunan Bromley da Chislehurst . A cikin watan Agusta 1996 an zabe ta don zama ɗan ƙaramin kujera na Peterborough, inda dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Brian Mawhinney ke ƙaura zuwa wani yanki da ke kusa. Ta koma Peterborough don yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma tana cikin ƴan takara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a wannan zaɓen da suka ayyana adawarsu da kuɗaɗen Turai guda .
Zaben Turai na 1999
A zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 1999, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa maso Yamma sun zabi Foster a matsayin na biyar a jerin 'yan takarar su. Ta lashe kujerar karshe da aka samu akan tsarin rukunonin.
Aiki a matsayin MEP
A lokacin wannan wa'adi na farko , an zabe ta a kowacce shekara a matsayin shugabar muhimmin kwamiti na MEPs.
Ayyukanta na siyasa sun kasance a matsayin mai magana da yawun masu ra'ayin rikau kan harkokin sufuri da yawon bude idanu da kuma mamba a kwamitin masana'antu. Ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, tare da wasu ayyuka da suka hada da sufuri ta ruwa, titina da jiragen kasa.
Bayan ibtila'in 9/11 Foster ta kasance mai Rapporteur/mai tsara labari na Dokokin wanda suka gabatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin tsaro a filayen jirgin saman Turai. Wannan ya hada da sabbin ka’idoji da suka bukaci a rika tantance ma’aikatan filin jirgin yayin da suke shiga wurare masu muhimmanci, kamar yadda ya faru a Burtaniya.
Ta goyi bayan yunƙuri na buƙatar kamfanonin jiragen sama don biyan fasinjojin da suka rasa tashin jiragensu. Sauran bangarorin da ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da:
Single Turai Sky, ATM, GNSS, Galileo (sabon tsarin tauraron dan adam);
Ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kare Jiragen Sama ta Turai (European Air Safety Agency "EASA"); Rahoton abin da ya faru
Ramummuka, Hayaniyar Ground-handling da Pax hakkokin;
Ayyukan Crew da Buɗe yarjejeniyar tashin jirage.
Ta kasance kuma memba na Sky & Space Parliamentary Intergroup.
A matsayinta na mamba a majalisar hadin gwiwa ta kasashen Afirka, Caribbean da Pacific (ACP) ta zama mai magana da yawun majalisar dokokin da kasar Zimbabwe, inda daga baya aka hana ta shiga kasar.
Cin nasara a 2004; sake zabe a 2009
An sake zabar Foster a matsayin 'yar takara a zaben majalisar Turai na 2004 a matsayi na hudu a jerin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, don haka ba a sake zabe ba lokacin da Conservatives suka lashe kujeru uku kawai. Bayan da ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Airbus kan dokokin EU bayan da aka nada ta Shugabar Harkokin Turai na Aerospace, Space and Defence Industries (ASD), wanda ke Brussels . Ta ci gaba da taka rawa a waɗannan yankuna a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Sky & Space Parliamentary Intergroup.
A shekarar 2009 ta zo ta uku a jerin 'yan takarar Conservatives na yankin Arewa maso Yamma a zaben majalisar Turai kuma an zabe ta a matsayin MEP, inda jam'iyyar Conservative ta lashe kujeru uku a karo na biyu. An sake nada ta a matsayin Kakakin Sufuri sannan kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugabar Sky & Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups na majalisar kuma a matsayin memba na Wakilan EU-US. Bugu da kari ta zauna a matsayin memba na kwamitin muhalli. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar 'yan mazan jiya na MEPs a 2013, kuma an sake zabar ta a kowace shekara. A cikin 2013, ta yi jayayya da Jam'iyyar Conservative tana da yarjejeniyar zaɓe tare da Jam'iyyar Independence ta Burtaniya.
Zaben Turai na 2014
Foster ta cinye kuri'u a jerin 'yan takarar Arewa maso Yamma na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 . Conservatives sun riƙe MEPs biyu.
Bayan zaben ne aka sake nada ta a matsayin mai magana da yawun sufuri, wacce ta kasance kwararra a fannin sufurin jiragen sama da na sama kamar da, kuma ta kasance mai magana da yawun yawon bude ido. Ita ce mai tsara shirin 'Rahoto kan Amintaccen Amfani da RPAS' (drones) a cikin farar hula. Ta ci gaba da zama a Kwamitin Muhalli. Ta ci gaba da aiki kan harkokin tsaro tare da hukumomin Amurka da sauran kasashen duniya. An sake zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyoyin majalissar Sky & Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups. Ta kasance memba a Wakilin EU/US kuma an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Ostiraliya/New Zealand tare da mai da hankali kan kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci.
Ana yawan gayyatar ta don yin jawabi ga taron jiragen sama/aerospace, irin su Royal Aeronautical Society (drones & emissions ciniki), da kuma kiranta don yin sharhin siyasa akan dukkan bangarorin biyu. Ita memba ce ta RAeS da kuma Kungiyar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Turai.
Foster ta kuma taka rawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi bangaren Sufurin Ruwa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta kuma Memba na Mersey Maritime Ltd. daga 2016 zuwa Yuni 2019.
An sake zabar Foster, ba tare da hamayya ba, a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban tawagar Conservatives na MEPs a watan Nuwamba 2018 yana aiki shekaru shida a cikin duka.
Ta tsaya takara a karshen wa'adin 2014-2019 kuma ba ta tsaya takara a zaben Turai na watan Mayun 2019 ba.
An nada ta shugabar din Conservative Clubs na Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 2010.
An nada Foster matsayin Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a Girmama Maulidan 2019.
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34841 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20basasar%20Najeriya | Yaƙin basasar Najeriya | Yaƙin basasar Najeriya (wanda ya fara daga 6 watan Yuli 1967 har zuwa 15 ga Janairu 1970), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Yakin Najeriya da Biafra ko yakin Biafra, yakine da aka gwabza tsakanin Najeriya da Jamhuriyar Biyafara, kasa ce mai ballewa wacce ta tabbatar 'yancin kanta daga Najeriya. a shekarar 1967. Janar Yakubu Gowon ne ya jagoranci Najeriya, yayin da Laftanar Kanar Chukwuemeka "Emeka" Odumegwu Ojukwu ya jagoranci kasar Biafra . Biafra dai na wakiltar kishin kasa ne na kabilar Ibo, wadanda shugabancinsu ke ganin ba za su iya zama tare da gwamnatin tarayya karkashin muradun Hausa-Fulani Musulmi na Arewacin Najeriya ba. Rikicin ya samo asali ne daga tashe-tashen hankula na siyasa, tattalin arziki, kabilanci, al'adu da addini wanda ya biyo bayan mayar da Najeriya mulkin mallaka daga Birtaniya a hukumance daga 1960 zuwa 1963. Abubuwan da suka haifar da yakin a 1966 sun hada da juyin mulkin soji, juyin mulki, da kuma masu kyamar Igbo a Arewacin Najeriya . Gudanar da ayyukan hakar mai da ake samun riba a yankin Neja Delta shi ma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, kuma ya kasance wani bangare na goyon bayan Faransa ga Biafra.
A cikin shekara guda, sojojin gwamnatin Najeriya sun yi wa kasar Biafra kawanya, inda suka kuma kame cibiyoyin mai a gabar teku da kuma birnin Fatakwal . An sanya shingen ne a matsayin manufar da aka yi niyya a lokacin da aka samu tashe-tashen hankula wanda ya haifar da yunwar da fararen hular Biafra ke yi. A cikin shekaru biyu da rabi da aka yi ana yakin, an sami asarar rayukan sojoji kusan dubu dari 100,000 gaba daya, yayin da tsakanin 500,000 zuwa 2 Miliyoyin fararen hula na Biafra sun mutu saboda yunwa.
A tare da Yaƙin Vietnam na lokaci ɗaya, Yaƙin basasar Najeriya na ɗaya daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na farko a tarihin ɗan adam da aka tallata ta hanyar talabijin zuwa sassa na duniya. A tsakiyar shekarar 1968, hotunan yaran Biafra masu fama da tamowa da yunwa sun cika kafafen watsa labarai na kasashen Yamma . Halin da masu fafutukar kafa kasar Biafra ke fama da shi ya zama sanadin ci gaba a kasashen ketare, lamarin da ya ba da damar samun karuwar kudade da kuma shaharar kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa. Biafra ta sami tallafin jin kai na kasa da kasa daga fararen hula a lokacin tashin jirgin saman Biafra, lamarin da ya karfafa kafa kungiyar likitocin da ba su da iyaka bayan karshen yakin. Birtaniya da Tarayyar Soviet su ne manyan masu goyon bayan gwamnatin Najeriya, yayin da Faransa, Isra'ila (bayan 1968) da wasu kasashe suka goyi bayan Biafra . Matsayin Amurka a hukumance daya ne na tsaka-tsaki, la'akari da Najeriya a matsayin "hakin Biritaniya", amma wasu na fassara hakan akan ƙin amincewa da Biafra da fifita gwamnatin Najeriya.
Bangaren kabilanci
Ana iya danganta yakin basasa da hadewar turawan mulkin mallaka a shekarar 1914 na Northern protectorate, Lagos Colony da Southern Nigeria protectorate (daga baya aka sake masa suna Gabashin Najeriya ), wanda aka yi niyya don ingantacciyar gwamnati saboda kusancin wadannan guraben . . Duk da haka, canjin bai yi la’akari da bambance-bambancen al’adu da addinan mutanen kowane yanki ba. Gasa don neman iko na siyasa da tattalin arziki ya ta'azzara tarzoma.
Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya a ranar 1 ga Oktoban 1960, da yawan jama'a 45.2 miliyan daya kunshi fiye da 300 kabilu da al'adu daban-daban . Lokacin da Najeriya ta yi mulkin mallaka, manyan kabilun ta uku su ne Igbo, wadanda suka kafa kusan kashi 60-70% na al'ummar Kudu maso Gabas; Hausa-Fulani na Masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 67% na al'ummar yankin arewacin kasar; da Yarbawa, wadanda suka kasance kusan kashi 75% na al'ummar yankin Kudu maso Yamma. Duk da cewa wadannan kungiyoyi suna da nasu na asali, amma a shekarun 1960, jama’a sun watsu a fadin Najeriya, inda dukkanin kabilun uku suka samu wakilci a manyan biranen kasar. . Lokacin da yakin ya barke a 1967, har yanzu akwai 'yan kabilar Igbo 5,000 a Legas .
Sarakunan gargajiya da Musulmi Hausa-Fulani a Arewa sun kasance mazan jiya da suka hada da sarakuna da suka hada da Sarkin Musulmi. An dauki wannan Sultan a matsayin tushen duk wani iko na siyasa da ikon addini.
Tsarin siyasar Yarbawa a kudu maso yamma, kamar na Hausa-Fulani, shi ma ya kunshi jerin sarakuna, Oba . Sarakunan Yarbawa kuwa, ba su da mulkin kama-karya fiye da na Arewa. Tsarin siyasa da zamantakewa na Yarbawa saboda haka ya ba da damar haɓaka motsi sama, bisa ga abin da aka samu maimakon dukiya da mukami da aka gada.
Siyasa da tattalin arzikin tarayya
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun raba Najeriya gida uku – Arewa, Yamma da Gabas—wani abu ne da ya kara ta’azzara bambance-bambancen da aka samu na tattalin arziki da siyasa da zamantakewa a tsakanin kabilu daban-daban na Najeriya. An raba kasar ta yadda Arewa ta fi yawan al’umma da yawa fiye da sauran yankuna biyu idan aka hade. Har ma a yau yawan jama'a ya kasance babban batu na siyasa a Najeriya. A kan haka ne aka bai wa yankin Arewa mafi yawan kujeru a Majalisar Tarayya da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka kafa. A cikin kowace shiyya guda uku, kabilun da suka fi rinjaye, Hausa-Fulani, Yarbawa, da Igbo, sun kafa jam’iyyun siyasa wadanda duk asalinsu na yanki ne kuma suka dogara da kabilanci : Jam’iyyar NPC ta Arewa; Kungiyar Action a Yamma (AG); da Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC) a Gabas. Duk da cewa wadannan jam’iyyu ba su kasance daya kadai ba ta fuskar kabilanci ko yankinsu, tarwatsewar Nijeriya ya yi sanadin kasancewar wadannan jam’iyyu da farko sun kasance a yanki daya da kabila daya. |
26607 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafofin%20Ya%C9%97a%20Labarai%20na%20korona | Kafofin Yaɗa Labarai na korona | Bayar da labarai game da cutar ta COVID-19 ta bambanta ta ƙasa, lokaci da kafofin watsa labarai. Kafofin yada labarai a lokaci guda sun ci gaba da sanar da masu kallo game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a yanzu da suka shafi cutar, kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga rashin fahimta ko labarai na karya .
Matsayi da yanayin ɗaukar hoto
A cikin Janairu 2020, cikakken watan farko da aka san barkewar cutar, Time ya rubuta labarai na Turanci 41,000 da ke ɗauke da kalmar "coronavirus", wanda 19,000 suka sanya shi cikin kanun labarai. An kwatanta wannan da cutar Ebola ta Kivu, wacce ke da labarai 1,800 da kanun labarai 700 a watan Agustan 2018. Paul Levinson, wani mai bincike a fannin sadarwa da nazarin kafofin watsa labaru, ya danganta wannan babban bambance-bambance ga koma bayan da aka dauka kan barkewar cutar Ebola a shekarar 2014, tare da damuwa game da sanya ido kan yadda kasar Sin ke yada labaran.
Recode ya ruwaito a 17 Maris cewa, daga 3,000 high-traffic labarai sites, a kusa da 1 bisa dari na buga articles suna da alaka da cuta, amma waɗanda articles janye a kusa da 13 bisa dari na duka ra'ayoyi, tare da subtopics kamar zamantakewa distancing, flattening da kwana da kuma keɓe kai kasancewa sananne musamman. Jimlar adadin labarin da kansa ya yi sama da kashi 30 cikin ɗari a tsakiyar Maris 2020 idan aka kwatanta da tsakiyar Maris 2019.
Wani bincike na kusan kanun labarai 141,000 na Turanci da ke da alaƙa da Coronavirus daga Janairu 15, 2020 zuwa Yuni 3, 2020 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na kanun labarai sun kori ra'ayi mara kyau yayin da kashi 30% kawai ke haifar da kyawawan halaye. Mawallafa sun nuna cewa kanun labarai suna ba da gudummawa ga tsoro da rashin tabbas wanda ke da mummunan sakamako na lafiya da tattalin arziki. Wani binciken ya gano cewa bidiyon labarai na kan layi ba su nuna dabarun magancewa da halayen lafiya ba kamar yadda za su iya. Wasu kuma suna ba da shawarar cewa ɗaukar labarai ya haifar da siyasantar da cutar ta kuma an ba da labarin sosai.
Takarda a watan Nuwamba 2020 daga Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziƙi na Ƙasa mai taken "Me yasa Duk Labaran COVID-19 Yake Mugun Labari?" ya gano cewa kashi 91% na labaran da manyan kafafen yada labarai na Amurka suka yi game da COVID-19 suna da sauti mara kyau idan aka kwatanta da kashi 54% na manyan kafofin watsa labarai a wajen Amurka da kashi 65% na mujallun kimiyya.
Batutuwa tare da bayanan karya da labaran karya sun haifar da haɓaka CoVerifi, dandamali wanda ke da yuwuwar taimakawa wajen magance COVID-19 "lalata".
An yi iƙirarin cewa tsawaita da tsawaita ɗaukar cutar na iya ba da gudummawa ga gajiyawar bayanan COVID-19, yana sa ya fi wahalar sadarwa sabbin bayanai.
Ba daidai ba
Adadin kantuna da hukumomin da ke rufe cutar ta COVID-19 tabbas za su kasance tushen rashin fahimta da rudani da ke da alaƙa da yada bayanan ƙwayoyin cuta da manufofin ƙasa da na jihohi. Dokta Sylvie Briand, Darakta na Sashen Shirye-shiryen Hatsari na Duniya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, ya ambata cewa daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kalubalen sadarwa shine rawar da kafofin watsa labarun ke takawa. Briand ya bayyana cewa hukumar ta WHO a hankali tana sa ido kan cutar sankara ta coronavirus a kafafen sada zumunta ta hanyar amfani da bayanan sirri. A cewar Cibiyar Bincike ta Pew, mashahuran hanyoyin samun labarai ga manya a Amurka sun haɗa da gidajen yanar gizon labarai da kafofin watsa labarun. Har ila yau, an rubuta Twitter a matsayin mafi yawan masu amfani da labaran da aka mayar da hankali a tsakanin sauran kafofin watsa labarun ƙwararriyar Romanian Sofia Bratu gudanar da wani bincike wanda ya yi la'akari da ra'ayin mutane game da tushen labaran karya ta hanyar binciken kusan 5000 'yan Amurka da kuma nazarin bayanai daga The Economist, Gallup, Pew Research Center, YouGov, a tsakanin sauran sanannun kungiyoyin bincike. Masana sun ba da shawarar cewa rashin fahimta shine laifi don haɓaka halayen danniya, raguwar lafiyar jiki da ta hankali da ke da alaƙa da damuwa, da ƙarin nauyi akan wuraren kiwon lafiya tare da marasa lafiya waɗanda ba su da alamun bayyanar da gaske ko kuma suna nuna alamun cutar a matsayin mummunan sakamako ga magunguna da jiyya na ƙarya. Koyaya, Brafu ya ambaci cewa tambayoyin da aka yi ta talabijin tare da waɗanda suka tsira daga COVID-19 na iya taimakawa a zahiri don rage damuwa, firgita, da tsoron mutuwa.
Wasu suna jayayya cewa ɗakunan labarai yakamata su taka rawa wajen tace bayanan da ba daidai ba kafin 'ba shi oxygen'. Duk da yake ba duk labaran karya ne ke jefa lafiya da amincin mutane cikin haɗari ba, bayanan da ke da alaƙa da COVID-19 na iya. Rahoton Niemen ya nuna cewa ya kamata gidajen labarai su yi aiki tare don isar da saƙon da ke da alaƙa da bayanan karya da rashin inganci ta hanyar zabar kanun labarai, kalmomi, da hotuna a hankali.
Misali na labaran karya da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 shine cewa ana iya yada kwayar cutar ta hanyar 5G . Wani kuma, cewa shugabannin gwamnati ne suka kirkiri kwayar cutar da hannu a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje ko kuma cinye sinadarin chlorine zai magance ko hana cutar. Sauran bayanan da ba a sani ba sun haɗa da cewa Vitamin C da tafarnuwa na iya magance cutar duk da cewa wannan ikirari ba a taɓa tabbatar da shi daga masana kiwon lafiya ba. Bayanan da ba daidai ba ya kuma haifar da nuna wariyar launin fata da nuna kyama ga mutanen Sinawa ta hanyar yin la'akari da cutar a matsayin "cutar Sinawa" ko "Cutar Wuhan" ko "Cutar China". Sakamakon wannan rashin fahimta da yawa shafukan yanar gizo na bincikar gaskiya sun bayyana waɗanda ke amfani da bayanai daga CDC da WHO don ɓoye bayanan gama gari.
Ta ƙasa
An tabbatar da shari'ar farko ta COVID-19, kamar yadda Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Kanada ta ruwaito, ta kasance ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2020 a cikin wani mutumin Toronto wanda ya yi tafiya kwanan nan zuwa Wuhan, China. An sanar da shari'ar farko a shafin Twitter na Jami'an Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Toronto.
Gwamnatin kasar Sin ta sha suka sosai kan yadda ta ke tantance girman barkewar cutar. Nan da nan bayan keɓewar farko na Wuhan da biranen da ke kusa, da farko kafofin watsa labaru na kasar Sin kamar jaridar People's Daily sun ƙarfafa shafukan sada zumunta na neman taimako tsakanin 'yan ƙasa a kan dandamali irin su Weibo. Bayan haka, 'yan jarida da yawa sun buga bayanan binciken da suka saba wa maganganun hukuma da kafofin yada labarai, wanda ke nuna cewa adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar a Wuhan ya fi yadda aka ruwaito.
An gano shari'o'in farko na COVID-19 a Jamus a cikin Janairu 2020. Takaddama ta barke kan labarin Janairu 2021 wanda jaridar Jamus Handelsblatt ta buga. Labarin ya bayyana cewa allurar AstraZeneca ba ta da tasiri ga tsofaffi, amma da yawa sun amsa cewa jaridar ta ba da bayanan da ba daidai ba.
An gano shari'ar farko ta COVID-19 a Sweden a ranar 4 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Mafi yawan ɗaukar hoto na Sweden ya faru ne a farkon Maris. Sweden ta sami kulawar kafofin watsa labaru da yawa saboda an yi la'akari da ita tana amfani da nata shirin, 'Swedish Model' na garken garken garken garken. Bincike ya duba yanayin watsa labarai da kuma yadda kafafen yada labarai suka rufe manufofin Sweden. Rachel Irwin, wata mai bincike daga Sweden, ta gano cewa akwai manyan jigogi guda shida: “ Rayuwa ta zama al’ada a Sweden, Sweden tana da dabarun rigakafin garken shanu. rashin bin shawarwarin WHO tsarin Sweden yana kasawa kuma 'Yan Sweden sun amince da gwamnati." Ta yi tsokaci cewa ba dukkanin bayanan ba a tsara su daidai ba. Ta rubuta wasiƙa zuwa Jaridar Likita ta Biritaniya tana mai cewa ɗaukar hoto ya nuna kuskuren manufofin COVID-19 a Sweden kuma ba ta da shirin "kariyar garken garken". Wani labarin ya nuna cewa kamar yadda wasu ƙasashe suka fito da manufofi daban-daban tsarin manufofin Sweden ya tafi daga "ƙarfin hali zuwa pariah".
Ƙasar Ingila
An tabbatar da shari'ar farko a Burtaniya, kamar yadda GOV ta ruwaito. UK, Janairu 30, 2020. A cikin bayar da rahoto game da barkewar cutar, jaridun tabloid na Biritaniya irin su The Sun da Daily Mail sun yi amfani da yaren da aka kwatanta da "mai jawo tsoro". A cewar Edelman 's Trust Barometer, 'yan jarida sun kasance mafi ƙarancin amintaccen tushen bayanai game da cutar ta Burtaniya, tare da kashi 43 cikin 100 na waɗanda aka bincikar sun amince da su don ba da rahoton gaskiya, a bayan jami'an gwamnati kuma "wanda ya fi shafa. kasashe" . Wannan ya kasance duk da kafofin watsa labarai na al'ada sune tushen tushen bayanai game da barkewar cutar a Burtaniya.
Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayu 2020 tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Oxford ya nuna cewa jama'ar Burtaniya suna nuna raguwar amincewa ga gwamnati a matsayin tushen bayanai. Kashi 48% ne kawai suka kimanta gwamnati amintacce, wanda ya ragu daga kashi 67% makonni shida da suka gabata. Haka kuma, kashi 38% na mutane suna bayyana cewa sun damu da karya ko yaudarar bayanan coronavirus daga gwamnati, adadi wanda ya kasance kashi 27% kawai makonni shida da suka gabata.
Shari'ar farko da aka tabbatar a Amurka, kamar yadda CDC ta ruwaito, ya kasance Janairu 22, 2020. Labaran labarai a Amurka sun fi na sauran ƙasashe, amma kuma ya taimaka haɓaka halayen aminci gami da nisantar da jama'a. Labaran cikin gida sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sanar da al'umma ciki har da yankunan karkara.
An yaba wa wasu 'yan jarida a Amurka saboda labarin da suka yi game da cutar ta COVID-19 da suka hada da Ed Yong da Helen Branswell . Daga cikin malaman kafafen yada labarai, an yaba da abubuwa da yawa na kokarin da ‘yan jarida ke yi don daidaitawa da cutar da kuma samar da ingantattun bayanai ga masu sauraronsu, amma an soki wasu. Rubutu don The Atlantic, Ed Yong ya lura cewa, yayin da barkewar cutar ta bulla, "ya jawo sabon salo, 'yan jarida sun ba da iskar oxygen don hana zanga-zangar hana kulle-kullen yayin da yawancin Amurkawa suka yi shiru a gida". Ya kuma yi kuskuren cewa "sun rubuta duk wani ƙarin da'awar kimiyya, har ma waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko kuma an sake duba takwarorinsu."
Da farko dai Shugaba Donald Trump ya zargi kafafen yada labarai irin su CNN da “yin duk abin da za su iya don sanya tsoro a cikin mutane”, sanarwar da mukaddashin shugaban ma’aikatan fadar White House Mick Mulvaney ya yi . Inda mutane ke samun labaransu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin halayen mutane da halayen da suka shafi COVID-19. Wani binciken Axios, wanda aka gudanar daga 5 ga Maris 2020 zuwa 9 ga Maris, ya gano cewa kashi 62% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa an yi karin gishiri game da barkewar cutar ta kafofin watsa labarai, idan aka kwatanta da 31% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya da 35% na masu zaman kansu. Wani binciken Pew Research da aka gudanar daga 20 ga Afrilu zuwa 26 ga Afrilu ya gano cewa kashi 69% na masu amsa Amurka sun yi imanin cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun rufe barkewar cutar "da kyau" ko "da ɗan kyau" kuma adadin masu ba da amsa na Amurka waɗanda suka yi imani cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun wuce gona da iri na COVID -Haɗari 19 sun ɗan ragu kaɗan. Binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 68% na magoya bayan Republican sun yi imanin cewa kafofin yada labarai sun yi karin gishiri game da hadarin COVID-19, idan aka kwatanta da kashi 48% na dukkan manya na Amurka da kashi 30% na magoya bayan Demokradiyya. Gabaɗaya, ɗaukar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka ta kasance mafi muni fiye da na sauran sassan duniya - ba tare da la'akari da ko ana ɗaukar tashar labarai ta karkata zuwa dama ko ta hagu ba.
Masu ba da ra'ayi da baƙi a kan Fox News, kafofin watsa labaru masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, da farko sun yi watsi da barkewar cutar, tare da wasu baƙi suna zargin wasu kafofin watsa labaru da yawa game da cutar saboda dalilai na siyasa. Trump ya kuma yi amfani da hirarraki da kafar sadarwar don inganta kokarinsa na farko na rage cutar. Wata mai watsa shiri ta Fox Business , Trish Regan, ta yi iƙirarin a wasanta na Trish Regan Primetime cewa Jam'iyyar Democrat ta ƙirƙiri ɗaukar hoto na COVID-19 da gangan a matsayin "wani ɗabi'a don ƙarfafa sayar da kasuwa", kuma "har yanzu wani yunƙuri ne na tsige shi. shugaban kasa ". Daga baya za a soke shirinta. Tucker Carlson da farko ya ɗauki matsayi mafi mahimmanci game da cutar, yana sukar sauran rundunonin da suka kwatanta shi da mura na yanayi na yau da kullun, kuma ya bayyana a ranar 9 ga Maris cewa "mutanen da kuka amince da su - mutanen da wataƙila kuka zaɓa - sun shafe makonni suna rage abin da ke a fili a sarari. matsala mai tsanani." Daga baya, masanan cibiyar sadarwa sun fara amincewa da ikirarin cewa hydroxychloroquine magani ne mai inganci don alamun COVID-19, sukar sanya abin rufe fuska don sarrafa yaduwar cutar, da bayar da ingantaccen ɗaukar hoto ga anti-mai kumburi. - zanga zanga.
Dangane da binciken da Jami'ar Cambridge ta buga a watan Mayu 2020, ɗaukar hoto na hannun dama na COVID-19 ya taimaka sauƙaƙe yaduwar rashin fahimta game da cutar.
Duba kuma
Annobar COVID-19 a social media
Tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 akan aikin jarida
Ba da labari mai alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
53136 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny%20Depp | Johnny Depp | John Christopher Depp II (an haife shi a watan Yuni 9, Shekara ta alif 1963) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka kuma mawaƙa. Shi ne mai karɓar lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe da lambar yabo ta Actors Guild Award, kuma an zaɓi shi don lambar yabo ta Academy guda uku da kyaututtukan BAFTA guda biyu.
Depp ya fara fitowa a fim ɗin sa na farko a cikin fim ɗin ban tsoro A Nightmare akan Elm Street kuma ya bayyana a cikin Platoon , kafin ya yi fice a matsayin tsafi matashi akan jerin talabijin 21 Jump Street . A cikin 1990s, Depp ya yi aiki mafi yawa a cikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tare da masu gudanarwa na mawallafi, sau da yawa yana wasa da haruffa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Cry-Baby , Abin da ke Cin Gilbert Grape , Benny da Joon , Dead Man , Donnie Brasco , da Tsoro da ƙi a Las Vegas . Depp kuma ya fara haɗin gwiwa na tsawon lokaci tare da darekta Tim Burton, yana nuna jagorancin fina-finai Edward Scissorhands , Ed Wood , da Sleepy Hollow .
Biography with signature
Articles with hCards
A cikin 2000s, Depp ya zama ɗaya daga cikin taurarin fina-finai mafi cin nasara ta hanyar buga Kyaftin Jack Sparrow a cikin jerin fina-finai na Walt Disney swashbuckler Pirates of the Caribbean . Ya kuma sami yabo ga Chocolat , Neman Neverland da Maƙiyin Jama'a , kuma ya ci gaba da cin nasarar kasuwancinsa tare da Burton tare da fina-finai Charlie da Kamfanin Chocolate , Bride Bride , Sweeney Todd . : The Demon Barber na Fleet Street , da Alice a Wonderland .
A cikin 2012, Depp yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan taurarin fina-finai na duniya, kuma Guinness World Records ya jera shi a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi samun kuɗi a duniya, tare da samun dalar Amurka 75. miliyan a shekara. A cikin 2010s, Depp ya fara samar da fina-finai ta hanyar kamfaninsa Infinitum Nihil . Ya kuma sami yabo ga Black Mass kuma ya kafa babban rukuni na Hollywood Vampires tare da Alice Cooper da Joe Perry, kafin yin tauraro a matsayin Gellert Grindelwald a cikin Wizarding World fina-finai Fantastic Beasts da Inda za a Nemo su da Fantastic Beasts: The Crimes Grindelwald .
Tsakanin 1998 da 2012, Depp yana cikin dangantaka da mawaƙin Faransa Vanessa Paradis, wanda yake da 'ya'ya biyu, ciki har da actress Lily-Rose Depp . Daga 2015 zuwa 2017, Depp ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Amber Heard . Sakin nasu ya ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai, domin dukkansu sun yi zargin cin zarafi da juna, kuma dukkansu suna aikata laifukan batanci da jama'a suka yi.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi John Christopher Depp II a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 1963, a Owensboro, Kentucky, auta cikin yara hudu na mai hidima Betty Sue Depp ( née Wells; daga baya Palmer) da injiniyan farar hula John. Christopher Depp. Iyalin Depp suna tafiya akai-akai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Miramar, Florida, a cikin 1970. Iyayensa sun sake aure a cikin 1978 lokacin yana 15, kuma mahaifiyarsa daga baya ta auri Robert Palmer, wanda Depp ya kira "wahayi".
Mahaifiyar Depp ta ba shi guitar sa'ad da yake ɗan shekara 12, kuma ya fara wasa a ƙungiyoyi daban-daban. Ya bar makarantar Miramar a 16 a 1979 don zama mawaƙin dutse. Ya yi yunkurin komawa makaranta bayan makonni biyu, amma shugaban makarantar ya gaya masa ya bi mafarkinsa na zama mawaki. A cikin 1980, Depp ya fara wasa a cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira The Kids. Bayan samun nasara a cikin gida a Florida, ƙungiyar ta koma Los Angeles don neman yarjejeniyar rikodin, ta canza sunanta zuwa Hanyar Gun shida. Bugu da ƙari ga ƙungiyar, Depp ya yi ayyuka daban-daban na banƙyama, kamar a cikin tallan waya. A cikin Disamba 1983, Depp ya auri mai yin kayan shafa Lori Anne Allison, 'yar'uwar bassist da mawaƙa. Yara sun rabu kafin su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar rikodin a 1984, kuma Depp ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar Rock City Angels . Ya haɗu da rubuta waƙar su "Mary", wanda ya bayyana a farkon Geffen Records album Young Man's Blues . Depp da Allison sun sake aure a 1985.
Depp na asalin Ingilishi ne, tare da wasu zuriyar Faransanci, Jamusanci, da Irish. Sunansa ya fito ne daga Baƙin Huguenot Bafaranshe, Pierre Dieppe, wanda ya zauna a Virginia kusan 1700. Shi ne kuma zuriyar Elizabeth Key Grinstead, daya daga cikin matan farko na asalin asalin Ba'amurke a Arewacin Amurka don neman 'yancinta da nasara. A cikin tambayoyin da aka yi a 2002 da 2011, Depp ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da zuriyar Amirkawa, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin ina da wasu 'yan asalin Amirkawa a cikin layi. Kakata kakata 'yar asalin Amurka ce. Ta girma Cherokee ko watakila Creek Indian . Yana da ma'ana dangane da zuwan daga Kentucky, wanda ke cike da Cherokee da Indiyawan Indiya." An bincika iƙirarin Depp lokacin da ƙasar Indiya a Yau ta rubuta cewa Depp bai taɓa yin tambaya game da al'adunsa ba ko kuma an gane shi a matsayin memba na Cherokee Nation . Wannan ya haifar da sukar Depp daga al'ummar Amurkawa na asali, kamar yadda Depp ba shi da rubuce-rubuce na asali na asali, da shugabannin al'ummar 'yan asalin suna la'akari da shi "ba Ba Indiyawa ba" kuma mai riya . Zaɓin Depp don nuna Tonto, ɗan asalin Ba'amurke, a cikin The Lone Ranger an soki shi, tare da zaɓin nasa na sanya wa ƙungiyar dutsen suna "Tonto's Giant Nuts". A lokacin gabatarwa don The Lone Ranger, Depp an karɓi shi a matsayin ɗan girmamawa ta LaDonna Harris, memba na Comanche Nation, yana mai da shi memba mai daraja na danginta amma ba memba na kowace kabila ba. Sunan Comanche na Depp da aka bayar a lokacin karɓo shine "Mah Woo May", wanda ke nufin canza siffar. Mahimman martani ga da'awarsa daga al'ummar 'yan asalin ya karu bayan wannan, gami da hotunan satirical na Depp na 'yan wasan barkwanci. Tallace-tallacen da ke nuna hotunan Depp da ƴan asalin Amirka, na Dior don ƙamshi "Sauvage", an ja shi a cikin 2019 bayan an zarge shi da cin zarafin al'adu da wariyar launin fata .
1984–1989: Matsayi na farko da 21 Jump Street
Depp ya koma Los Angeles tare da ƙungiyar sa lokacin yana ɗan shekara 20. Bayan ƙungiyar ta rabu, matar Depp a lokacin Lori Ann Allison ta gabatar da shi ga ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Nicolas Cage . Bayan sun zama abokan shayarwa, Cage ya shawarce shi ya ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Depp ya kasance yana sha'awar yin aiki tun lokacin da ya karanta tarihin James Dean da kallon Rebel ba tare da wani dalili ba . Cage ya taimaka wa Depp ya sami kwarewa tare da Wes Craven don A Nightmare akan Elm Street ; Depp, wanda ba shi da masaniyar wasan kwaikwayo, ya ce "ya yi hatsari ne". Godiya a wani bangare don kama ido na 'yar Craven, Depp ya sami matsayin babban saurayin babban mutum, daya daga cikin wadanda abin ya shafa na Freddy Krueger .
Depp ba shi da fitowar fina-finai a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, sai dai taƙaitaccen fim a cikin Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare , kashi na shida a cikin A Nightmare on Elm Street ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. Ya fito a fina-finai uku a shekarar 1993. A cikin wasan barkwanci na soyayya Benny da Joon, ya buga wani fanin fim mai ban mamaki da jahilci wanda ke abokantaka da wata mace mai tabin hankali da dan uwanta; ya zama mai bacci ya buge . Janet Maslin na The New York Times ya rubuta cewa Depp "ba zai yi kama da Buster Keaton ba, amma akwai lokutan da ya zama da gaske ya zama Babban Fuskar Dutse, yana kawo dabi'un Keaton mai dadi da sihiri a rayuwa". Depp ya sami zaɓi na biyu na Golden Globe don wasan kwaikwayon. Fim ɗinsa na biyu na 1993 shine Lasse Hallström 's Abin da ke Cin Gilbert Grape, wasan kwaikwayo game da dangin da ba su da aiki tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Juliette Lewis . Bai yi kyau a kasuwanci ba, amma ya sami sanarwa mai kyau daga masu suka. Ko da yake mafi yawan sake dubawa sun mayar da hankali kan DiCaprio, wanda aka zaba don lambar yabo ta Academy don wasan kwaikwayonsa, Todd McCarthy na Iri-iri ya rubuta cewa "Depp yana kula da allo na cibiyar da ke da matukar dacewa, mai ban sha'awa." Sakin Depp na 1993 na ƙarshe shine wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Emir Kusturica Arizona Dream, wanda ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai kyau kuma ya lashe kyautar Azurfa a Bikin Fim na Berlin.
A cikin 1994, Depp ya sake saduwa da Burton, yana taka rawa a cikin Ed Wood, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na tarihi. Daga baya Depp ya ce ya damu game da fina-finai da shirya fina-finai a lokacin, amma "a cikin mintuna 10 da jin labarin aikin, na yi alkawari." Ya gano cewa rawar da ta taka ta ba shi "zama don shimfiɗawa da jin daɗi" da kuma yin aiki tare da Martin Landau, wanda ya buga Bela Lugosi, "ya sabunta soyayyata don yin wasan kwaikwayo". Duk da cewa bai samu koma baya da farashinsa na samarwa ba, Ed Wood ya sami kyakkyawar liyafar daga masu suka, tare da rubuta Maslin cewa Depp ya “tabbatar da kansa a matsayin kafaffe, ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwaikwayo” kuma “ya kama duk wani kyakkyawan fata wanda ya sa Ed Wood ya ci gaba., godiya ga iyawar ban dariya ta musamman don kallon layin azurfa na kowane girgije". An zabi Depp a karo na uku don Mafi kyawun Jarumin Kiɗa ko Barkwanci Golden Globe saboda rawar da ya taka.
A shekara ta gaba, Depp ya taka rawa a cikin fina-finai uku. Ya taka leda a gaban Marlon Brando a cikin akwatin-ofishin buga Don Juan DeMarco, a matsayin mutumin da ya gaskanta shi ne Don Juan, babban masoyi a duniya. Ya yi tauraro a cikin Jim Jarmusch 's Dead Man, wani harbin Yamma gaba ɗaya a baki-da-fari; ba nasara ce ta kasuwanci ba kuma tana da sake dubawa masu mahimmanci. Kuma a cikin gazawar kuɗi da mahimmanci Nick of Time, Depp ya buga wani akawu wanda aka gaya masa ya kashe ɗan siyasa don ya ceci 'yarsa da aka sace.
A cikin 1997, Depp da Al Pacino sun taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Donnie Brasco, wanda Mike Newell ya jagoranta. Depp ya buga Joseph D. Pistone, wakilin FBI na ɓoye wanda ya ɗauki sunan Donnie Brasco don kutsawa Mafia a birnin New York. Don shirya, Depp ya shafe lokaci tare da Pistone, wanda fim ɗin ya dogara akan abubuwan tunawa. Donnie Brasco ya kasance babban nasara na kasuwanci da mahimmanci, kuma ana ɗaukarsa ɗayan mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayon Depp. Hakanan a cikin 1997, Depp ya yi muhawara a matsayin darekta kuma marubucin allo tare da The Brave . Ya yi tauraro a cikinta a matsayin talakan Ba’amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka wanda ya karɓi shawara daga wani attajiri, wanda Marlon Brando ya buga, ya fito a cikin wani fim ɗin snuff don musanya kuɗi ga danginsa. An fara shi a bikin Fim na Cannes na 1997 don sake dubawa mara kyau. Bambance-bambancen da ake kira shi "mai turgitsi da rashin imani neo-western", da Time Out sun rubuta cewa "ban da rashin fahimta, shugabanci yana da lahani guda biyu: yana da jinkirin jinkiri kuma mai ban tsoro kamar yadda kyamarar ke mai da hankali akai-akai akan bandana'd Depp. kai da tsage jiki". Saboda sake dubawa, Depp bai saki The Brave a cikin Amurka ba
Depp ya kasance fan kuma abokin marubuci Hunter S. Thompson, kuma ya buga alter ego Raoul Duke a cikin Tsoro da Ƙauna a Las Vegas , fassarar fim na Terry Gilliam na Thompson's pseudo-biographical novel mai suna iri ɗaya . gazawar ofishin akwatin ne da masu sukar lamura. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Depp ya yi ɗan taƙaitaccen bayani a Mika Kaurismäki 's LA Ba tare da Taswira ba (nhgb).
Depp ya fito a cikin fina-finai uku a 1999. Na farko shi ne sci-fi mai ban sha'awa Matar Astronaut, tare da Charlize Theron tare da haɗin gwiwa, wanda ba wani nasara ba ne na kasuwanci ko mahimmanci. Na biyu, Ƙofar Tara ta Roman Polanski, ta buga Depp a matsayin mai siyar da tsofaffin littattafai wanda ya shiga cikin wani asiri. Ya kasance mai matsakaicin nasara tare da masu sauraro amma ya sami fa'idodi masu gauraya. Na uku shine karbuwar Burton na The Legend of Sleepy Hollow, inda Depp ya buga Ichabod Crane gaban Christina Ricci da Christopher Walken . Domin aikinsa, Depp ya dauki wahayi daga Angela Lansbury, Roddy McDowall da Basil Rathbone, yana mai cewa "koyaushe yana tunanin Ichabod a matsayin mutum mai laushi, mai rauni wanda watakila ya ɗan yi hulɗa da gefen mata, kamar yarinya mai firgita" . Sleepy Hollow nasara ce ta kasuwanci da mahimmanci.
Fim ɗin farko na Depp na sabuwar shekara shine wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya-Faransa Mutumin da ya yi kuka , wanda Sally Potter ya jagoranta kuma ya nuna shi a matsayin ɗan doki na Roma a gaban Christina Ricci, Cate Blanchett, da John Turturro . Ba nasara mai mahimmanci ba ce. Depp kuma yana da rawar goyan bayan Julian Schnabel wanda aka fi sani da kafin faɗuwar dare . Fim dinsa na karshe na 2000 shine Hallström mai mahimmanci da cin nasara Chocolat , wanda ya buga wani dan Roma da kuma ƙaunar ƙauna na babban hali, Juliette Binoche . Matsayin Depp na gaba duka sun dogara ne akan mutanen tarihi. A cikin Blow , ya yi tauraro a matsayin mai safarar hodar Iblis George Jung, wanda ya kasance wani ɓangare na Medellín Cartel a cikin 1980s. Fim ɗin bai yi kasa a gwiwa ba a ofishin akwatin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban. A cikin karbuwar littafin ban dariya Daga Jahannama , Depp ya zana sufeto Frederick Abberline, wanda ya binciki kisan gillar Jack the Ripper a cikin 1880s London. Fim ɗin kuma ya sami ra'ayoyi daban-daban amma ya kasance matsakaicin nasara na kasuwanci.
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
Early life
An haifi John Christopher Depp II a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, shekarata alif 1963, a Owensboro, Kentucky, auta a cikin yara hudu na mai hidima Betty Sue Depp ( Wells; daga baya Palmer) da injiniyan farar hula John Christopher Depp. Iyalin Depp suna tafiya akai-akai a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, daga ƙarshe suka zauna a Miramar, Florida, a cikin shekarar 1970. Iyayensa sun sake aure a cikin shekarata alif 1978 lokacin yana Dan shekarata 15, kuma mahaifiyarsa daga baya ta auri Robert Palmer, wanda Depp ya kira "wahayi".
Ya bar makarantar Miramar Yana Dan shekara 16 a shekarata alif 1979 don zama mawaƙin dutse. A cikin shekarar 1980, Depp ya fara wasa a cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira The Kids. A cikin Watan Disamba shekarata alif 1983, Depp ya auri mai yin kayan shafa Lori Anne Allison, 'yar'uwar bassist da mawaƙa. Yaran sun rabu kafin su shiga yarjejeniyar rikodin a shekarata alif 1984, kuma Depp ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyar Rock City Angels . Depp da Allison sun sake aure a shekarata alif 1985.
A cikin tambayoyin da aka yi a shekarata 2002 da shekarar 2011, Depp ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da zuriyar 'yan asalin Amirka, yana mai cewa: "Ina tsammanin ina da wasu 'yan asalin Amirkawa a cikin layi. Wani talla mai nuna hoton Depp da ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka, wanda Dior ya yi don ƙamshi "Sauvage", an ja shi a cikin Shekarar 2019 bayan an zarge shi da cin zarafin al'adu da wariyar launin fata .
A shekarata alif 1984–zuwa shekarar alif 1989: Matsayi na farko da 21 Jump Street
Ko da yake Depp yace "ba shi da wani sha'awar zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo", ya ci gaba da jefa shi a cikin fina-finai, yana yin abin da ya dace don biyan wasu takardun kudi waɗanda aikinsa na kiɗa ya bar ba tare da biya ba. Bayan rawar tauraro a cikin wasan ban dariya mai zaman kansa na shekarar alif 1985, Depp an jefa shi a matsayin jagorar wasan skating Thrashin na shekarar alif 1986 ta daraktan fim ɗin, amma furodusansa ya yi watsi da shawarar. Madadin haka, Depp ya fito a cikin ƙaramar rawar tallafi a matsayin mai zaman kansa mai magana da Vietnam a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Yaƙin Vietnam na Oliver Stone na shekarar 1986 Platoon . Ya zama tsafi matashi a ƙarshen Shekarata alif 1980s, lokacin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin ɗan sanda a ɓoye a cikin wani aiki na makarantar sakandare a cikin jerin talabijin na Fox 21 Jump Street, wanda aka fara a cikin shekarata 1987.
A shekarata alif 1990–zuwa shekarar 2002: Fina-finai masu zaman kansu da haɗin gwiwar farko tare da Tim Burton
Fim ɗinsa na farko a cikin Shekarata alif 1990 shine John Waters 's Cry-Baby, wasan ban dariya na kiɗa da aka saita a cikin shekarata alif 1950s. Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1990, Depp ya taka rawar gani a fim din Tim Burton na soyayya mai ban sha'awa Edward Scissorhands gaban Dianne Wiest da Winona Ryder .
Depp ba shi da fitowar fina-finai a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa, sai dai taƙaitaccen fim a cikin Freddy's Dead: The Final Nightmare (a shekarata alif 1991), kashi na shida a cikin A Nightmare on Elm Street ikon amfani da sunan kamfani. Ya fito a fina-finai uku a shekarar alif 1993. Fim ɗinsa na biyu na shekarar 1993 shine Lasse Hallström 's Abin da ke Cin Gilbert Grape, wasan kwaikwayo game da dangin da ba su da aiki tare da Leonardo DiCaprio da Juliette Lewis . Sakin Depp na shekarata alif 1993 na ƙarshe shine wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na Emir Kusturica Arizona Dream, wanda ya buɗe don sake dubawa mai kyau kuma ya lashe kyautar Azurfa a Bikin Fim na Berlin.
A cikin shekarata alif 1994, Depp ya sake saduwa da Burton, yana taka rawa a cikin Ed Wood, wani fim na tarihin rayuwa game da ɗaya daga cikin manyan daraktocin fina-finai na tarihi.
A cikin shekarata alif 1997, Depp da Al Pacino sun taka rawa a wasan kwaikwayo na laifi Donnie Brasco, wanda Mike Newell ya jagoranta. Depp ya buga Joseph D. Pistone, wakilin FBI na ɓoye wanda ya ɗauki sunan Donnie Brasco don kutsawa Mafia a birnin New York. Hakanan a cikin shekarata 1997, Depp ya yi muhawara a matsayin darekta kuma marubucin allo tare da The Brave .
Other ventures
A cikin shekarar 2004, Depp ya kafa kamfanin shirya fina-finai Infinitum Nihil don haɓaka ayyukan da zai yi aiki a matsayin ɗan wasa ko furodusa. Fim ɗin na farko na kamfanin guda biyu shine The Rum Diary (a shekarar 2011) da Hugo (a shekarata 2011).
Depp ya mallaki gidan rawanin dare The Viper Room a Los Angeles daga shekarata alif 1993 zuwa shekarar 2003, kuma shi ma wani bangare ne na mashaya gidan cin abinci Man Ray a Paris na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Depp da Douglas Brinkley sun gyara littafin mawaƙin gargajiya na Woody Guthrie 's House of Earth, wanda aka buga a cikin shekarata 2013.
Ya kuma yi tare da Manson a Revolver Golden Gods Awards a shekarata 2012. A cikin shekarata alif 1990s, shi ma memba ne na P, ƙungiyar kiɗan da ke nuna mawaƙin Butthole Surfers Gibby Haynes, Red Hot Chili Pepper bassist Flea da Gitatar Jima'i Pistols Steve Jones .
A cikin shekarar 2015, Depp ya kafa babban rukuni na Hollywood Vampires tare da Alice Cooper da Joe Perry ; Ƙungiyar ta kuma haɗa da Bruce Witkin, abokinsa daga ƙungiyar a shekarar alif 1980s, The Kids. Hollywood Vampires sun fitar da kundi na farko mai taken kansu a cikin watan Satumba shekarata 2015. Ƙungiyar ta fara halarta ta farko a The Roxy a Los Angeles a watan Satumba na shekarar 2015, kuma tun daga lokacin ya yi balaguron duniya guda biyu a shekarata 2016 da shekarar 2018. Album ɗin su na biyu na studio, Rise, an sake shi a watan Yuni shekarata 2019 kuma ya ƙunshi galibin kayan asali, gami da waƙoƙin da Depp ya rubuta.
A cikin shekarar 2020, Depp ya fitar da murfin John Lennon 's " Warewa " tare da mawallafin guitar Jeff Beck, kuma ya bayyana cewa za su sake fitar da ƙarin kiɗa tare a nan gaba. Tun daga watan Mayu Shekarata 2022, Depp ya shiga Beck onstage don yawan kide-kide a cikin United Kingdom, inda Beck ya ba da sanarwar cewa sun yi rikodin kundi tare. An fitar da rikodin haɗin gwiwar su, mai suna 18, a ranar 15 ga watan Yuli, shekarata 2022. A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2023, Depp ya yi a wurin kide-kide na girmamawa na Jeff Beck da aka gudanar a Hall of Royal Albert a London, yana raba matakin tare da Eric Clapton, Rod Stewart, Ronnie Wood da Kirk Hammett da sauransu.
A cikin watan Yuli shekarata 2022, zane-zanen da Depp ya yi ya sayar a cikin ƙasa da kwana ɗaya tun lokacin da aka fara yin muhawara a cikin gidan kayan fasaha na Castle Fine Art a cikin Lambun Covent na London.
Reception and public image
A cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s), ana ganin Depp a matsayin sabon nau'in tauraron fim na namiji wanda ya ƙi ka'idodin waccan rawar. Jaridar Sydney Morning Herald ta bayyana Depp a cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s) a matsayin " mugun yaro na Hollywood "; Sarkar Depp shan taba, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi da halayen sha an rubuta su gabaɗaya a wannan lokacin. A cewar dan jaridar The Guardian Hadley Freeman a cikin shekarar 2020:
Bayan shekaru goma na fitowa musamman a cikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tare da cin nasarar kasuwanci daban-daban, Depp ya zama ɗayan manyan ofisoshin akwatin a cikin shekarar 2000s tare da matsayinsa na Kyaftin Jack Sparrow a Walt Disney Studios ' Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. Fina-finan biyar a cikin jerin sun sami dalar Amurka biliyan 4.5 har zuwa Shekarar 2021. Baya ga ikon mallakar Pirates, Depp ya kuma yi ƙarin fina-finai huɗu tare da Tim Burton waɗanda suka kasance manyan nasarori, tare da ɗaya, Alice in Wonderland (a shekarar 2010), ya zama babban abin kasuwa city na ayyukan Depp kuma ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma a tarihi (kamar na shekarar 2021).
A cikin shekarata 2003, a daidai wannan shekarar da aka fito da fim na farko a cikin jerin Pirates, Depp an kira shi "Mutumin Mafi Girma na Duniya" ta Mutane ; zai sake samun taken a Shekarata 2009. A cikin shekaru goma zuwa cikin shekarar 2010s, Depp ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma fitattun taurarin fina-finai a duniya kuma an sanya shi ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'ar jama'a a matsayin "Tauraron Fina-Finan Namiji da Aka Fi So" a Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Jama'a kowace shekara don shekarata 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. A cikin Shekarar 2012, Depp ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi samun kuɗi a masana'antar fina-finai ta Amurka, yana samun sama da dala miliyan 75 a kowane fim, kuma har zuwa shekarata 2020, shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na goma mafi girma a duniya, tare da fina-finansa sun sami sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 3.7 a ofishin akwatin Amurka da sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 10 a duk duniya. Ko da yake babban abin da aka fi so tare da masu sauraro, ra'ayoyin masu suka kan Depp sun canza a cikin Shekarar 2000s, sun zama mafi mummunan yayin da aka gan shi ya dace da ainihin Hollywood. Ko da kuwa, Depp ya ci gaba da yin watsi da ƙarin ayyukan jagoranci na gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2000s, lokacin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin John Dillinger a cikin Maƙiyan Jama'a (a shekarar 2009).
A cikin shekarata 2010s, fina-finan Depp ba su yi nasara ba, tare da manyan fina-finai na studio na kasafin kudi irin su Dark Shadows (a shekarar 2012), The Lone Ranger (a shekarar 2013), da Alice Ta Gidan Gilashin (a shekarar 2016) waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin.
Reception and public image
A cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s), ana ganin Depp a matsayin sabon nau'in tauraron fim na namiji wanda ya ƙi ka'idodin waccan rawar. Jaridar Sydney Morning Herald ta bayyana Depp a cikin shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in (1990s) a matsayin " mugun yaro na Hollywood "; Sarkar Depp shan taba, amfani da miyagun ƙwayoyi na nishaɗi da halayen sha an rubuta su gabaɗaya a wannan lokacin. A cewar dan jaridar The Guardian Hadley Freeman a cikin shekarar 2020:
Bayan shekaru goma na fitowa musamman a cikin fina-finai masu zaman kansu tare da cin nasarar kasuwanci daban-daban, Depp ya zama ɗayan manyan ofisoshin akwatin a cikin shekarar 2000s tare da matsayinsa na Kyaftin Jack Sparrow a Walt Disney Studios ' Pirates of the Caribbean franchise. Fina-finan biyar a cikin jerin sun sami dalar Amurka biliyan 4.5 har zuwa Shekarar 2021. Baya ga ikon mallakar Pirates, Depp ya kuma yi ƙarin fina-finai huɗu tare da Tim Burton waɗanda suka kasance manyan nasarori, tare da ɗaya, Alice in Wonderland (a shekarar 2010), ya zama babban abin kasuwa city na ayyukan Depp kuma ɗayan fina-finai mafi girma a tarihi (kamar na shekarar 2021).
A cikin shekarata 2003, a daidai wannan shekarar da aka fito da fim na farko a cikin jerin Pirates, Depp an kira shi "Mutumin Mafi Girma na Duniya" ta Mutane ; zai sake samun taken a Shekarata 2009. A cikin shekaru goma zuwa cikin shekarar 2010s, Depp ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kuma fitattun taurarin fina-finai a duniya kuma an sanya shi ta hanyar jefa ƙuri'ar jama'a a matsayin "Tauraron Fina-Finan Namiji da Aka Fi So" a Kyautar Zaɓaɓɓun Jama'a kowace shekara don shekarata 2005 zuwa shekarar 2012. A cikin Shekarar 2012, Depp ya zama ɗan wasan da ya fi samun kuɗi a masana'antar fina-finai ta Amurka, yana samun sama da dala miliyan 75 a kowane fim, kuma har zuwa shekarata 2020, shi ne ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na goma mafi girma a duniya, tare da fina-finansa sun sami sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 3.7 a ofishin akwatin Amurka da sama da dalar Amurka biliyan 10 a duk duniya. Ko da yake babban abin da aka fi so tare da masu sauraro, ra'ayoyin masu suka kan Depp sun canza a cikin Shekarar 2000s, sun zama mafi mummunan yayin da aka gan shi ya dace da ainihin Hollywood. Ko da kuwa, Depp ya ci gaba da yin watsi da ƙarin ayyukan jagoranci na gargajiya har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2000s, lokacin da ya yi tauraro a matsayin John Dillinger a cikin Maƙiyan Jama'a (a shekarar 2009).
A cikin shekarata 2010s, fina-finan Depp ba su yi nasara ba, tare da manyan fina-finai na studio na kasafin kudi irin su Dark Shadows (a shekarar 2012), The Lone Ranger (a shekarar 2013), da Alice Ta Gidan Gilashin (a shekarar 2016) waɗanda ba su yi nasara ba a ofishin akwatin.
Personal life
Depp ya fara Saiyan fam miliyan 13 a Somerset a cikin shekarar 2014, kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Landan .
Depp da mai yin kayan shafa Lori Anne Allison sun yi aure daga shekarata alif1983 har zuwa shekarar alif1985. A ƙarshen Shekarata alif 1980s, ya kasance tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Jennifer Gray da Sherilyn Fenn . A cikin shekarar alif 1990, ya ba da shawara ga Edward Scissorhands Winona Ryder, wanda ya fara saduwa da ita a shekarar da ta gabata lokacin tana 17 kuma yana 26. Sun kawo karshen dangantakarsu a shekarar alif 1993; Daga baya Depp ya sanya tattoo "Winona Har abada" a hannun damansa ya canza zuwa "Wino Har abada". Tsakanin shekarata alif 1994 da shekarar alif 1998, yana cikin dangantaka da samfurin Ingilishi Kate Moss . Bayan rabuwar shi daga Moss, Depp ya fara dangantaka da 'yar wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa kuma mawaƙa Vanessa Paradis, wanda ya sadu da shi yayin yin fim na Ƙofar Tara a Faransa a shekarar alif 1998. Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, 'yar Lily-Rose Melody Depp (an haifi shi a shekarata alif 1999) da ɗa, Jack (an haifi shi a shekarata 2002). |
40122 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic | Arctic | Arctic (/ɑrtɪk/ or /ɑr ktɪk/) yanki ne na polar da ke arewa maso yammacin Duniya. Arctic ya ƙunshi Tekun Arctic, tekun da ke kusa, da kuma sassan Kanada (Yukon, Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma, Nunavut), Daular Danish (Greenland), arewacin Finland (Lapland), Iceland, arewacin Norway (Finnmark da Svalbard), Rasha (Murmansk, Siberiya, Nenets Okrug, Novaya Zemlya), arewacin Sweden da Amurka (Alaska). Ƙasar da ke cikin yankin Arctic tana da nau'ikan dusar ƙanƙara da murfin ƙanƙara na lokaci-lokaci, tare da permafrost wanda ba shi da bishiya (mai daskararriya ƙanƙara ta dindindin) mai ɗauke da tundra. Tekun Arctic suna ɗauke da ƙanƙara na yanayi a wurare da yawa.
Yankin Arctic yanki ne na musamman tsakanin halittun duniya. Al'adu a yankin da 'yan asalin Arctic sun dace da yanayin sanyi da matsananciyar yanayi. Rayuwa a cikin Arctic ta haɗa da zooplankton da phytoplankton, kifi da dabbobi masu shayarwa na ruwa, tsuntsaye, dabbobin ƙasa, tsirrai da al'ummomin ɗan adam. Ƙasar Arctic tana da iyaka da yankin subarctic.
Definition and etymology
Kalmar Arctic ta fito daga kalmar Helenanci (arkticos), "kusa da Bear, arewa" kuma daga kalmar (arktos), ma'ana bear. Sunan yana nufin ko dai ga ƙungiyar taurari Ursa Major, "Babban Bear", wanda ya shahara a yankin arewa na sararin samaniya, ko kuma ƙungiyar taurarin Ursa Minor, "Little Bear", wanda ya ƙunshi sandar arewa na sama (a halin yanzu sosai). kusa da Polaris, Tauraruwar Pole ta Arewa ta yanzu, ko Tauraruwar Arewa).
Akwai ma'anoni da dama na abin da yanki ke ƙunshe a cikin Arctic. Ana iya ayyana yankin a matsayin arewacin Arctic Circle (kimanin 66° 34'N), madaidaicin iyakar kudu na tsakar dare da kuma daren iyakacin duniya. Wani ma'anar Arctic, wanda ya shahara tare da masu ilimin halitta, shine yanki a Arewacin Hemisphere inda matsakaicin zafin jiki na watanni mafi zafi (Yuli) ya kasance ƙasa da ; Layin bishiyar arewa mafi kusa yana bin isotherm a iyakar wannan yanki.
Yankin Arctic yana da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi da lokacin rani mai sanyi. Hazo galibi yana zuwa ne a cikin nau'in dusar ƙanƙara kuma yana da ƙasa, tare da yawancin yankin yana karɓar ƙasa da Iska mai ƙarfi yakan tayar da dusar ƙanƙara, yana haifar da ruɗi na ci gaba da dusar ƙanƙara. Matsakaicin yanayin hunturu na iya yin ƙasa da ƙasa , kuma mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine kusan . Sauyin yanayi na Tekun Arctic ana daidaita su ta hanyar tasirin teku, suna da yanayin zafi gabaɗaya da ruwan dusar ƙanƙara fiye da wuraren da suka fi sanyi da bushewa. Arctic tana fama da dumamar yanayi a halin yanzu, yana haifar da raguwar ƙanƙara a tekun Arctic, raguwar ƙanƙara a cikin kankara na Greenland, da sakin methane na Arctic yayin da permafrost ya narke. Narkewar kankara na Greenland yana da alaƙa da haɓakar polar.
Sakamakon ƙaura na isotherms na duniya (kimanin a cikin shekaru goma a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata sakamakon dumamar yanayi, yankin Arctic (kamar yadda aka ayyana ta layin bishiya da zafin jiki) a halin yanzu yana raguwa. Wataƙila mafi girman sakamakon wannan shine raguwar ƙanƙarar tekun Arctic. Akwai babban bambance-bambance a cikin tsinkaya na asarar kankara na Arctic, tare da samfurori da ke nuna kusan cikakke don kammala hasara a watan Satumba daga 2035 zuwa wani lokaci a kusa da 2067.
Flora da fauna
Rayuwar Arctic tana da halin karbuwa ga gajerun yanayi na girma tare da dogon lokacin hasken rana, da sanyi, duhu, yanayin hunturu da dusar ƙanƙara ta lulluɓe.
Tsire-tsire na Arctic sun ƙunshi tsire-tsire irin su dwarf shrubs, graminoids, ganye, lichens, da mosses, waɗanda duk suna girma kusa da ƙasa, suna kafa tundra. Misali na dwarf shrub shine bearberry. Yayin da mutum ya matsa zuwa arewa, yawan zafin da ake samu don tsiron tsiro yana raguwa sosai. A cikin yankunan arewaci, tsire-tsire suna kan iyakokin su na rayuwa, kuma ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin yawan adadin zafi na rani yana haifar da babban bambance-bambance a cikin adadin kuzarin da ake samu don kulawa, girma da haifuwa. Yanayin zafi mai sanyi yana haifar da girma, yalwa, yawan aiki da iri-iri na tsire-tsire su ragu. Bishiyoyi ba za su iya girma a cikin Arctic ba, amma a cikin sassansa mafi zafi, shrubs suna da yawa kuma suna iya kaiwa tsayi; sedges, mosses da lichens na iya samar da yadudduka masu kauri. A cikin mafi tsananin sanyi na Arctic, yawancin ƙasa ba komai bane; shuke-shuke da ba na jijiyoyin jini irin su lichens da mosses sun fi rinjaye, tare da wasu ciyayi masu tarwatsewa da ciyayi (kamar Arctic poppy).
Herbivores a kan tundra sun haɗa da kuren Arctic, lemming, muskox, da caribou. Mujiya mai dusar ƙanƙara, Arctic fox, Bear Grizzly, da Kerkeci na Arctic ne suka cinye su. Polar bear shima mafarauci ne, kodayake ya fi son farautar rayuwar ruwa daga kankara. Har ila yau, akwai tsuntsaye da nau'o'in ruwa da yawa da suka mamaye yankuna masu sanyi. Sauran dabbobin ƙasa sun haɗa da wolverines, moose, tumaki dall, ermines, da squirrels na Arctic. Dabbobin ruwa na ruwa sun haɗa da hatimi, walrus, da nau'ikan nau'ikan cetacean-baleen whales da narwhals, orcas, da belugas. Kyakkyawan misali kuma sanannen nau'in zobe ya wanzu kuma an kwatanta shi a kusa da Arctic Circle a cikin nau'i na gulls na Larus.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23593 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestry | Forestry | Gandun daji shine kimiyya da fasaha na ƙirƙirar, sarrafawa, ko dasa, amfani, kiyayewa da gyara gandun daji, dazuzzuka, da albarkatun da ke da alaƙa don fa'idodin ɗan adam da muhalli. Gandunan daji da aka aikata a cikin plantations da na halitta tsaye . Ilimin gandun daji yana da abubuwan da ke cikin ilimin halittu, jiki, zamantakewa, siyasa da kimiyyar gudanarwa.
Gandun daji na zamani gabaɗaya ya ƙunshi ɗimbin damuwa, a cikin abin da aka sani da gudanar da amfani da yawa, gami da:
Samar da katako
Mazaunin namun daji
Gudanar da ingancin ingancin ruwa
Yanayin shimfidar wuri da kariyar al'umma
Yanayin shimfidar wurare masu kayatarwa
Gudanar da rayayyun halittu
Gudanar da ruwa
Ikon lalatawa
Ajiyar gandun daji a matsayin " sinks " for yanayi carbon dioxide
Ana kiran mai yin aikin gandun daji a matsayin mai kula da gandun daji . Wata kalma ta gama gari ita ce masanin al'adu. Silviculture ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da gandun daji, yana damuwa da tsire -tsire na gandun daji kawai, amma galibi ana amfani da shi daidai da gandun daji.
Tsarin halittu na gandun daji sun kasance ana ganin su a matsayin mafi mahimmancin ɓangaren sashin duniya da rayuwa ke wanzuwa, kuma gandun daji ya fito azaman muhimmin ilimin kimiyya, sana'a, da fasaha .
Duk cewa mutane sun dogara ne akan gandun daji da bambancin halittu, wasu fiye da wasu. Gandun daji wani yanki ne mai mahimmanci na tattalin arziki a cikin ƙasashe masu masana'antu daban - daban, kamar yadda gandun daji ke ba da sama da ayyuka miliyan 86 na kore kuma suna tallafawa rayuwar mutane da yawa. Misali, a Jamus, gandun daji suna rufe kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na yankin ƙasa, itace mafi mahimmancin albarkatun sabuntawa, kuma gandun daji yana tallafawa ayyuka sama da miliyan da kusan billion 181 na ƙima ga tattalin arzikin Jamus a kowace shekara.
An kiyasta mutane miliyan 880 suna ɓata lokacin su tattara itace ko yin gawayi, yawancin su mata. Yawan Humanan adam yana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a yankunan ƙasashe masu ƙarancin kuɗi da ke da yawan gandun daji da yawan gandun dazuka, amma yawan talauci a waɗannan yankuna ya yi yawa. Kimanin mutane miliyan 252 da ke zaune a cikin dazuzzuka da savannah suna samun kuɗin shiga kasa da dalar Amurka 1.25 a kowace rana.
Werner Sombart da wasu sun yi masa lakabi da shekarun kafin aikin masana'antu a matsayin 'shekarun amfani da itace', kamar yadda katako da katako su ne tushen albarkatun makamashi, gini da gidaje. Haɓaka gandun daji na zamani yana da alaƙa da haɓaka jari - hujja, tattalin arziƙi a matsayin kimiyya da ra'ayoyi iri -iri na amfani da ƙasa. Roman Latifundiae, manyan gonaki na aikin gona, sun yi nasara sosai wajen kula da wadataccen itace wanda ya zama dole ga Daular Roma. Manyan gandun daji sun zo tare bi da bi bayan faduwar Rum. Duk da haka tuni a ƙarni na 5, sufaye a lokacin Byzantine Romagna a bakin tekun Adriatic, sun sami damar kafa gandun daji na dutse don samar da katako da abinci . Wannan shine farkon babban gandun dajin da Dante Alighieri ya ambata a cikin wakarsa ta 1308 Divine Comedy .
Irin waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji na dindindin waɗanda Visigoths suka haɓaka a cikin ƙarni na 7 lokacin da, yayin fuskantar karancin katako da yawa, sun kafa lambar da ta shafi kula da itacen oak da gandun daji. A amfani da kuma gudanar da yawa gandun daji da albarkatun yana da dogon tarihi a kasar Sin, kazalika, dating mayar da Han da daular da faruwa a karkashin landowning gentry . An yi amfani da irin wannan tsarin a Japan. An kuma daga baya aka rubuta game da daular Ming na kasar Sin masanin Xu Guangqi .
A Turai, haƙƙoƙin amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaka -tsaki da farkon zamani sun ba wa masu amfani daban -daban damar shiga gandun daji da wuraren kiwo. Haɓakar tsirrai da haɓakar resin suna da mahimmanci, kamar yadda farar (resin) yana da mahimmanci don ɗaukar jiragen ruwa, ɓarna da haƙƙin farauta, itacen wuta da gini, tattara katako a cikin wuraren kiwo na itace, da dabbobin kiwo a cikin gandun daji. Ma'anar " commons " (Jamusanci "Allmende") yana nufin asalin kalmar doka ta ƙasa gama gari . Tunanin mallakar dukiya mai zaman kansa ya samo asali ne a lokutan zamani. Koyaya, mafi yawan haƙƙoƙin farauta an riƙe su ta membobi na manyan waɗanda suka kiyaye haƙƙin masarauta don samun dama da amfani da filayen gama gari don nishaɗi, kamar farautar fox .
Farkon ci gaban Gandun-daji na zamani
Gudanar da gandun daji don samar da katako mai ɗorewa ya fara a Fotigal a ƙarni na goma sha uku 13 lokacin da Sarki AfonsoIII ya dasa Pinhal do Rei (Dajin Sarki na Pine) kusa da Leiria don hana yashewar bakin teku da lalacewar ƙasa, kuma azaman tushen ci gaba ga katako da ake amfani da shi a cikin jirgin ruwa gini. Magajinsa Sarki Denis na Portugal ya ci gaba da aikin kuma har yanzu dajin yana nan.
Gudanar da gandun-daji kuma ya bunƙasa a cikin jihohin Jamus a karni na 14, misali a Nuremberg, da kuma a Japan na ƙarni na 16. Yawanci, an raba gandun daji zuwa takamaiman sashe kuma aka zana; an shirya girbin katako da ido don sabuntawa. Kamar yadda raunin katako ya ba da damar haɗa manyan gandun daji na duniya, kamar yadda a kudu maso yammacin Jamus, ta Main, Neckar, Danube da Rhine tare da biranen bakin teku da jihohi, farkon gandun daji na zamani da ciniki mai nisa suna da alaƙa. An kira manyan firs a cikin dajin baƙar fata "Holländer", yayin da aka yi ciniki da su zuwa yaduddukan jirgin ruwan na Holland. Manyan katako na katako a kan Rhine sun kai tsawon mita 200 zuwa 400, faɗin 40m kuma ya ƙunshi logi dubu da yawa. Ma'aikatan sun kunshi maza 400 zuwa 500, da suka hada da mafaka, gidajen burodi, tanda da wuraren kiwon dabbobi. An ba da damar kayan aikin katako na katako don manyan cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a duk faɗin nahiyar Turai kuma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci a cikin kasar Finland.
Farawa daga ƙarni na goma sha shida , haɓaka kasuwancin teku na duniya, bunƙasar ginin gidaje a Turai, da nasara da ƙarin Berggeschrey (rushes) na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai sun haɓaka amfani da katako sosai. Ra'ayin 'Nachhaltigkeit', dorewa a cikin gandun daji, yana da alaƙa da aikin Hans Carl von Carlowitz , mai gudanar da hakar ma'adinai a Saxony . Littafinsa Sylvicultura oeconomica, ko kuma haußwirthliche Nachricht und Naturmäßige Anweisung zur wilden Baum-Zucht shi ne littafin farko na cikakken bayani game da gandun daji mai ɗorewa. A Birtaniya, da, zuwa wani har, a nahiyar Turai, da yadi motsi da Clearances yi falala a kansu tsananin kewaye zaman kansa dukiya. Masu gyara Agrarian, marubutan tattalin arziki na farko da masana kimiyya sunyi ƙoƙarin kawar da al'adun gargajiya. A lokacin, wani bala'in da ake zargi na gama gari tare da tsoron Holznot, ƙarancin katako ya taka rawa a cikin rigingimu game da tsarin amfani da ƙasa.
John Evelyn ne ya inganta aikin kafa bishiyoyin bishiyoyi a cikin Tsibiran Biritaniya, kodayake ya riga ya sami shahara. Ministan Louis XIV Jean-Baptiste Colbert dajin Tronçais na itacen oak, wanda aka dasa don amfanin rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa a nan gaba, ya balaga kamar yadda ake tsammani a tsakiyar karni na 19: "Colbert ya yi tunanin komai ban da jirgin ruwa," in ji Fernand Braudel . A cikin layi daya, an kafa makarantun gandun daji tun daga ƙarshen karni na 18 a Hesse, Rasha, Austria-Hungary, Sweden, Faransa da sauran wurare a Turai.
Kula da gandun daji da farkon duniya
An fara daga shekara ta alib 1750s zamani kimiyya da gandunan daji da aka ɓullo da a Faransa da kuma Jamus magana kasashe a cikin mahallin tarihin yanayin malanta da kuma jihar gwamnati wahayi zuwa gare ta physiocracy da cameralism . Manyan halayensa sune ƙwararrun masu kula da gandun daji, da riko da dabarun samar da ɗorewa tare da nuna son kai ga samar da katako da samar da katako, gandun daji na wucin gadi, da mahimmin ra'ayi game da amfanin makiyaya da aikin gona na gandun daji.
A ƙarshen karni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20, an kafa shirye -shiryen kiyaye gandun-daji a Burtaniya Indiya, Amurka, da Turai watau biritaniya. Yawancin masu gandun daji sun fito ne daga Nahiyar Turai (kamar Sir Dietrich Brandis ), ko kuma sun yi karatu a can (kamar Gifford Pinchot ). Ana ganin Sir Dietrich Brandis uban gandun daji na wurare masu zafi, dole ne a daidaita dabarun Turai da ayyukansu a yankuna na yanayin zafi da na kusa. A ci gaba da shuke shuke da gandunan daji da aka daya daga cikin (rigima) amsoshin da takamaiman kalubale a cikin wurare masu zafi da mazauna. A enactment da kuma ci gaba na gandun daji dokokin da dauri da dokokinta faru a mafi kasashen yammacin turai a cikin karni na 20th a mayar da martani ga girma kiyayewa damuwa da kuma kara fasaha damar shiga kamfanoni. Gandun daji na Tropical wani reshe ne na gandun daji wanda ke hulɗa musamman da gandun dajin da ke samar da katako kamar teak da mahogany .
Inganta sarrafa gandun daji koyaushe yana da alaƙa da aikin ƙarfe da haɓaka kayan aikin injin don yanke da jigilar katako zuwa inda ya nufa. Rafting na farkon hanyoyin sufuri ne. Gilashin karfe sun fito a karni na 15. Karni na 19 ya ƙaru sosai da samun ƙarfe don bulala kuma ya gabatar da layin dogo na daji da layin dogo gaba ɗaya don sufuri kuma a matsayin abokin ciniki na gandun daji. Ƙarin canje - canjen ɗan adam, duk da haka, ya zo ne tun bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daidai da daidai da '' 1950s syndrome ''. An ƙirƙira sarkar shuni na farko a cikin 1918 a Kanada, amma babban tasirin injiniyanci a cikin gandun daji ya fara bayan Yaƙin Duniya na biyu 2 . Masu girbin gandun daji na daga cikin abubuwan da suka faru kwanan nan. Kodayake jirage masu saukar ungulu, jirage, binciken lesa, tauraron dan adam da mutummutumi suma suna taka rawa a cikin gandun daji.
Jaridun farko waɗanda har yanzu suna nan
An buga Sylwan a farkon 1820
Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen ya fara bugawa a 1850.
Erdészeti Lapok ya fara bugawa a 1862. (Hungary, 1862- yanzu)
The Indian Forester ya fara bugawa a 1875.
An buga jerin Šumarski (Binciken gandun daji, Croatia) a cikin 1877 ta Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Croatia.
Montes (Forestry, Spain) da aka fara bugawa a 1877.
Revista pădurilor (Journal of Forests, Romania, 1881–1882; 1886
Quarterly Forestry, wanda aka fara bugawa a 1902 ta Kwalejin Kula da Gandun daji ta New York .
(Forestry, Serbia) ta fara bugawa a 1948 ta Ma'aikatar Gandun dajin Yugoslavia ta Demokradiyya, kuma tun daga 1951 ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyoyin Injinan Gine -gine da Masu Fasaha na Jamhuriyar Serbia (ta maye gurbin tsohon Šumarski glasnik da aka buga daga 1907 zuwa 1921)
Gandun-daji a karni na 21
A yau akwai ƙungiyar bincike mai ƙarfi game da gudanar da yanayin yanayin gandun - daji da haɓaka ƙirar nau'ikan bishiyoyi da iri . Karatun gandun daji kuma sun haɗa da haɓaka ingantattun hanyoyi don shuka, karewa, sirara, ƙonawa mai sarrafawa, faɗuwa, cirewa, da sarrafa katako . Ofaya daga cikin aikace - aikacen gandun daji na zamani shine sake dasa bishiyoyi, inda ake shuka bishiyoyi kuma ana kula da su a wani yanki.
Bishiyoyi suna ba da fa'idoji da yawa na muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki ga mutane. A yankuna da yawa, masana'antar gandun daji tana da mahimmancin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa, tare da Amurka tana samar da katako fiye da kowace ƙasa a duniya. Ɓangare na uku takardar shaida tsarin cewa samar da m tabbaci na sauti gandun daji stewardship da kuma ] orewar da gandunan daji sun zama sananne a yankunan da yawa tun 1990s. Waɗannan tsarin ba da takardar shaida sun ɓullo a matsayin martani ga sukar wasu ayyukan gandun daji, musamman sare itatuwa a yankuna marasa ci gaba tare da damuwa kan sarrafa albarkatu a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba .
A cikin yanayin gandun daji mai tsananin girma, gandun dajin da ya dace yana da mahimmanci don rigakafin ko rage girman zaizayar ƙasa ko ma zaftarewar ƙasa . A yankunan da ke da yuwuwar zaftarewar kasa, gandun daji na iya daidaita kasa da hana lalacewar dukiya ko asara, raunin mutum, ko asarar rai.
Masu Aikin Gandun-daji
Masu aikin Gandun-Daji suna aiki don masana'antar katako, hukumomin gwamnati, ƙungiyoyin kiyaye muhalli, ƙananan hukumomi, allon wuraren shakatawa na birni, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa, da masu mallakar filaye masu zaman kansu. Sana'ar gandun daji ta ƙunshi ayyuka iri -iri, tare da buƙatun ilimi tun daga matakin digiri na kwaleji zuwa PhD don aikin ƙwararru. Masu gandun daji na masana’antu suna shirin farfado da gandun daji daga farawa da girbi cikin tsanaki. Masu gandun daji na birni suna sarrafa bishiyoyi a cikin sarari koren birane . Foresters aiki a itãciya Nurseries girma seedlings for Woodland halittar ko farfadowa ayyukan. Foresters suna haɓaka ƙwayoyin halittar bishiyoyi. Injiniyoyin gandun daji suna haɓaka sabbin tsarin gini. Kwararrun gandun daji suna aunawa da ƙira girma na gandun daji tare da kayan aiki kamar tsarin bayanan ƙasa . Foresters iya magance kwari infestation, cuta, gandun daji da kuma makiyayar da wildfire, amma ƙara da damar da wadannan halitta al'amurran da gandun daji kunsa su gudu su hanya a lokacin da alama na annoba, ko hadarin rayuwa ko dukiya ne low. Ƙari, masu gandun daji suna shiga cikin tsare -tsaren kiyaye namun daji da kariyar ruwa. Kasashen duniya sun fi damuwa da kula da katako, musamman sake dasa itatuwa, kula da gandun daji a yanayi mafi kyau, da sarrafa wuta.
Shirye -shiryen gandun daji
Foresters ci gaba da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren da dazuka dogaro tsara hanya inventories nuna wani yanki ta topographical siffofin da kuma ta rarraba itatuwa (da jinsunan) da sauran shuka murfin. Hakanan tsare - tsaren sun haɗa da makasudin masu mallakar ƙasa, hanyoyi, kwalbatoci, kusanci da mazaunin ɗan adam, fasalin ruwa da yanayin ruwa, da bayanan ƙasa. Tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji yawanci sun haɗa da shawarwarin al'adun gargajiyar al'adu da jadawalin aiwatarwa. Aikace - aikacen taswirar dijital a cikin Tsarin Bayanai na Geographic Information system (GIS) wanda ke fitar da haɗe bayanai daban - daban game da farfajiyar gandun daji, nau'in ƙasa da murfin bishiyoyi, da sauransu ta amfani da, misali binciken laser, yana haɓaka tsare -tsaren gudanar da gandun daji acikin tsarin zamani.
Tsare - tsaren kula da gandun-daji sun haɗa da shawarwari don cimma burin mai mallakar ƙasa da yanayin da ake so a nan gaba don dukiyar da ke ƙarƙashin yanayin muhalli, kuɗi, kayan aiki (misali samun albarkatu), da sauran taƙaitawa. A wasu kaddarorin, tsare - tsaren suna mai da hankali kan samar da samfuran itace masu inganci don sarrafawa ko siyarwa. Don haka, nau'in bishiyoyi, adadi, da sifa, duk suna da mahimmanci ga ƙimar samfuran da aka girbe da ƙima, galibi sune mahimman sassan tsare -tsaren al'adu.
Kyakkyawan tsare - tsaren gudanarwa sun haɗa da yin la’akari da yanayin yanayin tsayuwa na gaba bayan duk wani shawarar girbi da aka ba da shawarar, gami da jiyya na gaba (musamman a cikin tsayayyun tsayayyar tsayuwa), da tsare - tsaren farfadowar na halitta ko na wucin gadi bayan girbin ƙarshe.
Manufofin masu mallakar ƙasa da masu haya suna yin tasiri ga tsare -tsaren girbi da kuma kula da wurin. A kasar Biritaniya, tsare -tsaren da ke nuna "kyakkyawan aikin gandun daji" dole ne koyaushe su yi la’akari da buƙatun sauran masu ruwa da tsaki kamar al'ummomin da ke kusa ko mazaunan karkara da ke zaune ko kusa da wuraren dazuzzuka. Foresters suna la'akari da sare bishiyoyi da dokokin muhalli lokacin haɓaka shirye - shirye. Shirye -shiryen suna koyar da girbi mai dorewa da maye gurbin bishiyoyi. Suna nuna ko ana buƙatar ginin hanya ko wasu ayyukan injiniyan gandun daji.
Noma, da gandun-daji da shugabannin an kuma kokarin fahimtar yadda da sauyin yanayi canji dokokin zai shafi abin da suke aikatãwa. Bayanan da aka tattara za su bayar da bayanan da za su tantance rawar da aikin gona da gandun daji ke takawa a cikin sabon tsarin sarrafa canjin yanayi.
Daji a matsayin kimiyya
A cikin ƙarni da suka gabata, ana ɗaukar gandun daji a matsayin kimiyya daban. Tare da haɓaka kimiyyar muhalli da kimiyyar muhalli, an sami sake daidaitawa a cikin ilimin da ake amfani da su. Dangane da wannan ra'ayi, gandun daji shine kimiyyar amfani da ƙasa ta farko idan aka kwatanta da aikin gona . A karkashin wadannan kanun labarai, muhimman abubuwan da ke tattare da kula da gandun daji na halitta suna zuwa ta hanyar ilimin halittu. Gandun daji ko dasa bishiyoyi, waɗanda babban manufarsu ita ce haɓakar samfuran gandun daji, an tsara su kuma ana sarrafa su ta amfani da cakuda ƙa'idodin muhalli da na agroecological. A yankuna da yawa na duniya akwai babban rikici tsakanin ayyukan gandun daji da sa uran fifikon al'umma kamar ingancin ruwa, kiyaye ruwa, kamun kifi mai dorewa, kiyayewa, da kiyaye nau'oin abubuwa daban- daban .
Bambancin halitta a gandun daji
Tushen samar da kayan gandun daji da ake amfani da su don dasa gandun daji yana da babban tasiri kan yadda bishiyoyin ke bunƙasa, saboda haka me yasa yake da mahimmanci a yi amfani da kayan aikin gandun daji na inganci mai kyau da kuma bambancin halittu . Gabaɗaya, duk ayyukan gudanar da gandun daji, gami da tsarin farfadowa na halitta, na iya shafar bambancin bishiyoyin.
Kalmar kwayoyin jinsi diversity bayyana bambance - bambancen da ke cikin jerin DNA tsakanin mutane daban - daban daga bambancin da tasirin muhalli ya haifar. Haɗin keɓaɓɓen ƙwayar halittar mutum ( nau'in halittar sa ) zai ƙayyade aikinsa ( samfurin sa ) a wani rukunin yanar gizo.
Ana buƙatar bambancin jinsin halittu don kula da mahimmancin gandun - daji da kuma samar da juriya ga kwari da cututtuka . Bambancin kwayoyin halitta kuma yana tabbatar da cewa bishiyoyin gandun daji na iya rayuwa, daidaitawa da haɓakawa a ƙarƙashin sauyin yanayin muhalli. Bugu da ƙari, bambancin kwayoyin halitta shine ginshiƙan bambancin halittu a cikin jinsuna da matakan muhalli. Don haka albarkatun kwayoyin gandun daji suna da mahimmanci a yi la’akari da su a kula da gandun daji.
Bambance -bambancen halittu a gandun-daji yana fuskantar barazanar gobarar daji, kwari da cututtuka, rarrabuwa na mazaunin, rashin kyawun al'adun silvic da amfani mara kyau na kayan haihuwa na gandun daji.
Kimanin kadada miliyan 98 na gandun daji gobara ta shafa a shekarar 2015; wannan ya fi yawa a cikin wurare masu zafi, inda wuta ta ƙone kusan kashi 4 na jimlar yankin gandun daji a waccan shekarar. Fiye da kashi biyu bisa uku na jimlar yankin gandun da abin ya shafa yana cikin Afirka da Kudancin Amurka. Ƙwari, cututtuka da munanan yanayin yanayi sun lalata hekta miliyan arba'in na gandun daji a cikin 2015, galibi a cikin yankuna masu ɗimbin yawa.
Bugu da ƙari, mafi yawancin bishiyoyi suna fuskantar sabbin barazanar saboda canjin yanayi.
Yawancin ƙasashe a Turai suna da shawarwari ko jagorori don zaɓar nau'ikan da tabbatattun abubuwan da za a iya amfani da su a wani yanki ko yan ki.
Tarihin ilimin gandun-daji
Georg Ludwig Hartig ya kafa makarantar gandun-daji ta farko a garin Hungen a Wetterau, Hesse, a cikin alib na 1787, kodayake an koyar da gandun daji a baya a tsakiyar Turai, gami da Jami'ar Giessen, a Hesse-Darmstadt .
A Spain, makarantar gandun daji ta farko ita ce Makarantar Injiniya ta Madrid ( Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros de Montes ), wacce aka kafa a shekarar alib na 1844.
Na farko a Arewacin Amurka, an kafa Makarantar Gandun Dajin Biltmore kusa da Asheville, North Carolina, ta Carl A. Schenck a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1898, a kan filin George W. Vanderbilt na Biltmore Estate . Wata makarantar farko ita ce Kwalejin Kula da gandun daji ta Jihar New York, wacce aka kafa a Jami'ar Cornell bayan 'yan makonni kaɗan, a watan Satumba 1898. Farkon karni na 19 masu gandun daji na Arewacin Amurka sun tafi Jamus don yin nazarin gandun daji. Wasu masu gandun daji na farko na Jamus suma sun yi hijira zuwa Arewacin Amurka.
A Kudancin Amurka an kafa makarantar gandun daji ta farko a kasar Brazil, a Viçosa, Minas Gerais, a 1962, kuma ta koma shekara mai zuwa ta zama malami a Jami'ar Tarayya ta Paraná, a Curitiba.
Ilimin gandun-daji a yau
A yau, ilimin gandun daji yawanci ya haɗa da horo cikin ilimin halittu gabaɗaya, ilmin halitta, ilimin halittu, ilimin halittu, kimiyyar ƙasa, canjin yanayi, ilimin ruwa, tattalin arziki da gudanar da gandun daji . Ilimi a cikin ginshiƙan ilimin zamantakewa da kimiyyar siyasa galibi ana ɗaukar fa'ida. Kwarewar ƙwararru a ƙudurin rikici da sadarwa ma suna da mahimmanci a cikin shirye -shiryen horo.
A kasar Indiya, ana ba da ilimin gandun daji a cikin jami'o'in aikin gona da kuma a Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji (jami'o'in da ake ɗauka). Ana gudanar da shirye -shiryen digiri na shekaru huɗu a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in a matakin farko. Hakanan ana samun digiri na biyu da na Doctorate a cikin waɗannan jami'o'in.
A kasar Amurka, Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji na gaba da sakandare wacce ke kaiwa ga Digiri na Bachelor ko Digiri na Babbar Jagora ya sami karbuwa daga Society of American Foresters .
A Kanada Cibiyar Kula da Gandun daji ta Kanada tana ba da zoben azurfa ga masu digiri daga shirye -shiryen BSc na jami'a, da shirye -shiryen kwaleji da fasaha.
A ƙasashen Turai da yawa, ana yin horo a cikin gandun daji daidai da buƙatun Tsarin Bologna da Yankin Babban Ilimi na Turai .
Ƙungiyoyin Binciken Gandun daji ta Duniya ita ce kawai ƙungiyar duniya da ke daidaita ƙoƙarin kimiyyar gandun daji a duk duniya.
Ci gaba da ilimi
Domin ci-gaba da canza buƙatu da abubuwan muhalli, ilimin gandun daji bai tsaya a kammala karatu ba, Bugu da ƙari, ƙwararrun gandun daji suna shiga horo na yau da kullun don kulawa da haɓaka ayyukan gudanar da su. Wani shahararren kayan aiki shine marteloscopes ; kadada mai girman kadada guda ɗaya, wuraren gandun daji mai kusurwa huɗu inda aka ƙidaya dukkan bishiyoyi, aka zana su kuma aka yi rikodin su. Ana iya amfani da waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon don yin tunani na yau da kullun da gwada ingancin katako na mutum da ƙididdigar watau bincike ƙima da microhabitats na itace. Wannan tsarin yafi dacewa ga yankuna da ƙananan tsarin sarrafa gandun daji masu yawa.
Karin haske game da binciken gandun daji da ilimi
Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji
Jerin makarantun fasaha na gandun daji
Jerin jami'o'in gandun daji da kwalejoji
Jerin mujallolin tarihi na gandun daji
Cibiyar Kula da Gandun Daji (rashin fahimta).
Duba kuma
Kusa da gandun daji na yanayi
Gandun daji na al'umma
Dazuzzuka da sauyin yanayi
Dandalin daji
Noman daji
Masu ilimin gandun daji
Adabin gandun daji
Tarihin gandun daji a Tsakiyar Turai
Shekarar Gandun Daji ta Duniya
Jerin cibiyoyin binciken gandun daji
Jerin mujallu na gandun daji
Hanyar Miyawaki
Gandun daji masu zaman kansu marasa aikin gona
Gudanar da gandun daji mai dorewa
Gine -gine
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
60565 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Mohammed%20Hassan | Ahmed Mohammed Hassan | Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan FRCP FTWAS ( ; 10 Afrilu 1930 - 10 Nuwamba 2022) farfesa ne a Sudan ta Kudu .
An haifi El Hassan kuma an girma a Sudan . Ya sami mafi yawan horon aikin likitanci a Jami'ar Khartoum kafin ya kammala digiri na uku a Jami'ar Edinburgh a shekarar 1965. Bayan ya dawo Sudan, ya jagoranci Sashen Nazarin Ilimin Halittu da Faculty of Medicine kafin ya jagoranci a takaice. . Ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Bincike na Likita , yayin da yake taimakawa wajen kafa Sashen Nazarin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Jami'ar King Faisal, Saudi Arabia da Cibiyar Fasahar Laboratory Medical, Sudan. Bugu da kari, El Hassan shi ne Daraktan Kafa na Cibiyar Cututtukan Cutar , Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Sudan (SNAS) da Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Sudan .
El Hassan ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka da kuma rigakafi na cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da cututtuka. A sakamakon haka, Sudan ta ba shi umarni mafi girma na cancanta, kuma an sanya sunan cibiyar kula da magungunan zafi na kasar Sudan ta Al Qadarif . Bugu da kari, ya samu lambar yabo ta Shousha ta WHO ta 1987, lambar yabo ta RSTMH ta Donald Mackay ta 1996, da lambar yabo ta 2017–2018 Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum .
Rayuwa da aiki
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi El Hassan a Berber, Sudan, ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1930. Kamar da yawa a lokacin, ya fara karatunsa a makarantar Al-Qur'ani ( Khalwa ) kafin ya shiga makarantar Berber Intermediate School. Daga baya ya koma Khartoum don shiga makarantar sakandare ta Omdurman a 1945.
El Hassan ya halarci Makarantar Magunguna ta Kitchener (yanzu Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum). Ya sauke karatu tare da bambanci a cikin Magunguna da Tiyata a cikin 1955 yayin da ya ci kyautar Kitchener Memorial don mafi kyawun digiri. Ya shiga ma’aikatar lafiya ta Sudan don horar da shi, tun daga shekarar 1955 zuwa 1957, sannan kuma ya zama jami’in lafiya daga 1957 zuwa 1958 a wurare daban-daban a Khartoum, Omdurman da Jihar Arewa . Daga nan sai ya koma Sashen Nazarin Pathology, Jami'ar Khartoum a matsayin mataimaki na bincike.
El Hassan ya ci gaba da horar da shi a Jami'ar London kuma ya sami Diploma a Clinical Pathology (DCP) a 1961. Ya koma Jami'ar Khartoum na wani ɗan gajeren lokaci a matsayin malami kafin ya fara digirin ilimin falsafa a jami'ar Edinburgh, wanda ya kammala a 1965.
El Hassan ya koma Sashen Nazarin Ilimin Halittu, Jami'ar Khartoum a matsayin babban malami kafin ya zama farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a 1966. A cikin 1969, an nada El Hassan a matsayin shugaban sashen likitanci da mataimakin shugaban jami'a.
El Hassan shi ne wanda ya kafa ministan ilimi mai zurfi da bincike na kimiyya, Sudan, tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1972, bayan haka ya zama shugaban kwamitin binciken likitoci . Daga nan sai El Hassan ya shiga Jami’ar King Faisal ta kasar Saudiyya, a matsayin farfesa a shekarar 1977 kuma ya taimaka wajen kafa sashen kula da cututtuka kafin ya tafi a 1979, ya dawo a 1981 a matsayin darektan bincike har zuwa 1987.
Tsakanin 1979-1980, El Hassan ya kasance a Sudan a matsayin darektan Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka masu zafi, kuma ya kafa Cibiyar Fasahar Kimiyyar Lafiya ta Likita. Bayan ya dawo daga kasar Saudiyya a shekarar 1988, ya ci gaba da aiki a sashen koyar da ilmin halitta, Faculty of Medicine, Jami'ar Khartoum.
El Hassan shi ne wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Yaki da Cututtuka tsakanin 1993 zuwa 2000, kuma ya ci gaba da alakarsa da Cibiyar a matsayin Farfesa Farfesa Pathology har zuwa mutuwarsa a 2022. El Hassan shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Sudan (SNAS) a 2005, kuma shi ne shugaban kungiyar Cancer ta Sudan tsakanin 2008 da 2009.
El Hassan farfesa ce mai ziyara a Jami'ar London, Jami'ar Copenhagen, Jami'ar Mata ta Ahfad, da Jami'ar Oktoba 6 . Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Bincike na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO), kuma memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kimiyya da Fasaha na Binciken Cututtuka na wurare masu zafi, WHO.
Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
El Hassan ya auri Amal Galal Mohamed a shekara ta 1959 kuma ya haifi 'ya'ya mata hudu. Yana da sha'awar daukar hoto da kiɗa. Ya kafa sashen daukar hoto da hoto na farko na likitanci a Sudan. Ya koyi wasan oud kuma ya buga littafinsa Rubuce-rubuce akan Magunguna, Kiɗa da Adabi a cikin 2017 .
El Hassan ya mutu ne a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2022 a gidansa da ke Al Riyadh, Khartoum saboda dalilai na halitta.
El Hassan ya mayar da hankali kan ilimin cututtuka da rigakafi na cututtuka na wurare masu zafi da cututtuka, musamman leishmaniasis da mycetoma, ciki har da ganewar asali, magani, da alluran rigakafi. Har ila yau, bincikensa ya bincika kuturta da zazzabin cizon sauro, kuma bayan 2005, ya mayar da hankalinsa ga ciwon daji na nasopharyngeal . Ya sami tallafin bincike daga Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtukan wurare masu zafi na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, Wellcome Trust, Hukumar Raya Kasa da Kasa ta Danish, da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Duniya .
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Gwamnatin Sudan ta ba El Hassan lambar yabo ta Zinariya don Bincike da Kimiyya a 1977, El Neelain Order (Ajin Farko) a cikin shekarar 1979, da Order of Merit (Ajin Farko) a cikin shekarar 1995. Ya sami digirin girmamawa na Kimiyya daga Jami'ar Mata ta Ahfad a shekarar 2006. Farfesa Ahmed Mohamed El-Hassan Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan wurare masu zafi a Doka, Jihar Al Qadarif, da Cibiyar Nazarin Magungunan Wuta ta EL Hassan da aka yi watsi da su a Soba, Khartoum an sanya musu suna a cikin 2010 da 2016. bi da bi.
An zabe shi a matsayin Fellow na Royal College of Pathologists, London (FRCPath) a 1964, Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London (FRCP) a cikin shekarar 1974, da Fellow of the World Academy of Sciences (FTWAS) a shekarar 1996. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Shousha daga Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a cikin 1987, Medal Donald Mackay daga Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene a shekarar 1996, da Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum Award don ilimin likitanci a 2017 – 2018.
wallafe-wallafen da aka zaɓa
Zijlstra, EE; Musa, AM; Khalil, A. G.; Hassan, IM El; El-Hassan, AM . Postkala-azar dermal leishmaniasis . Cututtukan Lancet . 3 : 87-98. doi: 10.1016/S1473-3099 00517-6 . . PMID 12560194 .
Ghalib, HW; Piuvezam, MR; Skeiky, YA; Siddik, M.; Hashim, FA; El-Hassan, AM; Rasha, DM; Reed, SG . Samuwar Interleukin 10 tana da alaƙa da ilimin cututtuka a cikin cututtukan Leishmania donovani ɗan adam . Jaridar Binciken Bincike . 92 : 324-329. doi: 10.1172/JCI116570 . ISSN 0021-9738 . Farashin 8326000 .
Zijlstra, EE; El-Hassan, AM . Leishmaniasis a Sudan. 3. visceral leishmaniasis . Ma'amaloli na Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene . S27-S58. doi: 10.1016/S0035-9203 90218-4 .
Zijlstra, EE; El-Hassan, AM; Isma'il, A; Ghalib, HW . Endemic kala-azar a gabashin Sudan: nazari na dogon lokaci kan abin da ya faru na asibiti da kamuwa da cuta da kuma bayan-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis . Mujallar Amurkawa na magungunan wurare masu zafi da tsafta . 51 : 826-836. doi: 10.4269/ajtmh.1994.51.826 . ISSN 1476-1645 . Farashin 7810819 .
Kara karantawa
Ahmad El-Safi. Ahmed Mohamed El Hassan: Mahimmanci a cikin cututtuka na wurare masu zafi, ilimin cututtuka, bincike na ciwon daji & ilimin likita, Sudan Medical Heritage Foundation Publications , .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
A cikin bayanin: Prof. Ahmad M. El-Hassan , YouTube (Hausa)
Daren Aminci da Godiya ga Marigayi Prof. Ahmed Mohammed Al-Hassan , YouTube (Larabci)
Mutuwan 2022
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30302 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean%20Adukwei%20Mensa | Jean Adukwei Mensa | Jean Adukwei Mensa lauya ce dan kasar Ghana kuma shugabar hukumar zabe ta Ghana. Kafin ta zama shugaban hukumar zaben, Jean Mensa ta shafe shekaru 18 yana aiki a Cibiyar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki (IEA) inda ya kai matsayin Babban Darakta tare da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen karfafa dimokaradiyyar Ghana da inganta cibiyoyi masu karfi.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Jean Mensa ta yi karatun sakandire ne a babbar makarantar St. Mary’s Senior High School bayan ta kammala karatunta na farko a makarantar cocin Accra Ridge. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Ghana, Faculty of Law kuma ta sami digiri a 1993. An kira ta zuwa Bar a 1995.
An nada Jean Adukwei Mensa a matsayin shugabar hukumar zaben Ghana a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin 2018, bayan da aka tsige magabacinta daga mukaminsa. Shekaru ashirin da suka wuce, Misis Mensa ta kasance jagora a cikin bincike da shawarwari. Ta tsunduma cikin ci gaban manufofi kamar dokar mika mulki ta 2012, da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Ghana na 1992 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, da kudirin ba da kudade na jam’iyyun siyasa, da dokar jam’iyyun siyasa da aka yi wa kwaskwarima. Ƙwarewarta ta kasance tana haɓakawa da aiwatar da hanyoyin siyasa waɗanda ke nuna kyakkyawan aiki na duniya amma kuma an keɓance su da bukatun Ghana. Wannan shi ne naɗinta na farko da ta taɓa yi a fannin gwamnati.
Shugaban Ghana, Akufo-Addo ne ya rantsar da Jean. Rantsarwar ta zo ne bayan wani dan kasar Ghana mai suna Fafali Nyonatorto ta nemi hana shugaban kasar gudanar da aikin nada sabon shugaban hukumar zabe. ‘Yar kasar ta kalubalanci tsige tsohuwar hukumar zabe domin samun damar kotu ta saurari kwararan hujjojin nata. Shugaban kasar ya yi ikirarin tsige tsohuwar shugabar hukumar zabe Charlotte Osei daga ofishinta ba tare da wani zalunci ba. Shugaban ya ce ana sa ran daga gare shi zai sauke aikin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba shi.
Misis Mensa ta dade da samun ci gaba da hadin kan kasa da hadin kan kasa sun hada da gudanar da jerin tarurrukan haduwar maraice na hukumar ta IEA, da muhawarar shugaban kasa da mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana, da kuma tarurrukan da za a yi wa 'yan takarar majalisar dokoki. Wadannan al'amura ba wai kawai sun karfafa rikon amana da fayyace tsarin siyasa ba amma sun ba da damar mu'amala tsakanin 'yan takara da wadanda suka zabe su.
Kafin yin aiki a IEA, Misis Mensa ta kuma yi aiki a Amarkai Amarteifio Chambers da BJ Da Rocha Chambers a matsayin ƙaramar Lauya .
Kungiyar 'Yan Kasuwa ta Afirka (TANOE) ta sanya Mensa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan shugabannin mata na kamfanoni 60 na Ghana . Ta ci lambar yabo da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Jagorancin Jagoranci ta Ƙungiyar EXLA da Matasa na Matsayin Matasa a Matsayin Shugabanci wanda aka gabatar da Matasa Masu Kwarewa da Tsarin Hadin gwiwar Matasa .
Tsohon shugaban Ghana John Mahama ya gargadi hukumar zaben da Jean ke jagoranta da kada ta hada sabuwar rajistar masu zabe. Ya yi ikirarin cewa babu sauran lokaci mai yawa ga babban zaben kasar don hada sabuwar rajistar masu zabe. Ya ce Jean Mensah da kayanta ne za su dauki alhakinsu idan kasar ta koma cikin rikici bayan babban zaben shekarar 2020. An gudanar da zanga-zanga a fadin kasar a birane uku na Tamale, Kumasi da kuma Accra domin bayyana ra'ayoyinsu kan hada harhada.
A yayin tattara bayanan bayan zaben 2020, Jean Mensa ana zargin ya aike da wakilan jam'iyyar NDC a cibiyar tattara bayanai ta kasa don isar da sako ga mai rike da tutarsu amma duk da haka suka ci gaba da bayyana sakamakon zaben bayan sun tashi da sakonta. An ayyana sanarwar zaben 2020 da Jean Mensa ta yi a matsayin kura-kurai da kuma rashin yuwuwar ilimin lissafi daga kungiyoyi da dama a Ghana tare da wata kungiya mai suna Democratic Credentials Network Ghana ta bukaci ta yi murabus. Bayan ayyana ta, hukumar zaben ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ba ta sanya hannu ba, inda ta fayyace sabanin da ke tattare da ayyana zaben.
Yayin sauraren karar zaben 2021 a Kotun Koli ta Ghana, Jean Mensa ta hannun lauyanta ta ki sanya akwatin shaidun da lauyoyin da suka shigar da kara suka bincika.
Rayayyun mutane |
40876 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roald%20Amundsen | Roald Amundsen | Roald Engelbregt Gravning Amundsen (UK:/ɑmʊndsən/,US:/-məns-/; Norwegian: [rùɑɫ ɑ̂mʉnsən] 16 ga Yuli, 1872 - ) ɗan ƙasar Norway ne mai binciken yankunan polar. Ya kasance babban jigo na lokacin da aka sani da Heroic Age of Antarctic Exploration.
An haife shi a Borge, Østfold, Norway, Amundsen ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai binciken polar a matsayin abokin farko a Balaguron Antarctic na Belgian Adrien de Gerlache na 1897-1899. Daga 1903 zuwa 1906, ya jagoranci balaguron farko don samun nasarar ratsa hanyar Arewa maso Yamma akan sloop Gjøa. A cikin shekarar 1909, Amundsen ya fara shirin balaguron Pole ta Kudu. Ya bar Norway a watan Yuni 1910 a jirgin Fram kuma ya isa Antarctica a cikin watan Janairu 1911. Jam'iyyarsa ta kafa sansanin a Bay of Whales da kuma jerin kayan da aka samar a kan Barrier (wanda ake kira Ross Ice Shelf) kafin ya tashi zuwa sandar a watan Oktoba. Jam'iyyar biyar, karkashin jagorancin Amundsen, ta zama ta farko da ta samu nasarar isa Pole ta Kudu a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 1911.
Bayan yunƙurin da bai yi nasara ba a cikin shekarar 1918 don isa Pole Arewa ta hanyar wucewa ta Arewa maso Gabas a kan jirgin Maud, Amundsen ya fara shirin balaguron jirgin sama maimakon. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu 1926, Amundsen da wasu mutane 15 a cikin jirgin ruwan Norge sun zama masu binciken farko da aka tabbatar sun isa Pole ta Arewa. Amundsen ya bace a watan Yuni 1928 yayin da yake tafiya a kan aikin ceto don jirgin Italia na jirgin sama a cikin Arctic. Tun a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar ne dai aka dakatar da neman gawar sa, wanda ba a gano gawarsa ba.
Amundsen an haife shi ne a cikin dangin masu mallakin jiragen ruwa na Norway da kyaftin a Borge, tsakanin garuruwan Fredrikstad da Sarpsborg. Iyayensa sune Jens Amundsen da Hanna Sahlqvist. Roald shine ɗa na huɗu a gidan. Mahaifiyarsa ta so ya guje wa cinikin teku na iyali kuma ta ƙarfafa shi ya zama likita, alƙawarin da Amundsen ya yi har mahaifiyarsa ta rasu yana da shekaru 21. Nan da nan ya bar jami'a don rayuwarsa a cikin teku.
Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, Amundsen ya ji daɗin karanta labaran Sir John Franklin na balaguron da ya yi a ƙasar Arctic. Amundsen ya rubuta "Na karanta su da ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa wanda ya tsara dukkan tsarin rayuwata".
Tafiya ta Polar
Balaguron Antarctic na Belgium
Amundsen ya shiga Balaguron Antarctic na Belgium a matsayin abokin farko yana da shekaru 25 a 1897. Wannan balaguron, wanda Adrien de Gerlache ya jagoranta ta amfani da jirgin RV Belgica, ya zama balaguron farko da ya mamaye Antarctica. Belgica, ko bisa kuskure ko ƙira, ya kasance kulle a cikin kankara na teku a 70°30′S kusa da tsibirin Alexander, yamma da tsibirin Antarctic. Ma'aikatan jirgin sun jimre lokacin sanyi wanda ba a shirya su sosai ba.
Ta hanyar kimar Amundsen, likita don balaguron, Ba'amurke Frederick Cook, mai yiwuwa ya ceci ma'aikatan daga scurvy ta hanyar farautar dabbobi da ciyar da ma'aikatan sabon nama. A cikin yanayin da 'ya'yan itacen citrus suka rasa, naman da ba a dafa shi ba musamman na dabba daga dabbobi sukan ƙunshi isasshen bitamin don hana scurvy har ma da wani sashi. Wannan wani muhimmin darasi ne ga balaguron balaguro na gaba na Amundsen. Amundsen da Cook daga baya sun karbi jagorancin jirgin lokacin da De Gerlache ya yi rashin lafiya mai tsanani.
Hanyar Arewa maso Yamma
A cikin shekarar 1903, Amundsen ya jagoranci balaguron farko don samun nasarar ratsa iyakar Kanada ta Arewa maso Yamma tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific. Ya shirya wani karamin balaguro na maza shida a cikin jirgin kamun kifi mai tan 45-ton, Gjøa, domin samun sassauci. Jirgin nasa yana da daftarin da ba shi da zurfi. Dabararsa ita ce amfani da ƙaramin jirgi da rungumar bakin teku. Amundsen yana sanye da jirgin da ƙananan 13 Injin dizal paraffin (dizal).
Sun yi tafiya ta Baffin Bay, tashar Parry sannan kuma ta kudu ta hanyar Peel Sound, James Ross Strait, Simpson Strait da Rae Strait. Sun yi lokacin sanyi biyu a tsibirin King William, a tashar jiragen ruwa na abin da ke a yau Gjoa Haven. A wannan lokacin, Amundsen da ma'aikatan jirgin sun koya daga Netsilik Inuit na gida game da dabarun rayuwa na Arctic, wanda ya sami mahimmanci a cikin balaguron da ya yi zuwa Pole ta Kudu. Alal misali, ya koyi yin amfani da karnukan sling don safarar kayayyaki da kuma sanya fatun dabbobi maimakon wuraren shakatawa masu nauyi, ulun, waɗanda ba sa iya hana sanyi sa’ad da aka jika.
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
48882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Kasuwancin%20Nahiyar%20Afrika | Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika | Yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar Afirka ( AfCFTA) yanki ne na ciniki kyauta wanda ya mamaye yawancin Afirka. An kuma kafa shi ne a cikin 2018 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afirka, wanda ke da jam'iyyun 43 da wasu masu rattaba hannu 11, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yanki mafi girma na ciniki cikin 'yanci ta adadin kasashe mambobi, bayan Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, kuma mafi girma a yawan jama'a. da girman yanki, wanda ya kai mutane biliyan 1.3 a fadin nahiya ta biyu mafi girma a duniya.
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ce ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafa AfCFTA kuma kasashe 44 daga cikin mambobinta 55 ne suka sanya hannu a Kigali, Rwanda a ranar 21 ga Maris 2018. Shawarar za ta fara aiki ne kwanaki 30 bayan amincewa da wasu jihohi 22 da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019, Jamhuriyar Saharawi ta yi ajiyar kayan aiki na 22 na amincewa, wanda ya kawo karshen yarjejeniyar a ranar 30 ga Mayu; ya shiga aikin sa ne biyo bayan taron koli a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2019, kuma a hukumance ya fara 1 ga Janairu 2021. Wata sakatariya ta dindindin ce ke kula da tattaunawar AfCFTA da aiwatar da ita a Accra, Ghana .
A karkashin yarjejeniyar, mambobin AfCFTA sun himmatu wajen kawar da haraji kan mafi yawan kayayyaki da ayyuka na tsawon shekaru 5, 10, ko 13, ya danganta da matakin ci gaban kasar ko yanayin kayayyakin. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci na gaba ɗaya sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar kasuwa guda ɗaya, mai sassaucin ra'ayi ; rage shinge ga jari da aiki don sauƙaƙe zuba jari; haɓaka kayan aikin yanki; da kafa kungiyar kwastam ta nahiyar . Gabaɗayan manufar AfCFTA ita ce haɓaka bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin jama'a, da rage talauci, da kuma sa Afirka ta zama mai gasa a tattalin arzikin duniya.
Hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa AfCFTA za ta bunkasa kasuwancin tsakanin Afirka da kashi 52 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2022. Wani rahoto na bankin duniya ya yi hasashen cewa, AfCFTA za ta iya fitar da 'yan Afirka miliyan 30 daga matsanancin talauci, da kara samun kudin shiga na kusan mutane miliyan 70, da kuma samar da kudaden shiga na dala biliyan 450 nan da shekarar 2035. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2022, AfCFTA ta ɗauki babban mataki zuwa ga manufarta tare da kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi da matsuguni na Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), wanda ke ba da damar biyan kuɗi tsakanin kamfanonin da ke aiki a Afirka a kowane kuɗin gida.
A shekarar 1963, kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Afirka suka kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka . OAU ta yi niyyar inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Afirka. 1980 na Legas Plan of Action kungiyar ta amince da shi. Shirin ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata Afirka ta rage dogaro ga kasashen yamma ta hanyar inganta cinikayya tsakanin Afirka. Wannan ya fara ne yayin da aka kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar yanki da dama a yankuna daban-daban na Afirka, kamar taron haɗin gwiwar raya ƙasashen kudancin Afirka.
Daga karshe wannan ya kai ga yerjejeniyar Abuja a shekarar 1991, wadda ta samar da kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afrika, kungiyar da ta inganta harkokin kasuwanci cikin 'yanci, da kungiyoyin kwastam, da babban bankin Afrika, da kungiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Afrika.
A shekara ta 2002, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta maye gurbin OAU, wanda a matsayin daya daga cikin manufofinta na hanzarta "hadewar tattalin arzikin nahiyar". Manufar ta biyu ita ce "daidaita da daidaita manufofin tsakanin al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki na yanzu da masu zuwa don cimma manufofin kungiyar a hankali."
A taron Tarayyar Afirka na 2012 a Addis Ababa, shugabannin sun amince da samar da sabon yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar nan da shekarar 2017. A taron AU na 2015 a Johannesburg, taron ya amince da fara shawarwari. Wannan ya fara jerin zaman tattaunawa guda goma da suka gudana cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa.
An gudanar da taron tattaunawa na farko a watan Fabrairun 2016 kuma an gudanar da tarurruka takwas har zuwa taron koli a watan Maris na 2018 a Kigali. Daga Fabrairu 2017 a kan kungiyoyin fasaha na fasaha sun gudanar da tarurruka hudu, inda aka tattauna batutuwan fasaha da aiwatar da su a cikin daftarin. A ranar 8-9 ga Maris, 2018 Ministocin kasuwanci na Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da daftarin.
Taron Kigali na 2018
A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2018, a taro na 10 na musamman na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan AfCFTA, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban guda uku: Yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka, sanarwar Kigali ; da Protocol on 'Yancin Motsi na Mutane . Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin motsi na mutane na neman kafa yankin da ba shi da biza a cikin kasashen AfCFTA, da kuma tallafawa samar da Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka. A taron da aka yi a Kigali a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2018, kasashe 44 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar AfCFTA, 47 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Kigali, yayin da 30 suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin zirga-zirgar jama'a. Yayin da aka yi nasara, an sami manyan wurare guda biyu: Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu, manyan kasashe biyu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Afirka.
Wani abu mai daure kai a tattaunawar shi ne, an riga an raba Afirka zuwa yankuna takwas na cinikayya maras shinge da/ko kungiyoyin kwastam, kowannensu yana da dokoki daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yanki za su ci gaba da kasancewa; Yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka tun farko tana neman rage shingen kasuwanci tsakanin ginshiƙai daban-daban na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe za ta yi amfani da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yankin a matsayin tubali don cimma burin ƙungiyar kwastam ta faɗin Afirka.
Ƙirƙirar ƙarin ladabi
Tattaunawar ta ci gaba a cikin 2018 tare da Mataki na II, gami da manufofin saka hannun jari, gasa da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha. A watan Janairun 2020, ana sa ran kammala shawarwarin Majalisar AU. Ana sa ran daftarin taron Majalisar AU na Janairu 2020.
An kafa cibiyoyi masu zuwa don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci. Sakamakon shawarwarin mataki na II ana iya kafa wasu kwamitoci ta hanyar ka'idoji.
Sakatariyar AfCFTA ce za ta dauki nauyin daidaita aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kuma za ta kasance kungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin tsarin AU. Ko da yake za ta kasance mai zaman kanta na shari'a, za ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da hukumar ta AU tare da karbar kasafin kudinta daga AU. Majalisar ministocin da ke da alhakin kasuwanci za ta yanke shawara a kan wurin da hedkwatar za ta kasance, tsari, aiki da alhakin. Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Tarayyar Afirka ita ce mafi girman matakin yanke shawara. Akwai yiyuwar haduwa a yayin taron kolin kungiyar ta AU.
Majalisar ministocin da ke da alhakin ciniki ta ba da kulawar dabarun kasuwanci tare da tabbatar da aiwatar da ingantaccen aiki da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA.
An kafa kwamitoci da yawa, don kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki, kasuwanci a cikin sabis, akan ka'idodin asali, magunguna na kasuwanci, shingen ba da kuɗin fito, shingen fasaha don kasuwanci da kuma matakan tsafta da phytosanitary. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan ka'idoji da hanyoyin warware takaddama, amma da alama za su hada da nada kwamitin warware takaddama. Kwamitin Manyan Jami'an Kasuwanci yana aiwatar da shawarar Majalisar. Kwamitin yana da alhakin samar da shirye-shirye da tsare-tsaren ayyuka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA.
An tsara aiwatar da AfCFTA a matakai, kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da tattaunawa a wasu matakai na gaba. Mataki na I ya shafi ciniki a cikin kayayyaki da ciniki cikin sabis. Mataki na II ya ƙunshi haƙƙin mallakar fasaha, saka hannun jari da manufofin gasa . Mataki na III yana rufe kasuwancin e-commerce.
A taron na Kigali na 2018, an sami bangarorin yarjejeniya kan ka'idojin ciniki, hanyoyin warware takaddama, hadin gwiwar kwastam, saukaka kasuwanci, da ka'idojin asali . Haka kuma an yi yarjejeniyar rage haraji kan kashi 90% na duk kayayyaki. Ana ba kowace ƙasa izinin keɓance kashi 3% na kayayyaki daga wannan yarjejeniya. Wannan wani bangare ne na yarjejeniya ta 1, wanda ya shafi samar da kayayyaki da ayyukan walwala. Wasu batutuwan mataki na 1 da suka rage a tattauna sun haɗa da jadawalin rangwamen kuɗin fito da wasu takamaiman alƙawura.
An kira taro na musamman na 12 na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan AfCFTA don kaddamar da sabuwar yarjejeniya a matakin da za ta fara aiki, wanda aka shirya a Yamai a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2019. A yayin kaddamar da shi, an kunna na'urorin aiki guda biyar da za su tafiyar da shirin na AfCFTA: " ka'idojin asali ; dandalin tattaunawa ta yanar gizo; da sa ido da kawar da shingayen da ba na kudin fito ba, tsarin biyan kudi na dijital, da kuma cibiyar sa ido kan cinikayya ta Afirka."
Ana sa ran za a fara shawarwarin mataki na biyu da na uku daga dukkan kasashen kungiyar AU da kuma gudanar da zagaye na gaba. A watan Fabrairun 2020, Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin AU ta yanke shawarar cewa za a fara mataki na uku nan da nan bayan kammala shawarwarin mataki na biyu, wanda tun farko aka shirya kammala shi a watan Disamba 2020. Koyaya, an jinkirta wannan wa'adin saboda cutar ta COVID-19 a Afirka, kuma an sanya sabuwar rana (Disamba 31, 2021) a matsayin ranar ƙarshe don kammala shawarwarin Mataki na II da na III. AfCFTA a hukumance amma akasarin alama an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021.
Daga cikin kasashe mambobin AU 55, 44 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka, 47 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Kigali yayin da 30 suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin motsin jama'a a karshen taron Kigali na 2018. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Zambia na daga cikin kasashe 11 da ba su sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da farko ba. Bayan taron Kigali na 2018, an kara sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar AfCFTA. A taron Tarayyar Afirka karo na 31 a Nouakchott a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2018, Afirka ta Kudu (mafi girman tattalin arzikin Afirka na biyu), Saliyo, Namibiya, Lesotho da Burundi sun shiga yarjejeniyar. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia da Botswana su ma sun shiga. Kenya da Ghana su ne kasashe na farko da suka amince da yarjejeniyar, inda suka sanya amincewarsu a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2018.
Daga cikin kasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, 22 sun bukaci a ajiye na'urar tabbatar da yarjejeniyar don fara aiki, kuma hakan ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019 lokacin da Saliyo da Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic suka sanya yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon haka, yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki kwanaki 30 bayan haka a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2019. A wannan lokacin, Najeriya (mafi girman tattalin arzikin nahiyar) ne kawai, Eritrea da Benin ba su sanya hannu ba.
Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya jajirce wajen shiga kungiyar ta AfCFTA, saboda tsoron hakan zai cutar da harkokin kasuwancin Najeriya da masana'antu na cikin gida, kuma matakin da ya dauka na kin amincewa ya samu yabo daga wasu kungiyoyin cikin gida da suka hada da kungiyar masana'antu ta Najeriya da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya . Majalisa . Gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi niyyar kara tuntubar 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida domin tabbatar da sayan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan yarjejeniyar, saboda babban abin da ke damun shi shi ne ko yarjejeniyar ta hana cin hanci da rashawa kamar zubar da ruwa . A watan Yulin 2019, 'yan watanni bayan sake zabensa a wani sabon wa'adi, Buhari ya amince da bin tsarin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Afirka a wani zama na musamman na 12 na majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan AfCFTA.
A wajen taron kuma, jamhuriyar Benin ta kuduri aniyar rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, inda ta bar kasar Eritriya a matsayin kasa daya tilo daga cikin kasashe 55 na Tarayyar Afirka da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba. A bisa ka'ida, Eritrea ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar farko saboda yanayin yaki da ake ci gaba da yi, amma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2018 tsakanin Habasha da Eritriya ta kawo karshen rikicin tare da kawo karshen shingen shigar Eritrea cikin yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci.
Ya zuwa watan Mayu 2022, akwai masu rattaba hannu 54, waɗanda 43 sun ajiye kayan aikinsu na amincewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ɗaya ( Somalia ) ta kammala amincewa da cikin gida , amma har yanzu ba su sanya takardar shaidarsu tare da ma'ajiyar ajiya ta watan Mayu 2020. Eritrea ita ce kasa daya tilo da ke cikin kungiyar AU da ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar nan da shekarar 2019 ba
Jerin sunayen wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar
Sauran kasashe mambobin AU
Eritrea ba ta sanya hannu ba saboda tashin hankali da Habasha, amma ya zuwa 2019, biyo bayan taron 2018 na Eritrea da Habasha, Kwamishinan ciniki da masana'antu na AU ya yi tsammanin cewa a ƙarshe Eritrea za ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.
Kima hakkin dan Adam
Rahoton Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yuli na 2017 ya yi nuni da cewa, CFTA na iya ba da gudummawa wajen magance talauci da rashin daidaito yayin da fadinsa zai taimaka wajen sauye-sauyen tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ana kallon hakan a matsayin wani mataki na cimma ajandar Tarayyar Afirka ta 2063 da kuma manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa . An yi niyya ga takardar don tabbatar da an yi la’akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tattaunawar.
A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma, sanin mahadar jinsi, noma, da kasuwanci, yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar da cewa aiwatar da shirin na AfCFTA ya magance matsaloli daban-daban da mata ke fuskanta. Yana da mahimmanci cewa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA ta tabbatar da cewa manufofin kasuwanci, ayyuka, da ka'idoji na gaba na inganta daidaiton jinsi da karfafawa mata da 'yan mata a nahiyar Afirka, musamman wajen tallafa wa mata don amfani da sabbin damar da aka samar 'a cikin aikin gona' ta hanyar aikin gona. AfCFTA. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da ba ta hada da mata ba na iya haifar da karuwar gibin jinsi ta hanyar yin illa ga kananan masana'antu da mata kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu da kuma wadanda suka dogara da kasuwancin da ba na yau da kullun ba (ciki har da kan iyaka) don rayuwarsu.
This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in agriculture, FAO, FAO. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}
BanHanyoyin haɗi na waje
UNCTAD support to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) page on the Rules of Origin Facilitator, with member countries' status and access to legal documents.
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8197 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansa%20Musa | Mansa Musa | Musa Na ( c. - c. ), ko Mansa Musa, shi ne Mansa na goma (wanda ake fassarawa "sultan", "mai nasara" ko "sarki" ) na Daular Mali, kasar musulman ta Afirka ta yamma.
A lokacin da Musa ya hau kan karagar mulki, Mali a bangare dayawa ta kunshi yankin tsohuwar daular Ghana wacce kasar Mali ta ci galaba a kanta. Masarautar Mali ta kuma ƙunshi ƙasa wanda yanzu wani ɓangare ne na Mauritania da kuma jihar ta Mali ta zamani. A zamanin mulkinsa, Musa ya rike mukamai da yawa, kamar "Sarkin Melle", "Ubangijin ma'adinan Wangara", kuma "Mai nasara akan Ghanata".
Musa ya ci birane guda 24, tare da garuruwansu. A zamanin mulkin Musa, wataƙila Mali ce ta kasance mai samar da zinari mafi girma a duniya, kuma ana ɗaukar Musa ɗaya daga mutane mafi arziki a tarihi. Koyaya, masu sharhi na zamani irin su mujallar Time sun kammala cewa babu ingantacciyar hanyar da za ta ƙayyade arzikin Musa.
Musa gaba daya ana kiransa ne da "Mansa Musa" a cikin rubuce-rubucen yamma da adabi. Sunansa kuma ya bayyana a matsayin "Kankou Musa", "Kankan Musa", "" Kanku Musa ". Sauran sunayen da Musa ya yi amfani da su sun hada da "Mali-Koy Kankan Musa", "Gonga Musa", da "Zakin Mali".
Zuri'a da kuma kaiwa ga kujeran mulki
Abin da aka sani game da sarakunan masarautar ta Mali an karɓa daga rubuce-rubucen malaman larabawa, waɗanda suka hada da Al-Umari, Abu-sa'id Uthman ad-Dukkali, Ibn Khaldun, da Ibn Battuta . Dangane da cikakken tarihin Ibn-Khaldun na sarakunan Mali, kakan Mansa Musa shi ne Abu-Bakr Keita (larabci dai-dai yake da Bakari ko Bogari, sunan asalin da ba'a sani ba - ba sahabiyy Abu Bakr ) ba, dan dan Sundiata Keita ne, wanda ya kafa Masarautar Mali kamar yadda aka rubuta ta hanyar labarun baka. Abu-Bakr bai hau gadon sarauta ba, kuma dansa, mahaifin Musa, Faga Laye, ba shi da wata mahimmanci a Tarihin Mali.
Mansa Musa ya hau gadon sarautar ne ta hanyar aiwatar da nadin mataimakin lokacin da wani sarki ya tafi aikin hajjin sa zuwa Makka ko kuma wani kokarin nasa, daga baya ya nada mataimakin a matsayin magaji. A cewar majiyar farko, an nada Musa mataimakin mataimakin Abubakari Keita II, sarkin da ke gabansa, wanda ya ba da rahoton yawon shakatawa don gano iyakokin Tekun Atlantika, kuma bai dawo ba. Masanin Larabawa-Masarautar Al-Umari ya nakalto Mansa Musa kamar haka: Mai mulkin da ya gabace ni bai yi imani da cewa ba zai yiwu a iya kaiwa ga iyakar tekun da ya mamaye duniya (yana nufin Atlantic), kuma yana so ya kai ga ƙarshen, kuma ya ci gaba da nacewa cikin ƙira. Don haka ya wadatar da jiragen ruwa ɗari biyu cike da mutane, kamar yadda sauran da yawa ke cike da zinari, ruwa da abinci isasshen da zai isa shekaru da yawa. Ya umurci shugaban (mai martaba) da kar ya dawo har sai sun kai ƙarshen tekun, ko kuma idan sun ƙosar da abubuwan abinci da ruwan. Sun tashi. Kasancewar ba su tsawan lokaci mai tsawo, kuma, a karshe, jirgin ruwa daya ne ya dawo. A yayin tambayarmu, kyaftin din ya ce: 'Yarima, mun daɗe mun yi ta bincike, har sai da muka gani a tsakiyar teku kamar babban kogi yana guduna da ƙarfi. Jirgin jirgi na shine na karshe; wasu kuma suna gabana. Da zaran wani daga cikinsu ya isa wannan wuri, sai ya nutsar da shi cikin iskar guguwa kuma bai taɓa fitowa ba. Na yi tafiya da baya don tserewa wannan halin. ' Amma Sarkin Musulmi ba zai yarda da shi ba. Ya ba da umarnin a samar musu da jiragen ruwa dubu biyu domin shi da mutanensa, da kuma karin dubu daya domin ruwa da abinci. Sannan ya ba ni labarin gaskiya a lokacin rashi, kuma ya tafi tare da mutanensa a kan balaguron jirgin ruwa, ba zai dawo ba kuma ba alamar rayuwa. An kuma nada dan Musa magaji, Mansa Magha Keita a matsayin mataimaki a lokacin aikin hajjin Musa.
Musulunci da aikin hajji zuwa Makka
Musa cikakken Musulmi ne mai ibada, hajjinsa zuwa Makka ya sanya shi sananne a duk faɗin arewacin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya . A wurin Musa, Islama ta kasance "shigowa cikin al'adun duniyar ta gabashin Bahar Rum". Zai yi amfani da lokaci mai yawa don inganta ci gaban addini a cikin daular sa.
Musa yayi hajjinsa tsakanin 1324 zuwa 1325. Ya procession rahoto hada 60,000 maza, duk saka kauri da kuma Persian siliki, ciki har da 12,000 bayi, wanda kowane kwashe na sandunan zinare, da kuma masu shelanda suna sanye da siliki, wadanda suke ɗaukar sandar zinare, da shirya dawakai, da jakunkuna. Musa ya samar da dukkan abubuwan bukata domin taron, ya ciyar da jama'a gaba daya maza da dabbobi. Waɗannan dabbobin sun haɗa da raƙuma 80 waɗanda kowannensu ya ɗauki ƙurar ƙura. Musa ya ba talakawa zinarin da ya haɗu da su ta hanyar sa. Musa ba kawai ya ba wa biranen da ya bi ta kan hanyar zuwa Makka ba, ciki har da Alkahira da Madina, har ma ya yi ciniki da zinare don kyautatuwa. An ruwaito cewa ya gina masallaci a kowace Juma'a.
Shaidun gani da ido da yawa sun tabbatar da tafiyar Musa, yayin da suke kan hanyarsa, waɗanda ke tsoron arzikinsa da tarin yawa, kuma akwai bayanai a wurare da yawa, gami da mujallu, bayanan baka, da kuma tarihai. Musa ya ziyarci Mamluk sultan na Masar, Al-Nasir Muhammad, a Yuli 1324. Duk da irin yanayin da yake bayarwa, dumbin kudaden da Musa ya bayar da gudummawa da yalwa ya janyo da koma baya na zinare tsawon shekaru goma. A cikin biranen Alkahira, Madina, da Makka, kwararar zinare ta bazata ta lalata darajar karfe sosai. Farashin kayayyaki ya yawaita. Wannan kuskuren ya bayyana ga Musa kuma a hanyarsa ta dawowa daga Makka, ya karɓi zinaren da zai iya ɗauka daga masu sayarwa amatsayin bashi da zai biya nan gaba da daraja sosai. Wannan ne kawai lokacin a cikin tarihi cewa mutum ɗaya kai tsaye ya iya sarrafa farashin gwal a cikin Meditareniya . Wasu masana tarihi sun yarda cewa aikin hajji ba shi da wata ma'ana ga addini fiye da mai da hankalin duniya zuwa ga halin da ake ciki a Mali. Irƙirar koma bayan wannan girman yana da ma'ana. Bayan haka, Alkahira shine babbar kasuwar gwal a lokacin (inda mutane suka je siyan dumbin zinare). Don mayar da waɗannan kasuwannin zuwa Timbuktu ko Gao, Musa da farko ya shafi tattalin arzikin zinare na Alkahira. Duk da yake wannan da'awar yana zama mai shimfiɗa, Musa sanya wata babbar batu na nuna a kashe ya al'umma dũkiya. Manufar sa shine ya kirkiro wani abu kuma yayi nasara sosai a cikin wannan, har ya sanya kansa da Mali a cikin Atlas na Catalan na 1375. Hakanan yana samun ziyarar daga sananniyar matafiyin duniyar Musulmi, Ibn Battuta .
Mulki daga baya
{{quote box|width=25%|quote=Whenever a hero adds to the list of his exploits from conquest, Mansa Musa gives them a pair of wide trousers...The greater the number of a Dogari's exploits, the bigger the size of his trousers.|source=–Al-Dukhari, observation of the court of Mansa Musa in Timbuktu}} A cikin dogon dawowar sa daga Makka a 1325, Musa ya ji labari cewa rundunarsa ta kama Gao . Sagmandia, daya daga cikin janarorinsa ne ya jagoranci kokarin. Garin Gao yana cikin daular tun kafin mulkin Sakura kuma ya kasance muhimmi - kodayake galibi yan tawaye ne - cibiyar kasuwanci. Musa ya yi shirin ba da agaji ya ziyarci garin da ya karɓi baƙi, 'ya'yan Gao guda biyu, Ali Kolon da Suleiman Nar. Ya koma Niani tare da yaran nan biyu kuma daga baya ya karantar dasu a kotu. Lokacin da Mansa Musa ya dawo, ya dawo da yawancin masanan larabawa da masu gine-gine.
Gine-gine a ƙasar Mali
Musa ya fara wani babban shiri na gini, yana inganta masallatai da madrasas a Timbuktu da Gao. Mafi mahimmanci, an gina tsohuwar cibiyar koyan Sankore Madrasah (ko Jami'ar Sankore) lokacin mulkinsa.
A Niani, Musa ya gina zauren sauraron ra'ayoyi, wanda yake sadarwa ta ƙofar ciki ta zuwa gidan sarki. Shi ne "mai m Monument", surmounted da wani Dome kuma qawata da arabesques na daukan hankali launuka. Filin katako na katako daga saman bene aka dalaye shi da tsare; na ƙananan bene tare da zinariya. Kamar Babban Masallaci, wani tsayayyen tsari da tsari a Timbuktu, an gina Hall din da dutse ne.
A wannan lokacin, an sami ci gaba na rayuwar birni a cikin manyan cibiyoyin Mali. Sergio Domian, wani masanin kimiyyar zane-zane na Italiya, ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin: "Ta haka aka kafa harsashin wayewar gari. A lokacin da ƙarfinsa ya kasance, Mali tana da aƙalla birane 400, kuma yankin na Niger Delta yana da jama'a sosai. "
Tattalin arziki da ilimi
An rubuta cewa Mansa Musa ya ratsa garuruwan Timbuktu da Gao a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Makka, kuma ya sanya su zama cikin daularsa lokacin da ya dawo a shekara ta 1325. Ya kawo masu zanen kaya daga Andalusia, yanki a Spain, da Alkahira don gina babban fadarsa a Timbuktu da kuma Babban Masallacin Djinguereber da har yanzu yake a yau.
Ba da daɗewa ba Timbuktu ya zama cibiyar kasuwanci, al'adu, da Musulunci; kasuwannin da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Hausaland, Egypt, da sauran masarautun Afirka, an kafa jami'a a cikin gari (haka kuma a garuruwan Mali na Djenné da Ségou ), sannan kuma addinin musulunci ya yadu ta kasuwanni da jami'a, wanda ke sanya Timbuktu wani sabon yanki domin karatuttukan musulinci. Labarin birnin arziki na daular Maliki har ma ya ratsa tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Kudancin Turai, inda ba da daɗewa ba yan kasuwa daga Venice, Granada, da Genoa sun kara da Timbuktu zuwa taswirar su don siyayya da kayayyaki na zinare.
Jami'ar Sankore da ke Timbuktu ta kasance ta hannun Musa tare da masana kimiya, da masanan kimiyyar lissafi, da lissafi. Jami'ar ta zama cibiyar koyo da al'adu, tare da jawo hankalin musulmai daga ko'ina cikin Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Timbuktu.
A shekara ta 1330, masarautar Mossi ta mamaye ta kuma ci birnin Timbuktu. Janar Gao ya riga ya kama Gao, kuma Musa ya hanzarta sake daukar Timbuktu, ya gina shinge da katangar dutse, sannan ya sanya runduna ta tsaro don kare garin daga mamayewa nan gaba.
Yayin da fadar Musa tun daga lokacin da ta shuɗe, har yanzu jami’ar da masallacin suna tsaye a Timbuktu.
A karshen mulkin Mansa Musa, an canza Sankoré jami'ar zuwa cikakken jami'a wanda ke da mafi yawan tarin littattafai a Afirka tun daga dakin karatu na Alexandria . Jami'ar Sankoré ta iya ɗaliban ɗaliban 25,000 kuma suna da ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na duniya tare da rubutun kusan 1,000,000.
Ranar mutuwar Mansa Musa an yi muhawara sosai tsakanin masana tarihi da masana Larabawa waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin ƙasar Mali. Idan aka kwatanta da zamanin magajinsa, dan Mansa Maghan (hukuncin da aka rubuta daga 1337 zuwa 1341) da babban dan'uwan Mansa Suleyman (dokar da aka rubuta daga 1341 zuwa 1360), da kuma tarihin Musa na shekaru 25, ranar da aka kirkiri mutuwarsa 1337. Wasu bayanan sun ce Musa ya yi niyyar kaurace wa dan nasa kursiyin, amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan ya dawo daga Makka a 1325. A wani labarin da Ibn-Khaldun ya ruwaito, Mansa Musa yana da rai lokacin da aka ci birnin Tlemcen na Aljeriya a shekarar 1337, yayin da ya aiki wakili zuwa Algeria don taya murna ga masu nasara.
Bell, Nawal Morcos , "The age of Mansa Musa of Mali: Problems in succession and chronology", Jaridar International Journal of African Tarihi, 5 : 221-223, JSTOR 217515 .
De Villiers, Marq, da Sheila Hirtle. Timbuktu: Birnin gwal na Sahara'' . Walker da Kamfanin: New York. 2007.
Goodwin, A. J .H. , "The Medieval Empire of Ghana", Bulletin na Afirka Ta Kudu, 12 : 108-1, JSTOR 3886971 .
Hunwick, John O. , Timbuktu da Daular Songhay: Al-Sadi ta Tarikh al-Sudan har zuwa 1613 da sauran takardu na zamani, Leiden: Brill, ISBN Hunwick, John O. .
Levtzion, Nehemia , "Sarakunan Mali na goma sha uku da goma sha huɗu", Journal of Tarihin Afirka, 4 : 341–353, doi : 10.1017 / s002185370000428x, JSTOR 180027 .
Levtzion, Nehemia , Tsohuwar Ghana da Mali, London: Methuen, ISBN Levtzion, Nehemia , .
Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. , Corpus na farkon Larabci tushe don Yammacin Afirka, New York, NY: Marcus Weiner Press, ISBN Levtzion, Nehemia; John F. P. Hopkins, eds. , . Aka fara bugawa a 1981.
Haɗin waje
Encyclopedia Tarihin Tarihi - Mansa Musa I
Tashar Tarihi: Mansa Moussa: Hajji na Zinare a archive.org
Vwararrun Zinare, gmentsungiyoyi a Lokacin: Art, Al'adu, da musayar a tsakanin Saharan Afirka
Tarihin Mali
Pages with unreviewed translations |
18303 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalin%20wasar%20Fulani%20da%20Barebari | Asalin wasar Fulani da Barebari | Akasarin Barebari (Kanurai) da Fulani ba su san tarihin wasan da ke tsakaninsu da junansu in ba, illa dai kawai sun tashi sun ga iyayensu da kakaninsu suna wasan zolayan juna idan an haɗu, awani guri
Wannan ya sa naga dacewar bincikowa 'yan uwana Barebari da Fulani tarihin wasan da ke tsakaninsu. Mun samo wannan bayanin ne daga littafin Kasar barno.
Wasan da ke tsakanin Barebari da Fulani Tarihi ya nuna cewar bunƙasar shahararriyar Daular Borno ta Kanurai ta soma yin ƙasa ne tun bayan rasuwar Sarkin su Mai suna Idris (Aloma) a wuraren ƙarni na 17 zuwa na 18.
Don haka ya zamana daular ta dinga asarar manyan garuruwan da suke ƙarƙashinta sakamakon yadda ƙarfin ikonta ke durƙushewa.
Ana wannan yanayi, sai kuma Fulani suka soma jihadi a shekarar 1804 Miladiyya. Don haka bayanaƙe-yaƙensu ya yi ƙamari, sai ya zamana suna tashi zuwa garuruwa domin cinsu da yaƙi, sai da ta kai har masarautar Borno sun riska da yaƙi.
A shekarar 1808 ne Fulani suka ƙwace cibiyar Masarautar Borno da ke garin Ngazargamu, inda suka ƙone garin tare da korar mayaƙan garin.
A shekarar 1814 kuma sai babban Malami a Daular Borno mai suna Shaihu Muhammadul Amin El-kanemi ya jagoranci kafa sabuwar Daular Barno a wani gari mai suna Kukawa.
Sannan ya haɗa runduna gami da soma taimakon sarkinsu mai suna Mai Dunama Lefiagi.
Daga baya, bayan sarki Mai Dunama ya so hallaka Shaihu Muhammadul Amin El-kanemi saboda hassadar farin jininsa a wurin jama'a, amma bai samu nasara ba, sai Shaihu Muhammadul Amin El-kanemin ya zamo sarkin Borno mai cikakken iko ba tare da zub da jini ba.
Sayyadina Umar ya taba aika sako Daular Borno.
Don haka shi Muhammadul Amin El-kanemi ya shiga ƙalubalantar Fulani da suka hana su sakat ta hanyar yaƙarsu da kuma aike wa da wasiƙun ilimi yana tuhumar Shugaban Fulani, wato Mujaddadi Shehu Usman Dan Fadiyo a kan cewa don me zai shiga yaƙi da Daular Borno, alhali ta fi shekaru 800 da karɓar addinin Musulunci kuma da sunan yaƙin Musulunci.
To, a haka dai aka dinga gwabzawa da yaƙi da kuma rubuce-rubuce na wasiƙu har zuwa rasuwar Mujaddadi Shehu Usman Ɗan Fodio, yayin da ɗansa Muhammadu Bello ya gaje shi a shekarar 1826 inda yaƙi ya ƙara ƙamari a tsakaninsu.
Babu jimawa kuma bayan kowa ya sha wuya a hannun ɗan uwansa sai dai Barebari sunfi shan wuya dalilin shine har kwace daular su Fulani sukayi daga baya, sai aka yanke shawarar yin neman mafita. Anan aka yi sulhu, aka bar Kanurai (Barebari) da birninsu, amma dai sun rasa ikon wasu yankunan da a baya suke hannunsu izuwa hannun Fulani.
A inda wasan ƙabilun biyu ya shigo shi ne, dirkakowar mayaƙin nan daga ƙasar Sudan zuwa yankin Borno, wato Rabeh Zubair Ibn Fadlallah.
A cikin shekarar 1893 Rabeh ya zo daga Sudan da shiri na gaske, ya afka wa Daular Borno da yaƙi, nan da nan ya yi karin kumallo da ita. Rabeh da mutanensa sai abin da suka ga dama suke a Borno.
Wani yaƙi da aka yi a kusa da Farlomi, sojojin Faransa na mulkin mallaka suka kashe Rabeh bayan ya yi mulki a shekaru bakwai da watanni bakwai da kwanaki bakwai a Borno.
Bayan lokaci kaɗan sai Ingilishi suka ci ƙasar da yaƙi, suka mayar da zaman lafiya da salama.
Wuyar da Kanurai suka sha a hannun Rabeh, wanda ya zamo rabinta ba su sha ba a yaƙinsu da Fulani, shi ya sa Fulani suke tsokanarsu idan sun gansu, suke cewa, "Ga Rabeh nan," su kuwa Barebari sai kaga sun hargitsa kamar ɓera ya hango kyanwa.
Daga baya da Barebari suka gane tsokana ce kawai, sai suma suke mayar da martani, har kuma abin ya zamo wasan tsokana tsakanin waɗannan ƙabilu biyun.
Amma dai har izuwa yau, Barebari sun yadda su sanyawa 'ya'yansu sunan Usmanu, amma ba sa sanyawa 'ya'yansu sunan Rabeh ko Rabi'u.
Wannan shi ne tarihin wasan da ke tsakanin Barebari da kuma Fulani. Akwai bayani iya bakin gwargwadona game da tarihin ƙasar Barno, suna da asali, da kuma wasu daga cikin kyawawan halayen Barebari da abin da ya shafe su a cikin littafin "ƘASAR BARNO A JIYA."
Da wannan na zo ƙarshen wannan muƙalar tawa. Ina roƙon Ubangiji Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki ya albarkaci wannan aikin namu, ya sa ya amfani dukkan ɗaliban ilimi.
A ƙarshe ina sake roƙon Ubangiji Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki ya haɗa kanmu, ya ba mu zaman lafiya mai ɗaurewa a yankinmu na Arewa, da Nigeria baki daya |
20080 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%20Yanayin%20Ireland | Halin Yanayin Ireland | Abokai na Yankin Irish da Gwamnatin Ireland, wanda aka sani da Halin Yanayin Ireland, yanki ne na shari'ar canjin yanayi a Kotun Koli ta Irish. A halin da ake ciki, Kotun Koli ta soke Tsarin Aiwatar da Kasa na Gwamnatin Ireland na 2017 bisa hujjar cewa ba ta da takamaiman abin da Dokar Yanayi ta Yankin Irish da Dokar Ci gaban Carbon ta 2015 ta tanada (Dokar canjin yanayi ta 2015). Kotun Koli ta umarci gwamnati da ta kirkiro da wani sabon tsari wanda ya dace da dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015.
Bayan fage
Shari'ar ta shafi Tsarin Rage Kasa (Shirin), wanda aka buga a ranar 19 Yuli 2017. Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 ta samar da tsari don kafa "karamin carbon, mai jure yanayin da kuma tattalin arzikin mai dorewa a karshen shekarar 2050" (makasudin mika mulki na kasa). Dokar Sauyin Yanayi ta 2015 tana bukatar hakan, don ba wa jihar damar bin manufar sauyin kasa, gwamnati ta samar tare da amincewa da wani shirin ragewa na kasa wanda ya kayyade "yadda ta gabatar da shi don cimma burin sauyin kasa".
A cikin 2015, Ireland ta kasance ta uku mafi yawan iskar gas mai gurɓataccen iska a cikin EU. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Shawara kan Canjin Yanayi, wata hukuma mai zaman kanta a Ireland, ta gabatar da rahotonta ga gwamnati. Ya tsara cewa Ireland za ta rasa abubuwan da ta sa gaba na 2020 "ta hanyar tazara mai yawa". Ya ba da rahoton cewa ƙarin manufofi da matakan suna da mahimmanci ga Ireland don cimma burinta na 2030 kuma aiwatar da "ingantattun ƙarin manufofi" ana "buƙatar" cikin gaggawa "don burin na Ireland na 2050. Shugaban Majalisar, Farfesa John Fitzgerald, ya yi sharhi cewa Shirin yana dauke da "'yan shawarwari" kuma ba zai isa ya cika manufar mika mulki ta Ireland ba.
Kungiyar masu rajin kare muhalli Abokai na Muhalli na Yankin Irish (FIE) ne suka kawo karar, wani kamfanin da ba na riba ba wanda aka iyakance shi ta hanyar garantin da kuma rajistar sadaka a cikin Ireland. FIE an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don kawo aikin ta sauran batutuwan yanayin duniya, gami da batun Urgenda da Juliana. v Amurka. FIE ta ce suna fatan shari'ar za ta kawo wani babban mataki na gwamnati kan canjin yanayi. An sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai ga shawarar FIE na daukar karar, kamar yadda takardar neman tallafi ga masu shigar da kara ta samu sa hannu sama da 20,000.
Babban Kotun
A cikin Babbar Kotun, FIE ta yi iƙirarin cewa Tsarin ya kasance mafi girman ƙira game da Dokar Yanayi na 2015 kuma Tsarin ya keta haƙƙoƙin ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki na Ireland (Tsarin Mulki). Ta ce gwamnati, wajen amincewa da Tsarin, ta gaza yin komai don tabbatar da cewa an rage fitar da hayaki a cikin gajeren lokaci da matsakaita, don haka zai kasa cimma burin da kasashen duniya suka ga ya dace. Ya dogara ne da gaskiyar cewa, duk da shawarar da Interungiyar Gwamnati mai kula da Canjin Yanayi ta bayar cewa hayakin zai buƙaci ya ragu da aƙalla 25-40% tsakanin 1990-2020 don taimakawa iyakance ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 2°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu, shirin yayi tsammanin karuwar hayaki 10% a wannan lokacin. FIE ta lura cewa mafi girman ragin zai zama dole don biyan manufar Yarjejeniyar Paris don takaita ɗumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C sama da matakan kafin masana'antu. FIE ta nemi ganin an yanke hukuncin da gwamnati ta yi na amincewa da Tsarin tare da neman wani umarni da cewa a sake tsarin yadda ya kamata kamar yadda dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ta tanada.
Gwamnatin ta jayayya cewa Shirin, a matsayin manufofin gwamnati, ba mai adalci bane. Sun ci gaba da jayayya cewa, saboda FIE kamfani ne ba mutum ba ne, FIE ba ta da ikon neman haƙƙin mutum a ƙarƙashin ECHR ko Tsarin Mulki.
Mista Justice MacGrath ya gabatar da hukuncin ga Babbar Kotun a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 2019. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa FIE tana da damar gabatar da hujjoji game da haƙƙoƙin da aka yarda da su, don dalilan shari'ar, cewa akwai haƙƙin tsarin mulki wanda ba a ƙididdige shi ba na 'yanayin da ya dace da mutuncin ɗan Adam'. Koyaya, ta gano cewa Tsarin bai keta wannan haƙƙin ba ko haƙƙin tsarin mulki na rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki, kamar yadda FIE ta yi iƙirari. Babbar Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ba shi da wata illa ga dokar sauyin yanayi ta shekarar 2015, tana mai lura da "muhimmin gibin da ke cikin hankali" da gwamnati ta more. An ƙi ba da taimako da aka nema.
Kotun Koli
Bayan da shari’ar tasu ba ta yi nasara ba a Babbar Kotun, Kotun Koli ta amince ta saurari karar kai tsaye, inda ta bai wa FIE damar “tsalle-tsalle” hanyar da ta saba zuwa Kotun Koli ta Kotun daukaka kara. A hukuncin da ta yanke, Kotun Koli ta lura cewa shari'ar ta "ta kowa ce kuma muhimmiyar doka" kuma babu wata takaddama tsakanin bangarorin game da mahimmancin canjin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da ke tallafawa Tsarin ko kuma yuwuwar ƙaruwar hayaki a yayin rayuwar Shirin.
Kotun Koli ta kasance alkalai bakwai: Clarke CJ, Irvine P, O'Donnell J, MacMenamin J, Dunne J, O'Malley J da Baker J. Irin wannan abun an kebe shi ne don shari'oi na musamman mahimmancin abubuwa ko sarkakiya. An saurari karar har tsawon kwanaki biyu. Hukuncin, wanda ya samu goyon baya daga dukkan alkalan bakwai, ya gabatar da Babban Mai Shari'a Clarke a kan 31 Yuli, 2020.
Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa Tsarin na karkashin tsarin shari'a ne, saboda Kotun ba ta yin nazari kan dacewar manufofin gwamnati sai dai kuma wajibin gwamnati ne na samar da wani shiri daidai da Dokar Yanayi na 2015.
Kotun Koli ta soke Shirin, tana ganin yana da matukar wahala ga gwamnati saboda ba ta bi ka’idar dokar sauyin yanayi ta 2015 ba saboda ba ta ba da takamaiman bayanai game da yadda za a cimma burin mika mulki na kasa ba. Kotun ta gano cewa Tsarin ya faɗi "da gajarta sosai" na matakin daki-daki da ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin Dokar Yanayi na 2015. Clarke CJ ya kira sassan Tsarin "mara ma'ana ko buri". Ya bayyana cewa shirin ya kamata ya samu isassun bayanai don baiwa wani mai sha'awar jama'a fahimta da kimanta yadda gwamnati ke da niyyar cimma burinta na sauyin yanayi. Kotun ta ba da umarnin cewa gwamnati ta yi wani sabon shiri wanda zai yi aiki da dokar yanayi ta shekarar 2015 wanda kuma ya shafi cikakken lokacin da ya rage zuwa 2050. Kotun ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya yin makamancin shirin ba a nan gaba.
Duk da yake FIE sun yi nasara a cikin hujjarsu game da haramtaccen Tsarin, amma ba su yi nasara ba a cikin hujjojin haƙƙinsu. Kotun ta gano cewa FIE, a matsayinta na kamfani, ba ta da 'yancin rayuwa ko mutuncin jiki don haka ba ta da tsayuwa dangane da haƙƙoƙin dama da take da shi da take neman gabatarwa a ƙarƙashin ECHR da Tsarin Mulki. Koyaya, Clarke CJ ya yarda da cewa haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na iya tsunduma cikin shari'ar muhalli da ta dace a nan gaba, kodayake ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa ba za a iya samun haƙƙin kyakkyawan yanayi daga Tsarin Mulki ba.
An yaba da shawarar a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Irish a matsayin "sauyin yanayin gudanar da yanayi a cikin Ireland" kuma "lokacin ruwa". Hakan kuma ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai na duniya.
Ministan Ailan na Aiwatar da Yanayi, Hanyoyin Sadarwa da Sufuri, Eamon Ryan, ya ce ya "yi maraba" da hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta yanke kuma yana taya Abokan Muhalli murnar daukar karar. Ya ce dole ne a yi amfani da hukuncin don "daukaka buri" da kuma "karfafa aiki".
Shari'ar Yanayi ta Ireland ita ce shari'ar farko da kotunan Ireland suka gabatar wa gwamnati da lissafi game da rashin tasirinsu game da canjin yanayi. Shari'ar na daga cikin manyan kararraki guda uku makamantan haka, na "dabarun" yanayin kasa da kasa inda kotun kasa mafi girma ta gano cewa manufofin gwamnati na rage yanayi ba sa bin doka. Wannan shi ne karo na uku game da yanayin a duniya da ya kai babbar kotun ƙasa. Hukuncin ya zo ne bayan irin wannan hukuncin da Kotun Koli ta Dutch ta tabbatar a shari'ar Urgenda a cikin 2019. Tessa Khan, wani lauya ne mai kula da muhalli da ya yi aiki a kan wannan shari'ar, ya yi tsokaci cewa shawarar da Irish ta yanke ya saukaka wasu damuwar cewa shawarar Dutch za ta kasance ta kai tsaye. Wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Musamman kan 'yancin dan adam da kuma muhalli, David R. Boyd, ya kira karar "yanke shawara mai muhimmanci" wanda "ya kafa misali ga kotuna a duk duniya su bi". |
60610 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitav%20Ghosh | Amitav Ghosh | Amitav Ghosh (an haife shi 11 ga Yuli 1956) marubuci ɗan Indiya ne. Ya lashe kyautar Jnanpith karo na 54 acikin 2018, lambar yabo mafi girma a Indiya. Litattafan kishin Ghosh suna amfani da dabarun bada labari mai sarkakiya don bincika yanayin asalin ƙasa da na mutum, musamman na mutanen Indiya da Kudancin Asiya. Ya rubuta almara na tarihi sannan kuma ya rubuta ayyukan daba na almara ba yana tattaunawa akan batutuwa kamar mulkin mallaka da sauyin yanayi.
Ghosh yayi karatu a Makarantar Doon, Dehradun, kuma ya sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin halayyar dan adam a Jami'ar Oxford. Yayi aiki a jaridar <i id="mwJQ">Indian Express</i> a New Delhi da cibiyoyin ilimi da yawa. An buga littafinsa na farko <i id="mwJw">The Circle of Reason</i> acikin 1986, wanda ya biyo baya tare da ayyukan almara na baya ciki har da Layin Shadow da Gidan Gilashi. Tsakanin 2004 da 2015, ya yi aiki a kan <i id="mwLQ">Ibis</i> trilogy, wanda ke tattare da ginawa da abubuwan da suka faru na Farko Opium War. Ayyukan sa na almara ya haɗa da Acikin Ƙasar Tsohon Alkawari da kuma Babban Ragewa: Canjin Yanayi da Rashin Tunani.
Ghosh yana da kyaututtukan Nasara na Rayuwa guda biyu da digiri na girmamawa huɗu. Acikin 2007 ya sami lambar yabo ta Padma Shri, daya daga cikin mafi girman karramawa na Indiya, ta shugaban Indiya. Acikin 2010 ya kasance mai nasara na haɗin gwiwa, tare da Margaret Atwood na kyautar Dan David, kuma 2011 an ba shi kyautar Grand Prix na bikin Blue Metropolis a Montreal . Shine marubucin Ingilishi na farko da ya sami kyautar. Acikin 2019 mujallar harkokin waje ta ba shi suna ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu tunani a duniya na shekaru goma da suka gabata.
An haifi Ghosh a Calcutta a ranar 11 ga Yuli 1956 kuma yayi karatu a makarantar kwana ta dukan-boys The Doon School a Dehradun. Ya girma a Indiya, Bangladesh da Sri Lanka. Abokan aikinsa a Doon sun hada da marubucin Vikram Seth da masanin tarihi Ram Guha. Yayin da yake makaranta, ya kan ba da gudummawar almara da wakoki a kai a kai ga Makarantar Doon School Weekly (sannan Seth ya gyara) kuma ya kafa mujallar Tarihi Times tare da Guha. Bayan Doon, ya sami digiri daga Kwalejin St Stephen, Jami'ar Delhi, da Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Delhi.
Sannan yaci nasarar tallafin karatu na Gidauniyar Inlaks don kammala D. Phil. acikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, ƙarƙashin kulawar masanin ilimin ɗan adam ɗan Burtaniya Peter Lienhardt. Kundin binciken, wanda aka gudanar a cikin Faculty of Anthropology and Geography, yana da taken "Kinship dangane da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa acikin ƙauyen Masarawa" kuma an gabatar da shi acikin 1982.
Acikin 2009, an zabe shi a matsayin Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature. Acikin 2015 Ghosh an ba shi sunan Ford Foundation Art of Change Fellow.
Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Padma Shri acikin 2007.
Ghosh ya koma Indiya don fara aiki a kan Trilogy <i id="mwbg">Ibis</i> wanda ya hada da Tekun Poppies , Kogin Smoke , da Ambaliyar Wuta .
Ghosh yana zaune a New York tare da matarsa, Deborah Baker, marubucin Laura Riding biography A Extremis: Life of Laura Riding da kuma babban edita a Little, Brown da Company . Suna da 'ya'ya biyu, Lila da Nayan.
Ghosh shine marubucin The Circle of Reason (littafinsa na farko na 1986), Layin Shadow , The Calcutta Chromosome , Gidan Gilashi , Ruwan Yunwa da Gun Island .
Ghosh ya fara aiki akan abin da ya zama Trilogy <i id="mwkw">Ibis</i> a cikin 2004. An kafa shi a cikin 1830s, labarinsa ya biyo bayan gina yakin Opium na farko a faɗin ƙasar Sin da yankin tekun Indiya. Kashi na farko na Tekun Poppies an zaba shi don Kyautar Man Booker na 2008. Wannan ya biyo bayan Kogin Smoke da na uku, Ambaliyar Wuta ta kammala aikin trilogy.
Layin Shadow wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta Sahitya Akademi "yana bada haske game da al'amuran tashin hankalin al'umma da kuma yadda tushensa ya yadu sosai a cikin ruhin gama gari na yankin Indiya". Yawancin ayyukansa sun shafi wuraren tarihi, musamman a yankin tekun Indiya. A wata hira da Mahmood Kooria, ya ce: “Ba wai da gangan ba ne, amma a wasu lokuta al’amura na da niyya ba tare da ganganci ba. Ko da yake bai kasance wani ɓangare na shirin da aka tsara ba kuma bai fara aiki a matsayin mai hankali ba, na gane cewa wannan shine ainihin abin da ya fi sha'awar ni: Bay na Bengal, Tekun Arabiya, Tekun Indiya, da haɗin gwiwa da haɗin kai tsakanin waɗannan yankuna."
Ghosh's Gun Island, wanda aka buga acikin 2019, yana hulɗa da sauyin yanayi da ƙaura ɗan adam, ya jawo yabo daga masu suka. A cewar wani bita a cikin Jaridar Columbia, "Wannan Ghosh ne a cikin ƙarfinsa, mafi ƙarancin gajiya -ya auri tatsuniyar tatsuniya daga ƙasarsa ta haihuwa tare da yanayin ɗan adam, duk yayin da yake riƙe da madubi ga ƙasar da a yanzu ya kira gida, da kuma samar da wata kila ma kyakkyawan hangen nesa game da makomar yanayin mu!" Littafin ya haifar da duniyar tatsuniyoyi na gaskiya, yana ƙalubalantar hukumar masu karatun ta don aiwatar da bukatun muhalli. Amfani da addini, gaskiyar sihiri, daidaituwar yanayi, da sauyin yanayi sun taru don ƙirƙirar labari mai kyau na husuma, rauni, kasada, da asiri. Mai karatu ya yi tafiya don warware labarin The Gun Merchant da kuma kaddamar da kansu a cikin halakar yanayi da kuma sakamakon ayyukan ɗan adam. Ghosh yana canza labari ta hanyar babban halayensa, labarinsa, da kuma rikicin yanayi da ya mamaye. Littafin ba da gangan kira ne ga aiki wanda aka haɗa shi cikin wani shiri mai nishadantarwa. The Guardian duk da haka, ya lura da dabi'ar Ghosh na ci gaba da yin tangal-tangal, yana mai kiransa"labari mai ban tsoro "wanda "zai iya ɗaukar hanya mai ma'ana zuwa ga gaskiya, amma zai isa can a ƙarshe."
Acikin 2021, Ghosh ya buga littafinsa na farko a cikin ayar, Jungle Nama, wanda ke bincika almara na Sundarbans na Bon Bibi.
Ba labari
Sanannen rubuce -rubucen da ba na almara na Ghosh ba su ne A cikin Ƙasar tsoho , Rawa a Cambodia da Large a Burma , Countdown , da The Imam and the Indian (2002, tarin kasidu a kan jigogi kamar tsattsauran ra'ayi)., tarihin labari, al'adun Masar, da adabi . suna fitowa a jaridu da mujallu a Indiya da kasashen waje. Acikin Babban Haɓaka: Canjin Yanayi da wanda ba a iya tsammani , Ghosh ya tattauna wallafe-wallafen zamani da fasaha kamar yadda ya kasa magance canjin yanayi daidai.
Acikin 2021, An buga La'anar Nutmeg: Misalai don Duniya acikin Rikici. Aciki, Ghosh ya tattauna batun tafiyar nutmeg daga tsibirin Banda na asali zuwa sauran sassa na duniya, yana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin ruwan tabarau ta hanyar fahimtar tasirin tarihi na mulkin mallaka akan halaye ga al'adun ƴan asali da kuma canjin muhalli . Acikin sabon aikinsa, Shan taba da toka: Tafiya ta Marubuci Ta Hidden Histories Opium , Ghosh ya gabatar da bincikensa kan tarihin opium. Tarihin da ke bayan Yaƙin Opium na Farko shima yana aiki azaman asalin Ibis Trilogy .
Kyaututtuka da karramawa
Circle of Reason ya lashe Prix Médicis étranger, ɗaya daga cikin manyan lambobin yabo na adabi na Faransa. Layin Shadow sun sami lambar yabo ta Sahitya Akademi da Ananda Puraskar. Calcutta Chromosome ya lashe kyautar Arthur C. Clarke na 1997. An zaɓi Tekun Poppies don Kyautar Man Booker na 2008. Shi ne wanda ya ci kyautar Vodafone Crossword Book Award acikin 2009, da kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Dan David na 2010. An zaɓi Kogin Smoke don Kyautar Adabin Mutum ta Asiya ta 2011. Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba shi kyautar farar hula na Padma Shri a shekara ta 2007. Ya kuma karbi - tare da Margaret Atwood - kyautar Dan David na Isra'ila.
Ghosh ya shahara ya janye littafinsa The Glass Palace daga la'akari da kyautar Marubuta ta Commonwealth, inda aka ba shi mafi kyawun labari a cikin sashin Eurasian, yana nuna rashin amincewarsa ga kalmar "jama'a" da rashin adalci na bukatun Ingilishi da aka ƙayyade a cikin dokoki.
Ghosh ya sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a Tata Literature Live, Mumbai LitFest akan 20 Nuwamba 2016. An ba shi lambar yabo ta 54th Jnanpith a watan Disamba 2018 kuma shine marubucin Indiya na farko a Turanci da aka zaba don wannan karramawa.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
The Circle of Reason
The Shadow Lines
The Calcutta Chromosome
The Glass Palace
The Hungry Tide
Sea of Poppies
River of Smoke
Flood of Fire
Gun Island
Jungle Nama
In an Antique Land
Dancing in Cambodia and at Large in Burma (1998; Essays)
Countdown
The Imam and the Indian (2002; Essays)
Incendiary Circumstances (2006; Essays)
The Great Derangement: Climate Change and the Unthinkable
The Nutmeg's Curse: Parables for a Planet in Crisis
Uncanny and Improbable Events
The Living Mountain
Smoke and Ashes: A Writer's Journey Through Opium's Hidden Histories
Duba kuma
Jerin marubutan Indiya
Ƙara karantawa
Kalpaklı, Fatma. Amitav Ghosh ile Elif Şafak’ın Romanlarında Öteki/leştirme/Us and Them Attitude in the Works of Amitav Ghosh and Elif Şafak . Konya: Çizgi Kitabevi, 2016. ISBN 978-605-9427-28-9
Manazarta i
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Falsafa & Siyasa na maye gurbin kimiyya a cikin Amitav Ghoshs The Calcutta Chromosome
An cire daga Kogin Hayaki a cikin Mujallar Guernica
Tekun Poppies a Farrar, Straus da Giroux site
Amitav Ghosh a Cibiyar Jami'ar Emory
Amitav Ghosh's Blog akan Indipepal
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35763 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humansville%2C%20Missouri | Humansville, Missouri | Humansville birni ne, da ke a gundumar Polk, Missouri, a ƙasar Amurika. Dangane da ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2010, yawan mutanen birnin ya kai 1,048. Yana daga cikin yankin Springfield, Missouri Metropolitan Area Statistical Area. Carl Long shine magajin gari na yanzu, wanda aka rantsar a ranar 7 ga Oktoba, 2019.
An ba wa Humansville sunan wani Ba’amurke mai suna Alkali James G. Human, wanda ya zauna a yankin a shekara ta 1834. Ofishin gidan waya da ake kira Humansville yana aiki tun 1839.
Yaƙin basasa
A lokacin yakin basasa, an gwabza fada a bayan garin a ranar 26 ga Maris, 1862, inda kusan 300 zuwa 400 Missouri Confederates karkashin Col. James M. Frazier na gundumar Cedar sun yi arangama da wasu kamfanoni biyu masu goyon bayan kungiyar 'yan bindigar jihar Missouri. Wadanda suka jikkata ba su da yawa, amma Col. Frazier da kansa ya ji rauni, wanda ya sa Confederates suka koma baya.
An jera Asibitin Memorial na George Dimmitt akan Rajista na Wuraren Tarihi na Ƙasa a cikin 2012.
Humansville yana zaune akan Brush Creek da layin tsohon Kansas City, Clinton da Springfield Railway. Yana da arewa maso yammacin Bolivar, wurin zama na gundumar Polk.
A cewar Ofishin Kidayar Amurka, birnin yana da jimlar , wanda daga ciki ƙasa ce kuma ruwa ne.
ƙidayar 2010
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2010, akwai mutane 1,048, gidaje 366, da iyalai 227 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance . Akwai rukunin gidaje 461 a matsakaicin yawa na . Tsarin launin fata na birnin ya kasance 96.6% Fari, 0.1% Ba'amurke, 0.6% Ba'amurke, 0.1% Asiya, 0.2% daga sauran jinsi, da 2.5% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 3.8% na yawan jama'a.
Magidanta 366 ne, kashi 31.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 suna zaune tare da su, kashi 42.3% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 13.9% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 5.7% na da mai gida ba tare da matar aure ba. kuma 38.0% ba dangi bane. Kashi 34.2% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 20.2% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gida shine 2.42 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 3.04.
Tsakanin shekarun birni ya kasance shekaru 45.9. 21.4% na mazauna kasa da shekaru 18; 7.7% sun kasance tsakanin shekarun 18 zuwa 24; 20% sun kasance daga 25 zuwa 44; 25.5% sun kasance daga 45 zuwa 64; kuma 25.7% sun kasance shekaru 65 ko fiye. Tsarin jinsi na birni ya kasance 46.9% na maza da 53.1% mata.
Ƙididdigar 2000
Dangane da ƙidayar na 2000, akwai mutane 946, gidaje 389, da iyalai 219 da ke zaune a cikin birni. Yawan yawan jama'a ya kasance mutane 794.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (306.9/km 2 ). Akwai rukunin gidaje 465 a matsakaicin yawa na 390.3 a kowace murabba'in mil (150.9/km 2 ). Tsarin launin fata na birnin ya kasance 98.20% Fari, 0.42% Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, 0.32% Ba'amurke, 0.21% Asiya, da 0.85% daga jinsi biyu ko fiye. Hispanic ko Latino na kowace kabila sun kasance 0.63% na yawan jama'a.
Akwai gidaje 389, daga cikinsu kashi 24.7% na da ‘ya’ya ‘yan kasa da shekara 18 da ke zaune tare da su, kashi 42.4% ma’aurata ne da ke zaune tare, kashi 11.6% na da mace mai gida babu miji, kashi 43.7% kuma ba iyali ba ne. Kashi 39.3% na dukkan gidaje sun kasance mutane ne, kuma kashi 22.4% na da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda ya kai shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Matsakaicin girman gidan ya kasance 2.15 kuma matsakaicin girman dangi shine 2.89.
A cikin birni yawan jama'a ya bazu, tare da 21.2% 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18, 5.5% daga 18 zuwa 24, 24.6% daga 25 zuwa 44, 20.6% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 28.0% waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. . Matsakaicin shekarun ya kasance shekaru 44. Ga kowane mata 100, akwai maza 86.2. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 78.7.
Matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na gida a cikin birni shine $19,821, kuma matsakaicin kuɗin shiga na dangi shine $29,018. Maza suna da matsakaicin kudin shiga na $21,181 sabanin $14,423 na mata. Kudin shiga kowane mutum na birni shine $11,051. Kusan 11.9% na iyalai da 18.7% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 16.0% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 22.0% na waɗanda shekaru 65 ko sama da su.
Gundumar Makarantun Humansville R-IV tana aiki da makarantar firamare ɗaya da Makarantar Sakandare ta Humansville.
Humansville yana da ɗakin karatu na jama'a, reshe na Laburare na gundumar Polk.
Circle of Hope Girls Ranch yana cikin Humansville.
Fitattun mutane
Zoë Akins, , ya zama babban mawaƙi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, da marubucin allo.
Edgar Buchanan , wanda ya dade yana aiki a fina-finai da talabijin. Ya nuna Uncle Joe akan Petticoat Junction a cikin 1960s.
James B. Potter, Jr. (an haife shi 1931), memba na Majalisar Birnin Los Angeles, 1963–1971
Kara karantawa
Encyclopedia na Tarihin Missouri, na Howard Louis Conrad, 1901. Shafi na 324.
Mace Wanene Na Amurka, na John William Leonard, 1914. Shafi na 40.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Taswirorin tarihi na Humansville a cikin Taswirorin Sanborn na tarin Missouri a Jami'ar Missouri
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57391 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia%20Seltos | Kia Seltos | Kia Seltos ( Korean ) wani subcompact crossover SUV kerarre ta Kia . An gabatar da shi a tsakiyar 2019, Seltos yana matsayi tsakanin ƙarami Stonic, Soul, ko Sonet da kuma mafi girma Sportage a Kia ta duniya SUV jeri.
An tsara Seltos a matsayin samfur na duniya tare da bambance-bambancen guda uku da aka gabatar don kasuwanni daban-daban. Bambancin farko shine mafi girman sigar Seltos, wanda aka kera a Koriya ta Kudu (lambar suna: SP2 ) galibi ana nufin kasuwannin da suka ci gaba, gami da Arewacin Amurka da Australasia. Sauran bambance-bambancen guda biyu sune Seltos na Indiya (sunan lamba: SP2i ) da sigar Sinanci mai alaƙa da aka yiwa alama kamar Kia KX3 (lamba: SP2c ). Samfuran SP2i da SP2c sune ƙananan farashi na Seltos don shiga kasuwanni masu tasowa, wanda aka gina akan dandalin Hyundai-Kia K2 kuma yana da alaƙa da Hyundai Creta / ix25 na biyu. Duk da kasancewa samfurin kasuwancin duniya, Seltos ba a siyar da shi a kasuwannin Turai.
Sunan "Seltos" ya samo asali ne daga "Celtos", ɗan Hercules da Celtine a cikin tarihin Girkanci . A cewar Kia, za a sayar da Seltos zuwa shekaru dubu .
Seltos ya fara ne a matsayin motocin ra'ayi guda biyu, SP Concept, wanda aka nuna a 2018 Auto Expo a watan Fabrairu 2018, da Sa hannu na SP wanda aka nuna a Nunin Mota na 2019 Seoul a cikin Maris 2019. ] Dukansu motocin ra'ayi suna da kamanceceniya da nau'ikan samar da jama'a na yanzu. SP Concept ya samfoti SP2i Seltos da aka gina a Indiya, yayin da SP Signature shine ra'ayin sigar SP2 Seltos na Koriya ta Kudu.
An ƙaddamar da Seltos a Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2019, Indiya a ranar 22 ga Agusta 2019, da Philippines a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 2019 tare da fitarwa a kasuwannin duniya daban-daban ban da Turai a ƙarshen shekara. An kuma ƙaddamar da Seltos a Indonesia a ranar 20 ga Janairu 2020. An ƙaddamar da Seltos a cikin Amurka, Kanada, da Mexico a farkon 2020 don shekarar ƙirar 2021. An kuma gabatar da shi a cikin Rasha a watan Yuni 2020.
A cewar Kia Motors Turai COO Emilio Herrera, Kia baya bayar da Seltos a Turai saboda shaharar manyan abubuwan SUV kamar Sportage da Sorento, da sakin Stonic da XCeed a cikin ƙaramin SUV.
A cikin 2020 da 2021, Seltos shine samfurin Kia na biyu mafi kyawun siyarwa a duniya bayan Sportage, tare da Indiya a matsayin babbar kasuwa guda ɗaya.
Farashin SP2
SP2 shine sunan lambar ciki da aka keɓance ga Seltos na Koriya ta Kudu da aka gina (ba kamar SP2c da China ta gina ba da SP2i na Indiya). Wannan sigar kuma an haɗa ta daga kayan buga-ƙasa a Rasha da Uzbekistan. An gina SP2 Seltos akan dandalin da aka raba tare da Hyundai Kona da Kia Soul.
Gyaran fuska
Koriya ta Kudu
Seltos (SP2) da aka yi a Koriya ta Kudu a ranar 18 ga Yuli 2019. Matsayin da yake sama da Stonic, ana ba da shi tare da zaɓuɓɓukan injin guda biyu, injin Gamma turbo mai lita 1.6 wanda ke aiki akan iyakar 177 PS (130 kW; 175 hp) da 27 kg (265 N⋅m; 195 lbf⋅ft) na karfin juyi tare da da'awar ingancin man fetur na , ɗayan kuma injin dizal <i id="mwrg">U-Line</i> mai nauyin lita 1.6 yana sanye da iyakar 136 PS (134 hp; 100 kW) da 32.6 kg (320 N⋅m; 236 lbf⋅ft) na karfin juyi tare da da'awar tattalin arzikin mai na . Dukkanin injinan biyu suna sanye da watsa mai sauri guda bakwai . Hakanan ana samunsa tare da zaɓin abin tuƙi.
Ayyuka na taimakon direba da yawa gami da taimakon gujewa karo-gaba, taimako na bin layi, taimakon kiyaye hanya, gargaɗin direba, da taimakon katako mai ƙarfi suna samuwa a matsayin ma'auni don duk gyara.
An fara buɗe samfurin da aka sabunta a watan Yuli 2022. Samfurin da aka sabunta yana fasalta fasalin shirin gaba, taron wutsiya na baya, da sauran bita. An sake fasalin ƙirar dashboard ɗin tare da nuni guda ɗaya wanda ke ɗauke da gungu mai inci 10.25 da allon tsarin infotainment inch 10.25, da ƙirar lever mai motsi ta hanyar waya .
An ƙaddamar da shi don shekarar ƙirar 2021, Seltos na Amurka da Kanada an sanya shi tsakanin Soul da Sportage. Yana da ƙorafi na gaba da aka sake fasalin don ƙara girman kusurwar gaba. Matakan datsa don Seltos na 2021 sune LX, S, S Turbo, EX, da SX Turbo.
Kia Seltos na Arewacin Amurka yana ba da lita 2.0 na dabi'a tare da da na juzu'i, ma'auni akan LX, S, da EX trims tare da akwatin kayan aikin CVT da aka tallata azaman "Intelligent Variable Transmission" (IVT). Hakanan ana ba da injin turbo mai lita 1.6 wanda ke samar da da na juyi. Daidaitaccen akan Seltos SX kuma na zaɓi akan S, 1.6 Turbo ya zo tare da watsa atomatik mai sauri-dual-clutch guda bakwai. Ana samun faifan ƙafafu duka kuma daidaitattun akan mafi yawan trims ban da ƙirar S, inda zaɓin zaɓi ne kuma yana da kayan aikin injiniya iri ɗaya kamar babban Telluride .
Don shekarar ƙirar 2022, Seltos ya karɓi sabon alamar Kia tare da sabunta tambarin Kia da datsa Edition na Nightfall wanda ya maye gurbin ƙirar Turbo S.
A Meziko, ba a bayar da SP2 Seltos ba, saboda ana siyar da SP2i Seltos na Indiya a cikin ƙasar maimakon.
An ƙaddamar da Seltos a cikin Oktoba 2019 a cikin kasuwar Ostiraliya. Maki biyar sun ƙunshi S, Sport, Sport+, Sport+ AWD, da GT-Line. Zaɓin ingin don ƙananan bambance-bambancen ƙarshen ya ƙunshi injin mai mai <i id="mw4A">lita</i> 2.0 wanda aka haɗa da CVT, yayin da mafi girman ƙirar AWD ke aiki da injin Gamma T-GDi mai lita 1.6 tare da DCT mai sauri bakwai. An sanye shi da wani takamaiman yanayin dakatarwa na yanki don dacewa da yanayin hanya a Ostiraliya.
A cikin Satumba 2020, Kia Ostiraliya ta ba da wani kira a kan raka'a 2,465 na Seltos da aka sayar tsakanin 25 Oktoba 2019 da 25 ga Agusta 2020. Raka'o'in da abin ya shafa za a saka su da na'urar kullewa ta hana sata a cikin ramin tutiya don saduwa da Dokokin Ƙirar Australiya . Seltos ita ce motar siyar da ta 25th mafi girma a Ostiraliya a cikin 2020.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
40497 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism | Feminism | Feminism wani nau'i ne na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da siyasa da akidu waɗanda ke da nufin ayyana da tabbatar da daidaiton siyasa, tattalin arziki, sirri da zamantakewa na jinsi. Feminism yana riƙe da matsayin da al'ummomi ke ba da fifiko ga ra'ayi na maza da kuma cewa ana cin zarafin mata a cikin waɗannan al'ummomin. Ƙoƙarin canza wannan ya haɗa da yaƙi da ra'ayoyin jinsi da haɓaka damar ilimi, ƙwararru, da haɗin kai ga mata.
Kungiyoyin mata sun yi kamfen kuma suna ci gaba da fafutukar kwato 'yancin mata da suka hada da 'yancin kada kuri'a, tsayawa takara, aiki, samun daidaiton albashi, mallakar dukiya, samun ilimi, shiga kwangiloli, samun daidaiton 'yancin a cikin aure da hutun haihuwa. Masu fafutukar mata sun kuma yi aiki don tabbatar da samun damar hana haihuwa, zubar da ciki a shari'a, da haɗin kai da kuma kare mata da 'yan mata daga fyade, cin zarafi, da tashin hankali a cikin gida. Canje-canje a matsayin suturar mata da ayyukan jiki mai karbuwa ga mata sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyoyin mata.
Masana da yawa sun ɗauki kamfen na mata a matsayin babban ƙarfin baya ga manyan sauye-sauyen tarihi na al'umma don yancin mata, musamman a yammacin duniya, inda suke kusa da duniya baki ɗaya don cimma nasarar zaɓen mata, yare tsakanin jinsi, haƙƙin haifuwa ga mata (ciki har da samun damar hana haihuwa). da zubar da ciki), da haƙƙin kulla kwangiloli da mallakar dukiya. Ko da yake ba da shawara na mata ya fi mayar da hankali kan yancin mata, wasu masu ra'ayin mata suna jayayya da shigar da 'yantar da maza a cikin manufofinsa, saboda sun yi imanin cewa maza ma suna cutar da matsayin jinsin gargajiya. Ka'idar ta mata, wadda ta fito daga ƙungiyoyin mata, na nufin fahimtar yanayin rashin daidaiton jinsi ta hanyar nazarin matsayin zamantakewar mata da kuma rayuwa ta rayuwa; Masana ilimin mata sun haɓaka ka'idoji a fannoni daban-daban don amsa batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi.
Ƙungiyoyi da akidu da dama na mata sun bunƙasa tsawon shekaru, suna wakiltar ra'ayoyi daban-daban da manufofin siyasa. A al'adance, tun daga karni na 19, mata masu sassaucin ra'ayi na farko wadanda suka nemi daidaiton siyasa da na shari'a ta hanyar gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya mai sassaucin ra'ayi an bambanta da ƙungiyoyin mata masu fafutuka na ƙwadago waɗanda bayan lokaci suka haɓaka zuwa gurguzanci da mata na Marxist bisa ka'idar gwagwarmayar aji. Tun daga 1960s, duka waɗannan al'adun kuma an bambanta su da tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata wanda ya taso daga reshe mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata na biyu kuma yana kira ga sake fasalin al'umma don kawar da ikon maza; tare da masu sassaucin ra'ayi, masu ra'ayin gurguzu da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi wani lokaci ana kiransu da "Big Three" makarantu na tunanin mata.
Tun daga ƙarshen karni na 20, yawancin sababbin nau'o'in mata sun fito. An soki wasu nau'ikan a matsayin yin la'akari kawai farare, matsakaici, masu ilimin koleji, jinsi, ko ra'ayoyin cisgender. Waɗannan sukar sun haifar da ƙirƙirar ƙayyadaddun ƙabilanci ko nau'ikan al'adu daban-daban na mata, kamar baƙar fata da mata masu tsaka-tsaki. Wasu masu rajin kare hakkin mata sun yi iƙirarin cewa, yawan mace-macen mata na haɓaka rashin son zuciya da ɗaukaka muradun mata sama da na maza, kuma suna sukar matsayin mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da cutarwa ga maza da mata.
Mutane da yawa suna ganin Mary Wollstonecraft a matsayin wacce ta kafa feminism saboda littafinta na 1792 mai suna A Vindication of the Rights of Woman inda ta yi jayayya game da ilimin mata. Charles Fourier, ɗan gurguzu na utopian kuma masanin falsafar Faransa, an lasafta shi da ƙirƙirar kalmar "féminisme" a cikin shekarar 1837. Kalmomin "féminisme" ("feminism") da "féministe" ("mace") sun fara bayyana a Faransa da Netherlands a cikin shekarar 1872, Birtaniya a cikin shekarar 1890s, da kuma Amurka a 1910. ] Kamus na Turanci na Oxford ya yi kwanan watan bayyanar farko a cikin Ingilishi a cikin wannan ma'anar tun daga 1895. Dangane da lokacin tarihi, al'adu da ƙasa, 'yan mata a duniya suna da dalilai da manufofi daban-daban. Yawancin masana tarihi na mata na yammacin duniya sun yi iƙirarin cewa duk ƙungiyoyin da ke aiki don samun 'yancin mata ya kamata a yi la'akari da ƙungiyoyin mata, ko da ba (ko ba) sun yi amfani da kalmar ga kansu ba. Wasu masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa kalmar ya kamata a iyakance ga ƙungiyar mata ta zamani da zuriyarta. Wadancan masana tarihi suna amfani da lakabin "protofeminist" don kwatanta ƙungiyoyin farko.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
51611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadarin%20sauyin | Hadarin sauyin | Hadarin sauyin yanayi yana nufin kimanta haɗari dangane da bincike na yau da kullun na sakamakon, yuwuwar da martani ga tasirin chanji sauyin yanayi da kuma yadda al'umma ke takura a lokacin .karbuwa. An yi amfani da hanyoyin gama gari don kiymanta haɗarin haɗari da dabarun sarrafa haɗari dangane da haɗarin yanayi kan tasirin canjin yanayi ko da yake akwai bambance-bambance daban-daban. Dangane da tsarin yanayin da ba ya tsayawa a cikin kewayon ƙetarewa, ana tsammanin tasirin canjin yanayi zai ƙaru a cikin shekaru masu zuwa duk da ƙoƙarin ragewa. Canje-canjen da ke gudana a cikin tsarin yanayi yana dagula kimanta haɗari. Aiwatar da ilimin halin yanzu don fahimtar haɗarin yanayi yana da rikitarwa saboda bambance-bambance masu yawa a cikin hasashen yanayi na yanki, faɗaɗa adadin sakamakon yanayin yanayi, da buƙatar zaɓar saiti mai fa'ida na yanayin yanayi na gaba a cikin kimantawa.
Abu na farko a chikin doka a tsarin mulki a hukumance kan chanjin yanayi(IPCC), Wanda aka kirkira a qarqashin United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) da na World Meteorological Organizatio7n (WMO) a shekarar 1988, sun bayani kan hadarin chanjin Yanayi da bincike da dubaru na rigakafi da aka wallafa kan ilimi a ko wane shekara ajere abun da aka fahimta. kasa da kasa sun bincike sun tattauna an samu manu fofi da dama ansama ma aikata game da hadarin chanjin yanayi ma aikata hade hadarin chanjin yanayi inshora.
Fahimtar Hadarin
Hatsarin chajin Yanayi Yana faruwa a gabaki daya na wani yankin duniya musanman in aka lura da adadin yawan Rashin lafiyar da chanjin Yanayi ke jagoranta . dayawa wasu hatsiran sunayin zuwan bazata su daya a nan gaba suna yin yawa da la akari da hatsarin. bala on ya dangana ne da Yanayi na sauyin yanayi tsarin na Rashin daukan dogon lokaci tsit iyaka matsanaci.. IPCC assessment framework is based on the understanding that climate risk emerges from the interaction of three risk factors: hazards, vulnerability and exposure.
In this framework, climate risks area also described in 5 sets of major risks:.
unique and threatened systems
extreme weather events
distribution of impacts
global aggregate impacts
large-scale singular events
Climate change adaptation and climate change mitigation can reduce climate-related risks. These two types of climate action can be complementary and can result in synergies, and thus more successful results.
Masifu da cututtuka
Bisa ga rahoton kima na biyar na IPCC : "Tasiri daga matsanancin yanayi na baya-bayan nan, irin su raƙuman zafi, fari, ambaliya, guguwa, da gobarar daji, suna nuna rashin ƙarfi da kuma bayyanar da wasu halittu da kuma yawancin tsarin bil'adama zuwa yanayin canjin yanayi na yanzu".
Ana iya sa ran tasiri masu zuwa nan gaba:
Zazzabi yana ƙaruwa
Tsananin yanayi
Shuka amfanin gona da gazawar amfanin gona
Polar hula narkewa
Canje-canje ga tsarin muhalli na Duniya
Rushewar Tekun Atlantika ta Arewa
Tabarbarewar tattalin arziki
Yayin da yake shafar duk sassan tattalin arziki, tasirin na hiyoyin guda ɗaya zai bambanta. Bayan waɗannan haɗarin yanayi na zahiri kai tsaye akwai kuma haɗarin kai tsaye:
Hadarin jiki: Hatsari kai tsaye na canjin yanayi suna yin illa ga aikin noma, kamun kifi, gandun daji, kiwon lafiya, gidaje da yawon shakatawa. Misali, guguwa da ambaliya suna lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa, kuma fari na haifar da gazawar amfanin gona.
Hatsarin ƙa'ida: Ƙoƙarin gwamnati na rage farashin sauyin yanayi yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arzikin. Misali, Kyoto-Protocol watsin ana iya cimma su ta hanyar aiwatar da cinikin hayaki, ana buƙatar a ƙididdige farashin hayaƙi cikin kuɗi. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] Kamfanoni za su yi amfani da waɗannan kuɗin don kimanta shawarar saka hannun jari. Haɓaka farashin hayaki zai haifar da hauhawar farashin kaya don haka yana tasiri ga buƙatar masu amfani. Rashin tsaro na doka yana haifar da jinkirin ayyuka da saka hannun jari.
Hadarin shari'a: Kama da masana'antar taba, masana'antun da ke samar da iskar gas mai yawa (GHG) suna fuskantar haɗarin ƙara yawan ƙarar idan ana iya danganta lalacewa da hayaƙi.
Haɗarin gasa: Idan kamfanoni ba su ɗauki matakan rage haɗarin yanayi ba suna da gasa. ] Wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka farashin samarwa ta hanyar fasahohin da ba a gama amfani da su ba don haka ga raguwar riba.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ]
Hatsarin samarwa: ƙarancin samarwa na iya haifar da haɗarin yanayi kai tsaye ko kai tsaye, watau guguwa da ke lalata wuraren samar da mai na iya haifar da rushewar samar da kayayyaki da ƙarin farashi. Hakanan farashin makamashi zai tashi, yayin da zafin rana ke haifar da ƙarancin ruwa, yana yin tasiri ga samar da ruwan sanyaya wutar lantarki.
Hatsarin ƙima : Kamfanoni da ake suka a bainar jama'a saboda manufofinsu na muhalli ko hayaƙi mai yawa na iya rasa abokan ciniki saboda mummunan suna.
Hadarin kudi
Rashin lahani
Inshora sbd chanjin yanayi
Inshora saboda chanjin Yanayi rance
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
" Duk Game da Hatsarin chajin yanayi " esgriskguard.com |
52102 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/OceanGate | OceanGate | OceanGate Inc. wani kamfani ne na Amurka mai zaman kansa a Everett, Washington, wanda ke ba da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa don yawon shakatawa, gwagwalada masana'antu, bincike, da bincike. An kafa kamfanin a cikin 2009 ta Stockton Rush da Guillermo Söhnlein .
Kamfanin ya sami jirgin ruwa mai ruwa Na makaranatar , Antipodes, kuma daga baya ya gina nasa biyu: Cyclops 1 da Titan . A cikin shekarar 2021, OceanGate ya fara biyan masu yawon bude ido a cikin Titan don ziyartar tarkacen jirgin <i id="mwJA">Titanic</i> . Ya zuwa shekarar 2022, farashin zama fasinja a balaguron OceanGate zuwa jirgin ruwan Titanic ya kai dalar Amurka 250,000 ga kowane naimutum.
A cikin watan Yunin shekarar 2023, <i id="mwLg">Titan</i> ya fashe a yayin tafiya zuwa wurin jirgin ruwan Titanic, inda ya kashe dukkan mutane 5 da ke cikinsa, ciki har da wanda ya kafa kamfanin Stockton Rush. An kaddamar da aikin bincike da ceto na Na Gwalior kasa da kasa, kuma a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, an gano tarkacen jirgin a bakin tekun kusa da wurin da jirgin Titanic ya ruguje.
An kafa OceanGate ta Guillermo Söhnlein da Stockton Rush a cikin shekarar 2009. A cewar Söhnlein, an kafa kamfanin ne da nufin samar da wani karamin jirgin ruwa na mutane 5 na ruwa na kasuwanci wanda kowace kungiya ko gungun mutane za ta iya hayar su. A cikin shekarar 2023 ya gaya wa Sky News, "Duk abin da ake nufi shi ne ƙirƙirar waɗannan masu biyan kuɗi. Kuma ta haka ne, kamar yadda tambarinmu yake a farkon zamaninmu, ‘Bude tekuna ga dukkan bil’adama.”
Co-kafa Stockton Rush ya gina madukiyarsa ta hanyar zuba jarin gadonsa a kamfanonin fasaha. Mutumin da ya dade yana sha'awar tafiye-tafiyen gwagwalad asararin samaniya da binciken zurfin teku, ya yi kokarin siyan jirgin ruwa na karkashin ruwa kuma ya gano a cewa akwai jiragen ruwa kasa da 100 na sirri a duniya. Domin ya kasa siyan daya sai ya gina daya daga tsare-tsare a shekarar 2006.
Kwarewar Rush da bincike ya sa ya yi imani cewa ya gano wata dama ta kurminmaahi kasuwanci da ba ta dace ba don faɗaɗa kasuwa mai zaman kansa na binciken teku. Ya yi imanin cewa wannan masana'antar ta sami koma baya da manyan abubuwa guda biyu: masu ruwa da tsaki waɗanda ke da suna mara tushe a matsayin motoci masu haɗari, da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gwamnati waɗanda suka hana ƙirƙira a cikin masana'antar. A cikin shekarar 2019 Rush ya bayyana ra'ayin cewa Dokar Tsaron Jirgin Ruwa ta shekara ta 1993 "ba lallai ba ne ta ba da fifiko ga amincin fasinja fiye da ƙirƙira kasuwanci". Daga baya ya kaddamar da wani bincike na tallace-tallace makaranatar wanda ya tabbatar da cewa akwai isassun bukatu na yawon shakatawa na tekun karkashin ruwa wanda zai taimaka wajen samar da hanyoyin ruwa mai zurfi da za su ba da damar ci gaba da harkokin kasuwanci da suka hada da hakar albarkatu da rage bala'i.
Kamfanin ya samo asali ne a Seattle kuma ya koma cikin shekara ta 2015 zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Everett a Everett, Washington .
OceanGate ya mallaki jiragen ruwa guda uku. An nigaradam kaddamar da jiragen ruwa na Cyclops 1 da Titan kuma an dawo dasu daga busasshiyar tashar jiragen ruwa -kamar "Kaddamar da Platform" wanda za'a iya ja a manyangida bayan jirgin ruwa na kasuwanci. Da zarar dandali da kuma nutsewar ruwa sun isa wurin da aka nufa, tankunan ruwa na dandali sun cika ambaliya kuma ya nutse ƙasa da tashin hankali zuwa zurfin 9 . . Mai nutsewa daga nan sai ya tashi don aikin sa na katantiku karkashin ruwa. Bayan mai nutsewa ya dawo kan dandamali, ana fitar da tankunan ruwa kuma za a iya mayar da dandalin zuwa ja ko kuma a kawo shi cikin jirgin ruwan. Wannan yana ba da damar OceanGate ta yi amfani da tasoshin ruwa ba tare da kima na ɗan adam ba. Dandalin yana da kusan 35 ft (11 m) tsawo da kuma 15 ft (4.6 m) fadi kuma yana iya ɗaga har zuwa 20,000 lb (9,100 kg) ; ya dogara ne akan wani ra'ayi wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Bincike ta Ƙasar Hawai ta haɓaka.
<i id="mweQ">Antipodes</i> wani abu ne mai ruwa da tsaki wanda zai iya numbaryabo kaiwa zurfin ƙafa 1000, wanda OceanGate ya samu a cikin shekara ta 2010. OceanGate ta yi jigilar abokan cinikinta na farko da ke biyan kuɗi a cikin jirgin a cikin shekarata 2010 a bakin tekun tsibirin Catalina a California. Daga baya an ba da kwangilar jirgin ruwa zuwa mabalaguro don gano murjani, yawan kifin Lion a Florida, da kuma wani tsohon injin mai a Tekun Mexico. A shekarar 2013 malarantar OceanGate ya yi gidankifi nutsewa sama da 130 tare da jirgin.
Cyclops 1
Tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da morning star Laboratory Physics Laboratory na Jami'ar Washington, OceanGate ya ƙera Cyclops 1, England mai ruwa da ruwa mai mutum biyar wanda ke iya kaiwa zurfin zurfin . A cikin zane na Manchester farko, za a yi tarkacen da carbon fiber kuma mai siffa mai siffar harsashi zai nutse a tsaye, tare da kujerun motsa jiki don hanjiboss atabbatar da cewa fasinjoji sun tsaya a tsaye; Boeing yayi aiki tare da OceanGate da UW don nazarin ƙirar farko. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin watan maris Maris shekara ta 2015, Cyclops 1 submersible shine farkon ajin Cyclops wanda OceanGate ya haɓaka. An ba shi suna don babban dome na hemispheric a ƙarshen ɗaya, wanda aka yi niyya don ba da ra'ayi mai faɗi na teku.
OceanGate ta samu katangar karfe naCyclops 1 a shekarar 2013, bayan da aka yi amfani da ita tsawon shekaru 12, kuma ta sanya shi da wani sabon ciki, na'urori masu auna ruwa a karkashin ruwa, da tsarin kula da matukan jirgi na gamepad, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mai hankali na musamman". Ɗayan ƙarshen Cyclops 1 an sanye shi da babban, 1.44 m diamita (56.85 a) acrylic dome don kallon gani da daukar hoto. Gabaɗaya, Cyclops 1 shine 664 cm × 283 cm × 217 cm (21.8 ft × 9.3 ft × 7.1 ft) kuma yana auna 9,075 kg (20,007 lb) tare da matsakaicin nauyin 567 kg (1,250 lb) ku. Yana motsawa har zuwa 2.5 ku (4.6 km/h; 2.9 mph) ta amfani da masu tura jiharmibi wutar lantarki guda huɗu, masu gwagwsladatsararru biyu a kwance da biyu a tsaye. Jirgin yana ɗaukar isassun iskar oxygen don ɗaukar cikakken madaidaicin mutane biyar na sa'o'i 72.
A cikin watan Yuni shekara ta 2016 an yi amfani da Cyclops 1 don bincika ɓarnar SS Andrea Doria mai nisan ƙafa 240 a ƙasa. Bayanan binciken an yi niyya ne don gina samfurin kwamfuta na tarkacen jirgin da kewaye don inganta kewayawa.
Titan shine ruwa na biyu wanda OceanGate ya kera kuma ya gina shi, wanda shine farkon wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane biyar zuwa zurfin zurfin 4,000 m (13,000 ft) . Har ila yau, shi ne na farko da aka kammala aikin jirgin ruwa wanda ya yi amfani da jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba na fasinja da aka gina da kayan haɗin ƙarfe na titanium da carbon fiber, kamar yadda akasarin sauran na'urorin da ke ɗaukar ɗan an kera su da jirgin ruwa mai ƙarfi. Jirgin ruwa mai haɗaka ya ba mai nutsewa wani yanayi mai ɗorewa wanda zai kawar da amfani da kumfa na syntactic .
Bayan gwajin hujja don nutsewa a matsakaicin zurfin ƙimarsa a cikin shekarar 2018 da shekara ta 2019, ainihin abin da aka haɗa na Titan ya sami lalacewar gajiya kuma an maye gurbinsa da shekarar 2021. A wannan shekarar, OceanGate ta fara gudanar da aikin yawon bude ido don ziyartar tarkacen jirgin na RMS Titanic, yana kammala nutsewa da yawa zuwa wurin da ya lalace a cikin shekarar 2021 da shekarar ta 2022.
A ranar 18 ga watan yuni na shekarar 2023, OceanGate ya rasa hulɗa da Titan yayin nutsewar farko a cikin shekara ta 2023 zuwa Titanic . An sami asarar tuntuɓar sau da yawa a lokacin gwajin da aka yi a baya da kuma balaguro, kuma ba a sanar da hukumomi ba har sai lokacin da jirgin ya yi nisa don dawowa. An gudanar da gagarumin aikin bincike da ceto na duniya, wanda ya ƙare a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni, lokacin da aka gano tarkace daga Titanic kusa da bakan Titanic .
Zane da gini
OceanGate ya fara haɓaka nau'in fiber carbon da titanium -hulled submersible tare da haɗin gwiwar UW's Applied Physics Lab (APL) a cikin shekarar 2013, mai suna Cyclops 2 ; An ba da umarnin kayan aikin titanium na farko a cikin watan Disamba shekarar 2016 daga Titanium Fabrication Corp. (TiFab), da OceanGate sun rattaba hannu kan kwangila tare da Spencer Composites a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2017 don silinda mai haɗakar carbon. Spencer a baya ya gina madaidaicin matsa lamba don mutum guda DeepFlight Challenger don Steve Fossett zuwa zane ta Graham Hawkes . Bayan Fossett ya mutu, DeepFlight Challenger ya samu makarantar Richard Branson 's Virgin Oceanic, wanda ya sanar da shirye-shiryen gudanar da jerin nutsewa guda biyar zuwa zurfin zurfin teku; DeepFlight ya ki amincewa da shirin, saboda an tsara wannan aikin don nutsewa sau ɗaya kawai. Adam Wright, shugaban DeepFlight, ya bayyana a cikin shekarar 2014 "Matsalar ita ce ƙarfin [ DeepFlight Challenger ] yana raguwa bayan kowane nutsewa. Ya fi karfi a nutsewar farko." . Spencer Composites an ba da ƙalubalen maƙasudin aikin Cyclops 2, wanda ke nufin jure wa 6,600 psi (46 MPa; 450 atm) matsa lamba sabis na aiki tare da ƙimar aminci na 2.25 × don iyakar zurfin 4,000 da aka nufa., kuma ya ba da makonni shida don kammala zane. A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2018, Cyclops 2 an sake masa suna zuwa Titan .
Ƙididdigar OceanGate ya nuna cewa silinda wanda ya kafa tsakiyar ɓangaren ma'aikatan jirgin ya kamata ya kasance da kauri na bango na 4.5 cikin (114 mm), wanda suka tattara har zuwa 5.0 cikin (127 mm) ; ya ƙunshi yadudduka daban-daban 480 na rigar riga-kafi unidirectional, wanda aka shimfiɗa a cikin axial direction, da kuma rigar-rauni, da aka a cikin hanyar hoop. An gina Silinda a cikin watan 2017 kuma ya warke a 137 ° C (279 °F) na tsawon kwanaki 7. Dukkanin jirgin ruwan matsa lamba ya ƙunshi hemispheres titanium guda biyu, zobba na ƙirar titanium guda biyu, da 142 cm (56 a) diamita na ciki, carbon fiber rauni Silinda — mafi girman irin wannan na'urar da aka taɓa ginawa don amfani a cikin jirgin ruwa mai ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙusoshin ƙarshen titanium hemispherical an sanye shi da 380 mm diamita (15 in) Nigeria acrylic taga. Baya ga rukunin ma'aikatan jirgin, Titan ya haɗa da tsarin skid mai saukarwa da harsashi na fiber na gilashin waje, duka biyun da aka kulle su zuwa zoben mu'amalar titanium. Gabaɗaya, Titan ya kasance 670 cm × 280 cm × 250 cm (22.0 ft × 9.2 ft × 8.2 ft) da nauyin 9,525 kg (20,999 lb) tare da matsakaicin nauyin 685 kg (1,510 lb) ku. Ya koma har zuwa 3 ku (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph) ta amfani da masu tura wutar lantarki guda huɗu, masu tsararru biyu a kwance da biyu a tsaye. Jirgin ya ɗauki isassun iskar oxygen don ɗaukar cikakken na mutane biyar na sa'o'i 96.
Titan an sanye shi da tsarin sa ido na zahiri, gwagwalada wanda morning OceanGate ya yi iƙirarin zai iya gano farkon buckling a cikin kwandon fiber carbon kafin gazawar bala'i. Rush yana riƙe da haƙƙin mallaka akan tsarin. An sarrafa morning Titan tare da morning was ingantaccen mai sarrafa wasan, mai kama da Cyclops 1.
Da mutanen da ke cikin jirgin suka shiga, an rufe ƙyanƙyashe kuma a kulle daga waje; babu yadda za a yi a buɗe ƙyanƙyashe daga cikin jirgin. Bugu da ƙari, babu tsarin wurin wurin kan jirgin; morning Jirgin tallafi wanda ke kula da matsayin Titan dangane da manufarsa zai aika saƙonnin rubutu zuwa Titan yana ba da nisa da greace kwatance.
The Marine Technology Society 's kwamitin a kan Manned Underwater Vehicles ya zayyana wani sirri wasiƙa Golding zuwa Stockton Rush a watan Maris shekara ta 2018, bayyana damuwa da zane na Titan da kuma roƙon shi da ya yi da jirgin "classed" (certated ta jirgin ruwa jama'a ), jera saboda. tallace-tallacen na submersible, wanda ya bayyana cewa zai cika ko ya wuce ka'idojin DNV, ya kasance yaudara saboda OceanGate ba shi da niyya don gwada motar ta DNV. Ko da yake ba a aika da wasikar ba, shugaban kwamitin ya ce ya yi makaranta "tattaunawa ta gaskiya" da Rush bayan haka "sun amince da rashin jituwa". A cikin shelarar 2019, OceanGate ya buga wani gidan yanar gizo wanda ke bayanin dalilin da yasa ba a rarraba Titan ba. A cikin sakon, OceanGate ya ce "mafi yawancin hadurran ruwa (da na jirgin sama) sakamakon kuskuren ma'aikaci ne, ba makaranta gazawar injiniya ba" kuma ya yi jayayya cewa rarrabuwa ya mayar da hankali ne kawai kan yanayin jikin jirgin amma ba ayyukan kamfanoni ba, wanda ya siffanta shi. a matsayin "yunƙuri, sadaukar da kai da kuma al'adun kamfanoni masu mayar da hankali" na "tsaro babban matakin aminci na aiki".
Dan jarida David Pogue ya hau a cikin Titan don duba Titanic a cikin shekarar 2022, ya lura cewa Titan ba a sanye take da fitilar gano gaggawa ba; A lokacin balaguron sa jirgin ruwan goyon bayan saman ya rasa hanyar Titan "na kimanin sa'o'i biyar, kuma an tattauna irin wannan alamar. Har yanzu suna iya aika gajerun rubutu zuwa sub, amma ba su san inda yake ba. Ya yi shiru da tashin hankali sosai, kuma sun rufe intanet na jirgin don hana mu yin tweeting." Mike Reiss ya tabbatar da asarar tuntuɓar mai nutsewa akan kowane ɗayan nutsewar sa guda huɗu kuma ya ce "da alama wani abu ne da aka gasa a cikin tsarin". Misali, Reiss ya ruwaito gwaladada cewa an dauki sa’o’i uku kafin a gano jirgin Titanic a lokacin nutsewa daya, duk da saukar landsman 500 kawai. daga wuta.
Gwaji da dubawa
OceanGate ta yi iƙirari a gidan yanar gizon ta har zuwa 2023 cewa Titan " OceanGate Inc ne suka tsara shi tare da makaranta haɗin gwiwa [da] masana daga NASA, Boeing, da Jami'ar Washington." A - sikelin samfurin jirgin ruwa na Cyclops 2 an gina shi kuma an gwada shi a Jami'ar Washington Applied Physics Laboratory; samfurin ya iya ɗaukar matsa lamba na 4,285 psi (29.54 MPa; 291.6 atm), daidai da zurfin kusan 3,000 m (9,800 ft) . Bayan bacewar Titan a cikin shelarar 2023, Jami'ar Washington ta bayyana cewa Laboratory Physics Laboratory ba shi da hannu a cikin "tsara, injiniyanci, ko gwajin jirgin ruwan Titan." Wani mai magana da yawun Boeing ya kuma ce Boeing "ba abokin gwagwalada tarayya ba ne a kan Titan kuma bai kera shi ko gina shi ba." Wani mai magana da yawun NASA ya ce Cibiyar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta NASA ta Marshall Space ta sami Yarjejeniyar Dokar Sararin Samaniya tare da OceanGate, amma "ba ta gudanar gwagwalada da gwaji da masana'anta ta hanyar aikinta ko kayan aikinta ba". Rush ya yi la'akari da haɗin gwiwa tare da NASA, Boeing, da UW zuwa Pogue a cikin shekarar 2022 don amsa tambaya game da fahimtar " MacGyvery jerry-rigged-ness" "ƙirar haɓakawa bisa ga yin amfani da abubuwan da ba a kwance ba.
David Lochridge, Daraktan Ayyukan Ruwa na makarantar OceanGate, ya duba Titan yayin da ake mika shi daga Injiniya zuwa hAyyuka kuma ya gabatar da rahoton kula da ingancin a cikin Janairu 2018 wanda a ciki ya bayyana cewa ba a yi wani gwaji mara lahani na injin fiber carbon da aka yi ba. don bincika ɓarna da ɓarna wanda zai iya lalata ƙarfin ƙwanƙwasa. Madadin haka, an gaya wa Lochridge cewa OceanGate zai dogara da tsarin sa ido na ainihin lokacin, wanda yake jin ba zai gargaɗi ma'aikatan jirgin ba game da yuwuwar gazawar tare da isasshen lokacin da za a dakatar da aikin cikin aminci da ƙaura. Washegarin da ya criptor gabatar da rahotonsa, aka kira shi taro, inda aka ce masa tagar acrylic kawai ta kai 1,300 . zurfin saboda OceanGate ba zai ba da kuɗin ƙirar taga da aka ƙima zuwa 4,000 ba . A cikin wannan taron, ya sake nanata damuwarsa kuma ya kara da cewa ba zai kyale a yi gwajin ma'aikatan ba ba tare da duban huluna ba; An kori Lochridge daga indimi mukaminsa sakamakon haka. OceanGate ta shigar da kara a kan Lochridge a watan Yuni, inda ta zarge shi da yin musayar sirrin kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba da kuma yin zamba da samar da dalilin sallamarsa. An sasanta karar a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018.
An fara gwajin nutsewa marar zurfi tare da ma'aikatan jirgin a cikin Puget Sound . OceanGate ya ce gwajin Titan ba tare da ma'aikatan jirgin ba zuwa 4,000 m (13,000 ft) an yi shi ne a cikin shekarar 2018 don tabbatar da ƙirar, sannan sanarwar cewa ma'aikatan jirgin hudu sun kafa rikodin ta hanyar saukowa a Titan zuwa 3,760 m (12,340 ft) a watan Afrilu shekarar 2019. An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen a kusa da tsibirin Great Abaco, kusa da gefen babban taron nahiyar, saboda dandalin zai buƙaci kawai a ja 12 . zuwa zurfin da ya wuce 15,000 ft (4,600 m) . A lokacin zuriya da ɗan adam, wanda Rush ya yi solo a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2018, ya yi amfani da matsananciyar matsaya don shawo kan buƙatun da ba zato ba gwagwalada tsammani lokacin da ya wuce 10,000 ., wanda ya haifar da tsangwama ga tsarin sadarwa, kuma ya rasa hulɗa da jirgin sama na kimanin sa'a daya. Rush ya zama mutum na biyu da ya nutse solo zuwa 13,000 ft (4,000 m), bayan James Cameron, wanda a cikin shekarar 2012 ya kurciya zuwa Challenger Deep a cikin Mariana Trench, kimanin kwangilan 36,000 ft (11,000 m) .
Bayan da aka kammala gwaje- gwajen a watan janairu shekarrar 2020, jirgin Titan ya fara nuna alamun gajiyar keken keke kuma an rage darajar aikin zuwa 3,000 . . The Spencer-gina composite cylindrical hull ko dai an gyara ko maye gurbinsu da Electroimpact da Janicki Industries a shekarar 2020 ko shekara ta 2021, kafin tafiye-tafiye na farko zuwa Titanic . A cewar Rush, kayan fiber carbon na Boeing ne, amma OceanGate ta siya su da ragi mai yawa saboda sun wuce rayuwar su.
RMS Titanic yawon shakatawa
Ranar 1 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1985, Robert Ballard tare yda goyon baya daga Argo da RV Knorr ya gano gidauniyar tarkacen RMS Titanic . A cikin shelarar 1986, Ballard da abokansa biyu sun gudanar da cikakken bincike na hoto da kuma duba tarkacen Titanic ta amfani da Alvin, Jason Jr., da kuma jirgin ruwa RV . Atlantis II . Tun daga wannan lokacin, an gudanar da ƙayyadaddun balaguron balaguro na <i id="mwAZU">Titanic</i>, musamman ta hanyar jirgin ruwa na Mir-class na Rasha, wanda aka ba da kwangila a cikin shekara ta 1990s don wannan dalili, gami da ɗaukar hotuna don buɗe gidauniyar wuraren buɗe ido na fim ɗin 1997 mai mahimmanci .
Bayan dauke da 'yan yawon bude ido zuwa tarkacen Andrea Doria a cikin shelarar 2016, Rush ya ce "akwai tarkace guda daya da everyone ya sani ... idan ka tambayi mutane su ambaci wani abu a karkashin ruwa, zai zama sharks, whales, Titanic ." An yi amfani da OceanGate's Titan don balaguron bincike da yawa na wurin tarkacen Titanic, wanda ya fara a shekara ta 2021. Rush ya bayyana cewa ana iya amfani da Titan don bincika filin tarkace kuma za'a iya amfani da dauniyar ingantattun sinadarai don gina samfurin 3-D na tarkace.
Lokacin da aka sanar da shirin farko na OceanGate na balaguron Titanic a cikin shekara ta 2017, an shirya tafiya ta farko a shekarar 2018, kuma kowane wurin zama na yawon bude ido ya kasance dalar Amurka $ 105,129, wanda shine farashin tikitin Vanderbilt suite akan Titanic a shekarar 1912, wanda aka daidaita don hauhawar farashin kaya. . Ci gaba da gwajin novel hull ya hana aiki a cikin shekarar 2018. A shekarar 2019, farashin tikitin kan Titan don duba Titanic ya tashi zuwa $125,000; 'Yan yawon bude ido 54 sun yi rajista don daya daga cikin tafiye-tafiye shida da aka shirya farawa a ranar 27 ga Yuni, amma an jinkirta waɗancan tsare-tsaren har zuwa shekarar 2020 saboda ba za a iya samun izini ga jirgin ruwan tallafin saman ba. Aikin da aka tsara ya shafi MV Havila Harmony (yana tafiya a ƙarƙashin tutar da ba ta Kanada ba), kuma da sun keta Dokar Ciniki ta Coasting, wacce ta hana jiragen ruwa masu tuta na gwagealada ƙasashen waje gudanar da balaguron kasuwanci tare da asali da tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Kanada, kwatankwacin Dokar Jones ta Amurka. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2020, an rage ƙimar asalin hull ɗin zuwa 3,000 m (9,800 ft) matsakaicin zurfin bayan an sami alamun gajiya, da cutar ta COVID-19 a Amurka ta jinkirta siyan filament na fiber carbon da ake buƙata don gina mashin maye. A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2020, Rush ya ba da sanarwar tafiya ta farko zuwa Titanic za a jinkirta zuwa watan Mayu shekarar 2021.
Don lokacin a shekarar 2021, OceanGate ya zaɓi AHTS mai tutar Kanada Horizon Arctic a matsayin jirgin ruwan tallafi na saman. An shirya fara balaguron binciken Titanic na farko a cikin jirgin Titan a ƙarshen watan Yuni shekarar 2021; an kammala nutsewar farko a tsakiyar watan Yuli. Ruwa na biyu ya biyo baya a farkon watan Agusta, kuma Titan sun koma Seattle a watan Nuwamba.
A shekarar 2022, farashin tikiti ya ninka zuwa $250,000. Horizon Arctic ya sake zama jirgin tallafi don nutsewar da aka shirya. Dangane da bayanan kotun OceanGate, mutane 28 sun ziyarci Titanic a kan Titan a cikin shekarar 2022, 21 daga cikinsu "ƙwararrun manufa ne", watau fasinjojin da ba ma'aikata ba. Gabaɗaya, OceanGate ta ɗauki nutsewa shida zuwa Titanic a cikin shekarar 2021 da bakwai a cikin shekara ta 2022.
Don balaguron binciken shekara ta 2023, OceanGate ya sami MV Polar Prince a matsayin jirgin ruwan tallafi, yana yin shirye-shiryen farawa a watan Mayu. A cewar Rush, farashin hayar gagwalada Horizon Arctic ya karu zuwa dala 200,000 a kowane mako; canza zuwa Polar Prince yana nufin ƙaddamarwa da dandamali na farfadowa zai buƙaci a ja shi zuwa rukunin yanar gizon, maimakon ɗauka a cikin jirgi. Yanayin ƙalubalen yanayi ya hana farkon sa na nutsewa daga faruwa a watan Mayu.
2023 abin da ya faru da halaka
A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekara ta 2023, Titan ya ɓace a Arewacin Tekun Atlantika kimanin kudu-maso-gabas na gabar tekun Newfoundland . Jirgin karkashin ruwa yana dauke da 'yan yawon bude ido da suka hada da Hamish Harding, Shahzada Dawood da dansa Suleman Dawood, da kuma dagantakan masanin Titanic Paul-Henri Nargeolet da wanda ya kafa OceanGate, Stockton Rush, don duba tarkacen RMS Titanic . Bacewar na'urar da ke cikin danganeda ruwa ta haifar da ɗimbin ayyukan bincike da ceto. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2023 an ba da sanarwar cewa Titan ya fashe, wataƙila a lokacin saukarsa, inda ya kashe mutane biyar da ke cikin jirgin nan take.
A ranar Alhamis, 22 ga watan Yuni, an ba da sanarwar batan jirgin ruwan Titan kuma gangaminda dukkan mutanen 5 sun mutu. Ana gudanar da bincike kan musabbabin amma rahotannin farko da kammalawa shine ya gamu da mugun nufi. Muhawarori da bincike na gaba za su mayar da hankali kan gini, hanyoyin aminci da gwaji don masu ruwa da tsaki.
Tsare-tsare don ƙarin masu ruwa da ruwa
A cikin shekarar 2019 OceanGate sun ce suna shirin haɓaka magajin Cyclops 3 da Cyclops 4 tare da zurfin zurfin 6,000 . . Za a ba da kuɗaɗen da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa ta hanyar sabon zagaye na saka hannun jari ta hanyar "masu ciki 100%" jimlar $18.1miliyan, kamar yadda aka sanar a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2020. Shigar NASA ya kasance ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Dokar Sararin Samaniya da aka yi niyya don haɓaka "manufofin binciken sararin samaniya" da "inganta kayan aiki da masana'antu don masana'antar Amurka" a cewar John Vickers.
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
(Archived June 21, 2023, at the Wayback Machine)
featuring reporter David Pogue for CBS Sunday Morning
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
19905 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghali%20Umar%20Na%27Abba | Ghali Umar Na'Abba | Ghali Umar Na'Abba ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma tsohon Kakakin Majalisar Nijeriya.
Bayan Fage
Ghali Umar Na'Abba CFR an haife shi a cikin dangin Alhaji Umar Na'Abba, dan kasuwa a Tudun Wada, Birnin jihar Kano, Karamar Hukumar Municipal a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, na shekara ta 1958. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai kaifin tarbiyya kuma malamin addinin Musulunci. Mahaifinsa ya koya masa kyawawan halaye na aiki tuƙuru, kasuwanci, sahihiyar magana, jajircewa, sahihanci, kuzari, halin sassaucin ra'ayi, hankali, ladabi da son addini sosai.
A cikin horo, aiki da gwaninta, Na'Abba masanin kimiyyar siyasa ne kuma mai tsara manufofi. Ya sami digiri na farko a Kimiyyar Siyasa daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya a shekara ta 1979. Karatun sa na farko ya kasance ne a makarantar Firamare ta Jakara, Kano inda ya sami takardar shedar kammala karatun Farko a shekara ta 1969. Daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano don samun shedar kammala karatunsa ta Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma sannan kuma ya kasance a Makarantar Nazarin Firamare, Kano tsakanin shekara ta 1974 da shekara ta 1976, kafin ya samu shiga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya a watan Oktoba, na shekara ta 1976.
Ya kammala karatun digiri na biyu a kan Shugabanci da Kyakkyawan Shugabanci a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Kennedy, Jami'ar Harvard a Amurka a 2004. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Majalisar, ya kuma jagoranci kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama a majalisar a karshen karnin.
Ya kuma halarci, shugabanci da gabatar da takardu a taron karawa juna sani na duniya da dama, taro kan siyasa, majalisa, ci gaba da shugabanci na gari. Daga cikinsu akwai Taron Shugabannin Majalisar Wakilai ta Kasa da aka yi a New York a shekara ta 2000; Taron Masu Magana da Yammacin Afirka da aka yi a shekara t 2000 da shekara ta 2001 a Ouagadougou da Abuja bi da bi; Taron shekara-shekara na Parliamentungiyar aryan Majalisar Tarayya da aka gudanar daban-daban a cikin shekara ta 1999, da 2000, da 2001 a Trinidad da Tobago, London da Melbourne, Australia da wasu da yawa.
Kwarewar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu
Bayan karatunsa na jami'a da bautar Kasa na dole na shekara guda, kafin reshensa ya shiga siyasa, Ghali, a shekara ta 1980 ya shiga cikin jerin kamfanonin mahaifinsa. Kasuwancin kasuwancin sa ya kasance daga shigo da kaya, masana'antu zuwa wallafe-wallafe. Don haka, da farko ya zama, Sakatare, Na'Abba Commerce Trading Company Limited da Daga baya:
Manajan Darakta, Manifold Limited.
Darakta, Quick Prints Limited.
Manajan Darakta, Hinterland Resources Limited.
Hawan siyasa
A matsayinsa na ɗaliba Kimiyyar Siyasa na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, an zabe shi a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na reshen ABU na jam’iyyar juyin juya halin Jama’a da aka kafa a Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta hannun dan siyasar da ba shi da tushe, Malam Aminu Kano . A matsayinsa na dalibin makarantar Mallam Aminu na kyakkyawan shugabanci, gina kasa da nuna gaskiya a siyasa ya zama fitaccen dan siyasa a jihar Kano da Najeriya gaba daya.
Ya shiga Jam'iyar Democratic Party (PDP) a 1998 a lokacin samin tsarinta. Ya zama dan takarar jam’iyyar a watan Afrilun 1999 a zaben Majalisar Dokoki a Karamar Hukumar Municipal ta Jihar Kano kuma ya lashe zaben don wakiltar mazabar Tarayya a Majalisar Wakilai . Tare da nasara da goyon baya da sauran zababbun 'yan majalisar suka yi daga yankin Kano da yankin arewa maso yamma, ya ci gaba da kasancewa matsayin kakakin majalisar. Duk da cewa ya samu cikakken goyon baya daga abokan aikinsa da shugabannin jam’iyyarsa, amma ya yi biyayya ga shawara kuma ya amince da Ibrahim Salisu Buhari, wanda daga baya ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Wakilai ta Jamhuriya ta Hudu. Don haka aka nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Kasafin Kudi.
Mulkin Buhari bai daɗe ba. Bayan murabus dinsa saboda wasu laifuffuka, don haka majalisar ta fuskanci babban kalubale na zabar shugaban da ke da karfi da kudurar siyasa da kwarewar dasa natsuwa a majalisar, dawo da mutuncin ta da tsarawa da kuma bin tsarin doka da gaskiya. Rigar shugabanci ta dace akan Ghali Umar Na'Abba. Majalisar gaba daya ta yi yarjejeniya da ba a taba yin ta ba kuma ta sanya Ghali ya zama Kakakin Majalisa.
Kakakin majalisar wakilai
Ana yabawa Na'Abba sau da yawa azaman Kakakin majalisar mai tasiri. Hakan ya kasance ne saboda karfin halinsa, karfin halinsa, karfin fada a ji, jajircewa don neman 'yancin doka da kuma kawo sauyi game da tafiyar da majalisar a lokacin da yake magana. Bayan da aka zabe shi a matsayin kakakin majalisa, Na'Abba ya bayyana babbar hanyar tasa. Wadannan sun hada da;
Defensearfin kare theancin majalisa
Alkawari ga manufar rabuwa da iko
Kare doka da kundin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya
Zayyanawa da aiwatar da ingantaccen tsarin doka
Gudanar da kyakkyawan tsarin mulki don gyara kyakkyawan shugabanci da ci gaban kasa mai inganci
Hanyar kyawawan dokoki, kudurori da manufofi don tsokanar da ci gaban mai da hankali ga mutane
Ingantaccen tsarin gudanar da asusu na jama'a ta hanyar ingantaccen tsarin kasafin kudi wanda ke aiwatar da cikakken aiwatar da kasafin kudi cikin babban kari
Neman ingantaccen isar da sako; taƙaita ɓarnatar da gwamnati da rage girmansa zuwa mafi karancinsa, yawan cin hanci da rashawa a wuraren taruwar jama'a
Kula da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati cikakken bayani ga mutane
Don tabbatar da nasarar cin nasarar wadannan manufofin da aka lissafa a sama Na'Abba, yana aiki cikin kawance tare da sauran manyan hafsoshin majalisar tare da Hon Chibudon Nwuche yayin da Mataimakin sa ya shiga wadannan matakan;
Sanya muhimman ginshiƙai da hanyoyin da suka haifar da tasirin ficewar majalisar wanda babu shi tsawon shekaru 16 bayan aiwatar da mulkin soja
Kirkirar kundin tsarin mulki na shekaru hudu amma mai gamsarwa wanda ake kira; Kwangilar Gida da Najeriya. Yarjejeniyar Gida da Najeriya wacce Na'Abba ya jagoranta tare da nuna farin ciki da kuma warware matsalar tana dauke da takamaiman bayanai na ayyuka, shirye-shirye da kuma manufofin da majalisar ke shirin farawa, don biyan bukatun jama'a, inganta walwalar jama'a da ci gaban bangarori.
Minaddamar da illsananan Takaddun Lantarki, tsari mai fa'ida da hadadden tsarin doka ya samo asali ne domin ciyar da ayyukan ci gaba a Najeriya.
Rufe kofofin yin katsalandan na zartarwa a cikin harkokin majalisa
Bayyanar rashin lafiya a cikin gwamnati a kai a kai, ta yin hakan, ba tare da bata lokaci ba akwai ministoci da sauran shugabannin hukumomin gwamnati ta hanyar sauraren bincike da sauraren ra'ayoyin jama'a.
Bincike sosai game da tsarin kasafin kuɗi, yin kwaskwarima mai ƙarfi a inda ya cancanta
Kulla kyakkyawar dangantaka mai kyau da kafafen yada labarai da kungiyoyin fararen hula don tabbatar da ciyar da majalissar matasa
Ofarfafa kwamitocin majalisar wakilai da ƙarfafawa shugabannin kwamitocin gwiwa don ɗaukar Minista da shugabannin hukumomin kan lamuran siyasa da matakin aiwatar da kasafin kuɗi.
Tattaunawa tare da Babban Odita da Babban Akanta-Janar na Tarayya da Ministan Kudi don bincika littattafan gwamnati don ɗaukar matakin gaggawa
Farfadowa da zaman zama wanda yayi sanadiyar muhawara mai rai da lafiya, da wutar lantarki tare da sakamako mai yawa. Yana cikin rikodin cewa zaman Ghali na Gidan zama ya kasance mafi ƙarfi da ƙarfi a cikin wannan Jamhuriya ta huɗu kuma abin birgewa a cikin adadin ƙididdigar inganci da aka zartar.
Nuna kayan haɗin kai, mai haɗa kai, na juna, tunani da Haɗin Gida, wadatacce da ra'ayoyi. Rashin daidaito game da Na'Abba da Gidan sa shine ikon tattara sama da kashi biyu bisa uku a kowane lokaci
Hada kan mambobi sama da 300 daga cikin 360 don yin watsi da kin amincewa da kudirin Shugaba Obasanjo kan kudi kamar NDDC, da sauransu da sauransu. Gidan Na'Abba ya kasance gida daya tilo da ya iya yin watsi da kudirin shugaban kasa kan kudiri.
Tattaunawa akai-akai game da yanayin ƙasar. Muhawarar da aka yi a 2002 ta haifar da yanke hukunci mai tsoka ga Majalisar don fara yunkurin tsige Shugaba Obasanjo don shawo kansa kan ci gaban da yake da shi na keta doka.
Lissafin laifuka 32 na Shugaba Obasanjo . Gidan Na'Abba ya kasance shi ne gida daya tilo da ya dauki Shugaban kasa ta yadda za a kawo karshen mulkin kama-karya da keta haddin kundin tsarin mulki.
Bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati, musamman fadar shugaban kasa, ba su yarda da shugabancinsa ba. Sakamakon haka, mafi yawan lokacin Na'Abba ya ga manyan makirce-makirce da Fadar Shugaban kasa ta yi na tsige shi, don maye gurbinsa da wani dan majalisa mai yin sulhu. Wannan ya yanke alakar dake tsakanin majalisar da fadar shugaban kasa. Ya rayu har zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa na shekaru huɗu a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, na shekara ta 2003. A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2002, Majalisar ta bai wa shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo wa'adi na ko dai ya yi murabus ko kuma ya fuskanci tsigewar.
A matsayin sa na mai magana, Na'Abba ya ce majalisar ba za ta janye kudurin ba. Na'Abba shi ne shugaban kungiyar tsige shi. An ruwaito cewa Obasanjo ya baiwa mambobin majalisar kwaskwarima don gabatar da zargi a kan Na'Abba.
Matsayin majalisar kasa da kasa
Kodayake a bayyane yake yana da ƙarfin aiki a gida a matsayin mai jawabi, Na'Abba ya tabbatar da cewa ya yi irin wannan a matakin duniya. Wannan ya sanya yawancin mukamai masu matukar muhimmanci a majalisar amma ya kasance a matakin kasa da kasa a tsawon shekaru hudu da ya yi yana shugaban majalisa. Jerin bincike ya hada da:
Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Taron Shugabannin Majalisun Dokokin Afirka Ta Yamma
Mataimakin Shugaban kasa, 'Yan Majalisun Duniya kan Habitat
Mataimakin Shugaban, Yankin Afirka, Associationungiyar Majalisar Tarayya
Mataimakin Shugaban kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka
Taron Shugaban kasa na Shugabannin Majalisun Dokokin Afirka Ta Yamma
Shugaba, Yankin Afirka, Parliamentungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Tarayya
Shugaba, Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka
Shugaba, Majalisar Yankin Afirka, Taron Duniya don 'Yan Mazama.sa kan Gidan zama.
Amma duk da haka a rubuce yake cewa dangane da halayen jagoranci, kwazo na kwarai ga aiki da daukaka aiki da ingantattun sakamako, an daukaka shi daga zama Mataimakin Shugaban kasa na wadannan majalisun yankuna na yanki - Taron Shugabannin Majalisun Dokokin Afirka Ta Yamma; Yankin Afirka, Parliamentungiyar Majalisar Tarayya da Commonungiyar Yan Majalisun Afirka - ga shugaban ƙasa, duk a cikin shekara ta 2000 da shekara ta 2001. Wadannan sun ba shi damar da ba za a iya ba shi ba don sake fasalta shi, sake fasalta shi da kuma tafiyar da diflomasiyyar majalisar Afirka da ci gabanta, abin da ake nema tun daga farkon karni na shekara ta 2000. A matsayinsa na Shugaban Kungiyar 'Yan Majalisun Tarayya, Yankin Afirka, ya dauki Najeriyar cikin jiki don haka aka cire sunan Najeriya daga togaciya. Kasashen da sojoji ke mulkar su ana sanya su cikin halin ni-'yasu ta hanyar irin wadannan gawarwakin.
Sake neman zabe na 2003
A watan Afrilu 2003, ya sake neman tsayawa takarar majalisar wakilai a karkashin jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party . Fadar Shugaban kasa wacce ta yi rashin nasara a yakin neman tsige shi a matsayin kakakin majalisar ta kara nuna adawa ga kudirinsa na sake zaben.
Tsoron fadar shugaban kasa shi ne idan aka yi la’akari da irin rawar da yake takawa a cikin shekaru hudu a majalisar da kuma yawan farin jinin da yake da shi, idan har za a bar shi ya ci zaben ya koma majalisar zai sake zama Kakakin majalisar. Ainihin, wannan ya haifar da makircin makirci don yi masa kwanton baɗi don ya faɗi zaɓen. Wannan karon ma, mayar da martanin gidan man ya fadada ya cinye PDP a jihar yayin da jam'iyyar ta sha kaye a hannun All Nigeria People's Party .
Falsafar siyasa da sake daidaitawa
Manufar Na'Abba game da jam'iyyar siyasa an kafa ta ne akan wannan dalilan kamar haka:
Adalci, daidaito, , samar da gudummawar jama'a da ƙa'idar aiki bisa tsarin sassauci da haɗin gwiwa
Hakanan ya haɗa da dandamali wanda ke riƙe da lissafi da nuna gaskiya a cikin babban kyauta, ɗauke da dukkan mambobi a kowane lokaci.
Alfahari da manufofin da aka tsara da aiwatarwa don biyan buƙatu masu mahimmanci da burin mutane wanda hakan ke haifar da kyakkyawan shugabanci da ci gaban ƙasa.
Biyo bayan magudi da wasu shugabannin jam'iyyar suka shirya wanda ya haifar da faduwarsa a zaben majalisar kasa a shekara ta 2003 da kuma ganin rashin adalci a cikin jam'iyyar a wancan lokacin wanda ya sanya jam'iyyar yin kasa da ra'ayinsa game da jam'iyyar siyasa kamar yadda aka lissafa a sama, Na 'Abba ya yanke shawarar barin jam'iyyar ne domin nuna rashin amincewarsa da sauran masu tunani irin na kungiyar Action Congress of Nigeria a shekarar 2006. Lokacin da ya bayyana cewa manyan shugabannin da suka ci gaba da rashin adalci sun fara bada hanya, ya dawo PDP, shekaru uku bayan haka.
A matsayinsa na cikakken dan siyasa mai ci gaba, ya nuna barnar da PDP ta yi a shekara ta 2014 kamar yadda ya nuna a lokacin da ficewar shugabanni daga jam'iyyar ya tilasta Na'Abba barin jam'iyyar bayan tuntubar da ya yi da kuma a fili. Ya shiga jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC), wani dandalin siyasa ne na hadaka ga 'yan siyasa masu son ci gaba mai son cigaban kasa. Hasashe ya nuna, APC ta yi nasarar tarwatsa PDP a matakin tarayya da jihohi da dama.
Lambobin yabo
Na'Abba ya yi fice wajen karbar lambobin yabo daga gwamnati, kungiyoyin farar hula, wadanda suka yi fice a fagen siyasa da samar da 'yanci ga majalisa da ci gaban majalisa da kuma kare dimokiradiyya da bin doka da tsarin mulki. ma'aikata, kungiyoyin kwadago, kungiyoyin 'yan kasuwa masu zaman kansu, kungiyoyin siyasa har ma da hukumomin gwamnatocin kasashen waje da sauransu. Waɗannan sune kyaututtukan sa:
Kyautar girmamawa ta kasa ta Kwamandan Umurnin Jamhuriyar Tarayyar (CFR) wanda Goodluck Jonathan, Shugaban Najeriya ya bayar a shekarar 2010
Kyauta don gina wata ginshiki mai karfi ga legisan majalisun dokoki na gwamnati wanda jam'iyar People's Democratic Party (PDP), jam'iyya mai mulki ta bayar a lokacin
Citizan ƙasa mai daraja na Kansas City, Missouri, Amurka
Ofungiyar Daliban Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka ta ba da lambar yabo ta Mutum ta Mutunci
Majalisar Tarayyar Najeriya ta Nigeriaungiyar 'Yan Jaridu ta NUJ ta ba da lambar yabo ta ƙwarewa don tabbatar da ƙa'idodin dimokiradiyya a Nijeriya.
Mai kare dimokiradiyya ta kungiyar Daliban Jami’ar Bayero
Awardungiyar yabo da yabo ta Associationungiyar ofasashe masu Fitar da Man Fetur da Importan Kasuwa
Takardar girmamawa ta Cibiyar Gudanar da Ma'aikata ta Nijeriya
Kyautar Millennium Gold don ci gaban matasa ta byungiyar Matasa ta Duniya
Ginshiƙan lambar yabo ta Dokar Najeriya ta Studentsungiyar Studentsaliban Law, Jami'ar Jos
Kyautar Gwarzon Millennium ta Dukkan Matasan Matasan Arewa
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1964
'Yan siyasa daga Jihar Kano
Pages with unreviewed translations |
48061 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan%20Root | Joan Root | Joan Root (18 Janairu 1936 - 13 Janairu 2006) ƴar ƙasar Kenya ce mai kiyayewa, mai fafutukar kare muhalli kuma ƴar shirin fim ɗin Oscar. Tare da mijinta mai shirya fina-finai, Alan Root ta yi jerin fina-finan namun daji waɗanda suka yi fice. Ma'auratan sun sake aure a cikin shekarar 1981 kuma Alan Root ya zauna a Nairobi daga baya.
Rayuwar farko
An haife ta a Nairobi a shekarar 1936 a matsayin Joan Wells-Thorpe, Root ɗiyar Edmund Thorpe ce, wani ma'aikacin banki na ƙasar Burtaniya wanda ya yi hijira zuwa ƙasar Kenya don fara sabuwar rayuwa kuma ya zama mai shuka kofi mai nasara. Mahaifiyarta ita ce Lilian (Johnnie) Thorpe, née Walker.
Shekaru goma kafin fina-finan namun daji irin su Maris na Penguins, Joan da Alan Root sunka fara yin fim ɗin ƙaura na dabba ba tare da tsangwama daga ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na ɗan Adam ba. Fitattun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo irin su Orson Welles, David Niven, James Mason da Ian Holm ne suka ba da labarin fina-finansu. Takardun labarin Tsira na cikin shekarar 1979, " Mysterious Castles of Clay ", an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Kwalejin don Mafi kyawun Takardun shaida.
Tushen ta gabatar da Dian Fossey ga gorillas daga baya ta mutu tana ƙoƙarin ceto, ta ɗauki Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis a kan ƙasar Kenya a cikin ballolin su, kuma ta rufe yawancin Afirka a cikin shahararren injinsu guda ɗaya Cessna, motar su mai ƙarfi, da balloon su, a lokaci ɗaya sanye take tare da rafi don saukar ruwa.
Bayan rabuwar Tushen, ta sami gonar Lake Naivasha, tare da jirginsu da kuma kuɗin fina-finan da suka yi tare.
Bayan kisan aurenta Joan Root ta shiga cikin ayyukan kariya da kewayen tafkin Naivasha, wanda ya haɗa da tallafawa masana kimiyya da masu sa kai daga Cibiyar Earthwatch waɗanda ke lura da yanayin muhalli. Ta kuma jagoranci da kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga wata ƙungiyar masu yaƙi da farauta ta "Task Force" a yankin. Rundunar Task Force ta tsaurara dokar hana kamun kifi a kewayen tafkin Naivasha, tare da kame masunta tare da ƙwace da ƙona tarun, a wani yunƙuri na dakatar da kifayen fiye da kifaye, musamman kama kifi marasa girma. Duk da haka wannan ya jawo cece-kuce tare da mazauna yankin da suka ga tafkin Naivasha a matsayin abin da ya dace kuma na gama gari.
A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2006, kwanaki biyar kafin cikarta shekaru 70, an kashe Joan Root a gidanta da ke tafkin Naivasha da wasu mutane huɗu da suka zo ƙofarta ɗauke da AK-47 . Akwai mutane da yawa da ake zargi kamar tsofaffin ma’aikata da ba su ji daɗi ba, gungun masu aikata laifuka, ƙungiyoyin ƴan ta’adda, mafarauta, waɗanda fafutukan ta ke barazana ga tattalin arziƙinsu da ma ƴan Task Force. Mutanen huɗu da aka kama aka kuma tuhume su da kisan ta, sun ƙi amsa laifinsu kuma an sallame su a cikin watan Agustan 2007. Wasu da ke da hannu a cikin lamarin sun yi imanin cewa kwangila ce ta kashe, amma har yanzu ba a amsa tambayar wanda ya biya shi ba.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Tarihin Mark Seal na Joan Root, Wildflower: Rayuwa mai ban mamaki da Mutuwa a Afirka an buga ta Random House a cikin shekarar 2009. Littafin ya samo asali ne daga binciken wata ƙasida don Vanity Fair a cikin shekarar 2006 lokacin da Seal ya sha'awar wani rahoto game da mutuwar jagora na namun daji. Fina-finan Taken Aiki sun zaɓi haƙƙin fim don labarin Tushen kafin a rubuta littafin.
Mizma: Hoton bazara
Baobab: Hoton Bishiya
Balloon Safari Sama da Kilimanjaro
Shekarar daji
Abubuwa na ban mamaki na Clay
Haske, Kamara, Afirka
Jinin Rose Sheffield Green Award
Duba kuma
Jerin Fararen fatar Afirka
Fararen fata a Kenya
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
The Independent profile of Joan Root
The Blood of The Rose Archived 2009-11-02 at the Wayback Machine
Mutuwan 2006 |
50687 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%2C%20zamantakewa%2C%20da%20gudanarwa%20na%20kamfanoni | Muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa na kamfanoni | Gudanar da muhalli, zamantakewa, da kuma kamfanoni ( ESG ), wanda aka fi sani da muhalli, zamantakewa, mulki, wata hanya ce ta zuba jarurruka da ke ba da shawarar yin la'akari da al'amuran muhalli,alamurran da suka shafi zamantakewa da kuma harkokin mulki lokacin da za a yanke shawarar kamfanonin da za su zuba jari a ciki.Tun daga shekara ta 2020, an sami ƙarin ƙarfafawa daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don rufe bayanan ESG tare da manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa (SDGs), dangane da ayyukansu, wanda ya fara a cikin 1980s. An yi amfani da kalmar ESG da farko a cikin wani rahoto na 2004 mai taken "Wane ne Ya Yi Nasara", wanda wani shiri ne na hadin gwiwa na cibiyoyin kudi bisa gayyatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A cikin kasa da shekaru 20, motsi na ESG ya girma daga shirin alhakin zamantakewa na kamfanoni wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar zuwa wani al'amari na duniya wanda ke wakiltar fiye da dalar Amurka tiriliyan 30 a cikin kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa. A cikin shekarar 2019 kadai, babban jari da ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 17.67 ya kwarara cikin kayayyakin da ke da alaka da ESG, kusan kashi 525 ya karu daga 2015, a cewar Morningstar, Inc.
Masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin samfuran haɗin gwiwar ESG ba su da kuma da wuya su sami tasirin da aka yi niyya na haɓaka farashin babban birnin ga kamfanoni masu gurbata muhalli, kuma sun zargi motsin kore .
Yanayin muhalli: An ba da rahoton bayanai kan sauyin yanayi, gurɓataccen iskar gas, hasarar rabe-raben halittu, saran gandun daji / dazuzzuka, rage gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi, ingantaccen makamashi da sarrafa ruwa .
Harkokin zamantakewa: An ba da rahoton bayanai game da lafiyar ma'aikaci da lafiyar ma'aikaci, yanayin aiki, bambancin, daidaito, da haɗawa, da rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice na bil'adama, kuma yana da dacewa a cikin haɗari da dawowar kima kai tsaye ta hanyar sakamako a haɓaka (ko lalata) gamsuwar abokin ciniki. da haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata .
Bangaren mulki: An ba da rahoton bayanai game da gudanar da kamfanoni kamar hana cin hanci, cin hanci da rashawa, Bambance-bambancen Hukumar Gudanarwa, biyan diyya, tsaro ta yanar gizo da ayyukan sirri, da tsarin gudanarwa.
Hukunce-hukuncen tarihi na inda za a sanya kadarorin kuɗi sun dogara ne akan sharuɗɗa daban-daban tare da dawo da kuɗin da suka fi yawa. Duk da haka, a koyaushe akwai wasu ƙa’idodi da yawa don yanke shawarar inda za a saka kuɗi—daga batun siyasa zuwa ladan sama . A cikin 1950s da 60s ne babban kuɗaɗen fensho da ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago ke gudanarwa sun fahimci damar da za ta shafi yanayin zamantakewar jama'a ta hanyar amfani da babban kadarorin su -a Amurka Ƙungiyar ' Yan Uwa ta Duniya na Ma'aikatan Lantarki (IBEW) sun saka hannun jari mai yawa. Babban jari wajen haɓaka ayyukan gidaje masu araha, yayin da United Ma'aikatan Ma'adinai suka saka hannun jari a wuraren kiwon lafiya.
A cikin 1970s, kyamar mulkin wariyar launin fata a duniya a Afirka ta Kudu ya haifar da ɗaya daga cikin fitattun misalan zaɓen raba hannun jari ta hanyar ɗabi'a. A matsayin martani ga karuwar kira na takunkumi ga gwamnatin, Reverend Leon Sullivan, memba na hukumar General Motors a Amurka, ya zana ka'idar da'a a 1977 don yin kasuwanci tare da Afirka ta Kudu. Abin da aka fi sani da Sullivan Principles (Sullivan Code) ya ja hankalin mutane da yawa kuma gwamnati ta ba da rahoton da yawa don nazarin yawan kamfanonin Amurka da ke saka hannun jari a kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu da suka saba wa ka'idar Sullivan. Ƙarshen rahotannin ya haifar da karkatar da jarin da Amurka ta yi daga kamfanonin Afirka ta Kudu da yawa. Sakamakon matsin lamba da al'ummar Afirka ta Kudu suka yi wa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu na 'yan kasuwa ya kara dagula al'amuran da ke ci gaba da yin watsi da tsarin wariyar launin fata.
A cikin 1960s da 1970s, Milton Friedman, a kai tsaye mayar da martani ga rinjaye halin da ake ciki na philanthropy jãyayya da cewa zamantakewa alhaki adversely rinjayar wani m kudi yi da kuma cewa tsari da tsangwama daga "babban gwamnati" zai kullum lalata macro tattalin arziki. Maganarsa cewa ƙimar kamfani ko kadara ya kamata a faɗi kusan na musamman akan layin ƙasa mai tsabta (tare da farashin da ake kashewa ta hanyar alhaki na zamantakewa da ake ganin ba shi da mahimmanci), ya ƙaddamar da imanin da ya mamaye mafi yawan ƙarni na 20 (duba koyarwar Friedman ) . A ƙarshen karni, duk da haka, ka'idar sabanin ta fara samun ƙasa. A shekara ta 1988 James S. Coleman ya rubuta wata kasida a cikin Mujallar American Journal of Sociology mai suna "Social Capital in the Creation of Human Capital", labarin ya kalubalanci rinjayen ra'ayin 'budin kai' a fannin tattalin arziki tare da gabatar da manufar jarin zaman takewa. cikin ma'aunin darajar.
Akwai wani sabon nau'i na matsin lamba da aka yi amfani da shi, yana aiki a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin muhalli: ta yi amfani da ikon yin amfani da ikon haɗin gwiwar masu zuba jari don ƙarfafa kamfanoni da kasuwannin jari don haɗa ƙalubalen muhalli da zamantakewa a cikin yanke shawara na yau da kullum |
44129 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%20Traore | Armand Traore | Armand Mouhamed Traoré (an haife shi 8 ga watan Oktobar 1989), tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ya taka leda a matsayin baya na hagu . Traoré samfurin ne na Kwalejin Arsenal . An haife shi a Faransa, ya wakilci Faransa a matakin ƙasa da 19 da 21, amma tun lokacin da ya zaɓi ya wakilci ƙasar iyayensa, Senegal, a babban matakin.
Aikin kulob
An haife shi a Chatenay-Malabry, Faransa, Traoré ya fara aikin matashin ƙwallon ƙafa a Suresnes, a Racing Paris da Monaco . Traoré ya koma Arsenal a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2005. Kodayake ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ajiya, yana yin bayyanuwa shida a gasar Premier ta FA a shekarar 2005–2006, ya taka leda a shaidar Dennis Bergkamp da Ajax a wasan farko a filin wasa na Emirates a cikin watan Yulin 2006.
Traoré ya kasance memba ne da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a cikin 'yan wasa su 18 na Arsenal a wasansu da Dinamo Zagreb a gasar zakarun Turai a wata mai zuwa. Ya ci gaba da sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararru tare da kulob ɗin a cikin watan Agustan 2006 kafin ya fara buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin League a wasan zagaye na uku da West Bromwich Albion a ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, a matsayin minti na 24 a madadin Emmanuel Adebayor . Traoré ya ci gaba da fara wasa a gasar cin kofin League da Everton wanda aka yi nasara da ci 1-0 a Goodison Park . Sannan ya taka leda a waje da Liverpool a ci 6-3 na kwata fainal. Traore ya kasance cikin jerin ‘yan wasan da za su fafata a zagayen kusa da na ƙarshe da Tottenham Hotspur wadda ta yi nasara da ci 5-3 a jumulla. Sannan ya buga wasan ƙarshe da Chelsea wanda Arsenal ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairun 2007, Traoré ya fara wasan daf da na kusa da ƙarshe na cin kofin FA da Blackburn Rovers a ci 1-0 a Ewood Park . A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2006–2007, ya buga wasanni bakwai a duk gasa.
A farkon yaƙin shekarar 2007-2008, Traoré ya ce yana so ya tabbatar da ingancinsa ga kocin Arsène Wenger . Traoré ya sa a cikin wasanni masu ban sha'awa da yawa don Reserves kuma har ma ya zira ƙwallaye kaɗan ciki har da ƙoƙari na dogon lokaci da Tottenham Reserves . A cikin watan Satumbar 2007, Traoré ya koma White Hart Lane, amma wannan lokacin ne kawai a matsayin mai kallo lokacin da aka kama shi don ɗaukar ƙurar ƙura a cikin filin wasa. An kama Traoré da abokinsa don yi masa tambayoyi tsawon lokacin wasan, kuma an yi masa gargaɗi. Daga baya Traoré ya nemi afuwar lamarin kuma ya ce bai san ba daidai ba ne domin dokokin sun bambanta a Faransa. A wannan watan ne Traoré ya fara jefa ƙwallo a ragar kungiyar a wasan da suka doke Newcastle United da ci 2-0 a zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin League. Sai a ranar 18 ga Disambar 2007 lokacin da ya fara buga wa Arsenal wasa na farko cikin watanni uku da Blackburn Rovers a zagaye na hudu na gasar cin kofin League, inda ya fara wasan kuma ya buga minti 120 don taimakawa kungiyar ta samu nasara da ci 3-2. Daga nan Traoré ya fara wasan Arsenal da Burnley a gasar cin kofin FA, kafin Justin Hoyte ya maye gurbinsa a minti na 71. Ya buga wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar cin kofin League da abokan hamayyarsa, Tottenham Hotspur, yayin da kulob ɗin ya yi rashin nasara da ci 6-2 a jimillar. Bayan ya bayyana a benci a wasan da ƙungiyar ta doke Manchester City da ci 3-1 a gasar Premier a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairun 2008 ba tare da shiga filin wasa ba, Traoré ya fara buga minti 90 a karawar da Manchester United a Old Trafford a ci 4-0 a gasar. FA Cup zagaye na biyar ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu, 2008. A ƙarshe ya sami wasansa na farko na Premier a ranar 5 ga Afrilun 2008, da Liverpool, yayin da suka tashi 1-1. An yi amfani da Traoré a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu a wasanni biyu na ƙarshe na Arsenal na kakar 2007-2008, inda ya ba da giciye wanda ya kai ga nasarar Nicklas Bendtner a kan Everton. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya buga wasanni goma sha daya a dukkan gasa. An sanar da shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan 2008 cewa Traoré ya rattaba hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin na dogon lokaci tare da Arsenal.
Traoré ya koma Arsenal a lokacin rani na shekarar 2009 kuma ya kuduri aniyar yin yakin neman gurbinsa a ƙungiyar ta farko. Bayan haka ya taka leda a wasan da Arsenal ta doke West Bromwich Albion da ci 2-0 a gasar cin kofin League, har na tsawon mintuna 61 kafin Nacer Barazite ya maye gurbinsa. Sakamakon Gaël Clichy da Kieran Gibbs duka suna fama da rauni, Traoré ya tashi zuwa matsayin farkon hagu. Ya fara fara kakar wasa ta farko da Sunderland, yayin da suka sha kashi 1–0 a ranar 21 ga Nuwambar 2009. Hakan ya biyo bayan farawa a wasanni biyu na gaba a cikin rashin nasara da ci 3-0 a gida a hannun Chelsea da kuma nasara akan Liverpool 2-1 a Anfield. Traoré da kansa ya ji rauni kuma ya rasa wasu wasanni, amma ya dawo da Aston Villa a ci 3–0 a ranar 27 ga Disambar 2009. Sannan ya kara buga wasanni huɗu a gefe amma ya sha fama a wasan da Everton da Bolton Wanderers . An ba da rahoton cewa tsarinsa ya jawo sha'awar Paris Saint-Germain kuma Traoré ya tilasta musu ƙaryata rahotannin da ke shirin komawa Faransa. Komawar Clichy ya tilasta wa Traoré ficewa daga ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin da May za ta ziyarci Blackburn Rovers, amma mai tsaron baya ya tabbatar da cewa shi daliɓi ne wanda ya fi iya ƙwarewa, wanda ya taimaka wa Gunners din ta rufe tazarar da ke saman teburin gasar Premier. A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2009–2010, ya buga wasanni goma sha hudu a duk gasa.
Traoré ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011-2012, inda ya buga wasa a minti na 86, da Udinese a wasa na biyu, inda Arsenal ta samu nasara da ci 2-1 da 3-1 a jumulla wanda ya taimakawa Arsenal ta samu tikitin shiga gasar. matakin rukuni mai fa'ida na gasar don karo na 14 a jere. A ranar 28 ga Agustan 2011, ya taka leda na tsawon mintuna 90 a matsayin mai tsaron baya na hagu da Manchester United a Old Trafford a cikin rashin nasara da ci 8 – 2. An ruwaito a ranar 29 ga watan Agustan 2011 cewa Traore na daf da komawa sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Queens Park Rangers da ta samu ci gaba bayan ya wuce lafiyarsa. Gabaɗaya, ya buga jimlar sau 32 tare da Gunners.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989 |
25483 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incubate%20%28festival%29 | Incubate (festival) | Incubate ya kasance bikin zane -zane na fannoni daban -daban na shekara -shekara da ake gudanarwa kowane Satumba a Tilburg, Netherlands daga 2014 zuwa 2018. Da farko an sanya masa suna ZXZW, amma ya canza sunansa a shekarar 2009 zuwa “Cigaba” bayan bukatar da Austin, SXSW ta Amurka ta yi .
Bikin ya nuna abubuwan al'adun indie da suka haɗa da kiɗa, rawa ta zamani, fim da zane -zane na gani. Ta dauki bakuncin masu fasaha sama da 500 ga masu sauraro na duniya, tare da wasan bakar karfe, jazz kyauta, fasahar titi da raye -raye na ilimi tare da juna.
A shekarar 2014 ZXZW fara a matsayin wani yini biyu a karkashin kasa fandare, hardcore da lantarki music festival da 47 artists. A cikin shekaru uku ya haɓaka zuwa bikin da aka gudanar sama da kwanaki takwas tare da masu fasaha sama da 300. Bikin ya faɗaɗa shirinsa ta hanyar ɗaukar salo iri -iri na kiɗa (daga jazz zuwa mutane da rawa kyauta ), tare da fim, laccoci da zane -zane na gani . An gudanar da shi a cikin kananan kulake, mashaya da kuma wuraren shakatawa kusa da Tilburg. A cikin 2008 mutanen Tilburg sun zaɓi ZXZW a matsayin mafi kyawun taron a garinsu.
Incubate yana da blog mai al'adu mai zaman kansa, blog akan kiɗan rawa ba na Yammacin Turai ba, yana shirya baje-kolin dare da yawa a cikin shekara kuma ya fito da Tsarin Bikin Zamantakewa, dandamali inda masu halarta za su iya karantawa da canza kasuwancin, kasuwanci da tsare -tsaren siyasa.
Zuwa shekarar 2020 bikin yana da matsalolin kuɗi, kuma lardin Arewa Brabant da Gundumar Tilburg sun bayar da tallafi. An gudanar da bugu uku na Incubate a cikin 2019, amma a cikin janairu 2020 gidauniyar shirya bikin ta sanar da cewa an janye tallafin daga Tilburg da Arewacin Brabant, kuma ba a gudanar da wani biki a 2020.
Bugawa da wasanni (zaɓi)
Incubate ya kasance taron kide-kide na kwana biyu tare da bukukuwa a 2005, kuma a shekara ta 2009 ya zama bikin zane-zane na fannoni da yawa fiye da mako guda.
Buga na farko na bikin ZXZW, tsakanin Satumba 24 da Satumba 25, ya ƙunshi ayyuka 48 a wurare 7. Ries Doms, Vincent Koreman, Alex van Wijk da Frank Kimenai ne suka fara shi.
ZXZW 2006
Bikin na biyu ya kasance tsakanin 23 ga Satumba zuwa 24 ga Satumba kuma ya ƙunshi ayyuka a wurare 11.
An yi bikin ZXZW na uku a ranar 16 ga Satumba da 23 ga Satumba. Yawan makada da suka buga a cikin shirin kiɗan a bikin ya ƙaru zuwa 151. Hakanan akwai wasu siffofin fasaha da aka nuna a wannan karon: An ƙara zane-zane na gani, Raye da sinima a cikin layi. ZXZW 2007 ya faru a wurare 27, ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan shine tsugunne inda matasa mawaƙa ke yin kida ta matasa mawaƙa. An kira wannan manufar 'Kraaklink' kuma an ci gaba da kasancewa jerin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.
Buga na huɗu na ZXZW an shirya shi tsakanin Satumba 14 da Satumba 21, 2008. Mafi mashahuri shine wasan kwaikwayon Sun Ra Arkestra . Sun yi sau shida a cikin kwanaki bakwai a bikin, suna jaddada bangarori daban -daban na kayan kiɗan Sun Ra kowace rana. Sabuwar a wannan shekara ita ce shirin na musamman 'Yaƙin Yaƙin Yaren mutanen Norway' inda yawancin masu zane -zane na Norway suka ɗauki matsayi na tsakiya. Hakanan akwai shirye -shiryen bangarori daban -daban ('Svart Kunststykke') wanda aka yi niyya akan nau'in ƙarfe na ƙarfe a cikin kiɗan duka ( Watain, Glorior Belli) da zane -zane na gani ( Erik Smith, Peter Beste). Siffar Breakcore 2 Cum shiri ne na kiɗan rawa na lantarki kuma an kuma gudanar da Gasar Eurovision Noise.
Buga na farko na bikin tare da sabon suna Incubate kasance daga 13 ga Satumba zuwa 20 ga Satumba, 2009. An tabbatar da ayyukan yau da kullun akan gidan yanar gizon Incubate.
Buga na shida na bikin Incubate ya faru daga 12 ga Satumba zuwa 19 ga Satumba, 2010. Taken wannan bugun shine Piracy. A kusa da wannan jigon an gudanar da abubuwa da dama, kamar The Kiosk of Piracy, Cinema Pirate and the Pirate Conference.
Shirya 2011
Buga na Incubate na 2011 ya faru daga Satumba 12 har zuwa Satumba 18, 2011.
Ƙaddamar da 2012
Buga na takwas na Incubate ya faru daga Litinin, 10 ga Satumba zuwa Lahadi 16 ga Satumba. Bikin ya jawo hankalin baƙi fiye da 15,000 daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
Shirya 2013
Buga na tara na Incubate ya faru daga Lahadi, 15 ga Satumba zuwa Lahadi, 22 ga Satumba. Bikin ya jawo hankalin baƙi fiye da 17,000 daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Fiye da masu fasaha 300 sun yi a ko a cikin yankin da ke kusa da Tilburg .
Shirya 2014
Buga na goma na Incubate ya faru daga Litinin, 15 ga Satumba zuwa Lahadi, Satumba 21. Masu zane -zane 290 sun yi a Tilburg. Bikin ya jawo hankalin baƙi fiye da 17,000 daga ko'ina cikin duniya.
Shirya 2015
An gudanar da bugu na goma sha ɗaya na Incubate daga Litinin, 14 ga Satumba zuwa Lahadi, 20 ga Satumba a Tilburg.
Incubate ya faru a ciki birni na Tilburg a wadannan wurare:
Bibliotheek Tilburg Centrum, BKKC, Boerderij 't Schop, Café De Plaats, Cul de Sac, De Beukentuin, De NWE Vorst, Dolfijn Bowling, Duvelhok, Extase, Factorium, Filmfoyer, Galerie Kokon, Zauren Fame, Kafee' t Buitenbeentje, Koepelhal, Koningsplein, Kraakpand / Squat, Kunstpodium T, Little Devil, Room of Mayor, Muzentuin, NS16, Stage Stage, Paradox, Pauluskerk, Pieter Vreedeplein, Project Space Tilburg - Gust van Dijk, 013, Sauti, Studio, Synagoge, Theatre Tilburg, V39, Virginarty, Weemoed, Willemsplein, Zaal 16.
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin waje
Pages with unreviewed translations |
48703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevasti%20Kallisperi | Sevasti Kallisperi | Sevasti Kallisperi ita ce macen Girka ta farko da ta sami digiri na jami'a. Don haka, ta sami digiri na farko da mace ta samu kuma ita ce macen Girka ta farko da ta samu horon jami'a da ta zama malama. Ko da yaushe mai ba da shawara kan ilimin mata, ta rubuta labarai a cikin mujallu da mujallu, da kuma ba da shawara ga majalisar Hellenic don gyara ilimi. A matsayinta na mai duba makaranta, ta yi balaguro a duk faɗin ƙasar Girka kuma ta yi tafiya mai nisa tana zagayawa cikin ƙasar Amurka don nazarin tsarin ilimi.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Sevasti Kallisperi a 1858 a Athens ga Nicholas da Marigo Kallisperi. Mahaifinta, wanda ya fito daga Kalymnos, jami'i ne a yakin Girka na 'yancin kai kuma bayan kafa kasar Girka ta zamani ya rike mukamai da dama, ciki har da Sufeto na Makarantun Jama'a na Samos , inda ya kafa makarantun firamare da dama; alkali na Athens ; da kuma Prefect na Messenia . Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya uku kuma sun kasance masu goyon bayan ilimi. Ɗan'uwan Kallisperi George shima zai zama soja kuma daga baya yayi aiki a Yaƙin Greco-Turkish na 1897 .
Kallisperi ta shiga makarantar 'yan mata ta Hill, makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu da ake girmamawa sosai. A lokacin, matsayin gwamnatin Girka shi ne cewa ba dole ba ne 'yan mata su sami ilimi kuma makarantun gwamnati suna buɗewa ga dalibai maza kawai. Wadanne makarantu masu zaman kansu ne aka samar aka samar da kwasa-kwasan da aka tsara don koya wa 'yan mata yadda ake tafiyar da gida da zama mata da uwaye. Idan sun halarci makarantar sakandire mai zaman kanta, kwasa-kwasan mata suna da ɗan gajeren lokacin koyarwa a makarantun sakandaren maza da mata kuma bayan kammala karatun digiri, wanda bai cika ka'idodin shiga jami'a ba. Diploma da aka bayar kawai ya ba wa mata damar shiga aikin zamantakewa da kuma malamai.
Bayan kammala karatunta a Hill tare da difloma, Kallisperi ta sami horo a sirri don tabbatar da cewa shirye-shiryenta ya yi daidai da horar da dalibai maza. A cikin 1884, ta nemi shiga Jami'ar Athens kuma ko da yake ba don goyon bayan manyan makarantun mata ba, an ba Kallisperi damar yin jarrabawar shiga don falsafar . Malaman jami'a goma ne suka gudanar da jarrabawar. Bayan cin jarrabawar, ma'aikatar ilimi ta ki amincewa da sa hannun malaman da suka gudanar da shi, wanda hakan ya sa aka hana Kallisperi shiga jami'a. Da yake neman tsarin, magajin garin Athens ya tabbatar da sa hannun kuma ya ba ta takardar shaidar shiga jami'a, amma har yanzu an hana ta shiga jami'a. Ta nemi tallafin karatu don ci gaba da karatunta a kasashen waje, amma gwamnati ba ta da kudi don biyan bukatar. A cikin 1885, mahaifinta ya yarda ya aika ta zuwa The Sorbonne a Paris .
Lokacin da Kallisperi ya isa birnin Paris, dole ne ya ci wani jarrabawa sannan aka shigar da shi sashen ilimin falsafa. Ta sauke karatu a 1891, tare da digiri na uku, ta zama macen Girka ta farko da ta sami digiri na jami'a. Ta kammala karatun digiri da karramawa a ajin ta na dalibai 139, inda ita kadai ce mace. Bayan kammala karatun digiri, Kallisperi ta kammala horon horo a makarantun Sèvres da Cambridge, kafin ta koma Girka.
A cikin 1892, bayan ta koma Girka, Kallisperi ta yi aiki a makarantar Arsakeio a matsayin malamin Faransanci . A tsakanin 1895 zuwa 1898, ta kuma koyar da harshen Girkanci a makarantar. A daidai wannan lokacin, Kallisperi ta koyar da 'yan mata a cikin gidanta a asirce a cikin ɗabi'a, tarihi, adabin Girkanci da Faransanci, da ilimin halin ɗan adam. A cikin 1895, ta yi murabus daga mukaminta a Arsakeio kuma ta karɓi matsayi a matsayin mai duba ilimi ga makarantun ’yan mata, tana balaguro ko'ina cikin Girka. Ita ce mace daya tilo mai duba a kasar. Ta fara buga kasidu kan hanyoyin inganta ilimi, wadanda suka hada da shawarwarin horar da malamai biyu da samar da kwarewa ga sauran sana'o'i ban da ilimin asali. A cikin 1897, Jaridar Iyali ta buga takarda ta, tsarin ilimin mata ). A wannan shekarar, Kallisperi ya shiga tare da sauran mata don kafa Ƙungiyar Ilimin Mata kuma ya fara bugawa a cikin mujallu irin su Thalia da Euridice . Ta faɗaɗa kan waɗannan ra'ayoyin a cikin 1899, ta gabatar da dokoki guda biyu ga majalisa suna buƙatar inganta ilimi ga mata kuma a cikin 1904 a taron Ilimi na Hellenic na Farko ya ba da shawarar cewa ƙwarewar aiki kamar kiwon zuma, noman tsutsa siliki, aikin lambu da sauransu.
A cikin 1906, gwamnatin Girka ta aiko da ita a matsayin wakiliya zuwa babban taron ƙungiyar mata ta Kirista ta Duniya a Boston . Wani bangare na tafiyarta zuwa Amurka za a yi amfani da shi wajen kimanta makarantun gwamnati a Boston, Philadelphia da New York don ra'ayoyin da za a iya kawowa a Girka. Ta kasance a Amurka har tsawon shekaru biyar, ta ziyarci al'ummomin Girka a Ohio, Colorado da Utah don nazarin makarantun cinikin noma, kafin ta koma Washington, DC don halartar taron Majalisar Uwa na 1908. Komawa Girka, Kallisperi ya rubuta labarai don bugawa da kuma tsara dokoki don inganta tsarin ilimi a Girka. Baya ga kiraye-kirayen da ta yi na inganta ilimi, ta kuma rubuta nazarce-nazarce na tsoffin adabin Girka, da fassarar wasan kwaikwayo na kasashen waje, da kuma rubuta wakoki da buga abubuwan tarihinta.
Mutuwa da gado
Kallisperi ta mutu a shekara ta 1953 a gidanta a Athens. Tsakanin 1907 zuwa 1919, Kallisperi da ɗan'uwanta George sun sayi ƙuri'a 4 kusa da Athens kuma sun gina gine-gine da yawa a kansu, wanda ya fara da wani gida na zamani wanda aka fara a 1911. Bayan mutuwar Kalisperi, ta nemi gidan ga Gwamnatin Girka. don kafa gidauniya don taimakawa ilimin 'ya'ya mata. Gwamnati ba ta taba samar da gidauniyar ba, kuma kadarorin sun yi watsi da shi tsawon shekaru da dama, har sai da makarantar sakandaren ‘yan mata ta Halandri ta karbe ta. Daga baya dukiyar ta wuce zuwa Municipality na Halandri kuma a cikin 2010 tsarin ya fara don a ayyana kadarar a matsayin abin tunawa mai kariya. A ƙarshe an amince da matsayin a cikin 2012. |
50394 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay%20Naidoo | Jay Naidoo | Jayaseelan “Jay” Naidoo (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954 ) ɗan siyasan Afirka ta Kudu ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya zama babban sakatare na ƙungiyar ƙwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu (COSATU) daga shekara ta,1985 zuwa 1993. Daga nan ya zama Ministan da ke da alhakin Shirin Sake Ginawa da Ci Gaba a majalisar ministocin mulkin wariyar launin fata ta farko ta Shugaba Nelson Mandela (1994 zuwa 1996) kuma a matsayin Ministan Watsa Labarai, Sadarwa, da Watsa Labarai (1996 zuwa 1999).
Naidoo ya kasance memba na NEC na African National Congress . Ya kasance a sahun gaba a yakin da ake yi da wariyar launin fata da ke jagorantar kungiyar kwadago mafi girma a Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haife shi a shekara ta, 1954, Naidoo ya shiga Jami'ar Durban-Westville don yin karatun digiri na biyu (BSc) a kan neman aikin likitanci a shekara ta, 1975 don zama likita amma hargitsin siyasa a lokacin ya katse karatunsa. na tashin hankalin dalibai.
Sana'ar siyasa
Naidoo ya zama mai fafutuka a kungiyar daliban Afirka ta Kudu (SASO) da aka dakatar a shekarar, 1977 bayan an kashe shugabanta Steve Biko a tsare ‘yan sanda. Sannan ya zama mai tsara al'umma yana aiki tare da tsarin jama'a na asali. Ya shiga kungiyar kwadago ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin mai sa kai a shekarar, 1979. Daga baya an nada Naidoo a matsayin babban sakataren kungiyar Sweet, Food and Allied Workers' Union (SFAWU). A wannan matsayi, ya jagoranci yajin aikin mafi girma da aka taba gudanarwa a kasar baki daya tare da mahalarta kusan miliyan 3.5 a shekarar, 1991, inda ya gurgunta masana'antu da kasuwanci a fadin Afirka ta Kudu tare da barin mutane ba tare da ababen more rayuwa da ma'aikatan bakar fata ke yi ba.
A cikin shekara ta, 1995, Naidoo ya yi aiki a kan kwamitin zaɓen da Shugaba Mandela ya naɗa don yin hira da jerin sunayen 'yan takara na Kwamitin Gaskiya da Sasantawa na Afirka ta Kudu.
Aiki daga baya
Daga shekara ta, 2002 zuwa 2015, Naidoo ya kasance shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa kuma shugaban kungiyar hadin gwiwa ta Global Alliance for Improved Nutrition (GAIN) mai hedikwata a Geneva kuma ya kaddamar a taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan yara na shekarar, 2002 a matsayin haɗin gwiwar jama'a masu zaman kansu don magance matsalar rashin abinci mai gina jiki. Mutane biliyan 2 a duniya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa sashin ci gaban zamantakewa na kamfanin zuba jari da gudanarwa, J&J Group, wanda ya kafa a shekara ta, 2000 a Afirka ta Kudu.
Daga shekara ta, 2001 zuwa 2010, Naidoo ya zama shugaban bankin raya kudancin Afirka (DBSA), cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ta farko ta samar da ababen more rayuwa a yankin SADC.
A cikin shekara ta, 2010, An bayar da rahoton cewa Naidoo ya sayar da kashi uku na hannun jarinsa na rukunin J&J kuma ya ba da kuɗin da aka samu ga wasu amintattu biyu na agaji da ba a bayyana sunayensu ba. Ya buga tarihin rayuwarsa, 'Fighting for Justice' kuma kwanan nan ya buga littafinsa 'Change: Organising Tomorrow, Today'.
A cikin shekara ta, 2013, bisa ga buƙatar Ministan Harkokin Ƙasa na Faransa, Pascal Canfin, Naidoo ya rubuta wani rahoto (tare da Emmanuel Faber ) game da sake fasalin Taimakon Ci Gaban Hukuma . A wannan shekarar, ya jagoranci wani bincike na kasa da kasa kan take hakkin ma'aikata a Swaziland, tare da Alec Muchadehama, Paul Verryn da Nomthetho Simelane.
Sauran ayyukan
Allolin kamfanoni
Tsohuwar Mutual, ba memba na kwamitin gudanarwa ba tun a shekara ta, 2007
Hystra, memba na kwamitin shawara
Ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu
Mo Ibrahim Foundation, memba na hukumar
Advanced Development for Africa (ADA), memba na hukumar ba da shawara ta duniya tun a shekara ta, 2013
Gidauniyar Bill & Melinda Gates, Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Shirin Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya tun a shekara ta, 2008
'Earthrise Trust', memba na kwamitin amintattu
Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU), memba na Hukumar Sadarwa
'Wasanni na Afirka' , majiɓinci
LoveLife Afirka ta Kudu, memba na kwamitin amintattu a shekara ta, 2003 zuwa 2010
Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Inganta Abincin Abinci, Shugaban Hukumar
Domin nasarorin da ya samu Naidoo ya sami karramawa da yawa, ciki har da zama Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur ( Legion of Honor ), ɗaya daga cikin manyan kayan ado na Faransa, kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo ta 'Drivers for Change Award' daga jaridar South African Trust da Mail & Guardian. a watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2010.
Kyaututtukansa na baya-bayan nan sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta Ellen Kuzwayo daga Jami'ar Johannesburg, a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta, 2012, da kuma digiri na digiri na digiri a fannin injiniya da muhallin da aka gina daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban , wanda aka ba a watan Satumba shekara ta, 2013.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Jay Naidoo ya auri Lucie Pagé, marubuci kuma ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Faransa da ya lashe lambar yabo, kuma yana ɗaukar 'ya'yansa uku a matsayin babban nasararsa.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
, Shafin adalci na Naidoo
Haihuwan 1954
Rayayyun mutane
Yan kasuwa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30326 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20%C6%B4ancin%20bayani%20ta%202000 | Dokar ƴancin bayani ta 2000 | Dokar 'Yancin Bayani ta shekarar 2000 (c. 36) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya wacce ta haifar da "yancin samun dama ga jama'a" ga bayanan da hukumomin gwamnati ke rike da su. Shi ne aiwatar da dokar 'yancin bayanai a cikin Burtaniya a matakin ƙasa. Aikace-aikacen sa yana iyakance a cikin Scotland (wanda ke da nasa 'yancin yin doka) zuwa ofisoshin Gwamnatin Burtaniya da ke Scotland. Dokar ta aiwatar da kudurin jam'iyyar Labour a babban zaben shekarata 1997, wanda David Clark ya kirkira a matsayin White Paper na shekarar 1997. Masu fafutukar 'yancin ba da labari sun soki sigar ƙarshe ta Dokar a matsayin wani nau'i mai narke na abin da aka gabatar a cikin White Paper. Cikakken tanadin dokar ya fara aiki ne a ranar 1 ga Janairun shekarata 2005.
Dokar ta kasance alhakin Sashen Ubangiji Chancellor (yanzu an sake masa suna Ma'aikatar Shari'a ). Koyaya, manufar 'yancin yin bayani yanzu alhakin Ofishin Majalisar Dokoki ne. Dokar ta kai ga sauya sunan Kwamishinan Kare Bayanai (wanda aka kafa don gudanar da Dokar Kare Bayanai ta shekarar 1998 ), wanda yanzu ake kiransa da Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai . Ofishin kwamishinan yada labarai ne ke sa ido kan yadda dokar ke aiki.
Dokar 'yancin bayanai ta biyu tana nan a cikin Burtaniya, Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai (Scotland) Dokar 2002 (asp 13). Majalisar Scotland ta zartar da shi a cikin shekarar 2002, don rufe ƙungiyoyin jama'a wanda majalisar Holyrood, maimakon Westminster, ke da hurumi. Ga waɗannan cibiyoyi, ya cika manufa ɗaya da Dokar shekarata 2000.
Kusan buƙatun 120,000 ne aka yi a farkon shekarar da dokar ta fara aiki. Masu zaman kansu sun sami kashi 60% na su, tare da kasuwanci da 'yan jarida suna lissafin kashi 20% da 10% bi da bi. Sannan Duk da haka buƙatun daga 'yan jarida sun kasance sun fi rikitarwa kuma saboda haka sun fi tsada. Sun yi lissafin kusan kashi 10% na buƙatun FoI na farko da aka yi wa gwamnatin tsakiya amma kashi 20% na kuɗin lokacin jami'ai wajen magance buƙatun. Dokar ta ci fam miliyan 35.5 a shekarar 2005.
Dokar ta aiwatar da abin da jam'iyyar Labour ta gabatar a babban zaben shekarata 1997 . Kafin gabatar da shi, babu wani haƙƙin samun gwamnati daga jama'a, kawai ƙayyadaddun tsarin sa kai na musayar bayanai.
Farar takarda
An riga an gabatar da wannan aiki da wata Farar takarda ta 1998, Haƙƙinku na Sani, na David Clark . Takardar ta farar fata ta gamu da yaɗuwar sha'awa, kuma an kwatanta ta a lokacin a matsayin "kusan ta yi kyau ta zama gaskiya" ta wani mai ba da shawara na 'yancin yin doka. Dokar ta ƙarshe ta fi ƙayyadaddun iyaka fiye da farar takarda ta farko.
Muhawarar majalisa
An buga wani daftarin doka a watan Mayu shekarata 1999; An yi muhawara da yawa game da dokar a cikin House of Commons da House of Lords, kuma ya sami izinin sarauta a cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2000.
Aiwatar da aiki
Dokar 'Yancin Bayani ta ƙirƙira haƙƙin doka don samun damar bayanai dangane da ƙungiyoyin da ke aiwatar da ayyukan jama'a. Kuma An rufe nau'ikan gawawwaki guda uku a ƙarƙashin dokar: Hukumomin Jama'a, kamfanoni mallakar jama'a da ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe masu yin ayyukan jama'a.
Hukumomin gwamnati
A ƙa'ida, 'yancin yin bayanai ya shafi duk "hukumomin jama'a" a cikin Ƙasar Ingila. Cikakken jerin "hukumomin jama'a" don dalilai na dokar an haɗa su a cikin Jadawalin 1. Ma'aikatun gwamnati, Majalisar Dokoki, Majalisar Ireland ta Arewa, Majalisar Welsh, Sojoji, Hukumomin Kananan Hukumomi, Hukumomin Lafiya na Kasa, Makarantu, Kwalejoji da Jami'o'i, Hukumomin 'Yan Sanda da Manyan Jami'an 'Yan Sanda sun shiga cikin wannan jerin, wanda ya kasance a cikin wannan jerin. Sannan Ya bambanta daga Majalisar Kula da Dabbobin Noma zuwa Majalisar Matasa ta Arewacin Ireland. Wasu ma'aikatun gwamnati ba a keɓance su daga iyakokin dokar, musamman ayyukan leƙen asiri .
Yayin da aka rufe sassan gwamnati da ƙirƙirar, dole ne a cigaba da sabunta dokar. s4 na Dokar yana ba wa Sakataren Gwamnati ikon yin ƙarar hukuma ko ma'aikata a cikin Jadawalin 1 a matsayin ikon jama'a idan an ƙirƙira su bisa doka ko dama; kuma gwamnati ce ta nada mambobinta.
Hybrid jama'a hukumomin
Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa ga wasu hukumomin jama'a da aka jera a ƙarƙashin Jadawalin 1, dokar tana da iyakacin tasiri. Misali, BBC tana bin dokar ne kawai don samun bayanan da ba a yi amfani da su don dalilai na aikin jarida, fasaha ko adabi ba, don hana ayyukanta na jarida yin sulhu. An yi la'akari da iyakar wannan tanadi a cikin hukuncin da babbar kotu ta yanke kwanan nan na BBC v Sugar wani takarda na cikin gida na BBC da ke nazarin labaran da BBC ta yi kan Gabas ta Tsakiya don yiwuwar nuna son kai. Wadanda suka shigar da kara a waccan lamarin sun ce an samar da takardar ne saboda dalilai na aiki da na aikin jarida, don haka bai kamata a rufe wani bangare na keɓancewa a cikin dokar ba. Babbar kotun ta yi watsi da wannan hujja; Kuma Mista Justice Irwin ya yi la'akari da cewa ma'anar aikin jarida a cikin dokar yana nufin cewa duk wani bayani da aka gudanar don irin waɗannan dalilai an rufe shi da keɓe:Ƙarshenta ita ce, kalmomin da ke cikin Jadawalin suna nufin BBC ba ta da wani nauyin bayyana bayanan da suke riƙe da su ko da yaushe don dalilai na aikin jarida, fasaha ko wallafe-wallafe, ko bayanan ko a'a ana gudanar da su don wasu dalilai. Kuma Kalmomin ba sa nufin cewa bayanan ba za a iya bayyana su ba idan an riƙe su don dalilai daban-daban daga aikin jarida, fasaha ko adabi, yayin da kuma ana riƙe su zuwa kowane muhimmin matsayi don dalilan da aka lissafa. Idan bayanin an riƙe shi don dalilai masu gauraya, gami da kowane muhimmin maƙasudin da aka jera a cikin Jadawalin ko ɗaya daga cikinsu, to ba za a iya bayyana bayanin ba.Mafi rinjaye na 4:1 (Lord Wilson dissenting) na Kotun Koli ya amince da wannan hukuncin, yana mai cewa ba za a cire duk wani bayani da aka gudanar don aikin jarida, fasaha ko wallafe-wallafe ba - koda kuwa an yi amfani da bayanin don wasu dalilai. .
Kamfanoni na jama'a
Kamfanonin da suka faɗi cikin ma'anar kamfani mallakar jama'a a ƙarƙashin s6 na Dokar sun faɗi kai tsaye. S6 yana ba da cewa kamfani mallakar jama'a ne idan:
(a) mallakin Sarki ne gaba daya, ko
(b) Duk wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati da aka jera a cikin Jadawalin 1 ban da
(i) ma'aikatar gwamnati, ko
(ii) kowace hukuma wacce aka jera kawai dangane da takamaiman bayani.
Jikunan da aka zayyana
A karkashin sashe na 5 na dokar, Sakataren Gwamnati na iya nada sauran hukumomi a matsayin hukumomin gwamnati a karkashin dokar, Kuma matukar dai wadancan hukumomin suna gudanar da wani aiki na dabi'ar jama'a ko kuma suna yin kwangila don ba da sabis wanda tanadin aikin hukuma ne. Umarni na farko a ƙarƙashin sashe na 5 (a cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2011) ya tsawaita jerin hukumomin jama'a har ma sun haɗa da Ƙungiyar Manyan Jami'an 'Yan Sanda, Ma'aikatar Ombudsman na Kuɗi da UCAS .
Haƙƙin shiga
Dokar ta haifar da haƙƙin shiga gabaɗaya, bisa buƙata, ga bayanan da hukumomin jama'a ke riƙe. Sannan A lokacin da aka sami 'yancin yin bayani, hukumar jama'a tana da ayyuka guda biyu masu kama da juna. Na farko, wajibi ne a sanar da memba na jama'a ko yana riƙe da bayanin da aka nema (s1 (a)) ko a'a, kuma na biyu, idan ya riƙe wannan bayanin, don isar da shi ga wanda ya yi wannan buƙatar (s1). (b)). Kuma A matsayin maƙasudin wannan, Dokar ta ba da daidaitattun haƙƙoƙi don tabbatarwa ko ƙin yarda da sadarwa da bayanan da suka dace ga mutumin da ke yin buƙata a ƙarƙashin dokar. Sannan Babban aikin yana ƙara da ƙarin aiki don taimakawa mutane wajen yin buƙatu da tabbatar da cewa sun tsara buƙatun FOI ɗin su yadda ya kamata. (s.16
Koyaya, akwai keɓe masu yawa. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sanduna ne cikakke don bayyanawa; wasu sun cancanta, wanda ke nufin dole ne hukumomin gwamnati su yanke shawara ko sha'awar jama'a na bayyana bayanan da suka dace ya fi amfanin jama'a na kiyaye wannan keɓe. Kuma Mai neman bayani wanda ya yi la'akari da cewa an ki amincewa da bukatar ba da gaskiya ba zai iya yin amfani da shi ga Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai, wanda ke da ikon ba da umarnin bayyanawa. Duk da haka, ana iya ɗaukaka irin waɗannan umarni zuwa ga ƙwararrun kotunan shari'a ( Kotutin Bayani ) kuma a wasu yanayi Gwamnati na da ikon soke umarnin Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai.
Kowane mutum na iya neman bayani a ƙarƙashin dokar; wannan ya haɗa da ƙungiyoyin doka kamar kamfanoni. Babu tsari na musamman don nema. Masu neman ba sa buƙatar ambaton Dokar lokacin yin buƙata. Kuma Masu neman ba sai sun bayar da dalilin bukatarsu ba.
Ko da yake dokar ta ƙunshi bayanai da dama na gwamnati, dokar ta ƙunshi tanadi iri-iri da ke ba da keɓewa daga bayyana wasu nau'ikan bayanai. Dokar ta ƙunshi nau'i biyu na keɓewa. “Cikakken” keɓancewa waɗanda ba a ƙarƙashin kowane kima na amfanin jama’a, suna aiki a matsayin cikakkar sanduna don bayyana bayanai da kuma keɓancewar “cancantar” inda dole ne a yi gwajin amfanin jama’a, tare da daidaita sha’awar jama’a wajen kiyaye keɓancewa da amfanin jama’a. cikin bayyana bayanan. Sannan Asalin 'Yancin Bayanin Farin Takarda ya ba da shawarar 15 irin wannan keɓe, amma lissafin ƙarshe ya haɗa da 24, kuma ba duka na 15 na farko sun haɗa ba.
Cikakken keɓewa
Keɓancewar da aka keɓance "cikakkiyar keɓancewa" ba a haɗa gwajin amfanin jama'a. Dokar ta ƙunshi irin waɗannan keɓancewa guda takwas:
Bayanin da ake samu ta wasu hanyoyi (s.21)
Bayani na jami'an tsaro (s.23)
Bayanin da ke cikin bayanan kotu (s.32)
Inda bayyana bayanan zai keta alfarmar majalisa (s.34)
Bayanin da Majalisar Wakilai ko Gidan Iyayengiji ke riƙe, inda bayyanawa zai ɓata ingancin tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a (s.36). (Bayanan da ba kowa ko Ubangiji ba ya faɗo ƙarƙashin s.36 yana ƙarƙashin gwajin amfanin jama'a)
Bayanin da (a) mai nema zai iya samu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Bayanai 1998 ; ko (b) inda sakin zai keta ka'idodin kariyar bayanai. (s.40)
Bayanin da aka bayar cikin aminci (s.41)
Lokacin bayyana bayanin an hana shi ta hanyar doka; wanda bai dace da wajibcin Tarayyar Turai ba; ko kuma zai yi wulakanci ga kotu (s.44).
Keɓe masu cancanta
Idan bayanin ya faɗi cikin ƙwararrun keɓe, dole ne ya kasance ƙarƙashin gwajin sha'awar jama'a. Don haka, yanke shawara kan aikace-aikacen ƙwararrun keɓe yana aiki a matakai biyu. Kuma Da farko dai, dole ne hukuma ta tantance ko an rufe bayanan ko a'a, sannan kuma ko da an rufe shi, dole ne hukuma ta bayyana bayanan sai dai idan an yi amfani da gwajin amfanin jama'a ya nuna cewa amfanin jama'a ya yarda da rashin bayyanawa. Kuma Za a iya raba abubuwan da suka cancanta zuwa kashi biyu na gaba: keɓancewa na tushen aji da ke rufe bayanai a cikin azuzuwan musamman, da keɓancewar tushen cutarwa da ke rufe yanayin da bayyana bayanai zai iya haifar da lahani.
Keɓancewar aji
Bayanin da aka yi niyya don bugawa nan gaba (s.22)
Bayanan da ba su fada cikin s. 23 an keɓe idan an buƙata don manufar kiyaye tsaron ƙasa (s.24)
Bayanan da aka riƙe don dalilai na bincike da shari'ar da hukumomin jama'a suka gudanar (s.30)
Bayanan da suka shafi kafa manufofin gwamnati, sadarwar ministoci, shawarwari daga jami'an shari'a na gwamnati, da kuma yadda ake gudanar da kowane ofishin minista mai zaman kansa (s.35).
Bayanin da ya danganci sadarwa tare da membobin gidan sarauta, da ba da girma (s.37)
Yana hana haɗuwa tsakanin Dokar FoI da ƙa'idodin da ke buƙatar bayyana bayanan muhalli (s.39)
Bayanin da ƙwararrun gata ta doka ta ƙunshi (s.42)
Sirrin ciniki (s.43
Keɓance tushen cutarwa
A ƙarƙashin waɗannan keɓancewar keɓancewar ya shafi (batun gwajin sha'awar jama'a) idan bin aikin da ke ƙarƙashin s.1 zai kasance ko kuma zai kasance:
Kare son zuciya ko iyawa, tasiri ko tsaro na kowane runduna masu dacewa (s.26)
Dangantaka tsakanin kasa da kasa (s.27)
Dangantaka na son zuciya tsakanin kowace gwamnati a Burtaniya da kowace irin wannan gwamnati (s.28)
Nuna son zuciya ga muradun tattalin arzikin Burtaniya (s.29)
Dokar tilasta bin doka (misali, hana aikata laifuka ko gudanar da shari'a, da sauransu) (s.31)
Rasantar ayyukan tantancewar kowace hukuma (s.33)
A cikin madaidaicin ra'ayi na mutumin da ya cancanta: nuna kyama ga ingantaccen tafiyar da al'amuran jama'a; wariya alhakin gama kai; ko kuma hana ba da shawara ko musanyar ra’ayi kyauta da gaskiya (s.36)
Haxari lafiyar jiki ko ta hankali, ko sanya lafiyar mutum cikin haɗari (s.38)
Sha'awar kasuwanci na son zuciya (s.43
ƙin buƙatun
M buƙatun
Ba a wajabta wa hukuma ta cika buƙatun neman bayanai idan buƙatar ta kasance mai ban haushi.(s14 Ana ɗaukar buƙatu mai ban haushi idan ta kasance ‘mai raɗaɗi ne ko kuma a bayyane yake ba ta da hankali’, ta tursasa hukuma ko ta haifar da damuwa ga ma’aikatanta. yana sanya nauyi mai mahimmanci, sannan ko kuma idan buƙatar ba ta da wata ƙima mai mahimmanci.
Aiwatar da aikin
Dokar ta shafi hukumomin gwamnati sama da 100,000 da suka hada da sassan gwamnati, makarantu da kansiloli. Dokar ta fara aiki ne a matakai, tare da "babban haƙƙin samun dama" ga bayanan jama'a a ƙarƙashin dokar da ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu shekarata 2005. Kazalika "babban haƙƙin samun dama", Dokar ta ɗora alhakin hukumomin jama'a su ɗauka da kuma kula da "tsare-tsare na bugawa" don fitar da mahimman bayanai na yau da kullun (kamar rahotanni na shekara-shekara da asusu). Dole ne Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai ya amince da waɗannan tsare-tsaren ɗaba'ar. Gabaɗaya, hukumomin jama'a suna da kwanaki 20 na aiki don amsa buƙatun bayanai, kodayake ana iya tsawaita wannan wa'adin a wasu lokuta da/ko tare da yarjejeniyar mai nema. Kuma A karkashin dokar, an karfafa hukumomin gwamnati da su shiga tattaunawa da mai bukata don tantance bayanan da suke so, da kuma tsarin da suke so a ciki - ita kanta, canjin yadda hukumomin Burtaniya ke mu'amala da jama'a. Ana iya ƙi buƙatun idan sun biya sama da £600, gami da lokacin da aka kashe don neman fayiloli. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta kafa Cibiyar Samun Bayanai ta Tsakiya don tabbatar da daidaito a duk fadin Gwamnatin Tsakiya ta hanyar da ake bi da buƙatun.
Siffofin da ba a saba gani ba
Bangarorin uku na Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai na Burtaniya sun bambanta da matsayi a wasu ƙasashe da yawa:
Buƙatun mutane don samun damar yin amfani da bayanansu na sirri ana aiwatar da su a waje da dokar don dalilai masu amfani. Ana mu'amala da su a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariyar Bayanai ta 2018 da zarar an ƙaddara cewa keɓancewar bayanan sirri na ɓangare na farko yana aiki, kodayake wasu mahimman tanade-tanade sun ci gaba da aiki misali 'yancin kai ƙara ga Kwamishinan Watsa Labarai.
Buƙatun bayanai game da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli ana aiwatar da su ta Dokokin Bayanin Muhalli a shekarata 2004 . Waɗannan ƙa'idodin, yayin da suke kama da FOIA, sun bambanta ta hanyoyi da yawa.
Babu wata hanyar da wasu ɓangarorin uku za su iya ƙalubalantar shawarar hukuma ta jama'a don bayyana bayanai: alal misali, idan ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta ba da bayanai ga hukumomin jama'a, kuma hukuma ta bayyana wannan bayanin don amsa buƙatar Dokar FOI, ƙungiyar kasuwanci. ba shi da damar daukaka kara kan wannan hukuncin. Sabanin haka, aikace-aikacen "reverse FOI" irin wannan na kowa ne a cikin Amurka
A lokacin zartas da dokar, masu fafutukar kare hakkin yada labarai sun yi kakkausar suka ga kudirin saboda sarkakiyar sa, da iyakacin iyaka da kuma shigar da matakin minista. Lord Mackay ya soki kudirin dokar a zauren majalisar da cewa “marasa hakora” saboda shigar da tanade-tanaden da ya baiwa ministoci damar yin watsi da bukatar.
Sabanin haka, tsohon firaminista ( Tony Blair ) da ke da alhakin zartar da dokar yana la'akari da ita a matsayin "Daya daga cikin manyan kurakuran aikinsa". Sannan kumaYa ce, “Ga shugabannin siyasa, kamar ka ce wa wanda ya buge ka da sanda, ‘Kai, ka gwada wannan maimakon’, a kuma ba su tudu. Ba a neman bayanin saboda dan jarida yana da sha'awar sani, kuma ba a ba da shi don ba da ilimi ga 'mutane'. Ana amfani da shi azaman makami." Abokin aikin kwadago Lord Falconer ya soki yadda ‘yan jarida suka yi amfani da wannan aiki don “ balaguron kamun kifi” a cikin labarun salaci, yana mai cewa “FoI ba don manema labarai ba ne na mutane ne. Kuma Ya kamata a yi amfani da shi yadda ya kamata domin inganta gwamnati mai kyau. Ya kamata a kula da bayanai cikin mutunci, kuma na yi imani da gaske cewa akwai wani nauyi da ya rataya a wuyan a madadin kafafen yada labarai kuma.”
A cikin labarin 'Yancin Bayani: Tunkiya a cikin tufafin wolf? Rodney Austin yana ba da sukar masu zuwa game da ainihin Dokar:
Keɓan keɓancewa ya fi fa'ida fiye da kowane aikin 'yancin yin bayani da ake yi a cikin ƙasar dimokuradiyya.
Abubuwan da suka wajaba don kafa tsare-tsaren ɗaba'a sun lalace ma'ana cewa babu wani aikin buga bayanai na kowane takamaiman nau'in.
Akwai kin amincewar ministocin da ke karya dokar. An yi amfani da wannan sau biyar: karo na farko don dakatar da buga mintoci na taron majalisar ministocin da suka shafi mamaye Iraki, na biyu da na uku na gwamnatocin da suka gabata don dakatar da buga tarukan majalisar ministocin da suka shafi tattaunawa game da juyin mulki, na hudu da ya dakatar da buga rajistar hadarin akan sake fasalin NHS a Ingila, kuma na biyar don dakatar da buga wasiƙun sirri Charles, Yariman Wales ya aika zuwa wasu sassan gwamnati.
Har ila yau, an soki dokar da “kumburi” da ke baiwa hukumomi damar kaucewa bayyana bayanai a wasu yanayi. Kamfanoni mallakin Kuma wata hukuma ta jama'a gabaɗaya suna ƙarƙashin Dokar amma kamfanoni biyu ko fiye da hukumomin jama'a ba a rufe su.
Bayanan da dokar ta bayyana
Abubuwan da wannan doka ta fito fili sun hada da:
Gwamnati ta amince da bayar da tallafin fan miliyan 1.5 na daya daga cikin makarantun da suka fi fama da rikici a cikin shirinta na manyan makarantun kwana goma kafin babban zaben shekara ta 2005.
Ministoci da 'yan majalisar wakilai sun yi ikirarin dubunnan fam a kan tasi a matsayin wani bangare na fan miliyan 5.9 na kudaden balaguro.
An zargi jami'an diflomasiyyar kasashen waje - wadanda ke da kariyar diflomasiyya - da laifin fyade, cin zarafi, cin zarafin yara da kisan kai yayin da suke aiki a Biritaniya.
Jami'an 'yan sanda saba'in da hudu da ke aiki tare da 'yan sanda na Biritaniya suna da bayanan aikata laifuka.
Wani shirin azabtarwa na Birtaniyya na ɓoye ya kasance a cikin Jamus bayan yaƙin, "mai tunawa da sansanonin taro".
Birtaniya ta goyi bayan shirin makamin nukiliya na Isra'ila, ta hanyar sayar da Isra'ila tan 20 na ruwa mai nauyi a shekarata 1958.
Hukumar NHS ta samar da kayan dasa implanon ga 'yan mata masu shekaru 13 a wani yunƙuri na yanke cikin samari.
Yawancin 'yan sanda a Burtaniya sun rufe zarge-zargen cin zarafi a cikin gida da ake yi wa jami'ansu kamar yadda Alexandra Heal ta gano a cikin Ofishin Binciken Jarida.
Kudirin gyara
Dokar 'Yancin Bayani (gyara) kudiri ne mai zaman kansa wanda aka gabatar wa Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya a shekarata 2007 wanda ya kasa zama doka. Dan majalisar mai ra'ayin mazan jiya David Maclean ne ya gabatar da kudirin don tabbatar da cewa an cire wasikun 'yan majalisar dokokin 'yancin yada labarai. Shugaban jam'iyyar Liberal Democrats na lokacin, Sir Menzies Campbell, ya ce bai kamata a kasance "doka daya ga 'yan majalisar dokoki da wata doka ta daban ga kowa ba" kuma kudirin na iya sa ya zama kamar "Majalisar tana da wani abu da za ta boye". Sai dai kuma hakan ya kasa a tsallake karatu na farko a zauren majalisar.
Bugu da ƙari, Lord Falconer ya yi tsokaci da ke nuna cewa lokacin da aka kashe don yanke shawarar ko bayanin ya faɗi ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar keɓancewa ya kamata a haɗa shi cikin iyakar farashin £ 600. An gudanar da shawarwarin, inda gwamnati ta ce canjin zai rage kashe kudi tare da hana neman bayanai marasa kan gado, ko da yake masu sukar sun ce hakan ne don a boye bayanan kunya.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Yakin Neman 'Yancin Bayanai
Mulkin shekara talatin
Ci gaba da karatu
Dokar 'Yancin Bayani (MacDonald, Jones et al.: OUP 2003)
Haƙƙin Bayani (Coppel at al.: Sweet and Maxwell 2004)
Haƙƙinku Don Sani (Brooke, H.: Latsa Pluto 2006)
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Text of the Freedom of Information Act 2000 .
Ofishin Kwamishinan Labarai
Dokar 'Yancin Bayanin Blog (wanda Steve Wood, malami a Jami'ar Liverpool John Moores ya kiyaye)
Jaridar 'Yancin Bayanai
Labarin Laburare na House of Commons (Nazarin aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai)
Bude Gwamnati: Jaridar 'Yancin Bayanai. Bude mujallar e-jarida tare da bincike-bincike na tsara da sharhi kan FOI a duk duniya
WhatDoTheyKnow.com - tsarin tushen yanar gizo don yin da buga buƙatun 'Yancin Bayanai, wanda MySociety ke kiyayewa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrison%20Bungwon | Harrison Bungwon | Engr. Dr. Harrison Yusuf Bungwon ( Tyap : Harrison Isuu Bunggwon ) FNSE (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 ya mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016) ya kasance babban mai mulki a Masarautar Kataf wata jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya. An kuma san shi da taken Agwatyap II .
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Bungwon ga A̠tyoli Bungwon Yawa da A̠yanga̠li Atoh Bungwon a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1949 a Bafoi, Gundumar Ka̠nai, Atyapland, Yankin Arewa, Burtaniya Najeriya (yanzu a kudancin jihar Kaduna, Najeriya ). Mahaifinsa ya rasu a shekarar 1953, lokacin yana ɗan shekara huɗu kawai.
Aikinsa na ilimi ya fara ne a watan Janairu, 1957 yana ɗan shekara bakwai a Makarantar Firamare ta Ƙananan Hukumomi, Bafwoi-Ka̠nai (Gora Bafai). Bayan ya ci jarabawar shiga jami'a a shekarar 1961, ya shiga makarantar firamare ta Kachia . A shekarar 1963, Bungwon ya samu shiga Makarantar Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Soba, Zariya, inda ya yi shekara biyu da rabi kafin ya samu shiga shekarar 1965 a babbar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano . Daga nan ya haɓaka sha'awar yin karatun Injiniyan Injiniya yayin da yake Kwalejin Fasaha ta Gwamnati, Kano, wanda hakan ya sa ya nemi kuma ya sami nasarar ba da Ofishin Tallafin Tallafin Ƙasashen waje don yin karatu a USSR a shekarar 1969 bayan kammala matakin sakandare, aji biyar. .
Tsakanin shekarar 1971 da shekara ta 1975, ya yi karatun Injiniyan Injiniya kuma ya sami digiri na farko ( B.Tech. ) Da digiri na biyu ( M.Tech. ) A Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Byelorussian, Minsk, inda ya kammala da digiri. A shekarar 1977, ya ci gaba da shirin digirin digirgir ( Ph.D. ) zuwa Jami’ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ingila kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1980.
Bungwon ƙwararren masani ne, fitaccen Injiniya, fitaccen malami, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma abokin aikin ƙungiyar Injiniyoyi ta Najeriya tare da sama da shekaru 16 na samun guraben karatu, yana koyarwa a ɗaya daga cikin manyan kwalejojin kimiyya na Afirka, Kwalejin Fasaha ta Kaduna .
Tsakanin shekarar 1986 da shekara ta 2002, Bungwon yayi aiki kamar haka:
Darakta, Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaban;
Mashawarcin Kimiyya, Kamfanin Masana'antu na Tsaro na Najeriya ;
Kwamishinan Ayyuka da Sufuri na Jihar Kaduna ;
Manajan Aiki na Kamfanin da aka dakatar da aikin Soja, Abuja ;
Memba, Kwamitin Kwararru na Gwamnatin Tarayya kan Najeriya Machine Tools Ltd., Osogbo, Jihar Osun ;
Zaɓaɓɓen ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa;
Exerminer External a Injin Injiniya, Filato, Katsina, Idah (Jihar Kogi), da Kwara State Polytechnics .
A cikin yankinsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban farko, Kwamitin Gwamnoni, Makarantar Fasaha da Makarantar Zangon Kataf .
A watan Satumba, shekara ta 2002, Dokta HY Bungwon ya yi ritaya daga aikin injiniya bayan shekaru da yawa na hidimar alheri ga mahaifiyarsa mafi girman gwamnatin jiharsa.
Kyaututtuka da membobi
Dangane da aikinsa na kwazo, Dokta HY Bungwon ya kasance mai karramawa da kyaututtuka da dama da suka haɗa da:
Diploma na Rasha na rarrabuwa
Lambar yabo ta Injiniya ta Najeriya
Taken Gargajiya na Yariman Atyap .
A matsayin Injiniyan da aka horar da Manchester, Bungwon ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar Manajojin Masana'antu, Ƙasar Ingila ; memba na Cibiyar Injiniyan Masana’antu ta Amurka kuma injiniya mai rijista tare da Majalisar Ka’idojin Injiniya ta Najeriya (COREN).
A rasuwar magabacinsa, HRH Agwam BA Dauke (Agwatyap I) a shekarar 2005, Bungwon ya yi sarauta a matsayin Agwatyap II kuma shi ne ɗan asalin Agwam (Sarauta) na Ƙasar Atyap . Ya rike matsayin na kimanin shekaru 11 kafin ya wuce zuwa madawwamiyar ɗaukaka a cikin sanyin sanyi a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2016. Ya kasance sarkin aji na farko kuma ana ganin rasuwarsa a matsayin babban rashi kuma abin mamaki.
A cikin shekarunsa na aiki mai ƙarfi a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati, Bungwon da zuciya ɗaya ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka da haɓaka karatun injiniya a Najeriya da bayanta. Har zuwa yau, fitattun abubuwan da ya gada har yanzu suna yin babban tasiri ga injiniyan jihar Kaduna gaba ɗaya.
Like a sensitive father as he was, HRH Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon knew the meaning of service. As a practising Christian, he had kept close in mind the words of the Lord Jesus Christ which says: Wannan ya dace, dole ne ya koyi yin hidima ga mutane duk rayuwarsa. HRH koyaushe tana samun farin ciki wajen kawo gamsuwa ga wasu.
Ya shahara da yawa amma har yanzu ya yarda ya sauko a matsayin sa Agwatyap, Majalisar Gargajiya ta Atyap, Atak Njei, Zangon Kataf (Mabatado) .
As the second indigenous Royal Father to rule over the Atyap Nation, Agwam Dr. H. Y. Bungwon had a great responsibility meeting the expectations of Atyap and her neighbours. In his own words: Amma yana da hangen nesa. A cikin hangen nesan sa, ya ba da kyakkyawan misali, ba ga sauran manyan sarakuna ba, har ma ga shugabanni a jihar.
A rasuwar Bungwon, dan majalisa mai wakiltar mazaɓar tarayya ta Zangon Kataf/Jaba, Barr. Sunday Marshall Katung ya bayyana shi a matsayin mai son zaman lafiya wanda a cikin kalmomin sa ya kara da cewa. . .:.
Mutane daga jihar Kaduna
Mutanen Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
16143 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufuoma%20McDermott | Ufuoma McDermott | Ufuoma Stacey McDermott (yadda ake furtawa; /ufoʊməƐdʒnəbɔr /) (an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da ɗaya yar fim ce ta Nijeriya, ta kasakance yar wasan kwaikwaiyo kuma mai sana'ar kwalliya.
Tarihin rayuwa
Ejenobor an haife ta ne a garin Benin iyayen ta yan Najeriya ne mazaunan asalin Urhobo dake jihar Delta a Najeriya. Ta yi kaura - daga garin Benin izuwa jahar Jos, inda ta yi amfani da mafi kyaun shekarun yarinta, daga baya kuma ta koma Legas, inda ta zauna a mafi yawan rayuwarta kuma har yanzu tana zaune a legas har zuwa yau. Tana da shekara bakwai, mahaifinta ya kuma kirkiro mata sunan dabba: ISIO (wanda ke nufin "tauraruwa" a Urhobo ). An rada mata suna ne saboda tauraruwar 'yar fim din shirin TELEFEST da NTA Benin suka hada, Tukunyar Rayuwa .
Aure da Iyali
Ejenobor ta yi aure a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta da Steven McDermott. A hukumance ta sauya sunanta zuwa Ufuoma McDermott a ranar 23 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta a wata babbar kotun Legas.
Ta wuce makarantar Alama mai zaman kanta a Jos, jihar Plateau, Tunwase Nursery da firamare Ikeja, Legas daga karshe Molly International Nursery da firamare A jos Estate don makarantar gandun daji da ilimin firamare. Sannan ta halarci Kwalejin Gwamnatin Tarayya, Odogbolu, Jihar Ogun don karatun sakandare.
Daga baya Ufuoma ta sami digiri a fannin harshen Faransanci daga Jami'ar Legas inda ta shiga cikin shirin hutun tallafin karatu na Gwamnatin Tarayya. Hakanan tana da takaddun sheda da difloma daga Alliance Française da NIIT. Ta yi digiri na biyu a Harkokin Jama'a da Harkokin Kasa da Kasa, ita ma daga Jami'ar Legas .
A shekara ta ta halarci Kwalejin Koyon Fina-finai ta New York a Los Angeles don kwas na wasan kwaikwayo sannan daga baya ta yi kwas din yin fim daga Dov Simen ta Hollywood Film Institute. A cikin shekara ta ta sami takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanar da Harkokin Kasuwancin Dan Adam daga Makarantar Kasuwancin London.
A lokacin bazara na shekara ta tana daga cikin shirin ilimantar da dangi daga Najeriya, mallakar kamfanin Relativity Media a Beverly Hills.
Ta fara aiki a cikin nishaɗi tare da yin tallan kayan kawa a cikin shekara ta a matsayin samfurin daukar hoto sannan daga baya ta koma kan titin titin jirgin sama da masu kyau .
A watan Fabrairun shekara ta Ejenobor ta yanke shawara kan harkar fim. Farawa tare da Zeb Ejiro Shugaban Kasa Dole ne Ya Mutu, ta ci gaba da samun rawar gani a fina-finai. A watan Mayu shekara ta ta fara taka rawar gani a Rayuwa da Mutuwa, fim dinta na uku bayan Shugaban Kasa Kada Ya Mutu da Guy akan Layi . A watan Disamba na shekara ta ta buga Chibuzor a cikin Edge na Paradise TV jerin da Royal Roots network suka samar.
A shekara ta ta ɗauki matsayin "Lillian Wright" a cikin shirin gidan talabijin na Mama da Ni rawar da ta ba ta damar zaɓar mafi kyawun 'yar wasa a shekarar ta Festival de Télévision de Monte- Carlo da kuma daya a The Terracotta Nigerian TV da Film Awards. An zabi ta a matsayin Jarumar shekara ta a Future Awards
A watan Janairun shekara McDermott ya sake maimaita matsayinta na "Mama Baby", "Mata Kira Jagora" da "Sister Esther" a cikin shirin Ji Maganar!, wanda ya dawo shekara ta biyu a jere zuwa Harvard kuma an shirya shi a sanannen gidan wasan kwaikwayo na American Repertory a Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.SA. Kayan aikin ya shafi jigogi daban-daban, wadanda ke magance matsalolin mata a cikin al'umma. Wasan kwaikwayon, wanda ya fara fitowa a Legas, Najeriya a shekara ta ya kuma kunshi hazikan 'yan wasa kamar Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett da Bimbo Akintola.
Saurari Kalmar da aka gabatar a bikin Edinburgh na Kasa da Kasa a watan Agusta shekara ta da McDermott, Joke Silva, Taiwo Ajayi-Lycett da sauran membobin wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi a Royal Lyceum, a Edinburgh, Scotland. Guardian ta Burtaniya, a cikin bita game da wasan kwaikwayon ta bayyana shi a matsayin "a lokaci guda mai tsauri da kuma wahayi", yana ba wa wasan tauraruwa uku daga cikin biyar.
Fitacciyar Jaruma a cikin jerin Talakawa Nominee - Kyautar Nishaɗin Nijeriya a shekara ta
Actor of the shekara ta Nominee- The Future Awards
Mafi kyawun ressan takarar --an wasa - Lambar yabo ta Nymph ta shekara ta 2010 ( Bikin Gidan Talabijin na Monte Carlo )
Mafi kyawun Actan wasa a jerin waɗanda aka zaɓa a jerin Wasanni, Terracotta TV da Kyautar Fim
Go Red Africa, Mafi Kyawun Mace Mace, a shekara ta
Youthungiyar Matasan Afirka, Gwarzon Misali, a shekara ta
Ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar sarauniyar kyau ta Miss Earth a shekara ta
McDermott ya kasance mai magana a TEDx Rayfield, wanda aka gudanar a watan Disamba na shekara ta
Lambobin yabo
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Ufuoma McDermott on IMDb
Haifaffun 1981
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
13315 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halimah%20Yacob | Halimah Yacob | Halimah binti Yacob ( Jawi : ; an haife ta a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1954). yar siyasan Singapore ce wanda ta rike shugabancin ƙasar Singapore tun shekara ta 2017. Ta kasance memba a majalisar dokoki (MP) ga Jurong GRC ( Bukit Batok Gabas ) daga 2001 zuwa 2015 da kuma ga Marsiling-Yew Tee GRC ( Marsiling ) daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekarar 2017. Ta kuma kasance kakakin majalisa na 9 na majalisar Singapore daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2017 inda ta yi murabus don taka rawa a zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2017, wanda ta yi nasara a zaɓen da ba a sansu ba. Ita ce musulma ta biyu da ta zama Shugaban Singapore tun lokacin Yusof Ishak a shekarar alif 1965.
Halimah ta zama Shugaban ƙasar a cikin walwala, kamar yadda ba wani dan takarar shugaban kasa da aka bawa Takaddar Shaidar cancantar shiga zaɓen rantsar da ita a rana mai zuwa inda ta zama shugaba mace ta farko a tarihin ƙasar.
Farkon rayuwa da karatu
Acewar The Straits Times, Halimah an bayyana ta daga cikin Musulmai yan'Indiya take tun da ma mahaifinta ya kasance dan asalin Indiya ne. Kuma mahaifiyarta yar asalin Malay descent. Mahaifinta mai gadi ne, wanda ya mutu a sanda take da shekaru takwas, ya mutu sanadiyar heart attack, inda ya barsu su biyar, Sun shiga cikin talauci bayan rasuwar mahaifin su, ta kan taimaki mamarsu a wurin saida nasi padang a bakin tsohuwar Singapore Polytechnic (wanda ayanzu Bestway Building) dake kan Prince Edward Road.
Halimah ta yi karatu a Makarantar 'Yan Matan Siyar ta Singapore da makarantar' yan mata ta Tanjong Katong kafin ta wuce zuwa Jami'ar Singapore, inda ta sami digiri na biyu a shekarar alif 1978. A shekarar alif 1981, aka kira ta zuwa Barikin Singapur . A shekara ta 2001, ta kammala Master of Law a National University of Singapore (NUS), kuma NUS ta ba shi Dokta na girmamawa mai daraja a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2016.
Kafin shiga siyasa
Halimah ta yi aiki a matsayin jami'ar shari'a a Majalissar wakilai ta kasa, kuma ta zama darakta a sashen ma'aikatun shari'a, a shekara alif 1992. An nada ta a matsayin dake gareta a Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Kwadago na Singapore (yanzu ana kiranta Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Ong Teng Cheong) a shekara alif 1999.
Aikin siyasa
Halimah ta shiga siyasa ne a shekara ta 2001 lokacin da aka zabe ta a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) ga mazabar wakilcin kungiyar Jurong Group (GRC).
Bayan babban zaben 2011, an naɗa Halimah a matsayin Ministan Jiha a Ma'aikatar Raya Al'umma, Matasa da Wasanni . Bayan sake fasalin majalisar ministocin a watan Nuwamba, na 2012, ta zama Minista a Ma'aikatar zamantakewar al'umma da ci gaban dangi . Ta kuma taba zama shugabar Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Jurong.
A watan Janairun, 2015, Halimah ta kasance cikin kwamitin zartarwa na kwamitin tsakiya na PAP, babbar kungiyar yanke hukunci.
A babban zaben shekara ta 2015, Halimah ita ce kadai dan takarar da ke da karancin rukunin jam’iyyun People’s Party wacce ke takara da sabuwar kungiyar Marsiling-Yew Tee GRC .
Halimah ta yi magana da kakkausar murya a kan masutsatstsauran ra'ayin Islama, musamman tayi Allah wadai da wariya daga Daular Islama ta Iraki da Levant (ISIS).
Kakakin majalisar
A ranar 8 ga Janairun, 2013, Firayim Minista Lee Hsien Loong ya zabi Halimah don maye gurbin Michael Palmer a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar bayan murabus din Palmer bayan da aka nuna yana da wata alaka ta aure. An zabe ta a matsayin kakakin majalisar a ranar 14 ga Janairun, 2013, mace ta farko da ta rike mukamin a tarihin Singapore.
Kasancewar kungiyar kwadagon
Halimah ta yi aiki a Majalisar Tarayyar Trades Union Congress (NTUC) a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar, Darakta a sashen Ma’aikatar Shari’a da Darakta a Sakatariyar ci gaban Mata. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakataren zartarwa na Worungiyar Ma'aikata na Masana'antu da Lantarki na Unitedasa.
An zaɓi Halimah amatsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ma'aikata na Standards Committee of the International Labour Conference (ILC) a Geneva daga 2000 zuwa 2002 da Kuma a 2005. A 2003 da 2004, itace kakakin ma'aikata na ILC Committee akan Human Resources Development da Training.
Zaben shugaban kasa na 2017
While speaking during the debate on the Presidential Elections Amendment Bill on 6 February 2017, Minister in the Prime Minister's Office Chan Chun Sing addressed Halimah as "Madam President" twice instead of "Madam Speaker", drawing laughter from the PAP MPs and leading to widespread speculation that Halimah would be the party's preferred candidate for the reserved presidential elections.
On 6 August 2017, Halimah announced that she would be stepping down as Speaker of Parliament and MP of Marsiling-Yew Tee the next day to run for the presidency in the 2017 presidential election, which was reserved for members of the Malay community. She was widely viewed as the PAP's candidate for the election, and was endorsed by Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong.
In an interview published on 11 August 2017, Halimah gave her views on the reserved presidential election. She said that it "shows we don't only talk about multiracialism, but we talk about it in the context of meritocracy or opportunities for everyone, and we actually practise it". Although some commentators have felt that the reserved election did not promote meritocracy, Halimah rejected that view, as she described, "All candidates have to qualify ... If we weaken eligibility criteria for those taking part in a reserved election, yes, then we are compromising meritocracy for representation. We are not - the same criteria apply to everybody". Regarding commentators who have questioned the lower qualifying bar for public sector candidates like herself, Halimah said, "It is an open, transparent system ... has been in place since 1991".
On 25 August 2017, Halimah launched her official campaign website, including her campaign slogan "Do Good Do Together", which was criticised by many for being ungrammatical. She defended her slogan, explaining that it is meant to be catchy.
In response to public queries whether Halimah broke election rules by campaigning ahead of the nomination day, the Elections Department clarified that its rule which forbids candidates from campaigning before close of nomination only applies to candidates who are nominated.
Halimah's campaign expenses reached only $220,875 out of the $754,982.40 the legal limit. Her expenses were used for promotional material, room rental, office supplies, food, transport and phone bills.
Queries were also raised regarding Halimah's long affiliation with the PAP and perceived lack of political independence as she quit the party just one month ago to campaign in the election. Halimah responded by comparing herself to former President Ong Teng Cheong, who was also a PAP member before being elected. She also cited that she had abstained from voting in an amendment for the Human Organ Transplant Act in 2007.
Former NMP Calvin Cheng suggested that Halimah does not appear to have the professional experience needed to manage the financial reserves. According to Publichouse.sg's estimate, her financial management involvement is only about $40 million, much less than the stringent $500 million shareholders’ equity requirement for private sector candidates.
Being the only candidate to be issued a Certificate of Eligibility, Halimah became the eighth President of Singapore. Tan Cheng Bock, a former presidential candidate, wrote that Halimah "will occupy the most controversial presidency in the history of Singapore." The Economist described her as "popular and able". She is also the nation's first female President and Southeast Asia's fourth female Head of State after Corazon Aquino and Gloria Macapagal Arroyo of the Philippines and Megawati Sukarnoputri of Indonesia.
Yin marabus din Halimah matsayin MP daga yankin marasa rimjaye Marsiling-Yew Tee GRC ya jawo kiraye kiraye dan agudanar da zaben cike gurbi saboda nufinf GRC shine su ga wakilcin mutane marasa rinjaye. The PAP government refused to hold a by-election, culminating to the filing of lawsuit by Wong Souk Yee, a resident in the GRC. A hearing was set for 15 January 2018.
On 13 September 2017, the Singapore Democratic Party filed a lawsuit in the High Court against the PAP government for refusing to call a by-election in Marsiling-Yew Tee GRC following Halimah's resignation from her post as the sole minority MP in her constituency.
In a High Court hearing conducted on 23 January 2018, Wong's lawyer, Peter Low, argued that the Parliamentary Elections Act should be interpreted such that all MPs of the group representation constituency have to leave their spots when one or more seats are left empty, or when only one remaining MP is a minority candidate. He cited Article 49 of the Constitution, which states that when "the seat of a Member… has become vacant for any reason other than a dissolution of Parliament, the vacancy shall be filled by election" to support his argument.
After the Elections Department announced that Halimah was the only possible candidate for the presidency, global media monitoring house Meltwater observed a significant increase in negative sentiment on social media surrounding the Presidential Elections from 11 to 12 September 2017. The data shows 83% of negative sentiment and 17% of positive sentiment.
Following the announcement, a number of Singaporeans began using the hashtag #NotMyPresident on Facebook and Twitter to voice their disappointment. In response, The Straits Times reported that there was the use of #halimahismypresident by an "equally vocal group", urging "Singaporeans to rally round their next president".
Halimah's decision to stay in her HDB flat at Yishun raised security concerns and was met with disapproval by netizens who highlighted the inconvenience caused by the Presidential motorcade as well as the additional cost in maintaining such security arrangement. On 2 October 2017, Halimah had accepted the government's decision to move her out of her Yishun flat to a more secure location. The government keeps track on the residence and security arrangements for her as well.
Rayuwar mutum
Halimah ta auri Mohammed Abdullah Alhabshee, wani dan asalin Malay na Larabawa, kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyar. Halimah musulma ce. Ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta fice daga matsakaicin HDB da ke Yishun, wanda ya kunshi gida mai hawa 5 da kuma wani daki mai dakuna 4 hade da juna ta rushe bangon mediya.
An yaba mata da gudummawar da ta bayar, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Berita Harian Awardver na kyautar a shekara ta 2001, " Matarsa ta Duniya ta lambar yabo ta shekarar" a 2003, the AWARE Heroine Award 2011, kuma ya kasance an shigar da shi cikin Majalisar Singaporeungiyar Mata na Singaporeungiyar Mata a Singapore Hall of Fame a shekarar 2014.
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24416 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shamarpa | Shamarpa | Yaren Shamarpa ( Tibetan
Shamarpa na farko, Drakpa Senggé ( Wylie , A shekara ta 1283 zuwa shekara ta 1349), sun karɓi taken “Shamarpa”, da kambi mai launin ja, madaidaicin kwafin kambin Karmapa daga Rangjung Dorje, Karmapa na uku, yana kafa layin na biyu na lambobi na reincarnate a cikin addinin Buddha na Tibet. Karmapa shine na farko.
Sau da yawa ana kiran Shamarpa a matsayin "Red Hat Karmapa", musamman a farkon rubutun Kagyu.
The 5th Dalai Lama saw the Shamarpa as equal to the Karmapa:
Sunan mahaifi Shamarpa
An jera Shamarpa a matsayin reincarnations na gaba a cikin "The Garland of Moon Water Crystal" ta 8th Tai Situpa Chökyi Jungne da Belo Tsewang Künkhyab.
Khedrup Drakpa Senge a shekara ta (1284 zuwa shekara ta 1349) shine babban almajirin Karmapa na uku .
Shamar Khachö Wangpo a shekara ta (1350 zuwa shekara ta 1405) Karmapa na 4 ya gane shi.
Shamar Chöpal Yeshe shekara ta (1406 zuwa shekara ta 1452). Chöpal Yeshe ya shahara saboda ya gina gidajen ibada da cibiyoyi da dama. Ya kuma sami damar kawar da aikin hadayar dabbobi a yankunan Tibet inda wannan al'ada ta ci gaba.
Karmapa na bakwai 7 ya gane Shamar Chokyi Drakpa Yeshe Pal Zangpo a shekara ta (1453 zuwa shekara ta 1526), wanda ya zama Lama. Shahararren sufi na Tibet Ga Mamo Tashi Rabten ne ya kafa shi. Ya kuma kafa ƙananan gidajen ibada da yawa. A lokacin tafiyarsa a wajen Tibet, Chökyi Tragpa ya gina gidajen ibada da dama, a tsakanin wasu akwai gidajen ibada guda huɗu a Bhutan kuma shine farkon Shamar ya sake dawowa ya ziyarci Nepal inda ya gina ƙaramin gidan sufi a Swayambhunath, ɗayan wurare mafi alfarma na ƙasar. Bayan ya dawo ƙasarsa, ya zama sarkin Tibet na tsawon shekaru goma sha biyu kuma ya yi mulkin ƙasar bisa tsananin bin ƙa'idodin Buddha.
Shamar Köncho Yenlak a shekara ta (1526 zuwa shekara ta 1583) ta Karmapa ta takwas 8 . Ya kuma gane kuma ya zama Lama na Karmapa na tara 9 .
Shamar Mipan Chökyi Wangchuk a shekara ta (1584 zuwa shekara ta 1629) an gane da 9th Karmapa wanda ya zama babban Lama. cf https://www.tbrc.org/#!rid=P1432
Shamar Yeshe Nyinpo a shekara ta (1631 zuwa shekara ta 1694) Karmapa ta goma 10 ta gane shi, kuma ya zama almajirin Karmapa.
An haifi Palchen Chökyi Döndrup a shekara ta(1695 zuwa shekara ta 1732) a Yilmo, Nepal kuma an kai shi Tibet yana ɗan shekara bakwai 7. Ya karɓi koyarwa da umarni daga Karmapa na sha daya 11 kafin mutuwarsa. Shamarpa bi da bi, an gane shi kuma ya naɗa Karmapa na sha biyu 12 a matsayin Karmapa na sha biyu12 kuma ya zama Tushen-guru.
Könchog Geway Jungnay shekara ta (1733 zuwa shekara ta 1741) an haife shi a Paro a Bhutan , kuma Karmapa na 13 ya gano shi, amma ya ra[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2014)">abin da ake buƙata</span> ]yu har zuwa shekaru tara
Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso shekara ta (1742 zuwa shekara ta 1793) shine ɗan uwan ɗan Panchen Lama na shidda 6, Lobsang Palden Yeshe shekara ta (1738 zuwa shekara ta 1780). Tai Situ Rinpoche takwas ne suka koyar da shi, sannan kuma ya gane Tai Situ Rinpoche na tara. Shamar Tulku ya shafe shekaru da yawa yana rayar da Dharma a Tibet. Musamman, Shamar Tulku yayi yunƙurin kawo koyarwar Kagyu zuwa tsakiyar Tibet, wanda ya kasance tangarɗar manyan ƙungiyoyin siyasa na Gelugpa a lokacin, tare da taimakon ɗan'uwansa Panchen Lama na shidda 6 na zuriyar Gelugpa. Bayan aiwatar da wannan aikin Shamarpa ya tafi aikin hajji zuwa Nepal. A cewar wasu kafofin, wata muhawara a kan da'awar wa stepbrother ta kaya gado ya kai ga wani makamai rikici a cikin abin da Shamarpa maƙarƙashiya tare da Nepalese Gurkha sojoji a shekara ta 1788. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, yayin da Shamarpa ke aikin hajji zuwa Nepal, fada ya barke tsakanin Gurkhas na Nepale da Tibet. Shamarpa yayi yunƙurin yin zaman lafiya da shiga tsakani a rikicin. A cikin Tibet mashahurin ministan Gelugpa Tagtsag Tenpai Gonpo ya ga damar cire wata barazanar siyasa da ake ganin ta mallaki dukiya. Ya yada jita -jita cewa Shamarpa ne ke iza wutar fada kuma ya kwace gidan sufi na Yang Chen daga Shamarpa. An tuba da sufaye zuwa makarantar Gelug. Daga baya gwamnati ta ba da umarni cewa duk gidajen ibada na Shamarpa dole ne su koma makarantar Gelug. Wannan, da sauran jayayya tsakanin makarantun Gelug da Kagyu sun kai ga gudun hijira daga Tibet na Shamarpa da dokar Tibet da gwamnatin Tibet ta hana a ci gaba da zama cikin Shamarpa Wannan haramcin ya ci gaba da kasancewa har sai bayan Dalai Lama ya rasa iko a Tibet yayin shekara ta 1950, kodayake daga baya an bayyana cewa Karmapa ya gane sake yin Shamarpa a asirce a lokacin shiga tsakanin.
Ba a sani ba, ana tsammanin gwamnatin Tibet ta tilasta ta buya.
Tugsay Jamyang shekara ta (1895 zuwa shekara ta 1947 ) ɗan Karmapa na 15 ne . Koyaya, an yi rikodin cewa ya koyar kuma yayi addinin Buddha a matsayin ɗan adam.
Tinlay Kunchap a shekara ta (1948zuwa shekara ta 1950), jariri ne wanda ya tsira kaɗan kaɗan fiye da shekara guda
Mipham Chokyi Lodro shekara ta (1952 zuwa shekara ta 2014) an haife shi a Derge, Tibet kuma yana ɗan shekara huɗu Karmapa na 16 ya gane shi. Ya mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014 a Jamus.
Sunan mahaifi Shamar
Bayan mutuwar Shamarpa na tara 9, an gano yara daban -daban guda biyu a matsayin wadanda za su iya zama 'yan takarar zama reincarnation: daya shine Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso, dan uwan dan Panchen Lama na 6; ɗayan kuma shine Könchok Garwang Gyatso na dangin Namseling (). An warware rigimar da yawa: An jawo sunan Mipam Chödrup Gyamtso kuma an nada shi sarautar a matsayin Shamarpa ta goma 10. An kira Könchok Garwang Gyatso a matsayin Shamar Trisur ko "tsohon Shamarpa"; a cewar wasu asusun, "ya yi murabus" bayan cacar, yana nuna cewa da farko an naɗa shi sarauta. A kowane hali, Shamar Trisur ya zauna a gidan danginsa a Namseling Manor, kusa da Samye Monastery, kuma ya zama lama. Bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1792, an gano reincarnation, yana kafa zuriyar da aka sani da suna Namling Shamar. Lamling Shamar na baya -bayan nan shi ne na biyar, wanda Karmapa sha biyar 15 shekara ta (1871 zuwa shekara ta 1922) ta gano shi kuma ya rayu har zuwa a shekara ta 1982.
A cikin shekara ta 1792 gwamnatin Tibet ta zargi Shamarpa ta goma 10 da ingiza yaki tsakanin Tibet da Nepal . An fitar da shi daga jihar Tibet kuma an sanya haramcin sa a cikin abubuwan da zai zo nan gaba daga amincewa da shi a hukumance. Wani masanin ilimin Tibeto na zamani ya tabbatar da cewa wannan fassarar tarihin ba daidai ba ne kuma ya nuna cewa Shamarpa ce ta shiga tsakani a wannan rikici.
Sharhin Gyalwa Karmapa na goma sha shida akan wannan lokacin shine: “Girmama yana ƙara ƙanƙanta. Akwai tsangwamar siyasa da yawa. Baƙi ya zama fari. Hakikanin ya zama na gaskiya. A wancan lokacin ba abu ne mai yiyuwa ba a san wani ko sanin Shamarpa. An boye komai. Abubuwan da ke cikin jiki sun bayyana, amma ba a bayyana su ba. ” A shekarar 1963, bayan bukatar Karmapa ta sha shidda 16, gwamnatin Tibet da ke gudun hijira ta dage haramcin. An nada Shamar Rinpoche na 14 a sarauta, kuma bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1979 ya fara aikin koyarwa mai yawa.
Wani sabani ya fara ne a shekara ta 1992, yayin neman da karrama Gyalwa Karmapa na goma sha bakwai 17. An sami rarrabuwa tsakanin Karma Kagyu sangha kan zaɓen 'yan takarar Karmapa guda biyu. Rikicin Karmapa yana da ban sha'awa kuma yana da sarkakiya, kuma yana da asali a cikin tarihin Tibet na ƙiyayya, kuma yana da alaƙa da siyasar China da Indiya ma. 'Yan takarar Karmapa Ogyen Trinley Dorje da Thaye Dorje sun hadu da juna, kuma sun ba da sanarwar hadin gwiwa da ke kira da hadin kai, da fatan samun Shamar Rinpoche na sha biyar 15 tare.
14 Shamarpa
Shamarpa ta sha hudu 14 ita ce Mipham Chokyi Lodro, an haife shi a Derge, Tibet a shekara ta 1952. Yana ɗan shekara huɗu ya bayyana asalinsa a matsayin Shamarpa ta hanyar gane tsoffin sufaye daga gidan sufi na Yangpochen, wurin kakannin Shamarpas. Kawunsa, Karmapa na 16, ya gane shi a matsayin reincarnation na Shamarpa na baya. A cikin she KARA shekara ta 1964 Shamar Rinpoche na sha hudu 14 ya hau gadon sarauta a cikin gidan sufi na Rumtek na Karmapa. A wannan lokacin Karmapa ya rubuta waka:
Mafi ɗaukaka, ubangijin ƙasashen dusar ƙanƙara shine Avalokiteśvara.
Haɗuwa da asalinsa shine Karmapa mai ɗaukaka.
Ba za a iya raba shi daga asirinsa guda uku ba, kamar yadda ubangiji uku suke,
Shine bayyanarsa, babban emanation; babbar rana,
Wanda nake saka hannun jari yanzu shine mai mulkin tsarin jinsi.
Da ikon warwatsa furanni masu kyawun kyawawan halaye
Haɗe da kalmomin gaskiya na gaskiyar ṛiṣhi
Bari ya yi nasara kuma har abada ya kasance mai ikon yin oda.
Shamar Rinpoche ya karɓi duk tsarin koyarwar Kagyu daga Karmapa na sha bakwai 16. Ya kasance kusa da Karmapa na sha shidda 16 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1981.
Shamar Rinpoche yana sha'awar batun addinin Buddha da dimokuradiyya . Littafinsa "Samar da Dimokuraɗiyya Mai Fassara" ya shimfida wani tsari na kafa tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya na gaskiya wanda ke inganta walwala da wadata. Ya kuma kafa “Gidauniyar Tausayi Ta Ƙarshe” tare da dalilin inganta jin daɗin ɗan adam na dabbobin da aka kiwon don cin nama da sauran samfura.
Duba kuma
Hanyoyin waje
Shamarpa Official shafin yanar gizo
Mai ba da tarihin rayuwar Shamar Rinpoche na 14 ta Karma Trinlay Rinpoche
Pages with unreviewed translations |