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45102

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studiyon%20fim%20na%20Odesa

Studiyon fim na Odesa

Studiyob fim na Odesa wato Odesa Film Studio Ukraine na ƙasar Ukraine, tsohon ɗakin studiyo ne na fina-finai na Soviet a Odesa, ɗaya daga cikin dakunan fim na farko a Daular Rasha da Tarayyar Soviet. Mallakar gwamnati ne ta wani fuskar sannan kuma Ma'aikatar Jiya ke kula da ita da asusun kudi ta Ukraine tare da Ma'aikatar Al'adu duka ke kula da ita. Ita da studiyon Dovzhenko Film Studios ne kadai mallakar gwamnati da manyan masu shirya fina-finai a kasar. Gidan studiyon yana nan a Frantsuzky bulvar 33 (33 French Boulevard), Odesa, Ukraine. A kusa da ita akwai ƙaramin ɗakin studiyo na House of Mask. Tarihi da sake fasali An kafa ta a ranar 23 ga Mayu 1919 daga shawarar kwamitin zartarwa na Odesa, SSR na Ukrainian daga ragowar gidajen sinima na Myron Grossman, Dmitriy Kharitonov, da Borisov. Wannan kwanan wata ita ce ranar da aka haifi na farko a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na jihar. Da farko, an jera shi a matsayin "Sashen fina-finai na siyasa na sashen siyasa da na 41st Division of the Red Army", kuma fim din farko da aka yi fim a nan shi ne "Spiders da kwari." Ainihin Studios sun shiga raguwa bayan yakin basasa na Rasha da kuma yakin 'yancin kai na Ukrainian, yayin da masu mallakar su suka yi hijira, suna gudu daga shari'ar siyasa. Grossman's film studio "Myrograph" ya wanzu a Odesa tun 1907 kuma shi ne mafi tsufa wanda aka rubuta a Ukraine. A 1922, "fim sektion" aka sake shirya a cikin Odesa Film Factory na All-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU) Gidan shirya fina-finan na Odesa, wanda shi ne babban wurin shirya VUFKU, ya yi gyare-gyare sosai. Gidan studio ya sayi sabbin kayan aikin sa na zamani a Yamma, wanda ya ba wa ɗakin studio damar yin harbi, haske, da sarrafa kayan fim ta amfani da fasahar zamani. A shekara ta 1926, Vyacheslav Levandovskyi da Deviatkin sun kirkiro wani ɗakin wasan kwaikwayo na VUFKU. A 1930, VUFKU aka sake shirya a cikin "Ukrainafilm" na "Soyuzkino" (Union-cinema). Daga 1938 zuwa 1941 Odesa film studio. A cikin shekarun Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu Gabashin Gabas 1941-1945 wani yanki ne na Tashkent Film Studio. 1954 sake aiki a Odesa. A cikin 1955, Odesa Film Studio ya sake yin nasa fim ɗin. Darakta Alexander Gorky ba kawai ya sami izini don farfado da ɗakin studio ba, amma kuma ya warware matsalar ma'aikata ta hanyar gayyatar masu digiri na VGIK daraktoci, masu daukar hoto, masu fasaha, da tattalin arziki. Sa'an nan kuma tsofaffin ɗalibai, waɗanda yawanci sukan yi shekaru a matsayin mataimaka da mataimaka, da sauri sun sami aiki mai zaman kansa. Ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1956, an saki fim din Felix Mironer da Marlen Khutsiev "Spring on Zarechnaya Street", wanda ya zama babban taron ba kawai ga ɗakin studio ba, amma ga dukan fina-finai na Soviet. A cikin 2005, an sake tsara ɗakin studio na fim na Odesa zuwa Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwa na Kusa (tare da gwamnati ta mallaki mafi yawan hannun jari). Bayani Gidan studiyon yana nan a tsakiyar gari kusa da bakin tekun Black Sea wanda ya mamaye kasa mai fadin hekta kuma ya ƙunshi rumfunan da A cikin ginin situdiyon akwai wani gidan shirya fina-finai, Vira Kholodna Film Studio da Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Odesa. Odesa Film Studio yana da nasa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, U-Cinema, wanda kuma yana nan a cikin wannan gini. A yankin da studiyon yake akwai gidan kayan gargajiya na Cinema, wanda za ku iya gani game da abubuwa da yawa masu ban sha'awa game da tarihin sinima. Anan zaku iya samun kayan tarihi, daga ƙirƙirar silima, zuwa na zamani, dijital da avant garde. A ahekara ta 2019, Bankin Ƙasa na Ukraine ya ba da tsabar kuɗi na tunawa da shekaru 100 na studiyon fim na Odesa Bugu da kari, babban ma'aikatar sakonni ta Ukraine ta ba da tambari na musamman don tunawa da ɗakin studiyon na Odesa. Daraktoci Zaɓaɓɓun fina-finai kungiyar Soviet 1926 Love's Berries, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1926 Vasia the Reformer, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1926 Taras Triasylo, wanda Petro Chardynin ya jagoranta fim na shiru 1926 Taras Shevchenko, wanda Petro Chardynin ya jagoranta silent film 1927 The Diplomatic Pouch, wanda Oleksandr Dovzhenko ya jagoranta fim na shiru 1928 Arsenal, Oleksandr Dovzhenko ne ya ba da umarni fim ɗin shiru 1928 Zvenyhora, darektan Oleksandr Dovzhenko silent film 1936 Nazar Stodolia, directed by Heorhiy Tasin 1941 Mysterious Island, wanda Eduard Pentslin ya jagoranta 1957 nok Orlyonok, darektan Eduard Nikandrovich Bocharov 1967 Takaitacciyar Ganawa, Kira Muratova ya jagoranta. 1978 D'Artagnan and Three Musketeers, wanda Heorhiy Yungvald-Khilkevych ya jagoranta. 1979 The Adventures of the Elektronik, wanda Kostiantyn Bromberg ya jagoranta 1979 1979 1982 The Trust That Has Burst, wanda Oleksandr Pavlovskyi ya jagoranta. 1982 Wizards, wanda Kostiantyn Bromberg ya jagoranta 1983 Daga cikin Grey Stones, wanda Kira Muratova ya jagoranta 1983 Wartime Romance, wanda Petro Todorovskyi ya jagoranta 1983 Wheel of Tarihi, wanda Stanislav Klymenko ya jagoranta 1986 In search of Captain Grant, directed by Stanislav Hovorukhin 1987 Danylo Kniaz na Halychyna, Yaroslav Lupiy ya jagoranta. 1989 The Asthenic Syndrome, wanda Kira Muratova ya jagoranta Ukraine 1991 Miracle in the Land of Oblivion, darektan Natalia Motuzko 1999 Yadda Maƙerin Ya Nemi Farin Ciki, Radomyr Vasylevsky ya jagoranci 2001 Akeldama, wanda Yaroslav Lupiy ya jagoranta 2007 At the River, darektan Eva Neymann Zababbun daraktoci 1919-1925 Myron Grossman (1908-1918) (wanda aka lasafta shi ne wanda ya kafa Odesa cinematography) Pyotr Chardynin (1923-1932) Les Kurbas (1922-1925) Georgiy Tasin, darektan studio na farko a 1922 1926-1936 Oleksandr Dovzhenko Isak Babel 1936-1954 Vladimir Braun Amvrosiy Buchma 1955-1965 Kira Muratova da Oleksandr Muratov Vadym Kostromenko, a halin yanzu darektan gidan kayan gargajiya Vadym Avloshenko Pyotr Todorovsky 1966-1996 Georgi Yungvald-Khilkevich Stanislav Govorukhin Aleksandr Pavlovsky Natalya Zbandut (Medyuk) Mykhailo Kats Zababbun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo 1919-1925 Vera Kholodnaya (1914-1919) (wanda aka nuna a cikin fina-finai 35) Daria Zerkalova 1926-1936 Natalya Uzhviy Matviy Lyarov 1966-1996 Vladimir Vysotsky Wasu Samvel Gasparov Duba kuma Duk-Ukrainian Photo Cinema Administration (VUFKU) Dovzhenko Film Studios Kievnaukfim National Cinematheque na Ukraine Jerin fina-finan Ukrainian Manazarta Littafi Histoire du cinéma ukrainien (1896–1995), Lubomir Hosejko, Éditions à Dié, Dié, 2001, traduit en ukrainien en 2005 Istoria Oukraïnskovo Kinemotografa, Kino-Kolo, Kiev, 2005, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Non-official website Odesa film studio Gidan studiyo na Odesa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

15710

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief%20Temitope%20Ajayi

Chief Temitope Ajayi

Amina Temitope Ajayi wacce aka sani da Mama Diaspora mazauniyar america yar Nijeriya. tana kasuwanci shawara wanda yake akawu da horo, a zaman yar kasuwa da kuma mabiyar al'umma himmar aiki. Temitope Ajayi itace tsohon Shugaban All Nigerian American Congress (ANAC). a koƙarinta da cigaba da ba da shawara game da al'amuran Diasporaan Diasporaasar Najeriya ya sa ta zama mai kira "Mama Diaspora" Cif Ajayi sananniyar sananniya ce don inganta ƙarfin mata da kawar da talauci a Afirka ta hanyar kasuwancin Agri. Ta hanyar dandalin saka jari na Arkansas-Nigeria da sauran tarurrukan tattalin arzikin kasashen biyu a Amurka, tsayin daka da gaskiya na Cif Ajayi sun taimaka kwarai da gaske wajen gamsar da kuma jawo manyan masu saka jari a harkar kasuwanci daga Amurka zuwa Najeriya. Ita ce Shugabar/Shugaba na Americanasar Amurkan ta Ba da Tallafin Noma (NAAEP), wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga aikin gona na manoma, mata da Manya Manya a Nijeriya don haɓaka wadataccen abinci da ɗorewar aikin yi ga mata da matasa a cikin harkar noma. NAAEP kungiya ce ta asali wacce take horarwa da kuma baiwa manoma karfi a tsarin noman kanikanci, tare da saukaka rancen kasuwanci, samun dama ga kayan aikin gona, da girbi da tallata kayan amfanin su na gida da na duniya. A shekarar 2010, Cif Ajayi tayi kira ga Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da ta rage yawan kudin ruwa a rance ga manoma domin bunkasa bangaren noma da kuma rage talauci a kasar. Cif Temitope Ajayi shi ne Jakadan Goodaunar na jihar Arkansas da Maryland, Amurka. Cif Ms. Ajayi ta kasance fitacciyar wakiliya a taron kasa na Najeriya na shekarar 2014 da ta gabata inda ta wakilci Majalisar Mata ta ciungiyoyin Mata (NCWS) a Nijeriya kuma ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Confab na Aikin Gona. Cif Temitope Ajayi a jawabinta a wajen taron shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya, ta sanar da wakilai cewa “Mata injiniyoyi ne na kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, mata ne ke tafiyar da tattalin arzikin kowace kasa saboda sun fi na maza kasuwanci. takwaransa, karfin kowane irin kudi yana cikin karfinsu don biyan bukata da samarwa Rayuwar farko Amina Temitope Labinjo diyar marigayi Pa Hector Labinjo da Mrs. Elizabeth Labinjo ta Ita Garawu a Tsibirin Legas na Jihar Legas, Najeriya. Aiki a Siyasa Cif Ajayi itace ce tsohon Ko'odinetan Kasa na Goodluck Support Group (GSG) USA. Ta taya Mai Girma, Muhammadu Buhari, GCFR, wanda a yanzu shine Shugaban Tarayyar Najeriya na yanzu saboda karen da ya nuna wajen lashe zaben shugaban kasa na 2015; sannan kuma ya yaba wa tsohon shugaban, Mista Goodluck Jonathan saboda nuna halin kirkinsa, da tsoron Allah da kuma karfin gwiwa ya zama Shugaban kasa na farko mai ci a Najeriya da ya fadi zabe kuma da zuciya daya ya yarda da shan kaye cikin lumana don hana rikici da tashin hankali bayan zabe a Najeriya A matsayina na mai fafutuka na Al'umma, Cif Ajai ya kasance yana neman gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a madadin dukkan thean Najeriya da ke zaune a ƙasashen ƙetare a cikin irin waɗannan yankuna kamar ba da haƙƙin jefa ƙuri'a da kuma amincewa da shirin makirci ga mazaunan. Kyauta Alamun alheri na kyautatawa ta fara ne lokacin da ta kafa makarantar Fashion Fasaha don ɗaliban da ba su da galihu a cikin Ibadan, Nijeriya a cikin 1980-1985. Cif Ajayi daga baya ta zama zakara tare da ba da gudummawa ga shirin Gidaje Miliyan Daya na Goodluck don Daraktan tare da hadin gwiwar Babban Bankin Mortgage na Najeriya a karkashin DIASPORA HOUSING LOAN SCHEME. Tare da zartar da kudurin dokar da ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Kasashen Waje, Cif Ajayi ta yi kira ga Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari da ya nada mutane masu gaskiya daga cikin mazauna cikin hukumar don tabbatar da nasarar ta. Ganewa Cif Temitope Ajayi ita ce wacce aka karrama da wasu manyan lambobin girmamawa na duniya da kyaututtuka: Saboda aikin da ta yi wa al'ummomin Afirka a Amurka, Cif Ajayi an ba ta lambar yabo ta Shugaban Kasa na Agaji da Shugaba George W. Bush ya bayar, wanda kyauta ce ta kasa a karkashin goyon bayan Shugaban Amurka ya amince da sa kai. A shekarar 2013, Gwamna Mike Beebe ya bai wa Cif Madam Temitope Ajayi lambar girmamawa ta Dan Kasa ta Jihar Arkansas tare da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya: Alhaji Aliko Dangote, Shugaban Kamfanin Dangote; Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso na jihar Kano; Dakta Akinwunmi Adesina, Ministan Noma da Raya Karkara; Farfesa Tajudeen Gbadamosi, tsohon malamin jami’ar Legas; Farfesa Ade Adefuye, Jakadan Najeriya a Amurka; Farfesa Julius Okojie, Babban Sakataren Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa; Mista Robert Brunner, Mataimakin Shugaban Amurka Arik Air International; da Mista Kester Ifeadi, Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin Zamani na Kamfanin Ltd. Hanyoyin haɗin waje "GC4WOMEN. ORG "GC4WOMEN. Kundin labarai "Bikin karramawa na GC4W karo na biyu" "SHUGABA JOYCE BANDA FOUNDATION" "Rayuwata: Cif Ajayi" Manazarta Mata Ƴan

25732

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA

AAA

AAA, Triple A, ko Triple-A shi ne farkon haruffa uku ko taƙaice wanda zai iya nufin to: Mutane AA Attanasio, marubucin almara na kimiyya Tashar jiragen sama Filin jirgin sama na Anaa a cikin Faransanci Polynesia (lambar filin jirgin saman IATA AAA) Filin jirgin saman Logan County (Illinois) (lambar filin jirgin saman FAA AAA) Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Wasanni AAA (masana'antar wasan bidiyo) rukuni na manyan wasannin bidiyo na kasafin kuɗi TripleA, tushen wargame mai buɗewa Kiɗa Ƙungiyoyi da lakabobi AAA (band), ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Japan Against All Authority -AAA- ƙungiyar ska-punk ta Amurka Mala'iku &amp; Airwaves, wani madadin dutsen Amurka, wanda kuma ake kira "AVA" Sau Uku A (ƙungiyar kiɗa) ƙungiyar trance ta Dutch Ayyuka "AAA", waƙa ta shida akan <i id="mwLQ">City</i> (Strapping Young Lad album) <i id="mwMA">AAA</i> (EP) wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo ne da ƙungiyar AAA ta Najeriya ta yi Samun damar Duk Yankuna, jerin faifan CD na kiɗa ta ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Runrig Sau Uku A, wani sunan Adult Alternative Songs, mai rikodin ginshiƙi wallafa Allon tallace-tallace Sauran amfani a cikin zane -zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Madadin kundin manya, tsarin rediyo AAA, lambar samarwa don 1970 Doctor Who serialhead daga Space &lt;AAA&gt; Aces of ANSI Art ƙungiyar fasahar dijital don ƙirƙirar da rarraba fasahar ANSI (1989-1991) AAA, manga na Jafananci na Haruka Fukushima Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan, fim ɗin Tamil a cikin 2017 Brands da kamfanoni Advanced Accelerator Aikace -aikace, kamfanin radiopharmaceutical Ansett Ostiraliya, kamfanin jirgin sama na Australiya (lambar jirgin saman ICAO AAA) Abokan Artwararrun Mawakan Amurka, gidan kayan gargajiya da kasuwancin tallan fasaha Abokan Artists na Argentine, ɗakin fina -finan Argentina Gwamnati da siyasa Hukumomin gwamnati Gudanar da Daidaita Noma, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Amurka da aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1930 Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (AAA a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Dokar Daidaita Noma ta 1933, dokokin tarayya na Amurka Dokar daidaita aikin gona na 1938, dokokin tarayya na Amurka Kungiyoyin siyasa Alianza Americana Anticomunista ("American Anticommunist Alliance" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Colombia, 1978-1979 Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista, a Spain Anti-Austerity Alliance, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Ireland Anticommunist Alliance na Argentina, ƙungiyar mutuwa ta Argentina a tsakiyar 1970s Ƙungiyoyi Kungiyoyin fasaha Associationungiyar Mawakan Allied, wata ƙungiya mai baje kolin a London da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1908 Mawakan Abstract na Amurka, ƙungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1936 don haɓakawa da haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da zane-zane. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka Taskar Amsoshi ta Amurka, Taskar Smithsonian Institution a Washington, DC Asiya Art Archive, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yin rikodin tarihin kwanan nan na fasahar zamani a Asiya Ƙungiyoyin Motoci American Automobile Association, kulob na mota, wanda kuma ake kira "Triple A" Ƙungiyar Motocin Australiya Sauran ƙungiyoyi Shirin Karfafawa Matasa-An-Alleyway, San Francisco, California Ƙungiyar Tabbatar da Adventist American Academy of Actuaries Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Ambulance ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Anthropological American Ƙungiyar sasantawa ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Tsohuwar Jirgin Sama Ƙungiyar 'yan saman jannati masu zaman kansu Ƙungiyar Archaeological Australia Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani AAA sunadarai (ATPases hade da ayyuka daban -daban na salula) Ciwon mara aortic aneurysm Ƙungiyar Anatomists ta Amirka Anti-actin garkuwar jiki Cavaticovelia aaa (aaa treader) kwari daga Hawaii Sau uku-A ciwo AAA, codon don amino acid Lysine Kimiyya Amalgam (sunadarai) wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun alchemical medieval tare da "aaa" Amino acid bincike Aromatic amino acid Arylalkanolamine Asymmetric allylic alkylation Kwamfuta AAA, mafi girma daga cikin matakai uku na isa ga rukunin yanar gizon da aka auna ta jagororin Samun Abubuwan Yanar Gizo AAA chipset, kayan masarufi don komfutar Amiga komputa AAA (tsaro na kwamfuta) "Tabbatacce, Izini da Ƙididdiga", ikon samun dama, aiwatar da manufofi da tsarin duba tsarin kwamfuta. ASCII ta daidaita bayan ƙari, lambar BCD ta Intel Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha AAA, matsayi a kan sikelin haruffan haruffa (darajoji biyu sama da "sa A") Batirin AAA, madaidaicin girman busasshen sel Kyautar Nasarar Amateur na Ƙungiyar Astronomical na Pacific Analog-analog-analog, ƙira don rikodin analog Angle-angle-angle, duba Kamani (geometry) Makamai masu linzami Wasanni Amateur Athletic Association na Ingila American Airlines Arena, filin wasanni da nishaɗi a Miami, Florida, da kuma wurin gidan Miami Heat Arkansas Activities Association, babbar hukumar gudanar da wasannin makarantar sakandare a waccan jihar ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Asiya Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, gabatarwar kokawar Mexico wacce aka fi sani da "AAA" (daga tsohon sunan Asistencia Asesoría y Administración Montreal AAA, tsohuwar ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Kanada Triple-A (wasan ƙwallon baseball) mafi girman matakin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon Arewacin Amurka Sauran amfani "Shiga duk fannoni", wani nau'in wucewar bayan gida AAA, mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi Ayyukan taimakon dabbobi, nau'in maganin da ya shafi dabbobi a matsayin nau'in magani Harshen Ghotuo (ISO 639-3 lambar yare aaa) Lambar Morse don "maharin jirgin sama", wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da SOS Duba kuma A (rarrabuwa) AA (disambiguation) AAAA

19569

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dajin%20shakatawa%20na%20Yankari

Dajin shakatawa na Yankari

Wurin Shakatawa na Yankari babban wurin shakatawa ne na namun daji dake kudu maso tsakiyar jihar Bauchi, a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Dajin ta mamaye fili kimanin kuma ta kunshi maɓuɓɓugan ruwa masu dumi tare da halittu da dama, da kuma nau'ikan flora da fauna iri-iri. Zaman yankin a tsakiyar yankin Savanna na yammacin Afirka ya santa ta zamo wuri na musamman ga masu yawon bude idanu da masu bukatar hutu don kallon namun daji a asalin muhallinsu. An kirkiri Yankari a matsayin wurin ziyara don wasanni a shekarar 1956, amma daga baya aka mayar da ita filin shakatawa na kasa kuma mafi girma a Najeriya a shekarar 1991. Ita ce wuri mafi shahara ga masu yawon bude ido a Najeriya, don haka, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen cigaba da bunkasa harkokin yawon bude ido da yawon shakatawa a Najeriya. Hakanan ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun wurare na musamman a Yammacin Afirka. Tarihi Budaddiyar kasa da kauyukan da ke kewaye da gandun dajin Yankari na dauke da manoma da makiyaya, amma sama da karni daya babu mutane mazauna dajin. Amma, duk da haka, akwai shaidar wanzuwar bil adama a baya a cikin wurin shakatawar, wanda suka hada da tsoffin wuraren narkar ƙarfe ko makeru da koguna. Makerun sun lalace saboda shekaru aru-aru da aka yi ana damun yankin, kodayake a ƙarshen 1990s akwai sama da hamsin da suka tsira a yankin Delimiri da Ampara. A cikin shekarar 1934, kwamitin yankin Arewa ta ba da shawara ga Majalisar Zartaswa don samar da wurin ajiyar dabbobi a Masarautar Bauchi. Alhaji Muhammadu Ngeleruma minista a tsohuwar ma'aikatar noma da albarkatun kasa ta arewacin Najeriya ya goyi bayan hakan. A daidai wannan lokacinda ya ga abun burgewa a wani ziyarar da ya kai a wani wurin ajiyar dabbobi na kasar Sudan yayin da yake tafiya zuwa gabashin Afirka. Da ya dawo, ya karfafa yunƙurin kafa wani abu makamancin haka a Najeriya. A shekarar 1956, gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ta amince da tsare-tsaren samar da yankin Kulawa da dabbobi karkashin kulawar gwamnati. An bayyana Yankari a matsayin wani yanki na kudancin jihar Bauchi a lokacin inda namun daji masu yawa ke wanzuwa kuma ana iya kare su. A shekarar 1957 aka samar da wurin ajiyar dabbobin kuma an kafa yankin a matsayin gandun daji na Hukumar Bauci. An fara buɗe Yankari ga jama'a a matsayin filin wasa ta farko a ranar 1 ga watan Disamban 1962. Tun a wancan lokaci gwamnatin jihar Arewa maso Gabas sannan daga bisani kuma gwamnatin jihar Bauchi suke kula da gandun daji na Yankari. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ce ke kula da dajin a yanzu, ta hannun hukumar kula da dajin. A shekarar 1991 ne dajin ta zama a hukumance Wurin Shakatawa ta Kasa (National Park) ta hanyar doka ta 36 na Gwamnatin Tarayya. A ƙarshen karni na 1900s sashin gudanarwa na wurin shakatawar ta fara aikin samar da wuraren adana kayan tarihi a cikin gandun shakatawar don ƙarfafa yawon shakatawa na gado. Ecotourism Ƙungiyoyin muhalli da ƙungiyoyin agaji da dama na duniya sun fifita yawon buɗe ido ko yawon buɗe idanu a matsayin hanyar samun ci gaba mai dorewa. Tana haɓaka kiyaye halittu iri-iri ta hanyar kare yanayin muhalli da kuma kayan al'adu na gargajiya, flora da fauna a matsayin manyan abubuwan jan hankali. Dajin Yankari ta cika wadannan ka'idoji. A shekara ta 2000, dajin Yankari ta karbi bakuncin masu yawon bude idanu sama da mutum 20,000 daga kasashe sama da 100. Wannan ya sanya ta zama wurin yawon bude ido mafi shahara a Najeriya, kuma idan aka sarrafa ta yadda ya kamata, za ta iya zama wani muhimmin bangare na ci gaba da bunkasa harkokin yawon bude idanu a fadin Najeriya. Tana daya daga cikin yankunan kadan da suka rage a yammacin Afirka inda ake kiyaye namun daji a wuraren da suke zaune. Yanayin kasa Yankari National Park ta fada cikin yanayin kasa na kudancin Sudan Savannah. Ta ƙunshi ciyayi na savannah tare da ingantaccen nau'ika na itace. Hakanan yanki ne na tuddai masu hauhawa, galibi tsakanin mita 200m zuwa 400m. Tudun Kariyo shine mafi girma da mita 640. Ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a wurin shakatawa na tsakanin 900mm zuwa 1,000mm. Lokacin damina yna farawa daga Mayu zuwa Satumba. Yanayin zafi/sanyi na tsakanin 18C da 35C. A lokacin rani, iskan harmattan ke kadawa daga sahara, sau da yawa kan sanya sararin sama tayi kura da sanyin dare ya yi kasa da 12C. Lokacin mafi zafi yana faɗawa a watan Maris da Afrilu yayin da yanayin zafi ka iya tashi har sama da 40C da rana. A lokacin rani, namun daji mafi girma a wurin shakatawa sun dogara da kogin Gaji da magudanan ruwa don tsira. Wannan kogin shine kadai ruwan da ya raba dajin gida biyu. Marshall ya kiyasta yankin kwarin Rafin Gaji da giwaye dake amfani da shi a lokacin rani a kusan Wannan yana karuwa tare da yiwuwar ganin giwaye a wannan lokacin na shekara. Babban kofar shiga dajin yana kauyen Mainamaji, kimanin kilomita 29 km daga Dindima. Tana nan a yankin gundumar Duguri, Pali da Gwana a karamar hukumar Alkaleri, jihar Bauchi Wannan karamar hukumar tana da yawan jama'a 208,202 wadanda ke mamaye fadin fadin kasa Duwatsu Daukakin wurin shakatawar ya ta'allaka ne akan samuwar Karai-Karai, na shekarun Tertiary, wanda ya ƙunshi sandstones, siltstones, kaolinites da kuma grits. A karkashin wannan akwai samuwar shekarun Cretaceous na Gombe, wanda suka hada da sandstones da siltstones, da kuma ironstones. Kogin Gaji, Yashi da Yuli suna cike da Alluvium na kwanan nan. Akwai ajiyar turbaya da ƙasan yumbu na alluvium a yankunan kogin suna faruwa a cikin kwarin kogin Gaji, Yashi da Yuli. Gabashin kwarin Gaji kilomita 5–7 ne a faɗin ƙasa mai yashi mara kyau wanda ke goyan bayan samuwar savanna shrub Namun daji Yankari National Park na da muhimmiyar mafaka ga nau'ikan namun daji masu shayarwa sama da 50 da suka hada da giwayen dazukan Afirka, birai na olive, biran patas, biran Tantalus, roan antelope, hartebeest na yamma, zaki na Afirka ta yamma, bijimi na Afirka, waterbuck, bushbuck da hippopotamus. Zakuna na gab da bacewa. Zakuna 2 ne kawai suka rage a wurin shakatawa a shekarar 2011. Ana tunanin damisa sun dade da bacewa a dajin, amma a watan Afrilun 2017, an samu hoton wani namiji guda ɗaya a tarkon kyamarar WCS. Akwai kuma nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 350 da ake iya samu a wurin shakatawan. Daga cikin wadannan, 130 mazauna wurin ne, 50 kuma ‘yan ci-rani ne na Falasdinu, sauran kuma ‘yan ci-rani ne na Afirka da ke zuwa gida Najeriya. Waɗannan tsuntsayen sun haɗa da ssaddle-billed stork, tguinea fowl, grey hornbill, da kuma cattle egret. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ba a sake ganin nau'in White-backed Vultures ba a cikin Yankari kuma ana tunanin jinsunansu sun kare a cikin gandun. Ana ganin Yankari a matsayin daya daga cikin yankuna da sukafi yawan giwaye a yammacin Afirka, wanda aka kiyasta sama da 300 a shekara ta 2005. Yawan giwaye ya zama matsala ga kauyukan da ke kewaye a wasu lokutan yayin da dabbobin ke shiga gonakin gida a lokacin damina. Giwayen sun kuma kakkarya itacen kuka da dama daga dajin. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ana ɗaukar yankin da ake karewa azaman Sashin Kula da Zaki tare da dajin Kasa na Kainji. Siffofi Saboda ayyukan da ake yi a karkashin kasa, gandun dajin Yankari yana da maɓuɓɓugan ruwan dumi guda huɗu. An ba wa sansanin suna ne dangane da sanannen wuri wato, Wikki Spring, daga yaren Duguri na gida tare da "Wikki" ma'ana "ina kuke?" Wikki Warm Spring shine rafi mafi girma kuma yana da faɗin mita 13.0 da zurfin mita 1.9. A kullum yana kwarara lita miliyan 21,000,000 na fili, ruwan magudanar ruwa zuwa kogin Gaji. Ruwan rafin na da dumi na kimanin 31.1 °C duk shekara a cikin dare da rana kuma an inganta shi don nishaɗi. Sauran maɓuɓɓugan ruwan masu dumi sun hada da Dimmil, Gwana, da kuma Mawulgo. Ruwa na biyar, Tungan Maliki, wanda shine kadai ruwa mai sanyi a wurin shakatawar. Shaidar matsugunan mutane na farko Rijiyoyin Dukkey rijiyoyi 139 tare da ramukan da suka haɗe wanda ke wakiltar ingantaccen tsarin ajiyar ruwa. Kogunan Marshall kogon gidaje guda 59 da aka tona a cikin duwatsun sandstones, wanda PJ Marshall ya gano a shekarar 1980. Akwai zane-zane na dutse da ane a cikin siffar zigzag da madaidaiciyar layi. Dutsen Tunga dutsen da ke da zane fiye da kogon Marshall. Rubuce-rubucen da ake karantawa sun shafi wani yanki a kan dutsen mai tsayin kusan mita 4m a cikin kogin Dwall. Ana iya ganin rubuce-rubucen. Duk da haka, ba a tantance shekarunsu da ma'anarsu ba Makeru/wurin sarrafa karafa ayyukan narka baƙin ƙarfe na shau shau wanda ke da kusan murhun wuta na tsaye guda 60, waɗanda aka yi imanin su ne mafi girman masana'antar tarihi na wancan zamanin a Yankin Yammacin Afirka Siffofin yanki Tsaunin Kalban ma'ana "wuri mai lebur" tudun mai shafaffen sama yana ba masu yawon bude ido ikon kallon wurin shakatawa gaba daya Tsaunin Kariyo wanda ke kusa da kogon Marshal kyakkyawan filin kallo ne Tsaunin Paliyaram sanannen sansanin farauta ne, wanda yake da nisan 10 km daga Wikki. Kwazazzabon Tonglong wani kwazazzabo ne mai ban sha'awa tare da tuddai masu alaƙa, buttes da tarkacensu na nan a yammacin wurin shakatawar. Duba kuma Sumu Wildlife Park Manazarta Jihar Bauchi Wuraren shakatawa a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32979

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Bissa

Mutanen Bissa

Bissa (ko Bisa (rauni), Bisan, Bissanno (jam'i)), wata kabila ce ta Mande ta kudu maso gabashin Burkina Faso, arewa maso gabashin Ghana, arewa maso gabashin Togo da arewacin Benin. Yaren su, Bissa, yare ne na Mande wanda ke da alaƙa da shi, amma ba ɗaya ba ne, tarin yaruka a tsohuwar yankin Borgu na Arewa maso Gabas Benin da kuma Arewa maso Yamma, ciki har da Busa, Boko, da Kyenga. Wani sunan madadin don Bissa shine Busansi wanda mutanen Mossi ke amfani da shi. Kundin Tarihi na Daniel McFarland Historical Dictionary of Upper Volta yana nufin su "Mande mai ƙarfi wanda ya zaunar da yankin tare da White Voltaire a ƙasa da Tenkodogo a 1300. Wasu suna zaune a kan iyakar a arewacin Ghana da Togo na zamani. Dangane da wasu al'adun, Rialle, magadan layin Nakomse na sarakunan Mossi shine Busansi." An san su da aikin noman gyada. A bisa ga al'ada, wani mutumin Bissa wanda yake son kotu da yarinyar Bissa dole ne ya yi aiki a filin gyada na mahaifiyarta, kuma ya sami damar samar wa yarinyar filin gyada idan sun yi aure. Bissa an kasu kashi biyu manyan kungiyoyin yare, wannan shine Barka da Lerre. An kara raba su zuwa wasu kabilu da yawa. Kowane dangi yana da suna da kuma kiran da ake kira Dedaa wanda Bissa ke kira. Yanzu ana amfani da kiran a matsayin sunan mahaifi a Burkina Faso Wasu sanannun dangi da Bayyanar kabilar Bissa Bayyanar kabila Pagou Nombre /Ziginni Gassuogou Yaalah Tangari Lengani Tangaré Lingani Garango Bambara Tunugu Saare Bussim Guerm/Guerne Sandugu Zeba Lergu Jinko Ziglah Bandau Pakala Billa Tuuro Dabre Woono Zaare Saawunno Nyenni Chenno Yabre Bura Zuure Saarugu Saare Muungo Gamine Kayo Gampine Bugula Darga Gulagun Nombone Yiringu Galbane Lengi monnie Kadpugu Yankini Ganni Samandulugu Jangani Guengane Bedega Wandaago Leda Zampaligidi woono wango longa Welgu/Keera Sasima Daboni Zangila Kidibari kuu Lenkoni Zaka Boibani Hunzaawu Zombra Bergu Baara Nyaawu Campaore Gulanda Bayere leere Zampoo Dansanga Genni Somma Zakaani Sominne Senre/Sebene Gudu Sewonner Sonno Lembani Wargu Bansi Tollah Bansi Wanda Gulla Dansanga Genni Zhetta Zesonni Koonteega Yourda Bangu Sambare Youngou Gambo Gerrimah Nyenni Kerimah Ziigani Yakungu Gengani Gangila Nunkansi kele Gansani Tinga Bidiga Bann Zanni Mutanen Bissa sun kasu kashi-kashi da yawa. Harshensu ya bambanta kaɗan; yaruka na farko sune Barka, Lere, Ladda, Zeba, Gassuh. Yawancin Bissa Musulmai ne. Bissa na Da'irar Garango na daga cikin wakilan arewa. Garin Garango da ke tsakiyar yankin Bissa ta arewa ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa, yayin da gundumomin arewa maso yamma ke karkashin kulawar masarautar Mossi ta Ouagadougou da kuma yankunan arewa maso gabas karkashin kulawar masarautar Mossi ta Tenkodogo. A Accra, Ghana, wasu daga cikin garuruwan da aka kafa kuma shahararru sune layin Busanga a yankin North Kaneshie na mazabar Okai Koi. Sauran garuruwan da aka lura da mutanensu na Bissa sun hada da Town Council line ko Lartebiokorshie da shukura a mazabar Ablekuma ta tsakiya, da Nima a mazabar Ayawaso ta tsakiya. A cikin kabilar Bissa, na Lingani su ne masu rike da madafun iko na siyasa da na sufanci. Mutumin da ke da iko ba shine mai kambi ba amma wanda ke ba da kambi. Babu wanda zai iya samun damar shiga iko kuma ya sa kambi kafin Lingani ya shirya shi cikin asiri a ƙauyen Tangaré na Garango a lardin Boulgou (Burkina Faso). 'Yan Lingani mafarauta ne kuma bishiyar ɓaure na bikin tare da kakanninsu mashin farauta na shekaru ɗari har yanzu ana iya gani a kusa da dutsen Tangaré da ke fuskantar gidan dangin Lingani. Bissas suna zaune tare da matattun kakanninsu da aka binne a kofar gidajensu domin girmama su. Wuraren da aka binne Bissa ana tona su ne kamar ginin gargajiya amma a karkashin kasa tare da wani dan karamin rami domin shiga jikin da wanda ya karbi gawar ya kwantar da shi don hutawa. Ana iya binne mutane da yawa a cikin kabari guda ɗaya. Ƙofar kabari an lulluɓe shi da gilashin yumbu da za a iya cire don binnewa a nan gaba. Barso kakan Bissas mafarauci ne. NOTE. Daga Bissa Bissam Baa Kamaji house.

15985

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulani%20Makiyaya

Fulani Makiyaya

Fulani makiyaya Fulani ne makiyaya ko kuma Fulani makiyaya wadanda sana’arsu ta farko ita ce kiwon dabbobi. Fulani makiyaya sun fi yawa a yankin Sahel da kuma yankunan da ba su da ruwa a Yammacin Afirka, amma saboda sauye-sauyen kwanan nan game da yanayin, makiyaya da yawa sun kuma koma kudu zuwa savannah da na yankin Yammacin Afirka. Ana samun makiyayan a kasashe irin su Najeriya, Nijar, Senegal, Guinea, Mauritania, Mali, Burkina Faso, Ghana, Benin, Cote d'Ivoire, da Kamaru. A Senegal, suna zaune a Arewa Maso Gabashin Ferlo da yankin Kudu Maso Gabashin ƙasar. A yawancin waɗannan ƙasashe Fulani yawanci sune yanki tsiraru. Amma a Najeriya da ke aiki a tsakiyar yankin Najeriya, wanda ke adawa da arewa wacce kungiyar Boko Haram ta fi karfi, kungiyar ta samu mutuwar mutane 847 a bara a cikin jihohi biyar, sannan kuma an san ta da kai hare-hare a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR), a cewar sabon rahoto daga Yan ta’addan Duniya. Tarihi Iyalan Fulani makiyaya su ne bangaren kiwo na gargajiya. An rarraba ɗawainiya ta hanyar jinsi da shekaru tsakanin membobin gidan. Babban aikin maza shine kula da garken shanu, nemo wuraren kiwo, gina tantuna da sansanoni, da yin kayayyakin tsaro kamar su wukake, kwari da baka da bindiga. Mata a cikin rukunin suna ɗaukar matsayin mata na gargajiya kamar sayar da kayan abinci a kasuwa, shayar da shanu, saƙa da kuma yin tabarma. Wasu matan ma suna harkar noma kamar su noman kayan lambu da kiwon kaji. Shanu shi ne babban garken Fulani a kasashe irin su Najeriya, kuma raƙumi shi ne dabba mafi ƙarancin sha'awa. Dabbobin sun fi yawa mata kuma kusan 60% na shanu mata ne; jinsin maza yawanci ana rage su ta hanyar siyar dasu. Yawon kiwo Fulani makiyaya tafiyar bata yusuwa sai da kungiyoyi bazuwar da kuma shirya taron ƙungiyoyi. Tafiye-tafiye bazuwar galibi fulani makiyaya ne ke ɗauka, yayin da makiyaya masu keɓewa suke ɗaukar motsi. Babban dalilin da yasa makiyayan ke ƙaura shine zuwa yankuna da ciyawa da ruwa mai yawa don shanu. Makiyayan kuma suna motsawa don kauce wa masu karbar haraji, kwari masu cutarwa da yanayi mara kyau da yanayin zaman jama'a. Babbar fa'idar da kungiyar makiyayan ke samu ita ce ta kara wadatar kayan abincin ga shanu da kuma rage kiwo. Kafin matsawa zuwa sabbin yankuna, makiyayan sun aika da wata tawaga ta masu leken asiri domin yin nazarin yankin don samun wadatar abubuwa kamar ciyawa da ruwa. Tushen kudin shiga Sayar da awaki, tumaki da kayan kiwo kamar madara su ne tushen samun kudin shiga da kuma abincin makiyaya. Ana auna arzikinsu da dukiyoyinsu da girman garken shanu. A al’adance, makiyaya galibi suna bayar da aron shanu (habbanaya) ga juna, kuma da zarar saniyar ta haihu kuma ta yaye saniya sai a mayar da ita ga mai ita. Wadannan makiyayan suna garken nau'ikan shanu da yawa, amma dabbobin sun fi kowa a Yammacin Afirka saboda halaye masu jure fari. Yawan garken shanu dama galibi ana kiwo ne a yankunan da ke da danshi sosai na Fouta Djallon da Casamance sakamakon juriyarsu da trypanosomiasis da sauran yanayin da ke tattare da tsananin zafi. Mazauni Fulani makiyaya suna gina gidaje na gida da ake kira "Suudu hudo" ko "Bukka" da aka yi da ciyawa. A lokacin rani, galibi ana tallafashi da ƙaramin ginshiƙan gero, da kuma katifun sandar da ake haɗawa a ɗaura su a sandunan itace, a lokacin damina ko damina. Fa'idar gidan "Bukka" ita ce ta hannu, mai sauƙin kafawa da tarwatsewa a zaman gidan al'ummomin makiyaya. Idan lokacin canza wuri ya yi, sai a wargaza gidajen kuma a ɗora su a kan raƙumi, dawakai, jakai da kuma wani lokacin shanu don jigilar su. A cikin 'yan kwanakin nan makiyaya da yawa yanzu suna zaune a cikin laka ko kuma gidajen bulo. Rikici da manoma Tarihi Fulani makiyaya sun yi kiwo a cikin filayen da ke kewayen yankunan Sahel na Yammacin Afirka, wani bangare saboda yanayin muhalli da ke iyakance yawan filaye don dalilan noma, wanda ke haifar da gasa mai tsanani a fili tsakanin manoma da makiyaya. Koyaya, bayan yawan fari a yankuna masu bushewar Sahel, Fulani makiyaya a hankali sun koma kudu zuwa Guinea savanna da yankunan daji na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya haifar da gasa kan hanyoyin kiwo tare da manoma. Manoma sun koma Arewa tare da karuwar yawan mutane. Najeriya Fulani makiyaya sun fara kaura zuwa Arewacin Najeriya daga yankin Senegambiya a wajajen karni na goma sha uku ko sha hudu. Bayan jihadin Uthman dan Fodio, Fulani sun shiga cikin al'adun Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Bayan haka, a lokacin rani lokacin da aka rage yawan tsuntsaye, Fulani makiyaya sun fara kora shanunsu zuwa yankin Gabas ta Tsakiya wanda kungiyoyin da ba Hausawa ba suka mamaye, suna komawa Arewa a farkon damina. Amma yayin kula da garken shanu da tuka shanu, kiwo a gonaki a wasu lokuta yakan faru, wanda ke haifar da lalata amfanin gona ya zama tushen rikici. Aiwatar da dokar amfani da filaye a Nijeriya na shekarar 1978 ya baiwa gwamnatin jiha ko ta tarayya damar sanyawa da kuma bada filaye sannan kuma ta baiwa ‘yan asalin‘ yancin yin nema kuma a ba su takardar shedar zama don neman mallakar filayen kakanninsu. Wannan ya sanya Fulani makiyaya cikin mawuyacin hali saboda yawancin ba su nemi wuraren mallakar wuraren kiwo ba, kuma yawan jujjuya lamurra ya haifar da cin zarafin wasu. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tsara wasu yankuna a matsayin hanyoyin kiwo amma wannan bai rage rikici ba. Daga 1996 zuwa 2006 kimanin mutane 121 suka rasa rayukansu a jihohin Bauchi da Gombe sakamakon rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma. Dubban mutane ne aka kashe tun shekara ta 2016 a cikin rikici tsakanin manoma da makiyaya makiyaya. Ghana Kungiyoyin Fulani 'yan ci-rani da makiyaya galibi ana daukar su baƙi da baƙi saboda asalinsu na Senegambiya; sakamakon haka, haƙƙoƙinsu na amfani da yankunan da ƙabilun asalin ke kira filayen kakanni sun gamu da ajiyar wasu wurare. Mali A watan Maris na 2019, an kashe Fulani makiyaya 160 a kauyukan Ogossagou da Welingara a yankin Mopti. An yi zargin cewa masu laifin mafarauta ne 'yan kabilar Dogon. Duba kuma Kiwo makiyaya Manazarta Majiya chapter XVI The Fulani in West African History, pp. 130–135; chapter XVII Origins of the Fulani, pp. 136–152. Pages with unreviewed translations yawon kiwo makiyaya rikicin Fulani da manoma Category :Sahel Category :Ghana Category :mazaunin

25403

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Tabor

Grace Tabor

Ina Grace Tabor (24 Maris 1874, Cuba, New York 15 Oktoba 1971) ta kasance ƴaran ƙasar Amurka landscape architect, mai zane, Marubuciya, kuma edita. Ta zamo ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka bayyana kanta a matsayin mai zanen landscape architect. An fi saninta da mawallafiya a kan batutuwan zanen landscape design, da aikin gona-(horticulture). Ita ce marubucin littattafan lambu guda goma, yawancinsu an buga su tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1921. Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Grace Tabor a ranar 24 ga Maris 1874 a Cuba, New York. Ta yi karatu a Arts Students League da kuma New York School of Applied Design for Women duka a birnin New York. Tabor ta sami horon aikin lambu a Arnold Arboretum na Jami'ar Harvard University. A cikin 1905, Tabor, ta fara tsara rubutu da zane don wallafe-wallafen kamar a Mujallar The Garden Magazine da Country Life. Ta zama editan Mujallar The Garden Magazine (daga baya The American Home); Mataimakin Daraktan, Makarantar Aikin Noma ta Jihar New York akan Long Island. Tabor, ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta (ta balaga) a yankin birnin New York. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta koma kudu, tana zama a jihohi daban-daban. Aiki A cikin 1914-1915 Tabor, ta fara aikin (landscape architecture) a asirce, musamman a kusa da birnin New York. Ta gwammace ta tsara lambuna don masu matsakaicin kuɗin shiga maimakon masu arziki. Sakamakon haka, ba a rubuta gonakinta a cikin wallafe-wallafe ba. Hukumar Lambun Yaƙi ta Ƙasa-(The National War Garden Commission) ta aika da ita yawon shakatawa na talla a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW1), don sha'awar samar da abinci a cikin Lambunan Yaƙi. Bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya, an naɗa ta shugabar sashin aikin gona na kwamitin Miss Anne Morgan na Faransa, kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi a lokacin kasancewar kwamitin. A cikin 1920 Tabor ta rubuta wani littafi Come into the Garden inda ta yi magana game da yawan amfani da tsirai, tana ƙarfafa gwaiwar masu lambu. A cikin 1923 a matsayin ta na mai zane, mujallar Woman’s Home Companion ta nemi ta kafa Sashen Lambun a cikin wannan mujallar kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin editanta. Ta fara aiki a mujallar har zuwa 1941. Ta hanyar Woman's Home Companion, wanda a lokacin tana cikin manyan mujallun mata a ƙasar. Ta bambanta tsohon da sabon salon aikin lambu tare da zane mai hoto na shimfidar wuri kafin da bayan gyare-gyare, ta sanya alamar "kafin" a matsayin "kuskure a cikin shimfidar wuri". Rubutu da take ma Woman's Home Companion an ɗauke shi a matsayin gungun masu ba da shawara mata game da batun. Tabor ta rubuta littattafan lambu guda goma, yawancinsu an buga su tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1921. Daga cikin muhimman littattafan akwai The Landscape Gardening Book (1911) da Come into the Garden (1921). A cikin littafinta Old-Fashioned Gardening (1913) Tabor ta gabatar wa da masu karatu, lambuna na Amurka, Mulkin Mallaka. A cikin 1951 Tabor ta buga littafinta na ƙarshe Making a Garden of Perennials. A cikin 1932 ta ba da shawarar dasa sabbin bishiyoyi miliyan 10 a Amurka don bikin cika shekaru biyu na haihuwar George Washington. Ta kasance edita na Mujallar Tsirrai, Fure da 'Ya'yan itace ta ƙasa. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga mujallar House and Garden, tana rubuta akan lambu a kowane wata da labarai masu zurfi game da aikin lambu. Wallafe-wallafen 1911 The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds 1911 The garden primer; a practical handbook on the elements of gardening for beginners 1912 Making a garden to bloom this year 1912 Making the grounds attractive with shrubs 1912 Making the grounds attractive with shrubbery 1912 Making a bulb garden 1913 Old-Fashioned gardening; a history and a reconstruction 1913 Suburban gardens 1916 Wonderdays and wonderways through flowerland; a summer adventure of once upon a time 1921 Come into the garden 1934 Herbs in cooking 1951 Making a garden of perennials Mutuwa Ta mutu a shekarar 1973. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Grace Tabor on

20397

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halima%20Aden

Halima Aden

Halima Aden (an haife ta a 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar alif 1997) ƙirar ƙirar Ba-Amurke ce. An san ta da kasancewa mace ta farko da ta sanya hijabi a gasar Miss Minnesota USA, inda kuma ta kasance wasan kusa da na karshe. Bayan hallartar shiga gasar, Halima ta sami kulawar ƙasa kuma an sanya hannu a kan Models IMG. Ita ce kuma samfurin farko da ta sanya hijabi da burkini a cikin Matsalar Swimsuit na Wasanni. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Aden da aka haife ta a Kakuma sansanin yan gudun hijira a Kenya 'Yar Somaliya ce kuma tana da shekara shida ta koma Amurka, ta zauna a St. Cloud, Minnesota. Ta halarci makarantar sakandaren Apollo inda takwarorinta suka zabe ta a matsayin homecoming queen Ita dalibi ce a Jami'ar Jihar ta St Cloud Ayyuka A shekarar 2016, Aden ta samu kulawar kafafen yada labarai na kasa bayan fafatawa a gasar Miss Minnesota USA, ta zama ta farko da ta fara shiga cikin sarautar da ta sanya burkini da hijabi. Wasu manazarta suna ganin wannan a matsayin motsawa zuwa haɓakawa a cikin masana'antar samfurin. A shekara mai zuwa, Aden ta sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da sabuntawa tare da Models IMG A watan Fabrairun 2017, ta fara zama a karon farko a New York Fashion Week na Yeezy Season 5. Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin alkaliya na farko da na telecast na gasar Miss USA 2017 Tun daga nan ta yi tafiya don masu zane-zane da yawa, gami da Maxmara da Alberta Ferretti Haka kuma ta halarci Makon Nuna Ido na Milan na 2016 da Ingantaccen Fashion na London Week. Aden ya nuna matsayin American Eagle da British Glamour, kuma yana da murfin littafin CR Fashion. Aden ce samfuri na farko da ke sanye da hijabi don tafiya titin jirgin sama na duniya kuma aka sanya hannu a kan wata babbar hukuma. A watan Yunin shekarar 2017, ta zama samfurin sanya hijabi na farko a bangon Vogue Arabia, Allure, da kuma <i id="mwSg">British Vogue</i> A 2018, Aden ta zama jakadan UNICEF. Aikinta ya maida hankali ne kan hakkin yara. A watan Mayu 2019, Aden ta zama samfurin farko na sanya hijabi da burkini a cikin rigar iyo na Wasanni Wannan ba shine karo na farko ba a cikin aikinta da ta keta iyakoki, wanda hakan ke kara fadada masana'antar ta yadda za ta kasance ta musulmai. Aden ta bayyana a shafinta na Instagram cewa fitowarta a Sports Illustrated ta aika sako ga al'ummanta da ma duniya baki daya cewa "mata daga kowane bangare, kyan gani, tarbiyya za su iya tsayawa tare a yi bikinsu." Halima ta zama bakar fata ta farko da take da hijabi da aka sanya a bangon mujallar Essence, a fitowar ta 2020 ta Janairu zuwa Fabrairu. A watan Afrilun 2019, Aden ya yi aiki tare da samfurin Modanisa na zamani don zayyana nata rawani da tarin shawl da ake kira Halima x Modanisa. A wata hira da Teen Vogue, Aden ta bayyana cewa tarin ta na kowa ne, ko sun sa hijabi ko a'a. Ta saki tarin ne a cikin Suttukan sutturar tufafin Istanbul a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 2019. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2020, Aden ta sanar a cikin jerin labaran Instagram cewa ta daina yin samfurin titin jirgin saboda hakan ya bata imanin addininta, duk da cewa tun daga lokacin ta nuna cewa za ta yi aikin kwalliya muddin za ta iya gindaya sharuddan. Aden ta sami goyon baya ga shawararta daga Rihanna, Gigi Hadid, da Bella Hadid Daga baya Aden ta sanar da cewa ta shirya zama mace ‘yar asalin Somaliya ta farko da za ta shiga gasar Miss Universe Zaɓuɓɓukan mutum a cikin tallan kayan kawa Yarjejeniyar tallan kayan kwalliya ta Aden ta hada da hijabin ta, saboda ta sanya shi wani bangare na aikinta da ba za a iya tattaunawa da shi ba. Aden ta yi magana game da matsalolin da ta ke fuskanta a wurin daukar aikin tallan kayan kwalliya wadanda ba su dace da kasancewar ta sanya hijabi ba. Ta bayyana kyawawan abubuwa kamar yadda suke tare da Maxmara, inda aka tsara mata kyan gani musamman don la'akari da zaɓin suturarta. Aden ta sake tabbatar da cewa ba ta bukatar yin daidai da ka'idojin al'umma domin zama abin koyi cikin nasara. Bayani Musulmai Afirka Haifaffun 1997 Turai Rayayyun

42818

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noureddine%20Morceli

Noureddine Morceli

Noureddine Morceli Nūr ud-Dīn Mursili an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1970), ɗan tseren tsakiyar Aljeriya ne mai ritaya Shi ne wanda ya lashe tseren mita 1500 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1996 kuma ya lashe lambobin zinare guda uku kai tsaye a wannan tazara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Wasanni Ya kafa tarihin duniya a cikin 1500 m, gudun mile da mita 3000 A gasar kasa da kasa, ya kasance sau biyu mai samun lambar zinare a cikin mil a Wasannin Goodwill (1994 da 1998), zakaran Larabawa a cikin 1500. m a shekarar 1988, zakaran wasan Millrose a cikin mil a cikin shekarar 1992 da 1993, 1500 m wanda ya yi nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IAAF a shekarar 1994, kuma babban zakara a cikin jerin gwanon Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. Ya kasance zakaran dan kasar Algeria a shekara ta 1500 m a shekarar 1989. Tarihin Rayuwa Yana da shekaru bakwai Morceli ya sami ƙarfafar guiwa daga dan uwansa Abderrahmane, dan tseren duniya wanda ya kare na hudu a cikin mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 1977; daga baya ɗan'uwansa zai zama kocin Morceli. A farkon shekarun 1980, Morceli ya zo ne don bautar Saïd Aouita, dan kasar Morocco wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 5,000 a gasar Olympics ta 1984. A cikin shekaru 17 Morceli ya zama na biyu a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar kananan yara ta duniya. Shekara guda bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a California, wanda aka ba da shawarar don horarwa da wuraren waƙa. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a can, inda a karshensa ya yi gudun mita 1,500 mafi sauri a duniya a shekarar 1990. Yana da shekaru 20 ya zama na farko a duniya a tseren mita 1,500. A shekara ta 1992 ya kara da rikodin duniya na waje na mita 1,500, a cikin shekarar 1993 na mil, da kuma a cikin shekarar 1994 na mita 3,000. A karshen shekarar 1994, nasarorin da tauraron dan kwallon Algeria ya samu ya kai ma fi girma. A cikin watan Agusta, bayan karya rikodin duniya na waje na mita 3,000 (minti 7 25.11 sec), zai iya yin ikirarin rikodin duniya na tsakiyar nisa guda biyar, wanda ya haɗa da (a waje) mita 1,500 (3 min 28.86 sec) da mil (minti 3). 44.39 sec) da (cikin gida) mita 1,000 (minti 2 15.26 sec) da mita 1,500 (minti 3 34.16 sec). An naɗa Morceli Ɗan Wasan Shekara ta Track Field News a cikin shekarar 1993 da ta 1994 da kuma Gidauniyar Wasanni ta Duniya a shekarar 1994. A cikin wannan shekaru biyu, ya yi rashin nasara sau ɗaya kawai, a mita 800. A yayin da ya ke kafa idonsa kan karin bayanai, musamman a tseren mita 800, da mita 2,000, da na mita 5,000, karfin tukinsa ya kasance mai kwazo sosai wajen kawo daukaka ga kasarsa. Kamar yadda Morceli ya sa ido a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1995, marubutan wasanni ba tare da kunya ba sun shelanta shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa gudu a duniya ko ma mafi girma a kowane lokaci. Wataƙila ruhunsa ya fi misaltuwa ta nasarar nasarar da ya yi a Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. An kama shi da mura, ya raunana kuma ya yi kutse, ba kawai ya gudu ba amma ya bar filin a baya a ƙarshen. An gwada Morceli ba da daɗewa ba ta sabon mai kalubalanci, dan Morocco Hicham El Guerrouj Morceli ya ci El Guerrouj a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na waje na shekarar 1995; duk da haka, tseren mita 1,500 a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1996 a Atlanta a shekara mai zuwa an dauki shi daya daga cikin gasa mafi ban mamaki a tarihin wasanni. Morceli da El Guerrouj ne suka jagoranci filin wasan da tazarar mita 400 lokacin da matashin dan kasar Morocco ya taka kafar abokin hamayyarsa ya fadi kasa, lamarin da ya baiwa Morceli damar lashe lambar zinare a wannan lamari. A wasan karshe na Grand Prix da aka yi a Milan daga baya a waccan shekarar, Morceli ya yi rashin nasara a tseren mita 1,500 a karon farko cikin shekaru zuwa El Guerrouj. Morceli ya yi takara a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya, ciki har da Wasannin 2000 a Sydney, kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙarshe. Aiki Farkon aiki An haife shi a Ténès, Morceli ya yi fice a fagen wasa bayan ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 1500 a gasar matasa ta duniya a shekarar 1988 Morceli ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a Riverside, California, kuma a duk tsawon aikinsa, a cikin hunturu, zai dawo can don jin daɗin yanayi mai laushi da horo. Morceli dan uwansa Abderrahmane ne ya horar da shi wanda ya yi takara a Algeria a gasar Olympics ta Moscow na shekarar 1980 da kuma Los Angeles a shekarar 1984 1990-1992 A cikin shekarar 1990, ya ƙaura zuwa babban aji kuma ya saita mafi kyawun lokacin 3:37.87 a cikin 1500 m. Ya ci gaba da wannan rinjaye a cikin shekarar 1991, lokacin da ya karya tarihin cikin gida na duniya na 1500 m a Seville a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, ya kafa sabon alamar 3: 34.16. Bayan kwana tara, a kan wannan waka, ya lashe kambun gudun mita 1500 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya. A duk lokacin wajen shekarar 1991 Morceli ya kasance ba tare da nasara ba fiye da 1500 m. A yawancin tarurrukan Grand Prix ya gudu sau kusan 3:31 min. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Tokyo, Morceli ya riga ya kasance sanannen fi so na 1500 m kuma ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi. Ya kafa sabon tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya (3:32.84) kuma ya kammala da wani gagarumin jagoranci na dakika biyu tsakaninsa da wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa Wilfred Kirochi (Kenya). A farkon shekarar 1992, Morceli ya yi sabon rikodin duniya na cikin gida na mita 1000 na 2:15.26. Da alama babu tabbacin samun lambar zinare a gasar Olympics a Barcelona daga baya a waccan shekarar fiye da Morceli. Olympics Morceli ya sha kashi ba zato ba tsammani a hannun Gennaro di Napoli a Rome da David Kibet a Oslo. Akwai alamun cewa bai kasance a cikin surar da ta gabata ba. Duk da haka, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Olympics ya yi kama da karfi. An gudanar da wasan karshe na gasar Olympics cikin wani yanayi mai cike da bala'i, inda filin ya ratsa tseren mita 800 cikin kankanin lokaci fiye da na wasan karshe na mata. Wannan ba irin takun da Morceli ya saba yi ba ne, ko kuma ya ji daɗi, kuma da aka fara tseren gudun gida, sai ya ga ya kasa amsawa, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na bakwai mai ban takaici. Kwana uku kacal bayan wasan karshe da Morceli ya kafa a gasar zakarun duniya a Monaco kuma mako guda ya karya gwarzawar sa inda ya yi nasara a Zurich a 3:30.76. A watan Satumba 1992 Morceli ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na mita 1500 na 3:28.86 a Rieti. 1993-1995 A cikin 1993 Morceli da kyar ya rasa tarihinsa na duniya lokacin da ya ci gasar Bahar Rum a Narbonne a cikin 3:29.20 min. A lokacin Morceli ya kafa wa kansa sabuwar manufa: karya tarihin Steve Cram na shekaru takwas akan Mile (3:46.32). A duk tsawon kakar ya kasance kusan ba tare da ƙwararrun masu fafatawa ba. A Monaco dan kadan ya rasa tarihin tseren mita 3000 na duniya. Akwai ma maganar cewa zai iya tsallake gasar cin kofin duniya domin ya mai da hankali sosai kan farautar rikodin duniya. Duk da haka, a karshen ya yanke shawarar shiga. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Stuttgart, wasan karshe na 1500 m ya fara da sauri a hankali, amma Morceli koyaushe yana cikin cikakken iko, yana tserewa a cinya ta ƙarshe don samun nasara cikin sauƙi kuma ya riƙe takensa na duniya. A makonnin da suka biyo baya sau biyu ya gaza kafa sabon tarihi a kan Mile a Berlin da Brussels. Amma kwanaki biyu kacal bayan gasar a Brussels ya ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar murƙushe tsohon tarihin da ya kai 3:44.39. A cikin 1994, ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na 3000 m, yana 7: 25.11. Ya kuma yi gwaji cikin nasara da tseren mita 5000. A Zurich ya zarce sauran filin wasan don samun nasara sannan kuma ya lashe tseren mita 5000 a Rieti. Kashi daya tilo da aka yi a kakar wasa ta zo ne lokacin da Morceli ya zabi wani abin da ba a saba gani ba na mita 800 a Cologne. Morceli ya karya tarihin duniya na mita 2000 a kakar wasa ta gaba, inda ya kafa sabon alamar 4:47.88. Kwanaki tara bayan haka Morceli ya kafa tarihin duniya na ƙarshe na kyawun aikinsa, lokacin da ya rage nasa rikodin mita 1500 zuwa 3:27.37 a Nice. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan wannan ya kusan sake karya tarihin lokacin da ya yi nasara a 3: 27.52 a Monaco. Daga baya a waccan shekarar ya kare cikin sauki a gasar zakarun duniya na mita 1500 a Gothenburg Ba da daɗewa ba, Morceli ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta tarihin Mile a Zurich amma bai yi nasara ba. 1996-2000 A farkon kakar 1996, Morceli ya saita mafi kyawun kakar duniya na 3:29.50. Duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani wani sabon abokin hamayya ya bayyana a wurin, lokacin da Hicham El Guerrouj ya yi nasara a Hengelo a cikin lokaci na 3: 29.51. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996, Morceli ya kasance cikin matsi mai yawa. An gudanar da wasan karshe ne a matsakaicin matsayi lokacin da babban abokin hamayyarsa, Hicham El Guerrouj, ya fadi a kan cinyarsa ta karshe. Morceli ya hanzarta kuma ya ketare layin farko a gaban zakaran gasar Olympics, Fermín Cacho A karshen 1996 Morceli ya sha kashi na farko a tseren mita 1500 cikin shekaru hudu a hannun El Guerrouj a Milan. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1997 a Athens, Morceli ya kasance na hudu a cikin 1500 m kuma a cikin 1999, a Seville, ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na mita 1500 na karshe a jere a gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ya fice a kararrawa yayin da ya fita daga gasar lambar yabo. Bayyanar Morceli na ƙarshe a manyan gasannin duniya shine a gasar Olympics ta 2000 a Sydney Tun daga ritaya A halin yanzu, Morceli yana aiki a matsayin jakadan wasanni ta hanyar taimakawa Hukumar Olympics ta Duniya, da Wasannin Afirka, da kuma taimakawa wajen bunkasa matasa 'yan wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a Algeria. A cikin Janairu 2020, an nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Elite Sport (mai ba da rahoto ga Ministan Matasa da Wasanni) a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin da shugaban Aljeriya Abdelmadjid Tebboune ya zaba bayan zaben shugaban kasa na Disamba 2019. Jarumar Judo Salima Souakri ta maye gurbin Morceli a watan Yunin 2020 bayan wani sauyin gwamnati. Morceli ba shi da wata alaka ta siyasa da kowace jam'iyya a Aljeriya kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba mai zaman kansa a gwamnatin Djerad ta farko Manyan Gasa na Duniya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Noureddine Morceli at World Athletics Noureddine Morceli Home Page (an unofficial fan page) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1970 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

20466

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Esan

Mutanen Esan

Mutanen Esan Esan bhò sán ƙabilu ne na kudancin Najeriya da ke magana da harshen Esan Esan a al'adance masanan noma ne, ƙwararrun likitocin gargajiya, mayaƙa kuma mafarauta. Suna noman itacen dabino, barkono mai ƙararrawa (akoh) kwakwa, kola gyaɗa, baƙar tuffa, pear avocado, doya, koko, rogo, masara, shinkafa, wake, gyada, ayaba, lemu, ayaba, kanwa, tumatir, dankalin turawa, kuɓewaabarba, cinya, da kuma kayan lambu iri-iri. Ƙasar Esan ta zamani an yi amannar cewa an tsara ta ne a cikin ƙarni na 15, lokacin da 'yan ƙasa, galibinsu sarakuna da sarakuna, suka bar maƙwabtaka da Daular Benin zuwa arewa maso gabas; a can suka kafa al'ummomi da masarautu waɗanda ake kira daga cikin asalin asalin da suka haɗu a can. Akwai dukkanin masarautu 35 da aka kafa a Esanland, da suka hada da Amahor, Ebelle, Egoro, Ewohimi, Ekekhenlen, Ekpoma, Ekpon, Emu, Ewu, Ewatto, Ewossa, Idoa, Ifeku, Igueben, Ilushi, Inyelen, Irrua, Ogwa, Ohordua, Okalo, Okhuesan, Onogholo, Opoji, Oria, Orowa, Uromi, Udo, Ugbegun, Ugboha, Ubiaja, Urhohi, Ugun, Ujiogba, Ukhun, and Uzea. Masarautun Esan galibi suna yaƙi tsakanin juna. Duk da yaƙe-yaƙe, Mutanen Evan suna da al'adun kama da juna waɗanda masarautar Benin ta rinjayi ta. Koyaya, waɗannan masarautun sun mallake su, tare da daular Benin, da daular Birtaniyya a watan Satumban shekarar 1897, kawai suka sami ƴancin kai shekaru 63 bayan haka a shekarata 1960 lokacin da Najeriya ta sami independentancin kai daga mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Bayan samun 'yanci, jama'ar Esan sun sha wahala daga yaƙin basasa, talauci, da rashin kayayyakin more rayuwa. Esan suna magana da harshen Esan, harshen Edoid da ya danganci Edo, Urhobo, Yaren Owan Isoko, Anioma da Etsako. Ana ɗaukarsa yare ne mai mahimmin yanki a Nijeriya, kuma ana koyar da shi a makarantun firamare ban da watsa shirye-shirye ta rediyo da talabijin. Har ila yau, an san harshen Esan a cikin ƙididdigar Masarautar Ingila. An ƙiyasta cewa mutanen Esan da ke zaune a ƙasar Esan sun kai kimanin onean ƙasa miliyan ɗaya zuwa miliyan ɗaya da rabi a Nijeriya, kuma akwai diasporaan Esan da yawa. Ainahin Suna Kalmar Esan an yi amfani da ita ga mutanen Esan shekaru dubbai, kuma ana amfani da ita kafin tuntuɓar Turawa. Yawancin masana tarihi sun yi imani da cewa sunan 'Esan' (asali, 'E san fia') bashi ne daga Bini (ma'ana, 'sun gudu' ko 'sun yi tsalle'). 'Ishan' wani nau'i ne na 'Esan' wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin Angilika sakamakon mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya wanda ya kasa bayyana sunan wannan ƙabilar. An yi imanin cewa irin wannan rashawa ta shafi sunayen Esan kamar ubhhhhhh (yanzu itace 'obeche'), uloko (yanzu itace 'iroko'), Abhuluimɛn (yanzu 'Aburime') Duk da haka an yi ƙoƙari don komawa matsayin yanzu. Don manufar ilimi, Esan yana nufin ƙabilar da ke zaune a tsakiyar Jihar Edo; jam'i bai canza ba) mutum ko mutane gabaɗaya daga wannan ƙabilar; yaren waɗannan mutanen wanda, a yaren harshe, na ofan asalin Kwa ne na dangin harsunan Nijar-Congo; wani abu, mai dangantaka, ko samun asalin Esan misali uro Esan Yaren Esan), otọ Esan Esan land), ọghhedẹ Esan Esan banana). A zamanin jahiliyya, Esan suna ɗauke da tabon ƙabilar hankaka ƙasan idanunsu. Tarihi Tarihin farko/na gargajiya zamani Dangane da shaidar binciken tarihi da harshe, mutane suna zaune a cikin savannah-forest ecotone a Esanland aƙalla shekaru 3000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila waɗannan mutanen suna da alaƙa da mutanen Nok kuma sun fito daga savannahs na arewa zuwa gandun daji na kudu. Har wa yau, yaren Esan na arewa sun fi dacewa da yaren Arewacin Edo kamar Etsako da Owan fiye da yarukan Esan na kudu, waɗanda suke da kusancin kusanci da Edo. Waɗannan mutanen "proto-Edoid" sun yi noman yam, dabinon mai da kayan lambu, amma kuma sun yi farauta kuma sun tattara. Farawa daga 500 AD zuwa 750 AD, waɗannan maharba masu farauta sun fara mulkin mallaka da tsarin halittar dazuzzuka na ƙasar Esan da kuma gandun daji na Daular Benin. Sun kirkiro pre-Esan, pre-Edo wacce ta gina ingantattun sifofi kamar moats da bango kewaye da dukiyar dangi. Waɗannan shinge sun kasance, aƙalla, kilomita uku zuwa biyar a diamita, sannan kuma an keɓance wuraren zama da na noma. Waɗannan kaddarorin sun faɗaɗa sun zama ƙauyuka, kuma kafin shekara ta 800 AD, waɗannan ƙauyukan sun haɗu don kafa masarautu tare da tsarin sarauta. Gwanon zamani a yankin ya gano cewa waɗannan ganuwar suna cikin gabashin Benin Empire da arewacin Esanland. Mazaunan sun kasance kusa da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na dindindin a arewacin yankin, amma ba kusa da maɓuɓɓugan rijiyoyi. Al'adar, harshe da bunƙasar ƙasar Esan sun sami rinjaye ta hanyar yawan fitarwa zuwa yankin Esan daga dukkan maɓuɓɓuka kusa da kusa Al’ummomin da ke gefen kudu da gabashin Esanland (Ewohimi, Ewatto, Ekpon, Amahor) ya kasance yawan mutanen Ibo da Igala (zuwa Uroh) Daga arewa Emawa suka shigo Ukhun, da Idoa, da Amahor, da Etsako zuwa Irrua); kuma daga kudu akwai Itsekiri (zuwa Ekpon) da Urhobo (zuwa Ujiogba). Babban tasirin Esanland ya fito ne daga Edo, waɗanda suka kafa daular Benin. A shekarar 1460, Oba Ewuare ya zartar da dokokin zaman makoki da suka hana jima’i, wanka, kada ganga, rawa da dafa abinci. Waɗannan dokokin sun nuna ƙuntatawa ga yawancin 'yan ƙasa, kuma waɗannan' yan ƙasa sun gudu daga mulkin zuwa Esanland. Wannan fitowar ta fito da tsarin Esanland na al'ada kuma ya haifar da kalmar "Esan," ko "'yan gudun hijira." Al'adar baka ta goyi bayan wannan ka'idar sosai. Fitaccen masanin tarihin Esan da Edo sun tattara labarai game da wannan ƙaura. Tsarin mulkin mallaka Masarautun Esan suna da matakai daban-daban na cin gashin kai, amma daga karshe masarautar Benin ta mallake su. Oba ya amince da na Esanland, kuma masarautun Esan sun yaba wa Benin. Duk da haka, an yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Wannan ya faru ne saboda Oba, a lokacin da ya hau gadon sarauta, yana aika fararen alli zuwa Esans azaman lokacin aminci. Idan an ƙi alli, to Oba zai yi ƙoƙari ya mamaye Esanland. Bambancin rikice-rikicen siyasa na Benin da masarautun Esan shima ya haifar da yaƙi. Irin wannan yaƙin ya zama ruwan dare gama gari don haka babu tarihin zaman lafiya tsakanin masarautun Esan da Benin. Ƙasar Esan ta tsunduma cikin kasuwancin duniya sosai. Masarautar Benin kan Esanland ta ba ta damar aika 'yan kasuwa masu nisa, ko Ekhen ya sayi zane, hauren giwa, barkono, da bayi ga fatake Turawa a ƙasashen Yarbawa, Ƙasar Esan, da Afenmai A lokacin karni na 16, Yakin Uzea ya faru. Wannan yakin ya kasance tsakanin Masarautar Uromi da ta Benin. Yakin ya kasance daga shekarar 1502 zuwa 1503, kuma ya samo asali ne daga kin abokantaka daga Oba Ozolua na Benin da Onojie Agba na Uromi. Yaƙin ya ƙare a garin Uzea, lokacin da aka kashe shugabannin biyu. Koyaya, a lokutan zaman lafiya masarautun Esan zasu baiwa sojoji bashi zuwa masarautar Benin, kamar lokacin yakin Idah na 1515-1516, da korar Akure a 1823. mutanen Nupe Musulma sun ci gaba da kai hari da kora daga arewacin Esanland a cikin farautar bayi da wadanda suka musulunta, tun da sun mallaki kasashen mutanen Kukuruku Masarautun Esan da yawa daga kudu sun taimaka a cikin yaƙin don kawar da Nupes. Yaƙe-yaƙe ya shigo cikin yardarwar Esans; an kawo jarumai da yawa na Nupe da Etsako cikin biranen Esan inda zuriyarsu ke zaune a yau. Karnin na sha tara ya kawo ƙaruwar tasirin Turai akan Ƙasar Esan kamar yadda Ingilishi ya buƙaci samin kayan dabino. Yaƙin Esan da mulkin mallaka A cikin shekara ta 1897, Birtaniyya ta kori Daular Benin, ta yadda ya bar Esans daga 'yan mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. A cikin 1899, Turawan ingila suka jagoranci mamayewa zuwa masarautun Esan wanda ya dauki tsawon shekaru bakwai. Esanland ta fi wahalar cin nasara fiye da Mulkin Benin saboda ikon cin gashin kanta: Masarautu sun zaɓi ci gaba da yaƙin Burtaniya koda kuwa maƙwabta sun faɗi. Manyan shugabannin Benin kamar Ologbosere da Ebohon har yanzu suna adawa da mulkin Burtaniya ba tare da gangan ba sun kiyaye kasar Esan daga yamma, ta hanyar kafa sansanonin soja da toshe hanyoyi. Wannan ya kasance daga 1897 zuwa Afrilu 22. 1899, inda Ologbosere ya mika wuya a ƙauyen kan iyakar Okemue. Masarauta ta farko da Turawan ingila suka kaiwa hari ita ce daular Ekpon. Ekpon ya ƙaddamar da adawa mai ƙarfi don mamayewar Birtaniyya a ranar 22 ga Afrilu, wanda ya kusan lalata mulkin. Bayan kisan gillar da aka yi wa Esans a Ekpon, masarautar Ekpon ta jagoranci kwantan bauna a sansanin Birtaniyya da ke Okueme, a ranar 29 ga Afrilu. Wannan ya sa sojojin Biritaniya suka ja da baya, suka ƙarfafa ikonsu, kuma suka kashe Ologbosere a watan Mayu. Attemptsoƙarin da Ingilishi ya biyo baya kuma bai yi nasara ba: yaƙe-yaƙe zuwa Irrua, alal misali, ya haifar da karɓar dabarun yaƙin ɓarnata tare da koma baya; wannan hanyar tayi nasara sosai har wasu masarautun Esan suka karbe ta kuma turawan ingila basu mamaye Esanland ba sai a shekarar 1901. Ranar 16 ga Maris din shekarata 1901, Masarautar Uromi, wacce tsohon, amma mai hankali Onojie Okolo ke shugabanta, Turawan Ingila suka kai mata hari. Rashin jituwa na Uromi, karkashin jagorancin Prince Okojie, ya kasance mai sauri kuma ya yi amfani da yaƙin 'yan daba. Bayan wani dan lokaci, sai sojojin Burtaniya suka fatattaki kauyen Amedeokhian, inda Okolo yake, suka kashe shi. Wannan ya fusata Yarima Okojie sosai har ya kashe Kaftin din sojojin Burtaniya kafin a kawo masu karfi. Daga nan sai Turawan Ingilishi suka fahimci cewa Uromi ya kusa kusan kasa hanawa ba tare da taimakon na asali ba, kuma ya tuntubi masu tausaya na cikin gida kamar Onokpogua, Ezomo na Uromi. Wannan ya yi nasarar dusar da Yarima Okojie daga cikin dajin kuma aka tura shi ofisoshin Burtaniya da ke Calabar. Wannan aikin an sake shi a yawancin daulolin da sukayi yaki da Birtaniyya: Esan sunyi amfani da yakin guerilla ta hanyar wuce gona da iri, wanda hakan ya haifar da tsawan lokaci na yaki duk da karancin makamai, da kuma karfafawa daga garin Benin na Birtaniyya. Ko da lokacin da aka ci kauyuka, juriya ta ciki ta kasance mai tsanani: ci gaba da yakin 'yan daba a Uromi ya tilasta Turawan Ingila su saki Yarima Okojie. Koyaya, mummunan zalunci daga ɓangaren Birtaniyya ya lalata ƙauyuka da yawa kuma ya raba mutane da yawa da muhallinsu. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1906, Ƙasar Esan ya miƙa wuya ga masarautar Burtaniya, kuma masarautu talatin da huɗu sun zama ƙungiyar Ishan. Yin zane kiɗa Rawar Esan ta mamaye Igbabonelimhin, raye-rayen wasan acrobatic da galibi samari ke yi. Igbabonelimhin ya haɗa da juyawa da juyawa zuwa buga lokaci. Wannan rawa an fi yin ta a Sabuwar Shekara. A yau, ana ɗaukar rawa a matsayin alama ta musamman ga Esans ko'ina. Fitattun Mutanen Esan a Najeriya Anɗanny Enahoro, dan jarida, ɗan siyasa, tsohon Kwamishina na Tarayya, tsohon Shugaban Hukumar NADECO, ya gabatar da kudirin neman ‘yancin Nijeriya a shekarar 1953 yana da shekara 30 Augustus Aikhomu, Navy Admiral da tsohon mataimakin shugaban kasar Najeriya na mulkin soja Ambrose Folorunsho Alli, farfesa a fannin magani, Gwamnan Jihar Bendel kuma wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Jihar Bendel, daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Ambrose Alli University Anthony Anenih, jami'in dan sanda, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaban Social Democratic Party, tsohon Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na PDP, da tsohon Ministan Ayyuka da Gidaje Ehia Olu. Akhabue (Kwararren Kwararren ICT da ke Amurka) Tom Ikimi, mai tsara gine-gine, dan siyasa, tsohon Shugaba, Babban Taron Jam’iyyar Republican da tsohon Ministan Harkokin Waje Festus Iyayi, marubuci Stella Obasanjo Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga 1999 har zuwa mutuwarta Anthony Olubunmi Okogie, Cardinal kuma tsohon Archbishop na Legas Sonny Okosun, mawaƙi Chris Oyakhilome, mai bishara kuma shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Christ Fidelis Oyakhilome, tsohon kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na jihar Legas kuma tsohon Gwamnan jihar Ribas Mai shari’a Braimah Omosun, tsohuwar Babban Alkalin Gambiya Amb. (Dr.) Martin Ihoeghian Uhomoibhi tsohon shugaban kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Victor Ehikhamenor, mai fasaha, marubuci, kuma mai daukar hoto. Ikhide R. Ikheloa, mai sukar zamantakewa da adabi kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikata a Hukumar Makarantun Jama'a ta Montgomery County da ke Rockville, Maryland, (MCPS) USA. Peter Enahoro, dan jarida, marubuci, marubuci, kuma marubucin littafin, Yadda ake zama dan Najeriya. Addini da almara Esan tatsuniyoyi da almara, kamar igbabonablimhin da akhuɛ, suna matsayin nau'ikan ilmantarwa da nishaɗi. Esan suna da mashahuran masarautun gargajiya waɗanda ke kiyaye tsari a cikin al'umma inda kyawawan halaye da ɗabi'u ke haɗe da juna. Duk da tasirin Kiristanci na dogon lokaci, Esan galibi na gargajiya ne kuma yawancin suna yin imani da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar bautar ruhohin kakanni da sauran alloli. Yawancin Esan Kiristoci ne, galibi Katolika da kwanan nan na wasu ɗariku. Esan tana da yarurruka daban-daban dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Bini kuma har yanzu akwai kusancin kusanci tsakanin Esan da Bini, wanda ke haifar da karin magana "Esan ii gbi dodo" ma'ana, Esan ba ya cutar da dodo (watau Bini) Akwai sauran fassarar wannan maganar, Esan gbe Edo wanda ke nufin Esan ya ci Bini. Addinin Esan na gargajiya yana da kamanceceniya da addinin Edo na gargajiya, saboda ƙaurawar Esan zuwa arewa maso gabas yayin karni na 15 daga Daular Benin Akwai gumakan Esan da yawa: Osanobua, babban allahn Edo-Esan. Wannan sunan don Allah an kawo shi zuwa Kristanci da mishaneri, kuma saboda haka fassarar Allah a Esanland shine Osanobua Olokun Esu, allahn Esan yaudara. An raba wannan allahn tare da labarin Yarbawa da Edo. Sunan Esu yayi amfani da shi azaman fassara ga Shaidan ta mishaneri na Kirista. Osun, allahn Esan na magani. Daga nan ne sunan mahaifi Okosun, ko ɗan magani, ya samo asali daga. Ƙananan hukumomin Esan a jihar Edo Dangi masarauta masu cin gashin kansu a cikin yankin Esan a halin yanzu an tsara su cikin tsari kamar haka a karkashin kananan hukumomi biyar na yanzu: Esan-North-East LGA, Uromi: Uromi da Uzea Esan Central LGA, Irrua: Irrua, Ugbegun, Opoji, Ewu, Ebudin Esan West LGA, Ekpoma Ekpoma, Iruekpen, Idoa, Ogwa, Urohi, Ukhun, Egoro da Ujiogba Esan kudu maso gabas LGA, Ubiaja: Ubiaja, Ewohimi, Emu, Ohordua, watwatto, Okhuesan, Orowa, Ugboha, Oria, Illushi, Onogholo, Inyenlen Igueben LGA, Igueben: Igueben, Ebelle, Amaho, wowossa, Udo, Ekpon, Ugun, Okalo, Mahada Gerontocracy of Esan people Kara karanta General http://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00075002/00001/1j Mythology Art

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C9%97an%27adam%20na%20ruwa%20da%20tsaftar%20muhalli

Hakkin ɗan'adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli

Hakkin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsaftar Muhalli (HRWS) ƙa'ida ce wacce ta yarda cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli suna da mahimmanci ga rayuwar kowane mutum. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi a matsayin 'yancin dan adam a ranar 28 ga Yulin shekarar 2010. HRWS ta amince da ita a cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa ta yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, sanarwa da sauran ƙa'idojin. Da Wasu masu sharhi sun samo 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa fiye da ƙudurin Babban taro daga mataki na 11.1 na yarjejeniyar tattalin arziki da al'adu (ICESCR), sun mai da ita dokar ta zama ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa. Sauran yarjejeniyoyin da suka amince da (HRWS) a fili sun hada da Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) da kuma 1989 na 'yancin yara (CRC). Kudurin farko game da HRWS an zartar da shi ne daga babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya da majalisar kare hakkin dan-Adam na Majalisar dinkin duniya a shekarar 2010. Sun yarda cewa akwai haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftar da ke da nasaba da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa, tun da rashin tsafta na rage ingancin ruwa a ƙasashen, saboda haka tattaunawar da ta biyo baya ta cigaba da jaddada haƙƙin biyu tare. A watan Yulin shekarata 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (Majalisar Dinkin Duniya) Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Resolution 64/292 sun amince da 'yancin dan Adam na karbar ingantaccen, mai araha, da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da ayyukan tsafta. A lokacin waccan Babban Taron, ta yarda da hakan don fahimtar jin daɗin rayuwa da duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam, lafiyayye da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da kuma tsabtace muhalli a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yarda da samun damar tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsafta a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam na kyauta a cikin Babban Taron Majalisar (64/292) ya kawo mahimmancin kulawar gwamnati a duk duniya. Cikan rayuwa mai amfani da lafiya zai gudana ta hanyar fahimtar muhimmancin mahimmancin samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. Wani sabon kudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a shekarar 2015 ya nuna cewa hakkokin biyu sun banbanta da juna to amma sun daidaita. Kwamitin majalisar dinkin duniya kan 'yancin tattalin Arziki da Al'adu a cikin Babban Sharhi na 15 ne ya fitar da ma'anar' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa a cikin sharhi 15 wanda aka tsara a shekara ta 2002. Fassara ce ba ta ɗaure ba cewa samun ruwa sharadi ne na jin daɗin haƙƙin samun daidaituwar rayuwa, ba tare da rarrabuwa dangane da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya, don haka haƙƙin ɗan adam. Sanarwar ta ce: "'Yancin mutum na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karfin iko, mai isa ga jiki da kuma arha don amfanin kansa da na gida." (HRWS) ta tilastama gwamnatoci su tabbatar da cewa mutane za su iya jin daɗin inganci, wadatacce, karɓa, mai sauƙi, da ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli. domin samun rahusa ta amfani da ruwa yayi la’akari da yadda tsadar ruwa ya zama mai hana ruwa gudu har ya buƙaci mutum ya sadaukar da kai ga wasu kayayyaki da aiyuka masu mahimmanci. Gaba ɗaya, ƙa'idar babban yatsa don wadatar ruwa ita ce kada ta wuce 3-5% na kuɗin shigar iyalai. Samun ruwa yana la'akari da lokacin da aka ɗauka, na dacewa don isa tushen da haɗarin da ke ciki yayin isa ga asalin ruwa. Ruwa dole ne ya kasance mai isa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa, ma'ana cewa bai kamata ruwa ya wuce mita dubu 1,000 ko ƙafa 3,280 ba kuma dole ne ya kasance cikin minti 30. Samuwar ruwa yayi la'akari da cewa shin ana samun wadatar ruwa a wadatacce, abin dogaro da cigaba. Ingancin ruwa yana la'akari da gane ko ruwa mai lafiya ne don amfani, gami da sha ko wasu ayyukan. Don karɓar ruwa, dole ne ya kasance yana da ƙanshi kuma bai kamata ya ƙunshi kowane launi ba. (ICESCR) tana buƙatar ƙasashe masu rattaba hannu don samun cigaba da girmama duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam, gami da na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli dasu tabbatar da suna tsabbace dukkanin abinda ya dace na ruwa da muhallin su. Yakamata suyi aiki cikin sauri dan inganci don haɓaka samun dama da haɓaka sabis. dama wasu abubuwan more rayuwa Yanayin duniya Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya ta WHO UNICEF don samar da Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli ta ba da rahoton cewa mutane kimanin miliyan 663 ba su sami ingantattun samun ruwan sha ba kuma sama da mutane biliyan 2.4 ba su da damar samun ayyukan tsabtace muhalli a shekarar 2015. Samun ruwa mai tsafta babbar matsala ce ga sassan duniya da dama. Kafofin da za a yarda da su sun hada da "hanyoyin sadarwar gida, bututun jama'a, rijiyoyin burtsatse, rijiyoyin da aka tona, kare maɓuɓɓugan ruwa da tattara ruwa. Kodayake kashi 9 cikin 100 na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da ruwa, amma akwai "yankuna da aka jinkirta musamman, kamar Saharar Afirka". Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kara jaddada cewa "kimanin yara miliyan 1.5 'yan kasa da shekaru biyar ke mutuwa a kowace shekara kuma an rasa ranakun zuwan su makaranta miliyan 443 saboda cututtukan da suka shafi ruwa da tsafta." Tushen shari'a da amincewa Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'yancin tattalin arziki, da al'adu (ICESCR) na shekarar 1966 ta tsara haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewar jama'a, da al'adujin wanda aka samo a cikin Sanarwar Duniya kan' Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) ta shekarar 1948. Babu ɗayan waɗannan takardu na farko da aka yarda da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Manyan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na ƙasa da ƙasa daga baya, duk da haka, suna da tanaji waɗanda suka bayyana haƙƙin samun ruwa da tsafta. Yarjejeniyar kawar da dukkan nau'ukan nuna wariya ga mata ta 1979 (CEDAW) tana da Mataki na 14.2 da ke cewa "bangarorin za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don kawar da nuna wariya ga mata a yankunan karkara don tabbatar da, bisa daidaito tsakanin maza da mata, cewa suna shiga tare da fa'idantar da cigaban karkara kuma, domin zasu tabbatarwa da mata yancin kan su da suke da shi dama wasu mahimman hakkokin su… (h) Don jindaɗin yanayin rayuwa, musamman dangane da gidaje, tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki da samar da ruwa, sufuri da sadarwa. Yarjejeniyar ta shekarar 1989 game da haƙƙin yara (CRC) tana da Mataki na 24 wanda ya ba da cewa "ƙungiyoyi sun amince da haƙƙin yara don jin daɗin mafi girman matsayin kiwon lafiya da kuma wuraren kulawa da rashin lafiya da kuma gyara lafiyar…. Bangarorin Jihohi za su nemi cikakken aiwatar da wannan 'yancin kuma, musamman, za su dauki matakan da suka dace Don yaki da cututtuka da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, gami da tsarin kula da lafiya na farko, ta hanyar, tsakanin suna iya samar da isasshen abinci mai gina jiki. da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Yarjejeniyar 2006 kan 'yancin nakasassu (CRPD) tana da Mataki na ashirin da takwas 28 (2) (a) wanda ya bukaci "bangarorin su amince da' yancin nakasassu na kariya ta zamantakewa da kuma cin gajiyar wannan 'yancin ba tare da nuna bambanci ba naƙasa, kuma za ta ɗauki matakan da suka dace don kiyayewa da haɓakar wannan haƙƙin, gami da Samar da daidaito tsakanin nakasassu da sauran mutane, da kuma tabbatar da samun dama ga ayyuka masu dacewa da arha, na'urori da sauran taimako don alaƙanta da nakasa bukatun su. "Dokar 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta Duniya" wacce ta kunshi yarjejeniya ta shekarar 1966: Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR); 1966: Labari na 11 da na 12 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa da Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki, da Al'adu (ICERS); a shekarar 1948: Mataki na ashirin da biyar 25 na Bayyanar da Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam (UDHR) sun yi rubuce-rubucen canjin' yancin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsaftar muhalli da sauran haƙƙoƙin da ke da alaƙa da ruwa da za a amince da su a cikin dokar duniya. Har ila yau, masanan sun yi kira ga muhimmancin yiwuwar amincewa da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da 'yancin bil'adama ga ruwa da tsaftar muhalli a ƙarshen karni na ashirin. Yunkuri biyu na farko don ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya fito ne daga farfesa masanin shari'a Stephen McCaffrey na Jami'ar Pacific a 1992 da Dokta Peter Gleick a 1999. McCaffrey ya bayyana cewa "Irin wannan haƙƙin ana iya yin tunaninsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na haƙƙin abinci ko abinsha, haƙƙin lafiya, ko mafi mahimmanci, haƙƙin rayuwa. Gleick ya kara da cewa: "samun damar samun ruwa na asali hakki ne na dan'adam a fili kuma a bayyane yake da goyon bayan dokokin kasa da kasa, ayyanawa, da kuma aikin Gwamnati." Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Tsarin Al'adu da Al'adu (CESCR) wanda ke kula da bin ka'idojin ICESCR ya zo ga yanke shawara iri ɗaya kamar yadda waɗannan masanan suka yi da Babban Sharhi na 15 a 2002. Ya gano cewa haƙƙin ruwa a fakaice ɓangare ne na haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa kuma yana da alaƙa da haƙƙin babban matakin samun lafiya da haƙƙin samun isassun gidaje da isasshen abinci. Ya bayyana cewa "'Yancin ɗan adam na ruwa ya ba kowa damar wadatacce, amintacce, karɓa, mai wadataccen jiki da kuma araha don amfanin kansa da na gida. Adadin ruwa mai lafiya ya zama dole don hana mutuwa daga rashin ruwa, don rage haɗarin kamuwa da cutar da ruwa da kuma samar da amfani, girki, buƙatun tsafta na mutum da na gida. Countriesasashe da yawa sun amince kuma bisa ƙa'ida sun yarda da haƙƙin ruwa don kasancewa wani ɓangare na wajibai na yarjejeniyarsu a ƙarƙashin ICESCR (misali, Jamus; United Kingdom; Netherlands bayan wallafa Babban Magana 15. Wani tsohon mataki na karamin kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Karewa da Kare Hakkokin Dan-Adam ya sake daukar wani mataki a 2005 wanda ya ba da ka'idoji don taimaka wa gwamnatoci don cimmawa da mutunta ‘yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun jagoranci Majalisar Rightsungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sanya Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin ƙwararriyar masaniya kan batun haƙƙin ɗan adam da ya shafi samun ruwa mai tsafta da tsaftar muhalli a shekarar 2008. Ta rubuta cikakken rahoto a cikin 2009 wanda ya bayyana wajibcin hakkin dan adam na tsaftace muhalli, kuma CESCR ta amsa ta hanyar bayyana cewa ya kamata dukkan jihohi su amince da tsaftar muhalli. Bayan tattaunawa mai karfi, kasashe 122 a hukumance sun amince da "'Yancin Dan Adam na Ruwa da Tsabtace Muhalli" a Babban Kudurin Majalisar 64/292 a ranar 28 ga Yulin 2010. na gida (tsakanin lita 50 zuwa 100 na ruwa ga kowane mutum a kowace rana), duk wasu na ganin shifa ruwa kawai kayi amfani da shi ne a inda ka tsinci kanka wanda dole ne ya kasance mai aminci, karɓa kuma mai araha (farashin ruwa bai wuce 3% na kudin shiga na gida), da kuma samun karfin jiki (tushen ruwan ya kasance tsakanin mita 1000 na gida kuma lokacin tarawa bai kamata ya wuce minti 30 ba). Babban taron ya ayyana cewa tsabtataccen ruwan sha yana da "mahimmanci ga cikakken jin daɗin rayuwa da sauran 'yancin ɗan adam". A watan Satumban 2010, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zartar da wani kuduri wanda ya amince da cewa 'yancin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli na daga cikin yancin samun cikakken yanayin rayuwa An kara wa'adin Catarina de Albuquerque a matsayin "Kwararren masani kan batun hakkin dan adam da ya shafi samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" an fadada shi kuma an sauya masa suna zuwa "Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan 'yancin dan Adam na samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli" bayan shawarwari a 2010. Ta hanyar rahotonninta ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ci gaba da bayyana fili da abin da ke tattare da hakkin dan Adam na samun ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. A matsayinta na mai ba da rahoto na Musamman, ta yi magana kan batutuwa kamar: bautar da Jama'a domin hakkim samun ruwa da tsafface muhalli(2010); Kudade don Gano Hakkokin Ruwa da Tsafta (2011); Gudanar da ruwa a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013); da Dorewa da rashin komawa baya a cikin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa da tsafta (2013). An nada Léo Heller a cikin 2014 don zama na biyu Rapporteur na Musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam zuwa tsabtataccen ruwan sha da tsafta. Resoludurin da ya biyo baya ya faɗaɗa aikin Wakilin Musamman kuma ya bayyana matsayin kowace jiha a cikin girmama waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. A mafi yawan 'yan Majalisar Resolution 7/169 na 2015 da aka kira wani furucin da "The Human Rights zuwa Safe Shan Ruwa da tsabtace muhalli. Ya fahimci bambanci tsakanin haƙƙin ruwa da haƙƙin tsaftace muhalli. An yanke wannan shawarar ne saboda damuwa game da haƙƙin kula da tsafta da aka manta da shi idan aka kwatanta da haƙƙin ruwa. Fikihun duniya Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam An yin la’akari da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da ke Yancin Dan Adam na kungiyar Asalin Sawhoyamaxa v. Paraguay Batutuwan sun shafi jihohi ne na rashin amincewa da haƙƙin mallakar communitiesan asalin overan asalin yankin kakanninsu. A cikin 1991, jihar ta cire 'yan asalin garin na Sawhoyamaxa daga ƙasar wanda hakan ya haifar da asarar hanyoyin samun muhimman ayyukan su, kamar ruwa, abinci, makaranta da kuma ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Wannan ya faɗi ne tsakanin theungiyar Yarjejeniyar Amurka akan 'Yancin Dan Adam shigar da hakkin rayuwa. Ruwa yana cikin wannan haƙƙin, a zaman wani ɓangare na samun damar ƙasa. Kotuna sun bukaci a mayar da filayen, a bayar da diyya, sannan a aiwatar da kayan masarufi da aiyuka, yayin da al'umma ke cikin shirin dawo da filayensu. Cibiyar Duniya don sasanta rikice-rikicen saka jari Shari'un da ke tafe daga Cibiyar International Settlement of Settlement of Disputes ICSID sun shafi kwangilolin da aka kafa tsakanin gwamnatoci da hukumomi don kula da hanyoyin ruwa. Ko da yake shari'o'in suna la'akari da tambayoyin saka hannun jari, masu shiri na taka rawa sosai wajen ganin an tabbatar da adalci a kotuna game da filayen mutane. Bayanai na Bankin Duniya sun nuna cewa harkar ba da ruwa ta fara daga 1990s kuma cigaba mai yawa a harkar cinikayyar ya ci gaba zuwa 2000s. Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Babban sananne na farko game da haƙƙin ruwa a cikin ICSID shine na Azurix Corp v. Ajantina Rikicin ya kasance tsakanin Jamhuriyar Ajantina da Kamfanin Azurix dangane da sabanin da ya taso daga kwantiragin shekaru 30 tsakanin bangarorin don gudanar da aikin samar da ruwa na larduna daban-daban. An yi la'akari game da haƙƙin ruwa a bayyane yayin lokacin sasantawa don biyan diyya, inda aka gudanar da cewa Azurix na da haƙƙin dawo da adalci kan ƙimar kasuwa na saka hannun jari. Wannan ya kasance maimakon dala miliyan 438.6 da aka nema, yana mai ambaton cewa dan kasuwa mai hankali ba zai iya tsammanin irin wannan dawowar ba, idan aka yi la’akari da iyakokin karin farashin ruwa da ci gaban da za a bukata don tabbatar da kyakkyawan aiki, tsarin ruwa mai tsafta. Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Abu na biyu, irin wannan karar da ICSID ta fuskanta shine na Biwater Gauff Ltd v. Tanzania Wannan ya sake kasancewa batun kamfanin ruwa mai zaman kansa a cikin takaddama ta kwantiragi da gwamnati, a wannan karon Jamhuriyar Tanzania ce Wannan kwangilar ta kasance don aiki da gudanar da tsarin ruwan Dar es Salaam. A watan Mayu 2005, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta kawo karshen kwangilar da Biwater Gauff saboda zargin rashin cika alkawuran aiki. A watan Yulin 2008, Kotun ta fitar da hukuncin ta game da karar, inda ta bayyana cewa gwamnatin Tanzania ta karya yarjejeniyar da ta kulla da Biwater Gauff. bata bada komai, yarda da cewa damuwar jama'a ita ce mafi mahimmanci a cikin takaddamar. 'Yancin ruwa a cikin dokar gida Ba tare da kasancewar ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da za ta iya tilasta ta ba, haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa ya dogara da ayyukan kotunan ƙasa. Tushen wannan an kafa shi ta hanyar tsarin mulki na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ya da kullum da akeyi (ESCR) ta ɗayan hanyoyi biyu: a zaman "ƙa'idodin umarni" waɗanda suke da maƙasudai kuma galibi ba masu adalci ba ne; ko kamar yadda kariya ta musamman da tilasta aiwatarwa ta kotuna. Afirka ta Kudu A Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin samun ruwa yana cikin tsarin mulki kuma ana aiwatar da shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodi na yau da kullum. Wannan hujja ce ta sauyin sauyi kaɗan na dabara ta biyu ta tsarin mulki wanda ake kira "ƙirar dokokin ƙira". Wannan yana nufin cewa babban ɓangare na abun ciki da aiwatar da haƙƙin an yi ƙa'idar ƙa'idar gida ta yau da kullun tare da wasu tsayuwa na tsarin mulki. Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Babban sananne na farko wanda kotuna suka aikata shine Mazaunan Bon Vista Mansions v. Karamar Hukumar Kudancin Birni Mazauna wani rukunin gidaje (Bon Vista Mansions) ne suka kawo karar, biyo bayan yankewar ruwan da karamar hukumar ta yi, sakamakon rashin biyan kudin ruwan Wanda hakan ya sanya su cikin matsi. Kotun ta ce bisa biyayya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu, cewa a tsarin mulki ya kamata dukkan mutane su sami ruwa a matsayin 'yanci. Arin dalilan yanke shawara ya dogara da Janar Sharhi 12 kan Hakkin Abinci, wanda Kwamitin Majalisar oninkin Duniya kan Economicancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu ya sanya wa waɗanda ke cikin yarjejeniyar wajibcin kiyayewa da mutunta damar samun wadataccen abinci da ke akwai ta hanyar rashin aiwatarwa duk wani matakan cin amana. Kotun ta gano cewa dakatar da tushen ruwan da ake da shi, wanda bai bi ka'idojin "adalci da ma'ana" na Dokar Sabis na Ruwan Afirka ta Kudu ba, ya saba wa doka. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa yanke shawara ta riga ta kasance kafin a amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Shafi na 15. Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg An ci gaba da tattauna yawan ruwan da za'a bayar a cikin Mazibuko v. Birnin Johannesburg Shari'ar ta shafi rarraba ruwa ta bututu zuwa Phiri, ɗayan tsofaffin yankuna na Soweto. Wannan shari'ar ta shafi manyan batutuwa biyu: shin ko manufar garin game da samar da ruwan sha kyauta, kilogram 6 a kowane wata ga kowane mai asusun a cikin garin ya ci karo da Sashe na 27 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Kudu ko Sashe na 11 na Ayyukan Ruwa. Dokar. Batu na biyu kasancewar shin ko girka mitatun ruwa da aka riga aka biya ya halatta. An gudanar dashi a babbar kotun cewa dokokin garin basu bada damar sanya mitoci ba sannan kuma sanya su haramtacce ne. Bugu da ari, yayin da mitoci suka dakatar da samar da ruwa zuwa mazauni da zarar an gama samar da ruwan sha kyauta, wannan ana ganin dakatar da samar da ruwan ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kotun ta rike mazauna Phiri ya kamata a samar musu da ruwa na asali na lita 50 kowane mutum a kowace rana. Aikin Cibiyar Nazarin Nazarin Shari'a (CALS) na Jami'ar Witwatersrand a Johannesburg, Afirka ta Kudu da Cibiyar Pacific a Oakland, California sun raba Kyautar Kyautar Kasuwanci ta Kasuwancin 2008 ta BENNY don aikin da suka yi a kan wannan shari'ar. Cibiyar Pacific Pacific ta ba da gudummawar shaidar shari'a bisa ga aikin Dr. Peter Gleick wanda ke bayyana haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da ƙididdigar bukatun ɗan adam na ruwa. Manyan wadanda ake kara sun gabatar da karar zuwa Kotun Koli ta Koli SCA wacce ta tabbatar da cewa an tsara manufofin ruwa na gari ne bisa kuskuren kayan aiki na doka dangane da wajibin garin na samar da mafi karancin saiti a Tsarin Afirka ta Kudu, saboda haka aka ware shi. Kotun ta kuma rike adadin don kasancewar mutum mai mutunci kamar yadda sashi na 27 na kundin tsarin mulki ya nuna a zahiri lita 42 na kowane mutum a kowace rana maimakon lita 50 na mutum daya a kowace rana. Hukumar ta SCA ta bayyana cewa sanya mitocin ruwa ya sabawa doka, amma ta dakatar da umarnin na tsawon shekaru biyu domin ba wa garin damar gyara lamarin. Batutuwan sun kara zuwa Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wacce ta ce aikin da kundin tsarin mulki ya kirkira ya bukaci jihar ta dauki matakan doka da sauran matakai a hankali don fahimtar nasarar da aka samu ta samun ruwa, a cikin wadatar da take da shi. da kotun tsarin kuma gudanar da shi ne wani al'amari ga majalisar dokoki da kuma zartarwa ma'aikata na gwamnatin da aiki a cikin allowance na kasafin kudi da kuma cewa ta bincika shirye-shirye ne wani al'amari na mulkin demokra en Saboda haka, mafi karancin abun da doka 3 (b) ta shimfida shine na tsarin mulki, wanda ke baiwa gawarwowi karkata zuwa gaba kuma baya dacewa bai kamata kotu ta yanke hukunci ga nasarar duk wani hakki na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da gwamnati ta dauka don aiwatarwa ba. Maimakon kotuna sun fi mayar da hankali kan bincikensu kan ko matakan da Gwamnati take bi suna da ma'ana, kuma ko Gwamnati tana bin manufofinta don yin nazari akai. An soki hukuncin saboda yin amfani da "takaitaccen ra'ayi na girmamawa ga shari'a". Indiya Laifuka biyu da suka fi shahara a Indiya game da haƙƙin ruwa suna misalta cewa kodayake ba a kiyaye wannan a bayyane a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya, kotuna sun fassara ta cewa haƙƙin rayuwa ya haɗa da haƙƙin samun lafiya da isasshen ruwa. Delhi Ruwayar v. Jihar Haryana Anan wata takaddama ta amfani da ruwa ta samo asali saboda gaskiyar cewa jihar Haryana tana amfani da Kogin Jamuna don ban ruwa, yayin da mazaunan Delhi suke buƙatar hakan da nufin sha. Anyi la'akari da cewa amfani da gida ya wuce yadda ake amfani da ruwa kuma kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Haryana dole ne ta ba da isasshen ruwa don zuwa Delhi don amfani da amfanin gida. Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar Har ila yau sananne shine batun Subhash Kumar v. Jihar Bihar, inda aka shigar da kwararar kwararar abubuwa daga kayan wanki zuwa Kogin Bokaro ta hanyar shari'ar bukatun jama'a. Kotuna sun gano cewa haƙƙin rai, kamar yadda doka ta 21 ta Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ta tanada, ya haɗa da haƙƙin more ruwa mara ƙazanta. Shari'ar ta gaza kan hujjojin kuma an gabatar da cewa ba a gabatar da karar ba don wata maslaha ta jama'a ba amma don bukatun mai karar ne don haka ci gaba da shari'ar na iya zama cin zarafin aiki. 'Yancin Duniya na Ranar Ruwa Ruwa yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwar rayayyun halittu gami da mutane. Sabili da haka, samun ruwa mai tsabta da isasshe haƙƙin ɗan adam ne wanda ba za a iya raba shi ba. Saboda haka, Eco Needs Foundation (ENF) yana ganin ya zama dole a amince da haƙƙin ruwa (tare da tabbatar da ƙarancin adadin ruwa) ta hanyar dacewa da aka gabatar da doka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da alkawurra da dama sun wajabta ta ga dukkan kasashe don tabbatar da raba ruwa daidai tsakanin dukkan 'yan kasa. Dangane da haka, ENF ya fara lura da inganta bikin Ranar 'Yancin Duniya na Ruwa a ranar 20 ga Maris, ranar da Dokta Babasaheb Ambedkar ("mahaifin Indiya ta zamani") ya jagoranci satyagraha na farko a duniya don ruwa a 1927. Ranar Ranar 'Yancin Ruwa ta Duniya ta yi kira da a zartar da doka ta musamman da ta kafa' yancin samun ruwa a duniya. A karkashin jagorancin wanda ya kirkiro Dr Priyanand Agale, ENF ta shirya shirye-shirye iri-iri da dama don tabbatar da 'yancin samun ruwa ga yan kasar ta Indiya. New Zealand Ba a kariya ga ESCR a bayyane a cikin New Zealand a halin yanzu, ko dai ta Rightsancin Dan Adam ko Dokar 'Yancin Hakkoki, saboda haka ba a kare haƙƙin ruwa a wurin. Lawungiyar Doka ta New Zealand ta kwanan nan ta nuna cewa wannan ƙasar za ta ba da ƙarin haske ga matsayin doka na haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu. Amurka A cikin Pilchen v. Birnin Auburn, New York, wata uwa mai suna Diane Pilchen tana zaune a matsayin hayar haya a wani gida da aka killace, wanda mai shi (mai gidan) ya kasa biyan kudin ruwa na wani lokaci. Birnin Auburn ya biya Pilchen bashin bashin mai gida, kuma ta rufe hidimarta na ruwa ba tare da sanarwa ba lokacin da ta kasa biyan wadannan basussukan, wanda hakan yasa gidan ba mai zama. Gari ya la'anci gidan kuma ya tilastawa Pilchen da ɗanta su ƙaura. Pilchen ya sami wakilcin Projectungiyar Dokar Ba da Amfani da Jama'a ta New York (PULP) a cikin ƙarar. Birnin Auburn ya yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don jayayya cewa ruwa ba haƙƙin tsarin mulki ba ne saboda ana iya amfani da ruwan kwalba a maimakon haka, wata hujja da PULP ta yi takara a matsayin wauta. A cikin 2010, Pilchen ta yi nasarar yanke hukunci a inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa rufe ruwan ya keta hakkinta na tsarin mulki, kuma ba za a iya biyan Pilchen da dakatar da samun ruwa ba sakamakon jinkirin biyan wata kudin ruwa. Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka A cikin 2016, akwai shahararren shari'ar da aka sani da Tsayayyar Rock Sioux Tribe v. Armyungiyar Injiniyan Sojojin Amurka, inda Sioux Tribe suka ƙalubalanci ginin Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL). Wannan bututun danyen mai ya fadada sama da jihohi hudu, wanda ya hada da farawa a Dakota ta Arewa, sannan ya ratsa ta biyu ta Dakota ta Kudu da Iowa, ya ƙare a Illinois Ajiyar Dutse na Tsaye yana kusa da kan iyakar Arewa da Dakota ta Kudu kuma an gina bututun a tsakanin rabin mil daga gare shi. Tunda an gina bututun a kusa da wurin ajiyar, kabilar sun ji tsoron cewa za a iya lalata mahimmancin tarihi da al'adun tafkin Oahe, duk da cewa bututun ba ya tafiya kai tsaye ta cikin tafkin. Tafkin Oahe yana ba da buƙatun ruwa na asali ga Kabilar Sioux kamar ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Gina bututun mai na nufin akwai yiwuwar fuskantar malalar mai a cikin tafkin Oahe, wanda ya sanya kabilar ta damu. Kabilar Sioux ta kai karar kamfanin na DAPL saboda sun yi amannar cewa kirkirar bututun ya sabawa dokar kare muhalli ta kasa (NEPA) da kuma dokar tarihi ta kasa (NHA). Bayan bayanin 2016, kotu ta kasa zuwa ga ƙarshe, don haka kotun ta yanke shawarar yin ƙarin bayanan. Bayan bayanai 5 da aka gabatar a 2017 da kuma bayani 1 a 2018, kotu ta ba da izinin gina bututun, amma kabilar ta Rock Rock na ci gaba da gwagwarmaya don ganin an cire bututun. Ostiraliya Hankali a Ostiraliya yana kan haƙƙin ofan Asalin Australiya na ruwa da tsafta. Tarihin mulkin mallaka-ya mamaye mulkin yau da ke tsara tsarin amfani da ruwa ga 'yan asalin Australiya. Akwai yarjejeniyoyin gwamnati da yawa, amma mafi yawansu basu cika yin tasiri sosai ga ikon mallakar toan asalin ƙasar na samun ruwa da tsafta ba A cikin <i id="mwAVo">Mabo v Queensland</i>, 1992, an amince da haƙƙin ativean ativean asali bisa doka a karon farko. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Australiya galibi suna da'awar alaƙar al'adu da ƙasar. Kodayake "al'adu" an san shi a cikin kotu kamar albarkatun ƙasa, al'adun gargajiyar da ruhaniya na Aborigines don shayar da jiki suna da ban tsoro. Yana da kalubale amma ana buƙata don ƙetare darajar al'adunsu da na ruhaniya zuwa fagen shari'a. A yanzu, kusan babu wani ci gaba. Dokar ruwa ta Ostiraliya tana tsara ruwan ƙasa don 'yan ƙasa waɗanda zasu iya amfani da ruwan ƙasa amma ba za su iya mallaka ba. A cikin kundin tsarin mulki, duk da haka, babu wani kwatanci game da cikin ruwa da kuma na ruwa. Sabili da haka, yanayin haƙƙin haƙƙin ruwa na ruwa raƙuman ruwa sune farkon ayyukanta na jihar. Gwamnatin Commonwealth ta sami iko kan ruwa ta hanyar aron taimakon alaƙar waje, gami da rantsarfin Ba da Talla, Kasuwanci da Comarfin Kasuwanci. A 2000, Kotun Tarayya ta kammala yarjejeniyar da ta ba wa masu mallakar ƙasa damar shan ruwa don abubuwan gargajiya. Koyaya, amfani yana iyakance ga mahimmancin al'ada, wanda bai haɗa da ban ruwa ba azaman al'adar gargajiya. A watan Yunin 2004, CoAC ta kulla wata yarjejeniya tsakanin gwamnatoci kan shirin National Water Initiative (NWI), don inganta amincewa da 'yan asalin yankin na ruwa. Koyaya, NWI bata damu sosai game da rikitaccen tarihin mulkin-mallaka ba, wanda ya haifar da tsari mai kyau na rarraba ruwa. 'Yan asalin Australiya koyaushe suna neman haƙƙin samun ruwa. Tattaunawa da suka rage Tasirin wuce gona da iri Ganin cewa samun ruwa shine tushen damuwa da rikice rikice a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Kudancin Asiya, Gabashin Bahar Rum da sassan Arewacin Amurka tsakanin sauran wurare, wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs) da masana suna jayayya cewa haƙƙin samun ruwa kuma yana da yanayin canjin ƙasa ko na waje. Suna jayayya cewa idan aka yi la’akari da cewa samar da ruwa a dabi'ance ya wuce kuma ya tsallaka kan iyakoki, jihohi ma suna da hurumin doka kada su yi aiki ta hanyar da ka iya yin mummunan tasiri ga jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu jihohin. Amincewa da wannan aikin na doka na iya hana mummunan tsarin tasirin "matsalar ruwa" a duniya (a matsayin barazanar nan gaba da sakamako mara kyau na yawan mutane). Karancin ruwa da kuma yawan amfani da ruwan sha na sanya wannan haƙƙin ya zama mai rikitarwa. Yayin da yawan mutanen duniya ke karuwa cikin sauri, karancin ruwa zai haifar da matsaloli da yawa. Karancin ruwa mai yawa ya kawo batun ko ya kamata a canza ruwa daga wata ƙasa zuwa wata. Rigimar ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan Takaddama kan ruwa tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan ta rinjayi ƙarancin ruwa a yankin Asiya ta Kudu Kasashen biyu suna da wata yarjejeniya wacce aka riga aka sani da Yarjejeniyar Ruwan Indus An kafa yarjejeniyar ne don takaita rikici tsakanin Indiya da Pakistan dangane da amfani da kogin Indus da kuma samar da ruwa ga kasashen biyu bayan da kasashen suka sami 'yencin kai. Koyaya, rashin jituwa game da shi ya bayyana. A cewar yarjejeniyar, an bar Indiya ta yi amfani da gabar kogin yamma don ban ruwa da kuma dalilan da ba na cuwa-cuwa ba, yayin da Pakistan ke da rinjaye a kan jirgin. Koyaya, Pakistan ta nuna damuwarta cewa ginin Indiya akan kogunan na iya haifar da matsanancin ƙarancin ruwa a Pakistan. Bugu da ƙari, Pakistan ta yi furucin cewa ana iya amfani da madatsun ruwan da Indiya ta gina don dalilai marasa amfani don juya ruwa da kuma kawo cikas ga samar da ruwan Pakistan. Bugu da kari, yarjejeniyar ta shafi kogunan da suka samo asali daga Jammu da Kashmir, wadanda aka cire su daga kula da jikinsu na ruwa. Kasuwancin ruwa da samarda jiha Akwai takaddama game da wanda, idan kowa, alhakin sa ne don tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ruwa da tsafta. Sau da yawa, makarantun tunani guda biyu suna fitowa daga irin wannan maganganun: hakkin jihar ne ta samar da damar samun ruwa mai tsafta ga mutane ta hanyar ba da tallafi da tsabtace muhalli. Ana ba da kasuwancin ruwa a matsayin amsa ga ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa wanda ya haifar saboda yawan mutanen duniya sau uku yayin da buƙatar ruwa ya ƙaru sau shida. Ka'idodin muhalli na kasuwa suna amfani da kasuwanni azaman mafita ga matsalolin muhalli kamar lalacewar muhalli da rashin amfani da albarkatu. Magoya bayan masana harkokin tsabtace muhalli sun yi imanin cewa sarrafa ruwa a matsayin fa'idar tattalin arziki ta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu zai kasance mafi inganci fiye da gwamnatocin samar da albarkatun ruwa ga 'yan ƙasa Irin wadannan masu ikirarin suna ikirarin cewa kudin da gwamnati ke kashewa don bunkasa abubuwan more rayuwa don rabon albarkatun ruwa bai cancanci amfanin kadan na samar da ruwa ba, don haka suke ganin jihar a matsayin mai samar da ruwa mara tasiri. Bugu da ƙari, ana jayayya cewa sake ruwa yana haifar da ci gaba da gudanar da ruwa mai ɗorewa saboda ƙarfin tattalin arziƙi ga masu amfani da su don amfani da ruwa yadda ya kamata. Abokan adawar sun yi imanin cewa sakamakon ruwa kasancewar haƙƙin ɗan adam ne ban da sa hannun kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kuma yana buƙatar a ba da ruwa ga dukkan mutane saboda yana da mahimmanci ga rayuwa. Samun ruwa a matsayin 'yancin ɗan adam da wasu ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke amfani da shi a matsayin hanyar yaƙi da yunƙurin sayar da kamfanoni. 'Yancin ɗan adam na samun ruwa "galibi yana kan dalilai biyu: rashin maye gurbin ruwan sha mai mahimmanci ga rayuwa da kuma gaskiyar cewa wasu haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam da yawa waɗanda aka yarda da su a fili a cikin Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya an tsara su a kan (ɗauka) samun ruwa (misali yancin cin abinci Ra'ayoyin jamaa a matsayin ma'ana don kare haƙƙin al'umma mara ƙarfi Hikimar yalwar jamaa na kara samun karfi, tare da tunanin Anthropocene da kuma amincewa da yan asalin kasar wadanda ke fuskantar mummunar kutse ta hakkinsu zuwa ga kasar tasu mai muhimmanci da ruwa. Ra'ayoyin jamaa hanya ce ta fannoni da yawa, wanda ke amfani da dokoki daban-daban ga rukunin mutane. Akwai yarjejeniya ta ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, waɗanda ke taƙaita ikon kan haƙƙin igenan asali na ruwa, amincewa da haƙƙin igenan asali, da inganta su. Misali, sun hada da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa da kasashe 167 suka amince da ita a shekarar 1996, wanda ya kwace ikon kasa wanda ya keta hakkin' yan asalin kasar kuma ya ba da damar cin gashin kai ga 'yan asalin kasar. Determinationudurin kai shine ra'ayin da yakamata mutane su iya sarrafa ikon kansu ta hanyar sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa. Hakanan, a cikin wannan shekarar, Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Tattalin Arziki, Tattalin Arziki da Al'adu ICESCR ta amince da ƙaddarar kai tsaye na 'yan asalin ƙasar don amfani da ruwa da ruwa. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci Gaban ya zartar da ajanda 21 wanda ke samun goyon baya daga jihohi 174, tare da kara kare ‘yan asalin daga kutse daga albarkatun kasa. Akwai wasu shirye-shirye da yawa a fagen duniya da na gida. Masana game da jamaa game da dukansu su yi amfani da waɗannan ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodi daban-daban zuwa iko ɗaya a kan shari'a-da-hali. Akwai iyakoki da yawa akan wannan hanyar ta fannoni da yawa, kodayake. Wasu sharuɗɗa suna amfani da harsunan da ba a sani game da haƙƙin, wanda ke nuna shubuha. Sau da yawa wata jiha ke amfani da su don ba da ikon haƙƙin albarkatun ruwa akan takamaiman al'umma. Yawancin jihohi suna sanya doka bin ƙa'idodin al'adunsu maimakon tsarin ƙasashe. Hakanan, abun cikin kowane ka'idoji yana da fasali daban, yana haifar da "rashin daidaito" a ƙarƙashin abun ciki ɗaya, ajanda. Shubuha, dokokin al'ada, da rashin jituwa sun zama cikas don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin jamaa da yawa. Duk da wadannan matsalolin, mahangar jamaa ta samar da wasu zabin ga shugabanci don taimakawa marasa karfi na zamantakewar al'umma, gami da yan asalin gari, saboda haka yana da kyau a kara bincike. Kungiyoyi Kungiyoyin da ke aiki kan haƙƙin ruwa da tsaftar ƙasa an jera su a ƙasa. Kungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya OHCHR (Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam) UNDP UNICEF Tsabta da Ruwa ga Kowa Hukumomin hadin gwiwar gwamnati DFID (Hukumar Hadin gwiwar Burtaniya) GIZ (Kamfanin Tarayyar Jamus don Haɗin Kan Duniya) SDC (Hukumar Ci Gaban da Hadin Kan Switzerland) EPA (Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka) Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da cibiyoyin sadarwa na duniya Aiki kan Yunwa (ACF) Jini: Ruwa Cibiyar Tsaron Ruwa da Hadin gwiwa Freshwater Action Network (FAN) Tsarkakakken Ruwa ga Duniya Hakkin DigDeep na Tsarin Ruwa Cibiyar Pacific Aikin Ruwa Cibiyar kasa da kasa tare da aikin Adalcin Ruwa UUSC WaterAid WaterLex (wanda aka daina aiki tun daga shekarar 2020) Zaman LafiyaJam Duba kuma Bayani Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mai ba da rahoto na musamman kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na tsaftataccen ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli daga Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar foran Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ruwayar Ruwa 'Yancin Haƙin Mutum na Ruwa da Tsarin Tsabtace Tsarin Tsabta cikin Aiwatarwa (2009) na GIZ 'Yancin Ruwa: Fahimtar haƙƙin yara na shayarwa akan Humanium Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Amurka

Jiragen saman Amurka

Jiragen saman Amurka, Inc. girma AA ko AAL babban jirgin sama ne na Amurka wanda ke da hedikwata a Fort Worth, Texas, a cikin metroplex Dallas–Fort Worth Shi ne jirgin sama mafi girma a duniya idan aka auna ta da girman jiragen ruwa, fasinjojin da aka tsara ɗauka, da mil fasinja na kudaden shiga. Ba'amurke, tare da abokan haɗin gwiwarsa na yanki da masu haɗin gwiwa, suna aiki da babbar hanyar sadarwa ta ƙasa da ƙasa tare da kusan jirage 6,800 a kowace rana zuwa kusan wurare 350 a cikin ƙasashe sama da 50. Jiragen saman amurka memba ne wanda ya kafa kungiyar Oneworld, kawancen jiragen sama na uku mafi girma a duniya. Ana gudanar da sabis na yankin ta masu zaman kansu da masu zaman kansu a ƙarƙashin alamar sunan Amurka Eagle. Jiragen saman amurka da American Eagle suna aiki ne daga cibiyoyi 10, tare da Dallas/Fort Worth (DFW) shine mafi girma. Kamfanin jirgin na ɗaukar fasinjoji sama da miliyan 200 a duk shekara tare da matsakaita sama da fasinjoji 500,000 a kullum. Tun daga 2019, kamfanin yana ɗaukar mutane kusan 130,000. Tarihi An Kafa kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka a shekarar 1930 ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar ƙananan kamfanonin jiragen sama sama da tamanin. Ƙungiyoyin biyu da aka samo asali daga kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka sune Robertson Aircraft Corporation da Colonial Air Transport An fara ƙirƙirar tsohon a Missouri a cikin 1921, tare da haɗa su duka a cikin 1929 zuwa kamfani mai riƙe da Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Wannan, bi da bi, an yi shi a cikin 1930 ya zama kamfani mai aiki kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin "American Airways". A cikin 1934, lokacin da sababbin dokoki da ƙaddamar da kwangilar wasiku suka tilasta yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama su sake tsarawa, kamfanin ya sake yin hanyoyinsa zuwa tsarin da aka haɗa kuma aka sake masa suna "American Airlines". Tsakanin 1970 da 2000, kamfanin ya girma ya zama mai jigilar kayayyaki na duniya, yana siyan jirgin saman Trans World Airlines a 2001. Ba'amurke yana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin haɓaka DC-3, wanda ya samo asali daga kiran wayar marathon daga shugaban kamfanin jirgin saman Amurka CR Smith zuwa Douglas Aircraft Company wanda ya kafa Donald Wills Douglas Sr. a kan DC-2 don maye gurbin jirgin saman Curtiss Condor II na Amurka. (Gidan DC-2 na yanzu shine fadi, kunkuntar don wuraren kwana na gefe-da-gefe. Douglas ya yarda ya ci gaba da ci gaba ne kawai bayan Smith ya sanar da shi niyyar Amurkawa na siyan jiragen sama 20. Samfurin DST Douglas Sleeper Transport ya fara tashi ne a ranar 17 ga Disamba, 1935, (bikin cika shekaru 32 na jirgin Wright Brothers a Kitty Hawk). Gidansa ya kasance inci fadi, kuma sigar da ke da kujeru 21 maimakon wuraren kwana 14-16 na DST an ba da suna DC-3. Babu samfurin DC-3; na farko da aka gina DC-3 ya biyo bayan DST guda bakwai daga layin samarwa kuma an kai shi ga Jirgin Saman Amurka. Jirgin saman amurka ya ƙaddamar da sabis na fasinja a ranar 26 ga Yuni, 1936, tare da jirage guda ɗaya daga Newark, New Jersey, da Chicago, Illinois. Har ila yau, Amurka tana da rawar kai tsaye a cikin ci gaban DC-10, wanda ya samo asali daga ƙayyadaddun bayanai daga Jiragen saman amurka zuwa masana'antun a 1966 don bayar da wani jirgin sama mai fadi wanda ya kasance karami fiye da Boeing 747, amma yana iya tashi irin wannan hanyoyi masu tsawo daga filayen jiragen sama masu guntun titin jirgin sama. McDonnell Douglas ya amsa da DC-10 trijet jim kadan bayan hadewar kamfanonin biyu. A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu, 1968, shugaban kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka, George A. Spater, da James S. McDonnell na McDonnell Douglas sun sanar da aniyar Amirkawa na sayen DC-10. jiragen saman amurka ya ba da umarnin 25 DC-10s a cikin tsari na farko. DC-10 ya yi tashinsa na farko a ranar 29 ga Agusta, 1970, kuma ya karɓi irin takardar shaidarsa daga FAA a ranar 29 ga Yuli, 1971. Ranar 5 ga Agusta, 1971, DC-10 ya shiga sabis na kasuwanci tare da jiragen saman amurka a kan tafiya mai tafiya tsakanin Los Angeles da Chicago. A cikin 2011, saboda koma baya a masana'antar jirgin sama, iyayen kamfanin jiragen sama na American Airlines AMR Corporation sun shigar da karar kariya ta fatarar kudi. A cikin 2013, Jiragen saman akurka ya haɗu da US Airways amma ya kiyaye sunan "American Airlines", saboda shi ne mafi kyawun sananne a duniya; Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama guda biyu ya haifar da samar da jirgin sama mafi girma a Amurka, kuma a ƙarshe na duniya. Wuraren da wuraren zama Wuraren Tun daga watan Yulin 2022, Jirgin saman Amurka ya tashi zuwa wurare 269 na cikin gida da kuma wurare 81 na duniya a cikin kasashe 48 (tun daga Janairu 2022) a cikin nahiyoyi biyar. A halin yanzu Amurka tana aiki da cibiyoyi goma. Charlotte Cibiyar Ba'amurke ta kudu maso gabashin Amurka da kuma babbar hanyar Caribbean. Ayyukansa a cikin Concourse E sune mafi girman aikin jirgin yanki a duniya. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 91% na hannun jari a CLT, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Tsohuwar tashar jirgin saman US Airways Chicago-O'Hare Cibiyar Amurka don Midwest. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 35% na kason kasuwa a O'Hare, wanda ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan United. Dallas/Fort Worth Cibiyar Amurka ta Kudancin Amurka kuma babbar cibiya gabaɗaya. A halin yanzu Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 87% na kason kasuwa a DFW, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Hedikwatar kamfanonin Amurka kuma tana cikin Fort daraja kusa da filin jirgin sama. DFW tana aiki azaman ƙofa ta farko ta Amurka zuwa Mexico, da kuma ƙofar sakandare zuwa Latin Amurka. Los Angeles Cibiyar Amurka don Yammacin Tekun Yamma da ƙofa mai buɗe ido. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 19% na hannun jari a LAX, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama, kodayake Amurkawa, Delta da United kowannensu yana da zirga-zirgar fasinja iri ɗaya. Miami cibiyar farko ta Latin Amurka da Caribbean. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 68% na kasuwa a "Miami International", wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama. New York–JFK Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka ta Tsakiya da Kudancin Amurka. Galibi yana hidimar wuraren zuwa tare da yawan zirga-zirgar kasuwanci. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 12% na hannun jari a JFK, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya na uku mafi girma a filin jirgin sama bayan Delta da JetBlue. New York–LaGuardia Cibiyar New York ta biyu ta Amurka. Filin jirgin saman amurka kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 27% na kason kasuwa a LGA, kuma shine na biyu mafi girma a bayan Delta. Philadelphia Cibiyar gida ta farko ta Arewa maso Gabas ta Amurka da cibiyar transatlantic ta farko, da farko don wuraren shakatawa. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 70% na kason kasuwa a PHL, wanda ya sa ya zama babban jirgin sama na filin jirgin sama. Phoenix-Sky Harbor Dutsen Rocky na Amurka. A halin yanzu Amurka tana da kusan kashi 33% na kason kasuwa a PHX, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama jirgin sama na biyu mafi girma a filin jirgin. Washington–Reagan Cibiyar amurkawa ta babban birnin Amurka. Filin jirgin saman kuma yana aiki a matsayin tushe na Jirgin. Jirgin Sama na Amurka. Ba'amurke yana da kusan kashi 49% na kasuwar kasuwa a DCA, wanda ya sa ya zama mai jigilar kaya mafi girma a filin jirgin sama. Yarjejeniyar kungiya da codeshare Jiragen saman amurka memba ne na kawancen Oneworld kuma yana da codeshares tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa: Harkokin haɗin gwiwa Bugu da kari ga codeshares na sama, Jiragen saman amurka ya shiga cikin kamfanonin haɗin gwiwa tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa: Jirgin ruwa Tun daga Afrilu 2022, Jiragen saman amurka yana aiki da manyan jiragen kasuwanci mafi girma a duniya, wanda ya ƙunshi jirage 911 daga duka Boeing da Airbus, tare da ƙarin 161 da aka tsara ko kan tsari. Sama da kashi 80% na jiragen Amurka kunkuntar jiki ne, galibi jerin Airbus A320 da Boeing 737-800 Shi ne mafi girma A320 mai gudanar da jirgin sama a duniya, da kuma mafi girma aiki na bambance-bambancen A319 da A321. Shine mai aiki na huɗu mafi girma na jirgin sama na iyali 737 kuma mafi girma na biyu mafi girma na bambance-bambancen 737-800. Jiragen saman Amurkan duk jiragen Boeing ne. Shi ne na uku mafi girma na ma'aikata na jerin Boeing 787 kuma mafi girma na shida na jerin Boeing 777. Ba'amurke ke ba da odar jirgin Boeing na musamman a cikin 2000s. Wannan dabarar ta canza ne a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 2011, lokacin da Amurka ta ba da sanarwar haɗe-haɗen odar jiragen sama mafi girma a tarihi don jiragen kunkuntar jiki 460 ciki har da jiragen sama 260 daga jerin Airbus A320. Ƙarin jirgin sama na Airbus ya shiga cikin rundunar a cikin 2013 yayin haɗin gwiwar jiragen saman US Airways, wanda ke gudanar da kusan dukkanin jiragen Airbus. VA ranar 16 ga Agusta, 2022, Ba'amurke ya ba da sanarwar cewa an tabbatar da yarjejeniya tare da "Boom Supersonic" don siyan aƙalla 20 daga cikin manyan jiragen sama na su na "Overture" mai yuwuwa har zuwa 60 gabaɗaya. Kamfanin jiragen sama na Amurka yana gudanar da gyaran jiragen sama da sansanonin gyarawa a Charlotte, Dallas–Fort daraja, Pittsburgh (inda ake kula da dukkan jiragen saman kunkuntar Airbus), da filayen jirgin saman Tulsa. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

11223

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islam%20Slimani

Islam Slimani

Islam Slimani an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, shekarar alif 1988) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Aljeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai buga wasa a gaba ga ƙungiyar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Primeira Liga Sporting CP da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya. Shi ne ɗan wasan gaba na Algeria da ya zura kwallaye 40. Slimani ya fara aikinsa a ƙasarsa tare da JSM Chéraga da CR Belouizdad. A shekarar 2013, ya koma Turai, ya sanya hannu ga kulob ɗin Sporting CP. Ya taka leda kuma yana zira kwallaye akai-akai a lokutan kakarsa uku a Portugal, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta lashe Taça de Portugal a shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2016, an komar da Slimani zuwa Leicester a rikodin kulob din fam miliyan 28. Dan kasar Algeria, Slimani ya fara buga wasansa na farko a duniya a shekara ta 2012 kuma ya buga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a cikin shekara ta (2013, 2015, 2017 data 2021, kuma yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya da ta lashe gasar ta 2019. Har ila yau, yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014, inda ya ƙare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye biyu a raga. Ya zuwa watan Maris din shekara ta 2022, ya samu nasarar buga wasanni sama da 80 a duniya kuma ya zura kwallaye 40, hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a tarihin kasar Algeria. Rayuwar farko An haifi Slimani a Algiers, Aljeriya. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki A cikin watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, Slimani ya shiga CR Belouizdad daga JSM Chéraga akan kuɗin canja wurin dinari na Algerian 800,000, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. A watan Agusta, ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a kungiyar a matsayin dan wasa da MC Oran a makon farko na shekara ta 2009–10 Algerian Championnat National. Ya kammala kakarsa ta farko tare da Belouizdad da kwallaye 8 a wasanni 30. A ranar 17 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2011, Slimani ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasan lig da JS Kabylie, wanda ya jagoranci CR Belouizdad zuwa nasara mai ban sha'awa da ci 7-1. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, tare da kwantiraginsa ya kare kuma wasu kungiyoyin Faransa kamar Nice da Le Havre sun nuna sha'awar sa hannu, Slimani ya yanke shawarar tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu tare da CR Belouizdad. Sporting CP Kakar 2013-14 A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2013, Slimani ya shiga Sporting CP akan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya fara kakar shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 2014 a matsayin mai maye gurbinsa, yana samun suna a matsayin dan wasa mai tasiri saboda ya zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci lokacin da ya fito daga benci. Saboda rashin nau'i na Fredy Montero, duk da haka, Slimani ya zama mai farawa kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni hudu a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2014 da Rio Ave, Braga, Vitória de Setúbal da kuma 1-0 akan abokan hamayyar Porto. A watan Disambar shekarar 2013 an dauke shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya na shekara yayin da ya lashe kyautar zinare ta Aljeriya. Kakar 2014-15 A kakar wasa ta biyu Slimani ya yi nasara yayin da ya zama babban dan wasa. Manufarsa ta farko na kakar wasa ita ce a cikin Derby de Lisboa 1-1 a waje Draw zuwa Benfica. A matakin Turai Slimani ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kan Schalke 04 a Estádio José Alvalade a minti na karshe inda ya kare 4-2 a Sporting. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya kare a matsayi na uku a gasar, amma a Taça de Portugal ya kai wasan karshe da Braga a ranar 31 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2015, slimani ya zura kwallo a ragar Sporting da ci biyu da nema. bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 3-1. inda ya samu kambun sa na farko a tarihinsa a karshen kakar wasa ta bana Slimani ya buga wasanni 33 kuma ya zura kwallaye 15 ciki har da 12 a gasar. Kakar 2015-16 A cikin kakar shekarar 2015-16, Slimani ya ce zai kasance kakar wasa ta karshe kuma yana fatan samun nasarar lashe gasar Primeira Liga na shekaru 14 sabon kuma tsohon kocin Benfica Jorge Jesus, wanda ya ce zai dogara sosai kan Slimani don lashe gasar. kuma farkon shine a Supertaça da Benfica kuma ya kare Sporting da ci daya mai ban sha'awa, inda ya ci kambi na biyu. A farkon gasar, Slimani ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kan Académica a wasan waje a ranar 4 ga Oktoba shekarar 2015, kuma a zagaye na bakwai da Vitória de Guimarães, ya ci hat-trick na farko a gasar lig ta Portugal. A saman zagaye na 15, Slimani ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye biyu a ragar mai tsaron gidan Porto Iker Casillas wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar ta dawo kan teburin gasar. Bayan wannan wasan, Slimani ya zira kwallaye a wasanni hudu a jere 6 a raga Vitória de Setúbal, Braga, Tondela da Paços de Ferreira Bayan wasanni biyu, ya dawo ya zira kwallaye biyu a Nacional. Kafin wasan lig na Sporting a gida, Benfica ta shigar da kara kan Slimani saboda cin zarafin Andreas Samaris da gwiwar hannunsa a wasan gasar cin kofin Portuguese a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba shekarar 2015. Bayan jira mai tsawo kuma kwana ɗaya kafin wasan, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Portugal ta sanar da cewa Slimani zai iya shiga cikin yanke hukunci game da kambun. Koyaya, kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 kuma ta koma matsayi na biyu, bayan Benfica. Bayan mako guda, ya zira kwallaye 20th burin wannan kakar a wasan da Estoril. Bayan wannan taron, ya zira kwallaye hudu a raga Belenenses, Marítimo da Moreirense, da Porto. Slimani ya ba da gudummawa ga nasara a Estádio do Dragão bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu. A zagaye na karshe, ya zura kwallo ta 27 a kakar wasa ta bana da Braga. Wasan ya kare da ci 4-0 amma bai sa Sporting ta lashe kofin gasar ba, domin Benfica ta kare da maki biyu. A wannan kakar, Slimani ya zira kwallaye 27 a gasar amma ya kare a bayan dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye Jonas, da kwallaye 32. A kakar wasa ta gaba, Sporting ta so ta ci gaba da rike Slimani amma ya dage kan barin kungiyar, kuma daga karshe gwamnatin ta amince da hakan. A ranar 28 ga watan Augusta shekarar 2016, ya buga wasansa na ƙarshe da Porto a Estádio José Alvalade kuma ya zira kwallonsa ta ƙarshe daci 2–1 a Sporting. Leicester City Kakar 2016-17 A ranar 31 ga Agusta, shekarar 2016, ranar ƙarshe ta kasuwar musayar rani ta 2016-17 a Ingila, Slimani ya koma zakarun gasar Premier Leicester City kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya zuwa Sporting a matsayin £28 miliyan, rikodin kulob ga Leicester. Leicester ta doke West Bromwich Albion wajen daukar Slimani. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, ya fara bugawa Leicester wasa a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA inda ya buga mintuna 62 a wasan da suka doke Club Brugge da ci 3-0. Kwanaki uku bayan haka, ya fara buga gasar Premier a wasan da suka doke Burnley da ci 3-0, inda ya zura kwallaye biyun farko a kungiyar. A ranar 27 ga Satumba, Slimani ya zura kwallo daya tilo a wasan da Leicester ta doke Porto da ci 1-0 a gasar zakarun Turai a matakin rukuni bayan da abokin wasan kasar Algeria Riyad Mahrez ya zura kwallo daya tilo. Ita ce kwallo ta shida da yaci Iker Casillas ya zura a raga a shekarar 2016, biyar daga ciki ya ci a lokacin da yake tare da tsohuwar kungiyarsa Sporting. Bayan wannan kwallon, Slimani ya kasa zura kwallo a ragar West Bromwich Albion a gasar Premier a ranar 11 ga wata, bayan da Mahrez ya ci kwallo 2-1. Daga baya, a ranar 13 ga watan, bayan shigar da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, Slimani ya zura kwallo a ragar tawagarsa daga bugun fanareti a minti na karshe da Middlesbrough. A ranar wasa 15, Slimani ya taimaka wa Foxes samun nasara a kan Manchester City 4-2 bayan ya ba da taimako biyu ga masu cin kwallo Jamie Vardy da Andy King. A ranar 31 ga Disamba, bayan wasanni biyar ba tare da an zura kwallo a raga ba, Slimani ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan West Ham United a filin wasa na King Power inda ya jagoranci kungiyarsa ta lashe ta biyar a gasar Premier bana, ranar karshe ta shekarar 2016. Slimani ya zura kwallaye hudu daga cikin kwallayen gasar lig guda biyar da kai, amma ya samu nasarar harbin kashi 38% a watan Janairun 2017. Bayan halartar gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka, Slimani ya koma kulob din da ya ji rauni, wanda ya shafi sauran kakar wasansa inda bai taka rawa sosai ba kuma ya zura kwallaye biyu kacal a wasan da Sunderland. da Everton. A wasan gasar League Cup da Sheffield United, ya zira kwallaye biyu. Kakar 2017-18: Newcastle United (an aro) A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2018, Slimani ya rattaba hannu a kulob ɗin Newcastle United a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Raunin da ya samu a cinyarsa ya hana shi buga wasansa na farko a kulob din, wanda a karshe ya faru daidai watanni biyu da sanya hannu, a wasan da suka doke Huddersfield Town da ci 1-0, kuma yana da hannu wajen ginawa don kwallo daya tilo na wasan, ya zura kwallo a raga. by Ayoze Perez. A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, Slimani ya sake shiga cikin ginin burin cin nasara a wasan da suka yi nasara a kan Arsenal da ci 2-1, bayan da Pérez ya buge da kai, kuma ya shiga hanyar Matt Ritchie. A ranar 3 ga Mayu, an dakatar da Slimani wasa uku saboda tashin hankali bayan wani abin da ya faru a bayan-ball da Craig Dawson na West Bromwich Albion, wanda ya kawo karshen kakarsa da Newcastle. Fenerbahçe (lamuni) A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2018, Slimani ya koma kulob din Süper Lig Fenerbahçe a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya fara halarta a karon a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2018, ya fara buga wasansa na farko, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a Yeni Malatyaspor. Burinsa na farko a kulob din ya zo ne a ranar 1 ga Satumba 2018 lokacin da Fenerbahçe ya ci kwallo ta biyu a ragar Kayserispor da ci 3-2. Monaco (lamuni) A ranar 21 ga Agusta 2019, Slimani ya koma Monaco a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Duk da zura kwallaye tara da taimakawa bakwai a wasanni 18 na gasar kafin a kammala gasar Ligue 1 ba zato ba tsammani sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a watan Mayu, Monaco ta zabi ba ta ba Slimani kwantiragi na dindindin ba. Lyon A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, Slimani ya sanya hannu tare da kulob din Ligue 1, Olympique Lyonnais. A ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021, ya fara buga gasar lig, ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Tino Kadewere a cikin minti na 76, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–1 a Metz. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu a gasar Coupe de France da ci 5-1 da AC Ajaccio. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kulob din a ranar 21 ga Maris, bayan da ya zo maye gurbinsa, a rashin 4-2 a hannun Paris Saint Germain. Ayyukan kasa A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2009, Abdelhak Benchikha ya kira Slimani a karon farko zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan Aljeriya A' don wani sansanin horo na mako guda a Algiers. A cikin watan Maris na 2010, an sake kiran Slimani, a wannan karon don neman shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2011 da Libya a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin abokin wasansa na CR Belouizdad Youcef Saïbi da ya ji rauni. Sai dai Slimani bai buga wasan ba, yayin da Algeria ta ci 1-0. A watan Mayun na shaekjara ta 2012 ne aka kira Slimani a karon farko zuwa tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Aljeriya a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2014 da Mali da Ruwanda, da kuma karawar da za ta yi da Gambia a gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2013. A ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, ya fara buga wasansa na farko, inda ya maye gurbinsa a hutun rabin lokaci a wasan sada zumunta da Nijar. Mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni, Slimani ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Algeria, inda ya zura kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Rwanda da ci 4-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na shekarar 2014. Ya ci gaba da jefa kwallo a ragar Mali a wasa na gaba, sannan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Gambia. An zabi Slimani a cikin tawagar Algeria da za ta halarci gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013, kuma ya buga dukkan wasannin rukuni uku a watan Janairu. Sai dai Aljeriya ta samu maki daya ne kawai kuma an fitar da ita a matakin farko. Algeria ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014, tare da kocin Vahid Halilhodžić ya zabi Slimani a cikin 'yan wasa 23 da zai buga. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2014, Slimani ya zira kwallon farko a ragar Les Fennecs a wasan rukuni na 4-2 da Koriya ta Kudu. Ya kuma yi taimako ga kungiyar ta uku burin ta wucewa da kwallon zuwa Abdelmoumene Djabou. A ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, Slimani ya zura kwallo da kai a wasan da Algeria ta tashi 1-1 da Rasha, wanda hakan ya taimaka wa al'ummar kasar samun tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a karon farko bayan da ta kasa yin hakan a baya a shekarar 1982, 1986 da 2010. A wasan zagaye na 16 da Jamus Slimani ya samu a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida Manuel Neuer ya samu nasarar jefa kwallo a ragar Jamus a karon farko a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Daga karshe Aljeriya ta sha kashi da ci 2-1 bayan karin lokaci, amma an yaba da yadda suka taka rawar gani a gasar. <refname="ger14"/> A wasan farko da Aljeriya ta buga na gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika na shekarar 2015 Slimani ya zura kwallon karshe a wasan da suka doke Afrika ta Kudu da ci 3-1. Slimani yana cikin tawagar Aljeriya da ta lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019, ya ci kwallo daya a gasar da suka yi da Tanzania a matakin rukuni. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 2021, Slimani ya zira kwallaye hudu a ragar Djibouti da ci 8-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na shekarar 2022. A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2021, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Nijar da ci 6-1 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara ta 2022,, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a tarihin Aljeriya da kwallaye 38 ya wuce Abdelhafid Tasfaout wanda ya rike tarihi da kwallaye 36 da 19. shekaru tun 2002. Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Wasanni CP Taça de Portugal 2014-15 Supertaça Cândido de Oliveira 2015 Aljeriya Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka 2019 Mutum Gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na Aljeriya 2013 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2016 (a madadin) Taça de Portugal Mutumin Karshe na Match 2015 Gwarzon Dan Wasan Watan SJPF Disamba 2015 Kyautar Leões/Lions 2016: Gwarzon Dan Wasa Gwarzon Premier League na Watan: Fabrairu 2022 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Islam Slimani at DZFoot.com (in French) Islam Slimani at Soccerbase 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Haifaffun

10211

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99in%20Duniya%20na%20I

Yaƙin Duniya na I

Yaƙin Duniya na I da turanci World War I (ana kintse sunan WWI ko WW1), kuma ana ƙiran shi da First World War da turanci wato Yaƙin Duniya na Farko kuma Great War wato Babban Yaƙi, wani yaƙin Duniya ne da ya faro daga nahiyar Turai wanda aka fara tun daga 28 ga watan Juli na shekara ta alif ɗari 1914 har zuwa 11 ga watan Nuwanban shekarar 1918. Wanda ayanzu ake dangata shi da suna "the war to end all wars" wato Yaƙin da zai tsaida Yaƙoƙi, ya kai ga hada fiye da miliyan 70 million na ma'aikatan soja, da miliyan 60 na Turawa, wanda yasa yazama ɗaya daga cikin babban yaƙi ɗaya daga cikin yaƙin da aka rasa rayuka da dama a tarihi, an ƙiyasta kusan mutane miliyan 9 Mayaƙa aka rasa da miliyan 7 na farin hula wadanda suka mutu sanadiyar yaƙin, wanda ya haifar da kisan kiyashi da kuma cutar da kuma rasa rayukan Mutane miliyan 50 zuwa 100 a duniya baki ɗaya. A 28 ga Yunin shekarar 1914, Gavrilo Princip, wani ɗan ƙasar Yugoslavia, ya kashr Archduke Franz Ferdinand wanda shine magajin Archduke Franz Ferdinand a garin Sarajevo, hakan ya haifar da rikkicin watan Yuli. akan mayar da martani, a 23 Yuli Wanda amsar da ƙasar Serbia ta bayar bai gamsar da Austriya ba, yasa suka shiga yaƙi tsakanin su. Haɗakar ƙawance ya faɗaɗa rikicin akan wani ɗan tattaunawa tsakanin mutum biyu a Balkans zuwa ga babban rikici da ya game yawancin nahiyar Turai. A July na shekarar 1914, great powers dake Turai sun rabu zuwa haɗaka daban-daban: akwai Triple Entente—wanda ta haɗa da France, Russia da Britain aciki— da kuma Triple Alliance na Germany, Austria-Hungary da kuma Italy (wanda Triple Alliance sun kasance masu kariya ne, sun bar ƙasar Italiya ta fita daga yaƙin a shekara ta 1914). Rasha ta kasa abunda yakama ce ta na kare Serbia da, bayan Austria-Hungary shelled the babban birnin Serbiya Belgrade a 28th, an yarda da haɗaka. Babban haɗakar da Rasha tayi ta bayyana shi ne a yammacin 30 July; a 31st, Austria-Hungary da Germany suma suka yi haka, sai ita kuma Germany ta nema Rasha data rushe haɗakarta acikin awanni goma sha biyu (12 hours). batan Russia taƙi bi, sai Germany ta ƙaddamar da yaƙi a farkon (1) watan Augusta domin taimakon Austria-Hungary, a tareda Austria-Hungary following suit on 6th; sai ƙasar Faransa ta umurce cikakkiyar haɗaka domin taimakawa Russia a 2 August. Dabarun ƙasar Jamus na gabza yaƙi akan Faransa da Rasha shine ta tattara sojoji a yamma waɗanda zasu yi galaba akan France cikin makonni huɗu, sannan kuma ta aika da sojojin Gabas dan gabzawa da Rasha kafin ta gama shiryawa; wanan dabarar ce akasa was suna Schlieffen Plan. A 2 ga watan August, Germany ta nemi hanya da zata riƙa wucewa ta kasar Belgium, itace muhimmin samun nasara akan Faransa. bayan kin hakan, sai domin Jamus ta farwa kasar Belgium da safiyar 3 Augusta kuma suka kaddamar da yaki a Faransa a wannan rana; the Belgian government invoked the 1839 Treaty of London and in compliance with its obligations under this, Britain declared war on Germany on 4 August. On 12 August, Britain and France also declared war on Austria-Hungary; on the 23rd, Japan sided with the Entente, seizing German possessions in China and the Pacific. In November 1914, the Ottoman Empire entered the war on the side of the Alliance, opening fronts in the Caucasus, Mesopotamia and the Sinai Peninsula. The war was fought in and drew upon each powers' colonial empires as well, spreading the conflict to Africa and across the globe. The Entente and its allies would eventually become known as the Allied Powers, while the grouping of Austria-Hungary, Germany and their allies would become known as the Central Powers. The German advance into France was halted at the Battle of the Marne and by the end of 1914, the Western Front settled into a battle of attrition, marked by a long series of trench lines that changed little until 1917 (the Eastern Front, by contrast, was marked by much greater exchanges of territory). In 1915, Italy joined the Allied Powers and opened a front in the Alps. The Kingdom of Bulgaria joined the Central Powers in 1915 and the Kingdom of Greece joined the Allies in 1917, expanding the war in the Balkans. The United States initially remained neutral, though it was an important supplier of war material to the Allies. However, after the sinking of American merchant ships by German submarines, and the revelation that the Germans were trying to incite Mexico to make war on the United States, the U.S. declared war on Germany on 6 April 1917. Trained American forces would not begin arriving at the front in large numbers until mid-1918, but ultimately the American Expeditionary Force would reach some two million troops. Though Serbia was defeated in 1915, and Romania joined the Allied Powers in 1916 only to be defeated in 1917, none of the great powers were knocked out of the war until 1918. The 1917 February Revolution in Russia replaced the Tsarist autocracy with the Provisional Government, but continuing discontent at the cost of the war led to the October Revolution, the creation of the Soviet Socialist Republic, and the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk by the new government in March 1918, ending Russia's involvement in the war. This allowed the transfer of large numbers of German troops from the East to the Western Front, resulting in the German March 1918 Offensive. This offensive was initially successful, but the Allies rallied and drove the Germans back in their Hundred Days Offensive. Bulgaria was the first Central Power to sign an armistice—the Armistice of Salonica on 29 September 1918. On 30 October, the Ottoman Empire capitulated, signing the Armistice of Mudros. On 4 November, the Austro-Hungarian empire agreed to the Armistice of Villa Giusti. With its allies defeated, revolution at home, and the military no longer willing to fight, Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated on 9 November and Germany signed an armistice on 11 November 1918. World War I was a significant turning point in the political, cultural, economic, and social climate of the world. The war and its immediate aftermath sparked numerous revolutions and uprisings. The Big Four (Britain, France, the United States, and Italy) imposed their terms on the defeated powers in a series of treaties agreed at the 1919 Paris Peace Conference, the most well known being the German peace treaty—the Treaty of Versailles. Ultimately, as a result of the war the Austro-Hungarian, German, Ottoman, and Russian Empires ceased to exist, with numerous new states created from their remains. However, despite the conclusive Allied victory (and the creation of the League of Nations during the Peace Conference, intended to prevent future wars), a Second World War would follow just over twenty years later.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maya%20Angelou

Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou /æ n dʒ ə l oʊ link=| Game da wannan sauti haihuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson Afrilu 4, shekarar 1928 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014) mawaƙiya Ba'amurkiya ce, mawaƙiya, mai ba da labari, mai fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a Ta wallafa tarihin rayuwa (autobiographiesa0 guda bakwai, littattafai uku na tatsuniyoyi, littattafai na adabi da yawa, an kuma lasafta ta cikin jerin wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da kuma wasannin talabijin da ke gudana cikin sama da shekaru 50. Ta samu lambobin yabo da darajoji sama da 50. Angelou sanannu sanannu ne ga jerin batutuwa guda bakwai, waɗanda suka mayar da hankali ga ƙuruciyarta da kuma abubuwan da suka fara samu a kanta. Na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Saka Tsuntsu Tsuntsu (1969), tayi bayanin rayuwarta tun tana shekaru 17 wanda ya janyo mata yabo a duniya da daukaka. Ta zama mawakiya, marubuciya bayan wasu ayyukan data yi ayayin samartakar ta wanda suka hada da dafa abinci, ma'aikaciyar jima'i, yar rawa, yin wasan kwaikwayo, memba na opera Porgy da Bess, mai gudanarwa a Taron Shugabannin Kiristocin Kudancin, da kuma 'yar jarida a Masar da Gana a lokacin mulkin Afirka Ta kasance mai wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, darekta, kuma mai gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo, fina-finai, da shirye-shiryen talabijin na jama'a. A shekarar 1982, aka sanya mata suna Farfesa Reynolds na farko na Farfesa a Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem, North Carolina Tana aiki a cikin Rightsungiyoyin Rightsungiyoyin andungiyoyin kuma ta yi aiki tare da Martin Luther King Jr. da Malcolm X. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, ta yi bayyani sau 80 a shekara a kan karatun lacca, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A cikin shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta mawaƙinta mai taken A kan Morning of Morning (1993) a lokacin buɗe Bill Clinton na farko, wanda ya ba ta waka ta farko da ta fara karatun boko tun Robert Frost a lokacin buɗe John F. Kennedy a shekarar 1961. Da wallafa (I know Why The Caged Bird Sings) Na Na San Abin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou ta tattauna a fili dangane da rayuwar ta. An mutunta ta a matsayin kakakin baƙar fata ga baki da mata, kuma ayyukanta an ɗauke ta a matsayin kariya ga al'adar baƙar fata. Ayyukanta suna da amfani sosai a makarantu da jami'o'i a duk duniya, kodayake an yi ƙoƙarin hana littattafan ta daga wasu ɗakunan karatu na Amurka. Abubuwan da aka fi girmamawa na Angelou an sanya su azaman almara, amma masu sukar da yawa suna ɗauka cewa masu ra'ayin kansa ne. Ta yi yunƙurin yin ƙoƙari don ƙalubalanci tsarin rayuwar ɗabi'a ta hanyar zargi, canzawa da faɗaɗa nau'in sifa. Littattafan nata suna kan batutuwa kamar su wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi da balaguro. Farkon rayuwa Marguerite Annie Johnson an haife ta ne a St. Louis, Missouri, ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1928, itace ta biyun yayan Bailey Johnson, ma'aikacin gadi, mai dafa abincin sojojin ruwa, da matarsa Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma dilla ce. dan uwan Angelou, Bailey Jr., wanda ake wa lakabi da Marguerite "Maya", an samo shi ne daga "My" ko "Mya Sister". Lokacin da Angelou ta kasancean shekara uku da ɗanuwanta huɗu, "aure mai wahala" ya ƙare, kuma mahaifinsu ya tura su zuwa Stamps, Arkansas, shi kaɗai ta jirgin ƙasa, don zama tare da kakanin mahaifinsu, Annie Henderson. A cikin "ban mamaki mai ban mamaki" ga matsanancin tattalin arziƙin Baƙin Amurkawa na lokacin, tsohuwar uwargidan Angelou ta sami wadatar kuɗi yayin Babban Bala'i da Yaƙin Duniya na II saboda babban shagon da ta mallaka ya buƙaci kayayyaki na yau da kullun kuma saboda "ta sanya hikima da gaskiya saka jari [bayanin kula 2] Shekaru huɗu bayan haka, mahaifin yaran "ya zo Stamps ba tare da gargadi ba" mayar da su zuwa kulawar mahaifiyarsu a St. Louis. Lokacin tana da shekara takwas, yayin da suke zaune tare da mahaifiyarta, Angelou ta fuskanci zarafi da yin lalata da ita daga wurin saurayin mahaifiyarta, wani mutum mai suna Freeman. Ta gaya wa dan uwanta, wanda ya gaya wa sauran danginsu. An samu Freeman da laifi amma kwana guda kawai aka daure shi. Kwana hudu bayan sakinsa, an kashe shi, mai yiwuwa ga iyayen Angelou. Angelou ta zama bata iya magana kusan shekara biyar, tana ganin, kamar yadda ta bayyana, “Na yi tunani, muryata ta ce ta kashe shi; Na kashe wannan mutumin, saboda na fada sunansa. Kuma a lokacin na yi tunanin ba zan sake yin magana ba, saboda muryata za ta kashe kowa. A cewar Marcia Ann Gillespie da takwarorinta, waɗanda suka rubuta tarihin rayuwar game da Angelou, a wannan lokacin ne lokacin shiru yayin da Angelou ta bunkasa ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ta, da ƙaunar littattafai da adabi, da kuma iya saurarenta da lura da duniyar da ke kewayenta. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kisan Freeman, an sake dawo da Angelou da ɗanuwanta zuwa ga kakansu wurin kakansu. Angelou ta yaba wa malama kuma abokiyar dangin ta, Mrs. Bertha Furanni, tare da taimaka mata da sake yin magana. Furanni sun gabatar da ita ga marubuta kamar su Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, da James Weldon Johnson, marubutan da zasu shafi rayuwarta da ayyukanta, gami da bakaken mata mata kamar Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, da Jessie Fauset Lokacin da Angelou ta kasance 14, ita da ɗan'uwanta sun sake komawa tare da mahaifiyarsu, wanda tun daga nan suka koma Oakland, California A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Angelou ta halarci Makarantar Kwadago ta California Lokacin da ta kai shekara 16, ta zama mace ta farko mace mai baƙon keken mota a San Francisco. Tana son aikin da bai dace ba, tana sha'awar rigar masu aiki har mahaifiyarta ta kirata da "aikin mafarkinta." Mahaifiyarta sun ƙarfafa shi don bin matsayin, amma ya gargaɗe ta cewa lallai tana buƙatar zuwa da wuri kuma ta yi aiki sosai fiye da sauran. A shekarar 2014, Angelou ta sami lambar yabo ta rayuwa a wurin taron na Ma’aikatan Harkokin Sufuri na oran tsira a zaman wani zaman da aka gabatar da taken "Matan da suka theaura Al'umma." Makonni uku bayan kammala makaranta, a lokacin tana da shekara 17, ta haifi ɗanta, Clyde (wanda daga baya ya canza sunansa zuwa Guy Johnson). Aiki Balaganta da aikin farko: 1951-1961 A shekara ta 1951, Angelou ta auri Tosh Angelos, mai gyaran wuta dan Girka, mai aikin injiniya, kuma mai son kide-kide, duk da la'antar dangantakar da ke tsakanin kabilu a lokacin da kuma rashin amincewa da mahaifiyarsa. [bayanin kula 3] Ta dauki azuzuwan rawa na zamani a wannan lokacin, kuma ta hadu da masu rawa da mawaka Alvin Ailey da Ruth Beckford. Ailey da Angelou sun kirkiro ƙungiyar rawa, suna kiran kansu "Al da Rita", kuma sun yi rawar zamani a ƙungiyoyin baƙar fata a cikin San Francisco amma ba su taɓa yin nasara ba. Angelou, sabon mijinta, da ɗanta suka ƙaura zuwa New York City don ta yi nazarin rawar Afirka tare da ɗan wasan Trinidadiya Pearl Primus, amma sun sake komawa San Francisco bayan shekara guda. Bayan da auren Angelou ta kare a shekara ta 1954, ta yi rawar gani a kungiyoyi da ke kusa da San Francisco, gami da kidan da ake yi a gidan mai suna 'Purple Onion', inda ta rera waka da rawa da kida na calypso Har zuwa wannan lokacin ta kasance da sunan "Marguerite Johnson", ko "Rita", amma a cikin babbar shawarar kwastomominta da mataimakan ta a cikin Purple Onion, ta canza sunanta na zamani zuwa "Maya Angelou" (ta sunan barkwanci da sunan mahaifan aure da suka gabata). Wata 'sananniyar suna' ce ta banbance ta kuma ta ji irin rawar da wasanninta na calypso ke yi. A tsakanin shekarar 1954 da shekarar 1955, Angelou ta zagaya Turai tare da samar da opera Porgy da Bess Ta fara karatun ta na koyon yare na kowace ƙasa da ta ziyarta, kuma cikin yearsan shekaru kaɗan ta sami ƙwarewa a cikin yaruka da yawa. A shekarar 1957, hawa a kan shahararsa ta calypso, Angelou rubuce ta farko album, Miss calypso, wanda aka sa a fitar a matsayin wani CD a 1996. Ta bayyana a wani Off-Broadway review cewa wahayi zuwa fim din Calypso Heat Wave na shekarar 1957, wanda Angelou ta rera kuma ta yi waƙoƙin nata. [bayanin kula 4] [bayanin kula 5] Angelou ta hadu da mawaki John Oliver Killens a cikin 1959 kuma, bisa ga roƙonsa, ta koma New York don mai da hankali kan ayyukan rubuce-rubucen ta. Ta shiga cikin Harlem Writrs Guild, inda ta sadu da manyan marubutan Afirka-Ba-Amurka, wadanda suka hada da John Henrik Clarke, Rosa Guy, Paule Marshall, da Julian Mayfield, kuma an buga shi a karon farko. A shekarar 1960, bayan haduwa da shugaban kare hakkin dan Adam Martin Luther King Jr. da sauraren shi yayi magana, ita da Killens sun shirya "almara" Cabaret for Freedom don amfana da Taron Shugabannin Kungiyar Kiristocin Kudancin (SCLC), kuma aka sanya mata suna mai gudanarwa na Arewa. A cewar masanin Lyman B. Hagen, gudummawar da ta bayar ga haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a matsayin mai ba da gudummawa da kuma mai tsara SCLC ya kasance mai nasara kuma "a hankali har abada". Ita ma Angelou ta fara gwagwarmayar Castro ne da kuma nuna wariyar launin fata a wannan lokacin. Afirka to Caged Bird 1961-69 A cikin shekarar 1961, Angelou ta yi wasa a cikin wasan kwaikwayon na Jean Genet The Blacks, tare da Abbey Lincoln, Roscoe Lee Brown, James Earl Jones, Louis Gossett, Godfrey Cambridge, da Cicely Tyson Hakanan a shekarar 1961, ta hadu da mai gwagwarmayar 'yanci na Afirka ta Kudu Vusumzi Make ba su yi aure bisa hukuma ba. Ita da ɗanta Guy sun ƙaura tare da Make zuwa Alkahira, inda Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin editan edita a jaridar Turanci na mako-mako The Arab Observer A 1962, dangantakarta da Make ta ƙare, ita da Guy suka koma Accra, Ghana don ya halarci kwaleji, amma ya ji rauni sosai a wani hatsarin mota. [bayanin kula 6] Angelou ya ci gaba da zama a Accra don murmurewa kuma ya ƙare ya ci gaba da zama a nan har zuwa shekarar 1965. Ta zama ma'aikaciya a Jami'ar Gana, kuma ta kasance mai aiki a cikin kasashen Afirka da baƙi na kasashen waje. Ta kasance edita ne mai taken The African Review, marubuci mai zaman kansa ga Jaridar Ganawa, rubuta da watsa shirye-shiryen Rediyo Gana, kuma ta yi aiki da kuma yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kasa. Ta yi ne a cikin farfadowa da The Blacks a Geneva da Berlin. A Accra, ta kasance abokiya na kud da kud da Malcolm X a yayin ziyarar tasa a farkon shekarun 1960. Angelou ta dawo Amurka a shekarar 1965 don ta taimaka masa wajen kafa sabuwar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam, Kungiyar Hadin kan Amurkawa An kashe shi ba da daɗewa ba. Cikin takaici da rashin yarda, sai ta hada kai da dan uwanta a Hawaii, inda ta fara aikinta na raye-raye. Ta koma Los Angeles ne domin ta mai da hankali kan aikinta na rubutu. Yin aiki a matsayin mai binciken kasuwa a Watts, Angelou ya shaida tarzoma a lokacin bazara na 1965. Tana cikin rubuce-rubuce da wasannin kwaikwayo, sannan ta dawo New York a shekarar 1967. Ta sadu da abokiyar rayuwar ta Rosa Guy kuma ta sake sabunta abokantaka da James Baldwin, wanda ta sadu da ita a Paris a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ta kira "ɗan'uwana", a wannan lokacin. Abokiyarta Jerry Purcell sun ba wa Angelou wani tallafi don tallafa wa rubuce-rubucen ta. A shekarar 1968, Martin Luther King Jr. ya nemi Angelou da ta shirya wata tafiya. Ta yarda, amma "sake jinkirtawa", kuma a cikin abin da Gillespie ya kira "macabre karkatar da makoma", an kashe shi ranar haihuwar ta 40 (Afrilu 4). [bayanin kula 8] Jin daɗin sake, abokinta James Baldwin ya ƙarfafa ta saboda baƙin ciki. Kamar yadda Gillespie yake faɗi, "Idan 1968 shekara ce ta babban raɗaɗi, rashi, da baƙin ciki, wannan ma shekarar ce da America ta fara ganin zurfin zurfin ruhun Maya Angelou da hazikanci". Duk da kasancewa kusan babu gogewa, sai ta rubuta, samarwa, kuma aka ruwaito baƙar fata, Blues, Black!, a goma-kashi jerin Documentaries game da dangantaka da take tsakanin Blues music kuma baki Amirkawa 'Afirka al'adunmu, da kuma abin da Angelou da ake kira "Africanisms har yanzu halin yanzu a Amurka" don National Educational Television, da precursor na PBS Hakanan a shekarar 1968, wacce aka yi wahayi a wajen cin abincin dare da ta halarta tare da Baldwin, mai rubutun katuun Jules Feiffer, da matar sa Judy, kuma sun qalubalanci edita Random House Robert Loomis, ta rubuta tarihinta na farko, Na san Dalilin da yasa aka Kama Tsarin Bird Sings, wanda aka buga a shekarar 1969. Wannan ya kawo fitowar ta duniya da yabo. Aikin baya An sake a shekarar 1972, kamfanin Georgia na Georgia, Georgia, wanda kamfanin fina-finai na kasar Sweden ya kirkira kuma yayi fim a Sweden, shine fim din farko da wata mace bakuwa tayi. Ta kuma rubuta sautin fim din, duk da cewa ba karamin shigar da kara a cikin fim din ba. [bayanin kula 9] Angelou ta auri Paul du Feu, maƙeran gidan Welsh kuma tsohon mijin marubuci Germaine Greer, a San Francisco a 1973. [bayanin kula 10] A cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, kamar yadda Gillespie ya bayyana, "Ta [Angelou sun cimma abubuwan da masana fasaha da yawa ke fatan cimma cikin rayuwarsu. Angelou ta yi aiki a matsayin mawaki, tana yin rubutu don mawaƙa Roberta Flack, da kuma shirya finafinai. Ta rubuta kasidu, gajerun labarai, rubutun TV, rubuce-rubuce, tarihin rayuwa, da waƙoƙi. Ta samar da wasannin kwaikwayo kuma an ba ta suna farfesa a cikin kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa. Ita yar wasan kwaikwayo ce mai son jan hankali kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Tony Award a 1973 saboda rawar da ta taka a Look Away A matsayinta na darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo, a 1988 ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayon Errol John na wasan Moon a kan bakan-gizon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Almeida a London A 1977, Angelou bayyana a cikin wani wasan rawa a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots amatsayin mai taimako An ba ta lambobin yabo da yawa a wannan lokacin, gami da sama da digiri talatin na girmamawa daga kwalejoji da jami'o'i daga duk duniya. A ƙarshen 1970s, Angelou ta sadu da Oprah Winfrey lokacin da Winfrey ya kasance mai amfani da telebijin a Baltimore, Maryland; Daga baya Angelou ta zama babban aminiyar Winfrey kuma mai ba da shawara. [bayanin kula 12] A shekara ta 1981, Angelou da du Feu sun sake su. Ta dawo Kudancin Amurka a 1981 saboda tana jin dole ne ta zama abin da ta gabata a can kuma, duk da cewa ba ta da digiri na farko, ta yarda da rayuwar Farfesa a fannin Nazarin Amurka na Jami’ar Wake Forest a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin esan furofesoshin Ba-Amurkan na cikakken lokaci. Daga nan, ta dauki kanta a matsayin "malami mai rubutawa". Angelou ta koyar da batutuwa da dama da suka nuna sha'awar ta, gami da falsafa, ɗabi'a, tiyoloji, kimiyya, wasan kwaikwayo, da rubutu. Jaridar Winston-Salem Journal ta ba da rahoton cewa duk da cewa ta sami abokai da yawa a harabar jami'ar, "ba ta taba yin watsi da sukar da mutane suka yi mata ba. karshen karatun da ta koya a Wake Forest shine a shekarar 2011, amma tana shirin koyar da wani darasi a ƙarshen 2014. Kasancewarta ta karshe game da zancen jami'a a ƙarshen 2013. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, Angelou ta kasance cikin sahun gaba a cikin laccar koyarwa a cikin wata motar bas wacce aka saba, wani abu da ta ci gaba har zuwa shekarun ta. A shekarar 1993, Angelou ta karanta waken ta mai taken On the Pulse of Morning a lokacin bikin rantsar da Bill Clinton, ta zama mawaƙiya na farko da ta yi wake a bikin rantsar da shugaban kasa tun Robert Frost a ƙaddamarwar John F. Kennedy a 1961 Karatunta ya haifar da karin suna da girmamawa ga ayyukanta na baya, da kuma fadada karatunta "a fagen kabilanci, tattalin arziki, da ilimi". Rikodin waka ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy A watan Yuni na 1995, ta ba da abin da Richard Long ya kira shi da "waƙar jama'a na biyu" na jama'a mai taken" Braar Amfani da Gaskiya wanda ke bikin tunawa da shekaru 50 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Angelou ta cimma burinta ne na jagorantar fim din fasali a shekarar 1996, Down a cikin Delta wanda ya fito da 'yan wasa kamar su Alfre Woodard da Wesley Snipes Hakanan a cikin 1996, ta yi aiki tare da masu fasahar R&amp;B Ashford &amp; Simpson akan waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya na kundin su Been Find Kundin kundin alhakin shi ne na uku na hotunan <i id="mwAX0">Billboard</i> kawai na Angelou. A cikin 2000, ta ƙirƙiri samfuran nasara don Hallmark, gami da katunan gaisuwa da abubuwa na kayan ado na gida. Ta amsa wa masu sukar da suka tuhume ta da cewa sun yi ciniki sosai ta hanyar cewa "kamfanin ya yi daidai da kiyaye matsayinta na 'mawakan mutane'". Fiye da shekaru talatin bayan da Angelou ta fara rubuta tarihin rayuwarta, ta kammala tarihinta na shida.A Song Flung Up to Heaven Wani Waƙa ya Zuwa Sama, a 2002. Angelou ta yi kamfe na Jam’iyyar Democrat a zabubbukan shugaban kasa na shekarar 2008, inda ta ba ta goyon bayan jama'a ga Hillary Clinton A zagayen farko na zaben watan Janairu a South Carolina, yakin neman zaben Clinton ya gabatar da tallace-tallacen da ke nuna goyon baya ga Angelou. Tallace-tallacen wani angare ne na yun} urin da aka yi na tattara goyon baya a cikin ba} ar fata; amma Barack Obama ya lashe ta Kudancin Carolina, inda ya kammala maki 29 a gaban Clinton da kuma samun kashi 80% na Bakar ƙuri'a. Lokacin da yaƙin neman zaɓe Clinton ya ƙare, Angelou ta ba da goyan bayanta ga Obama, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe zaɓen shugaban ƙasa kuma ya zama shugaban Afirka na farko na Amurkan. Bayan bikin rantsarwar Obama, ta bayyana cewa, "Mun girma fiye da yadda ake magana kan wariyar launin fata da kuma luwadi." A ƙarshen 2010, Angelou ta ba da takaddun takardarta da abubuwan tunawa da aikinta ga Cibiyar Binciken Masana'antar Ba da Fata ta Al'adu ta Harlem Sun ƙunshi akwatunan sama da 340 na takardu waɗanda ke nuna bayanan rubutun hannunta na rubutu akan aljihun doka don na san Me yasa Cged Bird Sings, wayar tarho daga 1982 daga Coretta Scott King, wasiƙar fan, da wasiƙar sirri da ƙwararru daga abokan aiki kamar edita Robert Loomis. A shekara ta 2011, Angelou ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Martin Luther King, Jr Memorial a Washington, DC Ta yi magana da hamayya da wani kwatancin abin da King ya fada a lokacin tunawa, inda ta ce, "Faɗin ya sa Dr. Martin Luther Sarki yayi kama da mai girman kai nemi da a canza shi. A ƙarshe, an cire fasalin. A cikin 2013, yayin da yake da shekaru 85, Angelou ta wallafa girma na bakwai na tarihin rayuwar kansa a jerin ta, mai taken Mama Me Mama, wanda ke mayar da hankali kan alaƙar da ke tsakanin mahaifiyarta. Rayuwarta Shaida ta nuna cewa Angelou yar wani bangare ne daga mutanen Mende na Yammacin Afirka. [b A shekara ta 2008, gwajin DNA ya nuna cewa a cikin dukkan magabatan Afirka, kashi 45 sun fito ne daga Kongo yankin Angola kuma kashi 55 daga cikin Afirka ta Yamma ne Wani bayanin da aka yi na PBS a 2008 ya gano cewa mahaifiyar mahaifiyar Angelou Mary Lee, wacce ta sami 'yanci bayan yakin basasa, ta sami juna biyu ta hannun tsohon maigidan nata, John Savin. Savin ya tilasta Lee ya sa hannu a wata sanarwa ta karya wacce ke zargin wani mutum da kasancewa mahaifin ɗanta. Bayan an tuhumi Savin da tilasta wa Lee yin zagon kasa, kuma duk da gano cewa Savin ya kasance uba, sai masu yanke hukunci suka same shi da laifi. An tura Lee zuwa gidan marassa kyau na Clinton County da ke Missouri tare da diyarta, Marguerite Baxter, wanda ya zama kaka ga uwar Angelou. Angelou ta bayyana Lee a matsayin "karamar yarinyar baƙar fata, a jiki da ta hankali". Angelou tana da ɗa guda ɗaya, Guy, wanda haihuwar ta bayyana a tarihinta na farko; daya jikan, jikoki biyu, kuma, a cewar Gillespie, babban rukunin abokai da dangi. [bayanin kula 14] Mahaifiyar Angelou Vivian Baxter ta mutu a 1991 da dan uwanta Bailey Johnson Jr., ta mutu a shekara ta 2000 bayan wasu jerin raunuka; Dukansu muhimman mutane ne a rayuwarta da littafanta. [bayanin kula 15] A cikin 1981, mahaifiyar jikan ta ta bace tare da shi; neman shi ya ɗauki shekara huɗu. [bayanin kula 16] A shekara ta 2009, gidan yanar gizon TMZ da ke tseguntawa ya ba da rahoton cewa an kwantar da Angelou asibiti a Los Angeles lokacin da take da rai kuma a cikin St. Louis, wanda ya haifar da jita-jita game da mutuwarta kuma, a cewar Angelou, damuwa tsakanin abokai da danginta a duk duniya. A cikin 2013, Angelou ta gaya wa kawarta Oprah Winfrey cewa ta yi karatuttukan darussan da Cocin Unityungiyar Unity ta ba da, waɗanda ke da mahimmanci a cikin ruhaniya. Ba ta sami digiri na digiri ba, amma a cewar Gillespie shi ne abin da Angelou ta fi son mutane su kira shi "Dr. Angelou" daga wajen iyalinta da kuma abokanta. Ta mallaki gidaje biyu a Winston-Salem, North Carolina, da kuma "lordly brownstone" a Harlem, wanda aka saya a 2004 kuma yana cike da "ɗakunan karatu" masu girma na littattafan da ta tattara a duk faɗin ta. rayuwa, zane-zane da aka tara tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, da kuma dafaffen abinci. Marubucin Guardian Gary Younge ya ba da rahoton cewa, a cikin gidan Harlo na gidan Angelou akwai wasu katangar bango na Afirka da tarin zane-zanenta, ciki har da na wasu mawaƙa da yawa, da mai ruwa na Rosa Parks, da kuma wani aiki mai suna Faith Ringgold mai suna "Maya's Quilt Of Life". A cewar Gillespie, ta gudanar da bukukuwan da yawa a kowace shekara a babban gidanta na Winston-Salem; "Kwarewar da take dashi a girkin itace tatsuniya-daga abinci mai kyau har zuwa abinci mai ta'aziyya zuwa gida". A Winston-Salem Journal ya fada cewa: "kullawa wani gayyatar zuwa daya daga Angelou ta Thanksgiving cin abinci, Kirsimeti itace Popular jam'iyyun ko ajon yana daga cikin mafi coveted gayyata a gari." Jaridar New York Times, wacce ke bayyana tarihin gidan Angelou a New York City, ta bayyana cewa ta saba yin bakuncin manyan ranar bikin Sabuwar Shekara. Ta haɗu da dafa abincirta da ƙwarewar rubuce-rubucenta a cikin littafanta 2004 Hallelujah! Teburin Maraba da aka gabatar, wanda ya ƙunshi girke-girke na 73, wanda yawancinsu suka koya daga kakarta da mahaifiyarta, tare da kayan maye 28. Ta bi sahu a cikin 2010 tare da littafinta na biyu, Babban Abinci, Duk Rana Ta Tsawon Lokaci Cook Da Nishaɗi, Ku Ci Smart, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan asarar nauyi da kulawar yanki. Farawa daga Na san Dalilin da yasa Tsararrun Tsuntsayen Birni, Angelou tayi amfani da "rubutun rubutun al'ada" tsawon shekaru. Da sanyin safiya ta farka ta shiga ɗakin otal, inda aka umarci ma'aikatan su cire duk hotuna daga bangon. Tana yin rubutu a kan allunan doka yayin da take kwance a kan gado, tare da kwalbar sherry, da katunan katunan don wasa solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, da kuma Littafi Mai-Tsarki, kuma za ta tashi da yamma. Tana yin matsakaita shafi na 12-12 na rubuce rubuce a rana, wanda ta yi rubutu sau uku ko hudu a maraice. [bayanin kula 17] Ta ci gaba da wannan hanyar don "yi maita" da kanta, kuma kamar yadda ta ce a cikin tattaunawa ta 1989 tare da Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Burtaniya, "sake dawo da azabar, damuwa, Sturm und Drang Ta sanya kanta a cikin lokacin da ta rubuta game da, har ma da wahalhalu irin su fyade a cikin Cged Bird, don "faɗi gaskiyar ɗan adam" game da rayuwarta. Ita dai Angelou ta bayyana cewa ta buga katunan ne domin samun damar zuwa wannan wurin da ake sihiri kuma don samun damar tuno abubuwan tuna ta. Ta ce, "Ana iya ɗaukar sa'a ɗaya don shiga ciki, amma da zarar na kasance a ciki ha! Yana da dadi sosai! Ta ba ta sami cathartic tsari; a maimakon haka, ta sami kwanciyar hankali a “gaya gaskiya”. Mutuwa Angelou ta mutu a safiyar ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014 yana da shekara 86. Mahaifinta ne ya same ta. Kodayake an bayar da rahoton cewa Angelou tana cikin ƙoshin lafiya kuma ta soke wasannin da aka shirya kwanan nan, amma tana aiki a wani littafi, wani tarihin tarihin game da abubuwan da ta samu tare da shugabannin ƙasa da na duniya. Lokacin bikin tunawa da ita a Jami'ar Wake Forest, danta Guy Johnson ya bayyana cewa duk da kasancewa cikin azaba a koda yaushe saboda rawar rawa da gazawar numfashi, ta rubuta littattafai hudu a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarta. Ya ce, "Ta bar wannan jirgi mai rai ba tare da asara mai wahala ba kuma ba asara a fahimta." Kalamai ga Angelou da ta'aziyar da aka bayar ta hanyar masu zane-zane, masu ba da shawara, da shugabannin duniya, ciki har da Obama, wacce 'yar uwanta ta sanya wa suna Angelou, da Bill Clinton. Harold Augenbraum, daga Asusun Littattafai na kasa, ya ce "Gadoji na Angelou ɗaya ne wanda duk marubuta da masu karatu a duk faɗin duniya za su iya sha'awar su. Makon da ya mutu bayan mutuwar Angelou, Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings ya tashi zuwa lamba 1 a jerin masu sayar da kayan sayarwa na Amazon.com A 29 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2014, Dutsen Sihiyona Baptist Church a Winston-Salem, wanda Angelou ta kasance memba na shekaru 30, ta gudanar da bikin tunawa da jama'a don girmama ta. A ranar 7 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da wani taron tunawa da masu zaman kansu a cikin Dutsen Sitel a harabar Jami'ar Wake da ke Winston-Salem. An nuna wannan bikin ne a tashoshin cikin gida a yankin Winston-Salem Triad kuma an gabatar da jawabai kai tsaye a shafin yanar gizon jami'ar tare da jawabai daga danta, Oprah Winfrey, Michelle Obama, da Bill Clinton. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da taron tunawa a Cocin Glide Memorial da ke San Francisco, inda Angelou memba ce tsawon shekaru. Rev. Cecil Williams, Magajin gari Ed Lee, da tsohon magajin garin Willie Brown sun yi magana. Ayyuka Angelou ya rubuta jimlar tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai. A cewar masanin Mary Mary Lu Lupton, littafin tarihin Angelou na uku Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti alama ce ta farko da sanannen ɗan Afirka-Amerikaniya ya rubuta littafi na uku game da rayuwarta. Littattafan "suna shimfidawa a kan lokaci da wuri", daga Arkansas zuwa Afirka da kuma komawa Amurka, suna faruwa daga farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II zuwa kisan Martin Luther King, Jr. A cikin tarihinta na biyar “Duk Allah Yara suna Bukatar Kayan tafiya Ta buga tarihinta na bakwai Mama Me Mama a cikin shekarar 2013, yana da shekaru 85. Masu sukar sun ci gaba da yin hukunci a kan abubuwan tarihin mai zuwa na Angelou "ta la'akari da farko", tare da Cged Bird suna karɓar yabo mafi girma. Angelou ta rubuta tarin littatafai guda biyar, wanda marubuciya Hilton Als ta kirata "littattafan hikima" da "girmamawa tare da rubuce-rubucen tarihin kansu". Angelou tayi amfani da edita iri ɗaya a duk lokacin aikinta na rubutu, Robert Loomis, editan zartarwa a Gidan Random ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2011 kuma an kira shi "daya daga cikin zauren wallafa mashahurin editocin." Angelou ya ce game da Loomis: "Muna da alaƙar da ta shahara a tsakanin masu wallafa." Dogo da tsufa na Angelou sun hada da wakoki, wasan kwaikwayo, allon hoton talabijin da fim, jagoranci, aiki, da kuma yin magana da jama'a. Ta kasance marubuciya mai salo ta shahara; herarata Kawai Kawo min Abincin Ruwa na Ruwa 'Nan aka Diiie (1971) aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Pulitzer, kuma Shugaban Amurka Bill Clinton ya zaɓe ta don ta maimaita wannan waka mai taken "On the Pulse of Morning" yayin bikin rantsuwarsa a shekarar 1993. Angelou ta nasara addashin aiki hada da matsayin su a cikin da yawa kwaikwaiyo, fina-finai, da kuma talabijin shirye-shirye, ciki har da ta bayyanar a cikin talabijin mini-jerin Roots, a shekarar 1977. Hotunan wasan kwaikwayo, Georgia, Georgia (1972), ita ce rubutun farko da wata baƙar fata ta fito da ita, kuma ita ce mace ta farko ɗan ba-Amurke da ta jagoranci wani hoto mai motsi, Down a Delta, a cikin shekarar 1998. Na san Dalilin da yasa Sihirin Tsage Bird (1969): Zuwa shekarar 1944 (shekara 17) Haduwa Tare Da Sunana (1974): 1944–48 Singin 'da Swingin' da Gettin 'Merry Kamar Kirsimeti (1976): 1949-1955 Zuciyar Mace (1981): 1957-1962 Dukkan 'Ya'yan Allah suna Bukatar takalmin Balaguro (1986): 1962-665 Waƙar da Aka Jefa Sama (aya (2002): 1965-1968 Mama &amp; Ni &amp; Mama (2013): dubawa Lokacin da Na san Me Ya sa aka buga Siyar Bird Sings a cikin shekarar 1969, an yaba wa Angelou a matsayin sabon abin tunawa, ɗaya daga cikin matan Ba-Amurkan farko da suka sami damar tattauna rayuwarsu ta jama'a. A cewar masanin Hilton Als, har zuwa wannan lokacin, matan marubutan bakaken fata sun karkata ga lamarin har ya kai ga sun kasa gabatar da kansu a matsayin jigo a cikin littattafan da suka rubuta. Masanin ilimin harshe John McWhorter ya yarda, yana ganin ayyukan Angelou, wanda ya kira "tatsuniyoyi", a zaman "rubuce-rubuce na neman afuwa". Ya sanya Angelou a cikin al'adun adabin Baƙin Amurkan a matsayin kariya ga al'adun baƙar fata, wanda ya kira "bayyananniyar wallafe-wallafen alamomin da ke da tasiri a cikin malamin baƙar fata na lokacin". Marubuci Julian Mayfield, wanda ya kira Caged Bird "aikin fasaha ne wanda ya ɓace da kwatanci", yi ishara da cewa tarihin rayuwar Angelou ya ba da misali ga baƙar fata marubutan mata kawai, har ma da baƙon tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke gaba ɗaya. Als ya ce Caged Bird alama ce ta farkon lokacin da baƙar fata mai ba da izini zai iya, kamar yadda ya sanya shi, "rubuta game da baƙi daga ciki, ba tare da afuwa ko kariya ba". Ta hanyar rubuce-rubucen tarihinta, Angelou ta sami karbuwa sosai a matsayin mai magana da yawun bakaken fata da mata. Hakan ya sanya ta "ba tare da wata shakka ba, Baƙon da aka fi sani da muryar Amurka ta Amurka wacce za a iya gani da kanta da “babbar muryar magana ta zamani”. Kamar yadda marubuci Gary Younge ya ce, "Wataƙila fiye da kowane marubuci da rai, rayuwar Angelou a zahiri aikinta ce." Als ce cewa Caged Bird ya taimaka kara baki dandalin mata rubuce-rubucen a cikin 1970s, kasa ta hanyar da asali fiye da "ta rawa a cikin rinjaye zeitgeist ko a lokacin da aka rubuta cewa, a karshen da American Civil Rights Movement Als ta kuma ce rubuce-rubucen Angelou, wadanda suka fi nuna sha'awar bayyana kansu fiye da siyasa ko mace, sun ‘yanto wasu marubutan mata don" buɗe kansu ba tare da kunya ga idanun duniya ba Mai sukar lamirin Angelou Joanne M. Braxton ta bayyana cewa Caged Bird "wataƙila ya fi dacewa da tarihin rayuwar" wacce mace Ba-Amurke ta rubuta a zamanin ta. Labarin wakokin Angelou ya rinjayi al'umman kiɗan zamani na hip-hop, gami da masu zane-zane kamar Kanye West, Common, Tupac Shakur, da Nicki Minaj Liyafar maraba Mai duba Elsie B. Washington, wataƙila sakamakon zaɓin Shugaba Clinton na Angelou ne don ta maimaita waka mai taken "A kan Mako na Morning" a lokacin bikin buɗe taron nasa na shekarar 1993, ya kira ta "baƙar fata mace baƙi". Sayar da talifin litattafai na litattafai da na waƙoƙi ya karu da kashi 300-600 cikin sati bayan karatun Angelou. Random House, wacce ta buga waka daga baya a waccan shekarar, dole ne ta sake buga kwafen 400,000 na dukkan litattafan nata domin ci gaba da biyan bukatar. Sun sayar da mafi yawan litattafan nata a watan Janairu na 1993 fiye da yadda suka yi a duk shekarar 1992, wanda ke karuwa da kashi 1200%. Ita dai Angelou ta ce, a martani ga zargi game da amfani da cikakken bayani game da rayuwarta a cikin ayyukanta, "Na yarda da Balzac da marubutan karni na 19, baki da fari, waɗanda suka ce, 'Na rubuta don kuɗi'." Younge, yayin da yake magana bayan buga littafin littatafai na uku na Angelou, Harafi ga 'yata (2008), ta ce, "A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, ta yi amfani da baiwarta ta fannoni daban-daban a wani fannin wasan kwaikwayo na bayar da sakon sirri da inganta rayuwa ta hanyar hada wakoki, wakoki da hira. Littattafan Angelou, musamman Na san Dalilin da yasa Siyar Bird Sings, iyaye da yawa sun soki su, suna haifar da cire su daga tsarin makarantu da kuma ɗakunan ajiyar laburare. A cewar Kungiyar Hadin Kai ta Kasa, Sanatoci, iyaye da makarantu sun yi adawa da hotunan Cged Bird na yan madigo, da yin aure kafin aure, batsa, da kuma tashin hankali. Wasu sun yi Allah-wadai da yanayin bayyanar da labarin game da jima'i, amfani da yare, da kuma alamuran addini. Birgediya mai tsayi ya fito na uku akan jerin Libraryungiyar Makarantar Amurka (ALA) cikin Litattafai 100 Mafi Challeungiyoyin Matsaloli na 1990 2000 da na shida akan jerin ALA 2000-2009. Kyauta da girmamawa Jami'o'i, kungiyoyi masu rubuce-rubuce, hukumomin gwamnati, da kungiyoyin kungiyoyi na musamman sun girmama Angelou. Ta karrama hada da wani Pulitzer Prize gabatarwa domin ta littafin wakoki, bani Cool sha ruwa 'fore na Diiie, wani Tony Award gabatarwa domin ta rawa a cikin 1973 play duba bãya, kuma uku Grammys mata magana maganar kundi. Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitocin biyu na shugaban kasa, kuma an ba ta lambar yabo ta Spingarn a 1994, lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa a 2000, da kuma lambar yabo ta shugaban kasa a shekarar 2011. An baiwa Angelou sama da digiri na daraja hamsin. Yana amfani da ilimi Anyi amfani da tarihin tarihin Angelou ta hanyar labarai da kuma hanyoyin al'adu da yawa na ilimin malamai Jocelyn A. Glazier, malami a Jami'ar George Washington, ya horar da malamai yadda ake "magana game da tsere" a cikin ɗakunan karatun su tare da Na san Dalilin da Ya Sa Tsararrun Tsuntsu Tsararru da Haduwa Tare da Suna A cewar Glazier, amfanin Angelou na rashin gaskiya, izgili, walwala, da baƙin ƙarfe ya sa masu karanta labarin tarihin Angelou ba su da tabbacin abin da ta bari da kuma yadda ya kamata su amsa ga abubuwan da ta bayyana. Misalin Angelou na abubuwan da ta samu game da wariyar launin fata sun tilasta wa masu karatu farat ɗaya ko dai su gano yadda suke ji game da tsere da kuma "matsayinsu na musamman", ko kuma a guji tattaunawar a matsayin wata hanya ta riƙe gatan su. Glazier ta gano cewa masu sukar sun mayar da hankali kan yadda Angelou ta dace da yanayin tarihin Afirka-Ba-Amurke da kuma dabarun rubuce-rubucen ta, amma masu karatu sun yi kokarin amsa tatsar labarinta tare da "mamaki, musamman idan suka shiga rubutu tare da wasu fata game da nau'in tarihin rayuwa Mai Koyar da Daniyel kalubalanci, a cikin littafinsa na Tarihi na Resilience a cikin Yara, ya bincika abubuwan da suka faru a cikin Cged Bird don nuna kwatanci a cikin yara. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa littafin Angelou ya samar da "tsari mai amfani" don bincika matsalolin da yara da yawa kamar Maya suka fuskanta da kuma yadda al'ummominsu suka taimaka musu wajen samun nasara. Masanin ilimin halayyar dan Adam Chris Boyatzis ya ba da rahoton amfani da Caged Bird don haɓaka ka’idar kimiyya da bincike a cikin koyarwar batutuwan haɓaka yara kamar haɓakar akidar mutum da mutuncin kai, jigilar mutum, masana'antar da ƙaranci, illolin zagi, salon iyaye, ƙannen ɗan uwan da alakar abota, batutuwan da suka shafi jinsi, ci gaban wayewa, balaga, da kuma asalin zama cikin samartaka. Ya samo Caged Bird ya zama "ingantacciyar hanya" kayan aiki don samar da misalai na ainihi na waɗannan ra'ayoyin tunani. ƙa An san Angelou sanannun tarihin rayuwa guda bakwai, amma kuma ta kasance mawakiya ce mai nasara kuma mai nasara. An kira ta da "lafazin baƙar fata mace", kuma waƙoƙinta an kira shi da waƙoƙin Americansan Afirka na Afirka. Angelou tayi karatu kuma ta fara rubuta waƙoƙi tun yana ƙarami, kuma tayi amfani da waƙoƙi da sauran manyan littattafai don shawo kan fyaderta a matsayin yarinya, kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin Birgediya Birged A cewar masanin Yasmin Y. DeGout, wallafe-wallafen su ma sun shafi kwarewar Angelou yayin mawaƙinta da marubucin da ta zama, musamman ma "jawabcin kwatancen da zai canza asali a cikin littafin tarihin wakoki." Da yawa daga masu sukar suna ganin tarihin Angelou da muhimmanci fiye da wakarta. Duk da cewa duk litattafan ta masu siye ne, amma ba a san adabinn ta da muhimmanci kamar yadda take ba kuma ba a kula da ita ba. Waƙoƙin wakokinta sun fi ban sha'awa idan ta karanta da yin su, kuma masu sukar da yawa sun jaddada yanayin jama'a na waƙinta. Rashin nuna yabo mai mahimmanci na Angelou an danganta shi ga yanayin jama'a na yawancin wakafuttukan nasa da kuma nasarar da Angelou ta samu, da kuma fifikon masu sukar larabci a matsayin rubutaccen rubutu maimakon magana ta baki, wanda aka yi. Zofia Burr ta gurfanar da masu sukar Angelou ta hanyar la’antar su da rashin yin la’akari da manyan manufofin Angelou a cikin rubuce-rubucen ta: "zama wakili maimakon mutum, mai iko maimakon rikon amana". Salo da salo iri-iri a tarihin rayuwa Amfani da Angelou na amfani da dabarun rubuta rubutu kamar tattaunawa, nunawa, da haɓaka jigo, saiti, tsari, da harshe sun haifar da sanya litattafan ta cikin yanayin almara na ainihi Angelou tayi wani yunƙuri da gaske a cikin litattafanta don ƙalubalanci tsarin tsarin rayuwar ta ɗabi'a, canji, da fadada nau'in. Maryamu Mary Jane Lupton ta ce duk tarihin rayuwar Angelou sun dace da tsarin nau'ikan al'adu: marubuta guda ne suka rubuta su, suna cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi, kuma suna ɗauke da abubuwan halaye, fasaha, da jigo. Angelou ta fahimci cewa akwai fannoni na almara zuwa litattafanta; Lupton ya yarda, yana mai bayanin cewa Angelou ya nuna "banbanci daga ra'ayi na al'ada game da tarihin rayuwa kamar gaskiya", wanda ya yi daidai da babban taron tarihin Afirka-Ba'amurke wanda aka rubuta a lokacin ɓarnar tarihin tarihin Amurka, lokacin da Lupton da Afirka- Masanin Amurka Crispin Sartwell ya saka shi, an rufe gaskiya daga buƙatun kariyar kai. Masanin kimiyya Lyman B. Hagen ya sanya Angelou a cikin tsohuwar al'adar tarihin Bahaushe da Ba-Amurke, amma ya ce Angelou ta ƙirƙiri wata fassara ta musamman game da tarihin tarihin kansa. A cewar masanin adabin Afirka bahaushe Pierre A. Walker, kalubalen galibin tarihin wallafe-wallafen Ba-Amurke shi ne cewa marubutan sa dole ne su tabbatar da matsayinsa a matsayin wallafe-wallafe kafin su cim ma burinsu na siyasa, wanda hakan ya sa editan Angelou Robert Loomis ya sami ikon yin iya ƙoƙarin ta don rubuta Caged Bird ta hanyar ƙalubalantar ta ta rubuta wani littafin tarihin da za a iya ɗauka a matsayin "babban fasaha". Angelou ta yarda cewa ta bi al'adar bahaushe ta "magana da mutum-mutumin da ya fara magana game da jam'i na farko, koyaushe yana cewa Ina ma'anar 'mu'". Masanin kimiyya John McWhorter ya kira littattafan Angelou "tatsuniyoyi" waɗanda ke kare al'adun Afirka da baƙi kuma suna yaƙar raini. A cewar McWhorter, Angelou ta tsara litattafanta, wanda ga alama kamar an rubuta shi fiye da yara fiye da na manya, don tallafawa kare al'adun bakaken fata. McWhorter tana ganin Angelou yayin da take bayyana kanta a cikin tarihin rayuwar ta "a matsayin wani babban mutum-mutun-mutumin-ba-Amurke a cikin Matsalar McWhorter yana kallon ayyukan Angelou a matsayin kwanan wata, amma ya fahimci cewa "ta taimaka ta ba da hanya ga masu baƙar fata na zamani waɗanda suka sami damar jin daɗin jin daɗin kasancewa kawai mutane, ba wakilan tsere ba, kawai kansu". Masanin Lynn Z. Bloom ya kwatanta ayyukan Angelou da rubuce-rubucen Frederick Douglass, yana mai cewa duka sun cika ɗayan manufa ɗaya: don bayyana al'adun baƙar fata da fassara shi don mafi yawan masu sauraronsu. A cewar masanin Sondra O'Neale, ana iya sanya waƙar Angelou a cikin al'adar bakaken fata ta Afirka da baƙi, kuma takenta "yana bin wata dabara ta al'ada ce ta nau'ikan yammacin Afirka". O'Neale ya bayyana cewa Angelou ta guji amfani da "harshen baƙar fata na duniya", kuma an cimma shi, ta hanyar tattaunawa kai tsaye, abin da O'Neale ya kira "mafi tsammanin bayyanar ghetto". McWhorter ya ga yaren da Angelou tayi amfani da ita a tarihin rayuwar ta da kuma mutanen da ta nuna mara gaskiya ne, wanda ya haifar da rabuwa tsakanin ta da masu sauraro. Kamar yadda McWhorter ke faɗi, "Ban taɓa karanta rubuce-rubuce na kaina ba inda na sami irin wannan wahalar wajen tattaro ma'anar yadda tattaunawar take, ko kuma ma'anar wanene batun yake". Misali, McWhorter ya ba da tabbaci, alal misali, manyan adadi a cikin littattafan Angelou, kamar ita, ɗanta Guy, da mahaifiyarta Vivian ba sa magana kamar yadda mutum zai zata, kuma cewa kalaman nasu “an tsaftace su” ne ga masu karatun ta. Misali, Guy, wakiltar ƙaramar baƙar fata maza, yayin da Vivian wakiltar adadi na mahaifiyar da ta dace, da mahimmin yaren da suke amfani da shi, da kuma harshe a cikin rubutun Angelou, an yi niyya don tabbatar da cewa baƙar fata na iya amfani da ingantaccen Ingilishi daidai. McWhorter ya fahimci cewa yawancin dalilin salon salon Angelou shine yanayin "rashin yarda" na rubuce-rubucen ta. Lokacin da Angelou ta rubuta Caged Bird a ƙarshen shekarun 1960, ɗayan abubuwan da ake buƙata da kuma karɓar littattafai a lokacin shine "haɗin kwayoyin", ɗayan burinta shine ƙirƙirar littafin da ya gamsar da wannan ra'ayin. Abubuwan da suka faru a littattafanta sunyi kyau kuma an tsara su kamar jerin gajerun labarai, amma shirye shiryen su baya bin tsarin tarihi. Madadin haka, an sanya su don jaddada jigon littattafan ta, waɗanda suka haɗa da wariyar launin fata, asalinsu, dangi, da balaguro. Wani malamin koyar da adabin Ingilishi Valerie Sayers ya ba da tabbacin cewa "Waƙar da baƙon Angelou sun yi kama da juna". Dukansu suna dogara da “muryarta kai tsaye”, wacce ke canza launin madaidaiciya tare da tsarin da aka daidaita tare da amfani da misalai da metaphors (misali, tsuntsu da aka girka). A cewar Hagen, ayyukan Angelou sun rinjayi duka rubuce-rubucen al'ada da al'adun gargajiyar al'umman Afirka-Amurkan. Misali, ta yi rubutu kan haruffa rubuce-rubuce sama da 100 a cikin littattafanta da wakoki. Kari akan haka, ta yi amfani da abubuwa na kade-kade, wadanda suka hada da aikin shaida yayin da ake maganar rayuwar mutum da gwagwarmaya, rashin fahimta, da kuma amfani da kalmomi na dabi'a, kida, da kuma fahimta. Angelou, maimakon ta dogara da tarko, ta yi amfani da abubuwan tarihi da na tarihi don tsara littattafanta. Manazarta Citations Ayyuka da aka lakaitu Haɗin waje Official website Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou Maya Angelou takardu a Laburaren Jama'a na New York Maya tuna tunawa da Maya Angelou a Jami'ar Wake Forest Maya Angelou (wasu tsofaffin lambobin yabo) a Aveleyman.com Spring, Kelly. "Maya Angelou" Dandalin Tarihin Matan Kasar. 2017. Mayakan Post na Maya Maya Angelou, 'Caged Bird Songs,' Debuts Pages with unreviewed

32835

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia%20Rawlings%2C%20Baroness%20Rawlings

Patricia Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings

Patricia Elizabeth Rawlings, Baroness Rawlings An Haife ta a 27 ga wata Janairun 1939, yar siyasa ce ta Jam'iyyar Conservative kuma tsohuwar gaba a cikin House of Lords. Ta kuma kasance memba a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) daga 1989 zuwa 1994. Ta kasance Shugabar Kwalejin King na London daga 1998 zuwa 2007, kuma an mai da ita Fellow of King's College (FKC) a 2003. Ta kasance Shugabar Majalisar Kasa ta Ƙungiyoyin Sa-kai daga 2002 zuwa 2007, kuma Shugabar Ƙungiyar Dillalan Kayan gargajiya ta Biritaniya 2005-2013. Ita kuma mataimakiyar Chevening Estate ce. Ilimi Rawlings ta yi karatu a Burtaniya da Switzerland. Ta sami horo a matsayin ma'aikaciyar jinya a Asibitin Westminster kuma memba ce mai himma a kungiyar Red Cross ta Burtaniya (An ba ta lambar girmamawa ta Red Cross ta Biritaniya a cikin 1987). Ta kasance balagagge dalibi a Jami'ar College London kuma ta yi karatun digiri na biyu a dangantakar kasa da kasa daga Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London An ba ta Hon DLitt daga Jami'ar Buckingham a 1998. Sana'ar siyasa Bayan fafatawan Sheffield Central a 1983 da Doncaster Central a 1987, an zabi Rawlings a zaben 1989 na Turai a matsayin MEP na Essex South West. An soke wannan mazabar don zaben 1994 na Turai lokacin da Hugh Kerr na Labour ya doke ta a sabuwar mazabar Essex West da Hertfordshire East. An ƙirƙira ta abokiyar rayuwa tare da taken Baroness Rawlings, na Burnham Westgate a cikin gundumar Norfolk a ranar 5 ga Oktoba 1994 kuma ta shiga gidan iyayengiji inda ta riƙe mukamai na gaba da yawa. Ta yi aiki a matsayin Whip na adawa (1997 1998), Kakakin Al’adu, Watsa Labarai da Wasanni (1997 1998), Harkokin Waje da Commonwealth (1998 2010) da Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya (1998 2010). Bayan babban zaɓe na 2010, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun Gwamnati tare da alhakin Al'adu, Media da Wasanni da kuma Scotland. Baroness Rawlings ya yi ritaya daga gwamnati a ranar 25 ga Yuni 2012. Rigima A cikin 2002 Baroness Rawlings ta shiga cikin takaddama kan wani yanki mai girman eka 1.8 (7,300 m2), mallakin Kwalejin King London, kuma mallakar asibitin St Thomas a da. King's ya umurci Jones Lang LaSalle ya kimanta rukunin yanar gizon, wanda ya haifar da ƙimar £10 miliyan. An ba filin har zuwa fam miliyan 24 ba zato ba tsammani daga Cibiyar Ci gaban Aga Khan, wanda ya haifar da adawa daga St Thomas'. An yi jita-jita cewa Baroness Rawlings ce ta kirkiro tayin da ba a nema ba wanda ta musanta da gaske, tana mai cewa a matsayinta na Shugabar Kwalejin King London ba ta san komai ba game da irin wannan neman dage cewa wani yanki ne mai kima na estate na King's College London kuma ya kamata a sayar da shi ga mafi girman kasuwa a kasuwa. Daga karshe Kwalejin ta yanke shawarar rike kadarorin. Rayuwa ta sirri Patricia Rawlings ta yi aure a 1962 ga ɗan kasuwa David Wolfson, daga baya Baron Wolfson na Sunningdale (1935-2021), amma ta sake shi a 1967; dukkan abokan tarayya sun rike mukamai masu daraja a nasu dama. Ita ce Sakatariyar Daraja ta gidan cin abinci na Grillion, kuma memba na Alhazai Society. Tana zaune a Burnham Westgate Hall, wani gidan da aka tsara na Sir John Soane a Kasuwar Burnham, Norfolk, tare da filin shakatawa sama da kadada 30, wanda aka sanya kayan don siyarwa a cikin 2019 tare da farashin jagora na 3.8M. A baya Baroness Rawlings ne ya siyar da gidan, a cikin 2011, tare da farashin £7M; Johnny Depp, dan wasan kwaikwayo na fim, an ce yana so ya sayi kadarorin a lokacin, amma ba a sayar da shi ba. Umurnin waje da kayan ado A cikin 1991 Patricia Rawlings ita ce mace ta farko ta Burtaniya da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta Rose (Azurfa), wanda Shugaba Zhelyu Zhelev na Bulgaria ya ba ta, don nuna sha'awarta ga Bulgaria. An ba Rawlings damar sanya kayan ado a duk lokacin da ta ziyarci Bulgaria ko kuma ta je ofishin jakadancin Bulgaria. Don hidima ga dangantakar Anglo-Brazil, an ba ta Babban Jami'in, Order of the Southern Cross daga Jamhuriyar Brazil a 1998. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Patricia Rawlings Conservatives.com Tarihin Baroness Rawlings www.parliament.uk Bulgarian Order na Rose (Azurfa) Rayayyun mutane Mata yan

29104

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Marmara

Jami'ar Marmara

Articles using infobox university Pages using infobox university with the affiliations parameter Jami'ar Marmara Dake Turkiyya. Marmara Üniversitesi) Jami'a ce ta jama'a a Istanbul, Turkiyya Ana kiran jami'ar ne da sunan Tekun Marmara kuma an kafa ta ne a matsayin jami'a a shekarar 1982, amma an kafa ta a shekarar 1883 da sunan Hamidiye Ticaret Mekteb-i Âlisi, a wani gida a tsakiyar birnin Istanbul Ana ba da darussan a cikin harsuna hudu Turkiyanci, Turanci,Jamusanci, Faransanci wanda ya sa jami'ar Marmara ta zama jami'a mai harsuna da yawa a Turkiyya, Jami'ar na da cibiyoyin 13, cibiyoyi 11, kolejoji 8 da cibiyoyin bincike 28. Wasu daga cikin shahararrun daliban sun hada da shugaban kasar Turkiyya Recep Tayyip Erdogan da jarumin barkwanci Kemal Sunal da kuma dan jarida Aydın Doğan. Jami'ar Marmara wacce ke da manyan malamai sama da 3000 da kuma daliban da suka kai 60,000 cibiyoyi da yawa da suka warwatsu ko'ina cikin babban birnin Istanbul Ta kasance daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin ilimi a Turkiyya tsawon shekaru 124. Jami'ar ta inganta kanta cikin sauri zuwa matsayi na duniya tare da darussan Injiniya, Magunguna da Dentistry inda kafofin watsa labaru na Turanci da Ingilishi suke. Jami'ar ta hada da Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, wanda ke ba da ilimi a cikin harsuna biyar: Baturke, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Larabci, da Jamusanci, don haka Jami'ar Marmara ta zama jami'a daya tilo "multilingual" a Turkiyya Samun nasara mai ban sha'awa musamman a yankunan Medicine, Law da Fine Arts, da malamai da dalibai gasa a cikin sa hannu da kuma sadaukar da aikin ilimi don bunkasa ingancin ilimi da ingantaccen aiwatar da nazarin kimiyya a Jami'ar Marmara. Hakanan an kirkiro sabbin fasahohin tare da zuwan sabbin ɗalibai daga Jami'ar Istanbul tare da rufe hukuma a cikin 2020. Jami'ar Marmara tana ba da ilimin zamani a zamanan ce tare da cika ka'idodin zamantakewar yau da kullun tare da jagoranci na ka'idojin wayewa da kuma shirya ɗalibai don gaba ta hanyar gudanar da mulkin dimokuradiyya mai shiga tsakani bisa ƙa'idodin tsarin mulkin Turkiyya A cikin kokarin comma wadannan manufofin, 2839 malamai ma'aikata aka dauka aiki, ciki har da 558 furofesoshi, 234 abokan farfesa, 569 mataimakan farfesa, 237 malamai, 987 bincike mataimakan, 172 malamai, 78 kwararru, 3 masu fassara, 1 ilimi mai tsarawa tare da 1.3 management. Mambobin malamai 500 suna koyarwa a wasu jami'o'i, don haka suna raba ilimin su da gogewar al'adar Marmara. Jami'ar Marmara na da dalibai 57,000, daga cikinsu 44,661 dalibai ne na digiri na biyu da kuma 7,406 da suka kammala digiri. Daliban kasashen waje 1,354 daga kasashe 73 ne ke karatu a cibiyar. Daliban mata sun ƙunshi kashi 54% na yawan jama'a. Atatürk Faculty of Education Faculty of Dentistry Faculty of Pharmacy Faculty of Arts da Kimiyya Faculty of Fine Arts Faculty of Law Faculty of Economics da Administrative Sciences Faculty of Divinity Sashen Sadarwa Faculty of Engineering Faculty of Technical Education Faculty of Medicine Makarantar Ilimin Lafiya Makarantun digiri Cibiyar Nazarin Karatuttuka a Tsabtace da Kimiyyar Aiyuka Cibiyar Al'ummar Turai, wacce aka canza mata suna zuwa Cibiyar Tarayyar Turai a 2007 Cibiyar Banki da Inshora Cibiyar Kimiyyar Ilimi Cibiyar Kimiyyar Gastroenterology Cibiyar Fine Arts Cibiyar Kimiyyar Jijiya Cibiyar Nazarin Likita Cibiyar Kimiyyar zamantakewa Cibiyar Nazarin Turcology Cibiyar Nazarin Tsakiyar Gabas Makarantun sana'a Shirye-shirye na shekaru hudu Makarantar Banki da Inshora Makarantar Ilimin Jiki da Wasanni Makarantar Nursing İstanbul Zeynep Kamil Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lafiya Makarantar Harsunan Waje Karatun shekara biyu Makarantar Sana'a ta Allahntaka Makarantar Sana'a na Sana'o'i masu alaƙa da Lafiya Makarantar Sana'a ta Nazarin Zamantakewa Makarantar Sana'a na Nazarin Fasaha Bayanan duniya Yin hidimar dalibai a tsakanin kasashe 73, jami'a ta kasance mai himma wajen kafawa da kuma fadada dangantakarta a duniya. Don gane kasancewarta na duniya, Kwanan nan Jami'ar Marmara tana aiki don ƙirƙirar alaƙa tare da sauran jami'o'in Turai da kuma cibiyoyi da ke wajen EU waɗanda za su ba wa ɗalibai da masu bincike damar samun damammaki da yawa. Yawancin sassan ilimi a cikin jami'a sun yi nasara wajen haɓaka musayar ɗalibai malamai a cikin tsarin LLP, Erasmus Socrates da Hukumar Turai ke bayarwa. A cikin Faculty of Economics da Administrative Sciences, Ma'aikatar Kimiyyar Siyasa da Harkokin Duniya kadai ta haɓaka Yarjejeniyar Erasmus tare da Cibiyar Nazarin Turai, Jami'ar Jagiellonian, Poland Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Stockholm, Sweden Faculty of Kiyaye Al'adun gargajiya, Jami'ar Bologna, Italiya Kwalejin Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Antwerp, Belgium Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Regensburg, Jamus da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Siyasa, Jami'ar Johannes Gutenberg na Mainz, Jamus; Kwalejin Ilimin zamantakewa, Alice Salomon College Hannover, Jamus. Yayin da Faculty of Law yana da alaƙa da Jami'ar Münster, Jami'ar Free University of Berlin, Jami'ar Bielefeld, Jami'ar Cologne daga Jamus, Jami'ar Athens daga Girka, Jami'ar Linz daga Austria, Jami'ar Paris Descartes daga Faransa da Jami'ar Siena daga Italiya. Ofishin Internationalasashen Duniya na Jami'ar Marmara da ƙungiyar ESN Marmara ta ɗalibi suna ba da tallafi ga ɗaliban ƙasashen waje a cikin jami'ar. A kowace shekara daliban kungiyar kula da harkokin jami’ar Marmara suna shirya taron ‘International Week’ domin inganta zamantakewar al’ummar duniya na jami’ar Marmara tare da bayar da wani babban shiri na al’adu ga baki-dalibai da aka gayyata daga ko’ina a duniya zuwa taron. Inganci a cikin Shirin

32998

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline%20Foster

Jacqueline Foster

Jacqueline Foster, Baroness Foster na Oxton, DBE née Renshaw yar siyasa ce a jam'iyyar Conservative ta Biritaniya kuma tsohon memba ne a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila. A watan Disamban 2020, aka sanarwar cewa za a ba ta Matsayin Rayuwa bayan nadin da Firayim Minista Boris Johnson ya yi a matsayin wani bangare na Darajojin Siyasa na 2020. A cikin Janairu 2021, an kara mata matsayi zuwa matsayin Baroness Foster of Oxton, na Oxton a karkashin gundumar Merseyside. Fara aiki An haifi Jacqueline Foster a Liverpool kuma ta yi karatu a Prescot Girls' Grammar School. Ta yi aiki a British Airways na sama da shekaru ashirin. Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1985 ta bar British Airways kuma ta zama Manaja a Austria don Horizon, Ma'aikaciyar Yawon shakatawa ta Burtaniya kafin ta koma British Airways bayan shekaru hudu. A cikin 1989, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cabin Crew '89, ƙungiyar ƙwadago mai zaman kanta kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakiyar Babban Sakatare. Ta ci gaba da aiki a British Airways har zuwa lokacin da aka zabe ta matsayin MEP a 1999. Ta kuma zauna kuma ta yi aiki a Faransa da Sifaniya. Tana fahimtar harsunan Faransanci da Jamusanci. Shiga siyasa A shekarar 1988, bayan jawabin Bruges da Margaret Thatcher, ta yi adawa da shigar Biritaniya cikin tsarin kudaden Turai guda ɗaya tare da shiga cikin Sashin zamantakewa. Tare da gogewarta na rayuwa da aiki a Turai, koyaushe tana riƙe da ƙwaƙƙwaran Euro. Foster ta haɗe ayyukan ta na ƙungiyar kasuwanci tare da kuma harkokin ta na memba na Jam'iyyar Conservative, aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Twickenham Conservative Association da kuma rike da ofisoshin siyasa na son rai iri-iri na yankin Greater London. A babban zaɓe na 1992, ta kasance 'yar takarar Conservative a Newham South, kujera ta Labour a gabashin London. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa, Foster ta yanke yawancin Labour. An tantance ta a matsayin ‘yar takarar Eastleigh a zaben fidda gwani na shekarar 1994 amma ta sha kaye a zaben. 1997 babban zaben Burtaniya Ta ci gaba da neman zaɓe kuma a Nuwamban 1995 ne Eric Forth ya kada ta a zaɓen yankunan Bromley da Chislehurst A cikin watan Agusta 1996 an zabe ta don zama ɗan ƙaramin kujera na Peterborough, inda dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Brian Mawhinney ke ƙaura zuwa wani yanki da ke kusa. Ta koma Peterborough don yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma tana cikin ƴan takara masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a wannan zaɓen da suka ayyana adawarsu da kuɗaɗen Turai guda Zaben Turai na 1999 A zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 1999, masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a Arewa maso Yamma sun zabi Foster a matsayin na biyar a jerin 'yan takarar su. Ta lashe kujerar karshe da aka samu akan tsarin rukunonin. Aiki a matsayin MEP A lokacin wannan wa'adi na farko (1999-2004), an zabe ta a kowacce shekara a matsayin shugabar muhimmin kwamiti na MEPs. Ayyukanta na siyasa sun kasance a matsayin mai magana da yawun masu ra'ayin rikau kan harkokin sufuri da yawon bude idanu da kuma mamba a kwamitin masana'antu. Ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, tare da wasu ayyuka da suka hada da sufuri ta ruwa, titina da jiragen kasa. Bayan ibtila'in 9/11 Foster ta kasance mai Rapporteur/mai tsara labari na Dokokin wanda suka gabatar da mafi ƙarancin ƙa'idodin tsaro a filayen jirgin saman Turai. Wannan ya hada da sabbin ka’idoji da suka bukaci a rika tantance ma’aikatan filin jirgin yayin da suke shiga wurare masu muhimmanci, kamar yadda ya faru a Burtaniya. Ta goyi bayan yunƙuri na buƙatar kamfanonin jiragen sama don biyan fasinjojin da suka rasa tashin jiragensu. Sauran bangarorin da ta mayar da hankali a kai sun hada da: Single Turai Sky, ATM, GNSS, Galileo (sabon tsarin tauraron dan adam); Ƙirƙirar Hukumar Kare Jiragen Sama ta Turai (European Air Safety Agency "EASA"); Rahoton abin da ya faru Ramummuka, Hayaniyar Ground-handling da Pax hakkokin; Ayyukan Crew da Buɗe yarjejeniyar tashin jirage. Ta kasance kuma memba na Sky Space Parliamentary Intergroup. A matsayinta na mamba a majalisar hadin gwiwa ta kasashen Afirka, Caribbean da Pacific (ACP) ta zama mai magana da yawun majalisar dokokin da kasar Zimbabwe, inda daga baya aka hana ta shiga kasar. Cin nasara a 2004; sake zabe a 2009 An sake zabar Foster a matsayin 'yar takara a zaben majalisar Turai na 2004 a matsayi na hudu a jerin masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, don haka ba a sake zabe ba lokacin da Conservatives suka lashe kujeru uku kawai. Bayan da ta kware a fannin zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Airbus kan dokokin EU bayan da aka nada ta Shugabar Harkokin Turai na Aerospace, Space and Defence Industries (ASD), wanda ke Brussels (2005-2009). Ta ci gaba da taka rawa a waɗannan yankuna a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar Sky Space Parliamentary Intergroup. A shekarar 2009 ta zo ta uku a jerin 'yan takarar Conservatives na yankin Arewa maso Yamma a zaben majalisar Turai kuma an zabe ta a matsayin MEP, inda jam'iyyar Conservative ta lashe kujeru uku a karo na biyu. An sake nada ta a matsayin Kakakin Sufuri sannan kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugabar Sky Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups na majalisar kuma a matsayin memba na Wakilan EU-US. Bugu da kari ta zauna a matsayin memba na kwamitin muhalli. An zabe ta mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar 'yan mazan jiya na MEPs a 2013, kuma an sake zabar ta a kowace shekara. A cikin 2013, ta yi jayayya da Jam'iyyar Conservative tana da yarjejeniyar zaɓe tare da Jam'iyyar Independence ta Burtaniya. Zaben Turai na 2014 Foster ta cinye kuri'u a jerin 'yan takarar Arewa maso Yamma na zaben Majalisar Tarayyar Turai na 2014 Conservatives sun riƙe MEPs biyu. Bayan zaben ne aka sake nada ta a matsayin mai magana da yawun sufuri, wacce ta kasance kwararra a fannin sufurin jiragen sama da na sama kamar da, kuma ta kasance mai magana da yawun yawon bude ido. Ita ce mai tsara shirin 'Rahoto kan Amintaccen Amfani da RPAS' (drones) a cikin farar hula. Ta ci gaba da zama a Kwamitin Muhalli. Ta ci gaba da aiki kan harkokin tsaro tare da hukumomin Amurka da sauran kasashen duniya. An sake zaɓe ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar ƙungiyoyin majalissar Sky Space da Animal Welfare Intergroups. Ta kasance memba a Wakilin EU/US kuma an nada ta a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar tawagar Ostiraliya/New Zealand tare da mai da hankali kan kulla yarjejeniyar kasuwanci. Ana yawan gayyatar ta don yin jawabi ga taron jiragen sama/aerospace, irin su Royal Aeronautical Society (drones emissions ciniki), da kuma kiranta don yin sharhin siyasa akan dukkan bangarorin biyu. Ita memba ce ta RAeS da kuma Kungiyar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Turai. Foster ta kuma taka rawa kan batutuwan da suka shafi bangaren Sufurin Ruwa kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin Darakta kuma Memba na Mersey Maritime Ltd. daga 2016 zuwa Yuni 2019. An sake zabar Foster, ba tare da hamayya ba, a matsayin Mataimakiyar Shugaban tawagar Conservatives na MEPs a watan Nuwamba 2018 yana aiki shekaru shida a cikin duka. Ta tsaya takara a karshen wa'adin 2014-2019 kuma ba ta tsaya takara a zaben Turai na watan Mayun 2019 ba. An nada ta shugabar din Conservative Clubs na Arewa maso Yamma a shekarar 2010. An nada Foster matsayin Dame Kwamandan Order of the British Empire (DBE) a Girmama Maulidan 2019. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba