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39119

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisan%20Oluwabamise%20Ayanwole

Kisan Oluwabamise Ayanwole

Bamise (Oluwabamise) Toyosi Ayanwole wata budurwa ce ƴar Najeriya da aka yi garkuwa da ita bayan ta shiga BRT a Legas, Najeriya kuma aka ga gawar ta bayan kwanaki 9. Bayan Fage Bamise tana da shekaru 22 kuma itace auta a wajen iyayenta, Joseph da Comfort Ayanwole. Tana da ƴan uwa tara manya. Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zanen kaya. Sace ta A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2022, bayan barin aiki a unguwar Ajah da ke jihar Legas, Bamise ta hau hanyar mota mai sauri a Chevron, Lekki ta nufi Oshodi a babban yankin Legas da misalin karfe 7:30 na yamma da niyyar zuwa ziyartar dangin yayanta. don yin hotun karshen mako. Bayan sun shiga motar ne direban yayi arba da ita ya ce ta zauna a baya. A lokacin ita kaɗai ce fasinja a cikin motar sai ta lura cikin duhu ne. Ta kuma lura cewa aƙalla wasu fasinjoji maza biyu ne suka shiga motar daga baya. Direban bai ƙara ɗaukar fasinjoji ba. Babu kyamarar CCTV a cikin motar. Nan take ta aika wa kawarta sakon murya ta WhatsApp tana mai bayyana damuwarta. Ta kuma aika wasu faifan bidiyo na cikin motar bas mai ɗauke da lambar motar bas zuwa ga kawarta wadda ta shawarce ta da tayi maza ta sauka ta bar bas ɗin da anzo wurin sauka na gaba. Bayan haka kuma ƙoƙarin da kawayenta da ‘yan uwanta suka yi na tuntuɓar ta ta wayar tarho ya ci tura. Kafin wannan, ɗaya daga cikin tattaunawar da ta yi na ƙarshe da aka yi rikodin tare da kawarta shine “. . . . . Don Allah a yi mini addu’a.” Bayan da aka kasa yin yunƙurin yin magana ta wayarta da dama, sautin da aka ji na ƙarshe da ita shine ya bayyana tana kokawa da wani mutum da ba a iya tantance ko waye ba. Washegari aka ce ta bata. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2022, an gano gawarta babu rai tsirara a kusa da gadar Carter a tsibirin Legas. Wani shaidan gani da ido ya bayyana cewa Bamise na nan da rai bayan an jefar da ita daga motar BRT amma ba a yi mata magani ba ko kuma a garzaya da ita asibiti kafin ta mutu ba. Akwai rahotanni masu karo da juna kan ko an tsinci gawarta baki ɗaya ko kuma an yanke wani sassan ta. Bayan Kama direban An bayyana sunan direban BRT Andrew Nice Omininikoron. Ya yi shiru bayan faruwar lamarin. Bayan an bayyana bacewar Bamise a bainar jama'a, sai ya gudu ya ɓuya a makwabciyar jihar Ogun. Jami’an tsaro na ma’aikatar harkokin wajen kasar ne suka gano shi suka kama shi sannan suka mika shi ga ‘yan sanda domin yi masa tambayoyi da kuma tsare shi. Da farko dai ya amsa laifin yi wa Bamise fyaɗe kuma ya watsar da ita amma daga baya ya canza labarinsa, inda ya musanta cewa yana da hannu a kisan ta. Daga baya ya yi ikirarin cewa ‘yan fashi da makami ne suka yi awon gaba da motar sa bas (yana nufin mutanen da suka shiga bas) wadanda kuma suka yi garkuwa da Bamise da bindiga. ‘Yan uwan Bamise da abokansa da kuma wasu ‘yan Najeriya na zargin wannan ikirarin. Aƙalla wasu mata biyu da aka zalunta a cikin irin wannan yanayi sun gabatar da zarge-zargen fyaɗe da cin zarafi. Jiran Shari'a An kama shi kuma yana jiran shari'a. Har ila yau, ba a gano waɗanda ake zargin suna da hannu a ciki ba Zanga-zangar jama'a ta kai ga dakatar da ayyukan sufurin BRT a jihar Legas na wasu kwanaki Gwamnan jihar Legas Babajide Sanwo-Olu ya sha alwashin kamo masu laifin a kisan Bamise yayin da Uwargidan Gwamnan Legas ta yi Allah wadai da lamarin tare da bayyana goyon bayanta na sanya na’urorin daukar hoto na CCTV a dukkan motocin BRT da ke jihar. Martanin ƴan Najeriya An dai nuna bacin ran jama'a game da halin da ya kai ga mutuwar Bamise tare da neman a yi mata adalci. 'Yan Najeriya da dama kuma sun bayyana damuwarsu game da lafiyar fasinjojin motar bas ta BRT tare da sukar rashin aiki a cikin tsarin 'yan sandan Najeriya tare da yin la'akari da cewa gaggawar shiga tsakani na iya kai ga ceto ta da ranta kafin kisan ya afku. Duba kuma Jerin satar mutane Jerin shari'o'in mutanen da suka ɓace Jerin kisan da ba a warware ba Haifaffun 2000 2022 Kashe-kashe a Najeriya Satar mutane a Najeriya Mutanen da aka kashe a Lagos

42818

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noureddine%20Morceli

Noureddine Morceli

Noureddine Morceli ( , Nūr ud-Dīn Mursili ; an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1970), ɗan tseren tsakiyar Aljeriya ne mai ritaya . Shi ne wanda ya lashe tseren mita 1500 a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 1996 kuma ya lashe lambobin zinare guda uku kai tsaye a wannan tazara a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Wasanni . Ya kafa tarihin duniya a cikin 1500 m, gudun mile da mita 3000 . A gasar kasa da kasa, ya kasance sau biyu mai samun lambar zinare a cikin mil a Wasannin Goodwill (1994 da 1998), zakaran Larabawa a cikin 1500. m a shekarar 1988, zakaran wasan Millrose a cikin mil a cikin shekarar 1992 da 1993, 1500 m wanda ya yi nasara a gasar cin kofin duniya ta IAAF a shekarar 1994, kuma babban zakara a cikin jerin gwanon Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. Ya kasance zakaran dan kasar Algeria a shekara ta 1500 m a shekarar 1989. Tarihin Rayuwa Yana da shekaru bakwai Morceli ya sami ƙarfafar guiwa daga dan uwansa Abderrahmane, dan tseren duniya wanda ya kare na hudu a cikin mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekarar 1977; daga baya ɗan'uwansa zai zama kocin Morceli. A farkon shekarun 1980, Morceli ya zo ne don bautar Saïd Aouita, dan kasar Morocco wanda ya lashe lambar zinare a tseren mita 5,000 a gasar Olympics ta 1984. A cikin shekaru 17 Morceli ya zama na biyu a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar kananan yara ta duniya. Shekara guda bayan haka, ya shiga Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a California, wanda aka ba da shawarar don horarwa da wuraren waƙa. Ya shafe shekaru biyu a can, inda a karshensa ya yi gudun mita 1,500 mafi sauri a duniya a shekarar 1990. Yana da shekaru 20 ya zama na farko a duniya a tseren mita 1,500. A shekara ta 1992 ya kara da rikodin duniya na waje na mita 1,500, a cikin shekarar 1993 na mil, da kuma a cikin shekarar 1994 na mita 3,000. A karshen shekarar 1994, nasarorin da tauraron dan kwallon Algeria ya samu ya kai ma fi girma. A cikin watan Agusta, bayan karya rikodin duniya na waje na mita 3,000 (minti 7 25.11 sec), zai iya yin ikirarin rikodin duniya na tsakiyar nisa guda biyar, wanda ya haɗa da (a waje) mita 1,500 (3 min 28.86 sec) da mil (minti 3). 44.39 sec) da (cikin gida) mita 1,000 (minti 2 15.26 sec) da mita 1,500 (minti 3 34.16 sec). An naɗa Morceli Ɗan Wasan Shekara ta Track & Field News a cikin shekarar 1993 da ta 1994 da kuma Gidauniyar Wasanni ta Duniya a shekarar 1994. A cikin wannan shekaru biyu, ya yi rashin nasara sau ɗaya kawai, a mita 800. A yayin da ya ke kafa idonsa kan karin bayanai, musamman a tseren mita 800, da mita 2,000, da na mita 5,000, karfin tukinsa ya kasance mai kwazo sosai wajen kawo daukaka ga kasarsa. Kamar yadda Morceli ya sa ido a kakar wasa ta shekarar 1995, marubutan wasanni ba tare da kunya ba sun shelanta shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa gudu a duniya ko ma mafi girma a kowane lokaci. Wataƙila ruhunsa ya fi misaltuwa ta nasarar nasarar da ya yi a Grand Prix na shekarar 1994. An kama shi da mura, ya raunana kuma ya yi kutse, ba kawai ya gudu ba amma ya bar filin a baya a ƙarshen. An gwada Morceli ba da daɗewa ba ta sabon mai kalubalanci, dan Morocco Hicham El Guerrouj . Morceli ya ci El Guerrouj a tseren mita 1,500 a gasar cin kofin duniya na waje na shekarar 1995; duk da haka, tseren mita 1,500 a gasar Olympics ta shekarar 1996 a Atlanta a shekara mai zuwa an dauki shi daya daga cikin gasa mafi ban mamaki a tarihin wasanni. Morceli da El Guerrouj ne suka jagoranci filin wasan da tazarar mita 400 lokacin da matashin dan kasar Morocco ya taka kafar abokin hamayyarsa ya fadi kasa, lamarin da ya baiwa Morceli damar lashe lambar zinare a wannan lamari. A wasan karshe na Grand Prix da aka yi a Milan daga baya a waccan shekarar, Morceli ya yi rashin nasara a tseren mita 1,500 a karon farko cikin shekaru - zuwa El Guerrouj. Morceli ya yi takara a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya, ciki har da Wasannin 2000 a Sydney, kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙarshe. Farkon aiki An haife shi a Ténès, Morceli ya yi fice a fagen wasa bayan ya lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 1500 a gasar matasa ta duniya a shekarar 1988 . Morceli ya halarci Kwalejin Al'umma ta Riverside a Riverside, California, kuma a duk tsawon aikinsa, a cikin hunturu, zai dawo can don jin daɗin yanayi mai laushi da horo. Morceli dan uwansa Abderrahmane ne ya horar da shi wanda ya yi takara a Algeria a gasar Olympics ta Moscow na shekarar 1980 da kuma Los Angeles a shekarar 1984 . A cikin shekarar 1990, ya ƙaura zuwa babban aji kuma ya saita mafi kyawun lokacin 3:37.87 a cikin 1500 m. Ya ci gaba da wannan rinjaye a cikin shekarar 1991, lokacin da ya karya tarihin cikin gida na duniya na 1500 m a Seville a ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu, ya kafa sabon alamar 3: 34.16. Bayan kwana tara, a kan wannan waka, ya lashe kambun gudun mita 1500 a gasar cikin gida ta duniya. A duk lokacin wajen shekarar 1991 Morceli ya kasance ba tare da nasara ba fiye da 1500 m. A yawancin tarurrukan Grand Prix ya gudu sau kusan 3:31 min. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Tokyo, Morceli ya riga ya kasance sanannen fi so na 1500 m kuma ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi. Ya kafa sabon tarihin gasar cin kofin duniya kuma ya kammala da wani gagarumin jagoranci na dakika biyu tsakaninsa da wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa Wilfred Kirochi (Kenya). A farkon shekarar 1992, Morceli ya yi sabon rikodin duniya na cikin gida na mita 1000 na 2:15.26. Da alama babu tabbacin samun lambar zinare a gasar Olympics a Barcelona daga baya a waccan shekarar fiye da Morceli. Olympics Morceli ya sha kashi ba zato ba tsammani a hannun Gennaro di Napoli a Rome da David Kibet a Oslo. Akwai alamun cewa bai kasance a cikin surar da ta gabata ba. Duk da haka, a wasan kusa da na karshe na Olympics ya yi kama da karfi. An gudanar da wasan karshe na gasar Olympics cikin wani yanayi mai cike da bala'i, inda filin ya ratsa tseren mita 800 cikin kankanin lokaci fiye da na wasan karshe na mata. Wannan ba irin takun da Morceli ya saba yi ba ne, ko kuma ya ji daɗi, kuma da aka fara tseren gudun gida, sai ya ga ya kasa amsawa, daga ƙarshe ya ƙare na bakwai mai ban takaici. Kwana uku kacal bayan wasan karshe da Morceli ya kafa a gasar zakarun duniya a Monaco kuma mako guda ya karya gwarzawar sa inda ya yi nasara a Zurich a 3:30.76. A watan Satumba 1992 Morceli ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na mita 1500 na 3:28.86 a Rieti. A cikin 1993 Morceli da kyar ya rasa tarihinsa na duniya lokacin da ya ci gasar Bahar Rum a Narbonne a cikin 3:29.20 min. A lokacin Morceli ya kafa wa kansa sabuwar manufa: karya tarihin Steve Cram na shekaru takwas akan Mile . A duk tsawon kakar ya kasance kusan ba tare da ƙwararrun masu fafatawa ba. A Monaco dan kadan ya rasa tarihin tseren mita 3000 na duniya. Akwai ma maganar cewa zai iya tsallake gasar cin kofin duniya domin ya mai da hankali sosai kan farautar rikodin duniya. Duk da haka, a karshen ya yanke shawarar shiga. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya a Stuttgart, wasan karshe na 1500 m ya fara da sauri a hankali, amma Morceli koyaushe yana cikin cikakken iko, yana tserewa a cinya ta ƙarshe don samun nasara cikin sauƙi kuma ya riƙe takensa na duniya. A makonnin da suka biyo baya sau biyu ya gaza kafa sabon tarihi a kan Mile a Berlin da Brussels. Amma kwanaki biyu kacal bayan gasar a Brussels ya ba kowa mamaki ta hanyar murƙushe tsohon tarihin da ya kai 3:44.39. A cikin 1994, ya kafa sabon rikodin duniya na 3000 m, yana 7: 25.11. Ya kuma yi gwaji cikin nasara da tseren mita 5000. A Zurich ya zarce sauran filin wasan don samun nasara sannan kuma ya lashe tseren mita 5000 a Rieti. Kashi daya tilo da aka yi a kakar wasa ta zo ne lokacin da Morceli ya zabi wani abin da ba a saba gani ba na mita 800 a Cologne. Morceli ya karya tarihin duniya na mita 2000 a kakar wasa ta gaba, inda ya kafa sabon alamar 4:47.88. Kwanaki tara bayan haka Morceli ya kafa tarihin duniya na ƙarshe na kyawun aikinsa, lokacin da ya rage nasa rikodin mita 1500 zuwa 3:27.37 a Nice. Bayan 'yan kwanaki bayan wannan ya kusan sake karya tarihin lokacin da ya yi nasara a 3: 27.52 a Monaco. Daga baya a waccan shekarar ya kare cikin sauki a gasar zakarun duniya na mita 1500 a Gothenburg . Ba da daɗewa ba, Morceli ya yi ƙoƙarin inganta tarihin Mile a Zurich amma bai yi nasara ba. A farkon kakar 1996, Morceli ya saita mafi kyawun kakar duniya na 3:29.50. Duk da haka, ba zato ba tsammani wani sabon abokin hamayya ya bayyana a wurin, lokacin da Hicham El Guerrouj ya yi nasara a Hengelo a cikin lokaci na 3: 29.51. A gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 1996, Morceli ya kasance cikin matsi mai yawa. An gudanar da wasan karshe ne a matsakaicin matsayi lokacin da babban abokin hamayyarsa, Hicham El Guerrouj, ya fadi a kan cinyarsa ta karshe. Morceli ya hanzarta kuma ya ketare layin farko a gaban zakaran gasar Olympics, Fermín Cacho . A karshen 1996 Morceli ya sha kashi na farko a tseren mita 1500 cikin shekaru hudu a hannun El Guerrouj a Milan. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta 1997 a Athens, Morceli ya kasance na hudu a cikin 1500 m kuma a cikin 1999, a Seville, ya cancanci zuwa wasan karshe na mita 1500 na karshe a jere a gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ya fice a kararrawa yayin da ya fita daga gasar lambar yabo. Bayyanar Morceli na ƙarshe a manyan gasannin duniya shine a gasar Olympics ta 2000 a Sydney . Tun daga ritaya A halin yanzu, Morceli yana aiki a matsayin jakadan wasanni ta hanyar taimakawa Hukumar Olympics ta Duniya, da Wasannin Afirka, da kuma taimakawa wajen bunkasa matasa 'yan wasan guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle a Algeria. A cikin Janairu 2020, an nada shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Elite Sport (mai ba da rahoto ga Ministan Matasa da Wasanni) a cikin sabuwar gwamnatin da shugaban Aljeriya Abdelmadjid Tebboune ya zaba bayan zaben shugaban kasa na Disamba 2019. Jarumar Judo Salima Souakri ta maye gurbin Morceli a watan Yunin 2020 bayan wani sauyin gwamnati. Morceli ba shi da wata alaka ta siyasa da kowace jam'iyya a Aljeriya kuma an zabe shi a matsayin memba mai zaman kansa a gwamnatin Djerad ta farko . Manyan Gasa na Duniya Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Noureddine Morceli at World Athletics Noureddine Morceli Home Page (an unofficial fan page) Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1970 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

30258

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20yan%20asalin%20%C6%99asa

Haƙƙoƙin yan asalin ƙasa

Haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa su ne haƙƙoƙin da ke wanzuwa don sanin takamaiman yanayin ƴan asalin ƙasar . Wannan ya haɗa da ba kawai mafi mahimman haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam na rayuwa da amincin jiki ba, har ma da haƙƙin kan ƙasarsu (ciki har da taken asali ), harshe, addini, da sauran abubuwan al'adun gargajiya waɗanda wani yanki ne na wanzuwarsu da asalinsu a matsayin mutane. . Ana iya amfani da wannan a matsayin magana don bayar da shawarwari na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, ko Kuma samar da wani ɓangare na dokar ƙasa wajen kafa dangantaka tsakanin gwamnati da 'yancin cin gashin kai a tsakanin 'yan asalinta, ko a cikin dokokin kasa da kasa a matsayin kariya daga keta haddi. haƙƙin ƴan ƙasa ta ayyukan gwamnatoci ko ƙungiyoyin buƙatun sirri. Ma'anar da tarihin tarihi Haƙƙoƙin ƴan asali na waɗanda, kasancewarsu ƴan asalin ƙasar, Kuma ana siffanta su da kasancewarsu mutanen ƙasar da aka mamaye da kuma mulkin mallaka daga waje. Ainihin wanene wani yanki na ƴan asalin ƙasar ana jayayya, amma ana iya fahinta sosai dangane da mulkin mallaka. Idan muka yi maganar ’yan asali muna magana ne kan al’ummomin da suke tun kafin mulkin mallaka da ke fuskantar wata barazana ta musamman daga wannan al’amari na mamaya, sannan da kuma alakar da wadannan al’ummomi suke da su da ‘yan mulkin mallaka. Ma'anar ma'anar su wanene ƴan asalin ƙasar, da kuma yanayin masu haƙƙi, ya bambanta. Kasancewa ma haɗa kai ana ɗaukarsa mara kyau kamar rashin haɗawa. A cikin yanayin ’yan asalin zamani na Turawan mulkin mallaka. ana iya gano fahimtar haƙƙin ƴan asalin zuwa aƙalla lokacin Renaissance . Kuma Tare da tabbatar da mulkin mallaka tare da manufa mafi girma ga masu mulkin mallaka da masu mulkin mallaka, wasu muryoyin sun nuna damuwa game da yadda ake kula da 'yan asalin asali da kuma tasirinsa ga al'ummominsu. A cikin daular Sipaniya, kambi ya kafa Babban Kotun Indiya a Mexico da kuma a cikin Peru, Kuma tare da hukunce-hukuncen shari'o'in da suka shafi ƴan asalin ƙasar da nufin kare Indiyawa daga musgunawa. An sami damar samun damar Indiyawa zuwa kotun ta hanyar ƙaramin haraji wanda ke biyan masu taimaka wa lauyoyi. Batun hakkin ƴan asalin kuma yana da alaƙa da sauran matakan gwagwarmayar ɗan adam. Kuma Saboda dangantaka ta kut-da-kut tsakanin al'adu da tattalin arziƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar da yanayin muhallinsu, al'amuran haƙƙin ƴan asalin suna da alaƙa da damuwa game da sauyin muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa . A cewar masana kimiyya da kungiyoyi irin su Rainforest Foundation, gwagwarmayar 'yan asalin kasar yana da mahimmanci don magance matsalar rage yawan iskar carbon, da kuma fuskantar barazana ga al'adu da bambancin halittu gaba ɗaya. Hakkoki, da'awar har ma da ainihin ƴan asalin ƙasar ana kama su, an yarda da su kuma ana kiyaye su daban-daban daga gwamnati zuwa gwamnati. Ƙungiyoyi daban-daban sun kasance tare da sharuɗɗa don inganta (ko aƙalla yarda) buri na ƴan asalin, Sannna kuma al'ummomin ƴan asalin galibi sun haɗu wuri ɗaya don kafa ƙungiyoyi waɗanda ke neman haɗin gwiwa don cimma muradun al'umma. Ƙungiyoyin duniya Akwai ƙungiyoyin farar hula masu zaman kansu da dama, Kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa, ƙungiyoyin ƴan asali da na ƴan asalin waɗanda manufar kafa su ita ce kare haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin, gami da haƙƙin ƙasa . Wadannan kungiyoyi da cibiyoyin sadarwa da kungiyoyi suna jadada cewa matsalolin da ‘yan asalin kasar ke fuskanta shi ne rashin sanin cewa sun cancanci rayuwa ta yadda suka zaba, da kuma rashin ‘yancin mallakar filayensu da yankunansu. Sannan kumaManufar su ita ce kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar ba tare da sanya jihohi su sanya ra'ayinsu na "ci gaba". Wadannan kungiyoyi sun ce kowace al'ada ta asali ta bambanta, mai cike da imani na addini, tsarin rayuwa, abinci da fasaha, kuma tushen matsalar shi ne tsoma baki a rayuwarsu ta hanyar rashin mutunta 'yancinsu, da kuma yadda za a magance su. mamaye kasashen gargajiya da manyan kamfanoni da kananan sana'o'i ke yi don cin gajiyar albarkatun kasa . Majalisar Dinkin Duniya An wakilta ƴan asalin ƙasar da bukatunsu a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko ta hanyar tsarin Ƙungiyar Aiki akan Yawan Jama'ar Yan Asalin . A cikin Afrilu shekarata 2000 Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ta zartar da wani kuduri na kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na dindindin kan al'amuran 'yan asalin kasar (PFII) a matsayin kungiyar ba da shawara ga Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Zamantakewa tare da ba da izini na sake duba batutuwan 'yan asali. A ƙarshen Disamba a shekarata 2004, Babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ayyana shekarar 2005–2014 a matsayin shekaru goma na duniya na biyu na 'yan asalin duniya . Babban burin sabbin shekaru goma dai shi ne karfafa hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa wajen warware matsalolin da 'yan asalin kasar ke fuskanta a fannonin al'adu, ilimi, kiwon lafiya, 'yancin dan Adam, muhalli, da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A watan Satumba na shekarar 2007, bayan wani tsari na shirye-shirye, tattaunawa da shawarwari tun daga shekarar 1982, babban taron ya amince da sanarwar 'yancin 'yan asalin asali . Sanarwar da ba ta dauri ba ta bayyana haƙƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya na ƴan asalin ƙasar, da kuma haƙƙinsu na ainihi, al'adu, harshe, aikin yi, lafiya, ilimi da sauran batutuwa. Kasashe hudu da ke da yawan 'yan asalin kasar sun kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar: Amurka, Kanada, New Zealand da Ostiraliya. Tuni dai dukkansu hudu suka sauya kuri'ar amincewa. Da Kasashe 11 ne suka kaurace wa zaben: Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burundi, Colombia, Jojiya, Kenya, Nigeria, Russia, Samoa da Ukraine . Kasashe 34 ba su kada kuri'a ba, yayin da sauran kasashe 143 suka kada kuri'a. Farashin 169 ILO 169 yarjejeniya ce ta Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya . Sannan kuma Da zarar wata jiha ta amince da shi, ana nufin yin aiki a matsayin doka mai kare haƙƙin kabilanci. Kuma Akwai tsira da amincin jiki ashirin da biyu, amma kuma kiyaye ƙasarsu, harshe da haƙƙoƙin addini . ILO tana wakiltar haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ne saboda su ne ƙungiyar da ta tilasta aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin keɓe. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka Tun daga Shekaratab1997, al'ummomin Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amurka suna tattaunawa game da daftarin juzu'in sanarwar da Amurka ta gabatar kan 'yancin ƴan asali. "Bayanin daftarin a halin yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin muhimman matakai da ake gudanarwa dangane da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Amirka" kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta Duniya don Harkokin 'Yan Asalin ta ambata. Ta ƙasa In Canada "Aboriginal rights" () are those rights that indigenous peoples enjoy as a result of their ancestors' long occupancy of the land, for example the right to hunt and fish a particular territory. These are distinct from "treaty rights" which are enumerated in specific agreements between indigenous groups and the state. Both treaty rights and Aboriginal rights are protected by Section 35 of the Canadian constitution of 1982. 'Yan asalin Greenland sun sami mulkin gida a cikin 1979 kuma sun ba da mulkin kai a cikin 2009. Duba wasu abubuwan Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar: Jagorar Nazarin - Jami'ar Minnesota Binciken Haƙƙin Yan Asalin Ƙarƙashin Dokokin Duniya - Steven C. Perkins Haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar – Encyclopedia na Duniya na Kimiyyar Zamantakewa, Bugu na biyu Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin Yarjejeniyar ILO 169 (cikakken rubutu) - Dokokin duniya na yanzu akan 'yan asalin ƙasar Halin 'Yan Asalin Duniya - Rahoton Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, fitowa ta farko, 2009 Kisan kare dangi Lewis, Norman, Fabrairu 1969 - Labari wanda ya haifar da kafuwar manyan kungiyoyin kare hakkin 'yan asali da yawa. Kiyayewa da Haƙƙin Al'umma: Darussa daga Mesoamerica Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

19599

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Masood%20Janjua

Amina Masood Janjua

Amina Masood Janjua, (Urdu ): an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu , asalin ta mai zane ce kuma marubuciya, an san ta da gwagwarmaya da tilasta bacewa a Pakistan . Ita ce shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Pakistan. Ta fara Aikin ta na gwagwarmaya ta fara ne lokacin da mijinta Masood Ahmed Janjua ya ɓace a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005. Baya ga bacewar tilastawa aikin nata ya hada da bayar da tallafi na shari'a ga fursunoni a kasashen waje, da shirya tallafin kudi ga dangin wadanda abin ya shafa na bacewa da kawar da azabtarwa daga gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane. Tana fitowa a kai a kai a kafafen yada labarai na cikin gida da na waje a matsayin mai magana da yawun mutanen da suka bata kuma wani lokaci tana bayar da labarai a cikin labaran Urdu da na Ingilishi na kasar. Rayuwar farko An haife ta ne a cikin gidan mai ilimi daga auren Shahida da Islam Akhtar Zubari a Mardan, wani birni a cikin lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Kasar Pakistan. Kakannin mahaifinta Inam Ahmed Khan ya kasance mai gida kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Cane a wani kamfanin sikari na gida. Mahaifinta, yana rayuwa mai ritaya yanzu, injiniya ne ta hanyar sana'a. Mahaifiyarta marubuciya ce mai son rubutu wacce rubuce-rubucen ta ya ƙunshi almara da labarai na yau da kullun kuma ana buga shi a kai-a kai a cikin na zamani. Ta fara karatun ta na farko a Presentation Convent High School Risalpur (gari da sansanin sojojin sama kusa da Mardan) inda ta yi karatu har zuwa aji goma. Bayan ta wuce karatun ta sai ta shiga kwalejin Nisar Shaheed wanda kuma ke Risalpur. Bayan ta yi karatun shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Nisar Shaheed sai ta shiga daga inda ta ci jarabawar ta BA tare da Adabin Turanci, Farisanci da Fine Arts a matsayin manya. Kamar yadda ta bayyana a cikin hirar ta kan zana kuma ta zana a kan duk abin da za ta iya dora hannunta a kanta tun tana yarinta. Wannan baiwa ta zane ta jagoranci ta zuwa Jami'ar Punjab daga inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Fine Arts ta sami matsayi na biyu kuma aka ba ta lambar Azurfa. Bayan kammala mashahuran masu zane-zane na Pakistan Mansoor Rahi da Hajira Mansoor sun jagoranci kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙwarewar zanenta. Ayyuka a Arts A matsayinta na mai zane mai matsakaicinta shine mai da zanen acrylic. Yawancin zanen ta suna nuna sha'awar nuna ra'ayi da soyayya. Galibi tana son yin zane-zane da zane-zanen rai. An nuna aikinta a cikin nune-nunen da yawa da nune-nunen ƙungiya. Wakokinta lokaci-lokaci suna bayyana a shafinta amma ba ta buga wani kundi ba har yanzu. Rayuwar aure Tana auren Masood Ahmed Janjua wanda ke cikin dangin sojoji. Mahaifinta surukin Laftanar Kanar Raja Ali Muhammad da wasu kannena mata biyu sun yi aiki a Sojojin Pakistan da Sojan Sama na Pakistan . Tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. Bacewar miji Mijinta, Masood Ahmed janjua, wanda ya kasance dan kasuwa mai nasara kuma ya sha kan matsalolin kasuwanci da yawa, ya bar gida ya tafi Peshawar a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2005 tare da abokinsa Faisal Faraz amma bai dawo gida ba kuma bai iso inda yake ba. Batun bacewarsa mai ban mamaki ba za a iya lissafa shi da farko ba amma daga baya wasu hujjoji sun tabbatar mata cewa wata hukumar leken asirin kasar ce ta dauke shi. An kara tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayanin wani Dr Imran Munir wanda ya rage a hannun sojoji, an daukaka kara a kotu duk da cewa daga baya umarnin Kotun Koli na Pakistan ya sake shi daga baya. Dokta Imran a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance da aka bai wa ma’aikatan gwamnati ya shaida cewa ya gani kuma ya sadu da Masood Ahmed Janjua a wani wurin tsare sirri. Hanyoyin haɗin waje 514 da aka tsare a cibiyoyin horo guda biyar - AMJ na wakiltar ɗarurruwan ƙararraki Ambaton mummunan zalunci akan iyalai Turai Ziyarci da soke Visa na Amurka Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1964 Satar Mutane a fakistan

26685

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%27id%20ibn%20Jubayr

Sa'id ibn Jubayr

Sa'id bn Jubayr (Larabci: ), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Abū Muhammad, asalinsa mutumin Kufa ne, a Iraki ta zamani. An dauke shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ‘yan Tabi’in (d. ca. 712). Malaman addinin Musulunci na Shi’a da Sunna suna girmama Sa’id kuma suna ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan malaman fikihu a lokacin. Kuma ya ruwaito hadisi da dama daga Ibn Abbas. A yakin Jamājim a shekara ta 82 bayan hijira , Ibn al-Ash'ath da mabiyansa, da suka haɗa da 100,000 daga cikin mawali, sun dauki rundunar al-Hajjaj (d. 714), gwamnan Iraqi. larduna a zamanin khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid I. A cikin dakarunsu akwai wata kungiya da aka fi sani da 'Bataliya ta Masu Karatun Alqur'ani' karkashin jagorancin Kumayl bn Ziyad an-Nakha`i tare da Sa'īd bn Jubayr. An yi wa Sa’idu tawaye a kauye, aka tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa wajen Makka. Ya dage yana tafiya Makka da kanta sau biyu a shekara don yin aikin hajji da umrah kuma yana shiga Kufa a asirce don ya taimaka wajen warware matsalolin addini. Tattaunawa tsakanin Ibn Jubayr da al-Hajjaj Daga karshe aka kama Sa’id aka kai shi gaban al-Hajjaj. An karbo daga rubutun tattaunawar tasu kamar haka: Sa'id bn Jubayr ya shiga kan al-Hajjaj, sai ya tambayi sunansa (kuma ya san sunansa sosai): Sa'īd: Sa'īd ibn Jubayr. Al-Hajjaj: A’a, kai Shaqiy ibn Kusayr ne. (al-Hajjaj yana wasa da kalmomi a nan: Sa’id yana nufin farin ciki, Shaqi kuma yana nufin rashin jin daɗi, Jubayr kuma yana nufin wanda ya tsaga ƙasusuwan da suka karye, Kusayr kuma yana nufin wanda ya karye). Sa’īd: Mahaifiyata ta fi sanin lokacin da ta saka mini suna. Al-Hajjaj: Kai (Shakīta) Lallai kai ɓacin rai ne mahaifiyarka.” (Shaqiyat) Sai ya ce masa: “Wallahi zan musanya maka duniyarka da wata wuta mai ƙuna. Sa'īd: Da na san za ka iya, da na ɗauke ka a matsayin Allah. Al-Hajjaj: Ina da zinariya da dukiya. Aka kawo jakunkuna na zinare da azurfa aka baje a gaban Sa'id bn Jubayr domin a gwada shi. Sa’id: Ya Hajjaj, idan ka tara shi don a gani a kuma ji wajen nunawa, kuma ka yi amfani da shi don kautar da wasu daga tafarkin Allah, to Wallahi ba za ta wadatar da kai daga gare shi da komai ba. Yana fadar haka sai ya karkata zuwa alkibla. Al-Hajjaj: Ka ɗauke shi, ka mayar da shi zuwa ga wanin alƙibla. Wallahi Ya Sa’id bn Jubayr, zan kashe ka da wani kisa wanda ban kashe ko daya daga cikin mutane da shi ba. Sa'id: Ya Hajjaj ka zaba wa kanka duk wani kisan da kake so, wallahi ba za ka kashe ni da kisa ba face Allah ya kashe ka da kwatankwacinsa, don haka ka zabi wa kanka duk wani kisan da kake so. Al-Hajjaj: Ka mayar da shi zuwa ga wanin Alqibla. Sa'id: Duk inda kuka juya, to, akwai fuskar Allah. Al-Hajjaj: Ka sanya shi a karkashin kasa. Sa'id: Daga gare ta (ƙasa) Muka halitta ku, kuma a cikinta Muke mayar da ku, kuma daga gare ta Muke fitar da ku a wani lõkaci na dabam. Al-Hajjaj ya wuce gona da iri, ya ba da umarnin a fille kan Sa'id bn Jubayr. Sa’id ya yi shahada a watan Sha’aban, shekara ta 95 bayan hijira (wato Mayu 714) yana da shekaru 49. An ruwaito cewa ba da dadewa ba hayyacinsa ya tashi ya rasu a cikin wata guda. Ra'ayin Sunna Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, malamin musulunci na Shafi'i na karni na 15 ya rubuta cewa: Imamu Bukhari da Muslim da Tirmizi da Nasa’i da Abu Dawud da Ibn Maja da Imam Ahmad bn Hanbal da Imamu Malik bn Anas sun ruwaito daga gare shi. Sa’id ya ruwaito hadisai 147 a cikin Sahihul Bukhari da 78 a cikin Sahihu Muslim. Ra'ayin Shi'a A cewar Khulasat al-aqwal na Al-Hilli da Rijal al-Kashshi na Muhammad bn Umar al-Kashshi shi musulmin Shi'a ne. Sun yi nuni da cewa, daga cikin da yawa, Sa’id bn Jubayr mabiyi ne kuma sahabi Ali bn Husayn Zainul Abidin, ya goyi bayan tawayen Alid a kan Banu Umayyawa Ahlus Sunna, wanda banu Umayya suka nada Al-Hajjaj bn Yusuf ne suka kashe shi. . Abdulmalik bn Marwan ne ya nemi Sa’id ya rubuta littafi dangane da tafsirin Alqur’ani. Ibn al-Nadim ya ambaci tafsirinsa a cikin al-Fihrist a qarqashin tafsirin ‘yan Shi’a, ba tare da ambaton wani tafsirin da yake gabaninsa na wani lokaci ba. Kabarinsa na nan a garin Al-Hay da ke lardin Wasit na kasar Iraki. A kasar Iraki, ranar 25 ga watan Rabi'ul Awwal na kowace shekara, a matsayin ranar shahadar Sa'id bn Jubayr. A wannan rana jama'a ke taruwa a makabartarsa ​​suna girmama ranar. Makabartarsa ​​ita ce wurin tattaki na 'yan Shi'a. Littafi Mai Tsarki al-Mufīd, Kitāb al-Irshād, Ansariyan Publications. al-Qarashi, B.S., The Life of Imam Zayn l-'Abidin, Ansariyan Publications, 2000. al-Sayyid, K., Saeed bin Jubayr, Ansariyan Publications, 1996. Jafri,S.H.M., The Origins and Early Development of Shi'a Islam, Oxford University Press, 2001. Madelung, W., The Succession to Muhammad (A study of the early Caliphate), Cambridge University Press, 1997. Weststeijn. J.K. & de Voogt, A.J., "Dreams in Tabari: Husayn, Jubayr, and those in God's favor in the Umayyad period", Le Muséon: Revue d'études orientales 120:225–29, 2007. Weststeijn, Johan, & Alex de Voogt, "Sa'id b. Gubayr: piety, chess and rebellion", Arabica, 49/3 : 383–6.

52547

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak

Murtabak

Martabak" da "Mutabbaq" suna turawa nan. Don shinkafa da tasa kifi, duba Mutabbaq samak. Mutabbak, pancake omelette mai yaji cike da guntun kayan lambu da niƙaƙƙen nama Madadin sunayen Motabbaq, matabbak, muttabak, metabbak, mutabbaq, mataba, martabak Rubuta Flatbread, Pancake Course Starter Wurin asalin Yemen Yanki ko jihar Larabawa, yankin Indiya, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya Balarabe ne ya kirkireshi Yin hidimar zafin jiki mai zafi ko dumi Mai jarida: Motabbaq Norriture terreste dans un restaurant libanais, quartie des Grottes à Genêve (cropped).jpg Sashe na jerin kan Abincin Larabawa Abincin yanki Abin sha Hutu da bukukuwa ikon Portal abinci Motabbaq (Larabci: ) pancake ne da aka soyayye ko biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin Larabawa Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Kudancin Thailand da Bangladesh (Mughlai paratha) . Ya danganta da wurin, sunan da kayan aikin na iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore. Ana bayyana Murtabak sau da yawa azaman pancake na omelette mai naɗewa tare da ɗanɗano kayan lambu. Mafi yawan nau'in murtabak ana yin su ne daga soyayyen ƙullun da aka soya, yawanci ana cusa su da ƙwai da aka tsiya, da yankakken leek, da chives, ko koren albasa (scallions) da niƙaƙƙen nama, sai a ninke a yanka a murabba'i . A Indonesiya, murtabak yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abincin titi kuma ana kiransa da martabak. Murtabaks masu cin ganyayyaki da sauran nau'ikan murtabaks tare da kaza da sauran kayan abinci suna wanzu kuma ana iya samun su a yawancin Yamaniya, gidajen cin abinci na musulmin Indiya a Singapore, gami da yankin karamar Indiya da Titin Arab. A kasar Malesiya, an fara sayar da murtabak a gidajen cin abinci da rumfuna na musulmin Indiya, kuma yawanci yakan hada da nikakken nama (naman sa ko kaza, wani lokacin naman akuya, naman naman nama) tare da tafarnuwa, kwai da albasa, ana ci da curry ko miya, yankakken cucumber, syrup. -yankakken albasa ko tumatir miya. Ana sayar da abincin a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan siyar da kayan abinci da salon girki''''' 'yan kasuwan musulmin kasar Malay suma sun karbe wannan tasa. A Yemen, murtabak kuma yakan hada da naman akuya ko na naman naman. A Indonesiya, Martabak sanannen abincin titi ne wanda ke zuwa iri biyu: Martabak Manis da Martabak telur. Martabak Manis ko Terang Bulan asalinsa pancake ne mai kauri kuma mai daɗi wanda galibi ana toshe shi da kayan abinci iri-iri da suka haɗa da cakulan, cuku, gyada, madara mai kauri, tsaban sesame da margarine. A yau, toppings na Martabak sun ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi na duniya kamar Skippy gyada man shanu, Ovomaltine, Toblerone, Lotus Biscoff da Durian Spread. Martabak Manis shima kwanan nan ya zo a cikin sirara mai kauri, wanda aka sani da Martabak Tipis Kering (Tipker). Martabak Telur, nau'in mai daɗin ƙanshi, pancakes ne masu ɗanɗano wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwai, kaza ko naman naman sa da ƙwanƙwasa. Motabbaq pancake ne da aka soyayye ko kuma biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a yankin Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand da Bangladesh ( Mughlai paratha ). Ya danganta da wurin, suna da abubuwan sinadaran zasu iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore . Kalmar mutabbaq a Larabci tana nufin "nanne". Wannan yana nuna cewa Murtabak na iya samo asali daga Yemen, wanda ke da yawan al'ummar Indiyawa; ta hannun ‘yan kasuwan Indiya ta bazu zuwa kasashensu na asali. Duk da haka, akwai wani kantin sayar da kayan zaki mai suna Zalatimo Brothers a Jordan wanda ke ikirarin ya kirkiro muttabaq a 1890. Siffar su ita ce kullun filo mai niƙaƙƙen takarda cike da farin cuku na gida. ‘Yan kasuwa Musulmin Tamil ne suka kawo Murtabak Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Tasa da ake kira murtabak pancake ne mai launi da yawa wanda ya samo asali a cikin jihar Kerala inda mutanen da ake kira "mamaks" ("mama" na nufin "kawun" a Tamil ) ƙanƙara daga. Kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan tasa musamman da ake magana a kai a wasu harsuna da yare kamar "murtabak." "Mutabar" shine amalgam na kalmomi guda biyu, "muta" (kasancewar kalmar Keralite don kwai, wani muhimmin sashi na tasa) da "bar," wani nau'i na kalmar barota, ko "bratha roti" (gurasa) . Gurasar burodi ko pancake da ake yada shi a cikin Hindi ana kiransa "pratha roti" ko "pratha" ko "parantha" Ban da wannan, "murtabak" kuma an san shi da wani nau'i na Mughlai paratha sananne a cikin Kolkata, India. Akwai irin wannan nau'in burodin a wurare kamar Yemen da sauran yankuna na duniyar Larabawa da Farisa. Dukkanin wadannan wurare a Gabas ta Tsakiya ‘yan kasuwar Indiya ne suka ziyarce su a shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma ba zai zama sabon abu ba a gare su su koyi da juna ko kuma sun rungumi dabi’ar cin abinci da dabi’ar juna. Duk da haka, kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan kwai, chili, da albasa mai ɗanɗanon pancake mai laushi mai laushi. A Indonesiya, Martabak Manis ya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Bangka Belitung, ta zuriyar Sinawa ( Hokkien da Khek ) kuma an sanya masa suna "Hok Lo Pan" wanda ke fassara zuwa "cake na kabilar Hok Lo." Tushensa na gargajiya ya haɗa da sukari da tsaba na sesame. Martabak Manis yana da sunaye daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. A Yammacin Borneo, ana kiranta Apam Pinang, kama da Apam Balik na Malaysia. A tsakiyar Java, Martabak Manis ana kiransa "Kue Bandung" wanda ke nufin kek na Bandung . Asalin Kue Bandung ya fara ne lokacin da wani mutum daga Bangka Belitung, ya buɗe rumfar Martabak Manis kusa da rumfar “Bandung Noodle”. A kasashen da martabak ke da yawa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ya zama abincin yau da kullun. Ana yin wannan jita-jita ba kawai a gida ba, amma galibi ana samun su a cikin menus ɗin sabis na abinci marasa tsada waɗanda ke ƙware a cikin abinci na gargajiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da sunan abincin titi. Wani lokaci martabak - musamman mai daɗi - ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin shagunan da aka riga aka gama. Akwai nau'ikan martabak da yawa. Misali, a Brunei, galibin martaba ba sa cushe, amma an yi su ne da kullu (wanda ake kira martabak kosong ) mai kama da paratha Indiya. Martabak kosong yana kunshe da kullu mai kama da burodi wanda aka ƙwanƙwasa kuma ana shirya shi daidai da pancake ko wasu martabak ta hanyar jefa shi cikin iska, kuma a yi amfani da bututu mai zafi tare da miya mai daɗin curry. A Singapore da Malesiya (inda ake kira murtabak), ana cika murtabak da naman sa mai yaji, kaza ko naman naman nama kuma a yi amfani da su tare da miya mai curry, albasa mai zaƙi ko kokwamba a cikin ketchup. Wani bambance-bambancen a Malaysia da Singapore shine cuku murtabak wanda ke amfani da cukuwar mozzarella azaman ƙarin cikawa. Johorean (Malaysia) da murtabak ɗan Singapore suna amfani da niƙaƙƙen nama fiye da yawancin murtabak na Malaysia. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kwai martabak na Indonesiya, baya ga kullu, ana samun naman ƙasa (naman sa, kaza ko naman naman naman naman naman), yankakken albasa kore, wasu ganye (na zaɓi), ƙwan agwagi, gishiri, da dankali. Wasu masu siyar da titi suna hada naman sa da kayan yaji. A Indonesiya, kayan yaji na gama gari don yin naman ƙasa mai ɗorewa sune shallots, tafarnuwa, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, wasu gishiri, wani lokacin kadan na monosodium glutamate . Ana niƙa dukkan kayan kamshin ko kuma a niƙa su kuma a soya su gaba ɗaya. Wasu masu yin martabak suna ƙara ƙarin kayan abinci da sauran nau'ikan don sanya martabak ɗin su na musamman, amma duk suna raba babban kullu ɗaya. Don soya martabak, mai dafa abinci yana amfani da babban kwanon frying mai lebur ko gasasshen ƙarfe . Yawancin lokaci suna amfani da man kayan lambu don soya, amma ba kasafai ake amfani da ghee ko man shanu ba. Kafin yin hidima, martabak yawanci ana yanke zuwa kashi. Wani lokaci ana cin shi da soya mai zaki da gishiri da barkono. Savory versions na martabak a Indonesiya da Malaysia yawanci ana ba da su da acar ko kayan yaji wanda ya ƙunshi kokwamba diced, yankakken karas, shallots, da yankakken chili a cikin vinegar mai zaki yayin da a cikin Singapore, abincin ya ƙunshi yankakken cucumbers a cikin ketchup na tumatir. A Malaysia, Singapore da wasu yankuna a Sumatra, ana ba da martabak tare da kari ( curry ). A Palembang, wani iri-iri na martabak shine kwai-martabak (kwai da aka jefa a cikin kullu mai laushi kafin a ninka yayin da ake soya) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin curry (yawanci diced dankali a cikin naman sa naman sa) kuma a saka shi da chili a cikin soya mai tsami mai tsami mai suna Martabak Haji Abdul Rozak, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Martabak HAR, wanda wani Ba’indiye dan Indonesiya mai suna Haji Abdul Rozak ya yi. Akwai kuma sanannen bambancin martabak daga Padang, West Sumatra da ake kira Martabak Kubang, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da curry mai haske azaman tsoma miya. Wani iri-iri na martabak, musamman a Malaysia da Sumatra (kamar a cikin Jambi, Palembang, da Lampung ), shine wanda ake kira martabak kentang (mai dankalin turawa mai dankalin turawa). Akan yi amfani da kullu mai kama da sauran martabak, amma ana cusa shi da cakuda dankalin da aka yanka, da ƙwai, da yankakken koren albasa, da kayan kamshi maimakon kwai da niƙa. Ana cinye shi ta hanyar tsoma shi a cikin miya mai zaƙi mai zafi ko curry sauce. Akwai nau'ikan Martabak iri-iri, musamman a Indonesiya, inda ake ƙara nau'ikan toppings iri-iri don haɓaka tasa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don maye gurbin naman sune niƙaƙƙen naman da aka yayyafa baƙar fata, tuna mai yaji, shredded naman sa Rendang, gasasshen kifi da naman nan take . Shahararrun topping ɗin noodles na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su sune Indomie da Samyang na yaji . Ana yayyafa cukuwar Mozzarella a wajen soyayyen Martabak sannan a kunna wuta don samun daidaito. Wani iri-iri na martabak ana kiransa martabak manis (mai dadi martabak), wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Terang Bulan ko Martabak Bangka . Wannan suna duk da haka, yana aiki ne kawai a Indonesiya, tun da irin wannan nau'in pancake mai kauri ana kiransa apam balik maimakon a Malaysia. Duk da raba suna iri ɗaya (saboda duka biyun suna naɗe), hanyar dafa abinci, kullu (wanda ke amfani da yisti da baking soda ), da kayan abinci (yawanci ana ƙara cirewar vanilla a matsayin ainihin) sun bambanta da kwai martabak, suna ba shi daidaito sosai. kamar kumbura . Yayin da ake toya shi a kwanon rufi, ana yada martabak mai dadi da man shanu ko margarine, sukari, dakakken gyada, yayyafa cakulan, cuku ko wasu kayan kwalliya. Kafin yin hidima, ana naɗewa martabak a cikin rabi, don haka abubuwan da aka sanya su shiga tsakiyar martabak. A sassan Indonesia, ana iya kiran kwai martabak Martabak Malabar don bambanta shi da martabak mai dadi. Akwai sabbin nau'ikan martabak manis da yawa, gami da ƙari na koren shayi foda ( matcha ), cuku mai tsami, Oreo, da alewar cakulan irin su Kit Kat, Ovomaltine, Toblerone da Nutella . Baya ga haka, ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen durian sau da yawa azaman topping. Lokacin yin odar Martabak Manis, wasu rumfuna suna ba da zaɓi na margarine guda biyu: Blue Band margarine ko man shanu Wijsman. Man shanu na Wijsman ya fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da margarine na Blueband kamar yadda Wijsman ke yin kitsen madarar saniya 100%. Duba kuma Saudi Arabian abinci Abincin Yemen Abincin Malaysia Abincin Singapore Indonesiya abinci Abincin Indiya Jerin pancakes Jerin cushe jita-jita Mamak rumfar Roti canai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

22186

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20to%20truth

Right to truth

Ƴancin gaskiya shine hakki, dangane da mummunan take hakkin dan adam, ga wadanda abin ya shafa da danginsu ko al'ummominsu domin samun gaskiyar abinda ya faru. Hakkin gaskiya yana da kusanci da shi, to amma ya bambanta da, wajibin jihar na yin bincike da kuma hukunta manyan take hakkin dan adam. 'Yancin gaskiya wani nau'i ne na haƙƙin waɗanda aka zalunta ; ya dace musamman da yin canjin yanayi game da cin zarafin ɗan adam a baya da aka rinka damu . A shekara ta 2006, Yasmin Naqvi ta kammala da cewa haƙƙin gaskiya "yana tsaye a wani wuri a ƙofar ƙa'idar ƙa'idar doka da kuma kayan magana - a wani wuri sama da kyakkyawar hujja kuma a wani wuri a ƙasan ƙa'idar doka". Tunanin haƙƙin shari'a bisa gaskiya ya bambanta da fahimtar da ta gabata game da mahimmancin kafa gaskiya game da abin da ya faru a cikin batun take haƙƙin ɗan Adam. A cikin 1977, Yarjejeniyar I zuwa Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta sanya haƙƙin dangin mutanen da aka kashe a cikin rikice-rikicen makamai domij ganin asalin abinda ya faru. Wani taro na shekarata 1993 a Cibiyar Katolika ta Harkokin Internationalasashen Duniya ya yi magana akan haƙƙin gaskiya. Dama zuwa ga gaskiya da aka gane a duniya taushi dokar kida kamar da United Nations Principles magance hukunci da kuma babban taron MDD Resolution 60/147, kazalika da 2011 nada wani United Nations Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman kan ofaddamar da Gaskiya, Adalci, Sakawa da Garanti na rashin dawowa . A cikin 2006, Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai "'yancin da ba za a iya kwacewa ba kuma mai cin gashin kansa" na gaskiya. Yarjejeniyar ta kasa da kasa ta kare dukkan mutane daga Bacewar ta tilasta kuma ta ba wadanda aka tilastawa bacewa damar bincike domin danin yadda bacewar ta kasance to amma ba a amince da ita a duniya ba. A cewar Patricia Naftali, haƙƙin gaskiya ya kasance babu wuya saboda ra'ayi ne da ke da ma'ana daban-daban (wani lokacin ma yana cin karo da juna), wanda aka girka don tallafawa da'awar da dama na haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam. Sakamakon kararraki a gaban kotunan kasa da kasa da suka gano jihohi na keta hakkin dan adam, an bukaci jihohi da: Gudanar da bincike mai inganci kuma a tuhumi mutanen da ke da alhakin Bayyana bayanai game da mutanen da suka ɓace Neman gafara a bainar jama'a tare da amincewa da take hakkin mutane Buga hukuncin kotu Rama wadanda abin ya shafa Sake biyan kuɗin kotu na masu da’awar Inganta tsaro domin bada damar dawowar ‘ yan gudun hijirar Stepsauki matakai don hana sake faruwar abin da ya faru Canja dokokin kasa Cibiyar ta dauki matakan inganta bin ka’idojin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa Gina abubuwan tunawa don tunawa da take hakkin ɗan'adam Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shari'ar farko da ta bayyana hakki zuwa gaskiya a fikihun kare hakkin dan adam na kasa da kasa shi ne batun bacewar tilas, Quinteros v. Uruguay ; Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya yanke hukuncin cewa, a cewar Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa, mahaifiyar wanda aka kashe din tana da' 'hakkin sanin abin da ya faru da' yarta. Ta wannan mahangar, ita ma an cutar da ita ne game da keta alƙawarin da herarta ta fuskanta musamman, na labarin 7 [ICCPR] ". In Saadoun v. Aljeriya , game da mutumin da ya ɓace a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Aljeriya, Kwamitin ya yanke shawarar cewa rashin yin bincike ya haifar da wani sabon cin zarafin ICCPR. A wannan halin da ake ciki na take hakki, Algeria ta sanar da yin afuwa ga laifukan da aka aikata a lokacin "bala'in kasa". Kotun Tsakanin Amurka da 'Yancin Dan Adam Dokar shari'ar Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka ta 'Yancin Dan-Adam ta karkata zuwa ga ikon cin gashin kansa na gaskiya. Saboda hakkin kimanta gaskiya, kungiyar IACHR ta warware yarjeniyoyi da ke ba da afuwa ga masu keta hakkin dan adam, kamar yadda yake a . A cikin shekarata 1985, shekaru shida kafin Guatemala ta karɓi ikon IACHR, ɗan jaridar Amurka Nicholas Blake ya ɓace. A cikin Blake v. Guatemala , kungiyar IACHR ta yanke shawarar cewa kokarin Guatemalan na kawo cikas ga binciken danginsa game da gaskiyar ya haifar da cutar rashin mutunci sabanin Yarjejeniyar Amurka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam . IACHR ta sha maimaita ra'ayinsa cewa: Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam Har ila yau akwai dokar shari'ar Kotun Turai ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da ta dace da haƙƙin gaskiya. A cikin Cyprus v. Turkiya , ECtHR sun yanke hukunci akan Turkiya dangane da batun ' yan Cyprus' yan Girka da aka yi musu ganin karshe a hannun sojojin Turkiyya. Tashin hankalin dangin da ke raye sun haifar da "ci gaba da take doka ta 3 ta Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (ECHR) game da dangin mutanen Girka-Cyprus da suka ɓace." A cikin El-Masri v. Macedonia , ECtHR sun tabbatar da cewa Arewacin Makedoniya suna yawan keta Yarjejeniyar ta yadda aka kyale El-Masri ya shiga hannun Amurka yayin ba da mamaki . Kotun ta lura cewa hukumomin Macedonia sun "hana mai neman sanar da shi abin da ya faru, gami da samun sahihin bayani game da wahalhalun da ake zargin ya sha da kuma rawar wadanda ke da alhakin abin da ya fada" da kuma boye wannan bayanan daga jama'a gaba daya. A cewar farfesa a fannin shari'a Arianna Vedaschi, "hukuncin da aka yanke a El-Masri ya nuna tunanin kirkire-kirkire na doka da kuma cikakkiyar halayyar kirki ta alkalai game da tabbatar da aiwatar da hakkin gaskiya". A cikin Janowiec da Sauransu v. Rasha , kotun ba ta sami cin zarafin taron ba game da binciken da Rasha ta yi game da kisan kiyashin Katyn na 1940, amma wannan hukuncin ya kasance bisa ka'idar rashin sake komowa saboda kisan gillar ya faru ne kafin a tsara ECHR. Masanin shari'a James A. Sweeney ya soki tsarin ECTHR game da batun gaskiya-gaskiya, yana mai cewa: Dokar kasa Dokar kasar Argentina ta amince da haƙƙin gaskiya da adalci, tare da yin shari'ar sui generis da ake kira (fitina game da gaskiya) ta ci gaba ne bayan mulkin kama-karya na sojan Argentina . Wuraren da ake iya yi An ba da shawarar cewa wadanda abin ya shafa na iya dogaro da Mataki na 5 na Yarjejeniyar Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a a cikin shari'oin gaskiya a gaban Kotun Afirka kan' Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a . Tsarin kotun da ke hukunta manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa wanda aka zalunta na iya zama tabbatacce ga hakkin gaskiya da adalci. Sauran misalai A cewar masanin ilimin shari'a Agostina Latino, haƙƙin gaskiyar da ke da nasaba da kisan kare dangin Armeniya ya zarce waɗanda suka tsira daga kisan Armeniya ga zuriyarsu da kuma Armeniya gaba ɗaya. Latino ta bayyana cewa, a matsayina na magajin gwamnatin Ottoman da ta aikata kisan kare dangi, musanta kisan kare dangi da gwamnatin Turkiya ke yi wa Armeniya ya keta hakkinsu na gaskiya. Misali, akwai wuraren tarihi da tituna da aka lasafta sunayen wadanda suka aikata laifin, amma ba wadanda abin ya shafa ba. Kotun Tsakiyar Amurka da wasu masu nazarin ra'ayin sun ba da shawarar cewa faɗin gaskiya na iya zama wani nau'i na biyan diyya ga waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu game da 'yancin ɗan adam. Yancin gaskiya na da nasaba da yaki da rashin hukuntawa kamar yadda kafa gaskiya game da abin da ya faru a baya shi ne mataki na farko wajen hukunta masu aikata laifi. Dama zuwa Ranar Gaskiya Tun daga 2010, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi bikin Ranar Duniya don 'Yancin Gaskiya game da Babban take hakkin Dan-Adam da Darajar wadanda abin ya shafa, ko Dama zuwa Ranar Gaskiya, a ranar 24 ga Maris, ranar tunawa da kisan babban malamin El Salvador Óscar Arnulfo Romero . Duba kuma Gaskiya kwamiti Pages with unreviewed translations

39186

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount%20agou

Mount agou

Dutsen Agou ( Faransanci : Mont Agou, wanda aka fi sani da Baumannspitze ko Baumann Peak ) shine dutse mafi girma a Togo a . Tana kudu maso gabas Kpalimé a yankin Plateaux, na Togo. Dutsen,yana kusa da iyakar Ghana ; Ana iya ganin kasar nan daga taron kolin. Dutsen Agou wani yanki ne na matsanancin yammacin tsaunin Atakora wanda ke ratsa makwabciyar kasar Benin . A cikin iyakokin,Togo, wannan kewayon wani lokaci ana kiransa Dutsen Togo . Tare da waɗannan tsaunuka, Dutsen Agou ya kasance wani ɓangare na Dahomeyide Orogen, yankin da aka ɗaga shi a cikin tsari na orogenic lokacin da Craton na Afirka ta Yamma ya fada cikin Garkuwan Benin-Nigeria . Yankin suture na ciki na wannan bel yana ƙunshe da ɗimbin ɓangarorin ɗimbin yawa waɗanda ke kan hanyar Arewa-Kudu. Dutsen Agou wani bangare ne na daya daga cikin wadannan massifs wanda, dangane da rarrabuwar kimiyya, ko dai ana kiransa Lato-Agou Massif (tare da tsaunin Lato kusa) ko kuma Ahito-Agou Massif (tare da Dutsen Ahito ). Ko da yake a fannin ilimin ƙasa na waɗannan gine-gine, Dutsen Agou yana gabatar da kansa a matsayin inselberg, yana tashi ba zato ba tsammani sama da tudun Danyi Plateau, tare da digo na kusan . Yana tsaye a kan tushe na charnockitic igneous dutse daga Neoproterozoic Era . Dutsen da kansa ya ƙunshi amphibolite, pyroxenites da gabbro, kuma ya ƙunshi ajiyar bauxite . A tarihi, mutanen Ewe ne ke zaune a yankin. A ƙarshen karni na sha bakwai da farkon karni na sha takwas, 'yan gudun hijira na Adangme sun zauna a Dutsen Agou, suna tserewa daga masu cinikin bayi. A cikin 1870, sojojin Ashanti sun yi ƙoƙari su mamaye yankin, amma ƙauyukan da ke kan dutse sun kori su. Don haka, har yanzu ana ganin dutsen a matsayin alamar juriya. A zamanin Togoland mai kariyar Jamus, ana kiran dutsen Baumann Peak ( Baumannspitze ), mai suna Oscar Baumann . Wani labari na tatsuniya ya nuna cewa sa’ad da Jamusawa suka isa ƙauyen Naviè da ke kusa, sun yi yarjejeniya su sayi abin da zai dace da fatar tumaki. Sai suka yanyanka fata guda suka kewaye dutsen da su. Wannan labarin yayi kama da labarin gargajiya na kafuwar Carthage ta Dido . Kusa da tsaunin Agou,ana iya ganin ragowar kayan aikin soja na zamanin Jamus da na Togoland na,Faransa . Waɗannan sun haɗa da asibitin sojojin Faransa daga yakin duniya na biyu. An aza duwatsun tunawa a kan dutsen da ke nuni ga waɗannan lokutan. A cikin 1955, ƙwayar, cacao ta kumbura harbi ta shiga Togo daga Ghana ta cikin gonakin koko da ke kusa da Dutsen Agou.Wani bambance-bambancen ƙwayar cuta na musamman ana kiransa "Agou 1". A cikin 2000s akwai shirye-shiryen yin amfani da kasuwancin bauxite a kan dutsen, wanda ya gamu da zanga-zangar daga kungiyoyin kare muhalli na gida. A halin yanzu, ana amfani da yankin koli don sadarwa; kayan aikin sun haɗa da eriya a saman dutsen. Yawon shakatawa Gandun dajin na cike da kauyuka da dama da kuma gonakin koko da kofi wadanda ke hade da tsiron ayaba da sauran itatuwan 'ya'yan itace. Akwai titin da aka shimfida zuwa saman da babur ko mota ake iya tafiya. Yawancin masu yawon bude ido sun gwammace su bi hanyoyin da ba a kafa ba wadanda jama'ar yankin ke amfani da su don tafiya tsakanin kauyuka da filayen. Waɗannan hanyoyi suna ratsa koguna da yawa, kuma suna wucewa ta wani magudanar ruwa. Dangane da inda mutum ya bar titin da aka shimfida, tafiya zuwa taron na iya ɗaukar daga ƴan mintuna zuwa sama da sa'o'i 3. Akwai wuraren bincike da dama a yankin, kuma hukumomin yankin na karbar kudade daga masu yawon bude ido da ke son hawan dutsen. Lokaci-lokaci, ana shirya cikakken tseren gudun fanfalaki ƙarƙashin kulawar ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ƙwallo ta Togo wadda ta haɗa da hawan dutsen Agou. Flora da fauna Dutsen da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi an rufe shi da dazuzzuka a baya, tare da alaƙa mai ƙarfi daga tsaunin Agou zuwa sauran sarkar Atakora. An fara daga rabin na biyu na karni na ashirin, an yi saran gandun daji mai karfi don sare itatuwa da noma, wanda ke da nasaba da hasarar rabe-raben halittu, wanda ya bar faci na asali dazuzzuka a kebabben wurare a kan tsaunin tuddai. Duk da haka, an yi binciken nazarin halittu, alal misali akan butterflies ( Heliconiinae, Papilionoidea, Hesperioidea ) da kuma Pteridophytes . Nassoshi na al'adu Exoplanet (duniya da ke kewaya wani tauraro) yana da sunan Agouto, wanda aka samo daga Dutsen Agou. Yana kewaya tauraron WASP-64 a nesa na shekarun haske na 1200 a cikin ƙungiyar taurari Canis Major An karɓi sunanta daga masu son taurari na Togo a gasar NameExoWorlds na 2019, wanda Ƙungiyar Astronomical ta Duniya ta shirya . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Dutsen Agou" akan Peakery.com Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21888

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabiu%20Afolabi

Rabiu Afolabi

Rabiu Afolabi (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu a shekarar ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin .shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Nijeriya, wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin mai tsaron baya. A cikin kakar shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai zuwa shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas , ya buga wasanni uku a Eerste Klasse, wanda biyu a cikin tawagar farko. Standard ta buga wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Belgium, inda ta sha kashi a hannun Lierse SK da ci 1–3 A kakar shekarar alif 1999–zuwa shekarata 2000, Standard ta kare a matsayi na biyar; Afolabi ya buga wasanni 24 inda ya zura kwallo 1. Bayan ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a Standard Liège, Afolabi ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Napoli ta Serie A a matsayin aro kafin kakar shekarar 2000-01. Bayan kakar shekarar 2001-02 an nada shi mafi kyawun mai tsaron gida a Belgium, Standard ya ƙare na biyar. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2004 sha'awa ga aka ruwaito daga Marseille, kazalika da sauran clubs. Ya buga wasanni 27 na gasar a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2004–05, duk daga farkon har zuwa minti na karshe, kuma ya zira kwallaye daya a wasan cin nasara da ci 3–0 da FC Wacker Tirol . A karon farko a gasar Ligue 1 a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2005 ya zo ne a madadin matashin Jérémy Ménez . A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Afolabi ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ranar 6 ga watan Mayun shekarata 2006, a wasan da suka yi a gida da Troyes . A lokacinsa a can, ya sami lakabi ɗaya,a shekarar 2006-07 Coupe de France . Bayan barin Sochaux a ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2008 – 09 a matsayin wakili na kyauta, Afolabi ya koma Austria, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da Red Bull Salzburg wanda a baya an danganta shi da sabuwar ƙungiyar Premier ta Burnley . A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar 2010, ya zira kwallon da ta yi nasara a waje zuwa ga abokan hamayyar SK Rapid Wien wanda ya taimaka ci gaba da jan ragamar Red Bulls don gasar. A ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba shekarata 2010, ya buga wasan Bundesliga na Austrian na 100th bayan ya buga wasanni 60 a FK Austria Wien da 40 don Red Bull Salzburg). Bayan sakinsa daga Salzburg, an danganta Afolabi da kungiyar Eintracht Frankfurt ta Jamus amma a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2011, ya koma Faransa inda ya koma Monaco da ta koma mataki na baya-bayan nan a kyauta, inda ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kungiyar. A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2011, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a cikin nasara 1–0 akan Arles-Avignon . A ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekarata 2013, a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu tare da ƙungiyar don sauran kakar shekarar 2012–13. A karon sa na SønderjyskE, wasa da Silkeborg IF a ranar 28 ga watan Maris shekarata 2013, Afolabi ya taimaka wa tawagarsa samun nasara da ci 5-0 akan abokan hamayyarta na kasa. Afolabi wanda aka haifa a Osogbo, jihar Osun, Nigeria, ya fara harkar kwallon kafa a NEPA Lagos . Standard Liège da rancen Napoli Afolabi ba da daɗewa ba ya bar ƙasarsa ta hanyar komawa Belgium zuwa Standard Liège bayan ya yi rawar gani a Kofin Meridian na shekarar 1997 . Da zarar ya yi ƙaura zuwa Belgium, Afolabi nan da nan ya ƙaunaci salon wasa. A cikin kakar 1997-98, ya buga wasanni uku a cikin Eerste Klasse, wanda biyu daga cikin kungiyar farko suka buga. Standard, duk da haka, ya buga kaka mara kyau kuma ya gama matsayi na 9 a tebur. A kakar wasa mai zuwa ya buga wasanni 26, ya ci kwallo kuma Liège ya kare a matsayi na shida a gasar. Standard ya kuma buga wasan karshe na Kofin Belgium, inda aka doke 1-3 a hannun Lierse SK A kakar shekarar 1999-2000, Standard ya kare a matsayi na biyar; Afolabi ya buga wasanni 24 ya ci kwallo 1. Bayan zama na yau da kullum player a Standard Liege, Afolabi hannu don Italian Serie A gefe Napoli a matsayin aro gaba na shekarar 2000-01 kakar. A Napoli, ya kasa shiga cikin ƙungiyar farko, a wani ɓangare saboda rauni. Lokacin da ya dace, ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyar. Bayan rabin lokaci a Italiya, ya koma Liege. Bayan kakar shekarar 2001-02 an bashi sunan mai tsaron baya mafi kyau a Belgium, Standard ya gama na biyar. A kakar wasa ta gaba ba ta yi nasara ba: Afolabi ya buga wasanni 14 ne kacal, Standard ya kammala kakar a matsayi na 7. Austria Wien A cikin shekarar 2003, Afolabi ya yanke shawarar komawa wata kungiyar Austriya Wien ta Austriya a kyauta ta kyauta. Ya buga wasan farko a kungiyar a gasar Austrian Supercup, wanda Wien yayi nasara da ci 2-1 a kan FC Kärnten . Kwana biyar, ya fara buga wasan farko a kungiyar, sake fafatawa da FC Kärnten, a wasan rashin nasara 1-2. A kakarsa ta farko, Afolabi ya buga duka wasanni 33. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2004 an ba da rahoton sha'awar daga Marseille, da sauran kulake. Ya buga wasanni 27 a kakar 2004-05, duk daga farko har zuwa minti na karshe, kuma ya ci kwallo daya a wasan da suka doke FC Wacker Tirol da ci 3-0. Austria ta kare a matsayi na uku, a bayan abokiyar hamayya Rapid Wien da Grazer AK . A kakar wasa mai zuwa, Afolabi ya buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar 2004-05 tare da Austria Wien, har sai kungiyar Parma ta Italiya ta kawar da kungiyar. Kamar kakar wasan da ta gabata, kungiyar ta kuma dauki Supercup ta Austrian . Bayan kakar 2004-05, an alakanta wasu 'yan wasan Wien ta Austria da barin kungiyoyin. Daga cikinsu har da Afolabi, wanda ya koma Sochaux kan kudi fam miliyan million 2. A wasan farko na Ligue 1 a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2005 ya zo ne don maye gurbin matashi Jérémy Ménez . Sochaux ya ci wasan waje da Nice 2-1 amma an kori Afolabi a minti na 87 na wasan. Zuwa karshen kaka, Afolabi ya ci kwallon sa ta farko, a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu 2006, a canjaras a gida zuwa Troyes . Kulob din ya kare a matsayi na 15. Afolabi ya shafe shekaru hudu a Sochaux. A lokacinsa a can, ya sami taken guda ɗaya, Coupe de France shekara ta 2006-07 . Daga baya ya bayyana cewa lashe kofin shine mafi girman lokacin aikinsa. Red Bull Salzburg Bayan barin Sochaux a karshen shekara ta 2008-09 kakar matsayin free wakili, Afolabi koma zuwa Austria, ya sanya hannu a kwantiragin shekaru biyu da tare da Red Bull Salzburg tun da aka a baya da nasaba da sabon ciyar Premier League gefen Burnley . Ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a cikin tsaron gida. A watan Fabrairun 2010, ya zura kwallon da ya ba wa abokiyar hamayyarsu SK Rapid Wien nasara wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Red Bulls a kan hanyar zuwa gasar. A ƙarshe, Red Bull Salzburg zai ci taken. A ranar 7 Nuwamba shekara ta 2010, ya yi wasan Bundesliga na Austrian na 100 bayan ya buga 60 don FK Austria Wien da 40 na Red Bull Salzburg). A watan Disamba, an ba da rahoton cewa Salzburg na neman canja wurin Afolabi a lokacin musayar hunturu. Bayan kakarsa ta biyu a Salzburg, ba a sabunta kwantiraginsa ba. Bayan sakinsa daga Salzburg, Afolabi ya hade da kungiyar Eintracht Frankfurt ta Jamus amma a ranar 31 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, ya koma Faransa tare da koma wa Monaco da ta koma baya a kwantiragin kyauta, inda ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din. A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba 2011, ya zira kwallon sa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Arles-Avignon da ci 1-0. Yawancin lokaci, ya nuna ƙasa da ƙasa a Monaco kuma bayan shekara ɗaya a kulob din, an sanar da cewa ya bar kulob din ta hanyar yarda da juna tare da shekara guda na kwantiraginsa. SønderjyskE da ritaya Bayan watanni takwas ba tare da wani kulob din, Afolabi tafi a kan fitina a Danish Superliga kulob SønderjyskE, tare da wani ra'ayi na samun kwangila. A ranar 13 ga watan Maris 2013, daga ƙarshe ya sanya hannu tare da kulab ɗin har zuwa sauran lokacin 2012-13. A wasansa na farko don SønderjyskE, wasa da Silkeborg IF a ranar 28 Maris shekarar 2013, Afolabi ya taimakawa tawagarsa nasarar 5-0 akan abokan hamayyarsu a tebur. An lasafta shi a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyawun playersan wasa a filin wasa. Bayan ya buga wasanni uku ya karya kashin hakarkari kuma an sauya shi a lokacin wasa da Midtjylland . Bayan haka, an sanar cewa zai yi fita tsakanin makonni uku zuwa huɗu. Bayan dawowarsa, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni biyar gaba daya yana taimakawa kungiyar ta tsira daga faduwa da kammalawa a matsayi na takwas. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, kungiyar ta kasance mai son ci gaba da rike shi ta hanyar bashi sabon kwantiragi. Koyaya, Afolabi ya zaɓi barin ƙungiyar bayan watanni uku a can. Bayan ya bar Denmark, ya sanar da yin ritaya da niyyar neman aiki a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa da leken asiri, bayan da ya sami takardar sheda. Ayyukan duniya Afolabi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga Najeriya a Gasar Cin Kofin Matasan Afirka ta a shekarar 1999, yana zuwa daga tsaron ya ci kwallaye biyu a ragar Kamaru a wasan kusa da na karshe. Daga karshe Najeriya ta zama ta biyu a gasar bayan ta sha kashi 0-1 a hannun mai masaukin baki, Ghana, a wasan karshe. Sannan ya jagoranci kungiyar matasa 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta matasa ta FIFA ta shekara ta 1999 a Najeriya. A ranar 17 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2000, Afolabi ya fara buga wa Nijeriya tamaula a wasan neman cancantar zuwa gasar Kofin Duniya da Saliyo . Ya kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2002 da 2010. Salon wasa Afolabi ƙaƙƙarfan mai tsaron gida ne mai ƙarfi, wanda yake da ƙwarewa kuma yana da harbi mai tsawa. Shi ma yana da kwarewa sosai kuma yana iya taka leda a matsayin mai cikakken baya ko dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya kuma. Abin takaici, yana da haɗari akan abubuwan da aka saita. Tashin hankali Sunansa, Afolabi, na nufin " Haihuwar cikin wadata ". Lakabinsa a Najeriya Robocop saboda tsananin motsinsa. A shekarar 2011, Afolabi ya tsunduma cikin wata kungiyar agaji da ake kira "The Rabiu Afolabi Educational Foundation" ta hanyar kafa gidauniya, wacce ya fara da gudummawar littattafai dubu hamsin da aka tsara na kimanin $ 20,000 ga zababbun makarantun firamare da sakandare na gwamnati a jiharsa ta Oshun Jiha. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rabiu Afolabi at L'Équipe Football (in French) Rabiu Afolabi at FootballDatabase.eu 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed translations Haifaffun 1980

13344

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samira%20Ahmed

Samira Ahmed

Samira Ahmed (an haife ta a ranar 15 ga watan Yuni shekarar alif 1968) 'Yar Jarida ce, Marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye a BBC, inda ta gabatar da Radio 3's Night Waves da PM 4's PM, Labaran Duniya, Lahadi da kuma Front Row kuma sun gabatar da alkawuran BBC Radio 4. Rubutunta ya bayyana a cikin The Guardian, The Independent da kuma ga Spectator na mujallar Arts Blog. Ta kasance mai ba da rahoto da kuma mai gabatarwa daga annel 4 News daga shekarar 2000 zuwa shekarar 2011. Ta gabatar da Lahadi Morning Live, babban shirin tattaunawa kan BBC One dazuwa shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarata 2013. Farkon rayuwa An haifi samira Ahmed ne a Wandsworth zuwa Athar da Lalita (née Chatterjee, an haife ta a 1939, LuVE ). Mahaifiyar Samira ita ma m ai gaba darshin a TV ce, shugaba kuma maci a i a kan gidan dafa abinci na Indiya, wanda a baya ta yi aiki a hidimar Hindi a cikin Sashin Duniya na BBC a Gidan Buh . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Wimbledon, makarantar kwana mai zaman kanta ga 'yan mata, kuma ta shirya mujallar makarantar. Ahmed ta karanta Turanci a St Edmund Hall, Oxford, wanda ya sanya ta zama mai daraja a shekara ta 2019. Yayinda take karatun digiri ta rubutu a Isis da mujallu na Union, duka wallafe-wallafen daliban Jami'ar Oxford ne, kuma ta sami kyautar Philip Geddes Journalism Prize a kan aikinta na jaridun dalibai. Bayan kammala karatun ta sai ta kuma kammala Digiri na biyu a fannin Jarida a Jami’ar City, Londan. Ta tuna cewa Lucy Mathen, 'itace farko ta' yar Asiya data zama mai rehoto na gidan talabijin ta BBC, wacce ta yi aiki a John Craven's Newsround, abin alfaharin mata ce, kamar yadda itama mai watsa shirye-shirye Shyama Perera, wacce ke aiki a Fleet Street a wannan lokaci guda. . Aikin jarida Ahmed ta zama mai horar da labarai na BBC ce a 1990. Bayan shekaru biyu amatsayin wacce aka kara, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto game da rediyo na cibiyar sadarwa a 1992 akan shirye-shiryen kamar Yau, Tsoron takaitacciyar kwantiraginta na BBC ba za ta sabunta ba bayan rashin jituwa a cikin mawuyacin hali, Ahmed ta nemi, kuma ta ci gaba, ta BBC World don gabatar da mai gabatarwa, wanda ya sa ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga Newsnight. Ita ce wakilin BBC a Los Angeles a tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 1994 kuma ta gabatar da rahoto game da shari’ar OJ Simpson.. Ahmed a takaice ta yi aiki da Deutsche Welle a Berlin a matsayin marubuciya kuma marubuciyar siyasa, amma daga baya ta dawo dan gajeriyar zam tare da BBC World amatsayin mai gabatarwa da dare a shirin BBC News 24 kafin ta tafi hutu. Ahmed ta koma Channel 4 News a watan Afrilun na shekara ta 2000, kuma ta zama mai gabatarwa a watan Yulin 2002. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2011 Ahmed ta bar Channel 4, ta tafi aikin zaman kai (freelance). A shekara ta 2009 ta ci nasarar samun kyautar Broadcaster of the Year a yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo na Stonewall Awards shekara-shekara saboda rahotonta na musamman game da "gyara" fyade da matan 'yan madigo a Afirka ta Kudu. An yi wannan rahoton ne bayan ActionAid ya tuntube ta game da kamfen dinsu na aikata laifukan wariyar launin fata. Ta ci lambar yabo ta BBC ce a cikin Celebrity Mastermind, tare da wani kwararre kan batun Laura Ingalls Wilder, marubucin Little House kan littattafan Prairie, a cikin Disamba 2010. Bugu da kari, a shekarar 2019 Ahmed ta lashe zakaran gwajin dafi na Celebrity Mastermind, ta sanya suttura ta Space 1999. Tun daga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, ta kasance mai nazarin jaridar ta yau da kullun akan Lorraine . Daga watan Yuni na shekarar 2012 zuwa watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2013 ta gabatar da jerin na uku da na hudu na Morning Live a kan BBC One . A cikin Oktoba 2012, Ahmed ya maye gurbin Ray Snoddy a matsayin mai gabatar da Newswatch a tashar Tashoshi na BBC. Ita Farfesa mai ziyara na ilimin aikin Jarida a Jami'ar Kingston kuma mai ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga The Big Issue . A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2019 ta yi hira da Margaret Atwood game da sabon littafin mawallafin The Testaments a National Theater, wanda ke misalta fina-finai sama da 1,000 a duniya a matsayin wani ɓangare na National Theater Live. Sauraron Dai-daita biya Ahmed ta shigar da karar a kan BBC a karkashin dokar Equal Pay Act a watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019. Kotun Ma'aikata na Tsakiyar Landan ta tabbatar da goyon bayan karar ta a ranar 10 ga Janairu 2020. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2020 an sanar da cewa an cimma matsaya tare da BBC, amma ba a fitar da adadi game da hakan ba. Rayuwar mutum Ahmed ta auri Brian Millar. Kuma ma'auratan na zaune ne a London suna da yaro daya da yarinya. Hadin waje Newswatch (BBC News Channel) Front Row (BBC Radio 4) Ahmed articles from The Guardian Ahmed articles from Spectator

26536

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamanin%20fim%20na%20Bidiyo%20a%20Najeriya

Zamanin fim na Bidiyo a Najeriya

Zamanin fim ɗin Bidiyo, wanda kuma aka sani da zamanin bidiyo na gida, lokaci ne a cikin fina -finan Najeriya, yawanci daga ƙarshen shekarun 1980/farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa tsakiyar 2010, lokacin da aka yi fina -finan Najeriya ta amfani da tsarin bidiyo mai araha. Zamanin bunƙasar bidiyo ya ɓullo bayan faduwar zamanin Zinariya na fina -finan Najeriya a ƙarshen shekarun 1980. Kalmar " Bidiyo ta gida " ta samo asali ne daga manufar zama a gida don kallon fina -finan, sabanin fina -finan Golden Age wanda ake kallo a gidajen sinima. Farkon kasuwar fina-finan bidiyo a Najeriya ya samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye -shiryen talabijin suka bunƙasa. Yawancin shirye -shiryen talabijin sau da yawa suna samun hanyoyin su cikin VHS, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka ƙaramin sikelin bidiyo na yau da kullun. Wannan hanyar ta samo asali da gina ta daga furodusoshi da masu rabawa a kasuwar Alaba don sake farfado da harkar fim wanda a lokacin yana fuskantar babban koma baya. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shine Soso Meji na 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya samar da Ekun akan bidiyo. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin Kenneth Nnebue's Living in Bondage ne ya fara harbi, kodayake wasu masana tarihi sun ce ba haka bane. Wannan zamanin ya kasance mafi kololuwa a cikin yawan shirye-shiryen fina-finan Najeriya. Kamar a shekara ta 2004, aƙalla ana shirya fina -finai huɗu zuwa biyar a kowace rana a Najeriya, kuma fina -finan sun riga sun mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin nahiyar Afirka kuma ta hanyar faɗaɗawa, Karibiyan da mazauna ƙasashen waje, tare da fina -finan suna tasiri sosai ga al'adu. a cikin ƙasashen Afirka da yawa, da 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da koma baya ga finafinan Najeriya a ƙasashe da yawa, waɗanda ake tsammanin suna son hana '' sake dawo da Najeriya '' (ko "Nigerialization of Africa"). An ba da rahoton farmakin da aka kai kan shagunan da ke sayar da fina -finan Najeriya, da Gwamnatocin da suka gabatar da matakan kariya, kamar gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa da/ko 'yan wasan da ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu, kazalika haramcin fina-finan Najeriya kai tsaye. A wannan zamanin, masana'antar fim ta Najeriya ta girma ta zama babbar ma'aikata a Najeriya, tana samar da ayyuka sama da miliyan kuma tana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na GDP. A kololuwar zamanin a kusan 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a cikin fina -finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Sai dai a wannan lokaci, masana'antar shirya finafinai ta Najeriya ta lalace zuwa masana'antar da ba ta da ƙwarewa, tare da mamaye masu aikin da ba su da horo a harkar fim. Haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka ma ya kasance mafi ƙima, tare da gidajen samarwa suna gudana cikin asara tare da rufe sutturar su. Wannan ci gaban ya haifar da buƙatar sake fasalin masana'antar fim, tare da haihuwar Sabuwar Sinimar Najeriya . Ƙaddamarwa a cikin shekarun 1990 Fitowar kasuwar fina-finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye-shiryen talabijin suka bunƙasa. Mugun Haɗuwa da Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da safe da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye -shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim ɗin ya fara yin tasiri nan take a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar cin zarafin haƙƙin mallaka a Najeriya. Tun da Tashin Hankali, ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye-shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna. Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuka. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne Soso Meji na 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim ɗin a ƴan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya Ekun a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana tsammanin rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ce ta fara zama a ɗaure . Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake Rayuwa a daure ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin Rayuwa a ɗaure, saboda haka ba zai iya zama fim ɗin kasuwanci na farko ba. Bugu da ƙari, Nnabue, da kansa, ya kasance yana shirya fina-finan bidiyo na yaren Yarabawa kafin Rayuwa a Daure, tare da fim ɗinsa na farko shine Aje Ni Iya Mi , wanda kuma yana da fa'ida sosai. Sauran fina-finan da aka saki a farkon wannan zamanin suma sun haɗa da: Circle of Doom da Glamor Girls . Mutanen fina-finan da suka fara wannan lokacin, galibi ana kiranta "ƙarni na biyu", sun haɗa da: Amaka Igwe, Alade Aromire, Zeb Ejiro, Chico Ejiro, 'Yan uwan Amata, Femi Lasode, Liz Benson, Kenneth Nnebue, Richard Mofe Damijo, Zack Orji, Pete Edochie, Sam Loco Efe, Galadima ta Amurka, Yinka Quadri, Jide Kosoko, Omotola Jalade, Genevieve Nnaji, Kenneth Okonkwo, Kanayo O. Kanayo, Bob-Manuel Udokwu, tare da wasu da suka kasance a zamanin Golden, kamar Tunde Kelani, Olu Jacobs, Joke Silva da sauran su. A shekara ta 1993, an yi bikin Fim ɗin Ƙasa a karon farko a Najeriya, kuma takardar fitar da fim ɗin masana'antar ta yi rikodin matsakaitan fina-finan Yarbawa hamsin, fina-finan Ingilishi ashirin da biyar, fina-finan Hausa biyar, da Ibo ɗaya-fim ɗin harshe. Gwamnatin Fim ta Najeriya, Jos ce gwamnatin Najeriya ta kafa shi a watan Nuwamba 1995 don taimakawa ci gaban matasan Najeriya masu hazaka a harkar shirya fim. Kamar yadda a wannan lokacin a cikin 1995, Hukumar Censors ta Najeriya ta yi rikodin fina -finai 177, adadin wanda ya ƙara ƙaruwa zuwa 233 a 1996. Ya ragu a 1997 zuwa 214, amma a 1998 ya sake ƙaruwa zuwa 356. Adadin fina -finan da aka yi wa rajista a 1999 ya kai 389. Boom na shekarun 2000 Adadin finafinan bidiyo na Najeriya da aka yi rajista a 2000 kusan ya ninka darajar 1999, tare da fina-finai 712. Ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa a cikin 2001 zuwa 2002, tare da 974 da 1,018 bi da bi. Daga nan ya rage sau ɗaya zuwa 761 a 2003. Adadin fina-finan bidiyo daga Najeriya ya kai kololuwa a shekarar 2005, inda adadin fina-finan da aka yi wa rajista ya kai 1,711. Tsawon shekaru, kallon fina -finan Najeriya ya bazu ko'ina cikin Afirka, kuma tare da ɗimbin masu sauraro a Turai, da Asiya. Kamar a shekara ta 2004, ana shirya aƙalla fina-finai huɗu zuwa biyar a kowace rana a Najeriya. Fina-finan Najeriya sun riga sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su tara turɓaya a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai. Wannan bunƙasar duk da haka ta haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da yawa; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina-finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a Ghana ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su". Wasu Gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga ƴan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin Nijar, ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai '' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''. A cewar ƙungiyar masu shirya fina-finai ta Najeriya, kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya kuma kusan 5 miliyan a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina -finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk faɗin duniya; ƙimanta ƙimar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka 250 miliyan, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka shirya an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Kamar yadda a 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, kiyasin kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a jihar Legas kadai an kiyasta ₦ 804 miliyan ($ 5 miliyan) a kowane mako, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦ 33.5 biliyan ($ 209 miliyan) kudaden shiga ga jihar Legas a kowace shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimlar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim a Najeriya ta samar da su ya kai ₦ 522. biliyan ($ 3 biliyan) kowace shekara, tare da abun cikin watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦ 250 biliyan ($ 1.6 biliyan). Yanayin rashin tsari da ƙwarewa Masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ɗaukar ma'aikata a Najeriya, tana samar da ayyuka sama da miliyan kuma tana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 5% na tattalin arzikin ƙasar. A kololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusan 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girma a fina-finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Sai dai, bayan wannan batu, masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya ta fara tabarbarewa zuwa masana'antar da ba ta da hangen nesa, tare da mamaye mutane da dama ba tare da sanin harkar fim ba. A cewar darakta Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen, yanzu ana iya yin fim a cikin kwanaki hudu; Chico Ejiro, wanda ya jagoranci fina-finai sama da 80 a cikin shekaru 5, a koyaushe ana ba da rahoton cewa yana alfahari da cewa zai iya kammala shirya fim a cikin kwanaki uku kawai. "kowa na iya zama mai shirya fim a Nollywood na yau", ɗan fim Mahmood Ali-Balogun, ya taɓa yin tsokaci mai ɗaci. Ƴan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun lura da yanayi inda suke nunawa akan saiti kuma ana rubuta rubutun yayin da suke kan saiti, kuma an harbi duk al'amuran su a rana ɗaya. Hakanan, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo sun tabbatar da yanayin al'amuran yau da kullun na dole ne su sanya tufafin kansu kuma su gyara nasu don harbin fim. An ba da rahoton cewa taurarin taurarin, galibi suna aiki akan fina-finai da yawa a lokaci guda, a sakamakon haka ba zai bayyana ba lokacin da yakamata. Sau da yawa, 'yan baranda na cikin gida suna jinkirta harbi, wadanda ke karban kudi don "kariya" kafin su ba da damar yin fim a "yankunansu". An kuma soki masana'antar a wannan zamanin saboda jigogin ta, waɗanda galibi ke hasashen maita da baƙar fata. UNESCO, wacce a baya ta sanya masana'antar a matsayin ta biyu mafi girma a masana'antar shirya fina-finai a cikin rahotonta na 2008 game da Kasuwancin Fina-Finan Duniya, ta ƙi nuna finafinan Najeriya a cikin rahotonta na gaba, saboda ta yi la'akari da fina-finan "ƙwararrun ƙwararru/abubuwan da ba na yau da kullun ba". Bayan kololuwa wajen samar da fina -finai a 2005 zuwa 2008, lambobin suna ta raguwa akai-akai. An danganta raguwar wannan yanayin yin fim saboda manyan ƙeta na haƙƙin mallaka, wanda ya hana saka hannun jari a fina -finan bidiyo. A cewar Bankin Duniya, kusan kashi 90 na faifan DVD da ke yawo a Najeriya kwafin doka ne, tare da sabbin fitowar suna jin daɗin kusan sati biyu, wanda aka fi sani da "Lokacin Mating", kafin sigar su mara lasisi ta zama mai yawa a kasuwa . Mai shirya fina-finai Amaka Igwe ita ma ta taba furta cewa "fashin teku ya kai kashi 82 cikin ɗari na kasuwar Najeriya," matsalar da ta danganta da gazawar masu rarraba fim su fahimci manufar bukatar kasuwa da wadata ta. Leila Djansi ta kuma lura cewa masu rarrabawa a wasu lokutan a zahiri sune manyan sarakunan cin zarafi; yana ambaton yanayi inda masu rarraba ke kulle kwafin DVD na asali a cikin shagunan su kuma a maimakon haka suna sayar da kwafin marasa izini waɗanda masu rabawa suka samar don samun kuɗi da kansu, yayin da suke gaya wa masu shirya fina -finan cewa fina-finan su "ba sa siyarwa" kuma za su iya zuwa su ɗauke su. duk lokacin da suke so. Koyaya, wannan bai iyakance ga DVD kawai ba, saboda akwai kuma ƙaruwar hanyoyin sadarwa na talabijin, waɗanda suka fara nuna fina -finan Najeriya da kansu ba tare da izini daga masu shirya fim ba. Sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " Alaba cartel ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An kuma dora koma-baya a wannan zamanin a kan kin amincewa da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, da rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina -finai na 'yan asalin, da kuma, ƙarin kuɗin da ake samarwa a Najeriya. Shirye shirye An samar da finafinan bidiyo a wannan zamanin akan mafi ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi kuma basa wucewa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya, saboda an harbe su ta amfani da kyamarorin bidiyo masu arha ba tare da ingancin silima da ake buƙata ba, kuma an shirya su tare da injin VCR na asali. Waɗannan fina-finan galibi ana tallafa musu ne da 'Yan kasuwa waɗanda ke aiki a matsayin masu shirya finafinai; waɗannan 'yan kasuwa galibi suna da iko a kan mahimman fannoni na samarwa, kamar simintin gyare -gyare, kuma suna tabbatar da cewa an yi fim ɗin ta hanyar da suka yi imanin zai jawo hankalin masu sauraro masu dacewa don haka su dawo da saka hannun jari. Cikin fina-finan yawanci samar da harbi a kan wuri a duk faɗin Najeriya da hotels, gidajensu, da kuma ofisoshin sau da yawa takalman fitar da su masu da kuma bayyana a cikin credits. Mafi shahararrun wuraren yin fim shine biranen Lagos, Enugu, Abuja da Asaba. Koyaya, galibin manyan biranen Najeriya ana amfani da su don samar da bidiyo, saboda masana'antun yanki daban -daban da ke cikin ƙasar. a cikin kusan makonni biyu zuwa uku, Bayan kammalawa, ana fitar da hotunan bidiyo kai tsaye akan bidiyo (wanda aka sani da " Bidiyo na gida "); an kwafi su cikin kwafin kaset na bidiyo kusan 200,000 (kuma daga baya VCDs da DVD), sannan aka rarraba su zuwa kasuwanni, kulob-kulob na bidiyo da ƙarshe gidaje daban-daban. Yawancin masu ba da Tallafi suna zaune ne a cikin babbar kasuwa mai cike da rudani da ake kira Idumota a Legas, yayin da ake rarraba fina -finan sosai a Alaba, wata kasuwa a Ojo . Sauran cibiyoyin rarraba bidiyo na Gida a duk faɗin ƙasar sun haɗa da: Hanyar Iweka a Onitsha, Anambra, da Pound Road a Aba, Abia . Masu shirya bidiyon sun fitar da fina-finai cikin ƙima mai ban mamaki a cikin shekara guda kuma ana ba da sabbin taken zuwa shagunan Najeriya da rumfunan kasuwa kowane mako, inda matsakaicin bidiyon ke sayar da kwafi 50,000. Hari na iya siyar da dubu ɗari da yawa. Nau'i da jigogi Finafinai, a wannan zamanin su ne mafi yawa daga cikin romance, wasan kwaikwayo, comedy da allahntaka nau'o'i, da kuma ma ƴan ayyuka . Jigogin da aka bincika sun haɗa da: fansa, cin amana, soyayya, ƙiyayya, tsafi, siyasa da sauransu. Sau da yawa suna da jigogi waɗanda ke magance matsalolin ɗabi'a da ke fuskantar mutane na zamani. Felix Muchimba ya ce: "Labarun sun kasance a bayyane duk da cewa suna da ban mamaki kuma cike da motsin rai: matan suna kuka kuma masu son kuɗi ne masu son kuɗi; maza ma suna da tausayawa da ramuwar gayya". Yawancin finafinan bidiyo kuma suna da jigon allahntaka da na addini wanda ya haɗa da sihiri ( Juju ) da rikicin addini na zamani tare da addinin gargajiya . Juju wata ƙungiya ce da ake tuntubar ta don dalilai ɗaya ko wani lokacin da ake buƙata, yawanci ilimin halin ɗabi'a, an lulluɓe ta da ikon allahntaka. Wasu fina -finai suna inganta bangaskiyar Kirista ko ta Islama, wasu fina -finan kuma suna da wa'azin bishara . Wasu, duk da haka, suna magance tambayoyin bambancin addini. Sauran jigogin da aka saba nunawa a cikin waɗannan fina-finan sun haɗa da: fashi da makami, wasan al'ada, hamayya, rikice -rikice, cin zarafin jima'i, aikata laifuka, karuwanci, kisan kai, haɗama, son rai, rashin haƙuri, kishi, hassada, girman kai, girman kai, kafirci, ha'inci, sihiri, tsakanin wasu. Labarun da ke cikin waɗannan fina-finan an “sake faɗo su daga cikin hanjin al’ummar Najeriya, [a matsayin] adadi mai yawa yana fitowa daga tsarin imaninmu da halinmu na danganta yawancin abubuwa zuwa ga, ba sa’a ko wani laifin namu ba amma mugayen dabarun mugayen mutane. Wasu da yawa suna mai da hankali kan samun wadatattun makirce -makircen mutane a yau da mugayen abokan aikin sa. Duk da haka wasu suna nuna kyakkyawar rayuwar talakawan Najeriya, soyayyarsu da soyayyarsu da abin takaici da raɗaɗinsu ". Masu suka Yayin da wasu ke yaba wa wannan zamani na fina-finan Najeriya don kafa masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar da za ta iya ci gaba, wasu kuma sun bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi munin abubuwan da suka taba faruwa a masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya, saboda zamani ne lokacin da gabaɗayan rashin hangen nesa, ƙa'idodi da ƙwarewa tsakanin masu aikin, yawancinsu basu da horo na yau da kullun a harkar fim. Ofaya daga cikin manyan sukar da masana'antar fina -finan Najeriya ta samu a wannan zamanin shine mummunan hoto na sihirin sihiri da sihiri, ta haka yana ba wa wasu mutane raunin ra'ayi game da Najeriya da ma Afirka. Sau da yawa masu sukar al'adu sun koka game da "al'amuran macabre cike da sihiri" a cikin fina -finan. Jean Rouch, wani ɗan fasaha daga Nijar ya bayyana daraktoci da furodusan Najeriya a matsayin firistocin voodoo waɗanda ke yin mugun aiki a kan masu sauraro a wasu ƙasashe, kuma suna samun ƙarin masu sauraro a sakamakon. An kuma soki masana’antar don inganta rashin bin doka da kuma riko da alfasha; wasu hotuna na gani da aka nuna a fina-finan da aka ƙiyasta 18 sun haɗa da: ayyukan jima'i, tsiraici, batsa, munanan kalmomi (la'ana), suturar da ba ta dace ba, kisan kai, fyaɗe, tashin hankalin gida (musamman akan mata), shan taba, cin zarafi da cin zarafi. An yi jayayya cewa waɗannan suna cutar da matasa da sauran al'umma. Duba kuma Fim din Najeriya Media a Najeriya Sinima a Afrika Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aisha%20Bowe

Aisha Bowe

Articles with hCards Aisha Bowe injiniya ce wato injiniyan sararin samaniya ce Bahamian-Amurka, wacce ta kafa, kuma Shugaba na kamfanin STEMBoard, kamfanin fasaha. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Aisha Bowe ta girma a Amurka a cikin dangi mai aiki. Mahaifinta ya yi hijira daga Bahamas . Mahaifinta direban tasi ne a Ann Arbor, Michigan . Ko da yake mai ba ta jagorar makarantar sakandare ta ba ta shawarar ta zama ƙwararriyar kayan kwalliya, mahaifin Aisha Bowe ya bukace ta da ta yi karatun lissafi a makaranta kwalejin al'umma ta yankin, wanda ta yi sauri. Wannan tushe a cikin ilimin lissafi sannan ya ba Bowe damar canzawa zuwa shirye-shiryen injiniya a Jami'ar Michigan daga Washtenaw Community College . Bowe ta kammala karatun digirinta na farko a injiniyan sararin samaniya a Shekarar ta 2008, da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin injiniyan sararin samaniya a Shekarar ta 2009, duka a Jami'ar Michigan . Ta ce ta zabi injiniyan sararin samaniya saboda sha'awar almara kimiyya . Ɗaya daga cikin malamanta na digiri, Thomas Zurbuchen, yana aiki a kana kan Manzon Mercury . Ta yi aiki a matsayin mai horarwa a Cibiyar Nazarin Ames a Shekarar ta 2008, kafin ta shiga aikin injiniya. Bowe ya yi aiki a Cibiyar Bincike ta Ames, a cikin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Jirgin Sama da Harkokin Gudanarwa na Sashen Harkokin Jirgin Sama. A shekarar ta 2012 ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Injiniyan Baƙar fata ta Ƙasa don Ba da Gudunmawar Fasaha ta Musamman don takardarta mai suna "Kimanin Jirgin Jirgin Sama Mai Ingantacciyar Man Fetur don Magance Rikici". Ta shiga ƙungiyar AST Flight da Fluid Mechanics a cikin shekarar ta 2009, tana taimakawa haɓakawa da algorithms don tallafawa Gudanar da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama. A matsayin Bahamiyya-Ba-Amurke, Bowe yana son "ya ƙara ganin Bahamiyawa a fagen kimiyya da fasaha." Yayin da take NASA, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai haɗin gwiwa ga Shirin Lissafi, Injiniya, Nasarar Kimiyya (MESA). A cikin wannan rawar, ta kuma jagoranci ɗalibai, ta gudanar da taron tattaunawa kuma ta jagoranci wasu rangadin wuraren NASA . A cikin shekarar 2019, Bowe ya ziyarci Johannesburg, Bloemfontein, da Pretoria a Afirka ta Kudu don jerin tattaunawa da aka gayyata daga watan Oktoba ranar 7 da 18 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Kakakin Amurka. Ta kuma yi lacca a wasu ƙasashe da dama, ciki har da kasar Isra'ila da Kuwait . Aisha Bowe memba ne na Ƙungiyar Injiniya na Baƙar fata ta ƙasa kuma ƙwararren Gudanar da Shirye-shiryen ta PMI . Ita kuma ƙwararriyar ƙwararriyar SSI ce wacce ta gama nutsewa a Yankin Afirka ta Kudu, Bahamas, binin California, da Tsibirin Cayman. Ita ma mai hawan dutse ce kuma ta hau Dutsen Kilimanjaro a dake shekarar ta 2016. Aisha Bowe ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na STEMBoard, kamfani da ke magance kalubalen fasaha ga gwamnati da abokan ciniki masu zaman kansu. STEMBoard ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Kasuwanci ne na Mata Masu Rasa Tattalin Arziki wanda Ƙungiyar Kasuwancin Mata ta Amurka ke tallafawa. Suna aiki don rufe gibin nasarar ilimi na ƙananan kabilu, ta hanyar sansanonin STEM, haɗin gwiwa tare da kwalejoji da jami'o'i na baƙar fata na tarihi da kuma damar yin aiki ga matasa matasa. STEMBoard yana matsayi na dubu biyu da Dari biyu da tamanun da hudu 2,284 akan Inc. Magazine 's Inc. 5000 jerin kamfanoni masu zaman kansu mafi girma cikin sauri a cikin shekarar ta 2020. Kit ɗin "LINGO". Aisha Bowe ce ta kirkiro LINGO codeing kit. Kit ɗin coding na LINGO yana koyar da kayan masarufi da ƙirar software. Darussan suna tafiya da kansu. Kit ɗin yana da kayan kayan masarufi, jagorar koyarwa da bidiyoyin koyarwa. Ana kiran kit na farko "A cikin Kujerar Direba." A wurin zama na Direba yana ba da umarni yadda ake ƙirƙira da da ƙididdige firikwensin bayanzuba don mota mai cin gashin kanta. Ayyukan da aka buga Wasu daga cikin zaɓaɓɓun zababbun wallafe-wallafen na Aisha Bowe sune: Mai jarida Yadda Wannan Tsohon Injiniyan NASA Ke So Ya Samar da Ilimin Matasa na STEM Kit ɗin lambar koyo daga nesa yana ƙarfafa baƙar fata matasa su shiga STEM Me yasa Masanin Kimiyyar Roka Ya Bar NASA don Taimakawa Matasa Codes Haɗu da tsohon injiniyan NASA wanda ke taimakawa don aika ayyuka zuwa sararin samaniya Haɗu da Aisha Bowe, Masanin Kimiyyar Rocket kuma ɗan kasuwa ya himmatu don jagorantar Black Tech na gaba na gaba. STEM a gida: Jami'ar Michigan tsofaffin ɗalibai suna ƙirƙirar kayan koyo yayin bala'i Waɗannan Baƙaƙen Founders sun yi Nasara Duk da Silicon Valley Gabatar da Gwamnati mai sauri, bincike na kirkire-kirkire da hazaka a cikin hidimar jama'a Injiniya Aerospace Aisha Bowe ta Gabatar da Kayan Aiki A Gida Tsohuwar UM Aerospace Aisha Bowe ta koma makarantar sakandaren Pioneer don gabatarwa da Kwamitin Tambaya & A. Nicole Riche's Pearl xChange LCL Season 4 EP10: Yadda Ake Cire Shakkun Kai Tare da Aisha Bowe & Gerard Adams Aisha Bowe tana magana a taron Platform 2015 Mata Bakar Fata a Tarihi - AMC Network NAACP PSA Aisha Bowe: Kimiyyar Roka da Farawa Memos Mentor: Aisha Bowe da Claire Luce Mata Masu Kasuwanci, Kashi na 3: Aisha Bowe, Mujallar Farawa: 'Yar kasuwan hatsi Techstination STEMboard Lingo CEO Aisha Bowe Injiniyan Jirgin Sama Na NASA Yana Ba Mutane Da Ba Su Wakilta Ba Don Yin Aikin Injiniya . Afrilu 18, 2021. Kelly Clarkson Show . Wannan Masanin kimiyyar roka an taɓa gaya mata ba za ta yi kyau a STEM ba, ba ta bari ya hana ta ba . Afrilu 12, 2021. Tamron Hall Show . Mars Rover Landing . Fabrairu 18, 2021. NBCLX. An gane Bowe saboda gudunmawarta ga aikin injiniya, bambancin, da dama daidai ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama da Sararin Samaniya, Ƙungiyar Injiniya ta Baƙar fata, da Cibiyar Kasuwancin Mata ta Amurka . Wasu zababbun kyaututtuka kamar haka. A shekarar2020 Mafi kyawun Dan kasuwa na Shekara ta Black Data Processing Associates (BDPA) na Washington, DC 2020 - Fitaccen Kyautar Alumna, Sashen Injiniya Aerospace, Jami'ar Michigan 2020 - INC 5000 2020 Jerin Kamfanonin Haɓaka Mafi Sauri A shekarar2015 - Kyautar Rukunin Kasuwancin Mata na Amurka “Tauraro masu tasowa” 2014 - Silicon Valley 's National Coalition of 100 Black Women's Women in Technology of the Year Award A shekarar2012 - lambar yabo ta Injiniya ta NASA 2012 - NASA Daidaitaccen Samar da Damar Aiki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Aisha Bowe na sirri Gidan yanar gizon STEMboard Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

29190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban%20Masallacin%20Sana%27a

Babban Masallacin Sana'a

Babban Masallacin Sana'a (Larabci: , Al-Jāmi' al-Kabīr bi-Sanā) tsohon masallaci ne a birnin Sana'a na kasar Yemen, kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a duniya. An ce an kafa masallacin ne a farkon zamanin Musulunci, wanda aka ce zai kasance a shekara ta 633. Yayin da ba a san takamaiman ranar da za a gina masallacin ba, gyare-gyaren farko da aka rubuta ya faru ne a karkashin Halifa Al-Alid I a farkon karni na 8, wanda ke nuna mai yiwuwa a baya. kwanan watan gini. Rahotanni sun ce an gina masallacin ne a wani bangare na spolia daga fadar Ghumdan ta zamanin Himyarite da kuma cocin Kirista na Axumite na al-Qalis wanda a da ya mamaye wurin. Babban Masallacin shi ne mafi girma kuma mafi shahara a cikin masallatai sama da dari a cikin tsohon birnin Sana'a. An gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin karni na 8, karni na 13, da kuma a zamanin Ottoman. Wani muhimmin abin da aka gano na kayan tarihi shi ne rubutun Sana'a, wanda aka gano a wurin lokacin da aka sake gyarawa a shekara ta 1972. A yau, babban masallacin Sana'a yana cikin wurin tarihi na UNESCO na tsohon birnin Sana'a. Birnin Sana'a shi ne cibiyar soji na daular Sabeawa kafin zuwan musulunci kuma ta kasance muhimmiyar cibiyar daular Himyari. Masallacin, wanda Annabi Muhammad ya ba da umarni a gina shi a cikin lambun gwamnonin Farisa, an gina shi ne a kan rugujewar fadar Ghumdan ta Sheba, tsakanin yankuna biyu na Sana'a, Al-Quati da Al-Sailah. An gina Babban Masallaci a kusa da Suq, wanda tuni aka yi shi a lokacin da aka gina shi. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, tsarin gine-ginen birni, fadadawa da kuma wayar da kan jama'a ya yi tasiri matuka, sakamakon gina babban masallacin da aka yi da wasu masallatai biyu a bangaren arewa na birnin. An gina babban masallacin ne da wani salo na tsakuwa, wanda ke da nasaba da irin wannan tsohon aikin dutsen Axumite na Abyssiniya. An sassaƙa da fenti na katako da aka yi da itacen lacunari. Tsakar gida tana auna mita 80 zuwa 60 (260 ft × 200 ft), tare da wuraren addu'o'in da aka tsara su ta hanyar arewa zuwa kudu. Zauren da ke da hanyoyi guda uku masu daidaita gabas zuwa yamma an gina su ne da kayayyakin zamanin jahiliyya da aka kawo daga wasu wurare. A cikin tsakar gida akwai wani tsari mai zaman kansa tun daga karni na 16. Ginin daular Usmaniyya ne da ya yi kama da dakin Ka'aba a Makka, duk da haka, ana zargin cewa ba a hade su biyun ba saboda sauye-sauyen kayan kayyakin launi, wanda wata dabara ce ta ablaq, tun kafin Musulunci a yankin. Wannan ginin da farko ya zama taskar masallacin, sannan ya zama wurin ajiyar wakafi kuma yana da babban dakin karatu da sauran tsoffin rubuce-rubucen. Watakila tun asali wannan ginin ya kasance yana da sigar ruwa kamar tafkin alwala a karkashinsa ga masu son yin tsarki yayin ziyartar masallaci. Wuraren dutse na ciki na rufin masallacin an ba da shawarar su zama fasalin gine-gine na Byzantine na Daular Axumite. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa daular Axumite ta kafa babban cocinta a cikin birnin Sana'a da kuma ragowar wannan majami'ar, da kuma daga fadar Gumdan da wuraren ibada na Kirista da Yahudawa a cikin babban masallacin. Ƙarin shaida na wannan alaƙa wani rubutu ne a cikin yare kafin zuwan Musulunci na yankin, Sabaic, a cikin tallafin baka na dutse da aka sake amfani da shi yana nuna yana da alaƙa da gine-ginen Byzantine. Minaret yammacin kasar da aka gina a lokacin da Sarauniya Arwa bint Ahmad ta sake ginawa, ta yi kama da na masallatan zamanin da aka gina a birnin Alkahira, saboda alaka ta kut da kut da daular Fatimi a Masar. A wajajen shekara ta 630 miladiyya (6H), a cewar majiyoyin Musulunci na farko, an ce Annabi Muhammad ne ya ba da umarnin gina babban masallacin Sana'a, kuma an san masallacin a matsayin masallacin farko da aka gina a wajen addinin Musulunci. garuruwa masu tsarki na Makka da Madina. A wannan zamani na bayan Hijira (622-632 AD), Sana'a ita ce cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci. Yawancin abubuwan binciken archaeological da aka gano a cikin Babban Masallaci sun tabbatar da hujjar gina shi zuwa zamanin Muhammadu yana raye, ciki har da spolia da dama daga Cathedral na Axumite da kuma daga fadar Himyarite Ghumdan. A karni na 7, ragowar Sana'a kafin jahiliyya sun lalace sosai lokacin da ta zama cibiyar yada addinin Musulunci a farkon shekarun Hijira. Wannan yana tabbatar da abubuwan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka samu a cikin babban Masallacin kafin Musulunci. Daga shekara ta 705 zuwa 715 (86-96 AH), khalifan Umayyawa al-Walid na daya ya fadada masallacin. Wani rubutu da aka samu a harabar masallacin ya kasance a shekara ta 753 CE, a zamanin Abbasiyawa. A shekara ta 876/7 CE, ambaliyar ruwa sau biyu ta yi barna sosai ga masallacin, bayan haka kuma aka gyara shi gaba daya. A farkon karni na 9, an gina minaret a gefen gabas. A shekara ta 911 AD, Karmatis ya mamaye birnin, ya lalata masallacin. A karni na goma sha biyu, shekara ta 1130 miladiyya, sarauniyar Isma’ili Arwa bint Ahmad ta gyara masallacin da yawa. Ita ce ke da alhakin sassaka silin na masallacin na gabas da yamma da kuma fikafikan arewa. An gina minaret na yammacin masallacin a matsayin wani bangare na wannan gyara. A farkon karni na 16, an yi wa masallacin gyaran fuska da wani katafaren fili da kuma shimfidar farfajiyar masallacin. A shekara ta 1972-73, lokacin da masu binciken kayan tarihi suka cire filasta, sun gano wasu kayan tarihi 65, da suka hada da tsofaffin rubuce-rubuce da fatu masu yawa, da kuma rubutun Sana’a, wanda ma’aikatan gini suka gano a lokacin da suke gyaran bangon soro. An kuma bankado wasu rubuce-rubucen larabci da ba kasafai suke yi ba, wadanda ke da alaka da farkon Musulunci, zamanin Banu Umayyawa, da fadar Sheba na Ghamdan da lalata shi. Daya daga cikin Alkur’ani da aka samu a nan an ce Imam Ali ne ya rubuta ko kuma ya hada shi, wanda dakin karatu na masallaci ke adana shi. Abubuwan dauri na farko da aka samu a masallacin sun samu rubuce-rubuce sosai daga malamai kamar Ursula Dreibholz . Sauran abubuwan binciken kayan tarihi da aka gano a Babban Masallacin sun hada da ragowar rumbuna da tsoffin gine-ginen da ke da alaka da babban birnin kasar lokacin da ke dauke da Cocin Axumite na al-Qalis, wanda aka gano a shekara ta 2006. Babban Masallacin yana cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO, wanda aka keɓe a cikin 1986 a matsayin jerin No. 345, karkashin Sharuɗɗa: (iv) (v) (vi), wanda ya haɗa da masallatai 103, hammams 14 da gidaje sama da 6,000 na Sana'a, waɗanda aka gina su kafin ƙarni na sha ɗaya. Kiyaye Babban Masallacin, wanda ke da kima na musamman na addini da na tarihi, Cibiyar Horar da Tarihi da Bincike ta UNESCO ta tallafa wa Asiya da Pacific (Shanghai). Binciken irin barnar da masallacin ya yi a tsawon shekaru aru-aru ya hada da hujjojin ambaliyar ruwa, ruwan sama, da kasa da kasa, da tsofaffin na'urorin lantarki da na'urorin sadarwa, da magudanar ruwa a karkashin kasa, barna da yake-yake, da kuma raunin tsofaffin gine-gine da ke daura da masallacin. Ana ci gaba da yin gyare-gyare da gyare-gyare a cikin 2003 a cikin matakai, kamar gyaran tsarin lantarki. An sake gyara plaster ɗin, gami da maido da tsohuwar filastar gargajiya da aka fi sani da qudad. An inganta shimfidar fale-falen, an kuma maido da ma'adanai. An gyara wuraren alwala da kuma bandaki na zamani. An kuma yi wasu gyare-gyare a bangaren samar da ruwan sha da magudanar ruwa, da kuma kawar da tsoffin gine-ginen da ba su dace da abubuwan tarihi da na masallacin ba. Ci gaba da karatu Finster, Barbara, "Die Freitagsmoschee von Ṣan‘ā’," Baghdader Mitteilungen 9 , p. 92-133; 10 , p. 179-192. Finster, Barbara. "Die Grosse Moschee von Ṣan‘ā," Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen 1, 1982, p. 197-211, 3, 1986, p. 185-193. Finster, Barbara. "Survey islamischer Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler im Yemen - Die Große Moschee von Ṣan‘ā'", Archäologische Berichte aus dem Yemen, III, 1986 , 185–193. Costa, Paolo. “La Moschea Grande di San’a,” Annali. Instituto Orientale di Napoli 34 (N.S. 24) , pp/ 487–506. Costa, Paolo. Studies in Arabian Architecture, London: Routledge, 1994, chapter II “The Great Mosque of Sanaa.”

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halle%20Berry

Halle Berry

Halle Berry Maria ( /h æ l i / . an haife ta Maria Halle Berry. ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1966) ne American actress. Ta fara aikinta a matsayin abin ƙira kuma ta shiga gasannin kyakkyawa da yawa, ta gama a matsayin farkon mai tsere a gasar Miss USA kuma ta zo ta shida a cikin Miss World dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da shida 1986 . Matsayin fim ɗin ta na nasara ya kasance a cikin wasan barkwanci Boomerang dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da biyu , tare da Eddie Murphy, wanda ya haifar da matsayi a cikin fina-finai, kamar wasan kwaikwayo na iyali The Flintstones dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu , wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na siyasa Bulworth dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas da fim ɗin Gabatarwa. Dorothy Dandridge dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da tara , wanda ta lashe lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe . Berry ta lashe lambar yabo ta Academy don Mafi Kyawun Jaruma saboda rawar da ta taka a fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya mai suna Monster's Ball shekarara dubu biyu da daya , ta zama mace ta farko kuma mace mai launi ɗaya da ta ci kyautar. Ta ɗauki manyan mukamai don yawancin shekarun dubu biyu 2000, kamar Storm a <i id="mwKw">X-Men</i> dubu biyu da jerin abubuwan X2 shekarara dubu biyu da uku da X-Men: The Last Stand shekarara dubu biyu da shida ; Yarinyar ɗaurin aure Jinx a cikin Die Wata Rana shekarara dubu biyu da biyu ; kuma a cikin Gothika mai ban sha'awa shekarara dubu biyu da uku . A cikin shekarun shekarara dubu biyu da goma 2010, ta fito a fim ɗin almarar kimiyya Cloud Atlas shekarara dubu biyu da sha biyu , mai laifin laifi Kira da fina-finan aikin X-Men: Kwanaki na Gaba da Baya shekarara dubu biyu da sha hudu , Kingsman: The Golden Circle shekarara dubu biyu da sha bakwai da John Wick: Babi na 3 - Parabellum shekarara dubu biyu da sha tara . Berry ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da aka fi biyan kuɗi a Hollywood a cikin shekarun 2000, kuma tana da hannu wajen shirya fina-finai da yawa da ta yi. Berry shima mai magana da yawun Revlon ne. Ta taba yin aure da dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa David Justice, mawaƙa-mawaƙa Eric Benét, da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Olivier Martinez . Tana da yaro kowanne da Martinez da samfurin Gabriel Aubry . An haifi Berry Maria Halle Berry; An canza sunanta bisa doka zuwa Halle Maria Berry tana ɗan shekara biyar. Iyayen ta sun zaɓi sunanta na tsakiya daga Shagon Sashen Halle, wanda a lokacin ya zama alamar ƙasa a wurin haifuwarta na Cleveland, Ohio . Mahaifiyarta, Judith Ann ( née Hawkins), fari ce kuma an haife ta a Liverpool, Ingila. Judith Ann ta yi aiki a matsayin likitan jinya. Mahaifinta, Jerome Jesse Berry, ma'aikacin Asibitin Ba'amurke ne a asibitin masu tabin hankali inda mahaifiyarta ke aiki; daga baya ya zama direban bas. Iyayen Berry sun sake aure lokacin tana ɗan shekara huɗu; ita da 'yar uwarta, Heidi Berry-Henderson, mahaifiyarsu ce ta yi renon su kaɗai. Berry ta ce a cikin rahotannin da aka buga cewa ta nisanta da mahaifinta tun tana ƙuruciya, lura a 1992, "Ban taɓa jin labarin sa ba tun [ya tafi]. Wataƙila ba shi da rai. ” Mahaifinta ya zagi mahaifiyar ta sosai. Berry ta tuno yadda ta ga yadda ake yiwa mahaifiyar ta dukan tsiya yau da kullun, ta harba matakala sannan ta bugi kan ta da kwalbar giya. Berry ta girma a Oakwood, Ohio kuma ta sauke karatu daga Makarantar Sakandaren Bedford inda ta kasance mai farin ciki, ɗalibi mai daraja, editan jaridar makaranta da kuma sarauniya. Ta yi aiki a sashen yara a shagon Sashen Higbee. Sannan ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Al'umma ta Cuyahoga . A cikin shekarun 1980, ta shiga gasa masu kyau da yawa, inda ta lashe Miss Teen All American a 1985 da Miss Ohio USA a 1986. Ita ce Miss USA ta farko da ta zo ta biyu a tseren Christy Fichtner na Texas. A gasar hira ta Miss USA 1986, ta ce tana fatan zama mai nishadantarwa ko kuma tana da alaƙa da kafofin watsa labarai. Alƙalan sun ba ta hirar ta mafi ƙima. Ita ce Ba'amurke ta farko da ta shiga gasar Miss World a shekarar 1986, inda ta kare a matsayi na shida sannan Giselle Laronde ta Trinidad da Tobago ta zama Miss World. Dangane da Littafin Littafin Tarihi na Yanzu, Berry "... ya bi aikin yin samfuri a New York . . . Makonnin farko na Berry a New York ba su da daɗi: Ta kwana a cikin mafaka mara gida sannan a cikin YMCA. ” Farkon aiki A cikin 1989, Berry ya ƙaura zuwa New York City don bin burin burinta. A lokacin farkon ta a can, ta rasa kuɗi kuma dole ne ta zauna na ɗan lokaci a cikin mafaka mara gida. Yanayinta ya inganta a ƙarshen waccan shekarar, kuma an jefa ta cikin rawar abin koyi Emily Franklin a cikin ɗan gajeren jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na ABC Living Dolls, wanda aka harba a New York kuma ya kasance farkon jerin jerin wa Wanene Boss? . A lokacin da ake buga wa 'Yar tsana rai, ta faɗi cikin suma kuma an gano tana da ciwon sukari na 1 . Bayan sokewar Dolls, ta koma Los Angeles. Farkon fim ɗin Berry ya kasance cikin ƙaramin rawar ga Jungle Fever na Spike Lee , inda ta taka Vivian, mai shan muggan ƙwayoyi. A waccan shekarar, Berry tana da rawar farko tare a cikin Tsananin Kasuwanci . A cikin 1992, Berry ya nuna mace mai ƙwazo wacce ta faɗi matsayin jagorar Eddie Murphy a cikin wasan barkwanci na Boomerang . A shekara mai zuwa, ta dauki hankalin jama'a a matsayin babban bawan kabila a cikin karbuwa na TV na Sarauniya: Labarin Iyalin Amurka, dangane da littafin Alex Haley . Berry yana cikin fim ɗin Flintstones mai rai wanda ke wasa da "Sharon Stone," sakataren sultry wanda ke ƙoƙarin lalata Fred Flintstone. Berry ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, yana wasa tsohon mai shan muggan kwayoyi yana fafutukar sake dawo da riƙon ɗanta a Rasa Ishaya , tare da Jessica Lange . Ta yi hoton Sandra Beecher a Race the Sun , wanda ya dogara kan labari na gaskiya, wanda aka harba a Ostiraliya, kuma ya yi aiki tare tare da Kurt Russell a cikin Hukuncin zartarwa . Farawa daga 1996, ta kasance mai magana da yawun Revlon na shekaru bakwai kuma ta sabunta kwangilarta a 2004. Ta yi tauraro tare da Natalie Deselle Reid a fim ɗin barkwanci na 1997 B*A*P*S . A cikin 1998, Berry ta karɓi yabo saboda rawar da ta taka a Bulworth a matsayin mace mai hankali da masu gwagwarmaya suka taso wanda ya ba wani ɗan siyasa ( Warren Beatty ) sabuwar yarjejeniya kan rayuwa. A wannan shekarar, ta buga mawaƙa Zola Taylor, ɗaya daga cikin matan mawaƙan mawaƙan mawaƙa Frankie Lymon, a cikin tarihin rayuwar Me yasa wawaye suka faɗi cikin ƙauna . A cikin HBO biopic na 1999 Gabatar da Dorothy Dandridge, ta nuna mace Ba'amurke ta farko da aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Academy don Kyawun 'Yar Fim, kuma ita ce Berry wani aikin jin daɗin zuciya wanda ta gabatar, haɗin gwiwa tare da yin gwagwarmaya sosai. domin ta koma. An san aikin Berry tare da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Primetime Emmy Award da Golden Globe Award . Berry ya nuna mahaukaciyar guguwa mai rikitarwa a cikin daidaita fim ɗin jerin fina-finai mai ban dariya X-Men da jerin abubuwansa, X2 , X-Men: The Last Stand da X-Men: Days of Future Past . A 2001, Berry ta bayyana a cikin film katon kifi, wanda featured ta farko tsirara scene. Da farko, ta kasance tana adawa da yanayin faɗuwar rana a cikin fim ɗin wanda za ta bayyana ba ta da kyau, amma daga ƙarshe Berry ya yarda. Wasu mutane sun danganta canjin zuciyar ta zuwa ƙaruwa mai yawa a cikin adadin da Warner Bros. ya ba ta; an ba da rahoton an biya ta ƙarin $ 500,000 don gajeriyar yanayin. Berry ya ƙaryata waɗannan labaran, yana gaya wa wani mai yin tambayoyin cewa sun yi mata nishaɗi kuma "an yi su don tallata fim ɗin." Bayan ta yi watsi da ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke buƙatar tsiraici, ta ce ta yanke shawarar yin Swordfish saboda mijinta na lokacin, Eric Benét, ya tallafa mata kuma ya ƙarfafa ta ta shiga haɗari. Berry ya bayyana a matsayin Leticia Musgrove, matar da ke cikin damuwa na mai kisan kai ( Sean Combs ), a cikin fim ɗin Fim ɗin Monster's 2001. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Kwamitin Bincike na Ƙasa da Kyautar 'Yan Jarida Guild Award for Best Actress; a cikin daidaituwa mai ban sha'awa ta zama mace Ba'amurkiya ta farko da ta lashe lambar yabo ta Academy for Best Actress (a farkon aikinta, ta nuna Dorothy Dandridge, Ba'amurke na farko da aka zaɓa don mafi kyawun 'yar wasa, kuma wanda aka haife shi a asibiti ɗaya Berry, a Cleveland, Ohio). Hukumar NAACP ta fitar da sanarwar: “Ina taya Halle Berry da Denzel Washington murna saboda ba mu fata da sanya mu alfahari. Idan wannan alama ce cewa a ƙarshe Hollywood a shirye take ta ba da dama da yin hukunci bisa ga fasaha ba akan launin fata ba to abu ne mai kyau. " Wannan rawar ta haifar da jayayya. Yanayin soyayya ta tsirara mai hoto tare da halayyar wariyar launin fata wanda tauraron tauraron Billy Bob Thornton ya buga shine batun hirar kafofin watsa labarai da tattaunawa tsakanin Baƙin Amurkawa. Mutane da yawa a cikin jama'ar Ba-Amurkan sun soki Berry saboda ɗaukar wannan matakin. Berry ya amsa: "Ban ga dalilin da zai sa na sake yin nisa ba. Wannan fim ne na musamman. Wannan yanayin ya kasance na musamman kuma mai mahimmanci kuma ana buƙatar kasancewa a wurin, kuma zai zama ainihin rubutun musamman wanda zai buƙaci wani abu makamancin haka. " Berry ya nemi ƙarin kuɗi don tallan Revlon bayan ya lashe Oscar. Shugaban kamfanin kayan shafe -shafe Ron Perelman, ya taya ta murna, inda ya ce yadda ya yi farin ciki da ta yi wa kamfaninsa kwalliya. Ta amsa, "Tabbas, za ku biya ni ƙarin." Perelman ya ja da baya cikin fushi. A cikin karban kyautar ta, ta ba da jawabin karramawa inda ta karrama jaruman fina -finan da ba su taba samun dama ba. Ta ce, “Wannan lokacin ya fi ni girma. Wannan ya kasance ga kowace mace marar suna, marar fuska mace mai launi wacce yanzu ta sami dama yau da dare saboda an buɗe wannan ƙofa. ” A matsayinta na 'yar Bond Giacinta' Jinx 'Johnson a cikin fitacciyar jarumar fim ɗin 2002 ta mutu Wata Rana, Berry ta sake ɗaukar hoto daga Dr. A'a, ta fito daga cikin ruwa don yin gaisuwa da James Bond kamar yadda Ursula Andress ta yi shekaru 40 da suka gabata. Lindy Hemming, mai zanen kaya a ranar Die Wata, ta dage cewa Berry ya sa bikini da wuka don girmamawa. Berry ya ce game da abin da ya faru: "Yana da daɗi", "mai ban sha'awa", "sexy", "tsokana" da "zai sa ni har yanzu a can bayan lashe Oscar." An harbi yanayin bikin a Cadiz ; An ba da rahoton wurin ya yi sanyi da iska, kuma an fitar da hoton Berry da aka nannade cikin tawul mai kauri a tsakanin ɗaukar don ƙoƙarin ɗumama ɗumi. Dangane da zaben labarai na ITV, an zaɓi Jinx a matsayin yarinya mafi ƙarfi ta huɗu akan allo koyaushe. Berry ya ji rauni yayin yin fim lokacin da tarkace daga gurneti mai hayaƙi ya shiga cikin idonta. An cire shi a cikin aiki na mintina 30. Bayan Berry ya ci lambar yabo ta Kwalejin, an ba da izinin sake rubutawa don ba ta ƙarin lokacin aiki don X2 . Ta yi tauraro a cikin mai ban sha'awa na tunani Gothika gaban Robert Downey, Jr. a cikin Nuwamba 2003, lokacin da ta karye hannunta a wani yanayi tare da Downey, wanda ya karkatar da hannunta da ƙarfi. An dakatar da samarwa tsawon makonni takwas. Ya kasance matsakaici ne a ofishin akwatin Amurka, yana ɗaukar $ 60 miliyan; ya sake samun $ 80 miliyan a kasashen waje. Berry bayyana a cikin nu karfe band yi ɗingishi Bizkit 's music video for " Behind Blue Eyes " ga motsi hoto soundtrack ga fim. A wannan shekara, ta mai suna # 1 a FHM 100 Sexiest Women a Duniya zabe. Berry ta yi tauraro a matsayin matsayin taken a cikin fim ɗin Catwoman, wanda ta karɓi dalar Amurka 12.5 miliyan. Sama da dalar Amurka 100 miliyan fim; ya tara dalar Amurka 17 kawai miliyan a karshen mako na farko, kuma masu sukar suna ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗayan mafi munin fina -finan da aka taɓa yi . An ba ta lambar yabo mafi kyawun Razzie Award saboda rawar da ta taka; ta bayyana a bikin don karɓar kyautar a cikin mutum (yayin da take riƙe da Oscar daga Monster's Ball ) tare da jin daɗin jin daɗi, la'akari da shi ƙwarewar "ƙasan dutsen" don zama "a saman." Riƙe lambar yabo ta Kwalejin a hannu ɗaya da Razzie a ɗayan ta ce, "A rayuwata ban taɓa tunanin zan tashi a nan ba, in lashe Razzie! Ba kamar na taba burin kasancewa a nan ba, amma na gode. Lokacin da nake yaro, mahaifiyata ta gaya min cewa idan ba za ku iya zama mai hasara mai kyau ba, to babu yadda za ku zama mai nasara. ” Fitowar fim ɗin ta na gaba ya kasance a cikin Oprah Winfrey -wanda aka samar da fim ɗin talabijin na ABC Idanunsu Suna Kallon Allah , daidaitawa na littafin Zora Neale Hurston, tare da Berry yana nuna mace mai 'yanci wanda rashin jin daɗin jima'i na yau da kullun ya tayar da hankalin mutanen zamanin ta 1920. karamar al'umma. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Primetime Emmy Award na biyu saboda rawar da ta taka. Hakanan a cikin 2005, ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai samarwa a cikin Lackawanna Blues, kuma ta sauko muryarta don halayen Cappy, ɗaya daga cikin ɗimbin injiniyoyi da yawa a cikin fasalin Robots . A cikin mai ban sha'awa Perfect Stranger , Berry ta yi tauraro tare da Bruce Willis, tana wasa mai labaru wanda ke ɓoye don gano wanda ya kashe abokin yarinta. Fim ɗin ya tara dalar Amurka miliyan 73 a duk faɗin duniya, kuma ya karɓi sake dubawa mai ɗumi -ɗumi daga masu suka, waɗanda ke jin cewa duk da kasancewar Berry da Willis, "ya yi yawa don yin aiki, kuma yana fasalta karkatacciyar ƙarewa da ke ba da haushi da wuce gona da iri." Fitowar fim din ta na 2007 na gaba shine wasan kwaikwayo Abubuwa da muka Rasa a cikin Wuta, tare da Benicio del Toro, inda ta ɗauki matsayin wata gwauruwa ta kwanan nan tana ƙawance da abokin damuwar mijinta. Fim ɗin shi ne karo na farko da ta yi aiki tare da darektar mata, Danish Susanne Bier, inda ta ba ta sabon yanayin "tunani iri ɗaya," wanda ta yaba. Yayin da fim ɗin ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 8.6 a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga marubuta; Austin Chronicle ya sami fim ɗin da cewa "an gina shi sosai kuma an yi wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida da na cikin gida" kuma yana jin cewa "Berry yana da ƙima a nan, gwargwadon yadda ta kasance." A cikin watan Afrilu 2007, an ba Berry tauraro a Hollywood Walk of Fame a gaban gidan wasan kwaikwayon Kodak a 6801 Hollywood Boulevard saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar fim, kuma a ƙarshen shekaru goma, ta kafa kanta a matsayin ɗayan mafi yawan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hollywood, suna samun kimanin $ 10 miliyan a kowane fim. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa Frankie da Alice , Berry ta taka muhimmiyar rawa na wata matashiyar Ba'amurkiya mai bambancin launin fata wacce ke gwagwarmaya da halayen ta na canzawa don riƙe ainihin kanta. Fim ɗin ya sami takaitaccen sakin wasan kwaikwayo, don mayar da martani mai mahimmanci. Dan Jaridar Hollywood duk da haka ya bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin "wasan kwaikwayo na tunani mai kyau wanda ya shiga cikin duhu na tunanin mace ɗaya" kuma ya sami Berry yana "ɓarna" a ciki. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu sukar Fina-Finan Afirka don Kyakkyawar Jaruma da lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award for Best Actress-Motion Picture Drama . Daga baya ta zama wani babban abin jigo a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Garry Marshall Sabuwar Shekarar Hauwa'u , tare da Michelle Pfeiffer, Jessica Biel, Robert De Niro, Josh Duhamel, Zac Efron, Sarah Jessica Parker, da Sofía Vergara, a tsakanin da yawa wasu. A cikin fim ɗin, ta ɗauki nauyin tallafawa wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ta yi abota da wani mutum a matakin ƙarshe (De Niro). Yayin da masu suka suka firgita fim din, ya samu dalar Amurka miliyan 142 a duk duniya. A cikin 2012, Berry ya yi tauraro a matsayin ƙwararren malamin nutsewa tare tare da mijin Olivier Martinez a cikin ɗan ƙaramin abin da ake gani Dark Tide, kuma ya jagoranci jeri na gaba da Tom Hanks da Jim Broadbent a cikin fim ɗin almara na almara na Wachowskis Cloud Atlas. , tare da kowane ɗan wasan kwaikwayo yana wasa haruffa daban -daban guda shida a tsawon ƙarni biyar. An yi kasafin kuɗi a dalar Amurka miliyan 128.8, Cloud Atlas ya yi dalar Amurka miliyan 130.4 a duk duniya, kuma ya haifar da martani daga masu suka da masu sauraro. Berry ya bayyana a wani sashi na wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo mai zaman kansa Fim ɗin 43 , wanda Chicago Sun-Times ta kira " Citizen Kane of mugun." Berry ta sami babban nasara tare da aikinta na gaba, a matsayin mai aikin 9-1-1 wanda ke karɓar kira daga wata yarinya da wani mai kisan gilla ya sace, a cikin mai laifin mai laifi The Call . An ja Berry zuwa "ra'ayin kasancewa wani ɓangare na fim ɗin da ke ba da ƙarfi ga mata. Ba sau da yawa muna samun irin wannan matsayin, inda talakawa ke zama jarumai kuma suke yin wani abin mamaki. ” Manohla Dargis na Jaridar New York Times ta gano fim ɗin ya zama "mai ban sha'awa mai ban tsoro," yayin da mai bita Dwight Brown ya ji cewa "rubutun yana ba Berry halayyar shuɗi-shuɗi da za ta iya sawa, mai rauni da ɓacin rai . " Kira ya kasance abin bacci, wanda ya tara dala miliyan 68.6 a duk duniya. A cikin 2014, Berry ya rattaba hannu kan tauraro kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na CBS Extant, inda ta ɗauki matsayin Molly Woods, ɗan sama jannatin da ke gwagwarmayar sake haɗawa da mijinta da ɗanta na android bayan sun kashe 13 watanni a sararin samaniya. Nunin ya gudana tsawon yanayi biyu har zuwa shekarar 2015, yana samun ingantattun bita daga masu suka. USA Today ta yi tsokaci: “Ita [Halle Berry] tana kawo mutunci da nauyi ga Molly, ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin da zai ba ku damar siyan ta a matsayin ɗan sama jannati da ganin abin da ya same ta a matsayin abin tsoro maimakon abin dariya. Berry duk yana ciki, kuma kuna iyo tare. ” Hakanan a cikin 2014, Berry ya ƙaddamar da sabon kamfanin samarwa, Fina-Finan 606, tare da abokin haɗin gwiwa Elaine Goldsmith-Thomas. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Dokar Anti-Paparazzi, SB 606, wacce 'yar wasan ta tura kuma wacce Gwamnan California Jerry Brown ya sanya wa hannu a cikin dokar 2013. Sabon kamfani ya fito a matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Berry don yin aiki a Extant . A cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Kevin Hart: Menene Yanzu? , Berry ya bayyana a matsayin kanta, yana adawa da Kevin Hart, yana halartar taron wasan karta wanda ke yin ba daidai ba. Kidnap, mai ban dariya Berry wanda aka yi fim a 2014, an sake shi a cikin 2017. A cikin fim ɗin, ta yi tauraro a matsayin mai hidimar gidan cin abinci tana taɗe abin hawa lokacin da waɗanda ke cikinta suka sace ɗanta. Masu garkuwa da mutane sun tara dalar Amurka miliyan 34 kuma sun tattara dabaru daban-daban daga marubuta, wadanda ke jin cewa "yana kutsawa cikin amfani da rubutaccen rubutaccen rubutu sau da yawa don cin gajiyar fa'idar gurɓacewar sa-ko kuma har yanzu gwanin ban sha'awa na [Berry]." Daga baya ta buga wani wakili wanda ƙungiyar leƙen asirin Amurka ta yi aiki a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya Kingsman: The Golden Circle , a matsayin wani ɓangare na simintin jeri, wanda ya ƙunshi Colin Firth, Taron Egerton, Mark Strong, Julianne Moore, da Elton John . Yayin da aka cakuda martani mai mahimmanci ga fim ɗin, ya sami dalar Amurka miliyan 414 a duk duniya. Tare da Daniel Craig, Berry ya yi tauraro a matsayin uwa mai aji yayin tarzomar 1992 Los Angeles a Deniz Gamze Ergüven 's drama Kings . Fim ɗin ya sami iyakancewar wasan kwaikwayo bayan fara nuna shi a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto, kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na liyafar ɗumi -ɗumi, iri -iri ya lura: "Yakamata a ce Berry ya ba da mafi kyawun mafi munin wasan kwaikwayon na ƙarni na huɗu da suka gabata, amma wannan wataƙila shine kawai wanda ke jujjuyawa zuwa matsanancin yanayi a fim guda. " Ta buga Sofia, mai kisan kai, a cikin fim ɗin John Wick: Babi na 3 - Parabellum , wanda Lionsgate ya fitar a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2019. A cikin 2017, ta ba da muryoyin da ba a yarda da su ba ga waƙar, "Kira Duk Ƙaunata" ta Bruno Mars daga kundin ɗakin studio na uku, 24K Magic . Berry ya fafata da James Corden a yaƙin rap na farko akan wasan farko na TBS 's Drop the Mic, wanda aka fara watsawa ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2017. Ita ce, har zuwa watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2019, babban mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen gidan talabijin na BET Boomerang, dangane da fim din da ta fito a ciki. Jerin ya fara ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2019. Berry ta fara halarta na jagora tare da fasalin Bruised wanda a ciki take wasa wani mayaƙan MMA mai suna Jackie Justice, wanda ya sake haɗawa da ɗanta da ya rabu. An fara yin fim a 2019 tare da harbi a Atlantic City da Newark . An yi fim ɗin farko na duniya a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Toronto ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2020. Ko Netflix ya sami haƙƙin rarraba fim. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai Tare da Pierce Brosnan, Cindy Crawford, Jane Seymour, Dick Van Dyke, Téa Leoni, da Daryl Hannah, Berry yayi nasarar yin yaƙi a 2006 akan tashar Cabrillo Liquefied Gas Gas wanda aka ba da shawarar a bakin tekun Malibu. Berry ya ce, "Ina kula da iskar da muke shaka, ina kula da rayuwar ruwa da yanayin muhallin teku." A watan Mayun 2007, Gwamna Arnold Schwarzenegger ya ki amincewa da ginin. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hasty Pudding sun ba ta lambar yabo ta Mace ta Shekara ta 2006. Berry ya shiga cikin kamfen na wayar salula mai kusan gidaje 2,000 ga Barack Obama a watan Fabrairu na 2008. A watan Afrilu na 2013, ta fito a cikin shirin bidiyo don kamfen ɗin Gucci na "Chime for Change" wanda ke da nufin tara kuɗi da wayar da kan al'amuran mata ta fuskar ilimi, lafiya, da adalci. A watan Agustan 2013, Berry ya ba da shaida tare da Jennifer Garner a gaban Kwamitin Shari’a na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar California don tallafa wa dokar da za ta kare ’ya’yan mashahuran daga fitina daga masu daukar hoto. Kudirin ya wuce a watan Satumba. Berry was ranked No. 1 on People "50 Most Beautiful People in the World" list in 2003 after making the top ten seven times and appeared No. 1 on FHM "100 Sexiest Women in the World" the same year. She was named Esquire magazine's "Sexiest Woman Alive" in October 2008, about which she stated: "I don't know exactly what it means, but being 42 and having just had a baby, I think I'll take it." Men's Health ranked her at No. 35 on their "100 Hottest Women of All-Time" list. In 2009, she was voted #23 on <i id="mwAmM">Empire</i>'s 100 Sexiest Film Stars. The same year, rapper Hurricane Chris released a song entitled "Halle Berry (She's Fine)," extolling Berry's beauty and sex appeal. At the age of 42 (in 2008), she was named the "Sexiest Black Woman" by Access Hollywood's "TV One Access" survey. Born to an African-American father and a white mother, Berry has stated that her biracial background was "painful and confusing" when she was a young woman, and she made the decision early on to identify as a black woman because she knew that was how she would be perceived. Rayuwar mutum Berry ya sadu da likitan likitan Chicago John Ronan daga Maris 1989 zuwa Oktoba 1991. A cikin Nuwamba 1993, Ronan ya kai karar Berry akan $ 80,000 a cikin abin da ya ce bashi ne da ba a biya ba don taimakawa ƙaddamar da aikinta. Berry hujjatayya da cewa kudi kyauta, kuma mai hukunci sallami hali saboda Ronan aikata ba jerin Berry a matsayin ma'abucin a lõkacin da ya yi domin fatarar a 1992. A cewar Berry, duka daga tsohon saurayin da ya ci zarafinsa lokacin yin fim ɗin The Last Boy Scout a 1991 ya huce mata kunne kuma ya sa ta rasa kashi tamanin cikin dari na jin ta a kunnen ta na hagu. Berry bai taɓa ambaci mai cin zarafin ba, amma ya ce shi wani sananne ne a Hollywood. A cikin 2004, tsohon saurayi Christopher Williams ya zargi Wesley Snipes da alhakin wannan lamarin, yana mai cewa "Na gaji da mutane suna tunanin ni ne mutumin [wanda ya aikata hakan]. Wesley Snipes ta murƙushe kunnen ta, ba ni ba. ” Berry ya fara ganin ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa David Justice akan TV yana wasa a cikin wasan ƙwallon kwando na MTV a watan Fabrairu 1992. Lokacin da wani dan rahoto daga garin Cincinnati na Justice ya gaya mata cewa Adalci masoyi ne, Berry ya ba wakilin lambar wayarta don ya ba Justice. Berry ya auri Adalci jim kadan bayan tsakar dare ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1993. Bayan rabuwarsu a watan Fabrairun 1996, Berry ta bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa ta yi baƙin ciki sosai har ta yi tunanin kashe kanta. An saki Berry da Justice bisa hukuma a ranar 24 ga Yuni, 1997. A watan Mayun 2000, Berry bai roƙi wata gardama ba game da tuhumar barin wurin haɗarin mota kuma an yanke masa hukuncin shekaru uku na gwaji, tarar $ 13,500 kuma an ba da umarnin yin sa’o’i 200 na hidimar al’umma. Berry ta auri mijinta na biyu, mawaƙa-mawaƙa Eric Benét, a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2001, biyo bayan shekaru biyu na soyayya. Benét ya sami jinya don jarabar jima'i a cikin 2002, kuma a farkon Oktoba 2003 sun rabu, tare da kisan aure ya ƙare a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2005. A cikin Nuwamba 2005, Berry ya fara yin soyayya da samfurin Faransa Kanada Gabriel Aubry, wanda ta sadu da shi a wani hoto na Versace. Berry ta haifi 'yarsu a cikin Maris 2008. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2010, Berry da Aubry sun ba da sanarwar dangantakar su ta ƙare a wasu watanni da suka gabata. A watan Janairun 2011, Berry da Aubry sun shiga cikin gwagwarmayar tsare tsare, fi mayar da hankali kan sha'awar Berry don ƙaura da 'yarsu daga Los Angeles, inda Berry da Aubry suka zauna, zuwa Faransa, gidan na dan wasan Faransa Olivier Martinez, wanda Berry ya fara soyayya a 2010 bayan sun hadu yayin yin fim ɗin Dark Tide a Afirka ta Kudu. Aubry ya ki amincewa da wannan mataki bisa hujjar cewa zai yi katsalandan a tsarin tsare su na hadin gwiwa. A watan Nuwamban 2012, wani alkali ya ki amincewa da bukatar Berry na matsar da 'yar ma'auratan zuwa Faransa saboda hasashen Aubry. Kasa da makwanni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Aubry da Martinez duk an yi musu jinya a asibiti saboda raunin da suka samu bayan sun shiga tashin hankali na zahiri a gidan Berry. Martinez ya yi kama ɗan ƙasa a kan Aubry, kuma saboda an ɗauke shi a matsayin tashin hankali na cikin gida, an ba shi umarnin kariya na gaggawa na ɗan lokaci wanda ya hana Aubry zuwa tsakanin yadi 100 na Berry, Martinez, da yaron da yake hannun jari tare da Berry, har zuwa Nuwamba 29, 2012. A gefe guda, Aubry ya sami umarnin dakatar da Martinez na wucin gadi a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 2012, yana mai cewa yakin ya fara ne lokacin da Martinez yayi barazanar kashe Aubry idan bai yarda ma'auratan su koma Faransa ba. Takardun kotu da aka fallasa sun hada da hotunan da ke nuna manyan raunuka a fuskar Aubry, wadanda aka watsa su a kafafen yada labarai. A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, 2012, Lauyan Berry ya ba da sanarwar cewa Berry da Aubry sun cimma yarjejeniya ta tsaro a kotu. A watan Yuni na 2014, hukuncin Babbar Kotun ya nemi Berry ya biya Aubry $ 16,000 a wata a cikin tallafin yara (kusan 200k/shekara) kazalika da sake biyan $ 115,000 da jimlar $ 300,000 don kuɗin lauyan Aubry. Berry da Martinez sun tabbatar da haɗin kansu a cikin Maris 2012, kuma sun yi aure a Faransa a ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2013. A watan Oktoba 2013, Berry ta haifi ɗa. A cikin 2015, bayan shekaru biyu na aure, ma'auratan sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna saki. An ba da rahoton cewa an kammala kisan aure a cikin Disamba 2016, amma, har zuwa Nuwamba 2020, shari'ar tana ci gaba. Berry ya fara soyayya da Grammy mai cin nasara mawaƙin Amurka Van Hunt a cikin 2020, wanda aka bayyana ta ta Instagram. Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa Duba kuma Jerin sunayen farkon Ba'amurke General bibliography Banting, Erinn. Halle Berry, Weigl Publishers, 2005. . Gogerly, Liz. Halle Berry, Raintree, 2005. . Naden, Corinne J. Halle Berry, Sagebrush Education Resources, 2001. . O'Brien, Daniel. Halle Berry, Reynolds & Hearn, 2003. . Sanello, Frank. Halle Berry: A Stormy Life, Virgin Books, 2003. . Schuman, Michael A. Halle Berry: Beauty Is Not Just Physical, Enslow, 2006. . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1966

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20K%C3%A9ran

Filin shakatawa na Kéran

Filin shakatawa na Oti-Kéran yana arewacin Togo, a cikin yankin Kara. Hanya guda daya ce ta ratsa wannan yankin. Ba 'yan yawon bude ido da yawa da ke ziyartar Togo saboda manyan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa sun fi sauƙi a Ghana. Tasirin zamantakewa Filin shakatawa na Oti-Kéran na mallakar cibiyar sadarwar yanki ne a arewacin Togo wanda asalinsa ya fadada tun daga shekarun 1960s. An aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ba tare da izini da sa hannun jama'ar yankin ba. Maimakon samun kuɗin shiga daga yawon buɗe ido da sauran damar kasuwanci da ke iya alaƙa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, an cire mutane daga ƙasarsu kuma an yi watsi da cigaban noma, wanda ya haifar da ƙaruwar talauci har ma da yunwa. Bugu da kari, namun daji - musamman giwaye - daga wuraren da aka kiyaye amma ba masu katanga ba sun lalata gonaki da amfanin gona a cikin al'ummomin da ke kewaye da su. Wannan ya haifar da ƙiyayya ga jama'ar gari game da yankunan da aka kiyaye da dabbobin daji. A lokacin rikice-rikicen siyasa a shekarar 1990 wannan kiyayya ta rabu da manyan hare-hare kan yankunan da aka kiyaye da kuma kisan dabbobi da yawa, wanda hakan ya haifar da babbar illa ga muhalli. Sake shiryawa tun 1999 Sakamakon barna mai yawa da mamayewar mutane zuwa yankunan da aka kiyaye, hukumomin Togo sun sake fasalin kan iyakokin wuraren shakatawa tun daga 1999. Yankunan gefe da ake ganin sun lalace sosai da ba za a sake sanya su ba an kebe su daga gandun dajin kuma an rarraba su a hukumance don cigaban dan Adam. Wannan ya rage girman filin shakatawa na ƙasar, wanda yanzu ake kira Oti-Kéran National Park, daga hekta 179550 zuwa kadada 69000. Abin da ya rage an tsara shi don zama wani ɓangare na ajiyar ajiyar halittu na gaba, wanda ya haɗa ta da Oti-Mandouri National Park da tsarin yanki na kariya na WAP (W, Arli, Pendjari) a Burkina Faso, Benin, da Niger. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana barazanar ta daga ƙauyuka, noman auduga, samar da gawayi, da sauran ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin iyakokin wurin shakatawa. Lissafin jiki Lissafin jiki ya kasance yana da kyau sosai a cikin Oti-Kéran National Park kafin 1990. Wani kamfani na Afirka ta Kudu ya saka hannun jari a cikin abubuwan yawon buɗe ido (otal, otal, dandamalin lura da dai sauransu) da kuma ecotourism suna ƙirƙirar kuɗaɗen shiga kowane wata don kula da yankin kariya a cikin tsari na 50-60 miliyan CFA (U $ 100000-120000) a cikin Oti-Kéran shi kaɗai. A lokacin ana ɗaukarsa samfurin yanki ne na kariya ga cigaban ƙasa da hotuna har yanzu akwai garken giwaye da sauran manyan wuraren jan hankalin masu yawon buda ido a wurin shakatawar. A yau dukkan abubuwan more rayuwa sun lalace kuma bangaren ecotourism bai sake farawa ba a yankin Oti-Kéran bayan dogon lokacin da ake fama da matsalolin zamantakewar siyasa. 'Yan yawon bude ido yankuna kalilan ne suke zuwa daga kasashe makwabta (WAP hadaddun Niger, Burkina Faso, Benin), amma babu wadatattun kayan aiki ko masauki a Togo dan karfafa musu gwiwa su daɗe. Ma’aikatar yawon bude ido ta kasa tana mai da hankali kan ayyukanta a Yankin Filato kuma tana ganin ya zama dole don kula da wuraren da aka kiyaye a cikin rukunin Oti-Keran / Oti-Mandouri da za a sake inganta su sannan kuma a sake kafa wuraren zama da dabbobi kafin shirin ecotourism ya zama ɓullo. Rushewar shekarun 1990 ta haifar da ragin yawan alfarmar wuraren shakatawa na kasar Togo idan aka kwatanta da na makwabta Burkina Faso da Benin. Bincike a cikin shekarar 2008 ya jera nau'ikan masu zuwa duk da cewa yana bayyana cewa matsayinsu bai tabbata ba: Dabbobi masu shayarwa Giwar Afirka (Loxodonta africana) - Ganin kowa da jan hankali a lokacin shekarun 1980, watakila giwayen sun kusan karewa a shekarun 1990. Wani bincike da aka gudanar ta sama a shekara ta 2003 ya kasa gano giwaye a wurin shakatawar. A yau, ana ba da rahoton aukuwar rikice-rikice na mutane da kungiyoyi masu ƙaura. Wani shiri na UNDP daga 2010 na da nufin sake kafa yawan dabbobi kusan 20 a wurin shakatawar. Kudin zaitun (Papio anubis) Tantalus biri (Chlorocebus tantalus) - Sau da yawa ana lasafta shi azaman Cercopithecus aethiops. Patas biri (Erythrocebus patas) - Kasancewar wannan nau'in an tabbatar dashi ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Kob (Kobus kob kob) - An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa) - An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Red-flanked duiker (Cephalophus rufilatus) Babban duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia coronata) - Kasancewar wannan nau'in ya tabbatar ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Buffalo na Afirka (Synceros caffer brachyceros) Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus africanus) - An tabbatar da kasancewar wannan nau'in ta hanyar binciken jirgi a 2003. Zakin Afirka ta Yamma (Panthera leo senegalensis) - Mutanen da ke ba da rahoton an ba da rahoton su lokaci-lokaci, a karo na ƙarshe a cikin 2005. Babu mazaunan zaki na dindindin a Togo. Crested porcupine (Hystrix cristata) Riunƙwasa ƙasa (Xerus (Euxerus) erythropus erythropus) Hagu huda huɗu (Atelerix albiventris) Kimanin nau'in tsuntsaye 214 aka rubuta, gami da: Black crowned crane (Balearica pavonina) Goliath heron (Ardea goliath) Grey heron (Ardea cinerea) Pink-backed pelican (Pelecanus rufescens) Violet turaco (Musophaga violacea) Red-throated bee-eater (Merops bullocki) Bearded barbet (Lybius dubius) Pied-winged swallow (Hirundo leucosoma) Rufous cisticola (Cisticola rufus) Oriole warbler (Hypergerus atriceps) Blackcap babbler (Turdoides reinwardtii) Purple starling (Lamprotornis purpureus) Bronze-tailed starling (Lamprotornis chalcurus) White-crowned robin-chat (Cossypha albicapilla) White-fronted black chat (Myrmecocichla albifrons) Splendid sunbird (Cinnyris coccinigastrus) Heuglin's masked weaver (Ploceus heuglini) Red-winged pytilia (Pytilia phoenicoptera) Bar-breasted firefinch (Lagonosticta rufopicta) Black-faced firefinch (Lagonosticta larvata) Lavender waxbill (Estrilda caerulescens) Exclamatory paradise whydah (Vidua interjecta) Togo paradise whydah (Vidua togoensis) Brown-rumped bunting (Emberiza affinis) Dabbobi masu rarrafe Kada Yammacin Afirka ta Yamma (Crocodylus suchus) - A da an lasafta shi da kada duka (C. niloticus)

58302

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osun%20River

Osun River

Kogin Ọshun wani lokaci, amma ba kasafai ake rubuta shi Oshun kogi ne da ke bi ta kudu ta Jahar Osun a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya zuwa gabar Legas da Tekun Atlantika Gulf of Guinea. Yana daya daga cikin koguna da dama da aka danganta a tatsuniyar gida cewa mata ne da suka rikide zuwa ruwa mai gudana bayan wani lamari mai ban tsoro ya tsorata su ko ya fusata su. Sunan kogin ne bayan Oshun ko Oshun, daya daga cikin mafi shahara da girmama Orishas. Bikin gargajiya na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a dakin ibadar Shun da ke kusa da kogin Ọṣun da ke Osogbo ya zama sanannen yawon bude ido da yawon bude ido, inda ya ja hankalin jama’a daga ko’ina a Najeriya da kuma kasashen ketare zuwa bikin shekara-shekara a watan Agusta. Osun na daya daga cikin alloli na kogi a kasar Yarbawa, ta yi fice wajen samar da bukatun jama'a. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin matan ̣Sango, allahn Yarbawa na tsawa. Osun 'yar asalin Igede-Ekiti ce, hedkwatar karamar hukumar Irepodun/Ifelodun, jihar Ekiti, Najeriya saboda haka babban tushenta a Igede-Ekiti. Osun, yaro na uku a auren da aka yi tsakanin Ake (mafarauci kuma basarake daga Ile-Ife) da Erindo (matar Ake) wanda kuma zai kara haihuwar wasu 'ya'ya goma sha biyar da suka hada da shahararren Rivers Ogbese da Elemi. Yayin da Ogbese ya kasance sanannen tambarin tsohuwar Afrikola, kogin Elemi ya ci gaba da ƙawata kyawawan ƙasarmu. Osun, matar Alafin Sango ta biyu, ta koma kogi bayan ta sha kashi a takarar wanda ya gaji mahaifinsu, Ake. A wancan zamani, kiraye-kiraye shi ne mafi girman makamin yaki saboda haka, mafi wayo kuma mafi girman wanda ke dauke da ranar. Sunan garina, "Igede" ya samo asali ne daga "Ogede" - ma'ana incantation kuma a ƙarshe ya zama "Igede" ta hanyar ba da izini. Don haka, “Ilè Ògèdè ko Igede na nufin ƙasar ƙwazo. Igede-Ekiti gida ne da koguna sama da goma sha shida kuma ba a tabbatar da hakan ba ta wani ko wasu takardu cewa babu kogi da ke ratsawa zuwa Igede-Ekiti daga ko’ina, koguna suna kwarara daga Igede-Ekiti zuwa wasu garuruwa da wurare. Ubangijin kogin ya sami damar ba da jarirai bakarare kuma ya canza rayuwar mutane da yawa. Haka kuma an sami labaran ƙagaggun labarai da yawa game da baiwar Allah Osun, misali, Shegun Coker da la’anannen haikali na Kolawole Michael, 2008.. A cikin 2018, kwatsam kwatsam kogin ya fara canza launi da bincike ta Urban Alert (wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai zaman kanta) ta bayyana cewa ayyukan hakar zinare masu lasisi ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ba tare da ka'ida ba a babban matakin shine tushen dalilin.. Ayyukan wadannan masu hakar ma'adinai sun gurbata kogin da manyan karafa, wanda hakan ke barazana ga kogin da kuma Alfarmar Osun Osogbo. Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove Babban dajin Osun Sacred Grove, da ke wajen birnin Osogbo, na daya daga cikin ragowar dajin farko na farko a kudancin Najeriya. Wanda ake yi wa kallon gidan baiwar Allahn haihuwa Osun, daya daga cikin manyan alloli na Yarabawa, filin kurmi da magudanar ruwa yana cike da wuraren tsafi da wuraren ibada, sassaka-tsalle da ayyukan fasaha don girmama Osun da sauran ababen bauta. Tsarkakakken kurmi, wanda yanzu ake ganin alama ce ta ainihi ga dukan mutanen Yarbawa, mai yiwuwa shi ne na ƙarshe a al'adar Yarbawa. Yana ba da shaida ga al'adar kafa tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi a wajen duk ƙauyuka. Taƙaitaccen kira Karni da suka wuce akwai tsattsarkan kurmi a kasar Yarbawa: kowane gari yana da daya. Yawancin waɗannan kurruka yanzu an yi watsi da su ko kuma sun ragu zuwa ƙananan yankuna. Osun-Osogbo, a tsakiyar Osogbo, babban birnin jihar Osun, an kafa shi kimanin shekaru 400 da suka gabata a yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, mai tazarar kilomita 250 daga Legas shine mafi girman kurmi mai tsarki da ya wanzu kuma wanda har yanzu ake girmamawa. Babban dajin Osun Tsarkakakken Grove na daga cikin ragowar manyan dazuzzukan kudancin Najeriya. Ta cikin dajin yana nufin kogin Osun, wurin zama na ruhaniya na allahn kogin Osun. A cikin dajin akwai wuraren ibada arba'in, sassaka-tsalle da ayyukan fasaha da aka gina don girmama Osun da sauran gumakan Yarabawa, da yawa an ƙirƙira su a cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata, fadoji biyu, wurare masu tsarki guda biyar da wuraren ibada guda tara waɗanda aka rataye a bakin kogin tare da naɗaɗɗen limamai da limamai da kuma wuraren ibada. malaman addini. Sabuwar fasahar da aka girka a cikin kurmi ta kuma banbanta ta da sauran kurmi: A yanzu Osogbo ta sha bamban wajen samar da wani katafaren sassa na sassa na karni na 20 da aka yi domin karfafa alakar da ke tsakanin jama’a da ‘yan kabilar Yarbawa, da kuma yadda garuruwan Yarbawa suka danganta kafuwarsu. da girma ga ruhohin daji. Maido da kurmin da masu fasaha suka yi ya bai wa kurmin muhimmanci: ya zama wuri mai tsarki ga daukacin kasar Yarabawa kuma alama ce ta ainihi ga babban yankin Yarbawa. Grove wuri ne na addini mai aiki inda ake yin ibada ta yau da kullun, mako-mako da kowane wata. Bugu da kari, bikin muzahara na shekara-shekara na sake kulla alaka ta sufa tsakanin baiwar Allah da mutanen garin na faruwa ne duk shekara sama da kwanaki goma sha biyu a watan Yuli da Agusta kuma ta haka ne ake raya al'adun kabilar Yarbawa. Har ila yau, Grove wani kantin magani ne na ganyaye wanda ke ɗauke da nau'ikan tsire-tsire sama da 400, wasu endemic, waɗanda sama da nau'ikan 200 an san su don amfani da magani. Ma'auni (ii): Ci gaban Harkar Sabbin Mawaƙa Masu Tsarkaka da shigar Suzanne Wenger, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan ƙasar Ostiriya, cikin al'ummar Yarbawa sun tabbatar da cewa sun kasance musayar ra'ayi mai kyau wanda ya farfado da tsattsarkan Grove Osun. Ma'auni (iii): Osun Tsarkakakken Grove shine mafi girma kuma watakila shine kawai abin da ya rage na wani al'amari da ya taɓa yaɗuwa wanda ya saba da kowane yanki na Yarbawa. Yanzu yana wakiltar tsattsarkan Grooves na Yarbawa da kuma yadda suke nuna ilimin sararin samaniyar Yarabawa. Ma'auni (vi): Kurmin Osun wani mahimmin bayani ne na tsarin duban Yarbawa da tsarin sararin samaniya; Bikinsa na shekara-shekara yana da rayayye da haɓaka ra'ayi ga imanin Yarbawa game da alaƙar da ke tsakanin mutane, mai mulkinsu da allahn Osun. Dukiyar ta ƙunshi kusan ɗaukacin kurmi mai tsarki da kuma duk abin da aka maido a cikin shekaru arba'in kafin a rubuta shi. Wasu daga cikin sassa na baya-bayan nan suna da rauni ga rashin kulawa akai-akai wanda aka ba da kayansu - siminti, ƙarfe da laka - na iya haifar da matsalolin kiyayewa masu wahala da tsada. Grove kuma yana da rauni ga wuce gona da iri da matsin lamba wanda zai iya lalata daidaito tsakanin al'amuran halitta da mutanen da suka wajaba don kiyaye halaye na ruhaniya na rukunin yanar gizon. Sahihancin Kurmi yana da alaƙa da ƙimarsa a matsayin wuri mai tsarki. Za a iya ci gaba da ƙarfafa ɗabi'ar tsarki na wurare idan ana mutunta wannan tsarki sosai. A cikin shekaru arba'in da suka gabata sabbin sassaka sassaka a cikin Kurmi sun yi tasiri na ƙarfafa halaye na musamman na Kurmi tare da mayar masa da halayensa na ruhaniya waɗanda ke cike da darajar al'adu. A sa'i daya kuma sabbin sassaka na daga cikin dogon tarihi da ke ci gaba da yin al'adar sassaka da aka kirkira don nuna ilmin sararin samaniyar Yarbawa. Kodayake tsarin su yana nuna sabon salon tafiya, ba a ƙirƙiri ayyukan ba don ɗaukaka masu fasaha amma ta hanyar girman girmansu da siffofi masu ban tsoro don sake tabbatar da tsarkin Grove. Sabbin sassaƙaƙen sun cimma manufarsu kuma a halin yanzu Kurmin yana da fa'ida fiye da na gida a matsayin wuri mai tsarki ga Yarbawa. Kariya da buƙatun gudanarwa An fara ayyana Grove a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa a cikin 1965. An gyara wannan sunan na asali kuma an faɗaɗa shi a cikin 1992 don kare dukkanin hectare 75. Tsarin al’adun Nijeriya na 1988 ya bayyana cewa ‘Jahar za ta adana a matsayin abubuwan tarihi na tsofaffin ganuwar da kofofi, wurare, fadoji, wuraren ibada, gine-ginen jama’a, inganta gine-gine masu mahimmancin tarihi da manyan sassaka’. A karkashin dokar amfani da filaye ta shekarar 1990 gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta baiwa gwamnatin jihar Osun rikon kwarya. Grove yana da ingantaccen tsarin gudanarwa wanda ya shafi lokacin 2004 - 2009 wanda duk masu ruwa da tsaki suka amince da shi kuma rukunin yana jin daɗin tsarin gudanarwa na haɗin gwiwa. Gwamnatin Tarayya tana gudanar da wurin ne ta hannun manajan wurin hukumar kula da gidajen tarihi da tarihi na kasa kamar yadda dokar ta 77 ta shekarar 1979 ta ba da izini. Hakazalika gwamnatin jihar Osun tana bayar da gudunmawar kariya da kula da shi ta hanyar kananan hukumomi da ma’aikatu da Parastatals, wadanda kuma aka basu dama. ta dokar jihar don sarrafa abubuwan tarihi na jihar. Ana gudanar da ayyuka na gargajiya da al'adun gargajiya ta hanyar Ataoja (Sarki) da majalisarsa - Majalisar Al'adun Osogbo. Akwai ayyuka na gargajiya da aka yi amfani da su don kare wurin daga kowace irin barazana kamar dokokin gargajiya, tatsuniyoyi, haramun da al'adu da ke hana mutane kamun kifi, farauta, farauta, sare bishiyoyi da noma. Masu bautar gargajiya da masu sadaukarwa suna kula da gadon da ba a taɓa gani ba ta hanyar ruhi, bauta da alama. Akwai kwamitin gudanarwa wanda ya ƙunshi dukkan masu ruwa da tsaki, waɗanda ke aiwatar da manufofi, ayyuka da ayyuka don ci gaban dawwamammen wurin. Osun-Osogbo Sacred Grove kuma wani bangare ne na babban tsarin raya yawon bude ido na kasa da aka kafa tare da Hukumar Kula da Yawon shakatawa ta Duniya (WTO) da Hukumar Ci gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNDP). Bukin Osun Osogbo da ake gudanarwa a kowace shekara zai bukaci a kula da shi sosai ta yadda wurin ba zai sake fuskantar illar yawon bude ido a lokacin bikin ba. Har ila yau, Grove zai zama abin koyi na al'adun Afirka da ke kiyaye kyawawan dabi'u da ma'auni na mutanen Osogbo musamman, da kuma dukan mutanen Yarbawa. A matsayin abin alfahari a gare su, Kurmin zai kasance gadon gado mai albarka wanda ke da alamomin gargajiya da kuma ingantacciyar hanyar isar da addinan gargajiya, da tsarin ilimin 'yan asalin, ga mutanen Afirka a ƙasashen waje. Kogin wanda ya ratsa jihohi biyar a yankin kafin ya kwarara zuwa mashigin tekun Guinea, a baya-bayan nan ya gurbace sakamakon ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na kauyukan da ke kusa. Kogin ya fuskanci gurbacewar roba, da gurbacewar karafa sakamakon hako zinare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma gurbatar sharar da mutane ke yi. Aikin hakar ma’adinai ya fi yawa a Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu sana'a suka ƙware akan ajiyar kuɗi kuma suna amfani da kayan aikin haske kamar shebur, wasu, waɗanda ƙananan ƴan kasuwa ke goyan bayansu, suna amfani da kayan aiki masu nauyi kamar masu tonawa. Mazauna Osun sun gano wasu ‘yan China da ke marawa baya wadanda suka hada jami’an tsaro da makamai tare da yin aiki a boye. Akwai wuraren hakar ma'adinai da yawa da aka bazu a gefen kogin da magudanan ruwa. Sai dai kuma Osun ita ce wurin da ake hakar gwal na kasuwanci daya tilo a Najeriya.Gwamnatin Osun ta shawarci masu yawon bude ido da masu kishin kasa da maziyartan zuwa babban bikin Osun Osogbo da kada su sha ruwa daga kogin Osun saboda gurbatar yanayi.

32595

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maigida

Maigida

Maigida shi ne wanda ya mallaki gida, gidajen haya, sashen wani gida, filaye, ko dukiya wanda aka yi hayar ko hayar ga wani mutum ko kasuwanci, wanda ake kira dan haya (kuma mai haya ko mai haya). Lokacin da mai shari'a yana cikin wannan matsayi, ana amfani da kalmar mai gida. Sauran sharuddan sun hada da mai gida da mai shi. Ana iya amfani da kalmar uwar gida ga masu mata. Manajan gidan mashaya a cikin United Kingdom, tsananin magana mai lasisi victualler, ana kiransa mai gida/matar gida. A cikin tattalin arzikin siyasa ana nufin mai mallakar albarkatun kasa shi kadai (misali, kasa, ba gine-gine ba) wanda hayar tattalin arziki ke samun kudin shiga. Tunanin mai gida na iya komawa ne zuwa ga tsarin feudal na manoralism ( seignorialism ), inda wani fili mallakar Ubangijin Manor ( mesne lords ), yawanci 'yan ƙananan ƙwararru waɗanda suka zo don samar da matsayi na Knights . a cikin babban na da zamani, riƙe da fief via subinfeudation, amma a wasu lokuta ƙasar na iya zama kai tsaye batun memba na mafi girma nobility, kamar yadda a cikin sarauta yankin kai tsaye mallakar wani sarki, ko a cikin Mai Tsarki Roman Empire ƙauyuka kai tsaye. ƙarƙashin sarki. Tsarin tsaka-tsaki a ƙarshe yana ci gaba da tsarin ƙauyuka da Latifundia (faɗaɗɗen gonaki na manoma) na Daular Roma. A wannan zamani, “mai gida” yana bayyana kowane mutum, ko wata hukuma kamar hukuma ko wata hukuma, tana ba da gidaje ga mutanen da ba su mallaki gidajensu ba. Ɗawainiyar mai gida da mai haya Yarjejeniyar haya, ita ce kwangilar da ke bayyana irin waɗannan sharuɗɗan kamar farashin da aka biya, hukunce-hukuncen jinkirin biyan kuɗi, tsawon haya da adadin sanarwar da ake buƙata kafin mai gida ko mai haya ya soke yarjejeniyar. Gaba ɗaya, ana ba da ayyuka kamar haka: mai gida ne ke da alhakin yin gyare-gyare da kuma kula da ƙadarorin, kuma mai haya yana da alhakin kiyaye ƙadarar mai tsabta da aminci. Yawancin masu mallaka suna hayar kamfanin sarrafa ƙadarori don kula da duk cikakkun bayanai na hayar kayansu ga mai haya. Wannan yawanci ya haɗa da tallan ƙadarorin da nunawa ga masu haya mai zuwa, yin shawarwari da shirya rubutacciyar hayar ko yarjejeniyar lasisi, sannan, da zarar an yi hayar, karɓar haya daga mai haya da yin gyare-gyare kamar yadda ake buƙata. A ƙasar Amurka, rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar dokar jiha (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokokin jaha da, a wasu wurare, dokar birni ko dokar Gundumomi, tana tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida ko uwar gida za su iya korar ɗan hayar nasa kafin karewar gidan haya, kodayake a ƙarshen wa'adin hayar za a iya ƙarewa gaba ɗaya ba tare da bayar da wani dalili ba. Wasu birane, gundumomi, da Jihohi suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko tsarin haya, da kuma fitar da su. Hakanan akwai garanti mai ma'ana na zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, nagartaccen kuma matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci kamar masu gano hayaƙi da ƙofar kullewa. Rikicin da aka fi sani da shi ya samo asali ne daga ko dai maigidan ya kasa samar da ayyuka ko kuma rashin biyan hayar mai haya—wanda kuma na iya haifar da na baya. Riƙe hayar dalili ne da ya dace na korar, kamar yadda sau da yawa bayani a cikin haya. A Kanada, rigingimun masu gida da masu haya ana yin su ne ta hanyar dokar lardi (ba dokar tarayya ba ) game da dukiya da kwangila . Dokar lardi ta tsara buƙatun korar mai haya. Gaba ɗaya, akwai ƙayyadaddun dalilai waɗanda mai gida zai iya korar ɗan haya. Wasu larduna suna da dokoki da ke kafa iyakar hayar da mai gida zai iya caji, wanda aka sani da sarrafa haya, ko ƙa'idojin haya, da kuma fitarwa masu alaƙa. Hakanan akwai garantin madaidaicin wurin zama, wanda mai gida dole ne ya kiyaye aminci, kyawawan gidaje da matsuguni, saduwa da mafi ƙarancin buƙatun aminci. Ƙasar Ingila Kasuwar haya na zama (annances) Hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu galibi suna gudanar da su ne da yawa daga cikin Ayyukan Mai Gida da na Masu haya, musamman Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1985 wacce ta tsara ƙaramin ƙa'idodi a haƙƙin masu haya a kan masu gidansu. Wata mahimmin ƙa'ida ita ce Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana iya ƙara hayar kuɗi kyauta a ƙarshen tsawon watanni shida na yau da kullun, bisa sanarwar da ta dace da aka ba mai haya. Umurnin Mallaka a ƙarƙashin mafi yawan nau'in, ana samun tabbacin ba da hayar gajeru (AST) yawanci bayan makonni takwas/watanni biyu na hayar da ba a biya ba, kuma bisa ga hukuncin kotu bayan yiwa mai haya hidima tare da sanarwar sashe na 8 (a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gidaje 1988 kamar yadda gyara) na wani ɗan ƙaramin lokaci don duk tabbacin hayar — da kuma a kan wasu filaye waɗanda ke jinkirta ikon mallakar mai gida. Idan gidan haya na AST ne to duk wani odar mallaka ba zai fara aiki ba har sai an wuce watanni shida a cikin hayar ta farko. Bayar da wani wanda ya kasance yana aiki tun kafin 15 ga Janairu 1989 yawanci, idan ba ɗan gajeren lokaci ba daga farko bayan kafuwar su daga 1980 zuwa gaba, na iya zama " tsararriyar haya " tare da ƙarin haƙƙoƙi, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar Hayar 1977 da Kariya . daga Dokar Korar 1977, wanda ma'aikatar Wilson ta Uku ta gabatar. Kowane gida a cikin sana'a da yawa, rukunin da doka ba ta ɗauke shi a matsayin gida ɗaya da ke da masu haya sama da uku ba, yana ƙarƙashin ingantattun ƙa'idodi ciki har da Dokar Gidaje ta 2004 . Ana buƙatar lasisin da majalisa ta bayar don zama mai mallakar irin wannan rukunin koyaushe a wasu ƙananan hukumomi (a wasu, iyakance ga manyan misalan doka). Gidan haya na zama Gidajen haya sama da shekaru biyu galibi ana kiran su leases kuma suna da tsayi; idan fiye da shekaru bakwai dole ne a yi rajistar sabon gidan haya. Waɗannan kaɗan ne daga cikin ƙa'idodin da ke sama ke tafiyar da su kuma suna cikin misalan da suka daɗe da gangan sun fi kamanceceniya da cikakken mallaka fiye da gidajen haya, gaba ɗaya. Ba safai suke buƙatar hayar ƙasa mai girman gaske . Doka ba ta tsara tuhume-tuhume masu yawa na karya/sayarwa ba kuma ba ta hana sayar da gidajen haya ba; a cikin 2010s wasu daga cikin waɗannan shawarwari an yi shawara sosai kuma ana tsara su. Gaba ɗaya, doka ta ba wa irin waɗannan masu haya (masu haya) damar yin ƙulla tare don samun Haƙƙin Gudanarwa, da haƙƙin siyan sha'awar mai gida (don ba da hannun jari tare). Yana ba su damar ɗaiɗaiku su tsawaita kwangilar su don sabon ƙaramin kuɗi ("Premium"), wanda idan masu haya sun sami ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ba koyaushe ba za a buƙaci su / ba da shawarar kowane shekaru 15-35. Bukatun sanarwa da fom suna da ƙarfi. A cikin ƙananan misalan mai haya, dangane da sassauƙan rarrabuwar lissafi na ginin, na iya samun damar ba da izini daban-daban. Ƙididdiga ta 1925 tana nufin kusan dukkanin lamuni (masu haya a ƙananan haya da kuma a farashi mai ƙima (lafiya, babban jimlar farko)) na ƙadarorin da za a iya siyar da su (da mai haya, sanyawa); rage duk wani hani ga wanda mai gida zai iya amfani da ma'auni wanda yake "ma'ana" tantancewa, ba tare da haifar da babban jinkiri ba. Ana kiran wannan sau da yawa a matsayin "ƙwararren alƙawari akan aiki/keɓancewa". A cikin babban yanki na raguwar gidaje na zamantakewa, na musamman, masu karɓar haya ko'ina suna samun haƙƙin Siyayya don ƙayyadaddun ragi akan farashin kasuwa na gida. Kasuwanci (kasuwanci) haya da haya A cikin ƙadarorin kasuwanci yawancin doka, musamman game da husuma da hukunce-hukuncen asali, sun dogara ne akan 'yancin yin kwangila na dokar gama gari gami da maƙasudan sharuɗɗan shawarwarin da suka gabata na shari'a mai fa'ida kamar ma'anar "gyara mai kyau kuma mai mahimmanci" . Ƙa'idodin da aka bayyana sun haɗa da "rashin ragewa daga kyauta" da "jin daɗin shiru". Duk kasuwancin da ke haya (masu haya) dole ne su yanke shawarar ko za su yi kwangila a ciki ko wajen Sashe na II na Dokar Mai gida da Mai Hayar 1954 wanda ya ba su "amincin kasuwancin". In ba haka ba, gaba ɗaya yana aiki ta tsohuwa. Wannan "tsaro na wa'adin mulki" yana dogara ne akan dalilai gama gari da hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa don mai gida don dawo da harabar. Idan mai gida yana siyar da bulo kuma wanda ya cancanta ya mallaki fiye da kashi 50%, ya kamata a bai wa mai haya haƙƙin ƙi na farko akan farashin siyan katangar. Kamar yadda a cikin mafi yawan hukunce-hukuncen doka kan tsauraran bin sharuɗɗan hayar a kan ƙararraki da aiki ba bisa ƙa'ida ba za a iya aiwatar da su sosai, wanda ke haifar da asarar kuɗi da fage idan aka karye. Rashin biyan kuɗin hayar, ba kamar na zama ba, na iya haifar da koma bayan mai gida kai tsaye ("sake shigar da zaman lafiya") ta hanyar haƙƙin mai mallakar kasuwanci na amfani da korar "taimakon kai". Ɗaukar kayan ɗan haya ba tare da izinin kotu ba (wanda ke gudana daga umarnin kotu ko buƙatun haraji mai ban sha'awa) ( damuwa ) an hana shi. Slum mai gida Masu haya (masu haya ko wasu masu lasisi) a ƙarshen mafi ƙasƙanci na ma'aunin biyan kuɗi na iya kasancewa cikin matsala ta zamantakewa ko tattalin arziƙi kuma suna fama da ƙalubale na zamantakewa a sakamakon. Saboda rashin zaɓuɓɓukan zaɓi, irin waɗannan masu haya galibi suna fama da marasa mutunci na marasa aminci da ƙaddarorin da suka yi watsi da alhakin kula da ƙadarorin. Ana amfani da kalmomin “mai-gidanci”, “mai-gidan marasa galihu”, ko kuma “mai gidan ghetto” don bayyana masu mallakar gidaje masu yawa na irin waɗannan ƙadarorin, galibi suna riƙe da ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na gida. Haɓaka jama'a ko manyan saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu na iya inganta irin waɗannan yankuna. A cikin matsanancin yanayi, ikon siyan tilas na gwamnati a cikin ƙasashe da yawa yana ba da damar ɓarke don maye gurbin ko sabunta mafi munin unguwannin. Peter Rachman ya kasance mai gida wanda yayi aiki a Notting Hill, London, a cikin 1950s kuma har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1962. Ya yi kaurin suna wajen cin zarafin ma'aikatansa, tare da kalmar " Rachmanism " yana shiga Oxford English Dictionary . Ma'aikatansa sun hada da Michael de Freitas (aka Michael X / Abdul Malik), wanda ya haifar da suna a matsayin jagoran baƙar fata, da kuma Johnny Edgecombe, wanda ya zama mai tallata jazz da blues, wanda ya taimaka wajen kiyaye shi a cikin haske. Jarin haya da tushe Ƙarfafawa da rashin jin daɗi Ƙaddamarwa, tabbas idan ba gidaje na zamantakewa ba, shine don samun yawan amfanin haya mai kyau (komawa na shekara-shekara akan zuba jari) da kuma tsammanin hauhawar farashin ƙadarorin. Abubuwan da ba a yarda da su ba su ne bambance-bambancen ayyukan masu gida a cikin gyare-gyare / kulawa da gudanarwa — da kuma manyan kasada (rikitattun masu haya, lalacewa, sakaci, asarar haya, rashin inshorar / jayayya, durƙushewar tattalin arziki, karuwar yawan riba akan kowane jinginar gida, da rashin daidaituwa). ko asarar zuba jari). Net samun kudin shiga (sakamakon rabo) da babban birnin kasar girma daga barin (hayar fita) musamman a leveraged buy to bari, shi ne batun idiosyncratic hadarin, wanda aka dauke da haƙiƙa intensified ga wani sosai leveraged zuba jari iyakance ga wani karamin adadin irin wannan profile gidajen, na kunkuntar haya roko na kasuwa a yankunan da ba su da karfin tattalin arziki. Mai haya na iya biyan ƙadarori na haya akan duk abin da aka yarda tsakanin mai gida da mai haya — fiye da mako-mako ko kasa da shekara kusan ba a ji ba — kuma wanda koyaushe yana cikin yarjejeniyar haya (zai fi dacewa ga bangarorin biyu a rubuce) . Ya kamata ya zama ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da mai haya yayi la'akari kafin ya shiga ciki. Tsaro don haya da ƙarin kudade Mai gida ko wakilinsa na iya yanke shawara don karɓar ajiya na tsaro (da/ko a wasu hukunce-hukuncen kamar sassan Amurka, kuɗin shiga ko gudanarwa). Mai hanawa idan babba kuma dangi mai kyan gani idan ƙasa ce a kasuwanni da yawa don ɗan haya, ba kasafai ake yin muhawara ba a cikin shawarwarin lokacin haya. A wasu hukunce-hukuncen ko dai ko duka biyun an haramta su ta asali. A maimakon haka ana iya haɗa asarar haya/cikakkiyar inshorar lalacewar mai gida zuwa cikin hayar da aka amince da ita da/ko wani nau'in ajiya na musamman, ƙayyadaddun adadin kuɗi a matsayin jingina (ajiya mai tsaro) daga ɗan hayar da wani mai rijista ke riƙe (irin wannan. kamar yadda wasu wakilai na ainihi) na iya halatta. Adadin da aka saba bisa doka shine a biya shi daga bashi (rashin haya) da lalacewa ta ko gazawar mai haya ya gyara/gyara. victualler mai lasisi A cikin United Kingdom mai shi da/ko manajan gidan mashaya (gidan jama'a) yawanci ana kiransa "mai gida/matar gida" ko "mai karbar haraji ", na karshen daidai da karar dan kwangilar jama'a na Rome ko manomi mai haraji . A cikin ƙarin yanayi na yau da kullun, kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita tana da lasisin victualler ko kuma kawai “mai lasisi”. Ana iya kiran mai gida mace ko dai mai gida ko kuma kawai mai gida. Ƙimar Ciniki Mai Lasisi, wacce aka kafa a cikin 2004 daga haɗin gwiwar Society of Victuallers masu lasisi da Gidajen Victualler na ƙasa, ta wanzu don biyan buƙatun ritaya na masu gidajen mashaya na Biritaniya. Ƙungiyar ta kuma gudanar da makarantu masu zaman kansu guda uku a Ascot da Karatu a Berkshire da Sayers Common a Sussex . Kazalika samun cikakken kuɗin biyan ɗalibai na yau da kullun, Makarantar Victuallers' School da ke Ascot tana ba da rangwamen farashin ilimi ga yaran masu gidaje da sauran su a cikin masana'antar abinci. Ƙungiyoyin masu gida Akwai ƙungiyoyi masu mahimmanci na masu gidaje a ƙasashe daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi / al'ummomi suna ba da tallafi ga membobin su don fuskantar batutuwa da yawa ta hanyar ba da hanyar tallafawa juna, da kuma yin amfani da hukumomin da abin ya shafa game da cikakkun bayanai da aiwatar da dokar zama da wasu dokokin hayar kasuwanci. Ƙungiyoyin masu gidaje da yawa sun wanzu a Ostiraliya . Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna buƙatar bambanta daga rukunin ƙungiyoyi masu mallakar ƙadarori waɗanda ke wakiltar 'babban ƙarshen gari' - masu manyan gine-gine da manyan rukunin gidajen zama, kamar Majalisar Dokokin Ostiraliya . Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Ostiraliya (POAA) Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Victoria (POAVIC) POAQ - Ƙungiyar Masu Dukiya ta Queensland Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta NSW Ƙungiyar Mallaka ta Yammacin Ostiraliya Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta Kudancin Ostiraliya Ƙasar Ingila Ƙungiyar Masu Gidajen Mazauna ta Ƙasa (NRLA) yanzu ta samo asali daga haɗewar ƙungiyoyi biyu masu zuwa kamar na 31/3/2020: Ƙungiyar Masu Gidaje (RLA) Ƙungiyar masu gidaje ta ƙasa (NLA) Duba kuma Mai kula da gini, sana'ar da ke da alaƙa Mai gida Doka (doka) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dulce%20Mar%C3%ADa

Dulce María

Dulce María Espinosa Saviñón (Spanish: [dulse maɾi.a saiɲon], an haife shi 6 Disamba 1985), wanda aka fi sani da Dulce María, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Mexico, marubuci, mawaƙa kuma marubuci. Dulce María ta fara aikinta tun tana shekara 5, tana shiga cikin tallace-tallacen TV sama da 100. A 11 ta kasance ɓangare na ƙungiyar kiɗa ta farko, KIDS. A 15 ta shiga kungiyar, Jeans. Ta yi tauraro a cikin telenovelas masu nasara da yawa, gami da El vuelo del águila , Nunca te olvidaré , Clase 406 , Rebelde , Corazón que miente da Muy padres . Dulce María ya kai ga nasara na kasa da kasa a cikin 2004 bayan tauraro a cikin telenovela Rebelde na Televisa kuma yana cikin wanda aka zaba sau biyu don lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Award RBD, wanda ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 15 a duk duniya. Tun daga 2009, Dulce María ta yi aiki a cikin sana'ar kiɗa ta solo, bayan ta shiga Universal Music Latin, wasanta na Extranjera - Primera Parte ya yi muhawara a lamba ta ɗaya akan ginshiƙi na Asociación Mexicana de Productores de Fonogramas y Videogramas na Mexico kuma ya zama ɗan wasan Mexican na farko da ya ba da takardar shaidar platin a Brazil.Dulce María ya fitar da kundin solo guda hudu: Extranjera - Segunda Parte Sin Fronteras da Origen . Dulce María ya lashe lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa da yawa a matsayin lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music, Premios TVyNovelas, Kyautar Jama'a en Español, Premios Juventud kuma a cikin bugu na Amurka, Mexican da Brazil na lambar yabo ta Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards. An zaɓe ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mujallu kamar yadda Mutane en Español da Quien kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi tasiri na Mexican a kan Twitter. Rayuwar farko An haifi Dulce María a ranar 6 ga Disamba 1985, a birnin Mexico. Tana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu, Blanca Ireri da Claudia. Tana da Jamusanci, ɗan ƙasar Mexico, da zuriyar Sipaniya kuma ita ce babbar ƴar yar'uwar mai zane Frida Kahlo. Ta bayyana a wata hira da ta yi da Go Pride cewa "kakata 'yar uwarta ce", ko da yake wasu hirarrakin sun ce 'yar uwanta ta farko ce. Lokacin yaro, Dulce María ya fara yin tallace-tallacen talabijin. A cikin 1993, tana da shekaru 8, an jefa ta a cikin Plaza Sesamo, Sigar Sesame na Mexico kuma ta bayyana a cikin duka ayyukan rayuwa kuma kamar yadda mai rairayi a cikin wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo / kididdigar budewa wanda Oscar González Loyo ya samar. Har ila yau, ta fito a cikin tallace-tallacen Mexico daban-daban a lokacin ƙuruciyarta, ciki har da kantin sayar da kayan abinci na Mexico Viana a lokacin Ranar Mata. Daga baya an jefa ta a cikin El Club de Gaby kuma ta shiga cikin wasu na musamman akan tashar Kids Discovery na Mexico. Ta fara aiki a wasan operas na sabulu a Televisa amma ta gano ainihin sha'awarta lokacin da aka ba ta damar shiga wani aikin kiɗa mai suna Rebelde. Aikin kiɗa A cikin 1996, Dulce ya shiga ƙungiyar kiɗan Mexico KIDS. Sun yi farin jini sosai a tsakanin yara a Mexico kuma sun sake ta da kyakykyawan kyakyawar rawar da ta taka tare da Akon. A cikin 1999, Dulce ya yanke shawarar barin kungiyar saboda dalilai na sirri. Bayan ta tashi daga KIDS, Dulce da saurayinta a lokacin, Daniel Habif, kuma memba na KIDS, sun yanke shawarar kafa nasu rukuni mai suna D&D. Sun yi wakoki biyar amma, saboda dalilai da ba a san su ba, sun rabu. A farkon 2000, Dulce ya maye gurbin Angie a Jeans, ƙungiyar pop ta Latin mata. Ta bar kungiyar bayan shekaru biyu saboda saukar da babbar rawar Marcela Mejía a cikin telenovela na 2002, Clase 406 wanda ya buga mawaƙin Mexico kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Sauran membobi daga RBD kuma sun yi tauraro a cikin telenovela kafin ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar a cikin 2004. Dulce ya fara aiki a fina-finai kuma a ƙarshe an jefa shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan jarumai a cikin Rebelde. Nasarar Rebelde ta kaddamar da RBD wanda ya hada da Dulce, Maite Perroni, Christian Chávez, Alfonso Herrera, Anahí, da Christopher von Uckermann. Ƙungiyar ta yi kundi na studio guda 9, gami da rikodin a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Fotigal da Ingilishi. Ya zuwa yau, sun sayar da kundi sama da miliyan 20 a duk duniya, kuma sun zagaya a duk faɗin Mexico, Kudancin Amurka, Serbia, Romania, Amurka, da Spain. A ranar 15 ga Agusta 2008, RBD ya fitar da sako yana gaya wa magoya bayansa cewa sun yanke shawarar rabuwa. Sun tafi yawon shakatawa na ƙarshe, Gira del Adiós World Tour wanda ya ƙare a 2008. A ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 2008, Dulce ya haɗu tare da Tiziano Ferro da Anahí akan waƙa mai suna El regalo màs grande. Bayan rabuwar RBD, Dulce ya sanya hannu tare da Universal Music kuma ta sanar da cewa ta fara yin rikodi a cikin 2009 a matsayin mai fasaha na solo. Ayyukan Solo A cikin 2009, ta yi rikodin sababbin waƙoƙi guda biyu don novela, Verano de amor, wanda ake kira "Verano" da "Déjame Ser", waƙar da ta rubuta tare da Carlos Lara. Dulce kuma ya hada kai da Akon, don sake hade wakarsa mai suna " Kyawawan ". Sun yi waƙar tare a 2009 rediyo concert, El Evento 40. Dulce María ta saki waƙar solo dinta ta farko a ranar 17 ga Mayu 2010, mai taken " Ba makawa ". An fitar da bidiyon wakar ne a ranar 24 ga Mayu kuma darekta dan kasar Argentina Francisco d'Amorim Lima ne ya ba da umarni. Kundin solo na Dulce María Extranjera an saita shi da farko don fitowa a ranar 7 ga Satumba, amma an canza ranar fitowar saboda rikodin wasu sabbin waƙoƙi. Daga nan an saita kundi ɗin don fito da shi ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010, tare da bayyana a kan Twitter "Muna da ƙarin abubuwan mamaki a gare ku don haka ku yi haƙuri!". Abin mamaki shi ne cewa za a raba kundin gida biyu: Extranjera Primera Parte, tare da waƙoƙi 7, ciki har da buga " Babu makawa ", wanda aka saki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010 da Extranjera Segunda Parte tare da karin waƙoƙi 7 da DVD tare da ƙari. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2010, Dulce María ta gabatar da kundinta tare da nunin nuni a Lunario kuma ta sanar da waƙarta ta biyu " Ya No ", wanda za a fito da shi a kashi na biyu na kundin da aka saita don fitowa a lokacin rani na 2011. Waƙar murfin tsohuwar mawakiya Selena ce daga kundin Amor Prohibido. An fara kunna waƙar a gidajen rediyo a ranar 16 ga Nuwamba 2010. A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2011, an fitar da shirin samfoti don sabon waƙar Dulce "Ya No" yana nuna mata a cikin kayayyaki 3 daban-daban, kuma a cikin yanayin ƙarshe yana jayayya da sha'awar soyayya. Bidiyon kiɗan Dulce Maria na "Ya No" an fitar da shi a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu akan tashar ta ta YouTube, DulceMariaLive, tun da farko da aka shirya saboda fitar da shi. Dulce Maria ta sanar a asusunta na YouTube cewa za a saki Extranjera Segunda Parte a ranar 14 ga Yuni 2011. A cikin 2016, Dulce ta fara yin rikodin kundi na studio na uku mai taken " DM ". An gama rikodin a watan Agusta 2016, kuma an sake shi a ranar 10 ga Maris 2017. A cikin 2017 ta fara DM World Tour na haɓaka kundin, inda ta yi wasa a ƙasashe kamar Mexico, Brazil da Spain. A cikin 2018 ta sanar da cewa tana shirya sabon kundin da za a kira Origen, wanda kawai zai sami waƙoƙin da ta tsara. Ta sanar da wani wasan kwaikwayo a Teatro Metropólitan a birnin Mexico don gabatar da wani ɓangare na waɗannan waƙoƙin, ana sa ran ƙaddamar da kundin a cikin 2019. Aiki sana'a Bayan nasarar da ta samu a matsayin tauraron yaro, Dulce ya fara tauraro a cikin telenovelas masu tasowa irin su El Juego de la Vida da Clase 406. A cikin Clase 406, ta yi aiki tare da Alfonso Herrera, Anahí, da Christian Chavez, waɗanda daga baya suka zama abokan aikinta a RBD. A cikin 2004, an jefa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa a cikin Rebelde, wani sake fasalin Mexico na telenovela na Argentine da aka buga, Rebelde Way. Dulce ya buga Roberta Pardo, 'yar wani shahararren mawaki na Mexican mai karfi. Rebelde ya yi fice a duk duniya kuma yana da abubuwa sama da 400, wanda aka watsa daga 2004 zuwa 2006. A shekara ta 2006, da actress samu TV Y Novelas lambar yabo ga Best matasa Telenovela Actress domin ta aiki a Rebelde. Bayan nasarar Rebelde a cikin 2007, Televisa ta saki RBD: La familia, wanda ya nuna alamar membobin RBD. Sitcom ya dogara ne akan rayuwar almara na membobin RBD. Haruffa na sitcom ba su dogara ne akan halayen ƙungiyar a cikin Rebelde ba, amma an yi niyya su yi kama da ainihin halayen ƴan wasan. RBD: La Familia shine jerin gwanon Mexican na farko da aka harba gaba ɗaya a cikin Babban Ma'ana. Nunin ya gudana daga 14 Maris 2007 - 13 Yuni 2007 kuma yana da sassa 13 kawai. A cikin 2009, Dulce ta yi wasa a cikin telenovela Verano de amor, tare da Gonzalo Garcia Vivanco da Ari Borovoy, wanda Pedro Damián ya samar, inda ta fassara ma'anar taken telenovela, Verano da Déjame Ser ; An jefa Dulce azaman Miranda. An ƙaddamar da telenovela akan 9 Fabrairu 2009, wanda ya maye gurbin jerin Juro Que Te Amo. Verano de amor incorporated saƙonni a cikin novela inganta muhalli alhakin, wani tsawo na Televisa ta "Televisa Verde" yunƙurin mayar da hankali a kan muhalli. A cikin 2010 ta sami lambar yabo ta Mutane en Español a matsayin mafi kyawun yar wasan kwaikwayo na telenovela Verano de amor. A cikin Afrilu 2010 an jefa Dulce Maria a matsayin Lupita a cikin sabon shirin fim mai zaman kansa, wanda Gonzalo Justiniano ya jagoranta, "Alguien Ha Visto A Lupita?" (Shin Wani Ya Ga Lupita?) Tauraro tare da ɗan wasan ɗan wasan Chile Cristián de la Fuente. An saki fim ɗin a cikin Maris 2011 [ yana buƙatar sabuntawa ]. Dulce Maria ta kasance a cikin layin fashion Cklass tare da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Maite Perroni. Dulce ya kasance a cikin shirin TV Clase 406 tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo Anahi, Alfonso Herrera, da Christian Chavez. Na biyun na ukun suma suna cikin rukuni tare da Dulce wanda shima ake kira Clase 406. A cikin 2013, Dulce ya yi tauraro a cikin komawa zuwa telenovela a Mentir para Vivir. A cikin 2015, ta fito a cikin wani faifan bidiyo na PETA tana hana mutane halartar wasannin da'irar da ke amfani da dabbobi. A cikin 2016, Dulce ya yi tauraro a matsayin ɗan wasan hamayya na farko a cikin telenovela Corazón que miente. A cikin 2018, Dulce ya yi tauraro a cikin telenovela Muy padres. A cikin Yuli 2018, Dulce Maria ya shiga yakin Peta a kan SeaWorld. A cikin Yuli 2018, Dulce Maria ya shiga yakin Peta a kan SeaWorld. A duk tsawon aikinta, Dulce María tana shiga cikin kamfen na jin kai da yawa. A watan Satumba na 2009 Google, Save the Children da Chicos.net ya zaba a matsayin wakilin kamfen Fasaha Ee wanda ke da alhakin inganta ingantaccen amfani da intanet tsakanin matasa. A watan Oktoba Dulce ta kirkiro gidauniyar tata mai suna Fundación Dulce Amanecer da manufar bayar da gudunmuwa ga zamantakewa, tun daga tallafawa al'ummomin tallafawa mata 'yan asalin kasar zuwa kula da muhalli, mawakiyar tana kula da gidauniyar tare da goyon bayan mabiyansa a duk duniya da kuma gudummawar da take bayarwa na kayanta. Dangane da kafuwarta, a cikin 2011 Nickelodeon Latin Amurka ya sanar da cewa Dulce María zai sami lambar yabo ta Pro Social Award na Kids Choice Awards Mexico 2011. Dulce ya sami koren blimp, lambar yabo ta musamman wacce ta bambanta waɗanda suka karɓi wannan karramawa. An gabatar da lambar yabo ta Social Pro a wasu ƙasashe kamar Amurka da Brazil a ƙarƙashin Babban Tsarin Taimako na Babban Green, wanda Nickelodeon ya kafa. Ana ba da wannan karramawa ga mutanen da suka fice don ayyukansu da tasirinsu ga muhalli ko al'umma, kamar Michelle Obama a cikin 2010. A cikin Fabrairu 2010, Dulce María tare da Alfonso Herrera an gabatar da su ga manema labarai a Auditorio Nacional na Mexico City a matsayin wakilan Expo Joven 2010, wani taron da ke da nufin nuna rashin amincewa da tashin hankali da rashin tsaro da ke addabar Mexico, musamman a Chihuahua. A ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, Dulce ta je birnin Chihuahua a matsayin wani ɓangare na Expo Joven, inda ta ba da lacca kan taken "abotaka." A cikin watan Agusta 2012, Dulce María ya taimaka wajen ginawa da bude filin wasa a Lynwood, California, a gayyatar KaBOOM! da Kool-Aid wanda ya dauki nauyin wannan filin da aka tsara don inganta motsa jiki a tsakanin kananan yara da kuma rage yawan kiba a wannan bangare na yawan jama'a. Dulce ya gudanar da ayyuka daban-daban da suka hada da fentin wurin, hada siminti, yankan ribbon na bikin kaddamar da shi, baya ga daukar hotuna tare da iyalan Hispanic da masu aikin sa kai da suka halarci taron. A watan Oktoba, Dulce shi ne wakilin yakin Mujeres a Tiempo wanda Televisa Monterrey ya shirya, yakin da ke yaki da ciwon nono. Don haka ya himmatu ga wannan dalili, Dulce ya haɗa kuma ya rubuta jigo, Reloj de arena, don zama taken yaƙin neman zaɓe, ban da yin rikodin bidiyo don taken a wurare da yawa na Monterrey tare da mata waɗanda ke cikin ƙungiyoyin Mexico kamar Red Cross na Mexico, Unidas Contigo da Supera. Dulce ya dauki hoton darektan da mai gabatarwa Pedro Torres don mujallar Mexican Quién, a matsayin wani ɓangare na yakin Tócate - Por un México sin cáncer de mama, yakin neman zabe inda mata 28 suka shiga tare don ba da murya da kuma haifar da wayar da kan jama'a na kiwon lafiya da farkon gano ciwon nono, kuma yana nufin samar da kudade ga Fundación del Cáncer de Mama (FUCAM). Tare da hotunan mata 28 da suka shiga, an yi wani hoton da ya rage a nunawa a lokacin Oktoba a Paseo de la Reforma, Mexico City. A watan Disamba a lokacin bikin karshen shekara, Dulce ta ziyarci 'yar uwarta, Blanca, asibitin da ke kula da yara masu fama da ciwon daji a Mexico. A yayin ziyarar ta Dulce ta kai kayan wasan yara tare da tattaunawa da yaran. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1985 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50541

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair%20Braverman

Blair Braverman

Blair Braverman (an haifeta a shekara ta 1988) 'yar wasan 'yar ƙasar Amurka ne, 'yar tseren karnuka, musher, marubuciyar shawara kuma marubuciyar almara. Tayi tsere kuma ta kammala Iditarod na shekara ta 2019, tseren karnuka daga Anchorage zuwa Nome, Alaska . A cikin shekarar 2016, Ƙungiyar Masana'antu tawaje ta zaɓi Braverman amatsayin ɗaya daga cikin Outdoor 30 Under 30 list and Publishers Weekly called Braverman a "21st century Feminist Reincarnation of Jack London ." An haifi Braverman a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1988, 'yar masanin kimiyyar bincike Jana Kay Slater kuma malamin jami'a kuma marubuci Marc Braverman. An reneta Bayahudiya a tsakiyar kwarin California . Lokacin data kai shekaru goma, danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Norway na tsawon shekara guda don binciken mahaifinta game da cikakken dokar hana shan taba a ƙasar. Braverman ta halarci makarantun gida. Komawa zuwa Davis, California, Braverman ta gama karatunta, gami da lokaci amatsayin ɗalibar musayar a Lillehammer, Norway. Lokacin bazara a Camp Tawonga, sansanin Yahudawa kusa da Yosemite, daga baya ta halarci makarantar jama'a ta Scandinavia a Mortenhals, shirin kasuwanci na shekara guda na gargajiya, kuma tayi karatun kare kare da tsirar hunturu. Ta koma Amurka ashekara ta 2007, inda ta kammala karatunta a Kwalejin Colby a shekara ta 2011. Lokacin da take makaranta, tana da labaran da aka buga a cikin gida da na ƙasa, a cikin mujallu da jaridu. Ta kumayi lokacin bazara biyu tana aiki a matsayin jagorar karnuka akan glacier a Alaska . Daga baya Braverman ta sami Jagora na Fine Arts a cikin ƙirƙira ƙirƙira a Jami'ar Iowa, inda ita ma ta kasance ƴar Fasaha. Ta kasance mazauniyarzama a Cibiyar Blue Mountain da MacDowell Colony . Tana zaune tare da abokin aikinta, Quince Mountain, a Mountain, Wisconsin . Adventure da aikin rubutu A cikin shekara ta 2016, Braverman ta buga Barka da zuwa Goddamn Ice Cube, abin tunawa game da yarinta da abubuwan dasuka faru na arewa da kuma nazarin hanyoyin da maza da mata suke bida yanayi mai tsanani — da juna. Braverman ta tattauna matsalolin ba kawai daga blizzards, keɓewa da namun daji ba,har ma daga jima'i da tashin hankali da mata masu sha'awar sha'awa ke fuskanta acikin filin da maza suka mamaye — tana bambanta abin tunawa daga labarun balaguro da tarihin gano kai. A gabatarwar littafin, Masu Buga Makowa sun kira Braverman da "reincarnation na mata na Jack London na karni na 21" kuma O, Mujallar Oprah ta ba da shawarar littafin. Ta kuma rubuta labarai game da jinsi, al'amurran da suka shafi trans, da cinzarafi akan layi . Itace edita mai bada gudummawa ga Mujallar Waje, tare da rukunin shawarwari na yauda kullun da ake kira " Ƙauna mai Tauri " dake hulɗa da dangantaka da waje. Har ila yau, aikin Braverman ta bayyana acikin Atavist, BuzzFeed, da Smithsonian, dai sauransu. Braverman tayi aiki a gidan wanka . Tayi horo don shekara ta 2018 Iditarod kuma ta kammala shekara ta 2019 Iditarod, ta ƙare 36th. Itace kawai mace Bayahudiya ta biyu da ta kammala tseren. Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai Acikin shekarar 2015, an nuna Braverman akan nunin rediyo na jama'a Wannan Rayuwar Amurkawa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin "Face Game." Braverman ta bayyana a wani shiri na musamman na Gano Tsirara da Tsoro acikin shekara ta 2019, ƙwarewar data rubuta game da shi dalla-dalla don Waje . Hakanan acikin shekara ta 2019, ta kasance baƙowa a Nunin Yau . Bayan bayyanarta, Harry Smith taci gaba da bin kokarinta na Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Race; kuma a mako mai zuwa ta nuna wani wuri game da ƙungiyarta, waɗanda suka tara sama da $100,000 ga makarantun gwamnati na Alaska yayin yaƙin neman zaɓe mai suna #igivearod. Yaƙin neman zaɓe yaci gaba da tara kuɗi don dalilai a yankunan karkarar Alaska kowace shekara. Acikin shekara ta 2021, tafito a kan New York Times Sway podcast, inda itada ma masaukin baki Kara Swisher suka tattauna rayuwa da juriya. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

11615

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtala%20Nyako

Murtala Nyako

Mataimakin Admiral Murtala Nyako mairitaya, GCON, CFR: rcds, D.Agric. (HC),an zaɓa shi mukaddashin gwamna na jihar Adamawa, Najeriya, lokacin da ya karbi mukamin a watan Mayu 2007. Kafin wannan lokacin ya yi aiki, a Sojan Sama, a lokacin yana gwamnan soja na Jihar Neja, kuma aka nada shi a matsayin Hafsan Sojan Sama a watan Disamba 1989. Farkon rayuwa An haifi Murtala Hamman-Yero Nyako a Mayo-Belwa, jihar Adamawa a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 1943. Mahaifinsa, Alhaji Hamman-Yero, shahararren dan kasuwa ne kuma mai samar da sayayya, wanda ayyukansa na yau da kullun ne ke da alhakin kafa John Holts da san Sons Ltd a Mayo-Belwa. Mahaifiyarsa, Hajiya Maryam Daso, uwargida ce kuma ta kasance mai himma kan karatun Islamiyya da magungunan ganye. Ya fara karatunsa na yamma a makarantar firamare ta Mayo-Belwa a watan Janairun 1952, ya tafi makarantar sakandare ta Yola a watan Janairun 1955 sannan ya fara karatun sakandare a cikin makarantar a watan Janairun 1958. Ya kasance sananne yayin da yake can saboda ci gaban karatunsa da kuma karfin motsa jiki. Sabis na Kula da Jiragen Ruwa Nyako ya shiga rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya a watan Yuni na 1963 a matsayin jami'i, sannan ya fara aikin jami'in sa a Kwalejin Royal Naval, Dartmouth, Ingila a watan Satumbar 1963, aka tura shi a matsayin Sub-Lieutenant a watan Satumbar 1965 kuma ya kammala horo na farko a cikin watan Satumba. 1965. Nyako ya dawo gida Najeriya a watan Oktoba na 1966 don yayi aiki a Sojojin Najeriya har zuwa watan Satumbar 1993. A waccan lokacin, ya rike alkawura da dama na alkawura. Ya taba kasancewa Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Ruwa, wani jirgin kasa da kuma makami mai linzami na farko da ke dauke da jirgin ruwan Sojojin Najeriya. A watan Fabrairu na 1976, Janar Murtala Muhammad ya nada gwamnan Nyako na sabuwar jihar Neja wanda aka ware daga jihar Sakkwato . Ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa Disamba 1977. Daga baya ya zama Babban Hafsan Rundunar Sojojin Sama a hedikwatar sojan ruwa, Babban Jami’in Yankin Yankin Jiragen Ruwa na Yankin Yammacin Turai da Babban Jami’in Yansanda wanda ke ba da umarni ga Hukumar Horar da Sojojin Ruwa daga inda aka nada shi Babban Hafsan Sojan Ruwa a watan Janairun 1990. Bayan shekaru biyu, an nada shi mukaddashin Babban Hafsan Tsaro kuma ya yi ritaya daga Ma'aikata a watan Satumbar 1993 tare da matsayin Mataimakin Admiral. Ayyukan sa a matsayin shi na sojan ruwa da Ayyukan Noma Nyako ta haihuwar mai shanun ne kamar yadda mahaifiyarsa ta sanya wasu shanu daga cikin 'ya'yanta kafin a haife ta. Ya kasance, saboda haka, ya fi kowa shiga harkar kiwon dabbobi da kuma ci gaban harkar noma a gaba yayin da yake cikin rundunar Sojan Sama. Babban batun yayin da ya fahimta yana inganta samar da ingancin rukunin ayyukan gona a Najeriya da ingancin kayayyakin masarufin su. Ya fara aiwatar da tsarin ciyar da dabbobin sa mai dorewa tare da mafi girma a shekarar 1990 tare da sakamako mai gamsarwa. Ya kuma shiga cikin samar da kayan amfanin gona, farkon kasuwancin da ya sayar da kankana na musk zuwa Turai ta amfani da jirgin saman da aka tsara. Mangos na zamani daga cikin bishiyoyin mangoran na bishi 50,000 ne aka fara tura su Turai a shekarar 1993. Har ila yau, yana da hannu a cikin zamani na zamani, kayan marmari, banana, haɓaka makiyaya, kiwo awaki da noma. Nyako shi ne Shugaban kungiyar Manyan Ma'aikatan Noma na bai daya na Najeriya, da Manoma masu koyo ta Najeriya da kuma Farmersungiyar Manoma Apex na Najeriya. Shi kwararre ne daga kungiyoyin manoma da dama a kasar. Admiral shine ingantaccen manomi ingantaccen mai martaba na duniya. Shine mai mallakar daya daga cikin manyan gonar kiwo a kasar, Sebore (EPZ). Bugu da kari, Nyako ya mallaki mafi girman gonar mangoro a kasar wanda ya sa aka san shi da Baba Mai Mangoro (BMM). Aikin siyasa da rigima Nyako ya shiga siyasa a shekara ta 2006. An zabe shi gwamnan jihar Adamawa a watan Afrilun 2007. Kotun daukaka karar a watan Fabrairun 2008, Kotun daukaka karar ta soke zabensa,saboda zargin sa da cewa ya tafka magudi. An rantsar da kakakin majalisar wakilai Yakubu Barka a matsayin mukaddashin Gwamna a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2008. An gudanar da sabon zabe, kuma an sake zaban Nyako tare da nasara mai suna babban nasara a dukkanin kananan hukumomin 21, da aka fara aiki a ranar 29 ga Afrilun 2008. Nan ba da jimawa ba, majalisar ta fara daukar matakan tsige Nyako, amma aka soke ta bayan sa hannun Shugaba Umaru Yar'Adua . Dangantaka ta inganta, kuma a watan Maris na 2010 majalisar dokokin jihar Adamawa ta kada kuri'ar amincewa da gwamna Nyako, yana mai bayyana shi a matsayin "almasihu" ga jama'ar jihar. A shekarar 2012 bayan kammala wa’adin mulkin sa na Gwamna na farko, ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na biyu kuma aka sake zabensa. A ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2014, an tsige gwamnan yayin da majalisar dokokin jihar ta fara bincike game da rahoton kwamitin da ke bincike kan zargin almubazzaranci da kudaden jama'a a kansa. Rahoton ya gano gwamnan da laifin duk wasu zarge-zarge 16 da aka tafka na rashin gaskiya da majalisar ta yi masa. A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun 2016 Kotun daukaka kara ta Babbar Kotun Tarayya ta bayyana cewa ba shi da tushe balle makama kuma ya ba da umarnin a biya shi dukkan damar da ya samu tun daga ranar da aka cire shi. Kotun koli ta Najeriya ta daga hukuncin a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2016 bayan Kotun kolin Najeriya ta ki amincewa da hukuncin. Matsayi mai daraja Nyako ya karbi digirin digirgir na girmamawa na digiri na uku daga jami'ar aikin gona ta tarayya, Abeokuta ; Jami'ar Fasaha Minna, ; Jami'ar Fasaha, Yola da Babban lambar yabo ta Kwamandan Tarayya (CFR) a cikin 1993, Babban Kwamandan Neja (GCON) a 1999 da wani Kwamandan Tarayya (CFR) a 2002. Nyako ya auri Fatima Murtala Nyako harma da yara. Hanyoyin hadin waje UCHE USIM (July 8, 2004). "Ex-naval boss hits gold in farming". Archived from the original on August 23, 2004. Retrieved January 14, 2010. Sheshi Mohammed (10 April 2007). "Nyako - A Patriot in Politics". Retrieved 2010-01-14. Ayyukan Sojan Ruwa Nyako ya shiga sojan nijeriya na musamman a watan Yunin shekarar 1963 a matsayin jami'in kadet, ya fara horar da jami'in a Kwalejin makarantar soja ta royal Britannia, Dartmouth, Ingila a watan Satumbar shekarar 1963, an ba shi izini a matsayin suf lutinitan Ayyukan siyasa da tsigewa Nyako ya shiga harkan siyasa a shekara ta dubu biyu da shida ,An zabe shi Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2007. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008 Kotun daukaka kara ta zabe ta soke zabensa, tana zargin rashin adalci na zabe. Shugaban majalisar James Barka ya rantsar da shi a matsayin mai rikon kujerar gwamna(rikon kwarya) a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2008. An gudanar da sabon zabe, kuma an sake zabar Nyako tare da nasara mai yawa wanda ya dauki dukkan yankuna 21 na kananan hukumomi, ya sake komawa mukamin a ranar 29 ga Afrilu 2008. Ba da dadewa ba, Majalisar ta fara shiri don tsige Nyako, amma an hana shi bayan sa hannun Shugaba Umaru Yar'Adua. Majalisar ta inganta, kuma a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010 Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Adamawa ta zartar da kuri'ar amincewa da Gwamna Nyako, ta bayyana shi a matsayin "masihu" ga mutanen jihar. A shekara ta 2012 bayan wa'adin farko na Gwamna, ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamna a karo na biyu a zaben gwamna na Jihar Adamawa na 2012 kuma an sake zabarsa. A ranar Sha biyar ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, an tsige gwamnan yayin da Majalisar Dokokin jihar ta yi shawarwari kan rahoton kwamitin bincike wanda ya binciki zarge-zargen cin zarafin kudi a kansa. Rahoton ya sami gwamnan da laifin duk zarge-zarge 16 na zargin da majalisar ta yi masa, an tabbatar ya aikata. A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairun shekara dubu biyu da goma Sha shida Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya ta ayyana impeachment din ba shi da amfani kuma ta ba da umarnin cewa duk hakkokinsa da aka tara daga ranar impeachment a biya shi. Kotun Koli ta Najeriya ta amince da hukuncin a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2016 amma ta ki sake dawo da shi. Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da shari'a Farawa a cikin 2015, Hukumar Kula da Laifukan Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Ruwa ta zargi Nyako da ɗansa, Abdul-Aziz Nyako tare da wasu wadanda ake tuhuma da yawa, da tuhumar da aka yi wa mutane 37 na makircin aikata laifukan, sata, cin zarafin ofis, da kuma karkatar da kudi sama da miliyan 29. An fara shari'ar ne a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2015 tare da EFCC ta rufe shari'arta shekaru hudu bayan haka a ranar 3 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2019, bayan da ta kira shaidu 21; sannan mai kara ya gabatar da karar don amsa gabatarwar. Alkalin Okon Abang na Sashen Abuja na Babban Kotun Tarayya ya watsar da gabatarwar karar a watan Yulin 2021 kafin ya umarci masu kara su gabatar da shari'arsu a watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar. Gwamnonin jihar Adamawa Gwamnonin jihar Neja dan siyasan Najeriya

48956

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnert%20%26%20Landrock

Lehnert & Landrock

Lehnert & Landrock ɗakin studio ne na daukar hoto wanda Rudolf Franz Lehnert da Ernst Heinrich Landrock ke gudanarwa a Tunisiya da Masar a farkon ƙarni na 20, an lura da su don samar da hotunan Gabas. Rudolf Franz Lehnert da Ernst Heinrich Landrock sun samar da hotunan mutanen Arewacin Afirka, shimfidar wurare, da gine-gine don masu sauraron Turai na farko. An rarraba waɗannan hotunan a cikin monographs, kodayake kuma a matsayin kwafi na asali, hotuna, da katunan wasikun lithographic. Rudolf Franz Lehnert (13 Yuli 1878-16 Janairu 1948) an haife shi a Gross Aupa, Bohemia (yanzu Velká Úpa, Jamhuriyar Czech), da Ernst Heinrich Landrock (4 Agusta 1878-30 Afrilu 1966) a Reindorf, Saxony, Jamus. Kawun nasa ne ya reni Lehnert a Vienna kuma ya yi karatun daukar hoto a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Vienna. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya yi amfani da kudin da ya gada daga iyayensa zuwa kasashen waje da kyamararsa kuma a shekarar 1903 ya yi balaguron farko zuwa Tunisia. A cikin shekarar 1904, lokacin da ya koma Turai, Lehnert ya hadu da Landrock, wanda ke karatu a Switzerland, kuma su biyun sun yanke shawarar zama abokan kasuwanci, sun kafa kamfanin Lehnert&Landrock, tare da Lehnert yana ɗaukar hotuna kuma Landrock shine mai kula da kasuwanci. Sun yi tafiya zuwa Tunisiya a cikin shekarar 1904 kuma sun bude kantin daukar hoto a Avenue de France, Tunis wanda Lehnert ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushe don balaguron daukar hoto daban-daban a cikin Maghreb yayin da Landrock ya shirya dakin gwaje-gwajen hoto, da kuma tallan sakamakon kwafi da katuna. A farkon WW1, an rufe shagon a lokacin da aka ayyana dokar ta-baci a cikin yankunan Faransa kuma, a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1914, an kama Lehnert, ya zama fursuna na yaƙi kuma aka aika shi zuwa sansanin horo a Corsica, yayin da Landrock ke riƙe a Switzerland. Bayan yakin, kuma bayan dawowar faranti na gilashin da aka kwace, da farko sun kafa kasuwanci a Leipzig. Ba da daɗewa ba Lehnert ya sake yin tafiya, yana tafiya zuwa Gabas ta Tsakiya; Masar, Falasdinu da Lebanon. A cikin shekarar 1924 abokan haɗin gwiwa sun koma Alkahira sun kafa irin wannan kasuwancin zuwa na Tunis amma sun reshe "zuwa cikin gamut ɗin hoto gabaɗaya katunan wasiƙa, hotuna masu girma, katunan gaisuwa da kwafin fasaha mai kyau" don kasuwannin Turai musamman ma'amala. zuwa ga al'adar gabas da shaharar katin waya. A cikin shekarar 1930 haɗin gwiwar ya rushe lokacin da Lehnert ya koma Tunis, kuma ya buɗe ɗakin studio a matsayin mai daukar hoto,. Landrock ya ci gaba da gudanar da sitidiyo da siyayya a titin Sherif, Alkahira har zuwa barkewar WW2, lokacin da ya koma Jamus a 1938. A wancan lokacin, Kurt Lambelet, ɗan'uwan Landrock, ya ɗauki nauyin kasuwancin ya mai da shi babban kantin littattafai a cikin shekarar 1950s. Shagon gudanar da iyali har yanzu yana nan a wurinsa na asali. A cikin shekarar 1982, Dr. Kamar yadda Joseph Gareci ya fada a cikin labarinsa na 2015 'Lehnert da Landrock na Arewacin Afirka' a mujallar History of Photography, wanda a ciki ya bincika "bangaren Lehnert&Landrock oeuvre, jerin nazarin adadi na mutanen Arewacin Afirka da Lehnert ya yi daga shekarun 1904 zuwa 1914, da kuma daga 1930 zuwa 1939, a matsayin hanyar binciko mu'amala da tunanin Gabas da Yamma", an sami sabon sha'awar aikinsu daga malamai da masu tattarawa a cikin shekarar 1980s. Wikipedia Commons yana da adadi mai yawa na hotuna a ƙarƙashin nau'in 'Lehnert & Landrock' wanda ya haɗa da ƙaramin rukuni' Hotunan tsiraicin 'yan Gabas ta Lehnert & Landrock'. Duk da yake ana ɗaukar hotunan shimfidar wuri "mafi yawan hotuna masu rai na Gabashin Afirka ta Arewa a farkon karni na 20 .... waɗanda ke ba da kyakkyawar hangen nesa na soyayya Orientalism", da sau da yawa hotunan tsirara ko ɓarna mata. yaran sun fi rigima. Sabbin sha'awar hotunan ya haifar da wallafe-wallafe da yawa, na farko shine Lehnert & Landrock. : L'orient d'un Photographe a 1987 da Philippe Cardinal ya biyo bayan wasu, alal misali, Tunis 1900 - Hotunan Lehnert & Landrock na Michel Meguin, da kuma nune-nunen ayyukansu. Hotunan Lehnert & Landrock kuma ana gudanar da su a cikin tarin da ba a ambata ba -; British Museum, London Conway Library, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Courtauld, London J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Library of Congress, Washington, DC Jami'ar Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology, Philadelphia Royal Academy of Arts, London The Science Museum, London Victoria da Albert Museum, London

26052

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC

ABC

ABC sune haruffa uku na farko na rubutun Latin da aka sani da haruffa. ABC ko abc na iya nufin to: Zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Kamfanin Watsawa na Amurka, mai watsa shirye -shiryen TV na Amurka Rukunin Gidan Talabijin na Disney - ABC, tsohon sunan ƙungiyar iyaye ta ABC Television Network Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Ostiraliya, ɗaya daga cikin masu watsa shirye -shiryen watsa shirye -shirye na Ostireliya Gidan talabijin na ABC (gidan talabijin na Australiya), gidan talabijin na ƙasa na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australiya ABC TV (tashar talabijin ta Ostiraliya), tashar talabijin ta flagship na Kamfanin Watsa Labarai na Australia ABC (tashar TV), Canberra, da sauran tashoshin gida na ABC TV a manyan biranen jihohi ABC Ostiraliya (tashar talabijin ta kudu maso gabashin Asiya), tashar talabijin ta duniya mai biyan kuɗi ABC Radio (disambiguation), tashoshin rediyo daban -daban ciki har da ABC na Amurka da Ostiraliya Associated Broadcasting Corporation, ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin sunayen TV5 Network, Inc., kamfanin talabijin na Philippine ABC 5, tsohon sunan TV5 (Philippines), cibiyar sadarwa ta Filifin kyauta <i id="mwKw">ABC</i> (shirin TV na Sweden), tsohon shirin labarai na yankin Sweden ABC Weekend TV, tsohon kamfanin talabijin na Burtaniya Asahi Broadcasting Corporation, gidan talabijin na kasuwanci na Japan da gidan rediyo Associated Broadcasting Company, tsohon sunan Associated Television, wani gidan talabijin na Burtaniya ABC (band), sabuwar ƙungiyar igiyar igiyar Ingilishi ABC-Z (ABC har 2008), wani saurayi ɗan ƙasar Japan wanda Johnny's da Associates ke gudanarwa Acid Black Cherry, ƙungiyar dutsen Japan Alien Beat Club, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Danish Wani mummunan Halitta, R&B na Amurka da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na rap ABC Classics, alamar rikodin Australiya ABC Records, alamar rikodin Amurka <i id="mwSQ">ABC</i> (The Jackson 5 album), kundi na 1970 na The Jackson 5 <i id="mwTQ">ABC</i> (Jin album), kundi na 2007 na mawaƙin Ba-Amurke Jin <i id="mwUA">ABC</i> (Kreidler album), kundi na 2014 ta ƙungiyar Kreidler Sauran amfani a cikin kiɗa Waƙar ABC (disambiguation), waƙoƙi daban-daban tare da wannan take Sanarwar ABC, harshe na kiɗan kiɗa O2 ABC Glasgow, wurin kiɗa Lokaci -lokaci <i id="mwXQ">ABC</i> (mujallar), mujallar Italiyanci da aka buga tsakanin 1960 zuwa 1977 <i id="mwYA">ABC</i> (jarida), jaridar yau da kullun ta Mutanen Espanya wacce aka kafa a 1903 <i id="mwYw">ABC</i> (jaridar Monterrey), jaridar Mexico ce da aka kafa a 1985 ABC Color, jaridar Paraguayan da aka kafa a 1967 Sauran amfani a zane-zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai ABC Cinemas, sarkar sinima ta Burtaniya Littafin haruffa, kowane ɗayan littattafan yara da yawa waɗanda ke nuna haruffa Mafi kyawun Comics na Amurka, alamar DC Comics Kasashen ABC, Argentina, Brazil, da Chile Tsibirin ABC (Alaska), Admiralty Island, Baranof Island, da Tsibirin Chichagof Tsibirin ABC (Leeward Antilles), Aruba, Bonaire, da Curaçao Yankin ABC, yankin masana'antu a wajen São Paulo, Brazil Filin jirgin sama na Albacete, filin jirgin sama na farar hula/soja mai hidimar Albacete, Spain (IATA: ABC) Tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Altnabreac, Scotland, ta lambar lambar ƙasa Appa Balwant Chowk, yankin Pune, Indiya, sananne ga ɗakunan littattafai Sanfuri da kamfanoni Mai kudi Bankin Aikin Noma na China, banki ne a Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin Bankin Bankin Arab, babban bankin duniya wanda ke da hedikwata a Bahrain Abinci da abin sha ABC (abinci), sashen abinci na Indonesiya na Kamfanin HJ Heinz Kamfanin Aerated Bread Company, shahararren gidan burodi na Burtaniya da sarkar ɗakin shayi Kamfanin Appalachian Brewing Company, wani kamfanin giya na Amurka ABC (motar 1906), motar Amurka ABC (motar 1920), motar Ingilishi ABC (motar 1922), motar Amurka da aka shirya Babura ABC, wani kamfanin kera babur na Burtaniya ABC Motors, Ingilishi ne ke kera jiragen sama, injunan iska da motoci ABC Rail Guide, Jagorar layin dogo na Burtaniya da aka buga tsakanin 1853 da 2007 Sauran kamfanoni Cibiyoyin Ilmantarwa na ABC, tsohon kasuwancin kula da yara na Australia ABC Stores (Hawaii), sarkar shagunan saukakawa a Hawaii Majalisar Ma'aikatan Jirgin Sama, mai ba da inshora na alhaki na kayayyakin jiragen sama Kamfanin Anglo Belgian Corporation, mai kera injin dizal Ofishin Audit of Circulations (disambiguation), kamfanonin binciken rarraba littattafai Ofishin Audit of Circulations (Indiya), ƙungiya mai ba da labari mai ba da riba Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (Arewacin Amurka) Ofishin Kula da Yanayi (UK) <i id="mwtw">abc</i> zato, ra'ayi a ka'idar lamba Tsarin ABC Kimanin lissafin Bayesian, dangin dabarun ƙididdiga Kungiyoyin siyasa da kungiyoyin kwadago ABC (Cuba), ƙungiyar siyasa ta Cuba 1931–1952, mai suna bayan tsarin don yiwa lakabi da ɓoyayyun sel Duk Babban Taron Basotho, jam'iyyar siyasa a Lesotho Alliance for Barangay Concerns, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Philippines American Bakery and Confectionery Workers International Union, wanda ya gabaci Bakery na zamani, Masu Shaye -shaye, Ma'aikatan Taba da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Grain Millers. American Battling Communism, wanda aka kafa 1947 Anarchist Black Cross, ƙungiyar siyasa Komai Amma Mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, kamfen din siyasa na Kanada na 2008 Associationungiyar Barangay Captains, ƙungiyar duk barangays (ƙauyuka) a cikin Filipinas yanzu da aka sani da League of Barangays a Philippines Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Biritaniya, na gundumomin tarihi Kungiyoyin addini Yarjejeniyar Baftisma ta Amurka, tsohon sunan Ikklisiyoyin Baptist na Amurka Ƙungiyar Ikklisiya Baptist a Ireland, a Ireland da Ingila Kungiyoyin wasanni ABC Futebol Clube, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa (ƙwallon ƙafa) da ke Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil American Bowling Congress, wanda ya haɗu a 2005 tare da wasu ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa don kafa Majalisar Bowling Congress (USBC) Associationungiyar Kwamitin Dambe, ƙungiyar ƙwararrun dambe da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mayaƙa (MMA) masu ba da riba don Arewacin Amurka ABCs na Indianapolis, ƙungiyar ƙwallo ta Indianapolis ABCs Sauran ƙungiyoyi Academia Británica Cuscatleca, makaranta ce a Santa Tecla, El Salvador Ƙungiyoyin Littattafai Masu Ruwa, ƙaramin ƙungiya ta Ƙungiyar Kayayyakin Hikimar Duniya Hadin gwiwar Baƙar fata na Afrikan, ƙungiyar ɗaliban Jami'ar California American Bird Conservancy, ƙungiyar memba mai zaman kanta Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru Ƙididdigar Tsuntsaye na Ostiraliya, aikin ƙungiyar Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union Ma'aikatar Kula da Abin Sha ta Virginia, Virginia, Amurka Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani ABC (magani), mnemonic don "Airway, Breathing, Circulation" Abacavir, maganin rigakafin cutar kanjamau da ake amfani da shi wajen maganin cutar kanjamau Tsarin ABC na haɓaka fure, ƙirar kwayoyin halitta Zubar da ciki - hasashen kansar nono, alaƙa mai dacewa tsakanin kansar nono da zubar da ciki Babban baƙo, babban kato a waje da iyakarta Aneurysmal ƙashin ƙashi, wani irin rauni Mai safarar kaset na ATP, furotin transmembrane ABC, layin kwamfutoci ta Dataindustrier AB Kwamfutar Kasuwancin Acorn, jerin ƙananan kwamfutoci da aka sanar a ƙarshen 1983 ta kamfanin Burtaniya Acorn Computers Atanasoff - Kwamfutar Berry, kwamfuta ta dijital ta farko Wasu amfani a cikin kwamfuta ABC (kwayar cutar kwamfuta), mazaunin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, ƙwayar cuta mai cutar fayil ABC (yaren shirye -shirye), yaren shirye -shirye da muhalli ABC (rafi cipher), rafi cipher algorithm .abc, Fayilolin Code Byte na ActionScript; duba kwatankwacin aikace -aikacen injunan kama -da -wane .abc, ko Alembic (graphics computer) format file Abstract base class, tsarin yaren shirye -shirye Artificial bee colony algorithm, wani bincike algorithm Tattalin arziki Binciken ABC, fasahar rarrabuwa ta kaya Kudin tushen aiki, hanyar lissafin kuɗi Aiki don amfanin masu ba da bashi, ra'ayi a cikin dokar fatarar kuɗi Tarin bayanai na ABC, hanyar tantance halayyar halayyar aiki a cikin nazarin halayyar ɗabi'a Samfurin tasiri-halayyar-fahimi (ABC), ƙirar ɓangaren halaye Active Body Control, wani nau'in fasahar dakatar da mota Ma’auratan Buffer na atomatik, nau'in ma’auratan jirgin ƙasa Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha ABC busasshen sinadarai, wakilin kashe wuta Makamin ABC, makamin hallaka mutane Hanzarta gina gadar, dabarar gina gadoji Haɗin kebul na sama, don layin wutar lantarki Airborne Cigar, tsarin ƙirar lantarki na sojan Burtaniya wanda aka yi amfani da shi lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II (WWII) don toshe hanyoyin sadarwar mayaƙin dare na Luftwaffe. Atomic, biological, and chemical defense, yanzu an mai da shi azaman sinadarai, nazarin halittu, rediyo da kare makaman nukiliya Sauran amfani Andrew Cunningham, Viscount Cunningham na Hyndhope na farko , wanda ake wa lakabi da ABC, Admiral na WWII na Burtaniya Dabarun ABC, don "Kauracewa, zama masu aminci, yi amfani da kwaroron roba", dabarun ilimin jima'i Gwajin ABC na Crispin Aubrey, John Berry da Duncan Campbell a 1978 a Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Sirrin Ma'aikata na 1911 Bahaushe ɗan asalin Amurka, mutanen ƙabilar China da aka haifa a Amurka Sinawa haifaffen Australiya, mutanen ƙabilar China da aka haifa a Ostiraliya Ƙaddamar da Yarjejeniya Ta Ci gaba, nau'in balaguron iska Air batu campur, wanda kuma ake kira ais kacang, kayan zaki na Malaysia Gine -gine, gini da gini, masana'antu; misali duba azuzuwan Gidauniyar Masana’antu Duba kuma

34669

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustapha%20Lawan%20Nasidi

Mustapha Lawan Nasidi

Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi shahararren malamin addinin Musulunci ne kuma ɗan Islamic Movement Of Nigeria, (Harkar Musulunci A Najeriya) sannan kuma shine ke wakiltar mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a garin Potiskum, yana daga cikin manyan almajiri Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky jagoran mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a Najeriya, wanda ke zaune a garin Potiskum, dake jihar Yobe a tarayyar Najeriya a yankin Arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. An haifeshi ranar 25 ga watan Zulkadah na shekarar alif dari uku da tamanin da biyar1385, Hijiriyya. Wanda ya yi daidai da 29 ga watan Yuni (June) na shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da biyar 1965, Miladiyya. Karatun Addini Malam Mustapha Lawan Nasidi a gidan addini ya taso, ya fara karatun addini ne a gaban mahaifinsa, sannan ya yi karatun littattafa a wurin Malamai kamar haka, Shaikh Yusuf Dambam da Malam Babangida Shaikh Sa'id Potiskum. Ya fita karatu kasar Iran da Lebanon, sannan ya jagoranci 'yan'uwa almajiran Shaikh Zakzaky mabiya mazhabar Shi'a a Najeriya daga Nijeriya zuwa kasar Iraq, ziyarar Arba'een na Imam Hussain (as), jikan Manzon Allah (SWA) shekaru biyu a jere. Sannan ya je kasar Saudi Arabia aikin Hajji. Sayyid Mustapha Lawan Nasidi shi mahaddacin Alqur'ani ne. Karatun Zamani Malam Mustapha Lawal Nasidi ya yi karatun Firamarensa a Central Primary School Potiskum, sannan ya yi sakandire a Government Science and Technical College, Damagum. Bayan kammala Sakandire sai ya tafi ABU Zariya, inda ya yi IJMB, sannan ya je University of Maiduguri, inda ya karanta Physics, sannan ya tafi ATBU Bauchi inda ya karanta Computer Science. Mahaifinsa shi ne Alhaji Lawal Nasidi, da ne ga Alhaji Shu’aibu Nasidi, wadda dukkansu Malamai ne, Mabiya Darikar Tijjaniyya. Kakansa asali mutumin Unguwar Koki ne ta cikin birnin Kanon Dabo, daga baya ya dawo garin Potiskum domin harkokin addini da Kasuwanci. Manyan Shehunnai a garin Potiskum sun bada labarin cewa a kofar gidan Alhaji Shu’aibu Nasidi aka assasa Wazifa da Zikirin Jumu’a na Darikar Tijjaniyya a garin Potiskum, kuma an samu tabbaci sosai akan kasancewarsa Sharifi. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Hajiya Asma’u Muhammad Wabi, ‘yar asalin garin Jama’are ce ta jihar Bauchi, a can aka haifeta amma a garin Potiskum ta girma a hannun kanin Mahaifinta Alhaji Yusuf Mai Kwano Potiskum. Ita ma iyayenta dukkansu ‘yan Darikar Kadriyya ne, sai da ta haddace Alqur’ani mai tsarki sannan aka yi aurenta. Mahaifiyarsa tana nan a raye, amma Mahaifinsa Alhaji Lawan Nasidi ya rasu tun a shekarar alif dari tara da tamanin da biyar 1985. Sayyid Mustapha shi ne na 4 a wurin Mahaifinsa, sannan yana da yayu da kanne. Yana da mata 1 da 'ya'ya guda 6, sune Fatima (Zakiyya), Zainab, Muhammad, Ali, Ummu Kulthum da Subaika Durra. Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi mutum ne mai basira da saurin ɗaukar karatu, tun yana ƙarami haka yake har zuwa girman sa. Abokan karatun sa tun na yarinta har zuwa na Harka Islamiyya duk sun yi shaidar haka. Bayan rikicin 'yan Shi'a a Zariya ta 12-14 Disambar 2015, mahaifiyar Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi din, Hajiya Asma'u, ta bayyana cewa, "Malam Mustapha tun tasowarsa yaron kirki ne, ya kasance mai ladabi da biyayya da girmama na gaba dashi, shi mutum ne mai zumunci da son 'yan'uwansa. Lokacin yana karami, idan yana kuka, sai yayansa, Alhaji Isiyaka, sai yace Hajiya ba kuka yake ba, karatu yake. Sai nima na yi ta mamaki idan ya fadi hakan, sai da ya fara girma, dana ga irin kaifin basirar da Allah ya masa, gashi da saukin fahimtar karatu, sai na tabbatar da cewa, lallai Allah ya yi masa baiwa ta daban" Hajiya tace "Malam Mustapha, mutum ne mai nazari da hangen nesa, duk abin da zai yi sai ya yi tunani a kansa, kuma duk abin da ya shige mana duhu, idan aka fada masa, cikin kankanin lokaci zai warware mana shi. Yana da biyayya da bin umarnin iyaye. Har yanzu babu wanda yace mana ya ganshi ko ya ce ya mutu saboda yana daga cikin wadanda rikicin Zariya da sojoji ya rutsa dashi. Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi mutum ne mai hakuri, zai yi wahala kaga bacin ransa, sai dai in ka taba Manzon Allah (s) saboda shi mutum ne mai kishin addinin Muslunci, Sayyid Mustapha yana da yawan ibada, duk wanda ya yi mu'amala da shi, zai shaidi haka. Fasihi ne shi, Allah ya hore masa fasahar iya magana, kokai waye idan ya yi magana da kai sai ka fahimce shi. Jarumi ne shi, gwarzo, bashi da tsoro ko kadan, sai dai tsoron mahaliccinsa, hatta makiyansa sun yi masa wannan shaida. Sayyid Mustapha shi kadai ne yake fitowa ya yi magana a kan kowace irin matsala da ta damu al'umma a yankin Potiskum. Rikicin Boko Haram Shi ne a lokacin 'yan ta'adda na Boko Haram yake fitowa ya yi wa jama'a gamsashshen jawabi. Lokacin da tashin Bama-Bamai ya yi tsanani a yankin Potiskum, ana ta guduwa ana barin gari, Sayyid Mustapha cewa ya yi "Kar kowa ya tafi ko ina, babu inda babu mutuwa, kuma mutum ba zai mutu ba, sai kwanansa ya kare, don haka ni babu inda zan tafi, ina nan a cikin garin Potiskum, ko da kuwa za ayi gunduwa gunduwa dani. Wannan jawabi na Sayyid Mustapha ya saka jama'a da dama sun zauna, duk da ma wasu sun riga sun gudu. Sayyid Mustapha Lawal Nasidi an kawo masa hari don a kashe shi har sau uku. Na farko shi ne wanda aka kawo masa hari gidansa a shekarar 2012. Suna zaune, bayan sun yi Azumi, ko ruwa basu sha ba, sun idar da Sallar Magrib, a ka bude musu wuta, take almajiransa uku suka mutu, aka jikkata mutum 6. Shi Sayyid Mustapha ko kwarzane bai yi ba, Allah ya kare shi. Sannan sun bi shi Jama'are, a shekarar 2013, garin kakanninsa, da nufin su kama shi, su je su kashe shi, nan ma Allah ya kare shi. Sai kuma na shekarar 2014, wanda aka jefa Bom a cikin masu Muzaharar Ashura juyayin ashura na kisan Imam Hussaini da a kayi a karbala a Potiskum, sun hango dan wani da rawani, sun dauka Sayyid Mustapha ne, sai da Bom din ya tashi, sai suka ga ashe bashi bane. Shi ne suka bude wuta a kan almajiransa da sauran jama'ar gari, inda suka kashe kusan mutum 30. Sun yi ta dana masa tarko Allah yana kare shi. Sayyid Mustapha mutum ne mai karamci da girmama bako, yana da sada zumunci, yana yawan ziyarar Malamai na cikin garin Potiskum, domin neman hadin kai.

60923

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dosunmu

Dosunmu

Dosunmu (c. 1823 – 1885), wanda ake kira a cikin takardun Birtaniya Docemo, ya yi sarauta a matsayin Oba na Legas daga shekarar 1853, lokacin da ya gaji mahaifinsa Oba Akitoye, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1885. An tilasta masa ya gudu zuwa Birtaniya a karkashin barazana ta karfi a watan Agustan 1861. Sarautar Dosunmu ta karya al’ada ta yadda karamin ofishin jakadancin Birtaniya a Legas Benjamin Campbell ya nada shi Oba bayan shigar Birtaniya a cikin harkokin Legas bayan Rage Legas a watan Disamba 1851. Campbell ya sami labarin mutuwar Oba Akitoye a ranar 2 ga watan Satumba 1853 daga wakilin CMS CC Gollmer amma ya hana wannan bayanin daga manyan hakimai, maimakon ya tambaye su wanene ya kamata ya zama magajin Akitoye. A tare, sarakunan sun amince cewa Dosunmu shine wanda ya cancanta, sannan Campbell ya bayyana musu labarin rasuwar Akitoye. Daga nan ne Campbell ya sanar da Dosunmu game da hawan sa zuwa Obaship sannan aka yi ta gaggawar shiga fadar. Washegari, an amince da Dosunmu a matsayin Oba na Legas a hukumance kuma ya karɓi gaisuwar bindiga 21 daga rundunar sojojin ruwa. Hamayya da Kosoko Dosunmu ya gaji matsalar "Kosoko" daga mahaifinsa (Akitoye) ta yadda Kosoko ya kafa sansani mai zaman kansa a Epe tare da mayaka kimanin 400 (ciki har da Oshodi Tapa) kuma daga nan ne ya hargitsa Legas da hare-hare da dama da suka zo kusa da Akitoye. Yayin da Kosoko a karshe ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Epe a ranar 28 ga watan Satumba 1854 tare da Consul Benjamin Campbell, inda ya amince da kada ya yi wani da'awa ga Legas ko kuma ya kawo barazana ga kasuwanci a Legas. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance nasara ta dabara ga Kosoko wanda ya sa Birtaniya ta amince da jiharsa a Epe. A babban hoto, sarautar Legas ta kasance ba ta isa ba tare da kafuwar zuriyar Akitoye da Dosunmu. Rikicin Kosoko-Akitoye/Dosunmu ya mamaye fagen tattalin arziki. Magoya bayan Oba Dosunmu ba su cika gamsuwa da kasancewar Birtaniyya a Legas ba bayan sun haɗe a shekarar 1861 yayin da abokan Kosoko suka yi amfani da dangantakar. Bugu da ƙari kuma, bisa ga yarjejeniyar da aka cimma a shekarar 1854, Dosunmu ya yi watsi da haƙƙin ciniki don ayyukan al’ada, wanda daga baya aka tilasta masa yin murabus bisa ga yarjejeniyar 1861 na fansho na £ 1,000 a kowace shekara. Saboda haka, dukiyar Oba ta ragu yayin da Kosoko da abokansa, a karkashin irin wannan takunkumin kasuwanci, suka bunkasa. Sansanin Kosoko ya ƙunshi maza irin su Oshodi Tapa da Taiwo Olowo waɗanda suka shiga kasuwanci cikin ƙwazo da kamfanonin Turai. Shugaban bangaren tattalin arzikin Dosunmu shi ne Cif Apena Ajasa wanda ya yi taho-mu-gama da Taiwo Olowo. Lokacin da Kosoko ya mutu gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kiyasta cewa bangaren tattalin arzikinsa ne ya fi karfi da mabiya akalla 20,000. A shekarar 1861 ne aka mayar da Legas zuwa Biritaniya a karkashin barazana mai karfi Bayan barazanar da Kosoko da Faransawa suka yi a Wydah, Lord Palmerston (Firayim Ministan Burtaniya) ya yanke shawara wanda ya lura da "al'amarin bata lokaci wajen daukar wani tsari na kariya na Legas". William McCoskry, Mukaddashin Consul a Legas tare da Kwamanda Bedingfield ya kira taro da Oba Dosunmu a ranar 30 ga watan Yuli 1861 a cikin jirgin HMS Prometheus inda aka bayyana manufar Biritaniya da kuma amsa sharuddan da aka bukaci a watan Agusta 1861. Dosunmu ya ki amincewa da sharuddan yarjejeniyar amma a karkashin barazanar tada zaune tsaye a Legas da Kwamanda Bedingfield, Dosunmu ya yi, ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a Legas. Rikici da Gwamna Glover Wasu kamfanonin Faransa da suka yi asarar rangwamen kasuwancinsu, sun kai wa Dosunmu, rashin jin dadinsu da kasancewar Birtaniya a Legas, inda suka yi masa alkawarin taimaka masa kan yin tawaye ga Gwamna John Hawley Glover. Glover ya yi watsi da yunkurin, ya ci tarar Dosunmu fam 50, sannan ya dakatar da alawus dinsa na tsawon watanni 4. Dosunmu bai ji dadi ba, sai ya ji Glover ya yi amfani da Kosoko wajen tofa albarkacin bakinsa. Matsayin Dosunmu ya dace saboda Glover yana da kusanci sosai da abokan Kosoko kamar Oshodi Tapa wanda Glover ya tuntube shi kafin ya ci gaba da ayyukan jama'a da Taiwo Olowo wanda Glover ya karfafa gwiwar kasuwanci da kamfanin Messrs GL Gaiser. Mutuwa da gado Dosunmu ya rasu a shekarar 1885 kuma dansa Oba Oyekan na daya ya gaje shi. Wani fitaccen zuriyarsa shine Oloye Abiola Dosunmu, da Erelu Kuti na Legas.

23107

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nwafor%20Orizu

Nwafor Orizu

Yarima Abyssinia Akweke Nwafor Orizu (17 ga Yulin 1914 - 1999). Ɗan Nijeriya ne dan asalin ƙabilar Igbo. Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa daga 16 Nuwamba 1960 zuwa 15 Janairu 1966, a lokacin da Nijeriya farko Jamhuriyar. Orizu shi ma mukaddashin Shugaban Najeriya ne daga karshen 1965 har zuwa juyin mulkin soja na Janairu 1966. Ya kasance dan gidan sarautar Nnewi. Yayan sa Igwe Kenneth Onyeneke Orizu III shine Igwe na yanzu (Sarki) na Masarautar Nnewi. Nwafor Orizu Kwalejin Ilimi a Nsugbe, Jihar Anambra, an sa masa suna. Bayan Fage An haifi Orizu a cikin 1914 a gidan masarauta na Nnewi, Jihar Anambra, a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya, dan Eze Ugbonyamba, Igwe Orizu I. Orizu ya tafi Amurka a 1939, ya sami digiri a gwamnati a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio da MA digiri a Jami'ar Columbia . Ya kasance mai ba da shawara game da "kwance", shimfidar tsarin ilimin Amurka, sabanin kunkuntar "tsarin" Biritaniya, kuma ya sami laƙabin "Orizontal", wasa a kan sunansa da ambaton tattaunawar da yake yi game da taken. . Kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin littafinsa na 1944, Ba tare da Haushi ba, ya kasance mai kishin gabatar da tsarin Amurka ga Najeriya. Ya kafa Americanungiyar Amurka ta Ilimin Afirka (ACAE), wacce ta sami ƙididdigar karatun ɗumbin yawa daga asalin Amurka don amfanin ɗaliban Afirka. Wajen 1949, Orizu ya sayi makarantar sakandare ta Enitona da gidan buga takardu na Enitona daga mai tallafawa akan for 500 kawai, wanda ya ara. Wani magoyin bayan ya sayar masa da motar alfarma akan shirin biyan kudi. Ya kafa jaridar da aka fi sani da The West Africa Examiner kuma ya zama manajan darakta, yayin da MCK Ajuluchukwu ya kasance edita. Orizu ya je Enugu ne domin jajantawa masu hakar ma’adinan bayan harbin masu hakar ma’adinai 21 a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1949. Mai yiyuwa ne a cikin martani ga wata magana mai zafi da ya yi a wurin, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya sun yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku kan zargin karkatar da kudaden kungiyar ACAE. Amma daga baya Roy Wilkins, shugaban ACAE a Amurka, ya rubuta wasika zuwa ga Nnamdi Azikiwe ("Zik") yana wanke Dr Nwafor Orizu daga duk wata rashin kudi. Hukuncin gidan yari A watan Satumbar 1953, wani alkalin kotun majistare a Najeriya ya yanke wa Orizu hukunci kan tuhume-tuhume bakwai na zamba da satar kudaden da aka yi niyyarsu don karatun daliban a jami'o'in Amurka. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin shekaru bakwai a kurkuku. Harkar siyasa Orizu ya yi nasarar cin zabe a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa don wakiltar Onitsha Division, kuma ya zama babban bulala a Majalisar Dokokin Gabas. Daga baya ya shiga tare da sauran 'yan takara masu zaman kansu don kafa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Najeriya da Kamaru (NCNC). Ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimaka wa Zik zama firaminista na Yankin Gabas, ta yin amfani da tasirinsa a cikin NCNC don shawo kan Farfesa Eyo Ita ya yi murabus a matsayin Firayim Minista na Yankin. Zik ya nada Orizu karamin Minista. Lokacin da Najeriya ta sami 'yanci a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1960, Orizu ya zama Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya. Juyin mulkin soja Shugaban Najeriya, Nnamdi Azikiwe ya bar ƙasar a ƙarshen 1965 da farko zuwa Turai, sannan a kan jirgin ruwa zuwa Caribbean. A karkashin dokar, Orizu ya zama Shugaban riko a lokacin da baya nan kuma yana da dukkan karfin Shugaban. Wani rukuni na wasu matasa hafsoshin soja da Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu ya jagoranta sun kaddamar da juyin mulki a ranar 16 ga Janairun 1966 . Sojojin sun hanzarta dakile tawayen amma sun karbi mulki a lokacin da ya tabbata cewa an kawar da manyan 'yan siyasa, ciki har da Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Firimiyan yankin Arewa Sir Ahmadu Bello da Firimiyan Yammacin Cif, Cif Samuel Ladoke Akintola . Orizu ya gabatar da shirye-shirye a duk fadin kasar, bayan ya yiwa Dakta Nnamdi Azikiwe bayani ta wayar tarho kan shawarar da majalisar ministocin ta yanke, inda ya sanar da shawarar da majalisar ta yanke na "son rai" na mika mulki ga sojojin kasar. Daga nan Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi ya yi nasa tallan, yana karɓar "gayyatar". A ranar 17 ga Janairu, Manjo Janar Ironsi ya kafa Majalisar Koli ta Soja a Legas kuma ya dakatar da tsarin mulki yadda ya kamata. Daga baya aiki Bayan juyin mulkin, Orizu ya dushe daga fagen siyasa amma ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin ilimi. Kafin yakin basasa ya kafa makarantar sakandare, makarantar sakandaren Najeriya, a Nnewi. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa mallakinta har sai da gwamnatin jihar ta karbe dukkanin makarantun bayan fatattakar Biafra. Bayan haka ya ci gaba a matsayin malami kuma malami, yana buga littattafai da dama. Hakanan, tsakanin 1974 zuwa 1975, gwamnatin rusasshiyar jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya, karkashin jagorancin Dakta Ukpabi Asika, ta nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Malamai ta Jihar a Enugu. Haifaffun 1914 Mutuwan 1999

49301

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Fam na Afirka ta Kudu

Fam ( Afrikaans: kandami; alamar £, £SA don bambanta) ita ce kudin Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu daga kafuwar ƙasar a ƙarƙashin mulkin Biritaniya a 1910. An maye gurbinsa da rand a cikin 1961 lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ta ragu. A shekara ta 1825, wani tsarin mulki na sarauta ya yi tayin siyar da tsabar kudi a duk yankunan Birtaniyya. Yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, Sterling da tsabar kuɗin da ke da alaƙa ya zama kuɗin kowane yanki na Burtaniya a Kudancin Afirka . A wancan lokacin sterling ya bi tsarin kuɗi na Carolingian na fam ɗin da aka raba zuwa shillings 20, kowanne na pence 12. Kudin fam Sterling ya zama daidaitaccen kudin yankin Cape of Good Hope a cikin 1825 biyo bayan oda-in-majalisar masarauta da aka bayar don manufar gabatar da tsabar kudi a duk yankunan Birtaniyya. tsabar kudi na Burtaniya sannan ya maye gurbin kudin Holland . Kafin haɗewar Afirka ta Kudu, hukumomi da yawa sun ba da tsabar kudi da takardun kuɗi daidai da Sterling. Jamhuriyar Transvaal, Boer ya bayyana cewa a cikin 1902 zai zama Transvaal Colony, ya ba da bayanin kula daga 1867 zuwa 1902 da tsabar kudi daga 1892 zuwa 1902. An rubuta nau'o'in tsabar kuɗin zinariya a cikin Afrikaans, don haka karanta "tafda" maimakon "labaran". A cikin 1920, Baitul mali ta ba da takardar shaidar zinare. A shekara mai zuwa, an kafa Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin ikon ba da bayanin kula kawai. An fitar da tsabar kudi daga 1923. Fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya kasance daidai da Sterling a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, sai dai na ɗan lokaci kaɗan bayan watsi da ƙimar zinare a Burtaniya a cikin 1931. Lokacin da Burtaniya ta yi watsi da ma'aunin zinare a watan Satumba na 1931, Kanada ta bi sawu cikin sauri saboda ta kasance cikin matsi iri ɗaya da Burtaniya. Ƙaddamar da kuɗin da aka samu a Amurka ya haifar da ɗimbin ɗimbin zinare zuwa yammacin Tekun Atlantika, da kudu zuwa Amurka. Halin da ake ciki a Afirka ta Kudu ya sha bamban, domin fitar da gwal zuwa London babban kasuwanci ne. A cewar Jan Smuts a cikin tarihin rayuwarsa, 'yan kishin kasa sun so su nuna cewa ba za su bi ta Burtaniya kai tsaye ba, kuma sun fahimci cewa suna da karfin yin hakan. Ga Burtaniya da Kanada, ana kallon fitar da zinari a matsayin jirgin zinari, yayin da Afirka ta Kudu ana kallonta a matsayin kamfani mai riba. Tasirin ci gaba da bin ka'idojin zinare na Afirka ta Kudu bai kasance kamar yadda Hertzog ke fata ba. Fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya karu sosai da darajarsa idan aka kwatanta da Sterling, kuma wannan ya kusan gurgunta masana'antar fitar da gwal a Afirka ta Kudu cikin dare. A shekara ta 1933, Hertzog ya watsar da ma'auni na zinariya kuma fam na Afirka ta Kudu ya koma daidai da ma'auni. An samu saukin nan da nan An maye gurbin fam ɗin Afirka ta Kudu a lokacin raguwa da Rand a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1961 akan ƙimar R. 2 = £SA 1. Rand ya ci gaba da yin daidai da 2:1 da Sterling har zuwa faduwar darajar Sterling a 1967 lokacin da Afirka ta Kudu ba ta bi sahun gaba ba. Tsabar kudi tsabar kudin da jihar ta bayar Jamhuriyar Transvaal A shekarar 1892, Jamhuriyar Transvaal ta gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1d, 3d, 6d, 1/-, 2/-, 2/6, 5/-, £ /-) da £1. An fitar da na ƙarshe daga cikin waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin 1900, ban da kewaye £1 tsabar kudi da aka bayar a 1902. Tarayyar Afirka ta Kudu Ƙungiyar Afirka ta Kudu ta ba da tsabar kudi daga 1923, a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1d, 3d da 6d, 1/-, 2/- (wanda aka fara la'akari da shi azaman florin ), 2/£6, 1. (Na £ da £1 tsabar zinare ne da aka sani da rabin sarki da sarauta bi da bi. ) Tsabar ta kasance ma'auni ɗaya da tsabar kuɗin da suka dace amma tsabar azurfa (3d har zuwa 2/6) an buga su a cikin .800 fineness azurfa. An buga tsabar zinare har zuwa 1932. A cikin 1947, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi 5/- tare da bambance-bambancen tunawa na lokaci-lokaci. A cikin 1951, tsabar tsabar azurfa ta canza zuwa .500 fineness. Zinariya £ An fitar £1 tsabar kudi daga 1952 a cikin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai 1 sarki. Duk tsabar tsabar kudi suna da sarki a kan obverse, tare da lakabi a cikin Latin, yayin da baya yana da denomination da "Afirka ta Kudu" da aka rubuta a cikin Turanci da Afrikaans . Bayanan banki Gwamnatin Cape Colony ta ba da sanarwar £ 1 a cikin 1835 da bayanin kula na £ 20 a 1834. Tsakanin 1869 da 1872, ZAR a cikin Transvaal ya ba da bayanin kula don 6d, 1/-, 2/6, 5/-, 10/-, £1, £5 da £10. Babban bankin kasa na ZAR ya fitar da fam 1 tsakanin 1892 zuwa 1893. A lokacin Yaƙin Boer na Biyu, an ba da bayanan gwamnati a cikin ƙungiyoyin £1, £5, £10, £20, £50 da £100. A cikin 1920, an ba da bayanan takardar shedar zinariya ta Baitul mali a cikin ƙungiyoyin £1, £5, £100, £1,000 da £10,000, a cikin rubutun Afrikaans da Ingilishi. Daga 1921, Bankin Reserve na Afirka ta Kudu ya karɓi kuɗin takarda, yana gabatar da bayanin kula akan 10/-, £1, £5, £20 da £100. Fam 20 na bayanin kula an yi shi na ƙarshe a cikin 1933, tare da ƙara £ 10 bayanin kula a 1943. Duk takardun banki na harsuna biyu ne cikin Ingilishi da Afrikaans. Daga 1948, an fitar da bambance-bambancen guda biyu na kowane bayanin kula, ɗaya da Ingilishi aka fara rubuta ɗayan ɗayan kuma an fara rubuta Afirkaans. Hanyoyin hadi na waje Decimal Coinage : Newsreel of South Africa's conversion to the Rand, British Pathé via YouTube Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Ondoro

Dominic Ondoro

Dominic Ondoro (an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Maris shekarar 1988, kuma an san shi da Pius Dominic Ondoro ), ɗan tseren gudu ne na ƙasar Kenya wanda aka fi sani da riƙon kwas a Marathon Grandma na Minnesota da Marathon Twin Cities . Ya lashe tseren gudun fanfalaki na Houston na shekarar 2017 a Texas kuma ya lashe wasu manyan wasannin marathon da yawa, wasu lokuta da dama (ya lashe gasar Twin Cities Marathon guda huɗu a Minneapolis-St. Paul, kuma shi ne wanda ya lashe tseren Marathon na Melbourne sau biyu a ƙasar Ostiraliya . . ) Sana'ar Gudu A gasar Marathon Houston mai laƙabin IAAF a shekarar 2017, Ondoro ya gudanar da mafi yawan tseren tare da babban rukuni da suka haɗa da 'yan wasan Olympics na Habasha Yitayal Atnafu da Abayneh Ayele . Ƙasar Habasha ce ta lashe gasar a cikin shekaru takwas da suka gabata, amma Ondoro ya yi gudun hijira a cikin mil biyu na ƙarshe inda ya lashe gasar a cikin 2:12:05. Ondoro ya zo na biyu a gasar Marathon na Stockholm a shekarar 2011 da misalin 2:14:23. A wannan shekarar, ya ci tseren Marathon na birnin Helsinki yana da shekaru 23. Ya gama da misalin ƙarfe 2:23:24. A shekarar 2012, ya ƙare a matsayi na tara a gasar Marathon Mumbai da ƙarfe 2:14:56. Daga baya a cikin shekarar 2012, Ondoro ya yi tseren Great Bristol Half Marathon, inda ya lashe tseren gasa a 1:02:51. Mafi kyawun lokacinsa a cikin tseren marathon shi ne a Marathon na Tiberias a cikin shekarar 2013. Ana yin tseren ne a kusa da Tekun Galili a Isra’ila. An naɗa Ondoro ne a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara bayan ya kammala daƙiƙa kaɗan a gaban Deribe Melka da Francis Kibiwott Larabal kuma ya tsallake zagayen ƙarshe da misalin ƙarfe 2:08:00. A cikin shekarar 2013, a Lille Half Marathon a Lille, Faransa, Ondoro ya zo na shida a tseren gudun fanfalaki mafi kyawun tarihi, inda ya zo a 1:01:32, ƴan daƙiƙai a bayan Abraham Cheroben . A cikin shekarar 2014, ya zama sabon mai riƙe rikodin kwas a Marathon Grandma, wanda ke gudana daga Harbor biyu zuwa Duluth, Minnesota, ta hanyar yin nasara a lokacin 2:09:06. Dick Beardsley (tsohon wanda ya yi nasara a gasar Marathon ta London ) ya yi rikodin shekaru 33. "An karrama ni na rike tarihin na tsawon wannan lokaci, amma yanzu lokaci ya yi da zan mika shi," in ji Beardsley bayan kasancewa ɗaya daga cikin mutanen farko da suka taya Ondoro murnar nasarar da ya samu. Ya dawo a shekarar 2015 kuma ya ƙare a 2:11:17. Ya isa matsayi na biyu, a bayan abokin aikinsa Elisha Barno, wanda ya ci nasara a 2:10:38. Ondoro ya lashe gasar Marathon Melbourne a shekarun baya-baya: shekarar 2013 da kuma 2014. A cikin shekarar 2015, ya doke sauran 40,000 masu gudu don lashe gasar Cooper River Bridge Run, 10K gudu a South Carolina wanda shi ne tseren hanya mafi girma na biyar a Amurka. Tare da iska mai ƙarfi, ya gama farko a cikin 29:22. A shekarar 2016, a kan fafatawa 36,000, ya sake yin nasara, inda ya ƙare da 29:00. Kyautar kowace shekara ita ce $ 10,000. A cikin shekarar 2016 da ta 2017, shi ne zakaran baya-baya na Azalea Trail Run a Mobile, Alabama (wani gudu na 10K ) tare da lokutan 28:25 da 28:04, bi da bi. A watan Mayun 2016, Ondoro ya zo na uku a Marathon na Ottawa a cikin 2:11:39 bayan Habasha Dino Sefir da Shura Kitata . Ondoro ya karya wani tarihin kwas na dogon lokaci a cikin shekarar 2016 a Marathon Twin Cities . Phil Coppess ya kafa tarihi a shekarar 1985, lokacin da ya yi tseren a cikin 2:10:05, daya daga cikin mafi saurin gudun fanfalaki na Amurka. Rikodin ya kasance shekaru 31. Amma da yammacin watan Oktoba, Ondoro ya wuce gasarsa kuma ya kammala da karfe 2:08:51, inda ya karbo dala 35,000. Shi ne gudun marathon mafi sauri da aka taɓa yi a Minnesota. Shi da wanda ya lashe matsayi na biyu Elisha Barno sun yi gudu da sauri fiye da lokacin nasara a Marathon Chicago na shekarar 2016. Shekarar da aka yi rikodin ba ita ce ta farko ko ta ƙarshe ba da zai karya kaset a tseren Midwest. Ondoro ya lashe gasar Twin Cities, wanda ke gudana daga Minneapolis, Minnesota, zuwa St. Paul, sau huɗu: 2015, 2016, 2017, da 2019. Bai yi takara ba a 2018. Ya lashe tseren Marathon na Grandma na shekarar 2022 a kusa da lokacin rikodi. A ranar 20 ga Nuwambar 2022, a cikin sanyi da iska, ya ci gasar Marathon ta Philadelphia . Ya fara a shekarar 2023 ta hanyar cin nasarar Marathon na Houston . Rayuwar farko da ta sirri An haifi Ondoro a ƙasar Kenya kuma yana zaune a gundumar Uasin Gishu, inda jiga-jigan 'yan gudun hijira da dama ke atisayen. Shi da Elisha Barno, wani fitaccen ɗan tseren gudun fanfalaki, sun yi horo tare a Eldoret, Kenya, da Santa Fe, New Mexico . Yobes Ondieki wanda ya ci lambar zinare a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Kenya ne ya horar da su. A cikin 2016, wakilin Scott Robinson ya wakilce su. Barno da Ondoro abokai ne nagari kuma dukkansu suna da kamfanonin gine-gine a Kenya. Ondoro yana da ɗa wanda aka haifa a shekarar 2015. Nasarorin da aka samu Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dominic Ondoro at World Athletics Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charizard

Charizard

Charizard / / tʃɑrɪzɑrd / ),wanda aka sani a Japan kamar Lizardon,Pokémon ne a cikin Nintendo da kuma Game Freak 's Pokémon ik1pon amfani da sunan kamfani.Atsuko Nishida ne ya ƙirƙira, Charizard ya fara fitowa a cikin wasannin bidiyo <i id="mwIA">Pokémon Red</i> and <i id="mwIQ">Blue</i>( <i id="mwIw">Pokémon Red</i> da <i id="mwJA">Green</i> a Japan) da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo baya.Daga baya sun bayyana a cikin kayayyaki daban-daban,taken spinoff da raye-raye da bugu na karbuwar ikon ikon amfani da sunan kamfani.An san shi da Pokémon Flame. Shin-ichiro Miki,ɗan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya yi magana da James a cikin asalin Jafananci na Pokémon anime,ya yi muryar Charizard a cikin nau'ikan Jafananci da Ingilishi na anime.Lemu, Pokémon mai ɗorewa,Charizard shine asalin halittar Charmeleon kuma juyin halitta na ƙarshe na Charmander. Hakanan yana da nau'ikan Mega Evolved guda biyu,Mega Charizard X da Y, waɗanda wataƙila duka biyun suka tsara su ta hanyar Tomohiro Kitakaze, wanda ya tsara Mega Charizard X,kuma ba su dawwama kuma koyaushe suna komawa ga tsarin Charizard na yau da kullun da zarar yaƙi ya cika.Hakanan yana da nau'in Gigantamax a cikin Takobin Pokémon da Garkuwa,wanda ke canza kamanni da girmansa don juyawa 3,har sai an buga shi,har sai an dawo,ko kuma har sai an gama yaƙin. An nuna Charizard a cikin jerin anime <i id="mwLw">Pokémon</i> tare da mafi yawan maimaita kasancewa daga babban hali Ash Ketchum.An nuna shi a cikin gyare-gyaren da aka buga irin su Pokémon Adventures,a cikin mallakar Blue,ɗaya daga cikin manyan haruffa.Charizard ya bayyana a cikin Pokémon Origins tare da babban hali Red a matsayin mai horar da shi.A cikin wannan jerin,Charizard shine wurin hutawa,saboda shine farkon Pokémon zuwa Mega Evolve cikin Mega Charizard X kuma ya taimaka doke Mewtwo. Charizard ya sami kyakkyawar liyafar daga kafofin watsa labarai,tare da GamesRadar yana kwatanta shi a matsayin"hannaye ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Pokémon a can".Charizard shine nau'in mascot na Pokémon Red da nau'ikan FireRed,kuma yana bayyanuwa akan wasan dambe na Pokémon Stadium, Pokémon Ranger,Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:Red Rescue Team,Pokémon Mystery Kurkuku:Masu bincike na sama,da Pokémon Super Mystery Kurkuku.Ya bayyana a cikin kowane shigarwa na Super Smash Bros.jerin,a cikin ƙarfin da ba za a iya bugawa ba a cikin wasanni biyu na farko kafin ya zama hali mai iya wasa daga Super Smash Bros.Fada a gaba. Charizard kuma ya bayyana a cikin fim ɗin mai rai-aiki mai raye-raye Detective Pikachu . Ra'ayi da halaye Atsuko Nishida ne ya tsara Charizard don ƙarni na farko na wasannin dodanni na Pocket Red da Green,waɗanda aka keɓe a waje da Japan azaman <i id="mwUw">Pokémon Red</i> da <i id="mwVA">Blue</i>.An tsara Charizard kafin Charmander,na karshen yana dogara ne akan tsohon.Asalin da ake kira "Lizardon"a cikin Jafananci,Nintendo ya yanke shawarar bai wa nau'in Pokémon daban-daban"sunaye masu wayo da kwatance"masu alaƙa da kamanninsu ko fasalinsu lokacin fassara wasan ga masu sauraron yammacin duniya a matsayin hanyar sanya haruffan su kasance masu dacewa da yaran Amurka.A sakamakon haka,an canza musu suna"Charizard",hoton hoton kalmomin"gawai"ko "char"da"kadan zuma".A yayin wata hira,Shugaban Kamfanin Pokémon Tsunekazu Ishihara ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran Charizard ya zama sananne ga masu sauraron Arewacin Amurka saboda fifikon su ga masu ƙarfi,masu ƙarfi. Bayanin jiki zanen Charizard yana da wahayi daga dodanni,musamman dodanni na Turai . Ko da yake Charizard ya sami nau'in na biyu na Flying maimakon nau'in Dragon a kan haɓakawa,yana cikin rukunin Dragon Egg Group,yana koyon motsin Dragon kamar Dragon Claw,kuma yana da nau'in Flying ɗinsa wanda Dragon ya maye gurbinsa a cikin sigar"Mega Charizard X". Wasannin bidiyo sun bayyana Charizard a matsayin mai fuka-fuki da zai iya ɗaukar su kusa da tsayin 4,600.ƙafa (1,400 m), yana shawagi da girman kai a sararin sama kuma koyaushe yana neman abokan adawa masu ƙarfi don yin yaƙi da su.Suna iya hura wuta mai tsanani wanda zai iya narkar da kowane abu, amma ba za su taɓa kunna maƙiyi mafi rauni ba. Idan Charizard ya fusata, harshen wuta a ƙarshen wutsiya zai iya tashi da launin fari-shuɗi.Saboda halin rashin kulawa,Charizard an san su da haifar da gobarar daji ba da gangan ba. Duk da yake Mega Charizard X sananne ne da baƙar fata,jiki mai launi, zafi mai zafi da kuma nau'in Dragon, Mega Charizard Y ana ɗaukarsa gabaɗaya saboda bajintar tashi,tare da zargin yana iya kaiwa tsayin mita 10,000.yayin tashi. A cikin Pokémon Go, Charizard ya kasance a cikin nau'i biyu, nau'i na asali tare da jikin orange da faci mai launin kirim a cikinsa,da siffarsa mai sheki, wanda shine jiki mai launin toka mai launi iri ɗaya a cikin cikinsa.Siffa mai kyalli na Charizard ya fara fitowa a cikin Pokémon Zinare da Azurfa,yayin taron Ranar Al'umma'Pokémon Go wanda ke nuna Charmander.A yayin taron Ranar Jama'a, ana iya saduwa da Charmander mai sheki, wanda za'a iya samunsa zuwa Charmeleon mai sheki,kuma bi da bi, ya zama Charizard mai sheki. A cikin Generation VIII,Charizard yana da ikon Gigantamaxing,wani nau'in Dynamaxing na musamman wanda ke canza fasalin Charizard gaba ɗaya.Lokacin da Gigantamaxed,cikin Charizard duk yana haskakawa,fuka-fukansa suna lullube da wuta,kuma wutar wutsiya ta girma. Idan Charizard ya san duk wani motsi na lalata nau'in Wuta,za a canza su zuwa G-Max Wildfire,wanda ke magance lalacewa har sau biyar.Gigantamax Charizard an fi gani a lokacin fadace-fadace tare da Galarian Champion Leon.Mai kunnawa zai iya samun Gigantamax Charizard ta hanyar samun Charmander a cikin Poke Ball a gidan Leon (Poke Ball yana cikin ɗakin kwanansa) kuma ya canza shi zuwa Charizard. Yaƙin gasa Daga fitowar sa a cikin ƙarni na farko zuwa ƙarni na biyar,Charizard ya kasa yin babban tasiri a fagen gasa,har zuwa lokacin da"ba a gan shi a cikin wasan gasa mai tsanani ba"kuma ya kasance"halaka.a manta."Wannan rashin iyawa na dangi,haɗe tare da shahararsa mara ƙarfi,ya ba shi"sunan Pokémon wanda ke wakiltar fanboys" mara kyau.A cikin VGC (Gasar Wasan Bidiyo) tsarin gasa na hukuma na Pokémon tsari ne na ninki biyu wanda ya fara a cikin Generation IV,kuma Charizard bai fara kasancewa da yawa ba har sai ya sami nau'in Mega Charizard Y a cikin 2014 da 2015 inda ikonsa ya kafa Fari. Rana wanda zai iya tallafawa membobin ƙungiyar ta hanyar kunna iyawa kamar Solar Power da Chlorophyll da raguwar lalacewa daga hare-haren ruwa yayin da kuma ke haɓaka motsin nau'in Wuta mai ƙarfi, yayin da kuma ba shi damar yin amfani da motsin Solar Beam a lokaci ɗaya, lokacin da ya saba ɗauka.biyu,zai iya taimakawa ƙungiyarsa har ma da Tailwind. Koyaya, a cikin 2016 ya faɗi daga amfani kamar yadda Primal Groudon ya zarce shi azaman madaidaicin rana da nau'in wuta. A cikin 2017 mega juyin halitta ba a ba da izini ba kuma a cikin 2018 ya sake samun amfani da yawa har sai Primal Groudon ya sake zaɓe shi a cikin 2019. A cikin juyin halittar mega na 2020 bai kasance a cikin sabbin wasanni ba, Pokémon Sword da Garkuwa,kuma ya zuwa yanzu ya kasance mai ban mamaki tare da fasalin Gigantamax mai ban mamaki tare da motsi G-max Wildfire wanda ke ba shi babban tasiri mai lalacewa, har ma da cin nasarar Yankunan Dallas . Ya sami ma fi kyau tare da ɓoye ikonsa da aka ba da izini tare da tsarin Gigantamax yana sa shi yin 50% ƙarin lalacewa lokacin da rana ta tashi wanda ya fi sauƙi tare da Torkoal don sa Charizard ya kara lalacewa. Mega Charizard X bai kusan zama mai kyau a cikin VGC tsawon shekaru tare da ikonsa ba shi da amfani kuma yana da rauni ga iyawar gama gari Tsoro duk da haka har yanzu ya ga wasu nasara tare da mutane kamar Jamie Boyt ya lashe yanki tare da wannan. A cikin marasa aure,lokaci-lokaci yana samun abubuwan more rayuwa, kamar tare da haɓaka motsi Belly Drum, amma haɗarin shigar ƙarni na huɗu Stealth Rock ya gurgunta shi,wanda ya cire rabin lafiyar sa yayin shiga yaƙi yayin da yake aiki. Ƙarni na shida sun ceci matsayin gasa na Charizard ta hanyar gabatar da siffofin Mega Charizard X da Mega Charizard Y,suna mai da shi "barazana babba"na daidaitaccen matakin Smogon.Tare da fitowar Generation VIII da Pokémon Sword da Garkuwa a cikin 2019,Charizard ya sami ƙarin shahara tare da sabon abu"Takalma mai nauyi",wanda ya yi watsi da tasirin Stealth Rock,a baya an ambaci babban batun. A cikin wasannin bidiyo Charizard ya fara wasansa na bidiyo a cikin 1996 tare da sakin Jafananci na <i id="mwrA">Pokémon Red</i> and <i id="mwrQ">Blue</i>. Yana samuwa ne kawai ta hanyar juyin halittar Pokémon daga mai farawa Pokémon Charmander .A cikin <i id="mwtw">Pokémon Zinariya</i>, <i id="mwuA">Azurfa</i>,da <i id="mwug">Crystal</i>,da kuma sake yin su <i id="mwvA">Pokémon HeartGold</i> da <i id="mwvQ">SoulSilver</i>, Charizard yana amfani da Red,wanda ke aiki a matsayin shugaban karshe na wasanni.Charizard yana ɗaya daga cikin Pokémon da yawa a cikin <i id="mwwg">Pokémon X</i> da <i id="mwww">Y</i> wanda ke iya amfani da sabon makanikin juyin halitta na Mega,ya zama ko dai Mega Charizard X ko Mega Charizard Y. An ba shi Mega Juyin Juyin Halin kusan shekaru ɗaya da rabi cikin haɓakawa.Pokémon X da Y. Charmander (tare da Bulbasaur da Squirtle) an ƙara su zuwa wasan a cikin muhimmiyar rawa don ba da damar 'yan wasa su fuskanci Juyin Halitta na Charizard's Mega. Hakanan yana iya samun sabon nau'i <i id="mwyw">Pokémon Sword</i> da <i id="mwzA">Garkuwa</i> mai suna Gigantamax form. Champion Leon yana da shi a matsayin babban Pokémon a cikin waɗannan wasannin kuma. Charizard ya fito a cikin sauran wasannin Pokémon da yawa.Ya bayyana a cikin <i id="mwzw">Pokémon Mystery Dungeon:Blue Rescue Team</i> da <i id="mw0A">Red Rescue Team</i> a kan wata ƙungiya tare da Alakazam da Tyranitar, waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin labarin.A cikin Pokémon Ranger, Charizard shine maigidan Pokémon wanda ya zama mai haɗe da halayen ɗan wasan kuma yana taimaka masa ko ta duk lokacin wasan. Charizard ya dawo a cikin Pokémon Ranger:Alamomin tsaro a matsayin wani hali na shugaba, da Pokémon Rumble.Har ila yau yana daya daga cikin Pokémon mai daukar hoto a cikin Pokémon Snap,da kuma halin da ba a iya wasa ba a cikin PokéPark Wii: Pikachu's Adventure da mabiyinsa, PokéPark 2:Abubuwan Al'ajabi Bayan. Charizard ya bayyana sau da yawa a cikin jerin Super Smash Bros.Charizard ya fara bayyana azaman hali mara wasa a cikin Super Smash Bros.da Super Smash Bros. Melee,a matsayin daya daga cikin Pokémon wanda zai iya bayyana idan mai kunnawa ya jefa Poké Ball.A cikin Super Smash Bros.Brawl,Charizard ana iya kunnawa yayin da yake ƙarƙashin umarnin mai horar da Pokémon.Mai Koyarwa yana da Squirtle da Ivysaur,duka ukun da za a iya canzawa tsakanin;ba kamar sauran mayakan ba,waɗannan Pokémon sun gaji kuma saboda haka sun yi rauni, kuma dole ne a canza su tsawon lokaci don murmurewa.Matakan Charizard sun haɗa da Rock Smash,Flamethrower,da Fly. Charizard ne playable a matsayin standalone hali a cikin <i id="mw-A">Super Smash Bros. ga Nintendo 3DS</i> da <i id="mw-Q">Wii U</i>,inda ya sami motsi Flare Blitz da sabon Final Smash nasa yana canzawa zuwa Mega Charizard X. Charizard ya dawo a Super Smash Bros.Ultimate,inda yake kuma yana ƙarƙashin umarnin Mai horar da Pokémon tare da Squirtle da Ivysaur. Charizard kuma ya bayyana a matsayin mayaki mai iya wasa a gasar Pokén. da Pokémon Unite. A cikin anime A cikin wasan anime,sanannen Charizard shine Ash Ketchum wanda yake da shi tun yana Charmander wanda tsohon mai shi Damian ya watsar. Ash's Charmander ya samo asali zuwa Charmeleon bayan yaki da sojojin Exeggutor,kuma halinsa ya canza gaba daya,ya zama Pokémon mai rashin biyayya da girman kai da fada lokacin da yadda ya yarda.Charmeleon ya samo asali ne lokacin da Ash ya kira shi don kariya daga Pokémon prehistoric; Lokacin da Aerodactyl ya kai masa hari kuma ya dauke Ash,Charmeleon ya samo asali don yakar Aerodactyl kuma ya ceci Ash.Charizard har yanzu bai yi biyayya ga Ash ba,ya fi son yin barci,kuma kawai ya yi yaƙi da Pokémon wanda zai haifar da ƙalubale,amma Charizard ya taimaka wa Ash ya kai ga burinsa, musamman a kan Shugaban Gym Blaine.Rashin biyayyar da Charizard ya yi wa Ash ya jawo masa hasarar Indigo League saboda Charizard ya zabi barci maimakon fada. Charizard ya zama mai aminci a lokacin tsibirin Orange bayan Ash ya yi yaƙi da mai horo tare da Poliwrath kuma Charizard ya daskare sosai.Saboda Ash ya taimaka wa Charizard ya narke,ya fara biyayya ga Ash kuma ya ci Poliwrath a karawar.Ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ƙungiyar Ash kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga nasarorin da ya samu a gasar Orange League.da sassan Johto.A ƙarshe ya zauna a baya a cikin kwarin Charizific,wurin ajiyar inda Charizard daji ke yaƙi da horarwa don samun ƙarfi.Wataƙila hakan ya faru ne saboda saduwa da Charla,mace Charizard wacce ya sami sha'awarta. Charizard,kamar wasu Pokémon na Ash, yana dawowa kan ɗan lokaci don yin yaƙi a gefen Ash yawanci lokacin da Ash yana fuskantar Pokémon mai ƙarfi. Charizard ya ceci rayuwar Ash fiye da sau daya,kamar yadda aka gani a cikin fim din Spell of the Unown,inda ya fafata da Entei bayan da ya isa da wuri don hana Ash da Pikachu fadawa cikin mutuwarsu, bayan da ya taso daga Charizific.Valley bayan da ya fara ganin watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na Ash yana gudana bayan Entei wanda ya yi garkuwa da mahaifiyar Ash, Delia Ketchum. Charizard ya dawo a lokacin Johto Pokémon League kuma ya ci Gary's Blastoise,wanda ke da fa'ida iri ɗaya akan Charizard.Charizard kuma ya dawo don yaƙin farko na Ash's Battle Frontier,inda ya ɗauki Articuno a masana'antar yaƙi kuma ya ci nasara saboda dabarun da ba na al'ada ba. A lokacin jerin <i id="mwATQ">Mafi kyawun Fata</i>, Charizard a hukumance ya koma ƙungiyar Ash (maye gurbin Ash's Unfezant,wanda aka aika zuwa Lab ɗin Farfesa Oak a cikin tsari),yayin da Ash ke binciken Unova. Bayan ya sake haduwa da Ash,ya baiwa mai horar da shi Flamethrower a fuska sosai ga mamakin kowa.Har ila yau Charizard ya ci gaba da hamayya mai tsanani tare da Iris's Dragonite har duka Ash da Iris sun yarda su yi yaƙi.A lokacin yakin wanda aka fara a kasa amma daga baya ya haura sama lokacin da Pokémon biyu suka hau sama,an nuna cewa Charizard ya koyi Wing Attack,Slash,da Dragon Tail amma duk da Pokémon guda biyu suna da wani abu mai tsananin hamayya da daya.wani,N kuma nan da nan ya kira yakin bayan ya fahimci cewa Dragonite ya ji rauni a hannun dama. Charizard ya zauna tare da duk Pokémon na Ash ba tare da Pikachu ba a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Farfesa Oak lokacin da Ash ya sake barin Kanto zuwa yankin Kalos mai nisa. A cikin Generation VIII,Charizard yana da ikon Gigantamaxing,nau'in Dynamaxing na musamman wanda ke canza fasalin Charizard gaba ɗaya.Lokacin da Gigantamaxed,cikin Charizard duk yana haskakawa,fuka-fukansa suna lullube da wuta,kuma wutar wutsiya ta girma.Idan Charizard ya san duk wani motsi na lalata nau'in Wuta,za a canza su zuwa G-Max Wildfire,wanda ke magance lalacewa na juyawa biyar.Gigantamax Charizard an fi gani a lokacin fadace-fadace tare da Galarian Champion Leon. A cikin gyare-gyaren da aka buga A cikin Pokémon:Pikachu Shocks Back, wanda ya yi daidai da layin labarin anime, Ash ya kama Charmander,kuma a ƙarshe ya zama Charizard kuma ya yi yaƙi a gasar Pokémon League.Duk da kama shi,yana da matsala wajen sarrafa shi.Ash yana kawo Charizard zuwa tsibirin Orange kuma yana horar da shi sosai tun lokacin bala'i.Daga nan sai ya yi amfani da shi don yaƙar Dragonite a wasan karshe tare da shugaban ƙungiyar motsa jiki na Orange Crew Drake. A cikin Pokémon Adventures manga,Blue yana karɓar Charmander daga kakansa Farfesa Oak.Yana tasowa zuwa Charmeleon,kuma lokacin da Gastly ya mallaki Blue a cikin Hasumiyar Lavender, haka ma Charmeleon.Daga karshe an sako Blue's Charmeleon daga mallakarsa sai kawai wani Arbok,mallakar Koga ya fuskanci.Charmeleon ya yaudari Koga ta hanyar amfani da aljan Psyduck don karkatar da Acid Arbok kafin a zahiri ya yanka Arbok rabin da wutsiya.Blue daga baya ya bayyana tare da ingantaccen Charizard kuma ya sami damar zuwa Saffron City ta hanyar taimakawa wajen kashe shingen da Mista Mime ya kirkira. Daga baya, Red da Blue suna fuskantar Koga's Articuno kuma Ice Beam sun daskare su,amma a ƙarshe sun ci nasara da Ƙungiyar Rukunin Rukunin tare da Charizard's Flamethrower.Sannan ya haɗu tare da Red's newly evolved Venusaur,Saur,and Green's Blastoise, Blasty,don kayar da dodo na Sabrina Pokémon.Sun kawo karshen ikon Team Rocket na Saffron City,suna raba tsuntsaye uku a cikin tsari. Blue's Charizard ya sake bayyana yayin wasan karshe na gasar Pokémon na tara, da abokin hamayyarsa Red.Duk da irin fa'idar,Charizard ya yi yaƙi da Saur kuma an kusa fidda shi.Yayin da yaƙin ke ci gaba,masu horarwar biyu sun aika da Pokémon na farko don yin yaƙi kuma, lokacin da Saur ya ɗaure Charizard daga kai hari.Nan da nan,tsawa ta tashi daga hare-haren Poli da Pika,kuma Saur ya nutsar da itacen inabi a cikin gajimare, ya girgiza Charizard kuma ya buga shi. Lokacin da ƙarar"FireRed da LeafGreen" na manga ya fara manyan jarumai na asali - Red,Blue,da Green - sun dawo don yaƙar sabuwar ƙungiyar Rocket da Deoxys a ƙarƙashin ikonsu.Masu horo uku sun zama tarko a cikin Hasumiyar Trainer a cikin Sevii Islands,suna fafatawa da babbar kwamfutar ginin da Deoxys Divides.Bayan gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa Blasty,Saur,da Charizard,masu horarwa guda uku suna gudanar da mayar da hankali kan kusurwar hare-hare uku masu karfi- Blast Burn,Hydro Cannon,da Frenzy Plant- don 'yantar da Mewtwo, wanda kuma ya lalata Hasumiyar Trainer. Charizard ya bayyana a matsayin babban Pokémon a cikin ɗan gajeren labari, Charizard Go!Tracey West ya daidaita shi, sabon littafin ya sake ba da labarin tafiyar Ash tare da Charmander,kuma ya kai kololuwa yayin da Ash da Charizard ke fafatawa a Pokémon League a Indigo Plateau da abokinsa nagari Ritchie. Labarin ya shafi Ash da sahabbansa sun gano Charmander da aka watsar,yakin da Charmeleon bai saurari Ash ba,da yakin Charizard da Blaine's Magmar.Charizard Go!shine labari na shida a cikin jerin Littattafan Babi na Pokémon. Wani babi labari,All Fired Up:Pokémon Johto Journeys,wanda Jennifer Johnson ya daidaita, ya ƙunshi ɓangaren tafiyar Ash kusa da Violet City da kuma Kwarin Characific.A cikin littafin,Ash yana mamakin ko Charizard ya bar tawagarsa har abada;ya ƙunshi kama Ash's Cyndaquil,sabuwar wuta Pokémon. An nuna Charizard a cikin layi na kayan wasan kwaikwayo masu laushi da adadi na aiki a cikin ikon amfani da sunan Pokémon,wanda Hasbro ya yi,da Tomy. A shekara ta 2004,"Charizard Medium Plush"ya kasance wani ɓangare na babban abin tunawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo 13 masu kyau saboda kuskuren masana'antu inda aka samo tukwici na allura tare da shaƙewa. Wannan ya ba Tomy damar maye gurbin kayan wasan yara tare da diyya ko maye gurbinsu.Charizard yana bayyana sau da yawa a cikin Wasan Kasuwancin Pokémon,musamman a cikin jerin'sakin farko.Katunan da ke nuna halayen an bayyana su sune mafi yawan abubuwan da ake so a cikin jerin,suna tashi cikin sauri zuwa farashi mai yawa tsakanin masu tarawa da dillalai. A cikin 2005,injin bincike Yahoo!ya ruwaito Charizard a matsayin"daya daga cikin manyan binciken yanar gizo masu alaka da Pokémon".David Caballero na Screen Rant ya jera Charizard a matsayin mafi kyawun Pokémon na Ash Ketchum daga kowane yanki.Kevin Slackie na Manna ya lissafa Charizard a matsayin na huɗu na mafi kyawun Pokemon,kuma ya ƙara da cewa Charizard na iya zama kamar babban dodo mai ban tsoro,amma ga mutane da yawa wannan shine Pokémon na farko da suka taɓa ƙauna. Dale Bishir na IGN ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin Pokémon mafi mahimmanci wanda ya shafi tarihin ikon amfani da sunan kamfani,sannan ya kara da cewa Charizard ya yi nasara sosai a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata,yana bayyanuwa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, bayyanuwa a cikin wasannin Smash daban-daban guda uku,har ma da kowane iri.na siffofin,daga Gigantamax zuwa Mega Juyin Halitta. Steven Bogos na The Escapist ya jera Charizard a matsayin na biyu na Pokémon da suka fi so,yana kwatanta shi a matsayin"mai ban sha'awa a all kaddarorin ikon ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani". Kafofin watsa labaru sun bayyana shi a matsayin"dogon rago,mai zafin rai,mai hura wuta ... sumul,mai ƙarfi,da ɓarna,an lura Charizard a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "mafi shaharar"haruffan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani.Dillalai sun danganta yawan tallace-tallacen kayayyaki da suka shafi halayen ga shaharar ƙirar dodo mai kama da yara. Yaran da aka zanta da su sun bayyana irin haka;sun danganta abin da ya burge shi da kamanninsa mai “kyau”da kuma danganta hali da“ka’idojin taurin kai da mulki”. Littafin Rebuilding Attachments With Traumatized Children ya ce likitocin masu tabin hankali sun yi amfani da wannan hali a matsayin abin da ya dace da yara wadanda suka kasance magoya bayan jerin Pokémon za su iya danganta su. Littafin Pikachu's Global Adventure:The Rise and Fall of Pokémon ya ambaci Charizard a matsayin "sanannen"tare da tsofaffin yara maza waɗanda suke da sha'awar sha'awar haruffan"tauri ko ban tsoro",kuma idan aka kwatanta da juyin halitta daga Charmander zuwa Charizard tare da asarar.na"cuteness"kamar yadda mutum ya bar ƙuruciya. Editan IGN"Pokémon of the Day Chick"da ake kira Charizard"tabbas shine mafi mashahuri kuma watakila mafi daidaituwa na kowane Pokemon farawa na yanzu". GamesRadarBrett Elston ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin"hannaye ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun Pokémon a can",yana yaba ƙirar halayensa tare da kiransa "ɗayan mafi kyawun"ƙira na gabaɗayan jerin. Editan GamesRadar Raymond Padilla ya ce"Charizard ya kasance babban Pokemon a zamanin da kuma har yanzu kyakkyawan zaɓi ne fiye da shekaru goma bayan an gabatar da shi." UGO.com ya bayyana Charizard a matsayin"mai fuka-fuki,mai kama da dodo"wanda ke iya"iya hura wuta kuma ya farfasa abokan adawar a cikin ja-gefen ja", amma ya bayyana cewa a cikin Brawl, yana da"hankali kamar Bowser" kuma "rashi ne.yanayin sanyi na Mario's arch-nemesis". Ben Skipper na International Business Times ya yaba da zane-zane na Charizard,kuma ya kira shi babban zane, amma ba shi da kyau kamar Blastoise. Charizard ya kasance matsayi na 19 a cikin Complexs"Mafi kyawun Pokemon Har zuwa Pokemon Crystal", tare da Iliya Watson yana cewa Charizard yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waje. Masu karatun IGN sun zabi Charizard a matsayin daya daga cikin mafi kyawun dodon aljihu,yana karbar kashi 86.3% na kashi na nasara. Marubuta Tracey West da Katherine Noll sun kira Charizard"mafi kyawun nau'in Pokémon na Wuta"da"Pokémon na uku mafi kyau".Sun rubuta cewa"babu wani abu da ya fi dacewa da wannan wuri" kuma "ya lashe zukatansu kuma ya sa [su] su yi farin ciki don ƙarin." Editan 1UP Kat Bailey ya nuna damuwa game da abin da Pokémon zai iya bi mai kunnawa a cikin <i id="mwAdY">Pokémon HeartGold</i> da <i id="mwAdc">SoulSilver</i>, yana mai cewa"ba da izinin shahararrun mashahuran kamar Charizard zai wuce da kyau". Editan Cardinal na Daily Kyle Sparks ya kira Charizard"mafi rinjaye Pokémon a cikin dukan sararin samaniya, karfi mai karfi". A cikin zaben da IGN ya gudanar,an zabe shi a matsayin"mafi kyawun Pokémon",inda ma'aikatan suka yi sharhi game da tunawa da tsagewa tsakanin zabar Blastoise da Charizard a farkon wasan. A zaben da Official Nintendo Magazine,Charizard aka zabe a matsayin"mafi kyau Fire-type Pokémon". Sun ce,"Ba wai kawai Charizard shine Pokémon da kuka fi so ba,amma yana iya zama ɗayan shahararrun'mon na kowane lokaci". Editan Kotaku Patricia Hernandez ya soki Juyin Juyin Halitta na Charizard na Y Mega saboda bai bambanta sosai da ainihin ƙirar Charizard ba, yayin da yake yabon Mega Charizard X don canza launi,da kuma juya Charizard zuwa nau'in dragon. Game Informer ya sanya Charizard a matsayin"Pokémon mafi kyau a cikin 151 na asali",yana siffanta shi a matsayin"Mai ƙarfi,gigantic, kuma mai girma".Sun kara da cewa "Pikachu na iya zama wanda kuka gane, amma Charizard shine kuke so." Laura Grey na Screen Rant ta bayyana cewa Charizard ya yi yawa a kan ikon amfani da sunan kamfani,kuma ya haifar da matsaloli daga magoya baya, shahararriyar kuma ta hana sauran Pokémon samun damar tabo. Charizard ya kasance sanannen hali a tsakanin masu karɓar katin Pokémon.A cewar eBay,katin Pokémon na Charizard shine wanda ake siyar da shi galibi, musamman lokacin da aka siyar da tambarin holographic na 1st na 1999 na Charizard akan $350,100.A cikin Oktoba 2020,mashahurin YouTuber kuma mai tasiri Logan Paul ya sayi katin saiti na Charizard akan $150,000.Daga baya a cikin Disamba 2020,wani tushe saitin katin Charizard wanda aka sayar akan rikodin $369,000.A cikin 2021,An siyar da katin da ba na hukuma ba wanda ake kira"thicc Charizard"azaman NFT akan $30,000. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25403

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Tabor

Grace Tabor

Ina Grace Tabor (24 Maris 1874, Cuba, New York - 15 Oktoba 1971) ta kasance ƴaran ƙasar Amurka landscape architect, mai zane, Marubuciya, kuma edita. Ta zamo ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da suka bayyana kanta a matsayin mai zanen landscape architect. An fi saninta da mawallafiya a kan batutuwan zanen landscape design, da aikin gona-(horticulture). Ita ce marubucin littattafan lambu guda goma, yawancinsu an buga su tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1921. Tarihin rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Grace Tabor a ranar 24 ga Maris 1874 a Cuba, New York. Ta yi karatu a Arts Students League da kuma New York School of Applied Design for Women duka a birnin New York. Tabor ta sami horon aikin lambu a Arnold Arboretum na Jami'ar Harvard University. A cikin 1905, Tabor, ta fara tsara rubutu da zane don wallafe-wallafen kamar a Mujallar The Garden Magazine da Country Life. Ta zama editan Mujallar The Garden Magazine (daga baya The American Home); Mataimakin Daraktan, Makarantar Aikin Noma ta Jihar New York akan Long Island. Tabor, ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta (ta balaga) a yankin birnin New York. Bayan ta yi ritaya, ta koma kudu, tana zama a jihohi daban-daban. A cikin 1914-1915 Tabor, ta fara aikin (landscape architecture) a asirce, musamman a kusa da birnin New York. Ta gwammace ta tsara lambuna don masu matsakaicin kuɗin shiga maimakon masu arziki. Sakamakon haka, ba a rubuta gonakinta a cikin wallafe-wallafe ba. Hukumar Lambun Yaƙi ta Ƙasa-(The National War Garden Commission) ta aika da ita yawon shakatawa na talla a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (WW1), don sha'awar samar da abinci a cikin Lambunan Yaƙi. Bayan yakin duniya na ɗaya, an naɗa ta shugabar sashin aikin gona na kwamitin Miss Anne Morgan na Faransa, kuma ta yi aiki a wannan matsayi a lokacin kasancewar kwamitin. A cikin 1920 Tabor ta rubuta wani littafi Come into the Garden inda ta yi magana game da yawan amfani da tsirai, tana ƙarfafa gwaiwar masu lambu. A cikin 1923 a matsayin ta na mai zane, mujallar Woman’s Home Companion ta nemi ta kafa Sashen Lambun a cikin wannan mujallar kuma ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin editanta. Ta fara aiki a mujallar har zuwa 1941. Ta hanyar Woman's Home Companion, wanda a lokacin tana cikin manyan mujallun mata a ƙasar. Ta bambanta tsohon da sabon salon aikin lambu tare da zane mai hoto na shimfidar wuri kafin da bayan gyare-gyare, ta sanya alamar "kafin" a matsayin "kuskure a cikin shimfidar wuri". Rubutu da take ma Woman's Home Companion an ɗauke shi a matsayin gungun masu ba da shawara mata game da batun. Tabor ta rubuta littattafan lambu guda goma, yawancinsu an buga su tsakanin 1910 zuwa 1921. Daga cikin muhimman littattafan akwai The Landscape Gardening Book da Come into the Garden . A cikin littafinta Old-Fashioned Gardening Tabor ta gabatar wa da masu karatu, lambuna na Amurka, Mulkin Mallaka. A cikin 1951 Tabor ta buga littafinta na ƙarshe Making a Garden of Perennials. A cikin 1932 ta ba da shawarar dasa sabbin bishiyoyi miliyan 10 a Amurka don bikin cika shekaru biyu na haihuwar George Washington. Ta kasance edita na Mujallar Tsirrai, Fure da 'Ya'yan itace ta ƙasa. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa sosai ga mujallar House and Garden, tana rubuta akan lambu a kowane wata da labarai masu zurfi game da aikin lambu. 1911 – The landscape gardening book, wherein are set down the simple laws of beauty and utility which should guide the development of all grounds 1911 – The garden primer; a practical handbook on the elements of gardening for beginners 1912 – Making a garden to bloom this year 1912 – Making the grounds attractive with shrubs 1912 – Making the grounds attractive with shrubbery 1912 – Making a bulb garden 1913 – Old-Fashioned gardening; a history and a reconstruction 1913 – Suburban gardens 1916 – Wonderdays and wonderways through flowerland; a summer adventure of once upon a time 1921 – Come into the garden 1934 – Herbs in cooking 1951 – Making a garden of perennials Ta mutu a shekarar 1973. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Grace Tabor on Findgrave

50617

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope%20Fasua

Tope Fasua

Tope Kolade Fasuwa (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba 1971) ɗan kasuwan Najeriya ne, masanin tattalin arziki, marubuci kuma ɗan takarar Shugabancin Najeriya a shekarar 2019 a Jam'iyyar Abundant Nigeria Renewal Party (ANRP. Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Shugaba na Global Analytics Consulting Limited, wani kamfani mai ba da shawara na kasa da kasa da hedkwatarsa a Abuja, Najeriya. A matsayinsa na mai kawo sauyi a siyasance, ya kafa jam’iyyar Abundant Nigeria Renewal Party (ANRP) kuma an zabe shi tun watan Fabrairun 2018, ya zama shugaban jam’iyyar na kasa. Fasua ya rubuta ginshiƙai masu yawa akan jaridu da littattafai guda shida. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Fasua a Legas. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Army Comprehensive High School a garinsu Akure a shekarar 1985 kafin ya karanci fannin tattalin arziki a Jami’ar Jihar Ondo, inda ya samu nasarar kammala karatunsa kuma ya samu lambar yabo ta mafi kyawun sakamako a sashen da malamai da kuma daukacin makaranta a shekarar 1991. A shekarar 1996, Fasua ya zama ƙwararren akawu bayan ya halarci Cibiyar Chartered Accountants of Nigeria don samun ACA (Associate Chartered Accountant). A tsakanin tafiyar Fasua daga dogon aikin da ya yi a banki har ya fara kamfanin tuntuba, ya halarci Jami'ar London Metropolitan don samun digiri na biyu a Kasuwannin Kudi da Kasuwanni wanda a ciki ya samu Distinction a 2006. Harvard Business School, Jami'ar Groningen, Lonestar Academy, Texas wasu cibiyoyin ilimi ne inda Fasua ya halarci shirye-shiryen zartarwa. A halin yanzu, shi abokin karatunsa ne tare da Ph.D akan manufofin jama'a da gudanarwa, ra'ayi a Jami'ar Walden. Bayan kammala karatun digirinsa (Bsc. Economics 1991), Fasua ya fara aiki a matsayin jami'in banki mai horarwa a sashin ayyuka a Bankin Citizens, Victoria Island Lagos, amma ya kwashe sama da shekaru hudu a can kafin ya koma Standard Trust Bank Limited inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manaja. Ya kuma yi aiki a bankin Equatorial Trust Bank Limited inda da farko ya rike mukamin babban manaja kafin a kara masa girma zuwa mukamin Darakta na yankin Abuja daga shekarun 2001 zuwa 2005. A matsayinsa na dan kasuwa, ya fara kamfaninsa na ba da shawara, Global Analytics Consulting Limited, yana aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar tun daga Satumba 2006 har zuwa yau. Fasua kasancewarsa ƙwararren marubuci ya rubuta littattafai huɗu: Crushed, Things to Do before Your Career Expears, The Race for Capital, and A Change Will Come. Har ila yau, wanda ya fito a matsayin mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa da al’amuran jama’a, ya kasance mai tsayin daka wajen ba da gudummawar kasidu kan al’amuran da suka shafi tattalin arzikin duniya da na kasa, ya kuma yi fice wajen rubuta labarai a manyan jaridun Najeriya, kuma ya ci gaba da kasancewa mai sharhi a shirye-shiryen talabijin da rediyo daban-daban. A wani lokaci, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya rubuta labarai sama da 1000. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 2016, Tope Fasua ya jagoranci wata kungiyar ‘yan Najeriya inda suka kafa jam’iyyar siyasa mai suna Abundant Nigeria Renewal Party (ANRP), kuma a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2017, daga karshe INEC ya sanar da jam’iyyar a matsayin jam’iyyar siyasa. ANRP, a ƙarƙashinsa ya haɓaka tushen membobinta zuwa kusan 53000, kamar yadda aka ruwaito akan gidan yanar gizon a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli 2018. Ya kasance dan majalisa a taron MACAA na shekarar 2019. Kamfen na Shugaban Kasa A taron kwamitin zartaswa na jam’iyyar ANRP na kasa da aka yi a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu 2018, Tope Fasua ya bayyana aniyarsa ta shiga takarar, domin neman tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a babban zaben na shekarar 2019 mai zuwa. Littafi Mai Tsarki Crushed! . New York: AuthorHouse. 2011. ISBN 978-1456770211. Things to Do... Before Your Career Disappears. New York: AuthorHouse. 2013. ISBN 978-1491878262. The Race for Capital . New York: AuthorHouse. 2015. ISBN 978-1504945653. Duba kuma Kingsley Moghalu Jam'iyyar Sabunta Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Articles with hAudio microformats

52870

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salman%20Rushdi

Salman Rushdi

Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie CH FRSL (/sælmɑn rʊʃdi/; an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1947) ɗan asalin Indiya ne ɗan littafin Birtaniya-Amurka. Ayyukansa sau da yawa suna haɗuwa da gaskiyar sihiri tare da tarihin tarihi kuma da farko suna hulɗa da haɗin kai, rushewa, da ƙaura tsakanin wayewar Gabas da Yamma, yawanci ana saita su a yankin Indiya. Littafin Rushdie na biyu, Midnight's Children , ya lashe kyautar Booker a 1981 kuma an dauke shi "mafi kyawun littafin duk masu nasara" a lokuta biyu, yana nuna bikin cika shekaru 25 da 40 na kyautar. Bayan littafinsa na huɗu, The Satanic Verses , Rushdie ya zama batun yunkurin kisan kai da yawa da barazanar mutuwa, gami da fatwa da ke kira ga mutuwarsa da Ruhollah Khomeini, babban shugaban Iran ya bayar. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun yi kisan kai da bama-bamai da yawa waɗanda suka ambaci littafin a matsayin abin motsawa, wanda ya haifar da muhawara game da tantancewa da tashin hankali na addini. A cikin 2022, wani mutum ya soke Rushdie bayan ya yi gaggawar zuwa mataki inda aka shirya marubucin ya gabatar da lacca a wani taron a Chautauqua, New York. A shekara ta 1983, an zabi Rushdie a matsayin abokin Royal Society of Literature . An nada shi Commandeur de l'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres na Faransa a shekarar 1999. An ba Rushdie lambar yabo a shekara ta 2007 saboda hidimomin da ya yi wa wallafe-wallafen. A shekara ta 2008, The Times ta sanya shi na 13 a cikin jerin manyan marubutan Burtaniya 50 tun 1945. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Rushdie ta zauna a Amurka. An ba shi suna Babban Mawallafi a Mazaunin a Cibiyar Harkokin Jarida ta Arthur L. Carter ta Jami'ar New York a shekarar 2015. Tun da farko, ya koyar a Jami'ar Emory. An zabe shi a Kwalejin Fasaha da Harafi ta Amurka . A cikin shekara ta 2012, ya wallafa Joseph Anton: A Memoir, wani labarin rayuwarsa bayan abubuwan da suka faru bayan The Satanic Verses. An kira Rushdie daya daga cikin mutane 100 mafi tasiri a duniya ta mujallar Time a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2023. Tarihin rayuwa Rayuwa ta farko da tarihin iyali An haifi Ahmed Salman Rushdie a Bombay a ranar 19 ga Yuni 1947 a lokacin mulkin Burtaniya, a cikin dangin Musulmi na Kashmiri na Indiya. Shi ne ɗan Anis Ahmed Rushdie, lauya mai ilimin Cambridge wanda ya zama ɗan kasuwa, da Negin Bhatt, malami. An kori mahaifin Rushdie daga Ma'aikatan Jama'a na Indiya (ICS) bayan ya bayyana cewa takardar shaidar haihuwa da ya gabatar yana da canje-canje don sa ya zama ƙarami fiye da yadda yake. Rushdie tana da 'yan'uwa mata uku. Ya rubuta a cikin tarihinsa na 2012 cewa mahaifinsa ya ɗauki sunan Rushdie don girmama Averroes (Ibn Rushd). Rushdie ya girma a Bombay kuma ya yi karatu a Cathedral da John Connon School a Fort, South Bombay, kafin ya koma Ingila don halartar Rugby School a Rugby, Warwickshire, sannan kuma King's College, Cambridge, daga inda ya kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko a tarihi. Rayuwa ta mutum Rushdie ta yi aure sau biyar kuma ta sake aure sau hudu, kuma tana da akalla wata dangantaka mai mahimmanci. Ya fara auren Clarissa Luard, jami'in wallafe-wallafen Majalisar Fasaha ta Ingila, daga shekarun 1976 zuwa 1987. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa, Zafar, wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1979, wanda ya auri mawaƙan jazz na London Natalie Rushdie . Ya bar Clarissa Luard a tsakiyar shekarun 1980 ga marubucin Australiya Robyn Davidson, wanda abokinsu Bruce Chatwin ya gabatar da shi. Rushdie da Davidson ba su taɓa yin aure ba, kuma sun rabu a lokacin da ya saki Clarissa a shekarar 1987. Matar Rushdie ta biyu ita ce marubuciyar litattafan Amurka Marianne Wiggins; sun yi aure a 1988 kuma sun sake aure a shekarar 1993. Matarsa ta uku, daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2004, ita ce edita ta Burtaniya kuma marubuciya Elizabeth West; suna da ɗa, Milan, wanda aka haifa a shekarar 1997. A shekara ta 2004, jim kadan bayan kisan aurensa na uku, Rushdie ya auri Padma Lakshmi, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Indiya, samfurin, kuma mai karɓar bakuncin shirin talabijin na gaskiya na Amurka Top Chef . Rushdie ya bayyana cewa Lakshmi ya nemi saki a watan Janairun 2007, kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar, a watan Yuli, ma'auratan sun shigar da shi. A shekarar 2021, Rushdie ya auri mawakiyar Amurka da marubuciya Rachel Eliza Griffiths. A shekarar 1999, Rushdie yana da aiki don gyara ptosis, matsala tare da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwayar ƙwaya ta ƙwayar ƙwace ta ƙwayar cuta ta ƙwayar ƙira ta ƙwayar ajiya ta ƙwaƙwalyar ƙwayar cutawa. A cewar Rushdie, ya sa ya zama da wahala a gare shi ya buɗe idanunsa. "Idan ban yi wa tiyata ba, a cikin 'yan shekaru daga yanzu ba zan iya buɗe idanuna ba", in ji shi. Tun daga shekara ta 2000, Rushdie ta zauna a Amurka, galibi kusa da Union Square a Lower Manhattan, Birnin New York. Shi mai sha'awar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Ingila Tottenham Hotspur ne . Duba kuma Mai farautar Butterfly Rashin amincewa da Musulunci Censorship a Kudancin Asiya Gaskiya mai ban tsoro Indiyawa a cikin babban birnin New York Jerin fatwas Jerin marubutan Indiya PEN International Littattafan zamani Rashin mutunci Haɗin waje Salman Rushdie at British Council: Literature Salman Rushdie a cikin Encyclopedia of Fantasy Salman Rushdie a cikin Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Appearances on C-SPAN Stuart A. Rose Manuscript, Archives, da Rare Book Library, Jami'ar Emory: Salman Rushdie takardu, 1947-2012 Rayayyun mutane

14783

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abubakar%20Rimi

Abubakar Rimi

Alhaji Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi (an haife shi ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu, 1940) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ya yi Gwamnan Jihar Kano a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Sadarwa na Tarayya daga shekara ta 1993 zuwa shekara ta 1998 a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Sani Abacha. Farkon Rayuwa, Karatu Alhaji Abubakar Rimi an haife shi a shekara ta 1940) a kauyen Rimi na Sumaila tsohuwar jihar Kano, Najeriya. A farkon shekarun 1960, ya halarci kwas na malanta a makarantar Gudanarwa da ke Zariya. Ya sami Takaddar Shaida ta ilimi daga Jami'ar London. A shekarar 1972, ya kammala difloma kan harkokin kasa da kasa a cibiyar kula da harkokin duniya ta London, sannan daga baya ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin hulɗa da kasashen duniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Cibiyar Horar da Malamai a Sokoto, sannan daga baya ya zama Sakataren Gudanarwa a Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Ƙasa da Ƙasa ta Najeriya. Farkon aiki da siyasa Rimi ya kasance dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben majalisar tarayya na mazabar Sumaila a shekara ta 1964 yayin da Musa Sa'id Abubakar ya kasance ɗan takarar majalisar tarayya na NEPU na mazabar Sumaila sun fafata da Alhaji Inuwa Wada na NPC amma duk sun janye wa Alhaji Inuwa Wada lokacin da aka ɗaure su. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki shekara ta . A watan Disamba shekara ta 1978, an zabe shi mataimakin sakatare na kasa na jam’iyyar PRP a babban taron jam’iyyar na farko a Legas .Ya kasance dan takarar PRP a zaben shekara ta 1979. An zaɓi Abubakar Rimi a matsayin gwamnan tsohuwar jihar Kano a karkashin inuwar jam’iyyar PRP a lokacin Jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya, muƙamin da ya rike daga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1979 ,Ana kiran majalisar ministocinsa da "Dukkanin Ministocin Digiri". An nada Alhaji Sule Hamma a matsayin Sakataren Gwamnati (SSG), Alhaji Abdullahi Aliyu Sumaila shi ne Sakataren Majalisar Zartarwa da Babban Sakatare na Gwamna, (PS ga Gwamna) daga baya ya zama Manajan Kamfen din Rimi a zaɓen shekara ta 1983, Tijjani Indabawa shi ne Sakatare mai lura da harkokin cikin gida na Gwamna (PPS ga Gwamna) da Sully Abu shi ne Sakataren Yada Labarai na Gwamnan. Ya kasance mai sassaucin ra'ayi da tasiri, da kuma karfafa mata su fita daga Kulle a Gida. Ya kawar da haraji (harajin mutum) da jangali (harajin shanu), kayayyakin tarihi na lokacin mulkin mallaka lokacin da Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniyya ke mulkin ta masarautu a Arewa. A shekara , ya ayyana ranar ma'aikata ta shekara-shekara. Dakatarwar da ya yiwa Sarkin Kano ya haifar da tarzoma a watan Yulin shekara ta 1981, sannan aka kashe mai ba Rimi shawara kan harkokin siyasa Dr. Bala Mohammed. A lokacin ofisoshin Jaridun Triumph, Rediyon Kano da ma'aikatu da yawa sun zone. A watan Mayu shekara ta 1983, Rimi ya yi rashin jituwa tare da malaminsa Aminu Kano kuma suka sauya sheka daga Jam’iyyar Redemption Party (PRP) zuwa Jam’iyyar Jama’ar Najeriya (NPP) a shirye-shiryen zaben shekara ta 1983. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa sannan mataimakinsa, Abdu Dawakin Tofa ya maye gurbinsa a matsayin gwamna. Aiki daga baya A shekara ta alif 1993, Rimi ya karbi aikinsa a matsayin Shugaban Bankin Noma da Hadin Kan Najeriya (NACB) a karkashin gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida . A lokacin sauya sheka zuwa Jamhuriya ta Uku ta Najeriya, Rimi ya kasance memba na tsakiyar-hagu Social Democratic Party (SDP) kuma yana daga cikin magoyan bayan farko na yunkurin ga Yuni da ke adawa da soke zaben MKO Abiola . Daga baya ya bar tafiyar ga Yuni, kuma ya zama Ministan Sadarwa a karkashin gwamnatin Janar Sani Abacha . Yana daya daga cikin mutanen da suka kafa jam'iyyar PDP. Ya kasance Shugaban kwamitin kudi na Jam’iyyar a lokacin da aka kafa ta sannan kuma daya daga cikin ‘yan takarar ta na shugaban kasa. An nada shi Shugaban Kamfanin Kula da Tsaro da Lantarki na Najeriya (NSPMC) a farkon lokacin mulkin Obasanjo a matsayin Shugaban farar hula. Daga baya ya koma Action Congress (AC), amma a shekara ta 2007 Rimi ya koma (PDP). A watan Disambar shekara ta 2008,ya yi kira ga Shugaban Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta, (INEC), Farfesa Maurice Iwu, da ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa, saboda kura-kuran da aka samu a zaben shugaban kasar da ya gabata. A watan Janairun shekara ta ,an kashe matarsa a gidansa. Kisansa na cikin wadanda ake tuhuma da kisan, amma daga baya aka sake shi saboda rashin hujja kuma har yanzu ana tsare da wani dan uwan nasa, Mustapha. A ranar hudu 4 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 2010, wasu ’yan fashi da makami suka kai wa Abubakar Rimi hari yayin da yake komawa gida jihar Kano daga jihar Bauchi. Kodayake bai samu rauni ba, da alama ya sha wahala sosai kuma ya mutu jim kadan bayan haka. Gwamnonin jihar Kano

25214

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch%20Taylor

Scotch Taylor

Alistair Innes 'Scotch' Taylor (1925 - 7 Fabrairu, shekara ta 2004 a birnin Johannesburg) ya Afrika ta Kudu wasa da suka buga na farko-aji wasan kurket da hockey for Transvaal, da kuma kyaftin din da Transvaal wasan kurket tawagar for hudu yanayi. Taylor ya wakilci Afirka ta Kudu a gwajin Cricket daya a shekara ta 1956. Ya kasance tsohon dalibin Makarantar King Edward VII, ya kafa sashin squash a cikin kulob din Old Edwardians, kuma an zabe shi shugaban kungiyar Hockey ta Afirka ta Kudu . Taylor ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini yana da shekaru 78 a rayuwa. Sana'ar wasan kurket Haihuwar 25 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta 1925 a Johannesburg, Taylor babban jemage ne, kuma ya fara buga gasar cin kofin Currie a matsayin mai buɗe ido da Rhodesia a 1950-51 . Ya ci karni na farko a wasan da ya biyo baya, yayin da Griqualand West ta sha kashi da ci 332 kuma Taylor ya kara 204 don bugun farko tare da gogaggen dan Afirka ta Kudu Eric Rowan, wanda ya karya tarihin rikodin Currie Cup na baya yayin wasan. Transvaal ya lashe Kofin Currie na 1950 - 51, ya buga wasa ɗaya kacal, kuma tare da gudanar da 368 Taylor ya gama na goma a gasar Currie Cup yana da ƙima, kawai a bayan Rowan don Transvaal. A cikin kakar 1951 - 52, Taylor ya fita daga cikin ƙungiyar kuma Transvaal ya koma zuwa Sashe na B, amma ya dawo tare da wickets ɗari da huɗu a wasan share fage na farko da Natal a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 1952. Kuma duk da cewa ya faɗi a matsayi na 25 a cikin wasannin da ake yi na kakar wasa, ya buga 164 a cikin nasarar da aka samu a kan iyaka, inda ya ƙara 274 tare da Rowan a farkon wicket. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya yi rikodin maki shida a ƙasa da 20, kuma an jefa shi a wasan dawo da iyaka, inda Transvaal ya yi rashin nasara. Hakanan an yi amfani da ƙwallonsa, yayin da ya ɗauki wickets 10 a matsakaicin ƙwallon ƙafa na 32.30 a kakar. Babu Kofin Currie a kakar wasa mai zuwa, amma har yanzu Taylor ya buga wasanni na aji uku na farko, duk da cewa an sake shi. A kan yawon shakatawa na 'yan New Zealand Taylor ya yi fama da lamba bakwai; a cikin wasan da ruwan sama ya shafa a Ellis Park, Transvaal ya buga 145 don takwas a cikin 29 over, tare da Taylor ya mari Tony MacGibbon, Bob Blair da John Richard Reid don tsere 64, 40 fiye da kowane dan wasan Transvaal. Transvaal ya baiyana cikin dare, yana biye da gudu 71, amma New Zealand ta ci ranar don yin canjaras. Ba tare da Taylor ba, Transvaal ya ci wasan su na farko na 1954-55, amma Taylor ya taka leda a wasan da ke kare Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai, yana yin babban matsayi mafi girma na 180 kamar yadda Transvaal ya ci nasara ta hanyar innings da gudu 306. Mako mai zuwa a kan Natal, shi da Ken Funston sun ɗauki Transvaal a cikin tsere 32 na farko na Natal duka tare da wickets takwas a hannu, amma Hugh Tayfield da Ian Smith, sannan Tayfield ya ɗora ta don tara yayin da Transvaal ya yi 99 don neman burin 246 don cin nasara. Kamar yadda Trevor Goddard '55 ya taimaki Natal ya fitar da ƙwallo 46 a fafatawar da aka yi, inda Taylor ya ci 61 daga cikin ƙungiyarsa ta 423 da ke gudana cikin innings biyu, kuma Transvaal kuma ya kasa doke lardin Yammacin Turai, dole ne su gamsu da matsayi na biyu. ; tare da tsere 461, mafi yawan Taylor da ya yi a lokacin gasar cin kofin Currie, Taylor ya gama na bakwai a jerin gwanon amma ya kai matsakaicin matsakaicin bugun. Taylor ya sami matsayin kaftin dinsa a kakar wasa mai zuwa, inda ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa nasara 52 a lardin Gabas da jagorantar gasar, amma ya biyo baya ta hanyar samun nasara daga Hugh Roy (mai matsakaicin matsakaici tare da matsakaicin aikin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na 42) a matsayin Transvaal ya bi 272 don nasarar su ta uku. Duk da rashin nasara na 91 Endean, Transvaal ya sha kashi, kuma Lardin Yammacin ya fara daga farkon wanda zai kai ga lashe Kofin Currie. Har ila yau Transvaal ya rasa sauran fafatawar da suka yi da Lardin Yammacin Turai, yayin da suka fatattaki 120 tare da kwallaye takwas a kan wicket da ruwan sama ya shafa. Taylor ya zira kwallaye mafi yawa bayan an saka shi a bude. Koyaya, ya samu hamsin kawai a cikin kakar, kuma tare da gudu 235 ya gama na 34 akan teburin wasannin Currie Cup. Babu wasan kurket na Currie a kakar wasa mai zuwa, yayin da Ingila ta zagaya kuma ta buga wasanni 20 na matakin farko. Koyaya, akwai wasan aji na farko tsakanin Transvaal da Natal, kuma bayan ƙarewa a cikin innings na farko Taylor ya buga 85 yayin da Transvaal ya murmure daga raunin innings na farko na 145 don cin wasan da wickets uku. Taylor ya buga wasanni biyu na Transvaal da XI na Afirka ta Kudu a kan masu yawon buɗe ido, kuma tare da kyaftin Jackie McGlew daga cikin tawagar Gwajin da raunin da ya sa aka ɗauke shi don gwajin farko da aka fara a Hauwa'u Kirsimeti. Ya ƙare tare da 12 da 6 a cikin ƙirarsa biyu, yayin da Ingila ta ci Jarabawa ta gudu 131. McGlew ya dawo don Gwaji na biyu, amma bai sami damar sake yin wasa ba, amma a yanzu an fi son mai buɗe Rhodesia Tony Pithey a kan Taylor, wanda ya ƙare kakar tare da matsakaicin matakin aji na 22. Lokaci na gaba ya ɗan fi kyau. Kodayake Transvaal ya sake doke Natal, Taylor ya sake fitowa cikin adadi ɗaya, kuma a cikin wasanninsa biyu da ya yi da Australiya masu yawon buɗe ido ya kasa yin hamsin koda sau ɗaya, don haka ya kasa wuce 50 a karon farko tun lokacin wasansa ɗaya a 1949- 50. Shekaru hamsin da hamsin a kakar da ta biyo baya sun taimaka masa ya kai matsakaicin adadin batutuwan zuwa 24.92 kamar yadda aka sake buga gasar Currie Cup, kuma a lokacin ruwan sama ya gama na 20 a cikin ƙidaya kuma Transvaal ya lashe Kofin bayan cin nasara akan Lardin Yammacin da kuma yi kunnen doki da Natal a wasanni biyu na ƙarshe. Taylor ya kasance kyaftin a wasanni hudu daga cikin shida. Adadinsa na ƙarshe ya zo a kakar wasa mai zuwa, a cikin tsere na 197 tare da Russell Endean yayin da Innings da 44 suka ci nasara, tare da Transvaal ya rasa wickets biyu kawai. Taylor ya yi tsere 353, na goma a gasar Currie, amma kawai ya yi 15 da 0 a matsayin mai yanke hukunci kan Natal, wanda Natal ya zana don lashe taken bayan sanya Transvaal ya biyo baya. Ya yi wasansa na ƙarshe da ƙungiyar Cavaliers ta Duniya wacce ta zagaya Afirka ta Kudu a farkon watanni na kakar 1960-61, inda ya yi 7 da 41 a kan ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Fred Trueman da Brian Statham. Ya mutu ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2004 a Johannesburg. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Scotch Taylor a Takaitaccen lissafi daga CricketArchive Mutuwan 2004

31186

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abokan%20Duniya

Abokan Duniya

Abokan Duniya ( FoEI ) cibiyar sadarwar kasa da kasa ce ta kungiyoyin muhalli a cikin kasashe 73. An kafa ƙungiyar a cikin 1969 a San Francisco ta David Brower, Donald Aitken da Gary Soucie bayan Brower ta raba tare da Saliyo Club saboda kyakkyawan tsarin kula da makamashin nukiliya. Robert Orville Anderson, mai kamfanin mai na Atlantic Richfield ne ya bayar da gudummawar da aka kafa na $500,000 (a cikin USD 2019). Ya zama cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya a cikin 1971 tare da taron wakilai daga ƙasashe huɗu: Amurka, Sweden, Birtaniya da Faransa. FoEI a halin yanzu yana da sakatariya (wanda yake a Amsterdam, Netherlands ) wanda ke ba da tallafi ga cibiyar sadarwa da manyan yakin da aka amince da shi. Kwamitin zartarwa na zaɓaɓɓun wakilai daga ƙungiyoyin ƙasa ya tsara manufofi da kula da ayyukan sakatariyar. A cikin 2016, an zaɓi ɗan gwagwarmayar Uruguay Karin Nansen don zama shugabar ƙungiyar. Matsalolin yaƙin neman zaɓe Abokan Duniya (International) ƙungiyar memba ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa, tare da membobi waɗanda ke bazu cikin duniya. Shirye-shiryenta na ba da shawara suna mayar da hankali kan batutuwan muhalli, suna nuna yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. Reshen ƙasa da ƙasa na Abokan Duniya yana da hedikwata a Amsterdam, Netherlands, saboda dalilai na haraji. Kamar yadda yake a cikin gidan yanar gizon sa, abubuwan da suka sa a gaba na kamfen na Abokan Duniya a duniya sune: adalcin tattalin arziki da kuma tsayayya da tsarin mulkin neoliberalism ; gandun daji da halittu ; ikon abinci ; da yanayin adalci da makamashi. An saita mahimman abubuwan yaƙin neman zaɓe na FOEI a babban taronta na shekara biyu. Bugu da ƙari, FOEI kuma tana shirin yaƙin neman zaɓe a wasu fagage, kamar kwararowar hamada ; Antarctica ; Maritime, ma'adinai da kuma haƙar masana'antu ; da makamashin nukiliya . A cikin 2016, FOEI kuma ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe akan cin abinci da kuma samar da nama mai ƙarfi ( Meat Atlas ). FOEI ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta sami nasara yayin da ta kawar da biliyoyin tallafin masu biyan haraji ga masu gurɓata muhalli, sake fasalin Bankin Duniya don magance matsalolin muhalli da haƙƙin ɗan adam, ta tura muhawara kan ɗumamar yanayi don matsawa Amurka lamba don ƙoƙarin yin mafi kyawun doka mai yiwuwa, dakatar da ƙari. Fiye da madatsun ruwa 150 masu lalata da ayyukan ruwa a duk duniya, an matsa su kuma sun ci nasara kan ƙa'idojin ma'adinai da tankokin mai da kuma hana kifin kifin na ƙasa da ƙasa. Masu sukar ta sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar tana ƙoƙari ne kawai don samun hankalin kafofin watsa labaru (kamar yadda ta fitar da waƙar "Ƙauna zuwa Duniya"), amma ba ta zauna tare da 'yan gida don magance matsaloli masu rikitarwa, kuma suna hana ci gaba a kasashe masu tasowa. Sun kuma yi suka kan manufofinta na karbar manyan kudade daga kamfanoni da ƙungiyoyin agaji masu alaka da mai da iskar gas. A watan Oktoban 2018, an sanar da cewa, Aliko Dangote, hamshaƙin attajirin Afrika, na shirin gina matatar mai na dala biliyan 12 a kan kadada 6,180 na fadama a Najeriya. Wannan zai sa ta zama matatar mai mafi girma a duniya. Nan da shekarar 2022, matatar za ta rika sarrafa gangar danyen mai 650,000 a kullum. Tuni dai Najeriya ta kasance kasa mafi arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka, duk da cewa matatun da ake da su ba su da inganci, don haka ana shigo da mafi yawan man da ake amfani da shi a cikin ƙasar. Domin za a gina matatar mai nisa daga yankin Neja Delta, inda ake hako mafi yawan man Najeriya, za a yi amfani da bututun da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa guda biyu wajen jigilar mai mai nisan mil 240 zuwa matatar mai da ke Legas . Bututun da dama a Najeriya na karkashin tsaro, wasu kuma fusatattun ‘yan kasa da kuma ‘yan kungiyar ‘yan tawaye mai suna Delta Avengers, wadanda ke fusata da gurbatar yanayi da talauci da ke tattare da su da kuma samo asali daga harkar mai. Bugu da kari, da alama wannan matatar man za ta baiwa Dangote damar mallakar man Najeriya. A ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2018, FOE Afirka ta fara zanga-zangar a wajen wani taron da kamfanin Shell ya shirya. Masu fafutuka sun gano cewa Shell ya taimaka wajen tsara wani yanki na yarjejeniyar yanayi ta Paris a cikin 2015. Shell, kamfanin haƙar mai, ya rinjayi ka'idojin kan alawus-alawus na iskar gas da hani. A wajen zanga-zangar, Rita Uwaka ta kungiyar FOE reshen Najeriya ta ce: “Kamar wuta ce a doron kasa. Ina wakiltar al'ummomin yankin Neja Delta wadanda wadannan manyan gurbatattun gurbataccen yanayi ke shafa. . . Samun waɗannan manyan masu gurɓatawa sun shigo nan a matsayin waliyyi ba kawai mari ba ne a kan mu a matsayin wakilai na COP . Har ila yau, mari ne a kan Uwar Duniya." Tsarin hanyar sadarwa Ƙungiyar memba a wata ƙasa na iya kiran kanta Abokan Duniya ko kuma daidai da fassarar jumla a cikin harshen ƙasa, misali, Abokan Duniya (US), Abokan Duniya (EWNI) (England Wales da Arewacin Ireland), Amigos de la Tierra (Spain da Argentina). Duk da haka, kusan rabin ƙungiyoyin membobin suna aiki ƙarƙashin sunayensu, wani lokaci suna nuna asali mai zaman kanta da shigar da hanyar sadarwa ta gaba, kamar Pro Natura (Switzerland), Ƙungiyar Koriya ta Ƙwararrun Muhalli, Ayyukan Haƙƙin Muhalli (FOE Nigeria) da WALHI (FOE Indonesia). Abokan Duniya na Duniya (FoEI) suna goyan bayan wata sakatariya da ke Amsterdam, da kuma kwamitin gudanarwa da aka sani da ExCom. Duk ƙungiyoyin mambobi ne ke zaɓen ExCom a babban taron da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru biyu, kuma ita ce ExCom wacce ke ɗaukar sakatariya. A daidai wannan babban taron, an amince da manufofin gaba ɗaya da ayyukan fifiko. Baya ga aikin da aka haɗa a matakin FoEI, ƙungiyoyin membobin ƙasa suna da yancin gudanar da nasu kamfen da yin aiki bi- ko da yawa kamar yadda suka ga dama, muddin hakan bai saba wa manufofin da aka amince da su ba a duniya. matakin. Meat Atlas rahoto ne na shekara-shekara kan hanyoyin da tasirin aikin noma na masana'antu . Littafin ya ƙunshi gajerun kasidu 27 kuma, tare da taimakon jadawali, yana hango gaskiya game da samarwa da cin nama. Abokan Duniya da Gidauniyar Heinrich Böll ne suka buga Meat Atlas tare. Sanannen magoya baya Mawaƙin Rock George Harrison ya sami alaƙa da Abokan Duniya bayan halartar zanga-zangar adawa da makaman nukiliya a London a cikin 1980. Ya sadaukar da kundin sa mafi girma na 1989, Mafi kyawun Dokin Duhu, ga Abokan Duniya, a tsakanin sauran ƙungiyoyin muhalli. Jay Kay, frontman na funk/acid jazz group Jamiroquai, an san shi don ba da gudummawar wani ɓangare na ribar da aka samu daga tallace-tallacen album ɗinsa ga Abokan Duniya da Oxfam, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa. Dominique Voynet, wanda ya tsaya takara a zabukan shugaban kasar Faransa a 1995 da 2007 a jam'iyyar "les verts" jam'iyyar Green Party, memba ne. Thom Yorke, jagoran mawaƙin Radiohead, ya goyi bayan kamfen ɗin Abokan Duniya da yawa a bainar jama'a. Mawaƙa na fitattun muryoyin muryoyin akan "Ƙauna Zuwa Duniya" -ciki har da Paul McCartney, Jon Bon Jovi, Sheryl Crow, Fergie, Sean Paul, da Colbie Caillat - sun haɗu da sojoji a kan wannan waƙar pop mai ban sha'awa. Duk abin da aka samu daga kowane siyar da guda ɗaya za a ba da gudummawa ga Abokan Duniya na Amurka da Gidauniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Taimakawa ga Babban Tambaya Daga cikin wadanda suka halarta a ƙaddamar da yakin neman sauyin yanayi na Abokan Duniya (EWNI) Babban Tambaya shine Dokar Jude, Edith Bowman, Siân Lloyd, Ross Burden, David Cameron, David Miliband, Thom Yorke, Stephen Merchant, Michael Eavis, da Emily Eavis. Ƙungiyoyin membobi Dandalin Indonesiya don Muhalli, Indonesia Ƙungiyar Koriya don Ƙwararrun Muhalli Abokan Duniya Gabas ta Tsakiya Legal Rights and Natural Resources Center - Kasama sa Kalikasan Cibiyar Shari'ar Muhalli, Sri Lanka Sahabat Alam Malaysia Abokan Duniya na Turai, Brussels Abokan Matasa na Duniyar Turai, Brussels Abokan Duniya - Faransa Abokan Duniya na Scotland Pro Natura (Switzerland) Amigos de la tierra, Spain Bund für Umwelt und Naturschutz Deutschland, Jamus Abokan Duniya (EWNI), Ingila, Wales da Ireland ta Arewa Birmingham Abokan Duniya GLOBAL 2000, Austria Abokan Duniya Malta Abokan Duniya Finland Magyar Természetvedok Szövetsége / Abokan Duniya Hungary Priatelia Zeme Slovensko (Abokan Duniya Slovakia) Abokan Duniya (EWNI), (Ingila, Wales da Arewacin Ireland) Manchester Abokan Duniya Green Action, Croatia Hnutí DUHA, Jamhuriyar Czech Milieudefensie, Netherlands Ƙungiyar Norwegian don Kiyaye Halitta, Norway Abokan Duniya (Malta) NOAH, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1969 a Denmark, ƙungiyar maƙiya ta ƙasa tun 1988, Denmark Amirka ta Arewa Abokan Duniya Kanada Les AmiEs de la Terre de Québec, Kanada Abokan Duniya (US) Abokan Duniya Ostiraliya Littattafan bibiya Brian Doherty da Timothy Doyle, Muhalli, Juriya da Haɗin kai. Siyasar Abokan Duniya na Duniya (Basingstoke: Palgrave, 2013). Jan-Henrik Meyer, "'A ina za mu je daga Wyhl?' Zanga-zangar Anti-Nuclear ta Juyin Juya Hali da ke niyya ga Ƙungiyoyin Turai da na Duniya a cikin 1970s, " Binciken Tarihi na Zamantakewa 39: 1 : 212-235. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Labarin Abokan Duniya Faransa "Multinationals : Masana ilimin halittu suna duba ja" Abokan Duniya na YouTube tashar YouTube Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

28142

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa%20P%C3%A1ramo

María Páramo

María Euridice Páramo Fonseca (an haife ta a shekara ta 1953 a Bogotá, Colombia) ƙwararren masanin burbushin halittu ne kuma ɗan ƙasar Colombia. Ta ba da gudummawa a kan ilimin burbushin halittu a Colombia a fagen kwatanta nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe na Cretaceous, musamman mosasaurs Eonatator da Yaguarasaurus, ichthyosaurs Kyhytysuka da Stenorhynchosaurus da plesiosaur Leivanectes. Tarihin Rayuwa A cikin 1991, Páramo ta sami MSc. digiri daga Jami'ar Nacional de Colombia tare da rubutun mai suna Posición Sistemática de un reptil marino con base en los restos fósiles encontrados en capas del Cretácico Superior en Yaguará, Huila da digirinta na PhD a 1997 daga Jami'ar de Poitiers tare da rubutun marin Les Vertébrés du Turonien de la Vallée Supérieure du Magdalena, Colombie, Systématique, Paléoécologie et Paléobiogéographie. Tare da "Mention d'honneur avec félicitations" don karatun digiri. María Páramo laccoci da gudanar da bincike a cikin Sashen Geosciences a Jami'ar Nacional de Colombia a Bogotá tun 2006. Páramo ya taimaka kafa tushe don adanawa da ceton burbushin halittu a yankin Colombia, tare da sauran masu bincike da masu ba da gudummawa. Páramo, tare da ɗan'uwan masanin burbushin halittu Fernando Etayo, sun haɗa kai wajen kwatanta burbushin dinosaur na farko da aka samu a Colombia, Padillasaurus leivaensis daga Paja Formation, kusa da Villa de Leyva, Boyacá. Sauran nau'o'in da Páramo ya kwatanta su ne mosasaur Eonatator coellensis daga Coello, Tolima, da pliosaur Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, da ichthyosaur Platypterigius sachicarum daga Paja Formation, Platypterygius appendicular ragowar daga Arewacin tip na Kudancin Amirka, da burbushin halittu na kifi Bachea huilensis daga Villeta Group, da Gomphotheres daga gadajen Pleistocene kusa da Cartagena. Ɗaya daga cikin cikakken binciken da aka yi a Kudancin Amirka, mosasaur Yaguarasaurus columbianus daga La Frontera Formation, Huila, an fi samuwa a Kudancin Amirka, amma an gano shi a duniya. Tare da Fonsesca, a cikin 2000, tattara haƙoran mosasaur jinsin da aka samu a cikin yadudduka na Turoniense na Villeta Formation daga "Mosasauroids daga Colombia." Páramo ta buga a cikin Mutanen Espanya, Faransanci da Ingilishi. Wannan jeri zaɓi ne. 2019 - A new late Aptian elasmosaurid from the Paja Formation, Villa de Leiva, Colombia 2018 - Appendicular remains of an ophthalmosaurid ichthyosaur from the lower Barremian of Villa de Leiva, Colombia 2016 - Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, gen. et sp. nov. a new pliosaurid from the Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) of Villa de Leiva, Colombia, South America 2013 - Eonatator coellensis nov. sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae), a new species from the Upper Cretaceous of Colombia 2012 - Mosasauroids from Colombia 2007 - The first Late Pleistocene record of Kinosternon (Cryptodira:Kinosternidae) turtles for Northern South America, Pubenza locality, Colombia 2001 - Los peces de la familia Pachyrhizodontidae (Teleostei) del Turoniano del Valle Superior del Magdalena, Colombia, dos nuevas especies 2000 - Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), a primitive mosasaur from the Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) of Colombia 1998 - Platypterigius sachicarum (Reptilia, Ichtyosauria), nueva especie del Cretácico de Colombia 1997 - Bachea huilensis nov. gen., nov. sp., premier Tselfatioidei (Teleostei) de Colombie Sanannen ayyuka na Páramo Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice; José Patricio O'Gorman; Zulma Gasparini; Santiago Padilla, da Mary Luz Parra Ruge. 2019. Wani sabon marigayi Aptian elasmosaurid daga Tsarin Paja, Villa de Leiva, Colombia. Binciken Cretaceous a cikin latsawa. _. An shiga 2019-03-09. Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2018. Restos apendiculares de un ictiosaurio oftalmosáurido del Barremiano na baya de Villa de Leiva, Colombia. Boletín de Geología 40. 15–30. An shiga 2019-02-06. Páramo, María E.; Marcela Gómez Pérez; Leslie F. Noé, da Fernando Etayo. 2016. Stenorhynchosaurus munozi, Gen. da sp. nov. sabon pliosaurid daga Upper Barremian (Lower Cretaceous) na Villa de Leiva, Colombia, Kudancin Amurka. Revista de la Academia Colombiana de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales 40. 84-103. An shiga 2017-06-01. Carballido, José L.; Diego Pol; Mary L. Parra Ruge; Santiago Padilla Bernal; María E. Páramo Fonseca, da Fernando Etayo Serna. 2015. Wani sabon Early Cretaceous brachiosaurid (Dinosauria, Neosauropoda) daga arewa maso yammacin Gondwana (Villa de Leiva, Colombia). Jaridar Vertebrate Paleontology Online edition. ku 980505. An shiga 2017-06-01. Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2013. Eonatator coellensis nov. sp. (Squamata: Mosasauridae), wani sabon nau'in daga Upper Cretaceous na Colombia. Revista Académica Colombiana de Ciencias Naturales XXXVII. 499-518. An shiga 2017-06-01. Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice, da Ingrid Carolina Escobar Quemba. 2010. Restos mandibulares de mastodonte encontrados en cercanías de Cartagena, Colombia. Geología Colombiana 35. 50–57. An shiga 2017-06-01. Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2001. Los peces de la familia Pachyrhizodontidae (Teleostei) del Turoniano del Valle Superior del Magdalena. Boletín Geológico 39. 51-83. Páramo Fonseca, María Euridice. 2000. Yaguarasaurus columbianus (Reptilia, Mosasauridae), wani tsohon mosasaur daga Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) na Colombia. Halittar Tarihi 14. 121-131. An shiga 2017-06-01. Páramo, María E. 1998. Platypterygius sachicarum (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) nueva especie del Cretácico de Colombia. Revista INGEOMINAS 6. 1-12.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Ashanti

Yankin Ashanti

Yankin Ashanti ta kasance daya daga cikin yankin gwamnatin kasar Ghana; babban birnin yankin ita ce Kumasi. Yankin Ashanti yana kudancin Ghana kuma shi ne na uku mafi girma a cikin yankuna 16 na gudanarwa, wanda ya mamaye fadin kasa . ko kashi 10.2 na yawan fadin kasar Ghana. Dangane da yawan jama'a, shi ne yanki mafi yawan jama a da ke da yawan jama'a 4,780,380 bisa ga ƙidayar 2011, wanda ya kai kashi 19.4% na yawan jama'ar Ghana. An san yankin Ashanti da manyan mashaya zinare da kuma samar da koko . Babban birni kuma babban birnin yanki shine Kumasi Wuri da girmansa Yankin Ashanti yana tsakiyar tsakiyar Ghana. Ya ta'allaka ne tsakanin tsayin 0.15W da 2.25W da latitudes 5.50N da 7.46N. Yankin yana da iyaka da yankuna shida na siyasa goma sha shida, Bono, Bono Gabas da Ahafo a arewa, yankin gabas a gabas, yankin tsakiya a kudu da yankin yamma a kudu maso yamma. An raba yankin zuwa gundumomi 27, kowannen shugaban gundumar. Tattalin Arziki Bude ido Wuraren shakatawa Bobiri Forest Butterfly Sanctuary Bomfobiri Namun Daji Digya National Park Kogyae Strct Nature Reserve Owabi Forest Reserve and Bird Sanctuary Wuraren shan iska Cibiyar Al'adu ta Kasa Ratray Park wurraren tarihi Komfo Anokye Sword site Manhyia Palace Museum Kumasi Fort and Military Museum Gidan kayan tarihi na Sojojin Prempeh II Jubilee Museum Gine-ginen Gargajiya na Asante Ya Asantewaa Museum Ana gudanar da bukukuwa da dama a yankin, manyan wadanda suka hada da Akwasidae da Adae Kese . Wadannan bukukuwa ne na addini da wasu 'yan kabilar Akan wadanda 'yan kabilar Ashanti suke gudanarwa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ne domin tunawa da shuwagabanni da jarumai na baya. Ko da yake sun mutu, an yi imanin cewa ruhinsu yana raye kuma suna sha'awar al'amuran masu rai, suna kallon ayyukansu, da kuma tuntuɓar su a lokacin bikin Adae. Ana gudanar da bukukuwa da dama a yankin, manyan wadanda suka hada da Akwasidae da Adae Kese . Wadannan bukukuwa ne na addini da wasu 'yan kabilar Akan wadanda 'yan kabilar Ashanti suke gudanarwa. Ana gudanar da bukukuwan ne domin tunawa da shuwagabanni da jarumai na baya. Ko da yake sun mutu, an yi imanin cewa ruhinsu yana raye kuma suna sha'awar al'amuran masu rai, suna kallon ayyukansu, da kuma tuntuɓar su a lokacin bikin Adae. Papa Festival Kente Festival Yaa Asantewaa Festival Bikin Mmoa Nni Nko Nkyidwo Festival Sauran abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido Kasuwar Kejetia Patakro shrine Buga tufafin Adinkra a Ntonso Kauyen Adanwomase Kente Bonwire Kente Village Ahwiaa Woodcarving Village Yawan jama'a Cibiyar yawan jama'ar yankin Ashanti tana cikin gundumar Kumasi Metropolitan . Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekara ta 2000, yankin yana da yawan jama'a 3,612,950, wanda ya sa ya zama yanki mafi yawan jama'a; duk da haka, yawansa (148.1 a kowace murabba'in kilomita) ya yi ƙasa da na Tsakiya (162.2/km 2 ) Yankin. Galibin al'ummar yankin Ashanti sun fito ne daga kabilar Akan kuma 'yan asalin kasar ne tun haihuwa tare da kashi 5% (biyar) bisa dari na 'yan Ghana. Karamin kaso na al’ummar kasar sun samo asali ne daga wajen Ashanti da Akanland ko Ghana, wanda ya kunshi kashi 3.7 bisa dari musamman daga kasashe biyar masu amfani da turancin Ingilishi na ECOWAS da kashi 2.1 daga sauran kasashen Afirka. Al'ummar da ba 'yan Afirka ba da ke zaune a yankin shine kashi 1.8 cikin 100 na yawan jama'a. 'Yan kabilar Akan su ne ke da rinjaye a yankin, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 94.2% na 'yan kasar ta haihuwa. Babban kashi na al'ummar Akan shine Ashanti . Filin jirgin saman Kumasi ne ke aiki da yankin Ashanti, wanda ke tafiyar da jiragen cikin gida. Manyan tituna guda biyar na kasa – N4, N6, N8, N10 da N6 – da kuma wasu ‘yan titin yankin irin su R52 da R106 da ke hidimar yankin N6 ya hada Kumasi ta Kwame Nkrumah Circle da Nsawam da N4 zuwa Accra. Haka kuma yankin na da alaka da shiyyar ta tsakiya da N8 da kuma N10, dukkansu sun samo asali ne daga Yemoransa da ke shiyyar tsakiya . N10, duk da haka, ya haɗu da babban birnin yankin na Kumasi Manyan manyan makarantu The Ashanti region has three public universities. In addition to that, there are a number of private universities and colleges which have spread throughout the region. Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi Ghana Baptist University College, Kumasi Spiritan University College, Ejisu Garden City University College, Kenyasi, Kumasi Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (formerly Kumasi Campus of University of Education, Winneba) National Institute Of Information Technology, Kumasi Campus NIIT. Kumasi Technical University, K-Poly IPMC, Kumasi Campus Akrokerri College of Education St. Monica's College of Education, Mampong Christian Service University College, Odeneho Kwadaso Wesley College of Education St. Louis College of Education Akenten Appiah-Menka University of Skills Training and Entrepreneurial Development (formerly Mampong Campus of University of Education, Winneba) Mampong Technical College of Education (MAMTECH) S.D.A. College of Education, Agona Yankunan kasar Ghana

53173

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyneth%20Paltrow

Gwyneth Paltrow

Articles with hCards Gwyneth Kate Paltrow Falchuk / / pæltr oʊ / PAL - PAL ; an haife ta a watan Satumba 27, shekarar 1972) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma 'yar kasuwa Ba'amurke. Ita ce wadda ta samu lambobin yabo daban-daban, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Academy, lambar yabo ta Golden Globe, da lambar yabo ta Emmy Award . Paltrow ta sami sanarwa game da aikinta na farko a fina-finai kamar Bakwai , Emma , Ƙofofin Zama , da Cikakken Kisan . Ta sami yabo mai yawa saboda rawar da ta yi a matsayin Viola de Lesseps a cikin tarihin soyayya Shakespeare in Love wanda ya lashe lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da lambar yabo ta Academy Award for Best Actress . Wannan ya biyo bayan rawar a cikin The Talented Mr. Ripley , The Royal Tenenbaums , Shallow Hal , da Sky Captain and the World of Gobe . Bayan zama iyaye a cikin 2004, Paltrow ya rage yawan aikin ta. Ta yi fitowa lokaci-lokaci a cikin fina-finai, kamar Hujja ta wasan kwaikwayo , wanda ya ba ta lambar yabo ta lambar yabo ta Golden Globe Award for Best Actress . A cikin 2009, ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award don Mafi kyawun Kundin Magana don Yara don littafin mai jiwuwa na yara Brown Bear da Abokai . Bugu da kari, ta sami lambar yabo ta Emmy Award don Fitacciyar Jarumar Baƙi a cikin jerin ban dariya don rawar baƙonta a matsayin Holly Holliday akan jerin talabijin na kiɗan Fox Glee a cikin 2011. Daga 2008 zuwa 2019, ta nuna Pepper Potts a cikin Marvel Cinematic Universe . Tun daga 1995, Paltrow ya kasance fuskar turaren Estée Lauder 's Pleasures; a baya ta kasance fuskar Coach iri na Amurka. Ita ce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na kamfanin salon rayuwa Goop, wanda aka soki don inganta pseudoscience, kuma ya rubuta littattafan dafa abinci da yawa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Gwyneth Kate Paltrow a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1972, a Los Angeles, ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Blythe Danner da mai shirya fina-finai Bruce Paltrow . Tana da ƙane, Jake, wanda darekta ne kuma marubucin allo. Mahaifin Paltrow Bayahude ne, yayin da mahaifiyarta Kirista ce. An taso ta tana bikin "biki na Yahudawa da na Kirista." Dan uwanta yana da Bar Mitzvah na gargajiya lokacin da ya cika shekara 13. Iyalin Yahudawa Ashkenazi na mahaifinta sun yi hijira daga Belarus da Poland, yayin da mahaifiyarta ke da Pennsylvania Dutch (Jamus) da kuma wasu zuriyar Irish da Ingilishi. Kakan kakan mahaifin Paltrow Rabbi ne a Nowogród, Poland, kuma zuriyar sanannen dangin Paltrowicz na rabbai daga Kraków . Paltrow rabin kani ne ga 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Katherine Moennig, ta wurin mahaifiyarta, kuma kani na biyu na tsohuwar 'yar majalisar dokokin Amurka Gabby Giffords ( AZ-08 ) ta hanyar mahaifinta. Ta hanyar Giffords, suruki ne na biyu na Sanatan Amurka Mark Kelly na Arizona . Mahaifinta shine darekta Steven Spielberg . Kawunta mawaƙin opera ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Harry Danner, wanda 'yarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Hillary Danner, ƙanwar Paltrow ce kuma aminin ku. Paltrow ya tuna da taron danginsu: “Ni da Hillary koyaushe muna da wannan abu guda ɗaya, kuma har yau… dafa abinci ga mutanen da muke ƙauna, ci, ratayewa a matsayin iyali. Haka aka tashe mu. Abin da muke yi shi ne.” Wani dan uwan shine Rebekah Paltrow Neumann, wanda matarsa ita ce miloniya dan Isra'ila-Ba'amurke Adam Neumann, wanda ya kafa WeWork . Paltrow ta girma a Santa Monica, California, inda ta halarci Makarantar Crossroads, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Spence, makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu a Manhattan. Daga baya, ta karanci tarihin fasaha a Jami'ar California, Santa Barbara, kafin ta bar aiki. Ita 'yar da aka ɗauke ta Talavera de la Reina (Spain) ce, inda tana da shekaru 15, ta yi shekara ɗaya a matsayin ɗalibin musayar kuma ta koyi magana da Mutanen Espanya. Hakanan tana iya magana cikin Faransanci, yayin da danginta ke yawan tafiya zuwa Kudancin Faransa a duk lokacin ƙuruciyarta. 1989-1995: Aikin farko Farawar aikinta za a iya ba da lamuni ga danginta na wasan kwaikwayo, yayin da wasanta na farko ya kasance a High , fim ɗin TV da mahaifinta ya ba da umarni, kuma bayan ta shafe lokacin bazara da yawa tana kallon mahaifiyarta a bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Williamstown a Massachusetts, Paltrow ya sanya mata sana'a. mataki na farko a can a 1990. Fim ɗinta na halarta na farko ya biyo baya tare da fim ɗin soyayya na kiɗan Shout , wanda ke nuna John Travolta, kuma ubangidanta Steven Spielberg ya jefa ta a cikin fasalin kasada mai nasara na kasuwanci Hook a matsayin matashin Wendy Darling . Matsayin Paltrow na gaba sun kasance a cikin wani yanki na wasan opera sabulu na Scotland Take The High Road da fina-finan da aka yi don talabijin Cruel Doubt da Mutuwar dangantaka . Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1972

11629

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daular%20Mandara

Daular Mandara

Masarautar Mandara (wani lokacin ana kiranta Wandala ) ta kasance ce masarautar Afirka a cikin tsaunin Mandara wanda a yau ake da kuma yanzu ake kiran wurin da Kamaruzzaman.Mutanen Mandara sun fito daga zuriyar masarautar. Gargajiya ta bayyana cewa an kafa Mandara ne jim kadan kafin shekarar 1500 ta hannun wata mata mai suna Soukda da wani mafarauci wanda ba dan asalin Mandarawa mai suna Gaya. Fra Mauro (a cikin shekarar 1459) da Leo Africanus (a cikin shekarar 1526); sun ce sunan mandara a wancan lokacin ya kasance ba'a san sun sa ba. A cikin karni na farko a masarautar, sarakunan ta sunyi yaqi da kungiyoyin kawance dan kokarin fadada yankunan su. Bayan cin nasarar Dulo (ko Duolo) da kuma kafa babban birnin a Dulo c. 1580, daular Sankre, jagoran yaƙi, ya fara. Lokacin da Dulo yayi ƙoƙari don kwace mulki, masarautar Bornu ta goyi bayan iƙirarin Aldawa Nanda, ɗan gidan Sankre. Sarki Idris Alaoma na jihar Borno da kansa ya nada Nanda a matsayin sarki a shekarar 1614. Don haka Bornu ya sami babban mukami a kan Mandara. Mai Bukar Aji, shine sarki na 25, ya kokarin ya sanya Mandara ta koma garin musulunci a c. 1715, wanda daular zata cigaba da kasan cewa har kusan shekara ɗari biyu. Baƙin musulmai ne suka musuluntar da Bukar zuwa musulunci, kuma musuluncin masarautar zai ci gaba acikin karnin har a gaba. Masarautar ta sami zamani mai daraja a karkashin Bukar da wanda ya gaje shi, Bukar Guiana . A kusan shekarar 1781, Mandara ta ci daular Borno a wani babban yaqi, tare da kara fadada ikonsu a yankin. A ƙarshen karnin makuran karfin su, Mandara ta karɓi yabo daga wasu manyan fannoni 15. Hakakuma, masarautar ta fuskanci koma baya a shekarar 1809, lokacin da Modibo Adama, wani dalibi dan kungiyar Fulani na Usman dan Fodio, ya jagoranci jihadi a kan Mandara. Adama a takaice ya kwace Dulo, koda yake ba da daɗewa ba Mandara ta kore shi daga kan iyakokin masarautar. Rashin nasarar Adama ya tilasta wa Borno yin abokantaka da Mandara suka saki abotansu a dalilin mamayewar Fulani. Bayan mutuwar shugaba Bukai Dgjiama, rikicin Mandara ya taso daga wadanda ba musulmai ba, Fulani kuma sun sake kai hari. A shekarar 1850, Borno ba zata iya ba da damar kai hari kan masarautar da ta raunana ba. Wannan rikice-rikice da aka sabunta ya fara ɓoye ƙarfin masarautar, yana ba da hanya ga mamayewar sojojin Muhammadu Ahmad a cikin shekarar 1880s. A shekarar 1895 ko kuma shekarar 1896, sojojin Muhammad Ahmad sun lalata Dulo, suna masu nuna koma baya ga ikon Mandara. Ko ta yaya, masarautar ta ci gaba da kasancewa, tana ta ci gaba da kai hare-haren ta Fulani har sai da ta kai musu a shekarar 1893. Bature Mai bincike mai suna Dixon Denham, yayi tafiyan bude ido na rakiya tare da wasu bayi daga Borno izuwa cikin masarautar Mandara a watan Fabrairun shekarar 1823; duk da cewar ya gudu kuma ya tsira da ransa, sakamakon cin nasarar da wasu maharan da suka samu, amman ya dawo da daya daga cikin bayanan masarautan da ya samu cikin Turai. A cikin shekarar 1902, kasar Jamus ta karbi ragaman masarautan, daga baya ta mika ma ragamar a hannun Faransa a shekarar 1918. A shekarar 1960, masarautar Mandara ta zama wani bangare na sabon Kamaru mai cin gashin kansa. Masu mulkin Mandara (a zamanin nan a Kamaru ) (Kwanakin wata a karkace na nuna a zahiri shine ci gaba da ofishin) == Dubi kuma == Siyasa ta Kamaru Shugabannin hukumomin Kamaru Headsan mulkin mallaka na Kamaru Biritaniya na Kamaru (Cameroons) Shugaban gwamnatin Burtaniya na Kamaru (Cameroons) Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa Kamaru (Cameroun) Shugabannin Faransa na Kamaru (Cameroun) Fon (take) Fon na Batibo Shugabannin jamusawa na Kamaru (cameroon) Sarakunan Mandara Sarakunan Bamum Lissafin masu riƙe da ofis Barkindo, Bawuro Mubi . Mai alfarma Sarkin Mandara zuwa 1902 . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. DeLancey, Mark W., da DeLancey, Mark Dike . Kundin tarihi na Jamhuriyar Kamaru . Na uku ed. Fanso, VG . Tarihin Kamaru don Makarantun Sakandare da Kwaleji: Juzu'i na 1: Tarihi prehistoric zuwa karni na sha tara . London: Macmillan Education Ltd. Tarihin Kamaru Sarakunan Cadi Sarakunan Kamaru

57874

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonakin%20Shonga

Gonakin Shonga

Gonakin Shonga sun kunshi manoma 13 na ‘yan kasuwa da gwamnatin jihar Kwara ta Najeriya ta gayyace su domin kawo sauyi a harkar noma a jihar tare da inganta samar da ayyukan yi, inganta samar da wadataccen abinci da inganta wadatar abinci. Kamfanin sarrafa kadarori na Najeriya (AMCON) ne ya karbe gonakin Shonga saboda bashin kimanin N1.7bn da gonar ta yi. Gwamnatin Dr. Bukola Saraki a kokarin farfado da harkar noma a jihar Kwara ta kaddamar da shirin komawa gonaki. An yi wannan aikin ne don karfafa aikin noma na kasuwanci a jihar. Gwamnati ta share fili mai fadin kadada, ta sayo kayayyakin noma kamar takin zamani, maganin ciyawa da na kashe kwari, sannan ta raba filaye ga manoma. Aikin Komawa zuwa gona ya samu nasarar kashi 14 cikin 100, saboda dalilai daban-daban, ciki har da rashin isassun kwarewar noman kasuwanci daga bangaren manoma. Wannan ya zama wani abin koyi ga gwamnatin jihar Kwara da ta yanke shawarar yin amfani da damar da aka samu a kasar Zimbabuwe, inda gwamnatin kasar Zimbabwe ke korar manoma fararen fata, domin baiwa manoman damar yin noma a Kwara. Wannan matakin da ya sa manoman Zimbabuwe suka nuna sha'awarsu sosai, ya kuma kai ga samar da shirin gwaji na gonakin Shonga da ya kunshi manoma 13, wadanda a yanzu suka koma garin Shonga na jihar Kwara. An bai wa manoman ko wannensu hekta 1,000 na fili a karkashin yarjejeniyar da za a sabunta na shekaru 25 don yin noman kasuwanci. Gwamnatin jihar ta samar da kayan aikin farko na share filaye da kuma ba da tabbacin wuraren lamuni na farko ga manoma. Gwamnati ta biya wa al’ummar yankin diyya tare da kara ba su tallafi, baya ga mayar da su wasu filaye domin yin noma.. Jihar Kwara ta yanke shawarar gayyato manoman kasar Zimbabwe ne domin biyan bukatun jihar, da samar da danyen kayan masarufan da ke da alaka da noma, da kuma noman da za a fitar zuwa kasashen waje. Haka kuma jihar ta fara wannan aiki ne saboda dimbin ayyukan yi da take da shi. Shonga Farms Holding Limited An kafa Shonga Farms Holding Limited (SFH) a matsayin wata Mota ta Musamman don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu dangane da aikin noman kasuwanci na Gwamnatin Jihar Kwara a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamna, Dakta Bukola Saraki. SFH an kafa shi musamman don samar da ayyuka a cikin gona. Bankunan biyar da ke da hannu wajen samar da kudaden wannan shiri sun hada da Guaranty Trust Bank, Intercontinental Banks, Unity Bank, Fin Bank da Bank PHB. Bankunan sun mallaki kashi saba'in da biyar cikin dari yayin da gwamnatin jihar ke da kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari. A daya bangaren kuma kamfanin Shonga Farms Holding ya mallaki kashi sittin cikin dari a kowace gonaki 13, wanda ya bar manoma da kashi arba’in cikin dari. Kamfanin Shonga Farms Holding Nigeria Limited, ta hannun rassansa yana yin hada-hada, kiwo, da kiwo. Yana noman amfanin gona na kasuwanci kamar masara, shinkafa, rogo, ginger, waken soya, madara da naman kaji. Kamfanin kamfani ne mai zaman kansa, daban da gwamnatin jiha. gonakin Shonga sun habaka noman abinci sosai a jihar Kwara. A halin yanzu, masana'antar sarrafa kajin ta Farm na samar da daskararrun kaji 2,500 da aka sarrafa a kowace rana, amma idan aka gama aiki za ta samar da kaji 10,000 a kowace rana. Haka kuma gonar kiwo na da karfin sarrafa har zuwa lita 50,000 na madara a kowace rana. Manufar gonar ita ce mayar da hankali ga hidimar kasuwar kananan hukumomin jihar Kwara kafin sauran jihohin. gonakin na samar da danyen madara lita 2500 ga WAMCO (masu kera PEAK MILK) a kullum. Gidan kiwon kaji, wanda wurin da wurin yake da damar samun kajin broiler miliyan 12 a duk shekara, a halin yanzu yana samar da kajin ga kamfanin abinci mai sauri na Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) da ke Legas. Hakanan yana ba da ayaba zuwa kantin sayar da kayayyaki, Shoprite. Gonakin Shonga ba wai kawai suna inganta ayyukan yi a wannan fanni ga mazauna yankin ba, har ma wata dama ce ga manoman yankin wajen koyan ingantattun ayyukan noma. Nasarar gonakin Shonga ya haifar da sabbin abubuwa da dama a jihar Kwara. Ta hanyar gona kawai, har zuwa 3,000-4,000 suna aiki a lokacin girbi. Mazauna kauyukan da ke makwabtaka da su yanzu suna jin dadin samar da wutar lantarki, ruwan sha da kuma samun wuraren kiwon lafiya. Masu zuba jari da dama kamar WAMCO da Olam a halin yanzu suna gudanar da ayyukansu a jihar Kwara, suna samar da guraben aikin yi ga mazauna yankin, yayin da wasu da dama ke nuna sha’awar zuba jari a fannin noma na Jihar Kwara Aikin Shonga ya ta'allaka ne kan ayyukan noma guda uku; gauraye noma, kiwo da kiwon kaji. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

28375

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamberg

Bamberg

Bamberg (/bæmbɜrɡ/, Amurka kuma/bɑmbɛərk/, Jamusanci: [bambɛʁk] (saurara)) birni ne, da ke cikin Upper Franconia, Jamus, akan kogin Regnitz kusa da haɗuwarsa da kogin Main. Garin ya samo asali ne tun karni na 9, lokacin da aka samo sunansa daga gidan Babenberch na kusa. Da aka ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun garuruwan Jamus, tsohon garinsa ya kasance wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO tun 1993, tare da Bamberg gida ne ga katangar tsohon birni mafi girma a Turai. Daga karni na 10 zuwa gaba, Bamberg ya zama babbar hanyar haɗi tare da al'ummomin Slav, musamman na Poland da Pomerania. Ta samu babban ci gaba tun daga karni na 12 zuwa gaba, wanda a lokacin ya kasance tsakiyar Daular Rum a takaice. An kuma binne sarki Henry II a tsohon garin, tare da matarsa ​​Kunigunde. Gine-ginen garin daga wannan lokacin ya yi tasiri sosai a Arewacin Jamus da Hungary. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. An haɓaka wannan haɓakar ta hanyar samun babban yanki na ƙididdigar Meran a cikin 1248 da 1260 ta wurin gani, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar rabon fifs ɗin da aka kashe. Bamberg ya rasa ƴancin kai a cikin 1802, bayan da aka mayar da ƙasar coci, ya zama wani yanki na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa garin da tsarin layin dogo na Jamus a 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg). Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, Bamberg ya kasance muhimmin tushe ga Bavaria, Jamusanci, sannan sojojin Amurka da aka jibge a Barrack Warner, wanda kawai ya rufe a cikin 2014. A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan Roman na ƙaura da zama na Jamus, yankin daga baya ya haɗa da Diocese na Bamberg galibi Slavs ne suka zauna. Garin, wanda aka fara ambata a cikin 902, ya girma ta gidan sarauta Babenberch wanda ya ba da suna ga dangin Babenberg. A kan bacewar su, ya wuce gidan Saxon. Sufaye na Benedictine Fulda Abbey ya zama Kirista musamman yankin, kuma ƙasar tana ƙarƙashin ikon ruhaniya na Diocese na Würzburg. A cikin 1007, Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki Henry II ya mai da Bamberg gadon iyali, wurin zama na diocese daban. Manufar Sarkin a cikin wannan shi ne don mayar da Diocese na Würzburg rashin ƙarfi a girman da kuma ba da Kiristanci mai karfi a gundumomin Franconia, gabashin Bamberg. A shekara ta 1008, bayan doguwar tattaunawa da limaman cocin Würzburg da Eichstätt, wadanda za su raba wasu sassan majami'unsu, an bayyana iyakokin sabuwar diocese, kuma Paparoma John XVIII ya ba da tabbacin Paparoma a cikin wannan shekarar. Henry II ya ba da umarnin gina sabon babban coci, wanda aka keɓe ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1012. Cocin ya wadata da kyaututtuka daga Paparoma, kuma Henry ya keɓe shi don girmama shi. A cikin 1017 Henry kuma ya kafa Michaelsberg Abbey a kan Michaelsberg ("Mount St. Michael"), kusa da Bamberg, gidan gidan Benedictine don horar da malamai. Sarkin da matarsa ​​Kunigunde sun ba wa sabuwar diocese manyan abubuwa na wucin gadi, kuma ta sami gata da yawa waɗanda daga cikinsu suka haɓaka ikon bishop na duniya. Paparoma Benedict na VIII ya ziyarci Bamberg a cikin 1020 don ganawa da Henry II don tattaunawa game da Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Yayin da yake nan ya sanya diocese bisa dogaro kai tsaye ga Mai Tsarki. Shi ma da kansa ya tsarkake wasu majami'un Bamberg. Na ɗan lokaci Bamberg ya kasance cibiyar daular Roma mai tsarki. An binne Henry da Kunigunde a babban cocin. Daga tsakiyar karni na 13 zuwa gaba, bishop ya zama sarakunan daular kuma sun yi mulkin Bamberg, suna kula da gine-ginen gine-gine. A cikin 1248 da 1260 gani ɗin ya sami babban yanki na kadarorin Counts na Meran, wani ɓangare ta hanyar siye da wani ɓangare ta hanyar keɓancewar fif ɗin da aka kashe. Tsohon Bishopric na Bamberg ya ƙunshi wani yanki mara karye daga Schlüsselfeld a arewa maso gabas zuwa dajin Franconian, kuma yana da ƙarin kadarori a Duchies na Carinthia da Salzburg, a cikin Nordgau (Upper Palatinate na yanzu), a Thuringia, da kuma na Danube. Ta wurin sauye-sauyen da aka samu daga gyare-gyaren, yankin wannan gani an rage kusan rabin gwargwado. Tun 1279 an san rigar makamai na birnin Bamberg a cikin hanyar hatimi. Gwajin mayu na ƙarni na 17 ya yi da’awar kimanin mutane dubu ɗaya da aka kashe a Bamberg, wanda ya kai kololuwa tsakanin 1626 da 1631, a ƙarƙashin mulkin Yarima-Bishop Johann Georg II Fuchs von Dornheim. Shahararren Drudenhaus ( kurkukun mayya), wanda aka gina a 1627, ba ya nan a yau; duk da haka, cikakkun bayanai na wasu lokuta, kamar na Johannes Junius, sun kasance. A cikin 1647, an kafa Jami'ar Bamberg azaman Academia Bambergensis. Bambrzy (Posen Bambergers) 'yan sandan Jamus ne waɗanda suka fito daga mazauna yankin Bamberg waɗanda suka zauna a ƙauyuka da ke kusa da Poznań a cikin shekaru 1719-1753. A cikin 1759, an sayar da dukiyoyi da hukunce-hukuncen diocese a Ostiriya zuwa waccan jihar. Lokacin da aka wayi gari da masu zaman kansu na coci diocese ta rufe 3,305 km2 (1,276 sq mi) kuma tana da yawan jama'a 207,000. Don haka Bamberg ya rasa 'yancin kai a 1802, ya zama wani ɓangare na Bavaria a 1803. An fara haɗa Bamberg zuwa tsarin jirgin ƙasa na Jamus a cikin 1844, wanda ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na abubuwan more rayuwa tun daga lokacin. Bayan boren gurguzu ya mamaye Bavaria a cikin shekarun bayan yakin duniya na daya, gwamnatin jihar ta gudu zuwa Bamberg ta zauna a can kusan shekaru biyu kafin sassan Freikorps su karbe babban birnin Bavaria na Munich (duba Bavarian Soviet Republic). An zartar da kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriya ta farko ta Bavaria a Bamberg, wanda aka fi sani da Bamberger Verfassung (Tsarin Mulkin Bamberg). A watan Fabrairun 1926 Bamberg ya zama wurin taron Bamberg, wanda Adolf Hitler ya kira a yunƙurinsa na haɓaka haɗin kai da kuma murkushe adawa a cikin jam'iyyar Nazi ta matasa a lokacin. An zaɓi Bamberg don wurin da yake a Upper Franconia, kusa da gidajen membobin ƙungiyar Nazi ta arewa masu adawa amma har yanzu a cikin Bavaria. A cikin 1973, garin ya yi bikin cika shekaru 1,000 da kafuwar sa. Yawan jama'a na tarihi Labarin ƙasa Bamberg yana cikin Franconia, mai tazarar kilomita 63 (39 mi) arewa da Nuremberg ta hanyar jirgin ƙasa da 101 km (63 mi) gabashin Würzburg, kuma ta jirgin ƙasa. Yana kan kogin Regnitz, kilomita 3 (1.9 mi) kafin ya kwarara cikin Babban kogin. Yanayin yanayinsa yana da siffa ta hanyar Regnitz da kuma tsaunin Steigerwald, wani yanki na tsaunukan Jamus. Daga arewa maso gabas zuwa kudu maso yamma, an raba garin zuwa farkon filin Regnitz, sannan ɗayan manyan tsibirai da yawa da yawa waɗanda makamai biyu na Regnitz (Inselstadt) suka kirkira, kuma a ƙarshe ɓangaren garin kan tsaunuka, “Tudun Gari” (Bergstadt). Duwatsu bakwai na Bamberg Bamberg ya shimfida sama da tsaunuka bakwai, kowanne coci ya yi rawani. Wannan ya haifar da Bamberg ana kiransa "Romawa Franconiya" - ko da yake wasan barkwanci tsakanin jagororin yawon shakatawa na Bamberg shine a koma Rome a maimakon "Bamberg Italiyanci". Tuddan sune Cathedral Hill, Michaelsberg, Kaulberg/Obere Pfarre, Stefansberg, Jakobsberg, Altenburger Hill da Abtsberg. Yanayi a wannan yanki yana da ɗan bambanci tsakanin sama da ƙasa, kuma ana samun isasshen ruwan sama duk shekara. Tsarin yanayin Köppen na wannan yanayin shine "Cfb" (Yanayin Marine West Coast Climate/Oceanic weather), tare da wani tasiri na nahiyar kamar yadda aka nuna ta matsakaicin yanayin sanyi na dare da ke ƙasa da sifili. Tattalin Arziki A cikin 2013 (bayanan da aka samu) GDP na kowane mazaunin ya kasance €56,723. Wannan ya sanya gunduma ta 10 daga cikin gundumomi 96 (na karkara da birane) a cikin Bavaria (matsakaicin gabaɗaya: €39,691). Abubuwan jan hankali Garin Bamberg an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na UNESCO a cikin 1993 saboda tsarinsa na da da kuma kyawawan gine-ginensa na tarihi. Tun tsakiyar zamanai, ana yin aikin lambu a birane a Bamberg. Gundumar Masu Lambun Kasuwa tare da Birni a kan tuddai da Gundumar Tsibiri wani muhimmin yanki ne na Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. A cikin 2005, Municipality ya kafa naúrar don daidaita aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Tarihi ta Duniya a Bamberg. A cikin 2019, an buɗe baƙo da cibiyar fassara don Gidan Tarihi na Duniya. Wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan gani sune: Cathedral na Bamberg , tare da kaburburan Emperor Henry II da Paparoma Clement II. Alte Hofhaltung, wurin zama na bishops a ƙarni na 16 da 17 Neue Residenz, mazaunin bishop bayan karni na 17 Laburare na Jihar Bamberg a cikin Sabon Gidan zama Tsohon zauren gari , wanda aka gina a tsakiyar kogin Regnitz, gada biyu ke samun damar shiga Klein-Venedig ("Little Venice"), wani yanki ne na gidajen masunta daga karni na 19 tare da wani bankin kogin Regnitz. Michaelsberg Abbey, wanda aka gina a karni na 12 akan ɗayan Bamberg's "Bakwai Hills" Altenburg, castle, tsohon wurin zama na bishops Bamberg Cathedral marigayi ginin Romanesque ne mai hasumiya hudu. An kafa shi a shekara ta 1004 da Sarkin sarakuna Henry II, ya ƙare a 1012 kuma ya tsarkake shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1012. Daga baya an lalata shi da wuta a cikin 1081. Sabon Cathedral, wanda Saint Otto na Bamberg ya gina, an keɓe shi a cikin 1111 kuma a cikin karni na 13. ya karɓi sigar ta na ƙarshen-Romanesque na yanzu. Jami'ar Bamberg, mai suna Otto-Friedrich University, tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin kimiyyar zamantakewa, nazarin kasuwanci da zamantakewa, kuma dalibai fiye da 13,000 ke halarta. Jami'ar Kimiyyar Aiwatar da Bamberg tana ba da ilimi mafi girma a fannonin lafiyar jama'a. Bamberg kuma gida ne ga makarantun sakandare guda takwas (dakunan motsa jiki): E.T.A. Hoffmann-Gymnasium Haka kuma akwai sauran cibiyoyi masu yawa na firamare, sakandare, fasaha, sana'a da manyan makarantu. Fitattun mutane Annette von Aretin , mai shelar talabijin ta farko na Bayerischer Rundfunk. Carl Adam Bader, (1789 a Bamberg; † 1870 a Berlin), tenor Lisa Badum Dorothee Bär (an haife ta a shekara ta 1978), Memba na Majalisar (CSU), Sakataren Jiha na Ministan Sufuri da Kayayyakin Dijital na Tarayya. Wilhelm Batz, , Luftwaffe, ace Louis-Alexandre Berthier, , Shugaban Ma'aikatan Napoleon Bonaparte Joachim Camerarius , ɗan adam, polymath da mawaƙi Claudia Ciesla, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1987), 'yar wasan Poland-Jamus Paparoma Clement II, (ya mutu 1047), bishop na Bamberg daga 1040 zuwa 1046 Christopher Clavius, , masanin lissafi, astronomer da Jesuit. Conrad III na Jamus, , Sarkin Jamus Cunigunde na Luxembourg, (c. 975–1040), uwargidan sarki, mai mulkin Daular Roman Mai Tsarki kuma matar Henry II. Stefan Dassler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), marubucin da ba na almara ba Günther Denzler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948), tsohon shugaban gundumar Bamberg (CSU) Karlheinz Deschner , marubuci kuma mai sukar addini da coci Gottfried Diener , masanin ilimin kimiyya da bincike na Goethe Ignaz Dollinger , likita Ignaz von Dollinger , muhimmin masanin tauhidin Katolika da tarihin coci Curt Echtermeyer, wanda kuma aka sani da Curt Bruckner , mai zane. Erich Ebermayer , marubuci Hans Ehard , lauya kuma ɗan siyasa Günter Faltin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1944), malamin jami'a Heinrich Finck , madugu kuma mawaki Klaus-Dieter Fritsche (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), masanin shari'a kuma ɗan siyasa (CSU), Karl von Gareis , lauya kuma marubuci, memba na Reichstag Nora-Eugenie Gomringer, (an haife ta a shekara ta 1980), mawaki kuma marubuci Thomas Gottschalk (an haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mai gudanarwa, mai gabatar da talabijin, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Lukas Görtler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Hans Grassmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), masanin kimiyyar lissafi kuma marubuci Joseph Heller , mai tarawa, a yau Helleriana a cikin Laburaren Jihar Bamberg Karl Höller , mawaki Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, , masanin falsafar Jamus. Henry II, , Sarkin Roma Mai Tsarki E.T.A. Hoffmann, , marubucin Jamusanci kuma marubuci Joachim Jung (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951), mai fasaha Harry Koch (an haife shi a shekara ta 1969), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Lorenz Krapp , lauya, mawaƙi kuma ɗan siyasa (BVP, CSU) Dieter Kunzelmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1939), ɗan majalisa kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar hagu Paul Lautensack , mai zane kuma organist Paul Maar, (an haife shi a shekara ta 1937), marubucin Jamus kuma marubuci Emil Marschalk von Ostheim , masanin tarihi kuma mai tarawa. Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria, a zahiri Duke Maximilian Joseph a Bavaria , mai tallata kiɗan jama'ar Bavaria a ƙarni na 19. Willy Messerschmitt , mai zanen jirgin sama na Jamus, Flugzeugbau Messerschmitt GmbH Wolf-Dieter Montag , likitan Jamus, ƙwararren likitancin wasanni, likitan ceton dutse, da mai kula da wasanni na duniya. Christina Morhaubt, wanda aka samu da laifin maita kuma an yanke mata hukumcin kisa ta hanyar ƙonewa a 1627 a lokacin gwajin mayya na Bamberg. Martin Münz , masanin ilimin halitta kuma farfesa Ida Noddack-Tacke, , masanin ilmin sunadarai da physicist; ta gano kashi 75, rhenium Christopher Park (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan pian Fiona Parker , wacce ta samu lambar azurfa ta Olympic Bernd Redmann (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), mawaki kuma masanin kiɗa Mike Rose, , mai zane, saiti kuma marubuci Gerd Schaller (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965), shugaba Rainer Schaller (an haife shi 1969), ɗan kasuwa kuma wanda ya kafa McFit Fitness GmbH. Claus Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg , wani jami'in Jamus wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya kashe mai mulkin Jamus Adolf Hitler a cikin makirci na Yuli 20. Berthold Maria Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1934), tsohon Janar na Bundeswehr. Franz-Ludwig Schenk Graf von Stauffenberg (an haife shi a shekara ta 1938), tsohon ɗan majalisar Bavaria na Turai. Ritter Josef von Schmitt , Bajamushe mai martaba, Shugaban Kotu na Masarautar Bavaria, mai ba da shawara ga Yarima Luitpold na Bavaria, dan majalisa mai zaman kansa kuma ɗan ƙasa mai daraja na birnin Bamberg. Gottfried von Schmitt , ɗan Jamus mai daraja, memba na Kotun Koli kuma memba na Babban Majalisar Bavaria. Josef Schmitt , ɗan Jamus mai daraja kuma ɗan majalisa mai zaman kansa. Gottfried Schmitt , ɗan siyasan Jamus Josh Shipp, (1986-yanzu), ƙwararren ɗan wasan kwando na Brose Baskets Bamberg Tom Schütz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne Sven Schultze (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando Karsten Tadda (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando Karl Borromäus Thumann , masanin tauhidin Jamus Oscar Wassermann , ma'aikacin banki na Jamus Andrew Wooten (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Karl Friedrich Gottlob Wetzel, , marubuci kuma mai zane Fränkischer Merku.

21645

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20ibn%20Isa%20al-Shaybani

Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani

Ahmad ibn Isa al-Shaybani (ya mutu a shekara ta 898), ya kasance shugaban larabawa na kabilar Shayban. A cikin shekara ta 882/3 ya gaji mahaifinsa, mai suna Isa ibn al-Shaykh, a matsayin mai mulkin kusancin Diyar Bakr, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗaɗa ikonsa a wasu yankunan kudancin Armenia shi ma. Ya sami iko a kan Mosul a 891/2, amma fuskantar wani resurgent Abbasiyawa Khalifanci, ya aka hana birnin da kuma tilasta su a cikin wani wuri na vassalage da Halifa al-Mu'tamid. Jim kaɗan da mutuwarsa a shekara ta 898, Halifa ya hana ɗansa da magajinsa, Muhammad, yankuna na ƙarshe da suka rage a ƙarƙashin ikon dangin. Ahmad dan Isa bin al-Shaykh al-Shaybani ne. A cikin shekarun 860s, ta hanyar amfani da hargitsin "Anarchy at Samarra", wanda ya gurguntar da Khalifanci na Abbasawa kuma ya karfafa rarrabuwar kai a lardunan, Isa ya dauki kansa a matsayin dan lokaci kadan ya zama shugaban wata kasar a zahiri ta makiyaya a Falasdinu. Daga ƙarshe an tilasta masa barin Falasɗinu ya zama gwamnan Armenia, amma ya kasa aiwatar da ikonsa a kan sarakunan yankin, sai ya bar lardin a shekara ta 878 ya koma garinsa na asali Jazira (Upper Mesopotamia). A can ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulkin Diyar Bakr, tare da Amid a matsayin babban birninta. A mutuwar Isa a shekara ta 882/3, Ahmad ya gaji mahaifinsa. Mutum ne mai son cika buri, ya yi amfani da matsayinsa a matsayin gwamna na Diyar Bakr mai cikakken 'yanci don faɗaɗa tasirinsa a duka sauran Jazira da arewa zuwa Armenia. Duk da cewa sabanin mahaifinsa bai rike wani mukami a madadin Kalifanci a Armenia ba, a shekara ta 887 Khalifa al-Mu'tamid ya aike shi don ya ba da sarautar ga yariman Bagratid Ashot I, ta haka ya kafa daular Armeniya mai zaman kanta. A cikin Jazira, kamar mahaifinsa da ya gabace shi, sarkin Turkiya na Mosul, Ishaq bn Kundajiq, wanda Halifa ya amince da shi a matsayin gwamnan Jazira ya yi adawa da Ahmad. Bayan mutuwar Ibn Kundajiq ne a cikin shekara ta 891/2 sannan Ahmad ya sami damar faɗaɗa ikonsa, ya kame Mardin kuma daga ƙarshe Mosul da kansa, yana fitar da ɗan Ibn Kundajiq Muhammad. Nasarorin nasa ba su dade ba, domin a cikin shekarar 893, sabon kazamin khalifa al-Mu'tadid ya yi kamfen a Jazira kuma ya sanya Mosul karkashin shugabancin halifa kai tsaye, yana iyakance Shaybanids zuwa asalin lardinsu na Diyar Bakr. Ganin farfadowar ikon Abbasiyawa karkashin al-Mu'tadid, Ahmad ya yi kokarin ganin ya sami yardar Halifa don tabbatar da matsayinsa. Don haka, bisa bukatar Halifa, ya aika da dukiyar Ibn Kundajiq zuwa Bagadaza kuma ya haɗa da kyaututtuka da yawa nasa, da kuma ɗan tawayen Khawarij da ya kama. Dan uwan Al-Mu'tadid kuma mai kula da hargitsi, Ibn al-Mu'tazz, ya yi murnar miƙa wuya ga Ahmad kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa "yana tunanin ƙetarewa zuwa yankin Byzantine kuma ya zama Kirista", amma Marius Canard yana ganin na biyun ba mai shakku ba ne. A cikin jagorancin Armenia, Ahmed ya fara faɗaɗa a cikin : ya tsare Abu'l-Maghra bn Musa bn Zurara, sarkin Arzen a kudancin Armenia, wanda yake da dangantaka da Bagratids kuma har ma ya zama Kirista a ɓoye da kansa, kuma ya haɗa yankinsa da nasa. Amfani da damar yaƙin tsakanin magajin Ashot I Smbat I da Sajid Muhammad al-Afshin, Ahmad ya ƙaddamar da mamayar masarautar Taron, inda ya kame Sasun . Bayan rasuwar yarima Dauda, Ahmad ya kirkiro kisan dan dan uwansa kuma magajinsa, Gurgen, kuma ya sami nasarar kwace dukkanin masarautar (shekarar 895 ko farkon shekara ta 896). Da yake sarakunan Taron membobin gidan Bagratid ne, wannan aikin ya sa Ahmad cikin rikici kai tsaye tare da Sarki Smbat I, wanda yanzu ya nemi sarkin Shaybanid ya bar Taron, don amintar da zaɓinsa a matsayin wakilin Kalifa a Armenia. Ahmad ya ƙi, kuma Smbat ya tara babbar runduna (wanda aka ba da rahoton 60,000 ko ma maza 100,000 bisa ga tushen zamanin da) don yin maci da shi. Yakin Smbat bai yi nasara ba, saboda yaudarar Gagik Apumrvan Artsruni, mai mulki na Vaspurakan: Sojojin Smbat sun dogara ga Gagik a matsayin jagoran su, kuma ya jagorance su da gangan akan hanyoyi masu wahala kan tsaunuka, don haka lokacin da suka isa Taron, Armeniyan sojoji sun gaji. Tare da Gagik da ke aiki don lalata ruhin, sojojin masarauta sun kusan hallaka a cikin yaƙin na gaba, kuma da ƙyar Sarki Smbat da kansa ya tsere. Ahmad ya mutu a shekarar 898, kuma dansa, Muhammad, wanda ya gaje shi ya yi mulki a takaice har zuwa, a shekara mai zuwa, al-Mu'tadid ya kawo karshen ikon Shaybanid kuma ya sanya Diyar Bakr karkashin shugabancinsa kai tsaye. A cikin Taron, wani dan uwan yariman da aka kashe Gurgen, Grigor ya karbe mulki . A matsayinsu na "masu mulki ta hanyar kwace mulki" ( alā sabīl al-taghallub ), Ahmad da mahaifinsa suna yanke hukunci mai tsauri daga masana tarihi na musulmi na wannan zamani, amma a cewar M. Canard, "a cikin rikicewar lokacin da wadannan Larabawan Mesobotamiya suke rayuwa, ba su da kyau a ciki halayensu fiye da sauran sojoji na mulkin Abbasawa". Kamar sauran Shayban, duk da haka, Isa da Ahmad suma an girmama su saboda ingancin waƙoƙin larabcin su. Masanin tarihin al-Mas'udi shi ma ya rubuta cikakken tarihin rayuwar Ahmad a cikin Akhbar al-zaman, yanzu an rasa.

26677

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lola%20Kenya%20Children%27s%20Screen

Lola Kenya Children's Screen

Lola Kenya Screen, ko Lola Kenya Screen Children bikin watsa labarai mai ji da gani da koyo ta hanyar yin jagoranci ga yara da matasa a gabashin Afirka. Ya ƙunshi shirya fina-finai, sukar fina-finai, aikin jarida na al'adu, ilimin kafofin watsa labaru, tallace-tallace, da tsarawa da tsari. An kafa allo na Lola Kenya a cikin Oktoba 2005 wanda masanin fasaha da al'adu Ogova Ondego ya kafa, wanda ya kasance Manajan Amintacce kuma Daraktan Ƙirƙira tun lokacin. Sunan Lola Kenya Screen Bantu kuma yana nufin "duba ko kallon fina-finai a Kenya". Allon Lola Kenya yana nufin nema, ganowa, haɓakawa da haɓaka hazaka a tsakanin yara da matasa ta hanyar shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙwarewar hannu a fannoni kamar aikin jarida, yin fina-finai, godiyar fasaha, da tsari da gabatar da al'adu da ƙirƙira. Memorandum and Articles of Association of Lola Kenya Screen suna cikin Babi na 486 na Dokokin ƙasar Kenya, wanda a ƙarƙashinsa aka haɗa allon Lola Kenya. Babban manufofinsa su ne: Don samar da hanyoyin samar da fina-finai ga masu tasowa; Don gina masu sauraro don fina-finan Afirka ta hanyar ƙarfafa al'adu masu dacewa, fina-finai masu sauraro a cikin harsunan gida, al'adu da gaskiya; Don haɓaka ƙwarewar fina-finai da haɓaka hazaka a Kenya; Don samar da aƙalla fina-finai shida a kowace shekara daga wuraren shirya fina-finai; Don haɗa kai da abokan tarayya na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin horar da ƙwararrun matasa waɗanda ke son haɓaka ƙwarewar su a cikin rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo, fina-finai, sashen fasaha, sauti, yin aiki, jagoranci, da samarwa. Haɓaka Ƙwarewa A lokacin bikin, yara da matasa suna aiki a cikin kwamitin zaɓen fina-finai, shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da gabatar da shirye-shirye, sanƙira (Master of Ceremonies, MC), juri na fina-finai, manema labarai na biki (al'adun aikin jarida), da kuma a cikin taron shirya fina-finai, wanda ya samar da gajeru akalla biyar. fina-finai na yara da matasa. Shirin Ƴan Jaridu na bikin na da nufin daukaka matsayin aikin jarida na kirkire-kirkire da al'adu a gabashin Afirka. Taron Bita na Ƙaddamarwa na neman wadata yara da matasa dabarun yin fina-finai. Shirin Ƙungiyar Shirin da Gabatarwa (MC) yana ba da jagoranci ga mahalarta a cikin tsari da kuma gabatar da abubuwan da suka faru da shirye-shirye. Jury na Fim yana ba wa mahalarta damar haɓaka mahimmancin godiya ga aikin ƙirƙira gabaɗaya da fim musamman. Mambobin juri, waɗanda dukkansu yara ne da matasa, suna kallon fina-finai kuma suna ba da kyaututtuka. Shirin Karatun Kafafan Yada Labarai na bunkasa fahimtar damammaki da haɗurran da ke tattare da kafafen yada labarai na zamani da kuma yadda za a kauce wa matsaloli ta hanyar shiga cikin fadakarwa. Tun daga watan Agustan 2006, lokacin da Lola Kenya Screen ta buɗe ƙofofinta ga rukunin farko na mahalarta, wasu yara da matasa 254 sun wuce ta cikin Disamba 2011. Sauran shirye-shirye Wannan shi ne dandali wanda masu ruwa da tsaki daban-daban ke haɗawa, da tallatawa da ƙimar kasuwa, kayayyaki da ayyuka da suka shafi yara, matasa da iyali yayin bikin. Docs for Kids, shirin na masu horar da masu shirya fina-finai na yara da matasa, da IPO- Gabashin Afirka, a nan an kaddamar da su a nan. Wannan kuma ita ce hanyar shigar da shirye-shiryen kasa da kasa zuwa yankin gabashin Afirka, domin da wuya a nuna yawancin fina-finan kasa da kasa da ake nunawa a nan a ko'ina a nahiyar Afirka, wanda da wuya a samu kasuwa ta fina-finan yara da matasa. Wayar da kai ga makarantu Allon Lola Kenya yana nuna fina-finai a cibiyoyin ilimi a ciki da wajen Nairobi kuma yana taimaka wa ɗalibai da ɗalibai su san mahimmancin kafofin watsa labarai a cikin al'ummomin zamani. Nuna al'umma da silima ta wayar hannu Allon Lola Kenya yana haɗin gwiwa tare da abokan hulɗa daban-daban don nuna fina-finai, gudanar da tarurrukan bita da gudanar da taron ƙarawa juna sani a cikin al'ummomi a Nairobi da kewaye. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan abokin tarayya shine Slum-TV, wanda Lola Kenya Screen ke kaiwa ga jama'a a cikin tarkace na Mathare, Huruma, Jericho da Kibera . Dandalin fina-finai na Lola Kenya Wannan baje kolin fina-finai ne na kowane wata na gabashin Afirka wanda ake gudanarwa tun ranar 15 ga Disamba, 2005. Taron wanda ake gudanarwa a ranar Litinin din ƙarshe na kowane wata a cibiyar Goethe-Institut da ke birnin Nairobi, taron ya ƙunshi ɗaliban fina-finai, masu shirya fina-finai, ‘yan jaridan fina-finai, furodusoshi, daraktocin fasaha da sauran su. Ana nuna fina-finai kuma mahalarta suna tattaunawa da kuma bincika wasu tsare-tsare don ciyar da harkar fim gaba a yankin. Bikin fim Bikin fina-finai na Lola Kenya na shekara-shekara yana gudana a cikakken makon farko na Agusta. Tun daga 2008 kuma ta ɗauki nauyin gasar Kids For Kids Festival-Africa (KFKF-A) don fina-finai da yara suka yi don yara a faɗin Afirka. Bikin fina-finai ya mayar da hankali ne kan fina-finan yara da matasa, fina-finai na ɗalibai, masu son yin koyi da ƙwararrun yara da matasa, da kuma fina-finan da suka shafi yara da matasa. A lokacin bikin, yara (ƴan shekaru 6 zuwa 13) da matasa (ƴan shekaru 14 zuwa 25) suna aiki a cikin kwamitin zaɓe na fim, a kan juri na fim, a cikin shirye-shiryen shirye-shirye da gabatarwa (MC), a cikin shirin. bukukuwan jarida (na aikin jarida na kirkire-kirkire), da kuma a cikin aikin shirya fina-finai mai amfani wanda ke samar da akalla gajerun fina-finai biyar ga yara da matasa. Bikin yana nuna mafi kyawun fina-finai na gida da na waje, don yara, matasa da dangi. Yana nuna fina-finai a kowane nau'i na tsari, nau'i da nau'i: gajerun fina-finai; dogon fina-finai; fina-finan yara da matasa; rayarwa; Fina-finan Afirka; fina-finai na gwaji; faifan bidiyo na kida na halitta; shirye-shiryen talabijin da shirye-shirye; fina-finan fasali; fina-finan gaskiya; sanarwar sabis na jama'a da tallace-tallace; fina-finan dalibai; da wasannin kwamfuta. Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Sinima a Afrika

29901

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gargadin%20girgizar%20%C6%99asa

Gargadin girgizar ƙasa

Tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa ko tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa shi ne tsarin na'urorin gaggawa, seismometers, sadarwa, kwamfutoci, da ƙararrawa waɗanda aka ƙirƙira don sanar da yankunan da ke kusa da wani gagarumin girgizar ƙasa yayin da ake ci gaba. Wannan ba daidai yake da hasashen girgizar ƙasa ba, wanda a halin yanzu ba shi da ikon samar da takamaiman gargaɗin aukuwa. Lalacewar lokaci da tsinkayar igiyar ruwa Ana haifar da girgizar ƙasa ta hanyar sakin makamashin da aka adana a lokacin da ake zamewa cikin sauri tare da kuskure . Zamewar tana farawa ne a wani wuri kuma tana ci gaba da nisa daga ma'aunin zafi da sanyio a kowace hanya tare da saman kuskure. Gudun ci gaban wannan hawayen kuskure yana da hankali fiye da, kuma ya bambanta da gudun sakamakon matsa lamba da igiyoyin shear, tare da matsa lamba yana tafiya da sauri fiye da igiyoyin shear. Raƙuman ruwa suna haifar da girgiza ba zato ba tsammani. Sannan Kuma Ragewar igiyoyin ruwa suna haifar da motsi lokaci-lokaci (kimanin 1 Hz) wanda shine mafi ɓarna ga gine-gine, musamman gine-ginen da ke da irin wannan lokacin resonant. Yawanci waɗannan gine-ginen suna da tsayin benaye takwas. Waɗannan raƙuman ruwa za su yi ƙarfi a ƙarshen zamewar, kuma suna iya aiwatar da raƙuman ruwa masu lalata da kyau fiye da gazawar kuskure. Ƙarfin irin waɗannan tasirin nesa ya dogara sosai kan yanayin ƙasa na cikin yankin kuma ana la'akari da waɗannan tasirin wajen gina ƙirar yankin wanda ke ƙayyade martanin da suka dace ga takamaiman abubuwan da suka faru. Tsaron wucewa Ana aiwatar da irin waɗannan tsarin a halin yanzu don tantance dai-dai lokacin da ya dace ga wani taron da ma'aikacin jirgin ƙasa ya yi a cikin tsarin dogo na birane kamar BART (Bay Area Rapid Transit). Amsar da ta dace ta dogara da lokacin faɗakarwa, yanayin dama na gida da kuma saurin jirgin na yanzu. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, Japan da Taiwan suna da nagartattun tsarin gargadin girgizar kasa a duk fadin kasar. Sauran ƙasashe da yankuna suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa, gami da Mexico ( Tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa ta Mexiko ya ƙunshi yankuna na tsakiya da kudancin Mexico ciki har da Mexico City da Oaxaca ), iyakokin yankuna na Romania ( gadar Basarab a Bucharest), da wasu sassan Amurka. An shigar da tsarin gano girgizar ƙasa na farko a cikin 1990s; alal misali, a California, tsarin tashar kashe gobara ta Calistoga wanda ke haifar da sirin kai tsaye a duk faɗin birni don faɗakar da mazauna yankin gaba ɗaya game da girgizar ƙasa. Wasu sassan kashe gobara na California suna amfani da na'urorin gargaɗinsu don buɗe kofofin da ke kan tashoshin kashe gobara kai tsaye kafin girgizar ƙasa ta kashe su. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan yunƙurin na gwamnati ne, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da yawa kuma suna kera na'urorin gargaɗin girgizar ƙasa don kare ababen more rayuwa kamar lif, layukan iskar gas da tashoshin da ake kashe gobara. A cikin shekarata 2009, an shigar da tsarin faɗakarwa da wuri mai suna ShakeAlarm kuma an ba da izini a Vancouver, British Columbia, Kanada . An sanya shi don kare wani muhimmin kayan aikin sufuri mai suna George Massey Tunnel, wanda ya haɗu da arewa da kudancin kogin Fraser. A cikin wannan aikace-aikacen tsarin ta atomatik yana rufe ƙofofin a mashigin ramin idan akwai haɗarin girgizar ƙasa mai haɗari. Nasarar da amincin tsarin ya kasance kamar na shekarata 2015 an sami ƙarin kayan aiki da yawa a gabar tekun yamma na Kanada da Amurka, kuma akwai ƙarin shirye-shiryen. An yi amfani da tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa a Japan a cikin shekarata 2006. An shigar da tsarin da ke gargadin jama'a a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2007. An ƙirƙira shi wani ɓangare akan Tsarin Gaggawar Girgizar Kasa da Tsarin Ƙararrawa (UrEDAS) na Layukan dogo na Japan, wanda aka ƙera don ba da damar birki ta atomatik na jiragen ƙasa harsashi . An yi amfani da bayanan gravimetric daga girgizar ƙasa na shekarar 2011 Tōhoku don ƙirƙirar samfuri don ƙarin lokacin faɗakarwa idan aka kwatanta da ƙirar girgizar ƙasa, yayin da filayen nauyi ke tafiya cikin saurin haske, da sauri fiye da raƙuman ruwa. The Mexican Seismic Alert System, in ba haka ba da aka sani da SASMEX, ya fara aiki a cikin shekarata 1991 kuma ya fara ba da sanarwar jama'a a shekarata 1993. Gwamnatin Mexico City ce ke ba da kuɗin, tare da gudummawar kuɗi daga jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka karɓi faɗakarwa. Da farko yana hidimar birnin Mexico tare da na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda goma sha biyu, tsarin yanzu yana da na'urori masu auna firikwensin 97 kuma an tsara shi don kare rayuka da dukiyoyi a yawancin jihohin tsakiya da kudancin Mexico. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) ta fara bincike da haɓaka tsarin faɗakarwa na farko ga Tekun Yamma na Amurka a cikin Agusta shekarata 2006, kuma tsarin ya zama abin nunawa a cikin Agusta shekarar 2009. Bayan matakai daban-daban na haɓakawa, sigar 2.0 ta ci gaba da rayuwa yayin faɗuwar a shekarata 2018, yana ba da damar tsarin "isasshen aiki da gwadawa" don fara Mataki na 1 na faɗakar da California, Oregon da Washington . Ko da yake ShakeAlert zai iya faɗakar da jama'a tun daga Satumba 28, shekarata 2018, saƙonnin da kansu ba za a iya rarrabawa ba har sai daban-daban masu zaman kansu da na jama'a na rarrabawa sun kammala aikace-aikacen wayar hannu kuma sun yi canje-canje ga tsarin faɗakarwar gaggawa daban-daban. Tsarin faɗakarwa na farko a bainar jama'a shine ShakeAlertLA app, wanda aka saki a Sabuwar Shekara ta Hauwa'u a shekarata 2018 (ko da yake an faɗakar da shi kawai don girgiza a yankin Los Angeles ). A ranar 17 ga Oktoba, Na shekarar 2019, Cal OES ta ba da sanarwar fitar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a California, ta amfani da aikace-aikacen hannu da tsarin Faɗakarwar Gaggawa (WEA). California tana nufin tsarin su azaman Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar California. An kaddamar da tsarin rarraba faɗakarwa a duk faɗin jihar a Oregon a ranar 11 ga Maris, a shekarata 2021 da kuma a cikin Washington a ranar 4 ga Mayu, shekarata 2021, yana kammala tsarin faɗakarwa na Tekun Yamma. Tsarin duniya Cibiyar Sadarwar Girgizar Kasa A cikin Janairu shekarar 2013, Francesco Finazzi na Jami'ar Bergamo ya fara aikin bincike na Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa wanda ke da nufin haɓakawa da kiyaye tsarin faɗakarwar girgizar ƙasa mai cike da jama'a dangane da cibiyoyin sadarwar wayar hannu. Ana amfani da wayoyi masu wayo don gano girgizar kasa da girgizar kasa ta janyo kuma ana yin gargadi da zarar an gano girgizar kasa. Ana iya faɗakar da mutanen da ke zaune a wani wuri mai nisa daga girgizar ƙasa da kuma wurin ganowa kafin a kai su ga mummunar girgizar ƙasar. Mutane za su iya shiga cikin wannan aiki ta hanyar shigar da aikace-aikacen Android "Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa" a kan wayoyinsu na zamani. Ka'idar tana buƙatar wayar don karɓar faɗakarwa. A cikin Fabrairu shekarata 2016, da Berkeley Seismological Laboratory a Jami'ar California, Berkeley (UC Berkeley) ya saki MyShake mobile app. Ka'idar tana amfani da ma'aunin accelerometer a cikin wayoyi don yin rikodin girgiza da mayar da wannan bayanin zuwa dakin gwaje-gwaje. An shirya cewa za a yi amfani da bayanan don ba da gargaɗin farko a nan gaba. UC Berkeley ta fitar da sigar ka'idar ta harshen Jafananci a cikin Mayu shekarata 2016. Ya zuwa Disamba shekarata 2016, app ɗin ya kama kusan girgizar ƙasa 400 a duk duniya. Tsarin Faɗakarwar Girgizar Ƙasar Android A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, kamfanij Google ya ba da sanarwar cewa tsarin aikin sa na Android zai fara amfani da na'urori masu sauri a cikin na'urori don gano girgizar kasa (da aika bayanan zuwa uwar garken gano girgizar kasa na kamfanin). Kamar yadda miliyoyin wayoyi ke aiki akan Android, wannan na iya haifar da babbar hanyar gano girgizar ƙasa a duniya. Da farko dai tsarin ya tattara bayanan girgizar kasa ne kawai kuma bai bayar da sanarwa ba (sai dai a gabar tekun Yamma na Amurka, inda ya ba da sanarwar da tsarin ShakeAlert na USGS ya bayar ba daga na'urar ganowa ta Google ba). Bayanan da na'urorin Android suka tattara an yi amfani da su ne kawai don samar da bayanai masu sauri game da girgizar kasa ta hanyar Google Search, ko da yake an shirya shi don ba da faɗakarwa ga sauran wurare da yawa bisa iyawar Google na ganowa a nan gaba. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu, shekarata 2021, Google ya sanar da fitar da tsarin faɗakarwa zuwa Girka da New Zealand, ƙasashe na farko da suka karɓi faɗakarwa dangane da iyawar Google na gano kansa. An ƙara faɗakarwar Google zuwa Turkiyya, Philippines, Kazakhstan, Jamhuriyar Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan da Uzbekistan a watan Yuni 2021. A ranar 11 ga Agusta, shekarata 2020, Linux Foundation, IBM da Grillo sun ba da sanarwar tsarin farko na buɗe tushen girgizar ƙasa da wuri, tare da nuna umarnin don seismometer mai rahusa, tsarin gano gajimare, dashboard da aikace-aikacen hannu. Wannan aikin yana samun goyon bayan USAID, Clinton Foundation da Arrow Electronics . Tsarin gargaɗin farko na girgizar ƙasa na wayowin komai da ruwan ya dogara ne da ɗimbin hanyar sadarwa na masu amfani da ke kusa da yankin girgizar ƙasa, yayin da OpenEEW ta mai da hankali maimakon samar da na'urori masu araha waɗanda za a iya tura su a yankuna masu nisa kusa da inda girgizar ƙasa za ta iya farawa. Duk abubuwan da ke cikin wannan tsarin buɗaɗɗe ne kuma ana samun su akan ma'ajin GitHub na aikin. Kafofin watsa labarun Shafukan sada zumunta irin su Twitter da Facebook na taka rawar gani a lokacin bala'o'i. Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka ( USGS ) ta binciki haɗin gwiwa tare da shafin yanar gizon Twitter don ba da damar yin saurin gina ShakeMaps. Duba wasu abubuwan Injiniyan girgizar kasa Shirye-shiryen girgizar ƙasa Seismic sake fasalin Gargadin Farkon Girgizar Kasa (Japan) Tsarin Faɗakarwar Seismic na Mexica Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa - Cibiyar Fasaha ta California Hanyoyin Sadarwar Bayesian don Rarraba Girman Girgizar Kasa a cikin Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko Cibiyar Girgizar Kasa - Gidan Yanar Gizon Ayyukan Girgizar Kasa Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar ƙasa don ƙasashe masu tasowa - Gidan yanar gizon Grillo Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko na Girgizar Ƙasar Buɗewa - Gidan yanar gizon BuɗeEEW Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Takanolaji%20na%20Ladoke%20Akintola

Jami'ar Takanolaji na Ladoke Akintola

Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola ( LAUTECH) babbar jami'a ce da ke garin Ogbomoso, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya . Jami'ar ta dauki dalibai 30,000 kuma tana daukar ma'aikata sama da 3,000 ciki har da ma'aikatan kwangila. A shekarar ta 1987, Gwamna Adetunji Olurin, Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Oyo a lokacin (yanzu ya kasu zuwa jihohi biyu: Oyo da Osun), ya karɓi roƙo daga Hukumar Mulki ta The Polytechnic, Ibadan don kafa Jami'ar Jiha. Ya kafa kwamiti a 1988, wanda ya ba da shawarar ƙirƙirar Jami'ar. Ya zuwa ranar 13 ga Maris, 1990, gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya ta amince da bukatar Jiha. An kafa dokar kafa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Jihar Oyo a ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 1990 Kanar Oresanya . Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar na farko shine Olusegun Ladimeji Oke. A lokacin, Marigayi Bashorun MKO Abiola ya zama Kansila na farko a watan Janairun shekarata 1991. Jami'ar ta fara zaman karatunta na farko a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1990 tare da jimillar 'yan takara 436 da suka yi rajista a fannoni hudu, wato Kimiyyar Aikin Noma, Kimiyyar Muhalli, Injiniyanci da Kimiyyar Gudanarwa, da Kimiyyar Tsarkaka da Aiki. An kafa Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya shekara guda bayan haka. An canja sunan Jami'ar zuwa Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola bayan rabuwa da Jihar Osun da Jihar Oyo. Campus da masu ilimi Jami'ar ta yi rajistar dalibai kusan 30,000 a fannoni bakwai da kwaleji. LAUTECH kuma tana karɓar ɗalibai sama da 150 ta hanyar JUPEB Direct Entry zuwa 200/Level kowace shekara. Tsawon yanayi biyu a jere, a 2003 da 2004, Hukumar Jami’o’in Najeriya (NUC) ta ayyana LAUTECH a matsayin mafi kyawun jami’ar jihar a Najeriya. Babban harabar jami.ar yana cikin jihar Oyo . Wannan harabar ita ce wurin gudanar da jami'ar, da kuma gida ga ikon tunani guda shida da makarantar gaba da digiri. Fannonin karatu sun haɗa da tsarkakakkiyar ilimin kimiyya, magani, aikin gona, injiniya da fasaha, da kimiyyar muhalli. Wani harabar yana cikin garin Osogbo, gida ga Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya. Sassan magunguna da tiyata, kimiyyar dakin gwaje -gwaje na likita da aikin jinya suna nan a can. Daliban likitanci a halin yanzu sun yi shela tsakanin Kwalejin Kimiyyar Lafiya da ke Osogbo, da asibitin koyarwa da aka gina kwanan nan - asibitin koyarwa na LAUTECH (LTH) - a Ogbomoso, jihar Oyo. Manyan jagororin jami'a na yanzu sune: Ofishin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Ofishin magatakarda Bangaren Harkokin Ilimi Sashen Harkokin Majalisar Sashen Shirye -shirye, Kasafi & Kulawa Bangaren Hidimomi Unit Planning na Ilimi Bangaren Ci gaban Wasanni Bangaren Harkokin Dalibai Bangaren Tsarin Jiki Sashen Ayyuka da Kulawa Cibiyar Fasaha da Sadarwa Cibiyar Ilmi Mai Buɗewa da Nesa Shagon sayar da littattafai Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya Mai makarantan LAUTECH ya kasance koyaushe yana haifar da rikici tsakanin jihohi masu mallakar (Jihar Oyo da Jihar Osun ) musamman bayan Jihar Osun ta mallaki jami’ar ta. Gwamnatin jihar Oyo tana son Osun ta mika musu cikakken ikon mallakar Jami’ar yayin da bangaren ya ki yarda. Wannan rikici ya yi kamari a shekarar 2010 a karkashin mulkin tsohon Gwamna Adebayo Alao-Akala na Jihar Oyo da tsohon takwaransa tsohon Gwamna Olagunsoye Oyinlola na Jihar Osun. Rikicin wanda ake zargin cewa maslahar siyasa ce ta kunna shi an warware shi a ƙarshe bayan jerin tsoma bakin da manyan jiga -jigan siyasa da Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Ƙasa suka yi a Najeriya. Daga ranar 20 ga Nuwamba 2020, Hukumar Jami’o’i ta Kasa (NUC) ta ba da ikon mallakar LAUTECH ga Gwamnatin Jihar Oyo karkashin Gwamna Oluseyi Abiodun Makinde. Babban harabar Makarantar tana nan cikin Karamar Hukumar Ogbomoso ta Arewa, Ogbomoso, Jihar Oyo, Najeriya tare da daidaita yanayin yanki 8 ° 8 '0 "Arewa, 4 ° 16' 0" Gabas. Anan ne ake gudanar da yawancin koyarwa da bincike na Jami'ar, Cibiyar Ogbomoso kuma tana da cibiyar gudanarwa na Jami'ar. Cibiyar ta Ogbomoso tana da kwasa-kwasai biyar da makarantar gaba da digiri inda ake koyar da darussa a fannoni daban-daban na tsarkakakkiyar ilimin kimiyya, magani, aikin gona, injiniya da fasaha, kimiyyar m uhalli. Harabar Kwalejin Kimiyyar Kiwon Lafiya tana a Osogbo, babban birnin jihar Osun, Najeriya. Harabar da ke Osogbo tana da nazarin asibiti na shekaru 3 don MBBS, Kimiyyar Laboratory na Likita da ɗaliban Nursing (shekarun karatun farko na waɗannan darussan da ake gudanarwa a babban harabar a Ogbomoso). Tana nan a Isale Osun, Osogbo. Babban harabar harabar harabar ta farko tana kan titin Old Ogbomosho-Ilorin yayin da sauran ƙofar ke ƙarƙashin G. Sanannen tsofaffin dalibai Shina Peller - ɗan siyasa, kulob kulob mai kulob, babban mai kula da Aquila Seyi Olofinjana Samson Abioye - Pass.ng Peju Alatise - mawaƙi, mawaƙi, marubuci kuma abokin aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Afirka, wani ɓangare na Cibiyar Smithsonian . Hanyoyin waje Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola, Ogbomoso Lautech Choir Lautech Inaugural Lectures Lautech Postgraduates Portal Portal na Digiri na Lautech Lautech Undergraduates (Part-Time) Portal Portal Dalibai na Lautech Predegree Lautech JUPEB Portal Cibiyar Koyar da Lautech Open da Nesa Kirkirar 1990 a Najeriya Makarantun ilimi da aka kirkira a 1990 Jami'oi da kwalejoji a Najeriya Jami'oin Gwamnati a Najeriya Ilimi a Jihar Oyo Jami'oin takanoloji a Najeriya Jami'ar Takanolaji na Lakode Akintola Lambobin wuri a Wikidata

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tatsuniyar%20Efik

Tatsuniyar Efik

Tarihin tatsuniyoyin Efik ya ƙunshi tarin tatsuniyoyi waɗanda mutanen Efik suka ruwaito, suka rera ko suka rubuta kuma suka sami labari daga tsara zuwa tsara. Tushen almara na Efik sun hada da waƙoƙin Bardik, Waƙoƙi, al'adun baka da Misalai. Labarai game da tatsuniyoyin Efik sun haɗa da tatsuniyoyin halitta, halittun allahntaka, halittun almara da kuma mayaƙa. Mutanen Efik ne suka ba da labarin tatsuniyoyin Efik da farko kuma aka ruwaito su a ƙarƙashin hasken wata. a Efik ana kiran su Mbre fffiọñ. Halittar tatsuniya Ana ɗaukar Abasi a matsayin Mahalicci Maɗaukaki (Allah). Matarsa, Atai, an kuma san ta da matsakanci . An yi imanin cewa Atai ya shawo kan Abasi don ya ba wa mutane biyu (mace ɗaya da mace ɗaya), wanda aka fi sani da 'ya'yan masara su zauna a Duniya, amma ya hana su aiki ko haifuwa. An buƙaci yaran su koma sama tare da Abasi duk lokacin da ya buga ƙararrawar abincin dare. An kafa waɗannan ƙa'idodin ne don kada mutanen Efik su wuce Abasi cikin hikima ko ƙarfi. Daga karshe yaran basuyi biyayya ba kuma Abasi ya kashe su duka. Abasi da Atai sun kasance masu ƙyama kuma sun ba wa mutane kyauta biyu, hargitsi da mutuwa. Allah Uku A cikin wasu tatsuniyoyi na Efik, akwai ma'anar allah-uku-cikin ɗaya. ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mahaifin Abasi wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da . Abasi Ibom yana wakiltar duniya kuma Inyang Ibom yana wakiltar ruwa. Halittun Almara Ana iya samun halittu da yawa na almara a cikin tatsuniyoyin Efik. Waɗannan halittu sun bambanta da Efik Ndem waɗanda suma suna da nasu bayanin na daban a cikin tatsuniya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan halittun sun haɗa da Okukubarakpa (wanda aka fi sani da Ukara-akpa), Akaka Obu, Animana, Ikọñwọ, Unanim da sauransu. Ana ɗaukar Okukubarakpa a matsayin wani maciji mai ban tsoro wanda ya miƙa ƙetaren kogin yana ta da ruwa. Ana iya kamanta halitta da Leviathan ko Dodan . EU Aye ta bayyana Okukubarakpa da cewa, "wani babban macijin ruwa ya ce ya mallaki dutsen lu'u-lu'u a kansa kuma ya tsirar da tsefe a kansa kamar na zakara." Ana iya samun talifin a cikin tatsuniyoyi da yawa na mutanen ƙasan Kuros Riba da wasu yankuna na Kamaru. Talbot ya ba da labarin da aka ba shi game da Okukubarakpa:Garuruwa biyu, waɗanda suke kan kowane gefen rafin kunkuntar kogi, sun daɗe suna kan lamuran rashin aminci. Bayan wani lokaci mazaunan ɗayan waɗannan sun haye ta ƙanƙara kuma suka far wa ɗayan, suna tunanin samun nasara cikin sauƙi. Madadin wannan, bayan yaƙin da aka yi, da kansu aka mayar da su zuwa gefen ruwa, wanda ya kasance, a halin yanzu, ya tashi don haka, an yanke su daga tserewa. Yanzu, a cikin rafin ya rayu wani babban wasan tsere mai suna Kukubarakpa, kuma da sannu-sannu bai ga halin da maharan suke ciki ba sai ya sadda kansa gwanin-gwani a kan ruwan - kansa a ɗaya bankin kuma wutsiyarsa a ɗayan. A jikinsa ya gudu abin ya ɓace, kuma, lokacin da duk aka sauka lafiya a kan gaci mai nisa, majiƙan nasara suka yi ƙoƙari su bi. Kukubarakpa ya jira har sai da waɗannan sun tsallaka jikinsa, sannan ya nitse ba zato ba tsammani, yana jan su tare da shi, don haka duk suka nutsar. A cikin godiya, babu wani daga cikin mutanen da kakanninsu suka sami ceto saboda haka ya kashe ko ya ci abincin har zuwa yau. Wata halitta, Ikpun kpun kpun Ine wanda aka fi sani da ñkpọñ ọkpọñ ọkpọñ an bayyana shi a matsayin halitta mai kama-kama da ta fi giwa girma amma a cikin tatsuniya kawai. An bayyana Unanim a matsayin, "mummunan halittar da ta gabata ya mutu." An yi imanin Unanim na cikin ruwa kuma yana iya zama kakannin wani nau'in . An yi imani da cewa Ikọ to yana da alaƙa da nau'in kifayen kifayen amma yana da girman kai. Efik sun yi imani da cewa manyan kadoji biyu ( Efik ) maza da mata, sun tsare mashigar kogin Calabar kuma sun kare Tsohuwar Calabar. Wuraren Almara Za a iya samun wurare da yawa na almara a cikin ilimin sararin samaniya na Efik. Efik sun yi imani da cewa duniya ta zama haka, an san iyakar duniya da Ononkoni (Efik). Efik sun yi imani da wanzuwar daula da aka sani da inda ruhun matattu suke zaune. ọnɔsi an ce yana nan kusa da ƙauyen Usahadet kuma ya yi iyaka da masarautar Ndem (alloli na ruwa) da aka sani da Obio Ndem. An yi amannar Obio Ndem shine wurin haduwar al'umar da aka sani da Ekongeze. Mkposok ( Efik ) an ɗauke shi a matsayin mafi zurfin ɓangare na lahira inda mugaye ke rayuwa. Da farko an yi imani cewa Abasi da Atai suna rayuwa a cikin Rana . Abasi shine ruhun lafiya. Sau da yawa 'yan ƙabilar suna rera waƙa da rana da fatan cewa Abasi zai ji kukansu kuma ya warkar da su. An yi amannar cewa Abasi ya ba wasu 'yan ƙabilu ikon warkar da marasa lafiya ta hanyar lalata su . A duk lokacin da wani a cikin kabilar da lafiya, sarki zai tara witchdoctor . A cikin bikin warkewa, 'yan ƙabilun za su kunna wuta. Ana buƙatar duk mutanen ƙabilar da su taru yayin da suke rera waƙoƙin sujada ga Abasi. Atai tayi bikin kiwon lafiya na gargajiya ga Mijinta. Ana yin bikin ne duk bayan shekaru biyu. Da lokaci ya ci gaba, mutanen Efik sun fara gaskata cewa Abasi shine ruhu naɗabi'a . Daga ƙarshe wannan ya sa mutane suka fara bautar rana tare da imanin cewa Abasi ne da kansa. Imani na gari Hakanan an yi imanin cewa tagwaye sun tozarta Abasi. Anyi tunanin mugunta ne mace ta haifi tagwaye; za a kona matar da ranta sannan a dauki tagwayen a barsu a daji. Abasi yana iya samun abinci sau ɗaya kawai a kowane kwana biyu. Dole ne su yi addu'a suna fuskantar rana kowace rana. wasu mutanen gari sun yi imani kuma suna bautar ruwa mai ƙarfi da ake kira imani tana karewa da jin addu'arsu, duk da cewa wannan dabi'ar ba ta da yawa a tsakanin mazauna wannan yankin amma ana ganin cewa Anansa ya wanzu Babban tasiri Rabaran Hope Masterton Waddell ya zo tsakanin mutanen Efik a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1846. Mutanen Efik musamman sun nemi a yi musu bisharar masarautarsu a rubuce kuma wasiƙun suna ɗauke ne a ranar 1 ga Disamba 1842 da 4 Disamba 1842 daga Sarki Eyo Honesty II da Sarki Eyamba V bi da bi. Mary Mitchell Slessor ta zo Calabar a cikin 1876. Atai da ake kira matar Abasi ita ce ta uku Edidem na mutanen Efik. Shi ne sarki wanda ya jagoranci mutanen Efik daga ƙasar Aros zuwa ƙasar Uruan. Al'adun Najeriya Tarihin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

42425

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdisalam%20Ibrahim

Abdisalam Ibrahim

Abdisalam Abdulkadir Ibrahim (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayun 1991), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Norway wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Ullensaker/Kisa a cikin OBOS-ligaen . Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Somaliya, Ibrahim ya ƙaura zuwa Norway a shekarar 1998. Ya fara wasan kwallon kafa tun yana matashi a Norway tare da Øyer-Tretten kafin daga bisani ya koma Lørenskog, inda ya bugawa Fjellhamar wasa . Ya samu halarta na farko a babbar kungiyar Fjellhamar a shekarar 2006. Ya koma Manchester City daga 1 Yulin 2007. A cikin bazara na shekarar 2008, yana cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a gasar cin kofin matasa na FA, yayin da Manchester City ta doke Chelsea da ci 4-2 a jimillar. Ibrahim ya buga wasan tsakiya . Yayin da yake da shekaru 18, wasu a kulob din sun kwatanta salon wasansa yizuwa abokin wasansa Patrick Vieira . Ibrahim ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 24 ga Janairun 2010, a gasar cin kofin FA da Scunthorpe United . Ya kasance a kan benci a wasan da Manchester United ta sha kashi da ci 3-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe na cin kofin League a Old Trafford, da kuma karawar da suka yi da Portsmouth a Eastlands ranar 31 ga watan Janairu. A ranar 21 ga Fabrairun 2010, ya fara buga gasar Premier a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Manchester City a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Liverpool . Ibrahim ya samu sabon kwantiragi ne a ranar 7 ga Afrilun 2010, wanda ya daure shi da kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2014. Ibrahim ya fara buga gasar League Cup kuma ya fara halarta a West Brom a ranar Laraba, 22 ga Satumbar 2010. A ranar 14 ga Janairun 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai shiga Scunthorpe United a matsayin aro na wata ɗaya, wannan lokacin lamuni daga baya an ƙara shi a tsakiyar Fabrairu zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. A ranar 31 ga Yulin 2011, an ba da sanarwar cewa zai koma kungiyar NEC ta Eredivisie ta Holland kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa. Ibrahim ya buga wasanni biyu na kofuna kuma yana da takwas Eredivisie ya zura kwallo daya kafin a soke yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 22 ga Maris bisa amincewar juna saboda Ibrahim ya samu matsala da rawar da ya taka a benci a mafi yawan kakar wasanni. Ibrahim ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2012 a kan aro tare da Strømsgodset, kafin ya sake kasancewa a kan lamuni na watanni shida zuwa Godset a cikin Janairun 2013. A cikin shekarar 2013 kakar, Ibrahim buga 17 matches for Strømsgodset lokacin da tawagar lashe Tippeligaen, wanda shi ne na farko take a matsayin pro. A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun 2014, Ibrahim's ya samu saki daga kwantiraginsa a Manchester City, bayan ya zauna a Ingila tsawon shekaru uku da rabi. A ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2014, Ibrahim ya sanar da cewa zai koma kungiyar zakarun Girka Olympiacos na tsawon shekaru 3.5 masu zuwa. Ibrahim ya buga wasa daya kacal ga zakarun Girka kuma nan da nan ya koma kungiyar Superleague Ergotelis a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa A farkon kakar 2014-15 ya koma Olympiakos . Bayan an sake shi ta kyauta daga Olympiacos, Ibrahim ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din Veria na Girka a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2015. Ibrahim ya fafata a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2015 a waje da suka ci Panthrakkos 0–2. An kore shi daga tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Olympiacos a ranar 31 ga Oktoba 2015. Komawa Norway A kan 13 Janairu 2016, Ibrahim ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da kulob din Norwegian Tippeligaen Viking . Kwantiraginsa yana da shekaru uku, har zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2018. Ibrahim ya kulla yarjejeniya da Vålerenga a watan Maris 2017, kuma ya sake barin kungiyar a karshen kakar wasa ta 2018. Ya shiga ƙungiyar Cypriot Pafos a matsayin wakili na kyauta a ranar ƙarshe, 31 Janairu 2019. A ranar 30 ga Agusta an sauya shi da AEK Larnaca minti 36 kacal da fara wasan Pafos na biyu na rukunin farko na Cypriot na kakar, saboda rauni. Daga baya aka yanke masa hukuncin wata shida zuwa takwas. A ranar 24 ga Maris 2021, ya koma ƙungiyar Bisceglie ta Serie C ta Italiya. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A matakin kasa da kasa, Ibrahim ya wakilci Norway a kowane rukuni daga 'yan kasa da shekaru 15 zuwa kasa da 21. Har yanzu dai ya cancanci shiga kasarsa ta haihuwa Somalia da kuma kasar da ta karbe shi, amma ya bayyana muradinsa na wakiltar tawagar kasar Norway idan an kira shi. A ranar 15 ga Janairu, 2014, ya buga wasansa na farko tare da tawagar kasar a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 2-1 da Moldova . Da yake bai taba buga wa Norway wasan gasa ba, Ibrahim ya kasance mai yuwuwar cancantar shiga Somaliya . Rayuwa ta sirri Abdisalam yana da babban yaya, Abdirashid Ibrahim, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda tsohon FC United na Manchester da Rossendale United . Yana kuma da kane mai suna Abdijabar Ibrahim, wanda ke halartar Kwalejin ESSA. Ibrahim ya kasance mai goyon bayan Arsenal lokacin da yake girma kuma Patrick Vieira shine gwarzonsa kuma kwanan nan Yaya Toure. Laƙabin sa Abdi. A cikin 'yan makonni a ƙarshen bazara na 2013, ƙanwarsa ta rasu kuma Ibrahim ya zama uba a karon farko. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abdisalam Ibrahim at the Norwegian Football Federation (in Norwegian) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

29816

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Yin%20Shaida%20akan%20Wani

Haƙƙin Yin Shaida akan Wani

Laifin kai shi ne mutum ya fallasa kansa gaba daya akan wani laifi, ko ta hanyar tonawa kansa da kansa asiri, akan wata tuhuma ko aikata wani babban abu a bayyane ko a boye laifi; shigar da kansa ko wani mutum a cikin tuhumar aikata laifuka ko hadarinsa. dorawa kai laifi na iya faruwa ko dai kai tsaye ko a kaikaice: kai tsaye, ta hanyar tambaya inda aka bayyana bayanan da suka shafi aikata laifin kai; ko kuma a kaikaice, lokacin da wani mutum ya fallasa laifin da wani yayi kuma da son rai, ba tare da matsin lamba daga wani mutum ba). A yawancin tsarin shari'a, masu laifi ba za a iya tilasta wa wadanda ake tuhuma da dorawa kansu laifi ba - za su iya zabar yin magana da 'yan sanda ko wasu hukumomi, amma ba za a iya hukunta su don sun ki yin hakan ba.Akwai kasashe 108 da ire-iren wadannan hukunce-hukuncen da a halin yanzu suke yin gargadi ga masu shari'a ga wadanda ake tuhuma, wadanda suka hada da 'yancin yin shiru da kuma 'yancin samun lauya da a kaucewa zaluntar ire-iren su. Wadannan dokokin ba iri daya ba ne a duka fadin duniya; ko wace kasa da nata dokokin, duk da haka, membobin Tarayyar Turai sun hadaka dokokinsu akan jagorar EU. Dokar fallasa kai a Kanada A Kanada, akwai hakkoki iri daya bisa ga Yarjejeniya ta Hakkoki da yanci. Sashe na 11 na Yarjejeniya ya tanadi cewa ba za a iya tilasta mutum ya zama shaida a shari’ar da ake yi masa ba. Sashi na 11(c) yana cewa: Duk mutumin da aka tuhume shi da laifi yana da hakkin...kada a tilasta shi ya zama shaida a shari'ar da ake yi wa mutumin dangane da laifin... Wani muhimmin abu mai fa'ida a cikin dokar Kanada shi ne cewa wannan ba ya shafi mutumin da ba a tuhume shi a cikin shari'ar da ake magana ba. Mutum ya ba da sammaci, wanda ba a tuhume shi dangane da laifin da ake la'akari da shi ba, dole ne ya ba da shaida. Koyaya, ba za a iya amfani da wannan shaidar daga baya akan mutumin ba a wani harka. Sashe na 13 na Yarjejeniya Yana cewa: Shaidan da ya ba da a kowace shari’a yana da yancin kada ya sami wata shaida da za a yi amfani da ita wajen tuhumar wannan shaida tashi a duk wani shari’a, koda kuwa an gabatar da kara don yin karya ko kuma don bayar da hujjoji masu karo da juna. A tarihi, a cikin dokar gama gari ta Kanada, shaidu za su iya din ba da shaidar da za ta zargi kansu. Koyaya, sashe na 5 na Dokar Shaida ta Kanada ta kawar da wannan cikakkiyar gata ta gama gari ta hanyar tilasta wa shaidu su ba da shaida. A musayar, sashe na 5 na wannan aikin ya baiwa shaidun kariya daga samun wannan shaida da aka yi amfani da su a nan gaba in badai a shari’ar karya ba. Duk da yake waɗannan tanade-tanade na Dokar Shaidar Kanada suna ci gaba da aiki, an cim ma su a aikace-aikacensu ta hanyar rigakafi da aka bayar ta sashe na 13 da 7 na Yarjejeniya Ta Kanada na Hakki da yanci. Dokar fallasa kai a Sin Bayan gyare-gyaren da aka yi na 1996 ga dokar da ta shafi laifuka, Maqala ta 15 ta bayyana cewa "Ba a haramta ba a yi amfani da ikirari ta hanyar azabtarwa, tattara shaida ta hanyar barazana, yaudara, ko wasu hanyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba, ko tilasta wani ya yi ikirarin ya aikata laifi da kansa a kasar Sin." A cikin 2012 kuma an sake gyara dokar don karfafa kare hakkin dan adam na wadanda ake zargi da laifi. Tun daga lokacin China ta amince da haƙƙin fallasa kai, kuma doka ta haramta tilasta wa mutum yin ikirari ya aikata laifi. Duk da haka, a aikace yayin da ake ci gaba da take hakkokin bil'adama a kasar Sin, har yanzu ya zama al'ada ga 'yan sanda su yi amfani da azabtarwa ga wadanda ake tuhuma don samun ikirari daga garesu na su fallasa cewa sunyi laifi Shigar kasar Sin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hakkin jama'a da siyasa a shekarar 1998 ya kuma baiwa 'yan kasar Sin 'yancin daga cin zarafi; duk da cewa dai, kasar Sin ba ta amince da yarjejeniyar ba. Dokar fallasa kai a Indiya A Indiya a ƙarƙashin sashe na 20 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki, wanda ake tuhuma yana da hakkin ya bayyana kansa a matsayin mai laifi amma ba a ba wa shaidu damar yin haka ba. Dole ne a sanar da wanda ake tuhuma hakkinsa kafin ya yi duk wata magana da za ta iya cutar da shi. Dole ne a tilasta wa waɗanda ake tuhuma su ba da wata sanarwa. Idan aka tursasa wanda ake tuhuma ya bayar da wata magana wadda bata gaskiya ba, ba za a yarda da maganar a kotu ba. Kundin Tsarin laifuka da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya sun ba wa waɗanda ake tuhuma ƴancin yin shiru, watau ƴancin hana bayyana kai ga hukumomi a matsayin mai laifi. Dole ne wanda ake tuhuma ya sanar da hukuma cewa yana amfani da yancin shi ne na yin shiru; Ba a la'akari da rike bayanan ta yin amfani da hakkin shi na rike bayanan da ka iya zama mai laifi. Domin yin amfani da haƙƙin su na yin shiru, dole ne wanda ake tuhuma da laifi ya bayyana cewa suna yin haka. Misali, wanda ake tuhuma zai iya cewa, “Ina amfani da ‘yancin yin shiru kuma ba zan sake amsa wasu tambayoyi ba.” kundi na 20 bai shafi wadanda suka yi ikirari da son rai ba tare da an tsoratar da su ba ko kuma an tilasta musu su, cikin yin irin wannan magana. Dokar fallasa kai a Ingila Hakkin fallasa kai ya samo asali ne daga Ingila daga Wales. A cikin kasashen da ke samo dokokinsu a matsayin karin tarihin dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi, wata gungiyar doka ta haɓaka game da batun samarwa mutane hanyoyin kare kansu daga cin zarafi. Da ake nema zuwa Ingila da Wales, Dokar Laifukan Shari'a da Dokar Jama'a ta 1994 ta gyara ƴancin yin shiru ta hanyar ba da damar yin amfani da abubuwan da alkalai suka yi a shari'ar da wanda ake tuhuma ya ki bayyana wani abu, sannan ya ba da bayani. Wato alkalan kotun na da hakkin su gane cewa wanda ake tuhumar ya kirkiro bayanin ne a wani lokaci, saboda ya ki bayar da bayanin a lokacin da dan sanda ke yi masa tambayoyi. alkalai kuma suna da yanci kada su yi irin wannan shawarar. Dokar fallasa kai a Sukotland A cikin dokokin Scots da na farar hula, da duka na gama gari da na doka sun samo asali kuma suna aiki daban da na Ingila da Wales. A cikin dokar Scots, hakkin yin shuru ba ya canzawa ta abubuwan da ke sama, kuma an tauye hakkin alkalai na zana abubuwan da suka dace. A ranar 25 ga Janairu, 2018, doka a Scotland ta canza game da mutanen da dan sanda ke tsare da su. Wadannan canje-canjen suna shafar mutanen da aka kama ne kawai bayan 25 ga Janairu, 2018. Wadanda aka kama suna da ƴancin yin shiru kuma ba dole ba ne su amsa tambayoyin dan sanda. Sai dai duk da cewa wanda dan sanda ke tsare da shi ba ya bukatar amsa tambayoyi dangane da laifin da ake zarginsa da shi, amma ya zama wajibi wadanda ake tsare da su amsa tambayoyin asali kamar: suna, ranar haihuwa, adireshin da kuma asalin kasar da yake.

2772

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada

Kanada

Kanada ko Canada ƙasa ce a nahiyar Amurka. Babban birnin ƙasar shine Ottawa. Justin Trudeau shine firaministan ƙasar daga shekara ta 2015. Kanada tana da lardi har guda goma (Alberta, British Columbia, Kebek, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland da kuma Labrador, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Saskatchewan da Tsibirin Prince Edward) da yanki uku (Northwest Territories, Nunavut da Yukon). Al’ummomin Asali Asalin mazauna ƙasar sun rayu a cikin ƙasar Kanada ta yanzu shekaru dubbai kafin zuwan Bature na farko. Mutanen asali ana kiran su da ƴan asalin ƙasa ko Inuit, da Métis. Métis mutane ne waɗanda suka fito daga ƙasashen Farko da dangin Turai. Tare, waɗannan rukunin ukun ana kiransu "Yan Asalin," ko "Mutanen Farko." Turawa suna kiran su "Indiyawa", amma wannan yanzu ana masa kallon rashin ladabi. Mutane da yawa suna tunanin cewa mutanen farko da suka fara zama a Kanada sun kuma fito ne daga Siberia ta amfani da gadar ƙasar Bering aƙalla shekaru 14,000 da suka gabata. Gadar ƙasar da ta haɗu da Asiya da Arewacin Amurka. Lokacin da mutanen Turai suka fara zuwa Kanada don zama, yawan 'Yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a Kanada tuni ya kasance tsakanin 200,000 zuwa miliyan biyu. Turawan mulkin mallaka Vikings shine farkon Bature da aka sani wanda ya fara zuwa ƙasar da ake kira Kanada yanzu, a cikin yankin da yanzu yake Newfoundland, wanda mai binciken Viking Leif Erikson ya jagoranta. Ba su dade ba, duk da haka. A farkon karni na 16, Turawa suka fara binciken gabar gabashin Kanada, inda suka fara da John Cabot daga Ingila a shekarar 1497, sannan daga baya Jacques Cartier a shekarata 1534 daga Faransa. Daga baya Alexander Mackenzie ya isa gaɓar tekun Pacific a kan ƙasa, inda kaftin James Cook da George Vancouver suka bi ta teku. Har ila yau, Turawan sun sayar da fatun bea ga ƙasashen Farko. Faransa ta zaunar da wasu sassan Kanada, wasu kuma ta Burtaniya. A shekara ta 1605, aka gina Port-Royal a Acadia (wanda ake kira yau Nova Scotia) ta Faransawa, wanda Samuel de Champlain ya jagoranta, kuma a shekara ta 1608 ya fara sasanta Quebec. Birtaniyyawan sun mallaki yankunan Faransa bayan yakin Faransa da Indiya a Filayen Abraham kusa da Birnin Quebec a cikin shekarar 1759. Bayan Yaƙin Juyin Juya Hali na Amurka, mutane da yawa a cikin sabuwar Amurka sun so su kasance da aminci ga Biritaniya. Dubun-dubatar sun zo arewacin Kanada kuma suka zauna a Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Quebec, da Ontario. An kira su United United Loyalists. A lokacin Yaƙin 1812, Amurka ta yi ƙoƙari ta ci Kanada amma ta ci su. Cigaba da faɗaɗawa Ranar 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 1867, Kanada ta haɗu ƙarƙashin gwamnatin tarayya. Ya haɗa da lardunan Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, da Nova Scotia. Sir John A. Macdonald shi ne firaminista na farko. Manitoba, yankin Yukon, da Yankin Arewa maso Yamma sun zama ɓangare na Kanada a shekarar 1870. British Columbia sun haɗu a cikin 1871, da Tsibirin Prince Edward a 1873. An yi tawaye biyu na Kogin Red, a cikin shekarar 1869-70 da 1885, duka Louis Riel ya jagoranta. Ya yi yaƙi don ƙarin haƙƙoƙin mutanen Métis, haɗuwa tsakanin Faransa da ƙasashen Farko. Hanyar jirgin ƙasa a duk faɗin ƙasar, hanyar layin dogo ta layin Pacific ta ƙasar Kanada, wacce aka gama ta a shekarar 1885, ta samar da sauki ga mutanen kasar ta Canada zuwa yamma. Yawancin Turawa da yawa sun zo bakin tudu, don haka Alberta da Saskatchewan sun zama larduna a cikin 1905. Farkon karni na 20 Sojojin Kanada sun yi Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya don Mulkin Biritaniya. Yawancin ƴan Kanada sun mutu a wannan yaƙin fiye da kowane yaƙi. Kanada ta zama sananne sosai a matsayin ƙasa bayan nasarar da ta samu na kame Vimy Ridge daga Jamusawa a Faransa a shekarata 1917. An ba mata 'yancin yin zaɓe a ƙarshen yaƙin, wani ɓangare saboda taimakon da suka bayar wajen kera makamai yayin da maza ke yaƙin Turai. A cikin 1931, Kanada ta sami cikakken ƴancin kai. Sannan gwamnatin Kanada tayi duk shawarwari game da Kanada. Ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Sherman suna hutawa yayin da suke kiliya Ma'aikatan Kanada yayin yakin Normandy a watan Yunin shekarar 1944. Har ila yau mutanen Kanada sun yi yaƙin duniya na 2. The Dieppe Raid a cikin 1942 yayi mummunan rauni kuma yawancin sojoji an kashe su,wasu an raunata su, wasu kuma an kaisu gidan fursuna. Mutanen Kanada suna da mahimmanci a cikin 1944 a Normandy, kuma sun 'yantar da Netherlands daga Jamusawa. Kanada a wannan zamanin A cikin shekarar 1949, Newfoundland da Labrador sun zama lardi na 10 na Kanada. A 1956, Lester Pearson na Kanada, wanda daga baya ya zama Firayim Minista, ya taimaka wajen kawo ƙarshen Rikicin Suez. Sakamakon haka, ya sami lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya. A cikin 1965, Pearson ya taimaka wa Kanada samo sabuwar tuta, Maple Leaf. Kafin wannan, 'yan ƙasar Kanada sun yi amfani da Red Ensign. A cikin 1982, Kanada ta canza tsarin mulkinta, gami da sabon Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci da Yanci na Kanada. Babban sashin Tsarin Mulki har yanzu shine Dokar 1867 ta Burtaniya ta Arewacin Amurka. Wasu 'yan Kanada Faransawa a yau suna son kafa ƙasarsu, ban da sauran Kanada. Lardin Quebec ya gudanar da zaben raba gardama (jefa kuri'a) a 1980, amma kusan kashi 40% ne suke so su raba. An sake gudanar da zaben raba gardama a shekarar 1995, inda kusan kashi 50% suka kada kuri’ar amincewa da barin Kanada. Tun daga wannan lokacin, ƙananan mutane a cikin Quebec sun so barin Kanada, amma har yanzu yana da mahimmanci ga siyasar Quebec. A yau, kusan kashi 25% na jama'ar Kanada suna magana da Faransanci a matsayin yarensu na farko. Mutane da yawa na iya magana da Faransanci da Ingilishi duka. Kodayake yawancin Kanada Kanada suna zaune a lardin Quebec, akwai al'ummomin da ke magana da Faransanci da mutane a duk faɗin Kanada. Misali, kashi 40% na mutanen lardin New Brunswick da 20% na waɗanda ke Manitoba suna da ƙaƙƙarfan asalin Faransa, kamar yadda wasu mutane ke yi a Ontario, galibi a kan iyakarta da Quebec. A cikin 1999, an kirkiro Nunavut a matsayin yanki na uku na Kanada, daga cikin Yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin Gabas, a cikin yarjejeniya da mutanen Inuit. Kanada tana da gwamnatin da ake kira masarautar tsarin mulki. Tana da masarauta (ma'ana sarki ko sarauniya ita ce shugabar waccan), kuma dimokiradiyya ce (ma'ana mutanen ƙasar suna mulkar ta). Shugabar ƙasa ita ce Sarauniya Elizabeth II, wacce a hukumance take Sarauniyar Kanada. Ta naɗa Gwamna Janar don wakiltar ta a ƙasar, amma, zaɓin Gwamna Janar Firayim Minista ne ya yi. Ikon Sarauniya galibi ana amfani da shi ne ta Janar Janar, a halin yanzu Julie Payette. Janar Gwamna, kamar masarautar Kanada (Sarki / Sarauniyar Kanada), ba ya siyasa kuma ya kasance sama da siyasa, kuma saboda wannan yawanci basa amfani da ikon su ba tare da shawarar Firayim Minista ko wasu ministocin ba. Shugaban gwamnati Firayim Minista ne. Firayim Minista na yanzu shi ne Justin Trudeau, wanda ya maye gurbin Stephen Harper a cikin Oktoba 2015. Kowane lardi da yanki suna da firaminista don jagorantar gwamnatinta. Ayyuka na yau da kullun na gwamnati suna gudana ta majalisar ministoci. Yawancin lokaci ana kafa majalisar zartarwa daga babbar jam'iyya a Majalisar. Majalisar Kanada tana zartar da dokokin kasar. Janar janar, mai aiki a madadin masarauta, na da damar hana doka (ma'ana doka ba za ta fara aiki ba) amma ba a yi amfani da wannan haƙƙin na ɗan lokaci ba. Akwai manyan jam’iyyu biyar a majalisar dokokin Kanada: Jam’iyyar Conservative, da New Democratic Party, da Liberal Party, da Bloc Québécois, da kuma Green Party. Baya ga jam'iyyun biyar da ke da 'Yan Majalisa a Majalisar, akwai wasu kananan jam'iyyu goma sha hudu da suka yi rajista da Zaɓen Kanada da kuma' yan majalisar da dama da ke zaune a matsayin 'Yancin Kai. Fannin tsarotsaro Kimiya da Fasaha Sifirin Jirgin Sama Sifirin Jirgin Kasa Kanada ƙasa ce take da rabe-raben addinai, wanda ya ƙunshi addinai daban daban da al'adu. Babu wani tsayayyen addini a hukumance a ƙasar Kanada. Akwai ƴanci na gudanar da addini a kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Kanada. A ko wanne yanki a ƙasar ana gudanar da addini. A baya Kanada ta taɓa zama ƙasar addinin Ƙiristanci kaɗai kafin daga baya ta zama ƙasa wadda bata da tsayayyen addini a hukumance. Akasarin ƴan ƙasar Kanada basu ɗauki addini da muhimmanci ba a rayuwarsa ta Yau da kullum, amma dai sunyi imani da Ubangiji. A wani jin ra'ayin jama'a da akayi a shekarar 2011, kaso 67.3 na ƴan ƙasar sun aiyana kansu a matsayin Kiristoci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika 38 sauran kuma na sauran aƙidu na addinin Kirista. Mafiya girma a daga cikin ɗarikun Protestant sune masu bin cocin United Church of Canada (sunkan ƴan Kanada kaso 6.1 cikin ɗari), sai masu bin cocin Anglican Church of Canada (kaso 5.0 cikin ɗari), da cocin Baptism of Canada (1.9 cikin ɗari). Tsarin ƙasar na baruwan ta da addini yana cigaba da faɗaɗa tun daga shekarun 1960. A 2011, kaso 23.9 cikin ɗari suka aiyana kansu da baruwan su da addini, marasa addini na ƙaruwar a ƙasar tun daga 2001. Musulunci shine addini na biyu mafi girma a Kanada bayan addinin Ƙiristanci, inda kaso 3.2 cikin ɗari na ƴan ƙasar Musulmai ne. Haka nan musulunci shine addini mafi saurin yaɗuwa a ƙasar. Akwai mabiya Hindu kaso 1.5 cikin ɗari da kuma Sikh kaso 1.4 cikin ɗari na mutane Ƙasar Kanada. Ƙasashen Amurka

50567

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20Erdely

Sabrina Erdely

Sabrina Rubin Erdely wata tsohuwar 'yar jarida ce kuma mai ba da rahoto na mujallar, wacce a cikin 2014 ta rubuta labarin batanci a cikin Rolling Stone da ke kwatanta zargin fyade da wasu 'yan'uwa da yawa suka yi wa wata dalibar Jami'ar Virginia. Labarin mai taken " Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'ar", daga baya ya sha kaye. Mujallar ta janye labarin bayan nazarin Makarantar Jarida ta Jami'ar Columbia wanda ya kammala da cewa Erdely da Rolling Stone sun kasa shiga "na asali, har ma da aikin jarida na yau da kullum". Sakamakon haka, an ambaci sunan Erdely a cikin kararraki uku tare da bukatar sama da dala miliyan 32 a hade domin samun diyya sakamakon buga labarin. Wani wanda ya kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Erdely ya rubuta game da fyade da cin zarafi. Kafin labarin Rolling Stone, aikinta ya bayyana a GQ, Self, New Yorker, Uwar Jones,Glamour, Lafiyar maza da Philadelphia. In November 2016, a federal court jury found Erdely was liable for defamation with actual malice in a lawsuit brought by University of Virginia administrator Nicole Eramo, and Erdely was found personally responsible for $2 million in damages. Ilimi da farkon rayuwa An haifi Erdely a New York. Ta kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Pennsylvania a 1994. A cewar Erdely, ta kasance da farko a pre-med dalibi amma ya zama Turanci babba yayinda yake aiki a kan ma'aikatan 34th Street, mujallu sakawa ga Daily Pennsylvanian, harabar jaridar A lokacin da take aiki a titin 34th, abokin aikinta Stephen Glass "ya jefi dacewa mai kyau" bayan ita da abokin aikinta "sun shirya wani labari mai ban dariya kuma a bayyane yake" ga mujallar Daga baya, a cikin wata kasida da ta rubuta wa mujallar tsofaffin ɗalibai na Jami'ar Pennsylvania, ta kira Glass a "sociopathic creep" saboda, in ji ta, ya ƙirƙira labarun da aka buga a matsayin aikin jarida na gaskiya a cikin New Republic. Bayan yamujallnn, Erdely ya tafi aiki don Philadelphia kafin ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin marubucin mujallar mai zaman kansa. Rubutun mujallu Labarin Erdely na 1996 na Philadelphia, game da wata mace da ta yi zargin cewa likitan mata ya yi mata fyade, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta kasa. Wani labari na 2012 don Rolling Stone, ke zargin cin zarafi na daliban gayu a Minnesota, an zabe shi kamar haka kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Magazine Articl. A cikin 2003 Erdely a rubuta wani labari mai ban sha'awa a cikin GQ game da sanannen con man Steve Comisar. Labari na Rolling Stone na Erdely na 2013, "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer," ya ba da labarin zargin yin amfani da kwayoyi da fyade ga wata karamar jami'ar sojan ruwa ta Amurka da wasu sojojin Amurka uku suka yi. Labarin Rolling Stone:"Faylolin Laifukan Jima'i na Cocin Katolika" A cikin 2011, Erdely ya ba da labarin wani labari na Rolling Stone game da cin zarafin yara a cikin Cocin Roman Katolika a Philadelphia.(An yi bincike a cocin a birane da yawa tun lokacin da The Boston Globe fallasa a cikin 02 a kariyar cocin na firistoci masu farauta.) Labarin Erdely ya kwatanta wani yaro mai daraja na biyar na bagadi da ake kira "Billy Doe" wanda "mummunan hare-haren ya juya ... Billy Doe ya kasance babba lokacin da ya gabatar da zarge-zargen nasa, wanda ya haifar da tuhumar laifukan da ya kai ga daure wasu ma'aikatan coci uku. Doe ya kuma shigar da babbar kara a kan cocin. Ralph Cipriano ya rubuta a cikin Newsweek cewa "Erdely bai sani ba ko kuma ya damu don ganowa ... cocicewa Billy ya riga ya ba da labarinsa ga babban coci, 'yan sanda, da kuma babban uri, kuma daga bisani zai sake ba da shi ga wasu alkalai guda biyu daban-daban a cikin masu laifi iyu. louta. Kuma a duk lokacin da ya ba da labarnsa, bayanan sun yi ta canjawa.” A karo na farko na fyaden Billy Doe ya yi iƙirarin jimrewa, an buga shi a ume, an tubeshi, an ɗaure shi da bagadin coci da sahes, kuma an yi masa fyade a kan bagadi na tsawon sa'o'i byar. Abubuwan da suka biyo baya na fyaden da Doe ya yi ba su da ban maaki; wani juzu'i na ƙarshe ya tsallake fyaden tsuliya na awa biyar na baadi. Madadin haka, Billy Doe ya bayana, an tilasta masa shiga cikin al'aurar.na . Cipriano ya soki Erdely saboda kasa haɗa bayanai game da bayanan Billy Doe wanda zai iya lalata amincinsa;Alal misali,an kama shi sau shida,sau ɗaya yayin da yake fataucin buhunan tabar heroin 56. Lauyan Doe Slade McLaughlin,da David Clohessy,shugaban SNAP,sun lura a cikin mayar da martani cewa shan miyagun ƙwayoyi abu ne na yau da kullum ga cin zarafin yara. Rolling Stone article: "The Rape of Petty Officer Blumer" Labarin Rolling Stone : "Wani Fyade A Harabar Jami'a" An buga labarin Erdely na Rolling Stone,mai suna "Rape on Campus",a cikin fitowar Disamba 2014 na waccan mujallar.An yi zargin cewa mutane bakwai na Phi Kappa Psi a Jami'ar Virginia sun yi wa wata daliba fyade a gidan 'yan uwanta a ranar 28 ga Satumba,2012. Tambayoyi daban-daban na Phi Kappa Psi da The Washington Post sun nuna manyan kurakurai da sabani a cikin rahoton.Labarin Erdely ya fuskanci suka a kafafen yada labarai da tambayoyi game da gaskiyar sa. Jaridar Washington Post da Boston Herald duk sun yi kira ga ma'aikatan mujallar da ke da hannu a cikin rahoton da a kori.11 Natasha Vargas-Cooper,marubuci a The Interceptya ce labarin Erdely ya nuna "mummunan ra'ayi mai ban tsoro,ɓoye,"yayin da edita a cikin Wall Street Journal ya yi zargin cewa "Ms.Erdely ba ta gina wani labari ba bisa ga gaskiya,amma ta tafi neman don hujjojin da suka dace da ka'idarta."Yayin da ake ci gaba da sukar labarin, Erdely ta bace daga idon jama'a,inda kafofin watsa labarai daban-daban suka kwatanta ta da "MIA" da "kashe grid." Rolling Stone daga baya ya ba da uzuri uku game da labarin.A ranar 10 ga Disamba,2014, The Washington Post ta buga wani sabon lissafi na bincikenta game da labarin Rolling Stone.Da yake taƙaita wannan rahoton,Slate ya lura cewa "yana da ƙarfi,ba tare da faɗin haka ba,cewa za a iya ƙirƙira ƙungiyar fyade a tsakiyar labarin Sabrina Rubin Erdely." Rayayyun mutane

22580

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Bada%20Shawara%20ta%20Yahudawa

Kungiyar Bada Shawara ta Yahudawa

CCJO RenéCassin ne mai kare hakkin dan adam NGO cewa ayyukan da ya inganta da kuma kare hakkin dan adam a duniya, jawo a kan Yahudawa abubuwan da dabi'u. Kungiyar tana yin hakan ta hanyar kamfen don canji a cikin fannonin haƙƙin ɗan adam da aka ayyana ta hanyar haɗakarwa da ba da shawara, nazarin manufofi, kamfen ɗin jama'a da ilimi da haɓaka ƙarfin masu fafutuka da lauyoyi don haɓaka da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kungiyar tana aiki a cikin yankuna na haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kwarewar yahudawa, kamar wariya, mafaka, da kisan kare dangi . Kungiyar tana riƙe da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin ƙungiyar Ba da Shawara ta Yahudawa (CCJO). Shugaban CCJO na farko shi ne René Cassin, babban mai tsara dokar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Hakkokin Dan-Adam, wanda aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel a shekarar 1968 don yaba da aikinsa na kare hakkin dan Adam a matsayinsa na masanin shari’a, masani kuma dan kasa. CCJO ya kasance mai ba da goyon baya ga ƙoƙari don haɓaka tasirin yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma tsarin hukumomi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Daga shekara ta 1940 zuwa 1970s ta shiga cikin ƙirƙirar kayan kare haƙƙin bil'adama na Majalisar Duniya, waɗanda suka zama tushen ayyukan Majalisar rightsinkin Duniya na 'yancin ɗan adam a yau. CCJO René Cassin kwanan nan yayi shawarwari game da tunannin farko game da haƙƙin ƙungiya / haɗin kai a cikin kayan aikin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya (Ka'idodin Asali kan Hakki ga Waɗanda Aka Ci zarafi). Ka'idodin sun amince da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2005. Kungiyar ta kuma gudanar da kamfe kan hakkin ‘yan gudun hijira, rigakafin kisan kare dangi, ‘ yancin addini, daidaito tsakanin kabilu da kuma batun maido da kasashen duniya. CCJO René Cassin kuma yana ba da shirye-shiryen ilimantar da ɗan adam da zaman horo. Kungiyar ta fi mayar da hankali ne a Burtaniya, amma tana da magoya baya a duk Turai, musamman a Faransa . Danny Silverstone shine shugaban kungiyar na yanzu, kuma Mia Hasenson-Gross Daraktan ta shekarar . Tun da farko Alexander Goldberg ne ya shugabanci kungiyar wanda ya kasance a matsayin babban wakili a kwamitin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma Daniel Kingsley. Yin aiki tare da ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin bil'adama ta ƙasa da ƙasa don haɓaka haƙƙin ɗan adam na dukkan mutane da al'ummomin duniya. Don ciyar da wannan ajanda a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran matakan da suka dace. Yin aiki tare da sauran kungiyoyin yahudawa don kara wayar da kan yan adam da karfafa himma a tsakanin al'ummomin yahudawa a madadin wadanda aka fatattaka da wadanda ake zalunta a duniya. A cikin shekarata 2000, Clemens Nathan da wasu mutanen da ke da ƙwarewa game da aikin haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Majalisar Shawara na Organiungiyoyin Yahudawa (CCJO) suka ɗauki ƙungiyar matasa ƙwararru zuwa tsohuwar Hukumar Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (wanda tuni aka sauya shi zuwa Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam. ) a Geneva inda aka nuna musu yanayin muryoyin yahudawa da ke akwai kan 'yancin ɗan adam na duniya. An yi wahayi zuwa gare su don kafa CCJO René Cassin (RC), da nufin samar da muryoyin yahudawa game da haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa a matakan ƙasa da ƙasa. Nathan ya ci gaba da tallafawa da kuma ƙarfafa aikinsu na ci gaba, yana neman jawo sabbin ƙwarewar ƙwarewa a cikin aikin da CCJO ya yi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma sauran ayyukan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Tun da kafa tushen sa a cikin Burtaniya a wannan lokacin, RC ya girma kuma ya ƙware. A cikin shekarata 2003, RC ya fara yin hulɗa tare da jama'ar yahudawa a cikin Burtaniya don haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƙarfafa gwagwarmaya, ta hanyar karɓar jerin manyan al'amuran jama'a, kuma gami da mahawara da taro. Masu magana a waɗannan abubuwan sun hada da Dame Ruth Deech, Dr Indarjit Singh da Peter Tatchell . A cikin shekarar 2005, RC ta ƙaddamar da shirin ilimi don makarantun sakandare a cikin Burtaniya game da kisan kare dangi, ƙaura da kuma haƙƙin yaro. A cikin shekarata 2005 kawai, wannan shirin ya kai sama da yaran makarantar sakandare na yahudawa 3000. Continuedungiyar ta ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga ilimi, samar da kayan ilimi ga malamai, tare da yin aiki tare da manyan makarantun sakandaren yahudawa biyar don ilimantar da kan halin da ake ciki a Darfur, Sudan . RC ta cigaba da ɗaukar wakilai zuwa Majalisar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tare da goyon bayan CCJO. A cikin shekarar 2005 a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen don sake biyan waɗanda ke fama da kisan kare dangi, wakilan RC sun tattauna tattaunawar farko game da haƙƙin rukuni a cikin wani kayan aikin Majalisar Unitedinkin Duniya (Ka'idodin Aiki kan 'Yancin Waɗanda Aka Ci zarafinsu). RC na ci gaba da kamfe kan batutuwan da suka hada da shige da fice, ta'addanci da azabtarwa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. A shekara ta shekarata 2007, RC ta ƙaddamar da Networkungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Yahudawa a Burtaniya don ta haɗu da yahudawa don yin magana game da 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da goyon bayan Babban Rabbi na Kingdomasar Ingila, Babban Lauyan Burtaniya da wakilai daga ko'ina cikin Burtaniya Jewishungiyar yahudawa da haƙƙin ɗan adam. A farkon shekarunsa, RC wasu matasa lauyoyi ne suka jagoranta, Alexander Goldberg da kuma Daniel Kingsley. Employedungiyar ta yi amfani da Darakta na cikakken lokaci na farko, Clive Gabay a cikin 2005, wanda Sarah Kaiser ta gaji a shekarata 2006. Kaiser ya ci gaba da ba da fifiko ga aikin ilimantarwa, haɓaka albarkatu da yawa da shirye-shiryen ilimin da ke mai da hankali kan addinin Yahudanci da 'yancin ɗan adam, da gudanar da al'amuran. A cikin watan Oktoba na shekarata 2010, Simone Abel, wani lauya tare da gogewa a Human Rights Watch, New York, da wasu manyan kamfanonin lauyoyi biyu na duniya suka gaje Kaiser. A ƙarshen shekarar 2011, Shauna Leven, shi ma lauya ne, ya shiga RC a matsayin Manajan Shirye-shirye a 2011 kuma aka naɗa Darakta a shekarata 2013. Leven ya bar René Cassin a cikin Disamba shekarar 2014 kuma an maye gurbinsa a matsayin Darakta a Yuni shekarata 2015 ta Mia Hasenson-Gross. Tun lokacin da aka nada Abel, kungiyar ta fi mai da hankali kan aikin bayar da shawarwari baya ga abubuwan bayar da ilimi. Beganungiyar ta fara aiki a kan batutuwan da suka shafi nuna wariya ga Gypsies, Matafiya da Roma a Burtaniya da Turai a shekarar 2010, da bautar zamani da tallafi na humanancin Burtaniya na cikin gida a cikin shekarata 2011, samar da takardu na siyasa, dabarun neman shawarwari da kayan ilimi. Tun shekara ta 2010, kungiyar ta ƙara yin aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar sauran ƙungiyoyi don cimma burinta na ba da shawarwari ta hanya mafi inganci da inganci. RC ta ci gaba da aikin ba da shawarwari na ƙasashen duniya kuma, shiga cikin zaman ciki har da Sashen Babban Mataki na ECOSOC, da Nazarin Lokutan Duniya da Majalisar Rightsancin Dan Adam. Batutuwa da kamfen Genocide and Crimes against Humanity: Darfur RC has called for a peaceful resolution to the crisis in Darfur. More specifically, they have called for United Nations peace-keeping forces to be sent to the area, a no-fly zone to be enforced over Darfur and support from the international community to pursue convictions for the perpetrations of the crimes against humanity at the International Criminal Court. In keeping with this, RC has repeatedly highlighted the situation in Darfur via interventions delivered to the United Nations Human Rights Council. In 2012, RC began research into the conflict South Kordofan state, Sudan. Asylum and Detention RC is concerned that the United Kingdom's policy and practice of detention infringes the human rights of many asylum seekers. The organisation frames the detention of asylum seekers as a human rights issue and campaigns against indefinite detention, the detention of vulnerable people and the Detained Fast Track system as violations of human rights standards and the inherent dignity of the individual. The Chronically Excluded In 2011 RC launched a campaign against discrimination facing Gypsy and Traveller communities, titled 'The Chronically Excluded.' In April 2011 RC highlighted inequalities facing the Gypsy and Traveller communities in the UK and Europe at the European Union Fundamental Rights Platform in Vienna. Following this, in May 2012 the organisation presented an oral submission for the UN Commission on Social Development on the social exclusion of Gypsies and Travellers. Slavery and human trafficking RC seeks to end modern slavery through education and advocacy. In 2011 it published a Haggadah Companion highlighting the ongoing issue of modern-day slavery and engaging supporters in positive activities to: raise awareness, change consumer behaviour and join their advocacy work. RC also advised various corporations as to what steps they could take in order to ensure that they avoid indirectly contributing to modern-day slavery or increasing the likelihood of the exploitation of human beings during the 2012 London Olympics. Working to protect and promote the Human Rights Act RC supports and advocates for the retention of the Act. In 2012 it hosted a panel discussion with guest speakers Professor Francesca Klug OBE and Sir Vernon Bogdanor CBE about the importance of retaining the Act and also prepared a submission to the Commission on the Bill of Rights Consultation. Children's Rights RC aims to end child slavery and sexual servitude, protect the rights of child asylum seekers and end child detention, end discrimination on the basis of sexuality and promote the right to education and end discrimination in schools. RC ta himmatu wajen samar da ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam mai kawo canji tun a shekarar 2003, kuma da farko ta haɓaka wadatattun kayan aiki da nufin yara yan makarantar sakandare. A shekara ta 2008, a ranar duniya ta Darfur, kungiyar ta gudanar da taronta na cikakken yini na farko mai taken 'Menene Bayahude game da' Yancin Dan Adam? ' kuma taron ya zama tsayayyen shekara-shekara. Kwanan baya, kungiyar ta mai da hankali kan ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam don ƙwararrun ƙwararrun matasa, yahudawa gabaɗaya, da ci gaba da haɓaka ƙwararrun lauyoyi. RC tana gudanar da shirin ilimantarwa na shekara-shekara mai taken Kaddamar da Ingantaccen Activan gwagwarmaya, wanda ke haɓaka ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru zuwa masu himma da himma da ɗaukar su zuwa Geneva, Strasbourg da Hague don yin kamfen a gaban ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyar ta gudanar da wannan shirin cikin nasara tun shekara ta 2008 kuma tana da kimantawa na ilimi mai zaman kanta wanda ya kammala cewa shirin yana ƙara ƙimar gaske ga ba da shawara-horar da matasa ƙwararru. Har ila yau, kungiyar ta gudanar da Shirin René Cassin Fellowship Program, (RCFP) wanda ke tattare da matasa kwararrun yahudawa daga Turai, Isra’ila da Amurka don bincika batutuwan da suka shafi hakkin dan Adam ta hanyar tabarau na musamman na yahudawa. Tana ba wa ƙwararrun yahudawa ilimi, ƙwarewa da tuntuɓar da ake buƙata don haɓaka gwagwarmayar su a fagen adalci na zamantakewar al'umma, haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya ko fannoni masu alaƙa. A cikin shekarata 2013, Shirin Fellowship na tsawon shekara ya gudanar da taron karawa juna sani a kowane wata tare da babban memba a kan tsarin karatun da aka tsara musamman don haɗin gwiwa. Hakanan abokan aikin suna halartar ziyarar lokaci zuwa lokaci ta manyan lauyoyi na 'yancin ɗan adam, masana, masu gwagwarmaya, da shugabannin gari. RCFP ta ƙunshi manyan tafiye-tafiye biyu - a watan Yuni, san uwan sun shiga yawon bincikensu zuwa Isra’ila, kuma a lokacin bazara akwai tafiya zuwa Geneva don wakilan Turai da na Isra’ila. kungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Yahudawa A watan Mayun shekarata 2008 RenéCassin ya ƙaddamar da Networkungiyar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta yahudawa da nufin haɗuwa da manyan ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na yahudawa don ƙarfafa muryar yahudawa a cikin al'ummomin duniya. Kungiyar tana buɗewa ga kowace ƙungiya ko ɗayan mutane waɗanda suka yi rajista game da Sanarwa game da 'Yancin Dan Adam da Yahudanci. Sanarwar ta sami sa hannun wasu mashahuran mutane a cikin yahudawa da ma duniya baki daya 'yancin dan adam wadanda suka hada da shugaban kwamitin wakilai na yahudawan Birtaniyya, Babban Lauyan kasar, Francesca Klug OBE da Babban Rabbi . Ya zuwa na shekarar 2013, JHRN ba ya aiki. Duba kuma Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya CCJO René Cassin Shafin Farko Pages with unreviewed translations

40870

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir%20Lenin

Vladimir Lenin

Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov (22 April 1870 - 21 Janairu 1924), wanda aka fi sani da Vladimir Lenin, ɗan juyin juya halin Rasha ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma masanin siyasa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko kuma ya kafa gwamnatin Soviet Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1924 da na Tarayyar Soviet daga 1922 zuwa 1924. A karkashin gwamnatinsa, Rasha, daga baya kuma Tarayyar Soviet, ta zama kasa mai ra'ayin gurguzu mai jam'iyya daya da ke karkashin jam'iyyar gurguzu. A akidar Markisanci, ci gabansa ga akidar ana kiransa Leninism. An haife shi ga dangin upper-middle-class a Simbirsk, Lenin ya rungumi siyasar gurguzu na juyin juya hali bayan kisan dan uwansa a shekarar 1887. An kore shi daga Jami'ar Imperial ta Kazan saboda halartar zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnatin Tsarist na Daular Rasha, ya sadaukar da shekaru masu zuwa zuwa digiri na shari'a. Ya koma Saint Petersburg a shekara ta 1893 kuma ya zama babban dan gwagwarmayar Markisanci. A 1897, an kama shi don tayar da hankali kuma an kai shi gudun hijira zuwa Shushenskoye a Siberiya na tsawon shekaru uku, inda ya auri Nadezhda Krupskaya. Bayan gudun hijira, ya ƙaura zuwa Yammacin Turai, inda ya zama fitaccen masanin ka'ida a Jam'iyyar Marxist Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (RSDLP). A cikin shekarar 1903, ya ɗauki muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rarrabuwar ra'ayi na RSDLP, wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyar Bolshevik don adawa da Julius Martov 's Mensheviks. Bayan juyin juya halin Rasha na 1905 da bai yi nasara ba, ya yi yakin neman rikidewar yakin duniya na farko zuwa juyin juya hali a Turai baki daya, wanda a matsayinsa na Markisanci ya yi imani zai haifar da rushe tsarin jari-hujja da maye gurbinsa da gurguzu. Bayan juyin juya halin watan Fabrairu na 1917 ya kori Tsar tare da kafa gwamnatin wucin gadi, ya koma Rasha don taka rawa a juyin juya halin Oktoba inda Bolshevik suka hambarar da sabon tsarin mulki. Tun farko gwamnatin Lenin Bolshevik ta raba madafun iko tare da 'yan gurguzu zaɓaɓɓun Soviets, da Majalisar Majalisun jam'iyyu da yawa, ko da yake a shekara ta 1918 ta sami madafan iko a sabuwar Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci. Gwamnatin Lenin ta sake rarraba filaye a tsakanin manoma da bankuna da kuma manyan masana'antu. Ta fice daga yakin duniya na farko ta hanyar rattaba hannu kan wata yerjejeniya da ta ba da ikon mallakar yankin tsakiya, da kuma inganta juyin juya halin duniya ta hanyar gurguzu ta kasa da kasa. An murkushe abokan adawar a cikin Red Terror, yakin neman zabe da jami'an tsaro na jihar ke gudanarwa; an kashe dubun-dubatar ko kuma aka saka su a sansanonin fursuna. Gwamnatinsa ta ci nasara da sojojin anti-Bolshevik na dama da hagu a yakin basasar Rasha daga 1917 zuwa 1922 kuma ya jagoranci yakin Poland-Soviet na 1919-1921. Da yake mayar da martani ga barnar lokacin yaƙi, yunwa, da tashe-tashen hankula, a cikin shekarar 1921 Lenin ya ƙarfafa haɓakar tattalin arziki ta hanyar Sabuwar Manufofin Tattalin Arziƙi. Kasashe da dama wadanda ba na Rasha ba sun sami 'yancin kai daga Daular Rasha bayan 1917, amma uku sun sake hadewa cikin sabuwar Tarayyar Soviet a 1922. Rashin lafiyarsa, Lenin ya mutu a Gorki, tare da Joseph Stalin ya gaje shi a matsayin babban mutum a gwamnatin Soviet. An yi la'akari da daya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri da kuma tasiri na karni na 20, Lenin ya kasance batun da ya shafi al'adun gargajiya a cikin Tarayyar Soviet har zuwa rushewa a cikin shekarar 1991. Ya zama jigo a akida a bayan Marxism-Leninism kuma babban tasiri kan yunkurin gurguzu na kasa da kasa. Mutumin da ke da cece-kuce kuma mai cike da rarrabuwar kawuna, magoya bayansa suna kallon Lenin a matsayin gwarzon gurguzu da kuma masu aiki. A halin da ake ciki, masu sukar Lenin suna zarginsa da kafa mulkin kama-karya wanda ke kula da kashe-kashen jama'a da kuma danniya na siyasa. Yarinta: 1870-1887 Komawa ga kakanninsa, Rashanci, Jamusanci, Yaren mutanen Sweden, Bayahude, da yiwuwar tasirin Kalmyk ana iya gano su. Mahaifinsa Ilya Nikolayevich Ulyanov ya fito ne daga dangin tsohon serfs; Kabilar mahaifin Ilya har yanzu ba a sani ba, yayin da mahaifiyar Ilya, Anna Alexeyevna Smirnova, ta kasance rabin Kalmyk kuma rabin Rasha. Duk da ƙananan matsayi, Ilya ya tashi zuwa matsayi na tsakiya, yana nazarin ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi a Jami'ar Kazan kafin koyarwa a Cibiyar Penza Nobility. Ilya ya auri Maria Alexandrovna Blank a tsakiyar 1863. Tana da ilimi sosai, 'yar Bajamushe ce mai arziki-mahaifiyar Lutheran Sweden, kuma mahaifin Bayahude na Rasha wanda ya koma Kiristanci kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin likita. A cewar masanin tarihi Petrovsky-Shtern, mai yiwuwa Lenin bai san zuriyar mahaifiyarsa rabin-Yahudawa ba, wanda 'yar uwarsa Anna kawai ta gano bayan mutuwarsa. A cewar wani sigar, mahaifin Maria ya fito ne daga dangin Jamus masu mulkin mallaka da Catherine Babbar ta gayyace su zuwa Rasha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan bikin aurensu, Ilya ya sami aiki a Nizhny Novgorod, ya tashi ya zama Daraktan Makarantun Firamare a gundumar Simbirsk bayan shekaru shida. Bayan shekaru biyar, sai aka kara masa girma zuwa Darakta na Makarantun Gwamnati na lardin, inda yake kula da kafa sama da makarantu 450 a wani bangare na tsare-tsaren gwamnati na zamani. A cikin Janairu 1882, sadaukar da kai ga ilimi ya ba shi Order of Saint Vladimir, wanda ya ba shi matsayi na gadon sarauta. An haifi Lenin a Streletskaya Ulitsa, Simbirsk, yanzu Ulyanovsk, ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu 1870, kuma ya yi masa baftisma bayan kwanaki shida; tun yana yaro, an san shi da Volodya, ɗan ƙaramin Vladimir. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, yana da ƴan'uwa maza biyu, Anna (an haife shi 1864) da Alexander (an haife shi 1866). Su kuma wasu yara uku, Olga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1871), Dmitry (an haife shi a shekara ta 1874), da kuma Maria (an haifi 1878). ’Yan’uwa biyu daga baya sun mutu suna ƙanana. Ilya ya kasance memba na Cocin Orthodox na Rasha kuma ya yi wa 'ya'yansa baftisma a cikinta, kodayake Maria, ɗan Lutheran ta hanyar renon yara, ba ta da halin ko-in-kula ga Kiristanci, ra'ayin da ya rinjayi 'ya'yanta. Dukansu iyayensa sun kasance masu mulkin mallaka da masu ra'ayin sassaucin ra'ayi, suna jajircewa wajen sake fasalin 'yanci na 1861 wanda mai neman sauyi Tsar Alexander II ya gabatar; sun guje wa masu ra'ayin siyasa kuma babu wata shaida da ta nuna cewa 'yan sanda sun sanya su a cikin sa ido don tunanin zagi. A duk lokacin rani suna hutu a wani gidan kauye a Kokushkino. A cikin 'yan uwansa, Lenin ya kasance mafi kusa da 'yar uwarsa Olga, wanda yakan yi wa jagoranci; yana da yanayin gasa sosai kuma yana iya zama ɓarna, amma yawanci yakan yarda da rashin halayensa. Mai sha'awar wasan motsa jiki, ya shafe yawancin lokacinsa na kyauta a waje ko wasa dara, kuma ya yi fice a makaranta, ladabtarwa da ra'ayin mazan jiya Simbirsk Classical Gymnasium. A cikin watan Janairu 1886, lokacin da Lenin yana da shekaru 15, mahaifinsa ya mutu sakamakon zubar jini na kwakwalwa. Bayan haka, halinsa ya zama marar kuskure da rigima kuma ya yi watsi da imaninsa da Allah. A lokacin, ɗan'uwan Lenin Alexander, wanda ya san shi da ƙauna kamar Sasha, yana karatu a Jami'ar Saint Petersburg. Ya shiga cikin tashin hankali na siyasa a kan cikakkiyar mulkin mallaka na Tsar Alexander III, Alexander yayi nazarin rubuce-rubucen da aka haramta wa masu hagu da kuma shirya zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati. Ya shiga cikin rukunin juyin juya hali da ke da niyyar kashe Tsar kuma aka zabe shi ya gina bam. Kafin a kai harin, an kama wadanda suka hada baki aka yi musu shari’a, kuma an kashe Alexander ta hanyar rataya a watan Mayu. Duk da ɓacin rai na mutuwar mahaifinsa da ɗan'uwansa, Lenin ya ci gaba da karatu, ya kammala karatunsa a makaranta a saman ajinsa tare da lambar zinare don kyakkyawan aiki, kuma ya yanke shawarar yin karatun doka a Jami'ar Kazan. Mutuwan 1924 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

13564

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vin%20Diesel

Vin Diesel

Mark Sinclair (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli, shekarar ta alif dari tara da sittin da bakwai 1967),wanda da aka sani da Vin Diesel, ɗan wasan Amurka ne kuma mai samarhirya fina-finai tashi zuwa sanannu naenkdan'wasa kasa da kasa tare da rawar da ya taka a matsayin Dominic Toretto a cikin fim din Fast and the Fuirous. Vin Diesel ya fara aikinsa ne a shekarar 1990, amma da farko yayi gwagwarmaya don samun matsayi har sai da ya sami fitowa a cikin gajeren fim mai suna Multi-Facial shekara ta , wanda ya jawo hankalin Steven Spielberg, wanda ke haɓaka fim ɗin Saving Private Ryan a lokacin. Spielberg ya sake rubuta wasu abubuwa na fim din don ba da damar Diesel ya fito a ciki, wanda ya taimaka akan fara aikinsa. Daga baya ya nuna halin dattako a cikin The Iron Giant shekara ta , yayin da ya sami suna a matsayin tauraron daukar hoto bayan ya sanya taken The Fast and the Furious, jerin XXX, da Tarihi na Riddick. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, Vin Diesel ya zama sananne asaboda bayar da muryarsa da yayi ga mai wasa Groot a cikin Guardians of the Galaxy shekara ta , da kuma sanya murfin sabon halin a cikin Ralph Breaks Intanet shekarar . Ya kuma kafa kamfanin samar da Kamfanin One Race Films . Daga cikin fina-finai na yau da kullun, Diesel ya ji daɗin nasarar kasuwancin a cikin wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan, irin su a cikin fim din mai ban dariya The Pacifier shekara , yayin da ya yaba da rawar da ya yi a Find Me Guvidence shekarar . Vin Diesel ya nuna hoton mai ban dariya mai suna Bloodshot a cikin fim din sa ta shekara ta 2020, kuma an shirya shi ne domin bayyana a jerin jerin wakokin Avatar . Farkon rayuwa An haifi Vin Diesel ne Mark Sinclair a ranar 18 ga Watan Yunin shekarar 1967, a Alameda County, California, tare da dan'uwansa, Paul. Mahaifiyarsa, Delora Sherleen Vincent (née Sinclair), masaniyar taurari ce . Diesel ya bayyana cewa "dan kabila ne masu hazaka". Mahaifiyarsa tana da tushe daga Turanci, Jamusanci, da Scottish. Bai taɓa saduwa da mahaifinsa ba, kuma ya bayyana cewa "duk abin da na sani daga mahaifiyata cewa ina da alaƙa da al'adu daban-daban". Diesel ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "tabbas mutum mai launi ne", kuma ya bayyana cewa dangantakar iyayenta da ba ta kasance ta saba doka a wasu sassan Amurka ba saboda dokokin hana bayanan karya . Ya aka tashe a New York City da ya fari American mahaifiyarsa da kuma Afirka ta-American uban rana, Irving H. Vincent, wani aiki malami da kuma wasan kwaikwayo sarrafa. Diesel ya yi wasansa na farko yayin da yake shekara bakwai lokacin da ya bayyana a wasan yara Dinosaur Door, wanda Barbara Garson ya rubuta . An buga wannan wasan a gidan wasan kwaikwayon don New City a cikin Greenwich Village na New York. Kasancewarsa a cikin wasan ya zo ne lokacin da shi, ɗan'uwansa da wasu abokansa suka shiga cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayon don sararin samaniya na New City da ke kan titin Jane da niyyar ɓarke da shi. Sun fuskance su da darektan zane mai wasan kwaikwayo, Crystal Field, wanda ya ba su matsayin rawar da za su taka a wasan mai zuwa maimakon kiran 'yan sanda. Diesel ya kasance tare da wasan kwaikwayo a lokacin samartaka, yana ci gaba da halartar Kwalejin Harkokin NYC, inda karatun kirkirar rubuce-rubuce ya sa ya fara rubutun zane. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "ɗan wasan kwaikwayo da yawa". 1990-2000: Gwagwarmaya da nasara Matsayin fim na Diesel na farko shine ɗan gajeren bayyanar da ba'a bayyana ba a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo Awakenings . A 1994, ya rubuta, ya jagoranci, ya samar, da tauraruwa a cikin gajeren fim din Multi-Facial, wani fim mai cike da tarihi wanda ya biyo bayan gwagwarmayar nuna fina-finai da yawa da ke makale a cikin aikin binciken. An zaɓi fim ɗin don nuna allo a bikin Cannes na 1995. A cikin 1997, Diesel ya yi fim dinta na farko mai suna Strays, wasan kwaikwayo na birni inda ya yi jagorancin jagoran ƙungiya wanda ƙaunar mace ta sa shi ƙoƙarin canza hanyoyinsa. Diesel ne ya rubuta shi, ya ba shi umarni, kuma ya samar da fim din don gasa a bikin Sati na 1997, wanda ya kai ga yarjejeniyar MTV don juya shi zuwa jerin. Darakta Steven Spielberg ya lura da Diesel bayan ya gan shi a cikin Multi-Facial kuma ya jefa shi a cikin karamin aiki a matsayin soja a fim dinsa na Oscar wanda ya yi nasara a 1998 Saving Private Ryan . A cikin 1999, ya ba da muryar sunan take a cikin fim mai rai The Iron Giant . 2000–10: Tashi zuwa matsayin jigo a matsayin tauraron daukar hoto A cikin 2000, Diesel yana da rawar da ya dace a cikin wasan kwaikwayon Boiler Room, inda ya fito tare da Giovanni Ribisi da Ben Affleck . Ya sami nasarar jagorancinsa a matsayin dan gaba na jarumi Riddick a cikin fim din almara mai suna Pitch Black daga baya a shekarar. Diesel ya kai matsayin gwarzo wanda ya ci mutum biyu tare da akwatin ofishin biyu: titin wasan tsere kan titi mai suna The Fast and the Furious , da kuma babban mai fafutuka XXX . Ya yi watsi da damar sake bayyana matsayinsa a cikin jerin abubuwa 2 Fast 2 Furful da XXX: Stateungiyar ( ungiyar . A maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya sake wakiltar aikinsa na Riddick a cikin Tarihi na Riddick, wanda ya kasance akwatin akwatin gazawar la'akari da manyan kuɗin. Ya kuma nuna halayen a wasanni biyu na wasan bidiyo da anime Tarihi na Riddick: Fury Dark . A wani canji daga rawar da ya taka a baya, a cikin 2005, ya taka rawar gani a fim din mai ban dariya The Pacifier, wanda nasara ce a ofishi. A shekara ta 2006, ya zabi rawar taka rawar gani inda ya taka matattarar rayuwar mai suna Jack DiNorscio a cikin Find Me Guvidence . Dukda cewa ya samu yabo sosai game da aikinsa, fim din yayi kasa a ofishin akwatin inda ya tara $ 2 miliyan kawai game da kasafin kudi na $ 13 miliyan. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Diesel ya fito da kayan sa fitowar a cikin Azumi da Furful: Tokyo Drift, yana mai bayanin rawar da ya taka daga Azumi da Azaba . A 2007, Diesel an saita shi kuma ya zama tauraro a matsayin wakili na 47 a cikin daidaita fim din wasan bidiyo na Hitman, amma daga baya ya ja da baya kuma ya kasance mai gabatarwa na zartarwa a fim. A shekara ta 2008, ya yi rawar gani a fagen ilimin kimiya-mai ban mamaki Babila AD wanda ke da matukar muhimmanci kuma gazawar ofishi. Diesel ya dawo cikin jerin Fast da Furful, tare da yawancin manyan fitattun finafinan fim na asali na 2001, cikin Fast & Furious, wanda aka saki a watan Afrilun 2009. 2010-2020: Ci gaba mai nasara, aiki a wasu nau'ikan nau'ikan Diesel ya ba da izinin matsayinsa Dominic Toretto a cikin wasu abubuwa guda biyar zuwa takwas na Azumi da Furious, ikon Azumi , Fast & Furious 6 , Furious 7 , and the Fate of the Furious . Ya ba da izinin matsayinsa a matsayin Riddick a cikin fim na uku na jerin Labarun Tarihi na Riddick, wanda aka yiwa lakabi da Riddick . A watan Agusta na 2013, Diesel ya sami tauraro akan Hollywood Walk of Fame . Ya bayyana Groot a cikin 2014 mamaki cinematic Universe film wãto matsaranta na Galaxy . Ya taurare a cikin fim ɗin allahntaka mai ɗaukar The Last maych Hunter . A cikin 2016, Diesel ya bayyana a matsayin mai nuna goyon baya a wasan kwaikwayon na Ang Lee na wasan kwaikwayo na Bill Lee Lynn na Long Halftime Walk . A cikin 2017, Diesel ya sake ba da izinin matsayinsa a matsayin Xander Cage a cikin XXX: Dawowar Xander Cage, da Groot a cikin Masu tsaron lafiyar Galaxy Vol. Na biyu . A cikin shekaru da yawa Diesel ya tattauna game da rawar da ya banbanta tsakanin Al'adun Cinematic Universe. A Nuwamba 2016 darektan Masu Kula da Galaxy, James Gunn, ya tabbatar da cewa Diesel ya kasance yana tattaunawa don yin fim din Blackagar Boltagon / Black Bolt don fim ɗin Inhumans da aka shirya, amma an juya shi zuwa jerin talabijin maimakon ba tare da Diesel ya shiga ba. Diesel ya sake ba da izinin aikinsa na Groot sake a cikin fina-finai na crossover Avengers: Infinity War da Avengers: Endgame wanda ya haɗu da manyan superhero na Guardians na Galaxy da The Avengers . Ya ce, "[Ina] tsammanin akwai lokacin da muke jiran komai, kuma ko kun san shi ko a'a, kuna jira ne ganin [Groot] da [Hulk] za su sauka." Diesel ta ba da alama mai halayyar Jaruma Comics Bloodshot a fim ɗin suna iri ɗaya wanda aka saki a cikin Maris 2020. Hakanan yana shiga cikin kundin James Cameron na Avatar 2 . Rayuwar mutum An lura da Diesel saboda muryar sa mai zurfi ; Ya ce muryarsa ta ɓarke kusan shekara 15, yana ba shi cikakkiyar murya mai kara girma a waya. A kusan shekara ta 2001, ya yi lamuran Azuminsa da Babban Abokan wasa, Michelle Rodriguez . Diesel da abokin aikinsa na yanzu, samfurin Mexico Paloma Jimenez, suna da yara uku: 'yarta Hania Riley (an haife Afrilu 2008), ɗa Vincent Sinclair (an haife 2010), da' yarta Pauline (waɗanda aka haifa a watan Maris 2015). An nada Pauline a cikin girmamawa ga abokinsa kuma abokin hadin gwiwar Fast & Furious franchise co-star, Paul Walker, wanda ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 2013. Hakanan shi kuma shine mahaifin 'yar Walker, Meadow Rain Walker. 'Yarsa Hania tana karatun jiu-jitsu na Brazil da kuma judo . Diesel ya ce a 2006 cewa ya fi son ya ci gaba da tsare sirri game da rayuwarsa ta sirri, yana mai cewa: "Ba zan fitar da shi a can ba a bangon mujallar kamar sauran 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. Na zo ne daga Harrison Ford, Marlon Brando, Robert De Niro, lambar Al Pacino ta yin shuru. " Ya nuna kaunarsa ga Jamhuriyar Dominica da yadda ya shafi bangarorin al'adun ta. Yana da masaniya da tsohon shugaban, Leonel Fernández, kuma ya fito a ɗayan tallace-tallacen tallar da Fernández ya yi a baya. Los Bandoleros, wani ɗan gajeren fim ne wanda Diesel ya jagoranta, aka yi fim a Dominican Republic. Diesel ya yi wasa Dungeons & Dragons sama da shekaru 20, kuma ya rubuta asalinta na littafin tunawa da Shekaru 30 na Adventure: A Celebration of Dungeons & Dragons . A cikin batun shekaru 30 na mujallar Dragon, an bayyana cewa Diesel ya yi rubutun karya da sunan halinsa, Melkor, a ciki yayin da yake yin fim din XXX . Kirar wasan bidiyo na Kanada kuma mai haɓaka Merritt k ya kirkiro wasan 2015 (ASMR) Vin Diesel DMing Game na D&D Just For You dangane da fandom na D&D . Wasanin bidiyo Wuraren shakatawa na taken Kyaututtuka da kuma gabatarwa Haɗin waje Vin Diesel on IMDb Vin Diesel at Rotten Tomatoes Vin Diesel at Curlie Pages with unreviewed translations

33245

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulkareem%20Adisa

Abdulkareem Adisa

Abdulkareem Adisa Listen (an haife she a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta shekarar 1948 – 25 watan February shekarar 2005) Manjo Janar ne na Najeriya wanda ya kasance gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Oyo (a watan Agusta na shekarar 1990 – Watan Janeiro shekarar 1992) a lokacin mulkin soja na Janar Ibrahim Babangida . An same shi da laifin hannu a yunkurin juyin mulki da aka yi wa shugaban mulkin soja Janar Sani Abacha a shekarar 1997, kuma yana kan hukuncin kisa lokacin da Abacha ya rasu a shekarar Yunin shekarar 1998. Daga baya aka yi masa afuwa. Shekarun farko da ilimi An haifi Abdulkareem Adisa a Ilorin , yanzu a garin jihar Kwara . Ya halarci Makarantar Al-Qur'ani a Ilorin tsakanin shekarar 1951 da shekara ta 1953 sannan ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar Katolika da ke Ibuso Gboro Ibadan daga shekarar 1953 zuwa shekara ta 1958. Ya yi karatun Sakandare a Makarantar Soja ta Najeriya da ke Zaria daga shekarar 1962 zuwa shekara ta 1965, sannan ya fara aikin sojan Najeriya a matsayin jami’in soja a shekarar 1967 a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kaduna inda ya kammala a shekarar 1970. Aikin soja A matsayinsa na Laftanar lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, sojojin Biafra sun kama shi a watan Agustan Shekara ta 1967, kuma an tsare shi har zuwa watan Janairu na shekarar 1970. An nada Abdulkareem Adisa gwamnan soja a jihar Oyo a watan Agustan Shekarar 1990 a hannun shugaban kasa na mulkin soja, Janar Ibrahim Babangida, yana rike da mukamin har zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 1992. An fi tunawa da Gwamna Adisa da kalamansa na ‘Wane ne ya gina Gada’ wanda mutane da yawa suka yi amfani da shi wajen tantance matakin Gwamna kamar yadda ya kamata ya ce gada yadda kowamaimakon gada.Ya kasance gwamna 'babu maganar banza yan ƙasa suna girmama shi sosai. Yayin da gwamnan jihar Oyo, Adisa ya gina wani mutum-mutumi na sojan da ba a san ko wanene ba a kofar gidan gwamnati, Ibadan . An lalata wannan mutum-mutumi tare da maye maimaico gurbinsa da wani mutum-mutumi na Obafemi Awolowo da Gwamna Lam Adesina ya yi . Mutum-mutumi na biyu ya ruguje ne kwanaki kadan bayan gwamna Gwamna Adeshina ya bar ofis. Ministan Ayyuka & Gidaje Janar Sani Abacha, wanda ya zama shugaban kasa a watan Nuwamba Shekarar 1993, ya nada shi ministan ayyuka da gidaje. Ya binciki halin da magajinsa a ma’aikatar, Alhaji Lateef Kayode Jakande ya aikata, kuma ya wanke shi daga aikata wani laifi. Ya ci gaba da tsarin samar da gidaje na kasa da Lateef Jakande ya bullo da shi, wanda ya shirya gina gidaje masu saukin kudi a fadin Najeriya, amma ya ninka farashin kowane irin gida. A lokacin mulkinsa, an yi amfani da kudaden ajiyar gidaje don ba da kwangilar samar da ababen more rayuwa ga wuraren. A sakamakon haka, bayan shekaru da yawa masu yawa masu ajiya ba su sami gidaje ko mayar da kudaden ajiyarsu ba. AbdulkarimAdisa ya ba da umarnin cewa Makarantar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Tarayya ta kamata ta ba da damar juyin halitta daga analogue zuwa hanyoyin dijital. Yunkurin juyin mulki da shari'a A watan Disamba na shekarar 1997, an kama Abdulkareem Adisa bisa zarginsa da hannu a yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi wa Janar Sani Abacha, tare da Laftanar Janar Oladipo Diya, Manjo-Janar Tajudeen Olanrewaju da sauransu. An yi masa shari'a kuma aka same shi da laifi a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1998. A watan Yunin shekarar 1998, yana kan hukuncin kisa lokacin da Abacha ya mutu kwatsam. A watan Maris na shekarar 1999, gwamnatin mulkin sojan Najeriya mai barin gado ta yi wa Adisa afuwa da sauran wadanda aka samu da laifin yunkurin juyin mulki. Ya bayyana a gaban hukumar binciken take hakkin bil’adama ta Najeriya (wanda aka fi sani da Oputa guda hudi Panel) inda ya tabbatar da cewa ya samu labarin ajandar guda 4, kwanaki 9 kacal kafin kama shi da hannu a juyin mulkin, daga hannun Janar Oladipo Diya kuma aka sanar da shi juyin mulkin. ba kowa sai shi. Ya da sauran guri kuma d girmamawa bayyana cewa ya roki rahamar sa domin ya ceci rayuwarsa daga Manjo Hamza al-Mustapha . Daga baya aiki Bayan komawar mulkin dimokradiyya a shekarar 1999, Adisa ya yunkura ya buga da wata takarda mai suna The People’s Advocate da ke Ilorin. Jaridar ta kasance makarkashiyar zarge zargen Naira miliyan dari biyu da hamsin 250 daga gwamnan jihar Kwara, Mohammed Lawal, wanda daga baya aka janye. A cikin SHEKARAR 2003, Adisa ya ce ba zai amince da afuwa daga shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ba, wanda da kansa ya shiga yunkurin juyin mulki a shekarar 1995. A watan Afrilun shekarar 2004, ya yi aiki a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Kwara . Wata kungiyar PDP ta dakatar da karamar ministar harkokin mata, Miss Funke Adedoyin, amma wata kungiyar dattawan PDP karkashin jagorancin Adisa, ta karyata dakatarwar da Adedoyin ya yi. Adisa ya kuma zama mataimakin shugaban kungiyar Jahar Kwara Progressive Movement (KPM). Adisa ya kasance shugaban wata fafutuka na zaben Janar Ibrahim Babangida a matsayin shugaban kasa a shekarar 2007. Ya wallafa wani hari da aka kai wa National Democratic Coalition (NADECO) a cikin jaridar Guardian na ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2004, inda ya gargadi kungiyar da kada ta yi kokarin hana Babangida zaben shugaban kasa. Ya ce Yarbawa za su zabi JanarIbrahim Babangida duk da rawar da ya taka wajen soke zaben shugaban kasa na ranar ga 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1993 da Cif MKO Abiola ya lashe . Adisa ya mutu a wani asibitin Landan a ranar 25 February ga watan , shekarar 2005 daga raunin da ya samu a wani hatsarin mota. An dawo da gawarsa domin binne shi a Ilorin, babban birnin jihar Kwara a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2005, a wani biki da ya samu halartar manyan mutane da dama da suka hada da tsoffin gwamnonin jihohi uku da Janar Ibrahim Babangida. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2009 ne shugaban kasa Umaru 'Yar'aduwa ya yiwa Abdulkareem Adisa da wasu da aka samu da laifin cin amanar kasa sakamakon yunkurin juyin mulkin janarr Sani Abacha. Haifaffun 1948 Gwamnonin jihar Oyo Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

7533

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon

Napoleon

Napoleone Bonaparte (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, shekarata alif dubu daya da dari bakwai da sittin da Tara .a Ajaccio, Corsica, shine ɗa na biyu ga Carlo Buonaparte, lauyan zuri'ar Tuscan, da matar sa Letizia Ramolino, kyakkyawar mata wacce ta haifi yara goma sha uku. Baban Napoleon ya gano yana son shiga aikin soja, sai ya yanke shawarar kai shi makarantar sojoji . A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1779, aka kai Napoleon makarantar soji ta Brienne, wurin da ake koyar da yaran manyan iyalai aikin soja wanda sarkin ne ya ɗau nauyin makarantar a waccan lokacin. An karbe shi, kuma yaci gaba da zama a makarantar harna tsawon shekara biyar. A watan Satumba na 1784, yana ɗan shekara goma sha biyar, an shigar da shi makarantar sojoji a Paris. Bayan shekara guda an ƙara masa girma zuwa ƙaramin Laftanar. yayin da a wanana lokacin turai tana fuskantar rikice -rikicen siyasa. Bayan juyin juya halin faransa yayin da masu kishin Corsican sukayi ta zubar da jini kuma suka kawo karshen tsohon tsarin mulki , Napoleon ma yana son bin ra'ayin sabon tsarin. Bayan kwace Bastille, Napoleon yayi ta yada sabon tsarin harma a tsibirin sa. Ya fada cikin rayuwar siyasa, ya gwabza da Pascal paoli (wanda ya ƙirƙiri sabon tsarin siyasar Corsica din kanta ). Ya samu kyaututtuka da dama wanda sanadiyyar haka tasa a cikin shekarar 1791 aka naɗa shi kwamandan battalion na Ajaccio National Guard. A ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1789, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta ayyana Corsica a matsayin wani bangare na Faransa, inda ta kawo karshen mamayar sojojin da ta fara a 1769. Kuma a lokacin ne faransa ta shiga cikin rikicin siyasa wanda ba'a taba ganin irin sa ba. Bayan faduwar Robespierre. Napoleon a shekara ta 1796, kafin aurensa da Josephine de Beauharnais, an sanya shi ya umurci sojoji a yaƙin neman zaɓen Italiya, lokacin da aka ƙara masa matsayi na mai dabarun yaki. Tarihin yaƙi A ranar 21 ga Janairu, guillotine ya kashe Louis XVI a cikin Place des Revolutions, kuma Napoleon Bonaparte ya karɓi matsayin kyaftin ajin farko, ya shiga cikin murkushe Girondins da tawayen gwamnatin tarayya a biranen Marseille, Lyon da Toulon. A lokacin yaƙin Toulon, matashin kyaftin ɗin yana amfani da ƙwararan dabaru don cimma nasarar hambarar da masarautar. A ranar 2 ga Maris, 1796, an naɗa shi kwamandan sojojin Italiya kuma, ya kayar da Piedmontese da Austrian, ya yi sulhu tare da Yarjejeniyar Campoform , ta haka ya aza harsashin ginin makomar masarautar italiya. Juyin mulki A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, 1799, ya sauka a San Rafael bayan ya dawo daga gwagwarmayar da yayi kuma a cikin lokacin ne daga ranar 9 ga Nuwamba zuwa 10 ga Nuwamba (abin da ake kira watan 18 a kalandar juyin juya hali), bayan ya yi juyin mulki, ya kifar da tsohuwar gwamnati , ya sami nasara. Don haka ya zama mai cikakken iko. A ranar 24 ga Disamba, an bude cibiyar karamin ofishin jakadanci, wanda shine lokacin da aka nada mukamin a karan farko. Shugaban ƙasa Ya zama Shugaban kasa, kuma an bawa Napoleon, ikon yin aiki, ya sake fasalin tsarin gwamnati da adalci a lokacin rikon sa. Ya sake kayar da haɗin gwiwar Austrian, ya sanya wa Burtaniya zaman lafiya kuma ya sanya hannu kan Concordat tare da Pius VII a cikin 1801, wanda ya sanya cocin Faransa a cikin hidimar gwamnati. Bayan haka, ya gano da kuma murƙushe makircin masarautar, a cikin 1804 an shelanta shi a matsayin sarkin Faransa a ƙarƙashin sunan Napoleon 1. Don haka, an ƙirƙiri ainihin "masarautar" a kusa da shi tare da kotuna da mashahuran masarautu, yayin da tsarin da aka kafa ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sauye-sauye da sabuntawa: koyarwa, birni, tattalin arziki, fasaha, ƙirƙirar abin da ake kira "Napoleonic Code", wanda yana ba da tushen doka ga kamfani wanda ya fito bayan juyin juya hali. Amma ba da daɗewa ba Napoleon ya shiga wasu yaƙe -yaƙe. Bayan ya kasa kaiwa Ingila hari a Yakin Trafalgar, ya sami nasarar kammala jerin kamfe akan Austro-Russian (Austerlitz, 1805), Prussians (Jena, 1806) kuma ya gina babbar daularsa bayan Yarjejeniyar Tilsit a 1807 . A kowane lokaci ingila tana cigaba da zamowa Napoleon kaya , babban abin da ke kawo mata cikas ga mulkinta na Turai. Shine dangane da killace jiragen ruwa da London ta yi, Napoleon ya sanya shingen nahiya tsakanin 1806 zuwa 1808 don ware nahiyar dake da babban iko. Toshewar tana karfafa masana'antar Faransanci da aikin gona, amma yana karya tattalin arziƙin Turai kuma yana tilasta sarkin ya bi manufar ta faɗaɗa, sakamakon haka, daga Papal States zuwa Portugal da Spain, yana wucewa daga ikon sabon haɗin gwiwar Austria (Wagram 1809). A cikin 1810, Napoleon ya auri Maria Louise ta Austria, wacce ta haifa masa ɗa, Napoleon II. A cikin 1812, rundunar Napoleon ta mamaye Rasha. Wanda wannan mamayar bata masa kyau ba domin ta jawo barna da zibar da jinin faransawa masu dinbin yawa, Napoleon da sojojin sa basuyi nasara ba wanda hakan tasa turai ma suka mamaye sojojin Paris a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1814. Bayan 'yan kwanaki, aka tilasta wa Napoleon yin watsi da son iyalan sa sannan, a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 1814, aka sauke shi akan ikon sa na sarki Kuma Shugaban kasa. Aka kore shi akan kursiyin mulki (kujerar mulki) kuma shi kaɗai ba tare da iyalansa ko dan saba, an tilasta masa yin gudin hijira. Daga watan Mayun 1814 zuwa Maris 1815, a lokacin da aka tilasta masa zama a tsibirin Elba. Amma daga baya da Napoleon yaga Auatiachi da Prussians da British da Russia kansu ya rabu lokacin yakin. Sai ya yanke shawarar komawa. Napoleon ya sami nasarar komawa Faransa a cikin Maris 1815, bisa goyan bayan masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ya dada komawa kan sarauta a karo na biyu amma baiyi nisa ba domin kwana dari kawai yayi a kan mulki. Domin kunno kan bala'in yakin Waterloo Don haka tarihi ya dada maimaita kansa, kuma a ranar 22 ga Yuni, 1815, Napoleon ya sake sauka akan mulki. Yayin da ya koma hannin birtaniya kuma birtaniya ta daure shi a tsibiri mai nisa ,tsibirin Sant'Elena a matsayin kurkuku, inda, kafin mutuwarsa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821. yakan tuna da tsibirinsa na Corsica na asali tare da nostalgia. Yayi na damar yake yaken sa wanda tsirarin mutanen daya zauna dasu suka fada. A ranar 5 ga Mayu, 1821, wanda babu shakka shine babban janar kuma jagora Napoleon ya mutu shi kadai kuma anyi watsi dashi a Longwood. Akan Tsibirin Sant'Elen karkashin kulwar birtaniya. KALMOMIN DA NAPOLEON BONAPARTE YAKE FADA Don zama babban jagora yana buƙatar zama ɗalibin nasara, kuma hanya mafi kyau da na sani ita ce sanin tarihi da tarihin maza waɗanda suka sami nasara. Don haka, gogewar su ta zama gwanina. Rashin mutuwa shine tinanin ka ya kasance a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar mutane. Wannan ra'ayin yana jagorantar manyan Nasarori. Gara kada ku rayu akan rashin nuna alamun kasancewar ku. Bai kamata ku saurari muryar zuciya ba idan tana iya cutar da mutane. A siyasa, maganar banza ba aibu ba ce. Wadanda ke tsoron kada a kayar da su za su iya tabbatar da nasara. Maza sun haɗu ne kawai ta hanyoyi biyu: tsoro da sha'awa. Daga daukaka zuwa abin dariya - mataki ɗaya kawai. Mutane masu haske sune meteors waɗanda aka ƙaddara su ƙone don haskaka shekarunsu. Jama'a, da son rai, suna ɗaukar fansa don karramawa ko kaskantawa ga sarakuna.

15147

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinwendu%20Ihezuo

Chinwendu Ihezuo

Chinwendu "Chinwe" Ihezuo (An haife ta 30 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1997) ta kasance babbar shahararriyar yar wasan kwallon kafa ta Nijeriya wacce kuma take buga gaba (Attacker) ga kulob din Henan Jianye a kasar Sin (China), tana buga wasa ne a cikin league din kasar. Kuma tana buga kungiyar kwallon kafar kasar ta mata. Farkon rayuwa An haifi Ihezuo a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1997 a Ajegunle, Lagos, Nigeria. Yarinta ya kasance a Legas. Ita ce 1.75 m (5 ft. 9 a cikin) tsayi Iyayenta sun taimaka mata sosai lokacin da ta fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Mahaifiyarta ta goyi bayan sha'awarta ta wasan ta siyen rigunan ƙwallonta a kasuwar gida. A lokacin mafi yawan samartakanta, tana gasa tare da yin wasa tare da yara maza a Ajegunle. Ajegunle ya samar da wasu fitattun 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya. Kariyan ta na kulub Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarar 2014, ta taka leda a Pelican Stars na Calabar . Bayan haka, ta koma Delta Queens, kuma tana tare da su har zuwa karshen kakar 2015. BIIK Kazygurt Ihezuo ta koma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta BIIK Kazygurt ta kasar Kazakhstan a shekara ta 2016, sannan kuma tayi shekara daya a kwantiragin. Sannan kuma tayi kakar wasa ta farko tare da kungiyar, inda ta sanya musu lammba 19, sannan ta ci musu kwallaye 16 a BIIK Kazygurt a wasanni 20. Ta yi takara tare da kungiyar a gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA ta shekara 2016-2017 UEFA, ta fara wasanni biyu, kuma ta buga mintina 180. Ba ta da manufa a wannan lokacin, ta kuma ɗauki katin rawaya wato (yellow card) a wasan da ƙungiyarta ta yi nasara a kan Verona da ci 3-1. Ta buga wasan farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da kungiyarta ta doke kungiyar matasa ta Wexford da ci 3-1, a lokacin yayin wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar. Henan Huishang FC A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2019 an sanar da cewa ta shiga Henan Huishang a Super League ta Mata . A ranar kuma, ta ci kwallaye a wasanta na farko a sabon wasan da ta sha kashi a hannun Jiangsu Suning da ci 4-1. Aikin Ihezuo a China ya fara haske da ƙwallaye shida da suka zo cikin wasanni shida kacal na kamfen ɗin ƙungiyarta na CFA na shekarar 2019 yayin da Henan Huishang ta kammala ta 9 gaba ɗaya. Daga nan ne mai horar da 'yan wasan kungiyar Thomas Dennerby ya zabe ta a matsayin memba na' yan wasan Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta shekarar 2019 FIFA . A tsawon wasan Super League din mata na kasar Sin na shekarar 2019, Ihezuo shi ne na uku da ya ci kwallaye a raga tare da zura kwallaye bakwai daga wasanni 14 da ta buga. Duk da kokarin da tayi, Henan ta kare a matsayi na bakwai daga cikin kungiyoyi takwas. Kariyan ta na duniya Babbar kungiyar kwallan kafa ta kasa Bayan rawar da ta taka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 na shekarar 2014, an gayyace ta zuwa sansanin horas da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa domin samun damar zabar bangaren da za su fafata a Gasar Matan Afirka a Namibia. A watan Maris na shekarar 2016, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa 40 da aka kira don shirya wa Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka ta Mata ta shekarar 2016 . Ta kasance memba na babbar kungiyar kasa a wasannin All All Games na shekarar 2015 a Congo.A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2018, an zabe ta a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta mata ta shekarar 2018 kuma ta fito a madadin a wasan karshe yayin da Najeriya ta doke Afirka ta Kudu don neman taken. Burin ta na farko a duniya ya zo ne a watan Janairun shekarar 2019, inda ta zira kwallaye a ragar Romania a wasan da aka buga a wani bangare na Gasar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Meizhou ta Duniya a China. -Gasar U-20 ta ƙasa An fara kiran Ihezuo zuwa kungiyar a shekarar 2014. Ta wakilci Najeriya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na 2014 inda kungiyar ta yi rashin nasara a wasan karshe da Jamus.Tana daga cikin wadanda ke kan gaba wajen zira kwallaye a gasar. A waccan shekarar, ta kuma buga wa kungiyar wasa a wasan sada zumunci da Ghana. Ita ce ta ci kwallon daya tilo a wasan wanda ya sa Najeriya ta yi nasara da ci 1 - 0. A watan Satumbar 2016, an gayyace ta zuwa memba mai ƙarfi na horon horo na ƙungiyar ƙasa guda 29 waɗanda ke shirya wa Kofin Duniya na Mata na U-20 na 2018 Ta shiga kungiyar ne a makare, a cikin watan Oktoba a Abuja , bayan da kocin kungiyar na kasa ya yi mata barazana da sauran 'yan wasan kasashen waje da za a sauke su idan ba su zo ba 8 ga Oktoba. Dole ne ta rasa zaman horo saboda tana buƙatar lokaci don murmurewa daga layin jet. A matsayinta na 'yar wasa, ta yarda da matsin lambar da ta ji a sansanin shiga cikin gasar don yin rawar gani. Ta ci wa Najeriya kwallaye bakwai a gasar share fagen shiga gasar cin kofin duniya. Daya daga cikin burinta ta zo ne a minti na 16 a wasansu na dawowa da Afirka ta Kudu. Burin ya baiwa Najeriya damar zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA. Wata kwallaye ta zo ne a wasan da Najeriya ta doke Congo daci biyu da daya. -Gasar U-17 ta ƙasa Ihezuo ta fara buga wa Najeriya wasa ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 a shekara ta 2012 a Azerbaijan. Ta fito daga gasar ne da kwallaye shida. Biyar daga cikin wadannan kwallayen sun zo ne a wasa daya tsakaninta da mai masaukin baki Azerbaijan, wanda kungiyarta ta ci 11-0. Wannan nasarar ita ce mafi girma da Najeriya ta samu a duk wasannin da ta buga na FIFA. Kwallayenta biyar suma sun zama tarihi na yawan kwallaye da aka ci a wasa daya a FIFA U-17 Women World Cup.Kyra Malinowski ta Jamus da Yeo Minji ta Koriya ta Kudu, wadanda suka ci kwallaye hudu kowannensu a tarihin gasar sun taba rike tarihin. Lorena Navarro ya dace da bugunta a shekarar 2016 lokacin da dan Spain din ya zira kwallaye 5 akan Jordan. Kwallayenta shida sun kuma bata kyautar takalmin Azurfa a gasar. An ba ta lambar yabon ne a babban taron shekara-shekara na Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Najeriya a shekarar 2012. An fitar da kungiyar ta daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Faransa a wasan kusa dana karshe. Ba a sanya ta cikin kungiyar ba a shekara ta 2013, Ihezuo ta kasance memba na kungiyar a shekara ta 2014. Ta sake shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, sanye da lamba 19 kuma tayi wasa a wasan da kungiyar ta buga da China inda ta zo ta maye gurbin. Na duniya Gasar Mata ta Afirka : 2018 FIFA U-20 Mata ta Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya : 2014 BIIK Kazygurt Gasar Kazakhstani : 2016, 2017, 2018 Kofin Kazakhstani na Mata : 2016, 2017, 2018 Kowane mutum FIFA U-17 cin kofin Mata na Duniya na Kofin Azurfa: 2012 Kididdigan ayyuka Hanyoyin haɗin waje Chinwendu Ihezuo – rekod din gasar FIFA Chinwendu Ihezuo – rekod din gasar UEFA Ƴan Najeriya Mata yan kwallan kafa Mata yan kwallo Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1997 Pages with unreviewed translations

30593

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene%20Mambilima

Irene Mambilima

Irene Chirwa Mambilima (Maris 31, 1952 - Yuni 20, 2021) ita ce Babbar Jojin Zambiya daga 2015 har zuwa mutuwarta a 2021. Ta kuma taba zama shugabar hukumar zabe ta kasar Zambiya sannan ta jagoranci zabukan 2006 da 2011 da kuma zaben shugaban kasa na watan Janairun 2015.Ta kasance cikin tawagar sa ido kan zabe da dama da suka hada da Liberia, Kenya, Mozambique, da Seychelles. Sauran ayyukanta na duniya sun haɗa da yin aiki a matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli na Gambia a 2003. Mambilima ta zauna a hukumar kula da alkalan mata ta duniya (IAWJ) a matsayin Darakta a yankin Afirka. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da yawa da suka haɗa da Ƙungiyar Alƙalai ta Zambiya, Majalisar Edita na Rahoton Shari'a, Asusun Yara (Zambia), Mata a Dokar Kudancin Afirka, da Majalisar Cibiyar Ilimin Shari'a. Majalisar dokokin kasar ce baki daya ta amince da nadin Mambilima a matsayin Alkalin Alkalai a watan Fabrairun 2015, wanda ya zama mace ta farko mai shari’a a kasar. Ilimi da fage An haifi Mambilima a ƙauyen Chiwoko a lardin Gabas na zamani ga Kezias Chirwa mai yin bulo da matarsa Nelia Ngulube.Ta taso ne a gundumar Matero mara galihu a Lusaka, inda ta yi makaranta. Ta sami Bachelor of Laws (LLB)daga Jami'ar Zambiya , Difloma na Digiri a Ayyukan Shari'a daga Cibiyar Ayyukan Shari'a (yanzu ana kiranta Cibiyar Ilimin Shari'a ta Zambia, ZIALE), da Jagoran Dokoki (LLB)daga Makarantar Gabas da Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar London .A shekarar 1977 aka shigar da ita Lauyar Zambiya, kuma a wannan shekarar ne aka nada ta mai ba da shawara a karkashin Babban Lauyan Attorney General.Ta samu matsayi, inda ta yi aiki a wurare daban-daban da suka hada da Daraktar Taimakon Shari’a, Alkalin Kotun Koli, Alkalin Babban Kotun Koli da Mataimakin Babban Alkali. Kotun Koli A shekara ta 2002 ta sami daukaka zuwa benci na Kotun Koli. Yayin da take matsayin Alkalin Kotun Koli, ta samu goyon bayan Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya (ECZ) a matsayin shugabar hukumar a shekarar 2005. A wannan matsayi, ta jagoranci babban zaben 2006. A cikin 2008 an sake kiran ta daga ECZ kuma an nada ta mataimakiyar Alkalin Alkalai. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin mataimakiyar alkalin alkalai an sake nada ta sau daya zuwa ECZ domin ta jagoranci babban zaben 2011 da na shugaban kasa na 2015. An nada ta Cif Jojin ne a watan Fabrairun 2015 kuma ta yi rantsuwar kama aiki a gidan gwamnati a ranar 2 ga Maris, 2015. Matakin farko Biyu daga cikin manyan hukunce-hukuncen da Mai Shari’a Mambilima ta yanke sun ta’allaka ne a kan kotunan da aka kafa domin binciken zargin cin hanci da rashawa da cin hanci da rashawa da tsohon Ministan Sufuri da Sadarwa na gwamnatin Rupiah Banda da tsohon Daraktan kararraki na gwamnatin Michael Sata ya yi. Kotun da ke binciken Dora Siliya, tsohuwar Ministar Sufuri da Sadarwa, an kafa ta ne domin ta binciki zargin da ake yi mata na bayar da kwangiloli ga kamfanoni biyu ba tare da bin ka’idojin da suka saba wa dokar da’a ta majalisar dokoki da na ministoci ba. An kafa kotun a watan Fabrairun 2009, kuma sakamakon bincikenta da aka buga ya gano Siliya da keta ka'idoji da yawa, amma ya bar kudurin a hannun shugaban kasa.Siliya bata fuskanci tuhuma ba. A shari’ar tsohon daraktan kararrakin jama’a, Mutembo Nchito, a ranar 16 ga Maris, 2015, Mai shari’a Mambilima ta rantsar da mambobin kotun da shugaban kasa Edgar Lungu ya nada su hudu domin su bincikar shi bisa zargin aikata rashin da’a. Nchito ya nemi a duba shari’ar da ake yi a kotun, kuma babbar kotun ta amince da dakatar da shi. Bayan daukaka kara da Mai shari’a Mambilima na jihar ta yanke hukunci kan lamarin zuwa wani lokaci. Har yanzu dai ba a warware zaman kotun ba. Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya An fara nada Mai Shari’a Mambilima shugabar Hukumar Zabe ta Zambiya (ECZ) a shekarar 2005, inda ta rike har zuwa watan Maris din shekarar 2008. Ta taba zama memba a hukumar tsakanin 1994 zuwa 1996. Daga baya an sake nada ta shugabar a watan Fabrairun 2011 kuma majalisar ta amince da ita bayan wata guda.Hakan ya biyo bayan murabus din da magajin ta mai shari’a Florence Mumba ta yi ne a yayin da ake ta cece-ku-ce a lokacin da aka dakatar da babban darakta Daniel Kalale daga bisani kuma aka kore shi bisa wasu dalilai da ba a bayyana ba. Mai shari’a Mumba ta yi murabus sakamakon yajin aikin da ma’aikata suka yi a kan shugabancinta. Ana ganin sake nada Mambilima da shugaba Rupiah Banda ya yi a matsayin wani mataki na maido da kwarin gwiwa a kan hukumar, duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan cewa gwamnati ce ta haddasa rudanin da ta tilastawa mai shari'a Mumba daga mukaminsa; zargin da gwamnati ta musanta. Shugabannin jam’iyyun adawa daban-daban da kuma manyan jaridu masu zaman kansu suna ganin Mai Shari’a Mambilima a matsayin abokantaka na gwamnati, kuma an kwatanta hakan ne a daidai lokacin da ake tunkarar babban zaben shekarar 2011 a lokacin da ita da hukumar suka sha suka kan matakin buga katin zabe a Afirka ta Kudu. Ma’aikatar Buga ta Gwamnati ta nuna rashin karfinta na kammala aikin, kuma a cikin tsarin sayan kayan aikin Universal Print Group (Pty) Ltd. na Durban, Afirka ta Kudu, an ba ta takardar. Ana kallon wannan matakin a matsayin wani shiri da jam'iyyar MMD mai mulki ta yi na buga takardun kada kuri'a da aka riga aka yi wa alama a wani yunkuri na yin magudi a zaben da ya dace.Akwai zarge-zarge da yawa na cin hanci da rashawa amma babu wani bincike a hukumance da Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa (ACC) ta kaddamar, kuma ECZ ta tsaya tsayin daka kan shawarar da ta yanke na amfani da kamfanin. Rashin lafiya da mutuwa A ranar 10 ga Yuni 2021, Mambilima ta yi balaguro zuwa Masar kan harkokin kasuwanci kuma ta kamu da rashin lafiya. Ta mutu a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa a birnin Alkahira a ranar 20 ga watan Yuni.

50190

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaVerne%20Krause

LaVerne Krause

LaVerne Erickson Krause Yar wasan Amurka ce.Ta kafa shirin buga littattafai na Jami'ar Oregon kuma ta koyar a wurin har tsawon shekaru ashirin,ta samar da zane-zane asama da dubu goma a rayuwarta.It mai ba da shawara ce ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, ta taka rawar gani wajen kafa babin Oregon na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa.An "san tane saboda fitattun gudunmawar da ta bayar a matsayin ta na malama, mai zane-zane,sannan mai fafutukar fasaha". Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi LaVerne Krause a Portland, Oregon . An ɗauke ta tana da shekara shida da haihuwa kuma ta girma a wata gona a wajen Portland tare da Mayan kawunenta maza da mata,james Martin da Hannah (Wrolstad) Erickson. Ta halarci Jami'ar Oregon da ke Eugene a kan tallafin karatu na fasaha, tana aiki a lokacin bazara a tashar jiragen ruwa ta Commercial Iron Works a Portland a matsayin ma'aunin sikeli da ke lalata tarkacen jiragen ruwa don cire tsatsa,kuma a ƙarshe a matsayin ma'aikaciyar injin zane a wani aikin ƙarfe na jirgin ruwa,poole McGonigle. Ta kammala karatu a shekarar 1946. Yayin da take Jami'ar Oregon,ta yi karatu a karkashin Jack Wilkinson, wanda ta daukeshi a matsayin babban malaminta. A Portland,ta halarci azuzuwa kuma daga ƙarshe ta fara koyarwa a Makarantar Art Museum . Bayan kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Oregon a 1946,ta auri Labrecht Gerhard Krause,b alokacin taking sojojin duniya na biyu wanda ta san tun daga makarantar firamare.Sun haifi 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. A cikin 1949 ma'auratan sun koma Portland,inda ya ci gaba da aiki da Kamfanin Biscuit na kasa. Nunin farko na Krause a cikin nunin fasaha mai juried ya kasance a gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland a cikin sheka ta 1949. A shekara ta 1951,ta fara daukar darasi a Makarantar Fasaha ta kayan tarihi, wanda gidan kayan tarihi na Portland ke daukar nauyinta, kuma hotonta na farko da aka nuna ya kasance a Louis Bunce's Kharouba Gallery a Portland. A shekara ta 1952,ta gudanar da baje kolin solo na farko a Portland Art Museum. A 1954,aikin mijinta ya mayar da iyali zuwa Eugene kuma Krause ya zama mai aiki a cikin gida Artists Equity. Sun koma Portland shekaru biyu bayan haka, inda Krause ya zama mai sha'awar yankan itace da etching ta 1956,da bugawa ta 1958,a matsayin dalibi na rabin lokaci a Makarantar Art Museum. An sake ta a shekar ta 1960, Krause ta koyar da azuzuwan yara a Makarantar Art Museum, kuma ta halarci wurin a rabin a way na lokaci a matsayin ɗaliba. Ta baje kolin zane-zanenta na siyarwa a wani dakin shakatawa da kuma a harabar gidan cin abinci na Gay Nineties a kudu maso yammacin Portland. A cikin shekara ta 1965, Jack Wilkinson ya gayyaci Krause don ba da lacca a Eugene a kan "Long Life of the woodcut", kuma daga baya ya gayyace ta shiga ciki dan baiwa don koyar da etching. Ta fara shirin bugawa a Jami'ar Oregon a matsayin mace daya tilo a cikin Sashen Fine da Aiyuka Arts (yanzu Sashen Fasaha). Ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ilimin Jami'a akan Matsayin Mata, kuma Gov. Mark Hatfield ya nada ta a Majalisar Tsare-tsare don Fasaha, wanda ya kai ga kafa Hukumar Fasaha ta Oregon . A cikin 1981 ta taimaka wajen kafa Majalisar Bugawa na Arewa maso Yamma. Krause ta koyar a Jami'ar Oregon daga 1966 zuwa 1986,inda aka san ta da "tasiri mai karfi akan daliban fasaha da matasa masu fasaha". Ta ƙirƙiro da zane sama da dubu goma a rayuwarta. Krause ya ba da shawara ga yanayin tattalin arziki da aiki na masu fasaha, kuma ya zama memba mai kafa na ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masu fasaha ta Oregon.Ta zama shugabar ta daga 1954 zuwa 1955 da 1966–1968; ta kasance shugaban kasa na Ma'aikatar Masu Mahimmanci daga 1969 zuwa 1970. A cewar Arlene Schnitzer, "Hanyar baya kafin ta kasance gaye, ta kasance mai gwagwarmaya madadin mata da masu fasaha." "Ta koyar dani Abu da yawa," in ji Schnitzer . Krause ta mutu a Babban Asibitin Zuciya a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 1987,a shekaru 62, bayan ta yi fama da cutar kansa tsawon shekaru hudu. Salon fasaha Gidan kayan gargajiya na Portland sun ajiye kayan tarihin rayuwar Krause da aka buga a cikin Oregon Painters: Shekaru Ɗari na Farko , lura da cewa a cikin 1959 salonta ya koma ga rashin fahimta:palette dinta ya bambanta daga zazzafan purple, ja, da turquoise zuwa pastels masu sanyi, tare da launi mai maimaitawa. Ta yi imani haske da launi sune tsakiyar isar da yanayin abin da aka samu. . . Hotunanta na farko sun nuna gadoji, birane, da gine-gine - waɗanda aka yi amfani da su don halayen tsarin su da kuma ikonsu na motsa jiki. Yayin da zanenta ya girma, sai ta sauke su zuwa mafi sauƙi, ta yin amfani da launi da haske don haɓaka hangen nesa. Kyaututtuka da gado Krause ta sami lambar yabo ta Ford Foundation a 1964 a Seattle. Ta kasance sananniya a cikin 1980 tare da mafi girman girmamawar da Oregon ya ba wa mai fasaha, lambar yabo ta Gwamnan Oregon. A cikin 1991, Jami'ar Oregon ta ƙirƙira LaVerne Krause Gallery a Lawrence Hall don girmama ta. Gidan hoton yana ɗaukar baje kolin zane-zane na ɗalibai a duk shekara ta ilimi. Duba kuma Jami'ar Oregon School of Architecture da Allied Arts Bayanan kula a. Majiyoyin sun yi karo da ranar mutuwar ta. Eugene Register-Guard a ranar Alhamis, 7 ga Mayu, 1987, antabbatar da rahoton mutuwarta a ranar Laraba (Mayu 6, 1987) . Madogara na biyu, duk da haka, rikodin "Oregon Death Index, 1898-2008" akan Ancestry.com, ya ba da rahoton mutuwar daban-daban: Mayu 5, 1987 . (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rekodin akan Ancestry.com. ) b. ^ Majiyoyin sun yi karo da yadda aka rubuta sunan mijinta. Tattaunawar tarihin baka na LaVerne Krause a cikin Smithsonian Archives of American Art ya rubuta sunansa da "a" a farkon syllable, a matsayin "Labrecht". USMarine Muster Rolls da aka lissafta akan Ancestry.com jera sunansa a matsayin Lebrecht tare da "e" a farkon syllable. Fihirisar Aure na Oregon da Laburaren Jihar Oregon ke kula da shi kuma ya lissafa sunansa a matsayin "Lebrecht" . (ana buƙatar biyan kuɗi don samun damar yin rikodin akan Ancestry.com.)

58965

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo%20S60

Volvo S60

Small text Silsilar Volvo S60 ƙaƙƙarfan mota ce ta zartaswa wadda Volvo ta kera kuma ta sayar dashi tun 2000. An ƙaddamar da ƙarni na farko a cikin kaka na 2000 don maye gurbin S70 kuma ya dogara ne akan dandalin P2 . Yana da nau'in ƙera makamancin haka da ake kira Volvo V70 da injin aiki mai girma da sigar dakatarwar da ta dace da wasanni mai suna S60 R. An ɗauki alamun salo daga motar ra'ayi na ECC da S80 . An saki ƙarni na biyu a cikin 2010 don shekarar ƙirar 2011 kuma yana da nau'in mallakarsa, wanda aka sani da Volvo V60 . Ƙarni na uku sun shiga layin Volvo a cikin 2018 don shekarar ƙirar 2019. An gina shi akan gajeriyar sigar dandali na Scalable Product Architecture, a cikin masana'antar Volvo ta farko ta Amurka a Ridgeville, South Carolina. Amurka ta zama kadai tushen duniya na S60 sedan bayan da aka daina samarwa a China a farkon 2019. An gina S60 akan dandalin Volvo's P2, wanda aka raba tare da sauran nau'ikan Volvo kamar S80, V70, XC70 kuma a ƙarshe XC90 . An saki Volvo S60 a cikin 2000 (shekara ta 2001) kasancewar sabon tsarin wasanni na kamfanin. S60 yana nufin ya fi dacewa gasa a Turai tare da BMW 3 Series (E46), Mercedes-Benz C-Class (W203) da Alfa Romeo 156 . Ba kamar abokan hamayyarsa ba, Volvo S60 ya ci gaba da samarwa har tsawon shekaru 9 tare da gyaran fuska da yawa. Lokacin da aka gabatar da bayyanar ba kamar motocin murabba'in da aka bayar a cikin shekarun da suka gabata ba, kuma ya ci gaba da sabon al'adar ƙira da S80 mafi girma ya gabatar, ta yin amfani da hanyar gaba ta taksi kuma ya kasance mafi kyawun bayyanar halitta tare da shelar bayyananne tare da belline wanda ke gudana tsawon abin hawa, samun C d ja coefficient . Volvo ya ci gaba da al'adarsa na aminci, yana ba da haɗin kai na gaba da na baya, jakunkunan iska na direba da fasinja na gaba tare da ginshiƙan tuƙi mai hawa uku mai yuwuwa, Tsarin Kariyar Tasirin Side (SIPS) wanda aka haɓaka da jakunkunan iska don direba da fasinja na gaba, tare da jakar iska ta gefen gefe don fasinjoji na gaba da na baya, kujerun anti-submarine, madaidaicin madaurin kai guda biyar tare da Tsarin Kariya na Whiplash ( WHIPS ), da bel ɗin kujeru ta atomatik yayin da belts na gaba kuma suna da daidaitawar tsayi. A cikin 2004 an gabatar da PremAir ™ a matsayin madaidaicin siffa zuwa saman radiyo na waje wanda ke jujjuya zuwa kashi 75 na matakin ozone a cikin iska mai sanyaya iska zuwa oxygen, yayin da Tsarin Ingantacciyar iska na cikin gida yana tsaftace iska a ciki, gano abubuwan gurɓatawa kuma ta sake sakewa ta atomatik. a kwatanta da iskar waje. Ana samun kayan ado a cikin taupe, yashi mai haske ko graphite tare da abubuwan saka indigo kuma an tanned fata ta amfani da kayan shuka na halitta. Ana iya sake yin amfani da abun ciki na takarda na S60, tare da wasu karafa waɗanda suka sami kashi 85 gaba ɗaya. Kula da yanayin sauyin yanki biyu da kujerun gaba masu zafi tare da saitin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya na matsayi uku ba na zaɓi ba, kuma ana samun tagogi na gefe da aka lalata. Biyu , uku da kuma aluminium alloy dabaran zažužžukan sun kasance. S60 ya zo daidai da naúrar rediyo ta Volvo, HU-613, HU-803 kuma daga baya an inganta shi zuwa HU-650 da ƙarin HU-850 na zaɓi. Naúrar HU-850 tana fasalta fitowar wutar lantarki ta 225 ko 335-watt (dangane da zaɓi na amplifier waje) tare da saiti uku: 2CH, 3CH da Dolby Digital Pro Logic II Surround Sound. Hudu-C chassis daga S60 R ya zama zaɓi akan wasu S60s. A shekara ta 2004, an sake sabunta injin T5 daga lita 2.3 zuwa 2.4, yana ci gaba da canza yanayin bawul ɗin bawul kuma ya sami karuwar 10 hp (7 kW), yayin da injin 2.5 lita aka ba da takardar shedar Ultra-low-emission abin hawa (ULEV), kuma turbo da aka gyara a cikin tsarin D5 kuma ya ƙara ƙarfin da'awar daga 163. PS zuwa 185 PS, yayin da aka shigar da rarraba wutar lantarki don yanayin birki na gaggawa. The Haldex -sourced kwamfuta mai sarrafa tsarin AWD, wanda shine daidaitaccen kayan aiki a cikin S60R, yana da zaɓin da ya dace da injin lita 2.5. An ba da watsawa guda uku, Geartronic atomatik wanda ya ba da gudu biyar wanda ya dace da salon tuki ko kuma "Auto-Stick" yana ba da yanayin jagora wanda ke ba da damar zaɓar kayan aiki ta hanyar motsa gearstick gaba ko baya. Ana samun watsawar sauri ta atomatik ta biyu ba tare da fasalin yanayin jagora ba. A mafi gargajiya manual biyar gudun watsa shi ne na uku zaɓi miƙa. An sabunta S60 a cikin 2005. An sabunta na waje tare da gyare-gyaren gefe masu launin jiki da masu bumpers tare da rufin chrome, da kuma sabbin fitilun fitilun da ke maye gurbin na asali tare da gidaje baƙi, tare da fitilolin HID na zaɓi. Ciki ya sami wasu sabuntawa kuma, tare da sabbin kujeru, datsa, da sabunta kayan wasan bidiyo na tsakiya. S60 ya tafi ta hanyar gyara fuska ta ƙarshe a cikin 2008 tare da cikakkun kayan kwalliyar jiki da abubuwan shigar kofa da manyan tambari a gaba kuma ya fi girma a sarari haruffa "VOLVO" a baya. Ciki ya fito da sabon kayan kwalliya wanda ya bambanta da ainihin tsarin sa.

39723

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice%20Talon

Patrice Talon

Patrice Guillaume Athanase Talon (an haife shi 1 ga watan Mayu 1958) ɗan siyasan Benin ne kuma ɗan kasuwa wanda ya kasance Shugaban Benin tun daga 6 Afrilu 2016. Rayuwar farko da aiki Talon dan asalin Fon ne kuma an haife shi a Ouidah .fito daga masu fataucin bayi. Mahaifinsa ya fito daga Ouidah yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga dangin Guédégbé a Abomey . Ya sami digiri na uku a Dakar, Senegal . Bayan ya sami digiri na "C" a digirinsa na farko a fannin kimiyya a Jami'ar Dakar, an tura shi zuwa École nationale de l'aviation civile a Paris. Tare da mafarkai na zama matukin jirgi, Talon ya gaza gwajin likita kuma wannan mafarkin ya zama ba zai yiwu ba. A cikin 1983, Talon ya shiga cikin hada-hadar kasuwanci da kayan aikin gona. A cikin 1985, ya koma Benin ya kafa Kamfanin Rarraba Intercontinental Distribution Company (Société Distribution Intercontinentale ; SDI), wanda ke ba da kayan aikin noma ga masu kera auduga. A shekarar 1990, bayan shawarwarin da bankin duniya ya bayar na samar da ‘yancin walwala ga tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afirka, an bukaci kasar Benin da ta janye daga tsarin noman auduga. Daga nan sai Talon ya samu damar kafa masana'antun sarrafa auduga guda uku a kasar Benin. An kuma yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Auduga" saboda yadda ya shiga harkar auduga. Ya gina daularsa ne saboda alaka da ajin siyasar Benin. Talon ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan masu goyon bayan kudi na shugaba Thomas Boni Yayi, inda ya ba da kudin yakin neman zabensa a zabukan 2006 da 2011 . Kamfaninsa, Benin Control, ya mallaki kamfanoni biyu mallakar kasa, Sodeco a 2009 da PVI a 2011. A cikin 2011, Talon ya karɓi sarrafa kayan da ake shigowa da su Cotonou a tashar jiragen ruwa na Cotonou. A shekara ta 2012, ya tsere zuwa Faransa bayan da aka zarge shi da yin almubazzaranci da haraji fiye da Euro miliyan 18. Ya yi kaca-kaca da Boni Yayi inda aka zarge shi da hannu a wani yunkurin kashe shi. An yi masa afuwa a shekarar 2014. A cikin 2015, Forbes ta sanya Talon a matsayin mutum na 15 mafi arziki a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, mai arzikin da ya kai kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 400. Shugaban kasa Talon ya tsaya takara a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben shugaban kasa na watan Maris 2016 . Ya zo na biyu a matsayin Firayim Minista Lionel Zinsou na Cowry Forces na Benin mai tasowa a zagayen farko na jefa kuri'a, amma ya lashe zagaye na biyu da kashi 65% na kuri'un. Zinsou ya amince a daren zaben. A ranar 25 ga Maris, 2016, Talon ya ce zai "da farko zai tunkari sake fasalin tsarin mulkin kasar", yana tattaunawa kan shirinsa na takaita shugabanni zuwa wa'adi guda na shekaru biyar domin yakar "rashin gamsuwa". Ya kuma ce ya shirya rage gwamnati daga mutane 28 zuwa 16. An rantsar da Talon a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2016. A ranar ne aka sanar da kafa gwamnatinsa. Babu firaminista, kuma ’yan takarar shugaban kasa biyu da suka sha kaye, wadanda suka goyi bayan Talon a zagaye na biyu, Pascal Koupaki da Abdoulaye Bio-Tchane, an nada su a manyan mukamai, Sakatare-Janar na Fadar Shugaban Kasa da Karamin Ministan Tsare-tsare da Ci Gaba, bi da bi. . Talon ya yi alkawarin kara yawan arzikin kasar Benin nan da shekaru biyar tare da kyautata alakarta da Faransa. Wasu daga cikin manufofinsa sun hada da rage karfin bangaren zartaswa da kuma takaita wa'adin mulki na shekaru biyar, wata sabuwar shawara a Afirka. Ya nada ministoci 22, hudu daga cikinsu mata ne. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, 2017, Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa ta gaza zartar da wani kudirin doka da zai kai ga zaben raba gardama kan kudirin Talon na takaita wa’adin shugaban kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kuri’u 63 na ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar 83 ne ake bukata domin amincewa, kuma kudirin ya samu kuri’u 60. Talon ya ce bayan kwanaki kadan ba zai kara bibiyar lamarin ba. Ya ce ya ji takaicin sakamakon zaben amma yana mutunta hakan saboda jajircewarsa na tabbatar da dimokradiyya. Ya ki cewa ko zai tsaya takara a 2021, amma daga karshe ya bayyana cewa zai yi. Sunan dimokradiyyar Benin ya ragu a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata. Canje-canjen dokar na nufin cewa 'yan takarar shugaban kasa na bukatar goyon bayan 'yan majalisar dokoki 16 kuma kusan dukkan 'yan majalisar wakilai na yanzu mambobin jam'iyyun da ke goyon bayan Talon. An yi hasashen cewa za a iya sake zaben Talon ba tare da hamayya ba. Daga karshe, an sake zabe shi da kashi 86% na kuri'un. A cikin 2018, Sébastien Ajavon, abokin hamayyar da ya zo na uku a zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, an yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru 25 a gidan yari saboda "fasalin muggan kwayoyi" da "jabu da zamba". An yanke wa wasu ‘yan adawa da dama hukuncin dauri mai tsanani a watan Disamban 2021. An yanke wa tsohuwar ministar shari'a Reckya Madougou hukuncin daurin shekaru 20 a gidan yari saboda "ta'addanci", da kuma farfesa a fannin shari'a Joël Aïvo shekaru 10 saboda "halakatar kudaden haram" da kuma "nakasa tsaron jihar". A cewar ɗan jarida kuma malami Francis Kpatindé, manufofin Talon sun haifar da raguwar yancin ɗan adam da yancin yajin aiki. Rayuwa ta sirri Talon ya auri uwargidan shugaban kasa Claudine Gbènagnon daga Porto-Novo kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1958 Patrice talon

19537

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubayr%20ibn%20al-Awam

Zubayr ibn al-Awam

Az-Zubair dan Al-Awam dan'uwa ne kuma aboki ga Annabin Musulunci Muhammadu (S.A.W) kuma yana Daya daga cikin farkon wayanda suka musulunta.Shima yana daga cikin sahabbai goma da Annabin tsira yayi musu bushara da aljannah.Ya zama Daya daga cikin jagororin siyasa da soja na al'umma bayan mutuwar Muhammad. Az-Zubayr ya mutu a Yakin Rakumi. Iyali da yarinta An haifi Al-Zubayr a garin Makka a shekarar 594. Mahaifinsa shi ne Al-Awam bn Khuwaylid na dangin Asad na kabilar Kuraishawa, yana mai da Al-Zubayr dan'uwan Khadijah . Mahaifiyarsa ita ce kanwar Annabi Muhammad (S A W), Safiyyah bint 'Abd al-Muttalib, saboda haka Al-Zubayr shine dan uwan Muhammad na farko. Yana da yaya biyu, Sa'ib da Abdul Kaaba; wani dan uwa, Safi ibn Al-Harith, wanda ya fito daga dangin Umayya; da wasu kannen uba, ciki har da Hind bint Al-Awwam, matar Zayd ibn Haritha . Tun yana saurayi, Al-Zubayr ya yi yaƙi da wani babban mutum kuma ya buge shi da ƙarfi sosai har sai da hannun mutumin ya karye. Safiyyah, wacce ke da ciki a lokacin, dole ta dauki mutumin zuwa gida. Lokacin da masu wucewa suka tambayi abin da ya faru, sai ta ce musu, “Ya yi yaƙi da Al-Zubayr. Shin kun sami Al-Zubayr mai taushi kamar cuku ko dabino ko cike da tagulla? " Hakan ne lokacin da suka san cewa zai girma ya zama mai ƙarfi yayin yaƙi. Al-Awam ya mutu tun Al-Zubayr yana saurayi. Mahaifiyarsa ta sha duka sosai. A lokacin da aka ce mata, “Kun kashe shi! Kun buge zuciyarsa. Shin za ku halakar da yaron? "Ta amsa," Na buge shi don ya zama mai hankali kuma ya kasance mai ƙarfin gwiwa a cikin yaƙin " An bayyana Al-Zubayr da matsakaiciyar tsayi, siriri, mai launi-launi, da gashi, duk da siririn gemu. Gashin kansa ya rataya zuwa kafaɗunsa, kuma bai shafa shi ba bayan ya zama fari. Al-Zubayr ya kasance ɗayan mutane biyar na farko da suka karɓi Musulunci daga Abubakar, kuma an ce shi ne na huɗu ko na biyar manya da suka musulunta. Yana daga cikin farkon mutum goma sha biyar da suka yi hijira zuwa Abisiniya a shekara ta 615, kuma ya koma can a cikin 616. Yayin da yake cikin Abisiniya, tawaye ga Negus (Sarki) ya ɓarke. Negus ya sadu da 'yan tawaye a gabar Kogin Nilu. Musulmai, cikin tsananin damuwa game da rasa mai kare su, sun wakilta Al-Zubayr ya zama mai kawo musu labarai. Taimakon wani farin ruwa mai iska, ya yi iyo a Kogin Nilu har sai da ya kai ga inda ake yaƙi. Ya kalli har sai da Negus ya ci nasara akan 'yan tawaye, sannan ya sake iyo ya koma kan musulmai. Ya tashi sama yana daga tufafinsa ya sanar, "Hurray, Negus ya ci nasara kuma Allah ya ruguza maƙiyansa kuma ya tabbatar da shi a ƙasarsa!" Musulmi suka yi murna. Al-Zubayr yana cikin wadanda suka koma Makka a shekara ta 619 saboda sun ji cewa mutanen Makka sun musulunta. "Amma da suka kusanci Makka, sai suka gano cewa rahoton karya ne don haka suka shiga garin karkashin kariyar wani dan kasa ko ta hanyar sata." Duk da haka, Al-Zubayr bai ambaci sunan mai tsaron nasa ba. Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin ƙaura baki ɗaya zuwa Madina a cikin 622. Da farko ya sauka tare da Al-Mundhir bn Muhammad. Ana takaddama game da wanda ya zama “dan’uwan” Al-Zubayr a Musulunci: hadisai daban-daban masu suna Abdullah ibn Masood, Talha bin Ubaydullah, Kaab bin Malik da Salama ibn Salama. Muhammad ya ba shi babban fili don ya gina gidansa da kuma tallafin wasu itacen dabino. A 625 an sake ba Al-Zubayr ƙarin dabinai daga ƙasar ƙabilar Nadir da aka kora. . Ayyukan soja karkashin Muhammad (S A W) An ce Al-Zubayr ya haɗu da dukkan balaguron soja na Muhammad, galibi sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya. An ruwaito shi ya ce:"Wallahi, Manzon Allah bai yi wata tafiya ba ko wani balaguro face na kasance daga gare ta." A Yaƙin Badar an aike shi a matsayin ɗan leƙen asiri kuma ya kama ɗan leƙen asirin Makka. Sannan ya shiga yakin ya kashe Ubayda bn Sa'id na Umayya. Yana sanye da rawani mai launin rawaya a wannan yaƙin. A yakin Uhud ya ba da kansa ya dauki takobin Muhammad "da damarta," wanda shi ne "ya buge abokan gaba da shi har sai ya lankwasa," kuma ya kasance "mai matukar rauni" lokacin da Muhammad ya ki amincewa da tayin nasa. Yana tsaye kusa da matan Makka mai guduwa har ya ga duwawun Hind bint Utbah . Amma a wannan lokacin ne yaƙin ya juya; Al-Zubayr yana daya daga cikin dinbin mutanen da suka tsaya a gefen Muhammad lokacin da musulmai daga nasu biyun suka tsere kuma suka bi shi zuwa gawar. "Ya kasance tare da shi a yakin Uhudu kuma ya yi masa bai'a har zuwa mutuwa." A yayin yakin yakin mahara, Al-Zubayr ya hau dokin . Ya ba da kansa don ya kawo labarin ƙabilar Qurayza ga Muhammad, wanda ya amsa, "Kowane Annabi yana da almajiri, kuma almajiri na shi ne Al-Zubayr." . A cikin 628 Al-Zubayr ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Khaybar kuma ya amsa wa Yasir kalubalen Bayahude game da faɗa ɗaya. Mahaifiyarsa Safiya ta tambayi Muhammad, "Shin zai kashe ɗana?" kuma Muhammad ya tabbatar mata, "A'a, dan ku zai kashe shi, insha Allah." Al-Zubayr ya inganta yana karantawa:"Khaybar, know that I am Zabbar, chief of a people no cowardly runaways, the son of those who defends their glory, the son of princes. O Yasir let not all the unbelievers deceive you, for all of them are like a slowly moving mirage."Sun gwabza, kuma Al-Zubayr ya kashe Yasir. Bayan haka, musulmai sun yi bayani a kan yadda takobi ya kasance mai kaifi; Al-Zubayr ya amsa da cewa ba ta yi kaifi ba amma ya yi amfani da ita da karfi. Bayan da musulmai suka ci Al-Qamus, sai aka kawo baitul malin nan, Kinana, ga Muhammad, amma ya ki bayyana inda aka boye kudadensu. Koda yake, daga baya Muhammad bn Maslama ya yanke kan Kinana, don ramuwar gayya ga dan uwansa Mahmud, wanda aka kashe a yaƙin kwanakin baya. Daga baya an sanya Al-Zubayr daga cikin mashahurai goma sha takwas waɗanda kowannensu ke kula da rabon wani rukunin ganima. A watan Disamba na 629, a jajibirin cin nasarar Makka, Muhammad ya aika Al-Zubayr da Ali don su tare wani dan leken asiri wanda ke dauke da wasika zuwa ga Kuraishawa. Lokacin da suka kasa samun wasikar a cikin kayanta, sai suka fahimci cewa tabbas ta ɓoye ta ne a kan nata, sai suka yi mata magana a kai. Daga nan dan leken asirin ya fito da wasikar,wacce ta boye a cikin gashinta,sai Al-Zubayr da Ali suka dawo da ita ga Muhammad, suna da yakinin cewa yanzu Musulmai za su kwace Makka da mamaki. . Lokacin da Muhammad ya shiga Makka, Al-Zubayr ya riƙe ɗayan tutocin ƙaura uku na Muhajirai kuma ya umurci reshen hagu na sojojin da suka ci yaƙi. Ya kuma yi yaƙin Hunayn Aiki bayan Muhammad A cikin sati na uku na watan yuli na shekara ta 632, halifa Abubakar ya tara runduna galibi daga Banu Hashim (dangin Muhammad) don kare Madina daga mamayar da ridda ta yi daga sojojin ridda na Tulayha, wanda ya ce shi annabi ne. Rundunar ta hada da manyan mutane kamar Zubayr da Talha bn Ubaidullah. An nada kowannensu a matsayin kwamandan kashi daya bisa uku na sabuwar rundunar da aka tsara. Suna da rawar da suka taka yayin Yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda ; duk da haka, ba su fuskanci wani yanayin faɗa ba. Al-Zubayr shi ne kwamandan filin da ya fi samun nasara a lokacin da Musulmai suka ci Masar da yaki a karkashin Khalifa Umar . Ya yi umurni da runduna a yakin Yarmouk a shekara ta 636, sannan a 640 ya ba da umarnin karfafa wadanda aka aika zuwa Amr bn al-As a Misira . Lokacin da Umar yake mutuwa a shekara ta 644, ya zabi Al-Zubayr da wasu mutane biyar don su zabi Khalifa na gaba. Sun zabi Uthman yadda ya kamata, a lokacin halifancin wane. Al-Zubayr ya kasance mai taka tsantsan dangane da kawo hadisai game da Muhammad duk da cewa ya kasance yana cikin kamfaninsa koyaushe. Kamar yadda ya bayyana wa dansa Abdullahi, "Na ji Manzon Allah (S A W) yana cewa: Duk wanda ya yi karya a kaina to ya tanadi ymazauni a cikin Wuta" Matan sa da yara Al-Zubayr ya yi aure har sau takwas kuma ya sami yara ashirin. Asma bint Abi Bakr . Sun yi aure kafin Hijira ta 622 kuma sun sake aure lokacin da Urwa ke ƙarami, watau a kusan 645. Khadija Babba Umm Al-Hasan Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ta dangin Umayya. Sun yi aure a 629, amma "ta ƙi shi," kuma an sake su cikin 'yan watanni. Bayan haihuwar 'yarsu, Ummu Kulthum ta auri Abdur Rahman bin Awf . Al-Halal bint Qays na kabilar Asad. Khadija Karami Umm Khalid Ama bint Khalid daga dangin Umayya. Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙaura waɗanda suka dawo daga Abaisiniya a shekara ta 628. Ar-Rabbab bint Unayf na kabilar Kalb. Tumadir bint Al-Asbagh na kabilar Kalb, bazawara ce ga Abdur Rahman bn Awf. Al-Zubayr ya sake ta ne kwana bakwai kacal da yin auren. Ta kasance tana gaya wa wasu matan cewa, "Idan dayanku ya yi aure, kada ya yaudare ta da kwana bakwai bayan abin da Zubairu ya yi mini." Ba ta, fadada kan yanayin "yaudarar" ba. Ummu Ja'far Zainab bint Marthad ta ƙabilar Thaalaba. Atiqa bint Zayd daga dangin Adi, bazawara ga Omar . Mutanen Madina sun kasance suna cewa:"Duk wanda yake son shahada to ya auri Atiqa bint Zayd . An fara auren ta ga Abdullahi bn Abi Bakr kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Umar bn Khattab kuma ya yi shahada. Bayan haka, ta auri Zubair kuma ya yi shahada ”. Matan Al-Zubayr sun yi korafin cewa yana da "wani tsauri game da mata". Ummu Kulthum ta tambaye shi kai tsaye don saki, lokacin da ya ƙi, sai ta yaudare shi a ciki ta hanyar yin lalata da shi yayin da yake cikin hidimar wankan janaba ga sallah. Al-Zubayr ya koka da cewa, "Ta yaudare ni, Allah Ya yi mata wayo!" Muhammad ya shawarce shi da ya sake neman aurenta, amma Al-Zubayr ya fahimci cewa, "Ba za ta sake dawowa wurina ba." Atiqa kawai ta yarda ta aure shi ne da sharadin bazai taɓa doke ta ba. Yaƙin Rakumi An kashe Uthman a cikin 656. Al-Zubayr yana da dalilin fatan cewa za a zaɓe shi a matsayin Kalifa na gaba, duk da cewa ya san cewa tsohon abokinsa Talha shi ma mai ƙarfi ne. Amma an zabi Ali, zuwa muhawarar matar Muhammadu mai takaba Aisha . Daga nan Al-Zubayr ya hadu da Aisha da Talha a Makka, suna masu cewa ya yi wa Ali mubaya'a ne kawai da takobi. Al-Zubayr, Talha da Aisha sun yi kira da a rama mutuwar Uthman, yayin da Ali ya yarda, ya ce shi bai iya yin haka ba a lokacin. Daga nan kawayen suka tattara sojoji suka yi tattaki zuwa Basra . A cikin Basrah kuwa, sun kayar da Gwamna kuma sun mamaye garin, suna kashe duk wanda aka samu da hannu a kisan Uthman. Lokacin da aka kalubalance su kan dalilin da yasa yanzu suka damu da Uthman alhalin sun nuna masa kiyayya sosai a lokacin rayuwarsa, sai suka ce: "Mun so Uthman ya biya mana bukatunmu. Ba mu so a kashe shi. ” Haƙiƙa Ali yayi kama da mutumin da yake zargin ƙiyayya ga kansa, don ba da daɗewa ba ya shiga Basra tare da ƙwararrun sojoji dubu ashirin. Tsawon kwanaki, ana tattaunawa, saboda bangarorin biyu sun tabbatar da cewa suna so ne kawai su ga an yi adalci. Amma a ranar 7 ga Disamba 656 tashin hankali ya barke. Mayakan A’isha sun kashe dan sakon Ali, kuma Ali ya ba shi amsa, "Yaƙi yanzu ya dace, don haka ku yaƙi su!" Don haka Al-Zubayr kuwa, ya rasa sha'awar yin yaƙin. Ya ce Ali ya yi magana da shi a waje yayin tattaunawar kan cewa su 'yan uwan juna ne, amma dan nasa ya zarge shi da tsoron sojojin Ali. Al-Zubayr ya bar fagen daga yayin da A’isha ta ci gaba da jagorantar dakarunta. Wani mutum mai suna Amr bn Jurmuz ya yanke shawarar bin diddigin motsin sa kuma ya bi shi zuwa wani filin da ke kusa. Lokacin sallah yayi don haka, bayan kowannensu ya tambayi dan uwansa abin da yake yi a can, sai suka amince da yin addu'ar. Yayin da Al-Zubayr yake sujada, Amr bn Jurmuz ya soke shi a wuya ya kashe shi. A cikin wasiyyarsa Al-Zubayr ya bar gida ga duk 'yan matansa da aka sake. Ya bar kashi ɗaya cikin uku na dukiyarsa a wasiyya kuma ya umurci ɗansa Abdullah da ya sayar da sauran dukiyarsa don biyan bashinsa, yana mai roƙon Allah idan ba za a iya biyan ɗaya ba. Abdullah ya gano cewa bashin sun kai 1,200,000, mai yiwuwa a cikin dirhami . Kodayake Abdullah ya shiga wata matsala don warware dukkan basussukan, amma zawarawan Al-Zubayr su huɗu suka gaji 1,100,000 kowannensu, ya bar sama da 30,000,000 da za a raba tsakanin 'ya'yansa. Al-Zubayr bn Al-Awam yana daya daga cikin musulmai goma da Annabi Muhammad (S A W) ya lamunce musu da Aljanna tun suna raye. Duba kuma Jerin hijra Muhammadu duba littafin da Kuma Sahabbai maza

29978

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freedom%20From%20Religion%20Foundation

Freedom From Religion Foundation

The Freedom From Religion Foundation ( FFRF ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Amurka, wacce ke ba da shawarwari ga wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba, da wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba . An kafa shi a cikin shekara ta 1976, FFRF tana haɓaka rarrabuwar coci da jiha, kuma tana ƙalubalantar halaccin shirye-shiryen tarayya da na jihohi da yawa waɗanda suka dogara da bangaskiya. Tana tallafa wa ƙungiyoyi irin su ɗalibai marasa addini da limaman coci waɗanda suke so su bar imaninsu. An kafa FFRF tare da Anne Nicol Gaylor da 'yarta, Annie Laurie Gaylor, a cikin 1976 kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙasa a ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 1978. Ƙungiyar ta sami goyon bayan mambobi sama da 19,000 a cikin 2012 kuma ta yi aiki daga wani gini na 1855 a Madison, Wisconsin, wanda ya taɓa yin hidima a matsayin rectory na coci. A cikin Maris 2011, FFRF, tare da Richard Dawkins Foundation for Reason and Science, sun fara aikin Clergy Project, al'umma mai sirri na kan layi wanda ke tallafawa malamai yayin da suke barin bangaskiyarsu. A cikin 2012, ta ba da 'Yanci na Farko Daga Gidauniyar Addini da Aikin Limamai na "Kyaucewa Kyauta" ga Jerry DeWitt, tsohon Fasto wanda ya bar ma'aikatar don shiga ƙungiyar masu yarda da Allah. FFRF tana ba da tallafin kuɗi ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, ƙungiyar da ke da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa ga ɗaliban da ba su da addini a makarantun koleji. A cikin 2015, FFRF ta sanar da Nonbelief Relief, ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa wacce ta samu kuma daga baya ta ba da matsayinta na keɓe haraji na tarayya. Taimakon rashin imani bai yi nasara ba a cikin ƙarar da aka yi wa IRS saboda ba ta da tsayin daka don ƙalubalantar keɓantawar Form 990 wanda ya shafi majami'u. Relief Nonbelief wata hukuma ce ta jin kai ga waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, waɗanda basu yarda da Allah ba, masu tunanin yanci, da magoya bayansu. Kwamitin zartarwa na FFRF ne ya ƙirƙiri Taimakon Ƙarfafa Imani don daidaita yanayin wahalar ɗan adam da rashin adalci a duniya, walau sakamakon bala'o'i, ayyukan ɗan adam ko kuma bin ƙa'idodin addini. Kafofin watsa labarai da wallafe-wallafe FFRF tana buga jarida, Freethought A Yau, sau goma a shekara. Tun a shekara ta 2006, a matsayin Freethought Radio Network, FFRF ta samar da Freethought Radio show, na tsawon sa'a daya watsa shirye-shirye kai tsaye a WXXM-FM Asabar da karfe 11 na safe. CDT. Hakanan an watsa shi akan Air America kafin wannan sabis ɗin ya daina aiki a cikin Maris, 2010. Ana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayon ta hanyar haɗin gwiwar shugabannin FFRF, Dan Barker da Annie Laurie Gaylor . Siffofin yau da kullun sun haɗa da "Faɗakarwar Theocracy" da "Freethinkers Almanac." Ƙarshen yana haskaka masu tunani na tarihi, waɗanda yawancin su ma marubutan waƙa ne. Gabatarwar nunin da fitar da shirin suna amfani da " Imagine " na John Lennon . Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-shugaban FFRF, ita ce marubucin Mata Ba tare da camfi: Babu Gods - Babu Masters da kuma littafin da ba na fiction a kan limamai cin zarafin yara cin amana: Clergy Abuse of Children (babu buga) da kuma edita na anthology. Kaicon Mata . Ta gyara jaridar FFRF Freethought A Yau har zuwa Yuli 2008. Mijinta, Dan Barker, marubucin Rasa Bangaskiya ga Bangaskiya: Daga Mai Wa'azi zuwa Atheist, Mara Allah: Yadda Mai Wa'azin Bishara Ya Zama Daya Daga Cikin Manyan Masu Rashin Allahntakar Allah, Mai Kyawun Atheist: Rayuwa Mai Cika Manufa Ba tare da Allah ba, "Manufar Rayuwa", "Allah: Mafi Mummunan Hali a cikin Duk Fiction", kuma kawai Pretend: Littafin Freethought ga Yara, mawaƙa ne kuma marubucin mawaƙa, tsohon ministan Kirista na Pentikostal, kuma shugaban FFRF. Shari'a da batutuwa Shirye-shiryen zamantakewa Ayyukan zamantakewa A cikin watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, FFRF ta ƙalubalanci tsarin mulki na Ofishin Fadar White House na tushen Bangaskiya da Ƙaddamarwar Al'umma . Koken na gidauniyar ya yi zargin cewa “amfani da kudaden da Majalisa ta ware a karkashin sashe na 1, sashe na 8, don daukar nauyin tarukan da hukumomin zartarwa daban-daban ke gudanarwa don tallata shirin Shugaba Bush na ‘Faith-Based and Community Initiatives’ ya ci karo da gyara na farko. Kotun ta kara da cewa jami’an da ake tuhumar sun karya dokar kafa ta hanyar shirya tarukan kasa da na shiyya inda aka ware kungiyoyin masu imani da cewa sun cancanci tallafin tarayya musamman saboda tsarin addini, kuma imani da Allah yana daukaka. bambance tasirin da ake da'awar na ayyukan zamantakewa na tushen imani." FFRF ta kuma yi zargin cewa "jami'an da ake tuhuma" suna yin ayyuka da yawa, kamar gabatar da jawabai a bainar jama'a, a duk faɗin Amurka, da nufin haɓakawa da bayar da shawarwari don samar da kuɗi ga ƙungiyoyin bangaskiya. FFRF ta kara da cewa, "ana amfani da kudaden majalisa don tallafawa ayyukan wadanda ake tuhuma." A cikin 2007 Kotun Koli ta yanke hukunci 5-4 cewa masu biyan haraji ba su da ikon kalubalantar kundin tsarin mulki na kashe kudaden da bangaren zartarwa ya yi. Kula da lafiya A cikin Afrilu 2003, FFRF, a madadin mazauna Montana, ta kai karar Ofishin Montana na Kiwon Lafiyar Karkara da babban darektan ta David M. Young tare da Jami'ar Jihar Montana-Bozeman da Montana Faith-Health Cooperative. An yi zargin cewa Young ya goyi bayan shirye-shiryen Ikklesiya na reno na tushen bangaskiya don tallafin jihohi. A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2004, Kotun Lardi na Tarayya na Gundumar Montana ta gudanar da cewa "kudin kai tsaye da fifikon tallafin shirye-shiryen jinya na Ikklesiya na zahiri da kuma mamaye addini an gudanar da shi don dalilai mara izini, kuma yana da tasirin da ba zai yuwu ba, na fifita da haɓaka haɗin gwiwa addini cikin samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na duniya." A cewar kotun, tallafin da jihar ke bayarwa na kiwon lafiya na tushen imani ya saba wa kwaskwarimar farko. A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta kai ƙara don ƙalubalantar haɗakar da "ruhaniya" cikin kula da lafiya ta Sashen Harkokin Tsohon Sojoji. Musamman bayyana cewa al'adar tambayar marasa lafiya game da addininsu a cikin kima na ruhaniya, amfani da limamai don kula da marasa lafiya, da shirye-shiryen maganin miyagun ƙwayoyi da barasa waɗanda suka haɗa da addini sun keta rarrabuwar ƙasa da coci. Daga baya an yi watsi da shari’ar bayan yanke hukuncin da Hein ya yanke saboda rashin tsayawa. A cikin shekara ta 2001, FFRF, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san sunansu ba, ta kai ƙarar gundumar Rhea County School District. Masu shigar da kara sun yi zargin cewa ana gudanar da azuzuwan Littafi Mai Tsarki na mako-mako ga dukkan daliban da ke makarantun firamare. A watan Yuni na shekara ta 2004, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Shida ta tabbatar da hukuncin gunduma cewa bai dace ba ga gundumar makaranta ta “koyar da Littafi Mai Tsarki a matsayin gaskiya ta zahiri” ga ɗalibai, gami da ƴan aji na farko. A cikin Maris na shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan Jami'ar Minnesota saboda haɗin kai tare da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Minnesota, haɗin gwiwa tare da Lutheran Seminary, wanda ke da alaƙa da Ikilisiyar Lutheran Church of America, da Fairview Health Services, yana bayyana cewa mai biyan haraji na jihar. kudade suna taimakawa don tallafawa ƙungiyar da ta dogara da bangaskiya. A watan Satumba na shekara ta 2005, Jami'ar ta amince da kawo karshen haɗin gwiwa da kuma dakatar da koyarwa "darussan kan tsaka-tsakin bangaskiya da lafiya", tare da FFRF ta amince da janye karar ta. A cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2005, FFRF ta shigar da ƙara a kan Sashen Ilimi na Amurka saboda rabon kuɗi zuwa Kwalejin Kirista ta Alaska, kwalejin Littafi Mai Tsarki da Cocin Ikklisiya na Alƙawari na Alaska ke gudanarwa. Gidauniyar ta bayyana cewa a shekarar farko da daliban suka yi a kwalejin, suna daukar kwasa-kwasan da suka shafi addini ne kawai, kuma a waccan shekarar suna kammala karatunsu ne da takardar shaidar karatun Littafi Mai Tsarki. Kwalejin, in ji gidauniyar, "ba ta bayar da kwasa-kwasan kwalejoji na gargajiya, kamar lissafi ko Ingilishi". A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2005 FFRF da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Amurka sun daidaita karar, tare da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta amince ba a raba $435,000 ba. na kuɗin tarayya zuwa Kwalejin. Labari na Disambar shekara ta 2020 ta Hemant Mehta ya bayyana ƙoƙarin FFRF kwanan nan. FFRF ta yi jayayya da iyakance aikin Fasto Mark Thornton a jihar Boise . Wasiƙar da Lauyan Ma'aikatan FFRF Chris Line ya aike ya haɗa da: "'Yan wasan kwallon ƙafa na jihar Boise ba su da wani nauyi da gwamnati ta dora musu a kan addininsu, don haka babu bukatar - ko halastaccen dalili na shari'a - jihar Boise ta ba su limamin coci." Lauyan shari'a na Jami'ar ya amsa da haka: "Mun kasance muna tattaunawa da Sashen Wasanni don ba da ilimantarwa game da wannan batu da kuma tabbatar da cewa an dauki matakai a yanzu da kuma nan gaba don warware matsalar da kuma kafa iyakokin da suka dace. Mista Thornton bai yi tafiya tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa zuwa wasanmu na baya-bayan nan a Wyoming ba kuma jami'ar ba za ta ƙara haɗa da limamin coci a cikin liyafar ta ba. Rubuce-rubucen da aka yi wa Mista Thornton a matsayin limamin kungiyar kwallon kafa an riga an cire shi ko kuma ana kan aiwatar da cirewa kuma ba za a yi wani bayani a nan gaba a rubuce ko akasin haka ba.” Mehta ya ci gaba da cewa: Babu ɗayan wannan yana nufin ɗalibai ba za su iya neman Thornton da kansu ba. Sun kasance suna da 'yanci don yin hakan. Amma Thornton ba zai iya - kuma bai kamata ba - yana da kowane irin rawar hukuma a wurin. Shirye-shiryen shari'ar laifuka A cikin Oktoba na shekara ta 2000, FFRF ta kawo kara, a matsayin masu biyan haraji a cikin jihar Wisconsin, a kan Ayyukan bangaskiya da ke Milwaukee. Shari'ar tasu ta bayyana cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da shirin maganin jaraba na bangaskiya a matsayin tsarin kulawa da kotu ta ba da umarnin yin amfani da kudaden masu biyan haraji ba. A watan Janairun shekara 2002, an yanke hukuncin ne bisa yardar FFRF; cewa karbar dubban daruruwan daloli a cikin kudaden jama'a ya saba wa Tsarin Kafa. Alkalin ya rubuta "Saboda na gano cewa tallafin da Ma'aikatar Ci Gaban Ma'aikata ta bayar ga Ayyukan Imani ya ƙunshi ba tare da iyakancewa ba, tallafin kai tsaye na ƙungiyar da ke shiga cikin koyarwar addini, na kammala cewa wannan tallafin kuɗi ya saba wa ka'idar kafa." A kan daukaka kara, a cikin Afrilun shekara ta 2003, Sashe na Bakwai daga baya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF a kan kunkuntar batun ko fursunoni sun shiga takamaiman shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya bisa yancin kansu na tilastawa gwamnati amincewa da addini. Hukumar ta FFRF ta kawo kara kan bada tallafin gwamnatin tarayya ga ƙungiyar MentorKids USA, ƙungiyar da ke bayar da shawarwari ga yaran fursunoni, inda ta yi zargin cewa malaman addinin Kirista ne kawai ake ɗaukar hayar, kuma za su rika ba da rahoton ayyukan addini na yara duk wata. . A cikin watan Mayun shekara ta 2006, FFRF ta shigar da kara a gaban Ofishin Fursunoni na Tarayya inda ta yi zargin cewa shawarar da ta yanke na bayar da kudade ba wai kawai shirye-shirye na tushen bangaskiya ba har ma da tsarin addini daya ya saba wa ka'idojin tsarin mulki na raba ƙasa da coci. Daga baya bangarorin sun amince da yin watsi da waccan da'awar, amma an ci gaba da ci gaba da yin ƙarin kirga a cikin ƙarar, da ake zargi da keta haddi daban-daban. Addini a fagen jama'a Matsalolin aiki A cikin shekara ta 1995, FFRF ta kai ƙarar jihar Wisconsin don ayyana Good Friday a matsayin hutun shari'a na jiha. A cikin shekara ta 1996, kotun gundumar tarayya ta yanke hukuncin cewa hutun Jumma'a mai kyau na Wisconsin ya kasance cin zarafi na Farko saboda, dangane da dokar hutun Jumma'a mai kyau ta Wisconsin, "ci gaba da Kiristanci shine ainihin dalilin doka." Tallafin jama'a FFRF ya yi adawa da birnin Versailles, Kentucky yana taimakawa coci don samun tallafin tarayya don ƙirƙirar cibiyar agajin bala'i. Nunin addini akan kadarorin jama'a A cikin Disambar shekara ta 2007, FFRF, a madadin gungun mazauna Green Bay da suka damu da kuma kiran haƙƙin Gyaran Farko na duk mazauna birnin, sun kai ƙarar birnin saboda sanya wurin haihuwa a zauren taron Green Bay. Kafin a saurari karar, birnin ya cire wurin da aka haifi haihuwar. Daga nan ne alkalin ya yi watsi da karar saboda rashin hurumin shari’a. Tunda an riga an cire wurin haihuwar kuma an sanya dokar hana fita a nan gaba, babu wani tushe na ci gaba da jayayya. Ya ci gaba da cewa, " masu shigar da kara sun riga sun yi nasara ...Masu gabatar da kara sun samu gagarumar nasara wadda ta sauya al'amura a kasa." A cikin shekara ta 2011, don mayar da martani ga kin birnin Warren, Michigan, don cire nuni na haihuwa a cikin cibiyar jama'a, FFRF ya nemi sanya nunin solstice na hunturu. Magajin garin ya ki amincewa da bukatar kuma FFRF ta kawo karar. Alkali Zatkoff na Kotun Lardin Amurka ya yi watsi da karar; Kotun da'a ta 6 ta Amurka ta amince da korar a cikin 2013. A cikin Satumba na shekara ta 2011, FFRF, tare da Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Jama'a ta Amirka (ACLU), sun kai ƙarar gundumar Giles, Virginia, a madadin masu ƙara da ba a san su ba. An sanya nunin Dokoki Goma tare da kwafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka a makarantun gwamnati na gundumar Giles. Kafin shigar da karar, a watan Janairu da Yuni 2011, FFRF da ACLU sun aika da wasiku ga hukumar makarantar suna neman a cire nunin. Shugaban makarantar ya ba da umarnin a cire nunin Dokoki Goma. Hukumar makarantar Giles County ta gana a watan Yunin 2011 kuma ta kada kuri'a don soke shawarar da babban jami'in ya yanke na cire nunin. Bayan da aka shigar da karar, hukumar makarantar a shekarar 2012 ta amince da cire hoton da kuma biyan kudaden lauyoyi. A cikin Nuwamba 2011, Gwamnan Wisconsin Scott Walker ya kira bishiyar Kirsimeti ta Capitol a matsayin "itacen Kirsimeti" maimakon "itacen biki." FFRF, wa A cikin Mayu 2012, FFRF, wanda ke aiki a kan wani korafi daga mazaunin, ya tambayi birnin Woonsocket, Rhode Island, don cire giciye na Latin daga yakin duniya na II da na II a kan ƙasar jama'a. Birnin ya ki yin haka. Hukumar ta FFRF ta bayyana cewa a halin yanzu tana neman mai shigar da kara a yankin da zai wakilci kara, wanda har yanzu FFRF din ba ta yi ba, inda ta yi nuni da irin wahalar da aka samu da wata karar da ta faru da wata mai shigar da kara a jihar, Jessica Ahlquist, a cikin shari'ar Ahlquist v. Cranston . A ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2012, bayan samun wasiƙa daga FFRF, Steubenville, Ohio, majalisar birni ta yanke shawarar cire hoton Kristi King Chapel a Jami'ar Franciscan na Steubenville daga tambarin garin. A watan Agustan 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin, ta yi barazanar karar da ke kalubalantar giciye na Latin da aka nuna a saman hasumiya na ruwa na Whiteville, Tennessee . Bayan da FFRF ta rubuta wasiku na farko guda uku, amma kafin a shigar da karar, garin ya cire hannu daya na giciye. Cire garin ya ci $4,000, kuma a wani bangare na sasantawar garin ya biya $20,000 a cikin kudaden lauyoyin FFRF. Garin ya kuma amince da cewa ba za a taba maye gurbin hannun da ya bace ba, sannan kuma kada a sanya wasu giciye a kan kadarorin jama'a. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, FFRF, a madadin wani mazaunin Montana, ta kai ƙarar Ma'aikatar gandun daji ta Amurka. An ba da izinin amfani na musamman don sanya mutum-mutumin Yesu a ƙasar tarayya a cikin 1954 bisa buƙatar Knights na Columbus . Ma'aikatar daji ta ci gaba da ba da sabunta izinin har zuwa 2010. Lokacin da Sabis ɗin ya ƙi sabuntawa, Knights sun ƙi cire mutum-mutumin suna ambaton "al'ada" da ƙimar "tarihi" na mutum-mutumi. Bayan zanga-zangar ta kan layi an ba wa mutum-mutumin izinin zama kuma an ba da izini. FFRF ta shigar da kara a watan Fabrairun 2012. A cikin watan Yunin 2013, wani alkali na tarayya ya samu goyon bayan wadanda ake kara, inda ya kyale mutum-mutumin ya ci gaba da kasancewa. A watan Agustan 2013, FFRF ta shigar da kara kan hukuncin. Kotun daukaka kara ta tara ta ki amincewa da hujjojin FFRF kuma ta amince da abin tunawa. A cikin shekara ta 2012, FFRF ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa zuwa gidan cin abinci na Prudhommes, a Columbia, Pennsylvania, yana bayyana cewa bayar da rangwamen 10% ga majiɓintan Lahadi waɗanda ke gabatar da sanarwar coci ya saba wa dokar jiha da tarayya, musamman Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964 . Mutumin da ya gabatar da lamarin ga FFRF ya shigar da korafin nuna wariya ga Hukumar Hulda da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania. FFRF ta kasance cikin ikon ba da shawara kawai. Hukumar Hulɗa da Jama'a ta Pennsylvania ta shiga oda ta ƙarshe ta baiwa gidan abincin damar ci gaba da rangwamen taswirar cocin. Gundumar ta cire gicciye mai haske a wurin shakatawa na jama'a a Honesdale, Pennsylvania, a cikin 2018 bayan korafi daga FFRF. Ba da nisa da wurin shakatawar wani mazaunin garin ya kafa giciye mai tsawon kafa 28 mai amfani da hasken rana a kan kadarorinsa. Addu'a a cikin gwamnati/makarantu A cikin Oktoban shekara ta 2008, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan gwamnatin Amurka game da dokar kafa Ranar Sallah ta Kasa (NDoP). A cikin shekara ta 2010, alkali na tarayya Barbara Brandriff Crabb ya yanke hukuncin cewa bai dace da tsarin mulki ba saboda "aikin addini ne na asali wanda ba ya aiki na duniya". Gwamnatin Amurka ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci. A watan Afrilun 2011, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Bakwai ta Amurka ta yi watsi da kalubalantar FFRF ga NDoP, tana mai cewa FFRF ba ta da tsayayye don kalubalantar dokar NDoP ko shela kuma shugaban kasa ne kawai ya ji rauni har ya kalubalanci dokar NDoP. Hukumar ta FFRF, a cikin Janairun shekara ta 2013, bayan ta sami ƙara daga wurin wani mazaunin garin, ta nemi majalisar birnin Rapid City, South Dakota, ta kawar da al’adarta ta soma kowace majalisar birni da addu’ar Kirista. Bayan da FFRF ta aike da wasika ta biyu a watan Fabrairun 2013, magajin garin ya bayyana a wancan lokacin cewa za a ci gaba da addu’a. Sabis na Harajin Cikin Gida Keɓewar Ikklesiya FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS game da keɓantawa na Ikklesiya wanda ke ba da damar “ma’aikatan bishara” su karɓi wani ɓangare na albashinsu a matsayin alawus ɗin gidaje mara haraji. An fara shigar da wannan ne a cikin 2009, a California, sannan daga baya ya faɗi kuma ya sake shigar da shi a cikin 2011, a Wisconsin, saboda tsayawa. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2012, wani alkali na tarayya ya ce ƙarar za ta iya ci gaba. A cikin watan Agustan 2013, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta yi jayayya cewa shugabannin ƙungiyar da ba su yarda da Allah ba na iya cancanci samun keɓewar Ikklesiya. Gaylor ya ce "ba haka muke ba", ya ci gaba da cewa bai kamata gwamnati ta baiwa kungiyoyin addini wani kulawa ta musamman ba. A ranar 21 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2013, wani alkalin tarayya ya yanke hukunci a kan FFRF. A cikin Janairun shekara ta 2014, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta shigar da kara a kotun tarayya. A watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2014, Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Amurka na Zartarwa ta Bakwai ta ba da shawararta, inda ta kammala cewa tanadin kundin haraji na tarayya da ke kula da alawus-alawus na gidaje da coci-coci ke bayarwa ga ministoci a matsayin rashin harajin shiga dole ne ya tsaya. A cikin Nuwambar shekara ta 2012, FFRF ta shigar da kara a kan IRS saboda rashin aiwatar da nata dokokin zaben . FFRF a cikin kwat da wando ya ba da sanarwar sanya cikakken tallace-tallacen shafi na Billy Graham Evangelistic Association; Diocese da ke bukatar limaman coci su karanta wata sanarwa da ta bukaci mabiya ɗarikar Katolika su kada kuri’a; da kuma ma'aikata na "Pulpit Freedom Lahadi". Kungiyar ta yi ikirarin cewa rashin aiwatar da ka’idojin haraji na tarayya da suka haramta wa kungiyoyin addinai da ba su haraji shiga zabe ya saba wa Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Farko. Ƙungiyar ta bayyana cewa kara shigar da cibiyoyin addini a harkokin siyasa "na nuni ne a fili da gangan wajen hana zaben". IRS ta gabatar da bukatar yin watsi da shi a kotun tarayya, amma a watan Agustan shekara ta 2013 an yanke shawarar cewa karar za ta iya ci gaba da bayyana cewa FFRF "tana tsaye don neman odar da ke bukatar IRS ta kula da ƙungiyoyin addini da kyau fiye da yadda take bi da Gidauniyar. ". A cikin shekara ta 2014, alkalin kotun tarayya ya yi watsi da karar bayan bangarorin sun cimma yarjejeniya. Duba kuma Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buraq

Buraq

link=dftkb://xs.wikipedia.org/wiki/dike:tyxah_gcuipeuoe_from_Moneanxu_zoslimwinqs.deg|khnme|gkni zanen Mindanaoan Muslim Buraq. Siffar ta hada da asalin okir motif. Burāq (Larabci: al-Burāq ko /ælbʊrɑk/ "walƙiya" ko kuma gabaɗaya "mai haske") wata halitta ce a cikin al'adar Musulunci da aka ce safarar wasu annabawa ce. Muhimman labaran hadisi game da Isra'i da Mi'iraji sun ba da labarin cewa Buraq ya ɗauko Annabin Musulunci Muhammad daga Makka zuwa Kudus da sama da dawowa da dare. Encyclopaedia of Islam, yana nufin rubuce-rubucen Al-Damiri (d.1405), yana ɗaukar Buraq a matsayin asalin da kuma adabin Larabci: barq "walƙiya / walƙiya" ko ma'anoni daban-daban na ma'ana daga kalmar: "da katako, walƙiya, haske, haske, haske. A cewar Encyclopædia Iranica, "Boraq" nau'in Arabized ne na "Farisa ta Tsakiya *barāg ko *bārag, 'dabbar hawa, hawa' (Sabuwar Farisa bāra)". Tafiya zuwa Sama ta Bakwai Bisa al'adar Musulunci, Tafiyar Dare ta faru ne shekaru goma bayan Muhammadu ya bayyana annabcinsa, a cikin karni na 7. Muhammadu ya kasance a Makka, a gidan kaninsa (gidan Fakhitah bint Abi Talib), lokacin da ya tafi al-Masjid al-Haram (Masallacin Al-Haram). Yayin da yake hutawa a dakin Ka'aba, Jibrilu ya bayyana gare shi yana kawo Buraq, wanda ya dauki Muhammad a cikin tawagar shugaban mala'iku, zuwa al-Masjid al-Aqsa,[Quran 17:1] wanda aka saba da shi a Urushalima. A nan ne ya sauka daga Buraq, ya yi addu'a a wurin Haikali mai tsarki (Bait Al-Maqdis), sannan ya sake dora shi yayin da halittar ta hau sama bakwai inda ya hadu da Adamu da Isa da dan uwansa Yahaya Maibaftisma, Yusufu, Anuhu, Haruna, Musa da Ibrahim daya bayan daya har ya kai ga kursiyin Allah. Allah ya yi magana da shi yana ba shi kalmomi da umarni, mafi mahimmancin umarnin da aka yi wa musulmi na yin sallah, tun farko sau hamsin a rana. Dangane da roƙon Musa, Muhammadu ya koma ga Allah sau da yawa kafin daga bisani ya rage adadin zuwa biyar. Ibn Ishaq ya ce, Buraq ya yi jigilar Ibrahim ne a lokacin da ya ziyarci Hajara da Isma’il. Hadisi ya nuna cewa Ibrahim ya zauna tare da Saratu a Kan'ana amma Buraq sukan kai shi Makka da safe don su ga iyalansa a can su mayar da shi da yamma. Duk da cewa Hadisin bai fito karara ya yi nuni da Buraq a matsayin fuskar mutum ba, kusan ko da yaushe fasahar Gabas da Farisa tana nuna hakan - hoton da ya sami hanyar shiga fasahar Musulunci ta Indiya da Farisa. Wataƙila wannan ya samo asali ne daga fassarar halittar da aka siffanta da "kyakkyawan fuska" a matsayin fuskar mutum maimakon dabba. An karbo daga fassarar Sahihul Bukhari yana siffanta Buraq cewa: Wani guntu kuma ya yi bayanin Buraq dalla-dalla: A cikin bayanin da suka gabata babu yarjejeniya dangane da jinsin Buraq. Yawanci namiji ne, duk da haka Ibn Sa'd yana da Jibrilu yana magana da halitta a matsayin mace, kuma masu zane-zane da kan mace sukan yi shi sau da yawa. An kuma lura da ra'ayin cewa "al-Buraq" kawai mareyin allahntaka ne a cikin littafin The Dome of the Rock, a cikin babin "Kotun Bude", da kuma a cikin taken shafi na Georg Ebers's Palestine in Picture and Word. Bangon yamma Malamai da marubuta daban-daban, irin su ibn al-Faqih, ibn Abd Rabbih, da Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi, sun ba da shawarar wuraren da aka ce an haxe Buraq a cikin tatsuniyoyi, galibi wurare a kusa da kusurwar kudu maso yammacin Harami. Koyaya, tsawon ƙarni da yawa wurin da aka fi so shine Masallacin al-Buraq, kusa da bango a ƙarshen ƙarshen bangon Yammacin Plaza. Masallacin yana zaune a saman wata tsohuwar hanyar wucewa wacce ta taɓa fitowa ta Ƙofar Barclay da aka daɗe da rufewa wanda katon lintel ɗinsa ya kasance a bayyane a ƙasan ƙofar Maghrebi. Saboda kusancin katangar Yamma, yankin da ke kusa da bango yana da alaƙa da Buraq aƙalla tun a ƙarni na 19. Lokacin da wani Bayahude dan Burtaniya ya nemi izinin mahukuntan Masar a shekara ta 1840 don sake shimfida kasa a gaban katangar Yamma, gwamnan Syria ya rubuta: Carl Sandreczki, wanda ake tuhuma da hada jerin sunayen wurin Charles William Wilson's Ordnance Survey na Urushalima a 1865, ya ruwaito cewa titin da ke kaiwa ga bangon Yamma, gami da bangaren bangon, mallakar Hosh (kotu / katanga) na al Burâk, "ba Obrak ba, kuma ba Obrat". A cikin 1866, Consul na Prussian kuma masanin Gabas Georg Rosen ya rubuta cewa: “Larabawa suna kiran Obrak tsayin bangon duka a wurin makoki na Yahudawa, kudu har zuwa gidan Abu Su’ud da arewa har zuwa tsarin Mechkemeh. Obrâk ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirari a da, lalata kalmar Ibri (Ibraniyawa) ba ne, amma kawai lafazin sabon larabci na Borâk, ... wanda, yayin da (Muhammad) yake addu'a a dutse mai tsarki. , an ce shi ne ya hada shi a cikin bangon da aka ambata a sama." Sunan Hosh al Buraq ya bayyana a taswirorin binciken Wilson na 1865, bugu na 1876 da 1900, da sauran taswirori a farkon karni na 20. A cikin 1922, Majalisar Pro-Jerusalem na hukuma ta ayyana shi azaman sunan titi. Haɗin kai yankin katangar Yamma da Buraq ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tashe-tashen hankula kan wurare masu tsarki tun lokacin da Birtaniyya ta ba da izini. Ga Musulmi, Katangar Makoki (ko Katangar Yamma) ana kiranta da "Ḥā'iṭu 'l-Burāq" (Larabci: ) - "Bangaren Buraq", don a gefe guda (bangaren musulmi na bangon kuka a kan. Dutsen Haikali) shi ne inda Muhammadu ya daura Buraq, dabbar da ya hau da ita a cikin daren Lailatul kadari (Larabci: Mi'rāj - ). Katangar ta hade da tsarin Masallacin Al-Buraq. Tasirin al'adu A Turkiyya, Burak sunan namiji ne na kowa. An sanya wa kamfanonin jiragen sama biyu suna Buraq: Buraq Air na Libya, da kuma tsohon jirgin saman Bouraq Indonesia na Indonesia (an rufe a 2006). "el-Borak" ɗan fashi ne a cikin littafin Rafael Sabatini mai suna The Sea Hawk; "El Borak" wani hali ne a cikin gajerun labarai na Robert E. Howard. Dukansu an ba su suna saboda saurinsu da juzu'i. An sanya wa NESCOM na Pakistan sunan Burraq. Aceh, Indonesiya, ta ɗauki hoton Buraq rampant da ya mamaye hatimin gwamnatin lardin da aka tsara. Ana kiran jam'iyyar Boragh APC ta Iran. Wani kamfanin mai na Malaysia mai suna Buraq Oil. Ana kiran wani kamfanin sufuri na Bangladesh Boraq Paribahan ( Al-Boraq (Larabci: ) babban titin jirgin kasa ne mai tsawon kilomita 323 (201 mi) tsakanin Casablanca da Tangier wanda ONCF ke gudanarwa a Maroko. Irinsa na farko a nahiyar Afirka, kuma mafi sauri.

8283

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka

Osaka

Osaka (lafazi : /osaka/) Birni ne, da ke a kasar Japanise. Osaka yana da yawan jama'a 19,341,976 bisa ga jimillar shekara ta 2012. An gina birnin Osaka kafin karni na biyar kafin haifuwan annabi Isah. Shugaban birnin Osaka shine Hirofumi Yoshimura. Ōsaka, birni da babban birnin Ōsaka fu (babban birni), kudu maso tsakiyar Honshu, Japanis. Garin, tare da makwabtan garin Kōbe da Kyōto na kusa, su ne cibiyoyin Keihanshin Yankin Masana'antu, birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin birni da haɓaka masana'antu a Japan. Ōsaka yana gefen Tekun Ōsaka a ƙarshen gabashin Tekun Inland, a gaɓar Kogin Yodo. Yankin babban birninta ya bazu akan tsaunuka kuma zuwa cikin tsaunukan ruwa na Yodo, Yamato, da sauran koguna. Kōbe tana gefen arewa maso yammacin gabar Ōsaka Bay, kimanin mil 20 (kilomita 30) yamma da Ōsaka. Yanayin yana da yanayi mai kyau, tare da sanyin hunturu da lokacin zafi, rani mai zafi; ruwan sama na shekara-shekara kusan inci 54 ne (1,360 mm). Yankin yana cikin mahaukaciyar guguwa a watan Satumba, wanda wani lokaci yakan zama bala'i. Titunan akasaka an shimfida su ta hanyar layin grid, yankin arewa zuwa kudu shine Midō Street da kuma gabas-yamma axin Chūō ōdōri ("Central Thoroughfare"). Titin Hommachi yana gabas daga tashar zuwa Castsaka Castle, wanda asalin sarkin yaki Toyotomi Hideyoshi ya gina a karni na 16. Daidaici zuwa Midō Street shine kunkuntar titin Shinsaibashi, wanda ya ƙunshi gundumar cin kasuwa ta tsakiya. Babban gundumar kasuwanci tana zaune a arewacin gari, kuma yankunan masana'antun suna a gabacin gabas da arewa maso gabashin birnin da kuma a ƙetaren kogin Yodo. Yankin tsakiyar Ōsaka shine da farko kasuwanci. Yankin kore ba shi da yawa, kodayake akwai manyan wuraren shakatawa da yawa a cikin garin; manyan wuraren nishaɗin suna a cikin unguwannin bayan gari, tare da rairayin bakin teku na bakin teku, da Tafkin Biwa, kusa da Kyōto. Wassaka ya kasance sananne ne ga babban masana'anta na masaku, amma girmamawa ya koma masana'antar mai nauyi. Manyan masana'antun garin sun hada da injuna, injunan lantarki, karafa da karafa, kirkirar karfe, yadi, sinadarai, da kuma bagade da takarda; sarrafa abinci da bugawa da kuma buga su ma suna da muhimmanci. Ōsaka na ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kuɗi na Japan. Tashar tashar ta, wacce ta kasance mafi mahimmancin gaske a cikin ƙasa, an haɗu da tsarin mulki tare da na Kōbe tun daga farkon 1970s. Babban hanyar sadarwar jiragen kasa tana kadawa a duk yankin, wanda yake mahadar hanyar jirgin kasa ne. Ōsaka yana aiki ne da kamfanonin layin dogo masu zaman kansu wadanda aka kirkira daga tsohuwar layin dogo na kasar Japan. Waɗannan kamfanonin suna aiki da layin-saurin wucewa na cikin gida da kuma tsakanin manyan biranen kuma suna ba da jiragen ƙasa na fasinjoji da jiragen ƙasa na harsunan Shinkansen. Hakanan ana ba da sabis na zirga-zirgar kewayen birni da yanki ta wasu hanyoyin jiragen ƙasa masu zaman kansu. Hanyoyi masu sauri sun haɗo Ōsaka tare da Kōbe, Kyōto, da Nagoya. Akasaka yana da manyan filayen jirgin sama guda biyu. Olderayan yana kusa da Itami, a arewacin birni, kuma yana kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na cikin gida. An bude Filin jirgin saman Kansai a 1994 don kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa da ke birni. An gina wannan tashar jirgin saman a tsibirin da mutum yayi a cikin Ōsaka Bay kuma an haɗa shi da babban yankin ta hanyar babbar hanyar gada. Ōsaka ya kasance cibiyar al'adu ta ƙasa. Akwai manyan jami'o'i da kwalejoji na gwamnati da na kwaleji da yawa a cikin birni da lardin birni, gami da Jami'ar akasaka da Jami'ar Kansai. Wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya da na zamani, kiɗa, da Bunraku (wasan kwaikwayo na 'yar tsana) ana yin su a ko'ina cikin yankin, kamar yadda kiɗan Yammacin, wasan kwaikwayo, da wasan kwaikwayo. Akasaka ita ce cibiyar watsa labarai ta ƙasa. Yankin murabba'in kilomita 86 (murabba'in kilomita 222). Pop 2,665,314. Akasaka, fu (lardin birni), Honshu, Japan. Ya haɗa da garin masana'antu na Ōsaka, babban birni, da masana'antu da wuraren zama na ƙauyuka. Yankin birane yana iyaka da yankin Kyōto (arewa); da ken (lardunan) na Hyōgo (arewa maso yamma), Nara (gabas), da Wakayama (kudu); da kuma Ōsaka Bay (kudu maso gabas). Manyan masana'antu a cikin lardin suna kera kayayyakin ƙarfe da ƙarfe, yadudduka, sinadarai, da injunan lantarki. Ōsaka gundumar biranen ba ta hada da tashar jiragen ruwa ta Kōbe, wacce ke yamma da bakin ruwa a lardin Hyōgo ba, amma biranen biyu sun kasance mahaɗan tagwayen Areasaka-Kobe Metropolitan Area, ɗayan manyan biranen birni a cikin ƙasar. Bugu da kari, Ōsaka ita ce cibiyar babbar masana'antar Keihanshin, wanda ya hada da yankin Kyōto. Yankin murabba'in mil 731 (murabba'in kilomita 1,893). Pop 8,865,245. Biranen Japan

32688

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbwana%20Samatta

Mbwana Samatta

Mbwana Ally Samatta (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif 1992) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Tanzaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga ƙungiyar rukunin farko ta Belgium A Antwerp, a matsayin aro daga Fenerbahçe, da kuma tawagar ƙasar Tanzaniya. Samatta ya fara taka leda a matsayin matashin dan wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Lyon da Tanzania a shekara ta 2008. Ya zama mai sana'a a cikin shekarar 2010 tare da Simba Sports Club, inda ya taka leda kawai rabin kakar kafin ya koma TP Mazembe, ya yi shekaru biyar tare da su, da farko ya zama na farko na yau da kullum. An sanya shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na shekarar 2015 kuma ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afirka ta CAF, yayin da ya taimaka wa TP Mazembe ta lashe kambun. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2016, Samatta ya rattaba hannu kan KRC Genk na Belgium, ya taimaka musu sun cancanci shiga gasar UEFA Europa League kuma su ka lashe Gasar Jupiler Belgian a shekarar 2019. Bayan kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar Jupiler League, ya kuma lashe kyautar Ebony Shoe a Belgium saboda fitaccen kakarsa tare da Genk. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2020, ya koma Aston Villa, ya zama dan wasa na farko da aka haifa a kasar Tanzaniya da ya taka leda kuma ya ci a gasar Premier. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Samatta ya kasance babban jigo a lokacin da TP Mazembe ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afrika ta CAF 2015, inda ya zura kwallaye bakwai a cikin wannan tsari kuma ya kare a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. A wasan da suka buga da Moghreb Tétouan a matakin rukuni Samatta ya yi hat-trick da ba za a manta da shi ba don samun tikitin zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe inda suka tashi da kungiyar Al-Merrikh SC ta Sudan.Mazembe za ta ci gaba da daukar kofin ne bayan ta doke takwararta ta USM Alger ta Aljeriya a wasan karshe da ci 4-1, inda Samatta ya zura kwallo a raga a wasanni biyu. A bikin karramawar Glo- CAF da aka yi a ranar 7 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2016 a Cibiyar Taro na Duniya da ke Abuja, Nigeria, ya zama dan wasa na farko daga Gabashin Afirka da ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Afirka na CAF. Mbwana ya samu jimillar maki 127, a gaban abokin wasansa na TP Mazembe da mai tsaron gidan DR Congo, Robert Kidiaba, wanda ya samu maki 88, sai Baghdad Bounedjah na Aljeriya a matsayi na uku da maki 63. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2016, bayan da ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun dan wasan Afirka a nahiyar, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu da rabi tare da KRC Genk. An zabe shi a matsayin Matashin Tanzaniya Mafi Tasiri a shekarar 2017 a cikin wani babban zaɓe ta Avance Media A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Samatta ya yi hat-trick a kan Brøndby IF a gasar Europa da cin nasara 5–2. A lokacin kakar 2018 zuwa 2019, ya jagoranci rukunin farko na Belgium A wajen zira kwallaye tare da kwallaye 20, yayin da Genk ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin wadanda suka lashe gasar. A watan Mayun shekarar 2019 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Ebony Shoe saboda abubuwan da ya yi a lokacin yakin neman zabe. Aston Villa A ranar 20 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2020, Samatta ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi tare da kulob din Premier League Aston Villa. A yin haka, ya zama dan Tanzaniya na farko da ya rattaba hannu a wata kungiya ta Premier, kuma shi ne na 117 na kasashe daban-daban da ya taka leda a gasar. An bayar da rahoton kudin canja wurin da aka biya wa Genk a matsayin fam miliyan 8.5. Samatta ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa kwanaki 8 a wasan da Villa ta doke Leicester City da ci 2-1 a gasar cin kofin EFL a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 2-1 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin EFL da ci 2 da 1, sakamakon da ya ba kulob din damar zuwa wasan karshe na gasar. A ranar 1 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2020, Samatta ya zura kwallo a wasansa na farko na gasar Aston Villa, a ci 2-1 a hannun Bournemouth. Hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa na farko daga Tanzaniya da ya taka leda, kuma daga baya ya ci kwallo a gasar Premier. A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Samatta ya koma kulob din Süper Lig Fenerbahçe SK kan yarjejeniyar lamuni ta farko har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar, Samatta ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu a karshen zaman aronsa a watan Yulin shekarar 2021. A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2021, Samatta ya shiga ƙungiyar Royal Antwerp ta Belgium kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. Rayuwa ta sirri Samatta musulma ne. Ya yi umrah zuwa Makka a 2018 tare da abokin wasansa na Genk Omar Colley. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako sun jera ƙwallayen Tanzania na farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Samatta . TP Mazembe Linafoot : 2011, 2012, 2013, 2013-14 DR Congo Super Cup : 2013, 2014 CAF Champions League : 2015 Belgian Pro League : 2018-19 Belgian Super Cup : 2019 Aston Villa Gasar cin Kofin EFL : 2019-20 Gwarzon dan wasan Inter-Club na Afirka : 2015 Kungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2015 CAF Champions League wanda ya fi zura kwallaye: 2015 Ebony Shoe : 2019 Rukunin Farko na Belgium A Takalmin Zinare: 2018-19 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mbwana Samatta at WorldFootball.net Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

47890

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanarwa%20Akan%20Hakkokin%20%27Yan%20Asalin%20Kasar

Sanarwa Akan Hakkokin 'Yan Asalin Kasar

Sanarwa kan Haƙƙin ƴan Asalin Ƙasa ( UNDRIP ko DOTROIP) wani ƙuduri ne da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zartar a shekara ta 2007. Yana zayyanawa da fayyace haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya na ƴan asalin ƙasar, gami da haƙƙin mallakarsu na furuci na al'adu da na biki, asalinsu, harshe, aiki, lafiya, ilimi, da sauran batutuwa. Mallakar su kuma ta shafi kare dukiyoyinsu na ilimi da al'adu . Sanarwar "tana jaddada haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar don kiyayewa da ƙarfafa cibiyoyi, al'adu da al'adun su, da kuma ci gaba da ci gaban su daidai da bukatunsu da burinsu." Ya "haramta wariya ga 'yan asalin kasar," kuma yana "inganta cikakkiyar damar su cikin duk abin da ya shafe su da kuma 'yancinsu na kasancewa da bambanci da kuma bin manufofinsu na ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa". Manufar sanarwar ita ce karfafa gwiwar kasashe su yi aiki tare da 'yan asalin kasar don warware batutuwan duniya, kamar su ci gaba, dimokuradiyya mai al'adu da yawa, da mulkin kama karya . A ranar Alhamis, 13 ga Satumba, 2007, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri’a da rinjaye na 144 (4 suka ki, 11 suka ki amincewa) na sanarwar. Tun daga shekara ta 2007, kasashe hudu da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa sun sauya matsayinsu kuma yanzu suna goyon bayan sanarwar. Tun daga watan Fabrairun 2020, Ma'aikatar Tattalin Arziƙi da Harkokin Jama'a ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun bayyana (A/RES/61/295) a matsayin "...mafi cikakken kayan aikin ƙasa da ƙasa kan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Yana kafa tsarin duniya mafi ƙanƙanta na ma'auni don rayuwa, mutunci da jin daɗin ƴan asalin duniya kuma yana yin ƙarin bayani game da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ƴancin ƴancin da ake da su yayin da suka shafi takamaiman yanayi na ƴan asalin ƙasar." A matsayin sanarwar Babban Taro, UNDRIP ba kayan aiki ba ne na doka a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa . A cewar sanarwar manema labarai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, "yana wakiltar ci gaba mai karfi na ka'idojin shari'a na kasa da kasa kuma yana nuna kudurin kasashe mambobin MDD na tafiya a wasu wurare"; Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana shi a matsayin kafa wani muhimmin ma'auni na kula da 'yan asalin kasar wanda babu shakka zai zama wani muhimmin kayan aiki wajen kawar da take hakkin bil'adama a kan 'yan asalin duniya miliyan 370, da kuma taimaka musu wajen yaki da wariya da wariya ." UNDRIP ta tsara "korafe-korafen tarihi na 'yan asalin ƙasar, ƙalubalen zamani da burin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, siyasa da al'adu" kuma shine "ƙarshen ƙoƙarin da ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ke yi na tsawon tsararraki don samun hankalin duniya, don tabbatar da amincewa ga burinsu, da kuma samar da goyon baya ga su. manufofin siyasa." Shugaban Bincike na Kanada kuma memba na malami a Jami'ar Saskatchewan Ken Coates yayi jayayya cewa UNDRIP tana da ƙarfi tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar, yayin da gwamnatocin ƙasa basu fahimci tasirin sa ba tukuna. Tushen wannan ikirari ya fara ne a cikin 1923 da 1925 tare da ayyukan Haudenosaunee Chief Deskaheh da Māori TW Ratana, waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kawo batutuwan Kanada da gazawar New Zealand don tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin ga Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasashen Duniya, wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta riga ta gabatar. An fara sake nazarin batutuwan 'yan asalin ƙasar a kan sikelin duniya a cikin 1982 tare da kafa Ƙungiyar Aiki akan 'Yan Asalin, wanda Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziƙi (ECOSOC) ta kafa. Manufar su ita ce ƙirƙirar wani babban takarda wanda zai taimaka wajen kare haƙƙoƙi da gata na ƴan asalin ƙasar a duk faɗin duniya. Sanarwar ta shiga cikin zane-zane da yawa daga 1994 zuwa 2006, kuma an riga an ba da shawarar sigar ta sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki a cikin 1993. A ranar Alhamis, 13 ga Satumba, 2007, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kada kuri’a da rinjaye na 144 (4 suka ki amincewa, 11 suka ki amincewa) na sanarwar. A cikin watan Mayun 2016, Kanada a hukumance ta cire matsayinta na rashin amincewa da UNDRIP, kusan shekaru goma bayan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da shi. A shekara ta 2016, Ostiraliya, New Zealand, da kuma Amurka ta Amurka, wadanda su ma suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da sanarwar, sun sauya matsayinsu tare da nuna goyon baya. Aikace-aikace na yanzu Jihohi da yawa bayan daular da ke da manyan ɓangarorin masu ƙaura-mallaka na yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da matakai don gane da kuma gane a aikace haƙƙoƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da New Zealand, Kanada, da Ostiraliya. Inkarin samuwar ‘yan asalin kasar Jihohi da dama ba su amince da ƴan tsirarun ƙabilun da ke cikin yankunansu a matsayin ƴan asalin ƙasar ba, kuma kawai suna kiran su a matsayin tsiraru. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan tsirarun ƙabilun an keɓe su daga mafi rinjayen ƙabilun a cikin matakan aiwatar da zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa kuma ba a kare hakkinsu na asali ba. Masu rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar UNDRIP da suka yi watsi da manufar da aka bayyana a cikin labaran UNDRIP sun hada da Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Jamhuriyar gurguzu ta Vietnam. Saboda tashe-tashen hankula da cin zarafi da aka yi a baya da kuma cin zarafi na ƴan asalin ƙasar da al'umma, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ƙirƙiri wannan sanarwar da ba ta bin doka ba a matsayin buri na yadda ya kamata a bi da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Wannan ikirari ƙudiri ne, ma'ana ba takarda ce mai ɗaukar doka ba. Ba a la'akari da 'yan asalin ƙasa a matsayin ƙasashe na siyasa kuma ba su da damar samun kariya ta dokokin kasa da kasa ta hanyar kotun shari'a ta duniya. Mataki na 40 ya bayyana cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar suna da 'yancin bin hanyoyin da suka dace don magance rikice-rikice da rikice-rikice da kasashe ko wasu bangarori, saboda 'yan asalin ba za su iya amfani da kotun shari'a ta duniya ba, UNDRIP ba ta da wata alamar da 'yan asalin yankin za su iya kawo rikici. ku. Manufar sanarwar ba ita ce samar da sabbin hakkoki ba, a'a, ta yi magana ne kan batutuwa irin su sulhunta 'yan asalin kasar dangane da maido da kare al'adu, al'adu da cibiyoyi na asali da kuma neman ci gaban kai. Abun ciki An tsara sanarwar azaman ƙudurin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, tare da ƙa'idodi 23 na farko da labarai 46. A yawancin labarai, an haɗa burin yadda Jiha ta inganta da kuma kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasa (duba tanada don ƙarin bayani). Manyan jigogi na labarin sun haɗa da: Haƙƙin ƴncin cin gashin kansu na' yan asalin ƙasar da mutane (Mataki 1 - 8; 33 - 34) Bambanci yana tsakanin mutum da ƙungiyar mutane Hakkin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutane don kare al'adunsu ta hanyar ayyuka, harsuna, ilimi, kafofin watsa labarai, da addini, gami da kula da dukiyarsu ta ilimi (Mataki 9 - 15, 16, 25, da 31) Ya tabbatar da 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar don samun irin mulkin mallaka da ci gaban tattalin arziki (Mataki na 17 - 21, 35 - 37) Hakkin kiwon lafiya (Mataki na 23 - 24) Kare ƙananan rukuni misali tsofaffi, mata, da yara (Mataki na 22) Hakkin ƙasa daga mallaka (ciki har da biyan kuɗi, ko dawo da ƙasa watau Mataki na 10) ga batutuwan muhalli (Mataki na 26 - 30, da 32) Ya ba da umarnin yadda ya kamata a fahimci wannan takaddar a cikin bayanin nan gaba (Mataki na 38 - 46). Budewa da Mataki na 2 na sanarwar sun ba da cewa "'yan asalin ƙasar daidai suke da sauran mutane" (source). Bayan tabbatar da haƙƙin da ƴan asalin ƙasar da jama'a suke da shi a matsayin sauran al'ummomi, akwai Labarun (23 na 46) da ke nuni da yadda ya kamata Jihohi suyi mu'amala da sanarwar. Yawancin labaran suna nuni ne ga Jihohin da ke aiki tare da ƴan asalin ƙasar. Wasu matakan da aka ba da shawarar a ɗauka su ne: Don dawo da ƙasa (mataki na 26), abubuwa na bikin (mataki 12), da ragowar mutum (mataki 12) Don sanya "shirye-shiryen saka idanu, kiyayewa, da kuma maido da lafiyar 'yan asalin ƙasar" (mataki na 29) Don karewa da kuma tabbatar da hakkokin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutane (ƙaddamarwa a cikin labarai da yawa; duba Sanarwar) Tattaunawa da tallafi Sanarwar ta kasance sama da shekaru 25 a cikin yin. Wannan ra'ayin ya samo asali ne a shekarar 1982 lokacin da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (ECOSOC) ta kafa ƙungiyar aiki kan 'yan asalin ƙasar (WGIP), wanda aka kafa sakamakon binciken da mai ba da rahoto na musamman José Ricardo Martínez Cobo ya yi game da matsalar nuna bambanci da' yan asalin ƙasar ke fuskanta. An ba da aikin haɓaka ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam waɗanda za su kare 'yan asalin ƙasar, a cikin 1985 Ƙungiyar Aiki ta fara aiki a kan tsara Sanarwar kan' Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar. An kammala daftarin a 1993 kuma an gabatar da shi ga Kwamitin Kwamitin kan Rigakafin Nuna Bambanci da Kare 'Yan Ƙananan Hukumomi, wanda ya ba da amincewarsa a shekara mai zuwa. A lokacin wannan Ƙungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta amince da Yarjejeniyar 'yan asalin ƙasar da kabilanci, 1989. An tura Yarjejeniyar ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, wacce ta kafa wata Ƙungiyar Aiki don bincika sharuddan ta. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa wannan Kungiyar Aiki ta haɗu a lokuta 11 don bincikawa da daidaitawa da Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar da tanadinta. Ci gaba ya yi jinkiri saboda damuwar wasu jihohi game da wasu mahimman tanadi na Sanarwar, kamar haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar don ƙaddamar da kansu da kuma kula da albarkatun ƙasa da ke cikin ƙasashen gargajiya na' yan asalin ƙasar. An karɓi sashi na ƙarshe na sanarwar a ranar 29 ga Yuni, 2006, ta Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam mai mambobi 47 (kungiyar da ta maye gurbin Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam), tare da kasashe mambobi 30 da ke cikin ni'ima, 2 a kan, 12 da suka ƙi, da 3 ba su nan. An gabatar da sanarwar (takardar A/61/L.67) ga Babban Taron, wanda ya kada kuri'a kan karɓar shawarar a ranar 13 ga Satumba, 2007, a lokacin zamanta na 61 na yau da kullun. Dukkanin ƙasashe mambobi huɗu da suka kaɗa ƙuri'a sun kasance sun samo asali ne a matsayin mazauna mulkin mallaka na Daular Burtaniya, kuma suna da mafi yawan mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar ba. Tun daga wannan lokacin, dukkan kasashe huɗu sun koma don amincewa da sanarwar ta wata hanya ta al'ada wacce ba za ta zama doka mai ɗaurewa a kotu ba. Kanada, a karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Conservative ta yi sanarwa ta hukuma game da aikace-aikacen UNDRIP a Kanada. Koyaya, Gwamnatin Liberal da aka zaɓa a matsayin shugabanci a shekarar 2015, ta nuna goyon bayan Kanada ga UNDRIP. A ranar 3 ga Disamba, 2020, an gabatar da Bill C-15 ga House of Commons wanda zai kawo dokar Kanada cikin daidaituwa da ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Bill C-15 ya wuce majalisar dattijai ta Kanada a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2021, kuma ya sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2021 don zama doka. A yin haka Kanada ta zama ta farko daga cikin kasashe huɗu da ke da tarihi a matsayin mazauna mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya tare da yawancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka kada kuri'a don yanzu su karɓi UNDRIP. An ƙalubalanci tsoma baki na Gwamnatin Australiya a karkashin sharuddanta ba tare da nasara ba. Ƙasashe uku da suka guje wa, Colombia, Samoa, da Ukraine tun daga lokacin sun amince da takardar. Tallafi da sulhu Sabanin ƙin farko na sanarwar da Australia, Kanada, New Zealand da Amurka suka yi game da damuwa game da shari'a (duk ƙasashe huɗu daga baya sun sauya matsayinsu don karɓar sanarwar a matsayin takardar da ba ta doka ba), jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran shugabannin duniya sun nuna farin ciki da karɓar ta. Sakatare Janar Ban Ki-moon ya bayyana shi a matsayin "lokacin tarihi lokacin da membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka sulhunta da tarihin su mai raɗaɗi kuma sun yanke shawarar ci gaba tare a kan hanyar haƙƙin ɗan adam, adalci da ci gaba ga kowa". Louise Arbour, tsohuwar mai shari'a ta Kotun Koli ta Kanada a lokacin da take aiki a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 'Yancin Dan Adam, ta nuna gamsuwa da aiki tuƙuru da juriya wanda a ƙarshe ya "ya kawo 'ya'ya a cikin cikakkiyar sanarwa har zuwa yau game da' yancin' yan asalin ƙasar". Hakazalika, an gaishe labarai game da karɓar sanarwar da farin ciki a Afirka kuma, a taron Babban Taron da aka yi a New York, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Bolivia David Choquehuanca ya ce yana fatan kasashe membobin da suka kada kuri'a ko suka guje za su sake yin la'akari da kin amincewarsu don tallafawa takardar da ya bayyana cewa tana da mahimmanci kamar sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya. Bolivia ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta amince da sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar. Evo Morales, Shugaban Bolivia, ya ce, "Mu ne kasar farko da ta juya wannan sanarwar zuwa doka kuma hakan yana da mahimmanci, 'yan'uwa maza da mata. Muna ganewa da kuma gaishe da aikin wakilanmu. Amma idan mun tuna da yakin 'yan asalin a bayyane, da yawa daga cikinmu waɗanda ke da hankali za su ƙare suna kuka da tunawa da nuna bambanci, ƙyamar. Stephen Corry, darektan ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ƴan asalin kasa da kasa ta Survival International, ya ce, "An yi muhawara game da sanarwar kusan kusan kusan karni arba'in. Shekaru da suka ga yawancin kabilun, kamar Akuntsu da Kanoê a Brazil, sun kashe da sauransu, kamar Innu a Kanada, sun kawo ƙarshen. Gwamnatocin da ke adawa da shi suna fama da kunya da haƙƙin ɗan adam na mutanen da suka fi rauni. Da'awar da suke yi don tallafawa haƙƙin ɗan adam a wasu yankuna za a gan su a matsayin munafunci. " Cibiyar Nazarin Aboriginal ta Australiya da Torres Strait Islander (AIATSIS) ta yarda da ƙa'ida kuma tana kiyaye ƙa'idodin Sanarwa a cikin Manufofin Samun Tarin su da Amfani da su da Jagororinsu domin Binciken ɗabi'a a cikin Nazarin Asalin Ostiraliya. Rashin amincewa Kafin amincewa da Sanarwar, kuma a cikin zaman 62 na Babban Taron, kasashe da yawa sun nuna damuwa game da wasu mahimman batutuwa, kamar ƙaddamar da kai, samun dama ga ƙasashe, yankuna da albarkatu da kuma rashin ma'anar kalmar " 'yan asalin ƙasar". Baya ga waɗanda ke da niyyar jefa kuri'a game da amincewa da sanarwar, ƙungiyar ƙasashen Afirka da Namibia ke wakilta sun ba da shawarar jinkirta mataki, don gudanar da ƙarin shawarwari, da kuma kammala la'akari da sanarwar a watan Satumbar 2007. Daga ƙarshe, bayan sun amince da wasu gyare-gyare ga Yarjejeniyar, yawancin jihohi sun fahimci cewa kowace ƙasa za ta iya magance waɗannan batutuwan a matakin ƙasa. Ta hanyar ƙasashe masu adawa Jihohi huɗu da suka kaɗa ƙuri'a sun ci gaba da nuna damuwa game da rubutun ƙarshe na sanarwar kamar yadda aka sanya a gaban Babban Taron. [shafin da Dukkanin ƙasashe huɗu masu adawa daga baya sun canza Ƙuri'un su don amincewa da sanarwar. Gwamnatin Australiya ta yi adawa da sanarwar a cikin Ƙuri'un Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2007, amma tun daga lokacin ta amince da sanarwar. Mal Brough na Ostiraliya, Ministan Iyalai, Ayyukan Al'umma da Harkokin Ƴan asalin ƙasar, yana magana ne game da tanadin game da tabbatar da tsarin shari'ar al'ada na' yan asalin ƙasar, ya ce "Ya kamata a sami doka ɗaya kawai ga dukan' yan Ostiraliya kuma bai kamata mu shiga cikin ayyukan doka waɗanda ba a yarda da su a duniyar zamani ba." Marise Payne, Sanata na Jam'iyyar Liberal na New South Wales, ta ƙara yin bayani dalla-dalla game da rashin amincewar gwamnatin Australiya ga sanarwar a cikin jawabi ga Majalisar Dattijan Australiya: Damuwa game da nassoshi game da ƙaddamar da kai da kuma yiwuwar su da ba a fahimta ba. Rashin sanin gaskiyar zamani game da ƙasa da albarkatu. "Sun yi kama da, ga masu karatu da yawa, suna buƙatar amincewa da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar waɗanda yanzu mallakar wasu' yan ƙasa ne, 'yan asalin da waɗanda ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba, sabili da haka suna da wasu mahimman damar tasiri ga haƙƙin wasu. " Damuwa game da fadada haƙƙin mallaka na asali a ƙarƙashin sanarwar a matsayin mara amfani a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da Australiya ta yanzu. Rashin yiwuwar cin zarafin haƙƙin a ƙarƙashin Sanarwar ga 'yan asalin ƙasar ga yardar da ba ta cancanta ba game da batutuwan da suka shafi su, "wanda ke nuna wa wasu masu karatu cewa za su iya yin amfani da haƙƙin veto a kan dukkan batutuwan jihar, wanda zai haɗa da dokokin ƙasa da sauran matakan gudanarwa. " Kayan haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar a kan dukiyar ilimi, ta ainihi da ta al'adu, wanda "ba ya amince da haƙƙin wa su musamman, haƙƙinsu na samun damar ƙasar' yan asalin ƙasar da al'adun gargajiya da abubuwan al'adu inda ya dace a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa". Bugu da ƙari, cewa Sanarwar "ta kasa la'akari da nau'ikan mallaka daban-daban da amfani da za a iya ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da kuma haƙƙin wasu ga dukiya a wannan batun". Damuwa cewa Sanarwar ta sanya dokar al'ada ta asali a matsayi mafi girma ga dokar ƙasa, kuma wannan na iya "ba da damar yin ayyukan da ba za a yarda da su ba a duk faɗin hukumar", kamar azabtar da al'ada da kuma babban hukunci. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2007 tsohon Firayim Ministan Australia John Howard ya yi alƙawarin gudanar da raba gardama kan sauya kundin tsarin mulkin Australia don amincewa da 'yan asalin Australia idan aka sake zabar su. Ya ce ya kamata a amince da bambancin asalin mutane da haƙƙinsu na adana al'adunsu. Gwamnatin Kanada ta ce yayin da ta goyi bayan "ruhu" na sanarwar, ta ƙunshi abubuwan da suka kasance "da gaske ba su dace da tsarin tsarin mulki na Kanada ba", wanda ya haɗa da Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin' Yanci da Sashe na 35, wanda ke ba da haƙƙin' yan asalin da yarjejeniya. Musamman, gwamnatin Kanada tana da matsaloli tare da Mataki na 19 (wanda ya bayyana yana buƙatar gwamnatoci su tabbatar da yardar 'yan asalin ƙasar game da al'amuran manufofin jama'a gaba ɗaya), da Mataki 26 da 28 (wanda zai iya ba da damar sake buɗewa ko ƙin ikirarin ƙasar da aka kafa a tarihi).A ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 2009, Gwamnatin Rudd ta amince da sanarwar. Tsohon Ministan Harkokin Indiya da Ci gaban Arewa, Chuck Strahl, ya bayyana takardar a matsayin "maras aiki a cikin dimokuradiyya ta Yamma a karkashin gwamnatin tsarin mulki". Strahl ya yi bayani dalla-dalla, yana cewa "A Kanada, kuna daidaita haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin rukuni, kuma (wannan) takarda ... ba shi da wani daga cikin hakan. Ta hanyar sanya hannu, kun saba da wannan takardar ta hanyar cewa kawai haƙƙoƙin da ke wasa a nan su ne haƙƙoƙcin Al'ummai na Farko. Kuma, ba shakka, a Kanada, wannan bai dace da tsarin mulkinmu ba. " Ya ba da misali: "A Kanada ... kuna tattaunawa akan wannan ... saboda (yancin 'yan asalin) ba su cin nasara a duk sauran hakkoki a kasar ba. Hakanan kuna buƙatar la'akari da mutanen da wani lokacin ma sun zauna a waɗannan ƙasashe na shekaru ɗari biyu ko uku, kuma sun farauta da kamun kifi tare da Al'ummai na Farko." Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta zartar da ƙuduri a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 don gayyatar Shugabannin Hugo Chávez da Evo Morales zuwa Kanada don matsawa gwamnati ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar kan 'yancin' yan asalin ƙasar, ta kira shugabannin jihohi biyu "shugabannin hangen nesa" kuma ta bukaci Kanada ta yi murabus daga membobinta a Majalisar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Turai. A ranar 3 ga Maris, 2010, a cikin jawabin Daga kursiyin, Gwamna Janar na Kanada ya ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati tana motsawa don amincewa da sanarwar. "Mu ƙasa ce mai al'adun Aboriginal. Yawancin jihohi sun ba da izini ga sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar. Gwamnatinmu za ta dauki matakai don amincewa da wannan takardar burin a hanyar da ta dace da Kundin Tsarin Mulki da dokoki na Kanada. " A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2010, Kanada ta amince da sanarwar a hukumance amma ba tare da canza matsayinta ba cewa "mai son zuciya ne". An girmama jagoran ruhaniya na Anishinabek, Cif William Commanda (1908-3 Agusta 2011) a bikin shekara-shekara na 21 na mako-mako na farko da aka gudanar a Montreal daga Agusta 2 zuwa 9, 2011, don murnar amincewar Kanada ta 2010 da sanarwar Amurka. Wakilin AFN Innu, harajin Ghislain Picard ya yaba da kakan Commanda saboda aikinsa wanda ya kasance "maɓalli ba kawai a cikin karɓar sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba, amma a duk aikin da ya kai shi a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata". A cikin shekara ta 2015, Romeo Saganash (memba na Cree na Majalisar Dattijai na Abitibiyan Baie-JamesNunavik Eeyou) ya dauki nauyin Dokar Mai zaman kanta C-641, "Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar Ƴancin' Ƴan asalin ƙasar", wanda zai buƙaci gwamnatin Kanada ta tabbatar da cewa dokokin Kanada sun dace da UNDRIP amma an kayar da shi a ranar 6 ga Mayu, 2015. A ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2015, a cikin wata wasika ga mambobin majalisar ministocin lardin, Firayim Minista na Alberta Rachel Notley ta nemi kowane minista ya gudanar da bita kan manufofinsu, shirye-shirye, da dokokin da zasu iya buƙatar canje-canje bisa ga ka'idodin sanarwar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, Hukumar Gaskiya da Sulhu ta Kanada ta lissafa tabbatar da UNDRIP a matsayin daya daga cikin "kira don aiki" na ƙasa a cikin rahotonta na karshe. A cikin 2016, Kanada ta amince da hukuma kuma ta yi alkawarin aiwatar da sanarwar gaba ɗaya. Da yake magana a taron dindindin na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan batutuwan ƴan asalin ƙasar, ƴan asalin da harkokin Arewacin Kanada Ministan Carolyn Bennett ya sanar, "Yanzu mun zama cikakken mai goyon bayan sanarwar, ba tare da cancanta ba. Ba mu da niyyar yin wani abu fiye da karɓar da aiwatar da sanarwar daidai da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada. " Bennett ya bayyana sanarwar a matsayin "haɓaka rayuwa cikin Sashe na 35 [na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Kanada] da kuma gane shi a matsayin cikakken akwati na haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar Kanada. " A watan Yulin 2016, Ministan Shari'a na Kanada Jody Wilson-Raybould, memba na Kwakwaka'wakw First Nation, ya ba da jawabi wanda ya bayyana cewa "karɓar UNDRIP a matsayin dokar Kanada ba zai yiwu ba", saboda rashin jituwa da Dokar Indiya, dokar mulki ta yanzu. Gwamnatin tarayya ta yi alkawari a ranar 21 ga Yuni 2017 don sake sunan Ranar Aboriginal ta Kasa don ta dace da kalmomin da sanarwar ta yi amfani da su. A watan Satumbar 2017, gwamnatin lardin British Columbia ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta yi mulki bisa ga ƙa'idoji da aka tsara a cikin sanarwar. A ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2019, ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta gyara dokokinta don dacewa da UNDRIP. BC ita ce lardin farko a Kanada da ta fara aiwatar da doka daidai da UNDRIP. Gwamnatin lardin British Columbia (BC) ita ce lardin Kanada na farko da ta fara kawo dokokinta tare da UNDRIP ta hanyar aiwatar da sanarwar BC kan Dokar Ƴancin' yan asalin ƙasar. Tsarin aiwatar da aiwatarwa da ke gudana an yi niyya ne don haɓaka sulhu a gaba a BC. Gwamnatin lardin tana aiki tare da Majalisar Kasashe na Farko, Taron Ƙasashe na farko da Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, karkashin jagorancin Shugabannin Kasashe na BC don amfani da ka'idodin UNDRIP. Ministan Harkokin Kasuwanci da Sakamako Scott Fraser (dan siyasa) ne ya gabatar da dokar ne a karkashin gwamnatin New Democratic Party ta John Horgan. Majalisar Dokoki ta British Columbia ta lura da manufar Dokar kamar haka: (a) don tabbatar da aikace-aikacen Sanarwar ga dokokin British Columbia; (b) don ba da gudummawa ga aiwatar da Sanarwar; (c) don tallafawa tabbatar da, da haɓaka dangantaka tare da, hukumomin mulkin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Ya zuwa Nuwamba 2019, gwamnatin BC ta yi alkawarin sanya kusan CA $ 100 miliyan a kowace shekara a gefe ga al'ummomin First Nation, don su saka hannun jari a cikin nasu mulkin mallaka da sake farfado da al'adu; lardin ya kuma sadaukar da CA $ 50 miliyan don saka hannun jari cikin farfadowar harshe na al'ummomi na farko. Bugu da ƙari, sun aiwatar da shawarwarin Babban Cif Edward John don rage yawan yaran 'yan asalin da aka karɓa daga gidaje kuma aka kula da su. A ranar 3 ga watan Disamba, 2020, Bill C-15, sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Dokar 'Yancin' yan asalin ƙasar, Ministan Shari'a David Lametti ne ya gabatar da shi ga House of Commons wanda zai kawo dokar Kanada cikin daidaituwa da ƙudurin Majalisar Dinkinobho. Bill C-15 ya wuce majalisar dattijai ta Kanada a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2021, kuma ya sami amincewar sarauta a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2021 don zama doka. A yin haka Kanada ta zama ta farko daga cikin kasashe huɗu da ke da tarihi a matsayin mazauna mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya tare da yawancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin ƙasar da suka kada kuri'a don yanzu su karɓi UNDRIP. New Zealand A cikin 2007 Ministan Harkokin Māori na New Zealand, Parekura Horomia, ya bayyana sanarwar a matsayin "marasa hakora", kuma ya ce, "Akwai tanadi huɗu da muke da matsaloli, wanda ya sa sanarwar ta dace da tsarin mulki da na shari'a na New Zealand". Mataki na 26 musamman, ya ce, "yana kama da buƙatar amincewa da haƙƙin ƙasashe yanzu mallakar wasu 'yan ƙasa ne, ƴan asalin ƙasar da waɗanda ba' yan asalin ƙasar ba. Wannan ya yi watsi da gaskiyar zamani kuma ba zai yiwu a aiwatarwa ba. "

61143

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Mursi

Mutanen Mursi

IRMursi people Mursi (ko Mun, kamar yadda suke kiran kansu) ƙabilar Surmic ne a Habasha. Suna zaune ne a shiyyar Debub Omo na shiyyar Kudu, Al'ummai, da Jama'ar Kudancin, kusa da kan iyaka da Sudan ta Kudu. Bisa ƙididdigar da akayi a shekarar 2007, akwai Mursi 11,500, 848 daga cikinsu suna zaune ne a birane; daga cikin adadin kashi 92.25% na zaune ne a shiyyar Kudu maso Kudu. Da yake kewaye da tsaunuka tsakanin kogin Omo da magudanar Mago, gidan Mursi na ɗaya daga cikin yankunan ƙasar da ke zama saniyar ware. Maƙwabtan su sun haɗa da Aari, Banna, Mekan, Karo, Kwegu, Nyangatom da Suri. Gwamnatin Habasha ta haɗa su tare da Me'en da Suri da sunan Surma. Mursi suna magana da yaren Mursi a matsayin harshen uwa. Wani yanki ne na dangin harshen Surmic. Mursi yana da alaƙa (sama da 80% cognate) da Me'en da Suri, da kuma Kwegu. Bisa kididdigar da akayi a shekarar 1994, akwai mutane 3,163 da aka tabbatar da cewa Mursi ne a jihar SNN; 3,158 sunyi magana da Mursi a matsayin yarensu na farko, yayin da 31 ke magana da shi a matsayin yare na biyu. Bisa ƙididdigar ƙidayar kasa ta shekarar 1994, inda aka hada Mursi a karkashin Me'en, kashi 89.7% na harshe daya ne, kuma harsuna na biyu da ake magana da su su ne Bench , Amharic, wanda ke zama daya daga cikin harsuna shida na hukuma na Habasha. , Kafa . Akwai nau'o'i biyu na harshen Mursi. rubutun kalmomi Ɗaya shine tushen Amharic, ko da ya ke harshen Mursi yana ɗaya daga cikin yarukan Surmic tareda tsarin wasula marasa daidaituwa da kuma jaddadawa da rashin damuwa idan aka kwatanta da Amharic. Harshen Surmic na Amharic AmharicNa biyu shine mafi da cewa da haruffa na Latin. Tushen Latin David Turton da Moges Yigezu na Jami'ar Addis Ababa ne suka ƙirƙiro rubutun Latin. Jami'ar Addis Ababa Addini da al'adu Kamar yawancin manoma da makiyaya a Gabashin Afirka, Mursi sun yi imanin cewa suna samun wani ƙarfi fiye da nasu, wanda suke kira Tumwi. Wannan yawanci yana cikin sararin sama, kodayake wani lokacin Tumwi yana bayyana kansa a matsayin wani abu na sama ( ahi a tumwin ), kamar bakan gizo ko tsuntsu. Babban ofishin addini da na al'ada acikin al'umma shine na Komoru, Firist ko Shaman. Wannan ofishi ne da aka gada, sabanin rawar siyasar Jalaba na yau da kullun. Kômoru ya ƙunshi jin daɗin ƙungiyar gaba ɗaya kuma yana aiki ne a matsayin hanyar sadarwa tsakanin al'umma da Allah (Tumwi), musamman idan ta fuskanci barazanar fari, kwari da cututtuka. Irin rawar daya taka ta kasance ta hanyar gudanar da al'adun gargajiya don kawo ruwan sama, don kare maza, da shanu da amfanin gona daga cututtuka, da kuma kawar da barazanar hare-hare daga wasu kabilu. Bisa manufa, domin kiyaye wannan alakar dake tsakanin jama'a da Tumwi, bai kamata Kômoru ya bar Mursiland ba ko ma ƙungiyar sa (bhuran). Ɗaya daga cikin dangi musamman, Komortê, ana ɗaukarsa, mafi kyau, dangin firist, amma akwai iyalai na firistoci a wasu dangi biyu, wato Garikuli da Bumai. Addinin mutan Mursi an raba shi da Animism ,Ko da sun karbi addinin Kiristanci. Akwai Hidima a tashar Mishan da ke arewa maso gabashin Mursiland, wanda ke ba da ilimi, kula da lafiya na asali da koyarwa a cikin addinin Kiristanci. Zagayen rayuwa Mursi na gudanar da bukukuwa iri-iri, na ilimi ko horo. Farantin lebe sanannen bangare ne naj Mursi da Surma, waɗanda watakila sune ƙungiyoyi na karshe a Afirka wadanda har yanzu al'ada ce ga mata su sanya manyan tukwane, fayafai na katako, ko 'faranti', acikin lebbansu na kasa. Ana huda lebban 'yan mata tun suna shekara 15 ko 16. Wani lokaci mata marasa aure suna sanya farantin leɓe don rawa, kuma ana ƙara sanya su don jawo hankalin masu yawon bude ido don samun ƙarin kuɗi. Ana kiran farantin leɓe da dhebi a tugoin. Mutuwar biki ( thagine ), wani nau'i ne na tashin hankalin mazaje na al'ada, wani abu ne mai kima da farin jini na mazan Mursi, musamman mazan da ba suyi aure ba, kuma babbar alama ce ta asalin Mursi. Tsararrun shekaru wata muhimmiyar siffa ce ta siyasa, inda ake samar da maza zuwa sunayen “tsawon zamani” kuma suna wucewa ta wasu “makin shekaru” a tsawon rayuwarsu; matan aure suna da darajar shekarun mazajensu.[ <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2016)">abubuwan da ake bukata</span> ] Omo National Park Ana zargin gidauniyar African Parks da jami’an gandun dajin na gwamnati da tursasa Mursi ya ba da filayensu da ke kan iyakokin dajin Omo ba tare da biyan diyya ba. Ana amfani da takardun ne don halasta iyakokin dajin, wanda wuraren shakatawa na Afirka suka mamaye. Wata kungiya mai suna "Native Solutions to Conservation Refugees" ta ce takardun za su mayar da Mursi 'yan ta'adda ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan nasu kasar kuma irin wannan kaddara ta fada wa Suri, Dizi, Me'en, da Nyangatom, wadanda kuma suke zaune a cikin wurin shakatawa. Bayan da gidauniyar African Parks Foundation ta kwace dajin Omo, Mursi na fargabar cewa a karshe za a kore su daga filayensu kamar Guji-Oromo a dajin Nechasar.Sakamakon matsin lamba daga masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam, gidauniyar Parks Foundation ta bayyana shirinta na barin dajin Omo a shekarar 2007.Mursi sun ayyana yankinsu a matsayin yanki na kiyaye al'umma tun daga watan Yulin 2008 kuma sun fara aikin yawon shakatawa na al'umma. Dam din Gibe III da Babban Tsarin Noman Ruwa na Kasuwanci Dam din Gibe III mai amfani da wutar lantarki, a tsakiyar Basin Omo kuma wanda aka kammala a watan Oktoba 2015,zai yi matukar gyara tsarin ambaliyar ruwa wanda dubban mutane a karkashin ruwa ke dogaro da su.Ta hanyar daidaita magudanar ruwa, da kuma 'dagawa' karancin magudanar ruwa a lokacin noman rani, hakan kuma zai sa a samar da manyan hanyoyin noman rani na kasuwanci, dukda cewa sabon rahoton da aka fitar ya nuna cewa babu isasshen ruwa a kogin Omo. ban ruwa yankin da aka tsara na shuka.Tuni dai Hukumar Kula da Suga ta kasar Habasha ta fara aiwatar da mafi girman buri a kan filin da aka karbo daga dajin Omo ko kuma Bodi da Mursi da Nyangatom da kuma Kara suke mamaye da su a halin yanzu. Idan aka tabbatar da tsare-tsare a halin yanzu, ƙananan Omo zai zama mafi girma a ƙasar Habasha, wanda aƙalla zai ninka yawan wuraren ban ruwa a ƙasar. Ƙara karantawa Pancorbo, Luis: "Los labios del río Omo" en "Tiempo de África", shafi. 176-190. Laertes. Barcelona. ISBN 84-7584-438-3 Silvester, Hans: Les Habits de la Nature Editions de la Martinière Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Mursi Online Mutanen Afirka Harshen Mursi Gidan Hoto na Kasa Mursi na cikin hatsarin hana shiga ko kaura Bayanin masanin ilimin ɗan adam akan Mursi da yanayin Park na Omo (kuma ana samunsu azaman fayil ɗin Word ) Gidauniyar Parks Foundation Shafin Mursi Online akan harshen Mursi 'Surmic' (tugo) Takaddun cikakken rubutu da labaran mujallu game da Mursi (Tilastawa Hijira Kan Lantarki, Laburaren Dijital) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PUSPE_7ek8&t=4s Tafiya Tare da Mursi wani shiri ne na kasada/tafiya wanda ya mamaye nahiyoyi hudu yayin da David Willing ya haura 500 kilomita a fadin kwarin Omo mai nisa na Habasha tare da kabilun Mursi.

61993

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olumide%20Idowu

Olumide Idowu

Olumide Idowu (an haifeshi a shekarar 1987) wanda aka fi sani da Mista Climate, matashi ne ɗan Najeriya mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi. Shi ne wanda ya kafa wata kungiya mai suna International Climate Change Development Initiative (ICCDI Africa), da Climate Wednesday and Nigerian Youth Climate Coalition. Olumide ɗan'uwan Atlas Corps ne, tsofaffin ɗalibai na Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), kafofin watsa labarun da jami'in sadarwa na Ƙungiyar Cigaban Ilimi a Afirka, Triennale 2017 a Senegal, kuma babban darektan sadarwa na Ƙaddamarwar Matasan Afirka akan Canjin Yanayi ( AYICC). Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Shirya 7th Global Platform on Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) a Mexico, African Youth Champion for the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) kuma ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na shekarar 2015 da Gudunmawarsa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa (Sustainable Development) a Najeriya. Olumide shi ne Cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya UNDP Small Grant Program, marubucin matasa na Global Environment Outlook (GEO) na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Muhalli da Babban Kodineta na Matasan Afirka kan Sauyin Yanayi (AYICC). Shi ma memba ne na kungiyoyi daban-daban na cikin gida da na waje. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali ya haɗa da ƙarfafa matasa, Muhalli, Canjin yanayi, Sadarwa, Kulawa da Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Idowu mahaifinsa wani masanin noma ne a Najeriya. Ya karanta Statistics a Jami'ar Abuja, Nigeria inda ya sami digiri na farko na Kimiyya (B.Sc.) a shekarar 2010. Olumide ya zama memba na hukumar zartarwa kuma daraktan yankin Afirka na Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Duniya (IYF) a cikin shekarar 2016. A cikin shekarar 2018, Olumide ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ƙasar Najeriya na Climate Scorecard, wani yunƙuri na Global Citizens' Initiative, (TGCI) da EarthAction. A cikin wannan rawar, ya samar da Brief na kasa na wata-wata mai suna Action Alert yana bayyana ayyukan da suka kawo cikas ga aiwatar da yarjejeniyar Paris, mafita da masu ruwa da tsaki don aiwatar da ayyukan da ake buƙata. A cikin wannan shekarar, ya yi aiki akan aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don ba da rahoto ga ɗan ƙasa game da Gudanar da Sharar gida da Rage Hadarin Bala'i. Shi ne babban darektan sadarwa, na Initiative Youth Africa on Climate Change (AYICC) kuma ya zama babban jami’in gudanarwa a watan Janairu, 2022. Bugu da ƙari, ya kasance ƙwararren mai ba da shawara da yaƙin neman zaɓe na Save the Children Nigeria, kodinetan ayyuka na TUNZA Nigeria, kuma Manazarcin Bincike da Rahoto na Ƙungiyar Sana'a ta Yammacin Afirka. Olumide shi ne cibiyar Matasa a Najeriya don shirin UNDP Small Grant, kuma Jagoran Matasa Marubuci Global Environmental Outlook (GEO6). Olumide Idowu ya fara tafiyar sa na fafutukar ganin an samu sauyin yanayi tare da kungiyar AIESEC da haɗin gwiwar matasan Najeriya a lokacin karatun digirinsa na farko wanda hakan ya sa ya halarci buɗaɗɗiyar taron majalisar dokokin Najeriya (Najeriya). A shekara ta 2013, ya kafa shirin da ake yi a ranar Laraba don ilimantar da mutane game da sauyin yanayi da dabarun daidaita shi. Ya kafa shirin bunƙasa sauyin yanayi na ƙasa da ƙasa (ICCDI Africa) a shekarar 2016 da nufin gina tsarar yanayi mai mai kyau ta hanyar tattaunawa da sabbin abubuwa. Ya yi aiki a kan shirye-shiryen da za su jagoranta da suka mayar da hankali kan yin bayan gida a fili, kiwon lafiyar mata, sarrafa shara, da tsaftace malalar mai da sauransu a jihohin Legas da Rivers Najeriya. Kyaututtuka da zaɓe An karrama Olumide da lambar yabo ta Save the Children Award na Gudunmawa ga Ci gaba mai dorewa a Najeriya na 2015. Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Najeriya ne ya zaɓe shi a matsayin Shirin Shugabancin Baƙi na Jiha (IVLP), da kuma Zakaran Matasan Afirka na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Dabarun Rage Bala'i (UNISDR). Olumide ya lashe Asusun Ƙirƙirar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru a Nijeriya. Olumide ya fito a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mutane takwas da suka samu lambar yabo ta Tod'Aérs Global Network (TGN) ga shugabannin matasa daga ko'ina cikin duniya da aka amince da su da lambar yabo ta "2022 Global Young Leader of the Year" saboda gagarumin aikin da suka yi. Matsayin da matasa ke takawa wajen tabbatar da manufarsu ta kawo sauyi. Tushen buƙatun Najeriya a cikin ajandar ci gaban bayan 2015. Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi akan Noma da Abinci. Noma da Ci gaban Matasa a Afirka. Haihuwan 1987 Rayayyun mutane

48801

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Tafki

Ciwon Tafki

kaikayin tafki, cercarial dermatitis ko schistosome dermatitis cuta ce ta rashin lafiyar ɗan gajeren lokaci da ke samun fatar jikin mutum wanda ya kamu da kwayar cutar Tsargiya na ruwa, nau'in flatworm . Ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin ruwan koramu, ƙanƙara da wuraren zama na ruwa a duniya. Abubuwan da ke faruwa na wannan yanayin na iya karuwa, ko da yake ana iya danganta wannan ga ingantacciyar kulawa da bayar da rahoto akan abinda ke faruwa . Duk da haka, ana ɗaukar yanayin a matsayin cuta wadda take tasowa yanzu . Babban alamar ita ce kuraje ƙaiƙayi (fatar da ta tashi) wanda yawanci ke faruwa a cikin kwanaki 2 na kamuwa da cuta. Da farko, kurajen suna girma da sauri, sannan su juya zuwa macula(wani nau'in kurji) a cikin kusan rabin sa'a. A cikin sa'o'i 10 zuwa 12 waɗannan sun zama papules masu ƙaiƙayi waɗanda ke kaiwa ga mafi muni a rana ta biyu ko ta uku. Papules suna ɓacewa a cikin makonni 1-2 amma sakamakon na biyu daga karce na iya ci gaba da tsayi. Ƙunƙarar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙazanta, wanda ke tasowa bayan sa'o'i 48-72, yana hade da zafi da kumburin wuraren da aka shafa. Mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar cercaria akai-akai suna haɓaka alamun bayyanar cututtuka tare da farawa da sauri. Babu wani tasiri na dindindin ga mutane daga wannan yanayin. maganin Hydroxyzine da baki, wanda yake maganin antihistamine, wani lokaci ana rubutashi don magance ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo da irin wannan rashin lafiyar dermal. Bugu da ƙari, yin wanka a cikin oatmeal, soda burodi, ko gishiri na Epsom kuma na iya ba da taimako na bayyanar cututtuka. Abinda ke kawo cuta An san ciwon tafki tun farkon karni na 19, amma sai a shekara ta 1928 wani masanin halitta ya gano cewa ciwon fatar na tafkin ya faru ne ta hanyar tsutsa na rukuni na tsutsotsi a cikin iyali Schistosomatidae . Abubuwan da aka fi dangantawa da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo a cikin mutane sune Trichobilharzia da Gigantobilharzia . Hakanan yana iya samuwa ta hanyar schistosome parasites na vertebrates waɗanda ba avian ba, irin su Schistosomatium douthitti, wanda ke cutar da katantanwa da rodents . Sauran haraji da aka ruwaito sun haifar da dauki sun hada da Bilharziella polonica da Schistooma bovis . A cikin mahalli na ruwa, musamman tare da bakin teku, ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo na iya faruwa kuma. Wadannan kwayoyin cuta suna amfani da katantanwa na ruwa da katantanwa a matsayin runduna a cikin yanayin rayuwarsu kamar haka: Da zarar an nutsar da kwai na schistosome cikin ruwa, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, ba ciyarwa ba, matakin rayuwa mai 'yanci wanda aka sani da miracidium ya fito. Miracidium yana amfani da cilia don bin abubuwan sinadarai da na zahiri da ake tunanin zai ƙara yuwuwar samun babban masaukin baki na farko a cikin tsarin rayuwarsa, katantanwa na ruwa mai daɗi . Bayan kamuwa da katantanwa, yana tasowa zuwa uwa sporocyst, wanda hakan yana haifar da haifuwa na jima'i, wanda ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na 'ya'ya mata, wanda ba tare da jima'i ba ya haifar da wani ɗan gajeren lokaci, matakin rayuwa kyauta, cercaria . Cercariae yana amfani da abin da ke kama da wutsiya (sau da yawa ana cokali mai yatsa a cikin nau'in halitta yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo) don yin iyo zuwa saman ruwa; kuma a yi amfani da alamu na zahiri da na sinadarai iri-iri domin gano na gaba kuma na ƙarshe (tabbatacciyar) mai masaukin baki a cikin zagayowar rayuwa, tsuntsu. Waɗannan tsutsa na iya haɗuwa da fatar ɗan wasan ninkaya da gangan. Cercaria yana shiga cikin fata kuma ya mutu a cikin fata nan da nan. Cercariae ba zai iya cutar da mutane ba, amma suna haifar da amsawar rigakafi . Wannan yanayin yana haifar da ƙaiƙayi masu ƙaiƙayi da farko a fata. A cikin sa'o'i, waɗannan tabo sun zama papules masu tasowa waɗanda suke da ƙaiƙayi. Kowane papule yayi daidai da wurin shigar parasite guda ɗaya. Bayan gano wani tsuntsu, kwayar cutar ta shiga cikin fata (yawanci ƙafafu), yana zubar da wutsiya mai yatsa a cikin tsari. A cikin tsarin jijiyoyin jini, tsutsotsin da ba su da girma ( schistosomula ) suna tasowa zuwa tsutsotsi maza da mata masu girma, ma'aurata da ƙaura ta hanyar tsarin jini na mai watsa shiri (ko tsarin jin tsoro idan akwai T. regenti ) zuwa wuri na ƙarshe (jijiya da ke ciyar da gastrointestinal tract) a ciki. jikin mai gida. A nan ne suke sanya ƙwai a cikin ƙananan jijiyoyi a cikin maƙarƙashiya na hanji daga cikin su suna shiga cikin lumen na hanji, kuma a jefa su cikin ruwa lokacin da tsuntsu ya yi bayan gida. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'in Turai, Trichobilharzia regenti, a maimakon haka yana cutar da ƙwayoyin hanci na tsuntsayen tsuntsaye da tsutsa daga ƙwai kai tsaye a cikin nama yayin shan / ciyar da tsuntsaye masu cutar. Abubuwan daka iya taimakawa wurin kamuwar ciwo Yawancin mutane suna kamuwa da cutar bayan yin iyo a cikin koguna, tafkuna ko tafkuna masu tafiya a hankali. Wasu bincike dakin gwaje-gwaje sun nuna katantanwa suna zubar da cercariae sosai da safe da kuma ranakun rana, kuma shiga cikin ruwa a cikin waɗannan yanayi na iya ƙara haɗari. Tsawon lokacin yin iyo yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta a Turai da Arewacin Amurka, da ruwa mara zurfi na iya ɗaukar nauyin cercariae sama da buɗaɗɗen ruwa a bakin teku. Ana tsammanin iskar da ke kan teku za ta sa cercariae ta taru tare da bakin teku. Nazarin tafkuna da barkewar annoba a Turai da Arewacin Amurka sun gano lokuta inda haɗarin kamuwa da cutar ya bayyana a ko'ina ya rarraba a kusa da gefen ruwa da kuma lokutan da haɗarin ke ƙaruwa a cikin ƙaiƙayi na masu iyo "masu zafi". Yara na iya kamuwa da kamuwa da cutar akai-akai kuma fiye da manya amma wannan yana iya nuna halinsu na yin iyo na tsawon lokaci a cikin teku, inda cercariae kuma ke maida hankali. Abubuwan ƙarfafawa don shiga cikin mahaifa cikin fata mai masauki sun haɗa da fatty acids marasa ƙarfi, kamar linoleic da linolenic acid. Ana samun waɗannan mahimman fatty acid a yawancin amfanin gona da ake ci, da man shuka da aka samu, da man rana da man shafawa dangane da mai.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlo%20Ewe

Anlo Ewe

Anlo Ewe wasu rukuni ne na mutanen Ewe na kusan mutane miliyan 6, wadanda ke zaune a kudancin Togo, da kudancin Benin, da kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da kuma kudu maso gabashin Yankin Volta na Ghana ; a halin yanzu, yawancin Ewe suna cikin rabin kudancin Togo da kudu maso yammacin Benin. Al’umma ce ta gari daya wacce ke karkashin jagorancin tsarin mulki, mai kula da tsarin mulki. Yarensu (mai sunan Anlogbe ) yare ne na yaren Ewe, shi kansa bangare ne na tarin harsunan Gbe. Addinin Ewe ya tsayu a kan bautãwa "Mawu" da kuma ababan bauta tsarkaka. Addinin Kiristanci ya samu karbuwa a kowane yanki na kasar Anlo Ewe kuma tare da tsirarun mutane wanda har yanzu suna bautan gargajiya na surkulle da tsubbu. Addininsu na ainihi wanda aka fi sani da bangare na addinin gargajiya yanzu ya zama addinin da ya gabata. Matasan al'umma a yau suna karbar Kiristanci sosai. Koyaya, wadanda har yanzu suke gaskata bautan gargajiya suma sunyi imanin cewa al'adunsu wani lamari ne wanda yake rike mutunci da nuna gaskiya yayin da Kiristanci ya tsaya don share fagen mutunci, gaskiya da nuna yarda wanda zasu gushe bayan 'yan shekaru masu wucewa kuma saboda wannan dalili suke koyaushe kawar da wannan addinin Kiristanci. Asalin Kalma Sunan Ŋlɔ (nlo) ( na Aŋlɔ ko Anlo ) an ce kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Ewe ŋlɔ ko 'nlo' wanda ke nufin mirginawa ko ninkawa ta ciki. Ana tsammanin sun yi kaura zuwa gidansu na yanzu daga Notsie, Togo wani lokaci a marshen karni na goma sha bakwai. Ana zaton cewa sunyi kaura ne don tserewa canjin tsarin mulki a garinsu. Da farkon isowa Notsie, sarki na yanzu, Adela Atogble, ya karbe su da mutumci, amma bayan mutuwarsa magajinsa, Togbe Agorkoli, ya yi mulkin zalunci ga mutanen Ewe na Ghana. Ya ba da umarnin kashe duk wani dattijonsu. Sarki Agorkoli ya cutar da mutanen kwarai da gaske. An kewaye garin Notsie da babban katanga don kariya wanda ya zama shinge ga shirin Ewe na tserewa. Bayan tuntubar boyayyen dattijo, Tegli, Ewe ya fito da wani bataccen shiri na tserewa. Mutanen sun shirya tserewa sosai. Kwanaki matan kungiyar za su jika bangon a wuri guda yayin ayyukansu na wankin tufafi na yau da kullun. Lokacin da bangon ya yi rauni sosai, sai shirin ya kare a tattara duka Ewe, Tegli ya zana “Takobin yanci” yana kiran alloli, kuma yana huda bangon yana shela, “Ya Mawuga Kitikata, ʋuʋɔ na mi ne miadogo, azɔ adzo ”(Ya mai girma Allah Kitikata, ka bude mana kofa domin mu bi ta). Lokacin da suke tserewa sun yi tafiya ta baya-baya a rarrabe, don kada Sarkinsu, Sarki Agorkoli, ya gano su ko ya riske su. Yawancin gungiyoyi sun zauna a ƙauyuka a cikin yankunan bakin teku na Togo, Benin, tare da wasu suna zaune a kudu maso gabashin yankin Volta na Ghana, yawancinsu suna da alaka da cinikin bayi wanda ya shafi al'ummomin Ewe. Avenor Ewe ya zauna a arewacin Anlo kuma yanzu ana samun sa a Gundumar Akatsi ta Kudu da Akatsi ta Arewa . 'Yan hijirar arewa sakamakon yawaitar bautar bayi da kuma yaɗa al'adun Ewe a duk kudancin Togo, kudancin Benin zuwa kudu maso yammacin Najeriya . Rashin zurfin ruwa da tsibirai da yawan na Benin sun samar da mafaka ga kowa amma mafi tsananin 'yan kasuwa bayi. Tsarin siyasa Tsarin siyasa na yanzu ya samo asali ne daga wajibcin gungiyar soja don magance rikice-rikice a karni na 17 da 18. Bayan sun isa Togo ta Faransa, mutanen Ewe sun rabu zuwa kananan smalleran rago ko sarakuna. Kowannensu kuma ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa amma ya yarda cewa dukkansu mutane ne guda. Anlo yana ɗaya daga cikin wadannan kabilun. Anlo sun bi hanyoyin kungiyar soja na Akwamu, gami da tsarin fuka-fukan su. An rarraba mutanen Anlo ta yanayin wuri don kirkirar fikafikai uku. Lashibi, yana zuwa daga yamma, ya kare gefen hagu, Adotri tsakiya, kuma Bala'i daga gabas, ya kare gefen dama. Duk suna karkashin mulkin masarauta 'tsakiya', sarki ya kira Awoamefia. A tarihance, ba safai ake kiran ikon tsakiyar hukuma ba; kawai a lokacin yaƙi ko kuma bukatar tsananin shawarwarin shari'a. An zabi sarki daga kayan dangi biyu na masarauta ko Adzovia ko Bate; zabi ba ya bin tsarin mulkin mallaka na gargajiya. Yankunan suna juya nadin sarakuna, suna hana dangi daya rike madafun iko. Zabin an yi shi ne ta dattawan dangi daga froman takara da yawa wadanda bangarorin dangi daban-daban suka gabatar. Zababben sarki yana da matsayi na allantakarwa da ke zaune a keɓance, kawai yana hulda da manyan sarakuna uku masu kula da yankuna. Waɗannan shugabannin uku da kananan sarakuna da shugabannin-maza a yankunansu suna da ikon bincika laifi da sasanta rikice-rikicen cikin gida. bangarorin da abin ya shafa suna da damar daukaka kara zuwa ga sarki bayan an yanke hukunci a karamar kotu. Awoamefia na da majalisu biyu cikin shawarwarin daukaka kara da lamuran yau da kullun. Daya ya kunshi dattawan kowace kabila; dayan ya kunshi shugabannin sojoji uku. A tarihance majalisar dattijai ta fi tasiri bisa ga ra'ayin Anlo cewa ikon sarki yana hannun mutane. “Du menɔa fia me o. Fiae nɔa du me ”(Mutanen ba sa zama tare da Sarki. Sarki ne da ke zaune tare da mutane). Idan Sarkin ya yanke hukunci ba tare da son mutane ba suna da damar maye gurbinsa. Tsarin dangi Anlo-Ewe mutane ne na uba . Kowane memba na cikin dangi ne wanda ya yi imanin cewa ya fito daga zuriyar maza. A yawancin yawancin mauyuka, duk dangi suna da wakilci, wani lokacin kuma ta hanyar zuriya fiye da ɗaya. An bayyana alamomi a matsayin reshe na dangi wanda maza da mata za su iya gano alaqar da suka gada zuwa ga kakannin maza na kowa. Zuriya, ya bambanta da dangi, baƙon abu ne. Kowane jinsi yana da alamunsa, wurin bauta na kakanni, dukiyar gama gari da kuma kan zuriya. Shugaban yawanci mafi tsufa memba ne na jinsi. Yana da magana ta ƙarshe a cikin yawancin yanke shawara da jayayya kuma yana daidaita duk ma'amala tare da maslaha ta jinsi gami da watsa ƙasa. A saman ayyukan duniya, shugaban tsatson kuma babban firist ne. Yana jagorantar yawancin shagulgulan kuma yana aiki azaman hanyar haɗi tsakanin rayayyu da matattu kamar yadda ake miƙa masa duk abubuwan addini. Aramar ƙungiya tsakanin jinsi bukka ce; wannan ko dai mata ne da 'ya'yanta marasa aure ko kuma daidai suke da maigidan. Akwai yi na polygyny ko da yake wani karamin yawan maza zahiri da fiye da daya matar. Namiji shine shugaban gida ko afe kuma yana iya yin aiki ba tare da tsangwama ba sai dai daga mahaifinsa. Akwai girmama manya ga dattawa kuma muddin uba yana kusa da dan ana sa ran ya bi duk wata bukatarsa. Kalaman dangi Afa shine allahn su na duba, kuma kanen Yewe. Membobi basa samun sabbin sunaye kuma suna rike sunayen haihuwa. Ayyuka sune kan gaba wajen ayyukan ibada don Afa. Membobi da wadanda ba membobi ba suna bikin Afa tare; duk da haka, wanda ba memba ba dole ne ya sanya fararen tufafi kuma ba zai iya rawa kusa da memba ba sai dai a jana'iza. Idan ba a bi wadannan al'adun yadda ya kamata ba, ana biyan tarar waɗanda ba mamba ba. A al'adance Anlo-Ewe suna da daukakar Allah daya Mawuga Kitikata ko kuma kawai Mawu . Wannan allahn an yi imanin cewa yana da karfi kuma a ko'ina lokaci daya. Babu wuraren bautar gumaka ko bukukuwan ibada saboda wannan imani a koina kuma a maimakon haka mutane suna yin addini ta hanyar allahntaka na kasa. Wadannan sun hada da Yewe, Afa, Eda, Nana, da Mami Wata . Biyun farko sune mafi mashahuri, kowanne yana da tsarin farawa membobin don sujada. Yewe shine allahn tsawa da walkiya. Lokacin da aka fara mambobi a karkashin Yewe, ana ba da suna Yewe a bikin kammala karatun. Tsohon sunan mutumin yanzu ya zama abin zargi kuma idan aka yi amfani da shi, ana iya sanya mai magana a gaban majalisar firistoci don a yanke masa hukuncin biyan tara mai yawa. Kamar yadda girmama tsofaffi ke da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Ewe, jana'izar a al'adance al'adu ne na almubazzaranci da ke hada abubuwa da yawa cikin tsawon wata guda: Amedigbe: Gawar, wacce aka adana ta da ganye, ana binne ta a wannan rana galibi kwana biyu zuwa uku bayan mutuwa. Ndinamegbe: Washegari baykarɓara'izar ana karbar manyan masu makoki. Nudogbe: Ranar kiyayewa kwana 4-6 bayan binnewa. Yofogbe: Washegari bayan al'adar layin kiyayewa. 'Yan uwan mamacin karbar kyaututtuka da sadaka don kudin jana'izar. Akontawogbe: Bayan kwana uku ana kirga gudummawa. Xomefewogbe: Bayan kwanaki da yawa bayan Akontawogbe ana kirga kudin karshe na jana'izar. Idan gudummawar ta wuce tsada, ana iya dawo da gudummawar; idan farashi ya wuce gudummawa za'a iya samun karin kudi. Gudummawar jana’izar sune babban abin da ake gabatarwa na bukukuwa saboda tsadar jana’izar Anlo. Kudin sun hada da akwatin gawa, tufafin jana'iza, raye-rayen jama'a, abinci, barasa, da samar da masaukai don bakin da ke nesa. A cikin zamantakewar zamani da wayar salula al'adun jana'izar yanzu yawanci ana yin su ne a karshen mako daya, wani lokacin makonni da yawa bayan mutuwa don ba wa dan uwansu na nesa damar tafiya da ba da izinin masauki na aiki ko aiki. Jana'izar Anlo-Ewe sun fi dacewa da kasancewa cikin rawar kade-kade da raye-raye da kungiyoyin kida. Wasannin raye raye da ban mamaki idan mamacin ya kasance mai mutunci da memba na al'umma. Wasu lokuta dangin nesa za su iya yin wasan kwaikwayo watanni bayan mutuwa idan ba za su iya kasancewa a ainihin jana'izar ba. Duba kuma Matsar da harsuna Yaren Ewe Wakar Ewe Masu mulkin jihar Ewe na Anlo Hogbetsotso bikin Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Mutanen Afirka Mutanen Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

47920

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ka%27idar%20Cartagena%20akan%20Biosafety

Ka'idar Cartagena akan Biosafety

Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaron Tsirrai zuwa Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta yarjejeniya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan tsaron Halitta a matsayin kari ga Yarjejeniyar Wanzuwar Halittu (CBD) wanda ya fara aiki tun daga shekara ta 2003. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare wanzuwar halittu daga yiwuwar haɗarin da ƙwayoyin halitta suka haifar da ƙwayoyin da suka samo asali daga fasahar zamani. Yarjejeniyar Biosafety ta bayyana a fili cewa samfuran daga sabbin fasahohi dole ne su dogara ne akan ƙa'idar kariya kuma su ba kasashe masu tasowa damar daidaita lafiyar jama'a da fa'idodin tattalin arziki. Misali zai bar ƙasashe su hana shigo da kwayoyin halitta idan sun ji cewa babu isasshen shaidar kimiyya cewa samfurin yana da aminci kuma yana buƙatar masu fitarwa su lakafta jigilar kayayyaki da ke ɗauke da kayan da aka canza su kamar masara ko auduga. An kai adadin kayan aiki 50 da ake buƙata na tabbatarwa / shiga / amincewa / karɓa ta ƙasashe a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2003. Dangane da tanadin Mataki na 37, Yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Satumba 2003. Ya zuwa watan Yulin 2020, Yarjejeniyar tana da jam'iyyu 173, wanda ya hada da kasashe 170 na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Jihar Falasdinu, Niue, da Tarayyar Turai. An karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a kan Tsaron Tsirrai, wanda aka fi sani da Yarjejeniyar Biosafity, a watan Janairun 2000, bayan ƙungiyar aiki ta CBD Open-ended Ad Hoc Working Group on Biosafury ta haɗu sau shida tsakanin Yuli 1996 da Fabrairu 1999. Kungiyar Aiki ta gabatar da rubutun Yarjejeniyar, don la'akari da Taron Jam'iyyun a taron farko na musamman, wanda aka taru don manufar karɓar yarjejeniya kan tsaron halittu ga CBD. Bayan 'yan jinkiri, an karɓi Yarjejeniyar Cartagena a ranar 29 ga Janairun 2000 Yarjejeniyar Biosafety tana neman kare bambancin halittu daga haɗarin da ke tattare da kwayoyin halitta masu canzawa waɗanda suka haifar da fasahar halittu ta zamani. Dangane da tsarin kariya, wanda ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba, manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ba da gudummawa don tabbatar da isasshen matakin kariya a fagen canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa da amfani da 'kayan da aka gyara da suka samo asali daga fasahar halittu ta zamani' wanda zai iya samun mummunar tasiri kan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam, kuma mayar da hankali kan motsi na iyaka (Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Rayayyun ƙwayoyin halitta (LMOs) Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana 'matsalolin da aka gyara mai rai' a matsayin kowane abu mai rai wanda ke da sabon haɗuwa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samu ta hanyar amfani da fasahar kimiyyar zamani, kuma 'matsayyar halitta' tana nufin kowane bangare na halitta wanda zai iya canja ko kwafin kayan kwayar cuta, gami da kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta da viroids. 'An bayyana 'Fasahar kimiyyar zamani' a cikin Yarjejeniyar don nufin aikace-aikacen dabarun in vitro nucleic acid, ko haɗuwa da sel fiye da dangin taxonomic, waɗanda suka shawo kan shingen haihuwar jiki ko sake haɗuwa kuma ba dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a cikin kiwo da zabin gargajiya ba. 'Living modified organism (LMO) Products' an bayyana su azaman kayan sarrafawa waɗanda suka fito ne daga asalin kwayoyin halitta mai canzawa, wanda ke dauke da sababbin abubuwan da za a iya ganowa na kayan kwayar halitta da aka samo ta hanyar amfani da fasahar halittu ta zamani. LMOs na yau da kullun sun haɗa da amfanin gona waɗanda aka canza su don ƙarin yawan aiki ko don juriya ga kwari ko cututtuka. Misalan amfanin gona da aka gyara sun hada da tumatir, cassava, masara, auduga da soya. 'Jami'ar da aka gyara don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa (LMO-FFP)' kayan aikin gona ne daga amfanin GM. Gabaɗaya kalmar 'kayan halitta masu rai' daidai take da kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su ta hanyar kwayar halitta. Yarjejeniyar ba ta nuna bambanci tsakanin waɗannan kalmomin ba kuma ba ta amfani da kalmar 'kwayar halitta da aka gyara ta hanyar kwaya ba. Hanyar kariya Ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Muhalli da Ci gaba (wanda aka fi sani da Taron Duniya) wanda aka gudanar a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin 1992, shine karɓar Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli Da Ci gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi ka'idoji 27 don tallafawa ci gaba mai ɗorewa. An san shi da ka'idar kariya, Ka'idar 15 ta bayyana cewa "Domin kare muhalli, Jihohi za su yi amfani da tsarin kariya bisa ga iyawarsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar lalacewa ko lalacewa ba za a iya dawo da ita ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakken tabbacin kimiyya a matsayin dalilin jinkirta matakan da suka dace don hana lalacewar muhalli ba. " Abubuwa na tsarin kariya suna nunawa a cikin tanadi da yawa na Yarjejeniyar, kamar: Gabatarwa, ta sake tabbatar da "tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio game da muhalli da Ci gaba"; Mataki na 1, yana nuna cewa manufar Yarjejeniyar ita ce "bisa ga tsarin kariya da ke cikin Ka'idar 15 na Sanarwar Rio kan Muhalli da Ci gaba"; Mataki na 10.6 da 11.8, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya da ilimi game da girman tasirin tasirin LMO akan bambancin halittu, la'akari da haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, ba zai hana Jam'iyyar shigowa ta yanke shawara ba, kamar yadda ya dace, game da shigo da LMO da ake tambaya, don kauce ko rage irin wannan tasirin mummunan sakamako ba. " Ƙaddamarwa ta III game da kimanta haɗari, wanda ya lura cewa "Rashin ilimin kimiyya ko yarjejeniyar kimiyya bai kamata a fassara shi ba kamar yadda yake nuna wani matakin haɗari, rashin haɗari, ko haɗari mai karɓa. " Yarjejeniyar ta shafi motsi na iyaka, wucewa, sarrafawa da amfani da dukkan ƙwayoyin da aka gyara masu rai waɗanda zasu iya haifar da mummunar tasiri akan kiyayewa da amfani mai ɗorewa na bambancin halittu, tare da la'akari da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam (Mataki na 4 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Jam'iyyun da wadanda ba jam'iyyun ba Ƙungiyar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar ana kiranta Taron Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu da ke cikin yarjejeniyar (kuma COP-MOP). Babban aikin wannan kungiya shine sake duba aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar da kuma yanke shawara da suka dace don inganta ingantaccen aikinta. Shawarwari a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar ne kawai ɓangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar za su iya ɗauka. Jam'iyyun da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar da ba Jam'iyyu ba za su iya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar ne kawai a matsayin masu sa ido a cikin ayyukan tarurrukan COP-MOP. Yarjejeniyar tana magance wajibai na bangarorin dangane da motsi na LMOs zuwa da kuma daga wadanda ba bangarorin ba zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Dole ne a gudanar da motsi tsakanin bangarorin da wadanda ba bangarorin ba a hanyar da ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun don ƙarfafa wadanda ba jam'iyyu ba su bi Yarjejeniyar da kuma ba da gudummawa ga Bayar da Bayani ga Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety. Dangantaka da WTO Yarjejeniyoyi da yawa a ƙarƙashin Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya (WTO), kamar Yarjejeniyar kan Aikace-aikacen Sanitary da Phytosanitary Matches (SPS Yarjejeniyar) da Yarjejeniyar Kan Harkokin Fasaha ga Ciniki (Tattalin Arziki na TBT), da Yarjejeniya kan Al'amuran Ciniki na Hakkin Kwarewa (TRIPs), sun ƙunshi tanadi da suka dace da Yarjejeniyarsa. Wannan Yarjejeniyar ta bayyana a cikin gabatarwa cewa jam'iyyun: Ku fahimci cewa yarjejeniyar kasuwanci da muhalli ya kamata ta kasance mai tallafa wa juna; Yi jaddada cewa ba a fassara Yarjejeniyar ba kamar yadda take nuna canji a cikin haƙƙoƙi da wajibai a ƙarƙashin duk wata yarjejeniyar da ke akwai; da kuma Fahimtar cewa ba a nufin karatun da ke sama don sanya Yarjejeniyar ga wasu yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba. Babban fasalulluka Bayani game da siffofi Yarjejeniyar tana inganta tsaron halittu ta hanyar kafa dokoki da hanyoyin don canja wurin lafiya, sarrafawa, da amfani da LMOs, tare da takamaiman mayar da hankali kan motsi na LMOs. Yana da saiti na hanyoyin ciki har da ɗaya don LMOs waɗanda za a gabatar da su da gangan a cikin mahalli da ake kira tsarin yarjejeniyar da aka sanar da shi, da ɗaya donLMOs waɗanda aka nufa a yi amfani da su kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa. Dole ne bangarorin da ke cikin Yarjejeniyar su tabbatar da cewa ana sarrafa LMOs, an shirya su kuma ana jigilar su a ƙarƙashin yanayin aminci. Bugu da ƙari, jigilar LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare dole ne ya kasance tare da takardun da suka dace waɗanda ke ƙayyade, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, asalin LMOs kuma wurin tuntuɓar don ƙarin bayani. Wadannan hanyoyin da buƙatu an tsara su ne don samar da ɓangarorin shigo da su tare da bayanan da ake buƙata don yin yanke shawara mai kyau game da ko a yarda da shigo da LMO da kuma sarrafa su cikin aminci. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki tana yanke shawara daidai da kimantawar haɗarin kimiyya. Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ka'idoji da hanyoyin kan yadda za a gudanar da kimantawar haɗari. Idan ba su da isasshen bayanai da ilimin kimiyya masu dacewa, Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya amfani da kariya wajen yanke shawara game da shigowa. Jam'iyyun na iya la'akari da, daidai da wajibai na kasa da kasa, la'akari na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki wajen cimma shawarwari game da shigo da LMOs. Dole ne jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafa duk wani haɗari da aka gano ta hanyar kimanta haɗari, kuma dole ne su ɗauki matakai masu mahimmanci idan aka saki LMOs ba da gangan ba. Don sauƙaƙe aiwatarwa, Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Bayar da Tsaro na Biosafety don Kasashe don musayar bayanai, kuma ya ƙunshi wasu muhimman tanadi, gami da haɓaka iyawa, tsarin kuɗi, hanyoyin bin doka, da buƙatu don wayar da kan jama'a da shiga. Hanyoyi don motsa LMOs a fadin iyakoki Yarjejeniyar Bayani ta Gabatarwa Hanyar "An sanar da Yarjejeniyar Ci gaba" (AIA) ta shafi cigaba na farko na LMOs don gabatar da gangan a cikin yanayin Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya. Ya haɗa da abubuwa huɗu: sanarwa daga Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai fitarwa, amincewa da karɓar sanarwa daga jam'iyyar shigowa, hanyar yanke shawara, da kuma damar sake duba yanke shawara. Manufar wannan hanya ita ce tabbatar da cewa ƙasashe masu shigowa suna da damar da kuma damar tantance haɗarin da za a iya danganta da LMO kafin su amince da shigo da ita. Jam'iyyar shigo da kayayyaki dole ne ta nuna dalilan da suka sa aka yanke shawara (sai dai idan yardar ba ta da iyaka). Jam'iyyar shigowa na iya, a kowane lokaci, dangane da sabon bayanan kimiyya, sake dubawa da canza yanke shawara. Jam'iyyar fitarwa ko mai sanarwar na iya neman Jam'iyyar shigowa don sake duba shawarwarinta. Koyaya, tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs: LMOs a cikin tafiya; LMOs da aka ƙaddara don amfani da ƙunshe; LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye azaman abinci ko abinci ko don sarrafawa Duk da yake tsarin AIA na Yarjejeniyar ba ya aiki ga wasu nau'ikan LMOs, Jam'iyyun suna da damar tsara shigo da kayayyaki bisa ga dokokin cikin gida. Har ila yau, akwai izini a cikin Yarjejeniyar don bayyana wasu LMOs da aka keɓe daga aikace-aikacen hanyar AIA. LMOs da aka yi niyya don abinci ko abinci, ko don sarrafawa LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci ko abinci, ko aiki (LMOs-FFP) suna wakiltar babban rukuni na kayan aikin gona. Yarjejeniyar, maimakon amfani da hanyar AIA, ta kafa hanyar da ta fi sauƙi don motsi na LMOs-FFP. A karkashin wannan tsari, Jam'iyya dole ne ta sanar da wasu Jam'iyyun ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House, a cikin kwanaki 15, game da shawarar da ta yanke game da amfani da LMOs na cikin gida wanda zai iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Shawarwari da Jam'iyyar shigo da kaya ta yanke kan ko karɓar shigo da LMOs-FFP ana ɗaukar su a ƙarƙashin tsarin tsarin tsarin cikin gida wanda ya dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar. Jam'iyyar kasashe masu tasowa ko Jam'iyyar da ke da tattalin arziki a cikin canji na iya, ba tare da tsarin tsarin cikin gida ba, ya bayyana ta hanyar Biosafety Clearing-House cewa za a yanke shawara game da shigo da LMOs-FFP na farko daidai da kimantawar haɗari kamar yadda aka tsara a cikin Yarjejeniyar da kuma lokacin yanke shawara. Gudanarwa, sufuri, marufi da ganewa Yarjejeniyar ta samar da buƙatun da ake buƙata waɗanda ake ɗauka don ba da gudummawa ga motsi mai aminci na LMOs. Ana buƙatar jam'iyyun su dauki matakai don sarrafawa mai aminci, marufi da sufuri na LMOs waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare. Yarjejeniyar ta ƙayyade buƙatu game da ganewa ta hanyar tsara abin da dole ne a bayar da bayanai a cikin takardun da ya kamata su kasance tare da jigilar LMOs. Har ila yau, yana barin wuri don yiwuwar ci gaba na gaba na ka'idoji don sarrafawa, marufi, sufuri da kuma gano LMOs ta hanyar taron bangarorin zuwa Yarjejeniyar. Kowace jam'iyya ana buƙatar ɗaukar matakai don tabbatar da cewa LMOs da ke ƙarƙashin motsi na ƙetare da gangan suna tare da takardun da ke gano LMOs kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da mutanen da ke da alhakin irin wannan motsi. Bayanan waɗannan buƙatu sun bambanta bisa ga amfani da aka nufa na LMOs, kuma, game da LMOs don abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa, ya kamata a kara magance su ta hanyar hukumar da ke kula da Yarjejeniyar. (Mataki na 18 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). Taron farko na Jam'iyyun sun karɓi yanke shawara da ke tsara buƙatun tantancewa don nau'o'i daban-daban na LMOs (Sakamako BS-I/6, SCBD 2004). Koyaya, taron na biyu na Jam'iyyun ya kasa cimma yarjejeniya game da cikakkun buƙatu don gano LMOs da aka nufa don amfani kai tsaye a matsayin abinci, abinci ko don sarrafawa kuma zai buƙaci sake la'akari da wannan batun a taron na uku a watan Maris na shekara ta 2006. Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety Yarjejeniyar ta kafa Gidan Tsaro na Biosafety (BCH), don sauƙaƙe musayar bayanan kimiyya, fasaha, muhalli da shari'a akan, da gogewa tare da, kwayoyin da aka gyara; da kuma taimakawa bangarorin don aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar (Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar, SCBD 2000). An kafa shi a cikin tsari, kuma taron farko na bangarorin ya amince da sauyawa daga matakin matukin jirgi zuwa matakin aiki cikakke, kuma ya karɓi hanyoyin don ayyukansa (Sakamako BS-I / 3, SCBD 2004). Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Tsaro zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutta: rubutu da abubuwan haɗe-haɗe. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. ISBN 92-807-1924-6 Sakatariyar Yarjejeniyar kan Bambancin Halitta Tsaro na Duniya Daga ra'ayoyi zuwa aiki: Shawarwarin da aka karɓa ta taron farko na Taron Jam'iyyun zuwa Yarjejeniyar Bambancin Hlutsa da ke aiki a matsayin taron Jam'iyyu zuwa Yarjejeniya ta Cartagena kan Tsaro. Montreal, Quebec, Kanada. Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizo na Biosafety Protocol Tabbatar da ajiya Biosafety Clearing-House Central Portal Rubutun Yarjejeniyar Taswirar da ke nuna yanayin tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Cartagena akan Tsaro. Bayani na gabatarwa na Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, bayanin tarihin tsari da kayan bidiyo akan Yarjejeniyar Cartagena kan Biosafety zuwa Yarjejeniyar Biological Diversity a cikin Tarihin Tarihi na Tarihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Audiovisual Library of International Law Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

33727

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Kenya%20ta%20Kasa%20da%20Shekaru%2020

Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kenya ta Kasa da Shekaru 20

Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kenya ta ƙasa da shekaru 20, tana wakiltar ƙasar Kenya a wasan ƙwallon kafa na matakin ƙasa da shekaru 20 na mata kuma hukumar kula da wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kenya ce ke kula da ita. A cikin shekara ta 2006, 'yan wasan ƙasar na ƙasa da shekaru 19 suna yin atisaye ne sau 2 a mako.Kasar ta halarci gasar cin kofin mata ta mata 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka a shekara ta 2006. Ya kamata su kara da Congo-Brazzaville a zagaye na 1 amma Congo-Brazzaville ta fice daga gasar. A zagaye na biyu kuma sun kara da Najeriya a ƙasar Najeriya, inda suka yi rashin nasara da ci 0-8. A gidansu a wasan da suka fafata, sun yi rashin nasara da ci 1-2. Ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 ta fafata ne a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA U-20 a shekara ta 2010/2011. Ba su samu shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na U20 ba.A zagayen farko, sun yi kunnen doki da Lesotho da ci 2-2 a wasan gida da Lesotho. A karawar da suka yi a gida, ta doke Lesotho da ci 2-0. A zagayen farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar, ta sha kashi a hannun Zambia da ci 2-1 a wasan gida da Zambia. Sun doke Zambia da ci 4-0 a wasan gida. A wasannin share fage, sun yi rashin nasara a hannun Tunisia a gida da ci 1-2 a zagaye na biyu.A cikin shekara ta 2012, Martha Kapombo ta horar da ɓangaren Zambia. A gasar neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 20 na Afirka, Zambiya ta sha kashi a hannun Kenya da jimillar ƙwallaye 5-2 a wasanni biyu da Ƙungiyoyin biyu suka yi a gida da waje. Zambia ta sha kashi a wasa na biyu a filin wasa na Nyayo da ke Nairobi da ci 0-4. A wasan tsakiyar watan Fabrairu, sun doke Kenya 2-1 a filin wasa na Sunset da ke Lusaka . Kapombo ya ce game da wasa na biyu, “Ba mu shirya yin rashin nasara a hannun Kenya ba, a gaskiya mun san cewa za mu doke su da ci huɗu kamar yadda suka yi mana. Sun canza yawancin ’yan wasan da muka yi wasa da su a Zambiya kuma hakan ya yi mana wahala a tsakiya wanda ya kasa dannawa”. Kocin Kenya Florence Adhiambo ya ce game da wasan "Mun zo da nisa sosai, mun yi atisaye sosai kuma yanzu mun ga irin kyakkyawan horon da zai iya yi. Mun yi aiki tukuru don kasancewa a nan kuma magoya bayan sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan nasarar." An shirya wanda ya yi nasara a wasan da Tunisia a zagaye na biyu. 'Yan Kenya sun buga wasan Tunisia a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2012 a filin wasa na Nyayo na ƙasar Tunisiya. A cigaba da wasan, Ƙungiyar ta yi atisayen makonni uku. Florence Adhiambo ce ta jagoranci su a wasan. Ksh.700,000 ne Firayim Ministan Kenya ya baiwa tawagar don tallafawa burinsu na gasar cin kofin duniya. Ƙarin tallafi ya fito daga UNICEF, Procter and Gamble, da Coca-Cola . Fage da ci gaba Farkon cigaban wasan mata a lokacin da turawan mulkin mallaka suka kawo wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a nahiyar ya takaita ne yayin da masu mulkin mallaka a yankin suka yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukar tunanin iyayen ƙasa da shigar mata cikin wasanni tare da su zuwa ga al'adun gida waɗanda suke da irin wannan tunani a cikin su. Rashin samun ci gaba daga baya na ƙungiyar ƙasa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa na alamomin dukkan ƙungiyoyin Afirka ne sakamakon abubuwa da yawa, waɗanda suka haɗa da ƙarancin damar samun ilimi, talauci tsakanin mata a cikin al'umma, da rashin daidaito na asali a cikin al'umma wanda ke ba da izini lokaci-lokaci. ga takamaiman mata na take hakkin ɗan adam. Lokacin da aka haɓaka ƙwararrun ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata, sun kan tafi don samun damammaki a ƙasashen waje. Nahiyar gabaɗaya, ba da kuɗi kuma batu ne, tare da mafi yawan kuɗin ci gaba daga FIFA, ba ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ba. Nan gaba, nasarar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata a Afirka ya dogara ne da ingantattun kayan aiki da samun damar mata zuwa waɗannan wuraren. Ƙoƙarin tallata wasan da kuma sanya shi yin kasuwanci ba shine mafita ba, kamar yadda ake nunawa a halin yanzu da damammakin Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa da na mata da ake gudanarwa a faɗin nahiyar. Ƙwallon ƙafa na mata ya samu karɓuwa a ƙasar a shekara ta 1990. A cikin shekara ta1993, wannan shaharar ta kai ga kafa hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kenya, wacce ta shirya ƙungiyar ƙasa da ta wakilci ƙasar sau da yawa a wasannin duniya tsakanin kafa da shekara ta 1996. A cikin shekara ta 1996, Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kenya ta shiga cikin matsin lamba daga FIFA kuma Hukumar Ƙwallon Ƙafa ta Kenya ta mamaye wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata, tare da wakilcin mata a cikin Ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙaramin kwamiti. Wasan ƙwallon ƙafa shine wasa na huɗu mafi shahara ga mata a ƙasar , inda ya biyo bayan wasan volley, kwando da hockey na filin wasa. A shekara ta 1999, wata mace alƙalan wasa daga ƙasar Kenya ta jagoranci wasa tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin matan Najeriya da na Afirka ta Kudu a birnin Johannesburg, inda magoya bayanta suka yi mata rashin mutunci a lokacin da ta kasa buga wasan Offside. Wasan ya jinkirta saboda tabbatar da tashin hankali, wanda ya haɗa da bulo da aka jefa mata. A shekara ta 2006, akwai ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata 7,776 da aka yi wa rajista, daga cikinsu 5,418 aka yi wa rajista, ‘yan wasa matasa ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 18, sannan 2,358 sun zama manyan ‘yan wasa. Hakan ya biyo bayan ƙaruwar rajistar ‘yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa mata a ƙasar tare da ’yan wasa 4,915 a shekara ta 2000, 5,000 a 2001, 5,500 a 2002, 6,000 a 2003, 6,700 a 2004 da 7,100 a 2005. A shekara ta 2006, akwai jimillar Ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa 710 a ƙasar , inda 690 ke haɗe da Ƙungiyoyin jinsi, 20 kuma mata ne kawai. A shekara ta 2006, an sami 'yan mata sama da 3,000 da ke wasa a wasannin lig-lig guda bakwai na ƙasar. Ƙungiyar watsa labarai ta Afirka ce ta saye haƙƙoƙin watsa gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na shekara ta 2011 a ƙasar. An ƙirƙiro hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Kenya kuma ta shiga FIFA a shekara ta 1960. Kit ɗin nasu ya haɗa da ja, koren riga da fari, guntun wando da bakin safa. Hukumar ba ta da ma’aikaci mai cikakken lokaci mai aiki a harkar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata. FIFA ta dakatar da Kenya daga dukkan harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa na tsawon watanni uku a shekara ta 2004, saboda tsoma bakin gwamnati a harkokin ƙwallon ƙafa . An janye haramcin ne bayan da ƙasar ta amince da ƙirkiro sabbin dokoki. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, shekara ta 2006, an sake dakatar da Kenya daga buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa da ƙasa saboda kasa cika yarjejeniyar Janairu shekara ta 2006 da aka ƙulla don warware matsalolin da ke faruwa a hukumar ƙwallon ƙafa tasu. FIFA ta sanar da cewa dakatarwar za ta ci gaba da aiki har sai hukumar ta bi yarjejeniyoyin da aka cimma a baya. Rachel Kamweru ita ce shugabar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Kenya. COSAFA da FIFA sun sake jaddada aniyarsu ta taka rawar gani a wasan ƙwallon Ƙafa na mata a ƙasashen Kenya da Habasha da Uganda da Tanzania a shekara ta 2010

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma%20Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi IPAc-en||ɡ|ɑ|n|d|i|,_||ɡ|æ|n|d|; IPA|Gujarati IPA-hns|moɦəndas kərəmtʃənd ɡandʱi|lang|Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi; Yarayu daga ga watan October a shekara ta (1869 zuwa 30 January 1948) yakasance mutumin Indiyane shi kuma mai kare hakkin Dan'adam, yazama Shugaban Indian independence movement masu fito na fito da mulkin mallakar kasar Birtaniya. Ta amfani da babu fada a Neman bukatun mu, civil disobedience, Gandhi yajagoranci Indiya har tasamu encin Kai, da samar da civil rights da freedom across the world. The honorific Mahātmā (Sanskrit: "high-souled", "venerable") – applied to him first in acikin South Africa – Ana kiransa da Bapu a kasarsa wato Baba da harshen [℅Gujarati]] , papa) kuma Gandhi ji, da kuma babban kasarmu. An haife shi da kuma girmansa daga gidan Hindu merchant caste dake coastal Gujarat, Indiya, Yayi karatun lauya Inner Temple, Landan, Gandhi da farko yadauka nonviolent civil disobedience a matsayin expatriate lawyer a kasar South Africa,a yankin yan'indiya masu nemain yanci. Bayan dawowarsa Indiya ashekara ta ya shirya da harhada kananan manoma, da kananan maaikata dansu shiga zanga zanga akan biyan kudin haraji dasu keyi sosai da wariya daake nuna masu. Da yazama Shugaban Indian National Congress ashekara ta Gandhi yajagoranci campaigns akan abubuwan dasuka damu al'ummarsa da kuma yin nasarar samun mulkin kai ko Swaraj. Gandhi yajagoranci Indiya Dan tunkarar harajin gishiri da turawa suka kakaba masu biya Dandi Salt March a shekara ta daga nan kuma yajasu suka nema turawan dasu bar kasar Indiya a shekara ta An kulle shi na tsawon shekaru a lokuta daban daban a kasarsa da kuma South Africa. Yarayu modestly a self-sufficient residential community kuma yanasa kayan al adar kasar Indiya, Abincinsa ganyanyaki ne kuma yazabi hakan ne a matsayin gyaran rayuwarsa da yakin siyasarsa. Yadda Gandhi yake neman yancin kai a Indiya ta hanyar kula da yawan masu addinai, dukda hakan yasa musulmai sun kalubalance shi a farkon shekara ta wadanda sune suke neman yancin kasar musulmai kadai a waccan lokaci. A watan Augusta shekara ta Britaniya ta baiwa indiya yanci inda suka kasa kasar biyu da bangaren Indiyan yan'Hindu zalla da kuma bangaren Indiya ta musulmai zallla wato Pakistan. Kamar yadda aka Samu watsuwar yan'Hindu, Muslimai, da yan'Sikh yasa rikicin addinin yabarke musamman a yankin Punjab, da Bengal. Eschewing the official celebration of independence a Delhi, Gandhi yaziyarce inda rikicin yashafa domin nuna tausayawa agaresu, a watan da yabiyo baya yafara yin azumi har mutuwarsa dan neman hana kara faruwar rikicin, azuminsa na karshe dayayi itace a ga watan Janairun shekara ta lokacin yana da shekara da kuma burinsa na matsi dan ganin kasarsa Indiya ta biya dukiyoyin da kasar Pakistan take binsu. wasu yan Indiya sunyi tunanin ko Gandhi yacika nuna kusanci. daga cikin su akwai Nathuram Godse, wanda daga baya yakashe a Hindu nationalist, Gandhi a ga watan January a shekara ta da harbinsa da harshashi uku a kirjinsa. Captured along with many of his co-conspirators and collaborators, Godse and his co-conspirator Narayan Apte were tried, convicted and executed while many of their other accomplices were given prison sentences. Ana gudanar da bikin haihuwar Gandhi a duk ga watan October, bikin a Indiya suna kiran bikin da Gandhi Jayanti, a duk duniya kuma International Day of Nonviolence. Mutanen Indiya

22772

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Como%C3%A9

Filin shakatawa na Comoé

Filin shakatawa na Comoé shi ne Wuraren Halitta da kuma UNESCO a Duniyar Gado a cikin Zanzan da Savanes da ke arewa maso gabashin Ivory Coast. Yankin shine mafi girman yanki mai kariya a Afirka ta Yamma, wanda ke da yanki na kilomita 11,500, kuma ya fito ne daga dutsen Guinea savanna zuwa yankin Sudanian mai bushe. Wannan hawan dutsen mai tsayi arewa-kudu ya ba dajin shakatawa damar wadatar wurare da dama tare da bambancin rayuwa. Wasu dabbobin da nau'ikan tsire-tsire har ma suna samun mafaka ta ƙarshe a cikin wasu nau'ikan savanna daban-daban, gandun dajin hotuna, filayen ciyawar ruwa, tsaunukan dutse ko tsibirin kurmi. Da farko an kara wurin shakatawa a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya saboda bambancin rayuwar shuke-shuke da ke gudana a kusa da Kogin Comoé, gami da kyawawan wuraren da ke dazuzzuka na gandun daji na wurare masu zafi waɗanda yawanci ana samun su ne kawai a kudu. A matsayin fili mai lalacewa tsakanin manyan koguna guda biyu, ƙasar da ke yankin tana da ƙasa mai ƙarancin haihuwa da tsarin danshi wanda ya dace da wadataccen ɗumbin albarkatu fiye da yankunan da ke kewaye. A shekara ta 2003 an saka shi cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na Duniya a cikin Hadari saboda farauta, rashin kulawa, rashin shanu a wurin shakatawar, matsalolin da suka ta'azzara bayan barkewar yakin basasar farko na Ivory Coast. Taron Kwamitin Kayan Tarihi na Duniya na 41 (Krakow, 2-12 Yuli 2017) ya yanke shawarar cire Parkasar ta Kasa ta Comoe daga cikin jerin abubuwan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Haɗari biyo bayan ci gaban da aka samu na kiyaye lafiyar dabbobi da mazauninta. Yankin da ke kusa da Filin shakatawa na Comoé ya kasance koyaushe ba shi da yawan jama'a. Wataƙila saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin ƙasa, kasancewar cutar makanta ta kogi a kusa da kogin Comoé da haɓakar ƙwarin Tsetse, wanda shine ƙarancin cutar rashin bacci. A cikin 1926 an ayyana yanki tsakanin Kogin Comoé da Bouna a matsayin "'Yan Gudun Hijira Nord de la Côte d'Ivoire", wanda aka faɗaɗa shi daga baya a cikin 1942 da 53 zuwa "Réserve de Faune de Bouna", yana ba shi wata kariya ta rashin hankali. Yankin yamma da kogin Comoé an kara shi zuwa dukiyar a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1968 haɗe da haɓaka zuwa Matsayin Gandun Kasa tare da yanki na murabba'in kilomita 11,500 (4,400 sq mi), yana mai da shi ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na Nationalasa na 15 a Duniya da mafi girma a Afirka ta Yamma. A shekara ta 1983 an ayyana wurin shakatawa a matsayin wurin ajiyar halittu da kuma wurin tarihi na UNESCO, saboda kebantattun halittu. Bayan barkewar yakin basasa na farko a Ivory Coast an sanya wurin shakatawar a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a Hadari a 2003, saboda rashin kulawar da ke haifar da farauta da wuce gona da iri ta wurin shanu. A lokacin tsakanin yakin basasa guda biyu wurin shakatawar ya sha wahala sosai a karkashin tsananin farauta. Bayan karshen yakin basasa na biyu na kasar Ivory Coast filin ya sami damar sake murmurewa tare da kasancewar OIPR (kula da shakatawa) da sake bude tashar bincike. Tsarin fili Yankin arewa mai kudu mai kudu da kudu ya kunshi wurare da dama wadanda suka kunshi abubuwa masu ban mamaki na rayuwa, wanda hakan yasa ya zama mafi yawan savanna a duniya, kuma ya fara ne daga yankin Sudani mai bushewa zuwa yankin Guinea Savanna mai danshi. Wadannan wuraren sun hada da mafi yawan bangarori daban-daban, tsibirai na gandun daji, gandun daji masu zane da kuma filayen ciyayi, don haka suna ba da misali mafi kyau na matsugunnin rikon kwarya a duk yankuna daban-daban na yanayi. Kogin Comoé, wanda ke gudana a cikin Cote d'Ivoire duka an ba shi izinin wurare daban-daban da ƙungiyoyin shuke-shuke waɗanda aka saba samu a kudu don wanzuwa a wurin shakatawar, kamar facin gandun daji masu tarin yawa a kewayen kogin. Wannan nau'ikan matsugunai daban-daban a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma yankin da aka keɓe don kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa ya mai da shi yanki na muhalli mai mahimmanci da kuma wurin tarihi na UNESCO na Duniya. A geomorphologlogically wurin shakatawar ya kunshi manyan filaye wanda ta hanyar Kogin Comoé da raƙuman ruwa suke gudana (Iringou, Bavé, Kongo). Kogin Comoé da raƙuman ruwa sune suka samar da babban magudanar ruwa kuma Comoé ya ratsa ta wurin shakatawa har tsawon kilomita 230 (mil mi 140), tare da magudanar ruwa kuma yana kwarara zuwa Volta a gabas. Hakanan akwai tafkuna daban-daban na dindindin da na dindindin waɗanda aka rarraba a ko'ina cikin wurin shakatawa, galibi waɗanda suka bushe a lokacin rani. Ilsasa yawancin galibi ba su dace ba kuma ba su dace da namowa ba. Granite inselbergs kuma suna tashi zuwa mita 600 (2,000 ft) a cikin yankin wurin shakatawa. Filin shakatawa na Comoé yana da mafi yawan tsiron halittu a duniya kuma ya kafa iyakar arewa ga yawancin nau'in dabbobi, kamar duiker mai goyan baya da bongo. Akwai jimlar nau'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 135 a wurin shakatawa. Wannan ya hada da nau'ikan birai guda 11 irin su bawon zaitun, biri mai kore, karamin biri mai hanci-hanci, Mona biri, baki da fari colobus, zaitun colobus, mangabey mai hade da fari da chimpanzee. Jimillar nau'ikan halittu masu cin nama 17 ne suka yi rijista, amma aƙalla nau'ikan halittu guda 3 an yi amannar sun ɓace a wurin shakatawar - cheetah, karen daji (tun daga 1993) da kuma kwanan nan zaki (ba a sami alamun zakoki ba tun shekara ta 2008). Hakanan akwai nau'ikan artiodactyl guda 21 wadanda suke cikin wurin shakatawa gami da hippopotamus, bushpig, bongo, warthog, bauna, kob, duiker mai ja-ja, dajibuck, ruwa-ruwa, roan antelope da oribi. Dabbobi masu shayarwa masu haɗari sun haɗa da chimpanzee (EN), mangabey mai haɗarin fari (EN), ursine colobus (VU), giwar Afirka (VU), hippopotamus (VU), katuwar pangolin (VU), pangolin mai dogon lokaci (VU), damisa (VU), kifin zinare na Afirka (VU), Buffon kob (VU), bongo (NT), hartebeest na yamma (NT), Defassa waterbuck (NT), bay duiker (NT), duiker mai goyan baya (NT), colobus zaitun (NT). Akwai sama da nau'in tsuntsaye sama da 500, wanda kusan 20% sune tsuntsayen masu yin hijira daga Afirka da kuma wasu 5% tsuntsayen masu ƙaura. Wasu fitattun jinsunan tsuntsaye sun hada da gandun daji na Denham, kaho mai launin rawaya, kaho mai launin ruwan kasa, hammerkop, reshen fuka-fukai masu fata, masu fyade daban-daban, hudu daga cikin jinsunan stork shida na Afirka ta yamma da nau'ikan ungulu biyar. Gidan shakatawar kuma ya ƙunshi 36 daga cikin 38 na shahararrun jinsunan tsuntsaye da aka samo a cikin savannas na Sudo-Guinea. Kogin Comoé da raƙumansa suna ɗauke da aƙalla nau'ikan kifaye 60 daban-daban kuma suna ba da izini ga yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan amphibian na mazaunin savannah tare da nau'ikan 35 da aka bayyana. Hakanan akwai jimillar nau'ikan halittu masu rarrafe guda 71 da aka bayyana, wanda uku daga cikinsu kadoji ne: dwarf crocodile (Raunana), kada da Nile da siririn-da-da-da-da-da-da-kafi-mai-cutarwa ((Hatsari mai Hadi). Wuraren kogin da ke kewaye da kogin suna kirkirar filayen ciyayi na zamani wadanda sune filayen ciyar da dattin ciki da tsuntsayen masu ƙaura. Dukiyar ta ƙunshi nau'ikan shuke-shuke 620, wanda ya ƙunshi nau'ikan nau'in ligneous na 191 (bishiyoyi 62, shuke-shuken 129 da inabai) da kuma 429 na ganyayyaki, gami da ciyawa 104. Gidan shakatawa ya ƙunshi mazauni daban-daban na canjin yanayi, daga gandun daji zuwa savannah, tare da ƙungiyoyi iri daban-daban na tsire-tsire iri-iri na yawancin yankuna na kudanci. Manyan gandun daji, dazuzzuka da filayen shuke shuke suna faruwa tare da kowane irin savannah, wanda yakai kusan kashi 90% na wurin shakatawa. Gandun daji ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi masu ban sha'awa da yawa. A cikin gandun daji na galibi Cynometra shine mafi rinjaye a cikin almara yayin da yawancin mazaunan keɓaɓɓun gandun daji ke zaune Anogeissus leiocarpus, Antiaris africana, Isoberlinia doka, Cola cordifolia, wadanda ke barazanar Chlorophora excelsa da Blighia unijugata. A cikin filayen ambaliyar Hyparrhenia rufa ita ce jinsin da aka fi sani. Tashar binciken ta Filin shakatawa na Comoé Tashar binciken ta Filin shakatawa na Comoé, wacce ke cikin Filin shakatawa na Comoé, Côte d'Ivoire, farfesa Karl Eduard Linsenmair ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1989/90. Yanayinta na kayan fasaha, tare da wutar lantarki, ruwan famfo, yanar gizo da kuma babban dakin gwaje-gwaje masu sanya yanayi suna sanya shi ɗayan manyan tashoshin filayen zamani a Afirka. An tilastawa tashar binciken rufewa bayan barkewar yakin basasar farko na kasar Ivory Coast a shekara ta 2002. Bayan karshen yakin basasar na biyu a shekarar 2011 aka fara gyare gyare a tashar kuma a shekarar 2014 tashar ta sake samun cikakkiyar damar aiki. Abinda aka fi mayar da hankali akan binciken shine akan kiyayewa, ilimin halittu masu zafi da halayya. Comoé Chimpanzee Conservation Project (CCCP) Daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa yanzu, CCCP na aiki kan bincike da kiyaye halittar gandun daji da ke zaune a wani yanki na wurin shakatawar da yankunan da ke kewaye da shi. Wannan adadi ne mai mahimmanci na kiyaye chimpanzees a Cote d'Ivoire kuma ɗayan savanna chimpanzees da ake nazari mai zurfi. Yawancin ɗalibai na ƙasashe daban-daban sun haɗa kai kuma sun fahimci karatun Jagora, na digiri na biyu ko na PhD a cikin tsarin aikin wanda har ila yau yana amfani da mazauna gari a matsayin hanyar shigar da ansan Afirka a cikin kiyayewa. Matsayin kiyayewa An sanya filin shakatawa na Comoé a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na Duniya a cikin Hadari a 2003 galibi saboda karuwar ɓarnar ɓarna da rashin kulawa ya haifar sakamakon ɓarkewar yakin basasa na farko a Ivory Coast. Bayan karshen yakin basasa na biyu na Ivory Coast da daidaita yankin sai hukumar kula da namun daji ta OIPR (Office Ivorien des Parcs et Reserves) suka ci gaba da aikinsu a cikin Filin shakatawa na Comoé. OIPR ta nemi taimakon Rapid Response Facility (RRF) don samarda kudade kuma tayi nasarar samun kyautar dala 30,000 domin tabbatar da filin. Manyan kalubalen da ke fuskantar gudanarwa suna samun nasarar yaki da farauta, da rage matsin lamba a bangaren noma da kuma gyaran tituna a dajin don kula da hanyoyin da suka dace. Manyan ayyukan da za a magance wadannan matsalolin su ne kafa ingantaccen tsarin sa ido a wurin shakatawar da kuma yin hadin gwiwa tare da al'ummomin yankin don rage matsin lambar da ke gefen yankin dajin ta hanyar gudanar da hadin kai tare da kafa hanyoyin samun kudin shiga na karkara.

57654

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20Getz

Hyundai Getz

Hyundai Getz wani supermini ne wanda Hyundai ya kera kuma ya tallata shi daga 2002 zuwa 2011 a cikin nau'ikan hatchback mai kofa uku da biyar sama da tsara guda — kuma ana tallata shi a duniya banda Amurka, Kanada da China. An sayar da Getz a matsayin Hyundai Click a Koriya ta Kudu, Hyundai Getz Prime a Indiya, Hyundai TB (don "Think Basic") a Japan, Inokom Getz a Malaysia, ko Dodge Brisa a Venezuela . Bayan kaddamar da magajinsa, i20 a Turai da Accent RB a Koriya ta Kudu, Getz ya ci gaba da zama kasuwa a duk duniya, tare da samar da shi a cikin 2011. Talla da samarwa Bayan yin muhawara a matsayin ra'ayi a 2001 Tokyo Motor Show a matsayin Hyundai TB, da Getz farko a duniya a Geneva Motor Show 2002 . An tsara shi ne a cibiyar injiniya ta Turai ta Hyundai da ke Frankfurt, Jamus, kuma an sake shi cikin salon jikin hatchback mai kofa uku da biyar. An kera Getz a masana'antar a Ulsan, Koriya ta Kudu, tsakanin 2002 zuwa 2011, kuma a masana'antar Hyundai Motor India da ke Chennai, Indiya, tsakanin 2004 da 2009. An kuma taru don kasuwannin gida a Barcelona, Venezuela ( MMC Automotriz ), a Kulim, Malaysia ( Inokom ) da kuma a Taipei, Taiwan ( SYM Motors ). Gyaran fuska A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2005, Getz da aka ɗaga fuska ya yi muhawara a Nunin Mota na Frankfurt tare da gyaran fuska na gaba da na baya, fitilun fitilun fitilun fitillu, gyare-gyaren grille, injin dizal mai lita 1.5 (a Turai), sabon injin mai mai lita 1.4, ingantaccen dash. da fascia na ciki da datsa. A cikin United Kingdom, kwandishan da jakunkunan iska na gefe an saka su a CDX azaman kayan aiki na yau da kullun. Ba a ba da samfurin gyaran fuska ba a Venezuela (inda aka sayar da shi a matsayin Dodge Brisa ), sashin gida na Hyundai yana ci gaba da sayar da samfurin pre-2005. Bambance-bambancen yanki A Venezuela, Hyundai Getz an haɗa shi a cikin gida yana nuna injin man fetur mai nauyin lita 1.6, wanda aka haɗa da jagora mai sauri 5 ko watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri 4. Hakanan an ƙera Getz ɗin lamba a matsayin Dodge Brisa a cikin tsarin watsawa mai sauri 4-lita 1.3. Wannan sabon samfurin ya maye gurbin Brisa na tushen Accent wanda aka yi muhawara a waccan kasuwa a cikin Afrilu 2002. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, Hyundai Getz inda masana'anta sanye take da wani CNG kit, kyale dual man fetur amfani da man fetur ko gas. Majalisar Getz ta ƙare a cikin 2014 a Venezuela. A cikin Malesiya, an haɗa Getz a cikin gida azaman Inokom Getz. Samfurin yana ba da watsawa ta hannu da ta atomatik tare da zaɓin injin mai mai lita 1.4 guda ɗaya. A cikin kwata na ƙarshe na 2009, Inokom ya ƙaddamar da ƙayyadadden bugu na Getz SE, wanda ya ƙunshi ciki na fata, kayan wasan motsa jiki da gasa da madubai na gefe tare da alamomi. An samar da raka'a 300 na wannan bambance-bambancen. Tsakanin 2008 da 2011, an siyar da cikakkiyar sigar lantarki ta Getz a New Zealand da Ostiraliya mai suna Blade Electron. Wannan samfurin yana da babban gudun da kewayon akan cikakken caji. Injin da kayan aiki A yayin kaddamar da akwai injinan mai guda uku, mai lita 1.1, lita 1.3 da kuma lita 1.5, da kuma zabin dizal daya, naúrar silinda mai karfin lita 1.5, lasisi daga VM Motori . Lokacin da aka gabatar da Getz a kasuwa a Ostiraliya an fito da shi da injin G4EC mai nauyin 1.5l kawai. . Bayan gyaran fuska a shekarar 2005, wani sabon injin mai mai lita 1.4 ya maye gurbin na'urar mai lita 1.3, kuma an bullo da sabon dizal mai lita 1.5 tare da cajar geometry mai canzawa da matakan samar da wutar lantarki guda biyu, a maimakon zabin silinda uku. Injin Diesel bai taɓa zuwa Australia ba. Amma gabatarwar 1.4 L DOHC da 1.6 L DOHC sun maye gurbin motar 1.5 L. Injin 1.4 L duk da cewa yana da inganci kuma abin dogaro ba shi da wutar lantarki idan ana maganar amfani da a/c yayin hawan tudu. Musamman a cikin watsawa ta atomatik Koyaya, kasancewar zaɓuɓɓukan injin ya bambanta dangane da kasuwa. Akwai zaɓuɓɓukan watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri huɗu, tare da overdrive da jujjuya mai juyi, don nau'ikan man fetur 1.3 da lita 1.6, da kuma bayan gyaran fuska kuma don lita 1.4, da zaɓuɓɓukan jagora mai sauri biyar ga duk injina. . Gyara matakan A cikin United Kingdom, matakan datsa da aka bayar sune GSI, CDX da Sport, yayin da suke cikin New Zealand, sune XD da XE. A Ostiraliya, matakan datsa sune XL, GL da FX. Bayan gyaran fuska, an jefar da XL da GL, yayin da FX aka maye gurbinsu da SXi trim na wasanni, Sauran samfuran ana kiran su "Getz". Rabin-hanyar zuwa 2006, an jefar da SXi, yana barin tushen Getz kawai tare da zaɓi na injunan lita 1.4 ko 1.6. A farkon 2008, ana kiran Getz 1.4 S, kuma 1.6 mai suna SX. Babban matakin gabaɗaya ya haɗa da, a tsakanin sauran fasalulluka, jakunkunan iska na gaba da gefe, tsarin hana kulle-kulle (ABS) tare da rarraba birki na lantarki (EBD), kulle tsakiya mai nisa tare da ƙararrawa, ƙafafun alloy 14-inch, fitilun hazo na gaba, kwandishan . madubin ƙofar lantarki masu zafi, karkatar da wutar lantarki da rufin rana, tagogi na gaba da na baya, na'urar CD da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka . Sigar 1.6-lita ta ƙunshi ƙafafun alloy 15-inch. A matsayin abubuwan zaɓin akwai kayan kwalliyar fata, fenti na ƙarfe ko kewayawar tauraron dan adam. A Ostiraliya, an kuma bayar da ikon sarrafa kwanciyar hankali na lantarki (ESC), sarrafa gogayya (TSC), abin sawa akunni na bluetooth da kuma mai kunna MP3 mai haɗin kebul . Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

28952

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makli%20Necropolis

Makli Necropolis

Makli Necropolis (Urdu: ; Sindhi: ) na daya daga cikin manyan wuraren jana'izar a duniya, wanda ya bazu a wani yanki mai nisan kilomita 10 kusa da birnin Thatta, a lardin Sindh na kasar Pakistan. Wurin yana dauke da kaburbura kusan 500,000 zuwa miliyan 1 da aka gina a tsawon shekaru 400. Makli Necropolis yana da manyan abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar na sarakuna, waliyyai Sufaye daban-daban, da manyan malamai. An rubuta wurin a matsayin Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO a cikin 1981 a matsayin "fitacciyar shaida" ga wayewar Sindhi tsakanin ƙarni na 14 da 18. Makli Necropolis yana cikin garin Makli, wanda ke kan tudu mai tazarar kilomita 6 daga birnin Thatta, babban birnin kasar Sindh na kasa har zuwa karni na 17. Tana da kusan kilomita 98 ​​gabas da Karachi, kusa da kololuwar kogin Indus a kudu maso gabashin Sindh. Madaidaicin kudu na wurin yana da nisan mil 5 arewa da rugujewar Kallankot Fort na da. Wurin, da tsaunukan da ke kusa, an ce sun samo sunan su ne daga wata tatsuniyar da wani alhaji ya tsaya a wurin, ya yi farin ciki da ruhi, inda ya ayyana wurin a matsayin Makkah. Sannan ance Walin Sufaye Sheikh Hamad Jamali ya sanyawa wurin suna “Makli” ko “Little Makkah” bayan ya ji labarin mahajjaci. Waliyyin Sufaye, mawaki kuma masani Shaikh Jamali ya kafa wurin taro na khanqah, ko Sufaye, a Makli kuma daga karshe aka binne shi a can. Sarkin Samma na karni na 14, Jam Tamachi, ya girmama waliyyi kuma ya yi fatan a hada shi kusa da waliyyi, inda ya fara al'adar amfani da Makli a matsayin wurin jana'izar. Wurin ya shahara a matsayin babban wurin jana'izar a lokacin mulkin daular Samma, wanda ya yi babban birninsu kusa da Thatta. Mafi mahimmancin kaburburan gine-gine a wurin sun kasance tun daga zamanin Mughal, tsakanin 1570 zuwa 1640 CE. Tsarin aiki Makli Necropolis yana da murabba'in kilomita 10, yana da gidaje akalla 500,000 kaburbura. Ya taso daga Pir Patho a kudancin tsaunin Makli, zuwa arewa cikin siffar lu'u-lu'u. Gefen Gabas ɗinta an kafa shi ne ta ƙoramar tsaunin Makli. Ana samun manyan abubuwan tunawa da yawa a gefen kudu na wurin, kodayake ana samun kaburburan Samma a arewa. Juyin Halitta Gine-ginen jana'izar na manyan abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa tasirin musulmi, Hindu, Farisa, Mughal, da Gujarati, a cikin salon Lower Sindh wanda ya zama sananne da salon Chaukhandi, mai suna bayan kaburburan Chaukhandi kusa da Karachi. Salon Chaukhandi ya zo ne don haɗa shingen dutsen yashi waɗanda maƙeran dutse suka sassaƙa a hankali cikin ƙira mai ƙira. Kaburbura na farko sun nuna faifai uku zuwa shida na dutse da aka jera a saman juna zuwa siffar ƙaramin dala. Haɓaka gine-ginen jana'izar sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa ƙananan tarkace. A karni na 15, an fara shigar da kayan ado na rosettes da alamu masu da'ira a cikin kaburbura. Ƙarin sarƙaƙƙiyar ƙira da ƙira na Larabci tare da bayanan tarihin jikin da aka haɗa sannan suka fito. Manya-manyan abubuwan tarihi na tarihi sun haɗa da ginshiƙai da wasu ƙira da aka yi wahayi daga ilimin sararin samaniya. Tsarin pyramidal daga ƙarni na 16 yana nuna amfani da minarets ɗin da aka yi sama da kayan furanni a cikin wani salo na musamman ga kaburbura waɗanda suka fito daga daular Turkic Trakhan. Gine-gine daga karni na 17 a sashin Leilo Sheikh na makabartar sun ƙunshi manyan kaburbura da suka yi kama da gidajen ibada na Jain daga nesa, tare da babban tasiri daga yankin Gujarat na kusa. Da yawa daga cikin manyan kaburbura sun ƙunshi sassaka na dabbobi, mayaka, da makamai - al'adar da ba a saba gani ba ga abubuwan tunawa da jana'izar musulmi. Daga baya kaburbura a wurin wani lokaci ana yin su gaba ɗaya da tubali, tare da shingen yashi kawai. Manyan gine-gine mafi girma a cikin salon Chaukhandi na archetypal sun ƙunshi domed dutsen yashi na rawaya waɗanda aka yi wa fararen farare tare da ƙofofin katako, a cikin salon da ke nuna tasirin Asiya ta Tsakiya da Farisa. Girman kubba yana nuni da shaharar mutumin da aka binne, tare da ƙawata ƙasa da sifofin furen da aka sassaƙa. Ƙarƙashin wasu kanofi yana nuna furannin magarya, alamar da aka fi haɗawa da addinin Hindu. Wasu kaburbura sun zo suna da fale-falen fale-falen fale-falen shuɗi na Sindh. Amfani da rumfunan jana'izar daga ƙarshe ya haɓaka sama da ƙananan Sindh, kuma ya yi tasiri ga gine-ginen jana'izar a Gujarat maƙwabta. Mausolea na Sarauta Mausolea na sarauta mai ban sha'awa ya kasu kashi biyu manyan gungu: waɗanda daga zamanin Samma suka samar da nasu gungu, yayin da waɗanda suka fito daga lokutan Tarkhan, Arghun, da Mughals suna taruwa tare. Samma cluster Kaburburan da suka fito daga Daular Samma sun taru a cikin wani yanki mai girman eka 5 a arewacin ƙarshen necropolis. Samma su ne sarakunan Rajput, waɗanda suka kwace ikon Thatta a cikin 1335. Kaburburan Samma suna da tasiri sosai da salon Gujarati, kuma sun haɗa da kayan ado na musulmi da na Hindu. Kabarin Sarki Jam Nizamuddin II, wanda aka kammala a shekara ta 1510, wani tsari ne mai ban sha'awa na murabba'in mita 11.4 a kowane gefe. An gina shi da dutsen yashi kuma an yi masa ado da fure-fure da kayan ado na geometric. Siffar kuboid na kabarin na iya samun wahayi daga Ka'aba da ke Makkah. Ba a taɓa gina kubbarsa ba, don haka ya bar cikin fallasa ga abubuwa. Gidan tarihin yana da wani katon jharoka ko baranda da aka sassaƙa irin na Gujarati, da ƙaramin kololuwa a samansa, wanda ya sa kabarin ya yi kama da haikali. A waje yana da nau'ikan kayan ado guda 14 waɗanda ke da ayoyin Alqur'ani da alamomin Hindu, kodayake bisa ga al'adar Musulunci, duk kayan ado suna ɗaukar sifar tsarin geometric, ban da frieze da ke nuna agwagwa na gida. Kabarin dan riƙon Jam Nizamuddin, Darya Khan, yayi kama da sansanin Rajasthani, kuma an gina shi bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1521 an haifi Darya Khan a matsayin bawa, amma ya yi fice a matsayin janar bayan ya fatattaki sojojin Arghun a yaƙi. An ba shi lakabin "Jarumi na Sindh," kuma daga karshe aka nada shi Madrul Muham, ko Firayim Minista. Arghun, Trakhan, da tari na Mughal Kabarin Isa Khan Tarkhan I, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1554 zuwa 1565, yana wakiltar tashi daga gine-ginen jana'izar na Sammas. Kabarin yana da wani sabon salo mai salo na cenotaph, kuma an shimfida shi da siffa mai siffar rectangular tare da bangon ciki gaba daya an lullube shi da ayoyin kur'ani. Har ila yau kabarin yana da wurin da aka keɓe don kaburburan matansa na sarauta 5. Mausoleum na Isa Khan Hussain II Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1651) yana da ginin bene mai hawa biyu mai dauke da kofofi da baranda. An ce an gina kabarin a zamanin Isa. Bayan kammalawa, tatsuniya ta bayyana cewa Isa ya ba da umarnin a datse hannayen masu sana’ar don kada su sake yin wani abin tunawa da zai yi hamayya da nasa. Kabarin Jan Beg Tarkhan (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1600), wani tsari ne na bulo wanda aka lulluɓe shi da shuɗi da fale-falen turquoise. Kaburbura ko kaburbura (chattri maqbara ko kabarin laima) wani nau'in fasalin gine-gine ne na Indo-Musulunci, da kuma kaburbura. Lokacin Mughul yana wakiltar kaburbura da yawa a gefen kudu na necropolis, ciki har da mausoleum na Mirza Jani da Mirza Ghazi Baig, na Nawab Shurfa Khan, shingen Mirza Baqi Baig Uzbek da na Mirza Jan Baba da kuma ban sha'awa. kabarin Nawab Isa Khan Tarkhan ƙarami. Makli Necropolis an ayyana shi a matsayin wurin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a cikin 1981. Tsaftar tsarin wurin ya shafi sitaci, mamayewa, rashin kula da wuraren, barna, da sharar gida. Ambaliyar ruwa ta Pakistan a shekarar 2010 ta kara dagula tabarbarewar wurin.

13433

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalilah%20Sabra

Khalilah Sabra

Khalilah Sabra (/h ɑ l ɪ l ə / ta kasance yar' Amurka ce, mai gwagwarmaya Kuma marubuciya wadda ta shahara da aikinta akan 'yan gudun hijira a yankin gabas ta tsakiya da kuma wallafe-wallafen da gudummawa wajen Joe L. Kincheloe da Shirley R. Steinberg jerin zãlunci: al'adu Nazarin da Ilimi. Bayan abota a Cibiyar Gustavus Myers don Nazarin Bigotry da 'yancin ɗan adam, Sabra sadaukarwar ya rungumi tsarin ɗabi'a kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa ƙungiya, kasancewa ƙungiya ce ko mutum, tana da takalifi don aiki don amfanin jama'a a manyan shirye-shiryen ci gaba na zamantakewa tare da hanya daya: daga tsayawa kan al'amuran zamantakewa, zuwa hadin gwiwa mai karfi tare da kungiyoyi masu niyyar hadin kai. Ya kasance koyaushe ana ba da mahimmanci ga sadaukar da kan mutane a duniya a matsayin babbar hanyar karfafawa al'umma gabaɗaya sadaukar da kai wanda ke faɗaɗa fahimtar tushen abubuwan da ke haifar da haɗari da kewayon zaɓuɓɓuka, mu mutane kamar yadda muke da su don ƙirƙirar hanyoyin da za a raba iko. Ra'ayinta na siyasa ciki har da dimokiradiyya na zamantakewa da kuma tsinkaye wanda ke ba da damar haɗawa da waɗanda ba su da labari. Khalilah Sabra tana da abubuwan da suka gabata na aiki tare da adalci daban-daban na zamantakewa da kungiyoyin agaji, kamar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan kawar da Duk wani nau'in nuna bambanci ga Matar (CEDAW), Amnesty International, da Cibiyar Shari'a ta Baƙi a San Francisco, California . A yanzu haka tana kan kwamitin North Carolina Peace Action (NCPA), haɗin gwiwar masu bayar da shawarwari. Sabra ya taba yin aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin ACLU Racial Profiling Committee. A cikin rawar da ta taka a shirin ACLU Racial Shirin, Sabra ya ba da gudummawa ga bincike game da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam kan al'amuran da suka shafi Musulunci da Musulmi. Khalilah Sabra ta samu kyautar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa a shekarar 2013. An karrama Sabra saboda aikinta da 'yan gudun hijirar a Lebanon, Siriya, da kuma al'ummomin da ke karbar bakuncin Falasdinawa da Siriya da kuma rawar da ta taka a matsayin Darakta a Cibiyar Shari'ar baƙi ta Musulmin Amurka. A halin yanzu, Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Hukumar Gudanar da Shige da Fice ta amince da Khalilah Sabra don yin shawara a kan baƙi a shari'ar shige da fice don Nazarin Shige da Fice, Hukumar Gudanar da Shige da fice, da Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Gida. A cikin op-ed na Seattle Times, Sabra ta rubuta, Ba dole ne Musulmai su wakilci kansu ta hanyar hare-hare a Amurka ba. Ta ce: "Karfin mutane ba shi da amfani sanda aka binne tunanin ci gaba ta karkashin keta haddi da kadaici. Mu, a matsayin al'umma, dole ne mu zana layi a cikin yashi. Dole ne shugabannin mu na al'umma su kara azama wajen tunatar da mambobinta abubuwan da addinin Musulunci ya koyar da mu, tare da wane irin kwazo da halin halayyar musulinci na asali yake mubi. Fiye da kowane, dole ne mu tabbatar kowane memba ya san yadda za a amsa buƙatuwa na tashin hankali a rayuwar Musulmi wanda a halin yanzu yake ma'amala dashi ayanzu da yadda alumma ke martini ga Musulunci." Ofishin Ministan Shari'a ya yi bita kan manufofin game da batun kallabi, A ranar Jumma'a, 16 ga Fabrairu, 2007, Mataimaki na musamman Mai Shari'a Neil Dalton ya sanar da cewa, a ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun 2007, duka abokan ciniki, ba tare da kowane irin kallabi ba, dole ne a dauki hotunansu ba tare da wani nau'in kallabi ba sai dai idan cire kallabin zai keta doka, hukuncin addini ko suturta kai ko an sa shine don dalilai na likita. "An Unordinary Death... The life of a Palestinian : K.C. Sabra: Books" . Amazon.com . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . "Bismillah [ IslamCity ] RE: Re: Musulmai masu shan giya, kar su gwammace sta" . Mail-archive.com. 29 Disamba 2007 . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . Robertson, Campbell (28 July 2009). "An kama mutum a cikin Ta'addanci Case Bewilder Associates" . Jaridar New York . North Carolina . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . Strobino, Dante (14 August 2008). "Majalisar Jama'ar North Carolina ta fitar da wani shiri na aiki" . Ma'aikata . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . "Hajj, Saudi Arabia, Rape, & Prayer: A Muslim Feminist Outcry" . Cibiyar Shalom . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . [ <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> ][ <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> ] "Heirs Project Interviews with Khalilah Sabra" . Bajakorin. 15 Oktoba 2007. Amintar da asalin daga 17 Agusta 2011 . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . [ <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> ][ <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> ] "Khalilah Sabra's Photostream" . Mai Fice . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . [ <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> ][ <span title="Dead link since October 2011">mahadar mutu</span> ] "Wake County, NC - News, Weather, Entertainment, Sports | Labaran Raleigh & Labaran Cary | NBC17.com" . Wake.mync.com . Aka dawo da 20 Oktoba 2011 . Haɗin waje

15895

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temie%20Giwa-Tubosun

Temie Giwa-Tubosun

Temie Giwa-Tubosun (an haifI Oluwaloni Olamide Giwa, a watan Disamba,shekarar 1985) ta kasan ce masaniyar kiwon lafiya ce Ba’amurkiya yar asalin Najeriya, wanda ta kafa gidauniyar LifeBank (tsohon aikin Kashi Dari daya ne ), wata cibiyar kasuwanci ce a Najeriya da ke kokarin inganta hanyoyin samun karin jini a kasar. Labarin rayuwa An haifi Temie ne a garin Ila Orangun a cikin jihar Osun ta Nijeriya, kuma malamin makarantar ne. Ita ce ta huɗu cikin yara shida. Sunanta "Temie" ya fito ne daga ragin "Temitope", ɗayan sunayen haihuwarta. Ta girma a Ila, Ilesha, da kuma cikin Ibadan har ta kai shekaru goma sha biyar. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma, iyayenta suka lashe Visa Baƙin iversityancin Baƙin igasar Amurka kuma suka tafi Amurka tare da manyan' yan'uwanta su uku. A cikin shekarar 2001, lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyar, ta bar shiga su tare da kannenta biyu. Temie ta halarci Osseo Senior High School, Minnesota, kuma ta kammala a shekarar 2003. Daga nan sai ta halarci Jami'ar Jihar Minnesota Moorhead kuma ta kammala a shekarar 2007. A cikin shekarar 2008, ta tafi makarantar digiri a Middlebury Institute of International Studies a Monterey daga inda ta kammala a watan Yulin shekarar 2010. A shekarar 2009, bayan shekarar farko a karatun digirgir, ta dawo gida Najeriya a karo na farko tun shekara ta 2001 inda ta samu horo a sashin ci gaban kasashen duniya a Paths2 da ke Abuja, Nigeria . Wannan atisayen ya dauki tsawon watanni uku a yayin da ta gamu da wata mahaifiya mai fama da talauci mai suna Aisha wacce aikinta ya tabbatar da Giwa matsalar mace-macen mata a tsakanin 'yan Najeriya. A watan Janairun shekarar 2010, ta tafi neman digiri na biyu a Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, wanda ya kasance har zuwa Yulin wannan shekarar lokacin da ta kammala Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa da Kasa ta Middlebury a Monterey . Ta yi aiki na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Fairview Health Services a Minnesota a cikin 2010. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2011, ta fara kawance da Kungiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya, kuma ta yi shekara mai zuwa a Mbarara, Uganda, tana aiki tare da Millennium Villages Project wani aiki na Shirin Raya Kasashe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Millennium Promise . Cikakkiyar dawowa, da aiki a, Nijeriya A watan Agustan shekarar 2012, Giwa ta dawo Najeriya. A watan Satumba na waccan shekarar, ta yi aure a Jami’ar Ibadan . Daga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2012 zuwa watan Oktoba shekarar 2013, da sunan alkalami "Temie Giwa", ta yi rubutun mako-mako a kan YNaija, mujallar yanar gizo mai mai da hankali kan matasa a kan batutuwan da dama da ke addabar kasar. An sanya wa shafi shafi me aiki . Daga watan Disamba shekarar 2013 zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, Giwa ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin kula da cibiyoyin jihar Legas wanda aikin ya hada da inganta makarantu, kayayyakin tarihi, asibitoci, da sauran kayayyakin da jihar ke kula da su. Daga watan Yunin shekarar 2014 zuwa watan Oktoba shekara ta 2015, Giwa ta kasance Manajan Shirye-shiryen Nollywood Workshops, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da Hollywood, Lafiya &amp; Jama'a suka kafa, kuma aka bayyana a matsayin "matattarar 'yan fim a Legas, Najeriya da ke tallafawa da kuma isar da shirye-shiryen fina-finai da kuma rarraba su, horo, da bincike. " A matsayinta na Manajan Shirye-shirye a cikin watan Agustan shekarar 2014, a lokacin da ake fargabar cutar Ebola a Najeriya, Giwa ta taimaka wajen lura da samar da Sanarwar Ma'aikatan Gwamnati da kungiyar ta kirkiro tare da hadin gwiwar masu shirya fina- finai na Nollywood, don fadakar da 'yan Najeriya game da hanyoyin lafiya don kaucewa wadanda cutar ta Ebola ta shafa. Peraya cikin Projectari na aikin A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2012, Temie ta kafa wata kungiya mai zaman kanta mai suna "Gidauniyar bayar da gudummawar bayar da gudummawar jini daya" ko kuma Kashi Daya bisa dari da nufin kawo karshen karancin jini, da ilmantar da mutane muhimmancin bayar da jini ga duk wanda ke bukatar jini, don shawo kan tsoro, son zuciya, tatsuniyoyi da rashin son mutane kan bayar da jini, da kuma kara samar da hanyoyin yada jini cikin sauki a bankunan jini a Najeriya. Kwamitin amintattun kwamitin sune Oluwaloni Olamide Giwa, Iyinoluwa Aboyeji, Mustapha Maruf Damilola, Oluwaseun Odewale, Akintunde Oyebode, Mary Oyefuga, Hezekiya Olayinka Shobiye, da Kolawole Olatubosun . A watan Janairun shekarar 2016, Temie ta kafa LifeBank, kungiyar kasuwanci da aka kafa domin magance matsalar karancin jini a Najeriya. Ginin ya samo asali ne daga haihuwar ɗanta na fari da rikitarwa daga wannan ƙwarewar. Kamfanin kere-kere da kere-kere yana aiki ne a Legas, kuma ya kasance a Co-Creation Hub da ke Yaba. Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2017, kamfanin ya taimaka wajen isar da jini sama da jini 2000 ga marasa lafiya a duk fadin jihar. A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 2016, ta hadu da Mark Zuckerberg a ziyarar farko da ya kawo Najeriya. Ta kasance ɗayan mata biyu da aka ambata Zuckerberg a cikin taron zauren garin washegari. Game da aikinta, Zuckerberg ta ce, "Idan kowa yana da damar da zai iya gina irin wannan, to da duniya ta zama mafi kyawu. . . Na je birane da yawa daban-daban ... mutane a duk duniya suna ƙoƙari su gina abubuwa kamar haka. Idan ta zahiri na jan shi a kashe, sa'an nan ta son nuna wani model cewa zai tasiri ba kawai Lagos, ba kawai Najeriya, amma kasashen duk duniya. " Game da taron, Temie ya ce wa Quartz, "Zuwan Mark inganci ne na aikin shekaru da duk abin da muke kokarin yi." Daraja da gayyata A shekarar 2014 Giwa ta kasance cikin jerin mata 100 na BBC. Ta kasance 'yar Najeriya ta uku a jerin, tare da tsohuwar ma'aikaciyar yada labarai Funmi Iyanda da Obiageli Ezekwesili, tsohuwar ministar ilimi ta Najeriya. Ta kuma kasance ƙarami a cikin jerin. An bayyana ta a cikin zabin a matsayin wani "don lura da yanzu [da] nan gaba", wanda ke kawo sauyi a duniya ta BBC . A cikin shekarar 2016, an gayyaci Giwa don ba da jawabi a taron TEDxEuston Salon da ke Landan. Jawabin nata mai taken "Kiwan lafiya hakki ne" YNaija 100 A watan Maris na shekarar 2017, an sanya Giwa a matsayin daya daga cikin Mata 100 masu kwazo a Najeriya a shekarar 2017. Inirƙirar Forumungiyoyin Tattalin Arziƙin Duniya A watan Mayun na shekarar 2017, an zaba ta a matsayin wani bangare na "'yan kasuwa shida wadanda ke nuna kyakkyawan rawar da mata ke takawa wajen samar da dama da kuma shirya yankin don Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Hudu " Taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya kan Afirka. Quartz Jerin Masanan Bidiyon Afirka A ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2017, Giwa an sanya shi a cikin jerin sunayen masu kirkirar Afirka na Quartz na shekara-shekara na "sama da 'yan Afirka 30" wadanda "ke" daukar jagoranci da iko a fannoni da dama da suka hada da kudi, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, noma, zane da sauran fannoni da yawa. . " Kyautar Kasashen Afirka ta Jack Ma A ranar 16 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarar 2019, Giwa ya zama zakaran Jack Ma na Afirka Netpreneur Prize wanda aka gudanar a Accra, Ghana. Nasara ga LifeBank ta kai darajar $ 250,000. Kyautar ta samo aikace-aikace daga farawa fiye da 10,000 daga 50 na ƙasashen 54 na Afirka. Rayuwar mutum Temie tana zaune a Legas tare da mijinta, Kola Tubosun wanda marubuci ne kuma masanin harshe, da ɗansu, Eniafe. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Matashin Gwarzo, Temie Giwa-Tubosun LifeBank na Magance Karancin Jini a Babban Birni na Najeriya LifeBank App Ya Taimakawa Kashi Guda Na Ajiye Lokaci - Temie Giwa-Tubosun Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

25819

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBBank

BBBank

The BBBank eG a baya an San shi da sunan (Badische Beamtenbank) Bankin German cooperative bmai andikwkta ad in Karlsruhe (Baden-WürttemberYa ta'allaka ne a kasuwancin Banking da kimar jari da ya kai kusan almost 11 bidaokuma os and ona ver 470.,Bankin yana daya daga cikin manyan bankunan kasar er banks in Gerany. Bayanan martaba Bankin yana tsaye a cikin al'adar Deutsche Beamtenbanken (bankunan ma'aikatan gwamnatin Jamus). Ga abokan cinikin ɓangaren gwamnati akwai ƙwararru a cikin rassan da Bankin Direkt . Tun daga ƙarshen shekara ta 1960 masu zaman kansu na duk sana'o'i na iya zama membobi. Tare da rassa sama da 130 BBBank shine kawai bankin kasuwanci na haɗin gwiwa wanda ke hidimar yankin kasuwanci na ƙasa baki ɗaya. A wuraren da babu reshe na gida ana iya samun damar banki ta yanar gizo ta bankin Direkt ɗin sa. Tsarin kasuwancin BBBank shine ƙirar ƙarancin haɗari wanda ke da niyyar dorewa. A matsayin Cibiyar haɗin gwiwa babu buƙatar masu hannun jari da ake buƙatar la'akari. Bankin zai iya mai da hankali kan bukatun abokan ciniki waɗanda bisa ga ƙa'idodin su ma membobi ne da masu haɗin bankin. BBBank memba ne na CashPool da Bankcard-Servicenetz (cibiyar sadarwar katin katin banki) A ranar 12 ga Nuwamba shekara ta 1921 aka kafa BBBank a matsayin cibiyar taimakon kai don hidimar jama'a a Karlsruhe. Badische Beamten-Genossenschaftsbank eGmbH (bankin hadin gwiwa na Baden don ma'aikatan gwamnati) kamar yadda ake kiran BBBank a wancan lokacin, ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairun acikin shekara ta 1922 tare da membobi 33 da suka kafa a wani karamin daki a cikin House Nowackanlage 19. Tuni shekaru biyu bayan haka aka sayi ginin akan Waldstraße 1, wanda har yau yana cikin babban ofishin BBBank. Badische Beamtenbank ya fito daga rikicin ƙasa baki ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1920s: Kusan ba komai bane babban sufeto na gidan waya Gotthold Mayer tare da ƙaramin gungun abokan aiki suka kafa bankin haɗin gwiwa. Abinda ya jawo shine ɗaya daga cikin abokan aikin Gotthold Mayers waɗanda ke son gina gida amma bankinsa bai amince da lamunin sa ba, wanda a wancan lokacin ba sabon abu bane. A wancan lokacin ba a yi imanin ma'aikatan gwamnati sun cancanci daraja ba. Manufofin Gotthold Mayers da nufin baiwa ma’aikatan gwamnati dama su saka hannun jarin albashin da ba su yi amfani da su nan take ba cikin aminci da saka hannun jari. Duk ma'amalolin biyan kuɗi ya zama kyauta ga duk membobin. Bidi'a ita ce ta ba da rance ga ma'aikatan gwamnati ta hanyar saka hannun jari da ma'aikatan gwamnati ke yi. Ta hanyar wannan tsari gaba ɗaya sana'ar ta zama abin gaskatawa wanda har zuwa wannan lokacin ba ta da ɗan dama kaɗan don samun lamuni. Bugu da kari, ribar ta kasance don amfanin memba. Tare da kwace ikon 'yan Nazi a cikin Janairu a cikin shekara ta 1933 dole ne ma’aikatan farar hula su yarda da asara a yayin Gleichschaltung (tilasta bin doka) An yanke shawarar haɗin kai na taimakon kai da son kai don sabbin manufofin gwamnatoci. A watan Afrilu a cikin shekara ta 1933 Gotthold Mayer ya sauka daga mukaminsa na shugaban. Koyaya, a farkon shekara ta 1946 ya sami damar dawo da jagorancin Badischen Beamtenbank da kewaya Cibiyar ta cikin shekaru masu wahala bayan yaƙin da sake fasalin kuɗin. Sai kawai a cikin shekara ta 1967 wanda ya kafa bankin ya yi ritaya yana da shekaru 80. A wannan lokacin bankin yana da membobi 136,000 da rassa 14 kuma shine babban haɗin gwiwar bashi a Turai. Gotthold Mayer ya kasance shugaban bankin na girmamawa har zuwa rasuwarsa ranar 7 ga Fabrairu a cikin shekara ta 1970. A cikin shekara ta 1969 an buɗe da'irar membobi. Yanzu ba ma’aikatan gwamnati kadai ba har ma da ma’aikatan wasu sana’o’i sun sami damar zama membobin bankin BBB A cikin shekara ta 1990 dukiyar bankin ta kai Deutsche Mark na biliyan 5. A cikin 1992 bankin ya buɗe reshe a Dresden kuma a cikin shekara ta 1994 a Berlin, inda aka buɗe wasu rassa biyu a cikin shekara tab1997. A cikin shekara ta 1997 bankin ya kasance memba mai hikima babban bankin haɗin gwiwa a Turai tare da jimlar kadarorin kusan biliyan 9 na DM. A cikin shekara ta 1999 sake canza sunan daga Badische Beamtenbank zuwa BBBank na yau ya faru. Daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa ta 2005 bankunan haɗin gwiwa guda biyar masu zaman kansu sun zo ƙarƙashin laima na Badische Beamtenbanks: Hessische Beamtenbank ( Darmstadt ) Südwestdeutsche Beamtenbank ( Frankfurt am Main) Beamtenbank zu Köln, Bankin Bayerische Beamten da ƙarshe Schleswigten-Holsteinische Beban. Tun daga wannan lokacin BBBank shine kawai bankin ma'aikatan gwamnati a Jamus. BBBank a yau A yau BBBank ya haɗu da fa'idar Bankin Direkt kamar farashi da banki na kan layi tare da fa'ida da kusancin wani reshe na gida. Cibiyar sadarwa mai rassa sama da 100 a cikin dukkan jihohi 16 da Bankin Direkt - da sabis na banki na kan layi gami da wayoyin salula da kwamfutar hannu suna haifar da kusanci da isa ga abokin ciniki. Bankin har yanzu yana mai da hankali kan bankin siyarwa kuma yana ba da duk samfura da sabis na bankin duniya na zamani. A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba bankin takardar shaidar berufundfamilie (aikin duba da dangi) a karon farko ta hanyar sadaka Hertie-Stiftung (Gidauniyar Hertie) Binciken ya duba abubuwan da ake da su da kuma shirye-shiryen BBBank don dacewa da dangi da aiki cikin mahallin tsarin kula da albarkatun ɗan adam . Bankin a halin yanzu yana ba da matsayi na ɗan lokaci da sassaucin lokutan aiki. Kima a wannan yanki kusan 25%. Duk da haka, wannan ba koyaushe ya ƙunshi matasa uwaye da ubanni ba. Wasu membobin ma'aikata suna ɗaukar tayin bankunan don kula da dangi da ke dogaro da kulawa. Tun daga wannan lokacin ake tabbatar da takaddar akai akai.a ƙarshe shekara ta 2017. Asusun kashe gobara da sata An riga an yi la'akari da shingen gidan masu zaman kansu game da gobara, ɓarna da ɓarna da ɓarna irin wannan muhimmin al'amari a cikin kwanakin bankin, cewa an kafa inshora ga abokan ciniki da membobin BBBank, Feuer -und Einbruchschadenkasse VVaG (wuta da asusu na lalacewar sata) Inshorar ta dogara ne akan ƙa'idar haɗin kai kamar yadda aka saba don inshorar juna. Ana amfani da jimlar duk kuɗin shiga memba don rama abubuwan da suka shafi lalacewar har sai an gama amfani da duk kuɗin. Kawai sai a ɗaga rabon abin da aka tabbatar, wanda yawanci yana faruwa kowace shekara huɗu. Ta wannan hanyar membobi suna jin daɗin lokacin ba da gudummawa na shekaru huɗu da cikakken ɗaukar hoto a lokaci guda. Hanyoyin waje Yanar Gizo Documents and clippings about BBBank Pages with unreviewed translations

14000

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador

Salvador

Salvador ko El Salvador ko Al Salbado ko Jamhuriyar Al Salbado (da Ispaniyanci República de El Salvador) ƙasa ce, da ke a nahiyar Amurka. Babban birnin ƙasar Salvador birnin San Salvador ne. Salvador tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita murabba'i . Salvador tana da yawan jama'a , bisa ga jimilla a shekarar 2020. Salvador tana da iyaka da ƙasashen biyu: Guatemala a Arewa maso Yamma da Honduras a Arewa da Arewa maso Yamma. Salvador ta samu yancin kanta a shekara ta 1821. Daga shekara ta 2019, shugaban ƙasar Salvador Nayib Bukele ne. Mataimakin shugaban ƙasar Salvador Félix Ulloa ne daga shekara ta 2019. Ƙaddamarwa a matsayin babban birni, tare da mulkin mallaka na Portuguese, sun kasance muhimman abubuwan da ke tsara bayanin martaba na gundumar, kamar yadda wasu halaye na yanki suka kasance. Gine-ginen birnin ya biyo bayan yanayin yanayin da bai dace ba, da farko an samar da matakai guda biyu—Upper Town (Cidade Alta) da Lower Town (Cidade Baixa)—a kan tudu mai tsayi, kuma daga baya tare da tunanin hanyoyin kwari. Tare da fadin murabba'in kilomita 692,818 (267,499 sq mi) a cikin yanki, yankin da ya fito fili ne, kuma bakin tekun yana iyaka da Bay of All Saints zuwa yamma da Tekun Atlantika daga gabas. Cibiyar Tarihi ta Salvador, wacce ke wajen Pelourinho, sananne ne da gine-ginen mulkin mallaka, tare da abubuwan tarihi na tarihi tun daga karni na 17 zuwa farkon karni na 20, kuma UNESCO ta ayyana shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a 1985. Matakin. na daya daga cikin manyan bukukuwan Carnivals a duniya (babbar jam'iyyar tituna a duniya, bisa ga Guinness World Records), hadewar gundumar zuwa cibiyar UNESCO ta Creative Cities Network a matsayin "City of Music", wani take na musamman a cikin kasar, ta kara wa duniya amincewa da kiɗan Salvador. Tare da fiye da mazaunan miliyan 2.9 kamar na 2020, ita ce birni mafi yawan jama'a a arewa maso gabas, birni na uku mafi yawan jama'a a Brazil (Brasília ta zarce Salvador a 2016, amma gundumar tarayya ce, ba gunduma ba), kuma ta tara mafi girma a Latin. Birnin Amurka. Ita ce ainihin yankin da aka fi sani da "Great Salvador", wanda ke da kimanin mazaunan 3,957,123 a cikin 2020 bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Geography da Kididdiga ta Brazil (IBGE). Wannan ya sanya ta zama yanki na biyu mafi yawan jama'a a Arewa maso Gabas, na bakwai a Brazil, kuma ɗayan mafi girma a duniya. Hakanan saboda waɗannan girman yawan jama'ar birni, binciken IBGE ya keɓance shi akan hanyar sadarwar biranen Brazil azaman babban birni. A cikin rahotanninta na shekarun 2014 da 2020, Cibiyar Bincike ta Duniya da Biranen Duniya (GaWC) ta rarraba Salvador a matsayin birni na duniya a cikin "Iswa" (mafi ƙanƙanta). Binciken biranen duniya ta hanyar mai ba da shawara Kearney ya kuma haɗa da Salvador a cikin rahoton shekara ta 2018 da 2020, yayin da ban da shi a cikin 2019. Salvador ya ta'allaka ne akan ƙaramin tsibiri mai kusan murabba'i uku wanda ya raba Bay of All Saints, bakin teku mafi girma a Brazil, da Tekun Atlantika. Gaspar de Lemos ne ya fara kaiwa gare shi a shekara ta 1501, shekara guda kacal bayan da aka ce Cabral ya gano Brazil. A lokacin tafiyarsa ta biyu zuwa Portugal, ɗan ƙasar Italiya mai bincike Amerigo Vespucci ya hango bakin tekun a ranar Dukan tsarkaka (1 Nuwamba) 1502 kuma, don girmama kwanan wata da cocin Ikklesiya a Florence, ya sanya mata suna Bay na Mai Ceton Duka. waliyyai. Bature na farko da ya zauna a kusa shine Diogo Álvares Correia ("Caramuru"), wanda jirgin ya tarwatse a ƙarshen 1509. Ya zauna a cikin Tupinambá, yana auren Guaibimpara da sauransu. A cikin 1531, Martim Afonso de Sousa ya jagoranci balaguro daga Dutsen St Paul (Morro de São Paulo) kuma, a cikin 1534, Francisco Pereira Coutinho, kyaftin na farko na Bahia, ya kafa mazaunin Pereira a unguwar Ladeira da Barra ta Salvador ta zamani. . Cin zarafin Tupinambá da mazauna suka yi ya sa su zama abokan gaba kuma an tilasta wa Portuguese su gudu zuwa Porto Seguro c. 1546. Wani yunƙurin maido da mulkin mallaka a shekara mai zuwa ya ƙare a cikin ɓarkewar jirgin ruwa da cin naman mutane. An kafa birnin na yanzu a matsayin kagara na São Salvador da Bahia de Todos os Santos ("Mai Ceton Bay na Dukan Waliyyai") a cikin 1549 ta mazaunan Portuguese a ƙarƙashin Tomé de Sousa, gwamna na farko na Brazil- na gaba ɗaya. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwan da Turawa suka kafa a Amurka. Daga wani dutse da ke kallon Bay of All Saints, [n 3] ya zama babban birnin Brazil na farko kuma cikin sauri ya zama babbar tashar jiragen ruwa don cinikin bayi da masana'antar rake. An dade ana raba Salvador zuwa birni na sama da na ƙasa, an raba shi da wani kaifi mai tsayin mita 85 (279 ft) tsayi. Babban birni ya kafa gundumomi na gudanarwa, addini, da na firamare yayin da ƙaramin birni ya kasance cibiyar kasuwanci, mai tashar jiragen ruwa da kasuwa. Ƙasashen Amurka

49273

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Najeriya

Yawon Buɗe Ido a Najeriya

Yawon buɗe ido a Najeriya ya ta'allaka ne kan abubuwan da suka faru, saboda yawan kabilun kasar, amma kuma ya hada da dazuzzukan damina, da Savannah , da magudanan ruwa, da sauran abubuwa masu jan hankali. Masu yawon bude ido sun kashe dalar Amurka biliyan 2.6 a Najeriya a shekarar 2015. Wannan ya ragu zuwa dalar Amurka biliyan 1.5 a shekarar 2017, mai yiwuwa saboda bullar rikicin Boko Haram a 2015. Abubuwa masu jan hankali Abuja gida ce ga wuraren shakatawa da yawa da kuma korayen wuraren da mafi girma shine filin shakatawa na Millennium. Masanin gine-ginen Manfredi Nicoletti ne ya tsara Millennium Park kuma Sarauniyar Ingila Elizabeth II ta bude bisa hukuma a cikin watan Disamba 2003. Wani wurin shakatawa na budewa yana cikin Lifecamp Gwarimpa; kusa da gidan ministan babban birnin tarayya. Wuse 2 filin shakatawa yana kan wani tudu mai tsayi wanda ya ƙunshi wuraren wasanni kamar ƙwallon kwando da Badminton courts wani wurin shakatawa shine wurin shakatawa na birni, yana cikin wuse 2 kuma yana da abubuwan jan hankali na waje da na cikin gida da yawa kamar cinema 4D, astro-turf, filin wasan tennis na lawn, filin wasan fenti da gidajen abinci iri-iri. Legas, bayan aikin sake fasalin da gwamnatin da ta gabata ta Gwamna Raji Babatunde Fashola ta samu, sannu a hankali tana zama babbar cibiyar yawon bude ido, kasancewar daya daga cikin manyan biranen Afirka da duniya. A halin yanzu Legas na daukar matakan zama birni na duniya. Bikin na 2009 na Eyo (bikin shekara ya samo asali ne daga Iperu Remo, Jihar Ogun), wanda ya gudana a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilu, mataki ne ga matsayin birni a duniya. A halin yanzu, Legas an fi saninta da zama mai son kasuwanci da kuma al'umma mai saurin tafiya. Yawon shakatawa na birni Legas ta zama muhimmin wuri ga asalin al'adun Afirka da "baƙar fata". Ana gudanar da bukukuwa da dama a Legas; bukukuwa sun bambanta a cikin hadayu kowace shekara kuma ana iya yin su a cikin watanni daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin bukukuwan su ne Festac Food Fair da aka gudanar a garin Festac kowace shekara ta Festaconline, Eyo Festival, Lagos Black Heritage Carnival, Lagos Carnival, Eko International Film Festival, Lagos Seafood Festac Festival, LAGOS PHOTO Festival da Lagos Jazz Series, wanda shi ne na musamman. ikon amfani da fasaha don raye-raye masu inganci a cikin kowane nau'i tare da mai da hankali kan jazz. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 2010, shahararren taron yana faruwa a cikin kwanaki 3-5 a zaɓaɓɓun wuraren waje masu inganci. Waƙar ta bambanta kamar yadda masu sauraron kanta suke da siffofi daban-daban na nau'o'in kiɗa daga rhythm da blues zuwa soul, Afrobeat, hip hop, bebop, da jazz na gargajiya. Bukukuwan na ba da nishadi na raye-raye da wakoki don kara wa matafiya farin ciki yayin zamansu a Legas. Legas tana da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi da yawa kusa da Tekun Atlantika, gami da Tekun Elegushi da bakin tekun Alpha. Har ila yau Legas tana da wuraren shakatawa na bakin teku masu zaman kansu da suka hada da Inagbe Grand Beach Resort da wasu da dama a wajen. Legas na da otal-otal iri-iri tun daga otal-otal masu tauraro uku zuwa biyar, tare da cakuɗaɗɗen otal-otal na gida kamar su Eko Hotels da Suites, Otal ɗin Fadar Tarayya da kuma ikon mallakar sarƙoƙi na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Otal ɗin Intercontinental, Sheraton da Four Points na Hilton. Sauran wuraren ban sha'awa sun hada da dandalin Tafawa Balewa, Festac town, The Nike Art Gallery, Freedom Park, Lagos da Cocin Cathedral of Christ, Legas . Wuraren shakatawa da yawon buɗe ido na yanki Obudu Mountain Resort wani wurin kiwo ne kuma wurin shakatawa a Obudu Plateau a Jihar Kuros Riba. M. McCaughley, ɗan ƙasar Scotland ne ya haɓaka shi a cikin shekarar 1951 a cikin shekarar 1949. Ya yi zango a saman dutsen Oshie Ridge na tsaunukan Sankwala tsawon wata guda kafin ya dawo tare da Mista Hugh Jones wani ma’aikacin kiwo a shekarar 1951. Tare da Dr Crawfeild, sun haɓaka Ranch Obudu Cattle Ranch. Duk da cewa gonar tana fama da matsaloli tun daga lokacin, an gyara ta yadda take a da. Tun daga shekarar 2005, motar kebul tana hawan daga tushe zuwa saman tudu tana bawa baƙi damar kallon yanayi yayin da suke ƙetare babbar hanya mai jujjuyawa zuwa sama. Ana samun wurin shakatawa a yankin Obudu Plateau, kusa da kan iyakar Kamaru a yankin arewa maso gabashin jihar Cross River, kimanin gabas da garin Ogoja da daga garin Obudu a karamar hukumar Obanliku ta jihar Cross River. Tafiyar kusan mintuna 30 ce daga garin Obudu kuma tana da nisan daga Calabar, babban birnin jihar Cross River. Akwai sabis na jirgin sama na Charter zuwa filin jirgin sama na Bebi wanda ke tsakanin ƙauyen Obudu da wurin shakatawa. A baya-bayan nan dai an samu kwararowar masu yawon bude ido daga Najeriya da ma na kasashen waje a gidan kiwon dabbobi saboda bunkasar wuraren yawon bude ido da gwamnatin jihar Cross-River ta yi, lamarin da ya mayar da gidan gonar ya zama sanannen wurin hutu da shakatawa a Najeriya. Har ila yau, bakin tekun Ibeno yana daya daga cikin kyawawan rairayin bakin teku a kasar kuma mafi tsayi a bakin tekun yashi a Najeriya da yammacin Afirka. Yana cikin Jamestown a Akwa Ibom. An ce ana kiran birnin da sunan karamar hukumar da yake birnin. A cewar masana tarihi, bakin teku na daya daga cikin tsoffin rairayin bakin teku a Najeriya. Ka'ida, wayar da kan jama'a da haɓakawa Ma’aikatar Yada Labarai da Wayar da Kan Jama’a ta Tarayya (Nigeria) ce ke kula da harkar yawon bude ido. A wani yunƙuri na ɗaga martabar fannin yawon buɗe ido na ƙasar, an ƙirƙiro gasar ƙawata mai suna Miss Tourism Nigeria Pageant a shekara ta 2004. Wadanda suka yi nasara a shekarun 2004, 2005, da 2006, bi da bi, Shirley Aghotse, Abigail Longe, da Gloria Zirigbe. A cikin shekarar 2017, binciken da Olufeko ya yi a cikin ƙira da haɗin kai tare da ilimin ɗan adam, ya haifar da tafiya cikin Sungbo's Eredo, ya dawo da labarin rampart a cikin tattaunawar zamantakewa. Duba kuma Manufar Visa ta Najeriya Jerin wuraren shakatawa na kasa na Najeriya Jerin gidajen tarihi a Najeriya Olumo Rock Sungbo's Eredo Tarkwa Bay Beach Kajuru Castle Tinapa Resort Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25045

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cristian%20Chivu

Cristian Chivu

Cristian Eugen Chivu ( Romanian pronunciation: [kristian e.udʒen kivu] ; an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da 1980A.c) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Romania wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida, kuma manajan Internazionale Primavera na yanzu. Ya fara aikinsa tare da kulob din FCM Reșița kafin ya koma F.C Universitatea Craiova a shekarar 1998, ya bar Romania ya koma kulob din Ajax na Holland bayan kakar wasa. Ayyukansa a matsayin kyaftin din Ajax sun yi wahayi zuwa € 18 miliyan miliyan zuwa Roma a shekarar 2003.Chivu ya lashe Coppa Italia a cikin shekaru hudu na ƙarshe da ya yi a Rome kafin canja wuri zuwa Internazionale,inda ya shafe sauran ayyukan sa kafin ya yi ritaya a shekarar 2014.Bayan ya murmure daga kan kwanyar da ya karye, Chivu ya sa rigar kariya ta musamman daga shekarar 2010 zuwa gaba. Darajjojin da ya samu a Inter sun hada da kofuna uku na gasar Italiya,kofin cikin gida, da Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA a shekarar 2010. Chivu ya buga wa Romania wasanni 75 na kasa da kasa tsakanin shekarar 1999 zuwa 2010,kuma ya kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan da za su buga gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a shekarar 2000 da 2008.Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama masanin kwallon kafa ga tashoshin talabijin na Italiya Sky Sport da Fox Sports. Shi ma mai sa ido ne na fasaha ga UEFA. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki Kulob ɗin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Chivu shine CSM Reșița . Bayan ya koma FC Universitatea Craiova, martabarsa ta fara haɓaka kuma wasanninta ya haifar da sha'awa daga wasu manyan kulob a wajen Romania. Kulob din Ajax na Holland ya burge Chivu sosai kuma ya sanya hannu a shekarar 1999. A Ajax, Chivu ya sami suna a matsayin amintaccen ɗan wasan baya da ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙwallo. Sannan kocin Ronald Koeman ya nada shi a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar. Tare da Chivu a matsayin kyaftin, Ajax ta mamaye Dutch Eredivisie tare da ƙwararrun matasa. Yin wasa tare da Chivu sune taurarin gaba kamar Rafael van der Vaart, Wesley Sneijder, Johnny Heitinga, Zlatan Ibrahimović da Maxwell . Chivu ya taka muhimmiyar rawa ga Ajax a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA a kakar 2002-03, lokacin da suka zo cikin minti daya na wasan kusa da na karshe. A wancan lokacin, Chivu yana cikin 'yan wasan Ajax - kansa, Zlatan Ibrahimović, Maxwell, Wesley Sneijder da Andy van der Meyde - waɗanda duk suka koma daga baya suka koma Inter Milan . A shekara ta shekarar 2003, Roma ta nuna sha’awarta na siyan Chivu. A lokacin, Roma tana da bashi mai yawa kuma akwai tambayoyi da aka taso akan ikon Roma na biyan duk wasu kudade da aka gabatar. Da yake neman yin shiru game da ƙara shakku kan halin kuɗin su, Roma ta nemi garanti na banki, wanda daga baya aka hana shi. Bayan hasashe da yawa, duk da haka, a ƙarshe Roma ta kammala siyan Chivu a watan Satumba, ta kawo ƙarshen dogon tarihin.Kudin ya kasance € 18 miliyan. Kodayake ya zama mai tsaron gida na yau da kullun, ya yi takaitaccen bayyanuwa saboda raunin da ya samu.Ya lashe Coppa Italia na shekarar, 2006 zuwa2007 a kakar wasansa ta karshe tare da Roma. A lokacin kasuwar musayar bazara, ya sake zama batun hasashen canja wurin, inda aka ba da rahoton cewa sabon zakarun La Liga Real Madrid ya gabatar da tayin, yayin da Barcelona da Inter Milan suma ke sha'awar siyan mai tsaron baya. An bayar da rahoton cewa Chivu yana tsakiyar takaddama tsakanin Barcelona da Real Madrid a lokacin musayar bazara ta shekarar 2007. Bayan shekaru hudu wanda ya ba da Coppa Italia, Chivu ya bar Roma kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da abokan hamayyar Serie A Inter ranar 27 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007. Kudin canja wurin ya kasance € 16 miliyan, wanda € 3 miliyoyin kuɗin canja wurin da aka biya ta mai tsaron baya Marco Andreolli ya koma Roma a cikin yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa. Karonsa na farko tare da masu rike da kambun Serie A ya kasance mai nasara, saboda ya lashe taken Serie A wanda ya hana shi lokacin yana Roma. A lokacin gasar zakarun Turai a gida da Manchester United a kakar shekara ta 2008 zuwa 2009, Chivu ya yi wasa mai ban mamaki, inda ya musanta Wayne Rooney da Cristiano Ronaldo sau da yawa, kuma ya ci Man of the Match a gaban golan Inter Julio César . Chivu ya kasance na yau da kullun a gefen hagu yayin lokacin shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010, kamar yadda Walter Samuel da Lúcio suka zama madaidaicin cibiyar haɗin gwiwa. A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu a karawa da Chievo, an cire Chivu a farkon rabin lokaci bayan ya yi karo da dan wasan Chievo Sergio Pellissier . Yana cikin tiyata na awanni biyu na karaya da kashin kansa sannan daga baya ya bar duk wani hatsari. Kodayake da farko an yi tunanin zai iya fita daga sauran kakar, ya koma Serie A a ranar 24 ga watan Maris. Bayan wannan, ya buƙaci sanya abin sawa a cikin ashana. Bayan wata daya, Chivu ya ci wa Inter kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka yi da Atalanta, bugun yadi mai yadi 30. A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2010, yana cikin jerin farawar Inter a wasan karshe na Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Bayern Munich, wanda Inter ta ci 2-0. Ya zira kwallonsa ta biyu a Inter a kakar shekara ta 2010-11 a kan Cesena wanda ya zama mai nasara a wasan da Inter ta ci 3-2. Ya kuma ci wa Inter bugun fenariti a wasan da ta ci Coppa Italia a shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010 da Napoli a ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2011. Chivu ya bar Inter bayan kwangilarsa ta kare da yardar juna a ranar 31 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2014. A daidai wannan ranar ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa a shafin sa na Facebook. Aikin duniya A cikin shekarar 1999, an zaɓi Chivu don wakiltar ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 ta Romania kuma cikin sauri ya tashi zuwa wasa don cikakken ɗan wasa . A cikin shekarar 2001, ya lashe gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ya wakilci kasarsa a duka UEFA Euro na shekarar 2000 da Yuro na shekarar 2008 . Duk da cewa an taka masa leda sau hudu kacal kafin gasar Euro na shekarar 2000, ya fara duk wasannin hudu kuma ya zura kwallon sa ta farko a duniya. A Yuro na shekarar 2008, ya sami kyaututtuka saboda rawar da ya taka, tare da kiyaye zakarun gasar cin kofin duniya na baya na Italiya da Faransa ta biyu, duk da cewa an taka shi a matsayin wanda ba a san shi ba a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya. Ya jagoranci Romania ta hanyar cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, amma sun kasa yin wasan share fage, inda suka kare a matsayi na biyar a rukuninsu. A ranar 21 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2011, Chivu ya sanar da yin ritaya daga tawagar kasa. Aikin koyawa A watan Yuli shekarar 2021 aka sanar da shi a matsayin sabon kocin Inter Milan <i id="mwog">Primavera</i> . Rayuwar mutum Mahaifinsa, Mircea shima ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne kuma mai horarwa, ana kiran sunan Mircea Chivu Stadium daga Reșița don girmama shi. Ya yi wasa a matsayin dama na baya ga FCM Reșița da Universitatea Craiova ta lashe a shekarar 1973 zuwa 1974 Divizia A tare da ƙungiyar daga Craiova . Mircea ya kasance koci a FCM Reșița lokacin da Cristian ya fara aiki. A cewar mujallar Calcio Italia, Chivu ya tsunduma cikin buɗe makarantun ƙwallon ƙafa a kusa da Romania a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma ya ce "Ina fatan zai yi alfahari idan ya raina ni" dangane da mahaifinsa wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1998. Ya auri Adelina Elisei wanda a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2009 ta haifi ɗa na farko, 'ya mace mai suna Natalia. Ƙididdigar sana'a Manufofin duniya Tebur da sakamakon sakamako. Kwallon da Romania ta fara ci da farko. Shin kyaftin a wasannin da aka haskaka a kore: CSM Reșița Divizia B : 1996 - 97 Saukewa : 2001-02 Kofin Dutch : 2001 - 02 Dutch Supercup : 2002 Coppa Italia : 2006 - 07 Serie A : 2007-08, 2008-09, 2009-10 Coppa Italia: 2009-10, 2010–11 Supercoppa Italiana : 2008, 2010 UEFA Champions League : 2009-10 FIFA Club World Cup : 2010 Na ɗaya Takalmin Zinariya na Dutch : 2002 AFC Ajax Player of the Year : 2001, 2003 Gazeta Sporturilor Dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Romanian : 2002, 2009, 2010 Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta UEFA : 2002 Kyautar Marco van Basten : 2000 Hanyoyin waje Bayanin Inter Milan Cristian Chivu Pages with unreviewed translations

24124

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satoshi%20Nakamoto

Satoshi Nakamoto

Satoshi Nakamoto suna ne da presumed pseudonymous suke amfani dashi wanda ya kirkiri bitcoin, sannan ya samar da ita bitcoin din white paper, reference implementation. A matsayin sashen kirkira, sanna shina wanda ya fara kirkiran blockchain database. A wannan mataki, shine wanda ya fara bada shawara akan kawar da matsalolin double-spending a digital currency tare da amfani da peer-to-peer network. ya tsaya tsayin daka domin samar da bitcoin har ya zuwa watan Disemba 2010. Dayawan mutane sun yi ikirari akan cewa sune . Ci gaban bitcoin ya baiyana code na bitcoin wanda ya fara a 2007. zuwa 18 August 2008, shi ko abokin aikin sa yayi mata rigiista da domain mai suna bitcoin.org, sannan ya kirkiri shafin yanar gizo da sunan wato bitcoin. On 31 October, ya gaba white paper a cryptography mailing list a metzdowd.com domin faiyace digital cryptocurrency, mai suna "Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System". A ranar 9 ga Janairun 2009, ya saki sigar 0.1 na software na bitcoin akan SourceForge, kuma ya ƙaddamar da hanyar sadarwar ne ta hanyar ayyana asalin toshewar bitcoin (lambar toshe 0), wanda ke da lada na bitcoins 50. An saka shi a cikin ma'amala ta musayar wannan shinge shine rubutun: "The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor a gab da bayar da belin yana ambaton kanun labarai a jaridar The Times ta Burtaniya da aka buga a wannan ranar. An kuma fassara wannan bayanin a matsayin duka timestamp da tsokaci mai tsoka game da rashin kwanciyar hankali da bankin keɓaɓɓe ya haifar. ya ci gaba da kulla alaka da hadaka akan bitcoin har zuwa tsakiyar 2010, yana gudanar da dukkan tsare-tsare na source code da kansa. sannan ya tsarin source code repository da mabudin sanarwa na yana gizo ga Gavin Andresen, sannan ya raba domain ma bambamta ga mukarraban bitcoin. Halaye da ainihi Wasu sun ɗauki na iya zama ƙungiyar mutane: Dan Kaminsky, mai binciken tsaro wanda ya karanta lambar bitcoin, ce yana iya zama “ƙungiyar mutane” ko kuma “haziƙi”; Laszlo Hanyecz, mai haɓakawa wanda ya aika wa , yana da jin lambar an tsara ta sosai don mutum ɗaya; John McAfee ya yi da'awar ya kasance "ƙungiyar mutane goma sha ɗaya". Gavin Andresen ya ce game da Lambar code: "Ya kasance ƙwararre mai kodin, amma yana da ban tsoro." Amfani da Ingilishi na Ingilishi a cikin tsokaci na lambar tushe da rubuce - rubuce na dandalin tattaunawa - kamar furucin '' mai tsananin jini '', sharuddan kamar '' lebur '' da '' lissafi '', da kuma rubutun "launin toka" da "launi" - ya haifar da hasashe cewa , ko aƙalla mutum ɗaya a cikin ƙungiyar da ke da'awar cewa shi ne, ya kasance asalin Commonwealth. Maganar jaridar Times ta London a farkon toshe bitcoin na ya ba da shawara ga wasu sha'awa ta musamman ga gwamnatin Burtaniya. Stefan Thomas, injiniyan software na Switzerland kuma memba na al'umma mai aiki, ya zayyana timetamps na kowane sakonnin dandalin bitcoin (sama da 500); ginshiƙi ya nuna raguwar kusan zuwa kusan babu rubutu tsakanin awanni 5 na safe zuwa 11 na safe Lokaci Ma'anar Greenwich . Wannan ya kasance tsakanin 2 na yamma zuwa 8 na yamma Lokaci na Japan, yana ba da shawarar yanayin bacci mai ban mamaki ga wanda ake tsammanin yana zaune a Japan. Kamar yadda wannan tsarin ya kasance gaskiya koda a ranakun Asabar da Lahadi, ya ba da shawarar cewa akai -akai yana bacci a wannan lokacin. Asalin ne ba a sani ba, amma baki sun focussed a kan daban-daban cryptography da kwamfuta kimiyya masana, mafi yawa na wadanda ba Japanese lõkacin saukarsa. Hal Finney Hal Finney (4 ga Mayu 1956-28 ga Agusta 2014) ya kasance majagaba na crypto kafin bitcoin kuma mutum na farko (ban da da kansa) don amfani da software, rahotannin bug na fayil, da ingantawa. Ya kuma rayu 'yan tubalan daga wani mutum mai suna' Dorian Satoshi ', a cewar ɗan jaridar Forbes Andy Greenberg. Greenberg ya tambayi mai ba da shawara kan nazarin rubutu Juola &amp; Associates don kwatanta samfurin rubutun Finney da '', kuma sun same shi kamannin mafi kusanci wanda har yanzu suka gamu da su, gami da idan aka kwatanta da 'yan takarar da Newsweek, Fast Company, The New Yorker, Ted Nelson da Skye Gray suka ba da shawara. Greenberg ya yi hasashen cewa wataƙila Finney ya kasance mawallafi ne a madadin , ko kuma kawai ya yi amfani da maƙwabcinsa Dorian a matsayin "digo" ko "patsy wanda ake amfani da bayanansa na sirri don ɓoye ayyukan kan layi". Koyaya, bayan haduwa da Finney, ganin imel tsakanin sa da da tarihin walat ɗin bitcoin (gami da farkon ma'amalar bitcoin daga zuwa gare shi, wanda ya manta ya biya) kuma da jin musun sa, Greenberg ya kammala da cewa Finney yana faɗin gaskiya. Juola & Associates sun kuma gano cewa Imel ɗin Finney ya yi kama da sauran rubuce -rubuce fiye da na Finney. Finney ta 'yan'uwanmu extropian da kuma wani lokacin co-blogger Robin Hanson sanya wani kayadadden Yiwuwar "a kalla" 15% cewa "Hal aka fi hannu fiye da ya ta ce", kafin ƙarin shaidun da shawarar cewa ba haka al'amarin. A cikin babban labarin 6 Maris 2014 a cikin mujallar Newsweek, 'yar jarida Leah McGrath Goodman ta gano Dorian Prentice , wani Ba’amurke Ba’amurke ne da ke zaune a California, wanda sunan haihuwarsa , a matsayin cikin tambaya. Bayan sunansa, Goodman ya yi nuni da wasu hujjoji da dama da ke nuna cewa shi mai ƙirƙira bitcoin ne. An koyar da shi azaman masanin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Cal Poly a Pomona, yayi aiki a matsayin injiniyan injiniya akan ayyukan tsaro na musamman da injiniyan kwamfuta don fasaha da kamfanonin sabis na bayanan kuɗi. an sallame shi sau biyu a farkon shekarun 1990 kuma ya zama mai sassaucin ra'ayi, a cewar 'yarsa, kuma ya karfafa mata gwiwar fara kasuwancin nata "ba a karkashin babban yatsa na gwamnati ba." A cikin labarin mafi girman shaidar, Goodman ya rubuta cewa lokacin da ta tambaye shi game da bitcoin yayin ɗan gajeren hirar mutum, Da alama ya tabbatar da asalinsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa bitcoin ta hanyar furta: “Ban shiga cikin hakan ba kuma ba zan iya tattauna shi ba. An ba da shi ga wasu mutane. Su ke kula da shi yanzu. Ba ni da wata alaƙa. ” Buga labarin ya haifar da sha'awar kafofin watsa labarai, gami da manema labarai da ke sansani kusa da Dorian gidansu da dabara suna binsa da mota lokacin da yayi tuƙi don yin hira. Koyaya, yayin hirar mai cikakken tsawon lokaci, Dorian ya musanta duk wata alaƙa da bitcoin, yana mai cewa bai taɓa jin labarin kuɗin ba a da, kuma ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa game da aikin da ya gabata ne na 'yan kwangila na soja, yawancinsu an rarrabasu. A cikin hirar Reddit "tambaya-ni-komai", ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi kuskuren fassara tambayar Goodman da cewa yana da alaƙa da aikinsa na Citibank . Daga baya a wannan rana, da pseudonymous Asusun P2P Foundation ya buga saƙo na farko a cikin shekaru biyar, yana mai cewa: "Ni ba Dorian . " A watan Satumba, asusun ya sake buga wani sako yana cewa an yi masa kutse, inda ya haifar da tambayoyi kan sahihancin sakon da ya gabata. A watan Disamba na 2013, blogger Skye Gray ya haɗa Nick Szabo da farar takarda ta bitcoin ta amfani da hanyar da ya bayyana a matsayin bincike na salo . Szabo mai son kuɗi ne mai rarrabawa, kuma ya buga takarda akan "bit zinariya", ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka fara bitcoin. An san cewa yana da sha'awar yin amfani da sunaye a cikin shekarun 1990. A cikin labarin Mayu 2011, Szabo ya faɗi game da mahaliccin bitcoin: "Ni kaina, , da Hal Finney sune kawai mutanen da na sani waɗanda ke son ra'ayin (ko a cikin idan har ra'ayinsa mai alaƙa) ya isa ya bi shi har zuwa (dauka ba Finney bane ko ). " Marubucin kuɗi Dominic Frisby yana ba da shaidu da yawa amma, kamar yadda ya yarda, babu wata hujja cewa shine Sabo. Koyaya, Szabo ya musanta kasancewa . A cikin imel na Yuli 2014 zuwa Frisby, ya ce: “Na gode don sanar da ni. Ina tsoron kada ku yi kuskure doxing ni a matsayin , amma na saba da shi. ” Nathaniel Popper ya rubuta a cikin New York Times cewa "hujja mafi gamsarwa ta nuna wani ba'amurke ɗan asalin ƙasar Hungary mai suna Nick Szabo." Craig Wright A ranar 8 ga Disamba, 2015, Wired ya rubuta cewa Craig Steven Wright, masanin ilimin Australiya, "ko dai ya ƙirƙira bitcoin ko kuma ƙwararren mahaukaci ne wanda ke matukar son mu yarda cewa ya yi". Craig Wright ya saukar da asusun sa na Twitter kuma shi ko tsohuwar matar sa ba ta amsa tambayoyin manema labarai ba. A wannan ranar, Gizmodo ya buga labari tare da shaidar da ake zargin wani dan gwanin kwamfuta ya shiga cikin asusun imel na Wright, yana mai cewa sunaye ne na haɗin gwiwa na Craig Steven Wright da kuma masanin binciken kwakwaf na kwamfuta David Kleiman, wanda ya mutu a 2013. Jon Matonis (tsohon darektan Gidauniyar Bitcoin ) da mai haɓaka bitcoin Gavin Andresen da kuma masanin kimiyyar Ian Grigg sun goyi bayan da'awar Wright. Yawancin shahararrun masu tallata bitcoin sun kasance ba su gamsu da rahotannin ba. Rahotannin da suka biyo baya kuma sun tayar da yuwuwar shaidar da aka bayar ta zama ƙarara, wanda Wired ya yarda da "jefa shakku" akan shawarar su cewa Wright shine . Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Bitrus Todd ya ce post ɗin blog ɗin Wright, wanda ya bayyana yana ƙunshe da hujjojin ɓoye, a zahiri bai ƙunshi komai ba. Mai haɓaka Bitcoin Jeff Garzik ya yarda cewa shaidar da Wright ya bayar a bainar jama'a ba ta tabbatar da komai ba, kuma mai binciken tsaro Dan Kaminsky ya kammala da'awar Wright da cewa "zamba ce da gangan". A cikin 2019 Wright yayi rijistar haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka don fararen takarda bitcoin da lambar don Bitcoin 0.1. Teamungiyar Wright sun yi iƙirarin cewa wannan "amincewar hukumar gwamnati ce ta Craig Wright a matsayin "; Ofishin haƙƙin mallaka na Amurka ya ba da sanarwar manema labarai da ke fayyace cewa ba haka lamarin yake ba. Sauran 'yan takara A cikin labarin 2011 a cikin New Yorker, Joshua Davis ya yi iƙirarin taƙaita asalin ga mutane da dama da za su yiwu, ciki har da masanin tattalin arziƙin Finnish Dokta Vili Lehdonvirta da ɗalibin Irish Michael Clear, wanda a cikin 2008 dalibi ne mai karatun digiri na farko a Kwalejin Trinity Dublin . Clear ya musanta cewa shi , kamar yadda Lehdonvirta yayi. A cikin Oktoba 2011, rubutawa ga Fast Company, ɗan jarida mai bincike Adam Penenberg ya kawo shaidu da ke nuna cewa Neal King, Vladimir Oksman da Charles Bry na iya zama . Sun haɗu tare da aikace -aikacen patent wanda ya ƙunshi kalmar "ƙididdigar da ba ta dace ba don juyawa" a cikin 2008, wanda kuma . An yi rijistar sunan yankin bitcoin.org kwanaki uku bayan an shigar da patent. Duk mutanen uku sun musanta kasancewa lokacin da Penenberg ta tuntube shi. A watan Mayu 2013, Ted Nelson yayi hasashen cewa dan kasar Japan ne . Daga baya, an buga wata kasida a jaridar The Age da ta yi ikirarin cewa ya musanta wadannan hasashe, amma ba tare da danganta tushen musun ba. Labarin 2013 a cikin Mataimakin ya lissafa Gavin Andresen, Jed McCaleb, ko wata hukumar gwamnati a matsayin 'yan takarar zama . A cikin 2013, masanan ilmin lissafi na Isra’ila biyu, Dorit Ron da Adi Shamir, sun buga wata takarda da ke ikirarin haɗi tsakanin da Ross Ulbricht . Su biyun sun dogara da tuhumarsu akan nazarin cibiyar sadarwar ma'amaloli na bitcoin, amma daga baya sun janye da'awarsu. A cikin 2016, Financial Times ta ce wataƙila ƙungiyar mutane ce da ke ambaton Hal Finney, Nick Szabo, Cyrano Jones da Adam Back a matsayin membobi masu yuwuwa. A cikin 2020, tashar YouTube Barely Sociable ta yi iƙirarin cewa Adam Back, wanda ya ƙirƙira magabacin bitcoin Hashcash, shine . Baya baya musanta wannan. Elon Musk musanta cewa shi Nakamoto a tweet a ranar 28 ga Nuwamba 2017, amsa hasashe baya mako a wani medium.com post da wani tsohon SpaceX ɗalibin kwalejin likita. A cikin jaridar 2019 Evan Ratliff ya yi iƙirarin dillalin miyagun ƙwayoyi Paul Le Roux na iya zama . [./Satoshi_Nakamoto#cite_ref-79 Ƙari] "Shin wannan mai siyar da magunguna na duniya ne ya ƙirƙira Bitcoin? Baka! " . AUREN . Hanyoyin waje Alamar Satoshi . Andrew O'Hagan akan rayuwar Satoshi Nakamoto da yawa Pages with unreviewed translations

29928

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic%20Symphony%20Orchestra%20of%20the%20Lviv%20Philharmonic

Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv Philharmonic

Makarantan wakan Symphony na Lviv National Philharmonic yana daya daga cikin tsoffin makada na kade- kade a Ukraine. A cikin shekara ta 1796, ɗan wasan violin kuma mai gudanarwa Józef Elsner ya ƙirƙiraro Kwalejin waka ta farko a Lviv . Ya tattaro ƙwararrun mawaƙa da ƙwararrun ’yan Adam waɗanda suka haɗa kai da su kuma ya zama ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta farko a cikin birni. A 1799, Karol Lipinski ya zama na farko violinist, concertmaster na Lviv gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma daga 1811 - da shugaba. Lipinsky ya fara ƙirƙirar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta symphony. Franz Xaver Wolfgang Mozart, ɗan Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, ya kafa Ƙungiyar St. Cecilia a 1826, inda akwai ƙungiyar mawaƙa da kuma cibiyar rera waƙa. Ayyukan al'umma ya zama abin ƙarfafawa don samar da sababbin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun raye-rayen kiɗa da fasaha. "Society of friends of music" da aka gudanar tun shekara ta 1834 ne suka shirya kide-kide na Symphony tare da halartar kwararrun mawaka da masu son zama. A cikin 'yan shekaru, ya samu wani jami'in matsayi a karkashin sunan "Society for ci gaban music a Galicia," daga baya - "Galician Music Society" (GMT). Makarantan Academic Symphony Orchestra of the Lviv National Philharmonic wacce aka sanya wa suna bayan Myroslav Skoryk an kafa shi bisa hukuma a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1902, lokacin da aka gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko na sabuwar ƙungiya a cikin Count Stanislav Skarbko Theater. Tana da kujeru 1,240, babban mataki mai motsi (160 m2), sashin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an sanye shi da hasken lantarki da dumama tsakiya. Babban jagoran ƙungiyar mawaƙa shi ne Ludvík Vítězslav Čelanský, wanda ya tattara gungun mutane 68, mafi yawansu sun kammala karatun digiri na Conservatory na Prague . Henryk Jarecki da Henryk Melcer-Szczawiński sun yi aiki kusa da shi a teburin madugu. A lokacin farkon kakar wasa, an gudanar da kide-kide fiye da 114 tare da halartar kungiyar makada.Shirye-shiryen kide-kide sun hada da kusan dukkanin wasan kwaikwayo na Ludwig van Beethoven, ƙwararrun mawaƙa na Felix Mendelssohn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Robert Schumann, Franz Liszt, Antonin Dvorak, Anton Bruckner, Camille Saint - Saens Tchaikovsky, da kuma Richard Strauss . Richard Strauss, Gustav Mahler, Ruggiero Leoncavallo, Mieczysław Karłowicz, da Lorenzo Perozi sun yi wasa a matsayin bakin da aka gayyato wajen masu bikin wakokin a Lviv. ƙungiyar makaɗa a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 1903. Ya jagoranci nasa abubuwan da aka tsara - waƙoƙin waƙa " Don Juan " da " Mutuwa da Canji ," da kuma Symphony №5 na Beethoven. Ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 1903, Gustav Mahler ya gudanar da taron Lviv. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya hada da Symphony №7 na Beethoven, " Carnival Roman " na Hector Berlioz, overture zuwa " Tannhäuser " na Richard Wagner da Symphony na Farko na Gustav Mahler . Har ila yau, na ƙarshe ya yi ƙara a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na biyu (Afrilu 4). Tare da wannan abun da ke ciki, mawaƙa kuma sun yi Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony na Bakwai, overtures, da guntu guntun wakoki daga operas " Tristan da Isolde ," "Tannhäuser," da kuma " Masu-Mawaƙa na Nuremberg " na Richard Wagner . A watan Mayun 1903 (7 da 9 ga Mayu), Ruggero Leoncavallo ya jagoranci ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony. Shirin wasan kwaikwayo ya haɗa da sashin wasannin operas " Pagliacci " da " I Medici ," "Neapolitan suite," "Old Suite" da waƙar waƙar "Seraphitus-Seraphita." Bayan kakar wasa, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta tafi yawon shakatawa zuwa Krakow, Lodz, Warsaw, da Vilnius, inda ya daina wanzuwa. Na tsawon lokaci, Lviv Philharmonic ba shi da nasa makada. Daraktanta Leopold Litinsky ya yi ƙoƙarin ƙirƙirar irin wannan rukuni daga cikin mafi kyawun mawaƙa na ƙungiyar makaɗa na soja na ƙungiyoyin sojoji na gida da yawa, waɗanda suka ci gaba da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na Philharmonic a 1903-1904. A cikin wadannan shekaru, yawon shakatawa Orchestras da farko yi a Lviv. A tsakanin shekarun 1919-1939, ƙungiyar makaɗar kade-kade ta GMT Conservatory ta kasance kusan kawai ƙungiyar makaɗa ta dindindin a Lviv. Daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, wani babban kade-kade na kade-kade na kungiyar mawakan kasar Poland, wanda aka shirya a shekarar 1921, wanda ya kunshi mawakan kida 106, wanda aka yi a karkashin kungiyar Lviv Philharmonic da M. Türk's Concert Bureau (ta hada kan masu yin wasan kwaikwayo daga GMT da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na City). kuma yana aiki har zuwa 1924). Bronislaw Wolfstal, Adam Soltis da Alfred Stadler, Milan Zuna ne suka shirya shirye-shiryensa. A wannan lokacin, musamman a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 1931-1932, saboda matsalar tattalin arziki, an wargaza sassan wakoki na City Theatre. Mawakan sun shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta "Ƙungiyar kiɗa da opera," sun fara ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo tare da jerin kade-kade na kade-kade. Tare da isowar na mulkin iko na Soviet, a cikin Disamba 1939, ya zo da Resolution na Majalisar Jama'ar Commissars na Tarayyar Soviet na Disamba 19, 1939, game da kungiyar na al'adu da fasaha cibiyoyin a shida sabon kafa yammacin yankunan na Ukraine da kuma sake tsara art. cibiyoyi da cibiyoyin ilimi da Soviet jama'ar Commissar da kwamitin tsakiya na jam'iyyar kwaminis bisa ga abin da aka shirya don ƙirƙirar a Lviv jihar philharmonic jihar yankin tare da kade-kade na kade-kade, da kuma Ukrainian mawaƙa, tare da iri-iri sassa da soloists. An kafa kungiyar kade-kade ta kade-kade a karkashin kwamitin rediyo na yankin. Ƙungiyar ta fara yin aiki a ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1939 a karkashin jagorancin Isaac Pain, mai gudanarwa mai shekaru 27, wanda ya kammala digiri na Kiev Conservatory . A farkon 1940, an sake tsara wannan ƙungiyar makaɗa a cikin ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Symphony na yankin Falharmonic na Jihar Lviv. Isaac Pain ne ya jagoranta. An kuma gayyaci shugabar Lviv da mawaki Mykola Kolessa don yin aiki a ƙungiyar makaɗa. A lokacin mulkin Jamus, a cikin 1941-1944, zauren Philharmonic bai yi aiki ba. A cikin post-yaki lokaci, da kungiyar mawaƙa dole ne a sake taru, wanda ya faru da hadin gwiwa kokarin Ishaku Pain, Dionysius Khabal, Nestor Gornitsky da Mykola Kolessa . Tawagar ta koma aiki a watan Agusta 1944. Wasannin kide-kide na farko sun nuna ayyukan Stanyslav Lyudkevych, Vasyl Barvinsky, Mykola Lysenko, Stanisław Moniuszko, Camille Saint-Saens, Pyotr Tchaikovsky, da Karl Maria von Weber . A tsakanin shekarta 1953 zuwa 1957, da kuma daga baya - a 1987-1989, shugaba na kungiyar kade - Yuriy Lutsiv. Daga 1964 zuwa 1987 Demyan Pelekhaty ya jagoranci kungiyar kade-kade ta kade-kade. Daga shekarar 1989 babban madugu na kungiyar kade-kade ya Ivan Yuzyuk, da conductors Roman Filipchuk da Yarema Kolessa. Daga baya wannan matsayi ya kasance da Aidar Torybayev, Ilya Stupel, Taras Krysa. Tun daga shekarar 2018, kungiyar makada ke yin hadin gwiwa da madugun Ba’amurke dan asalin Ukrainian Theodore Kuhar, wanda a yanzu shi ne babban bako na kungiyar makada. A shekara ta 2006, anyi wa Lviv National Philharmonic Symphony Orchestra take da "Academic." A cikin 2018, tare da sa hannu na wannan rukunin, a lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na marubucin Myroslav Skoryk, Lviv Philharmonic ya sami matsayin "ƙasa". Tun watan Satumba, 2020, ana kiran waƙar Philharmonic sunan wannan mawaki na Ukrainian. Mawakan kade-kade na kungiyar kade-kade sune Mawaƙin Mawaƙi na Ukraine Marko Komonko da Mykola Gavyuk. Mawakan Symphony na Lviv National Philharmonic na yawan halartar bukukuwan kasa da kasa. Musamman ma, bikin kasa da kasa na fasaha na kiɗa "Virtuosos," bikin kasa da kasa na kiɗa na zamani " Bambance -bambancen," Bikin Ukrainian-Polish "Gano Paderewski." Kungiyar kade-kade ta yi rangadi a kasashe da dama na duniya, ciki har da Poland, Italiya, Spain, Faransa, Switzerland, Jamus, Netherlands, da China. A cikin 'yan lokutan da suka gabata, ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta yi wasu mahimman rikodi don manyan alamun duniya, ciki har da Naxos da Brilliant Classics. Duba kuma Music na Ukraine Jerin mawakan Ukrainian Symphony No. 2 (Revutsky) Lviv National Philharmonic Orchestra na Ukraine Wakokijn gargajiya a Ukraine Waka dangane da yare Wakokin kasar Ukraine Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankunan%20Awori

Yankunan Awori

Yankunan Awori wasu yankuna ne na Najeriya da kabilar Awori reshen kabilar Yarabawa ke zaune a ciki, suna magana da yare daban na harshen Yarbawa. A al'adance, ana samun Awori a jihohi biyu na Najeriya: Ogun da Legas. Mutanen Awori sun yi hijira daga Ile Ife suka mamaye jihar Legas ta yau. Ƙirƙirar jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi bayan mulkin mallaka ya yi tasiri ga rarrabuwar kawuna a jihohin Ogun da Legas a Kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Garuruwan Awori na jihar Ogun sune Otta, Igbesa, Ilobi da Tigbo. Yankin gargajiya na Awori ya fara daga latitude 60 30' N daga gabas mai tsananin gaske kuma wani yanki mai faɗin bakin teku ya haura hekta 350,000 (kilomita 3,500) tare da ƙasa da kashi ashirin cikin ɗari wanda ya ƙunshi lagos, raƙuman ruwa da magudanan ruwa. Yankuna masu yawan mazauna Ana iya raba Awori zuwa manyan sassa biyu. Waɗannan su ne farkon Awori da ƙungiyoyin Awori na ƙarshe. Daga cikin rukunin farko na Awori akwai Isheri, Otto-Olofin, Iddo, Ebute Metta, Apa, Ibereko da Otta da Ado-Odo a jihar Ogun ta Najeriya. Babban fasalin waɗannan ƙauyuka shine cewa an kafa su kafin 1500. Hakanan suna da tarihin ƙaura mai alaƙa kuma suna gane Ogunfunminire a matsayin zuriyarsu. The later settlement include Ojo, Itire, Mushin, Iba, Oto-Awori, Ijanikin, Ilogbo Elegba, Ilogbo-Eremi, Iworo, Agbara, Imoore, lsunba, Alapako, Mosabo, Agia, Ibasa, Irede, Ikaare, Iyagbe, Ilashe, Igbologun, Itomaro, Oko-Ata, Ayimorafide, da dai sauransu duk wanda ya kasance bayan 1500 mazauna. Awori wadanda gidan kakanninsu itace Isheri-Olofin a Legas kafin a kai wa Benin hari kamar yadda Olofin Adimula na Orile Isheri ya bayar da goyon bayan wasu kungiyoyin Awori irin su Apa, Ilogbo-Eremi, Ibereko, Oto, Ota, Ado-Odo da Igbesa. . Bayan samun 'yancin kai na siyasa da aka kafa Jihohi ya ga tarwatsewar kabilan da suka watsu a jihohin Ogun da Legas na yanzu. Jihar Legas Ana daukan Awori a matsayin kabila na farko a Legas, duk da cewa sarautar Oba na Legas ta samo asali ne daga Benin. A wata hira da jaridar The Punch, lauyan Najeriya kuma dattijon jihar, Lateef Olufemi Okunnu ya bayyana Awori cewa sune asalin mazauna jihar Legas Ya bayyana cewa sun sauka a Legas kimanin rabin karni da suka wuce, tun kafin harin Bini na Legas. Sola Ebiseni, tsohon kwamishinan muhalli a jihar Ondo kuma haifaffen Awori a fannin shari'a a cikin wata jarida na Vanguard, ya jaddada cewa yankunan Awori na farko a Legas ana gudanar da su ne ta hanyar sarakunan Idejo, waɗanda ke da manufofin da ke tabbatar da mallaka da kuma karuwar filayensu. Tarihi ya bayyana cewa Awori itace kabila na biyu mafi yawan al’umma a Legas, sai mutanen Ilaje . Significant populations were explain to have settled in Apapa, Ajegunle, Makoko, Iwaya, Bariga, Oko Baba, Oto, Ebute-Metta, Oyingbo, Ijora, Igbo Elejo, Ojo, Aloro Island (off the Coast of Kirikiri) Ajah, Badore, Iton Agan, Oworonsoki, Agboyi, Bayeku etc. A cikin shekara ta 2017, Erelu Kuti na Legas, Abiola Dosunmu ya musanta ikirarin cewa Awori su ne ainihin "mazauna" Legas. Ta bayyana Legas a matsayin "sashin Birnin Benin" a farkon al'amari. Ta kuma bayyana cewa bayan hijirar kabilar Awori daga Ife, tun farko suna biyan Oba na Benin kudaden sarauta. Oba na Legas ya musanta matsayinta, wanda tun da farko ya nuna muhimmancin Bini wajen kirkiro Legas amma ya yi ikirarin cewa Benin ba su ne masu Legas ba. Awori sun mamaye kananan hukumomi goma sha shida, daga cikin kananan hukumomi ashirin da ke a Jihar Legas a shekarar 2003, sai dai kawai Epe, Ikorodu da IbejuLekki wadanda ke da karancin mazauna Awori. A waɗannan yankuna, sun haɓaka masarautu da masarautu da yawa. Da yake magana a kan shirin jihar Lagoon, kungiyar jin dadin jama’a ta Awori ta Najeriya (AWAN) ta bayar da shawarar kara yawan kananan hukumomi ga Aworiland, maimakon a samar da karin jahohi domin mayar da ‘yan tsiraru saniyar ware zai zo wasa idan aka yi. Har ila yau, sun gano rashin hankalin ’yan wasan saboda rashin tuntubar juna a matsayin dalilin kin amincewarsu. Apapa, Iganmu, Somolu, Bariga, Akoka, Eti-Okun, Iwerekun, Kosofe, Agboyi, Ketu, Obalende / lkoyi, Iru/ Victoria Island, Eti-Osa East, Eti-Osa West, Eti-Osa Central, Etikun, Ibeshe and An bayyana garuruwan Majidun a matsayin Aworiland a cikin jihar da aka tsara. Jihar Ogun Al’ummar Awori da ke Jihar Ogun suna nan a gundumar Ogun ta Yamma, yankin da ke wakiltar kaso 37 na daukacin yankin da kuma kaso 31% na al’ummar jihar. Lagos (jiha) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

22136

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kare%20Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20na%20Duniya

Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam na Duniya

Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya ( GHRD ) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta kasa da kasa (NGO) da ke Hague, Netherlands. GHRD ya mai da hankali musamman kan ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a duk duniya. GHRD sanya girmamawa a yankunan da jama'a na duniya inda mai tsanani da kuma m keta hakkin dan Adam na kabilanci, da ilimin harsuna da kuma addinin 'yan tsiraru sun sun ci gaba a kan dogon lokaci na lokaci, da kuma inda tsarin taimako da kuma duniya hankalin Gwamnatoci da kuma na kasa da kasa cibiyoyin sun kasa isar . GHRD yana gudanar da aikinsa ta hanyar ginshiƙai guda uku sune kamar haka: Rahoton 'yancin ɗan adam: masu sa ido na cikin gida ne suka yi shi Taimakon jin kai : da nufin wadanda aka ci zarafinsu na take hakkin dan adam Ilimin haƙƙin ɗan adam : a Kudancin Asiya, Netherlands da Turai. 'Yan tsiraru GHRD yana mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi kamar haka: wadanda ke da rinjaye ta fuskar zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa; waɗanda aka hana su samun kariya mai tasiri daga manyan keta doka da ƙeta; waɗanda aka hana samun damar albarkatu kawai saboda asalinsu da imaninsu. Aikin GHRD ya dogara ne da Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin oran Marasa rinjaye a shekarar , sabili da haka tana aiki tare da yare, addini da ƙananan kabilu. "Manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Yarjejeniyar, shi ne karfafawa da karfafa girmamawa ga 'yancin dan adam da kuma' yanci na gari ga kowa, ba tare da banbancin launin fata, jinsi, yare ko addini, cigaba da tabbatar da haƙƙoƙin mutane waɗanda ke cikin nationalan ƙasa ko ƙabilu, addinai da yare, a matsayin wani ɓangare na ci gaban al'umma gaba ɗaya kuma a cikin tsarin dimokiradiyya da ke kan doka, zai taimaka wajen ƙarfafa abota da haɗin kai tsakanin mutane da Jihohi "Babban Taron Majalisar 47/135, 18 ga Disamba n shekara ta 1992. Taimako na Jin kai don Gangamin Nepal Nepal ta yi mamakon ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a cikin daren 31 Maris 2019. Har yanzu ba a bayyana adadin mutanen ba, amma kamfanonin dillancin labarai sun kiyasta cewa akwai aƙalla rayukan 31, da raunuka 400 da kuma gidaje sama da 2,400 da aka lalata. An ba da rahoton cewa kayayyakin agajin ba su isa don biyan bukatun waɗanda bala'in ya shafa ba. Mutane da yawa har yanzu ba su sami abinci ko tanti na tanti ba da za su fake. A dalilin haka ne GHRD ya fara wannan kamfen na neman kudi. GHRD Nepal yana da ƙungiyar likitoci waɗanda ke buƙatar kayan aiki da magunguna don amsa wannan rikicin cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata. Bugu da ƙari, ana buƙatar samar da abinci, tufafi, ruwa mai tsabta da matsuguni da ke da mahimmanci don rayuwa ga yankunan da abin ya shafa. Kamar yadda GHRD Nepal ke aiki a cikin gida, suna iya nuna abin da ake buƙata musamman don taimakawa yadda ya kamata. Ta haka ne za a yi amfani da kuɗin kai tsaye kuma a raba shi zuwa inda aka fi buƙata. GHRD ya sanya manufar € 3000, wanda ya dogara da ƙididdigar yawan kuɗin magungunan asibiti, abinci da tufafin da ake buƙata a yankin da abin ya shafa. Tabbas, yayin da adadin raunin ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa, gwargwadon yadda muke ɗagawa za mu iya kasancewa na taimako. Kuna iya samun shafin tallafi a: https://www.geef.nl/nl/actie/humanitarain-aid-to-nepal/donateurs Hakkokin Mata Maris Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) ya shirya wani taro a ranar 7 ga Maris na shekara ta 2019 don nuna fitinar da ake yi wa tsirarun addinai a Pakistan. 'Yancin Dan Adam na Nirmala GHRD ta taimaka shirya wani shiri a Nepal don kare hakkin mata. Malama Sukomal Bhattarai ta gabatar da jawabi a kan lamarin Nirmala, yarinya ‘yar shekara 13 da aka yi wa fyade da kisan kai. Ta yi amfani da wannan shari'ar ne wajen isar da sako wanda ke nuna yaduwar jinsi da tashe-tashen hankula na addini. A jimla an gabatar da jawabai guda 8 kuma kwamitin mashahurai da baƙi guda 80 sun halarci taron. Sanarwa ta Sanarwa: Ranar Duniya don Kawar da Cin zarafin Mata A ranar 24 ga Nuwamban shekara ta 2018, ƴancin ɗan adam Focus Pakistan (HRFP) tare da haɗin gwiwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya (GHRD) sun shirya wani taron a ranar Mata ta Duniya ta Shekara ta 2018 don Kawar da Tashin Hankalin Mata. Wakilan kungiyoyin farar hula, mata masu fafutuka, ma'aikatan siyasa, masu rajin kare hakkin jama'a, na HRD, lauyoyi, malamai, matasa da dalibai sun halarci kawo karshen take hakkin mata. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kare hakkin Dan-Adam na Duniya GHRD Bangladesh Gangamin: Dakatar da Fyade Gang! Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya Ƴancin ɗan adam Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed translations

40733

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann%20Wolfgang%20von%20Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (28 ga watan Agusta 1749-22 Maris 1832) mawaƙin Jamus ne, kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, masanin kimiyya, ɗan majalisa, darektan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma critic ne. Ayyukansa sun haɗa da wasan kwaikwayo, waƙa, adabi, da sukar ƙayatarwa, da kuma littatafai game da ilimin halitta, jiki, da launi. An yi la'akari da shi a matsayin marubuci mafi girma kuma mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Jamus, aikinsa yana da tasiri mai zurfi da fadi a kan tunanin adabi, siyasa, da falsafar Yammacin Turai tun daga ƙarshen karni na 18 zuwa yau. Goethe ya zauna a Weimar a watan Nuwamba 1775 bayan nasarar littafinsa na farko, The Sorrows of Young Werther . Duke na Saxe-Weimar, Karl Agusta, ya karrama shi a cikin karni na 1782. Goethe ya kasance farkon ɗan takara a cikin motsin adabi na Sturm und Drang. A cikin shekaru goma na farko a Weimar, Goethe ya zama memba na majalisar sirri ta Duke , ya zauna a kan yaki da kwamitocin tituna, ya lura da sake buɗe ma'adinan azurfa a kusa da Ilmenau, kuma ya aiwatar da sauye-sauye na gudanarwa a Jami'ar Jena. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga tsara wurin shakatawa na Botanical na Weimar da sake gina fadarsa ta Ducal. Babban aikin kimiyya na farko na Goethe, Metamorphosis of Plants, an buga shi bayan ya dawo daga yawon shakatawa na 1788 na Italiya. A cikin karni na 1791 ya zama darektan gudanarwa na gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Weimar, kuma a cikin karni na 1794 ya fara abota da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, masanin tarihi, kuma masanin falsafa Friedrich Schiller, wanda ya fara buga wasanninsa har zuwa mutuwar Schiller a 1805. A wannan lokacin Goethe ya buga littafinsa na biyu, Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship; ayar almara Hermann da Dorothea, kuma, a cikin karni na 1808, kashi na farko na wasan kwaikwayo da ya fi shahara, Faust. Tattaunawarsa da ayyuka daban-daban da aka raba a cikin shekarar 1790s tare da Schiller, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, Johann Gottfried Herder, Alexander von Humboldt, Wilhelm von Humboldt, da Agusta da Friedrich Schlegel sun kasance tare da suna Weimar Classicism. Masanin falsafa dan kasar Jamus Arthur Schopenhauer mai suna Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship daya daga cikin manyan litattafai hudu da aka taba rubutawa, yayin da Ba'amurke masanin falsafa kuma marubuci Ralph Waldo Emerson ya zabi Goethe a matsayin daya daga cikin "mazajen wakilai" guda shida a cikin aikinsa na wannan sunan (tare da Plato, Emanuel Swedenborg, Montaigne, Napoleon, da Shakespeare). Bayanin Goethe da abubuwan lura sun kasance tushen ginshiƙan ayyukan tarihi da yawa, musamman Tattaunawar Johann Peter Eckermann tare da Goethe . Mawaƙa da yawa sun tsara waƙarsa zuwa kiɗa ciki har da Mozart, Beethoven, Schubert, Berlioz, Liszt, Wagner, da Mahler. Mahaifin Goethe, Johann Caspar Goethe, ya zauna tare da iyalinsa a cikin wani babban gida (today the Goethe house) a Frankfurt, sannan birni mai 'yanci na Daular Roma Mai Tsarki. Ko da yake ya yi karatun shari'a a Leipzig kuma an nada shi Kansila na Imperial, Johann Caspar Goethe bai shiga cikin harkokin hukuma na birnin ba. Johann Caspar ya auri mahaifiyar Goethe, Catharina Elisabeth Textor, a Frankfurt a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta 1748, lokacin yana 38 kuma tana 17. Duk 'ya'yansu, ban da Johann Wolfgang da 'yar uwarsa Cornelia Friederica Christiana (an haife shi a 1750), sun mutu tun suna kanana. Mahaifinsa da malamai masu zaman kansu sun ba wa matasa Goethe darussa a cikin batutuwa na yau da kullum na lokacinsu, musamman harsuna (Latin, Hellenanci, Ibrananci na Littafi Mai Tsarki (a takaice), Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Ingilishi). Goethe kuma ya sami darussan rawa, hawa, da wasan shinge. Johann Caspar, yana jin takaici a cikin burinsa, ya ƙudurta cewa ya kamata 'ya'yansa su sami duk abubuwan da bai samu ba. Ko da yake Goethe babban sha'awar yana zane, da sauri ya zama mai sha'awar wallafe-wallafe; Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock da Homer suna cikin waɗanda ya fi so. Ya kasance mai sadaukarwa ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ya burge shi da wasan kwaikwayo na tsana da ake shirya kowace shekara. a gidansa; wannan ya zama jigo mai maimaitawa a cikin aikinsa na adabi Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. Ya kuma ji daɗin karanta ayyukan tarihi da addini. Ya rubuta game da wannan lokacin: Goethe kuma ya saba da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo na Frankfurt. A farkon yunƙurin wallafe-wallafen ya nuna sha'awar Gretchen, wanda daga baya zai sake bayyana a cikin <i id="mwmA">Faust ɗinsa</i>, da kuma abubuwan da ya faru tare da wanda zai bayyana a takaice a Dichtung und Wahrheit. Ya ƙaunaci Caritas Meixner , 'yar dillalin Worms mai arziki kuma abokiyar 'yar uwarsa, wanda daga baya zai auri ɗan kasuwa G. F. Schuler. 'Yan falsafan Jamus Articles with hAudio microformats Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

40495

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkar%20Zamantakewa

Harkar Zamantakewa

Harkar zamantakewa wani ƙoƙari ne marar tsari daga babban rukuni na mutane don cimma wata manufa ta musamman ta zamantakewa ko siyasa. Wannan na iya zama don aiwatar da sauyi na zamantakewa, ko don tsayayya ko soke ɗaya. Wani nau'in aikin rukuni ne kuma yana iya haɗawa da daidaikun mutane, ƙungiyoyi ko duka biyun. An bayyana ƙungiyoyin jama'a a matsayin "tsari da dabaru na ƙungiyoyi waɗanda za su iya ƙarfafa al'ummomin da ake zalunta don haɓaka ƙalubale masu inganci da kuma yin tsayayya da masu ƙarfi da masu fa'ida". Suna wakiltar hanyar sauyin zamantakewa daga ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe. Kimiyyar siyasa da ilimin zamantakewa sun haɓaka ra'ayoyi iri-iri da bincike mai zurfi akan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa. Misali, wasu bincike kuma a kimiyyar siyasa sun nuna alakar da ke tsakanin jama'a da kafa sabbin jam'iyyun siyasa da kuma tattauna ayyukan ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa dangane da tsara ajanda da tasiri a kan siyasa. Masana ilimin zamantakewa sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan motsi na zamantakewa da yawa suna nazarin abubuwa kamar iyaka, nau'in canji, hanyar aiki, kewayo, da tsarin lokaci. Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar Yammacin Turai na zamani ya zama mai yiwuwa ta hanyar ilimi (yawan yada wallafe-wallafen) da kuma yawan motsin aiki saboda ci gaban masana'antu da birane na al'ummomin ƙarni na 19. Wani lokaci ana jayayya cewa 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ilimi da 'yancin ɗan adam na tattalin arziƙin da ke yaɗuwa a cikin al'adun Yammacin zamani suna da alhakin adadin da ba a taɓa ganin irinsa ba na ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa daban-daban na wannan zamani. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na shekaru ɗari na ƙarshe sun girma, kamar Mau Mau a Kenya, don adawa da mulkin mallaka na Yamma. Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa sun kasance kuma suna ci gaba da kasancewa tare da tsarin siyasa na dimokuradiyya. Lokaci-lokaci, ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa suna shiga cikin tsarin dimokuradiyya, amma galibi suna samun bunƙasa bayan an sami dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata, sun zama wani ɓangare na shahararriyar furuci da rashin yarda a duniya. Ƙungiyoyin zamani sukan yi amfani da fasaha da intanet don tara mutane a duniya. Daidaita yanayin sadarwa jigo ne na gama gari tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu nasara. Bincike ya fara gano yadda ƙungiyoyin bayar da shawarwari ke da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin jama'a a cikin Amurka da Kanada suna amfani da kafofin watsa labarun don sauƙaƙe haɗin gwiwar jama'a da ayyukan gama kai. Mario Diani yayi jayayya cewa kusan dukkanin ma'anoni suna raba ma'auni guda uku: "Cibiyar sadarwa ta mu'amala ta yau da kullun tsakanin yawancin mutane, rukuni da/ko kungiyoyi, masu tsunduma cikin rikicin siyasa ko al'adu, bisa tushen asalin gama gari" Masanin ilimin zamantakewa Charles Tilly ya bayyana harkar zamantakewa a matsayin jerin wasan kwaikwayo, nuni da yaƙin neman zaɓe wanda talakawa ke yin iƙirari ga wasu. Ga Tilly, ƙungiyoyin jama'a babbar hanya ce ta shigar talakawa cikin harkokin siyasar jama'a. Ya yi nuni da cewa akwai manyan abubuwa guda uku a cikin harkar zamantakewa: Yaƙin neman zaɓe: ci gaba mai dorewa, ƙoƙarin jama'a yana yin iƙirarin gamayya na hukumomin da aka yi niyya; Repertoire (repertoire na jayayya): aikin haɗe-haɗe daga cikin nau'ikan ayyukan siyasa masu zuwa: ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na musamman, tarurrukan jama'a, jerin gwano, fage, tarurruka, zanga-zangar, korafe-korafe, sanarwa zuwa ga kuma a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a, da buga littattafai; kuma WUNC tana nuni : haɗe-haɗen wakilcin jama'a na mahalarta taron na w orthiness, u nity, n umbers, da nasu da kuma/ko mazaɓansu. Sidney Tarrow ya bayyana harkar na zamantakewa a matsayin "kalubalen gama gari [ga manyan mutane, hukumomi, wasu kungiyoyi ko ka'idojin al'adu] ta mutanen da ke da manufa guda da hadin kai a ci gaba da mu'amala da manyan mutane, abokan adawa da hukumomi." Ya bambanta ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyin siyasa da masu fafutuka. Masana ilimin zamantakewa John McCarthy da Mayer Zald sun bayyana a matsayin harkar na zamantakewa a matsayin "tsarin ra'ayi da imani a cikin yawan jama'a wanda ke wakiltar abubuwan da ake so don canza wasu abubuwa na tsarin zamantakewa da/ko rarraba lada na al'umma." A cewar Paul van Seeters da Paul James, ma'anar harkar zamantakewa ya ƙunshi wasu ƙananan yanayi na 'haɗuwa': Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

48227

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20%C6%98asa%20na%20Guinea-Bissau

Yanayin Ƙasa na Guinea-Bissau

Yanayin ƙasa na Guinea-Bissau shi ne na ƙananan filayen bakin teku da ke iyaka da Tekun Atlantika. Ƙasar ta yi iyaka da Senegal a arewa da kuma Guinea a kudu maso gabas. Ƙasa da muhalli Ƙasar Guinea-Bissau galibi ƙananan filayen bakin teku ne tare da fadama na mangroves na Guinea da ke tasowa zuwa gandun daji na Guinea-Savanna a gabas. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan na duniya mai nisa ya nuna cewa akwai 1,203km² na gidajen ruwa a Guinea-Bissau, wanda hakan ya sa ta zama kasa ta 28 a matsayin ƙasa ta 28 a fannin tudun ruwa. Mafi ƙasƙanci a kan Guinea-Bissau shi ne a matakin teku a Tekun Atlantika. Matsayi mafi girma a Guinea-Bissau shi ne Monte Torin tare da tsayin . Albarkatun ƙasa da aka samu a Guinea-Bissau sun haɗa da kifi, katako, phosphates, bauxite, yumɓu, granite, farar ƙasa da ma'adinan man fetur da ba a yi amfani da su ba. Kashi 10.67% na ƙasar ana noma ne kuma ana ban ruwa murabba'in kilomita 235.6. Haɗarin yanayi sun haɗa da hazo mai zafi, bushi, ƙura mai ƙura wanda zai iya rage gani a lokacin rani da goga. Matsalolin muhalli masu tsanani sun haɗa da sare bishiyoyi ; zaizayar ƙasa ; wuce gona da iri da kifaye . Kusa da kan iyakar Senegal an yi abubuwan gani na tarihi na karen farauta fentin, Lycaon pictus, amma ana iya kawar da wannan karen da ke cikin hatsari a wannan yanki. Yanayin Guinea-Bissau yana da zafi . Wannan yana nufin gabaɗaya yana da zafi da ɗanɗano. Yana da lokacin damina irin na damina (watan Yuni zuwa watan Nuwamba) tare da iskar kudu maso yamma da lokacin rani (watan Dismba zuwa watan Mayu) tare da iskar harmattan arewa maso gabas. Guinea-Bissau tana da ɗumi duk shekara kuma akwai ɗan canjin yanayin zafi; ya canza zuwa . Matsakaicin ruwan sama na babban birnin Bissau shi ne kodayake kusan ana lissafin wannan gabaɗaya a lokacin damina da ke faɗo tsakanin watan Yuni zuwa watan Satumba/Oktoba. Daga watan Disamba zuwa watan Afrilu, ana samun ruwan sama kaɗan a ƙasar. Tsibirin Bissagos Bayani daga CIA World Factbook Yammacin Afirka, iyaka da Arewacin Tekun Atlantika, tsakanin Guinea da Senegal Gudanarwar yanki Bayanan taswira Jimlar: 36,125 km2 Ƙasa: 28,120 km2 Ruwa: 8,005 km2 Yanki — kwatanci Kadan ƙasa da ninki uku girman Connecticut Iyakokin ƙasa Jimlar 762 km Kasashen iyaka Guinea 421 km, Senegal 341 km Layin bakin teku 350 km Da'awar Maritime Yankin teku Yankin tattalin arziki na musamman Galibi ƙananan filayen bakin teku yana tashi zuwa savanna a gabas Matsakaicin tsayi Mafi ƙasƙanci: Tekun Atlantika 0 m Matsayi mafi girma: Wurin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a kusurwar arewa maso gabashin ƙasar 300 m albarkatun kasa Kifi, katako, phosphates, bauxite, ma'adinan man fetur da ba a yi amfani da su ba Amfanin ƙasa Ƙasar Larabawa: 10.67% amfanin gona na dindindin: 8.89% Sauran: 80.44% (2012 est. ) Ƙasar ban ruwa 223.6 km2 Jimlar albarkatun ruwa masu sabuntawa Janye ruwan ruwa (na gida/masana'antu/noma) Jimlar: 0.18 km 3 / shekara Kowane mutum: 135.7 m 3 / shekara Hatsari na halitta Zafi, bushe, ƙurar harmattan hazo na iya rage gani a lokacin rani; goga gobara Muhalli — al'amurran yau da kullum sare itatuwa ; zaizayar kasa ; wuce gona da iri ; wuce gona da iri Muhalli - yarjejeniyoyin duniya Jam'iyya zuwa: Rarraba Rarraba, Canjin Yanayi, Hamada, Nau'in Halitta, Sharar gida masu haɗari, Dokar Teku, Kariyar Layer Ozone, Dausayi An sanya hannu, amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba: Babu ɗayan yarjejeniyar da aka zaɓa Matsanancin maki Wannan jerin matsananciyar wurare ne na Guinea-Bissau, wuraren da ke da nisa a arewa, kudu, gabas ko yamma fiye da kowane wuri. Yankin Arewa - sashin arewa na kan iyaka da Senegal * Gabashin gabas – wurin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a kan iyakar kasar da Guinea nan da nan kudu maso yammacin kauyen Guinea na Sofan, yankin Gabú. Matsakaicin kudu - filin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba akan Ilha Cataque, Yankin Tomali Yankin Yamma - Cape Roxo a wurin da iyakar da Senegal ta shiga Tekun Atlantika, Yankin Cacheu * Lura: Guinea-Bissau ba ta da wurin arewa, iyakar a nan ana yin ta ne ta hanyar layi madaidaiciya Duba kuma Bayanan kula C. Michael Hogan. 2009. Karen Farauta Fentin: Lycaon pictus, GlobalTwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Amurka.

50558

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annoba%20a%20Najeriya

Annoba a Najeriya

Bala'o'i na halitta a Najeriya galibi suna da alaƙa da yanayin Najeriya, wanda aka ruwaito ya haifar da asarar rayuka da dukiya. Wata bala'i ta halitta na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, da ƙwayoyin cuta, a tsakanin sauran. Don a rarraba shi a matsayin bala'i, ana buƙatar samun tasirin muhalli mai zurfi ko asarar ɗan adam kuma dole ne ya haifar da asusun kuɗi. Wannan abin da ya faru ya zama batun damuwa, yana barazana ga yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a wurare daban-daban a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Najeriya ta gamu da nau'o'in bala'i da yawa, wadanda suka hada da ambaliyar ruwa, rushewar ƙasa, raƙuman ruwa masu yawa. Ana iya cewa yanayin da ke ƙarƙashin kariya da fadada ƙasar ya ba da gudummawa ga sa mutane su kasance masu saukin kamuwa da waɗannan bala'o'i. Sauran haɗari sun haɗa da guguwar ƙura ta arewa, wanda yawanci daga jihohin arewa zuwa kudu; yana haifar da lalacewa ta hanyar manyan ajiyar ƙurar da datti daga waɗannan yankuna. Hail wani dalili ne, wanda ba ya faruwa a wasu sassan Najeriya, yana haifar da lalacewar amfanin gona da dukiya. An yi amfani da fari na 1972 da 1973 ga mutuwar kashi 13% na dabbobi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya da kuma asarar amfanin gona na shekara-shekara sama da 50%. Yanayin ruwan sama tsakanin 1960 da 1990 a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya ya ragu da kusan 8 mm / shekara. Rashin fari na baya-bayan nan a Najeriya ya kasance tsakanin 1991 da 1995. Ruwan sama a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya tsakanin lokacin 1994 zuwa 2004 ya nuna cewa jimlar ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 500 zuwa sama da 1000 mm. Matsalar fari tana hanzarta hamada: 63.83% na jimlar ƙasar tana da alaƙa da hamadar. Ambaliyar ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa a sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ta haifar da mummunar lalacewar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki, rauni da asarar rayuka. Wasu daga cikin mummunan sakamakon ambaliyar sun hada da asarar rayuwar mutum, lalacewar dukiya, tsarin sufuri na jama'a, samar da wutar lantarki, amfanin gona, da dabbobi. A watan Agusta, ambaliyar ruwa ta faru a jihar Adamawa, ta shafi al'ummomi 79 a yankuna 16 na kananan hukumomi. Rahotanni sun ce mutane bakwai sun rasa rayukansu kuma kimanin mutane 74,713 da suka rasa muhallinsu sun zama marasa gida; Duk da yake an lalata gonaki 150 da kimanin gidaje 66 a cewar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Jihar Adamawa (ADSEMA). A cikin 2020, mutane 68 sun mutu kuma mutane 129,000 sun rasa muhallinsu saboda ambaliyar ruwa ta 2020. Wannan ya faru ne a cewar Darakta Janar na NEMA, Muhammadu Muhammed. Ambaliyar ruwa ta Jihar Benue ta 2017 ta faru ne a watan Satumbar 2017 a tsakiyar Najeriya. Makonni na ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zubar da ruwa da kogin da ke gudana a Jihar Benue. Ya kori mutane 100,000, kuma ya lalata gidaje kusan 2,000. Kimanin mazauna 1000 na Legas da jihohin Ogun na Najeriya sun yi gudun hijira saboda ambaliyar da ke da alaƙa da ruwan sama mai yawa, wanda ya kara tsanantawa ta hanyar sakin ruwa daga madatsar ruwan Oyan zuwa Kogin Ogun Kimanin 'yan Najeriya 250,000 ne ambaliyar ta shafa a shekarar 2016, yayin da 92,000 suka shafa da ita a shekara ta 2017 A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, an yi ruwan sama mai yawa a Oke-Ako a yankin karamar hukumar Ikole na Jihar Ekiti. Yanayin ya dauki sama da sa'o'i biyu kuma ya lalata kimanin gidaje 105. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya lalata wasu kayan aikin lantarki a duk faɗin garin, wanda ya sanya mazauna cikin cikakken duhu. Gwamnan Jihar Ekiti, Mista Biodun Oyebanji, ta hanyar mataimakinsa Mrs. Monisade Afuye, ya bayyana abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin masu lalacewa kuma ya tabbatar wa wadanda abin ya shafa cewa gwamnati za ta ba da duk wani tallafi da ake bukata don rage duk abin da wannan yanayin ya haifar musu. Gudanarwar gaggawa Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) Hukumar Taimako ta Gaggawa ta Kasa (NERA) an kirkireshi ne ta hanyar Dokar 48 ta 1976 don mayar da martani ga ambaliyar ruwa mai lalacewa tsakanin 1972 da 1973. NERA wata hukumar kula da bala'i ce bayan da take mai da hankali kan daidaitawa da rarraba kayan agaji ga wadanda ke fama da masifu. Hukumar Kular Gaggawa ta Kasa (NEMA) Tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya(NDMF) An kirkiro tsarin Gudanar da Bala'i na Kasa na Najeriya (NDMF) a cikin 2010 don aiki a matsayin kayan aiki na shari'a don jagorantar sa hannun masu ruwa da tsaki tare da girmamawa gudanar da bala'o'in a Najeriya. An kirkireshi ne don inganta ingantaccen gudanar da bala'i tsakanin Gwamnatocin Tarayya, Jiha da Kananan Hukumomi, Kungiyoyin Jama'a da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. NDMF tana da wuraren mayar da hankali 7 da ka'idojin isasshen, wato: Ikon Cibiyar Haɗin kai Binciken Hadarin Bala'i Rage Hadarin Bala'i Rigakafin Bala'i, Shirye-shiryen da Ragewa Amsawar Bala'i Farfado da Bala'i Masu ba da gudummawa da Masu Ba da Gudanarwa Duba kuma fari na Sahel na 2012 Canjin yanayi a Najeriya Batutuwan muhalli a cikin Delta na Nijar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

21693

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenville%2C

Greenville,

Greenville Gunduma ce. Daga Cherokee Land zuwa Gundumar GreenvilleFalls Park da McBee's Mill a cikin 1844. Ofasar Greenville ta yau ta kasance filin farauta na Cherokee, wanda aka haramta wa masu mulkin mallaka. Wani hamshakin mai kudi daga Virginia mai suna Richard Pearis ya isa South Carolina a wajajen 1754 kuma ya kulla dangantaka da Cherokee. Pearis yana da ɗa tare da matar Cherokee kuma ya karɓi eka dubu 100 (ar 40,000) daga Cherokee a kusa da 1770. Pearis ya kafa shuka a kan Kogin Reedy da ake kira Great Plains a cikin garin Greenville na yanzu. Juyin Juya Halin Amurka ya raba ƙasar Kudancin Carolina tsakanin Masu biyayya da Patan ƙasa. Pearis ya goyi bayan yalan Aminci kuma tare da ƙawayensu, Cherokee. Bayan Cherokee ya kai hari ga Patriots, Patriots sun rama ta hanyar kona gonar Pearis kuma suka kulle shi a Charleston. Pearis bai sake komawa gonarsa ba amma an kira sunan tsaunin Paris da shi.Yarjejeniyar Kusurwa ta Dewitt a cikin 1777 ta ba da kusan duk ƙasar Cherokee, gami da Greenville ta yau, zuwa South Carolina. An kirkiro gundumar Greenville ne a shekarar 1786. Wasu kafofin sun bayyana cewa an sanya mata sunan ne saboda kamanninta, yayin da wasu kuma suka ce an sanya wa yankin sunan Janar Nathanael Greene ne don girmama aikinsa a yakin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka. Lemuel J. Alston ya zo Gundumar Greenville a cikin 1788 kuma ya sayi kadada 400 (160 ha) da wani yanki na tsohuwar shukar Pearis. A cikin 1797 Alston yayi amfani da mallakar ƙasarsa don kafa ƙauye mai suna Pleasantburg inda ya kuma gina katafaren gida. A 1816, Vardry McBee ya sayi ƙasar Alston, wanda kuma ya bayar da hayar gidan Alston din don hutun bazara, kafin ya gina gidan daga 1835 har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1864. An ɗauka shi ne mahaifin Greenville, McBee ya ba da gudummawar ƙasa don gine-gine da yawa kamar su coci-coci, makarantu, da kuma injin auduga. McBee ne ya dauki nauyin Jami'ar Furman wanda ya taimaka aka kawo jami'ar zuwa Greenville daga Winnsboro, South Carolina a 1851. A 1853 McBee da sauran shugabannin Greenville County sun ba da gudummawar sabuwar hanyar jirgin kasa da ake kira Greenville da Columbia Railroad. Greenville ya bunkasa zuwa kusan 1,000 a cikin 1850s saboda haɓakar gudummawar McBee da kuma jan hankalin garin a matsayin wurin hutu na baƙi. A 1831 Pleasantburg aka sanya shi a matsayin Greenville.Terarshen karni na 19: Greenville da Railway na Arewa a cikin 1890s wanda aka canza shi zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail a cikin 2010. A watan Disamba 1860 Greenville ya goyi bayan babban taro don mahawara kan batun ballewa daga Kudancin Carolina. Yankin Greenville ya tura James Furman, William K. Easley, Perry E. Duncan, William H. Campbell, da James P. Harrison a matsayin wakilan taron. A ranar 20 ga Disamba, 1860, babban taron jihar South Carolina, tare da wakilan Greenville, suka kada kuri’ar ballewa daga Tarayyar. Greenungiyar Greenville ta ba da sojoji sama da 2,000 ga Statesungiyar edeasashe. Garin ya ba da abinci, tufafi, da bindigogi ga edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi. Greenville bai ga wani aiki ba daga yaƙin har zuwa 1865 lokacin da sojojin Union suka zo ta cikin garin suna neman Shugaba Jefferson Davis na edeungiyoyin edeungiyoyi waɗanda suka gudu kudu daga Richmond, Virginia. A watan Yunin 1865 Andrew Johnson ya nada ɗan asalin County Benjaminville Benjamin Franklin Perry a matsayin Gwamnan South Carolina. [A watan Fabrairu 1869, Babban taron Majalisar S. C. wanda ya kafa Greenville, garin, birni ne ya gyara kundin tsarin mulkin garin Greenville. Gine-gine ya bunƙasa a cikin 1870s kamar kafa gada a kan Kogin Reedy, sabbin masarufi a kan kogin da sabbin hanyoyin jirgin ƙasa. An kafa Greenville News ne a cikin 1874 a matsayin jaridar farko ta Greenville ta yau da kullun. Southern Bell sun saka layukan tarho na farko a cikin garin. Mafi mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa da suka zo garin sune masana'antar auduga. Manyan sanannun kasuwancin auduga sun yi aiki kusa da Greenville wanda ya mai da shi garin niƙan garin auduga. Zuwa shekarar 1915 Greenville ya zama sananne da "Cibiyar Masakar ta Kudu. Daga shekarar 1915 zuwa 2004, garin ya karbi bakuncin wani muhimmin bikin baje kolin kayayyakin masaku, watau Bayyanar Kudancin Kudu.20th karn: Babban titin kusa da 1910 A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Greenville ta kasance cibiyar sansanin horar da sojoji. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya an faɗaɗa ayyukan kasuwanci tare da sabbin gidajen silima da kuma manyan shaguna. An rusa Gidan ansionasa kuma an maye gurbinsa da Poinsett Hotel a 1925. Babban Tsananin Cutar ya cutar da tattalin arzikin Greenville wanda ya tilasta masana'antar barin ma'aikata. Jami’ar Furman da Kwalejin Mata ta Greenville suma sun yi gwagwarmaya cikin durkushewar tattalin arziki wanda hakan ya tilasta musu hadewa a shekarar 1933. Yajin aikin Ma’aikatan yadika a shekarar 1934 ya haifar da irin wannan hayaniya a cikin gari da biranen da ke kusa da masu nika wanda ya zama dole ne Sojojin Kasa su shawo kan hargitsin. Sabuwar Yarjejeniya ta kafa Filin wasa na Sirrine da sabon Makarantar Highville High School. An kafa sansanin sojin sama na Greenville Army a 1942 a lokacin yakin duniya na II wanda ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban Greenville. Greenville Main Post Office A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1947, wasu gungun galibin direbobin motocin tasi suka dauke shi, wani bakar fata da ake zargi da dabawa wani direban tasi wuka, daga dakin da yake kurkuku kuma suka kashe shi. An fara shari’ar maza farare talatin da daya a kan laifin; yawancin wadanda ake tuhumar sun sanya hannu kan ikirari, da yawa daga cikinsu sun sanya sunan Roosevelt Carlos Hurd a matsayin shugaban masu zanga-zangar da kuma mutumin da ya kashe Earle da bindiga. Ranar 21 ga Mayu, 1947, masu yanke hukunci na wasu fararen fata 12 sun yanke hukuncin rashin laifi ga kowane mai kare su. Bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II tattalin arzikin Greenville ya haɓaka tare da kafa sabbin shaguna a cikin gari da faɗaɗa iyakokin birni. Jami'ar Furman ta ninka yawan dalibanta kuma ta koma sabon wuri. An kafa manyan makarantu kamar su Jami'ar Bob Jones a 1947 da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a 1962 a Greenville. An kafa Filin Jirgin Sama na Greenville – Spartanburg a Greer na kusa a cikin 1962. Tattalin arzikin Greenville a ƙarshe ya ɓace a cikin 1970s yana barin fanko a cikin garin Greenville saboda jirgin da yawa yan kasuwa suka yi. Magajin gari Max Heller sannan ya sake farfado da cikin garin Greenville tare da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Greenville County da Hughes Main Library. Daga nan aka sauya Babban titin zuwa hanyar layi biyu wacce aka yi layi da bishiyoyi da titunan titi. Tare da tallafin tarayya na 1978, an gina cibiyar taro da otal, wanda ya kawo kasuwancin yankin. Labarin kasaLabarin kasa Greenville: tana a 34 ° 50'40 ″ N 82 ° 23′8 ″ W , daidai yake tsakanin Atlanta (mil mil 145 (nisan 233 kudu maso yamma), da Charlotte, North Carolina (mil mil 100) [Kilomita 160] arewa maso gabas). Columbia, babban birnin jihar, tana da nisan mil 100 (kilomita 160) zuwa kudu maso gabas.Cikin gari Greenville daga iska Greenville tana cikin tsaunukan tsaunukan Blue Ridge, wani yanki ne na yanayin tsaunukan tsaunukan Appalachian, kuma ya haɗa da ƙananan tsaunuka da yawa. Mountain tsaunin Sassafras, wuri mafi girma a Kudancin Carolina, yana arewacin Pickens County, ƙasa da mil 40 (kilomita 64) arewa maso yamma na Greenville. Yawancin gidajen telebijin da hasumiyar gidan rediyo suna kan Dutsen Paris, na biyu mafi shahara a wurin, mil 8 (kilomita 13) arewa da garin Greenville. Bisa ga Cidayar Ofishin ensusidaya na Amurka, Greenville tana da jimillar yanki na murabba'in mil 28.8 (74.6 km2), wanda a cikin murabba'in kilomita 28.7 (74.3 km2) ƙasa ce kuma murabba'in mil 0.2 (0.4 km2), ko 0.51%, ruwa ne. 23] Kogin Reedy, wani yanki ne na Kogin Saluda, yana ratsa tsakiyar garin. Greenville yana cikin Yankin Laifi na Brevard kuma yana da ƙananan girgizar ƙasa lokaci-lokaci. Greenville, kamar yawancin yankin Piedmont na kudu maso gabashin Amurka, yana da yanayin yanayin ruwa mai zafi (Köppen Cfa), tare da yanayi guda huɗu; garin na cikin USDA Hardiness zone 7b / 8a. Winters gajere ne kuma gabaɗaya yana da sanyi, tare da matsakaiciyar watan Janairu kowace rana na 42.2 ° F (5.7 ° C). A matsakaici, akwai dare 59 a kowace shekara waɗanda ke sauka zuwa ƙasa ko kuma daskarewa, kuma kwana 1.3 ne kawai waɗanda suka kasa tashi sama da daskarewa. Afrilu shine watanni mafi bushewa, tare da matsakaita na inci 3.36 (mm 85) na hazo. Yanayin bazara suna da zafi da zafi, tare da matsakaicin matsakaicin rana a watan Yuli na 79.9 ° F (26.6 ° C). Akwai matsakaita kwanaki 43 a kowace shekara tare da tsawo ko sama da 90 ° F (32 ° C). Rikodin rikodin hukuma ya fara daga 107 ° F (42 ° C) a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012, zuwa -6 ° F (-21 ° C) a Janairu 30, 1966; Matsakaicin rikodin sanyi a kowace rana shine 19 ° F (-7 ° C) a ranar 31 ga Disamba, 1917, yayin da, akasin haka, mafi ƙarancin rikodin rikodin yau da kullun shine 80 ° F (27 ° C) a ranar 12 ga Yuli, 1937, na ƙarshe na lokuta uku Matsakaicin taga don yanayin sanyi shine 4 ga Nuwamba zuwa 1 ga Afrilu, yana ba da damar girma na kwanaki 217. Kusan yawan ruwan sama ba kasafai yake faruwa ba a lokacin kaka fiye da lokacin bazara kuma, a matsakaici, Greenville yana karbar inci 47.2 (1,200 mm) na hazo a kowace shekara, wanda ake rarraba shi daidai a cikin shekara, kodayake rani yana da ɗan kaɗan; yanayin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara ya kasance daga 31.08 a cikin (789 mm) a 2007 zuwa 72.53 a (1,842 mm) a cikin 1908. Bugu da kari, akwai matsakaicin inci 4.7 (11.9 cm) na dusar ƙanƙara, wanda ke faruwa galibi daga Janairu zuwa Maris, tare da ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara da ke faruwa a Nuwamba ko Afrilu. Frequentarin ruwan guguwa da kankara mai hade da ruwan sama suna faruwa a yankin Greenville; saukar dusar kankara ta wani yanayi a tarihi ya kasance daga adadin da aka gano a kwanan nan kamar yadda 2011-12 zuwa 21.4 a cikin (54 cm) a cikin 1935-36. Waɗannan guguwar na iya yin babban tasiri a yankin, saboda galibi suna jan ƙafafun bishiya a kan layukan wutar kuma suna sa tuki cikin haɗari. Doka da gwamnati Hallin garin Greenville Garin Greenville ya karɓi tsarin Majalissar-Manajan gwamnatin birni a shekarar 1976. Majalisar ta Greenville City ta ƙunshi magajin gari da mambobin majalisar shida. Magajin gari da membobin majalissar biyu an zaba su baki daya yayin da aka zabi sauran mambobin majalisar daga gundumomi masu mambobi daya. Kotun Karamar Hukumar ta Greenville tana kula da take hakki na laifi, keta haddi, da kuma keta dokar gari. Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, magajin garin shine Knox H. White, wanda yake wannan matsayin tun watan Disambar 1995. An kafa Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville a 1845 a matsayin thean sanda na Greenville. A shekara ta 1876 Policean Sanda na Greenville sun zama Ma'aikatar 'Yan Sanda ta Greenville. A cikin 1976 Ofishin 'yan sanda na Greenville ya koma cikin Cibiyar Kula da Dokoki ta Greenville County tare da Ma'aikatar Sheriff ta Greenville County. Ofishin ‘yan sanda na Greenville yana yiwa Greenville hidima tare da ma’aikata kusan 241 tare da jami’ai da aka rantsar da su 199.Gundumomi 22-25 na Majalisar Wakilai ta Kudu ta Kudu suna ɗaukar sassan Greenville, kamar yadda gundumomin majalisar dattijai na jihar ke yi 6-8. Garin yana cikin gundumar majalisa ta 4 ta Kudu ta Carolina, wanda William Timmons ya wakilta tun daga 2019. Jan hankali A matsayin gari mafi girma a cikin Upstate, Greenville yana ba da ayyuka da yawa da jan hankali. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Greenville da wuraren taron a kai a kai suna karɓar manyan kide kide da rangadi da kamfanonin wasan kwaikwayo. Gidaje huɗu masu zaman kansu suna gabatar da wasannin kwaikwayo da yawa a shekara.Wuraren taron Wuraren taro Bon Secours Wellness Arena Bon Secours Wellness Arena, gidan Greenville Swamp Zomaye na ECHL, filin wasa ne mai kujeru 16,000 a cikin garin Greenville wanda aka buɗe a 1998 a matsayin Bi-Lo Center. Peace Center, cibiyar wasan kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya haɗa da zauren kade kade tare da kujeru 2,100 da wurin zama na wasan kwaikwayo 400. Timmons Arena, wurin zama mai yawan kujeru 5,000 a harabar Jami'ar Furman. Filin Fluor a Yammacin ,arshe, gidan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa ta Greenville Drive, Classungiyar Class-A reshen Boston Red Sox. Filin wasan an tsara shi don ya maimaita abubuwa da yawa na Fenway Park, gidan gidan kula da iyaye, gami da wakilcin Fenway's Green Monster wanda ke tsaye ƙafa 30 (tsayin mita 9.1) a filin hagu. Cibiyar Taron TD, babban taro mai fadin murabba'in kafa 280,000 (26,000 m2) da kuma wurin taro wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1964 a matsayin sabon jerin jerin Majami'un Yadi, asalinsu sun fara ne a shekarar 1915 a matsayin Kudancin Yankunan Kudancin. Gidan Kofi na Karkashin Kasa (wanda aka kafa a 1995 gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai kujeru 75 wanda ke dauke da nishadi kai tsaye gami da Alchemy Improv Comedy, Wits End Poetry Abubuwan da suka faru a daren Lahadi (tun daga 2002), live music, tsayuwa mai tsayi, da kuma abubuwan da suka faru a littafin. Greenville Zoo Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi Falls Park a kan Reedi Mills Mill ya canza zuwa manyan gidajen haya Falls Park a kan Reedy, wani babban yankin shakatawa a West End tare da lambuna da ruwa da yawa, tare da samun damar zuwa Swamp Rabbit Trail. An keɓe shi a 2004, wurin shakatawa na dala miliyan 15.0 gida ne ga Liberty Bridge, gadar dakatar da masu tafiya a ƙafa suna kallon Kogin Reedy. Ci gaban dajin ya haifar da ci gaban $ 75 miliyan na jama'a-masu zaman kansu, Riverplace, kai tsaye ta hanyar Main Street. An kira Falls Park wurin haifuwar Greenville, amma a tsakiyar karni na 20 yankin ya kasance cikin mummunan rauni, kuma an gina Gadar Camperdown a duk faɗin Falls, yana hana gani. A tsakiyar 1980s, Birnin ya amince da wani babban shiri na wurin shakatawar, wanda ya kai ga cire Gadar Camperdown da kuma samar da hanyar yin gyare-gyare da yawa, don haɗa da kadada 20 (81,000 m2) na lambuna da kuma Liberty Bridge. Duk da yake an gina gadoji tare da tsarin tsari iri ɗaya a Turai, Liberty Bridge babu irinta a cikin yanayin yanayin sa. Gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County na Kwarewa akan fasahar Amurka, akai-akai tare da hangen nesa na Kudancin da ya samo asali tun ƙarni na 18. Andrew Wyeth da Jasper Johns ne suka lura dashi saboda tarin kayan aikinsa, da kuma tarin zamani wanda yake dauke da manyan mutane kamar Andy Warhol, Georgia O'Keeffe, da sauransu. Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Roper Mountain tana gida ne mai dauke da madubin hangen nesa na 23, wanda shi ne na takwas mafi girma a cikin Amurka. An kafa gidan shakatawa na Greenville a shekara ta 1960 kuma yana cikin Cleveland Park. Bukukuwa A Euphoria Greenville ita ce taron abinci na shekara-shekara na tsakiyar watan Satumba wanda ake gudanarwa a Wyche Pavilion a Larkin's a kan Kogin, Art a cikin Park, da kuma Peace Center for the Performing Arts; abinci, ruwan inabi, da kuma bikin kiɗa a cikin 2019 sun haɗa da ɓangaren ilimi da kuma cin abincin dare ta hanyar manyan masu dafa abinci na Michelin. Faduwa ga Greenville waƙa ce ta kwanaki uku da kuma titin abinci a kowace kaka. Bikin na 2019 ya kasance na 37, tare da ɗaruruwan kayan abinci da kuma gomomin masu fasahar kiɗa a matakai shida. Artisphere wani bikin fasaha ne na kwanaki uku da ake gudanarwa a kowace bazara. Bikin na 2019 ya nuna mawaƙa Sabuwar girmamawa da Jill Andrews da sama da masu zane-zane na gani ɗari da masu yin titi.IMAGINE Upstate biki ne na ƙarshen mako da kuma nuna STEM, na 'yan kasuwa, masu kirkira, da kuma sabbin abubuwa a cikin Upstate da ake gudanarwa kowace bazara. Bikin na inganta ilmantarwa a matsayin abin nishadi, ta hanyar ayyukan hannu da dama, nunin mu'amala, da gogewa.SC Comicon taro ne na kwanaki biyu da ake yi duk shekara. Taron ya jawo dubban mahalarta, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suna sanye da kayan kwalliya. Indie Craft Parade wani biki ne na kere kere da ake yi kowane Satumba.2019 ta dauki nauyin taron shekara-shekara na 10, wanda ke da masu zane-zane sama da 100, kayan abinci na cikin gida, da rumfar daukar hoto kyauta. Bikin Shakespeare na Upstate yana yin Shakespeare da sauran wasannin gargajiya kowane bazara a Falls Park. An gudanar da bikin ne karo na 25 a shekarar 2019 kuma ya fito da The Tempest, wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Warehouse ya yi. Bikin Girka shine biki na kwana uku wanda Cocin Orthodox na Girka ke daukar nauyin shi a cikin garin Greenville don murnar al'adun Girka. Bikin shekara ta 33 na shekara ta 2019 na rawa, kiɗa, da abinci sun haɗa da yawon shakatawa na St. George Greek Orthodox Cathedral. Sabuwar Taron Wasannin Kudancin Kwana ne na kwanaki goma masu ban dariya da ke nuna rashin kyautatawa, tsayawa-tsaye, zane-zane, da kuma kade kade daga ko'ina cikin kasar. Bikin na 5 na shekara ta 2018 ya kunshi sama da ‘yan wasan barkwanci 300. Greenville Open Studios, da aka kafa a 2002, bikin shekara uku ne na shekara-shekara inda masu zane-zane na cikin gida 158 ke buɗe gidajen su ga jama'a. Bikin 2019 ya kasance na 18, tare da halarta-saitin halarta. Ilimi Greenville County Hughes Babban Laburaren Makarantun gwamnati Gundumar Makarantar County ta Greenville ita ce gundumar makaranta mafi girma a cikin jihar ta South Carolina kuma ita ce ta tara a gundumar ta 49 mafi girma a Amurka, tare da manyan makarantu 14, da makarantun tsakiya 18, da kuma makarantun firamare 50 a cikin gundumar. Tare da kasafin kuɗin 2012 na dala miliyan 426, gundumar tana amfani da malamai 5,200, 63.1% daga cikinsu suna riƙe da digiri na biyu ko mafi girma. Baya ga makarantun gargajiya na gargajiya, yankin cikin gari na Greenville gida ne ga Makarantar Kwalejin Gwamnan Kudancin Carolina don Arts & Humanities, makarantar kwana don matasa masu fasaha. Makarantu masu zaman kansu Baya ga makarantun gwamnati, Greenville County tana da makarantu masu zaman kansu da na addini, gami da Makarantar Katolika ta St Mary (wanda aka kafa a 1900), Makarantar Camperdown (ga ɗalibai masu fama da matsalar karatu), Hidden Treasure Christian School (wata makaranta ce ta ɗalibai tare da nakasa jiki da / ko na hankali), Makarantar Episcopal Christ Church (makarantar koyon karatun Episcopalian mai kwaleji tare da wata makarantar Ba'amurke a waje da Jamus da Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Bavaria ta ba da shaida), Makarantar Kirista ta Dajin Shannon (makarantar kirista ta bishara), Makarantar Katolika ta Saint Joseph, Uwargidanmu ta Rosary Katolika School, St. Anthony's Catholic School, Southside Christian School (wanda aka kafa a 1967 ta Southside Baptist Church), Hampton Park Christian School, da Bob Jones Academy da Elementary School da Greenville Classical Academy (makarantar kirista ta gargajiya wacce aka kafa a 2004) Kolejoji da jami’o iJames B. Duke Library a Jami'ar Furman Greenville tana da kwalejoji da jami'o'i da yawa, gami da Jami'ar Furman, Jami'ar North Greenville, Jami'ar Bob Jones, da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville. Furman ya fara ne a matsayin Furman Academy da Theology Institution a 1825 mai suna Richard Furman. Makarantar tauhidin ta Furman ta rabu a 1858 kuma ta zama Kudancin Baptist tauhidin Seminary yanzu a Louisville, Kentucky. An kafa Jami'ar North Greenville a cikin 1893 kuma tana da alaƙa da Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta South Carolina. An kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones a shekara ta 1927 ta Bob Jones Sr a matsayin jami'ar Furotesta mai zaman kanta wacce ba darikar ba. An kafa Kwalejin Fasaha ta Greenville a cikin 1962 a matsayin kwalejin fasaha. Jami'ar Clemson tana da haraba a Greenville da ake kira Clemson University International Center for Automotive Research wanda ke mai da hankali kan binciken mota. Makarantar Medicine ta Jami'ar South Carolina Greenville wata makarantar likitanci ce ta shekaru hudu tana aiki a harabar Lafiya ta Prisma. Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Greenville ya ta'allaka ne akan masana'antar keɓaɓɓu, kuma garin ya daɗe da suna "Babban Birnin Yadi na Duniya". A cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, albashi mai kyau da fa'idodin haraji sun sa kamfanonin kasashen waje sun saka jari sosai a yankin. Garin shine hedkwatar Arewacin Amurka na Michelin, Synnex, United Community Bank, AVX Corporation, NCEES, Ameco, Kudancin Ruwa, Confluence Outdoor, Concentrix, JTEKT, Cleva North America, Hubbell Lighting reshen Hubbell Incorporated, Greenville News, Greenville Health System , da kuma Scansource. A shekarar 2003, aka kirkiro Cibiyar Bincike ta Motocin Kasa da Kasa, inda aka kirkiro CUICAR a matsayin sabon salon binciken motar. An buɗe Cibiyar Fasaha ta Fasaha a cikin motsi da kuzari a cikin 2011, ta karɓi bakuncin kamfanoni da yawa a cikin jagorancin R&D da kuma hedkwatar Sage Automotive. Lokacin da aka rufe tsohon sansanin Sojan Sama na Donaldson, sai ƙasar ta zama Kwalejin Fasaha da Jirgin Sama ta South Carolina, kuma ta kasance gida ga Lockheed Martin jirgin sama da kuma kayan aiki, da kuma wuraren da 3M da Honeywell ke aiki. Filin jirgin saman Donaldson yanzu ya mamaye tsohon tashar jirgin sama a matsayin filin jirgin saman jama'a. General Electric yana da iskar gas, jirgin sama da ayyukan samar da makamashi na iska dake cikin Greenville. Kayan more rayuwa Tsarin lafiya Asibitin Tunawa da Greenville tana da manyan tsarin kiwon lafiya guda biyu, da Bon Secours Health da Prisma Health. Bon Secours St. Francis Health System, wanda ya hada da St. Francis Downtown; St. Francis Eastside; da kuma St. Francis Outpatient Center da Upstate Surgery Center, suna cikin manyan asibitocin ƙasar ta hanyar HealthGrades don aikin tiyatar zuciya da kuma ɗawainiyar kashi. Prisma Health (tsohon tsarin Kiwon Lafiya na Greenville kuma kafin hakan, Tsarin Asibitin Greenville) kungiya ce ta kiwon lafiya ba riba wacce ta hada cibiyoyi bakwai a cikin yankin Upstate: Greenville Memorial Medical Center, North Greenville Long Term Acute Care Hospital da ER, Asibitin Hillcrest, Asibitin Tunawa da Patewood, Asibitin Tunawa da Greer, Asibitin Tunawa da Laurens County, da Asibitin Tunawa da Oconee. Yana daya daga cikin manyan ma'aikata a yankin. An gane shi ne don 2010-2011 a matsayin babban mai ba da kulawar zuciya da gastroenterology ta US News & World Report. Prisma tana da asibitin yara daya tilo a yankin Upstate na Kudancin Carolina. Tana karɓar Jami'ar South Carolina School of Medicine Greenville, cikakken reshe na makarantar likita a Columbia, South Carolina. Asibitin Greenville na Shriners na Yara yana kula da marasa lafiyar yara na musamman, kyauta. Spartanburg International Airport Greenville yana kan babbar hanyar Interstate 85, kusan rabin hanya tsakanin Atlanta da Charlotte. Terminarshen arewaci na Interstate 385 yana cikin gari, kuma ana amfani da yankin ta hanyar Interstate 185 da US Highway 123 (Calhoun Memorial Highway). Sauran manyan hanyoyin sun hada da U.S. 25, U.S. 29 da U.S. 276 Akwai filayen jirgin sama da yawa da ke aiki a yankin Greenville. Mafi girma a cikin yankin, Greenville-Spartanburg International Airport (GSP), shi ne na uku mafi yawan cunkoson ababen hawa a cikin jihar kuma mafi yawan manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama ke yi masa hidima. SCTAC (tsohon filin jirgin saman Donaldson) ya sami ci gaba na zamani kuma shine shafin sabon Kwalejin Taimako na Jirgin Sama na Kudancin Carolina (AASF) da kuma Cibiyar Super General Aviation. Greenville tana aiki azaman tashar jigilar kaya don FedEx Express. Filin jirgin saman Greenville Downtown, shine babban filin jirgin sama mafi hadari a South Carolina tare da tashi sama da sauka 80,000 a kowace shekara kuma sama da jiragen sama 245. Tafiyar jama'a a cikin Greenville ana kula da ita ne ta Greenville Transit Authority (GTA), wacce ta ƙulla yarjejeniya da City Of Greenville a cikin shekara ta 2008 a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar ɓangare uku da Greenville County. Birnin ya sake sabunta sabis ɗin tare da sunan Greenlink. Greenlink yana gudanar da tsarin bas wanda ke hidimtawa yankin Greenville, yawancin yankunan Greenville County gami da Mauldin da Simpsonville, da wani yanki na Pickens County ta hanyar mahaɗin zuwa Clemson. A halin yanzu Birnin yana gudanar da karatu don Saurin Kai tsaye wanda zai fara a cikin gari, yana haɗa shi zuwa Jami'ar Ridge da kuma Clemson ICAR ta hanyar hanyar jirgin ƙasa da aka watsar. Tashoshi da hanyoyi Greenville tana da tashar Amtrak, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Crescent na Amtrak, yana haɗa Greenville da biranen New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore, Washington, Raleigh, Charlotte, Atlanta, Birmingham da New Orleans. Bugu da ƙari, an haɗa Greenville a cikin layin da aka tsara na Kudu maso Gabashin Railway, wanda zai fara daga Washington, DC zuwa Birmingham, Alabama. Ana bayar da sabis na layin dogo ta CSX Transportation, Norfolk Southern Railway, da Carolina Piedmont Railroad. Tsohon layin Greenville da na Railway na Arewa zuwa Masu Tafiya an watsar da shi kuma an canza shi zuwa hanyar yawo da keke da ake kira Swamp Rabbit Trail Tsarkakewa: Interstate 85 yana tafiya tare da gefen kudu maso gabas na gari, tare da hanyoyi biyu, Interstate 185 da Interstate 385, suna haɗa shi zuwa tsakiyar gari. Tsakiyar 385 tana gabas daga tsakiyar gari Greenville, ta ratsa Tsakiyar 85, kuma ta ci gaba kudu daga can zuwa mahadar tare da Interstate 26. Tsakanin 185 ya fara kudu da cikin gari, ya ratsa Tsakiyar 85 kudu da birnin, sannan ya samar da hanyar kudu ta hanyar Greenville, ya ƙare a Interstate 385 kudu maso gabas na Greenville. I-85 I-385 I-185 Teamsungiyoyin wasanni Masu kallo a wasan Greenville Drive Taron wasannin motsa jiki na Kungiyar Kwalejin Kwalejin Kiristanci ta Kasa (NCCAA) yana da hedkwata a Greenville, kamar yadda ƙananan kungiyoyin wasanni da na jami'a suke Sportsananan kungiyoyin wasanni Greenville Drive, ƙungiya ce ta A-ƙungiyar Boston Red Sox a Kudancin Tekun Atlantika. Drive ɗin sun buga kakarsu ta farko a filin wasa na Greenville Municipal, tsohon gidan ƙungiyar Atlanta Braves AA. Drive din ya fara kakarsu ta biyu a sabon filin wasansu na cikin gari a ranar 6 ga Afrilu, 2006, wanda, kafin farkon kakar 2008, aka sake masa suna filin Fluor a West End. A shekarar farko bayan kafuwar su, ana kiran su Greenville Bombers, bayan sun ƙaura daga Columbia, South Carolina. Kafin wannan, Greenville ta dauki bakuncin wasu kananan kungiyoyin kwallon baseball, wadanda suka fara da Greenville Spinners a shekarar 1907. Greenville Swamp Rabits, ƙaramin ƙungiyar wasan hockey a ECHL, sun fara wasa a lokacin hockey na 2010-11 a matsayin Green War Road Warriors kuma aka sake musu suna a 2015.Greenville Gaels, ƙungiyar jefawa a cikin Yankin Kudu maso Gabashin theungiyar Wasannin Gaelic ta Amurka. Greenville Triumph SC ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a USL League One wacce ta fara wasa a cikin 2019. Theungiyar tana wasa a Filin Kwalejin Legacy Early. A watan Yunin 2021, USL ta ba da sanarwar cewa ƙungiyar mata masu alaƙa za ta fara wasa a 2022 a matsayin wani ɓangare na sabon rukunin W. Greenville FC ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce a cikin NPSL wacce ta fara a cikin 2018; suna taka leda a Filin wasa na Sirrine duk da cewa sun tafi hutun shekara ta 2020.Carolina Upstate Thunder ta Americanungiyar Baswallon Kwando ta Mata ta Amurka tana yin wasannin gida a Kwalejin Legacy Early farawa a watan Yulin 2021. Jami'ar Furman Furman Paladins suna gasa a matakin NCAA Division I. (Lura: footballwallon Furman memba ne na AAungiyar Wasannin Kwallon Kafa ta NCAA.) Teamsungiyoyin wasan motsa jiki na Furman suna gasa a cikin haraba a wurare daban-daban, ciki har da Filin Paladin, Timmons Arena, da Eugene Stone Soccer Stadium. Furman memba ne na Taron Kudancin.Jami'ar Bob Jones Jami'ar Bob Jones ta yi takara a matakin NCCAA Division II. BJU Bruins sun fara wasannin tsere tsakanin juna a shekarar makaranta ta 2012-2013. Makarantar ta fara ne da ƙwallon ƙafa maza da mata da ƙwallon kwando, tare da fatan ƙarshe ƙara wasu wasanni. An ƙara ƙasar ƙetare da golf don shekarar makaranta ta 2013-2014. An kara wasannin harbi na maza da na mata a shekarar 2016. Jami'ar North Greenville Jami'ar North Greenville ta yi gasa a matakin NCAA Division II. Al'adu An lasafta Greenville ɗayan ɗayan "Manyan Artsananan Artsananan Artsauyuka a Amurka. Filin Lafiya na Bon Secours yana kawo rangadin ƙasashe na shahararrun mawaƙa zuwa cikin gari, kuma Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya don Yin Arts ta ba da wuri don ƙungiyar makaɗa kuma yana wasa. Shirye-shiryen gyaran miliyoyin daloli da aka shirya zuwa babban zauren gidan kade-kade da filin wasan shaƙatawa na ruwa ya fara a cikin bazarar 2011. Kayayyakin zane Gidan Tarihi na Artville County na Gidan Tarihi da Gidan Tarihi na Sargent, wanda a da yake shuka Coca-Cola Da yawa daga cikin masu zane-zane na cikin gida suna aiki a cikin ɗakunan karatu da hotuna a cikin birni, musamman ofauyen West Greenville kusa da cikin gari. Artsungiyar Fasaha ta Metropolitan tana ba da al'amuran jama'a da yawa waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan zane-zane, ciki har da Farkon Jumma'a na Farko da Greenville Open Studios. Greenville yana kuma ba da wasu sanannun kayan tarihi na fasaha mai kyau: An kafa gidan kayan gargajiya na Greenville County Art, gidan Andrew Wyeth Collection, tare da gagarumar gudummawa daga masanin masana'antar yankin, Arthur Magill. Ya ƙunshi guda ɗaya daga Jackson Pollock, Jonathan Greene, Georgia O'Keeffe, Jasper Johns da William H. Johnson.Gidan Tarihin Tarihi na Jami'ar Bob Jones da Gidan Hoto yana ɗauke da tarin tarin ƙwararrun masanan Turai Wurin kiɗan Greenville gida ne na gida, yanki, da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa suna yin kiɗa a cikin nau'ukan daban-daban. Garin yana dauke ne da kungiyar makada na Greenville Symphony Orchestra, Greenville County Youth Orchestra, Carolina Youth Symphony, Carolina Pops Orchestra, da kuma Greenville Concert Band. Bostonungiyar Orchestra ta Symphony ta Boston tana yin aiki a kai a kai a Bon Secours Wellness Arena. Greenville Light Opera Works (GLOW Lyric Theater) ƙwararren gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin Greenville wanda ke samar da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Musical, Operetta da Opera Kungiyoyin waƙoƙin cappella na cikin gida sun haɗa da mata Vocal Matrix Chorus (a da Greenville a cikin Haɗuwa) da ƙungiyar mawaƙa na Palmetto Statesmen na maza. Groupsarin ƙungiyoyin mawaƙa sun haɗa da Greenville Chorale da Greenville Gay Men's Chorus. Yawancin shahararrun ayyukan yawon shakatawa na ƙasa suna da tushen Greenville, gami da: Nile, The Marcus King Band, Edwin McCain, Islander, Nikki Lane, Austin Webb, da Peabo Bryson.A tarihi, Greenville ta kasance gida ce ta shahararrun mawaƙa na ƙasa, gami da:Ann Sexton, Cat Anderson, Josh White, da Mac Arnold. Lynyrd Skynyrd sun buga kide-kide na karshe tare da dukkanin membobin asali a Greenville, a ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 1977; wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar, da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar, sun mutu a cikin haɗarin jirgin sama lokacin da ya bar Filin Jirgin Saman Gini na Greenville. Barkwanci Akwai wurare takwas na barkwanci a Greenville wadanda suke nuna tsayuwa mai ban dariya, wasan kwaikwayo na zane, masu ba da labari, da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na gwaji da wadanda ba na gargajiya ba. Dance da gidan wasan kwaikwayo:Greenville Little gidan wasan kwaikwayo The Carolina Ballet Theater ƙwararren kamfani ne mai raye-raye wanda ke gabatar da shirye-shirye akai-akai a Cibiyar Aminci da sauran wurare. CBT tana gabatar da wasanni huɗu a kowace shekara a matsayin kamfanin ƙwararrun raye-raye na ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Cibiyar Aminci tare da mafi girma kamar hutu na gargajiya, "The Nutcracker, Da zarar Bayan Wani Lokaci a Greenville." Wannan samfurin ana yin kwatankwacinsa ne kamar manyan kamfanoni waɗanda suka saita ajin hutu a garinsu. Stage Stage, Greenville Theater, South Carolina Theater da kuma Warehouse Theater sune manyan wuraren wasanni a yankin. Wadannan siliman din suna ba da wasanni iri-iri ciki har da sanannun ayyuka, kamar Mutuwar Mai Siyarwa da Man shafawa, da wasannin kwaikwayo da marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na cikin gida suka rubuta. A lokacin bazara da lokacin bazara, kamfanin Shakespearean na yankin yana yin Shakespeare a cikin Park a Falls Park Amphitheater. Adabin adabi: Kungiyoyi biyu masu zaman kansu wadanda ba na riba ba suna cikin Greenville: Gidauniyar Emrys, wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1983, da Wits End Poetry, wadanda aka kafa a 2002. Mai jarida:Duba kuma: Jerin jaridu a South Carolina, Jerin gidajen rediyo a South Carolina, da Jerin gidajen talabijin a South Carolina Tsohon ginin Greenville NewsThe Greenville News ita ce jaridar gari ta yau da kullun kuma ita ce jaridar mafi girma ta Upstate da ke zagayawa da karatu.Jaridar Greenville: Jaridar mako-mako mai ma'amala da kasuwanci, ci gaban tattalin arziki, al'amuran cikin gida, da lamuran yau da kullun da suka dace da Greenville. Asalinsa shine Greenville Civic da Commercial Journal Jaridar Kasuwanci ta Upstate: Jaridar kasuwanci ta mako-mako tana zuwa ga shugabannin kasuwancin 100,000 a cikin kananan hukumomin Greenville, Spartanburg, da Anderson.Kasuwancin GSA: An buga kowane mako biyu, yana ɗaukar labaran kasuwanci daga ko'ina cikin yankin metropic na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson.Greenville Magazine Magazine: Mujallar wata-wata wanda ke ƙunshe da bayanan kasuwanci da kuma game da yankin Greenville.Mujallar Upstate Link: Bugun mako-mako ya fara ne a cikin Janairu 2004 a matsayin wani ɓangare na Greenville News kuma ya ci gaba da bugawa har zuwa 2008. Yanzu ya daina aiki. ShareGVL (Share Greenville): kwatankwacin 'yan Adam na New York, ƙungiya ce ta dijital mai ba da riba wacce ke ba mazauna Greenville mutuntaka. Talabijan: Greenville wani ɓangare ne na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson-Asheville DMA, wacce ita ce kasuwar talabijin ta 36 mafi girma a ƙasar. Duba akwatin da ke ƙasa don gidajen telebijin na gida. Rediyo:Greenville wani yanki ne na Greenville-Spartanburg-Anderson Arbitron Metro wanda shine babbar kasuwar rediyo ta 59 mafi girma tare da mutum 12+ na 813,700. Duba akwatin da ke ƙasa don gidajen rediyo na gida vte Yawan jama'a Tarihin jama'a Yawan Jama'a % ± 1850 1,305 - 1860 1,518 16.3% 1870 2,757 81.6% 1880 6,160 123.4% 1890 8,607 39.7% 1900 11,860 37.8% 1910 15,741 32.7% 1920 23,127 46.9% 1930 29,154 26.1% 1940 34,734 19.1% 1950 58,161 67.4% 1960 66,188 13.8% 1970 61,208 −7.5% 1980 58,242 −4.8% 1990 58,282 0.1% 2000 56,002 −3.9% 2010 58,409 4.3% 2019 (kimanin.) 70,635 20.9% Kimanin Ofishin Kidaya Kimanin shekara ta 2018 Greenville ita ce babbar birni mafi girma a cikin Greenville-Anderson-Mauldin Metropolitan Statistical Area, babban birni ne wanda ke rufe kananan hukumomin Greenville, Laurens, Anderson da Pickens kuma yana da adadin mutane 874,869 kamar na shekarar 2015. Tunda dokar South Carolina ta sanya hade yankunan kewayen birni kewaye da birane da wahala, garin garin Greenville daidai gwargwado yana da ƙarancin adadin yawan jama'ar yankin birni. Game da ƙidayar jama'a na 2010, akwai mutane 58,409, gidaje 24,382, da iyalai 12,581 da ke zaune a cikin birnin. Yawan jama'a ya kasance mazauna 2,148.0 a kowace murabba'in mil (829.3 / km2). Akwai rukunin gidaje 27,295 a matsakaicin nauyin 1,046.9 a kowace murabba'in mil (404.2 / km2). Tsarin launin fata na garin ya kasance 62.12% Fari, 31.54% Baƙi ko Ba'amurken Ba'amurke, 3.44% Hispanic ko Latino (na kowane jinsi), 1.27% Asiya, 0.14% Asalin Ba'amurke, 0.06% Tsibirin Pacific, 1.37% na sauran jinsi, kuma 1.11% na jinsi biyu ko fiye. Akwai gidaje 29,418, daga cikinsu 22.3% suna da yara 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 da ke zaune tare da su, 32.7% ma'aurata ne da ke zaune tare, 15.5% na da mata mai gida ba tare da miji ba, kuma 48.4% ba iyalai bane. 40.8% na dukkan gidajen sun kasance mutane, kuma 12.8% suna da wanda ke zaune shi kaɗai wanda yake da shekaru 65 ko sama. Matsakaicin iyali ya kasance 2.11 kuma matsakaicin iyali shine 2.90. A cikin birni, yawan shekarun yana nuna 20.0% ƙasa da shekaru 18, 13.8% daga 18 zuwa 24, 31.3% daga 25 zuwa 44, 20.5% daga 45 zuwa 64, da 14.4% waɗanda shekarunsu ke 65 girmi Matsakaicin shekaru 35 ne. A cikin kowane mata 100, akwai maza 89.9. Ga kowane mata 100 masu shekaru 18 zuwa sama, akwai maza 86.8. Matsakaicin kudin shiga na iyali a cikin gari ya kai $ 33,144, kuma matsakaicin kudin shiga ga iyali ya kasance $ 44,125. Maza suna da kuɗin shiga na $ 35,111 akan $ 25,339 na mata. Kudin shigar kowane mutum na gari ya kai $ 23,242. Kimanin 12.2% na iyalai da 16.1% na yawan jama'a sun kasance ƙasa da layin talauci, gami da 22.7% na waɗanda ke ƙasa da shekaru 18 da 17.5% na waɗanda ke da shekaru 65 ko sama da haka. Sananne mutane Jaimie Alexander, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dorothy Allison, marubuciya Cat Anderson, mai kahon jazz Manjo Rudolf Anderson Jr., mutum ɗaya tilo da wutar abokan gaba ta kashe a lokacin Rikicin Makami Mai linzami na Cuba Zinn Beck, tsohon dan wasan MLB; gudanar da Greenville Spinners daga 1923 zuwa 1925 Danielle Brooks, 'yar fim, ta girma a Simpsonville kuma ta halarci SCGSAH a Greenville Peabo Bryson, mawaƙi-mai waƙa Carroll A. Campbell, Jr., gwamna na 112 na South Carolina, 1987 - 1995 Judith Chapman, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Dextor Clinkscale, dan wasa a Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa John Culbertson, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Santia Deck, 'yan wasa Jim DeMint, dan majalisar dattijan Amurka kuma shugaban Gidauniyar al'adun gargajiya Esquerita, mawaƙa Jawun Evans, dan wasa a Kungiyar Kwando ta kasa Tyler Florence, shugaba kuma mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin Kevin Garnett, ɗan wasa a Basungiyar Kwando ta ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon ,wallon 15wallon 15wallon 15 da M 2004 MVP André Goodman, aikin shekara 10 na NFL azaman kusurwa tare da Detroit Lions, Miami Dolphins, da Denver Broncos [Trey Gowdy, Wakilin Amurka Chad Green, Leaguewallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon manyan League Clement Haynsworth, Alkalin Da'irar Amurka na Kotun ofaukaka U.S.ara ta Amurka na Hudu; Wanda aka zabi Kotun Koli Max Heller, magajin garin Greenville daga 1971 zuwa 1979; an sanya wa Max Conne Convention Center don girmamawa Jesse L. Helms, magajin garin Greenville daga 1979 zuwa 1982 James M. Henderson, babban jami'in talla kuma dan takarar Republican na Laftanar Gwamnan South Carolina a 1970; surukin Jim DeMint George Hincapie, mai tsere kan keke John D. Hollingsworth, babban jami'in kayan masaku da taimakon jama'a Bo Hopkins, talabijin da kuma dan wasan fim Jesse Hughes, mawaƙin dutsen Jesse Jackson, mai rajin kare hakkin jama'a da Baptist ministrt Shoeless Joe Jackson, Manyan Wasan Kwallan Baseball Bob Jones Sr., mai bishara, wanda ya kafa Jami'ar Bob Jones Bob Jones Jr., shugaban jami’ar Bob Jones na biyu Monique Jones, IFBB ƙwararren mai ginin jiki Marcus King, bluesmusician, wanda ya kafa The Marcus King Band Virginia Postrel, marubucin siyasa da al'aduYar uwa garuruwa:''' Greenville tagwaye ne da: Italiya Bergamo, Italiya Belgium Kortrijk, Belgium Yankin Kasuwanci na Tianjin na Sin, China Indiya Vadodara, Indiya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20Carthage

Tsohon Carthage

Carthage ( / kɑr ɪ dʒ / ) ƙauye ne wanda da a yanzu aka fi sani da Tunisiya ta zamani wanda daga baya ta zama city-state sannan kuma daula. Phoenicians ne suka kafa ta a karni na tara BC, Carthage ya kai tsayinsa a karni na hudu BC a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan biranen duniya kuma tsakiyar daular Carthaginian, mai iko a tsohuwar duniyar da ta mamaye yammacin duniya. Bahar Rum. Bayan Yaƙin Punic, Romawa sun lalata Carthage a cikin 146 BC, waɗanda daga baya kuma suka sake gina birnin ya mai kyau. An kafa Carthage a kusan shekara ta 814 BC ta hannun 'yan mulkin mallaka daga Tyre, babban birni na ƙasar Finisiya da ke cikin Lebanon ta yau. A karni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, bayan cin nasarar Finikiya da Daular Neo-Assuriya ta yi, Carthage ta zama mai cin gashin kanta, a hankali ta fadada mulkinta na tattalin arziki da siyasa a yammacin Bahar Rum. A shekara ta 300 BC, ta hanyar sarari na yankuna, vassals, da Satellite states, Carthage ta mallaki mafi girman yanki a yankin, gami da bakin tekun arewa maso yammacin Afirka, Kudancin Iberia (Spain, Portugal, da Gibraltar) da tsibiran Sicily, Sardinia., Corsica, Malta, da kuma tsibirin Balearic. Daga cikin tsoffin biranen duniya mafi girma da mafi arziki, wurin dabarun Carthage ta ba da damar samun ƙasa mai albarka da manyan hanyoyin kasuwancin teku. Babban hanyar sadarwar ta ta kai har zuwa yammacin Asiya, yammacin Afirka da arewacin Turai, tana samar da kayayyaki iri-iri daga ko'ina cikin duniyar da ta gabata, baya ga fitar da kayan amfanin gona da kayayyaki masu tarin yawa. Wannan daular kasuwanci ta sami tsaro ta daya daga cikin manyan jiragen ruwa mafi girma da karfi a cikin tsohuwar tekun Mediterrenean, da kuma sojojin da suka hada da sojojin haya da mataimaka na kasashen waje, musamman Iberian, Balearics, Gauls, Birtaniyya, Sicilians, Italiya, Helenawa, Numidians da Libyans. A matsayinta na mai babban iko na yammacin Bahar Rum, babu makawa Carthage ta shiga rikici da makwabta da abokan hamayya da yawa, daga 'yan asalin Berbers na Arewacin Afirka zuwa Jamhuriyar Roman ta asali. Bayan ƙarni na rikici tare da Sicilian Helenawa, haɓakar kasarsa tare da Roma ta ƙare a cikin Yaƙin Punic (264-146 BC), wanda ta ga wasu manyan yaƙe-yaƙe mafi girma kuma mafi girma a zamanin da. Carthage da kyar ta guje wa halaka bayan Yaƙin Punic na Biyu, kuma Romawa sun lalata su a cikin 146 BC bayan Yaƙin Punic na uku da na ƙarshe. Daga baya Romawa sun kafa sabon birni a wurinsa. Duk ragowar wayewar Carthaginian sun zo ƙarƙashin mulkin Romawa a ƙarni na farko AD, kuma daga baya Roma ta zama mai babban iko a Rum, wanda ta share hanyar tashi a matsayin babbar daula. Duk da yanayin daularsa, al'adar Carthage da asalinta sun kasance da tushe a cikin al'adunta na Phoenician-Kanana, kodayake nau'ikan da aka fi sani da Punic. Kamar sauran mutanen Phoenician, al'ummarta ta kasance birni, kasuwanci, kuma ta karkata zuwa teku da kasuwanci; Ana bayyana wannan a wani bangare ta hanyar sanannun sabbin abubuwan da suka shahara, gami da samar da serial, gilashin mara launi, allon masussuka, da tashar jirgin ruwan cothon. Carthaginians sun shahara saboda bajintar kasuwanci, bincike, da tsarin gwamnati na musamman wanda ya haɗa abubuwa na dimokuradiyya, oligarchy, da jamhuriya, gami da misalan zamani na tantancewa da ma'auni. Duk da kasancewarta ɗaya daga cikin al'adun da suka fi tasiri a zamanin da, Carthage galibi ana tunawa da ita don dogon lokaci da rikici mai ɗaci da Roma, wanda ya yi barazanar haɓakar Jumhuriyar Roman kuma kusan canza yanayin wayewar Yammacin Turai. Saboda lalata kusan dukkanin rubutun Carthaginian bayan Yaƙin Punic na Uku, yawancin abin da aka sani game da wayewar sa ya fito ne daga tushen Roman da Girkanci, waɗanda da yawa daga cikinsu sun rubuta a lokacin ko bayan Yaƙin Punic, kuma zuwa digiri daban-daban an tsara su ta hanyar tashin hankali. Shahararru da halayen masana game da Carthage a tarihi sun nuna ra'ayin Greco-Roman da ta mamaye, kodayake binciken archaeological tun daga ƙarshen karni na 19 ya taimaka wajen ba da ƙarin haske da haɓaka kan wayewar Carthagin. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50936

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mildred%20Constantine

Mildred Constantine

Mildred Constantine Bettelheim(28 ga Yuni,1913–Disamba 10,2008)wani ɗan ƙasar Amurka ne wanda ya taimaka wajen jawo hankali ga fastoci da sauran zane-zane a cikin tarin kayan tarihi na fasahar zamani a cikin 1950s da 1960s. Tarihin Rayuwa Constantine (ta yi amfani da sunanta na sana'a)an haife shi a 1913 a Brooklyn, New York .Ta sami digiri na farko da na biyu daga Jami'ar New York kuma ta halarci makarantar digiri na Jami'ar National Autonomous University of Mexico. Ta yi aiki da Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Kwalejin daga 1931 zuwa 1937 a matsayin mataimakiyar edita akan mujallar Parnassus.Ta sadu da Rene d'Harnoncourt,maigidanta na gaba a matsayin darekta na Gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,yayin da take aiki a Washington,DC a Ofishin Mai Gudanarwa na Inter-American Affairs.Ta kuma yi tafiya zuwa Mexico, a cikin 1936,a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kwamitin Hagu na Yaƙi da Fascism,inda ta haɓaka sha'awar zane-zanen siyasar Latin da Tsakiyar Amurka.An nuna tarin fosta na Latin Amurka da ta shirya a ɗakin karatu na Majalisa kuma daga baya ta zama wani ɓangare na tarin dindindin na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi. Yayin da take birnin Washington,ta sadu da Ralph Bettelheim,wani ɗan gudun hijira daga Ostiriya kuma masanin tattalin arziki.Sun yi aure a shekara ta 1942. Daga 1943 zuwa 1970,Constantine ya yi aiki a sashen gine-gine da ƙira na Gidan Tarihi na Zamani,a matsayin abokin kula da kuma daga baya a matsayin mai ba da shawara,inda ta taimaka wajen yada tarin abubuwan da ke da wuyar rarrabawa ko kuma an yi watsi da su,wanda ta kira "kayan gudun hijira.".Nunin ta 1948 Posters na Polio shine gidan kayan gargajiya na farko da aka sadaukar don dalilai,kuma ya haɗa da ayyukan da ta ba da izini don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan al'amuran zamantakewa daban-daban. Ta shirya nune-nunen nune-nunen na solo don masu zane-zane da kayayyaki ciki har da Alvin Lustig,Bruno Munari,Massimo Vignelli da Tadanori Yokoo wanda The New York Times ya bayyana a matsayin"ma'anar sana'a."Nunin nune-nunen ta masu fa'ida a cikin aikace-aikacen fasaha da kayan ado sun haɗa da Olivetti:Zane a Masana'antu a 1952, Alamun Titin a 1954,da nunin 1962 na Wasika ta Hannu. Constantine ya shirya baje kolin na 1968 mai taken Kalma da Hoto,wanda shine nuni na farko da ya mayar da hankali kan fastoci a cikin tarin gidan kayan gargajiya tun daga karni na 20,wanda kataloginsa ana daukarsa a matsayin babban abin da ke tattara tarihin fosta.A cikin nazarinsa na Janairu 1968 na nunin,mai sukar fasaha John Canaday na The New York Times ya rubuta:"Sabon nune-nunen nune-nunen fastoci na gidan kayan tarihi na zamani,wanda aka buɗe jiya a ƙarƙashin taken Kalma da Hoto,yana da kyau sosai har tsawon minti ɗaya kuna mamakin dalilin da yasa allunan talla suka lalace,"lura da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya ya gudanar da nune-nunen fosta 35 a baya amma hakan ya kasance.mafi girmansa kuma cewa yayin da mafi yawan fastocin suna kallon kwanan watan bayan ƴan shekaru,abubuwan da Constantine ya zaɓa daga tarin fastoci 2,000 na gidan kayan gargajiya"suna da ƙarfi kamar lokacin da aka buga su."Binciken Critic Hilton Kramer a cikin The Times,ya bayyana nunin a matsayin wanda ya ƙunshi fastoci 300 daga lokacin daga 1879 zuwa 1967,wanda Constantine ya zaɓa bisa la'akari da"darajar su," kodayake Kramer yana jin cewa nunin ba zai iya bayyana ƙarshen-1960s ba.foster fad wanda zane-zanen kwakwalwarsa da ya yi imani bai dace da fitattun zane-zane na zamanin farko ba. Constantine ya mutu yana da shekaru 95 a ranar 10 ga Disamba,2008 na ciwon zuciya a gidanta a Nyack,New York. Har ila yau Constantine ya rubuta kuma ya rubuta game da tufafi.Tare da Jack Lenor Larsen,Constantine ya gyara bangon bango wanda ya zagaya biranen 11 daga 1968-1969 kuma ya rubuta Beyond Craft: The Art Fabric a 1973. A cikin 1972,Mildred Constantine ya sake buga Alice Adams's Gina 1966 a cikin littafinta Beyond Craft.Ta rubuta littafin tare da Jack Lenor Larsen wanda shine farkon zurfafan kallon motsin fasaha na fiber.Wannan rubutun ya yi magana game da yadda fasahar fiber ya samo asali, ya bayyana manufofinsa na ado,da kuma kare aikin da aka yi da fiber a matsayin "kyakkyawan fasaha." Bayan da ta tashi a 1971 daga gidan kayan gargajiya na zamani,ta samar da nune-nunen nune-nunen da litattafai a kan batutuwa na caricature,zane-zane,zane-zane na ado da daukar hoto,da kuma ƙaddamar da 1988 Frontiers a Fiber: Amirkawa,da 2002 suna nuna Ƙananan Ayyuka a Fiber .Dukansu sun ja hankali ga zane-zane da zane-zane Constantine ya rubuta ko ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan fasahar fiber da sauran batutuwa:. 1960 Art Nouveau:Art da Design a Juya na Karni,edita(tare da Peter Selz ) 1969 Kalma da Hoto:Posters daga Tarin Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani(tare da Alan M. Fern) 1973 Beyond Craft:The Art of Fabric (tare da Jack Lenor Larsen ) 1974 juyin juya halin Soviet Film Posters 1981 Fabric Art:Mainstream 1983 Tina Modotti:Rayuwa mai rauni 1986 The Art Fabric:Mainstream 1997 Duk Tufafi 1999 25 na 25th:Glancing Back, Gazing Ahead(tare da Lloyd Cotsen, Jack Lenor Larsen da Patricia Mal) 2000 Theo Leffmann(tare da Mary Jane Jacob,Theo Leffmann da David Mickenberg ) 2004 Jack Lenor Larsen:Mahalicci da Mai Tara (tare da David Revere McFadden ) Duba kuma Mata a fagen tarihin fasaha Kara karantawa

34642

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nierenberg

William Nierenberg

Articles with hCards William Aaron Nierenberg an haifeshi a ranar 13 ga watan (Fabrairu , 1919 – ya rasu ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2000) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Amurka ne wanda yayi aiki akan aikin Manhattan kuma shine darektan Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1986. Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar George C. Marshall a cikin shekarar 1984. Bayan Fage An haifi Nierenberg a ranar 13 ga watan fabrairu, 1919, a titin 213 E. 13th, a kan ƙananan Gabas ta Tsakiya na New York, ɗan ƙaƙƙarfan Yahudawa baƙi daga Austro-Hungary . Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Townsend Harris sannan kuma Kwalejin City na New York (CCNY), inda ya sami gurbin karatu don ya yi ƙaramar shekararsa a ƙasashen waje a Faransa a Jami'ar Paris . A cikin 1939, ya zama farkon mai karɓar haɗin gwiwar William Lowell Putnam daga Kwalejin City. Har ila yau, a cikin 1939, ya shiga cikin bincike a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya dauki kwas a kan makanikan kididdiga daga mai ba shi shawara na gaba, II Rabi . Ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Columbia, amma daga 1941 ya shafe shekarun yakin ya koma Manhattan Project, yana aiki akan rabuwar isotope, kafin ya koma Columbia don kammala PhD. A cikin 1948 Nierenberg ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na ma'aikatan ilimi, a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Physics a Jami'ar Michigan . Daga 1950 zuwa 1965 ya kasance abokin aiki sannan kuma Farfesa a fannin Physics a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda yake da babban dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar nukiliya maras ƙarfi, inda ya kammala digiri na 40 na PhD a wannan lokacin kuma ya buga takardu kusan 100. Shi ne ke da alhakin tantance lokutan makaman nukiliya fiye da kowane mutum guda. An ba da misalin wannan aikin lokacin da aka zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971. A cikin wannan lokacin, a cikin 1953, Nierenberg ya ɗauki hutun shekara guda don yin aiki a matsayin darektan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Columbia Hudson, yana aiki akan matsalolin yaƙin ruwa. Daga baya, ya kula da ƙira da gina ginin "sabon" kimiyyar lissafi a Berkeley. Da yawa daga baya ya sake daukar hutu a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Tsaro ta Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) mai kula da harkokin kimiyya, inda ya kula da yawancin nazarin kasa da kasa kan kimiyyar lissafi da fasahar tsaro. A cikin 1965 an nemi Nierenberg ya zama darektan Cibiyar Scripps of Oceanography (SIO). Nierenberg ya kasance darektan SIO na shekaru 21, darekta mafi dadewa a yau. A lokacin aikinsa, jiragen ruwa biyar na bincike na zamani sun shiga ƙungiyar Scripps kuma kasafin kuɗin cibiyar ya karu sau biyar. Ya lura da aikin hako ruwan teku mai zurfi , wanda ya samar da ci gaban kimiyya kamar gano abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai zurfi, gano cewa tekun Bahar Rum ya taba zama rufaffiyar kwano har ma da busasshiyar teku, da kuma tabbatar da teku a halin yanzu. kwanduna matasa ne. Aikin ya zama na farko na cibiyoyi da yawa, haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa a fannin kimiyya da kuma abin koyi don ayyuka na gaba. Nierenberg ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya. An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971 kuma zuwa Majalisar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin a 1979. An kuma zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1965 da Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa a 1983. A cikin 1981, Nierenberg ya zama memba na Majalisar Al'adu ta Duniya . A cikin 1987 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Delmer S. Fahrney daga Cibiyar Franklin don fitaccen jagoranci a kimiyya. Allolin shawarwari Nierenberg ya yi aiki a kan manyan bangarori da kwamitocin shawarwari, da farko bayan ya dawo daga NATO. A cikin 1971 an nada shi shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasa kan Teku da yanayi kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kwamiti har zuwa 1977. Ya yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya na Shugaban Kasa . Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa daga 1972 zuwa 1978 kuma an nada shi wani wa'adi daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Mayu 1988. Nierenberg ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan bangarori da yawa na soja. A cikin 1976 an nada shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara ga sabuwar Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fadar White House (OSTP). Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Kasa (NASA) daga 1978 zuwa 1982 kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. Ya kasance shugaban OSTP Acid Rain Peer Panel Review, wanda rahotonsa "Acid Rain" aka buga a 1984. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar hukumar wajen dakile hayakin ruwan acid . Nierenberg ya yi matukar sha'awar matsalar dumamar yanayi . A karkashin wanda ya gabace shi a Scripps, Roger Revelle, Scripps ya fara shirin sa ido kan CO da sauran iskar gas . Nierenberg ya goyi bayan wannan aikin kuma ya shiga tsakani da kansa lokacin da aka yi barazana ga kudaden bincike na shirin. A cikin Oktoba 1980, a lokacin shugabancin Carter, an zartar da Dokar Majalisa ta neman Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa don sake duba abin da aka sani game da sauyin yanayi. Cibiyar ta nada Nierenberg ya jagoranci kwamitin don samar da wannan rahoto. Kwamitin dai ya kunshi fitattun masana kimiyyar jiki da masana tattalin arziki biyu, William Nordhaus na Yale da Thomas Schelling na Harvard. Schelling da da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a cikin kwamitoci don rahotanni biyu da suka gabata na gwamnatin Carter, wanda ya nuna dumamar yanayi a matsayin babbar matsala mai yuwuwa, kuma Nordhaus yana haɓaka sabon tsari don haɓaka iskar CO , na farko wanda bai ɗauka ba. m extrapolations . Bayanan kimiyya na sakamakon rahoton Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoban 1983, sun yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata. Mahimman abubuwan da ya sa su ne: Mafi yuwuwar kwanan wata CO "biyu" (zuwa 600 ppm) shine 2065 (shafi na 21) Dumamar duniya saboda ninka CO mai yuwuwa ya kasance tsakanin 1-5-4.5 °C, kamar yadda rahoton Charney ya nuna . Yin bita a hankali game da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke ba da shawarar canjin yanayi na CO da ba za a iya gani ba ya nuna waɗannan sun dogara ne akan bincike na ɓarna (shafi na 28) Dumama a ma'auni zai zama mai girma sau 2-3 a kan yankunan iyakacin duniya kamar na wurare masu zafi; kuma mai yiwuwa ya fi arctic (shafi na 30) Matsayin teku zai iya tashi 70 cm sama da ƙarni daga haɓakar thermal, da narkewar glaciers masu tsayi. Akwai babban rashin tabbas game da makomar Ice Sheet na yammacin Antarctic ; tarwatsewa zai iya haifar da hawan teku na 5 zuwa 6m sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa (shafi na 42) Rahoton ya kuma ƙunshi shawarwarin manufofin: CO2 is a cause for concern but not panic; a program of action without a program for learning would be costly and ineffective (page 61) A careful, well-designed program of monitoring and analysis is needed to detect the CO2 signal on climate (page 76) Shawarwarin manufofin sun tabbatar da cece-kuce, kuma hakan ya hana kiraye-kirayen daukar matakin gaggawa kan sauyin yanayi a kafafen yada labarai da Washington. Masana tarihi Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, da Matthew Shindell sun yi jayayya cewa rahoton Nierenberg ya nuna asalin muhawarar sauyin yanayi da za ta biyo baya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Mai ba da shawara na kimiyya na Reagan George A. Keyworth II ya ba da rahoton rahoton a cikin jayayya game da "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba kuma ba dole ba" na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma Exxon kamar haka ya ambaci rahoton a cikin sake mayar da alkawurran da suka gabata don binciken makamashi mai sabuntawa. Oreskes da Conway sun yi iƙirarin cewa surori da masana tattalin arziki suka rubuta sun bambanta da waɗanda masana kimiyya suka rubuta, cewa shawarwarin manufofin sun fi nuna ra'ayoyin masana tattalin arziki, kuma Nierenberg, shugaban kwamitin, da kansa ya yi watsi da ra'ayin ra'ayi da aka cimma kan ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin yanayi. masana kimiyya, da kuma "a cikin yin haka da jayayya sun kaddamar da muhawarar sauyin yanayi, suna canza batun daga damuwa na kimiyya zuwa daya daga cikin takaddamar siyasa." A cikin takarda na 2010, ɗan Nierenberg Nicolas ya yi jayayya da kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa, yana jayayya cewa sakamakon kimiyya na rahoton ya nuna ra'ayi na yanzu kuma yana nuna cewa sauran rahotannin yanayi daga lokacin kuma sun daina ba da shawara ga tsarin makamashi na kusa. canje-canje. Cibiyar Marshall Daga baya Nierenberg ya zama mai haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar George C. Marshall, kuma mai sukar wasu ƙididdiga na kimiyya na takardun bincike daban-daban. See also 'Yan kasuwan shakka Nierenberg Prize Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

48774

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Pooley

Tony Pooley

Tony Charles (Mashesha) Pooley' ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ɗan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire ne, mai ba da lambar yabo mai kiyayewa kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan hukumomin duniya akan kadawar Nilu . An haife shi a Amanzimtoti, KwaZulu-Natal, Pooley ya kasance ƙwararren masanin ilimin ƙaho tun yana matashi. Ya fara horon sa a matsayin mai kula da wasan na hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na Natal a Maputaland (yanzu arewacin KwaZulu-Natal, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Tongaland ) a cikin 1957, yana samun yawancin horon sa a matsayin masanin halitta daga masu gadin wasan Zulu da Thonga . Masu gadin sun nuna masa wani kwai na kada, suka tambaye shi ya tantance wane tsuntsu ne ya ajiye shi, don yin nishadi, wanda ya fara sha’awar kada. An rubuta aikinsa na farko a kan ilimin halittu da kiyayewa, tare da jin daɗinsa na al'ada, a cikin littafinsa na farko, Ganewar Mutumin Kadai (Collins, 1982). Pooley ya buga takardu da surori da yawa a cikin littattafai kan halayen kada, ya yi bincike na farko kan kula da mata masu juna biyu, da dabarun renon kada (duba Ƙarin Karatu, a ƙasa). Ya taimaka wajen tsara sabbin ka'idoji da ke canza matsayin kadarorin Nile daga ' vermin ' zuwa 'kare', kuma ya kasance memba na kungiyar kwararrun Crocodile IUCN . Ya tafi Italiya, Ostiraliya, Amurka, Papua New Guinea, Zambia da Zimbabwe yana ba da shawara kan kiyaye kada da noma. An yi fina-finai da yawa game da aikinsa, ciki har da The Ndumu Story, da kuma kyautar BBC ta lashe kyautar Gently Smiling Jaws, wanda Sir David Attenborough ya ruwaito. Pooley ya kafa wuraren bincike guda biyu na kada, daya a Ndumo Game Reserve, da Cibiyar Bincike ta St Lucia Crocodile, inda ya kuma tsara game da ilmantar da baƙi game da crocodiles da matsayinsu a cikin yanayin halittu. Ya sami digirinsa na MSc, a kan "Ecology of the Nile Crocodile in Zululand", daga Jami'ar Natal a 1982, duk da cewa bai kammala karatun sakandare ba. Bayan ya bar Natal Parks Board, ya kafa babbar gonar kada mai zaman kanta a kudancin Afirka, Crocworld, kusa da Scottburgh a kudancin gabar tekun KwaZulu-Natal, wanda ya hada noman kasuwanci da ilimi. Bayan haka ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga namun daji kuma ya yi lacca a Mangosuthu Technikon . A matsayin mai ba da shawara, Pooley ya yi aiki tare da ma'aikatan fim da yawa daga Amurka, Birtaniya, Faransa, Jamus, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran wurare, ciki har da Sashen Tarihin Halitta na BBC da Channel Discovery . Waɗannan shirye-shirye da fina-finai sun haɗa da abubuwa na musamman akan kada, fim ɗin hulɗar ɗan adam da birai masu tsini, da rubuce-rubuce kan batutuwan kiyayewa. Fim ɗinsa na ƙarshe da ya yi wa BBC shi ne Bacewar - Presumed Eaten, wanda ke nuna nasarar da ya samu na kare martabar kada ta Nilu daga zamba ta inshorar rayuwa. Ya kuma yi kuma ya buga rikodin sauti na namun daji, da kundin kiɗan Thonga . An yi la'akari da Pooley a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masu kare dunes a Lake St. Lucia, yanzu wani ɓangare na Greater St. Lucia Wetland Park, Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya ta UNESCO . Ya kasance shugaban kamfen na St Lucia, wanda ya taimaka wajen kare wurin dajin daga shirin hakar ma'adinan dune da aka tsara da kuma bayyana shi a matsayin wurin shakatawa na gado, sannan kuma ya hada kai da wani kamfen na hana shelanta wani bangare na gandun daji na Ndumo. Ana ci gaba da wannan kamfen. Ƙoƙarin Tony a matsayin mai kiyayewa ya sami karbuwa ta hanyar kyaututtuka daga The Wildlife Society da Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife (tsohon Hukumar Natal Parks). Shahararriyar littafin Pooley tabbas ita ce Mashesha - The Making of a Game Ranger, wanda Mawallafin Littattafai na Kudancin suka fara bugawa a cikin 1992. "Mashesha" ana iya fassara shi da asali daga Zulu a matsayin "Wanda yayi gaggawar ɗauka", mai nuni ga aikin Pooley wajen neman mafarauta . Pooley ya mutu a ƙarshen 2004. Matarsa Elsa ya bar shi, mai zane wanda ya kwatanta Mashesha kuma ya buga takamaiman jagorori game da rayuwar shukar Afirka ta Kudu da ’ya’ya uku: Simon (wanda kuma ke aiki a cikin kiyaye kada; musamman rikicin namun daji da zaman tare da ɗan adam. ), Justin (babban muhalli, zamantakewa, da gudanarwa na kamfanoni (ESG) tare da IFC) da Thomas (masanin kida: ethnomusicology da cognition music). Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tsohon Tony Pooley, David Blake, Jaridar Ƙungiya ta Ƙwararru, Vol 23 No.4, Oktoba 2004-Disamba 2004 Gano Wani Dan Kada Buga na biyu Kara karantawa Pooley, Tony, Ganowar Mutumin kada da bugu na 2 2018 Pooley, Tony, Mashesha - Yin Ranger Game Babi a cikin Ross, CA da Garnett, S. (eds. ), Kadawa da Alligators, (Gaskiya Kan Fayil, Inc., New York) Baya ga takardun kimiyya da yawa, labarai a cikin shahararrun mujallu da jaridu, da fosta The Tony Pooley Guide to the Nile Crocodile da sauran African Crocodiles (tare da John Visser) Tony kuma ya rubuta Kwazulu/Natal Wildlife Destinations (Jagora zuwa Game Reserves,) Wuraren shakatawa, Wuraren Halitta masu zaman kansu, wuraren kiwon kiwo da namun daji na Kwazulu/Natal)'' tare da gabatarwa ta Ian Player, (Masu Buga Littafin Kudancin, 1995). Haifaffun 1938

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei%20Parajanov

Sergei Parajanov

Articles with hCards Serhii Parajanov ( Armenian ;dan ; Georgian ; dan Ukraine ; wani lokacin rubuta Paradzhanov ko Paradjanov ; Janairu 9, 1924 - Yuli 20, 1990) darektan fina-finai ne na Soviet Armenia, marubucin fina-finai kuma mai zane wanda ya ba da gudummawar seminal ga cinema na duniya tare da fina-finansa Inuwar Magabata da Launin Ruman. Parajanov yana daga cikin masu sharhin fina-finai, masana tarihin fina-finai, da masu shirya fina-finai a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai da suka fi tasiri a tarihin sinima. Ya ƙirƙiro salon silima nasa, wanda ba shi da tsari tare da ka'idodin jagora na hakikar gurguzu; kawai salon fasaha da aka ba da izini a cikin USSR. Wannan, haɗe da salon rayuwarsa da halayensa, ya sa hukumomin Soviet suka ci gaba da tsananta masa da ɗaure shi, da kuma danne fina-finansa. Duk da haka, an nada Parajanov ɗaya daga cikin 20 Direktocin Fina-Finai na Gaba ta Rotterdam International Film Festival, kuma fina-finansa sun kasance cikin manyan fina-finai na kowane lokaci ta mujallar Cibiyar Fina-Fina ta Burtaniya ta Sight &amp; Sound. Ko da yake ya fara sana'ar shirya fina-finai a shekarar 1954, daga baya Parajanov ya musanta dukkan fina-finan da ya yi kafin 1965 a matsayin "bola". Bayan jagorancin Shadows of Forgotten magabata (wanda aka sake masa suna Wild Horses of Fire don yawancin rarrabawar kasashen waje) Parajanov ya zama wani abu na mashahuriyar duniya kuma a lokaci guda hari na USSR. Kusan duk ayyukansa na fina-finai da tsare-tsare daga 1965 zuwa 1973 gwamnatocin fina-finan Soviet ne suka haramta, kora ko rufe su, na gida (a Kyiv da Yerevan ) da na tarayya ( Goskino ), kusan ba tare da tattaunawa ba, har sai da aka kama shi a ƙarshen 1973. akan tuhumar karya da laifin fyade, luwadi da cin hanci . An daure shi har zuwa 1977, duk da neman afuwar da wasu masu fasaha suka yi. Ko da bayan an sake shi (an kama shi a karo na uku da na ƙarshe a cikin 1982) ya kasance mutumin da ba grata ba ne a fim ɗin Soviet. Sai a tsakiyar shekarun 1980, lokacin da yanayin siyasa ya fara shakatawa, zai iya ci gaba da jagoranci. Duk da haka, yana buƙatar taimakon ƙwararren ɗan wasan Jojiya Dodo Abashidze da sauran abokansa don ganin fina-finansa na ƙarshe sun haskaka. Lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai bayan shekaru hudu a sansanonin aiki da watanni tara a kurkuku a Tbilisi. Parajanov ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar kansar huhu a shekarar 1990, a daidai lokacin da, bayan kusan shekaru 20 na danne fina-finansa, ana nuna fina-finansa a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasashen waje. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a 1988 ya bayyana cewa, "Kowa ya san cewa ina da Motherland guda uku. An haife ni a Jojiya, na yi aiki a Ukraine kuma zan mutu a Armeniya." An binne Parajanov a Komitas Pantheon a Yerevan. Fina-finan Parajanov sun sami kyaututtuka a bikin fina-finai na Mar del Plata, bikin fina-finai na Istanbul International, kyautar Nika Awards, Rotterdam International Film Festival, Sitges - Catalan International Film Festival, São Paulo International Film Festival da sauransu. Cikakken bita a cikin Burtaniya ya faru a cikin 2010 a BFI Southbank . Layla Alexander-Garrett da kwararre na Parajanov Elisabetta Fabrizi ne suka yi la'akari da abin da ya biyo baya wanda ya ba da izini ga sabon hukumar Parajanov da aka yi wahayi a cikin BFI Gallery ta mai zane na zamani Matt Collishaw ('Retrospectre'). An sadaukar da wani taron karawa juna sani ga aikin Paradjanov wanda ya hada masana don tattaunawa da kuma nuna farin ciki da gudummawar da darektan ya bayar ga cinema da fasaha. Kuruciya da fina-finai An haifi Parajanov Sarkis Hovsepi Parajaniants () ga iyayen Armeniya mawaka, Iosif Paradjanov da Siranush Bejanova, a Tbilisi, Jojiya ; duk da haka, sunan iyali na Parajaniants an tabbatar da shi ta wani takardun tarihi mai rai a Serhii Parajanov Museum da ke Yerevan. Ya sami damar yin fasaha tun yana karami. A 1945, ya yi tafiya zuwa Moscow, ya shiga cikin sashen bayar da umarni a VGIK, daya daga cikin tsofaffi kuma mafi girma a makarantun fina-finai a Turai, kuma ya yi karatu a karkashin jagorancin darektoci Igor Savchenko da Oleksandr Dovzhenko . A cikin 1948 an same shi da laifin yin luwadi (wanda ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin a cikin Tarayyar Soviet) tare da wani jami'in MGB mai suna Nikolai Mikava a Tbilisi. Daga baya an tabbatar da wadannan tuhume-tuhumen cewa karya ne. An yanke masa hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari, amma an sake shi bisa afuwar bayan watanni uku. A cikin hirar bidiyo, abokai da dangi suna adawa da gaskiyar duk wani abu da aka tuhume shi da shi. Suna kyautata zaton hukuncin zai kasance wani nau'i ne na ramuwar gayya na siyasa don ra'ayinsa na tawaye. A 1950 Parajanov ya auri matarsa ta farko, Nigyar Kerimova, a kasar Moscow. Ta fito daga dangin Tatar Musulma kuma ta koma Kiristanci ta Gabas don ta auri Parajanov. Daga baya ‘yan uwanta ne suka kashe ta saboda musuluntarta. Bayan kisan kai Parajanov ya bar Rasha zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine, inda ya samar da wasu takardun shaida ( Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy ) da kuma wasu fina-finai masu ban sha'awa: Andriesh (dangane da tatsuniya na marubucin Moldovan Emilian Bukov ), The Top Guy (mai kida kolkhoz ), Ukrainian Rhapsody (wani melodrama na yaƙi), da Flower on the Stone (game da wata ƙungiyar addini da ke kutsawa cikin garin hakar ma'adinai a cikin Donets Basin ). Ya zama ƙwararren harshen Ukrainian kuma ya auri matarsa ta biyu, Svitlana Ivanivna Shcherbatiuk , wanda kuma aka sani da Svetlana Sherbatiuk ko Svetlana Parajanova, a cikin 1956. Shcherbatiuk ta haifi ɗa, Suren, a cikin 1958. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun rabu kuma ita da Suren suka ƙaura zuwa Kyiv, Ukraine. Fita daga Soviet Fim ɗin farko na Andrey Tarkovsky na Ivan's Childhood ya yi tasiri sosai a kan gano kansa na Parajanov a matsayin ɗan fim. Daga baya tasirin ya zama juna, kuma shi da Tarkovsky sun zama abokai na kusa. Wani tasiri shi ne dan wasan kwaikwayo na Italiyanci Pier Paolo Pasolini, wanda Parajanov zai bayyana a matsayin "kamar Allah" a gare shi da kuma darektan "style majestic". A cikin 1965 Parajanov ya watsar da gaskiyar gurguzanci kuma ya jagoranci mawaƙan Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors, fim ɗinsa na farko wanda yake da cikakken ikon sarrafawa. Ya lashe lambobin yabo na kasa da kasa da yawa kuma, ba kamar launi na Ruman na gaba ba, hukumomin Soviet sun sami karbuwa sosai. Kwamitin Edita na Rubutun a Goskino na Ukraine ya yaba wa fim ɗin don "ba da ingancin shayari da zurfin falsafa na labarin M. Kotsiubynsky ta hanyar harshen sinima," kuma ya kira shi "kyakkyawan nasarar ƙirƙirar ɗakin studio Dovzhenko." Har ila yau, Moscow ta amince da bukatar Goskino na Ukraine na sakin fim ɗin tare da ainihin sauti na Ukraine, maimakon rage tattaunawar zuwa Rasha don sakin Tarayyar Soviet, don kiyaye dandano na Ukrain. (Rubutun Rashanci ya kasance daidaitaccen aiki a wancan lokacin don fina-finai na Soviet wadanda ba na Rasha ba lokacin da aka rarraba su a wajen jamhuriyar asali. ) Parajanov ya bar Kyiv jim kaɗan zuwa ƙasar kakannin sa, Armeniya. A cikin 1969, ya shiga Sayat Nova, fim ɗin da mutane da yawa ke ɗauka a matsayin nasarar da ya samu, ko da yake an harbe shi a cikin ƙananan yanayi kuma yana da ƙananan kasafin kuɗi da aka tanada. Masu binciken Soviet sun shiga tsakani kuma sun haramta Sayat Nova saboda abubuwan da ake zargin sa na tayar da hankali. Parajanov ya sake gyara hotunansa kuma ya sake suna fim din Launi na Ruman . Actor Alexei Korotyukov ya ce: "Pradjanov ya yi fina-finai ba game da yadda abubuwa suke ba, amma yadda za su kasance da ya kasance ubangiji." Mikhail Vartanov ya rubuta a cikin 1969 cewa "Baya ga yaren fina-finai da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin yanayi ba sai lokacinda ya saki fim dinsa naThe Color of Pomegranates . . .". Daurin yari kuma daga baya aiki A watan Disamba na 1973, hukumomin Soviet sun kara tsananta shakku game da ayyukan da Parajanov ya dauka, musamman ma na sha'awar jinsi maza da mata, kuma sun yanke masa hukuncin shekaru biyar a wani da horo mai tsanani saboda "fyade ga memba na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, da yada fina-finan batsa." Kwanaki uku kafin a yanke wa Parajanov hukunci, Andrei Tarkovsky ya rubuta wasiƙa zuwa ga kwamitin tsakiya na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Ukraine, yana mai cewa "A cikin shekaru goma da suka wuce Sergei Paradjanov ya yi fina-finai biyu kawai: Shadows na kakanninmu da aka manta da kuma launi na Ruman. Sun yi tasiri a cinema na farko a Ukraine, na biyu a wannan ƙasa gaba ɗaya, kuma na uku a duniya gabaɗaya. A fasaha, akwai 'yan mutane a duk duniya, wanda zai iya maye gurbin Paradjanov. Yana da laifi - laifin kadaici. Muna da laifin rashin tunaninsa kullum da kuma kasa gano ma'anar ubangida." Wata ƙungiyar masu fasaha, ƴan wasan kwaikwayo, masu shirya fina-finai da masu fafutuka sun yi zanga-zanga a madadin Parajanov, suna masu kira da a sake shi cikin gaggawa. Daga cikinsu akwai Robert De Niro, Francis Ford Coppola, Martin Scorsese, Leonid Gaidai, Eldar Ryazanov, Yves Saint Laurent, Marcello Mastroianni, Françoise Sagan, Jean-Luc Godard, François Truffaut, Luis Buñuel, Federico Fellini ovsky da Andrei Michel ovsky Mikhail Vartanov . Parajanov ya yi shekaru hudu daga cikin hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar, kuma daga baya ya ba da labarin sakinsa na farko ga kokarin mawallafin Faransanci na Surrealist Louis Aragon, da Rasha Elsa Triolet (matar Aragon), da marubucin Amurka John Updike. Leonid Brezhnev, Babban Sakatare na Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Tarayyar Soviet ne ya ba da izinin sakinsa da wuri, mai yiwuwa sakamakon samun damar ganawa da Brezhnev da Aragon da Triolet a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bolshoi a Moscow. Lokacin da Brezhnev ya tambaye shi ko zai iya taimakawa, Aragon ya bukaci a saki Parajanov, wanda aka yi a watan Disamba 1977. Yayin da yake tsare, Parajanov ya samar da adadi mai yawa na ƙananan sassake-sassake (wasu daga cikinsu sun ɓace) da kuma wasu zane-zane 800 da haɗin gwiwar, yawancin su daga baya an nuna su a Yerevan, inda Serhii Parajanov Museum yanzu ya kasance na dindindin. (Gidan gidan kayan gargajiya, wanda aka buɗe a cikin 1991, shekara guda bayan mutuwar Parajanov, yana ɗaukar ayyuka sama da 200 da kayan masarufi daga gidansa a Tbilisi . ) Ƙoƙarin da ya yi a cikin sansanin ya sha wahala daga masu gadin kurkuku, waɗanda suka hana shi kayan aiki kuma suka kira shi mahaukaci, zaluncinsu ya ragu ne kawai bayan wata sanarwa daga Moscow ta yarda cewa "darektan yana da basira sosai." Bayan da ya dawo daga kurkuku zuwa Tbilisi, sa idon na Soviet censors ya hana Parajanov ci gaba da ayyukansa na cinematic kuma ya kai shi ga wuraren fasahar da ya reno a lokacin da yake kurkuku. Ya ƙera manyan ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙira, ya ƙirƙiri tarin zane-zane masu tarin yawa kuma ya bi wasu hanyoyi masu yawa na fasaha da ba na cinema ba, ɗinkin ƴan tsana da wasu kaya masu ban sha'awa. A cikin Fabrairu 1982 an sake daure Parajanov a kurkuku, a kan zargin cin hanci da rashawa, wanda ya faru daidai da komawarsa Moscow don fara wasan kwaikwayo na tunawa da Vladimir Vysotsky a Taganka Theater, kuma an yi shi da wani mataki na yaudara. Duk da hukuncin daurin rai da rai, an sake shi cikin kasa da shekara guda, inda lafiyarsa ta yi rauni sosai. A cikin 1985, fara rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet ya sa Parajanov ya ci gaba da sha'awar cinema. Tare da ƙarfafawar ƙwararrun masu ilimin Georgian daban-daban, ya kirkiro fim ɗin da aka ba da lambar yabo da yawa The Legend of Suram Fortress, bisa ga wani labari na Daniel Chonkadze, komawar sa na farko zuwa cinema tun Sayat Nova shekaru goma sha biyar da suka wuce. A cikin 1988, Parajanov ya yi wani fim ɗin da ya sami lambar yabo da yawa, Ashik Kerib, bisa labarin da Mikhail Lermontov ya yi. Labari ne na mawaƙa mai yawo, wanda aka kafa a cikin al'adun Azerbaijan . Parajanov ya sadaukar da fim din ga abokinsa Andrei Tarkovsky da "ga dukan 'ya'yan duniya". Parajanov sai yayi ƙoƙari ya kammala aikinsa na ƙarshe. Ya mutu da ciwon daji a Yerevan, Armeniya a ranar 20 ga Yuli, 1990, yana da shekaru 66, ya bar wannan aikin na ƙarshe, The Confession, bai gama ba. Abokinsa na kusa ya karasa aikin a matsayin Parajanov: The Last Spring, wanda abokinsa Mikhail Vartanov ya tattara a 1992. Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Giulietta Masina, Marcello Mastroianni da Bernardo Bertolucci na daga cikin wadanda suka fito fili suka yi alhinin mutuwarsa. Sun aika da telegram zuwa Rasha tare da wannan sanarwa: "Duniyar cinema ta rasa mai sihiri". Tasiri da manufofin da ya bari Duk da karatun fim da yayi a VGIK, Parajanov ya gano hanyarsa ta fasaha ne kawai bayan ya ga fim din farko mai kama da mafarki na darektan Soviet Andrei Tarkovsky Ivan's Childhood . Parajanov ya kasance mai matukar godiya ga Tarkovsky da kansa a cikin fim din tarihin rayuwarsa " Voyage in Time " ("Koyaushe tare da babbar godiya da jin daɗi na tuna da fina-finai na Serhii Parajanov wanda nake so sosai. Hanyar tunaninsa, abin ban mamaki, waƙarsa ... ikon son kyan gani da ikon samun cikakkiyar 'yanci a cikin hangen nesansa"). A cikin wannan fim din Tarkovsky ya bayyana cewa Parajanov yana daya daga cikin masu shirya fina-finai da ya fi so. Mai shirya fina-finai na Italiya Michelangelo Antonioni ya bayyana cewa ("Launi na Ruman ta Parajanov, a ganina yana daya daga cikin mafi kyawun daraktocin fina-finai na zamani, ya buga da kamalar kyawunsa." ). Parajanov kuma ya sami sha'awar ɗan fim ɗan Amurka Francis Ford Coppola . Daraktan fina-finan Faransa Jean-Luc Godard kuma ya bayyana cewa ("A cikin haikalin cinema, akwai hotuna, haske, da gaskiya. Sergei Parajanov shi ne shugaban wannan haikalin"). Mai shirya fina-finai na Soviet Mikhail Vartanov ya ce ("Wataƙila, ban da yaren fim ɗin da Griffith da Eisenstein suka ba da shawara, sinimar duniya ba ta gano wani sabon juyin juya hali ba har sai Paradjanov's The Color of Ruman." ). Bayan mutuwar Parjanov, Federico Fellini, Tonino Guerra, Giulietta Masina, Francesco Rosi, Alberto Moravia, Bernardo Bertolucci, da Marcello Mastroianni tare sun aika da wasiƙar zuwa Tarayyar Soviet suna cewa ("Tare da mutuwar Parajanov, cinema ya rasa daya daga cikin masu sihiri. Fantasy Parajanov zai kasance mai ban sha'awa har abada kuma ya kawo farin ciki ga mutanen duniya ... "). Duk da cewa yana da masu sha'awar fasaharsa da yawa, hangen nesansa bai jawo masa mabiya da yawa ba. "Duk wanda ya yi ƙoƙari ya yi koyi da ni ya ɓace," in ji shi. Duk da haka, masu gudanarwa irin su Theo Angelopoulos, Béla Tarr da Mohsen Makhmalbaf sun raba hanyar Parajanov zuwa fim a matsayin mai mahimmanci na gani maimakon a matsayin kayan aiki na labari. An kafa Cibiyar Parajanov-Vartanov a Hollywood a shekara ta 2010 don yin nazari, adanawa da inganta abubuwan fasaha na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov. Wasan kwaikwayo Ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo da kuma wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors ( , 1965, wanda aka rubuta tare da Ivan Chendei, bisa ga littafin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky ) Kyiv Frescoes ( Sayat Nova ( , 1969, samar da wasan kwaikwayo na Launi na Ruman ) Furuci ( Nazarin Game da Vrubel ( tydy bele, 1989, nunin lokacin Mikhail Vrubel 's Kyiv, wanda Leonid Osyka ya rubuta kuma ya jagoranci) Lake Swan: Yankin ( , 1989, wanda aka yi fim a 1990, wanda Yuriy Illienko ya jagoranta, mai cinematographer na Shadows of Forgotten Ancestors ) Wasan kwaikwayo da ayyukan da ba a samar da su ba Fadar Dormant ( , 1969, bisa ga waƙar Pushkin The Fountain of Bakhchisaray ) Intermezzo (1972, bisa ga gajeriyar labarin Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky) Icarus ( The Golden Edge ( Ara the Beautiful ( , 1972, bisa ga waƙar na karni na 20 mawaƙin Armeniya Nairi Zaryan game da Ara the Beautiful ) Demon ( , 1972, bisa ga waka mai suna Lermontov ) The Miracle of Odense ( , 1973, sako-sako da bisa ga rayuwa da ayyukan Hans Christian Andersen ) Dauda na Sasun ( , tsakiyar 1980s, bisa ga waƙar Armeniya David na Sasun ) Shahadar Shushanik ( , 1987, bisa ga tarihin Jojiya na Iakob Tsurtaveli ) Taskar Dutsen Ararat ( Daga cikin ayyukansa, akwai kuma shirye-shiryen daidaitawa Longfellow 's The Song of Hiawatha, Shakespeare 's Hamlet, Goethe 's Faust, Tsohon Gabas Slavic waka The Tale of Igor's Campaign, amma ba'a taba kammala rubutunsu ba Nassoshi a cikin shahararrun al'adu Labarin rayuwar Parajanov yana ba da (sauƙi) tushen tushen littafin Stet na 2006 na marubucin Amurka James Chapman. Bidiyon Lady Gaga 911 yayi nuni ga shirin The Color of Pomegranates na akasarin sassan bidiyon. Hoton fim ɗin kuma ya bayyana a kan titi a ƙarshen bidiyon. Bidiyon Gaga yana gabatar da alamun fim ɗin a cikin kwatancenta na tsananin rayuwa. Bidiyon waƙar Madonna na 1995 Labarin Kwanciya ya sake dawo da wasu abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin (kamar wurin wani ƙaramin yaro yana kwance a wuri tayi a kan pentagram a ƙasa yayin da babba ya lulluɓe shi da bargo, wani kuma inda ƙafar tsirara ta murkushe shi. gungun inabi suna kwance akan kwamfutar hannu da aka rubuta), a tsakanin sauran ƙwaƙƙwaran fasaha waɗanda ke nuna mafarkai da zane-zane na zahiri a cikin bidiyon. Nicolas Jaar ya fito, a cikin album na Pomegranates a shekara ta 2015, na Ruman, wanda aka yi nufi a matsayin madadin sauti na fim din. Hakanan ya haifar da madadin bidiyon kiɗan REM na rukunin rock don " Rasa Addinina ". Kyaututtuka da karramawa Akwai wani karamin mutum-mutumi na Parajanov a Tbilisi Akwai plaque a bangon gidan yara na Parajanov Titin Parajanov ya girma, titin Kote Meskhi, an sake masa suna Parajanov Street a cikin 2021. Akwai gidan kayan gargajiya da aka keɓe ga Parajanov a Yerevan, Armenia Duba kuma Fim ɗin fasaha Asteroid 3963 Paradzhanov Cinema na Armenia Cinema na Jojiya Cinema na Tarayyar Soviet Cinema na Ukraine Serhii Parajanov Museum Jerin daraktoci masu alaƙa da fim ɗin fasaha Zaɓaɓɓen nassi na littattafai da kuma masana articles game da Sergei Parajanov. Hakaitowa daga harshen Turanci Dixon, Wheeler & Foster, Gwendolyn. "Gajeren Tarihin Fim". New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2008. ISBN 9780813542690 Cook, David A. " Shadows of Forgotten magabata : Fim a matsayin Art Art." Buga Rubutun 3, a'a. 3 : 16–23. Nebesio, Bohdan. " Shadows of Forgotten magabata : Labari a cikin Novel da Fim." Adabi/Fim na Kwata na 22, No. 1 : 42–49. Oeler, Karla. "Ƙararren Ƙwararren Cikin Gida: Sergei Parajanov da Eisenstein's Joyce-Inspired Vision of Cinema." Sharhin Harshen Zamani 101, No. 2 (Afrilu 2006): 472-487. Oeler, Karla. " Nran guyne/Launi na Ruman : Sergo Parajanov, USSR, 1969." A cikin Cinema na Rasha da tsohuwar Tarayyar Soviet, 139-148. London, Ingila: Wallflower, 2006. [Babin Littafi] Papazian, Elizabeth A. "Tsarin Tarihi, Tarihi da kuma 'Motsi na dindindin' a cikin Sergei Paradjanov's Ashik- Kerib ." Adabi/Fim Kwata na 34, No. 4 : 303–12. Paradjanov, Sergei. Hanyoyi bakwai. Galia Ackerman ne ya gyara shi. Guy Bennett ne ya fassara. Los Angeles: Green Integer, 1998. ISBN 1892295040 . Parajanov, Sergei, Zaven Sarkisian. Parajanov Kaleidoscope: zane, Collages, Taro. Yerevan: Gidan Tarihi na Sergei Parajanov, 2008. ISBN 9789994121434 Steffen, James. Cinema na Sergei Parajanov. Madison: Jami'ar Wisconsin Press, 2013. ISBN 9780299296544 Steffen, James, ed. Sergei Parajanov batu na musamman. Binciken Armeniya 47/48, no. 3–4/1–2 . Batu biyu; gidan yanar gizo mai wallafa Steffen, James. " Kyiv Frescoes : Sergei Parajanov's Film Project wanda ba a gane ba." Fito na Musamman na KinoKultura 9: Cinema na Yukren (Disamba 2009), kan layi. URL: KinoKultura Schneider, Steven Jay. "Masu Daraktocin Fina-Finai 501." London: Hachette/Cassell, 2007. ISBN 9781844035731 Mabubbugar harsunan waje Bullot, Érik. Sayat Nova de Serguei Paradjanov: La face et le Profil. Crisnée, Belgium: Editions Yellow Yanzu, 2007. (harshen Faransanci) Kasal, Patrick. Serguei Paradjanov. Paris: Cahiers du cinema, 1993. (harshen Faransanci) , Chernenko, Miron. Sergei Paradzhanov: Tvorcheskii hoto. Moscow: "Soiuzinformkino" Goskino SSSR, 1989. (harshen Rasha) Sigar kan layi Grigorian, Levon. Paradzhanov. Moscow: Molodaia gvardiia, 2011. (harshen Rasha) , Grigorian, Levon. Tri tsveta odnoi strasti: Triptikh Sergeia Paradzhanova. Moscow: Kinotsentr, 1991. (harshen Rasha) Kalantar, Karen. Ocherki ko Paradzhanove. Yerevan: Gitutiun NAN RA, 1998. (harshen Rasha) Katanian, Vasilii Vasil'evich. Paradzhanov: Tsena vechnogo prazdnika. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Liehm, Antonín J., ed. Serghiej Paradjanov: Shaida e documenti su l'opera e la vita. Venice: La Biennale di Venezia/Marsilio, 1977. (harshen Italiyanci) Mechitov, Yuri. Sergei Paradzhanov: Khronika tattaunawa. Tbilisi: GAMS- bugu, 2009. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei. An samu'. Kora Tsereteli ya gyara. Petersburg: Azbuka, 2001. (harshen Rasha) Paradzhanov, Sergei, Garegin Zakoian. Abin farin ciki. Yerevan: Fil'madaran, 2000. (harshen Rasha) Simyan, Tigran Sergei Parajanov a matsayin Rubutu: Mutum, Habitus, da Ciki (akan kayan rubutun gani) // M. Jaridar Visual Semiotics 2019, N 3, shafi. 197-215 Schneider, Steven Jay. "501 Directores de Cine." Barcelona, Spain: Grijalbo, 2008. ISBN 9788425342646 Tsareteli, Kora, ed. Kollazh na fone avtoportreta: Zhizn'–igra. 2nd ed. Nizhnii Novgorod: Dekom, 2008. (harshen Rasha) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Sergej Paradzanov." A cikin "Il Cinema Delle Repubbliche Transcaucasiche Sovietiche." Venice, Italiya: Marsilio Editori, 1986. (harshen Italiyanci) Vartanov, Mikhail. "Les Cimes du Monde." Cahiers du Cinéma" no. 381, 1986 (harshen Faransanci) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo (Parajanov.com) Sergej Parajanov Museum Hollywood Reporter Ranar ƙarshe na Hollywood The Moscow Times Shari'ar Parajanov, Maris 1982 Sergei Parajanov shekaru 75 Cinemaseekers Honor Roll Gidan kayan gargajiya na Sergei Parajanov akan GoYerevan.com Hira da Ron Holloway Jaruma Sofiko Chiaureli da wasu da yawa game da shi Arts: Armenian Rhapsody An cire shi daga "Fina-finan Paradjanov akan tarihin Soviet" na Jonathan Rosenbaum Ga wadanda suke so su sani game da Parajanov Maraice na Moscow Newspaper Ma'aurata na Sergei Parajanov da Mikhail Vartanov sun sami kyaututtuka a Hollywood Sergey Parajanov. Ƙungiyoyin. Zane-zane. Ayyukan Ado Art. Kyiv, 2008. Darektocin fim na Soviet Haihuwan 1924 Mutuwar 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

33614

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20de%20Camargo

Igor de Camargo

Igor Albert Rinck de Diver Camargo (an haife shi 1 2 ga Mayu 1983), wanda aka fi sani da Igor de Camargo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke taka leda a RWDM a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Shi ma tsohon dan wasan Belgium ne. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Porto Feliz, São Paulo, De Camargo ya koma Belgium a watan Nuwamba shekarata 2000, bayan da ya fara halarta a karon farko tare da Estrela Esporte Clube na gida. Ya shiga KRC Genk bayan ya burge a gwaji, amma an ƙara shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko a shekarar 2001 bayan ya shafe watanni shida tare da B-gefen. De Camargo kawai ya fara halartan babban taronsa ne a ranar 20 ga Oktoba shekarata 2001, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Moumouni Dagano a cikin nasarar gida da ci 4–2 da KFC Lommel SK . Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 12 ga watan Janairu, inda ya jefa kwallo ta biyar a wasan da suka doke KSK Beveren da ci 6–1. Bayan da aka nuna a lokacin kakar 2002-03 (wanda ya haɗa da mintuna 11 a cikin rashin nasara da ci 6-0 a Real Madrid a gasar zakarun Turai ), De Camargo an ba shi rancen zuwa sabuwar ƙungiyar da ta ci gaba K. Beringen-Heusden-Zolder a cikin Yuni 2003 don kakar mai zuwa. De Camargo ya zira kwallaye goma a raga a lokacin yakin ; Karin bayanai sun haɗa da takalmin gyare-gyare a cikin gida 3-1 da RSC Charleroi a kan 4 Afrilu shekarata 2004. Bayan ya koma Genk, ya taka leda sosai kafin ya koma babbar kungiyar FC Molenbeek Brussels Strombeek a cikin Janairu shekarar 2005. Standard Liege A ƙarshen Janairu shekarata 2006, De Camargo ya amince da kwangila tare da Standard Liège, har yanzu a cikin babban rabo. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu a wasan da suka doke KSK Beveren da ci 2-0, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a karshen mako a wasan da suka doke Cercle Brugge KSV da ci 7-1 a gida. De Camargo ya kasance mai kokari na yau da kullun yayin yakin neman zabe, kasancewa babban memba na harin yayin da Standard ya lashe kofunan lig biyu a jere. A cikin Janairu shekarata 2009, ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangila har zuwa Yuni 2013. A ranar 16 ga Satumbar shekarar 2009, De Camargo ya zama kyaftin din kungiyar a rashin gida da ci 3-2 da Arsenal . Borussia Mönchengladbach A ranar 22 ga Afrilu 2010, De Camargo ya sanar da cewa zai canza sheka zuwa kulob din Bundesliga Borussia Mönchengladbach a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. Bayan fama da raunin da ya faru, ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 2 ga Oktoba, inda ya buga minti takwas na karshe a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a gida da VfL Wolfsburg . De Camargo ya ci wa Borussa kwallo ta farko a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2010, inda ya ci ta uku a wasan da suka tashi 3-3 a gida da FC Bayern Munich ; A baya ya taimakawa Marco Reus a ragar Borussia Dortmund. Ya ji rauni a gwiwa a wasan da ya biyo baya wanda ya hana shi fita daga matakin karshen kakar wasa, amma har yanzu ya dawo a watan Mayu. Ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a ranar 19 ga Mayu a wasan da aka doke VfL Bochum da ci 1-0 a gida, sannan kuma ya taimaka wa Reus a bugun daga kai sai 1-1 a wasan dawowar kwana shida bayan haka, yayin da kungiyarsa ta kauce wa koma baya ta hanyar wasan. kashewa. An ba De Camargo aro ga babban kulob din TSG 1899 Hoffenheim a ranar 29 ga Janairu shekarata 2013, har zuwa karshen kakar wasa. Ya bar kungiyar ne da kwallo daya a wasanni takwas kacal, kasancewar ba a yi amfani da shi ba a kafafun biyu na wasannin share fage. Komawa zuwa Standard Liege A kan 8 Yuli shekarata 2013, De Camargo ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku a tsohon kulob din Standard Liège . Mai tsaron ragar Imoh Ezekiel da Michy Batshuayi a kakar wasansa ta farko, ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye goma sha daya a wasansa na biyu. Komawa zuwa Genk A kan 23 Yuni 2015, KRC Genk ya sanya hannu kan De Camargo daga Standard Liège; ya koma kulob dinsa na farko kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gefe a ranar 25 ga Yuli, yana farawa da zira kwallaye a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida 3-1 da OH Leuven . Duk da bayyanarsa akai-akai, De Camargo ya ba da gudummawa kawai da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni 33. A kan 15 Yuli shekarata 2016, De Camargo ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zakarun Cypriot APOEL FC . Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 27 ga Yuli a matsayin wanda ya canji minti na 77 a wasan da kungiyarsa ta sha kashi a waje da Rosenborg BK da ci 2-1 a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai. De Camargo ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga APOEL a ranar 10 ga Satumba, inda ya jefa kwallo ta uku a wasan da kungiyarsa ta yi nasara da ci 4-0 a waje da Nea Salamis Famagusta FC a gasar farko ta 2016–17 . Kwanaki biyar bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye a ragar FC Astana a matakin rukuni na 2016-17 UEFA Europa League . KV Mechelen A ranar 1 ga Yuni shekarar 2018 ya shiga Mechelen akan canja wuri kyauta. Bayan ƙarshen kakar 2020-21 ya yi tunanin yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. A kan 18 Janairu shekarata 2022, De Camargo ya sanya hannu tare da RWDM har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2021-22, ya dawo kulob din 17 shekaru bayan haka (RWDM yana da'awar tarihin Molenbeek, wanda aka narkar da tun lokacin da De Camargo ya buga a can). Ayyukan kasa da kasa A cikin Janairu shekarar 2009, De Camargo ya karbi Belgian kasa. an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Belgium kuma ya fara buga wasansa da Slovenia a watan Fabrairun 2009. Ya buga wasanni tara a lokacin da yake taka leda a Belgium, amma bai samu nasarar zura kwallo a raga ba. Kididdigar sana'a Ƙasashen Duniya Rukunin Farko na Belgium : 2001–02 Standard Liege Rukunin Farko na Belgium : 2007–08, 2008–09 Super Cup na Belgium : 2008, 2009 Sashen Farko na Cyprus : 2016–17, 2017–18 Kofin Belgium : 2018-19 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Bayanan martaba na APOEL Igor de Camargo Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1983 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50919

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kai%20komo%20na%20muhalli%20a%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Kai komo na muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu

Kai komo na muhalli a Afirka ta Kudu, ya gano tarihinsa daga farkon farkon kiyayewa, zuwa tashiwar radicalism da gwagwarmaya tsakanin masu ilimin mujallar gida. Kafin bala'in Chernobyl da faduwar Ginin Berlin, akwai 'yan gwagwarmayar kore kaɗan a kasar. Koeberg Alert da Dolphin Action and Protection Group tabbas biyu ne daga cikin tsofaffin kungiyoyin bayan kiyayewa. Duk da yake mafi yawan masu kiyayewa na farko, tare da 'yan kaɗan, sun haɗa kansu cikin tsarin wariyar launin fata, kungiyoyi irin su Earthlife Africa sun san rawar da suke takawa a matsayin masu kula da' yanci da haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma haƙƙoƙin duniya da mulkin dabbobi. Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Cape Town misali, ta yi kamfen a bayyane don 'yancin siyasa tare da dandamali wanda ke "tsaron siyasa da kuma siyasa". A lokacin wariyar launin fata yayin da aka dakatar da jam'iyyun siyasa, kungiyoyin muhalli sun zama hanyar fita don fafutuka da faɗakarwa ta siyasa. A Durban, Cibiyar Adalci ta Muhalli, ta tashi tare da batutuwan adawa da wariyar launin fata waɗanda suka shafi muhalli da kuma haƙƙin ma'aikata. Duk da yake masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da yawa daga baya sun shiga cikin majalisa mai mulki na Afirka, wasu sun yi wasa da kafa jam'iyyar siyasa da za ta wakilci bukatun kore. Yunkurin muhalli ya koma cikin sararin siyasa a cikin 1989 tare da kafa Jam'iyyar Ecology, wacce ta rushe jim kadan bayan haka. A cikin 1992 Ian Brownlie ya ƙaddamar da Green Party, amma shi ma ya rushe bayan mummunar kamfen ɗin zabe a cikin 1994. Judy Sole daga nan ta kafa Gwamnatin Green Party a 1999. Jerin lokaci Zamanin mulkin mallaka 1918: An kafa Kungiyar Manoma ta asali; 1926: An kafa kungiyar namun daji ta Afirka ta Kudu Lokacin wariyar launin fata 1955: Congress_of_the_People_ da aka gudanar a Kliptown. Yarjejeniyar 'Yanci ta haɗa da labarin kan haƙƙin gona da muhalli, musamman 'ceton ƙasa'. 1973: An kafa Trust na namun daji mai haɗari 1976 Koeberg Alert da aka kafa bayan yanke shawara don sanya tashar makamashin nukiliya ta farko ta Afirka ta Kudu kawai 30 km daga Cape Town 1977: The Dolphin Action & Protection Group da aka kafa tare da taken da manufofin 'Dolphins Ya Kamata Kasancewa 'Yana da' Yanci'. 1983: Koeberg Alert ya sake ginawa, "ya fadada mayar da hankali ga zanga-zangar" don sanya dukkan batun nukiliya "a cikin yanayin zamantakewa, siyasa da tattalin arziki". 1984: Natsoc, an kafa wata al'umma ta halitta 1986: Bala'in Chernobyl 1987: An kafa Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli ta Cape Town; tare da taken: 'Yantar da Mutane' 1988: An kafa rayuwar duniya a Afirka; Khanyisa, kungiyar wayar da kan jama'a ta muhalli da aka kafa a garuruwan Langa, Nyanga, Guguletu da Khayelitsha 1989: Earthlife Africa ta fallasa guba ta mercury na ma'aikata a Thor Chemicals; An buga Kagenna Magazine; Green Action Forum wanda Greg Knill ya kafa. Kafa Jam'iyyar Muhalli a Cape Town. 1990: Kamfen na masana'antar kamun kifi ta Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Abinci da Allied Union ta haɗa al'amuran ma'aikatan da muhalli. 1991: Taron Kasa na farko kan Muhalli da Ci gaba; Kungiyar Kula da Muhimmanci ta saki takarda "Zuwa ga Ci Gaban Ci Gaba a Afirka ta Kudu"; Janar Magnus Malan ya zama sabon Ministan Harkokin Ruwa da dazuzzuka; Bev Geach na Weekly Mail ya buga The Green Pages, kundin tsarin kungiyoyin muhalli 1992: Rayuwar Duniya ta matsa wa gwamnati don bincike game da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da asbestos. An kafa Cibiyar Harkokin Adalci na Muhalli (EJNF) a taron ELA. Kafa Green Party ta masu gwagwarmaya a Cape Town. 1993: An kafa Kungiyar Kula da Muhalli (GEM). Lokacin Bayan wariyar launin fata 1994: Bayan zaben dimokuradiyya na farko na Afirka ta Kudu, haƙƙin muhalli ya gabatar don muhawara ga Majalisar Tsarin Mulki. 1995: An kafa eThekwini ECOPEACE 1996: Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu ta yi shelar cewa: "Kowane mutum yana da' yancin yanayin da ba shi da lahani ga lafiyarsu ko jin daɗi". 1997: Gwamnatin ANC ta motsa don samar da man fetur mara gubar a matsayin daya daga cikin manufofin kare muhalli na farko 1998: Hukumar Gaskiya ta ji game da mutuwar da ke da alaƙa da asbestos daga hakar ma'adinai 1999: Groundwork (GW), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta, sabis na adalci na muhalli da ƙungiyar ci gaba da tsoffin masu fafutuka 3 suka kafa. Kafawar Gwamnati ta Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Judy Sole. 2000: An kafa Kungiyar Muhalli ta Kudancin Durban (SDCEA); eThekwini ECOPEACE ta lashe kujerar daya a Majalisar Majalisa ta eTekwini, karo na farko da Green Party na kowane irin a Afirka ta Kudu ta ci nasara a zaben 2002: Taron Duniya na Rio+10 kan Ci gaba mai dorewa da aka gudanar a Johannesburg; Duniya ta kaddamar da Cibiyar Muhalli ta Jama'a, Greenhouse. 2003: Asbestos Relief Trust (ART) da aka kafa, da kuma Kgalagadi Recue Trust, dukansu suna kimanta da'awar kuma suna ba da diyya ga masu cancanta. Wata sanarwa ta kafofin watsa labarai, ta nuna cewa haramtacciyar amfani da asbestos da kayan da suka shafi asphestos "ya wuce". An kafa National Energy Caucus. 2004: An nada Marthinus van Schalkwyk a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido 2006: Eskom, kamfanin samar da makamashi na Afirka ta Kudu ya ba da fitila masu adana makami ga masu amfani a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin rage makamai. Ma'aikatar Harkokin Muhalli da Yawon Bude Ido tana gudanar da sauraro kan makamashin nukiliya. Shaidar farko ta gurɓata da mutuwar ma'aikaci sun haifar da bayyanar radiation. 2009: Afirka ta Kudu ta shiga cikin zagaye na Canjin Yanayi na Copenhagen . 2010: Gwamnatin SA ta ba da sanarwar hana PBMR. Edna Molewa ta nada Ministan Muhalli a karkashin Jacob Zuma . 2011: Afirka ta Kudu ta dauki bakuncin COP17 a Durban, sabon tsarin ya fito. Taron Allied Climate & Health ya fitar da "Durban Declaration" wanda ya ayyana gaggawa na kiwon lafiya, wanda kwararru 250 da kungiyoyin kifin lafiyar jama'a suka sanya hannu. 2015: Afirka ta Kudu ta dauki bakuncin taron makamashi na kasa da kasa na Afirka de Kudu. 2016: An kafa kungiyar shari'ar muhalli ta Vukani a lardin Mpumalanga. Kafa The Greens a Cape Town. 2019: Barbara Creecy ta rantsar da ita a matsayin sabon Ministan Muhalli a karkashin Ramaphosa . Gwamnatin Green Party ta shiga cikin Zaben Kasa da na Lardin 2019 kuma ta sami kashi 0.13% na kuri'un a Lundumar Yammacin Cape, amma babu kujerar majalisa. 2021: Greens sun yi takara a zaben kananan hukumomi a babban birnin Cape Town amma ba su sami kujerar a majalisar ba. 2022: Maris, an ji shari'ar "Deadly Air" a Afirka ta Kudu. Kotun ta tabbatar da haƙƙin tsarin mulki na 'yan ƙasa na ƙasar ga yanayin da ba shi da lahani ga lafiyarsu. Wannan ya haɗa da haƙƙin iska mai tsabta, kamar yadda bayyanar gurɓataccen iska ke shafar lafiyar ɗan adam. Satumba, Shell 'Wild Coast' Ocean Exploration Case ya ji. Kotun Koli a Makhanda ta yanke hukuncin cewa an ba da damar binciken shell na gudanar da binciken girgizar kasa a kan Tekun daji na Afirka ta Kudu ba bisa ka'ida ba sabili da haka ya ajiye shi. Duba kuma Tarayyar Green Parties na Afirka Yunkurin adawa da nukiliya

22144

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paula%20Gonz%C3%A1lez

Paula González

Sister Paula González, SC, Ph.D., (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 1932 - ta mutu a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2016) ta shiga cikin Sisters of Charity na Cincinnati a cikin shekara ta 1954. Ta yi digirin digirgir a fannin ilmin halittu a Jami'ar Katolika da ke Washington, DC, kuma ta kasance farfesa a fannin ilmin halitta a Kwalejin Mount St. Joseph da ke Cincinnati, Ohio, tsawon shekaru 21. Tun shekara ta 1972, Sister Paula an freelancing matsayin futurist da kuma muhalli, aiki fiye da shekaru talatin da ya inganta ] orewar rai . Ta kuma goyi bayan aikin ƙungiyar Alternate Energy Association na Kudu maso Yammacin Ohio, gami da yin shugaban ƙasa na ɗan lokaci. Ta kirkiro kwasa-kwasan kaset na kaset a-warkar da Duniya; ta rubuta labarai da yawa da kuma surori na littafi game da yanayin rayuwa, kiyayewa, makamashi mai sabuntawa, da ilimin halittar ruhaniya; kuma ya isa dubban mutum ta hanyar gabatarwa sama da 1800. Sista Paula ta tsara kuma tayi yawancin aikin canza tsohuwar gidan ajiyar kaji zuwa "La Casa del Sol," babban insulated, passive-solar house da take rabawa tare da wata Sister of Charity. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya sauka ƙasa da sifili a cikin hunturu na 1985, zafin gidan ya sauka ƙasa da ƙasa da digiri 50 ba tare da mai hita yana gudana ba. Nasarar ‘Yar’uwa Paula tare da amfani da hasken rana ya sanya mata sunan“ Solar Nun. ” Sista Paula ta kafa EarthConnection, cibiyar koyon muhalli inda aka gudanar da rangadi, horaswa, da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimantarwa kan muhalli. Located a kan filaye da ta taro ta motherhouse, da EarthConnection Center aka kammala a 1995 da kuma ci gaba da Showcase daban-daban sabunta-makamashi fasahar ciki har da daylighting, m da kuma aiki da hasken rana thermal, Grid-daura photovoltaic, kuma geoexchange makamashi tsarin. Tsarin ba wai kawai ban sha'awa bane a cikin ire-iren su, amma kuma sananne ne ga tsarin "tsarin taimakawa hasken rana" wanda ba a saba gani ba, inda ake canza zafin rani daga masu tara hasken zafin rana zuwa wani gado mai rufin ƙasa kewaye da ginin don amfani dashi lokacin hunturu mai zuwa. Ohioungiyar Soungiyar Solar Energy ta Amurka ta Ohio, Green Energy Ohio, ta ba Sister Paula lambar yabo ta samun nasarar rayuwa a cikin shekara ta 2005. A shekara ta 2007, Sister Paula da Keith Mills sun kafa Ohio Interfaith Power and Light, gamayyar masu addinin da ke amsa rikicin sauyin yanayi. Interarfin addinai da haske na addinai na Ohio reshe ne na kamfen ɗin Sabuntawa na Powerarfin faarfin Addini da Haske na Addinai na faasa, wanda ke da shirye-shirye a cikin jihohi 26 da suka shafi ikilisiyoyi 4000 (daga Mayu 2008). Litattafan Littattafai, da dai sauransu. A cikin "Nursing-M Nursing by Shafer et al." , Lafiyar Qasa da Lafiya, St. Louis: Mosby, 1975. "Jagorar Nazari don Shiga Littafin Rubutu na Anatomy da Physiology", Reith, Breidenbach, Lorenc, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978. A cikin "Makomar Nukiliya ta Duniya", Tsarin Nukiliya na Duniya: Wasu Sauran Makomar Nan gaba, New York: Dabarun Hadin gwiwa da Kwamitin Aiki, Inc., 1985. A cikin "Rungumar Duniya: Hanyoyin Katolika na Ilimin Ilimin Lafiya", Ikklesiyoyin annabci na Eco?, AJ LaChance da JE Carroll, eds., Maryknoll, NY: 1994. A cikin "Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da Addini: Masana kimiyya sunyi Magana", Koyo daga Duniya: Mabuɗin Ci gaba mai dorewa, JE Carroll da KE Warner, eds., Quincy IL: Franciscan Press, 1998. A cikin "Duniya a Hadari: Tattaunawar Muhalli tsakanin Addini da Kimiyya", anaddamar da Ethabi'a don Communityungiyoyin Dorewa, DB Conroy da RL Petersen, New York: Littattafan Dan Adam, 2000. Shirye-shiryen Sauti "Warkar da Duniya: Ruhaniya mai tasowa", (12-zaman minicourse), Cincinnati, OH: St. Anthony Messenger Press, 1991. "Me muke Yi a Duniya?" (Awanni 5), Kansas City, MO: Credence Cassettes, 1994. Shirye-shiryen Bidiyon "Karanta alamomin Zamani: Adalci, Ilimin Halitta da Rayuwar Kirista", (awanni 2), Laurel MD: Sadarwar Duniya, 1995. A cikin "Babban Sarkar Kasancewa: Sauƙaƙa Rayukanmu", Farkawa ga Mai Tsarki (1 hr) da Zuwa Makoma Mai Dorewa (1 hr), Albuquerque, NM: Cibiyar Ayyuka da Taron Zaman Taro, 2007. Jarida / Labaran Mujallar (Zabi) A cikin "Lokacin" (NCEA Journal), "Sabon" 3Rs "don Malamin 1990s", Disamba, 1986. A cikin "InFormation", "Motsawa cikin Sabuwar Millennium: Kalubale ga Addini", Maris, Afrilu, 1998. A cikin "Takaddun Lokaci" (Taron Jagoranci na Mata Masu Addini), "Canjin Abokai", Afrilu, 1999. A cikin "Radical Grace" (Cibiyar Aiki da Tunani), "Kowace Rana Ya Kamata Ta Zama 'Ranar Duniya'", Afrilu –Yuni, 2001. A cikin "Hasken Duniya" (Jaridar Rayuwa da Rayuwa ta Ruhaniya), "Rayuwa a cikin Eucharistic Universe", Guga, 2004. A cikin "Wa'azi", "An kira shi don kula da alfarma", Satumba / Oktoba, 2004. A cikin "Hasken Duniya", "Zuwa Sabuwar Zuhudu" Guga, 2005. A cikin "Radical Grace", "Tis Kyauta don Zama Mai Sauƙi", Guga, 2007. A cikin "St. Anthony Messenger", "Ubanmu: Addu'ar Mu ta Yanayi", Oktoba, 2007. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Haɗin Hill Interarfin Addini na Ohio da Haske Yan Uwan Matan Sadaka na Cincinnati La Casa Del Sol Aikin farfadowa Green Energy Ohio Shaidar Partyungiyar Sha'awar Keith Mills (PDF) [ <span title="Dead link since March 2018">mahada madawwami</span> ] Pages with unreviewed translations

26807

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Tina

Al-Tina

Al-Tina, ko Khirbet et-Tineh ƙauyen Larabawa ne na Falasɗinawa a cikin yankin Ramle na Falasdinu na wajibi. Kauyen yana tsakanin Shfela da kudancin gabar tekun Isra'ila. An rage yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin Larabawa-Isra'ila na 1948 a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1948, ta Givati ​​Brigade karkashin Operation An-Far. Yana da nisan kilomita 20. kudu da Ramla. Tudun da aka gina ƙauyen a kai yana tsaye a yau kusa da tashar jirgin ƙasa na Kiryat Mal'akhi - Yoav da kuma kusa da Babbar Hanya 6. Binciken archaeological a wurin ya nuna ragowar mazaunan Byzantine. Dangane da hakar kayan tarihi da aka yi a gabas na tudun da ƙauyen ke tsayawa a kai, an kafa matsuguni a wurin tun farkon zamanin Rumawa. Tukwane, gilashin gilashi da tsabar kudi sun ba masu binciken damar kwanan wata wannan yarjejeniya zuwa ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin kusan 375 zuwa 425 AZ. Wannan tonon sililin ya bayyana ragowar abin da zai iya zama rumbun ajiya, tare da fayayyun tuluna masu yawa. Tsarin ya haɗa da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ke tattara ruwa daga rufin sa zuwa wani wuri da ya wuce iyaka. Yankin yana da yawa da ruwa don haka tudun ya zama wuri mai kyau don zama. Elie Haddad wanda ya jagoranci tonowar ya nuna cewa ana ishara da wannan ruwa mai yawa da sunan kauyen, "Bishiyar ɓaure", saboda tana buƙatar ruwa mai yawa don girma. Har yanzu ba a san asalin mazaunan Rumawa ba kuma bisa binciken, wurin ya kasance ba a daidaita ba har zuwa lokacin Ottoman. An shigar da Al-Tina a cikin daular Usmania a shekara ta 1517 tare da dukkanin Palastinu, kuma a shekara ta 1596 ya bayyana a cikin rajistar haraji da sunan Safiriyya, kamar yadda yake a cikin nahiya ("yanki") na Gaza, wanda ke cikin Gaza Sanjak. . Tana da yawan gidaje 10; kimanin mutane 55, wadanda dukkansu musulmi ne. Sun biya kayyadadden haraji na kashi 25% akan kayayyakin amfanin gona da suka hada da alkama, sha'ir, noman rani, sesame, bishiyar 'ya'yan itace, awaki da kudan zuma, baya ga kudaden shiga lokaci-lokaci; jimlar 4,350 akce. A cikin 1838, an lura da shi azaman ƙauyen musulmi, el Letineh, a gundumar Gaza. A cikin 1851-52, van de Velde ya lura da yawa tsohon dutse kwanciya game da ƙauyen. A cikin 1863 Victor Guérin ya sami adadin rayuka ɗari huɗu. Ya kuma lura da wasu tsakuwa na gargajiya da aka warwatse a cikin makabarta ko kuma aka sanya su a kusa da bakin rijiyar. Jerin ƙauyen Ottoman daga kimanin 1870 ya nuna cewa tine yana da gidaje 96 da yawan jama'a 277, kodayake yawan mutanen ya haɗa da maza, kawai. A cikin 1882, Binciken PEF na Yammacin Falasdinu (SWP) ya bayyana shi a matsayin ƙauyen adobe na yau da kullun, tare da rijiya zuwa kudu. Zamanin Biritaniya A cikin kidayar jama'ar Palasdinu a shekara ta 1922 da hukumomin Birtaniyya suka gudanar, Tineh tana da yawan jama'a 396, dukkansu Musulmai, wanda ya karu a kidayar 1931 zuwa 530, har yanzu dukkansu Musulmai ne, a cikin gidaje 131. An haifi Abd al-Fattah Humud , daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar Fatah, a kauyen. A cikin kididdigar 1945 ƙauyen yana da yawan musulmai 750, tare da dunams 7,001 na fili. A cikin wannan, an yi amfani da dunams 141 don citrus da ayaba, 5,639 don hatsi, yayin da dunams 24 aka ware a matsayin wuraren da aka gina su. An kafa makarantar firamare a cikin 1946 kuma tana da rajista na farko na ɗalibai 67. 1948 da kuma bayan An kashe Al-Tina a lokacin yakin Larabawa da Isra'ila a 1948 a ranar 8 ga Yuli, 1948, ta Givati ​​Brigade karkashin Operation An-Far. A shekara ta 1992 an kwatanta wurin kauyen: "An lalata kauyen gaba daya, kusa da wurin kuma akwai wani fili mai fadi, wanda ke cike da kurmi da ciyayi, wanda aka katange a gefen kudu. An dasa wani kurmin lemu a arewa da yamma. Gefen wurin, wata babbar hanya da ta ratsa gabas-yamma ta wuce kudu, kuma layin dogo ya ratsa ta kimanin mita 100 zuwa gabas." A cikin watan Yuli-Agusta 2016 an gudanar da tonon gwaji a gabashin tudun. Shi ne aikin tono kayan tarihi na farko a wurin kuma Elie Haddad ne ya jagoranta a madadin Hukumar Kula da kayan tarihi ta Isra'ila. An gudanar da tonon sililin ne gabanin gina hanyar shiga tashar jirgin kasa ta Kiryat Mal'akhi – Yoav wadda ake kan ginawa a lokacin. An bude murabba'in tono 9. Littafi Mai Tsarki

21882

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimania

Wikimania

Wikimania Wato ya kasan ce wani babban taron shekara-shekara ne na Gidauniyar Wikimedia. Tattaunawa Batutuwan da aka gabatar sun hada da ayyukan Wikimedia kamar su Wikipedia, da kuma sauran wikis, software mai budewa, ilmi kyauta da abun ciki kyauta, da kuma zamantakewar jama'a da fasahar da suka shafi wadannan batutuwa. Kuma Tun daga shekarar 2011, aka sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar Wikimedian na Shekara (wanda aka fi sani da "Wikipedian of the Year" har zuwa 2017) a Wikimania. Wikimania na gaba za a gudanar da ita azaman abin aukuwa daga ranar 13 zuwa 17 ga watan Agusta, 2021. An tsara asali don faruwa a Bangkok, Thailand, a watan Agusta 2020, an dakatar da taron sannan an soke shi saboda cutar COVID-19. Wikimania 2005, taron Wikimania na farko, an yi shi ne daga ranar 4 zuwa 8 ga watan Agusta 2005 a Haus der Jugend da ke Frankfurt, Jamus, wanda ya sami halartar kusan 380. Makon taron ya hada da "Ranakun Kutse" guda hudu, daga ranar 1 zuwa 4 ga watan Agusta, lokacin da wasu masu ci gaba 25 suka taru don yin aiki a kan lamba da kuma tattauna bangarorin fasaha na MediaWiki da na gudanar da ayyukan Wikimedia. Manyan ranakun taron, duk da cewa an biya ta "August 4-8", sun kasance Juma'a zuwa Lahadi na wancan makon, daga ranar 5 zuwa 7 ga watan Agusta. An shirya zaman gabatarwa duk rana a cikin waɗannan kwanaki ukun. Wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai sun hada da Jimmy Wales, Ross Mayfield, Ward Cunningham, da Richard Stallman (wadanda suka yi magana a kan "Hakkin mallaka da al'umma a zamanin sadarwar kwamfuta"). Yawancin zama da tattaunawa sun kasance cikin Ingilishi, kodayake kaɗan sun kasance cikin Jamusanci. Masu daukar nauyin taron sun hada da Answers.com, SocialText, Sun Microsystems, , da Rukunin tambari. Wikimania 2006, taron Wikimania na biyu, an gudanar dashi ne daga ranar 6 zuwa 8 ga watan Agusta 2006 a Harvard Law School 's Berkman Center for Internet & Society a Cambridge a Massachusetts, Amurka, tare da kusan mahalarta 400 –500 Wadanda suka yi jawaban sun hada da Jimmy Wales, Lawrence Lessig, Yochai Benkler, Mitch Kapor, Ward Cunningham, da David Weinberger . Dan Gillmor gudanar da wani dan kasa jarida unconference da rana bayan. Wakilin Associated Press ya rufe da cikakken jawabin na Wales, kuma an buga shi a jaridu da yawa na duniya. Ya kawo labarin yadda Gidauniyar ta samo asali daga gareshi "yana zaune a cikin rigar barcin sa" zuwa tsarin kamfani wanda ya balaga da yadda yake yanzu; da turawa akai-akai don inganci akan yawa; Wikipedia za ta kasance cikin kwamfutocin da aka rarraba ta Laptop na daya ga kowane Yaro ; duka Wikiversity da ƙirƙirar kwamitin ba da shawara sun sami amincewar kwamitin Foundation; kuma cewa Wiki-WYG yana cikin ci gaba albarkacin saka hannun jari na kamfani na Wikia, Inc. da Socialtext . Answers.com ta kasan ce mai daukar nauyin Wikimania 2006, yayin da Amazon.com, da Berkman Center for Internet &amp; Society a Harvard Law School, Nokia, WikiHow su ne masu tallata matakin-Benefactors, Wetpaint, Ask.com, Yahoo!, da kuma Socialtext sune masu daukar matakin matakin abokai, kuma IBM, FAQ Farm, Abokan Abokan Hulɗa, Laptop daya ga kowane yaro, da kuma Sunlight Foundation sune masu daukar matakin matakin Magoya bayan taron. Wasu kungiyoyisu uku sun gabatar da tayin karbar bakunci, na biranen Landan, Milan, Boston da Toronto da Boston ne kawai aka tsara zuwa zagaye na biyu na la'akari da masu shirya Wikimania. A cikin batun Toronto da an shirya taron a cikin Cibiyar Bahen ta Jami'ar Toronto . Kamar yadda aka sanar ranar 25 ga watan Satumban 2006, Wikimania 2007, taro na uku na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 3 zuwa 5 ga Agusta 2007 a Taipei, Taiwan . Shi ne taron Wikimania na farko da aka gudanar da kwasa-kwasan horar da masu sa kai. Wasu kungiyoyin uku sun gabatar da tayin karbar bakuncin, biranen Landan, Alexandria, da Turin . Batun na Hong Kong, Singapore, Istanbul, da Orlando sun kasa shiga cikin jerin sunayen. An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar ne a ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar 2006. A ranar 3 ga watan Agustan 2007, Noam Cohen dan rahoton New York Times ya ba da rahoto: "Taron ya samu halartar mahalarta kusan 440, wanda ya fi rabin mutanen Taiwan din, wadanda ke son nutsar da kansu na tsawon kwanaki uku a cikin ra'ayoyi da batutuwan da suka zo don samar da mai sa kai gaba daya -wani kundin sani. Taron bita ya shafi batutuwa masu amfani kamar yadda za'a hada kai cikin lumana; abin da muhimmancin ba 'gwaninta' a wani aiki da aka yi bikin na ƙyale kowa ya taimaka, ciki har da m Editocin. Wikimania 2008, taro na hudu na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 17 zuwa 19 ga watan Yulin 2008 a Bibliotheca Alexandrina a Alexandria, Egypt, tare da mahalarta 650 daga kasashe 45. Alexandria ita ce wurin da tsohon dakin karatu na Alexandria yake . Uku biranen da aka gabatar suna cikin gudana a ƙarshen, ɗayan biyun sune Atlanta da Cape Town . An kuma gabatar da shawarwari don Karlsruhe, London da Toronto, amma daga baya ya janye. An yi ta cece-kuce game da taron, har ma da kira don kaurace wa Wikimania 2008 saboda zargin da ake yi wa Masar na yin bita da kulli ga masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo a zamanin Mubarak. Mohamed Ibrahim, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Alexandria wanda ya yi aiki don kawo taron a Alexandria, ya shaida wa BBC "Ina ganin muna da 'yancin ci gaba da kuma samar da' yancin fadin albarkacin baki a wani mataki mafi girma." Daya daga cikin burin shi shine ya taimaka ya bunkasa Wikipedia na larabci wanda yake bada gudummawa tun farkon 2005. Wani minista a Masar ya yi magana a wajen bikin bude madadin Mubarak. Wikimania 2009, taro na biyar na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi daga ranar 26 zuwa 28 ga watan Agustan 2009 a Buenos Aires, Argentina, tare da mahalarta 559. An yi zaɓin ƙarshe tsakanin Buenos Aires, Toronto, Brisbane da Karlsruhe, tare da zaɓin ƙarshe ya sauko zuwa Buenos Aires da Toronto. Wikimania 2010, taro na shida na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 9 zuwa 11 ga watan Yulin a Fadar Baltic Philharmonic a Gdańsk, Poland. Ranar farawa a ranar 9 ga watan yuli ta kasance tare da ƙarshen taron ilimi na WikiSym. Takaddun neman Amsterdam da Oxford na Wikimania 2010 sun sha kashi da karamar tazara. Taro ne na farko wanda ya hada da mai da hankali sosai kan al'adun kasar da ke karbar bakuncin, musamman kide kide da wake-wake na kungiyar mawaka da ake kira philharmonic, suna bikin cika shekaru goma da rasuwar mawakin nan dan kasar Poland Władysław Szpilman na farko kuma farkon fim din Truth in Numbers?..A wurin taron, Sue Gardner, babban darakta na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, ta ce manufar gidauniyar ita ce bunkasa adadin masu ziyarar shafukan Wikimedia daga miliyan 371 zuwa miliyan 680 a wata, cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa. Wikimania 2011, taro na bakwai na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 4 zuwa 7 ga watan Agustan 2011 a Haifa, Isra'ila. Wurin taron shi ne Babban dakin taro na Haifa da ke kusa da cibiyar al'adun Beit Hecht a kan Dutsen Karmel . Wadanda suka gabatar da jawabai a wajen taron sun hada da Yochai Benkler, wani dan’uwa ne a Cibiyar Berkman ta Intanet da Jama’a a Jami’ar Harvard da Joseph M. Reagle Jr. na MIT, marubucin Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia . Shima Shugaban Kwamitin Kimiyya da Fasaha a Knesset, Meir Sheetrit, shi ma ya yi jawabi a taron, kamar yadda Yonah Yahav, Magajin Garin Haifa . Daya daga cikin wadanda suka dauki nauyin taron shine Jami'ar Haifa . Taron ya gabatar da zama 125 a cikin waƙoƙi guda biyar a lokaci guda kuma ya sami halartar Wikimedians daga ƙasashe daban-daban 56, gami da wasu waɗanda ba su da wata alaƙar diflomasiyya da Isra'ila. A wata hira da Haaretz, wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Jimmy Wales ya lura cewa akwai kiraye-kiraye na kauracewa taron a Isra'ila, kamar yadda aka saba yi a Misira a 2008. Ya ce duk da rikice-rikice tsakanin editoci kan rikicin Isra’ila da Falasdinu, da kuma kokarin da wata kungiyar da ke goyon bayan Isra’ila ta yi don neman karin editocin Wikipedia, ya yi imanin kasidun Wikipedia sun kasan ce galibi sun kasan ce tsaka-tsaki kan batun; ya bayyana " NPOV ba mai sassauci bane." Babban daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Sue Gardner ya yi magana a taron game da Yammacin duniya, tsarin tunanin maza da ke nuna Wikipedia. A ƙarshen bikin rufe ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, an gabatar da Jimmy Wales tare da murfin rana ta farko na hatimin gidan waya da ke da alaƙa da Wikimedia, wanda ofishin gidan waya na Isra’ila ya bayar don girmama taron. Daga cikin sabbin ayyukan da aka tattauna sun hada da hada kai da cibiyoyin al'adu kamar gidajen kallo, dakunan karatu, wuraren adana kayan tarihi da gidajen tarihi. Bayan taron, an ba mahalarta rangadin kyauta na Haifa, Urushalima, Nazarat ko Acre . Shay Yakir, shugaban Wikimedia Israel mai barin gado, ya ce ga Isra’ila, gudanar da taron a Haifa kamar daukar bakuncin wasannin Olympics ne. Wikimania 2012, taro na takwas na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 12 zuwa 15 ga watan Yulin 2012 a Jami'ar George Washington da ke Washington, DC, Amurka, tare da mahalarta sama da 1400 daga kasashe 87. Bugu da kari, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, tare da hadin gwiwar Wikimania 2012, sun shirya wani taro mai taken Tech @ State : Wiki. Gwamnati wacce ta mai da hankali kan "Ilimin haɗin gwiwa da kuma amfani da wikis a ɓangaren gwamnati". Fitattun jigogin taron sune bukatar sabunta tsoho da "dowdy" tare da sabbin kayan aikin Wikimedia don jan hankali da adana wasu editoci da kuma sanya shafukan Wikimedia su zama masu gayyata da abokantaka ga masu amfani, gami da mata. Tekun Atlantika ya nuna jadawalin da aka nuna a taron wanda ya nuna yadda yawan sabbin masu gudanarwa ya ragu cikin sauri a overan shekarun nan. A lokacin bude taron wanda ya kirkiro Jimmy Wales ya yi sharhi kan Wikipedia Blackout na Janairu 2012, yana mai cewa "Lokacin da na je na ziyarci jami'an gwamnati a yanzu, suna dan jin tsoro." Duk da haka ya sake jaddada alƙawarin Wikimedia na tsaka tsaki a siyasa ban da game da "mahimman abubuwan da suka shafi aikinmu kai tsaye" Wales ta amince da babban mai jawabi Mary Gardiner, wacce ta kirkiro shirin Ada Initiative, cewa Wikimedia dole ne ta yi aiki don kara yawan editocin mata. Ta ce: "A matsayin wani aiki na canjin zamantakewar, koda kuwa ba aikin gwagwarmaya ba ne, al'ummar Wikipedia suna da nauyi a kan manufofinsu da kuma mutanen da ke can a duk duniya su kasance cikin tafiya koyaushe zuwa bambance-bambancen - girman laima na duniya. " Wikimania 2013, taro na tara na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi ne daga ranar 7 zuwa 11 ga watan Agustan 2013 a Jami'ar Hong Kong Polytechnic, tare da mahalarta 700 daga ƙasashe 88. Garuruwan da suka yi takarar sun hada da London (UK), Bristol (UK), Naples (Italia) da Surakarta ( Indonesia ). daya daga cikin ɓangarorin bikin an gudanar da shi a cikin mafi tsayi gini a Hongkong, Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya . An yi taron rufewa a Shek O Beach . Batutuwan da aka tattauna sun hada da bambancin jinsi na Wikipedia da kuma wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia Jimmy Wales na shawarar Wikipedia da za ta fara amfani da Secure Sockets Layer don rufa shafinta. Wikimania 2014, taron Wikimania na goma, an gudanar da shi ne daga 8 zuwa 10 ga Agusta 2014 a Cibiyar Barbican da ke London, Ingila, United Kingdom. An fara yin sayayya a hukumance a cikin Disamba 2012. An zaɓi Landan a cikin Mayu 2013 a matsayin mai masaukin baki tare da sauran takaddama guda da ke zuwa daga Arusha (Tanzania). Salil Shetty, Sakatare Janar na kungiyar Amnesty International ne ya gabatar da jawabin. Taron kuma shine Wikimania na farko da sabon Babban Daraktan Gidauniyar ta Wikimedia, Lila Tretikov ta gabatar . Gabanin taron ya kasance da hackathon na kwana biyu, da kuma jerin abubuwan da suka faru. Taron yana da waƙoƙi guda biyar, tare da taron shekara-shekara na 'State of the Wiki'. Waɗannan sune: Masana'antun Zamani, Makomar Ilimi, Media na Dimokiradiyya, Budaddiyar Malanta, da Buɗe Bayanan Shirye-shiryen talabijin ne suka kwashe taron na Mintuna 60 a cikin wani shiri mai taken 'Wikimania'. Wikimania 2015, taron Wikimania na sha daya, an gudanar dashi daga ranar 15 zuwa 19 ga watan Yulin 2015 a Hotel Hilton Mexico City Reforma a cikin Mexico City, Mexico . An buɗe farashi a hukumance a cikin Disamba 2013. Sauran biranen ‘yan takarar su ne: Arusha, arewacin Tanzania ; Bali, lardi ne a Indonesia ; Cape Town, a Afirka ta Kudu ; Dar es Salaam, a Tanzania ; Esino Lario, lardin Lecco, Lombardy, Italiya ; da Monastir, a Tunisia. Wadanda aka zaba sune Mexico City, Cape Town da Monastir. An zaɓi Mexico City a cikin Afrilu 2014. Babban filin taron shine Hilton Mexico City Reforma hotel. kungiyar shiryawa ita ce Wikimedia México, AC, babin yankin Mexico wanda ke wakiltar buƙatu da manufofin Gidauniyar Wikimedia . Wikimania 2016, taro na goma sha biyu na Wikimania, ya gudana daga ranar 24 zuwa 26 ga watan Yuni 2016, tare da abubuwan da ke kewaye daga ranar 21 zuwa 28 ga watan Yuni, a ƙauyen dutse na Esino Lario, Italiya . Esino Lario ya yi siyarwa ba tare da samun nasara ba ga Wikimania 2015. Sauran biranen 'yan takarar da suka nemi izinin karbar bakuncin 2016 sun kasan ce Manila, Philippines . Wurin shi ne farkon wanda ba shi ne babban birni kuma ana yin zaman ne a filin waje. A yayin taron, an sanar cewa an nada Babban Daraktan riko na Gidauniyar Wikimedia, Katherine Maher dindindin. Wikimania 2017, taro na goma sha uku na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi a Le Center Sheraton Hotel a Montreal, Quebec, Kanada, daga ranar 9 zuwa 13 ga watan Agustan 2017. An gudanar da taron ne a Kanada yayin bikin cika shekara ɗaya kuma a Montreal yayin bikin cika shekaru 375. Kwana biyu na farko sun hada da WikiConference Arewacin Amurka . Kasancewa na ƙarshe na wannan taron shi ne 915. 144 wanda aka tallafa ta hanyar cikakken tallafin karatu. Katherine Maher, Babban Darakta na WMF da Christophe Henner, WMF Shugaban kwamitin amintattu sun gabatar da dabarun alkiblar tafiyar Wikimedia mai suna # Wikimedia2030 . Esra'a Al Shafei, wani dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam na kasar Bahrain, ya gabatar da kasida kan kalubalen da ke tattare da fadin albarkacin baki a Gabas ta Tsakiya Dangane da yanayin aikin Al Shafei, an tunatar da masu sauraro kar su dauki hoto, bidiyo ko yawo a yanar gizo wanda hakan na iya jefa lafiyar ta cikin hatsari. Wannan shine Wikimania na farko inda ba a aiwatar da tsarin ba kuma an maye gurbinsa da tsarin zaɓen kwamitin gudanarwa na WMF. Wikimania 2018, taro na sha hudu na Wikimania, an gudanar da shi a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, daga ranar 18 zuwa 22 ga watan Yulin 2018 a Cape Sun Southern Sun Hotel. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da taron ya kasan ce mai taken. Taken shi ne " Bridging Gwani rabe-rabe: hanyar Ubuntu ta ci gaba " tare da nufin mayar da hankali tattaunawa kan gina dabarun da aka raba domin cike gibin ilimin na bai daya. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da aka gudanar da taron wanda a Kudancin Hemisphere, ta kasan ce na biyu a Afirka kuma na farko a Yankin Saharar Afirka . Taron ya gabatar da wani taro wanda ya tattauna kalubale da yuwuwar bugu da harshen Wikipedia a nahiyar Afirka. Nicole Ebber, mai ba da shawara kan hulda da kasashen duniya na Wikimedia Deutschland da Kaarel Vaidla, WMF Process Architect don Wikimedia Movement Strategy ne suka gabatar da kashi na biyu na Tsarin Tsarin Tsarin Hikimar Wikimedia. Kashi na biyu ya mayar da hankali ne kan manyan mahimman batutuwa guda tara: Matsayi & Nauyi, Rawanin Kuɗaɗen shiga, Rarraba Albarkatun, acarfin Haɓakawa, Kawance, Ba da Shawara, Banbanci, Kiwan lafiyar Jama'a, da Samfuran & Fasaha. Wikimania 2019, karo na goma sha biyar na Wikimedia, an gudanar da shi ne a Stockholm, Sweden, daga ranar 14 zuwa 18 ga watan Agusta 2019, a Jami'ar Stockholm, tare da halartar sama da 800. Masu karbar tallafin karatun da ma'aikatan WMF an biya su kudi a Clarion Hotel Amaranten, ɗan gajeren tafiya daga wurin taron. Clarion Hotel Amaranten shima wurin taron ne don shirya haduwar. Taron ya kasance kan batun taken erarfafa Tare: Wikimedia, Ilimin Kyauta da Makasudin Ci Gaban Dama. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yunƙurin ɗorewar motsi, Wikimedia Sverige da Gidauniyar Wikimedia sun yanke shawarar biyan rabin kuɗin haɓakar carbon . Terrapass, ya ɗauki nauyin ɗayan rabin abin da ya rage don taron. Emna Mizouni ne aka zaba a matsayin Wikimedian na shekara . 2020, an jinkirta shi zuwa 2021 Wikimania 2020, taron Wikimedia na goma sha shida, an shirya gudanar da shi a Bangkok, Thailand, daga 5 zuwa 9 ga Agusta, 2020, wanda ya yi daidai da bikin cika shekara 15 da taron. A watan Maris na 2020, saboda annobar COVID-19, Babban Daraktan Gidauniyar Wikimedia Katherine Maher ta ba da sanarwar an dage Wikimania har zuwa ranar da za a tantance, a cikin 2021. Bayan haka a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2021, Babban Jami'in Gudanar da Gidauniyar Wikimedia Janeen Uzzell ya sanar da Wikimania za ta koma wani abin a zo a gani a yayin da ake ci gaba da yaduwar annoba game da shirin mutum-mutum. An saita shi daga ranar 13 zuwa 17 ga watan Agusta, 2021. Wikimedia ESEAP (Gabas, kudu maso gabashin Asiya da Pacific) ne zai dauki nauyin taron da aka shirya cikin mutum, karo na farko don hadin gwiwar yanki. Zai kasance karo na uku da za'ayi shi a Asiya kuma da farko ga Kudu maso gabashin Asiya . ESEAP za a ba shi damar karɓar bakuncin Wikimania na gaba-da-mutum. Duba kuma Taron Wiki Indaba a Afirka Wiki taron Indiya WikiConference Arewacin Amurka Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wikimania a Meta-Wiki, wiki mai daidaita aikin aikin Wikimedia Rahotannin labarai "Wikimania a Duniya" Sean Dodson, The Guardian, 11 Agusta 2005 "Sake rubuta littattafan mulki" Alan Connor, BBC, 15 ga Agusta 2005 "Muryoyin Wikipedia da yawa, An Ji su a Waje Daya" Robert Levine, The New York Times, 7 ga Agusta 2006 "Kowa na iya gyara: karshen mako na Wikimania" Ian Sands da Jess McConnell, The Boston Phoenix, 11 ga Agusta 2006 "Ba a Yaba Tsakanin Wannan Mataki Ba" Katherine Mangu-Ward, Dalili, 15 ga Agusta 2006 Jaridar China Post - "wanda ya kirkiro Wikipedia ya sakawa 'yan sa kai" Litinin, 6 ga Agusta, 2007 - Daga Dimitri Bruyas "Magoya bayan Wikimedia sun hadu don tattaunawa game da Wikimania" Andy Goldberg, News.com.au, 12 ga Yuli 2012 1:37 AM (an dawo da shi 2012-07-15) "Yadda Rigar Bikin Auren Kate Middleton take Nuna Matsalar Mace ta Wikipedia" Torie Bosch, Slate din da aka buga Jumma'a, 13 ga Yulin 2012, da karfe 18:12 na dare EDT (an dawo da shi 2012-07-15) "Wikimania ya buga DC ne yayin da Wikipedia ke fuskantar canje-canje" Hayley Tsukayama, The Washington Post, 14 Yuli 2012 Pages with unreviewed translations