Datasets:

WikiQuality

/

unique_words_hi

like 0

33215

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallensi

Tallensi

Tallensi, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Talensi, mutanen arewacin Ghana ne waɗanda ke magana da yare na reshen Gur na dangin yaren Niger-Congo. Suna noman gero da dawa a matsayin kayan abinci kuma suna kiwon shanu, tumaki, da awaki kan ƙaramin ma'auni. Gidansu na yau da kullun shine dangin mazan jiya na maza da mata (wasu lokutan jikoki) tare da matansu da 'ya'yansu mata marasa aure. 'Ya'yan mata masu aure suna zaune tare da mazajensu a wasu al'ummomi, yawanci kusa. Al'adu da hadisai Kewaye da ɗan fari Tallensi sun yi auren mata da yawa kuma suna bin tsarin dangi na dangi da zuriya. An ba da fifiko sosai kan gado da tashe-tashen hankulan da ke tattare da dangantakar iyaye da kuma ’ya’yansu. Ana ganin yana da muhimmanci mutum ya haifi ɗa idan yana son ya cika kuma a girmama shi a matsayin kakanni bayan mutuwarsa. Duk da haka, haihuwar ɗa na fari, da ɗan fari, ana yin ta ne don nuna ƙarshen 'tashi' na mutum a duniya, da farkon faduwarsa. A halin yanzu, ɗan ya girma ya maye gurbin mahaifinsa kuma ya maye gurbinsa. Sakamakon rashin daidaituwa tsakanin uba da ɗa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Tallensi da haramun. Taboos yana farawa ne lokacin da ɗan fari ya kai shekaru biyar ko shida. Tun daga wannan lokaci ɗa ba zai ci abinci ɗaya da mahaifinsa ba, ko ya sa hular mahaifinsa, ko rigar mahaifinsa, ko ya ɗauki kwalar mahaifinsa, ko bakan mahaifinsa, ko ya duba rumbun mahaifinsa. Lokacin da yaron ya girma, bazai hadu da mahaifinsa a ƙofar gidan ba. Irin wannan haramun akwai don daidaita alaƙar uwa da ɗiyar fari. 'Yar, alal misali, ƙila ba za ta kalli tukunyar ajiyar mahaifiyarta ba. Bayan mutuwar uba, ɗansa na fari da ’yarsa suna gudanar da al’adar jana’izarsa. Dan, a wannan lokacin, ya sanya hula da rigar mahaifinsa. Wani dattijon ƙabila, ɗauke da bakansa, ya ja-goranci ɗan zuwa rumbun mahaifinsa kuma ya nuna masa ciki. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, ana daukar dansa a matsayin balagagge don ayyukan ibada, kuma alhakinsa ne ya yi sadaukarwa ga kakanni, babban daga cikinsu shi ne mahaifinsa, wanda ba da jimawa ba ya mutu ana rike da shi a matsayin mai shiga tsakani a tsakanin wadancan. har yanzu suna raye da kuma kakanni masu nisa. An yi imani da cewa waɗannan haramun da al'adu suna ba da gudummawar karkatar da ɓacin rai da bacin rai a tsakanin tsararraki zuwa hanyoyin bayyana ma'anar al'ada da kuma yarda da al'ada. Tsarkakkar Kada Daga cikin kabilar Tallensi akwai imani da kada mai tsarki. Kamar yadda Meyer Fortes ya bayyana a cikin aikinsa na kabilanci "Ma'anar mutum", ana ɗaukar crocodiles na musamman a cikin wuraren tafki na musamman a cikin Tallensi. Babu wani dan gari, hakika babu Tallensi da zai kuskura ya kashe ko ya raunata kada mai tsarki. Kowane Tallensi ya san cewa waɗannan crocodiles sun kasance cikin jiki na mahimman kakannin dangi. Kashe daya daga cikin wadannan kamar kashe mutum ne. Kisan kai ne mafi muni kuma zai kawo bala'i a kan dukan dangi. Duk da haka, ba duk crocodiles ana daukar su a matsayin mutane (ni-saal) misali, a cikin kogunan da ake kamun kifi a lokacin rani ba mutum ba ne, ba mai tsarki ba ne. Ana iya kashe shi a ci. Manazarta Fortes, Meyer (1974). "The First Born". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 15, 81–104. Keesing, Roger Martin (1981). Cultural Anthropology: A Contemporary Perspective (2nd ed.). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. "Farefare". Ethnologue. Retrieved 12 May 2005. The report mentions Talni as a dialect of Farefare. Ci gaba da karatu Fortes, Meyer (1945). The Dynamics of Clanship among the Tallensi. London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute). Fortes, Meyer (1949). The Web of Kinship among the Tallensi. London: Oxford University Press (for International African Institute). Fortes, Meyer (1959). Oedipus and Job in West African Religion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Two reports of a stay among the Tallensi in Gbeogo:↵ Cleovoulou, Marios (June 1998). "How does development affect culture?". Cleovoulou, Marios (1998). "1998 Newsletter". Insoll, Timothy MacLean, Rachel Kankpeyeng, Benjamin (2013). Temporalising Anthropology: Archaeology in the Talensi Tong Hills, Northern Ghana. Frankfurt: Africa Magna Verlag Riehl, Volker (2003). The Dynamics of Peace: role of traditional festivals of the Tallensí in northern Ghana in creating sustainable peace In: Kröger, F. B. Meier (ed): Ghana’s North. Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag, 207 223 Riehl, Volker/Christiane Averbeck (1994) ‘Die Erde kommt, die Erde geht’: Zum religiösen Naturverständnis der Tallensi in Nord-Ghana In: Sociologus, N.F., Bd. 44, 136-148 Riehl, Volker (1993). Natur und Gemeinschaft: Sozialanthropologische Untersuchungen zur Gleichheit bei den Tallensi in Nord-Ghana Frankfurt/M.: Peter Lang Verlag Riehl, Volker (1989) The Land is Ours: Research on the Land-Use System among the Tallensi in Northern Ghana. In: Cambridge Anthropology, Vol. 14, No. 2,

57742

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zauro%20polder%20project

Zauro polder project

Aikin Zauro polder shiri ne na ban ruwa da aka dade ana shirin yi a filin kogin Rima a jihar Kebbi a Najeriya. Aikin yana da matsaloli, kuma zai buƙaci kulawa da mai da hankali don cimma fa'idodin da aka tsara. Wuri Jihar Kebbi ta kasance yankin Savanna na Sudan, buɗaɗɗen woodland mai warwatse bishiyoyi. Ya ratsa ta ne da lungunan kogin Rima da Neja, wanda a kan samu ambaliyar ruwa a kan lokaci. Akwai lokacin damina tsakanin watan Mayu da Satumba, tare da ƙarancin ruwan sama a cikin ragowar shekara. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara yana kusan Matsakaicin yanayin zafi kusan ne, daga tsakanin watannin Afrilu da Yuni. An sha ba da shawarar samar da madatsun ruwa da na ban ruwa don samar da wadataccen ruwan damina domin noma a lokacin rani. Tsari An fara aiwatar da aikin ne a shekarar 1969 a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin gwamnatin jihar da ma’aikatar noma da albarkatun ruwa ta tarayya. Dam din zai kasance ne a gabar kogin Rima tsakanin Argungu da Birnin Kebbi, inda za a yi ban ruwa mai fadin na gonaki. Amfanin gona zai haɗa da shinkafa, masara, alkama, sha'ir da kayan lambu kamar su wake, albasa, tumatir, dankalin turawa da dankalin Irish. Dam din zai kuma amfanar da sana’ar kamun kifi mai muhimmanci a jihar. Aikin zai hada da gina tafki da magudanan ruwa da ake amfani da su wajen ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa, yankunan gonakin da aka karewa daga ambaliyar ruwa. Bayan da aka yi nazari na ainihin zane, an canza shi don rage asarar ruwa daga ƙazantar damina a lokacin rani, da kuma rage farashi, ta hanyar maye gurbin tashoshi na budewa tare da tsarin cajin ruwa, ta yin amfani da rijiyoyi don jawo ruwa daga ramin ruwa don ban ruwa. Matsalolin ruwan Goronyo da ke jihar Sokoto za su rage illar barnar da ambaliyar ruwa ke yi, wanda kuma zai samar da ruwa a lokacin rani. An sha samun jinkiri. Rahoton watan Yuli 1995 ya lura cewa aikin yana "tsaye". A cikin Maris 2003, yayin da yake yakin neman sake tsayawa takara a Birnin Kebbi, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya yi alkawarin kammala aikin. A watan Oktoban 2006 gwamnatin tarayya da na jihar Kebbi sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar aiwatar da aikin, a kan kudi naira biliyan 15. A watan Mayun 2008 Shugaba Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya ba da umarnin fara aiki nan take a kashi na farko na aikin, wanda a yanzu aka kiyasta zai ci sama da Naira biliyan 18.5. A watan Janairun 2009 Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi Sa'idu Dakingari ya ce nan ba da dadewa ba za a fara aiki. Aikin filaye An kaddamar da aikin gwaji a shekarar 1982 mai fadin hekta 100 a arewacin Birnin Kebbi. Wani bincike na aikin da aka fitar a shekara ta 2009 ya bayyana cewa yanayi na ci gaba da tabarbarewa a tsawon rayuwar aikin, tare da yin noman noma da ke haifar da asarar filayen noma mai albarka saboda gishiri da alkalinity. Abubuwan da suka haddasa sun hada da rashin daidaita wuraren da zai ba da damar fitowar ruwan saman, rashin kula da magudanar ruwa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yawan ban ruwa daga manoma. Dole ne a magance waɗannan batutuwa don cikakken aikin ya yi nasara. A shekara ta 2000 Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa ta Tarayya ta ce tana shirin sake gyara aikin gwaji. Binciken asusun gwamnatin tarayya na shekarar 2007 ya nuna cewa an bayar da kwangilar kusan Naira miliyan 84 a shekara ta 2002 tare da biyan kashi 25% na gaba don gyara magudanan ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Duk da haka, aikin ya zama kamar an yi watsi da shi bayan an biya kuɗin tattarawa. Rigima A watan Yulin 2008, sama da manoma 1,000 da suka yi zanga-zanga a wurin aikin sun yi kokarin murkushe Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Kebbi, Alhaji Ibrahim Aliyu da Sarkin Argungu, Alhaji Samaila Mera a fadar Sarkin. Wani abin damuwa shi ne yadda tafki zai mamaye yankin da ake gudanar da bikin kamun kifi na Argunga, wani muhimmin hanyar samun kudin shiga daga masu yawon bude ido. An yi barazanar kawo cikas ga bikin kamun kifi na Argunga na shekarar 2009, amma Sarkin ya yi alkawarin samar da mafita bayan an gudanar da bikin. Lokacin da babu wanda ya fito sai mutanen Argunga suka fara jifan sarki duk lokacin da suka gan shi. Wasu manoman dai sun damu cewa aikin zai mamaye gonakinsu, duk da cewa an ba su tabbacin za a biya su diyya tare da taimaka musu wajen tsugunar da su. Wasu kuma na zargin turjiya da tsoron abin da ba a sani ba, kuma suna da yakinin cewa aikin zai inganta aikin noma, suna masu cewa suna da yakinin cewa gwamnati na yin abin da ya dace. Rikice-rikice kan ayyukan ban ruwa da ayyukan hana ambaliyar ruwa kamar aikin polder na Zauro ba zai yuwu ba. Manoman da ke da ƙananan filayen suna son ƙarancin ambaliya yayin da manoman da ke sama ke son ƙarin. Masunta suna son ambaliyar ruwa da wuri, manoma suna son ambaliya daga baya sannan makiyaya suna son lokacin rani da wuri don su sami filayen kiwo. Tare da kulawa mai kyau, ana iya magance waɗannan matsalolin.

14649

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicki%20Minaj

Nicki Minaj

Onika Tanya Maraj-Petty (An haife ta ne a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1982),wadda akafi sani da Nicki Minaj /m ɪ n ʒ ita ne mai Trinidadian-American rapper, singer, songwriter, actress, da kuma model.An haife ta a gundumar Saint James na Port of Spain kuma ta tashi ne a gundumar Queens da ke New York City, ta sami karbuwa a wurin jama'a bayan ta saki kayan hadawa na Playtime Is Over (2007), Sucka Free (2008), da Beam Me Up Scotty (2009) farkon aikin ta,Minaj aka san ta da kayayyaki da kuma wigs, ta bayyana kwarewa,da kuma yin amfani da alter egos da wasulla,da farko British cockney.Bayan fara waka tare da Lil Wayne's Young Money Entertainment, a shekara ta (2009 Minaj ta saki studio album din tana farko, Pink Friday (2010),wanda ta karba lamba daya a Amurka Billboard 200 ginshiƙi kuma aka bokan sau uku platinum ta Recording Industry Association of America RIAA). Kundin ya samar mada Minaj Billboard Hot 100 zama na farko acikin biyar, "Super Bass" Kundin wakokinta na biyu, Pink Friday: Roman Reloaded (2012) ya ga Minaj ta matsa zuwa ga rawar-pop tare da mai da hankali kan waƙar ta. An fara faifan kundin a saman jadawalin a kasashe da yawa,wanda ya haifar da Billboard Hot 100 guda daya acikin biyar, "Starships". Minaj na uku da na hudu na kundin faifai, The Pinkprint (2014) da Queen (2018), sun nuna ficewa daga salon raye-rayen rawar rubuce-rubucen da ta gabatar da kuma komawa tushenta na hip hop,tare da tsohuwar da ke haifar da Billboard Hot (100) na farko a cikin- guda biyar Anaconda Yanayinta a kan remix na Doja Cat's"Say So da 6ix9ine" haɗin gwiwar. Trollz",duka an sake su a cikin shekarar (2020) sun nuna alamar farko da na biyu a ɗaya a cikin Hot (100) bi da bi, tare da na biyu, sun sa ta zama ta biyun 'yar wasan mata da fara fitowa a saman jadawalin bayan Lauryn Hill shekara ta (1998). A wajen kiɗa, aikin fim na Minaj ya haɗa da rawar murya a cikin animated films Ice Age: Continental Drift (2012) da The Angry Birds Movie 2 (2019) gami da matsayin tallafi a cikin finafinan ban dariya na The Other Woman (2014) da kuma Barbershop: The Next Cut (2016). Ta kuma bayyana a matsayin alkali a lokacin twelfth season na American Idol a shekara ta (2013). An ambata a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata masu fasahan saurin na rap a kowane lokaci, Minaj ta sayar da kimanin fayafayan rikodin miliyan( 100 a duk duniya, yana mai da ta ɗaya daga cikin world's best selling music artists. A tsawon rayuwar ta, Minaj ta sami yabo da yawa, gami da kyaututtukan kiɗa na Amurka guda shida, BET Awards goma sha biyu, kyaututtukan kiɗa na MTV Video Music Awards guda huɗu, <i id="mwaA">Kyaututtukan</i> Kiɗa na <i id="mwaA">Billboard</i> guda huɗu, da Mata biyu na <i id="mwag">Allon</i> Kyautuka a cikin Wakokin An kuma zabe ta don( 10) Grammy Awards. Minaj itace mafi girman-ranked mace rapper a kan allon-tallan jerin saman artists na shekarar( 2010s). A cikin shekara ta (2016 Minaj ta kasance cikin jerin Lokaci na shekara-shekara na mutane( 100) masu tasiri a duniya.. Rayuwar farko Onika Tanya Maraj an haife ta ne a Saint James a ranar( 8) ga watan Disamba, shekarar (1982)Mahaifinta, Robert Maraj, babban jami'in harkokin kuɗi kuma mawaƙiyan bishara na ɗan lokaci, na Dougla ne (Afro-Trinidadian mahaifiyar da Indo-Trinidadian mahaifin zuriya.Mahaifiyarta, Carol Maraj, ita ma mawaƙa ce ta bishara tare da asalin Afro-Trinidad. Carol ta yi aiki a cikin ɓangarorin biyan kuɗi da na lissafi a lokacin ƙuruciya ta Minaj.Mahaifin Minaj ya kasance mai yawan shan giya da sauran kwayoyi, kuma yana da saurin fushi, tana ƙona gidansu a cikin watan Disamba shekarar ta (1987).Tana da wani dattijo mai suna Jelani, wata ƙanwarta mai suna Maya, ƙanin ta mai suna Micaiah, da kuma ƙanwarta mai suna Ming. Yayinda yake karamin yaro, Minaj da dan uwa sun zauna tare da kakanta a Saint James. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta koma Bronx a cikin New York City don halartar Kwalejin Monroe, kawo dangin zuwa Queens lokacin da Minaj ke da shekara biyar. A lokacin, dangin suna da gida a titin 147th. Minaj ya tuna, "Bana tunanin cikin gidana. Mahaifiyata ta motsa ni, amma ba ta da tsayayyar gida. Na so na zama mai tsayayyen gida. Minaj ta sami nasarar saurarar karatun shiga Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School of Music &amp; Art da kuma Arts, wanda ke mai da hankali kan zane da zane-zane Bayan kammala karatu, Minaj ta so zama 'yar fim, sai aka sanya ta a wasan Off-Broadway A Cikin Abin da Ka Manta a shekarar ta (2001). A lokacin da take da shekaru( 19) yayin da take fama da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai jiran aiki a wani Red Lobster a cikin Bronx, amma an kore ta saboda rage darajar kwastomomi. Ta ce an kore ta daga "aƙalla ayyuka (15" )saboda dalilai iri ɗaya.. Ayyuka Manazarta

18339

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunani

Tunani

Tunani ya kunshi "kwararar manufa da ra'ayoyi da kungiyoyi wadanda zasu iya haifar da kammalawar gaskiya". Ko da yake tunani aiki ne mai muhimmanci ga rayuwar mutane, har yanzu ba a cimma matsaya game da yadda ake bayyana shi ko a ka fahimtarsa ba. Saboda tunani yana tattare da ayyuka da mu'amala da mutane da yawa, fahimtar asalinsa na zahiri da kuma salon maganarsa da kuma tasirinsa ya kasance babban buri na yawancin fannonin ilimi da suka hada da falsafa, ilimin harshe, ilimin halayyar dan Adam, ilimin kwakwalwa, ilimin kere kere, ilimin halittu, ilimin halayyar dan adam, da ilimin kimiya. Yin tunani yana bawa mutane damar fahimtar ma'anar, fassara, wakilci ko kirar duniyar da suka fuskanta, da kuma yin tsinkaya game da waccan duniyar. Saboda haka yana da amfani ga kwayar halitta tare da bukatu, manufofi, da bukatu yayin da take yin shiri ko kuma kokari don cimma wadancan burin. Tushe da Amfani Kalmar tunani ta fito ne daga Tsohon Ingilishi þoht, ko geþoht, daga tushe na þencan "don daukar ciki a cikin tunani, yi la'akari". Kalmar "tunani" na iya nufin: samfurin tunani guda daya ko kuma ra'ayi ɗaya ("Abinda na fara tunani shine 'a'a.') samfurin aikin tunani ("Lissafi babban rukuni ne na tunani." aiki ko tsarin tunani ("Na kasance cikin rudani daga yawan tunani." damar tunani, tunani, tunani, da sauransu ("Duk tunaninta ya shafi aikinta." la'akari ko tunani a kan wani ra'ayi ("Tunanin mutuwa yana bani tsoro." tunani ko tunani ("Na yi tunani game da yarinta." rabi-kafa ko niyya mara kyau ("Na dan yi tunanin tafiya." fata ko fata ("Ba ta da tunanin sake ganinsa." la'akari, kulawa, kulawa, ko girmamawa ("Bai yi tunanin kamaninsa ba" kuma "Na yi shi ba tare da tunani ba." hukunci, ra'ayi, ko imani ("Dangane da tunaninsa, gaskiya ita ce mafi kyawun siyasa." dabarun da ke tattare da wani wuri, aji, ko lokaci ("tunanin Girka") yanayin sane da wani abu ("Ya sa ni tunanin kaka ta." kula da imani da wani abu, musamman tare da kasa da cikakken tabbaci ("Ina tsammanin zai yi ruwan sama, amma ban tabbata ba." Ma'anoni na iya ko bazai buƙaci wannan tunanin ba faruwa a cikin kwakwalwar dan adam (duba ilimin halayyar dan adam), faruwa a matsayin wani bangare na tsarin halittu masu rai (duba Alan Turing da Kayan Lantarki da Lantarki faruwa ne kawai a matakin wayewar kai (duba Ka'idar tunanin hankali bukatar harshe, yana da mahimmanci ko ma kawai na fahimta, m ("na al'ada"), Kunshi wasu ra'ayoyi kamar zana kwatankwacinsu, fassara, kimantawa, tunani, tsarawa, da tunowa. Ma'anar tunani na iya kuma samo asali kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga ka'idojin tunani. Ka'idoji "Bayanin ka'idar tsarin-tunani da injunan tunani" (Caianiello) hanyoyin tunani da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi tunanin mutum wanda aka tsara ta tsarin lissafin lissafin lissafi Surfaces and Essences: Analogy as the Fuel and Fire of Thinking (Hofstadter and Sander) ka'idar da aka gina akan kwatankwacinta Ka'idar Nazarin Harshe da Tunani (Feldman da Lakoff) tsarin tsarin harshe da alaƙar sararin samaniya Tsarin Tunani Tsarin, Karfi, da Iyakantaccen Tunani (Baum) ka’idar da aka ginata akan tsarin tunani Ka'idar Tunanin da ba a sani ba tunanin da ba shi da hankali Ka'idodin ilimin harshe Theaukar Tunani Steven Pinker, Noam Chomsky Ka’idar ilimin harshe da hakika wanda tunani ya dogara ne da tsarin komowa cikin harshe na hadin kai da harshe. Harshen tunani na tunani Jerry Fodor Haɗin mahaɗan wakilcin yanayin tunanin mutum A zahiri, 'Harshen Tunani'. Zai yuwuwar ka'idar yadda da kuma inda a kwakwalwa tunani ya samo asali da kuma yadda ake yada shi kuma wata kwakwalwa ta karba. Rajvanshi, Anil K. (2010), Yanayin Tunanin Mutum Falsafa Halin halittu a cikin falsafa ya ga canjin canji a cikin hanyar da muke fahimtar tunani. Nazarin nazarin halittu na Martin Heidegger na wanzuwar tsarin mutum a cikin kasancewa da Lokaci ya ba da sabon haske game da batun tunani, rashin fahimtar al'adun gargajiya ko fassarar hankali na mutum wanda ya shafi yadda muke fahimtar tunani. Tunanin mahimmancin rawar rashin fahimta a cikin fassarar yiwuwar fahimtar batun ta sanar da tattaunawar da ke tattare da ilimin kere kere (AI) a tsakanin shekarun 1970s da 1980s. Ilimin zamani, ba shine kawai hanyar zuwa tunani a falsafar Yammacin zamani ba. Falsafar tunani wani bangare ne na falsafar da ke nazarin yanayin tunani, abubuwan da suka shafi tunani, ayyukan tunani, halayen kwakwalwa, sani da alakar su da jiki, musamman kwakwalwa. Matsalar hankali-jiki, watau alaƙar tunani da jiki, galibi ana ganinsa azaman tsakiyar batun falsafar tunani, kodayake akwai wasu batutuwa dangane da yanayin hankali waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da zahiri. Hankali-jiki Matsalar hankali-jiki ta shafi bayanin alaƙar da ke tsakanin tunani, ko matakan tunani, da jihohi ko matakai na jiki. Babban manufar masana falsafa da ke aiki a wannan yanki shi ne sanin yanayin tunani da yanayin tunani tsari, da kuma yadda-ko da kuwa-tunanin ya shafi kuma zai iya shafar jiki. Kwarewar tunanin dan adam ya dogara ne da abubuwan motsa jiki wadanda suka isa gabobin mutum daban-daban daga duniyar waje kuma wadannan matsalolin suna haifar da canje-canje a cikin yanayin tunanin mutum, a karshe yana sa mutum ya ji wani abin da yake so, wanda zai iya zama mai dadi ko mara dadi. Wani sha'awar wani yanki na pizza, alal misali, zai haifar da wannan mutumin don motsa jikinsa a cikin takamaiman hanya kuma a cikin takamaiman shugabanci don samun abin da yake so. Tambaya, to, ta yaya zai yiwu ga abubuwan masarufi su tashi daga dunkulen ruwan toka wanda bashi da komai sai kayan lantarki. A related matsala ne don bayanin yadda wani ya ta propositional halaye (misali imani da kuma son zũciyõyinsu) zai iya haifar da cewa mutum neurons zuwa wuta da tsokoki zuwa kwangila a daidai daidai iri. Wadannan sun hada da wasu daga cikin rudanin da ya tunkare masana ilimin harrufa da falsafa na hankali daga aqalla lokacin René Descartes Aiki Abubuwan da ke sama suna nuna fasali na al'ada, bayanin aikin yadda muke aiki azaman fahimta, tsarin tunani. Koyaya, an bayyana cewa za a shawo kan matsalar jiki da ba za a iya warwarewa ba, kuma an wuce ta, ta hanyar dabarun sanin abubuwa, tare da tushenta a cikin aikin Heidegger, Piaget, Vygotsky, Merleau-Ponty da kuma pragmatist John Dewey Wannan hanyar tana nuna cewa hanyar gargajiya ta raba hankali da nazarin ayyukan ta batattu ne: a maimakon haka, ya kamata mu ga cewa hankali, ayyukan wakili da ke ciki, da kuma yanayin da yake fahimta da hangen nesa, dukkansu bangarori ne baki daya wadanda ke tantance kowannensu wasu. Sabili da haka, nazarin aiki na hankali shi kadai zai bar mu koyaushe tare da matsalar-tunanin jiki wanda ba za a iya warware shi ba. Kimiyyar Rayuwa Neuron (wanda kuma aka sani a matsayin jijiya masu kai saqo zuwa kwakwalwa) ne excitable cell a cikin juyayi tsarin da matakai da kuma watsa bayanai da electrochemical yi sigina. Neurons ne core gyara na kwakwalwa, da vertebrate laka, da invertebrate ventral jijiya igiyar da kuma na gefe jijiyoyi. Da yawan nau'ikan nau'ikan jijiyoyi na musamman sun wanzu: jijiyoyin jijiyoyin jiki sun amsa ga tabawa, sauti, haske da wasu abubuwa masu yawa da suka shafi kwayayen sassan jijiyoyi wadanda suke aika sakonni zuwa ga kashin baya da kwakwalwa. Neuwayoyi masu motsi suna karɓar sigina daga kwakwalwa da layin baya wanda ke haifar da raunin tsoka da tasiri gland. Interneurons suna hada jijiyoyi zuwa wasu jijiyoyi a cikin kwakwalwa da laka. Neurons suna amsawa ga motsa jiki, kuma suna sadar da kasancewar abubuwan motsa jiki zuwa ga tsarin juyayi na tsakiya, wanda ke aiwatar da wannan bayanin da aika martani ga wasu sassan jiki don aiki. Neurons ba su je ta mitosis kuma yawanci ba za a iya maye gurbinsu, bayan da aka hallaka, ko da yake astrocytes an lura ya juya zuwa neurons, kamar yadda su ne wani lokacin pluripotent Ilimin Halin Dan Adam Masana halayyar dan adam sun maida hankali kan tunani azaman aikin hankali da nufin neman amsar wata tambaya ko maganin matsalar a aikace. Ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam wani yanki ne na fahimtar halayyar dan adam wanda ke bincikar ayyukan cikin gida kamar warware matsaloli, tunatarwa, da yare. Makarantar tunani da ta samo asali daga wannan hanyar ana kiranta da cognitivism, wanda ke da sha'awar yadda mutane suke wakiltar sarrafa bayanai. Tana da tushe a cikin ilimin Gestalt psychology na Max Wertheimer, Wolfgang Köhler, da Kurt Koffka, kuma a cikin aikin Jean Piaget, wanda ya ba da ka'idar matakai matakai wanda ke bayanin ci gaban ilimin yara. Fahimi mai karantan ilimin tunanin dan adam da kuma gwaji ta halarci fahimta, gane asali, da kuma warware matsaloli, a kan rãyukansu da shafi tunanin mutum da matakai da sasanta tsakanin kara kuzari da kuma mayar da martani. Suna nazarin bangarori daban-daban na tunani, gami da ilimin tunani, da yadda mutane ke yanke shawara da zabe, warware matsaloli, tare da shiga cikin kirkirar kirkira da tunanin kirkirarrun tunani. Ka'idar fahimta ta nuna cewa mafita ga matsaloli ko dai suna daukar nau'ikan algorithms ne ka'idojin da ba lallai bane a fahimtarsu amma sun yi alkawarin warwarewa, ko kuma na abubuwan tarihi dokokin da aka fahimta amma ba koyaushe suke tabbatar da mafita ba. Kimiyyar fahimta ta banbanta da ilimin sanin halayyar dan adam a cikin wadannan algorithms wadanda ake niyyar kwaikwayon halayyar dan adam ana aiwatar dasu ko aiwatar dasu a kwamfuta. A wasu halaye, ana iya samun mafita ta hanyar fahimta, sanin wayewar kai ba zato ba tsammani. A cikin ilimin halayyar ci gaban mutum, Jean Piaget ya kasance jagora a cikin binciken ci gaban tunani tun daga haihuwa zuwa balaga. A cikin ka'idarsa na ci gaban fahimi, tunani yana dogara ne akan ayyuka akan yanayin. Wato, Piaget yana ba da shawara cewa ana fahimtar yanayin ta hanyar haɗuwa da abubuwa a cikin kirar makircin aiki kuma waɗannan suna dacewa da abubuwan har zuwa yadda makircin da ake da shi ya gaza bukatun. A sakamakon wannan tsaka-tsakin tsakanin assimilation da masauki, tunani yana tasowa ta hanyar jerin matakai wadanda suka banbanta daga juna a yanayin wakilci da rikitarwa na fahimta da fahimta. Wato, tunani yana canzawa daga kasancewa bisa ga tsinkaye da ayyuka a matakan haska bayanai a cikin shekaru biyu na farkon rayuwa zuwa wakilcin cikin gida tun lokacin ƙuruciya. Bayan haka, sannu a hankali ana tsara wakilci zuwa tsari na hankali wanda ya fara aiki a kan kayan zahiri na zahiri, a cikin matakan aiwatar da kankare, sannan kuma ya yi aiki a kan ƙa'idodi marasa amfani waɗanda ke tsara kaddarorin kasa, a cikin matakan gudanar da aiki na yau da kullun. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, tunanin Piagetian na tunani an hada shi da tunanin sarrafa bayanai. Don haka, ana daukar tunani azaman sakamakon hanyoyin da ke da alhakin wakilci da sarrafa bayanai. A cikin wannan tunanin, saurin aiki, sarrafa hankali, da kwakwalwar aiki sune manyan ayyuka wadanda ke tushen tunani. A cikin cigaban neo-Piagetian theories na ci gaban fahimi, ci gaban tunani ana daukarta ya zo ne daga karuwar saurin sarrafawa, ingantaccen sarrafa hankali, da kuma kara karfin aiki. Ingantaccen ilimin halayyar dan Adam ya jaddada kyawawan halaye na ilimin halin dan Adam kamar yadda yake da mahimmanci kamar yadda ake mai da hankali kan rikicewar yanayi da sauran alamu marasa kyau. A cikin ractarfin ractarfi da Virabi'a, Peterson da Seligman sun lissafa jerin kyawawan halaye. Ba a tsammanin mutum daya yana da duka halaye na nagart kuma ba a nufin su cika wannan halayyar gaba daya. Jerin yana karfafa tunani mai kyau wanda yake gina kan karfin mutum, maimakon yadda za'a "gyara" alamomin su. Nazarin Kwakwalwa "Id", "son kai" da "tsananin ji-da kai" su ne bangarori uku na kayan aikin ruhi wanda aka bayyana a cikin tsarin tsarin Sigmund Freud na psyche; su ne ka'idodi guda uku dangane da ayyukan da ma'amalarsu da rayuwar su. Dangane da wannan kirar, abubuwan da ba a hade ba na ilhami sun hadu da "id", bangaren hakika na ruhi shine "son kai", kuma aiki mai mahimmanci, halin dabi'a shine "super-ego". Don nazarin halayyar dan adam, sume bai hada da duk abin da bashi da hankali ba, a'a kawai abinda yake danniya sosai daga tunani na tunani ko kuma abin da mutum yake kin sani da sani. A wata ma'anar wannan ra'ayi yana sanya kai cikin dangantaka da sumewa a matsayin abokin gaba, yana yaki da kansa don boye abin da sume ya ɓoye. Idan mutum ya ji zafi, abin da kawai zai iya tunani shi ne rage radadin. Duk wani sha'awar sa, don kawar da ciwo ko jin dadin wani abu, umurtar hankali da abin da za ayi. Ga Freud, sume ya kasance ma'aji ne na ra'ayoyin da ba za a yarda da su ba, buri ko bukatu, abubuwan da ke damun su, da motsin rai mai zafi waɗanda aka kawar da su ta hanyar tunanin danniya Koyaya, abubuwan da ke ciki ba lallai bane su zama marasa kyau kawai. A cikin tunanin kwakwalwa, rashin sani karfi ne wanda za a iya gane shi kawai ta hanyar tasirinsa-yana bayyana kansa a cikin alamar Ilimin halin dan adam shine nazarin yadda mutane da kungiyoyi suke mu'amala. Masana a cikin wannan yanki na rikice-rikice yawanci ko dai masu ilimin halayyar dan adam ko masu ilimin halayyar dan adam, kodayake duk masu ilimin zamantakewar zamantakewar al'umma suna amfani da mutum da kungiyar a matsayin bangarorin nazarin su Duk da kamanceceniyarsu, masu binciken halayyar dan adam da halayyar zaman jama'a sun sha bamban da manufofin su, hanyoyin su, hanyoyin su, da kalmomin su. Hakanan suna fifita litattafan ilimi daban-daban da kungiyoyin kwararru. Mafi girman lokacin hadin kai tsakanin masana halayyar dan adam da halayyar dan adam shine a cikin shekarun da suka biyo bayan yakin duniya na biyu Kodayake ana ci gaba da kebancewa da kwarewa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wani dan tasirin juyi da tasiri ya kasance tsakanin bangarorin biyu. A na gama sume, wani lokacin da aka sani da na gama tunaninsu da lamirinsu, shi ne wani lokaci na hikimar tantance Psychology, buga ta Carl Jung Aangare ne na rashin sani, wanda al'umma, mutane, ko kuma dukkan bil'adama suka raba shi, a cikin tsarin haɗin kai wanda ya samo asali ne daga dukkan abubuwan yau da kullun kuma yana ƙunshe da ra'ayoyi kamar kimiyya, addini, da ɗabi'a Duk da yake Freud bai bambanta tsakanin "mutum Psychology" da "gama tunani", Jung bambanta da na gama sume daga na sirri tunaninsu da lamirinsu musamman ga kowane mutum. Hakanan sanannen sanannen sanannen sananne ne a matsayin "tafki na abubuwan da suka shafi jinsinmu". A cikin "Ma'anar" babi na Jung's seminal work Psychological Types, Psychological, a karkashin ma'anar "gama gari" Jung nassoshi wakilcin gama kai, ajalin da Lucien Lévy-Bruhl ya kirkira a littafinsa na 1910 How Natives Think Jung ya ce wannan shi ne abin da ya bayyana a matsayin gama gari. Freud, a gefe guda, bai yarda da ra'ayin gama gari ba a sume. Karin Bayani Halin dabba Shafin tunani itacen bishiya wanda ke gano nau'ikan tunani da yawa, nau'ikan tunani, bangarorin tunani, fagage masu alaqa, da dari Bayani na hankalin mutum itace take gabatar da halaye, karfinsa, salo, da kuma fagagen binciken dan adam, da sauransu Sake tunani Kara karantawa Bayne, Tim (21 Satumba 2013), "Tunani", Sabon Masanin Kimiyyar Shafin fasali na 7-shafi akan batun. Filaye, R. Douglas, "Brain yana Koyo ta Hanyoyin da Ba A Yi tsammani ba: Masana ilimin kimiyar jijiyoyin jijiyoyi sun gano wasu nau'ikan hanyoyin salula wadanda ba a san su ba don yin tunanin sabo", American Scientific, vol. 322, a'a. 3 (Maris 2020), shafi na 74-79. Myelin, wanda aka daɗe yana daukar rufin asiri a kan axons, yanzu ana ganin yana ba da gudummawa ga ilmantarwa ta hanyar sarrafa saurin alamun da ke tafiya tare da igiyoyin neural." (shafi na 79. Rajvanshi, Anil K. (2010), Yanayin Tunanin Mutum Simon, Herbert, Misalan Tunani, juzu'i na, 1979, Vol II, 1989, Jami'ar Yale Press. Hanyoyin hadin waje Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

30167

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwace%20Ciwacen%20daji%20Surface%20epithelial-stromal

Ciwace Ciwacen daji Surface epithelial-stromal

Surface epithelial-stromal ciwace-ciwacen daji rukuni ne na neoplasms na ovarian wanda zai iya zama mara kyau ko m Neoplasms a cikin wannan rukuni ana tsammanin an samo su ne daga epithelium na ovarian (gyaran peritoneum ko daga ectopic endometrial ko tube na fallopian (tubal). Ciwon daji na irin wannan kuma ana kiransa ovarian adenocarcinoma Wannan rukuni na ciwace-ciwacen daji yana da kashi 90% zuwa 95% na duk lokuta na ciwon daji na ovarian duk da haka ana samun su ne kawai a cikin matan da suka shude amma ban da Amurka inda kashi 7% na al'amuran ke faruwa a mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 40.Serum CA-125 sau da yawa yana haɓaka amma yana da daidai 50% kawai don haka ba alamar ƙwayar cuta ba ce mai amfani don tantance ci gaban jiyya. 75% na mata masu ciwon daji na ovarian suna samuwa a cikin matakan ci gaba; duk da haka ƙananan marasa lafiya suna iya samun kyakkyawan tsinkaye fiye da tsofaffi marasa lafiya. Rabewa Epithelial stromal ciwace -ciwacen daji an rarraba su akan nau'in Siffofin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙayyade ko ƙwayar cuta ta epithelial-stromal ba ta da kyau, ƙwayar iyaka, ko m (shaida ta malignancy da stromal mamayewa). Ciwon daji na kan iyaka yana da yuwuwar rashin tabbas. Wannan rukuni ya ƙunshi serous, mucinous, endometrioid, fili cell, da kuma brenner (transitional cell) ciwace-ciwacen daji, ko da yake akwai 'yan gauraye, undifferentiated da unclassified iri. Ciwon daji mai tsanani Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen sun bambanta da girma daga ƙanana kuma kusan ba a iya gane su zuwa babba, suna cika rami na ciki. iyaka, da kuma nau'in ciwon daji na ciwon daji suna da kimanin kashi 30% na dukan ciwace-ciwacen daji na ovarian. Kashi 75% na marasa lafiya ne ko kuma na iyakoki, kuma kashi 25% na mugunya ne Mummunan nau'i na wannan ƙwayar cuta, serous cystadenocarcinoma, yana da kimanin kashi 40 cikin dari na dukkanin carcinomas na ovary kuma sune mafi yawan ciwon daji na ovarian. Ciwon daji mara kyau da kan iyakoki sun fi yawa a tsakanin shekaru 20 zuwa 50. M serous ciwace-ciwacen daji faruwa daga baya a rayuwa a kan matsakaita, ko da yake da ɗan a baya a cikin iyali lokuta. 20% na benign, 30% na kan iyaka, da 66% na m ciwace-ciwacen daji ne na biyu (shafi duka ovaries). Abubuwan da zasu iya haɗawa da: wuraren cystic wuraren cystic da fibrous galibin wuraren fibrous Damar mummunan ciwon ƙwayar cuta yana ƙaruwa tare da adadin wurare masu ƙarfi da ke samuwa, ciki har da tsarin papillary da duk wani nau'i na necrotic. Pathology an yi layi da tsayi, columnar, sel epithelial ciliated cike da ruwa mai tsabta Kalmar serous wadda ta samo asali a matsayin bayanin ruwan cyst ya zo da bayanin irin nau'in kwayar halitta na epithelial da aka gani a cikin wadannan ciwace-ciwace. na iya haɗawa da saman ovary Ana tabbatar da rarrabuwa tsakanin benign, iyaka, da m ta hanyar tantancewa: cellular atypia (ko sel guda ɗaya ba su da kyau) mamayewa na kewayen stroma na ovarian (ko sel suna kutsawa kewayen nama) Ciwon daji na iyaka yana iya samun atypia ta salula amma ba su da shaidar mamayewa kasancewar jikin psammoma wani yanayi ne na ganowar cystadenocarcinomas Hasashen Hasashen ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, kamar yawancin neoplasms, ya dogara da mataki na bambanci wannan shine yadda ƙwayoyin tumor suka yi kama da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kumburin da ya bambanta da kyau yayi kama da ciwace-ciwacen daji ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ba zata iya kama da nau'in tantanin halitta kwata-kwata ba Ciwon daji mai matsakaicin matsakaici yakan yi kama da nau'in tantanin halitta, amma ya bayyana a fili. tsawo na ƙari zuwa wasu sifofi musamman tare da m malignancies, kasancewar m yada zuwa ga peritoneum yana da muhimmanci game da tsinkaya. Adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da muggan ciwace- ciwacen da ke tsare a cikin ovaries sune 100% da 70% bi da bi. Idan peritoneum yana da hannu, waɗannan ƙimar sun zama 90% da 25%. Yayin da shekarun rayuwa na shekaru 5 na ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka suna da kyau, bai kamata a ga wannan a matsayin shaida na magani ba, saboda sake dawowa zai iya faruwa shekaru da yawa bayan haka. Mucinous ciwace-ciwacen daji Ciwon daji na mucinous Yi kama da takwarorinsu masu kama da juna amma da wuya su kasance na bangarorin biyu Da ɗan ƙasa na kowa, yana lissafin kusan kashi 25% na duk neoplasms na ovarian A wasu lokuta, ciwace-ciwacen daji na mucinous suna da alaƙa da ƙarin cysts masu girma dabam da ƙarancin sa hannu idan aka kwatanta da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Hakanan idan aka kwatanta da ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, ciwace-ciwacen mucinous ba su da yawa akai-akai, kusan kashi 5% na ciwace-ciwacen mucinous na farko na biyu ne. Zai iya haifar da manyan ƙwayoyin cystic, tare da rikodin nauyi sama da 25 kg Pathology Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji suna da alaƙa da rufin sel masu tsayi na columnar tare da apical mucin da rashin cilia, kama da bayyanarsa tare da ƙananan mahaifa ko epithelia na hanji. Siffar na iya kama da ciwon daji ko ciwon daji na ovarian, amma yawanci ya samo asali ne daga appendix (duba mucinous adenocarcinoma tare da yanayin asibiti Pseudomyxoma peritonei Ana amfani da mamayewar stromal bayyananne don bambance ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da ciwace-ciwacen daji. Hasashen Yawan rayuwa na shekaru 10 don ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka da ke ƙunshe a cikin ovary, ƙwayar cuta mara kyau ba tare da mamayewa ba, da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta masu haɗari sun fi 95%, 90%, da 66% bi da bi. Wani yanayin da ba kasafai ba amma abin lura da ke da alaƙa da mucinous ovarian neoplasms shine pseudomyxoma peritonei Kamar yadda ciwace-ciwacen mucinous na ovarian na farko yawanci ba su da alaƙa (a cikin kwai ɗaya), gabatar da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta na biyu yana buƙatar keɓance asalin wanda ba na ovarian ba, yawanci ƙari. Ciwon daji na endometrioid Ciwon daji na endometrioid yana da kusan kashi 20% na duk cututtukan daji na ovarian kuma galibi suna da muni (carcinomas endometrioid). An yi su da glandan tubular masu kama da kamanni ko m endometrium. 15-30% na ciwon daji na endometrioid yana faruwa a cikin mutane masu ciwon daji na endometrium, kuma waɗannan marasa lafiya suna da kyakkyawan ganewa. Suna bayyana kama da sauran ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal, tare da wurare masu ƙarfi da cystic. Kashi 40% na waɗannan ciwace-ciwace suna da alaƙa da juna, lokacin da bangarorin biyu, metastases galibi suna nan. Pathology Glandan da ke da kamanceceniya da nau'in glandon endometrial Ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace suna da glandan da suka balaga da suka bayyana a cikin stroma fibrous Ciwon daji na kan iyaka yana da hadaddun tsarin reshe ba tare da mamayewar stromal ba Carcinomas (mummunan ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji) suna da glandon da ke mamayewa tare da cunkoson sel, ƙwayoyin cuta, mitoses akai-akai. Tare da mafi ƙarancin bambance-bambance, ƙari ya zama mai ƙarfi. Hasashen Hasashen sake yana dogara ne akan yaduwar ƙwayar cuta, da kuma yadda bambance-bambancen ciwon ya bayyana. Hasashen gabaɗaya ya ɗan fi muni fiye da ciwace-ciwacen daji ko mucinous, kuma adadin rayuwa na shekaru 5 ga marasa lafiya da ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ovary kusan 75%. Share ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta Bayyanannun ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta suna da manyan sel epithelial tare da ɗimbin fayyace cytoplasm kuma ana iya gani tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da endometriosis ko ciwon daji na endometrioid na ovary, yana da kama da share carcinoma cell na endometrium. Suna iya zama mai ƙarfi ko cystic. Idan daskararru, sel bayyanannun sun kasance ana shirya su cikin zanen gado ko tubules. A cikin nau'in cystic, ƙwayoyin neoplastic suna yin rufin cyst. Hasashen Wadannan ciwace-ciwacen daji sun kasance masu tayar da hankali, tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa don ciwace-ciwacen da ke cikin ovaries kusan 65%. Idan ciwace-ciwacen ya yadu fiye da ovary a ganewar asali, tsinkayen ba shi da kyau Brenner ciwon daji Ciwon daji na Brenner su ne ciwace-ciwacen kwayoyin halitta-epithelial stromal cell ciwace-ciwacen daji wanda kwayar epithelial (wanda ke bayyana wadannan ciwace-ciwacen daji) wani tantanin halitta ne na wucin gadi. Waɗannan suna kama da kamannin epithelia na mafitsara. Ciwon daji na iya zama ƙanana zuwa manya sosai, kuma yana iya zama da ƙarfi ko cystic. A ilimin tarihi, kumburin ya ƙunshi ƙuƙuka na sel na tsaka-tsakin da aka ambata a baya a cikin nama da ke kewaye da su wanda yayi kama da kwai na yau da kullun. Ciwon daji na Brenner na iya zama mara kyau ko mara kyau, dangane da ko ƙwayoyin tumor sun mamaye nama da ke kewaye. Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta Kananan ciwon daji na kwai (SCCO) gabaɗaya ana rarraba su cikin ciwace-ciwacen epithelial masu alaƙa da keɓantattun siffofi na endocrin. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta amince da SCCO a matsayin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'in huhu guda biyu: Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Hypercalcemic Type (SCCOHT) da Small Cell Ovarian Cancer of Pulmonary Type (SCCOPT). Ƙananan ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyin cuta ba safai ba ne kuma masu tayar da hankali, suna ba da gudummawa ga kasa da 2% na duk cututtukan gynecologic. Matsakaicin shekarun ganewar asali shine shekaru 24, kuma yawancin marasa lafiya kuma suna da hypercalcemia (62%). Yawanci yana kasancewa tare da babban ƙari ɗaya ɗaya. Yawancin mata suna mutuwa a cikin shekara guda da ganewar asali. Magani Don ƙarin bayani na gaba ɗaya, duba ciwon daji na ovarian Bincike ya nuna cewa a layin farko na maganin Ciwon daji na Ovarian Ovarian (EOC), Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin tare da Carboplatin wani zaɓi mai gamsarwa ga Paclitaxel tare da Carboplatin. A cikin mutanen da ke da EOC mai saurin dawowa, bincike ya gano cewa Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin tare da Carboplatin shine mafi kyawun magani fiye da Paclitaxel tare da Carboplatin. Don ci-gaban ciwon daji na wannan tarihin tarihi, Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Amurka ta ba da shawarar hanyar chemotherapy wanda ya haɗu da intravenous gudanarwa (IV) da intraperitoneal (IP). Abubuwan da aka fi so na chemotherapeutic sun haɗa da maganin platinum tare da haraji Metastases Don ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal, wuraren da aka fi sani da metastasis sune kogon pleural (33%), hanta (26%), da huhu (3%). Tasiri akan haihuwa Haihuwa bayan jiyya na ciwace-ciwacen daji na epithelial-stromal ya dogara ne akan ilimin tarihi da matakin farko don raba shi zuwa farkon kan iyaka (ko fiye da mara kyau) tare da matakan ci gaba na kan iyaka (ko mafi muni). Gudanar da ra'ayin mazan jiya (ba tare da oophorectomy na biyu ba) na farkon matakan ciwace-ciwacen kan iyaka an kiyasta cewa zai haifar da damar sama da 50% na ciki na kwatsam tare da ƙarancin haɗarin sake dawowar ƙwayar cuta (0.5%). A gefe guda kuma, a lokuta masu ra'ayin mazan jiya a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwacen daji, an kiyasta yawan masu juna biyu da aka yi ba zato ba tsammani ya kai kashi 35 cikin ɗari kuma haɗarin sake dawowa mai mutuwa 2%. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba Cutar

29599

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfanin%20Jigilar%20Kaya%20Na%20Martinair

Kamfanin Jigilar Kaya Na Martinair

Martinair (na shari'a Martinair Holland NV jirgin saman jigilar kaya ne na Holland wanda ke da hedikwata kuma yana zaune a Filin jirgin saman Amsterdam Schiphol kuma reshen Air France-KLM An kafa kamfanin jirgin saman a shekara ta 1958 ta Martin Schröder. Tun daga 2011, Martinair yana aiki gaba ɗaya azaman jirgin sama mai ɗaukar kaya tare da shirye-shiryen sabis zuwa wurare 20 a duk duniya da ƙarin jiragen haya. Kafin wannan lokacin, sannan yana jigilar fasinjoji. Tarihi Shekarun farko An kafa kamfanin jirgin sama a ranar 24 ga Mayu 1958 a matsayin Martin's Air Charter (MAC), ta Martin Schröder da John Block, tare da jirgin sama daya, de Havilland Dove, da ma'aikata biyar. A cikin shekarata 1963 Mista Schröder ya sayar da kashi 49% na kamfanin zuwa masu hannun jarin kamfanin jigilar kaya guda huɗu (12.25% kowanne, waɗannan ƙarshe sun haɗa kamar Nedlloyd Daga baya KLM zai sayi 50+% wanda Mista Schröder ya mallaka, yana siyan shi. An canza sunan Kamfanin zuwa Martinair Holland a cikin shekarata 1966. Kyakkyawan haɓaka ya zo a cikin 1967 tare da buɗe kasuwancin zuwa Amurka Martinair ya zama duk mai amfani da jet a cikin shekarata 1971. A cikin shekarata 1991, an gabatar da jirgin farko mai suna Martinair Cargo, kuma an jefar da Holland daga dukkan jiragen. A cikin 1996, Martinair ya sayi hannun jari na 40% na mai ɗaukar kaya ta Colombian TAMPA Cargo, wanda ke cikin Medellín, wanda ya ƙaru zuwa 58% a cikin shekarata 2003. An sayar da rabon TAMPA a watan Fabrairun 2008 zuwa Avianca, wani kamfani na Colombia. Shugaban Martinair kuma Shugaba Martin Schröder, wanda ya karɓi lambar yabo ta Tony Jannus a 1995 don gudummawar da ya bayar ga zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasuwanci, ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1998 daga ayyukan yau da kullun. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai a Brussels ta ki amincewa da tayin KLM na siyan hannun jarin Nedlloyd, wanda zai sa KLM ya zama mai shi kadai. An kawo McDonnell Douglas MD-11 na farko a cikin Disamba 1994. A cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa, an kai wasu sabbin MD-11 guda shida zuwa Martinair. A cikin jimlar McDonnell Douglas MD-11CFs guda huɗu (ɗaukakin jigilar kaya) da cikakkun manyan motoci biyu an isar da su. Martinair shine ya ƙaddamar da abokin ciniki na jigilar kaya mai canzawa. A cikin 2004 an ƙara wani MD-11F a cikin jiragen ruwa, wannan a baya mallakar Swissair ne, sannan ya koma cikakken jigilar kaya. Daga 1995 zuwa 2006 an sake tsara wasu daga cikin MD-11 masu iya canzawa don jigilar fasinjoji a cikin kololuwar fasinja a lokacin bazara. An daidaita tsarin fasinja tare da kujeru 390. Bayan 2006 buƙatar ta ragu kuma Martinair baya buƙatar ƙarin kujeru kuma. Ci gaba tun daga 2000s A cikin 2006 Martinair ya sayi Boeing 747-400s guda huɗu daga Jirgin saman Singapore An mayar da waɗannan jiragen fasinja zuwa masu ɗaukar kaya don maye gurbin tsohon Boeing 747-200Fs A cikin Yuni 2007, Martinair ya sanar da cewa yana son mai hannun jari guda ɗaya, zai fi dacewa KLM, kuma a cikin 2008 an sami izini daga Hukumar Turai. Canja wurin sauran hannun jari ya faru ne a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2008. A cikin Nuwamba 2007, Martinair ya daina ayyukansa na ɗan gajeren lokaci don mai da hankali kan ayyukansa na jigilar kayayyaki da jiragen da ke tsakanin nahiyoyi. A cikin 2009 uku daga cikin 747s an adana su saboda matsalar tattalin arziki. A cikin Satumba 2010, an ba da sanarwar sake fasalin wanda zai haɗa da barin duk ayyukan fasinja daga Nuwamba 2011, wanda KLM za ta karbe shi a wani ɓangare, da barin sabis na kaya kawai. A watan Nuwambar 2010, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ci tarar Martinair Yuro miliyan 29.5, bayan wani bincike kan kayyade farashin. A ƙarshen 2010, an yi hayar biyu daga cikin 747-400s zuwa Air Cargo Jamus Sauran 747 (PH-MPS) sun dawo aiki a watan Mayu shekarata 2011 tare da tsarin launi mara taken, saboda Martinair bai tabbatar ba tukuna ko jirgin zai ci gaba da aiki a gare su. A cikin Oktoba 2011, Martinair ya daina sabis na fasinja, wanda yake aiki tun lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin 1958. Martinair yana da sabis na fasinja a ko'ina cikin Turai, Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka daga Amsterdam Jirgin fasinja na karshe ya faru ne a ranar 31 ga Oktoba, shekarar 2011, ya bar shi a matsayin jigilar kaya har zuwa yau. A cikin Maris 2015, Air France-KLM sun ba da sanarwar aniyar rage ayyukansu na jigilar kayayyaki. Saboda haka, duk Martinair's McDonnell Douglas MD-11Fs an cire su ta 2016 ba tare da maye gurbinsu ba. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya yanke ayyuka 330 saboda raguwar. Harkokin kamfanoni Martinair yana da babban ofishinsa a Ginin TransPort, Schiphol East, a filin jirgin saman Amsterdam Schiphol, Haarlemmermeer, Netherlands Martinair ya koma babban ofishinsa na yanzu a ranar Juma'a 4 ga Yuni 2010. Ginin TransPort, wanda Schiphol Real Estate ya haɓaka, gidaje biyu Martinair da Transavia, waɗanda suka koma cikin TransPort a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2010. Gina ginin, wanda ke da na sararin samaniya, ya fara a ranar 17 ga Maris Na shekarar 2009. Kungiyar Schiphol da kamfanin gine-ginen Paul de Ruiter ne suka tsara ginin, yayin da De Vries da Verburg, wani kamfani na Stolwijk, suka gina ginin. Majalisar Gine-gine ta Yaren mutanen Holland ta ba da takardar shedar farko ta Tsarin Binciken Ƙaddamar da Muhalli (BREEAM-NL) ga Schiphol Real Estate don gina Ginin TransPort. A cikin 2011 Majalisar Gina Green ta Amurka ta ba TransPort takardar shedar Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED). Wurin ajiye motoci yana ƙarƙashin ginin TransPort, tare da filin ajiye motoci ta hanyar biyan kuɗi. Kamfanin jirgin sama a baya ya mamaye Cibiyar Schiphol Dutch a filin jirgin sama na Schiphol. Bayan Martinair ya koma cikin sabon ginin, Martinair ya sayar da tsohon ofishinsa zuwa filin jirgin sama. In addition to its headquarters at Amsterdam Airport Schiphol, Martinair operates offices around the globe. The first international office has been opened in Hong Kong in 1975. Martinair USA, later Martinair Americas Originally operated in New York City, but the USA operations office moved to Boca Raton, Florida, in the Miami Metropolitan Area in 1993. This office moved again and is currently located in Doral, Florida, in the Miami area. This office is located in the Doral Corporate Center One. Kamfanoni Kwalejin Jirgin Martinair makarantar horar da jirgin sama ce wacce ke da tushe a filin jirgin sama na Lelystad don horar da matukan jirgi masu zaman kansu da horar da matukan jirgin sama. An tura shi zuwa Filin jirgin saman Groningen a cikin bazara na shekarata 2020 yayin cutar ta Corona don haɗa shi da KLM Flight Academy A lokacin da suka ƙaura zuwa Groningen, MFA tana sarrafa rundunar Socata TB-10 guda huɗu (PH-MLO, PH-MLQ, PH-MLR da PH-MLS masu rijista), Socata TB-20s biyu (PH-MLK da PH masu rijista). -MLL) da Diamond guda ɗaya DA-42NG Twin Star Platinum (PH-MFA mai rijista), wanda aka ƙara a cikin 2011. An bayar da ƙarin horo ta hanyar na'urar kwaikwayo ta Alsim 200 FNPT-II MCC. Bugu da ƙari, Martinair yana aiki da Cibiyar Jet na Yanki, cibiyar sabis na fasaha don kula da jirgin sama. Wuraren Tun daga watan Mayun 2020, Martinair yana gudanar da ayyukan jigilar kayayyaki zuwa wurare 16 da ƙarin haya. Kamfanin ya ƙare ƙarin ayyukan fasinja a cikin Oktoba 2011 bayan shekaru 53 na sabis. Jirgin ruwa Jirgin ruwa na yanzu Tun daga Oktoban shekarar 2021, jirgin ruwan Martinair ya ƙunshi jiragen sama masu zuwa: Ana yin aiki tare tare da ƙarin jiragen jigilar kaya a ƙarƙashin alamar Air France-KLM Cargo, wanda Martinair ke shiga. Tsaffin jiragen ruwa A baya Martinair ya yi amfani da jiragen sama masu hada-hada: Hatsari da hadura A ranar 4 ga Disamba shekarata 1974, Jirgin Martinair 138, Douglas DC-8, yana aiki a madadin Garuda Indonesia, ya tashi zuwa gefen wani dutse yayin da yake kan hanyarsa ta sauka a Colombo, Sri Lanka Dukkan fasinjoji 191 da ma'aikatan da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu. A ranar 21 ga Disamba, shekarar 1992, jirgin Martinair mai lamba 495, McDonnell Douglas DC-10, ya yi hatsari a lokacin da ya sauka a filin jirgin Faro, Portugal, inda ya kashe mutane 56 (ciki har da ma'aikatan jirgin biyu) daga cikin 340 da ke cikinsa. Dalilin hadarin shine microburst -induced iskar iska a hade tare da kurakuran ma'aikatan da suka hada da ci gaba da tsarin da ba a daidaita ba da kuma zumunta na kyaftin. A ranar 30 ga Agusta, 2013 wani jirgin Martinair Cargo MD-11 a wani jirgin kasa da kasa daga filin jirgin saman Rafael Hernandez a Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, zuwa Filin jirgin saman Stansted na London a London, Ingila, ya gamu da barna sosai bayan da wata gobara ta tashi a kan injin lamba daya a yayin da yake tashi. Yayin da babu wani rauni a cikin ma'aikatan jirgin, jirgin ya samu lalacewa a kan injin guda daya, naceles da tsarin. An soke tashin jirgin. A ranar 8 ga Yuli, 2019, Martinair PH-CKA, Boeing 747-400, jirgin Boeing 747-400 da ke aiki a matsayin Jirgin sama mai lamba 8372 daga OR Tambo International Airport zuwa Filin jirgin saman Robert Gabriel Mugabe da ke Harare, Zimbabwe ya rasa wani bangare na wani bangare a lokacin da yake kan hanyarsa ta karshe ta sauka a filin jirgin. Jirgin ya sauka lafiya, kuma daga karshe aka gyara shi a kasa. A ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2020, jami'an kwastam sun kai farmaki jirgin Martinair mai lamba 6912 Boeing 747-400 a filin jirgin sama na Ministro Pistarini da ke Ezeiza, Buenos Aires, Argentina, wanda ya gano 84. kilogiram na hodar iblis da aka boye tsakanin pallets na kaya. Manazarta ambato Littafi Mai Tsarki Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29874

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20yanayi

Gurbataccen yanayi

Madogarar da ba ta da ma'ana (NPS) gurbacewar yanayi, tana nufin gurɓacewar ruwa (ko ƙazanta) na ruwa ko iska da ba ta samo asali daga tushe guda ɗaya ba. Irin wannan gurɓacewar sau da yawa shi ne sakamakon tarawa na ƙananan gurɓatattun abubuwa da aka tattara daga babban yanki. Ya bambanta da gurɓacewar yanayi wanda ke fitowa daga tushe guda. Rashin gurɓataccen tushe gabaɗaya yana haifar da kwararar ƙasa, hazo, ajiyar yanayi, magudanar ruwa, ruwan ruwa, ko gyare-gyaren ruwa (ruwan sama da dusar ƙanƙara) inda gano gurɓatacciyar ƙasa zuwa tushe guda yana da wahala. Gurbacewar ruwan da ba ta da tushe tana shafar jikin ruwa daga tushe kamar gurbataccen ruwa daga wuraren noma da ke zubewa cikin kogi, ko tarkacen iska da ke kadawa zuwa teku. Gurbacewar iska ta hanyar da ba ta da tushe tana shafar ingancin iska, daga tushe kamar rumbun hayaki ko bututun wutsiya na mota. Ko da yake waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwan sun samo asali ne daga maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, ƙarfin jigilar dogon zango da maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na gurbataccen yanayi sun sa ya zama tushen gurɓatawar da ba ta dace ba; idan fitar da ruwa ya kasance a cikin ruwa ko cikin sararin samaniya a wuri guda, gurbatar yanayi zai zama wuri guda Ko ɗaya. Gurbacewar ruwa mara tushe na iya samuwa daga wurare daban-daban ba tare da takamaiman mafita ko canje-canje don gyara matsalar ba, yana kuma mai da wahala a daidaita shi. Rashin gurɓatar ruwa daga tushe yana da wuyar sarrafawa saboda yana fitowa daga ayyukan yau da kullun na mutane daban-daban, kamar takin lawn, amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, gina hanya ko ginin gini Sarrafa gurbacewar yanayi mara tushe yana buƙatar inganta ayyukan birane da kewayen birni, ayyukan noma, ayyukan gandun daji da marinas. Types of nonpoint source water pollution include sediment, nutrients, toxic contaminants and chemicals and pathogens. Principal sources of nonpoint source water pollution include: urban and suburban areas, agricultural operations, atmospheric inputs, highway runoff, forestry and mining operations, marinas and boating activities. In urban areas, contaminated storm water washed off of parking lots, roads and highways, called urban runoff, is usually included under the category of non-point sources (it can become a point source if it is channeled into storm drain systems and discharged through pipes to local surface waters). In agriculture, the leaching out of nitrogen compounds from fertilized agricultural lands is a nonpoint source water pollution. Nutrient runoff in storm water from "sheet flow" over an agricultural field or a forest are also examples of non-point source pollution. Manyan nau'ikan (don gurbatar ruwa) Ruwan ruwa Labe (sako da ƙasa ya hada da silt (lafiya barbashi) da kuma dakatar da daskararru (manyan barbashi). Ruwan ruwa na iya shiga cikin ruwan saman daga ɓangarorin magudanan ruwa, da kuma zubar da ruwa a saman saboda rashin kyawun tsiron da aka rufe a birane da ƙauyuka. Ruwan ruwa yana haifar da irin su turɓaya (girgije) a cikin ruwa, yana rage adadin hasken da ke kaiwa ƙasa mai zurfi, wanda zai iya hana haɓakar tsire-tsire na cikin ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ruwa kuma saboda haka yana shafar nau'ikan da suka dogara da su, kamar kifi da kifi Matakan turbidity kuma suna hana tsarin tsaftace ruwan sha. Hakanan za'a iya fitar da ruwa daga tushe Ko ɓangare daban-daban. Tushen sun haɗa da wuraren gine- gine (ko da yake waɗannan tushen tushe ne, waɗanda za'a iya sarrafa su tare da sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa da sarrafa ruwa filayen noma, bankunan rafi, da kuma wuraren da ke da matsala sosai. Abubuwan gina jiki Abubuwan rashin gina jiki galibi suna nufin abubuwan da ba su da tushe daga magudanar ruwa, wuraren zubar da ƙasa, ayyukan dabbobi da filayen amfanin gona. Abubuwan da ke da mahimmanci guda biyu na damuwa shine phosphorus da nitrogen. Phosphorus wani sinadari ne wanda ke faruwa ta nau'i-nau'i da yawa waɗanda ba a iya samun su. Sanannen yana da yawa a cikin sludge na najasa na ɗan adam. Yana da babban sinadari a yawancin takin zamani da ake amfani da su don noma da kuma kan kaddarorin zama da na kasuwanci, kuma yana iya zama ƙayyadaddun sinadirai a cikin tsarin ruwan ruwa da wasu guraben ruwa Phosphorus galibi ana jigilar su zuwa ga ruwa ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa saboda yawancin nau'ikan phosphorus suna da alaƙa da barbashi na ƙasa. Yawan adadin phosphorus a cikin tsarin ruwa (musamman tafkunan ruwa, tafkunan ruwa, da tafkunan) yana haifar da yaduwar ƙananan algae da ake kira phytoplankton Haɓaka samar da kwayoyin halitta saboda yawan girma na phytoplankton ana kiransa eutrophication Alamar gama gari ta eutrophication ita ce furen algae wanda zai iya samar da tarkace mara kyau, ya fitar da nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu fa'ida, samar da mahadi masu haifar da ɗanɗano da wari, da guba ruwa saboda gubar da algae ke samarwa. Wadannan gubar matsala ce ta gaske musamman a tsarin da ake amfani da su wajen shan ruwan sha domin wasu guba na iya haifar da rashin lafiyar dan Adam kuma cire gubar yana da wahala da tsada. Rushewar ƙwayoyin cuta na furen algal yana cinye narkar da iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa, yana haifar da hypoxia tare da lahani ga kifaye da invertebrates na ruwa. Nitrogen shi ne babban sinadari mai mahimmanci DA Ake amdani DA Shi a cikin takin mai magani, kuma gabaɗaya ya zama gurɓatacce a cikin ruwan gishiri ko tsarin estuarine brackish inda nitrogen ke iyakance abinci mai gina jiki. Hakazalika da phosphorus a cikin ruwa mai kyau, yawan adadin nitrogen da ake iya samu a cikin tsarin ruwa yana haifar da eutrophication da furen algae. Hypoxia wani sakamako ne na gama gari na eutrophication a cikin tsarin ruwa kuma yana iya yin tasiri ga manyan wuraren tudu, bays, da kusa da bakin tekun. Kowace lokacin rani, yanayi na hypoxic yana samuwa a cikin ruwa na ƙasa inda kogin Mississippi ya shiga Gulf of Mexico A lokacin bazara na baya-bayan nan, iyakar iska ta wannan "yankin da ya mutu" ya yi daidai da yankin New Jersey kuma yana da babban illa ga kamun kifi a yankin. Nitrogen yawanci ana jigilar shi ta ruwa azaman nitrate (NO 3 Yawanci ana ƙara nitrogen zuwa magudanar ruwa a matsayin Organic-N ko ammonia (NH 3 don haka nitrogen ya kasance a haɗe zuwa ƙasa har sai oxidation ya canza shi zuwa nitrate. Tun da an riga an shigar da nitrate gabaɗaya a cikin ƙasa, ruwan da ke tafiya cikin ƙasa (watau magudanar ruwa da magudanar tile shi ne ya fi dacewa ya kwashe shi, maimakon zubar da ruwa a Ko Ina. Gurɓatattun abubuwa masu guba da sinadarai Abubuwan da suka haɗa da ƙarfe masu nauyi kamar gubar, mercury, zinc, da cadmium, Organics kamar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) da polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), masu kashe wuta, da sauran abubuwa suna da juriya ga rushewa. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya fitowa daga wurare daban-daban da suka haɗa da najasar ruwan ɗan adam, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, hayakin motoci, konewar mai, zubar da ruwa a birane, ayyukan masana'antu da wuraren share fage. Sinadarai masu guba sun haɗa da mahadi masu guba da mahaɗan inorganic Waɗannan mahadi sun haɗa da wasu magungunan kashe qwari kamar DDT, acids, da salts waɗanda ke da tasiri mai tsanani ga yanayin muhalli da jikin ruwa. Wadannan mahadi na iya yin barazana ga lafiyar mutane da nau'in ruwa yayin da suke jure wa rugujewar muhalli, don haka ba su damar dagewa a cikin muhalli. Waɗannan sinadarai masu guba za su iya fitowa daga filayen noma, gandun daji, gonakin gonaki, wuraren gini, lambuna, lawns da wuraren share ƙasa. Acids da gishiri galibi sune gurɓatattun ƙwayoyin cuta daga filayen ban ruwa, ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, zubar da ruwa a birane, wuraren masana'antu da wuraren share ƙasa. Cutar cututtuka Kwayoyin cuta su ne kwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda ake iya samu a cikin ruwa kuma suna haifar da cututtuka a cikin mutane. Yawanci, ƙwayoyin cuta suna haifar da cuta lokacin da suke cikin kayan ruwan sha na jama'a. Kwayoyin cututtuka da aka samu a cikin gurɓataccen ruwa na iya haɗawa da Kamar haka: Cryptosporidium parvum Giardia lamblia Salmonella Norovirus da sauran ƙwayoyin cuta Kwayoyin tsutsotsi na parasitic (helminths). Hakanan za'a iya gano ƙwayoyin cuta na Coliform da ƙwayoyin najasa a cikin ruwa. Waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ne da aka saba amfani da su na gurɓacewar ruwa, amma ba ainihin musabbabin cututtuka ba. Kwayoyin cuta na iya gurɓata kwararar ruwa saboda rashin bin gudanar da ayyukan dabbobi, gurɓataccen tsarin najasa, rashin kulawa da sharar gida mara kyau, wuce gona da iri na najasar ɗan adam, gurɓataccen magudanar ruwa, da magudanar tsafta Babban tushen (don gurbataccen ruwa) Yankunan birni da na bayan gari Yankunan birni da na bayan gari sune manyan tushen gurɓatar ƙasa saboda yawan zubar da ruwa da ake samu saboda yawan shimfidar shimfidar wuri. Filayen da aka shimfida, kamar kwalta da siminti ba sa iya shiga cikin ruwa. Duk wani ruwan da ke da alaƙa da waɗannan saman zai gudana kuma yanayin da ke kewaye ya mamaye shi. Waɗannan filaye suna sauƙaƙa wa ruwan guguwa don ɗaukar ƙazanta zuwa cikin ƙasan da ke kewaye. Wuraren gine-gine sun kasance suna da ƙasƙan da ke cike da damuwa wanda ke saurin lalacewa ta hanyar hazo kamar ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, da ƙanƙara Bugu da ƙari, tarkacen da aka jefar a wurin za a iya kwashe su ta hanyar ruwa mai gudu kuma su shiga cikin yanayin ruwa. gurɓataccen ruwan guguwa da aka wanke a wuraren ajiye motoci, tituna da wasu manyan gurare, da lawn (yawanci suna ɗauke da takin zamani da magungunan kashe qwari ana kiransa ruwan gudu na birni Ana yawan rarraba wannan zubar da jini a matsayin nau'in gurɓatawar NPS. Wasu mutane kuma na iya la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushe domin sau da yawa ana ratsa shi cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni kuma ana fitar da shi ta bututu zuwa ruwan saman da ke kusa. Duk da haka, ba duk kwararar ruwa na birane ke gudana ta hanyar magudanar ruwa kafin shiga cikin ruwa ba. Wasu na iya kwarara kai tsaye zuwa cikin ruwa, musamman a yankunan masu tasowa da na bayan gari. Har ila yau, ba kamar sauran nau'o'in tushe ba, kamar fitar da masana'antu, masana'antun sarrafa najasa da sauran ayyuka, gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birane ba za a iya danganta shi da aiki ɗaya ko ma rukuni na ayyuka ba. Saboda haka, saboda ba a iya ganowa da tsari cikin sauƙi ba, ana ɗaukar maɓuɓɓugar gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin birni a matsayin tushen gaskiya na gaskiya yayin da ƙananan hukumomi ke aiki don rage su Kawai. Yawanci, a yankunan karkara, ana amfani da sinadarai don kula da lawn. Wadannan sinadarai na iya ƙarewa a cikin ruwa kuma su shiga cikin kewaye ta hanyar magudanar ruwa a cikin birni. Tun da ba a kula da ruwan da ke cikin magudanar ruwa kafin ya shiga cikin ruwa da ke kewaye, sinadarai suna shiga cikin ruwan kai tsaye. Sauran mahimman hanyoyin zubar da ruwa sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren wurin zama da silviculture gandun daji). Ayyukan noma Abubuwan gina jiki nitrogen da phosphorus yawanci ana amfani da su zuwa gonaki DA Ake amfani DA su azaman taki na kasuwanci, takin dabbobi, ko fesa ruwan sharar gari ko masana'antu (dabo) ko sludge. Hakazalika abubuwan gina jiki na iya shiga kwararowar ruwa daga ragowar amfanin gona, ruwan ban ruwa, namun daji, da kuma yanayin yanayi Labe (sako da ƙasa da aka wanke daga filayen wani nau'i ne na gurɓataccen aikin gona gonakin da ke da manyan ayyukan kiwo da kiwon kaji, kamar gonakin masana'anta, galibi masu fitar da tushe ne. Ana kiran waɗannan wuraren "ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi" ko "masu ciyar da abinci" a cikin Amurka kuma suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin gwamnati. Ayyukan noma suna da kaso mai yawa na duk gurɓacewar tushen tushe a Amurka. Lokacin da ake noma manyan gonaki don shuka amfanin gona, yakan fallasa kuma ya sassauta ƙasa da aka binne. Wannan yana sa ƙasan da aka fallasa ta zama mafi haɗari ga zaizayar ƙasa yayin damina Hakanan yana iya ƙara yawan taki da magungunan kashe qwari da ake ɗauka a cikin ruwa na kusa. Abubuwan shigar da yanayi Tushen yanayin shine tushen abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba saboda ana jigilar su daga tushen gurɓataccen iska zuwa masu karɓa a ƙasa. Yawanci, wuraren masana'antu, kamar masana'antu, suna fitar da gurɓataccen iska ta wurin hayaƙi Ko da yake wannan mahimmin tushe ne, saboda yanayin rarraba, sufuri mai nisa, da maɓuɓɓuka masu yawa na gurɓataccen abu, ana iya la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen da ba shi da ma'ana a yankin da aka ajiye. Abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi waɗanda ke shafar ingancin kwararar ruwa na iya zuwa daga bushewa a bushewa tsakanin abubuwan da ke faruwa na guguwa da jika a lokacin abubuwan da suka faru na guguwa. Tasirin zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a kan jika da busassun ajiyewa da ke faruwa a kan ko kusa da manyan tituna, titin titi, da wuraren ajiye motoci na haifar da rashin tabbas a girman ma'aunin yanayi daban-daban a cikin ruwa. Cibiyoyin sadarwar da suka wanzu waɗanda ke amfani da ƙa'idodi da suka isa don ƙididdige waɗannan ƙididdiga da lodi ba sa auna yawancin abubuwan abubuwan ban sha'awa kuma waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa ba su da wasu yawa don samar da ƙididdiga masu kyau a ma'aunin gida Ruwan titin babbar hanya Rushewar babbar hanya yana da ɗan ƙaramin kaso amma yaɗuwar duk gurɓatar tushen da ba ta da tushe. Harned a shekarata (1988) ya kiyasta cewa nauyin da ke gudu ya ƙunshi faɗuwar yanayi (9%), ajiyar abin hawa (25%) da kayan gyaran manyan hanyoyi (67%) ya kuma kiyasta cewa kusan kashi 9 cikin ɗari na waɗannan lodin an sake horar da su a cikin yanayi. Ayyukan gandun daji da ma'adinai Ayyukan gandun daji da hakar ma'adinai na iya samun mahimman bayanai ga gurɓacewar tushen tushe. Gandun daji Ayyukan gandun daji suna rage adadin bishiyoyi a wani yanki, don haka rage yawan iskar oxygen a yankin. Wannan aikin, haɗe tare da injuna masu nauyi (masu girbi, da sauransu) mirgina ƙasa yana ƙara haɗarin zaizayar ƙasa Ma'adinai Ana ɗaukar ayyukan hakar ma'adinai masu aiki tuƙuru DA jajircewa, duk da haka zubar da ruwa daga ayyukan hakar ma'adinai da aka yi watsi da shi yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar tushen tushe. A cikin ayyukan hakar ma'adinai, ana cire saman dutsen don fallasa ma'adinan da ake so. Idan ba a kwato wannan yanki da kyau da zarar an gama hakar ma'adinan, zaizayar ƙasa na iya faruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun halayen sinadarai tare da iska da sabon dutsen da aka fallasa don haifar da zubar da ruwa mai acidic. Ruwan da ke fitowa daga ma'adinan ƙasa da aka watsar na iya zama mai yawan acidic. Wannan zai iya shiga cikin jikin ruwa mafi kusa kuma ya canza pH a cikin yanayin ruwa. Marinas da ayyukan jirgin ruwa Sinadaran da ake amfani da su don kula da kwale-kwale, kamar fenti, kaushi, da mai suna samun hanyar shiga ruwa ta cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, zubar da mai ko ɗibar mai kai tsaye a cikin ruwa daga kwale-kwale yana ba da gudummawa ga gurɓatar ƙasa mara tushe. Matakan sinadirai da ƙwayoyin cuta suna ƙaruwa ta wurin wuraren sharar da ba a kula da su ba a kan jirgin ruwa da tashoshin fitar da famfo. Sarrafa (don gurbataccen ruwa) Yankunan birni da na bayan gari Don shawo kan gurɓacewar tushen tushe, ana iya aiwatar da wasu hanyoyi daban-daban a cikin birane da na kewayen birni. Gilashin buffer yana ba da shingen ciyawa tsakanin kayan da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar wuraren ajiye motoci da tituna, da kuma mafi kusa da ruwa. Wannan yana bawa ƙasa damar ɗaukar duk wani gurɓataccen gurɓataccen ruwa kafin ta shiga cikin tsarin ruwa na gida. Ana iya gina tafkuna masu riƙewa a wuraren magudanar ruwa don ƙirƙirar maɓuɓɓugar ruwa tsakanin gurɓataccen ruwa da yanayin ruwa. Guduwar ruwa da guguwar ruwa suna magudawa a cikin tafkin da ake ajiyewa da ke ba da damar gurɓatattun abubuwa su daidaita su zama tarko a cikin tafki. Yin amfani da lafazin lafazin yana ba da damar ruwan sama da ruwan guguwa su zube cikin ƙasan daf ɗin, wanda hakan zai rage yawan kwararar da ke kwarara cikin ruwa kai tsaye. Hakanan ana amfani da hanyoyin maidowa kamar gina wuraren dausayi don rage gudu da kuma shawo kan gurɓata ruwa. Wuraren gine-gine na aiwatar da matakai masu sauƙi don rage ƙazanta da zubar da ruwa. Da fari dai, ana kafa shingen shinge ko shinge a kusa da wuraren gine-gine don rage yawan laka da manyan kayan da ke zubewa cikin ruwa da ke kusa. Na biyu, shimfida ciyawa ko bambaro a kan iyakar wuraren gine-ginen kuma yana aiki don rage gurɓatar ƙasa mara tushe Ko inganci. A cikin yankunan da tsarin septic na gida ɗaya ke aiki, ƙa'idodin ƙananan hukumomi na iya tilasta kiyaye tsarin septic don tabbatar da bin ka'idodin ingancin ruwa. A Washington (jihar), an ƙirƙiro wani sabon salo ta hanyar ƙirƙirar "gundumar kariyar kifi" lokacin da aka rage girman gadon kifin kifi na kasuwanci ko na nishaɗi saboda ci gaba da gurɓacewar tushen tushe. Gundumar kariyar shellfish yanki ne na yanki da gundumar ta keɓance don kare ingancin ruwa da albarkatun ruwa, kuma yana ba da hanyar samar da kuɗaɗen gida don sabis na ingancin ruwa don sarrafa tushen gurɓataccen ruwa. Aƙalla gundumomi biyu na kariyar kifi a kudancin Puget Sound sun ƙaddamar da tsarin aiki da buƙatun kulawa tare da kuɗin shirin da ke daure kai tsaye da harajin kadarorin. Ayyukan noma Don sarrafa laka wato ƙasa da kwararar ruwa, manoma za su iya amfani da hanyoyin sarrafa zaizayar ƙasa don rage kwararar ruwa da riƙe ƙasa a filayensu. Dabarun gama gari sun haɗa da noman kwane-kwane, dasa shuki, jujjuyawar amfanin gona dasa amfanin gona na yau da kullun ko shigar da magudanan ruwa Yin noman kiyayewa ra'ayi ne da ake amfani da shi don rage kwararar ruwa yayin dasa sabon amfanin gona. Manomin ya bar wasu amfanin gona da aka shuka a baya a cikin ƙasa don hana kwararar ruwa yayin aikin shuka. Ana amfani da kayan abinci na gina jiki a gonaki a matsayin takin kasuwanci; taki na dabba; ko fesa ruwan sharar gari ko na masana'antu wato kamfani (ruwan taki) ko sludge. Hakazalika abubuwan gina jiki na iya shiga kwararowar ruwa daga ragowar amfanin gona, ruwan ban ruwa, namun daji, da kuma yanayin yanayi Manoma na iya haɓakawa da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren sarrafa kayan abinci don rage yawan amfani da abubuwan gina jiki. Don rage tasirin magungunan kashe qwari, manoma na iya amfani da dabarun Gudanar da Kwari (IPM) (wanda zai iya haɗawa da sarrafa kwari don kula da sarrafa kwari, rage dogaro da magungunan kashe qwari, da kare ingancin ruwa Ayyukan gandun daji Tare da kyakkyawan tsari na jeri na biyun hanyoyin shiga, wanda kuma ake kira hanyoyin skid, na iya rage adadin laka da aka samar. Ta hanyar tsara wurin hanyoyin da nisa daga ayyukan katako kamar yadda zai yiwu tare da daidaita hanyoyin tare da ƙasa, zai iya rage adadin sako-sako da ke cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, ta hanyar sake dasa bishiyoyi a ƙasa bayan an yi shuka Ko binne amfani, yana samar da tsari ga ƙasa don dawo da kwanciyar hankali tare da maye gurbin yanayin da aka bushe. Marinas Shigar da bawuloli na kashe akan famfunan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa na iya taimakawa rage yawan zubewa cikin ruwa. Bugu da ƙari, tashoshin fitar da famfo waɗanda ke da sauƙin isa ga masu jirgin ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya samar da wuri mai tsabta inda za a zubar da sharar tsafta ba tare da zubar da shi kai tsaye cikin ruwa ba. A ƙarshe, wani abu mai sauƙi kamar samun kwantena na shara a kusa da marina na iya hana manyan abubuwa shiga a cikin ruwa. Misalai na ƙasa Amurka Gurbatacciyar hanyar da ba ta da tushe ita ce kan gaba wajen haifar da gurɓacewar ruwa a ƙasar Amurka a yau, tare da gurɓataccen kwararar ruwa daga aikin noma da gyaran ruwa. Doka na gurɓacewar Tushen Madogara a Amurka Ana yin ma'anar tushen da ba ta da ma'ana a ƙarƙashin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka kamar yadda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta fassara. Doka ba ta tanadi tsarin dokokin tarayya kai tsaye na kafofin da ba su da tushe, amma jihohi da ƙananan hukumomi na iya yin hakan bisa ga dokokin jiha. Misali, jihohi da dama sun dauki matakin aiwatar da nasu shirye-shiryen gudanar da nasu wuraren kamar yankunan bakin tekun nasu, wadanda dukkansu sai sun samu amincewar hukumar kula da teku da iska da kuma EPA. Makasudin waɗannan shirye-shiryen da ma dai dai su ne ƙirƙirar ginshiƙai waɗanda ke ƙarfafa rage gurɓacewar yanayi a duk faɗin jihar ta hanyar haɓakawa da haɓaka tsarin da suka wanzu. Shirye-shirye a cikin waɗannan jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna duban mafi kyawun ayyukan gudanarwa (BMPs) don cimma burinsu na nemo hanya mafi ƙarancin tsada don rage mafi girman ƙazanta. Ana iya aiwatar da BMPs don zubar da ruwa na noma da na birni, kuma yana iya zama ko dai na tsari ko hanyoyin da ba na tsari ba. Dan haka Hukumomin tarayya, ciki har da EPA da Sabis na Kare Albarkatun Ƙasa, sun yarda kuma sun ba da jerin BMPs da aka saba amfani da su don nau'o'i daban-daban na gurɓataccen tushen tushe. tanadin Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka ga jihohi Majalisa ta ba da izini ga shirin CWA sashi na 319 a cikin shekarata 1987. Ana ba da tallafi ga jihohi, yankuna, da kabilu don ƙarfafa aiwatarwa da ci gaba a cikin manufofin. Doka tana buƙatar duk jihohi suyi aiki da shirye-shiryen gudanarwa na NPS. EPA na buƙatar sabunta shirye-shirye na yau da kullun don gudanar da yadda ya kamata a sarrafa yanayin ruwansu da ke canzawa koyaushe, da kuma tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da kudade da albarkatun tallafi na 319. Dokar sake ba da izini ga shiyar bakin teku (CZARA) na shekarar 1990 ta ƙirƙiri wani shiri a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kula da Yankunan Tekun da ke ba da umarnin haɓaka matakan sarrafa gurɓataccen tushen tushen tushen da ba a taɓa gani ba a cikin jihohin da ke da ruwan teku. CZARA na buƙatar jihohin da ke da bakin teku su aiwatar da matakan gudanarwa don gyara gurɓataccen ruwa, da kuma tabbatar da cewa an aiwatar da samfuran waɗannan matakan sabanin karɓuwa. Duba wasu abubuwan Rushewar abinci mai gina jiki na noma stochastic empirical loading da dilution model Fihirisar jihar Trophic (mai nuna ingancin ruwa) Surface-water hydrology ingancin ruwa Samfuran ingancin ruwa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta US EPA-Shirin Gudanar da Tushen Mahimmanci Gona Taki Shuka Ruwa Shara Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29768

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Ha%C6%99ar%20Ma%27adanai

Dokar Haƙar Ma'adanai

Dokar hakar ma'adinai ita ce reshe na doka da ke da alaƙa da ka'idodin doka da suka shafi ma'adanai da hakar ma'adinai Dokar ma'adinai ta rufe batutuwa masu mahimmanci da yawa, ciki har da mallakar albarkatun ma'adinai da wanda zai iya aiki da su. Har ila yau, ka'idoji daban-daban sun shafi aikin hakar ma'adinai dangane da lafiya da amincin masu hakar ma'adinai, da kuma tasirin muhalli na hakar ma'adinai. Batutuwa Mallaka Wani bangare na dokar dukiya wanda ke da mahimmanci ga dokar hakar ma'adinai ita ce tambayar wanene "ya mallaki" ma'adinan, kamar yadda za su iya fitar da shi bisa doka daga ƙasa. Wannan yakan dogara ne akan nau'in ma'adinan da ake tambaya, tarihin ma'adinai na hukunce-hukuncen, da kuma al'adar shari'a ta gaba ɗaya da kuma kula da dukiya. Misali, a yawancin hukunce-hukunce, haƙƙin mallaka na zinare da azurfa to sarki ne ya riƙe su, kamar yadda karafa biyu ke aiki a matsayin kuɗi a al'adance da yawa. Taimako Baya ga mallakar ma'adinan, hanyar cirewa na iya shafar masu mallakar kadarorin da ke kusa. Subsidence (wani mai ban mamaki ko da hankali) yana haifar da lokacin da ma'adanan (ko wuri makamancin haka) ya rushe ko faɗuwa, yana haifar da sama ko kusa da sifofi don faɗuwa tare da shi, yawanci lalacewa ko lalata su. Batun haƙƙin tallafi yana ƙayyadaddun haƙƙoƙin doka da alaƙa tsakanin ɓangarori a cikin waɗannan yanayi. Ta ƙasa Dokokin hakar ma'adinai sun bambanta duka biyu ta al'adar shari'a na hukunce-hukuncen shari'a, da kuma hukumcin mutum ɗaya Kamar yadda yake a tsari. Dokar hakar ma'adinai a kasashen masu jin Jamusanci Dokar hakar ma'adinai a Turai ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar gama gari na zamanin da. Daga akalla karni na 12, sarakunan Jamus sun yi iƙirarin haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai na azurfa da sauran karafa, suna fifita sarakunan gida. Amma a ƙarshen zamanai na tsakiya, haƙƙin ma'adinai, waɗanda aka sani da Bergregal an canza su daga sarki zuwa sarakunan yanki. Da farko, an ba da haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai ta baki ko a rubuce ta mutane. Tun daga farkon karni na 15, masu mulkin yanki sun kafa dokar ma'adinai ta hanyar doka ko ka'idoji (ka'idojin ma'adinai ko Bergordnungen wanda sau da yawa ya kasance yana aiki har zuwa karni na 19. An ƙirƙiri sabon, nisa, tushen shari'a tare da Dokar Ma'adinai ta Ƙasa ta Prussian ta shekarar 1865 Allgemeines Berggesetz für die Preußischen Staaten von 1865 wanda, tare da bambancin gida, an karɓa a Brunswick (1867), Bavaria (1869). Württemberg (1874), Baden (1890) da sauran ƙasashe. Ban da Masarautar Saxony, inda wata doka mai mahimmanci irin wannan, Dokar Ma'adinai ta Masarautar Saxony Allgemeines Berggesetz für das Königreich Sachsen ta fara aiki a ranar 16 ga Yuni shekarata 1868, ta zama doka a duk manyan jihohin kasar. Jamus. Yau A Jamus, ƙarƙashin Mataki na 74 (1) no. 11 na Basic Law Basic Law, ma'adinai dokar ne karkashin lokaci guda doka. Babban ma'aunin doka shine Dokar Ma'adinai ta Tarayya Bundesberggesetz A Ostiriya tushen doka yayi kama da na Jamus. Doka ta farko tun daga 1 ga Janairu shekarata 1999 ita ce Dokar Ma'adinai Raw Mineralrohstoffgesetz ko MinroG. A Switzerland dokar hakar ma'adinai kasuwanci ce ta yanki kuma tana gudanar da ita ta hanyar dokokin yankin. Dokar hakar ma'adinai a Liechtenstein ta iyakance ga wasu ma'adanai (ma'adanai na ƙarfe, albarkatun burbushin burbushin halittu da kayan da ke da alaƙa kamar graphite, anthracite, coal dutse, lignite, slate coal, kwalta, bitumen da mai ma'adinai, sulfur, dutsen gishiri da maɓuɓɓugan gishiri) kuma ana sarrafa su. galibi ta Dokar Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Liechtenstein, labarai na 484 zuwa 497. Kamar yadda yake a Switzerland hakar ma'adinai a Liechtenstein ba ta da mahimmanci kuma ƙa'idodin dokar kadarorin galibi ƙa'idodin tsari ne kawai. Dokar hakar ma'adinai a kasashen masu magana da Ingilishi Ba kamar dokar hakar ma'adinai ta Jamus ba, a Burtaniya da Commonwealth ka'idar hakar ma'adinai ta masu mallakar filaye ta yi rinjaye. Kambi kawai yana da'awar ajiyar zinariya da azurfa. A cikin yanayi na musamman (misali inda aka raba ikon mallakar ƙasa) ana iya ba da haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai ga wani ɓangare na uku, ta yadda za a biya masu ƙasa diyya. Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai yana biyan mai gida hayar hayar matacciyar ko kuma ta sarauta Ana iya ba da haƙƙoƙin ma'adanai na sama da ƙasa (kamar yadda ka'ida ta rushewa da ma'adanai) daban. Dokar hakar ma'adinai a Amurka kuma ta dogara ne akan dokar gama gari ta Ingilishi Anan mai gidan kuma shine mai duk albarkatun ƙasa zuwa zurfin da ba iyaka. Koyaya, jihar tana riƙe haƙƙoƙin kan phosphate, nitrate, potassium salts, kwalta, kwal, shale mai da sulfur, da haƙƙin mallaka (ba mallaki) na mai da iskar gas ba. Yashi da tsakuwa suna zuwa ƙarƙashin Sashen Cikin Gida Dokar hakar ma'adinai a kasashen masu magana da Faransanci A Faransa da Belgium Dokar farar hula ita ce tushen dokar ma'adinai. Sauran abunuwa Bergamt ofishin ma'adinai na Jamus Bergregal Haƙƙin haƙar ma'adinai na zamanin da da sarauta Bergordnung Dokokin hakar ma'adinai na Jamus Doka akan Rangwamen Ma'adinai (Chile) Aikin hakar ma'adinai Babban Dokar Ma'adinai na 1872 (Amurka) Ma'adanai da Dokar Ma'adinai na 1986 Ghana Manazarta Adabi Reinhart Piens, Hans-Wolfgang Schulte, Stephan Graf Vitzthum: Bundesberggesetz. (BergG). Kommentar. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, 1983, Raimund Willecke: Mutuwar Deutsche Berggesetzgebung. Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Glückauf, Essen, 1977, Eduard Kremer, Peter U. Neuhaus gen. Wever: Bergrecht. Kohlhammer Verlag, Stuttgart, a 2001, Julius Hesemann et al.: Untersuchung und Bewertung von Lagerstätten der Erze, nutzbarer Minerale und Gesteine Vademecum 1). Geologisches Landesamt Nordrhein-Westfalen, Krefeld, 1981, shafi. 95–105: Abschnitt: Rechtsverhältnisse (Berggesetzgebung) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rechtliches.de: Bergrecht Deutsche Rechtsnormen zum Bergrecht BMWFJ.gv.at: Rechtsgrundlagen Bergbau Shiga game da Dokar Ma'adinai ta Austriya a Austria-Forum, dem österreichischen Wissensnetz kan layi (auf AEIOU) Doka Ma'adanai

60669

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Quantock

Rod Quantock

Rodney Edward Quantock OAM (an haife shi a shekara ta 1948) ɗan wasan barkwanci ne kuma marubuci. An san Quantock don salon sa na farko na wasan barkwanci, wanda galibi ana tafiyar da shi ta hanyar siyasa, da kuma kasancewa fuskar dillalin gado Capt'n Snooze shekaru da yawa. Wanda jaridar The Age ta bayyana a matsayin "taska mai rai na Melbourne", ya kuma sami babban matsayi tare da shigarsa cikin gwagwarmayar siyasa da adalci na zamantakewa da kuma matsayin mai magana a yawancin al'amuran jama'a da na kamfanoni. Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko Quantock ya girma a Coburg. Mahaifinsa yayi aiki a Fitzroy a masana'antar goge karfe kuma a matsayin direban tram. Kafin shiga cikin ƙwararrun wasan kwaikwayo, Quantock yayi karatun gine-gine a Jami'ar Melbourne tsawon shekaru 5. Sha'awar sa game da wasan barkwanci ta fara ne acikin revue na Architect na jami'a a cikin 1969, inda ya ji daɗi sosai sau ɗaya a kan mataki. A nan ne ya sadu da matarsa ta gaba Mary Kenneally. Ɗaya daga cikin ƴan'uwan Quantock, Loris, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Sydney. Ku shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo Tare da Kenneally, Geoff Brooks da Stephen Blackburn, Quantock ya buɗe kuma ya gudanar da The Comedy Cafe da Banana Lounge. Talabijin Quantock ya zama mai shiga cikin talabijin a farkon 80s da 90s, yana aiki akan jerin Ratbags, Ostiraliya Kuna Tsaya Aciki, Saurin Gaba, Denton, BackBerner kuma ya kasance na yau da kullun akan Babban Gig da Makon Labarai mai kyau. Acikin 2005, ya bayyana a matsayin batun nunin zane da aka nuna a Crown Casino. Quantock ya kasance memba mai kafa a kwamitin bikin ban dariya na ƙasa da ƙasa na Melbourne, mai ba da shawara ga bikin Moomba na Melbourne kuma memba na Kwamitin Arts na Bicentennial BHP Awards For Excellence. Capt'n Snooze Quantock ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin tallace-tallacen talabijin na mai siyar da gado Capt'n Snooze daga shekarun 80s zuwa ƙarshen 90s. Acikin dangantakar aiki da ta shafe shekaru 18, Quantock ya bayyana cewa akwai "abubuwa da yawa game da Capt'n Snooze da ke da kyau da kuma abubuwa da yawa marasa kyau" amma ya yarda cewa babban dalilinsa na ci gaba da kasancewa fuska. na Capt'n Snooze ya kasance na kuɗi:Suka ce, "Abinda za kuyi shi ne, ku sa 'yar karamar rigar dare, ku sanya hula, kuyi tsalle sama da ƙasa a kan gadaje, zaku iya samun waccan tirela cike da kuɗi." Amma ina ganin hakan ya sa na rage buri a fagen wasan barkwanci. Ina nufin ba zanyi cikakken bayani ba, amma muna fama da matsalolin lafiya da yawa acikin danginmu, wanda hakan ya sa kuɗaɗen suka sha wahala sosai wajen yin sana'a a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci. Don haka na yi nadama a wannan matakin. Ina tsammanin zan iya zama mafi kyawun ɗan wasan barkwanci, yin abubuwa masu ban sha'awa da ban samu haka a rayuwata ba. Bas Quantock ya gudanar da balaguron bas daban-daban na maraice na Melbourne da sauran sassan Victoria tun farkon 80s, ra'ayi da ake kira Bus, Ɗan Tram ko Bus kawai, inda ƙungiyar mutane za suyi tafiya acikin bas tareda shi zuwa wani wuri mai ban mamaki don saduwa da wasu. mutanen da ba suda masaniyar zuwansu. Nasarar balaguron bas ɗin ya dogara ne akan abin mamaki kuma sakamakon kusan koyaushe yana ban dariya. Quantock ya gan shi a matsayin hanyar ganin yadda mutane suka firgita:Mun samu gated al'umma; muna da ƙararrawar mota; mun samu mutane suna sanya tarkacen karfe akan tagoginsu da daddare. Mutane sun firgita-na sauran mutane suna ɗaukar abin da suka samu, na kashe su, ina tsammanin don haka abin da zan samu mafi ban sha'awa shine yadda tsaro ya kasance mai tsanani amma kuma a matsayin hanyar gabatar da mutanen daba suda tabbas. wannan ra'ayin cewa duniya ba wuri ne mai ban tsoro ba kuma kuna iya jin daɗi da baƙi."An bai wa mahalarta taron duk abin rufe fuska na Groucho Marx kuma Rod ya dauki kajin roba a kan sanda, mai suna Trevor. Harkar siyasa Quantock yana goyan bayan siyasar hagu kuma shine mai masaukin baki na 1997, 1998 da 2004 Ska-TV Activist lambobin yabo waɗanda aka watsa a gidan talabijin na al'umma a kusa da Ostiraliya. Ya bada jawabi a 17 Janairu 2010 zanga-zangar a rufe The Tote Hotel. Ya kasance MC a yawancin tarurruka da tarurruka na jama'a a cikin yakin neman dakatar da Gabas-West Link Acikin 2014, Quantock ya zama abokin bincike a Cibiyar Al'umma ta Melbourne, Jami'ar Melbourne, yana aiki akan gabatar da tasirin sauyin yanayi da rikice-rikicen albarkatu. Rashi Biyu Daga 1989-1994, Quantock ya kasance mawallafin mako-mako don Ranar Lahadi kuma acikin Satumba 1999, Biyu Disillusion, littafin da aka tattara na waɗannan ginshiƙai da wasu daga cikin ayyukansa na rayuwa, an buga. Kyauta Order of Australia Medal (2015) Kyautar Darakta, Bikin Barkwanci na Duniya na Melbourne (2012) Fellowship Board of Theatre Council Australia (2007) Quantock ya sami lambar yabo ta Green Room Award don nunin mutum ɗaya na Sunrise Boulevard (1997). Kyautar Mutum ɗaya a Sydney Myer Performing Arts Awards (2004). Quantock ya kasance mai karɓar lambar yabo ta Adelaide Justice Coalition Romero Community Award saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga adalcin zamantakewar Australiya (2005). Biography da shekara Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun

23542

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%20Egbuna

Obi Egbuna

Obi Benue Egbuna (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli na shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas (1938) A Chris, ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Janairu shekara ta dubu biyu da sha hudu 2014) ya bada gudun mawa a Nijeriya a bangarori daban daban kamar -wallafai wallafai, marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo sannan dan siyasar da aka sani ga manyan Universal Launin ta Association (UCPA) da kuma kasancewa memba na Burtaniya Black damisa Movement na shekarar (1968-72) a lokacin shekarun da ya rayu a Ingila, tsakanin shekarar (1961 zuwa 1973). Egbuna ya buga rubutu da yawa akan Marxist Black Power, gami da Rushe Wannan Haikali: Muryar Baƙar Ƙarfi a Biritaniya a shekarar(1971) da The ABC of Black Power Thought a shekarar (1973). Tarihin Rayuwa Shekarun farko da ilimi An haifi Egbuna a Ozubulu, a Jihar Anambra, Najeriya. Ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Iowa da Jami'ar Howard, Washington, DC, inda ya koma a shekarar 1961 zuwa Ingila, inda ya zauna har zuwa shekarar 1973. Harkokin siyasa a Burtaniya A Landan, Egbuna memba ne na wata ƙungiya da ake kira Kwamitin Ƙungiyoyin Afirka waɗanda ke da asali a cikin Ƙungiyar Daliban Afirka ta Yamma, kuma waɗanda suka shirya ziyarar Malcolm X a shekarar 1965 a Biritaniya. Egbuna ya halarci abubuwan da kungiyar masu fasahar Caribbean suka shirya, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1966 an yi wasansa na Wind Versus Polygamy a Bikin Duniya na Negro Arts a Dakar, Senegal, inda Pan African Players da Negro Theater Workshop wanda aka kafa a London da Pearl Connor ya wakilci Ingila. Ya zama majagaba na motsi na Black Power a Biritaniya, kafa Ƙungiyar Jama'a Masu Launi ta Duniya (UCPA) "ƙungiyar Black Power ta farko da aka bayyana a Burtaniya a watan Agusta a shekara ta 1967, bayan ziyarar Stokely Carmichael da magana a babban gangamin yaki da Vietnam a watan Oktoban wannan shekarar. Egbuna ya kuma halarci Jami'ar Antiuniversity ta London A watan Agusta a shekarar 2020, Egbuna ta dan, Obi Egbuna Jr, ya yi magana candidly zuwa Bryan Knight ta gaya A abokai podcast game da mahaifinsa siyasa fafatukar da kuma yaki da wariyar launin fata a cikin kasar Birtaniya na shekarar 1960 da kuma shekara ta 1970s. Kasancewar Marxism ya rinjayi shi sosai, Egbuna ya jaddada mahimmancin gwagwarmayar ƙasa da ƙasa da jari -hujja, a zaman wani ɓangare na gwagwarmayar duniya da zalunci na launin fata. A cikin wani jawabi daga shekarar 1967 a dandalin Trafalgar, London, Egbuna ya bayyana cewa: "Black Power yana nufin kawai cewa baƙar fata na wannan duniyar ta fita don kawar da zaluncin 'yan jari hujja ga baƙar fata a duk inda ta kasance ta kowace hanya." A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1967, ya ƙaddamar da Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Ƙarfi, wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙwararrun Jama'a ta Duniya ta buga. A matsayin mai magana da yawun kungiyar, ya yi ikirarin cewa sun dauki mambo bi 778 a Landan cikin makonni bakwai da suka gabata. A shekara ta 1968 Egbuna ya buga wata ƙasida mai taken Ƙarfin Ƙarfi ko Mutuwa Egbuna ya kuma ga motsi na ɗaliban gurguzu da na kwaminisanci na shekarar 1960 a matsayin matsala ga Black Power Kodayake akida ta kafu a cikin irin wannan al'adar ta Markisanci, amma ya ga ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai a matsayin "ƙungiyoyin gurguzu" waɗanda ke ba da umarni daga "jigon cewa kawai sun karanta kuma za su iya fahimtar Marx". Wannan raunin hankali ya kasance, a cewar Egbuna, "yana yin babbar illa ga abin da suke ikirarin ɗaukaka" ta hanyar yin watsi da launin fata a matsayin babban dalilin zaluntar ma'aikatan baƙar fata:Babu wanda ke cikin hankalinsa na jayayya cewa gaskiyar cewa ma'aikacin Farin farar fata ne ga cin amanar 'yan jari hujja, da kuma Baƙin Aiki. Amma daidai gwargwado shine gaskiyar cewa ana amfani da Farin ma'aikacin ne kawai saboda ma'aikaci ne, ba don fari bane, yayin da akasin haka, ana zaluntar Baƙin Ma'aikaci, ba wai saboda ma'aikaci bane kawai, amma kuma saboda Baƙi ne. A cikin shekara ta 1960, masu tausayawa Black Power da yawa sun bar ƙungiyoyin ɗaliban su na gurguzu da na kwaminisanci sannan daga baya suka fara nasu ƙungiyoyin Black Power na Marxist -orientated Black Power Alliance, kamar Black Socialist Alliance. Sakamakon dokar dangantakar launin fata na shekarar 1965, ingiza rikicin kabilanci ya zama doka a cikin Burtaniya. An ci tarar membobin UCPA na Egbuna da yawa a karkashin wannan aikin. Egbuna a wancan shekarar an daure shi bisa zargin yin barazanar kashe 'yan sanda da wasu' yan siyasa. Shekarun baya Littafin labari na ƙarshe na Egbuna, The Madness of Didi, an buga shi a 1980. Ya mutu a Washington, DC, a ranar 18 ga Janairun 2014, yana da shekaru 75, kuma an yi jana'izar rayuwarsa da aikinsa ranar Asabar, 1 ga Maris, 2014, a Babban Masallacin Rankin, Jami'ar Howard, Washington, DC. Takaddun Egbuna ana gudanar da su a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baƙar fata, Manufofin Rubutu, Rumbun Littattafai da Rare Books Division, a Makarantar Jama'a ta New York. Littafin tarihin Duba kuma Ƙarfin Ƙarfi Markisanci Kara karantawa Sivanadan, A., Yunwa dabam -dabam Rubuce -rubuce akan Baƙuncin Resistance, London: Pluto Press, 1982) "Sharhi: Maganar 'Kogin Jini' na Enoch Powell", Daily Telegraph, 6 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta (2007). Bunce, RER, da Paul Field, "Obi B. Egbuna, CLR James da Haihuwar Ƙarfin Ƙarfi a Biritaniya: Baƙin Rini a Biritaniya 1967 72", Tarihin Biritaniya na ƙarni na ashirin, ga watan Satumba a shekara ta (2011) Vol. 22, fitowa ta 3, p. 391. Manazarta Haifaffun 1938 2014 dead Pages with unreviewed

30358

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gidan%20wasan%20Upera%20na%20kasar%20Ukraine

Gidan wasan Upera na kasar Ukraine

An kafa kungiyar Kyiv Opera bisa ka'ida a lokacin ranin shekarar 1867, kuma ita ce opera ta uku a tsufa a Ukraine, bayan Odessa Opera da Lviv Opera. A yau, Kamfanin Kyiv Opera yana yin wasan kwaikwayo a National Opera House na Ukraine mai suna Taras Shevchenko a Kyiv Tarihi Tarihin farko: 1867 20th karni An kafa shi a lokacin rani na 1867 wanda Ferdinand Berger 1875) ya jagoranta kafawar. Berger ya yi nasarar gayyato hazikan mawaƙa, da masu gudanarwa, kuma majalisar birnin (duma) ta ba da sabuwar ƙungiyar da aka ƙirƙira don yin amfani da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni (wanda aka gina a 1856, architect I. Shtrom) don wasan kwaikwayo. A hukumance, ana kiran gidan wasan kwaikwayon gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birni amma an fi kiransa da Opera na Rasha. Ranar wasan farko, Nuwamba 8 (Oktoba 27 tsohon salon), 1867 an sanya shi hutun birni. Ayyukan opera Askold's Tomb na Alexey Verstovsky shine farkon farkon ƙungiyar. Nasarar farko tana da nasaba da basirar murya na wancan lokacin O. Satagano-Garchakova, F. L'vov, M. Agramov amma kuma makircin da ya ɗauka daga wasu manyan shafuka na tsohon tarihin birnin. Wasannin kwaikwayo na farko sun kasance mafi yawan wasannin opera na Russia ne, ciki har da Ruslan da Ludmila na Mikhail Glinka, Rusalka na Alexander Dargomyzhsky, Maccabees na Anton Rubinstein da The Power of the Fiend ta A. Serov, da kuma fassarar Turai operas ciki har da Barber na Seville ta Rossini, The Barber of Seville ta Rossini Auren Figaro na Mozart, Der Freischütz na Weber, Lucia di Lammermoor na Donizetti, da operas ta Giuseppe Verdi, wanda ya zama mafi so na Kyivites. Ranar Fabrairu 4, 1896, bayan wasan kwaikwayo na safe na Eugene Onegin ta Tchaikovsky, wuta ta tashi daga kyandir da ba a kashe a gidan wasan kwaikwayon ba. Gobarar ta cinye ginin gaba daya cikin sa'o'i da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ɗakunan karatu na kiɗa a Turai tare da kayayyaki masu yawa da kayan wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo da yawa sun ɓace yayin gobara. Bayan gobarar gidan wasan kwaikwayo na birnin, ƙungiyar ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a wasu matakai na shekaru da yawa, ciki har da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bergonie (yanzu gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na Rasha mai suna Lesya Ukrainka Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Solovtsov (yanzu Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai suna Ivan Franko har ma a kan. filin wasa na sanannen Circus na Krutikov. Farkon karni na 20 Bayan gobarar, majalisar birnin ta sanar da gasar kasa da kasa don tsara wani sabon gini ga gidan wasan kwaikwayon na Opera a Kyiv. Victor Schröter ya bada shawaran hakan. An tsara na waje a cikin salon Neo-Renaissance kuma ya ba da lissafin bukatun 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da masu kallo. An sake fasalin ciki a cikin salon gargajiya kuma ana kiransa Viennese Modern Duk da haka, ana daukar babban nasararsa a matsayin mataki daya daga cikin mafi girma a Turai da aka tsara zuwa sababbin matakan injiniya. A ranar 29 ga Satumba, an gudanar da bikin buɗe sabon filin wasan kwaikwayo tare da wasan kwaikwayo na cantata Kyiv na mawaki Wilhelm Hartweld (1859 1927) da kuma gabatar da wasan opera Life for the Tsar na M. Glinka. A ranar 14 September O.S, akwai wasan kwaikwayo na Rimsky-Korsakov 's <i id="mwTA">The Tale of Tsar Saltan</i> a Kyiv Opera House a gaban Tsar da 'ya'yansa maza biyu, Grand Duchesses Olga da Tatiana Maza 90 ne suka mamaye gidan wasan kwaikwayon. A lokacin da ake tsaka da aikin an kashe Firayim Minista Pyotr Stolypin A cewar Alexander Spiridovich, bayan aiki na biyu "Stolypin yana tsaye a gaban ramp yana raba parterre daga ƙungiyar makaɗa, baya zuwa mataki. A gefen damansa akwai Baron Freedericks da Gen. Suhkomlinov Mai tsaron lafiyarsa ya tafi shan taba. An harbe Stolypin sau biyu, sau ɗaya a hannu kuma sau ɗaya a cikin kirji Dmitry Bogrov, wani juyin juya hali na hagu, yana ƙoƙari ya gyara kansa. Bogrov ya gudu zuwa ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da aka shigar kuma aka kama shi. "Ya [Stolypin] ya juya wajen Akwatin Imperial, sannan ya ga Tsar da ya shiga akwatin, sai ya yi nuni da hannaye biyu ya ce wa Tsar ya koma." Mawakan sun fara wasa "Allah Ya Tsare Tsar." Likitocin sun yi fatan Stolypin zai murmure, amma duk da cewa bai haihu ba, yanayinsa ya tabarbare. Washegari, Tsar da ke cikin damuwa ya durƙusa a gefen gadon asibitin Stolypin ya ci gaba da maimaita kalmar "Ka gafarta mini". Stolypin ya mutu bayan kwana uku. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 20, gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Kyiv Opera ya jawo hankalin hazikan mawaƙa na Ukrainian da Rasha, ciki har da O. Petlyash, P. Tsevich, K. Voronets, M. Medvedev, K. Brun, O. Mosin da O. Kamionsky. kuma shahararrun taurarin opera daga Yamma sukan zo yawon bude ido. Da yawa sabon abu don wasan kwaikwayo na lokaci ya faru a kan mataki: Die Walkure ta Wagner, Sadko ta Rimsky-Korsakov da Mefistofele ta Arrigo Boito Jihar Ukraine A cikin shekarar 1917, an yi amfani da gidan wasan opera ba kawai don fasaha ba har ma da majalisa. Musamman ma, a cikin 1917, an gudanar da taron Soja na Biyu na Sojoji na Biyu a cikin Opera House wanda aka fi sani da shela ta farko na Majalisar Tsakiyar Ukraine A lokacin Jihar Ukraine, Kyiv Opera ake kira Ukrainian Drama da Opera gidan wasan kwaikwayo An gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fassarar Yukren, musamman a cikin 1918: "Faust", "La Traviata", "Bohemia", "Madame Butterfly" da sauransu. An rubuta a cikin 'yan jaridu na Ukrainian cewa Opera na Jihar Ukrainian yana da kowane dalili da kuma yiwuwar zama daya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasan kwaikwayo na lokacinsa, yayin da yake gargadin cewa "Opera na Ukraine kada ya sake maimaita tarihin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Petrograd, wanda ya ba da al'adun kasashen waje da al'adun 'yan kasa. da kuma jaddada cewa wajibi ne a "tsara aikin opera mai karfi, kasa da al'adu". lokacin Soviet Bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta mamaye Ukraine, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya zama ƙasa kuma an sanya masa suna K. Liebknecht Opera House. A 1926 an sake masa suna Kyiv State Academic Ukrainian Opera, kuma a 1934, lokacin da Kyiv aka mayar da babban birnin kasar matsayi Academic Opera da Ballet gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tarayyar Soviet A 1936 gidan wasan kwaikwayo aka bayar da Order of Lenin, kuma a 1939 aka mai suna bayan Taras Shevchenko Bisa ga Dokar Kwamishinonin Jama'a na 1926, an yi duk wasan operas a harshen Ukraine. Wannan wahayi zuwa ga kafa cikakken darajar Ukrainian al'adu da Ukrainian harshe. Al'adar yin wasan opera a cikin fassarorin Ukrainian ta yi nasara har zuwa farkon 1990s. A shekara ta 1981, an yi bikin ballet na duniya a kan rayuwar Olga na Kiev don tunawa da ranar 1500th na birnin. 1990-2010 A tsakanin shekarun 1991-1999, Anatoliy Mokrenko ya jagoranci Opera ta kasa. A wannan lokacin, gidan wasan kwaikwayo ya fara watsar da fassarori na yaren Ukrainian a hankali, wanda matsalolin tattalin arziki ya bayyana da kuma buƙatar ayyukan yawon shakatawa don tsira ga masu fasaha. Manazarta Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kyiv.ua: Ziyarar gani da ido na Gidan Opera na Kasa Worldwalk.info: Shevchenko National Opera House na Ukraine (Kyiv) Gidajen wasan kwakwayo da aka kammala a 1901 Wakar Ukraine Gine-ginen karni na 19 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

18287

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asibitin%20Koyarwa%20ta%20Jami%27ar%20Legas

Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas

Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Legas (LUTH), babban asibiti ne wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1961 kuma yana cikin Idi-Araba, Surulere, jihar Legas, yankin mulkin Najeriya. Asibitin koyarwar ce da ke da alaƙa da Kwalejin Magunguna ta Jami'ar Legas da aka kafa a shekara ta alif 1962. Makarantar Koyon Magunguna ta Jami'ar Legas. Asibitin tana ilimantar da ɗalibai kuma tana basu ƙwarewa ta hanyar sanyawa da kuma ƙwarewar aiki. Bayani Daraktan asibitin na yanzu (2020) ko Babban Daraktan asibitin kuma babban likita shine Farfesa Chris Bode. Wurare Akwai wurare guda huɗu na LUTH waɗanda ke cikin jihar Legas. Babban harabar yana cikin Idi-Arabia, tare da ƙarin da ƙwararrun asibitocin dake wasu wurare. Wuraren LUTH sune kamar haka: Babban LUTH Babban Campus, Idi-Araba LUTH Dermatology Clinic, Yaba LUTH PHC, Pakoto, Jihar Ogun LUTH asibitin tabin hankali, Yaba Sassan A cikin LUTH akwai manyan sassa takwas. A cikin waɗannan sassan, akwai ƙananan hukumomi da ƙananan rukunoni. Manyan sassan sune: Ilimin hakora Maganin ciki Ciwon haihuwa da na mata Maganin dakin gwaje-gwaje Likitocin yara Oncology Tiyata Sabis ɗin Hadaka Damarwa LUTH shine babban asibitin koyarwa ce da take a Nigeria mai gadaje guda 761. Tana hidima ga mutane da skua kai miliyan 25 na jihar Legas. Asibitin koyarwar tana horar da daliban kwalejin koyon aikin likita a jami’ar ta Legas a bangaren Kiwon lafiya, Hakori, Magunguna da sauran sassan. Kayayyaki da Rukuni Kulawa Mai Girma (ICU) Na daya daga cikin manyan kayan aiki a cikin Asibitin Koyarwa ta Jami'ar Legas a cikin sashin ICU. An kafa shi a watan Satumba shekara ta alif 1963, rukunin yana aiki a matsayin layi na farko na kulawa da marasa lafiya da ke cikin mummunar yanayin hamm Comparamar gida ce mai gado-10. Wannan lambar ta girma sosai tun lokacin binciken da aka gudanar tsakanin 1963 da 1973 inda asibitin koyarwa ke canzawa koyaushe da ƙananan lambobi saboda yawan sauyawar ma'aikata. Wasu daga cikin yanayin gama gari waɗanda suka shiga sashin ICU sun haɗa da tetanus mai tsanani, yanayin jijiyoyin jiki, ƙone raunin, da yanayin haihuwa. Unitatal Unit A Neonatal aka l3a cikin sashen na paediatrics a LUTH. Tana da damar sabbin haihuwa 80. A matsakaici, ƙungiyar na haihuwa tana sauƙaƙawa kusan 2500 na aikawa a kowace shekara. Unitungiyar kuma tana da ƙimar kusan 200 kowace wata don shari'o'in da suka wuce ƙarfin LUTH. Neungiyar Neonatal tana da ɗakunan haihuwa biyu da ɗakin aiki tare da ɗakuna goma sha huɗu da gidajen kallo biyu. A cikin sashen haihuwa, akwai bangarori biyu, bangaren haihuwa ga jariran da aka haifa a cikin LUTH da kuma bangaren da ke waje don jariran da aka sauya. Duk waɗannan ƙananan-anguwan suna da damar ɗaukar jarirai 40. Gidan haihuwa shima yana da wani sashi wanda aka keɓe don taimakawa mata suyi ciki ɗaukar ciki A kayan aiki samuwa a kan neonatal naúrar ne makyakyasa, pototerefy na'urorin. ciki har da Bilirubinometer da Irradiometer inji, multiparameter zaune a yanki, bugun jini oximeters, apnea zaune a yanki, piped iska oxygen, jini gas analyzers, kuma kumfa CPAP inji tare da blenders da kuma high kwarara makaman. Har ila yau, sashen haihuwa yana da damar yin amfani da magunguna, wuraren nazarin halittu da dakin gwaje-gwaje na kimiyyar sinadarai, kayayyakin jin daɗin jama'a da kuma binciken cutar jini. Compositionungiyar ma'aikata a sashen haihuwar ta ƙunshi masu ba da shawara neonato, likitoci, jami'an cikin gida, ma'aikatan jinya da sauran ma'aikatan tallafi. Ya zuwa 2020 akwai likitocin neonato 4, likitocin zama 10, ma'aikatan jinya 26 da ma'aikatan tallafawa 8. A cikin 2015 Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon Cutar Cancer wanda ke cikin sashen Oncology da Radiotherapy an yi gyare-gyare don inganta kayan aikin. A cewar Hukumar Cinikayya da Raya Kasa ta Amurka (USDTA), akwai sabbin masu fama da cutar kansa wadanda yawansu ya kai 115,000 wadanda sanannun ayyukan likitanci ke bukatar magani a Najeriya duk shekara. Cancer Aware Nigeria ya kula da aikin don inganta kayan aikin LUTH kuma ya sake buɗe cibiyar a watan Disambar 2015. An gudanar da aikin ne tare da hadin gwiwar Hukumar Kula da Zuba Jari ta Nijeriya (NSIA). Kudinsa yakai kimanin dalar Amurka miliyan 11. Gyara cibiyar kula da lafiya an tsara shi ne don inganta sashin da ke tsakiya kan gyaran dakunan kulawa da marasa lafiya, wuraren jira da kuma yanayin asibitin gaba daya. Anyi hakan ne don kara yawan marasa lafiyar dake amfani da asibitin, da kuma kwarewarsu. Aikin yana da manyan manufofi shida. Waɗannan su ne don samar da "sabis na rediyo na ciki da waje", sabis kan marasa lafiya 3000, samar da cibiyoyin don horas da ƙarin ma'aikata, haɓaka lokacin jira don karɓar magani, taimako don tallafawa ci gaban LUTH kuma a ƙarshe rage yawan marasa lafiya da ke tafiya kasashen waje don samun kulawar likita. Shugaba Muhammad Buhari, wanda ya ba da umarnin gyara cibiyar kula da cutar kansa ya yi tsokaci a kan 9 ga watan Fabrairun 2019; "Sanarwar da aka yi a yau, bangare ce, cikar alkawarin da muka yi wa 'yan Najeriya don samar da ingantaccen, mai sauki da kuma kula da lafiya" Shugaban NSIA ya kuma bayyana cewa Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon daji za ta yi aiki da LUTH ta hanyar inganta "karfin tattalin arziki na saka jari a fannin kiwon lafiya a Najeriya" kuma zai "kara yawan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu". USTDA shima yana cikin aikin inganta Cibiyar magance Ciwon. USDTA ta sayi maganin kansar Varian da software na ganowa kamar Halcyon An tsara wannan software ɗin don "haɓaka ƙarfin haƙuri da daidaiton magani". An kuma tsara software ɗin don rage amfani da ruwa da wutar lantarki da rabi ta yadda ya dace. Hakanan an sake samarda cibiyar kula da sabbin fasaha. Wadannan sun hada da Linear Accelerators guda uku, injin brachytherapy da tsarin tsara magani. Magungunan da ake dasu a Cibiyar Kula da Cancer sune: Radiotherapy: Maganin ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa na waje da ƙwanƙwasawa na cikin gida Chemotherapy Magungunan kantin magani. A ranar 27th na Disamba 2018, wakilan The Guardian sun ziyarci Cibiyar Kula da Ciwon Kansa kuma an shawarce su cewa kayan aiki kamar su masu saurin layin kai-tsaye, da injunan kwantar da hankula, da Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI Scanners) da CT scans ya kamata a sanya su a cibiyar. Tarihi Kwamitin kula da ilimin gaba da sakandare a Najeriya ne Ministan Ilimi na Tarayyar Najeriya ya kafa a watan Afrilun 1959 kuma Sir Ashby ne ya gudanar da shi. An tsara shi ne don "gudanar da bincike kan bukatun Najeriya a fannin takardar bayan makaranta da kuma Ilimi mai zurfi a cikin shekaru ashirin masu zuwa". shawarar da majalisar ministocin ta yanke ta nuna cewa ana bukatar ingantawa ga masana'antar kiwon lafiya da likitocin Najeriya. Hukumar ta binciki yadda Najeriya za ta inganta a wannan fannin, zagayen al'ummomi da niyyar tattara shawarwari na baka daga mutanen da ke da alaka da masana'antar kiwon lafiya. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan mutanen sun haɗa da ma'aikata na kwadago, kwamitocin sabis na jama'a da Gwamnoni. Binciken ya kammala da cewa "ma'aikatan koyarwa masu inganci masu inganci shi ne matakin farko a duk wani kokarin horar da kwararrun ma'aikata". KLUTH an kafa ta ne don haɓaka ƙwarewa da horar da ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya a Nijeriya don ɗaga darajar masana'antar likitanci gaba ɗaya. Burin horar da likitoci 100 a kowace shekara a makarantun koyon aikin likitanci a Najeriya daga 1975 aka kafa. Ya fara ne a 1961 da gadaje 330, kuma a yau wannan adadin ya haura zuwa 761. Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam da Tattalin Arziki (SERAP) kungiya ce mai zaman kanta wacce aka kafa a shekarar 2004 da nufin jan hankali kan keta hakkin dan adam. Tana amfani da UDHR don ƙarfafa Gwamnatin Najeriya ta girmama ainihin buƙatu da ƙimar 'yan ƙasa. SERAP ta bayyana a ranar 16 ga Satumbar 2018 cewa yanayin LUTH bai kasance daga kason kudin kashe da aka baiwa asibitin koyarwa ba. SERAP ta yi magana da Ministan Kiwon Lafiya, Farfesa Isaac Adewole inda ta bukace shi da ya “ba da bayani game da cikakken bayanin yadda aka kashe kudade a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Legas, (LUTH) Idi Araba da sauran asibitocin koyarwa na tarayya 20 da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya na tarayya 20 a duk fadin kasar., don lokacin da ya shafi 2010 zuwa 2017 Wasikar ta lura da cewa "duk da makudan kudaden da ake warewa a kasafin kudi, da yawa daga asibitocin koyarwa da cibiyoyin kula da lafiya karkashin kulawar ma'aikatar ku an bar su sun wargaje kuma wuraren kula da lafiya a yawancin wadannan asibitocin ba su da mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa". An ba da ƙarin takamaiman bayani game da yanayin LUTH kamar yanayin abubuwan more rayuwa da kayayyakin more rayuwa. Matsalar Ambaliyar Ruwa da Matsaloli Ya zuwa na 2018, babbar mashiga ta LUTH tana fama da ambaliyar ruwa koyaushe. Wannan fitowar wani bangare ne saboda karancin kudaden da za'a samu don inganta hanyar shiga don kare ta daga lokacin damina (Maris-Yuli). A sakamakon haka, an sami damar shiga asibitin koyarwa. Hakanan saboda rashin isassun kuɗaɗen haɓaka kayan aikin gini da aka yi amfani da su a LUTH, ginin mai hawa uku yana fama da baƙaƙen fenti, sawa a waje da kuma rufin, da kuma rashin kayan more rayuwa. Koyaya, Accungiyar Hatsari da Agajin Gaggawa kwanan nan an sabunta shi kuma baya fama da waɗannan matsalolin. Caparfin Iko Rahoton na SERAP ya kuma lura cewa babu isassun wuraren da za a jira don magance cunkoson na LUTH. Misali, wuraren jira ga iyaye mata a sashen kula da yara bai wadatar ba. An lura da irin wannan matsalar a sashen kula da lafiyar mata. Sauran overcrowding matsalolin da aka lura suna da kasa neonatal incubators for wanda bai kai jariran. Hakanan an lura da karancin gado. Duba kuma Jerin asibitoci a Legas Jihar Legas Asibitoci a Najeriya Manazarta Pages with unreviewed translations Asibitoci a

14016

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Malaman%20Afrika

Majalisar Malaman Afrika

Majalisar Malaman Afrika majalissar malamai ce dake nahiyar Afirka a kudancin sahara. Asali Tunanin kafa wannan Majalisa ta malaman Afrika, wadda take kudancin sahara,duk lokacin da aka haɗu a wuraren taruka da sauran hidimomi, irin wadanda malaman Afrika kan halarta tare da bayar da tasu gudunmawa. Sawa’un waxannan taruka, irin waxanda ake shiryawa ne tare da kuma gudanarwa a cikin wannan yanki na Afrika ko a wajensa. Kai har aka wayi gari wannan tunani ya zama wani abin tattaunawa da tsokaci a tsakanin malaman wannan nahiya, ta hanyar musayar saqonni irin na kar-ta-kwana ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa na zamani. A haka kuma har aka gamsu da cewa, lokaci fa ya yi, wanda kuma ya kamata a cikinsa, a fito da wannan tunani a fili kuma a aikace. Musamman, saboda ganin irin yadda sabbin abubuwa da dama, suke ta kara faruwa kuma a cikin gaggawa a duniyarmu ta yau, mai cike da qungiyoyi da majalisu barkatai, farare da baqaqe. Abin da yake tafe a cikin wannan takarda, wani xan taqaitaccen tarihi ne na wannan Majalisa, da irin yadda aka shimfixa tare da kafa ta tun farko har zuwa yau.. Manufa An yi tunanin kafa wannan Majalisa ne a kan tunani, da manufar ta zama wani qasaitaccen zaure ga malaman wannan yanki na duniyar Afirka da ke kudancin sahara, wanda zai zama wata makoma ta ilimi da neman fatawa, tare da yin gagarumin tasiri a tsakanin gaba dayan al’umomin Afrika. Wata manufar kuma ita ce, inganta matsayi da irin gudunmawar da malamai masu wa’azi suke bayarwa, a wayi gari sun zama jagoran rayuwa ga gaba dayan al’umomi da ma qabilu da suke rayuwa a wannan yanki, ta hanyar samarwa fatawa cikakken tsari da kangado. Burin wannan Majalisa ne, ta riqa tsoma baki a cikin al’amurra da matsalolin rayuwar jama’ar wannan yanki, ta gaba daya. Sa’annan kuma ta zama ita ce ke magana da yawun bakin musulman wannan yanki na Afrika,dama daukacin tarukan cikin gida, da na waje, da ma matakin duniya baki daya. Quduri Babban qudurin wannan Majalisa shi ne, samar da wata makoma ta ilimi irin na Shari’ar Musulunci, wanda zai zama sanadi kuma ginshiqin daukaka da cigaba da bunqasar al’ummar musulmi da suke cikin wannan yanki na Afrika. Nauyi Babban nauyin da yake kan wannan Majalisa shi ne rayawa, ingantawa tare da fitowa da qoqarce-qoqarcen malaman nahiyar Afrika, da haxa kansu a matsayin tsintsiya madaurinki daya, domin hakan ya ba su cikakkar damar jagorancin al’umominsu a bisa ingantaccen tafarki Addinin Musulunci. Dalilan Massasa Majalisar Akwai manyan dalilai, da suka haifar da tunanin kafa wannan majalisa, da suka haɗa da; Rashin wani zaure qwara daya, da ake da shi a wannan nahiya, a matsayin makoma da musulmin Afrika a cikin al’amurra na ilimi. Rashin sauti daya, da yake wakiltar gaba dayan Al’umman musulmin wannan nahiya, idan ana zancen manyan matsaloli, da suka shafe su a matsayin al’umma. Yawaitar matsaloli da tashe-tashen hankula, da sauran nau’ukan gwagwarmayoyin rayuwa, wadanda musulmi suke cikinsu tsundum. Warwatsewar qoqarce-qoqarcen malaman da’awa, da rashin hadin kan da yake tsakaninsu. Rashin isasshen ilimi da zai bayar da damar bayar da ingantattun fatawoyi. Manyan Dokokin Gudanarwa Manyan dokokin gudanar da wannan Majalisa a matsayin siyasar tafiyarwa, sun hada da: Aiki da Alqur’ani da Sunna bisa fahimtar magabatan farko shiryayyu, bisa aqida matsakaiciya, wadda babu zurfafawa ko kasawa a cikin ta. Kula da gaba dayan yankunan wannan nahiya ta Afirka komai nisan su, ta bangaren kafawa da gudanarwa, tare da samar da wakilci na haqiqa daga kowane yanki na nahiyar. Gudanar da ayyukan Majalisa bisa tsari na cikakken gashin kai, tare da nisantar karbar umarni daga kowace irin kasa ko kungiya. Kulla kyakkyawan zumunci da gaba dayan al’umomin nahiyar Afirka, ta hanyar alkinta matsayin wakilansu, tare da shirya taruka a kasashe da garuruwansu, wadanda suke dauke da sako mai ma’ana da manufa da kamanni iri daya. Amfani da kwararru a fagen ilimi da aiki, domin daukar matakai da yanke shawarwari, da bayyana fahimta da ra’ayoyi. Dogara a kan hanyoyi da dabaru irin na hikima da fasaha a fagen ilimi, domin mu’amala da wasu qungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da ma’aikatun Gwamnati, da sauran vangaroran al’umma, wadanda ba fahimtarmu daya ba, da su. Yin cikakken amfani da hanyoyin sadarwa da kafofinta, na zamani a fagen yadawa da isar da saqonnin Majalisar a fadin nahiyar ta Afrika. Majalisar kuma, za ta bude kofofinta ga maza da mata, da suke son yin aiki tare da ita, amma, bisa sharudda da qa’idoji irin na Shari’ah. Gurace-gurace Gurace-guracen wannan Majalisa sun hada da: Samar da wata makoma ta ilimi da da’awa, wadda za ta riga daidaitawa da kuma tsara yadda ya kamata qoqarce-qoqarcen malamai, na ilimi da da’awa, su gudana a wannan nahiya ta Afrika. Samar da qasaitacciyar makoma ta Musulunci, wadda za ta riqa magana da yawun musulmin nahiyar Afrika, a duk lokacin da aka hadu da qungiyoyi da ma’aikatu na ilimi da jami’an gwamnatocin qasashe da kuma na qasa da qasa. Bayar da gudunmawa tare da raya qoqarce-qoqarcen da malamai suke yi na karantarwa da ilmantarwa ga al’umomin wannan nahiya ta Afrika. Karfe kakakin fatawa daga hannun wadanda ba su cancanta ba, musamman a cikin manyan al’amurra da suka shafi gaba daya al’ummar nahiyar Afrika. Samarwa tare da inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin manya da qananan al’umomin nahiyar Afrika. Samarwa tare da bude kafafen sadarwa domin hulda da wasu Majalisu da qungiyoyi na Musulunci masu irin wannan hidima da kula da al’amurran al’ummar musulmi. 'Hanyoyi Domin tabbatar da cin nasarar gudanar da wasu gurace-gurace, wannan Majalisa za ta bi hanyoyi kamar haka: Shirya yadda al’amurran ilimi da da’awa da tarbiyya za su riqa gudana a wannan nahiya ta Afrika. Kafa wuraren gudanar da hidimomi irin na ilimi da da’awa da tarbiyya, da kuma kula da su. Bunqasawa da qarfafa qungiyoyi da cibiyoyin harkokin Musulunci na cikin gida da qananan yankuna. Bugawa tare da watsa bayanai a kan manyan al’amurran da suka shafi al’umma, ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa. Gabatar da nasihohi da gargadi da luraswa ga dukan bangarorin da suke bukata. Yin tsaye tsayin daka a kan ganin an warware rikittan da suka shafi musulmin wannan nahiya. Bayar da fatawa a kan manyan al’amurra da sabbin matsaloli. Shirya taruka manya da qanana irin na ilimi da da’awa, tare da shirya taruka irin na qara wa juna ilimi da za su shafi gaba dayan nahiyar. Shirya wadansu taruka irin na koyarwa da habaka hikima da fasaha, don amfanin ‘ya’yan wannan nahiya masu baiwa ta musamman. Shiryawa tare da bugawa da yada ayyukan bincike da nazari. Samar da wadansu shiraruwa wadanda za a riqa saurare da kallo, a cikin harshen Gwamnatocin qasashe da qabilun Afrika. Samarwa tare da amfani da gaba dayan kafofin sadarwa Raya Masallatai da mimbarorinsu, da kuma samar musu da limamai da malamai wadanda suka cancanta, domin saqon da suke isarwa ga al’umma ya zama nagartacce. Samar da tsararrun bayanai da suke magana a kan Musulunci, a wannan nahiya ta Afrika, wadanda za su bayar da cikakkar damar nazarin Musulunci da sanin makamarsa a sauqaqewa. Qa’idojin Zaɓen Mambobi Qa’ida ne kafin a zabi mutum a matsayin manba a wannan Majalisi, ya cika wadannan sifofi: Lallai ne ya kasance mutum mai cikakken tasiri da fada a ji a yankinsa. Lalle ne ya kasance mai kyakkyawan tarihi; ba wanda ya shahara da ayyukan barna da badala ba. Tsare-tsaren Bunqasa Ayyukan Mambobi Saboda bukatar da take akwai ta bunqasuwa tare da inganta ayyukan mambobin wannan Majalisa a tsakanin jama’arsu, wannan Majalisa ta dauri aniyar gudanar da wadansu tsare-tsare, da gabatar da wadansu hidimomi zuwa gare su. Amma, da sharadin rashin kasancewar wadannan abubuwa samammu gare su qarqashin tanade-tanaden da suke hannun cibiyoyi da sauran qungiyoyin abokan aiki, da suke kula da irin wannan hidima ta da’awa da sauran ayyukan Musulunci, a yankunasu. Wadannan tsare-tsare sun haɗa da: Samar da adiresai da sauran shafukan ilimi a yanar gizo, da za su sauqaqe hanyar watsawa da yada karance-karance da fatawowinsu. Alkinta yanayin Masallatai, da gina cibiyoyi, da samar da dakunan karatu. Tabbatar da ganin an nada an kuma watsa aikace-aikacensu na ilimi da da’awa, tare da kusantar da su ga al’umma da sauran daliban ilimi. Shirya taruka irin na bayar da horo domin bunqasa yanayin jagoranci da tasiri da qwarewar da suke da shi. Tsarin Shugabanci Manyan Ginshiqai Al-Jam’iyyatul Ámmah (Mahadar dukan mambobi) Al-Mu’utamarul Ám (Taron wakilai na ko ina) Al-Majalisul Ám (Babbar mahadar shugabanni) Majalisar Zartaswa: Arri’ásah (Shugabancin Majalisa) Al’amanatul Ámmah (Sakatariya) Al-Lijánul Fanniyyah wal- Far’iyyah Addá’imah (Kwamitoci na ayyuka na musamman da kuma na din-din-din) Qa’idojin Zaben Babban Ofishi Kafin a zabi wuri a matsayin inda za a kafa babban ofishin wannan majalisa, sai an yi la’akari da wadannan abubuwa kamar haka: o Rinjayen Musulunci a wurin. o Rinjayen Sunnah a wurin. o Rashin tashe-tashen hankali irin na Siyasa. o Sassafcin dokokin rajista da ayyukan qungiyoyi. o Qaqqarfan asasi irin na a zo a gani a fagen na’urorin sadarwa. o Wadatar rukunnai da muqarraban gudanar da ayyukan Musulunci. Matakan Kafa Majalisar Mataki na Farko: Tunani Tunanin samar da qasaitacciyar makoma ta Musulunci a farfajiyar nahiyar Afrika, tunani ne da ya samu gindin zama a zukatan malamai da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ayyukan Musulunci a cikinta. Sauran abin da ya rage kuma na wannan tunani, ya cigaba da bunqasa ne ta hanyar tattaunawa a tsakanin wadannan rukunnai biyu, a duk inda suka haxu a wasu taruka, da kuma ta hanyar kafafen sadarwa na zamani a matakin daidaiku. A haka har aka cimma mataki da qoqarin aiwatarwa. Sai dai akwai bukatar samar da wani rukuni da zai kula da tuntuba da bibiya, da kuma tanade-tanade na wajibi. Mataki na Biyu: Kafawa Bayan gudanar da shawarwari da musayar tunani da nazari, sai aka cimma matsayin cirata daga wannan mataki zuwa mataki na gaba, wato kafawa. Wadanda kuma aka tuntuba a lokacin gudanar da wadannan shawarwari sun hada da: Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Lauhu, daga Senegal Dr. Sa’id Muhammad Baba Sílah, daga Málí Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, daga Najeriya Bayan haka ne fa, aka samu kammala samar da asasin wannan Majalisa a cikin qwaqwalwa, a kan hanyar ciratar da shi zuwa haqiqa. Wadannan bayanai ma da muke gabatarwa yanzu suna daga cikin wadancan tsare-tsare. Mataki na Uku: Bayar da Sanarwa Wannan shi ne babban mataki kuma ginshiqi a fagen qoqarin kafa wannan Majalisa. A wancan mataki na kafawa, mambobinsa sun riga sun samar da asasi na farko, wanda a cikinsa aka amince da zabar wadansu zaqaquran malamai na wannan nahiya ta Afrika, wadanda za su zama su ne mambobin kwamitin tabbatarwa da kafa Majalisar, da suka hada da: Dr. Muhammad Ahmad Lauhu, daga Senegal Dr. Sa’id Muhammad Baba Sílah, daga Málí Dr. Muhammad Sani Umar, daga Najeriya Dr. Bashir Adam, daga Ghana Dr. Sa’id Burhan, daga Juzrul- qamar Dr. Musa Fadiga, daga Sahilul- Áj Dr. Yahaya Abdallah Ahmad, daga Chadi Shaikh Khalfan Khumais, daga Kenya Shaikh Gahutu Abdalkarim, daga Ruwanda Shaikh Muhammad Zainu Zahruddin, daga Ethopia Shaikh Salim Bar Hayyan, daga Tanzaniya Shaikh Bilal Isma’il, daga Afrika ta kudu Ba tare da wani bata lokaci ba, sai wannan kwamiti ya shiga aikinsa gadan-gadan, ta hanyar amfani da kafafen sadarwa na yanar gizo da sauran shafukan sadarwa na zamani, da tattaunawa ta hanyar waya. A karshe, aka yanke shawarar haduwa a birnin Makkah mai alfarma, a daidai lokacin gudanar da aikin Umra, domin gudanar da tattaunawa ta qarshe a kan yadda wannan Majalisa za ta kasance, da kuma bayar da sanarwa a kan ta, daga wannan bigire, inda hasken Musulunci ya samo asali. Wannan haduwa kuwa ta kasance ne tsakanin 7-12 ga watan rabi’us sání 1432H wanda ya yi daidai da 9-14 ga watan Maris 2011, wanda takwas daga cikin mambobin wannan kwamiti suka samu halarta. A qarshen wannan haduwa kuma an yi matsaya a kan wadannan abubuwa: 1) Tabbatarwa tare da shimfida tsarin asasin wannan Majalisa. 2) Shirya tsare-tsaren gudanar da babban taron qaddamarwa, da ambata inda za a yi. A qarshe, aka amince da gabatar da taron a Bamako babban birnin qasar Mali, a tsakanin 7 zuwa 9 ga watan Rajab 1432, wanda ya yi daidai da 8 zuwa 10 ga watan 7 na 2011. Daga baya kuma aka aminta da daga shi zuwa 9 zuwa 11 ga SSha’aban 1432, wanda ya yi daidai da 8 zuwa 10 ga Yuli 2011. 3) Zabe tare da samar da jerin sunayen wadanda za su zama mambobin farko, zakarun gwajin dafi, gwargwadon masaniyar da su ‘ya’yan wannan kwamiti suke da ita a kan kowane daya daga cikinsu. Sa’annan kuma a bar kofar zauren a bude domin bayar da damar cigaba da zaqulo irin wadannan mutane, da suka cika sharuddan da aka gindaya tun da farko. Babbar matsalar da aka fuskanta a wannan mataki, ita ce samun cikakken adireshin mutanen da aka ga dacewarsu, balle a iya sanar da su. Sai dai kawai aka sha alwashi tare da lasar takobin tabbatar da ganin an isar musu da wannan saqo ta kowane hali, bayan wannan taro, domin su samu damar halartar taro na gaba wanda shi ne mafi muhimmanci, sai kuwa wanda samun adireshin nasa ya faskara. 4) Samar da wata cibiya, wadda za ta yi riqon qwarya na jagorancin wannan Majalisa, wadda kuma ita ce za ta tsara yadda wannan babban taro na qaddamarwa zai kasance. 5) Zana taswirar tsare-tsaren da suka zama dole don shiryawa da gudanar da wannan taro na qaddamarwa. 6) Samar da jadawalin tabbatar da gurin wannan Majalisa na shekaru hamsin nan gaba. 7) Tuntubar manyan qungiyoyin bayar da agajin ayyukan alhairi, na Afrika domin nemo gudunmawar gudanar da wannan taro. Babban Taro Allah, cikin ikonsa an samu gudanar da wannan babban taro na qaddamar da wannan Majalisa kamar yadda aka tsara; a garin Bamako, babban birnin qasar Mali, wanda baqi da daman gaske daga wannan nahiya ta Afrika da wajenta suka halarta. Daga wannan lokaci ne kuma aka bayar da sanarwar kafuwar wannan Majalisa ta Malaman Afrika. Lokaci wanda, daga bayansa ne kuma aka shiga aiki gadan-gadan, a matakin ginawa, da aiki irin na hadin guiwa. Abokan Aiki Tun lokacin da wannan Majalisa ta karbi zanannen sunanta, take neman abokan aiki irin ta, wadanda suka damu da al’amurran Musulunci a fadin wannan nahiya ta Afrika, domin ta hada hannu da su. Ta kuma yi haka ne sakamakon nazarin qwaqwaf tare da shata bangaroran da ake da bukata da wannan qawance a cikin su. Wannan qawance kuma, abu ne mai sauqi, ya wuce iyakokin wannan nahiya ta Afrika, ya hada har da wadansu bangarora na musayar dabaru, da sha’anin kudi, da kwarewa, da tsare-tsare a wasu bangarora da al’amurra daban-daban. Kammalawa Mafi girman abin da ya kamata mu kalla a daidai wannan mataki, shi ne abin da Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya gaya wa Annabin sa sallallahu alaihi wa sallam, wanda shi ne jagora, kuma babbar Makarantarmu, wato: “Kuma ka yi shawara da su a cikin al’amari. Kuma idan ka yi azama, to, ka dogara ga Allah. Lalle ne Allah yana son masu tawakkali.” Suratu Ali Imran: 159 Alhamdu lillah

50054

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakim%20Ahmad%20Shuja

Hakim Ahmad Shuja

Hakim Ahmad Shuja MBE wani lokaci ana rubuta shi da ‘Hakeem Ahmed Shuja’ da ‘Hakim Ahmad Shuja Pasha’ (4 Nuwamban shekarar 1893 –4 January 1969),shahararren mawakiyar Urdu ne kuma Farisa,marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo,marubuci, marubuciyar fina-finai da mawaka, masaniya kuma mai sufi,daga tsohon dan Birtaniya.Indiya,daga baya Pakistan. Fage An haifi Hakim Ahmad Shuja a cikin wani tsoho kuma fitaccen gidan sufaye da malaman addinin Musulunci,wadanda suka yi hijira daga Larabawa. Afganistan da Turkiyya zuwa Indiya tsakanin karni na 10-12 miladiyya. Daga bangaren ubanta,zuriyarsa ce kai tsaye na Abdulqadir Gilani,Abu Ayyub al-Ansari da Abdul Wahid bin Zaid,kuma daga wajen uwayenta,na kabilar Sadozai wadda a wani lokaci ta yi mulkin Afganistan.; Har ila yau,Lazard, a sama</ref> A zamanin Sultans na Delhi,iyali sun zama sananne a matsayin alloli na addini da kuma Hakims watau masu aikin Hikmat na gargajiya Unini, ko tsarin Girkanci na magani) kuma a lokacin.na Sarkin Mughal Akbar Mai Girma (c.1542-1605)an kafa su a matsayin Likitocin Kotu a Lahore,a yankin Ƙofar Bhati na Tsohon Gari.Daga baya,'yan uwa sun yi aiki a matsayin Cif Qazis (ko Qadis a Lahore da Kashmir a ƙarƙashin mulkin Afghanistan Durrani ),kuma reshe sun kasance ministoci a lokacin mulkin Sikh na Ranjit Singh.Iyalan Hakim, ko 'Hakim-Khana' na Old Lahore galibinsu Musulmai Sunni ne,amma a cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th wani reshe 'Fakir-Khana' ya zama Shi'a Mahaifin Ahmad Shuja,Hakim Shuja-ed-din, shi ne Sufaye sufi na tsarin Chishtiya kuma daya daga cikin farkon majagaba na wallafe-wallafen Urdu a Lahore, ya fitar da sanannen mujallar Shor-i-Mahshar kuma yana shiga cikin aikin kungiyoyin Anjuman-i-Himayat-i-Islam da Anjuman i Punjab Rayuwar farko da aiki Hakim Ahmad Shuja shi ne da ne tilo a wajen iyayensa, wadanda su biyun suka rasu tun yana karami, aik kuma wani dattijo dan uwansu, aiHakim Amin-ed-din, barrister ne ya rene shi.Bayan ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin harshen Larabci da na Al-Qur'ani a gida,sannan ya samu horon Sufaye a karkashin malaman sufaye daban-daban a cikin al'adun Chishti da Qadiri,sannan ya sami gurbin karatun 'Turanci' a tsohuwar makarantar Model ta Tsakiya,Lahore,daga baya kuma ya tafi shahararriyar Aligarh.Jami'ar Musulunci,daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa da girmamawa. Daga nan sai Ahmad Shuja ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a jami'ar Osmania da ke jihar Hyderabad (Deccan) amma bai ji dadi ba ya koma Lahore don neman aiki a can.Bayan ayyukan jarida da na ilimi da yawa,ciki har da kasancewa editan mujallar adabi ta Urdu Hazar Dastaan a cikin 1922-23, a ƙarshe ya zauna ya yi hidima na yau da kullun a sakatariyar Majalisar Dokokin Punjab,a ƙarshe ya yi ritaya a matsayin Sakataren Majalisar Punjab a cikin shekarun 1950. Rubuce-rubuce Hakim Ahmad Shuja ya kasance ƙwararren marubuci kuma ƙwararren marubuci, haƙiƙa, Rubuce-rubuce ya samar da tarin wakoki na Urdu da Farisa,kasidu marasa adadi da kasidu da aka buga a jaridu da mujallu a duk faɗin Indiya (da kuma Pakistan daga baya),ɗaya daga cikin farkon fassarar Alqur'ani a Punjabi. Harshe,ayyuka masu ban mamaki da yawa tare da haɗin gwiwar Imtiaz Ali Taj, Agha Hashar Kashmiri da sauran masu shirya wasan kwaikwayo,kuma, daga baya,wasan kwaikwayo da waƙoƙi na farkon cinema na Indo-Pakistan.Duk da haka,shahararsa a yau ta dogara ne akan waɗannan ayyukan da aka sani: "Lahore ka Chelsea" (1967; 1989 sake bugawa),tarin abubuwan tunawa na Old Lahore; "Khoon-Baha" (1962),wasu daga cikin sauran abubuwan tarihinsa; "Gard-i-Karvan" (1950s; sake buga 1960),tarin wakoki da kasidu don yabon Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da 'Ahl i Bait' ('yan gidan Annabi) a matsayin abin koyi na 'Mai kyau' halayen musulmi. da wakokinsa masu kayatarwa,wakoki,wadanda daga baya aka samu nasarar daidaita wasu daga cikin wakokin fim. Wadannan ayyukan suna nuna kyakkyawan ra'ayinsa da mutuntaka da bangaskiya mai zurfi da kuma Romanticism wanda ke nuna al'adun gargajiya na Urdu da Farisa,da kuma tasirin marubutan Yammacin Turai kamar Shelley, Thomas Carlyle, Goethe da Victor Hugo.. Daga baya rayuwa da gado Hakim Ahmad Shuja continued to write even until the time of his death in 1969. Between the 1950s and 1960s, he became especially interested in the potentialities of film-making and cinema. Perhaps because of the involvement of his son Anwar Kamal Pasha, one of South Asia's early and most renowned film directors, in this genre. Many well-known lyrics and songs of his popular films, such as Tu Laakh Challay Ri Gori and Ham Bhi Parrhay Hain Rahon Mein, were in fact written originally as poems by Shuja and later adapted by him and his team of assistants for film. Some of these songs/lyrics are at times wrongly ascribed to some of these assistants, such as poet Qateel Shifai. However, that Shuja had already been involved to a lesser extent in writing songs/lyrics and also stories for Urdu/Hindi cinema even earlier, is borne by his early lyrics for the song "Hairaat-e-Nazzaraa Aakir", sung by the Kundan Lal Saigal, and also his writing of the storylines of the Indian Bollywood films like Behram Khan, Sheesh Mahal and Shahida, the early Pakistani film from 1949. In many ways, thus, he had a direct influence and bearing upon the development of both early Indian and Pakistani literature and cinema. In addition, he also made a significant contribution to the early development of Urdu language, linguistics and etymology as permanent secretary and one of the main compilers/editors of Pakistan's Official Language Committee, 1949, responsible for the standardization of official and court terms, from English to Urdu. Shuja ya kasance mai zamani da alaƙa da mutane kamar Agha Hashar Kashmiri, Imtiaz Ali Taj, Abul Kalam Azad,Allama Iqbal,Sir Sikandar Hayat Khan, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Sohrab Modi,da Muhammad Ali Jauhar Duba kuma Ghaus-e-Azam Khwaja Abdullahi Ansari Adabin Urdu Anwar Kamal Pasha Riffat Hassan Yawar Hayat

13978

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariyike%20Akinbobola

Ariyike Akinbobola

Ariyike Lawal-Akinbobola wacce akafi saninta da sunan Ariyike Akinbobola (An haife ta ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1982). ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a gidan talabijin na Najeriya, a matsayin mai karanta labarai, mai koyar da ado, tana kuma rubuce-rubuce a yanar gizo, sannan kwararriyar lauya ce kana kuma 'yar wasan kwaikwayo da ke fitowa a cikin shiri lokaci-lokaci. Daga shekarar 2011, ta fara yin aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da shiri a tashar Talabijin ta Spice TV wadda take kan dandamali na DSTV. Tana cikin fitaccen shirin da tashar Spice TV ke nunawa a kan couch kuma ban da haka tana samun damar gabatar da labarai sannan kuma tana gabatar da wasu shirye-shiryen TV waɗanda suka hada da shiri sukari da kayan yaji, Urban Spice, Instant Beauty Queen da kuma Project Swan. A yanzu haka kuma tana gabatar da kayan wasan ƙwallon ƙwallon kayan ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwalƙwalwa na Spice Toys. Ta kasance daya daga cikin shahararrun masa yada labarai a Najeriya. Kuruciya Akinbobola an haife ta ne a asibitin St. Nicholas da ke Legas, a Najeriya kuma ita ce 'ya ta biyar a cikin yara shida na Mojeed Adewale da Ladun Lawal (née Ojutalayo), wadda yar asalin ƙabilar Yarbawa ce suka haifa. Mahaifinta, Mojeed Adewale, ya yi karatun tattalin arziki a jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife. Ya kasance ma'aikacin gwamnati tare da Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki da dimbin iko a cikin ma'aikatun Gwamnatin Tarayya daban, ya yi ritaya a matsayin Daraktan Daraktan kasafin kudi na Ma’aikatar Tarayya. Mahaifiyarta Ladun Lawal, wacce ake wa lakabi da Cif a Najeriya tare da moniker 'The Yeye-oba na Iyanfoworogi-Ife', ita ce mai harhada magunguna kuma tana gudanar da karamin kamfanin kera magunguna a Ile-Ife, Jihar Osun, tare da reshe a jihar Legas. Kaunar Akinbobola ga nishaɗi ta fara tun tana ƙarami. Ita da lingsan uwanta sun kasance suna shirya miya da kuma yin wasannin kiɗa cikin ayyukan gidan. Ta halarci makarantar firamare ta Federal Home Science Primary School, Ikoyi, Legas inda ta kasance memba a cikin kungiyar Brownies Society kuma lokacin da ta shiga makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Sarauniya, Legas, ta kasance a koyaushe a kan wasan kwaikwayo a bikin nuna wasannin da kuma lambar yabo ta makaranta. Saboda yanayin walwalarsa da abokantaka ta, ya ci kyautar 'Miss Friendly' ga ajin sa, a yayin karatunsu na shekarar 1998 na shekarar karshe na dare. Bayan haka, ta ci gaba zuwa Jami’ar Legas, Akoka don yin karatun Shari’a. A shekara ta 2006, ta sami lasisin koyar da lauya (Law) a inda daga nan ta tafi makarantar lauyan Najeriya, Legas inda ta samu BL a Law. Akinbobola wacce ke da kusanci da mahaifinta ta samu babbar asara lokacin da mahaifinta ya wuce a watan Janairun 2010 bayan ya yi fama da cutar ta Parkinson sama da shekaru 15. A shekara ta 2011, bayan ta yi aiki na karancin shekaru, sai ta samu difloma a Tashar Talabijin a Makarantar Media, Media and Television. Aiki A shekara ta 2010, Akinbobola ta fara yin rikodin shirye-shiryen talabijin na kanta na TV Show 'Tunani tare da Ariyike wanda za'a iya kallon ta a shafinta na youtube "Ariyike mako-mako". A shekarar 2011 ta nemi izinin aiki a matsayinta na mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a kan sabon tashar Tauraron Dan Adam Spice TV kuma a watan Yuni na 2011, Spice TV ta sami aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da Talabijin. A matsayinsa na mutumcin TV da Mai ba da izinin shiga mota, Akinbobola ya yi hira da wasu mashahuran 'yan Najeriya da na duniya da kuma jami'an diflomasiyya. Ta yi hira da Dr. Andrew Pocock, Babban kwamishinan Burtaniya a Najeriya, Mr. Mike Purves, Daraktan Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari na Kasuwanci da Zuba jari na Burtaniya, Pauline Long, wanda ya kafa lambar yabo ta Beffta, Mrs. Bunmi Oke, Shugaban ofungiyar Tallafin genungiyar Tallace-tallace ta Nijeriya (AAAN), Mawaki Americanasar Amurika son waka Carl Thomas, Otunba Niyi Babade na CNN da kuma entrepreneursan kasuwar Najeriya da yawa. A shekarar 2013, ta karbi bakuncin jan kafet a dakin shugaban Najeriya na Burtaniya da cinikin Shugaban Kasa. A shekarar 2013, Akinbobola ta fara fitowa a jerin finafinai na Najeriya "Lekki matan" tare da Kiki Omeili da Katherine Obiang, ita ma ta bayyana a cikin jerin "Aunty Caro's bar". Akinbobola co-bakuncin Lagos Kidaya crossover concert dab da Ikponmwosa Osakioduwa da FATAWA (a 2012), kazalika da Gbenga Adeyinka da kuma yã mũnanã-Rhymz (a 2013). Gwamnatin jihar Legas ce ta shirya taron kuma ana yada shi a duk fadin Afirka. Ya yi daidai da taron shekara-shekara na Dandalin Times, bikin Tunawa da Sabuwar Shekara. Akinbobola ita ma marubuci bako ce ga ɗaya daga cikin manyan shafukan yanar gizo a Najeriya "Bella Naija", inda ta rubuta labarun motsa jini dangantaka game da batutuwan da suka shafi 'yan Afirka. Tana da nata bangaren da ake kira "Ariyike ya rubuta". Tana kuma gudanar da shafin ta na yanar gizo mai suna www.reflectionswithariyike.blogspot.com. Iyali Ariyike Akinbobola yana da aure tare da 'ya'ya maza guda uku. Aikin Agaji A ranar 8 ga Disamba 2013, Akinbobola ta shirya bikinta na Kirsimeti kyauta na shekara-shekara inda aka ba da gudummawa daga gare ta, abokanta, membobin dangin ta da wasu kwastomomi ga kungiyoyin agaji 9. Wakilai daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, sanannun mutane da kuma kafofin watsa labaru suma sun halarci wurin taron. Chaungiyoyi 9 na agaji da suka amfana da su sune tushen ƙasa, ƙungiyar slumdwellers Liberation forum, Lots sadaka, Green garken yara, Haven ga Nigerianan Najeriya, Vocal Slender's Ghetto Love project, Arrows of God marayu, Al'umma don ƙauna da adalci na zamantakewa, Gangami akan Jahilci da jahilci. Ariyike ya kuma kirkiro wayar da kan jama'a don rukunin yanar gizo wanda ke tallafawa da haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da ayyukan agaji, ana kiran shafin yanar gizon www.234give.com. A watan Disamba na 2012, a wani bangare na yawon shakatawa na makarantar sakandaren Edutainment wacce Van Cliff da iCirculate suka shirya, Akinbobola da wasu masu zane sun ziyarci makarantun sakandare daban daban don zuga daliban tare da basu imani a Najeriya. Sun kuma fadakar da daliban game da fa'ida da rashin amfanin kafofin watsa labarun tare da karfafa daliban game da mahimmancin ilimi idan kuna aiki a masana'antar nishaɗi. A cikin 2013, an shirya kakar biyu ta yawon shakatawa. A watan Satumbar 2013, Akinbobola ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da Vocal Slender's Back don shirin soyayya na don ba da gudummawa da tushen gudummawar jakunkuna na makaranta da kayan makaranta ga yara Ajegunle sama da 500 (wani yanki a jihar Legas, Najeriya) yaran da ke shirin sake komawa makaranta. Akinbobola ya kuma yi hadin gwiwa tare da Kamfanin Pink Heritage Company, kungiyar da ke da hannu wajen kirkirar wayar da kan jama'a game da cin zarafin yara mata da kuma ba da shawara ga daliban makarantar sakandare wadanda aka lalata da su. A watan Oktoba na 2012, Akinbobola ta fara shirya taron wata-wata wanda ake kira "Mafi kyawun ƙasashen biyu" aukuwa na BOBW, inda ta ke ba masu zanen kaya masu zuwa, masu fasaha gwaninta, mawaƙa, mawaka, marubuta, bayanan kafofin watsa labarai, DJs da masu sha'awar dama ce ta nuna kwarewar su sannan kuma tana nuna goyon baya da kirkirar wayar da kan kungiyoyin agaji a kowane bugu na BOBW. Nasarori A shekarar 2012, an ba Akinbobola kyautar 'Mafi Alkawarin Matasa TV Mai gabatarwa' na shekarar a gidan rediyo na Najeriya (NBMA), Legas, Najeriya, sannan kuma ya kara samun takara a shekarar 2012 da kuma 2013 ga 'Shahararren Mai gabatar da Talabijin. a Gidan Rediyon Najeriya Merit Awards, Lagos, Nigeria. Dangane da nasarorin da ta samu a cikin 2012, an nuna Akinbobola a cikin fitowar TW Magazine a watan Janairun 2013 a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Youngan Matashiyoyi 13, Maƙasudin Hardarfafa aiki a cikin 2013. A shekarar 2013, Ankinbobola ya samu kyautar dan Adam don kyakyawan zato daga kungiyoyin Magic City's Flames Merit Awards 2013, Legas, Najeriya saboda ci gaba, goyan baya da kuma karfafa baiwa mai zuwa. A cikin shekarar 2014, an zabi Akinbobola don Taimako na Duniya na Duniya a cikin Women4Africa Awards, wanda aka gudanar a Landan. Hakanan an zabi Akinbobola ga gwarzon Mata na Mata na shekarar (ELOY), inda aka zaba ta ga Mai gabatar da TV na shekarar. Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

51536

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Tanzaniya

'Yancin Addini a Tanzaniya

'Yancin addini a Tanzaniya na nufin irin yadda mutane a Tanzaniya ke samun damar gudanar da akidarsu cikin 'yanci, la'akari da manufofin gwamnati da halayen al'umma game da kungiyoyin addini. Gwamnatin Tanzaniya da gwamnatin Zanzibar mai cin gashin kanta duk sun amince da 'yancin addini a matsayin ka'ida kuma suna ƙoƙarin kare shi. Gwamnatin Zanzibar ta nada jami'an addinin Musulunci a Zanzibar. Babban tsarin doka a Tanzaniya da Zanzibar ba addini ba ne, amma Musulmai suna da zaɓi na amfani da kotunan addini don shari'o'in da suka shafi iyali. Laifukan daidaikun mutane na tashin hankali na addini sun faru a kan duka Kiristoci da Musulmai. Manufofi da akidun Ujamaa da gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta farko ta amince da su bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga Birtaniya a shekarun 1960 sun jaddada hadin kan kasa kan rarrabuwar kawuna na addini ko kabilanci, kuma hakan na nuni da irin kakkausan kalamai na nuna kyama a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Tanzaniya, wanda har yanzu yana nan aiki kamar na shekarar 2019. Yayin da aka watsar da Ujamaa a matsayin aikin jiha a cikin 1985, kuma rikicin addini ya ɗan tashi tun daga lokacin, majiyoyin ilimi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai sun yaba wa Ujamaa don ba da gudummawa ga yanayin 'yancin addini da kwanciyar hankali na zamantakewa a Tanzaniya. Alkaluma Wani bincike na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta kusan kashi 61 na al’ummar kasar Kirista ne, kashi 35 cikin 100 Musulmi, da kuma kashi 4 cikin dari na sauran kungiyoyin addini. Wani rahoto daban na Pew Forum na shekarar 2010 ya kiyasta fiye da rabin yawan jama'a suna aiwatar da abubuwan addinan gargajiya na Afirka a rayuwarsu ta yau da kullun. Babu wani binciken gida da ya shafi alaƙar addini. A babban yankin, al'ummomin musulmi da yawa sun taru a yankunan bakin teku, tare da wasu tsiraru musulmi da ke cikin kasa a cikin birane. Ƙungiyoyin Kirista sun haɗa da Roman Katolika, Furotesta (ciki har da ƙungiyoyin Kirista na Pentikostal), Masu Adventists na kwana bakwai, Cocin Yesu Kristi na Kiristoci na Ƙarshe, da Shaidun Jehovah. Wasu rukunoni sun haɗa da mabiya addinin Buddha, Hindu, Sikhs, ís, animists, da kuma waɗanda ba sa son addini. Mazauna Zanzibar miliyan 1.3 Musulmai ne kashi 99 bisa 100, a cewar wani kiyasi na gwamnatin Amurka, wanda kashi biyu cikin uku na Sunni ne, a cewar rahoton Pew Forum na shekarar 2012. Ragowar ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin Shi'a da dama, galibi 'yan asalin Asiya. Tarihi Fage Tanzaniya tana kunshe da yankuna biyu, yankin babban kasa a nahiyar Afirka da kuma tsibiran Zanzibar, wadanda suka hade a shekarun 1960. An fara keɓe yankin babban yankin Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na rabuwar Afirka a taron Berlin a shekarar 1884. Akasin haka, tarihin Zanzibar a matsayin yanki na musamman ya koma karni na 13, lokacin da yake gida ga jihohin Swahili. Ba a san takamaiman kwanakin shigar Musulunci zuwa Gabashin Afirka ba, amma shaidar farko da aka rubuta na kasancewar musulmi ta kasance a shekara ta 830 AZ, kuma an kafa wasu manyan biranen Islama a Zanzibar da bakin gabar teku a karni na 11. Waɗannan jahohin birni sun kai kololuwarsu a ƙarni na 14 da 15, bayan haka sai suka tabarbare sakamakon rikici da Portugal a ƙarni na 16 zuwa 17. Ikon Portuguese na Zanzibar ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da Daular Omani ta kore su, wanda a ƙarshe zai ƙaura babban birninta zuwa Zanzibar. A farkon karni na 19, Zanzibar ta zama babban kulli a cinikin bayi, wanda ba zai kare ba sai farkon karni na 20. Kiristanci ya isa Tanganyika a cikin karni na 19 a cikin nau'i na ayyukan turawa daban-daban, kuma a lokaci guda masu wa'azin Sufaye za su yada addinin Islama fiye da yankunan bakin teku. Duka ayyukan Kirista da Musulmi a Tanzaniya suna da tasiri sosai ta hanyar daidaitawa tare da tsofaffin al'adun addinan Afirka. A lokacin yunkurin 'yancin kai, Kiristoci da Musulmai duka sun taka rawar gani a cikin kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka ta Tanganyika. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, duk da haka, jawabai sun canza, kuma a wasu lokuta an gabatar da al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmai a matsayin masu adawa da siyasa. Farkon 'yancin kai da juyin juya halin Zanzibar (1961-1964) A shekara ta 1961, mulkin Birtaniyya ya ƙare a Tanganyika, tare da Julius Nyerere ya zama shugabanta na farko a shekarar 1962, yayin da Zanzibar ta ci gaba da kasancewa mai kariyar Burtaniya wanda masarautar Larabawa ke mulka. A shekarar 1964, an hambarar da Sarkin Zanzibar a juyin juya halin Zanzibar. Juyin juya halin ya kasance tare da matsanancin tashin hankali da 'yan juyin juya hali na Afirka suka yi kan Larabawa da Asiya ta Kudu, wadanda akasarinsu musulmi ne ko kuma mabiya addinin Hindu kuma aka alakanta su da rukunin masu mulki na masarautar Zanzibar. An fafata ne da abin da ya gada daga wannan biki, yayin da wasu sassa na al'ummar Zanzibar ke kallon mummunan tashin hankalin da ya shafi kabilanci a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga zalunci da aka sha a karkashin masarautar Sarkin Musulmi, wadda ta yi cinikin bayi a Afirka. Dakarun da suka tayar da tarzoma sun kasance karkashin jagorancin John Okello, Kirista wanda ya yi imanin cewa aikin sa ne ya 'yantar da Zanzibar daga "Larabawa Musulmi", duk da cewa al'ummar Afirka a Zanzibar da jam'iyyar Afro-Shirazi (ASP) na juyin juya hali. galibinsu musulmi kuma. Ayyukan Okello da akidar kiristoci masu tsatsauran ra'ayi sun raba wasu a cikin ASP, kuma ba da jimawa ba aka ware shi, aka cire shi daga mukaminsa kuma daga karshe aka kore shi. Haɗin kai da Ujamaa (1964-1985) Bayan juyin juya hali, Zanzibar ta hade da Tanganyika ta kafa Tanzaniya, tare da Nyerere a matsayin shugaban kasa. Manyan masu mulki a babban yankin, wadanda ke da bambancin addini, sun gwammace mulkin boko, yayin da Zanzibar ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta da kuma aiwatar da kasa mai zaman kanta. Yayin da Musulunci ba addinin kasa ba ne a hukumance, an ba shi matsayi na musamman da gata. A shekara ta 1967, Tanzaniya ta ƙara komawa hagu a siyasance, kuma ta fara haɓaka Ujamaa, akidar gurguzu wacce ta jaddada 'yanci, daidaito da haɗin kai a matsayin ka'idodinta na tsakiya. Kasar ta kuma amince da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kunshi sassa masu kakkausar murya na adawa da wariya, gami da nuna banbancin addini. Human Rights Watch ta yi la'akari da Ujamaa a matsayin ingantaccen abin koyi na haɗin kan ƙasa, yana ba da gudummawa ga kwanciyar hankali na Ujamaa da haɗin kai, tare da faɗar cewa mahimmancin haɗin kai shi ma ya sa yana da wahala a wasu lokuta bincikar cin zarafin ɗan adam. Tanzaniya ita ce kasa daya tilo a gabashin Afirka da ba ta ci gaba da fuskantar tashin hankalin kabilanci, addini ko siyasa ba tun bayan da ta samu 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Bayan Nyerere (1985-yanzu) Bayan da Nyerere ya yi ritaya daga siyasa bayan wa'adinsa na ƙarshe a shekarar 1985, gwamnatin Tanzaniya ta yi watsi da Ujamaa a matsayin akidarta, ko da yake ya zuwa shekarar 2019 kundin tsarin mulkin 1977 ya ci gaba da aiki. Tun bayan karshen mulkin Ujama’a, an samu takun saka tsakanin Musulmi da gwamnati, da ma kadan a tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista. A shekarun 1993 da 1998, tashin hankali ya karu zuwa matakin tashin hankali tsakanin musulmi da jami'an tsaron kasar, lamarin da ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane da dama. Masana ilimin kimiyya sun danganta wannan koma bayan fahimtar addini da rugujewar Ujama’a a ma’anar dukkanin manufofinta na hadin kan kasa da kuma manufofinta na jin dadin jama’a, tasirin yakin duniya na karuwa a fagen gwagwarmayar addini a karshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 20. Ranar 21 ga wata, ƙungiyoyin farfaɗowar addini a cikin Tanzaniya, da sake fasalin sansanonin siyasa biyo bayan samun sassaucin ra'ayi na tattalin arzikin da aka fara a ƙarshen shekarar 1980s. An haramta sihiri a shekarar 2015. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, an ci gaba da samun rahotannin kashe-kashen da ake dangantawa da maita, inda ‘yan sanda suka kama wadanda ake zargi da hannu a ciki. Yayin da tashin hankali na addini ba kasafai ba ne, yana faruwa. A shekarar 2017, an sami alƙawura uku na ɓarna da lalata dukiyoyi, ciki har da kone-kone, akan gine-ginen addini da limamai. Tsarin doka Kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin tarayya na Tanzaniya da kundin tsarin mulkin gwamnatin wucin gadi a Zanzibar duk sun haramta wariyar addini da kuma ba da yancin yin zaɓi na addini. Dokar ta hana kafa jam'iyyun siyasa na addini. Har ila yau, dokar ta haramta wa kowane mutum yin wani mataki ko yin magana da nufin cin mutuncin addinin wani. Duk wanda ya aikata irin wannan laifin yana da alhakin daurin shekara guda a gidan yari. Gwamnati ba ta sanya alaƙar addini akan fasfo ko bayanan ƙididdiga masu mahimmanci. Rahoton 'yan sanda dole ne su bayyana alaƙar addini idan za a buƙaci mutum ya ba da shaidar rantsuwa. Aikace-aikacen neman magani dole ne a ƙayyade alaƙar addini don a iya kiyaye kowace takamaiman al'adun addini. Dokar ta bukaci gwamnati da ta rubuta addinin kowane fursuna tare da samar da wuraren ibada ga fursunoni. Jagorancin al'ummar musulmi A babban yankin, Majalisar Musulmi ta Tanzaniya ta zabi mufti. A Zanzibar, Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada mufti, wanda ke aiki a matsayin jagoran al'ummar Musulmi kuma a matsayin ma'aikacin gwamnati mai taimakawa a harkokin kananan hukumomi. Mufti na Zanzibar a sunansa ya amince da duk ayyukan Musulunci kuma yana kula da duk masallatan Zanzibar. Har ila yau, Muftin ya amince da laccoci na addini ta hanyar ziyartar malaman addinin Musulunci da kuma kula da shigo da littattafan Musulunci daga wajen Zanzibar. Kotunan duniya da na addini A babban yankin, dokokin da ba ruwansu da addini ne ke tafiyar da kiristoci da Musulmai a cikin laifuka da na farar hula. A cikin shari’o’in da suka shafi iyali da suka shafi gado, aure, saki, da riƙon yara ƙanana, dokar kuma ta amince da ayyukan al’ada, waɗanda za su iya haɗa da ayyukan addini. A irin wannan yanayi, wasu musulmi sukan zabi su tuntubi malaman addini maimakon gabatar da kara a kotu. Musulmai a Zanzibar suna da zabin gabatar da kararraki zuwa kotun farar hula ko ta Qadi (kotun Musulunci ko alkali) kan batutuwan da suka shafi kisan aure, tarbiyyar yara, gado, da sauran batutuwan da shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada. Dukkan shari'o'in da aka yi shari'a a kotunan Zanzibar, sai dai wadanda suka shafi al'amuran tsarin mulki na Zanzibari da shari'a, ana iya daukaka kara zuwa Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayyar Turai da ke babban yankin. Za a iya daukaka karar hukuncin kotunan Qaadi na Zanzibar zuwa wata kotu ta musamman da ta kunshi babban alkalin Zanzibar da wasu shehunai biyar. Shugaban Zanzibar ya nada babban hafsan Qadi, wanda ke kula da kotunan qaddi kuma an san shi a matsayin babban malamin addinin musulunci da ke da alhakin tafsirin Al-Qur'ani. Babu kotunan qadi a kasar. Ilimi Makarantun gwamnati na iya koyar da addini, amma ba ya cikin tsarin koyarwa na ƙasa. Hukumomin makaranta ko ƙungiyoyin iyaye da malamai dole ne su amince da irin waɗannan azuzuwan, waɗanda iyaye ko masu sa kai ke koyarwa a lokaci-lokaci. Dole ne fom ɗin rajista na makarantun gwamnati su ƙayyade addinin yaro don haka masu gudanarwa za su iya sanya ɗalibai zuwa aji addinin da ya dace idan an ba da ɗayan. Dalibai kuma za su iya zaɓar ficewa daga karatun addini. A makarantun gwamnati, an ba wa dalibai damar sanya hijabi amma ba sanya nikabi ba. Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Afirka ta ƙasa Hakkin Dan Adam a Tanzaniya Addini a Tanzaniya Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

32545

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannibal%20Mejbri

Hannibal Mejbri

Hannibal Mejbri Larabci: an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Janairu 2003) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Premier League United da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Tunisia. Mejbri ya shiga tsarin matasa na Manchester United a cikin 2019 daga AS Monaco. A baya ya shafe lokaci a makarantar Clairefontaine. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a gasar Premier a watan Mayun 2021. An haife shi a Faransa iyayensa 'yan Tunisia, ne Mejbri ya wakilci ƙasarsa ta haihuwa a matakin ƙasa da 16 da 17. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kasa da kasa a Tunisia a shekarar 2021. Rayuwar farko An haifi Mejbri a Ivry-sur-Seine (suburban Paris Faransa, kuma ya koma Paris FC a 2009. A cikin 2016, an ba da rahoton cewa kungiyoyin Ingila da yawa suna neme shi, ciki har da Manchester United, Manchester City, Liverpool da Arsenal, kuma ya shafe lokaci a kan wasa tare da na baya. Ya kuma shafe lokaci yana karatu a babbar makarantar INF Clairefontaine. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Abderrahmen Mejbri, shine kocin wasanni na yanzu yana aiki a Pho Hien FC, ƙungiyar ci gaban matasa na Vietnamese wanda Hannibal ya taɓa ziyarta kuma ya horar da shi. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Farkon aiki Duk da sha'awar kungiyoyin Ingila, Mejbri ya ɗan yi ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Athletic Club de Boulogne-Billancourt, kafin ya koma AS Monaco a 2018 akan farashin €1. miliyan. Kodayake ci gaban matasa na Monaco ya burge shi da farko, Mejbri ya ji kunya daga kulob din Monégasque a cikin shekara guda da sanya hannu, tare da iyayensa suna iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta keta yarjejeniyar kwangila. A cikin shekarar 2019, kungiyoyi a duk faɗin Turai suna bin sa, gami da zakarun Jamus, Faransa da Spain, Bayern Munich, Paris Saint-Germain da Barcelona bi da bi. Manchester United A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2019, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Manchester United ta bayyana a shafinta na yanar gizo cewa ta cimma yarjejeniya da Monaco kan sayen Mejbri, inda aka ruwaito matashin ya ki amincewa da komawa wasu kungiyoyin Ingila. An yi imanin kudin da kulob din Manchester ya biya ya kai kusan Yuro 5 miliyan, zai iya tashi zuwa 10 miliyan a add-ons. Mejbri ya zauna cikin sauri a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na Manchester United, yana ci gaba zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da 23 duk da cewa yana da shekaru 17. Mejbri ya fara buga wasa a kungiyar U21 ta Manchester United da Salford City a gasar 2020–21 EFL Trophy a ranar 9 ga Satumba 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan sabon kwantiragi da United a cikin Maris 2021. A ranar 20 ga Mayu 2021, ya ci kyautar Dezil Haroun Reserve Player of the Year. Mejbri ya fara bugawa United babban wasa a wasan da suka doke Wolverhampton Wanderers da ci 2-1 a wasan karshe na gasar Premier a ranar 23 ga Mayu 2021; Ya zo ne ya maye gurbin Juan Mata a minti na 82. Ayyukan kasa Faransa Mejbri ya buga wa Faransa wasanni 12 a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 16 sannan ya buga wasanni uku a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekaru 17. Tunisiya Ya cancanci wakiltar Tunisia ta hanyar iyayensa, tare da mahaifinsa, Lotfi, an ruwaito cewa ya buga wasa a Tunisia, Mejbri an kira shi zuwa tawagar kasar Tunisia a karon farko a watan Mayu 2021, yana mai da hankali kan makomarsa ta duniya. ga al'ummar mahaifansa. Ya fafata a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke DR Congo da ci 1-0 a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2021. Hannibal ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar cin kofin kasashen Larabawa ta FIFA a shekarar 2021, inda ya fara wasa a dukkan wasanni biyar na Tunisia yayin da suka kai ga wasan karshe. Hannibal ya zura kwallaye biyu a karawar da suka yi da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa da Masar a matakin rukuni da na kusa da na karshe. Hannibal ya fara wasan karshe ne da Algeria a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2021, inda daga karshe ta sha kashi a hannun Algeria da ci 2-0. Salon wasa Dan wasan tsakiya wanda aka sanya a kan kwallon, tsohon shugaban kungiyar farko na ci gaba a Manchester United, Nicky Butt, ya kwatanta Mejbri da tsohon abokan wasansa David Beckham da Roy Keane a kwarewar jagoranci. Kocin Neil Ryan ya kuma yaba wa Mejbri, yana mai cewa yana da bege ga matashin dan wasan. Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki Kulob/Ƙungiya Ƙasashen Duniya Girmamawa Tunisiya FIFA Arab Cup ta biyu: 2021 Mutum Dezil Haroun Reserve na Shekara 2020–21 Wahayin Afirka na Shekara (Africa d'Or): 2021 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hannibal Mejbri at FootballDatabase.eu 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Tunisiya Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

16498

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad

Trinidad

Trinidad ita ce mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a daga cikin manyan tsibirai biyu na Trinidad da Tobago. Tsibirin yana kwance daga gefen gabashin arewa maso gabashin Venezuela kuma ya zauna akan yankin na Kudancin Amurka. Ana kiran shi sau da yawa a matsayin tsibirin kudu mafi tsayi a cikin Karibiyan. Tare da yanki na kuma shine na biyar mafi girma a cikin West Indies Suna Asalin sunan tsibirin a yaren Arawaks shine Iëre wanda ke nufin 'Ƙasar Hummingbird'. Christopher Columbus ya sake masa suna zuwa La Isla de la Trinidad ('Tsibirin Triniti ya cika alwashin da ya yi kafin ya fara tafiyarsa ta uku. Wannan an taƙaita shi zuwa Trinidad Tarihi Caribs da Arawaks sun zauna a Trinidad tun kafin Christopher Columbus ya gamu da tsibirin a tafiyarsa ta uku a ranar 31 ga watan Yulin 1498. Tsibirin ya kasance na Sifen har ya zuwa 1797, amma turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa daga Caribbean na Faransa, musamman Martinique sun daidaita shi sosai. A cikin 1889 tsibiran biyu sun zama masarauta ɗaya ta Mulkin Burtaniya. Trinidad da Tobago sun sami mulkin kansu a 1958 da samun ƴancin kai daga Kasar Ingila a shekarar 1962. Labarin kasa Manyan hanyoyin ƙasa sun haɗa da tsaunukan Arewacin, Tsakiya da Kudancin Ranges (jeren wuraren Dinah), da Caroni, Nariva da Oropouche Swamps, da Caroni da filamare Plains. Manyan tsarin kogin sun hada da Caroni, Arewa da Kudancin Oropouche da Ortoire Ribers Akwai sauran fasalin ƙasa da yawa kamar rairayin bakin teku da ruwa. Trinidad tana da yanayi biyu a shekara ta kalanda: lokacin damina da lokacin rani. El Cerro del Aripo, a mita 940 (3,084 ft), shine wuri mafi girma a Trinidad. Wani bangare ne na Aripo Massif kuma yana yankin Arewacin Range a tsibirin, arewa maso gabashin garin Arima Yawan jama'a Alƙaluman ƙasa na Trinidad da Tobago suna nuna bambancin wannan ƙasa mafi kudu a Yammacin Indiyawan. Wani lokacin ana kiranta da "Ƙasar Bakan Gizo" ko fiye da haka cikin farin ciki "a callaloo (yare na gida don abinci mai daɗi wanda aka shirya ta hanyar haɗa abubuwa da yawa) Akwai bambancin kabilu, addinai, da al'adu. Ya zuwa ƙidayar Trinidad da Tobago na 2011, yawan jama'a ya kasance 35.43% Indian ta Gabas, 34.22% na Afirka, 7.66% gauraye na Afirka da Indiyawan Gabas, da 15.16% sauran gauraye Venezuela ya kuma yi wani babban tasiri a kan Trinidad ta al'ada, kamar gabatar da music style parang zuwa tsibirin. Groupsungiyoyi da yawa sun haɗu. Misali, Dougla wani mutum ne daga asalin Afirka da Gabashin Indiya wanda zai iya bayyana kasancewarsa kowane bangare. Addini a Trinidad da Tobago ya ƙunshi ɗariku daban-daban waɗanda suka haɗa da Roman Katolika, Anglican, da sauran ɗariku na Kirista, da kuma addinin Hindu da na Musulmi Akwai 'yan tsirarun mutane waɗanda ke bin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, addinan Afro-Amurka, Orisha Yarabawa addinan Amerindian, Yahudanci, Sikh, Jainanci, addinin jama'ar China Confucianism da Taoism Buddha, Cocin Jesus Christ na Waliyai na terarshe da Bangaskiyar í. Katolika shine babbar ƙungiyar addini a ƙasar. Da yawa daga cikin dariku sun bi wannan tsarin shekaru da yawa: Furotesta 32.1% (Pentikostal Evangelical Full Gospel 12%, Baptist 6.9%, Anglican 5.7%, Seventh-Day Adventist 4.1%, Presbyterian Congregational 2.5%, wasu Furotesta 0.9%), Roman Katolika 21.6%, Hindu 18.2%, Musulmi 5%, Shaidun Jehovah 1.5%, wasu 8.4%, babu 2.2%, ba a tantance 11.1% ba. Al'adu Akwai bukukuwa da yawa da ke nuna al'adun Karibiyan da ƙarfe, wanda ya samo asali daga Trinidad kuma shi ne kayan aikin ƙasar. Wadannan bukukuwa sun hada da mashahurin Carnival, J'ouvert, da Panorama, gasar gasar kwanon rufin karfe na kasa. Har ila yau, Trinidad tana da ranakun hutu da yawa na jama'a, kamar Ranar Zuwan Indiya, Ranar 'Yanci, Ranar' Yanci, Ranar Jamhuriya, Ranar Aiki, Ranar Dambe, Ranar Sabuwar Shekara, Divali, Phagwah, Eid al-Fitr, Corpus Christi, Juma'a mai kyau, Ista, Ista Litinin, Kirsimeti, da Ranar Ruhaniya Baptist Shouter Liberation Day. Wuraren mahimmancin al'adu sun haɗa da Mount Saint Benedict da Haikali a cikin Teku. Gandun daji Tsibirin Trinidad yana da albarkatun halittu da yawa. Fauna yana da yawa daga asalin Kudancin Amurka. Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa kusan 100 da suka hada da biri na Guyanese red howler, da peccary wanda aka hada shi, da jan buhun dawa, da olot da kuma kusan jemage 70. Akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye sama da 400 ciki har da pipin Trinidad piping-guan. Dabbobi masu rarrafe suna da wakilci sosai, tare da kusan nau'ikan 92 da aka rubuta ciki har da mafi yawan nau'in maciji a duniya, koren anaconda, caiman mai kyan gani, da ɗayan manyan ƙadangare a cikin Amurka, kore iguana. Trinidad kuma ita ce mafi girman wurin da ake yin tururuwa mai juya fata a yammacin duniya kunkuru mai fata suna gida a bakin gabas da arewacin Trinidad. Akwai nau'ikan kwaɗi guda 37 da aka tattara, gami da ƙaramin iccen zinariyar El Tucuche na zinariya, da kuma babbar yaduwar sandar kara Kusan nau'ikan kifayen kifi 43 an san su daga Trinidad, gami da sananniyar guppy An kiyasta cewa akwai akalla arthropods 80,000, da kuma aƙalla nau'in 600 na malam buɗe ido Tattalin arziki Tattalin arzikin Trinidad da Tobago ya banbanta, ya dogara da yawa akan mai, gas, masana'antu da noma. Yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin fitar da iskar gas a duniya kuma daga cikin manyan masu fitar da gas na gas da kuma mafi girman rijiyar iskar gas da aka gano kwanan nan a kudancin Trinidad. Wannan ya ba Trinidad damar cin gajiyar manyan ma'adanai a cikin yankunanta. Ƙasa ce mai arziƙin man fetur kuma tana da ƙarfin tattalin arziki. Ilimin kasa da kasa Ƙasar Venezuela zurfi Basin ne subsidence tasa kafa tsakanin Caribbean da Kudancin Amirka faranti, kuma aka daure a kan arewa da tekun jeri na Venezuela da kuma Northern Range na Trinidad, kuma a daure a kan kudu ta Guayana Shield Wannan Guayana garkuwa kawota lafiya-grained clastic sediments, wanda tare da subsidence, kafa wani yankin korau nauyi anomaly da kuma ci gaban da zunubansu Man fetur da kuma iskar gas binciken daga Pliocene Moruga Group hada Teak (1968), Samaan (1971), Poui (1972) da kuma Galeota. Waɗannan filayen galibi lalatattun tarko ne waɗanda ke samarwa daga zurfin subsea, tare da Teak wanda ya mallaki layin hydrocarbon kusan mai kauri Yankin Arewacin Yankin Jurassic ne na Lowerananan Cananan ousananan duwatsu masu kama da duwatsu waɗanda suka buge gabas da kuma tsallaka kudu. Yankin kudu na kewayon yana da alamar kuskure daga Tsarin El Pilar Fault a Venezuela. Kudancin wannan kuskuren shine Basin na Arewa, ko Caroni Syncline, wanda ya ƙunshi manyan duwatsu masu ƙarancin ƙarfi wanda ba zai yiwu ba ya mamaye Jurassic da Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Kudancin wannan kwarin shine Yankin Tsakiya, wanda ya kunshi manyan tsaffin tsaunuka na kwance wadanda basu da daidaituwa akan dutsen Lower Eocene da Paleocene Kudancin wannan zangon shi ne filin fili na Naparima, bel na Oligocene da gadajen Terananan Tertiary Hanyoyin Hydrocarbon masu dauke da layukan sun hada da wadanda ke hade da Pitch Lake, Reserve Reserve, Point Fortin, Penal, Barrackpore, da Balata Fields. The Los Bajos Laifi ne a tsananin baƙin ciki Laifi, tare da Lower Pliocene hijirar na 6,51 mil, kẽwayesu a kan arewa da Siparia syncline, da kuma a kan kudu da Erin syncline. Aƙarshe, Yankin Kudancin ya kunshi dunƙulen dawakai, ciki har da Rock Dome-Herrera anticline da filin Moruga-West. Gabas wannan Rock Dome ne en echelon folds dauke da lizard Springs Field. Kudancin waɗannan lamuran wani salon juzu'i ne mai ɗauke da Yankin Moruga-Gabas, Guayaguayare, Ruwa, da Galeota Filin. Kudancin filin Morne Diablo-Quinam Erin Field yamma shine babban layin da aka narkar da shi wanda ke hade da diapirism na shale, wanda ya fadada yamma kudu maso yamma zuwa Filin Pedernales a kudu maso gabashin Venezuela. Yankin arewa maso gabas na Kudancin Range ya rabu zuwa yanayin arewacin wanda ke dauke da Lizard Springs, Navette, da kuma Yankin Mayaro, yayin da yanayin kudancin ya ƙunshi Filin Ruwa. 5-9 Nishaɗi Trinidad ana ɗauka ɗayan daga mafi kyaun wurare a duniya don ɗaukar tarfin Atlantic Sake duba Trinidad da Tobago Tobago Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Gotrinidadandtobago.com: Tashar Trinidad da Tobago Pages with unreviewed

16405

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangaren%20wutar%20lantarki%20a%20Ghana

Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana

Ghana tana samar da wutar lantarki daga makamashin lantarki, burbushin mai (makamashin thermal), da kuma hanyoyin samarda makamashi. Samar da wutar lantarki na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin ƙasar ta Ghana, tare da haɓaka da haɓaka masana'antu cikin sauri; Yawan amfani da wutar lantarki na kasar ta Ghana ya kai awanni 265 a kowace kwata a cikin shekarar 2009. Ghana na fitar da wasu makamashin da ta samu zuwa wasu kasashen. Bayar da wutar lantarki yana karkashin ayyukan Kamfanin Grid na Ghana. Rabon wutar yana karkashin Kamfanin Rarraba Wutar Lantarki na Arewa da Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ghana. Tarihi Samun wutar lantarki na farko da gwamnatin Ghana ta tallafawa a Ghana ta fara ne a shekara ta 1914 a Sekondi-Takoradi, wanda Hukumar Kula da Railway ta Ghana (Ghana Railway Corporation) ke aiki. An fadada wutar lantarki zuwa Sekondi-Takoradi a shekarata 1928. Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta Ghana ta fara wadataccen kayan aiki kai tsaye (DC) a cikin Accra a lokacin 1922. Babban aikin canzawa na yanzu (AC) ya fara ne a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 1924, kuma an girka wata karamar shuka wacce ta kunshi injiniyoyi guda uku a kwance masu amfani da mai a cikin Koforidua a 1925. A cikin 1926, an fara aikin rarraba wutar lantarki zuwa Kumasi. Kuntataccen isar da yamma ya fara a watan Mayu 1927, kuma an kawo tashar wutar lantarki cikakke aiki a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1927. A wannan shekarar aka sanya wadatar DC a Winneba amma daga baya aka canza ta zuwa AC ta hanyar faɗaɗa wadataccen wadata daga Swedru kuma a lokacin 1929-30, an ba da wadataccen wutar lantarki zuwa Tamale har sai da aka sanya sabon injin AC a 1938. Tashar wutar lantarki ta gaba da za a kafa ita ce Cape Coast a cikin 1932. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki ta Ghana ta karɓi wannan a cikin 1947. An ba da tashar samarda wutar lantarki ta Ghana a Swedru a 1948 kuma wannan ya biyo bayan girka shuke-shuke a Akim Oda, Dunkwa-on-Offin da Bolgatanga a 1948. A ranar 27 ga Mayu, 1949, an samar da wutar lantarki a Nsawam ta hanyar gina layin watsa daga sama daga Accra. Rashin wutar lantarki na Keta wanda aka sanya shi cikin shirin ya sami jinkiri saboda matsalolin ma'aikata kuma ba a ƙaddamar da shi ba har zuwa 1955. An ƙaddamar da tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema a cikin 1956 tare da samfurin kilowatts 3 x 650 (870 hp) na samar da dizal. Tashar wutar Ho ta biyo baya a 1957 kuma daga 1961-64. An faɗaɗa tashar wutar Tema zuwa matsakaicin ƙarfin kilowatts 35,298 (47,335 hp), saboda haka, yana mai yiwuwa ya zama babbar tashar samar da mai ta diesel a Afirka. A cikin 1963 sashen Ghana na Wutar Lantarki ya fara aiki da tsarin watsawa na farko 161 kV a Ghana, wanda aka yi amfani dashi don daukar wuta daga tashar wutar lantarki ta Tema. A lokacinda yakai kololuwa a shekarar 1965, anyi amfani da kusan kashi 75 na ikon a cikin Accra. A shekarar 1994, karfin samarda Ghana ya kai kimanin 1,187GW, kuma yawan abin da ake samarwa a shekara ya kai kimanin 4.49GW. Babban tushen wadatar shine Hukumar Volta River tare da injinan lantarki 127MW shida da aka girka a Akosombo Hydroelectric Project. A wannan lokacin, wannan aikin ya samar da yawancin wutar lantarki da aka cinye a Ghana, kusan kashi 60 cikin ɗari wanda Kungiyar Aluminium ta Volta (Valco) ta saya don ƙarata. Fitar da tashar wutar lantarki ta kai kimanin tan 180,000 na mai a cikin 1991. Ididdigar wutar lantarkin ta Ghana an samar da ita ne ta injunan dizal mallakar Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana, na kamfanonin haƙar ma'adinai, kuma ta wata tashar samar da ruwa mai karfin 160MW a Kpong, kimanin kilomita 40 ta gangara daga Akosombo. An yi nazarin madatsar ruwa ta uku a Bui a kan Kogin Black Volta kuma an kammala ta a cikin 2013. Sauran rukunin yanar gizon da ke da karfin samar da lantarki, a kan Kogin Pra (Ghana), da Kogin Tano, da White Volta River, da Kogin Ankobra, suma zasu buƙaci saka hannun jari mai yawa. Ghana ta yi yunƙurin ƙara rarraba wutar lantarkin ta a duk faɗin ƙasar. Daya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da Ghana ta ƙaddamar zai samar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki a cikin birane da kudancin ƙasar. Bugu da kari, an ba da aikin fadada layin sadarwar kasa zuwa yankin Arewa a shekarar 1989. Fadada aikin ya danganta arewacin Ghana da ikon da aka samu daga Madatsar ruwan Akosombo. Kashi na biyu na fadada aikin zai hade manyan garuruwa a yankin Upper East da Bolgatanga babban birnin yankin, kan kudi dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Mataki na karshe zai ga fitar da lantarki daga iyakar Ghana zuwa Burkina-Faso. A farkon 1991 Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana ya fara fadada hanyoyin sadarwar lantarki a yankunan arewa maso yammacin Accra kuma kamfanin na Ghana na da niyyar fadada samar da wutar zuwa dukkan cibiyoyin da ke kebe a Ghana inda man dizel shi ne babban tushen samar da wuta. An kuma shirya wani shiri na kara samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar amfani da makamashin zafin sannan kuma ana sa ran ginawa a karshen shekarar 1994 a kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na farko a kusa da Sekondi-Takoradi kuma an shirya kammala shi a shekarar 1997, kamfanin ya ba da gudummawar wutar lantarki 300MW ga Ghana tsarin kasa. Tun daga 2007, Ghana ta zama mai fitar da wutar lantarki kuma tun daga 2011 ta kasance mai fitar da danyen mai, da iskar gas, da kuma janareta na lantarki ta hanyar makamashin zafi, da wutar lantarki, da hasken rana da kuma kuzarin sabuntawa tun daga 2012. Burbushin mai Danyen mai da kuma iskar gas Ghana na samar da gas mai nauyin cubic miliyan 140-200 a kowace rana kuma a cikin ta an hana samar da iskar gas a Ghana daga cikakken damar samarwa tun daga watan Disambar 2012, saboda jinkirin gina matatar iskar gas ta Ghana a Sekondi-Takoradi wanda aka tsara za a kammala shi a watan Disambar 2012 kuma yanzu an shirya kammala shi a watan Disambar 2013, kuma saboda hakan ne ya haifar da barkewar iskar gas kuma Ghana ta yi asarar daruruwan miliyoyi a rana tun Disambar 2012 a cikin kudaden shiga daga samar da iskar gas. Tun watan Disambar 2012 biliyoyin daloli a shekara suka yi asara daga GDP na Ghana saboda jinkirin da ake yi na gina matatar iskar gas a Sekondi-Takoradi. An gano wani filin mai na Ghana wanda aka ruwaito yana dauke da gangar mai biliyan 3 (480,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a 2007, kuma a cewar gwamnatin Ghana, kasar za ta iya fadada yawan mai da ya kai ganga biliyan 5 (790,000,000 m3) na danyen mai a cikin yan shekaru kadan. Ghana na fitar da gangar danyen mai 200,000 a kowace rana a kan matsakaita daga ganga miliyan 1-2 na danyen mai a kowace rana, da kuma kudin shigar da ake hako danyen mai na dala biliyan 30 a shekara; kamar yadda yake tare da Angola, ita ma mai samar da danyen mai, tana da ganga miliyan 2 na danyen mai a kowace rana kuma tana samun dala biliyan 33.7 da ake tsammani a duk shekara a kudaden shigar danyen mai. Babban tasirin tattalin arziki daga burbushin halittu a cikin tattalin arzikin Ghana ya fara ne daga rubu'in farko na shekarar 2011 lokacin da Ghana ta fara samar da danyen mai da iskar gas a yawan kasuwanci kuma masana'antar danyen mai ta Ghana tana da kashi 6% na kudin shigar Ghana na 2011. Ana ci gaba da binciken Mai da Gas a ƙasar Ghana kuma adadin ɗanyen mai da iskar gas a Gana yana ci gaba da ƙaruwa. Makamashin rana Babban hoto (PV) da kuma babbar tashar samar da hasken rana a Afirka, aikin Nzema, wanda yake a Ghana, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki ga gidaje sama da 100,000. Kamfanin 155MW zai kara karfin samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana da kashi 6%. Aikin gini a kan GH 740 miliyan (GB£ 248 million) da kuma kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki mai amfani da hasken rana na 4 a duniya, ana bunkasa shi ne ta kamfanin Blue Energy, wani kamfani ne mai sabunta makamashi na samar da makamashi, wanda mambobi ne na, Stadium Group, babban kamfani mai zaman kansa na Turai da kamfanin ci gaba tare da fam biliyan 2.5 karkashin kulawa. Daraktan aikin shine Douglas Coleman, daga Mere Power Nzema Ltd, Ghana. Sabanin sauran ayyukan samar da hasken rana a Afirka wadanda ke amfani da karfin hasken rana, tsirrai masu amfani da hasken rana za su yi amfani da fasahar daukar hoto (PV) don sauya hasken rana kai tsaye zuwa lantarki. Girkawar fiye da 630,000 masu amfani da hasken rana na PV za ta fara a ƙarshen 2017. Tun daga watan Agusta 2015, aikin yana ci gaba. Makamashin iska Baya ga samar da wutar lantarki da kuma amfani da hasken rana, kasar ta Ghana tana kuma samar da wasu makamashi masu yawa, sauran nau'ikan makamashi da ke samar da wutar lantarki a Ghana sune makamashin iska, da na geothermal da kuma na biomass. Manufa ce ta masana'antar makamashi ta Ghana a samu kashi 10% na curin makamashin na Ghana ya fito ne daga kafofin da za a iya sabuntawa (ba tare da kidaya wutar lantarki mai karfi ba) a shekarar 2015, ko kuma a karshen shekarar 2020. Ghana tana da albarkatun iska na aji 4-6 da wuraren da iska mai karfi take kamar Nkwanta, da Accra Plains, da Kwahu da Gambaga. Matsakaicin ƙarfin da za'a samu daga albarkatun iska na Ghana don wutar lantarki an kiyasta ya kai kimanin 500 600 GWh shekara. Don bayar da hangen nesa A cikin 2011, daga wannan Hukumar Makamashi, babbar madatsar ruwa ta Akosombo a cikin Gana kawai ta samar da GWhrs 6,495 na wutar lantarki kuma, ana kirga dukkan albarkatun da ke samar da makamashi a Ghana gaba daya, duka makamashin da aka samar ya kai GWhrs 11,200 a wannan shekarar. Waɗannan ƙididdigar ba sa la'akari da ƙarin iyakance abubuwan kamar ƙuntatawa-amfani da ƙasa, grid ɗin da ake ciki (ko yadda nisan albarkatun iska zai iya kasancewa daga layin wutar) da kuma isa. Karfin iska yana da damar bayar da gudummawa sosai ga masana'antar makamashin ƙasar tabbas za a iya samun kashi 10 cikin 100 dangane da ƙarfin shigar da shi, kuma kusan 5% na ƙarfin samar da lantarki daga iska kawai. Bio makamashi Ghana ta tsara wasu dabaru don jawo hankalin masu saka jari a bangarorin ta na zamani da kuma makamashi domin karfafa ci gaban karkara, samar da ayyukan yi da kuma adana kudaden kasashen waje. Kasar da ake nomawa da taɓarɓarewar ƙasar ta Ghana na da damar noman albarkatun gona da tsire-tsire waɗanda za a iya canza su zuwa nau'ikan makamashi masu ƙarfi da ruwa, kamar yadda haɓakar wasu hanyoyin zirga-zirgar keɓaɓɓu na iya taimaka wa Ghana ta faɗaɗa da kuma tabbatar da ita samar da makamashi na gaba. Babban saka hannun jari a cikin karamin sashin makamashi ya wanzu a fannonin samarwa, sune sufuri, ajiya, rarrabawa, sayarwa, kasuwanci da fitarwa. Burin kasar Ghana dangane da makamashi, kamar yadda manufofin bangaren makamashi suka bayyana, shine zamanantar da zamani da kuma nazarin fa'idodin makamashin a dunkule. Biomass ita ce babbar hanyar samar da makamashi a kasar Ghana dangane da baiwa da kuma amfani, tare da manyan albarkatun mai guda biyu da ake amfani dasu sune ethanol da biodiesel. Don haka, ma'aikatar makamashi ta Ghana a shekarar 2010 ta kirkiro dabarun bangaren makamashi da shirin bunkasa. Karin bayanai kan dabarun manufofin manufofi na bangaren makamashi mai sabuntawa sun hada da dorewa da samarwa da ingantaccen amfani da itacen mai-mai yayin tabbatar da cewa amfani da su ba zai haifar da sare dazuzzuka ba. Tsarin zai tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu saka jari a fannin noman bio-fuel, hakar mai da kuma tace shi a cikin kayayyakin na biyu, ta haka ne zai samar da hanyoyin da suka dace na kudi da haraji. Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta Ghana ta samar da kwarin gwiwa na kasafin kudi don cigaban makamashi daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sannan kuma yayi bayani dalla-dalla game da sarrafawa da gudanar da aiyukan samar da mai da bishiyoyi a Ghana. Hukumar Kula da Man Fetur ta Ghana (NPA) ta yi aiki da Dokar Sabunta makamashi ta 2011 don ta sanya farashin kayan mai na kasar ta Ghana bisa ga tsarin farashin mai. Haɗakar tasirin canjin yanayi da rikice-rikicen tattalin arziƙin duniya, ya haifar da da hanzari tsakanin masu tsara manufofin Ghana, masana'antu da masu neman ci gaba don nemo ɗorewa da ingantacciyar hanyar samar da mai. A halin yanzu, Brazil, wacce ke samar da ethanol daga masara da dawa, ita ce babbar kasuwar mai a duniya. Duba kuma Tattalin Arziki na Ghana Ikon nukiliya a Ghana Dumsor, kalmar gida don wutar lantarki baƙar fata

39174

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atakpam%C3%A9

Atakpamé

Atakpamé shine birni na biyar mafi girma a cikin Togo ta yawan jama'a (mazauna 84,979 a cikin 2006), yana cikin Yankin Plateaux na Togo Cibiyar masana'antu ce kuma tana kan babban titin arewa-kudu, 161 km arewa da Lomé babban birnin kasar Hakanan cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta yanki don samarwa da sutura. Tarihi Atakpame yana kan wani tuddai mai tsaunuka na itace a ƙarshen ƙarshen tsaunin Atakora, kuma tare da Kpalimé suna wakiltar manyan ƙauyuka na ƙarshe na asalin Yarbawa da ke tsakanin kogin Nijar da kogin Volta. A yakin Atakpamé a shekara ta 1764, garin ya yi dauki ba dadi tsakanin ‘yan tawayen Akyem vassal jihar tare da taimakon ‘yan amshin shatan Yarbawa na Daular Oyo da kuma Dahomean a kan sojojin Daular Ashanti karkashin su Asantehene, Kusi Obodum. A cikin 1763, jihar Ashante vassal ta Akyem ta yi hulɗa da Dahomeans a gabas yayin da suke shirin yin tawaye da wasu jihohin vassal da ke cikin daular, kamar Kwahu da Brong. A halin da ake ciki, Bantamahene, daya daga cikin manyan hafsoshin soja na Asante, ya ci gaba da matsawa Asantehene Kusi Obodum lamba don murkushe tawayen ginin a yakin. Bantamahene Adu Gyamera ma ya yi nisa da barazanar tsige Asantehene daga mulki. Duk da haka Asantehene ya ba da umarnin kada a kai hari har sai labari ya zo musu cewa Akyems sun nemi taimako daga Masarautar Oyo. Sakamakon yakin ya kasance murkushe sojojin Ashanti da kuma mutuwar Juabenhene (shugaban daya daga cikin dangin sarki). Sakamakon wannan cin kashin da Daular Oyo ta yi shi ne rushewar Kusi Obodum, wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Asantehene mai karami kuma mai kwarjini, Osei Kwadwo Okoawia. A shekara ta 1902, garin ya fuskanci wata badakala inda masu wa'azin Katolika na Jamus suka zargi jami'an mulkin mallaka na Jamus da cin zarafin 'yan mata. Wannan badakala dai ta yi kaurin suna a siyasar Jamus. A cikin 1914, lokacin yakin duniya na daya, Birtaniya da Faransanci sun mamaye yankin Togoland na Jamus a lokacin yakin Togoland An yi shi ne don kame ko lalata tashar rediyon Jamus mai ƙarfi a Kamina kusa da Atakpamé. Ƙungiyoyin ƙawance sun ji tsoron cewa masu kai hari kan ruwa na Jamus za su iya ci gaba da tuntuɓar Berlin ta tashar kuma ta haka cikin sauri su ba da bayanan sirri. An fara wani ɗan gajeren yakin neman zabe a ranar 6 Agusta 1914, kuma an tilasta wa Jamus su lalata tashar a ranar 24 Agusta kafin mika wuya ga Allies a ranar 26 Agusta. A wannan kamfen ne Alhaji Grunshi ya fara harbin wani dan bautar kasar Ingila a lokacin yakin. Galibin mazauna garin su ne rukunin ‘yan kabilar Yarabawa na Ana. A lokacin mulkin mallaka gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus ta gina cibiyar sadarwa ta wayar iska a Kamina a Atakpame daga 1911 zuwa 1914 a yankin Togo. Wannan gidan radiyon da ke wucewa ta nahiyoyi ya kasance hanyar haɗin kai ga ƙasashen Jamus da ke mulkin mallaka a tsakaninsu da kuma kafa alaƙa tsakanin waɗannan yankuna da babban birnin Jamus. Yanayi Atakpamé, yana da yanayi na wurare masu zafi na savanna Köppen Aw wanda ke da ɗan gajeren lokacin rani tare da iskar harmattan arewa maso gabas daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu da kuma tsayi ko da yake ba lokacin damina mai tsanani ba tsakanin Maris da Oktoba. Sufuri Garin, yana da tashar babban layin arewacin Togo,Railways Mulki Garin shine cibiyar gudanarwar Togoland ta Jamus Wuraren ibada Daga cikin wuraren ibada, galibinsu majami'u ne da gidajen ibada na Kirista Roman Katolika Diocese na Atakpamé cocin Katolika Evangelical Presbyterian Church of Togo World Communion of Reformed Churches Togo Baptist Convention Baptist World Alliance Living Faith Church Worldwide, Redeemed Christian Church of God, Assemblies of God Akwai kuma masallatan musulmi Wasanni Atakpamé gida ne na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Korikossa d'Atakpamé Alakar kasa da kasa Garuruwan Twin Sister birane An haɗe Atakpamé da: Niort, France Manazarta

40726

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Shakespeare

William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare 26 Afrilu 1564 23 Afrilu 1616) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ne na Ingilishi, mawaƙi kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ana yi masa kallon babban marubuci a cikin harshen Ingilishi kuma fitaccen marubucin wasan kwaikwayo a duniya. Ana kiransa sau da yawa mawaƙin ƙasa na Ingila da Bard of Avon" (ko kuma kawai "Bard"). Ayyukansa na baya, ciki har da haɗin gwiwar, sun ƙunshi wasu wasan kwaikwayo 39, 154 sonnets, dogayen wakoki guda uku, da wasu 'yan wasu baiti, wasu daga cikin marubuta marasa tabbas. An fassara wasan kwaikwayonsa zuwa kowane babban harshe mai rai kuma ana yin su sau da yawa fiye da na kowane marubucin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya kasance a iya cewa shi ne marubuci mafi tasiri a cikin harshen Ingilishi, kuma ana ci gaba da nazari da sake fassara ayyukansa. An haifi Shakespeare kuma ya girma a Stratford-Upon-Avon, Warwickshire. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya auri Anne Hathaway, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Susanna, da tagwaye Hamnet da Judith. Wani lokaci tsakanin 1585 zuwa 1592, ya fara aiki mai nasara a London a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, marubuci, kuma mai mallakar wani kamfani mai suna Lord Chamberlain's Men, wanda daga baya akafi sani da King's of Men. Yana da shekaru 49 (a kusan 1613), ya bayyana ya yi ritaya zuwa Stratford, inda ya mutu bayan shekaru uku. 'Yan kaɗan na bayanan sirri na Shakespeare sun tsira; wannan ya jawo hasashe mai yawa game da al'amura kamar kamanninsa, Sexuality, imaninsa na addini da kuma ko wasu ne suka rubuta ayyukan da aka dangana masa. Biography with signature Articles with hCards Shakespeare ya samar da mafi yawan sanannun ayyukansa tsakanin 1589 da 1613. Wasanninsa na farko sun kasance masu ban dariya da tarihi kuma ana daukar su a matsayin wasu mafi kyawun ayyukan da aka samar a cikin waɗannan nau'o'in. Daga nan ya rubuta mafi yawan tragedies har zuwa 1608, daga cikinsu Hamlet, Romeo da Juliet, Othello, King Lear, da Macbeth, duk an dauke su daga cikin mafi kyawun ayyuka a cikin harshen Ingilishi. A cikin lokaci na ƙarshe na rayuwarsa, ya rubuta abubuwan ban tausayi (wanda aka fi sani da romances) kuma ya yi aiki tare da sauran marubutan wasan kwaikwayo. Yawancin wasan kwaikwayon Shakespeare an buga su a cikin bugu na inganci da daidaito a cikin rayuwarsa. Duk da haka, a cikin karni na 1623, John Heminges da Henry Condell, 'yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu da abokan Shakespeare, sun buga wani rubutu mafi mahimmanci da aka sani da Folio na Farko, wani bugun da aka tattara na Shakespeare na ban mamaki wanda ya haɗa da duka amma biyu daga cikin wasanninsa. Gabatarwansa wata waka ce ta Ben Jonson, tsohon abokin hamayyar Shakespeare, wanda ya yaba Shakespeare tare da sanannen yanzu: "ba na zamani ba, amma na kowane lokaci". Rayuwa Ƙuruciya Shakespeare ɗa ne ga John Shakespeare, alderman kuma ƙwararren mai yin sana'ar safar hannu (mai yin safar hannu) asali daga Snitterfield a Warwickshire, da Mary Arden, 'yar dangin masu affluent landwning. An haife shi a Stratford-Upon-Avon, inda aka yi masa baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu 1564. Ba a san ranar haihuwarsa ba, amma bisa ga al'ada ana kiyaye shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu, Ranar Saint George. Wannan kwanan wata, wanda za a iya gano shi zuwa William Oldys da George Steevens, ya tabbatar da sha'awar masu tarihin saboda Shakespeare ya mutu a daidai wannan ranar a 1616. Shi ne na uku na yara takwas, kuma mafi girma da ya tsira. ɗa. Kodayake ba a sami bayanan halarta na wannan lokacin ba, yawancin masu tarihin rayuwa sun yarda cewa tabbas Shakespeare ya sami ilimi a Sabuwar Makarantar King a Stratford, makarantar kyauta da aka yi hayar a 1553, kusan mil (mile kwata). 400 m) daga gidansa. Makarantun nahawu sun bambanta da inganci a lokacin Elizabethan, amma tsarin karatun nahawu sun kasance kama da haka: ainihin rubutun Latin an daidaita shi ta dokar sarauta, kuma makarantar za ta ba da ilimi mai zurfi a cikin nahawu bisa ga marubutan gargajiya na Latin. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, Shakespeare ya auri Anne Hathaway mai shekaru 26. Kotun da'a na Diocese na Worcester ta ba da lasisin aure a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba 1582. Kashegari, biyu daga cikin makwabtan Hathaway sun buga shaidu da ke ba da tabbacin cewa babu wani da'awar halal da ta hana auren. Wataƙila an shirya bikin cikin gaggawa tun lokacin da shugaban gwamnati na Worcester ya ba da izinin karanta haramcin aure sau ɗaya maimakon sau uku, da watanni shida bayan auren Anne ta haifi diya mace. Susanna, ta yi baftisma a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu 1583. Twins, ɗan Hamnet da 'yar Judith, sun bi kusan shekaru biyu bayan haka kuma aka yi musu baftisma a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu 1585. Bayan haihuwar tagwaye, Shakespeare ya bar tarihin tarihi har sai da aka ambace shi a matsayin wani ɓangare na wasan kwaikwayo na London a karni na 1592. Banda shi ne bayyanar sunansa a cikin "lissafin korafi" na wata shari'a a gaban kotun Sarauniya a Westminster Michaelmas Term 1588 da 9 Oktoba 1589 shekaru". Marubutan tarihin rayuwar da suke ƙoƙarin yin lissafin wannan lokacin sun ba da rahoton labaran apocryph da yawa. Nicholas Rowe, marubucin tarihin rayuwar farko na Shakespeare, ya ba da labarin wani labari na Stratford cewa Shakespeare ya gudu daga garin zuwa Landan don tserewa tuhumar farautar barewa a cikin gida na squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare kuma ya kamata ya dauki fansa akan Lucy ta hanyar rubuta balla mai ban tsoro game da shi. Wani labari na karni na 18 shine Shakespeare ya fara aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo yana kula da dawakai na abokan wasan kwaikwayo a London. John Aubrey ya ruwaito cewa Shakespeare ya kasance malamin makaranta na kasa. Wasu malaman ƙarni na 20 sun ba da shawarar cewa mai yiwuwa Shakespeare ya ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin shugaban makaranta Alexander Hoghton na Lancashire, wani mai gidan Katolika wanda ya ba da wani sunan "William Shakeshafte" a cikin wasiyyarsa. Ƙananan shaidu sun tabbatar da irin waɗannan labarun ban da jita -jita da aka tattara bayan mutuwarsa, kuma Shakeshafte shine sunan gama gari a yankin Lancashire. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30988

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julienne%20Lusenge

Julienne Lusenge

Julienne Lusenge yar fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama ce 'yar Congo da aka amince da ita don bayar da shawarwari ga wadanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata a lokacin yaki. Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma shugabar kungiyar hadin kan mata don Integrated Peace and Development (SOFEPADI) kuma darekta a Congolese Women Fund (FFC). Ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta 2018 ta 'Yancin Mata ta Duniya daga taron Geneva don 'yancin ɗan adam da dimokuradiyya da lambar yabo ta 2016 Ginetta Sagan daga Amnesty International. Ta sami lambar yabo ta kare hakkin bil adama daga Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa kuma ta ba da sunan Knight of the Legion of Honor ta gwamnatin Faransa. An ba ta lambar yabo ta Mata ta Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa a cikin 2021. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2021, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Aurora don farkawa bil'adama, a gidan sufi na Armeniya a tsibirin San Lazzaro a Venice, Italiya. 'Yar jaridan rediyo Julienne Lusenge tana aikin jarida ne a gabashin Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango (DRC) a shekarar 1998 lokacin da yakin basasa ya barke. Ta kasance mai watsa shirye-shiryen rediyon jin kai da ke da alhakin isar da bayanan lafiya da haƙƙin ɗan adam ga mazauna ƙauye a yankuna masu nisa. Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam A fusace da cin zarafin mata a kasarta, Lusenge da wasu 'yan gwagwarmaya 22 sun kafa SOFEPADI a shekara ta 2000. Kungiyar ta taru ne domin gabatar da batun cin zarafin jinsi ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da ke aiki a yankin, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shirin nasu kuma shi ne na taimaka wa wadanda suka tsira daga raunukan da suka samu, tare da taimaka musu wajen bin tsarin shari'a da kuma gurfanar da wadanda suka aikata laifin fyade a gaban kuliya. A cikin 2007, Lusenge ta ƙaddamar da wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta biyu, Fund for Congolese Women (FFC), wanda ke aiki don tallafawa kungiyoyin kare hakkin mata na Kongo da kuma taimaka musu samun kudade daga masu ba da agaji na duniya. Manufar ita ce a samar da wata cibiyar hada-hadar kudi don cike gibin dake tsakanin masu ba da taimako na kasa da kasa da kuma shirin mata na cikin gida. Lusenge babban abokin tarayya ne don wani sabon aiki a DRC tare da Media Matters for Women, wata kungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ta fi mayar da hankali kan "daidaita rarrabuwar kawuna ga mata da 'yan mata da ke fama da talauci, al'ummomin da ke nesa a Afirka wadanda ba su da damar samun bayanai game da su ''yancinsu kuma suna cikin haɗari daga cin zarafi na jinsi da zurfafa talauci". Aikin bayar da shawarwari na Lusenge ya fadada fiye da iyakokin DRC. Ta kasance a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na Kamfen na Duniya na Dakatar da Fyade da cin zarafin jinsi a yankunan da ake rikici kuma ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar kungiyar Women's International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). A cikin 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta nada Lusenge a matsayin shugaban hadin gwiwa (tare da Aïchatou Mindaoudou) na wani kwamiti mai zaman kansa na mutum bakwai don bincikar da'awar cin zarafin jima'i da cin zarafin da ma'aikatan agaji suka yi a lokacin barkewar cutar Ebola na 2018 a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo (DRC). Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Haƙƙin Mata ta Duniya Lusenge ta sami karbuwa a duniya saboda aikinta.A cikin 2018, ƙungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama 25 ta ba Lusenge lambar yabo ta 2018 na 'yancin mata na duniya daga taron Geneva kan 'yancin ɗan adam da dimokiradiyya. Ta samu kyautar ne a wani biki da aka gudanar a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Geneva a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2018, inda ta yi jawabi a gaban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya 700 jami'an diflomasiyya, masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam, da 'yan jarida. 'An zabi Ms. Lusenge don samun lambar yabo "saboda sadaukar da kai ga 'yancin dan Adam na matan Kongo a cikin mugunyar yaki, da kuma kasancewar murya ga marasa murya," in ji Hillel Neuer, babban darektan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Watch. Kyautar Ginetta Sagan An ƙirƙiri Asusun Ginetta Sagan (GSF) don girmama Ginetta Sagan, 'yar gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam Ba'amurke da aka fi sani da aikinta tare da Amnesty International. GSF tana ba da dala 20,000 kowace shekara don "girmama da kuma taimakawa mata masu ban mamaki daga ko'ina cikin duniya waɗanda ke canza rayuwar miliyoyin zuwa mafi kyau". Tare da tallafin dala 20,000, an gayyaci Lusenge don rangadin Amurka tare da GSF don ba da labarinta game da yaƙi da cin zarafin ɗan adam. Kyautar Gwamnatin Faransa Lusenge ta sami lambar yabo ta 'yancin ɗan adam daga Ofishin Jakadancin Faransa a cikin 2012. Hakanan gwamnatin Faransa ta nada ta Knight of the Legion of Honor a cikin 2013. Manazarta Rayayyun

18922

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayaba

Ayaba

Ayaba abinci ne mai dan tsawo wanda ake kiransa a kimiyyance da berry. Sunan dangin waɗannan shuke-shuke a kimiyyance genus Musa. A wasu kasashen, nau'in ayaba da ake amfani dashi wajen girki, ana kiran sa da suna" plantain" a maimakon ayaba na marmari. Kuma ana noman ayaba a yankuna masu zafin yanayi na duniya. Haka kuma ayaba suna girma a dunkule da junansu, wanda ke zanzarowa zuwa kasa. Wasu suna girma kamar shuke-shuke na ado, ko don zarensu. Akwai kusan nau'ikan ayaba 110 daban-daban. A cikin al'adun gargajiya da kasuwanci, "ayaba" galibi tana nufin nau'in mai laushi da daɗi, wanda aka fi sani da ayaba mai zaki. Sauran nau'ikan, ko nau'ikan girbi, na ayaba suna da ƙarfi, 'ya'yan itacen da ba za su iya bayarwa ba. Wadancan galibi ana kiransu plantain. Ana amfani da furotin galibi don girki ko fiber. Akanyi amfani da bawon ayaba don yin sabulu. A nahiyar Asiya, ana shuka ayaba don samar da inuwa ga shuke-shuke da suke bukatar inuwa, misali kofi, koko, namijin goro ko barkono baƙi. Saboda wannan, galibi ana iya samun shuke-shuken ayaba a cikin gonan wasu albarkatu. Bayanin Sifa Ayaba ita ce mafi yawan shuke-shuke daga nau'in shukar herbaceous masu furanni. Duka sassan dake tsirowa daga saman kasa suna girma ne a bisa sifar da ake kira "corm". Shukan ayaba kanyi tsawo kuma da rassa masu karfi wanda wasu ke kuskuresu da bishiya amma ba bishiya bace sai dai ana kiranta da suna pseudostem. Ayaba na iya tsirowa a wurare (kasa) daban-daban musamman idan kasa tana da zurfin akalla centimeter 60cm (2.0ft) sannan akwai hanyoyin ruwa kuma ba a cushe suke ba. Ganyen yana da sassa kamar stalk "petiole" da faifan ganye wato blade wanda ake kira "lamina". Shukokin ayaba suna da nasabobin girma daban-daban musamman ya danganta da yanayin wajen da aka shukasu. Mafi yawancinsu suna kai tsawon 5m (16ft), sai kuma gajerunsu wato 'Dwarf Carvendish' masu tsawon mita 3m (10ft) zuwa dogayensu 'Gros Michel' masu tsayin mita 7m (23ft) ko fiye da hakan. Ganyensa yana girma a kaikaice kuma yakan kai a tsayi kuma a fadi. Iska ka iya zubar dasu cikin sauki, wanda ke haifar da sifar shukan. 'Ya'yan itãcen marmari 'Ya'yan Ayaba suna girma daga abunda ake kira zuciyar ayaba (Banana heart) wanda ke rataye a gungu (bunch of banana), wanda kanyi 'yaya fiye da 20 a dunkule da ake kira yatsu (wato hand a turance). Gungu daya kan kai nauyin awo tsakanin kilo 30 zuwa 50 (65 zuwa fam 110). Ƴaƴan tace ɗaya yana da nauyin gram 125 (oce 4.4) a kan matsakaici; kimanin kashi uku cikin uku na wannan ruwa ne. Kowane ayaba (ko yatsa yana da bawo dake kare ainihin dan marmarin (wanda ake kira ɓawo ko fata Akwai ɓangaren tsoka a ciki wanda ke sauƙaƙe zuwa sassa uku. Shine kawai sanannen 'ya'yan itace mai rarrafe a duniya. Za a iya cin fata da ɓangaren ciki. Al'adun Yammacin Turai gabaɗaya suna cin ɗanyen cikin kuma zubar da fata. Wasu al'adun Asiya suna cin fata da ciki da dafaffe. Kowane ƴaƴan itace yana da igiyoyi masu yawa waɗanda suke gudana tsakanin fata da ɓangaren ciki. Ayaba suna dauke da sinadarin bitamin B6 da yawa, bitamin C, da potassium. Girma da kasuwanci ayaba Ana noman ayaba aƙalla ƙasashe 107. Nau'oin ayaba da ke girma a cikin daji suna da yawa masu yawa, manyan iri, amma kusan duk ayaba da aka shuka don a ci tana da ya'yan itatuwa marasa 'ya'ya Ayaba ana rarraba ta azaman kayan zaki ko kuma ayaba mai dafa abinci. Kusan dukkan ayaba na fitarwa nau'ikan kayan zaki ne. Kusan kusan kashi goma zuwa goma sha biyar na duk samarwar don fitarwa ne Ayaba mai zaki za ta canza launinta kuma galibi ta zama rawaya, idan sun nuna; ayaba da ayaba gabaɗaya da ake amfani da su wajen dafa abinci suna zama kore. Wasu ayaba suna da wasu launuka idan sun girma. Ƙasashen da suka fi samar da ayaba sun hada da India, Brazil, China, Ecuador da Philippines Manyan ƙasashe biyar da suka fitar da ayaba sun haɗa da Ecuador, Costa Rica, Philippines, Colombia da Guatemala Amurka, Tarayyar Turai da Japan sun fi sayen ayaba. Ayaba na daga cikin kayayyakin amfanin gona masu matuƙar daraja; Sun bayar da kusan kashi sittin cikin ɗari na kuɗaɗen fitarwa na Saint Lucia da kusan kashi goma sha biyu na Babban Haɗin Cikin Gida na ƙasar, tsakanin 1994 da 1996. Allerji Wasu mutane basu san ayaba mussamman masu matsalar latex allergy ka iya cutuwa sanadiyyar cin ayaba. Sauran amfani na ayaba Masaku Fiber da aka samo daga tsiron ayaba an yi amfani da shi don yin kayan masaka na dogon lokaci. A Japan, ana shuka ayaba don amfani dashi don sutura da cikin gida tun aƙalla ƙarni na 13 A cikin tsarin Jafanawa, ana yanka ganye da harbe daga tsire-tsire lokaci-lokaci don tabbatar sun yi laushi. A girbe harbe dole ne na farko da za a Boiled a lye shirya zaruruwa ga yin na yarn Wadannan harbewar banana suna samar da zaruruwa na bambancin digiri na laushi. Ana iya amfani dasu don yadudduka da yadudduka na ƙwarewa daban-daban, kuma don takamaiman amfani. Misali, zaren mafi ban tsoro na harbe sune mafi tsananin suna da kyau ga kayan tebur Fibobi mafi taushi mafi kyau kyawawa ne don kimono da kamishimo. Wannan tsari na yin kyallen Ayaba na gargajiya yana da matakai da yawa, duk ana yinsu da hannu. Ana amfani da wani tsarin a Nepal Akwai da akwati daga cikin banana shuka da aka girbe maimakon. Piecesananan guntun wannan akwatin sai a yi laushi. A zaruruwa ake cirewa mechanically, bleached, da kuma bushe Daga nan sai a tura su zuwa Kathmandu Valley, inda ake ƙera manyan katifu. Waɗannan rutuna suna da laushi da halaye na gama gari kamar na siliki Waɗannan zaren zaren na ayaba ana saka su ta hanyoyin gargajiyar gargajiyar ƙasar Nepalese. Menene amfanin ayaba Matsakaiciyar ayaba zata samar da kusan 320-400 MG na potassium, wanda ya sadu da kusan kashi 10% na bukatun potassium na yau da kullun. Potassium yana taimakawa jikinka dan kiyaye lafiyayyar zuciya da hawan jini. Bugu da kari, ayaba suna da karancin sinadarin sodium. Soarancin sodium da babban hadewar potassium yana taimakawa wajen sarrafa hawan jini. Takarda Ana kuma amfani da fiber na ayaba don yin takardar ayaba Akwai takardar ayaba iri biyu: takarda da aka yi daga bawo, da takarda da aka yi daga zare da kuma 'ya'yan itatuwa da ba a amfani da su. Hotuna Sauran yanar gizo Bibliyo Ibn al-'Awwam, Yaḥyá (1864). Le livre de l'agriculture d'Ibn-al-Awam (kitab-al-felahah) (in French). Translated by J.-J. Clement-Mullet. Paris: A. Franck. OCLC 780050566. Nelson, S.C.; Ploetz, R.C. Kepler, A.K. (2006). "Musa species (bananas and plantains)" (PDF). In Elevitch, C.R (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Hōlualoa, Hawai'i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR). Archived (PDF) from the original on February 28, 2014. Retrieved January 10, 2013. Office of the Gene Technology Regulator (2008). The Biology of Musa L. (banana) (PDF). Australian Government. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 3, 2012. Retrieved January 30, 2013. Ploetz, R.C.; Kepler, A.K.; Daniells, J. Nelson, S.C. (2007). "Banana and Plantain: An Overview with Emphasis on Pacific Island Cultivars" (PDF). In Elevitch, C.R (ed.). Species Profiles for Pacific Island Agroforestry. Hōlualoa, Hawai'i: Permanent Agriculture Resources (PAR). Archived (PDF) from the original on January 1, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2013. Stover, R.H. Simmonds, N.W. (1987). Bananas (3rd ed.). Harlow, England: Longman. ISBN 978-0-582-46357-8. Valmayor, Ramón V.; Jamaluddin, S.H.; Silayoi, B.; Kusumo, S.; Danh, L.D.; Pascua, O.C. Espino, R.R.C. (2000). Banana cultivar names and synonyms in Southeast Asia (PDF). Los Baños, Philippines: International Network for Improvement of Banana and Plantain Asia and the Pacific Office. ISBN 978-971-91751-2-4. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 30, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2013. Manazarta Amfani Shuka Pages with unreviewed

8744

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usman%20Ibn%20Affan

Usman Ibn Affan

Uthman ibn Affan (larabci: Usman, Osman, Uthman. ya kasan ce yayi rayuwa ne daga shekara ta (577 zuwa 17ga watan Yunin shekara ta 656). An kuma haife shi ne a shekara ta 577 (45 BH) wanda ke garin ɗaif, dake a Saudiya, ya kuma rasu ne a shekara ta 17 ga watan wanda tayi dai dai da (17 Dhūl Al-Qa‘dah 35 AH) (shekara ta 656 (ya rayu tsawon shekaru 77) an birne shi ne a garin Madinah, wanda ake kira Jannatu al-Baqi dake Madinah. Yakasance sirikin Manzon Allah tsira da aminci su tabbata agareshi, wanda ya aura masa 'ya 'ya biyu daga cikin 'ya'yan sa, shine ake kiransa da suna (zunnuraini) wato me ma'abocin Haske 2, Halifan Musulunci na Uku, Ɗaya daga cikin Halifofi shiryayyu, Ɗaya daga cikin Sahabbai Goma 10 waɗanda akaiwa bushara da gidan Aljannah tin a nan gidan Duniya, ɗan zuri'ar Banu Umayyah daga ƙabilar Kurayshawa. Sanda Sayyidina Umar yarasu da shekaru 59/60, Uthmān, yana da shekaru 64/65 a duniya sai ya gaji Umar bin Khaddab bayan rasuwarsa. Uthman ibn Affan Yayi Halifanci daga 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 644 zuwa 17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 656. Ƙarƙashin jagorancin Uthman, Khalifancin Rashidun ya faɗaɗa zuwa Fars Iran ta yau) a cikin 650, da wasu yankuna na Khorāsān Afganistan a yau) a shekara ta 651. An fara cin Armeniya a cikin 640s. Haka kuma mulkinsa ya yi ta fama da zanga-zanga da tashe -tashen hankula wanda a karshe ya kai ga tayar da makamai da kuma kashe shi Usman bin Affan yarasu ne sanadiyar farmaki da aka afka masa. An samu wasu yan tada kayar baya game da addinin Musulunci tare da kin shugabancin sa. Wanda suka afka masa alhali yana karatun alqurni. Tarihi ya nuna an kashe shi ne akan zalunci wanda hakan yasa aka haura katangar gidansa sannan aka kashe shi. Ali Ibn Abi-Talib ne ya gaje shi bayan rasuwarsa. Matayensa; "Ummu 'Amr; Asma'u bintu Abi Jahal, Ruqayyah bintu Muhammad, Ummu Kulthum bint Muhammad, Fakhitah bintu Ghazwan_ Ummu al-Banin bintu Uyayna, Fatima bintu al-Walid Daughter of Khalid ibn Asid Umm 'Amr Umm Najm bint Jundub Ramla bint Shayba, Bunana Na'ila bint al-Furafisa, Zaynab bintu Hayyan. Bakurayshe (Banu Umayya) Mahainfinsa: Affan ibnu Abi al-'As Mahaifiyarsa: Arwa bintu Kurayz. Uthman ya auri yar Manzon Allah Ruqayyah, kuma bayan ta rasune, Manzon Allah yasake aura masa yar'sa Umm Kulthum. Dukkaninsu sun kasance manyan ya'yan Manzon Allah Muhammad kuma yayye ga Fatimah yar Manzon Allah matar Aliyu bin Abi Dalib, saboda ya aura yayan Manzon Allah biyu ne yasa ake kiransa da Dhū al-Nurayn ("Wanda ya mallaki Haske biyu"). tarihin usman Ibn affhan khalifa na uku bayan wafati monzon allah saw an zabeshi bayan wafati sayyidina Umar r.t bayan ya rasu sai aka zabi sayyidina Ali Ibn abu dalib a tarihin sayyidina usman mutun ne mai imani mai tsoran allah Wanda malanmai sunyi fadi cewa yasamu kyautar aljanna har sau hudu sannan mutun ne mai tsananin kunya allah kabamu ikon fadin gaskiya kuma katsareni daga sharrin mai sharrin dan albarkacin sayidil anbiya ina kaunar rasulallahi da ahali da sahabai nai baki daya da duk Wanda yabi tafarkine ya allah ka tabbatar da mu akan addinin ka na musulumci damu da iyayanmu da kannan mu da iyalan mu da duk Wanda yake musulmi da kuma wadanda basuyi imani ba allah kashiresu albarkacin masu imani daga naku Hassan Salifou ango kunkuzutt Hijira zuwa Madina A cikin 622, Uthman da matarsa, Ruqayya, suna cikin rukuni na uku na musulmi da suka yi hijira zuwa Madina Da isarsa Usman ya zauna tare da Abu Talha bn Thabit kafin ya shige gidan da ya saya ba da jimawa ba. Uthman yana daga cikin hamshakan attajiran Makka, ba ya buqatar taimakon kuxi daga ‘yan’uwansa Ansari, domin ya kawo makudan dukiyar da ya tara masa zuwa Madina. Yawancin Musulmin Madina manoma ne da ba su da sha'awar kasuwanci, kuma Yahudawa sun fi yin ciniki a garin. Uthman ya fahimci cewa akwai babbar dama ta kasuwanci don inganta kasuwanci a tsakanin musulmi, kuma nan da nan ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai ciniki a Madina. Da aiki tukuru da gaskiya, kasuwancinsa ya bunkasa, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin attajirai a Madina. Rayuwa a Madina Lokacin da Ali ya auri Fatimah, Usman ya sayi garkuwar Ali akan dirhami dari biyar An ware dari hudu a matsayin mahar sadaki domin auren Fatimah, a bar dari a kan duk wasu abubuwan da aka kashe. Daga baya, Uthman ya mayar wa Ali sulke a matsayin kyautar aure. Yaƙe-yaƙe A cewar RVC Bodley, a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad, Uthman ba wani fitaccen mutumi ba ne, ba a sanya shi ga kowace hukuma ba, kuma ba shi da wani bambanci a kowane yakin da Muhammadu ya yi. A lokacin yakin Badar, Muhammadu ya ba wa Uthman uzuri don kula da Ruqayya bint Muhammad, wadda take fama da rashin lafiya. Uthman ya yi kaurin suna wajen fifita 'yan uwa. Wata hanyar da ya nuna haka ita ce dabi'arsa ta raba ganima a tsakanin 'yan uwansa ba tare da masu fada ba. A lokacin mamayar Hamra al-Asad an kama wani dan leken asirin Makka, Muawiyah bn Al Mugheerah, kani ga Uthman bn Affan. A cewar malamin musulmi Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri, Uthman ya ba shi mafaka bayan samun izini daga Muhammad, kuma Muhammad ya gaya masa cewa idan aka sake kama shi bayan kwanaki 3 za a kashe shi. Don haka ne aka ba Muawiyah wa’adin kwanaki uku, sannan ya shirya raqumi da guzuri don komawar sa Makka. Uthman ya tafi tare da Muhammad zuwa Hamra-al-Asad, kuma Muawiyah ya wuce gona da iri. Ko da yake ya gudu a lokacin da sojoji suka dawo, Muhammad ya ba da umarnin a bi shi da kashe shi. An aiwatar da umarnin. shekarun Muhammad na karshe A shekara ta 632, shekarar da Muhammadu S.A.W ya rasu, Uthman ya halarci aikin Hajjin bankwana. Uthman kuma ya kasance a wajen taron Ghadir Khumm, inda a cewar majiyoyin Shi'a, yana cikin wadanda suka yi mubaya'a ga Ali Zaman Halifa Abubakar (632-634) Uthman ya kasance yana da alaka ta kud da kud da Abubakar, domin a dalilinsa ne Uthman ya musulunta. Lokacin da aka zabi Abubakar a matsayin halifa, Usman ne farkon wanda ya yi mubaya’a bayan Umar A lokacin yakin Ridda (yakin Ridda), Uthman ya kasance a Madina, yana mai ba Abubakar shawara. Akan mutuwarsa Abubakar ya yi wasiyya da Usman, yana mai cewa Umar ne zai gaje shi. Zaben Uthman Umar, a kan gadon rasuwarsa ya kafa kwamitin mutum shida domin zabar halifa na gaba a tsakaninsu. Wannan kwamiti ya kasance Ali Usman bin Affan Abdurrahman bin Awf Sa'ad bin Abi Waqqas Zubayr bin al-Awwam Talha Umar ya ce bayan rasuwarsa kwamitin ya cimma matsaya ta karshe cikin kwanaki uku, sannan halifa na gaba ya yi rantsuwa a rana ta hudu. Idan Talha ya shiga cikin kwamitin a cikin wannan lokaci, zai shiga cikin shawarwarin, amma idan bai koma Madina a cikin wannan lokaci ba, sauran membobin kwamitin za su iya ci gaba da yanke shawara. Abd al-Rahman bin Awf ya janye cancantar nada shi a matsayin halifa domin ya zama mai gudanarwa ya fara aikinsa ta hanyar tattaunawa da kowane memba na kwamitin daban. Ya tambaye su wa za su kada kuri'unsu. Da aka tambayi Ali bai amsa ba. Da aka tambayi Uthman sai ya zabi Ali, Zubairu ya ce ga Ali ko Uthman, Saad ya ce ma Uthman Usman hamshakin attajiri ne wanda ya yi amfani da dukiyarsa wajen tallafa wa Musulunci duk da haka babu wani lokaci kafin halifancinsa da ya nuna wani hali na shugabanci ko kuma ya jagoranci runduna. Amma duk da haka, masu zaɓe sun zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan takara ɗaya tilo mai ƙarfi ga Ali kamar yadda shi kaɗai zai iya har ya kai ga abokin hamayyar Ali na kusa da Muhammad. RVC Bodley ya yi imani da cewa bayan kashe Umar Ali ya yi watsi da halifanci kamar yadda ya saba da yin mulki bisa ka’idojin da Abubakar da Umar suka kafa, kuma Usman ya yarda da wadannan sharudda wadanda ya kasa girmama su a lokacin halifancinsa na shekaru goma. Sarautar Halifa (644-656) In about AD 650, Uthman began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd ibn Thabit to use caliph Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Qur'an. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. Yayin da ‘yan Shi’a ke amfani da Alkur’ani daya da Musulmi ‘yan Sunna, amma ba su yi imani da cewa Uthman ne ya fara hada shi ba. ‘Yan Shi’a sun yi imani da cewa Muhammadu ne ya tattara Alkur’ani kuma ya hada shi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Manazarta

60431

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaitaccen%20zafin%20jiki%20da%20matsa%20lamba

Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba

Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba STP sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban. Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su. A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s). Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%. Ma'anoni A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982: Har zuwa 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 1 101.325 kPa) Tun daga 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 10 5 Ba (100 kpa, 1 bar NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 C, 77 F da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba. Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune da 101.325 kPa; da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki Amfanin da ya gabata Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin da A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a. Amfani na yanzu Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m). Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi. Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban. Matsayin Duniya A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku. Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje. ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman. Molar ƙarar gas Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa: Vm 8.3145 273.15 101.325 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 273.15 100.000 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa Vm 8.3145 288.15 101.325 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 298.15 101.325 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm 8.3145 298.15 100.000 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.696 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole) Vm 10.7316 519.67 14.730 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s R m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas. Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai Duba kuma Environmental chamber ISO 1 standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications Reference atmospheric model Room temperature Standard sea-level conditions Standard state

2798

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umaru%20Musa%20Yar%27Adua

Umaru Musa Yar'Adua

Umar Musa Yar'adua G.C.F.R (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da ɗaya, 1951) haifaffen cikin birnin Katsina ne dake arewacin Najeriya. Mahaifinsa ya kasance tsohon ministan birnin Lagos na farko a jamhuriya ta farko, kuma kafin rasuwar sa shine Matawallen Katsina, sarautar da shi marigayin Umaru Musa Ƴar'adua ya gada daga wajen mahaifinsa wato Musa Yar'adua. Akwai dan uwansa (babban yayan sa) watau Shehu Musa Ƴar'adua, wanda shima shahararren ɗan siyasa ne a ƙasar Najeriya; kuma shiya kafa jam'iyyar 'PDM' (People's Democratic Movement), Shehu Musa Ƴar'adua ya rasu a gidan yari a shekarar alif ɗari tara da chasa'in da tara, 1997.. Ilimi Marigayi Umaru Musa Ƴar'aduwa ya fara makarantar Firamarensa ne a Rafukka a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da takwas, 1958, kafin a mayar da shi makarantar sakandare ta kwana dake ƙaramar hukumar Dutsin-ma a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da biyu, 1962. Ya kuma halarci kwalejin gwamnati dake Keffi daga shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da biyar, 1965 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da sittin da tara, 1969. Sai ya wuce kwalejin Barewa a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da ɗaya, 1971, inda ya samu takardar shedar karatunsa ta HSC. Tsohon shugaban ƙasa Umaru Ƴar'aduwa ya halarci Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya daga shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyu, 1972 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da takwas, 1978 inda ya samu takardar shedar Digirinsa akan kimiyyar haɗa sinadirai (Chemistry) da Koyarwa, kafin ya koma domin samun babban digiri duk dai akan kimiyyar hada sinadarai Chemistry. Marigayin yayi bautar ƙasarsa ne a Jihar Lagos inda ya koyar a makarantar Holy Trinity daga shekarar alif ɗari tara da saba'in da biyar 1975 zuwa shekara ta alif ɗari tara da saba'in da shida, 1976. Bayan da ya kammala aikin yiwa kasa hidima ya fara aikin koyarwa kadan-kadan a kwalejin share fagen shiga jami'a da ake kira CAST da ke Zaria a tsakanin shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1979. A shekara ta 1983, marigayi Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya bar aikin koyarwa ya fara aiki da Gonar Sambo Farms a Funtua, da ke a jihar Katsina inda ya zama GM daga shekarata 1983 zuwa shekara ta 1989. Daga shekara ta 1984 bayan da Sojoji suka yi juyin mulki, an kira Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa domin zama wakili a hukumar gudanarwar kanfanoni da hukumomin gwamnati da dama da suka hada da hukumar samar da kayan no noma, kwalejin kimiyya da fasaha ta jihar katsina, Bankin Habib, Hamada Carpets, Madara Limited da kuma kanfanin buga Jaridu da Mujallar The Nation, da ke Kaduna wanda kuma wansa Marigayi Janar Shehu Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya mallaka. Siyasa A lokacin da marigayi Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya shiga siyasa, ya samu sabani da mahaifinsa, wanda a wancan lokacin yake mataimakin shugaban Jam'iyar NPN, inda shi kuma ya zama wakili a jam'iyar PRP ta Malam Aminu Kano mai adawa da NPN. A lokacin da Janar Badamasi Babangida ya kada gangar siyasa ya zama sakataren jam'iyar SDP a jihar ta Katsina kuma dan takararta na gwamna, amma kuma dan takarar jam'iyar NRC na wancan lokacin Malam Saidu Barda ya kada shi a zaben. To sai dai duk da haka bai hakura ba inda a shekara ta 1999, lokacin da aka koma mulkin damokaradiyya, Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya tsaya takarar mukamin gwamnan jihar ta Katsina kuma ya samu nasarar cin zabe a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. Haka kuma ya sake samun nasara a zaben da aka yi a shekara ta 2003 duk dai a jam'iyyarsa ta PDP. A shekarar 2007, Umaru Musa 'Yar'aduwa ya zama dan takarar mukamin shugaban kasa na Jam'iyar PDP bayan ya samu taimakon tsohon shugaban kasa Cif Olusegun Obasanjo inda ya zama shugaban kasa a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2007, wannan ya bashi daman sanya rigar siyasa na koli a shekarar. To sai dai rashin lafiya da tsohon shugaban ya yi fama da ita, ta sanya bai samu sukunin gudanar da harkokin mulkinsa kamar yadda ya yi fata ba, musamman kudirorinsa guda bakwai (7) daya tsara na ciyar da kasar ta Najeriya gaba kafin nan da karni na 2020. Kudurorinsa guda 7 (7 point Agenda) A lokacin da marigayi Umaru Musa ya zama shugaban kasar Najeriya ya zayyana kudurorinsa na mulki kyawawa guda bakwai (7) da yake so ya cimmawa a matsayinsa na shugaba kafin shekara ta 2020, wanda aka sanyawa laqabi da 'mahangar shekarata 2020' watau (Vision 2020),wanda suka hada da; Samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki a ko ina a fadin kasar. Samar da isasshiyan lafiyayyen abinci a kowane sako da loko dake fadin kasar. Samar da arziki a kasa musamman a harkokin noma, kere-kere da kuma haqe-haqen albarkatun kasa da karafa da kuma sarrafa su a cikin kasar ta Najeriya. Inganta fannin harkokin sufuri ta hanyar gyara hanyoyin da suka samu matsala da kuma ababan hawa zuwa na zamani. inganta fannin filaye da samar da muhalli da filayen noma, da na manyan masana'antu ga yan Nageria. Samar da tsaro acewarsa tabbatar da tsaro wajibi ne don cigaban kasa, domin wanzuwar zaman lafiya kadai kan bunqasa harkokin kasuwancin kasa baki daya da kuma tabbatar da adalci tsakanin talakawa da Gwamnatin Tarayya. Ilimi zai inganta harkokin ilimi a kasa wacce zata riski tsarin ilimi na duniya. Wanda za'a iya cimma wannan buri ne kadai ta hanyar yin gyara managarci a fannin ilimi a Najeriya. Rasuwar sa Marigayi Malam Umaru Musa 'Yar'adua ya rasu ne a sanadiyar rashin lafiya da ya dade yana fama da ita, ya rasu a ranar 5 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2010 a fadar gwamnati da ke Abuja watanni biyu bayan komowarsa gida daga kasar Saudiya inda yake jinya. Iyalin sa Umaru Musa ya rasu ne ya bar mahaifiyarsa da 'yan'uwansa da matan aure guda biyu Hajiya Turai Yar'Adua tare da 'ya'ya bakwai da ya haifa da ita da suka hada da mata biyar, Maza biyu. Haka kuma yana da wasu 'ya'ya biyu Maza da matarsa ta biyu Hajiya Hauwa Umar Radda. ta haifa. Bibiliyo Adeniyi, Olusegun, 1965- (2011). Power, politics and death a front-row account of Nigeria under the late President Umaru Musa Yar'Aduwa. Lagos, Nigeria: Prestige. ISBN 978-978-50726-0-0. Kabir, Hajara Muhammad. Northern women development. [Nigeria]. ISBN 978-978-906-469-4. Manazarta Haifaffun 1961 dan siyasan Najeriya Gwamnonin jihar Katsina Shugabannin Nijeriya Fulani Mutuwan

6155

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Huhun%20Daji

Ciwon Huhun Daji

Ciwon huhun daji ciwo ne na qarin huhu ana danganta shi da girmar tantani mara magani na fale-falen nama ta huhu. Idan kuma ba a nemo magani ba, wannan qari zata yaɗu a sassan huhun ta hanyar metastasis zuwa fale-falen nama ko sassan jikin. Yawancin ciwon daji da ke faruwa a huhu ana ce da su ciwon huhun daji na farko, acrcinomas. Ainihin waɗannan ire-ire biyu sune; karamin-tantanin huhun carcinoma (SCLC) da mara-karamin-tantanin huhun carcinoma (NSCLC). Yawan alamomin wannan ciwo sune; tari (da tarin jini), ramewa, kasawar numfashi da ciwon kirji. Kaso bisa darin jama'a tamanin da biyar (85%) na matsalolin ciwon huhun daji ya nuna cewa shan taba na tsawon lokaci na kawo ciwon. Sa'annan 10-15 bisa dari (10-15%) matsalolin wannan ciwo ya samu ne ta rashin shan taba/sigari. Wadannan matsalolin na sa haduwa matsalar kayyade da watsawa zuwa rado gas, asbestos, da wasu hayakin kone-kone da wasu gurbacewar iska. Za a iya ganin ciwon huhun daji kamar ciwon kirji ne idan an yi hoto aka kuma hada duba da na'ura (CT). Gwajin ta bayyanu ta bayosfsi wanda kullum ana yinta bronchoscopy ko na'ura mai kwakwalwwa. Rigakafin shi ne ta kiyaye hazarin kamuwa da ita, tare da shan hayaki da kuma gurvacewar iska. kula da wannan da sakamako na tsawon lokaci ya danganta ga irin ciwon huhun dajin, yanayinta (yadda ya ke yaxuwa), da kuma dukan lafiyar mutumin. 'yawancin matsalolin ba a iya magance su. Maganinsa na yau dakullum ya hada da fixa, da magangunan kimiya, da dauka hoton. Ana iya magance NSCLC da fixa wasu lokuta, sa'annan SCLC kuma qan ji magangunan kimiya da daukan hoton da sauri fiye da fixa. A duniya gaba daya a shekara ta 2012, an same mutum miliyan daya da digo takwas (1.8 million) an gwada su da ciwon huhun daji, sa'annan mutum miliyan daya da digo shida sun mutu ta dalilin ciwon (1.6 million). Wannan ya zamma sanadiyyar mutuwa a maza na ciwon huhun daji gama gari da ya faru da na biyu cikin sanadiyyar mutuwar mata bayan ciwon-nono. 'yan shekaru saba'in ne an fi gwada su da wannan cutar. Mutane kashi sha bakwai da digo hudu cikin dari cikin Qasar Amurka an gwada su da wannan ciwon huhun daji, sun rayu da ciwon na shekaru biyar bayan gwajin, sa'annan sakamakon a Qaddarance a Qasashe masu tasowa. Alamomi Da Alamun Bayyana Cututtuka Alamomi da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da zasu iya ba da shawarar ciwon daji na huhu sun haɗa da:[1] Alamun numfashi: tari, tari na jini, shaƙatawa, ko ƙarancin numfashi Alamomin tsarin: asarar nauyi, rauni, zazzabi, ko kullun farce Alamun saboda yawan ciwon daji na latsawa akan sifofin da ke kusa: ciwon kirji, ciwon kashi, toshewar vena cava, ko wahalar haɗiye Idan ciwon daji ya girma a cikin hanyoyin iska, yana iya toshe kwararar iska yana haifar da wahalar numfashi. Haka kuma toshewar na iya haifar da tarin sinadarai a bayan toshewar, da kuma kara hadarin kamuwa da ciwon huhu[1]. Yawancin alamomin ciwon daji na huhu (rashin ci, rage kiba, zazzabi, gajiya) ba su takamaimai ba.[3] A cikin mutane da yawa, ciwon daji ya riga ya yadu fiye da asalin wurin lokacin da suke da alamun bayyanar cututtuka da kuma neman magani.[20] Alamomin da ke ba da shawarar kasancewar cutar ƙanƙara sun haɗa da asarar nauyi, ciwon kashi, da alamun jijiya (ciwon kai, suma, jijjiga, ko raunin hannuwa).[1] Wuraren yaɗuwar gama gari sun haɗa da kwakwalwa, ƙashi, glanden adrenal, kishiyar huhu, hanta, pericardium, da koda.[20] Kimanin kashi 10% na mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu ba su da alamun bayyanar cututtuka a ganewar asali; Ana samun waɗannan ciwon daji bisa ga radiyon ƙirji na yau da kullun.[15] Dangane da nau'in ƙari, abubuwan ban mamaki na paraneoplastic alamun da ba saboda kasancewar ciwon daji ba na iya fara jawo hankali ga cutar.[21] A cikin ciwon huhu na huhu, waɗannan abubuwan mamaki na iya haɗawa da hypercalcemia, ciwo na hormone antidiuretic da bai dace ba (fitsarin da ba a saba da shi ba da jini mai narkewa), samar da ACTH na ectopic, ko ciwo na Lambert-Eaton myasthenic (rauni na tsoka saboda autoantibodies). Ciwon daji a saman huhu, wanda aka sani da ciwace-ciwacen Pancoast, na iya mamaye yankin yankin na tsarin juyayi mai juyayi, wanda ke haifar da ciwon Horner (faɗin fatar ido da ƙaramin ɗalibi a wancan gefen), da kuma lalata plexus na brachial Dalilai Dalilai Dangantaka tsakanin shan taba sigari kowane mutum (blue) da namijin ciwon huhu na huhu (dark yellow) a Amurka sama da karni Haɗarin mutuwa daga ciwon huhu yana da alaƙa da shan taba. Ciwon daji yana tasowa bayan lalacewar kwayoyin halitta ga DNA da canje-canje na epigenetic. Wadancan canje-canjen suna shafar ayyukan al'ada na tantanin halitta, gami da yaɗuwar tantanin halitta, tsarin mutuwar kwayar halitta (apoptosis), da gyaran DNA. Yayin da ƙarin lalacewa ke taruwa, haɗarin ciwon daji yana ƙaruwa.[22]. Shan taba shan taba shine babban abin da ke haifar da cutar kansar huhu.[4] Hayakin taba sigari ya ƙunshi aƙalla sanannun ƙwayoyin cuta na 73, [23] gami da benzo [a] pyrene, [24] NNK, 1,3-butadiene, da isotope na rediyoaktif na polonium polonium-210.[23]. A duk kasashen da suka ci gaba, kashi 90% na mutuwar cutar kansar huhu a maza da kashi 70% na mata a shekarar 2000 ana danganta su da shan taba.[25] Shan taba yana da kusan kashi 85% na cututtukan daji na huhu.[14] Vaping na iya zama abin haɗari ga kansar huhu, amma ƙasa da na sigari, kuma ƙarin bincike ya zama dole saboda tsawon lokacin da zai iya ɗauka don cutar kansar huhu bayan kamuwa da cututtukan carcinogens.[26][27] Shan taba mai wucewa shakar hayaki daga shan taba wani shine sanadin cutar kansar huhu ga masu shan taba. Ana iya bayyana mai shan taba a matsayin wanda ko dai yana zaune ko yana aiki tare da mai shan taba. Nazarin daga Amurka, [28] [29] [30] Birtaniya [31] da sauran ƙasashen Turai[32] sun nuna ci gaba da haɓaka haɗari tsakanin waɗanda ke fuskantar shan taba.[33] Haɗarin kamuwa da kansar huhu yana ƙaruwa da kashi 25-28%.[34] Binciken hayaki na gefe (babban abin da ke haifar da hayaki na biyu; a kusa da 85%) yana nuna cewa yana da haɗari fiye da hayaƙi na yau da kullun.[35] Hayakin marijuana ya ƙunshi yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta iri ɗaya kamar waɗanda aka samu a cikin hayaƙin taba, [36] amma tasirin shan wiwi akan haɗarin kansar huhu bai bayyana ba.[37][38] Binciken 2013 bai sami ƙarin haɗari daga haske zuwa amfani mai matsakaici ba.[39] Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya nuna cewa shan wiwi ya ninka haɗarin kansar huhu, kodayake cannabis yana cikin ƙasashe da yawa da aka haɗa da taba.] Radon Gas Radon iskar gas ce mara launi da wari da ke haifarwa ta hanyar karyewar radium na rediyoaktif, wanda kuma shine rubewar samfurin uranium, wanda ake samu a cikin ɓawon ƙasa. Samfuran ruɓar raɗaɗi suna haɗar da kwayoyin halitta, suna haifar da maye gurbi wanda wani lokaci ya zama cutar kansa. Radon shine na biyu-mafi yawan sanadin cutar kansar huhu a cikin Amurka, [41] yana haifar da mutuwar kusan 21,000 kowace shekara.[42] Haɗarin yana ƙaruwa 8-16% na kowane 100 karuwa a cikin radon maida hankali.[43] Matakan gas na Radon sun bambanta ta wurin zama da kuma abun da ke cikin ƙasa da duwatsu. Kusan ɗaya cikin gidaje 15 a Amurka yana da matakan radon sama da shawarar da aka ba da shawarar na 4 picocuries kowace lita (pCi/l) (148 ).[44] Asbestos Asbestos na iya haifar da cututtukan huhu iri-iri kamar kansar huhu. Shan taba da kuma bayyanar da asbestos tare suna da tasirin haɗin gwiwa akan ci gaban ciwon huhu.[5] A cikin masu shan taba da ke aiki tare da asbestos, haɗarin ciwon daji na huhu yana ƙaruwa sau 45 idan aka kwatanta da yawan jama'a.[45]. Hakanan asbestos na iya haifar da ciwon daji na pleura, wanda ake kira mesothelioma wanda a zahiri ya bambanta da kansar huhu.[46] Gurbatacciyar Iska Gurbacewar iskar gurbacewar iska a waje, musamman sinadarai da ake fitarwa daga kona man kaburbura, na kara kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu.[4] Fine particulates (PM2.5) da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda za a iya saki a cikin hayaki sharar hanya, suna da alaƙa da ɗan ƙara haɗari.[4][47] Ga nitrogen dioxide, karuwar kashi 10 a kowace biliyan yana ƙara haɗarin cutar kansar huhu da kashi 14%.[48] An kiyasta gurɓacewar iska a waje yana haifar da kashi 1-2% na cututtukan daji na huhu.[4] Shaida ta asali tana goyan bayan ƙarin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu daga gurɓacewar iska a cikin gida dangane da ƙone itace, gawayi, taki, ko ragowar amfanin gona don dafawa da dumama.[49] Matan da hayaƙin kwal na cikin gida suna da kusan ninki biyu na haɗarin, kuma yawancin abubuwan da ake samu na konewar ƙwayoyin cuta an san su ko kuma waɗanda ake zargi da cutar sankarau.[50] Wannan hadarin ya shafi kusan mutane biliyan 2.4 a duk duniya, [49] kuma an yi imanin yana haifar da kashi 1.5% na mutuwar cutar kansar huhu. Genetics Kimanin kashi 8% na cututtukan daji na huhu suna faruwa ne ta hanyar abubuwan gado (genetic)[51]. A cikin dangin mutanen da aka gano suna da ciwon huhu na huhu, haɗarin yana ninka sau biyu, mai yiwuwa saboda haɗuwa da kwayoyin halitta.[52]. Polymorphisms akan chromosomes 5, 6, da 15 an gano su kuma suna da alaƙa da haɗarin cutar kansar huhu.[53] Single-nucleotide polymorphisms na kwayoyin halittar nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) CHRNA5, CHRNA3, da CHRNB4 suna daga cikin waɗanda ke da alaƙa da haɗarin ciwon huhu na huhu, da RGS17 kwayar halitta mai daidaita siginar G-protein.[53] Sabbin nazarin kwayoyin halitta, sun gano 18 masu rauni loci suna samun ma'anar kwayar halitta. Wadannan loci suna nuna nau'in nau'in nau'i a cikin raunin kwayoyin halitta a cikin nau'o'in histological subtypes na ciwon huhu, sake gano masu karɓar nicotinic cholinergic, misali. CHRNA2. Sauran Abubuwan Da Ke Haifarwa da wasu abubuwa da yawa, sana'o'i, da bayyanar muhalli an danganta su da cutar kansar huhu. Hukumar Bincike kan Ciwon daji ta Duniya ta bayyana cewa "isasshen shaida" ya kasance don nuna cewa waɗannan suna da ciwon daji a cikin huhu: Wasu karafa (samar da aluminum, cadmium da cadmium mahadi, mahadi chromium (VI), mahadi na beryllium da beryllium mahadi. baƙin ƙarfe da karfe kafa, nickel mahadi, arsenic da inorganic arsenic mahadi, da kuma karkashin kasa hematite ma'adinai) Wasu kayayyakin na konewa (rashin cikakken konewa, kwal (a cikin gida hayaki daga gida kwal kona), kwal gasification, kwal-tar farar, coke samar, soot, da ingin dizal) Ionizing radiation (X-ray da gamma) Wasu gas masu guba (methyl ether (nau'in fasaha), da bis- (chloromethyl) ether, sulfur mustard, MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine cakuda) da hayaki. daga zanen) Samar da roba da ƙurar siliki na crystalline Ana ganin ƙananan haɓakar haɗarin cutar kansar huhu a cikin mutanen da ke fama da cutar sclerosis. Pathogenesis Pathogenesis Duba kuma: Ciwon daji kamar sauran cututtukan daji, ciwon huhu yana farawa ne ta hanyar kunna ƙwayoyin cuta ko rashin kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na ƙari.[56] Carcinogens yana haifar da maye gurbi a cikin waɗannan kwayoyin halitta waɗanda ke haifar da haɓakar ciwon daji [57]. Maye gurbi a cikin K-ras proto-oncogene yana ba da gudummawa ga kusan 10-30% na adenocarcinomas na huhu.[58][59] Kusan kashi 4% na cututtukan huhu marasa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta sun haɗa da EML4-ALK tyrosine kinase fusion gene.[60] Canje-canje na Epigenetic kamar canjin DNA methylation, gyaran wutsiya na histone, ko tsarin microRNA na iya haifar da rashin kunna ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari.[61] Mahimmanci, ƙwayoyin cutar kansa suna haɓaka juriya ga danniya na oxidative, wanda ke ba su damar jurewa da haɓaka yanayin kumburi wanda ke hana ayyukan tsarin rigakafi da ƙari.[62][63]. Mai karɓar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal (EGFR) yana daidaita haɓakar ƙwayoyin sel, apoptosis, angiogenesis, da mamayewa.[58]. Maye gurbi da haɓaka EGFR sun zama ruwan dare a cikin NSCLC, kuma suna ba da tushen jiyya tare da masu hana EGFR. Her2/neu ba shi da yawa sosai.[58] Sauran kwayoyin halittar da ake yawan canzawa ko inganta su sun hada da c-MET, NKX2-1, LKB1, PIK3CA, da BRAF.[58] Ba a cika fahimtar layukan tantanin halitta ba.[1] Na'urar na iya haɗawa da ƙarancin kunna sel masu tushe. A cikin hanyoyin iska na kusa, ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke bayyana keratin 5 sun fi kamuwa da cutar, yawanci suna haifar da squamous-cell huhu carcinoma. A cikin hanyoyin iska na tsakiya, sel mai tushe sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin kulab da ƙwayoyin neuroepithelial waɗanda ke bayyana furotin sirrin kulab. SCLC na iya samo asali daga waɗannan layin salula [64] ko ƙwayoyin neuroendocrine, [1] kuma yana iya bayyana CD44.[64]. Metastasis na ciwon huhu yana buƙatar canzawa daga epithelial zuwa nau'in cell mesenchymal. Wannan na iya faruwa ta hanyar kunna hanyoyin sigina kamar Akt/GSK3Beta, MEK-ERK, Fas, da Par6 Binciken CT Binciken CT scan yana nuna ciwon daji a cikin huhu na hagu Sarcoma na farko na huhu a cikin wani namiji mai shekaru 72 mai asymptomatic Yin rediyon kirji (x-ray) yana ɗaya daga cikin matakan bincike na farko idan mutum ya ba da rahoton alamun da ke iya zama alamar huhu. ciwon daji. X-ray na iya bayyana wani bayyanannen taro, faɗaɗawar mediastinum (mai ba da shawarar yaduwa zuwa nodes na lymph a can), atelectasis (ruɗuwar huhu), ƙarfafawa ciwon huhu), ko zubar da jini.[14]. Ana yawan amfani da hoton ƙirji na ƙirji (CT) don ganewar asali kuma yana iya bayyana wani ɗimbin ƙirƙira wanda ke da nuni da cutar kansar huhu. Hakanan ana amfani da hoton CT don samar da ƙarin bayani game da nau'in cuta da girman cutar. Bronchoscopic ko CT-guided biopsy ana amfani da shi sau da yawa don yin samfurin ƙwayar cuta don histopathology.[15] Ciwon daji na huhu na iya bayyana sau da yawa azaman nodule na huhu guda ɗaya akan gidan rediyon ƙirji. Duk da haka, bambance-bambancen ganewar asali yana da fadi kuma wasu cututtuka da yawa kuma na iya ba da wannan bayyanar, ciki har da ciwon daji na metastatic, hamartomas, da granuloma masu kamuwa da cutar tarin fuka, histoplasmosis, ko coccidioidomycosis.[66]. Ciwon daji na huhu kuma yana iya zama abin ganowa ba zato ba tsammani, a matsayin nodule na huhu guda ɗaya akan radiyon ƙirji ko CT scan wanda aka yi saboda wani dalili maras alaƙa.[67] Mahimmin ganewar cutar kansar huhu ya dogara ne akan binciken tarihi na naman da ake tuhuma a cikin mahallin sifofin asibiti da na rediyo.[1][3]. Sharuɗɗa na aikin asibiti suna ba da shawarar takamaiman mitoci (tsakanin tazarar lokaci tsakanin gwaje-gwaje) don kula da nodule na huhu.[68] Ba a ba da shawarar yin amfani da hoton CT na tsawon lokaci ko akai-akai fiye da yadda aka nuna a cikin jagororin asibiti ba, saboda duk wani ƙarin sa ido yana fallasa mutane zuwa ƙarar radiation kuma yana da tsada.[68] Taswirar Rarrabawa Taswirar Rarraba Pie wanda ke nuna abubuwan da suka faru na NSCLCs idan aka kwatanta da SCLCs da aka nuna a dama, tare da ɓangarorin masu shan taba da masu shan taba da aka nuna ga kowane nau'in[69] Daidaita yanayin ciwon huhu ta hanyar nau'in tarihin tarihi 66.9 Adenocarcinoma 22.1 Squamous-cell carcinoma 14.4 Karamin-cell carcinoma 9.8 An rarraba kansar huhu bisa ga nau'in tarihin tarihi.[3] Wannan rarrabuwa yana da mahimmanci don ƙayyade duka gudanarwa da tsinkayar sakamakon cutar. Ciwon daji na huhu shine carcinomas malignancies da ke tasowa daga kwayoyin epithelial. An rarraba carcinomas na huhu ta hanyar girma da bayyanar mugayen ƙwayoyin cuta waɗanda masanin ilimin tarihi ya gani a ƙarƙashin na'urar hangen nesa. Don dalilai na warkewa, ana rarrabe manyan nau'ikan ma'auni ne da ake rarrabe su: carcinoma (NSCLC). Ciwon huhun da ba ƙaramin tantai ba Manyan nau'ikan nau'ikan NSCLC guda uku sune adenocarcinoma, squamous-cell carcinoma, da carcinoma babba-cell.[1] Nau'ukan da ba safai ba sun haɗa da adenocarcinoma na ciki na huhu.[71] Kusan kashi 40 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na huhu sune adenocarcinomas, wanda yawanci ke fitowa daga nama na huhu.[3] Kodayake mafi yawan lokuta na adenocarcinoma suna da alaƙa da shan taba, kuma shine mafi yawan nau'in ciwon huhu na huhu a tsakanin mutanen da suka sha taba sigari kasa da 100 a rayuwarsu ("masu taba shan taba") [1] [72] da kuma masu shan taba tare da tsofaffi. tarihin shan taba.[1] Wani nau'i na adenocarcinoma, ciwon daji na bronchioloalveolar, ya fi kowa a cikin mata masu shan taba, kuma yana iya samun rayuwa mafi kyau na dogon lokaci.[73]. Squamous-cell carcinoma yana haifar da kusan kashi 30% na cututtukan huhu. Yawanci suna faruwa kusa da manyan hanyoyin iska. Ramin rami da mutuwar tantanin halitta yawanci ana samun su a tsakiyar ƙwayar cuta.[3] Kusan kashi 10 zuwa 15 cikin 100 na cututtukan daji na huhu sune carcinoma babba.[74] Ana kiran waɗannan suna saboda ƙwayoyin kansar suna da girma, tare da cytoplasm mai yawa, manyan tsakiya, da kuma nucleoli na fili.[3] Karamin-cell carcinoma huhu A cikin SCLC, sel sun ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na neurosecretory (vesicles dauke da hormones na neuroendocrine), waɗanda ke ba da wannan ƙwayar cuta ta endocrin ko ƙungiyar paraneoplastic syndrome.[75]. Yawancin lokuta suna tasowa a cikin manyan hanyoyin iska (na farko da na biyu).[15] Kimanin kashi 60-70% suna da cututtuka masu yawa (waɗanda ba za a iya yin niyya ba a cikin filin jiyya guda ɗaya) a lokacin gabatarwa.[1] Wasu manyan nau'ikan tarihin tarihi guda huɗu an san su, kodayake wasu cututtukan daji na iya ƙunsar haɗaɗɗun nau'ikan cututtukan daji na iya ƙunsar haɗuwa da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan halitta daban-daban, [70] kamar carcinoma adenosquamous.[3] Nau'ukan da ba safai ba sun haɗa da ciwace-ciwacen daji, ciwon daji na ƙwayar cuta, da sarcomatoid carcinomas.[3] Metastasis Metastasis Napsin-A da TTF-1 Immunostaining a Primary huhu Carcinoma[1] Nau'in Histological Napsin-A TTF-1 Squamous-cell carcinoma mara kyau Adenocarcinoma Kyawun Kyawun-cell carcinoma mara kyau. ciwace-ciwace daga sauran sassan jiki. Wadannan ciwace-ciwace ana kiransu metastases ko ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace. Mafi yawan bayyanar da x-ray na ƙirji shine kasancewar nodules da yawa a cikin ƙananan lobes.[76] Ciwon daji na huhu na farko kuma yakan yi ƙaura zuwa kwakwalwa, ƙasusuwa, hanta, da glandar adrenal.[3] Immunostination na biopsy yawanci yana taimakawa wajen tantance asalin asalin.[77] Kasancewar Napsin-A, TTF-1, CK7, da CK20 suna taimakawa tabbatar da nau'in ciwon daji na huhu. SCLC wanda ya samo asali daga ƙwayoyin neuroendocrine na iya bayyana CD56, kwayoyin adhesion cell cell, synaptophysin, ko chromogranin.[1]. Staging Matsayin kansar huhu Matsayin kansar huhu shine kimanta girman yaduwar cutar kansa daga asalinsa.[3] Yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka shafi duka tsinkaye da yuwuwar maganin kansar huhu.[1][3] Ƙimar matakan NSCLC tana amfani da rarrabuwar TNM (tumor, node, metastasis). Wannan ya dogara ne akan girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta farko, shigar kumburin lymph, da metastasis mai nisa.[1] Rarraba TNM a cikin ciwon huhu na huhu[78][79] T: Tumor Primary TX Duk wani daga cikin: Tumor na farko ba za a iya tantance ƙwayoyin Tumor da ke cikin sputum ko wankewar buroshi ba, amma ƙari ba a gani tare da hoto ko bronchoscopy T0 Babu wata shaida ta farko Tis Carcinoma a ciki Situ T1 Tumor kasa da ko daidai da 3 cm a fadin, kewaye da huhu ko visceral pleura, ba tare da mamayewa kusa da lobar bronchus T1mi Karamin invasive adenocarcinoma T1a Tumor kasa da ko daidai 1 cm a fadin T1b Tumor Girman fiye da 1 cm amma kasa da ko daidai da 2 cm a fadin T1c Girman Tumor fiye da 2 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 3 cm a fadin T2 Duk wani na: Girman Tumor fiye da 3 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 5 cm a fadin Sa hannun babban bronchus amma a'a. Ciwon huhu na visceral pleura Atelectasis obstructive pneumonitis wanda ya shimfiɗa zuwa girman T2a Tumor fiye da 3 cm amma ƙasa da ko daidai da 4 cm a fadin T2b Tumor girma fiye da 4 cm amma kasa ko daidai da 5 cm a fadin T3 Duk wani: Girman Tumor fiye da 5 cm amma kasa da ko daidai da 7 cm a fadin mamayewa a cikin bangon kirji, jijiyar phrenic, ko parietal pericardium Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin lobe guda T4 Duk wani: Girman Tumor fiye da 7 cm mamaye diaphragm, mediastinum, zuciya, manyan tasoshin. trachea, carina, jijiyar laryngeal na yau da kullum, esophagus, ko vertebral jiki Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin wani nau'i daban-daban na huhu guda N: Lymph nodes NX Ƙwayoyin lymph na yanki ba za a iya tantance su ba hilar lymph nodes N1a Metastasis zuwa guda N1 nodal tashar N1b Metastasis zuwa biyu ko fiye N1 nodal tashoshi N2 Metastasis zuwa ipsilateral mediastinal da ko subcarinal lymph nodes N2a1 Metastasis zuwa daya N2 nodal tashar ba tare da shigar da N1 nodes N2a2 Metastasis zuwa N2 nodes daya N2a2. Tasha kuma aƙalla tashar nodal N1 N2b Metastasis zuwa biyu ko fiye N2 nodal tashoshi N3 Kowane na: Metastasis zuwa sikelin ko supraclavicular lymph nodes Metastasis zuwa contralateral hilar o r mediastinal lymph nodes M: Metastasis MX Metastasis mai nisa ba za a iya tantancewa ba M0 Babu metastasis mai nisa M1a Kowanne daga cikin: Rarrabe nodule nodule a cikin sauran huhu Tumor tare da pleural ko pericardial nodules M Pleural ko pericardial effusion M1b A guda metastasis wajen kirji M1c Biyu ko fiye. metastases a waje da ƙirji Ta amfani da bayanan TNM, an ba da rukuni, kama daga ciwon daji na asiri, ta matakai 0, IA (daya-A), IB, IIA, IIB, IIIA, IIIB, da IV (hudu). Wannan rukunin matakin yana taimakawa tare da zaɓin jiyya da ƙiyasin tsinkaya.[80] Rukunin mataki bisa ga TNM Rikakafi Sashin Huhu Na Dan Adam Rigakafi Sashin huhu na ɗan adam: Farin wurin da ke saman lobe shine ciwon daji; wuraren baƙar fata suna canzawa saboda shan taba. Rigakafin shan taba da daina shan sigari hanyoyi ne masu tasiri na rage haɗarin cutar kansar huhu. Haramcin shan taba Haramcin shan taba Yayin da a yawancin ƙasashe an gano cutar sankarau da na cikin gida kuma an hana su, shan taba yana yaɗuwa. Kawar da shan taba sigari shine manufa ta farko a cikin rigakafin cutar kansar huhu, kuma daina shan taba wani muhimmin kayan kariya ne a cikin wannan tsari.[81] Harkokin siyasa don rage shan taba a wuraren jama'a kamar gidajen abinci da wuraren aiki ya zama ruwan dare a yawancin kasashen yammacin Turai.[82]. Bhutan ta sami cikakkiyar dokar hana shan taba tun 2005[83] yayin da Indiya ta gabatar da dokar hana shan taba a bainar jama'a a cikin Oktoba 2008.[84] Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta yi kira ga gwamnatoci da su kafa dokar hana tallar taba domin hana matasa shan taba.[85] Sun kiyasta cewa irin wannan haramcin ya rage shan taba da kashi 16% a inda aka kafa.[85] Bincike Binciken cutar daji na huhu Binciken ciwon daji yana amfani da gwaje-gwajen likita don gano cututtuka a cikin manyan rukunin mutanen da ba su da alamun cutar.[86] Ga mutanen da ke da hatsarin kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu, tantancewar lissafi (CT) na iya gano cutar kansa kuma ya ba mutum zaɓi don amsa ta ta hanyar da za ta tsawaita rayuwa.[68][87] Wannan nau'i na tantancewa yana rage yiwuwar mutuwa daga cutar kansa ta huhu da cikakkiyar adadin 0.3% (kwatankwacin adadin 20%).[88][89]. Mutanen da ke da haɗari su ne masu shekaru 55-74 waɗanda suka sha kwatankwacin adadin sigari kowace rana tsawon shekaru 30 ciki har da lokaci a cikin shekaru 15 da suka gabata.[68] Binciken CT yana da alaƙa da babban adadin gwaje-gwaje na gaskiya na ƙarya, wanda zai iya haifar da jiyya maras buƙata.[90] Ga kowane ingantacciyar siffa mai kyau akwai kusan 19 na binciken karya.[89] Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da hasarar radiation[90] da farashin gwaji tare da bin diddigin.[68] Bincike bai samo wasu gwaje-gwaje guda biyu da ake da su ba sputum cytology ko gwaje-gwajen rediyo na kirji (CXR) don samun fa'ida.[87][91] Sojojin masu kariya na Amurka suna ba da shawarar neman bayan da aka yi ta amfani da low-lokacin da ke da shekara 55 da 80 har zuwa mutum bai yi shan sigari fiye da shekaru 15 ba. 92] Shawarar tasu ta keɓance waɗanda ke da wasu matsalolin kiwon lafiya waɗanda za su yi maganin kansar huhu idan ba a sami zaɓi ba.[92] Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ingila ta kasance a cikin 2014 tana sake nazarin shaidun tantancewar. Sauran Dabarun Rigakafi Sauran dabarun rigakafi Amfani da dogon lokaci na ƙarin bitamin A, [94] bitamin B, [94] bitamin D[94] ko bitamin E[94] baya rage haɗarin ciwon huhu. Kariyar bitamin C na iya rage haɗarin cutar kansar huhu.[95][96] Wasu binciken sun gano bitamin A, B, da E na iya kara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu ga waɗanda ke da tarihin shan taba.[94] Wasu nazarin sun ba da shawarar cewa mutanen da ke cin abinci tare da mafi yawan kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace suna da ƙarancin haɗari, [30][97] amma wannan yana iya zama saboda rikicewa tare da ƙananan haɗari a zahiri saboda haɗin 'ya'yan itace mai girma. da abincin kayan lambu tare da rage shan taba[98]. Yawancin bincike da yawa ba su nuna cikakkiyar alaƙa tsakanin abinci da haɗarin cutar kansar huhu ba, [1] [97] ko da yake meta-bincike wanda ke lissafin matsayin shan taba na iya nuna fa'ida daga abinci mai kyau. Gabatarwa Gudanarwa: Maganin cutar kansar huhu Jiyya ga kansar huhu ya dogara da takamaiman nau'in tantanin halitta na kansa, yadda ya yaɗu, da matsayin aikin mutum. Jiyya na yau da kullun sun haɗa da kulawar jin daɗi, [100] tiyata, chemotherapy, da maganin radiation.[1] Maganin da aka yi niyya na kansar huhu yana girma cikin mahimmanci ga ci gaban kansar huhu.[101] Bugu da kari, ana ba da shawarar daina shan taba da motsa jiki.[102][103] Tiyata Aikin tiyatar ciwon huhu na huhu samfurin pneumonectomy wanda ke ɗauke da ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta, ana gani a matsayin wuri mai farin kusa da bronchi Idan bincike ya tabbatar da NSCLC, ana tantance matakin don sanin ko cutar tana cikin gida kuma tana iya yin tiyata ko kuma idan ta yada zuwa ga. wurin da ba a iya warkewa ta hanyar tiyata. Za a iya amfani da CT scan da PET-CT, gwaje-gwajen da ba su da ƙarfi, don taimakawa wajen kawar da malignancy ko shigar da kumburin lymph na mediastinal.[1][104] Idan ana zargin shigar da kumburin lymph na mediastinal ta amfani da PET-CT, ana iya yin samfurin nodes (ta amfani da biopsy) don taimakawa tantancewa, gwajin PET-CT bai isa a yi amfani da shi kadai ba.[104] Dabarun da ake amfani da su don samun samfurin sun haɗa da buƙatun allura na transthoracic, buƙatun allurar transbronchial (tare da ko ba tare da duban dan tayi ba), endoscopic duban dan tayi tare da buƙatun allura, mediastinoscopy, da thoracoscopy.[105]. Ana amfani da gwajin jini da gwajin aikin huhu don tantance ko mutum ya isa aikin tiyata.[15] Idan gwaje-gwajen aikin huhu ya nuna rashin isasshen ajiyar numfashi, tiyata ba zai yiwu ba.[1] A mafi yawan lokuta na matakin farko na NSCLC, kawar da lobe na huhu (lobectomy) shine magani na zabi. A cikin mutanen da ba su dace da cikakken lobectomy ba, za a iya yin ƙaramin ɓarna na sublobar (ƙuƙwalwar fata). Duk da haka, ɓacin rai yana da haɗari mafi girma na sake dawowa fiye da lobectomy. Jiyya na aikin rediyoaktif na iodine a gefen ɓangarorin yanki na iya rage haɗarin sake dawowa. Da wuya, ana cire duk huhu (pneumonectomy) [106]. Bidiyo-taimakawa aikin tiyata na thoracoscopic (VATS) da VATS lobectomy suna amfani da hanya kaɗan ta mamaye aikin tiyatar ciwon huhu.[107] VATS lobectomy daidai yake da tasiri idan aka kwatanta da buɗaɗɗen lobectomy na al'ada, tare da ƙarancin rashin lafiya bayan tiyata.[108] A cikin SCLC, chemotherapy ko radiotherapy yawanci ana amfani da su, ko kuma wani lokacin duka biyu.[109] Koyaya, ana sake yin la'akari da rawar tiyata a cikin SCLC. Tiyata na iya inganta sakamako idan aka ƙara zuwa chemotherapy da radiation a farkon matakin SCLC.[110] Amfanin aikin tiyata na huhu na huhu (resection) ga mutanen da ke da mataki na I-IIA NSCLC ba a bayyana ba, amma shaidu masu rauni sun nuna cewa haɗin gwiwa na maganin ciwon huhu na huhu da kuma cire ƙwayoyin lymph na mediastinal (matsakaicin ƙwayar lymph node) na iya inganta rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da su. resection na huhu da samfurin mediastinal nodes (ba cikakkiyar rarrabawar kumburi ba). Radiotherapy Radiotherapy Brachytherapy (na cikin gida radiotherapy) don ciwon huhu da aka bayar ta hanyar iska Ana ba da Radiotherapy sau da yawa tare da chemotherapy, kuma ana iya amfani da shi da nufin warkarwa a cikin mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda ba su cancanci yin tiyata ba.[112]. Wannan nau'i na babban aikin rediyo mai ƙarfi ana kiransa radical radiotherapy.[45] Gyaran wannan dabarar ita ce ci gaba da haɓaka haɓakar haɓakar rediyo (CHART), wanda ake ba da babban adadin maganin rediyo a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci.[113]. Yin aikin rediyo yana nufin dabarar maganin rediyo na ba da madaidaicin adadin maganin rediyo wanda kwamfuta ke jagoranta.[114] Bayan tiyata (adjuvant) thoracic radiotherapy gabaɗaya ba a yi amfani da shi bayan tiyata-nufin tiyata don NSCLC.[115] Wasu mutanen da ke da kumburin kumburin lymph na mediastinal N2 na iya amfana daga aikin rediyo bayan tiyata.[116] Don abubuwan da za a iya warkewa na SCLC da aka yi da tiyata, ana ba da shawarar maganin rediyon ƙirji bayan tiyata.[3] Ba a san lokacin da ya dace na waɗannan hanyoyin kwantar da hankali ba (mafi kyawun lokacin da za a ba da maganin rediyo da chemotherapy don inganta rayuwa)[117]. Idan ciwon daji ya toshe wani ɗan gajeren sashe na bronchus, ana iya ba da brachytherapy (radiyo na gida) kai tsaye a cikin hanyar iska don buɗe hanyar. Idan aka kwatanta da rediyon katako na waje, brachytherapy yana ba da damar rage lokacin jiyya da rage tasirin radiation ga ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya.[118] Shaida don maganin brachytherapy, duk da haka, bai kai na na waje ba don maganin rediyo na waje.[119] Prophylactic cranial irradiation wani nau'i ne na radiotherapy zuwa kwakwalwa, wanda ake amfani dashi don rage haɗarin metastasis. Ana amfani da PCI a cikin SCLC.[45] A cikin ƙayyadaddun cututtuka, PCI yana ƙaruwa tsawon shekaru uku daga 15% zuwa 20%; A cikin manyan cututtuka, rayuwa na shekara guda yana ƙaruwa daga 13% zuwa 27% [120]. Ga mutanen da ke da NSCLC da ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta guda ɗaya, ba a bayyana ba idan tiyata ya fi tasiri fiye da aikin rediyo.[114] Ci gaban kwanan nan a cikin niyya da hoto sun haifar da haɓakar stereotactic radiation a cikin maganin ciwon huhu na farko. A cikin wannan nau'i na maganin rediyo, ana isar da allurai masu yawa a kan lokuta da yawa ta amfani da dabaru na niyya. Amfani da shi shine da farko a cikin marasa lafiya waɗanda ba masu neman aikin tiyata ba saboda cututtukan cututtuka.[121] Ga duka NSCLC da marasa lafiya na SCLC, ana iya amfani da ƙananan allurai na radiation zuwa ƙirji don sarrafa alamun (palliative radiotherapy).[122][123] Ba a nuna amfani da mafi girman allurai na rediyo don kula da jin daɗi don tsawaita rayuwa na. Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Tsarin chemotherapy ya dogara da nau'in ciwon daji.[3] SCLC, ko da ingantacciyar cuta ta farko, ana kula da ita da farko tare da chemotherapy da radiation.[124] A cikin SCLC, an fi amfani da cisplatin da etoposide.[125] Hakanan ana amfani da haɗe-haɗe tare da carboplatin, gemcitabine, paclitaxel, vinorelbine, topotecan, da irinotecan.[126] [127] A cikin ci gaba na NSCLC, chemotherapy yana inganta rayuwa kuma ana amfani dashi azaman jiyya na farko, muddin mutum ya isa maganin.[128] Yawanci, ana amfani da kwayoyi guda biyu, wanda ɗaya daga cikinsu yana da tushen platinum (ko dai cisplatin ko carboplatin). Sauran magungunan da aka saba amfani da su sune gemcitabine, paclitaxel, docetaxel, [129][130] pemetrexed, [131] etoposide ko vinorelbine.[130] Magunguna na tushen Platinum da haɗuwa waɗanda suka haɗa da maganin platinum ba su da alama sun fi fa'ida don tsawaita rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da sauran magungunan da ba platinum ba, kuma suna iya haifar da haɗarin haɗari mai haɗari, kamar tashin zuciya, amai, anemia, da thrombocytopenia, 132] musamman a cikin mutanen da suka haura shekaru 70.[133]. Shaidu ba su isa ba don sanin ko wace hanya ce ta chemotherapy ke da alaƙa da mafi ingancin rayuwa.[132] Har ila yau, babu shaidar da za ta iya tantance ko yin magani ga mutanen da ke da NSCLC a karo na biyu lokacin da zagaye na farko na chemotherapy bai yi nasara ba (chemotherapy na biyu) yana haifar da ƙarin fa'ida ko cutarwa.[134] Adjuvant chemotherapy yana nufin yin amfani da chemotherapy bayan aikin tiyata a fili don inganta sakamako. A cikin NSCLC, ana ɗaukar samfurori na nodes na lymph na kusa yayin tiyata don taimakawa tsarawa. Idan an tabbatar da cutar mataki-II ko -III, adjuvant chemotherapy (ciki har da ko a'a hada da radiotherapy bayan tiyata) yana inganta rayuwa da 4% a shekaru biyar.[135][136][137] Haɗin vinorelbine da cisplatin ya fi tasiri fiye da tsofaffin magunguna.[136] Adjuvant chemotherapy ga mutanen da ke da ciwon daji na IB yana da cece-kuce, saboda gwajin asibiti bai nuna fa'idar rayuwa a fili ba.[138] Chemotherapy kafin tiyata a cikin NSCLC wanda za'a iya cirewa ta hanyar tiyata na iya inganta sakamako.[139][140] Za a iya haɗa chemotherapy tare da kulawar jinya a cikin jiyya na NSCLC.[141] A cikin lamuran da suka ci gaba, maganin chemotherapy da ya dace yana inganta matsakaicin rayuwa akan kulawar tallafi kaɗai, da kuma inganta ingancin rayuwa.[141][142] Tare da isassun lafiyar jiki da ke kula da chemotherapy a lokacin maganin ciwon huhu na huhu yana ba da watanni 1.5 zuwa 3 na tsawaita rayuwa, taimako na bayyanar cututtuka, da inganta yanayin rayuwa, tare da kyakkyawan sakamako da aka gani tare da wakilai na zamani.[143][144] Ƙungiyar NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group ta ba da shawarar idan mai karɓa yana so kuma zai iya jure wa jiyya, to ana iya la'akari da chemotherapy a cikin NSCLC mai ci gaba. Niyya Da Rigakafi An yi niyya da rigakafin rigakafi Akwai magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga hanyoyin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cutar kansar huhu, musamman don maganin cututtukan da suka ci gaba. Erlotinib, gefitinib, da afatinib sun hana tyrosine kinase a mai karɓar haɓakar girma na epidermal (EGFR). Wadannan masu hana EGFR na iya taimakawa wajen jinkirta yaduwar kwayoyin cutar kansa ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu na EGFR M+ kuma suna iya inganta rayuwar mutum.[146] Ba a nuna masu hana EGFR don taimakawa mutane su rayu tsawon lokaci ba.[146] Ga mutanen da ke da maye gurbi na EGFR, jiyya tare da gefitinib na iya haifar da ingantacciyar rayuwa idan aka kwatanta da jiyya tare da chemotherapy.[147] Denosumab, maganin rigakafi na monoclonal wanda aka yi wa mai karɓar mai kunnawa na kappa-B ligand, na iya zama da amfani wajen maganin metastases na kashi.[148] https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Monoclonal antibodies amfani da maganin NSCLC da tsarin aikin su https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Immunotherapy za a iya amfani da su duka biyu SCLC da NSCLC.[149][150] Kwayoyin NSCLC da ke bayyana tsarin mutuwa-ligand 1 (PD-L1) na iya yin hulɗa tare da shirin mai karɓar mai karɓar mutuwa 1 (PD-1) wanda aka bayyana a saman kwayoyin T, kuma yana haifar da raguwar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta hanyar tsarin rigakafi.[151]. Atezolizumab shine maganin rigakafi na monoclonal na PD-L1. Nivolumab da Pembrolizumab su ne antibodies na PD-1 monoclonal. Ipilimumab wani maganin rigakafi ne na monoclonal wanda ke da alhakin gina jiki mai haɗin gwiwar Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte 4 (CTLA-4) akan saman ƙwayoyin T. Bevacizumab wani maganin rigakafi ne na monoclonal wanda ke da alhakin haɓakar haɓakar jijiyoyi a cikin wurare dabam dabam, kuma yana aiki azaman mai hana angiogenesis.[151]. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti na 3 da ke amfani da immunotherapy a cikin layi na farko don maganin NSCLC an buga su, ciki har da Pembrolizumab a cikin KEYNOTE-024, KEYNOTE-042, KEYNOTE-189 da KEYNOTE-407; Nivolumab da Ipilimumab a cikin CHECKMATE-227 da CHECKMATE 9LA; da Atezolizumab a cikin IMpower110, IMpower130 da IMpower150.[151] https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Babban makamai na magani na lokaci 3 gwaji na asibiti da ke ba da rigakafi a cikin layi na farko ga marasa lafiya tare da NSCLC bazai haifar da ingantacciyar rayuwa ga mutanen da ke da matakan I-III NSCLC ba. Bronchoscopy Bronchoscopy Ana iya ba da jiyya da yawa ta hanyar bronchoscopy don kula da toshewar iska ko zubar jini. Idan ci gaban ciwon daji ya toshe hanyar iska, zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da m bronchoscopy, balloon bronchoplasty, stenting, da microdebridement.[153] Hoto na Laser ya ƙunshi isar da hasken laser a cikin hanyar iska ta hanyar bronchoscope don cire ƙwayar cuta mai toshewa.[154] Kulawa D Jin Daɗi Kulawar jin daɗi idan aka ƙara zuwa maganin kansa na yau da kullun yana amfanar mutane ko da har yanzu suna samun ilimin chemotherapy.[155] Waɗannan hanyoyin suna ba da damar ƙarin tattaunawa game da zaɓuɓɓukan magani kuma suna ba da damar isa ga yanke shawara da aka yi la'akari sosai[156][157]. Kulawa da jin daɗi na iya guje wa rashin amfani amma kulawa mai tsada ba kawai a ƙarshen rayuwa ba, har ma a duk tsawon lokacin rashin lafiya. Ga mutanen da ke da cututtukan da suka ci gaba, kulawar asibiti kuma na iya dacewa. Hanyoyi Daba Na Cin Zarafi Hanyoyin da ba na cin zarafi Mafi kyawun sa baki don guje wa mutuwa daga cutar kansar huhu shine a daina shan taba; hatta mutanen da suka riga sun kamu da cutar sankara ta huhu ana kwadaitar da su daina shan taba[103]. Babu wata bayyananniyar shaida wacce shirin daina shan taba ya fi tasiri ga mutanen da aka gano suna da ciwon huhu.[103] Wasu rarraunan shaida sun nuna cewa wasu hanyoyin kulawa na tallafi (marasa haɗari) waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan jin daɗin rayuwa ga mutanen da ke fama da ciwon huhu na iya inganta ingancin rayuwa.[158] Matsaloli kamar masu bin aikin jinya, ilimin halin ɗan adam, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, da shirye-shiryen ilimi na iya zama masu fa'ida, duk da haka, shaidar ba ta da ƙarfi (ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike).[158]. Nasiha na iya taimaka wa mutane su jimre da alamun motsin rai da suka shafi kansar huhu.[158] Reflexology na iya yin tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, duk da haka ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike.[158] Ba a sami wata shaida da ta nuna cewa ayyukan abinci mai gina jiki ko shirye-shiryen motsa jiki ga mutumin da ke fama da cutar kansar huhu yana haifar da ingantuwar rayuwar da ta dace ko kuma ta daɗe.[158] Horon motsa jiki na iya amfanar mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda ke murmurewa daga tiyatar huhu.[159] Bugu da ƙari, horar da motsa jiki na iya amfanar mutanen da ke da NSCLC waɗanda suka sami maganin rediyo, chemotherapy, chemoradiotherapy, ko kula da jin dadi.[160] Horon motsa jiki kafin tiyatar ciwon huhu na iya inganta sakamako.[102] Ba a sani ba ko horon motsa jiki ko shirye-shiryen motsa jiki suna da amfani ga mutanen da suka sami ci gaba da ciwon huhu.[161][158] Abun da ke tushen gida a cikin keɓaɓɓen shirin gyaran jiki na iya zama da amfani don murmurewa.[160] Ba a sani ba idan gyaran gida (kafin tiyata) yana haifar da ƙarancin abubuwan da ba su da kyau ko lokacin asibiti.[160] Gyaran jiki tare da sashin gida na iya inganta farfadowa bayan jiyya da lafiyar huhu gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon Hasashen Ciwon Daji Na Huhu Sakamakon Hasashen a cikin ciwon daji na huhu bisa ga matakin asibiti[80] Matsayin asibiti Rayuwa na shekaru biyar Carcinoma marasa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta IA 50 38 IB 47 21 IIA 36 38 IIB 26 18 IIIA 19 13 IIIB 9 IV 2 1 Daga cikin duk mutanen da ke da ciwon huhu a Amurka, kusan kashi 17% zuwa 20% suna rayuwa aƙalla shekaru biyar bayan ganewar asali.[162][2][163] A Ingila da Wales, tsakanin 2013 da 2017, an kiyasta tsawon shekaru biyar na rayuwa ga cutar kansar huhu a kashi 13.8%[164]. Sakamakon gabaɗaya ya fi muni a ƙasashe masu tasowa.[19] Sakamakon gano marigayi, matakin ciwon huhu yakan ci gaba a lokacin ganewar asali. A lokacin gabatarwa, kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na lokuta na NSCLC suna da cututtukan ƙwayar cuta, kuma 60-70% na SCLC suna da cututtuka masu yawa.[3] Rayuwa don ciwon huhu na huhu yana faɗuwa yayin da matakin gano cutar ya ƙara haɓaka; Bayanan Ingilishi sun nuna cewa kusan kashi 70% na marasa lafiya suna rayuwa aƙalla shekara guda idan aka gano su a farkon matakin, amma wannan ya faɗi zuwa 14% kawai ga waɗanda aka gano suna da cutar mafi girma (mataki IV).[165]. Abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin NSCLC sun haɗa da kasancewar alamun cututtukan huhu, girman ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai girma 3 cm), nau'in tantanin halitta mara kyau (histology), digiri na yaduwa (mataki) da metastases zuwa ƙwayoyin lymph da yawa, da mamayewar jijiyoyin jini. Ga mutanen da ke fama da rashin aiki, sakamakon ya fi muni a cikin waɗanda ke da rashin aikin yi da asarar nauyi fiye da 10%.[166] Abubuwan da ake iya ganowa a cikin ƙananan ciwon huhu na huhu sun haɗa da matsayi na aiki, jima'i na halitta, mataki na cututtuka, da kuma shiga cikin tsarin kulawa na tsakiya ko hanta a lokacin ganewar asali.[167]. Gabaɗaya rayuwa a cikin marasa lafiya na NSCLC da aka bi da su tare da ka'idoji waɗanda ke haɗa immunotherapy a cikin layin farko don ci gaba ko cuta mai haɓakawa. Nasser NJ, Gorenberg M, Agbarya A. Pharmaceuticals 2020, 13(11), 373; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph13110373 Ga NSCLC, ana samun mafi kyawun tsinkaya tare da cikakken aikin tiyata na mataki-IA, tare da rayuwa har zuwa 70% na shekaru biyar.[168]. Mutanen da ke da babban matakin SCLC suna da matsakaicin ƙimar rayuwa na shekaru biyar ƙasa da 1%. Matsakaicin lokacin rayuwa don ƙayyadaddun cututtuka shine watanni 20, tare da adadin rayuwa na shekaru biyar na 20%.[14] Hasashen marasa lafiya tare da NSCLC sun inganta sosai a cikin shekaru na ƙarshe tare da gabatarwar rigakafi.[151] Marasa lafiya tare da ƙari PDL-1 da aka bayyana sama da rabin ko fiye na ƙwayoyin ƙari sun sami matsakaicin rayuwa na tsawon watanni 30 tare da pembrolizumab.[169] An buga gwaje-gwaje masu yawa na lokaci 3 da ke ba da rigakafi a cikin layi na farko ga marasa lafiya da ciwon huhu marasa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta.[151] Bisa ga bayanan da Cibiyar Ciwon daji ta Ƙasa ta bayar, matsakaicin shekarun da aka gano game da ciwon huhu a Amurka shine shekaru 70, [170] kuma matsakaicin shekarun mutuwa shine shekaru 72.[171]. A Amurka, mutanen da ke da inshorar likita sun fi samun sakamako mai kyau. Epidemiology Epidemiology Trachea, Bronchus, da huhu na ciwon daji na mutuwar mutum miliyan a cikin 2012 0-7 8-12 13-32 33-53 54-81 82-125 126-286 287-398 399-527 528-889 kamuwa da cutar kansa. da kuma tsira, Ingila 1971-2011 A duk duniya, ciwon huhu shine mafi yawan ciwon daji a tsakanin maza don cututtuka da mace-mace, kuma a cikin mata suna da na uku mafi girma (bayan ciwon nono da launin fata) da mace-mace na biyu (bayan ciwon nono). A cikin 2020, an sami sabbin maganganu miliyan 2.2 a duk duniya, kuma miliyan 1.8 sun mutu sakamakon cutar kansar huhu, wanda ke wakiltar kashi 18.0% na duk mutuwar daga cutar kansa. Mafi girman farashi shine a Micronesia, Polynesia, Turai, Asiya, Arewacin Amurka da Turai. Ƙididdiga a Afirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya sun yi ƙasa sosai.[6] Mutanen da ke da tarihin shan taba suna da haɗari mafi girma na kamuwa da cutar sankarar huhu, tare da haɗarin karuwa tare da tsawon lokacin shan taba. Abubuwan da suka faru a cikin maza sun tashi har zuwa tsakiyar 1980s, kuma sun ragu tun lokacin. A cikin mata, lamarin ya karu har zuwa karshen shekarun 1990, kuma tun daga lokacin ya tsaya tsayin daka.[3] Ga kowane sigari miliyan 3-4 da aka sha, cutar kansar huhu ɗaya na iya faruwa.[173] Tasirin "Babban Taba" yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen shan taba.[174] Matasan da ba sa shan taba suna ganin tallace-tallacen taba sun fi shan taba.[175] Ana ƙara gane rawar da shan taba sigari ke haifarwa a matsayin haɗarin cutar kansar huhu, [33] wanda ke haifar da sa baki na siyasa don rage bayyanar da marasa shan taba ga hayaƙin taba.[176] Daga shekarun 1960, adadin adenocarcinoma na huhu ya fara karuwa dangane da wasu nau'in kansar huhu, wani bangare saboda shigar da sigari mai tacewa. Amfani da tacewa yana cire manyan barbashi daga hayakin taba, don haka rage ajiya a manyan hanyoyin iska. Duk da haka, mai shan sigari dole ne ya zurfafa zurfi don karɓar adadin nicotine iri ɗaya, yana ƙaruwa da ɓarna a cikin ƙananan hanyoyin iska inda adenocarcinoma ke tasowa.[177]. Yawan adenocarcinoma na huhu yana ci gaba da karuwa. Amurka Amurka A cikin Amurka, baƙar fata maza da mata baƙar fata suna da babban abin da ya faru.[179][180] Hadarin rayuwa na kamuwa da cutar kansar huhu shine kashi 8% a cikin maza da kashi 6% a cikin mata.[1] Har ila yau, a cikin Amurka, tsofaffin soja suna da kashi 25-50% mafi girma na ciwon huhu na huhu da farko saboda yawan shan taba.[181] A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu da yakin Koriya, asbestos ma ya taka rawa, kuma Agent Orange na iya haifar da wasu matsaloli a lokacin yakin Vietnam.[182] Birtaniya Ciwon daji na huhu na United Kingdom shine ciwon daji na uku mafi yawan jama'a a cikin Burtaniya (47,968 mutane sun kamu da cutar a cikin 2017), [183] kuma shine mafi yawan sanadin mutuwar ciwon daji (kusan mutane 34,600 sun mutu a cikin 2018). Sauran Kasashe Sauran kasashe a halin yanzu adadin kansar huhu ya ragu a kasashe masu tasowa.[185] Tare da karuwar shan taba a kasashe masu tasowa, ana sa ran adadin zai karu a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, musamman a China[186] da Indiya. Tarihi Tarihi Ciwon daji na huhu ya kasance ba a sani ba kafin zuwan shan taba; Ba a ma gane ta a matsayin cuta dabam ba sai 1761.[188] An kara yin bayanin fannoni daban-daban na kansar huhu a cikin 1810.[189]. Ciwon daji na huhu yana da kashi 1 cikin 100 ne kawai na duk cututtukan da aka gani a lokacin autopsy a 1878, amma sun haura zuwa 10-15% a farkon shekarun 1900.[190]. Rahoton shari'a a cikin littattafan likitanci ya ƙidaya 374 kawai a duniya a cikin 1912, [191] amma nazarin binciken gawarwakin ya nuna cewa cutar sankarar huhu ta karu daga 0.3% a cikin 1852 zuwa 5.66% a 1952.[192]. A cikin Jamus a cikin 1929, likita Fritz Lickint ya gane alaƙar da ke tsakanin shan taba da kansar huhu, [190] wanda ya haifar da yaƙin yaƙi da shan taba.[193] Nazarin Likitoci na Biritaniya, wanda aka buga a cikin 1950s, shine tabbataccen shaidar annoba ta farko ta alaƙa tsakanin ciwon huhu da shan taba.[194] Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1964, babban Likitan Amurka ya ba da shawarar masu shan taba su daina shan taba[195]. An fara gane alaƙa da iskar radon tsakanin masu hakar ma'adinai a tsaunin Ore kusa da Schneeberg, Saxony. Ana hakar azurfa a can tun shekara ta 1470, kuma wadannan ma'adinan suna da wadatar Uranium, tare da radium da radon gas.[196] Masu hakar ma'adinai sun sami rashin daidaituwar adadin cututtukan huhu, daga ƙarshe an gane su da kansar huhu a cikin 1870s.[197]. Duk da wannan binciken, an ci gaba da hakar ma'adinan har zuwa shekarun 1950, saboda bukatar USSR ta neman uranium.[196] An tabbatar da Radon a matsayin sanadin cutar kansar huhu a cikin shekarun 1960.[198]. An yi nasarar farko na pneumonectomy na ciwon huhu a cikin 1933.[199]. An yi amfani da maganin radiyo mai cutarwa tun daga shekarun 1940.[200]. Radical radiotherapy, da farko da aka yi amfani da shi a cikin 1950s, ƙoƙari ne na yin amfani da allurai masu girma na radiation a cikin marasa lafiya masu ciwon huhu na farko, amma waɗanda ba su dace da tiyata ba.[201] A cikin 1997, ana ganin CHART azaman haɓakawa akan tsarin rediyo na al'ada.[202] Tare da SCLC, yunƙurin farko a cikin 1960s a resection [203] da radical radiotherapy [204] ba su yi nasara ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, an sami nasarar samar da tsarin maganin chemotherapy. Umarnin Bincike Umarnin bincike Ana ci gaba da neman sabbin zaɓuɓɓukan magani. Yawancin gwaje-gwaje na asibiti da suka haɗa da aikin rediyo, tiyata, masu hana EGFR, masu hana microtubule da immunotherapy suna gudana a halin yanzu.[206] Umarnin bincike don maganin ciwon huhu na huhu sun haɗa da immunotherapy, [207] [208] wanda ke ƙarfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki don kai hari ga ƙwayoyin tumo, epigenetics, da sabon haɗin chemotherapy da radiotherapy, duka a kan kansu kuma tare. Yawancin waɗannan sabbin jiyya suna aiki ta hanyar toshe wuraren bincike na rigakafi, suna ɓata ikon kansa na guje wa tsarin garkuwar jiki.[207][208] Ipilimumab yana toshe sigina ta hanyar mai karɓa akan ƙwayoyin T da aka sani da CTLA-4, wanda ke lalata tsarin rigakafi. Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna ta Amurka ta amince da ita don maganin cutar sankarau, kuma tana fuskantar gwaji na asibiti na NSCLC da SCLC.[207] Sauran jiyya na immunotherapy suna tsoma baki tare da ɗaure furotin da aka tsara na mutuwar kwayar halitta 1 (PD-1) tare da ligand PD-1 ligand 1 (PD-L1), kuma an yarda da su azaman jiyya na farko- da na gaba-gaba don ɓangarori daban-daban na cututtukan huhu. [208] Yin sigina ta hanyar PD-1 yana hana ƙwayoyin T. Wasu ƙwayoyin kansa suna bayyana suna amfani da wannan ta hanyar bayyana PD-L1 don kashe ƙwayoyin T waɗanda zasu iya gane su a matsayin barazana. Monoclonal rigakafi da ke niyya duka PD-1 da PD-L1, irin su pembrolizumab, nivolumab, [65] atezolizumab, da durvalumab[208] a halin yanzu suna cikin gwaji na asibiti don maganin ciwon huhu.[207][208] Epigenetics shine nazarin ƙananan gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ko "tags" waɗanda ke ɗaure ga DNA kuma suna canza matakan bayyanar kwayoyin halitta. Yin niyya ga waɗannan alamun da kwayoyi na iya kashe ƙwayoyin cutar kansa. Binciken farko-farko a cikin NSCLC ta amfani da kwayoyi da ke nufin gyare-gyaren epigenetic ya nuna cewa toshe fiye da ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan alamun zai iya kashe kwayoyin cutar kansa tare da ƙananan sakamako masu illa.[209] Nazarin ya kuma nuna cewa ba wa mutane waɗannan magungunan kafin daidaitaccen magani na iya inganta tasirinsa. Ana gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don tantance yadda waɗannan magungunan ke kashe ƙwayoyin cutar kansar huhu a cikin mutane.[209] Magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da alaƙa da hanyoyin epigenetic suna cikin haɓakawa. Histone deacetylase inhibitors a cikin ci gaba sun haɗa da valproic acid, vorinostat, belinostat, panobinostat, entinostat, da romidepsin. Masu hana DNA methyltransferase a cikin haɓakawa sun haɗa da decitabine, azacytidine, da hydralazine.[61] Aikin TRACERx yana duban yadda NSCLC ke tasowa da haɓakawa, da kuma yadda waɗannan ciwace-ciwacen suka zama masu jure wa jiyya.[210] Aikin zai duba samfuran ƙari daga mutane 850 masu NSCLC a matakai daban-daban ciki har da ganewar asali, bayan jiyya na farko, bayan magani, da sake dawowa.[211]. Ta hanyar nazarin samfurori a wurare daban-daban na ci gaban ƙwayar cuta, masu binciken suna fatan gano canje-canjen da ke haifar da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta da juriya ga jiyya. Sakamakon wannan aikin zai taimaka wa masana kimiyya da likitoci su sami kyakkyawar fahimta game da NSCLC da yiwuwar haifar da ci gaba da sababbin magungunan cutar.[210]. Don cututtukan daji na huhu waɗanda ke haɓaka juriya ga mai karɓar haɓakar haɓakar epidermal (EGFR) da anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) tyrosine kinase inhibitors, sabbin magunguna suna cikin haɓakawa. Masu hana EGFR sun haɗa da erlotinib, gefitinib, afatinib da icotinib (na ƙarshe yana samuwa a China kawai).[146] Madadin hanyar sigina, c-Met, na iya hana tivantinib da onartuzumab. Sabbin masu hana ALK sun haɗa da crizotinib da ceritinib.[212] Idan hanyar MAPK/ERK ta shiga, mai hana BRAF kinase dabrafenib da MAPK/MEK inhibitor trametinib na iya zama da amfani.[213] An bincika hanyar PI3K azaman manufa don maganin ciwon huhu. Mafi kyawun dabarun tunkarar wannan tafarki kamar hanawa ɗaya ko fiye da membobi na aji I PI3Ks ne, tare da hana wannan hanyar tare da wasu kamar MEK[214]. Kwayoyin ciwon daji na huhu galibi suna jure wa na al'ada. Manazarta Kiwon lafiya Cutar

40248

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex

Alex

Alex suna ne gama gari. Yana iya komawa zuwa gajeriyar sigar Alexander, Alexandra, Alexis. Mutane Da yawa Alex Brown (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Alex Gordon (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Alex Harris (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Alex Jones (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Alexander Johnson (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Alex Taylor (rashin fahimta), mutane da yawa Yan siyasa Alex Allan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1951) shi ne jami'in diflomasiyyar Burtaniya Alex Attwood (an haife shi a shekara ta 1959), ɗan siyasan Irish na Arewa Alex Kushnir (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978), ɗan siyasan Isra'ila Alex Salmond (an haife shi a shekara ta 1954), ɗan siyasan Scotland, tsohon Ministan Farko na Scotland 'Yan wasan kwallon kwando Alex Avila (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Alex Bregman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Alex Gardner (Baseball) (1861-1921), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Kanada Alex Katz an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Alex Pompez (1890 1974), shugaban zartarwa na Amurka a wasan ƙwallon kwando na Negro League da kuma Manyan Baseball Scout. Alex Rodriguez (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka Kwallon kafa na Amurka Alex Anzalone (an haife shi a shekara ta 1994) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Bachman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Barnes (kwallon kafa na Amurka), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Bars (an haife shi a shekara ta 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Barrett, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Cappa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Highsmith (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Hornibrook (an haife shi a shekara ta 1997) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Karras (1935–2012), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alex Leatherwood (an haife shi a shekara ta 1998) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Light (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Mack, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex McGough, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Redmond (kwallon kafa na Amurka), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka Alex Smith (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka 'Yan wasan kwallon kafa Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1976) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Alex (wanda aka haifa a shekara ta 1977), cikakken suna Alexsandro de Souza, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil. Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), cikakken suna Domingos Alexandre Martins Costa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal. Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a watan Yuni 1982), cikakken suna Alex Rodrigo Dias da Costa, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil. Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), cikakken suna Alex Costa dos Santos, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil. Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi 19 ga Mayu 1990), cikakken suna Francisco Alex do Nascimento Moraes, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil. Alex (wanda aka haifa a watan Agusta 1990), cikakken suna Alexssander Medeiros de Azeredo, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil. Alex (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), cikakken suna Alex de Oliveira Nascimento, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil. Alex Cazumba (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Alessandro Del Piero (an haife shi a shekara ta 1974) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Italiya Alex Ferguson (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Scotland kuma ɗan wasa Alex Freitas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Alex Freitas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Portugal Alex Gardner (dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) (1877-1952), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Scotland Alex Manninger (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Austriya Alex Raphael Meschini (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Alex Monteiro de Lima (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Alex Morgan (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata ta Amurka Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Álex Pérez (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Sipaniya Alessandro Santos (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil ɗan ƙasar Brazil Alex Silva (an wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, an haife shi a shekara ta 1985) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Brazil Alex Stepney (an haife shi a shekara ta 1942) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Alex Whittle (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Yan wasan kwando Alex King (kwallon kwando) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Jamus Alex Len (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Ukraine Alex Poythress (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993) shi ne ɗan wasan kwando na Ba'amurke ɗan Ivory Coast na Maccabi Tel Aviv. Alex Tyus (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ɗan Amurka-Isra'ila 'Yan dambe Alex Arthur (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne ɗan dambe ɗan ƙasar Burtaniya Alex Obeysekere (1918-2002), dan damben Sri Lanka Motoci Alex Albon (an haife shi 1996), direban tseren Thai Alex Labbe (an haife shi a shekara ta 1993), direban tseren Kanada Alex Zanardi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966), direban tseren Italiya kuma ɗan wasan paracyc Sauran wasanni Alex Asensi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984) shi ne ɗan wasan tennis na ƙasar Norway Alex Auld (an haife shi a shekara ta 1981), ɗan wasan hockey na Kanada Alex Chu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992), ɗan wasan ƙwararren ɗan wasan Amurka, wanda aka fi sani da sunan wasan sa Xpecial Alex Glenn (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), ɗan wasan rugby na New Zealand Alex Koslov, sunan zobe na Alex Sherman (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan kokawa ɗan asalin ƙasar Moldova. Alex Ovechkin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1985), ɗan wasan hockey na ƙasar Rasha kuma kyaftin na Babban Birnin Washington Alex Pierzchalski (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kanada Alex Schlopy (an haife shi a shekara ta 1992) shi ne ɗan wasan tsere na Amurka Alex Tripolski (an haife shi a shekara ta 1962), mai harbin wasannin Olympics na Isra'ila, kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Curling ta Isra'ila. Fasaha da nishaɗi Alex (an wasan kwaikwayo) (1959-2011), ɗan wasan Indiya kuma mai sihiri Alex (mawaƙi) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1978) shi ne mawaƙin Danish Alex Borstein (an haife shi a shekara ta 1972), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka Alex Brooker (an haife shi a shekara ta 1984), ɗan jaridar Burtaniya kuma mai gabatar da Ƙafar Ƙarshe Alex Bulmer, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Kanada kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo Alex Chilton (1950–2010), mawaƙin Amurka-mawaƙi, mawaƙi, mawaƙi, jagoran mawaƙin Akwatin. Alex Chu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1979), mawaƙin Koriya-Kanada na Clazziquai Alex Day (an haife shi a shekara ta 1989), mawaƙin Ingilishi Alex Gardner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991) shi ne mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar Scotland Alex Gaskarth (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), mawaƙin Amurka na All Time Low Alex Gonzaga (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988), 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Philippines, ɗan wasan barkwanci, da YouTuber Alex Harvey (mawaki) (1935-1982), mawaƙin dutsen Burtaniya Alex Hood (an haife shi a shekara ta 1935), mawaƙin gargajiya na Australiya Alex James (mawaki) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1968), ɗan wasan bass na Burtaniya don Blur Alex Jolig (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963), ɗan wasan Jamus, mawaki kuma ɗan tseren babur Alex Kingston (an haife shi a shekara ta 1963) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Alex Koehler (an haife shi a shekara ta 1991), ɗan wasan Amurka na Chelsea Grin Alex Lifeson, sunan mataki don mawaƙin Kanada Alexandar Zivojinovich (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953), mawallafin guitar Rush Alex O'Loughlin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1976), ɗan wasan Australia ne Alex Russell (an wasan kwaikwayo) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1987), ɗan wasan Ostiraliya Alex Sharpe fl. 1991-yanzu), mawaƙin Irish Alex Trebek (1940–2020), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke mai masaukin baki na wasan yana nuna Jeopardy! Alex Turner an haife shi a shekara ta 1986). Alex Van Halen (an haife shi a shekara ta 1953). Alex Vargas (an haife shi a shekara ta 1988) shi ne mawaƙin Danish Alex Winter (an Haife shi a shekara ta 1965), ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke ɗan Burtaniya ne Sauran Alex Aïnouz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), YouTuber na abinci na Faransa Alex Azar (an haife shi 1967), jami'in gwamnatin Amurka kuma lauya Alex Balfanz (an haife shi a shekara ta 1999), mai haɓaka wasan bidiyo na Amurka Alex Ferrer (an haife shi a shekara ta 1960), alkali ɗan Cuban ne a halin yanzu yana zaune a Miami, Florida Alex Konanykhin (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966), ɗan kasuwan Rasha, tsohon ma'aikacin banki Alex McCool (1923-2020), manajan NASA na Amurka Alex Stokes (an haife shi a shekara ta 1996), shahararren ɗan wasan intanet na Amurka Alex Wagner (an haife shi a shekara ta 1977), ɗan jaridar Amurka Dabbobi Alex (aku) (1976-2007), ɗan Afirka Grey Parrot kuma batun gwajin harshe Haruffa na almara Alex, wani hali a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na Amurka na 2009 Shi kawai Ba Haka Yake Cikinku ba. Alex <i id="mwAQ0">A Clockwork Orange</i> Alex <i id="mwARA">Power Rangers</i> Alex <i id="mwARM">Street Fighter</i> Alex <i id="mwARY">Mai leƙen asiri</i> Alex Browning, wani hali daga Ƙarshe na Ƙarshe Alex Cross, daga Alex Cross novel da jerin fina-finai Alex Fierro, daga Magnus Chase da Allolin Asgard na Rick Riordan Alex P. Keaton, wani hali a gidan talabijin na Amurka TV sitcom Family dangantaka Alex the Lion, daga Madagascar raye-rayen fina-finai da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani Alex Louis Armstrong, masanin ilimin kimiya na jihar daga Fullmetal Alchemist Alex Masterley, halin take a cikin Alex (comic strip) Alex Millar <i id="mwAS4">Kasancewar Mutum</i> Alex O'Donnell, wani hali a cikin 2009 American fantasy movie comedy 17 Again. Alex, ɗaya daga cikin halayen maza masu aure a wasan bidiyo na Stardew Valley Alex Rider (hali), daga litattafan Alex Rider na Anthony Horowitz Alex Shamir, jarumi a cikin fim ɗin 1994 na Amurka mai ban dariya Robot in the Family Alex Standall, wani hali a cikin labari da Netflix jerin Dalilai 13 Me yasa Alex Taylor, babban hali a wasan bidiyo The Crew Alex, tsohuwar avatar mace a cikin wasan bidiyo Minecraft Alex Vause, wani hali a cikin jerin talabijin Orange Is the New Black Alex, mai goyan baya hali a cikin jerin anime Futari wa Pretty Cure (wanda aka fi sani da Akane Fujita) Manazarta Suna gama

29611

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shehu%20Ahmadu

Shehu Ahmadu

Sheikhu Ahmadu (an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 20 Afrilu 1845) shine Fulbe wanda ya kafa daular Massina (Diina na Hamdullahi) a cikin Neja Delta ta ciki, yanzu yankin Mopti na Mali Ya yi mulki a matsayin Almami daga shekara ta 1818 har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 1845, kuma ya dauki taken Cisse al-Masini Shekarun farko Aḥmad bin Muḥammad Būbū bin Abi Bakr bin Sa'id al-Fullānī an haife shi a shekara ta 1776 kuma Hamman Lobbo, kanin mahaifinsa ne ya rene shi. Amadu ya kasance almajirin malamin Sufi na Kadiriyya Sidi Mukhtar al-Kunti A yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida, kawancen ’yan kasuwar Fulbe ne ke mulkin garuruwan kamar Djenné, amma mutanen Bambara ba Musulmi ba ne ke iko da kogin. Fulbe ardo'en sun kasance yankin Bambara na Ségou, kuma sun yi wani nau'i na Musulunci wanda ba shi da tsarki. Wataƙila Seku Amadu ya yi jihadin Sakkwato kafin ya koma yankin Massina. Ya zauna a wani ƙauye a ƙarƙashin ikon Djenné. Sa’ad da koyarwarsa ta kawo masa ɗimbin mabiya aka kore shi, aka ƙaura zuwa Sebera, ƙarƙashin Massina Ya sake gina wata babbar magoya baya aka sake kore shi. Shaihu Usman dan Fodio, wanda ya assasa Daular Sokoto a kasar Hausa a shekara ta 1809, ya ba shi izinin gudanar da jihadi a yankin. Asalin yakokin nasa sun kasance a yammacin Daular Sakkwato karkashin Abdullahi dan Fodio na Gwandu Kamar sauran jagororin jihadi, Seku Amadu ya sami tuta daga Usman dan Fodio a matsayin alama ta zahiri ta ikonsa. Jihadi Ra’ayin Amadu ne ya jawo masa rikici da Sarkin Fulanin arna na yankinsa, wanda ya nemi agaji daga Suzerainsa, Sarkin Bambara na Segu. Sakamakon ya kasance wani babban bore a karkashin Amadou wanda ya kafa Masarautar Massina, jihar Fulanin musulmi ta addini a duk fadin yankin Neja Delta na cikin gida har zuwa duka tsoffin cibiyoyin musulmi na Djenné da Timbuktu. Jihadin Amadu tabbas ya ci gaba daga shekara ta 1810 zuwa shekara ta 1818. Koyaya, wasu majiyoyi suna ba da shawarar abubuwan da suka faru guda biyu, ɗaya a cikin shekara ta 1810 da wani a cikin shekara ta 1818. Wani kiyasi ya nuna jimillar mutuwar mutane 10,000 sakamakon wannan jihadi. Seku Amadu ya zargi dokokin Fulbe na gida da bautar gumaka, kuma da farko jihadi aka yi musu. Ba da dadewa ba aka fadada aikin har zuwa Bambara da sauran kungiyoyin maguzawa na yankin. Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan Tukolors da sauran ’yan Fulbe a Massina, bayi da suka tsere da sauran su suna neman ’yanci daga iyayengijinsu na Bambara. A cikin Fulbe, Seku Amadu ya samu goyon bayan musulmi masu ilimi, a da, makiyaya ne, wadanda farfad'un Sufaye suka rinjayi su kuma suna da sha'awar gyara Musulunci. A cikin jihadinsa ya fara fatattakar sojojin Segu, sannan ya kama Djenné, wanda malamansa suka maraba da shi. An gayyace shi ya mallaki Massina bayan tawayen Fulbe a wannan garin. A shekara ta 1818 ya sami nasarar sarrafa Djenné da Massina. A Djenné, kuma daga baya a Timbuktu, an hambarar da shugaban na wucin gadi aka maye gurbinsa da malamai, yayin da dangin Fulba Dikko suka zama ikon yanki. Seku Amadu ya kafa babban birnin sabuwar Masarautar Massina mai suna Hamdullahi ("Godiya ga Allah!"), arewa maso gabashin Djenné, kudu da birnin Mopti na yanzu. An kafa babban birnin kasar a shekara ta 1819. Ya kafa kansa a matsayin mai mulki mai zaman kansa. Masarautar Jihar Seku Amadu ta mulkin kama karya ne ke iko da Neja Delta na cikin gida, kuma ta yi wani iko a kan Timbuktu, Ségou da Kaarta Daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihadi a Massina shi ne Muḥammad al-Tāhir, shi ma dalibin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti. Ya fitar da wata takarda inda ya bayyana cewa Seku Amadu shine magajin ruhin Askia Mohammad I, mai mulkin karni na sha shida na daular Songhai An yarda da wannan gaba ɗaya a yankin Timbuktu. An sami 'yar tsayin daka ga shigar Timbuktu na yau da kullun cikin sabuwar daular Massina, wacce ba da jimawa ba ta zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci. Sai dai a hankali Seku Amadu ya raba kan shugabannin Timbuktu da na Sakkwato ta hanyar tsattsauran tauhidinsa, kuma da rashin ganinsa yana girmama manyan shugabannin Qadiriyya da mutuntawa da suke ganin hakkinsu ne. Ya kuma riki mukamin Amirul Muminina a Sudan, wanda halifan Sokoto ya ɗauka a matsayin damansa. Ya yi illa ga kasuwancin Jenne da Timbuktu. Shugaban limaman Timbuktu, Sidi Muḥammad bin al-Mukhtār al-Kunti, ya rasu a shekara ta 1825/6. Seku Amadu ya nemi a amince masa a hukumance a kan birnin. Ya aika da manzo da dakaru masu tarin yawa zuwa ga al-Q’id Usman bin Bābakr, shugaban riko, yana roqonsa da ya daina amfani da ganguna da sauran nau’o’in biki, wanda Usman ya yarda. A shekara ta 1833 Usmanu ya yi watsi da mubaya'arsa ya yi wa Hamdullahi yaki, amma aka ci shi. Sai dai, Sidi al-Muhtar al-Saghir, shugaban ruhin Timbuktu, ya shirya sulhu tsakanin Abzinawa da Ahmadu Lobbo, wanda a karkashinsa sojojinsa na Fulbe ba za su mamaye Timbuktu ba. An ci tarar wadanda suka shiga harin Hamdullahi. Seku Amadu Lobbo ya rasu a ranar 20 ga Afrilu 1845, ya bar daular Massina ga dansa, Amadu II A karkashin dansa, Timbuktu ya kasance cikin daular na wani lokaci. Ahmadu bin Aḥmadu Lobbo ya yi sarautar Massina daga shekara ta 1844 zuwa 1852. Tsawon zaman lafiya ya kasance har zuwa lokacin da Jihadin da El Hadj Umar Tall ya jagoranta a shekara ta 1862 ya kifar da jikan Ahmadu, Amadu III, ya kuma jefa yankin cikin rudani. Siyasa da tasiri Seku Amadu ya yi mulki ne ta tsarin gwamnonin larduna, galibin danginsa, da majalisar tsakiya mai dattijai arba'in. A cikin tsarin mulkin Seku Amadu dokar ta ginu ne bisa tsananin kiyaye tafsirin malikiyya na sharia Qadis sun gudanar da shari’a a kowace lardi, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a jihar. Tsare-tsare na bin doka ya sa wata hukuma ta kira Masina "kamar yadda take kusa da tsarin mulkin dimokradiyya kamar yadda ake iya cimmawa." Seku Amadu ya bi manufar daidaita makiyayan da a da. Ya yi kokari matuka wajen inganta addinin Musulunci. A karkashin Seku Aḥmadu Lobbo da magadansa, yankin Neja ya lankwashe kuma ya bunkasa kasuwanci. Duk da haka, an samu wasu tashe-tashen hankula sakamakon tsaftar ɗabi'ar masu mulki, kamar hana shan taba da kuma buƙatar ware mata da maza, sabanin al'adar Abzinawa. A lokacin da daular ta kara karfi sai dakaru 10,000 aka jibge a birnin, sannan Seku Ahmadu ya ba da umarnin a gina madrasa dari shida don ci gaba da yada addinin Musulunci. Ya kuma ba da umarnin haramta shaye-shaye, taba, kade-kade da raye-raye kamar yadda shari’ar Musulunci ta tanada, sannan ya gina tsarin jin dadin jama’a domin a samar wa zawarawa da marayu da gajiyayyu. Daya daga cikin mafi dauwamammen sakamakon mulkinsa shi ne ka’idar makiyaya da ke kula da shiga da kuma amfani da yankin Neja delta daga hannun Fulani makiyaya da al’ummomin manoma daban-daban. Manazarta Tarihin Mali Mutanen Mali na karni 21 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

23528

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop%20Bob%20Okala

Bishop Bob Okala

Samuel Kwadwo Boaben (1957–2016) wanda kuma aka sani da Bishop Bob Okala, ya kasance ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma ɗan wasan Ghana da ya shahara saboda rawar ban dariya da ya taka a shirin GTV Key Soap Concert Party. Bob Okala ya sami karbuwa a shekarun 80s, 90s da farkon karni lokacin da wasan barkwanci da pantomime suka fara samun karbuwa a talabijin. Ana masa kallon daya daga cikin manyan jaruman barkwanci na kasar Ghana kuma majagaba na wasan barkwanci. Okala sunan gida ne kuma mai son masoya a lokacin da ya shahara. Asali, Okala ya fara zama ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa, yana wasa amateur da ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin gida kamar Fankobaa da sauran su. Koyaya, rashin iya samun rayuwa mai kyau daga ƙwallon ƙafa, haɗe tare da raunin rauni na dogon lokaci da iyakancewar ci gaba ya tilasta masa neman sabon aiki a wani wuri. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Okala ya riga ya fara ƙwarewarsa a wasan barkwanci kuma ya fara jan hankali daga shugabannin ƙungiyoyi daban -daban waɗanda suka gane ƙwarewarsa. Don haka, ya shiga cikin wasan barkwanci lokacin da Babban Eddie Donkor, shahararren mawaƙin hilife ya ɗauke shi aiki don ƙara wasan barkwanci a cikin raye -rayen sa da wasan kwaikwayo. A kusa da wannan lokacin, yawancin kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo sun ƙara wasan ban dariya da solos a cikin wasannin su yayin gabatarwa da shiga tsakani don nishadantar da masu sauraro. Bayan ya yi aiki tare da Babban Eddie Donkor, ya kuma shiga Nana Ampadu da kungiyar 'Yan uwansa na Afirka waɗanda suka zagaya ƙasar da yawa kuma suna wasa a yawancin mashahuran wuraren. Daga nan Okala ya koma Babban Eddie Donkor a rangadin kusan shekaru goma. Ya koyi yin wasan yawo da kidan guitar tare da raye -raye daban -daban da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo. Yayin yana aiki a matsayin ɗan wasan barkwanci na ɗan lokaci, Okala kuma yayi aiki a matsayin mai yin burodi wanda ke rarraba burodinsa ga dillalai daban-daban na gida. Bob Okala ya kasance tare da wasu shahararrun yan wasan barkwanci na Ghana kamar su Waterproof, Nkomode, Agya Koo, Bob Santo, Judas, Akrobeto, Araba Stamp, Koo Nimo da sauran su da yawa waɗanda suka fara aikin panto da wasan barkwanci a Ghana lokacin da talabijin ta fara isa. talakawa. Haɓaka Okala zuwa shahara yana da alaƙa da Key Concert Party wanda ya zama babban taron nishaɗin daren Asabar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa. Ya ci nasarar Key Soap Concert Party na "Zakara na Zakarun" sau biyu. A lokacin, manyan abokan hamayyarsa don neman mukamin sun kasance Agya Koo da Nkomode. Okala yana da salon wasan barkwanci na musamman da kasancewar sa na musamman, gami da lebe mai ƙyalli da idanu cike da farin foda, tabarau masu girman gaske, doguwar riga mara kyau wacce ta isa ƙarƙashin gwiwa, ta yin amfani da pestle na katako na gargajiya (tapoli) kamar baka, sanye da safa a hannu biyu, yana saka wandonsa cikin safafunsa, sannan yana daura agogon bango a hannunsa a matsayin agogon hannu wanda a wasu lokutan yakan fada lokacin. A dabi'ance, Okala ya yi karin gishiri na lokaci koyaushe yana haifar da babbar dariya daga masu sauraro, ganin cewa ra'ayinsa koyaushe ya wuce na agogon 24hr na yau da kullun. A lokacin da ya shahara, ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Jamus, Holland, Kanada, Italiya da sauran ƙasashe bisa gayyatar 'yan ƙasar ta Ghana. Kafin rasuwarsa, Bob Okala ya halarci bikin ranar samun 'yancin kai na Ghana karo na 59 inda ya sanya rigar' yan sanda irin ta mulkin mallaka tare da wasu tsoffin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo don yin wasan kwaikwayo na gajere ga masu kallo. Shugaban kasa na lokacin, John Dramani Mahama da sauran manyan mutane sun halarci taron. Okala ya mutu bayan mako guda. Yanayin da ke kewaye da mutuwarsa yana nuna cewa ya fadi nan da nan bayan wasan kwaikwayo a raye -raye na Koforidua Jackson Park. Asali, ba a caje Okala don taron ba amma ya zaɓi ya nuna don ba da goyan baya kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga wasannin. Wadanda suka shirya wannan taron sun fara tuhumar dacewarsa ta yin wasan, ganin tarihinsa na rashin lafiya na dogon lokaci, da kuma yadda ya kasance a bayyane yake a lokacin. Don haka, sun yi ƙoƙari a banza don lallashe shi da kada ya hau matakin saboda rashin lafiyarsa. Koyaya, ya nace kuma ya basu tabbacin cewa yana da cikakkiyar ikon isar da wasan sa. Bayan faduwar sa kwatsam, an garzaya da shi asibitin yankin Koforidua inda aka tabbatar da mutuwarsa. An yi jana'izarsa a jihar a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra daga ranar 9 zuwa 11 ga Yuni, 2016, bayan haka aka binne gawarsa a Yankin Ashanti.

21574

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo%20Moledo

Rodrigo Moledo

Rodrigo Modesto da Silva Moledo (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba, a shekarar 1987 a Rio de Janeiro) shi ne ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil wanda ke taka leda a Internacional a matsayin ɗan baya Klub din An haife shi a Rio de Janeiro, ya fara a farkon shekarar 2008 don buga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin rukuni na biyu na Campeonato Catarinense ya jawo hankalin União Esporte Clube, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Brazil daga Rondonópolis, Mato Grosso. A lokacin rani na 2009, sun aike shi a matsayin aro a ƙungiyar Poland ta Odra Wodzisław A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya koma Brazil yana wasa a União Esporte Clube yana taimaka musu su lashe gasar 2010 ta Yankin. Wasansa ya jawo hankalin jami'an Internacional a wasan Copa do Brasil A cikin 2011, ya sanya hannu tare da su. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a ranar 7 ga Satumbar 2011, a wasan da suka tashi 4-2 akan America Mineiro a Campeonato Brasileiro. A cikin shekarar 2013, Metalist Kharkiv ya sayi Rodrigo Moledo kan R 20.51 miliyan. A cikin Yukren, farkon ya kasance mai kayatarwa kuma Moledo ya fara buga wasanni masu mahimmanci, amma mummunan rauni a gwiwa ya hana shi daga yawan wasanni. A kakar 2013 zuwa 14, Moledo ya fara wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar zakarun Turai da PAOK Yana da muhimmiyar rawa ga kulob din a duk gasa. Mai tsaron baya na tsakiya na Brazil Rodrigo Moledo, bayan kwantiragin watanni shida tare da tsohuwar kungiyar sa ta Internacional, zai kasance memba na Panathinaikos har zuwa bazarar 2018. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da tsohon dan kwallon na duniya mai shekaru 28 a wata kungiyar Turai, bayan shekaru biyu da ya yi a Metalist Kharkiv A ranar 19 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2016, dan wasan bayan na Brazil ya zira kwallaye biyu a ragar Iraklis don wasan Super League kuma ya nuna farin cikin sa ga nasarar kungiyar tasa. Kyakkyawan aikin sa a rabin rabin kakar, ya jawo hankalin Fluminense FC da Peñarol don sa hannu kan Panathinaikos 'dan wasan tsakiya na Brazil. Duk da haka jami'an kungiyar ta Girka ba su da niyyar sayar da tsohon dan wasan na duniya mai shekara 28, tun da manajan Andrea Stramaccioni yana ganinsa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasa a kungiyar ta yanzu. A ranar 28 Yuli 2016, ya zira kwallo daya a wasan UEFA Europa League da AIK a wasan farko na zagaye na uku na neman cancantar shiga gasar. Ya fara kakar 2016-17 a matsayin shugaban da ba za a iya takama da shi ba game da kare 'yan koren. A ranar 14 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2017, an yi imanin cewa mai tsaron bayan Panathinaikos ba ya farin ciki da rashin sabunta kwantiragin nasa kamar yadda tsohon manajan Panathinaikos Andrea Stramaccioni ya yi masa alkawari. A cewar jaridu, Moledo ya amince da Stramaccioni kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya har zuwa 2020. Koyaya, manajan na Italiya ya bar Greens kuma an dakatar da tattaunawa da Panathinaikos. Kwantiraginsa ta kare a cikin 2018, amma duk da haka daraktan fasaha na Panathinaikos Nikos Lyberopoulos ya gaya masa cewa har yanzu yana daga cikin 'yan wasan da ba za su iya zama dole ba. Dan wasan baya na Panathinaikos Rodrigo Moledo na iya zama a kulob din duk da jita-jitar kwanan nan kan yiwuwar komawa Brazil. A ranar 30 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2017, gwamnatin Panathinaikos ta yanke shawarar ba shi damar tsawaita wa'adin shekaru biyu tare da mafi kyawun sharuddan kudi kuma dan wasan bayan na Brazil yana da karfin gwiwa ya amince da tayin nasa, duk da Besiktas JK da Sport Club Internacional A tsakiyar watan Disambar shekarar 2017, tsohuwar kungiyar Moledo, Internacional za ta iya dawowa a cikin watan Janairun canji, don siyan gogaggen mai tsaron gida na Panathinaikos. Kwantiragin tsohon dan asalin kasar Brazil mai shekaru 30 tare da 'yan koren masu matsakaicin kudi ya kare a lokacin bazarar 2018. A ƙarshe, a ranar 10 Janairu 2018, Moledo ya sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Sport Club Internacional, yarjejeniyar da za a fara a ranar 1 ga Yuli bayan yarjejeniyar da yake yi da Panathinaikos ta ƙare. Wahayin ya zo ne a matsayin mummunan labari ga 'yan koren. La'akari da mummunan halin rashin kuɗi da ke tattare da faɗuwar henattafan Athen, Panathinaikos sun yi ɗokin sayar da Moledo a cikin hunturu don karɓar kuɗin da ake buƙata na ɗan shekaru 31. PAOK, wadanda ke bin Moledo a cikin 'yan makonnin da suka gabata, sun mai da hankali kan bada aron dan kasar Brazil din daga kungiyar' yan koren har zuwa karshen kakar 2017-2018 PAOK suna ba wa Panathinaikos fan 300,000 don rancen Moledo, gami da ayyukan Ergys Kace da Dimitris Konstantinidis a rabin rabin wannan kakar. A ƙarshe a ranar 25 ga Janairun 2018, Moledo zai canza sheka zuwa Internacional, saboda bashi tare da ɗan wasan kuma tare da tsoron shigar da ƙara akan Panathinaikos don jinkirin biyan kuɗi, ƙungiyar ba ta da wata hanya face ta karɓi tayin ,000 150,000 daga Colorados don fita nan da nan Ayyukan duniya A watan Afrilu ranar 19, shekarar 2013, Moledo aka kira up for Brazilian Team da kocin Scolari for Brazil ta Afrilu 24 sada zumunci da Chile a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Henrique, wanda aka wasa a wasan da kulob dinsa na gaba rana. Koyaya, CONMEBOL ya matsar da wasan Palmeiras zuwa mako mai zuwa, yana ba Scolari damar yin tuno da Henrique yayin da yake ajiye Moledo a cikin ƙungiyar. Daraja Na duniya Sanar da Sudamericana 2011 Campeonato Gaúcho 2012, 2013 Kowane mutum Leungiyar Gasar Superleague ta Gwarzo 2015-16, 2016-17 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rodrigo Moledo at 90minut.pl (in

23799

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael%20Nadal

Rafael Nadal

Rafael Rafa Nadal Parera Catalan: [rəf (ə) ɛl ðal ɾeɾə], Spanish: el ðal ɾeɾa] haife shi 3 Yuni 1986) ƙwararren ɗan wasan Tennis ne na Spain. Kungiyar masu sana'ar wasan Tennis (ATP) ce ke matsayi na 4 a duniya, an saka ta a matsayi na 1 a cikin martabar ATP na makwanni 209, kuma ta kare a matsayin karshen shekara ta 1 sau biyar. Nadal ya lashe gasar Grand Slam na maza guda 20, rikodin da ba a taba yin irinsa ba tare da Roger Federer da Novak Djokovic, da 36 Masters 1000 na mawaka guda daya, rikodin da ba a taba raba shi da Novak Djokovic ba.Lakabbunsa 13 na gasar French Open musamman rikodin a kowace gasa. Nasarar Nadal a kan yumɓu ta kuma haskaka ta 62 daga cikin waƙoƙin ATP 88 guda 88 da ke zuwa a saman, gami da 26 daga cikin taken 36 na ATP Masters, da nasarori 81 a jere a kan yumɓu shine mafi nasara mafi tsayi a saman ƙasa a cikin Open Era. Farkon Rayuwa An haifi Rafael Nadal Parera a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni 1986 a Manacor, wani gari a tsibirin Mallorca a Tsibirin Balearic, Spain, ga iyaye Ana María Parera Femenías da Sebastián Nadal Homar. Mahaifinsa dan kasuwa ne, mai kamfanin inshora, kamfanin gilashi da taga Vidres Mallorca, da gidan abinci, Sa Punta.Rafael yana da ƙanwa, María Isabel. Kawun nasa, Miguel Ángel Nadal, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, wanda ya taka leda a RCD Mallorca, FC Barcelona, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain.Ya bautar da dan wasan Barcelona Ronaldo a matsayin yaro, kuma ta hanyar kawunsa ya sami damar shiga dakin sutturar Barcelona don yin hoto tare da dan Brazil din. Ganewa a cikin Rafael wata baiwa ta halitta, wani kawu, Toni Nadal, kocin wasan tennis, ya gabatar da shi wasan lokacin yana ɗan shekara uku. Manazarta 1. Rafael Nadal". ATP Tour. Retrieved 3 February 2020. 2. "Nadal, Rafael". rafaelnadal.com. Retrieved 7 December 3.4. Clarey, Christopher (6 June 2005). "Rafael Nadal, Barely 19, He's Got Game, Looks and Remarkably Good Manners". The New York Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010. 5. "Planet football hails O Fenômeno". FIFA.com. Retrieved 3 October 2018. 6. a b Rajaraman, Aarthi (1 June 2008). "At Home with Humble yet Ambitious Nadal". Inside Tennis. Archived from the original on 9 June 2010. Retrieved 5 April 2010. 7. a b c d e Kervin, Alison (23 April 2006). "The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010"The Big Interview: Rafael Nadal". The Sunday Times. Retrieved 5 April 2010 Early life Rafael Nadal Parera an haife shi a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni shekarata alif 1986 a Manacor, wani gari a tsibirin Mallorca a cikin tsibirin Balearic, Spain, ga iyaye Ana María Parera Femenías da Sebastián Nadal Homar. Wani daga cikin kawunsa, kocin tennis Toni Nadal, ya gabatar da shi a wannan wasan lokacin yana da shekaru uku kuma ya horar da shi daga shekarar 2005 zuwa shekarata 2017. A cikin watan Mayu shekarata 2001, ya doke tsohon zakaran gasar Grand Slam Pat Cash a wasan nunin kotuna. Professional tennis career Ya gama a shekarata 2001 tare da rikodin jerin Kalubale na 1 1 a cikin ɗimbin yawa ba tare da taken ko wasan karshe ba. Rikodin matakin Nadal na Challenger a cikin shekarar dubu biyu da biyu (2002) ya kasance 4-2 a cikin 'yan wasa marasa aure ba tare da lakabi ba. A ranar 29 ga watan Afrilu shekarata dubu biyu da biyu(2002), a garinsu na Mallorca kuma yana da shekaru 15 da watanni 10, Nadal ya ci wasansa na farko na ATP ta hanyar doke Ramón Delgado, kuma ya zama ɗan wasa na tara a Buɗe Era da ya yi hakan kafin ya kai shekaru 16. Bayan ya buga wasu al'amuran matakin ƙalubale guda biyu, na ƙarshe na aikinsa, Nadal ya gama yaƙin neman zaɓe na shekarar dubu biyu da uku (2003) tare da asarar zagaye na farko uku a cikin abubuwan ATP. A shekarata 2004 ya fara da taken ninki biyu tare da Tommy Robredo a Chennai Open A shekarata 2005: Babban taken farko Bayan kwana biyu ya doke Mariano Puerta a wasan karshe, inda ya zama mutum na biyu, bayan Mats Wilander a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da biyu (1982), da ya lashe gasar French Open a yunkurinsa na farko. Nan da nan bayan Wimbledon, Nadal ya lashe wasanni 16 a jere da gasa uku a jere, wanda ya kawo matsayinsa na 2 a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekarata dubu biyu da biyar (2005). Dukansu Nadal da Federer sun lashe taken guda goma sha ɗaya da na Masters guda huɗu a cikin shekarata 2005. Nadal ya karya tarihin matashin Mats Wilander na tara a shekarata alif 1983. A shekarata 2006: Kofin Faransanci na biyu Nadal shi ne dan kasar Sipaniya na farko tun bayan Manuel Santana a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da shida 1966, da ya kai wasan karshe na Wimbledon, amma Federer ya lashe wasan da wasanni hudu inda ya lashe kofinsa na hudu a jere a Wimbledon Nadal ya ci gaba da zama dan wasa na farko tun Andre Agassi a shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara casa'in da hudu 1994–95 da ya kammala shekarar a matsayi na 2 a jere a jere. A shekarata 2007: Kofin Faransanci na uku Kamar yadda yake a cikin shekarata 2006, Nadal ya baci a matakin kwata-fainal. Wannan shine wasa na farko na Federer a Wimbledon tun Shekarar 2001. A shekarata 2008: Manyan manyan guda biyu, zinare guda na Olympics, Kofin Davis, da na 1 na duniya (Karshe na shekarar 2019 daga baya ya karya rikodin mafi dadewa na karshe na Wimbledon. Ta hanyar lashe takensa na farko na Wimbledon, Nadal ya zama mutum na uku a cikin bude lokacin da ya lashe gasar French Open da Wimbledon a cikin shekara guda, bayan Rod Laver a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara (1969), da Borg a shekarata alif 1978 zuwa shekarata alif 1980, (Federer daga baya ya cika wannan shekara mai zuwa) da kuma dan Sipaniya na biyu da ya lashe Wimbledon. A shekarata 2009: Kofin Australian Open da Davis Cup Taron yawon shakatawa na ATP na gaba shine a shekarar 2009 Miami Masters Wannan shine farkon Nadal kuma, har zuwa shekarata 2015, rashin nasara kawai a gasar French Open. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni, Nadal ya fice daga gasar Wimbledon ta shekarar 2009, saboda raunin da ya samu a gwiwa. Roger Federer ya ci gaba da lashe kambun, kuma Nadal ya koma lamba 2 a ranar 6 ga watan Yuli shekarata alif 2009. Tare da wannan asarar, ya bar matsayi na 2 zuwa Andy Murray a ranar 17 ga Agusta shekarata 2009, a waje da na biyu na farko a karon farko tun ranar 25 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2005. A shekarata 2010: Manyan kan duk saman saman uku, ƙarshen shekara No. 1, da Sana'ar Golden Slam Nadal ya kira shekarar 2010 mafi kyawun shekararsa a matsayinsa na kwararren dan wasan tennis. A shekarata 2010 US Open, Nadal ya kai wasan karshe na farko ba tare da faduwa saiti ba. A ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, Nadal ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai fice daga Paris Masters saboda ciwon jijiya a kafadarsa ta hagu. A ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekarata 2010, a London, Nadal ya lashe lambar yabo ta Stefan Edberg Sportsmanship a karon farko. A shekarata 2010 ATP Finals a London, Nadal ya lashe dukkan wasannin da ya buga. A shekarata 2011: Kofin Faransa na shida da kambin Davis Cup A cikin watan Maris, Nadal ya taimaka wa Spain ta doke Belgium a gasar cin kofin duniya na 2011 na Davis a zagaye na farko a rukunin farko a Spiroudome a Charleroi, Belgium. A duka shekarar 2011 BNP Paribas Open da shekarar 2011 Sony Ericsson Open, Nadal ya kai wasan karshe kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Novak Djokovic a wasanni uku. Ya buga gaba a cikin shekarata 2011 Cincinnati Masters, inda ya yi rashin nasara ga Mardy Fish, kuma a cikin kwata-kwata. A shekarata 2012: Kofin Faransanci na bakwai Kamar yadda lokacin kotun yumbu ya fara, Nadal ya kasance iri na 2 a shekarar 2012 Monte-Carlo Rolex Masters Wannan ita ce nasararsa ta biyu a kan Novak Djokovic a Shekarata 2012 da kuma kofinsa na uku a kakar wasa ta bana, da kuma kofinsa na 6 na Rome gaba daya. A shekarata 2012 French Open, Nadal ya bar wasanni 30 kawai a kan abokan hamayyarsa biyar na farko. Nadal ya yi hasarar jimlar safu uku kacal a kakar kotun shekarata 2012. A watan Yulin na shekarar 2012, Nadal ya janye daga gasar Olympics na 2012 saboda ciwon jijiyar wuyansa, wanda daga baya ya sa ya fice daga gasar cin kofin Rogers da Cincinnati Masters. Daga baya ya janye daga sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar 2012, saboda yana jin har yanzu ba shi da koshin lafiya da zai iya takara. A shekarata 2013: Majors biyu da komawa No. 1 Janyewar Nadal ya sa ya fice daga cikin Top Four na ATP a karon farko tun shekarar 2005. Da yake taka leda a gasarsa ta farko a Kudancin Amurka tun shekarar 2005, Nadal ya sake dawowa a VTR Open a Chile, inda ya fusata da Argentine No. 73 Horacio Zeballos a wasan karshe. A shekarata 2013 Shanghai Rolex Masters, ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe amma Del Potro ya doke shi. A watan Nuwamba, Nadal ya buga wasansa na karshe na kakar wasa a Landan a shekarata 2013 ATP Finals inda ya tabbatar da matsayi na 1 na karshen shekara. A shekarata 2014: Gasar French Open ta tara da raunuka Rafael Nadal ya fara kakarsa ta 2014 a Qatar Open a Doha, inda ya doke Lukáš Rosol a zagayen farko kuma ya lashe kambun bayan ya doke Gaël Monfils a wasan

59573

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamanin%20Al%27ajibai

Zamanin Al'ajibai

The Age of Miracles: shine littafi na farko na marubucin Amurka Karen Thompson Walker.An buga shi a watan Yunin 2012 ta Random House a Amurka da Simon Schuster a Ingila.Littafin ya bada labarin abin da ya faru na "slowing", wanda rana ɗaya ta Duniya ta fara shimfiɗa kuma tana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo don kammalawa.Littafin ya sami bita mai kyau da yarjejeniyar bugawa wanda yakai fam miliyan 1.12(£1.41 miliyan a yau),kuma an fassara shi cikin harsuna da yawa.An zaɓi littafin amatsayin wani ɓangare na kyautar wallafe-wallafen Waterstones 11 a shekarar 2012. Tarihi Tunanin "slowing" ya fara zuwa Walker lokacin da ta karanta cewa tsunami na Indonesia na 2004 yasa juyawa na Duniya ya ragu da wasu raguwa na daƙiƙa.Walker ya fara bincike kan tasirin raguwa mai yawa,galibi akan Intanet,amma kuma masanin kimiyyar taurari ya tabbatar dashi.Yayinda take aiki na cikakken lokaci a matsayin edita a Simon Schuster, ta fara rubutu da safe.Koda yake ya ɗauke ta shekaru huɗu don kammala littafin,Walker taji daɗin rubuta ta wannan hanyar, tana kiranta "irin tunani". Walker tace Blindness na José Saramago yana ɗaya daga cikin littattafan da sukayi mata wahayi zuwa ga rubuta The Age of Miracles Makirci Labarin ya fara ne da Julia,yarinya mai shekaru goma sha ɗaya,wacce ke zaune a California.Bayan 'yan watanni kafin ranar haihuwarta,duniya tana fuskantar wani abu da ba a bayyana ba wanda aka sani da "slowing",inda kammala kowane juyin juya halin duniya a kan axis yana ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo.Alokacin da masana suka tabbatar da shi,"ranar" ita ce awanni 24 da minti 56.Sa'o'i suna ƙaruwa kuma suna canza rayuwa a Duniya.Halin ya bambanta:yayin da wasu ke ƙoƙarin daidaitawa da shi, wasu, kamar kakan Julia,sun yi imanin "slowing" ya zama yaudara ce ta gwamnati kuma har yanzu wasu,kamar dangin aboki mafi kyau na Julia Hanna,sun yi imani da cewa fushin Allah ne kuma sun koma garuruwansu. Bayan makonni na rikici, gwamnatin Amurka ta sanar da karɓar "lokacin agogo", inda duniya ke aiki kamar yadda aka saba bisa ga agogo na sa'o'i 24,ba tare da la'akari da ko rana ko dare ne a waje ba.Wasu mutane sun ƙi lokacin agogo gaba ɗaya,kamar maƙwabciyar Julia Sylvia,kuma sun sa rayuwarsu bisa ga rana,sun yi watsi da lokacin agogo baki ɗaya.Wadannan mutane ana kiransu"masu sa'a na ainihi"kuma suna fuskantar nuna bambanci.Ahalin yanzu,kwanakin da suka fi tsayi sun fara samun tasirin tunani a kan mutane: mahaifiyar Julia ta fara fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da raguwa,wanda ake kira "ciwon",tasirinsa ya bambanta daga mutum zuwa mutum.Yawan laifuka ya fara karuwa kuma mutane suna da'awar zama masu saurin motsi, uzuri da Julia ke amfani da ita don shawo kan kanta lokacin da ta sami mahaifinta yana da alaƙa da Sylvia. Bugu da ƙari, kakan Julia ya ɓace a ranar haihuwarta ta goma sha biyu. Julia ta yi ƙoƙari ta saba da sabuwar rayuwarta. Da yake jin kaɗaici tun lokacin da Hanna ta tashi da kuma rashin kulawa da ta biyo baya, ta fara abota da ƙaunarta ta dogon lokaci, Seth Moreno, kuma daga ƙarshe sun fara dangantaka. A ƙarshe, an sami kakan Julia, ya mutu, bayan ya yi tuntuɓe kuma ya faɗi cikin ɗakinsa mai hana nukiliya. Wannan shine abin da ya sa mahaifin Julia ya kawo karshen dangantakarsa da Sylvia kuma ya samar da kyakkyawar dangantaka da matarsa. A halin yanzu, raguwar magnetosphere na Duniya saboda jinkirin juyawa yana haifar da hadari na rana don buga Duniya. Sakamakon radiation yana haifar da "ciwon" ya zama mafi tsanani. A sakamakon haka, Seth ya zama wanda ya kamu da cutar da ta kusan kashe shi. Mahaifin Seth ya yanke shawarar kai shi Mexico, inda alamun ba su da kisa. Julia ta karɓi imel na ƙarshe daga Seth bayan ya isa Mexico, amma ba da daɗewa ba, Amurka ta sami baƙar fata na sa'o'i 72 saboda yawan amfani da wutar lantarki don shuka amfanin gona. Daga baya, gwamnati ta ba da izinin amfani da wutar lantarki kawai don ayyukan tallafawa rayuwa. Julia ba ta iya isa Seth ba duk da wasiƙu da yawa zuwa adireshin da ya bar ta. Babi na ƙarshe ya tsallake zuwa shekaru masu zuwa. A wannan lokacin, rana ta kai makonni kuma ba da daɗewa ba za a ƙare tseren ɗan adam. Gwamnati ta kaddamar da The Explorer, jirgin sararin samaniya wanda ke dauke da abubuwan tunawa da rayuwa a Duniya. Julia ta bayyana cewa ba ta taɓa jin labarin Seth ba tun lokacin da ya yi imel na ƙarshe, amma har yanzu tana da fatan cewa za su sake haduwa wata rana. Littafin ya ƙare da tunatar da ita game da kalmomin da ita da Seth suka rubuta a kan siminti mai laushi a ranar bazara: "Mun kasance a nan". Karɓar baƙi The Age of Miracles ya sami mafi yawan bita mai kyau daga masu sukar. Michiko Kakutani na The New York Times ya yaba da littafin a matsayin "mai basira na bala'i mai ban sha'awa tare da labarin matasa masu mahimmanci, masu zuwa" duk da lura da "slickness-for-Hollywood" da wasu abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin Entertainment Weekly Melissa Maerz ta amince da Kakutani game da ƙarfin littafin, ta ba shi "A−" kuma ta yaba da shi a matsayin "mai kyau, saboda rubuce-rubucensa mai sauƙi da lokutan shiru". Maureen Corrigan ta NPR ta kuma ji daɗin littafin, tana rubuta cewa:"The Age of Miracles mai juyawa ne mai tunani wanda ke yin tunani game da asarar da rashin ƙarfi na tsarin halittu na duniya da na mutum."Mai sukar Daily Telegraph Claudia Yusef ya mayar da hankali kan yanayin motsin rai na littafin,yana mai cewa jinkirin shine "tushen hoto mai ban mamaki game da kyakkyawa da tsoro na matasa" kuma cewa "mai ban mamaki tare da kimiyyar lissafi, ya zama banza."A rubuce-rubuce don The Huffington Post, Abigail Tarttelin ya yaba da littafin"haske, ɗan lokaci", yana kiransa"littafi mai daɗi sosai",amma ya ji cewa littafin bai kasance mai ban mamaki ba kamar yadda ake buƙata.Becky Toyne na The Globe and Mail ya ji sakamakon jinkirin karantawa "kamar kundin littattafai" kuma mai ba da labari ya maimaitawa,amma duk da haka ya taƙaita littafin a matsayin "mai taɓawa da damuwa, amma sama da duka sihiri".Acikin bita na Washington Post, Jackie Stewart,taji dabarun wallafe-wallafen littafin su kasance "mai nauyi"da kuma bayanin "marasa kyau",amma ya ƙare da:"Acikin duka,'The Age of Miracles' littafi ne mai duhu da kyau wanda ke bin gwaje-gwaje da ƙunci na yaro ɗaya ...kuma yana bin diddigin martani na al'umma ga bala'i mai ban mamaki". Koyaya, a rubuce-rubuce ga The Guardian,Christopher Priest ya zargi littafin saboda "cikakken rashin ba'a,wayar da kan jama'a game da duniya mafi girma [da] halayyar da lambobi suka yi" kuma ya kara nuna kuskuren kimiyya a cikin littafin.

48834

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushen%20Soyayya%20a%20Mahangar%20Halitta

Tushen Soyayya a Mahangar Halitta

An binciko ka'idar tushen soyayya ta irin waɗannan ilimomi na halitta kamar ilimin kimiyyar juyin halitta, ilimin halin ɗan adam da kuma neuroscience Ana nazarin takamaiman sinadarai irin su oxytocin a cikin mahallin rawar da suke takawa wajen samar da gogewar ɗan adam da halayen da ke da alaƙa da soyayya Ilimin Juyin Halitta Ilimin halayyar juyin halitta ya gabatar da bayanai da yawa don soyayya. Jarirai na biri da yara sun daɗe suna dogara ga taimakon iyaye. Don haka ana ganin soyayya a matsayin wata hanya ta inganta taimakon iyaye na yara na tsawon lokaci. Wani kuma shi ne cewa cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i na iya haifar da, a tsakanin sauran tasirin, rage yawan haihuwa na dindindin, rauni ga tayin, da ƙara haɗari yayin haihuwa Wannan zai ba da damar keɓantaccen dangantaka na dogon lokaci rage haɗarin kamuwa da STD. Daga mahangar ilimin kimiyyar juyin halitta za a iya yin bincike kan gogewa da halayen da ke da alaƙa da soyayya dangane da yadda juyin halittar ɗan adam ya siffata su. Misali, an ba da shawarar cewa an zaɓi harshen ɗan adam a lokacin juyin halitta a matsayin nau'in "siginar jima'i" wanda ke ba da damar ma'aurata damar yin hukunci game da lafiyar haihuwa. Miller ya bayyana ilimin kimiyyar juyin halitta a matsayin wurin farawa don ƙarin bincike: “Kwararren ilimin ƙwaƙwalwa na iya ƙoƙarin gano abubuwan da suka dace da zawarcinsu a cikin kwakwalwa. Mafi mahimmanci, muna buƙatar mafi kyawun abubuwan lura game da zawarcin ɗan adam ta zahiri, gami da abubuwan da za a iya aunawa na zawarcin da ke yin tasiri ga zaɓin abokin aure, sakamakon haihuwa (ko aƙalla jima'i) sakamakon bambancin mutum a waɗannan bangarorin, da hanyoyin fahimtar zamantakewa da tunani. na soyayya." Tun a zamanin Darwin aka yi irin wannan hasashe game da sauye-sauyen sha'awar ɗan adam a cikin kiɗa kuma a matsayin tsarin sigina mai yuwuwa don jawowa da yin la'akari da dacewar abokan zama. An ba da shawarar cewa ƙarfin ɗan adam don samun ƙauna ya samo asali ne a matsayin wata alama ga abokan aure da za su iya cewa abokin tarayya zai kasance iyaye nagari kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen yada kwayoyin halitta zuwa al'ummomi masu zuwa. Masanin ilimin halitta Jeremy Griffith ya bayyana soyayya a matsayin 'rashin son kai mara sharadi', yana ba da shawarar ilhami na haɗin kai da aka samu a cikin kakan ɗan adam na zamani, Australopithecus Nazarin bonobos (babban biri a baya ana magana da shi a matsayin pygmy chimpanzee akai-akai don tallafawa abubuwan haɗin gwiwa a baya a cikin mutane. Bode da Kushnick sun gudanar da cikakken nazari game da soyayyar soyayya ta hanyar nazarin halittu a cikin 2021. Sun yi la'akari da ilimin halin ɗan adam na soyayyar soyayya, tsarin sa, ci gaba a tsawon rayuwa, ayyuka, da tarihin juyin halitta. Dangane da abin da ke cikin wancan bita, sun ba da shawarar ma'anar rayuwa ta soyayya ta soyayya: Ilimin zamantakewa An haɓaka hanyoyin zamantakewa na zamantakewa don bayyana soyayya don taimakawa ƙarin bayani game da abubuwan da ke tattare da soyayya. Daya daga cikin fitattun ra'ayoyin da suka shafi soyayya Robert J. Sternberg ne ya gabatar da shi wanda aka fi sani da Ka'idar soyayya ta Triangular An gabatar da shi a cikin wannan ka'idar, soyayya tana bin motsi mai kusurwa uku, yana gudana tare da haɗuwa na matakai daban-daban a cikin bangarori uku na triangle. Bangarorin guda uku su ne Ƙaunar Zumunci, Ƙaunar Zuciya, da Ƙulla. A cikin waɗannan ɓangarori uku na triangle, haɗuwa tsakanin biyu na iya haifar da wasu nau'ikan soyayya da ƙauna. Misali, Zumunci da Sha'awa yana haifar da soyayyar soyayya yayin da zumunci da sadaukarwa ke haifar da soyayya mai tausayi. Adadin adadin soyayyar da aka saka an bayyana shi ta girman girman da kuma gaba ɗaya nau'in triangle. Ka'idojin triangular ba kawai sun shafi dangantakar mutum ta yanzu ba, ana iya nufin su don bayyana ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni sha'awar sadaukarwa a cikin triangle mara daidaituwa, ko ma ƙayyade alwatika na soyayya don fifikon dangantaka Neurochemistry Ra'ayi na al'ada a ilmin halitta shine cewa akwai manyan abubuwan motsa jiki guda uku cikin soyayya libido, abin da aka makala, da fifikon abokin tarayya Na farko neurochemicals neurotransmitters, jima'i hormones, da neuropeptides da ke mulkin wadannan tafiyarwa su ne testosterone, estrogen, dopamine, oxytocin, da kuma vasopressin Hanyoyin dopamine na tsakiya suna daidaita halayyar fifikon abokin tarayya, yayin da vasopressin a cikin pallidum na ventral da oxytocin a cikin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙananan hypothalamic tsakiya na tsakiya suna daidaita fifikon abokin tarayya da halayen haɗin kai. Yin jima'i yana canzawa da farko ta hanyar aiki a cikin hanyar mesolimbic dopamine yankin ventral tegmental da tsakiya accumbens Trace amines (misali, phenethylamine da tyramine suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita ayyukan neuronal a cikin hanyoyin dopaminergic na tsarin juyayi na tsakiya Testosterone da estrogen suna ba da gudummawa ga waɗannan abubuwan motsa jiki ta hanyar daidaita ayyukan a cikin hanyoyin dopamine. Isassun matakan ƙwayoyin testosterone suna da mahimmanci ga halayen jima'i na mutum da na mace. Norepinephrine da serotonin suna da ƙarancin mahimmanci, suna ba da gudummawa ta hanyar tasirin neuromodulatory akan dopamine da sakin oxytocin a wasu hanyoyi. Sinadaran da suka jawo waɗanda ke da alhakin soyayya mai daɗi da ƙauna na dogon lokaci da alama sun fi dacewa da ayyukan da mutane biyu ke shiga a ciki maimakon yanayin takamaiman mutanen da abin ya shafa. Mutanen da suka fada cikin soyayya kwanan nan suna nuna matakan cortisol mafi girma. Matsayin tsarin limbic James Papez ne ya fara bayanin rawar tsarin limbic a cikin motsin rai a cikin 1937 a cikin takardarsa mai taken "Hanyar da aka ba da shawarar." Ana kiran samfurin da kewayen Papez. Da'irar Papez ta nuna kasancewar hanyoyin neuronal tsakanin tsarin vestibular da tsarin limbic. Na'urar vestibular tana cikin kunnen ciki wannan na'urar tana daidaita daidaiton jiki da motsi. wannan yana buƙatar sadarwar neuronal mai yawa. Ƙarfafawar vestibular na iya haifar da canje-canje a yanayi da motsin rai. Ƙarfafawar vestibular ta hanyar rinjayar hypothalamus na iya yin tasiri ga motsin rai ko dai da kansa ko a matsayin wani ɓangare na cibiyoyin sadarwa na gabaɗaya. Waɗannan motsin rai na iya haɗawa da matsananciyar wuce gona da iri, asarar tuƙi motsa jiki, yawan ci da sha, da fushi da ɗabi'a na tashin hankali. Nazarin ya nuna Soyayyar Soyayya tana amfani da lada da tsarin ƙarfafawa don mai da hankali kan takamaiman mutum. Yankunan limbic cortical suna aiwatar da abubuwan motsin rai. A cikin Babban Ka'idar Ƙauna malaman farfesa guda uku daga UCSF sun ba da cikakken bayani game da ka'idodin kimiyya da binciken da suka danganci rawar da tsarin limbic a cikin soyayya, haɗin kai da zamantakewa. Suna ci gaba da hasashe cewa tsarin jijiyoyinmu ba su da kashin kansu, amma a zahiri sun dace da na kusa da mu da waɗanda muka fi kusanci da su. Wannan tausayi, wanda suke kira limbic resonance, shine damar da muke rabawa, tare da halayen halayen halayen limbic na kwakwalwa, tare da duk sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa. Ayyukansu sun gina a kan nazarin da suka gabata na mahimmancin hulɗar jiki da ƙauna a cikin ci gaban zamantakewa da fahimta, irin su gwaje-gwajen da Harry Harlow ya yi a kan birai rhesus, wanda ya fara kafa sakamakon nazarin halittu na kadaici.

32639

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%27adun%20Ghana

Al'adun Ghana

Ghana ƙasa ce mai mutane miliyan 28.21 da ƙungiyoyin asali da yawa, kamar: Akans a tsakiya da Kudancin kasar Ga da Adangbe da ke kewaye da Gabashin Accra Mutanen Guan a cikin dajin ruwan sama Dagombas, Mamprusi da sauran al'ummar Arewa Harsunan Gurunsi da ke magana da al'ummomin yankin Arewa mai nisa Gonjas dake yankin Arewa Turanci shine harshen hukuma, amma Twi na asali na Ashantis, yaren Fante, Frafra, Dangme, Ga, Dagbani, Mampruli, Gonja da Ewe suma suna da matsayi na hukuma kuma ana koyar da su a makarantu a matsayin yarukan ƴan asalin (na gida) a yankuna daban-daban. inda suka fi yawa. Mutanen Akans Mutanen Akan suna zaune a Akanland, kuma suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomin mata a yammacin Afirka. Tsarin matrilineal na Akan ya ci gaba da kasancewa da mahimmancin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Kowace zuriya ta mallaki ƙasar da membobinta suke noma, tana aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar addini don girmama kakanni, suna kula da auratayya, da sasanta rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin membobinta. Sarakunan Akan, waɗanda a da suka yi suna don ƙawa da dukiyarsu, sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin masu daraja bayan mulkin mallaka. Bikin sarakunan Akan yana rayuwa a cikin al'adar Golden Stool. Ana lura da Akan don gwanintarsu a nau'ikan sana'a da yawa, musamman saƙa, sassaƙan itace, yumbu, ƴan tsana na haihuwa, ƙarfe da kente). Tufafin kente na al'ada ana saƙa a waje, na musamman na maza, a cikin rikitattun alamu na haske, kunkuntar tsiri. Kera sana'o'in Akan da yawa an iyakance ga ƙwararrun maza. Yin tukwane ita kaɗai ce sana'a wacce ta farko aikin mata ne; Maza yawanci ke yin tukwane ko bututu masu nuna siffofi na anthropomorphic ko zoomorphic. Ƙungiyoyin Akan daban-daban suna magana da yare daban-daban na harshen Akan, harshe mai yawan karin magana, kuma amfani da karin magana alama ce ta hikima. Har ila yau, furucin ya zama ruwan dare, musamman game da abubuwan da suka shafi mutuwa. 'Yan Akan da ke bakin teku su ne na farko da suka fara hulda da Turawa a lokacin "Scramble for Africa". Sakamakon wannan doguwar haɗin gwiwa, waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun rungumi al'adun Biritaniya da harshe. Misali, ya zama al'ada a tsakanin waɗannan mutane yin amfani da sunayen sunayen Birtaniyya. Akans na bakin teku suna zama mafi yawa a Yankin Tsakiya da Yankin Yammacin Akanland. Ga-Adangbe Mutanen Ga-Adangbe ko kuma kawai Ga mutanen (mai suna ga yaren kakanni na gama-gari na Ga-Adangbe) suna zaune a yankin Greater Accra. Ga-Adangde suna da yaruka daban-daban amma gama-gari, Ga, Krobo, Sh3, Osudoko, Shai, Gbugblaa, da Ada, Ningo in ambaci kaɗan. Kabilar Adangbe suna zaune a filin gabas, yayin da kungiyoyin Ga suka mamaye yammacin gabar tekun Accra. Dukansu harsunan sun samo asali ne daga tushen harshe na gama-gari, kuma harsunan Ga da Adangbe na zamani suna kama da su a yau. Duk da shaidar archaeological da ke nuna cewa masu magana da hotuna-Ga-Adangbe sun dogara da noman gero da dawa, Ga-Adangbe na zamani suna zaune ne a cikin al’ummomin da ake kamun kifi a da, kuma fiye da kashi 75 na Ga-Adangbe suna zaune ne a cikin birane. Kasancewar manyan cibiyoyi na masana'antu da kasuwanci da na gwamnati a cikin birni da garuruwa da kuma karuwar ƙaura da sauran jama'a ke yi a yankin, bai hana al'ummar Ga kiyaye al'adun gargajiyar su ba, duk da cewa Twi wata muhimmiyar ƙaura ce. harshe a kasashensu. A sakamakon haka, suna da ƙarfi Dagomba Dagomba suna magana da yaren Dagbani kuma suna zaune a cikin Masarautar Dagbon. Masarautar ita ce ta farko a Ghana. Tsawon shekaru aru-aru, yankin da al'ummar Dagomba ke zaune, ya kasance wurin da jama'a ke ci gaba da yin mamaya, da fadada kasuwanci, da kasuwancin arewa-maso-kudu da gabas-maso-yamma. Kalmomi da dama daga Larabci da Hausa da Dyula ana ganinsu a yaren Dagbani, saboda muhimmancin cinikayyar sahara da kasuwancin yammacin Afirka da kuma tasirin tarihi da addinin Musulunci ya yi a yankin. Ewé Mutanen Ewe sun mamaye kudu maso gabashin Ghana da wasu sassa na makwabciyarta Togo da Benin. Ewe na bin tsarin kakanni ne, ma'ana cewa wanda ya kafa al'umma ya zama sarki kuma dangin ubansa ne suka gaje shi. An tsara addinin Ewe a kusa da mahalicci ko allah, Mawu, da wasu alloli fiye da 600. Ewe sun fi karkata a al'ada ta fuskar addini da imani. Yawancin bukukuwa da bukukuwan ƙauye suna yin su don girmama gumaka ɗaya ko fiye. Ewe Coastal ya dogara da cinikin kamun kifi, yayin da Ewe na cikin ƙasa galibi manoma ne kuma suna kiwon dabbobi. Bambance-bambancen gida na ayyukan tattalin arziki sun haifar da ƙwararrun sana'a. Har ila yau, Ewe yana saƙa zanen kente, sau da yawa a cikin sifofin geometric da ƙira na alama waɗanda aka yi amfani da su tun shekaru da yawa. Matsayi da matsayin mata Mata a al'umma kafin zamani ana ganin su a matsayin masu ɗaukar yara, masu sayar da kifi, da manoma. A al'adance, ana ganin iyawar mata ta haihu a matsayin hanyar da za a sake haifuwar kakanni na zuriya. A zamanin mulkin mallaka, auren mata fiye da daya yakan samu kwarin gwiwa, musamman ma masu hannu da shuni. A cikin al'ummar uba, ana kallon sadakin da ake samu daga aurar da 'ya'ya mata a al'adance a matsayin amincewa ga iyaye don tarbiyyar 'ya'yansu mata da kyau. A cikin ma'auratan da suka gabata na shekarun da suka gabata, matsayin jinsin mata ya sami ci gaba sosai. Matan Ghana a yanzu sun kai kashi 43.1% na masu aiki a Ghana. Mata sun hau kan manyan shugabannin siyasa, sana’a, kasuwanci, da sauran sassa. Fitattun mutane na siyasa sun haɗa da Joyce Bamford-Addo (Shugaban Zama na 5 na Majalisar), Georgina Theodora Wood (Babban Shari'a) da kuma masu rike da mukaman siyasa da yawa a baya da na yanzu. Bikin Mutanen Ashanti da sarakunan Ashanti ne suke gudanar da bikin Akwasidae (madaidaicin, Akwasiadae) da kuma al'ummar Ashanti. Ana yin bikin ne a ranar Lahadi, sau ɗaya a kowane mako shida. Panafest na murna da tushen, kuma Amurkawa-Amurka masu tushe daga yankin, sukan ziyarci kuma suna bikin al'adun su. Ana gudanar da bikin Doyan na Ashanti na kwanaki biyar daga ranar Talata, kamar yadda babban firist na yankin ya umarta. Yana nuna farkon girbin doya a lokacin kaka, bayan damina. Wannan biki yana da ma'ana ta addini da tattalin arziki. A addinance, ana amfani da bikin ne don gode wa alloli da kakanni saboda sabon girbi da kuma al'adar waje da sabon doya. Al'ummar Dagbon da sauran kabilun kasar Ghana ne suka gudanar da bikin Damba. A yayin wannan biki, an sha baje kolin kayan shaye-shaye na Ghana da sauran rigunan gargajiya. Har ila yau, ana gudanar da bikin Wuta ne a watan farko na kalandar Dagomba. Ana gudanar da wannan biki ne da daddare, kuma ya hada da jerin gwanon wuta da buge-buge da raye-rayen wakokin yaki. A lokacin da aka fara girbin dawa na farko, mutanen garin Dagbon suna gudanar da bukin bayyana bukin dawa. Kiɗa Akwai nau'ikan kiɗan iri uku: kiɗan kabilanci ko na gargajiya, waɗanda aka saba yin su a lokacin bukukuwa da kuma lokacin jana'iza; kiɗan "highlife", wanda ke haɗakar da kiɗan gargajiya da na 'shigo'; da kade-kade da wake-wake, wadanda ake yin su a dakunan wake-wake, coci-coci, makarantu, da kwalejoji.° Rawa Kowace kabila tana da nasu raye-rayen gargajiya, tare da takamaimai raye-raye na lokuta daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan raye-rayen na musamman ana yin su ne don jana'izar, bukukuwa, ba da labari, yabo da bauta. Akwai raye-raye daban-daban a kasar Ghana da yankuna goma a fadin kasar ke gudanar da su, galibi a lokutan bukukuwa da bukukuwa kamar jana'iza, bukukuwan aure da sauransu. These dances are performed to entertain and educate people.( e.g. The 'Gome' dance, as performed by the Gas of the Greater Accra region of Ghana during the Homowo festival in August). Other dances in Ghana includes kpalongo performed by the Gas, Agbadza by the Ewes, Adowa by the Akans, Bambaya by the Northeners, Patsa by the Ga-Adangbes, and many others. There are many dances that have originated from Ghana and their ethnic groups. Kwastam Ana zuba jana'iza da liyafa. Ana aiwatar da lokacin Afirka. Ba a maganar jima'i a Ghana. Kasancewar Hannun Hagu yana jin haushi. Camfi Imani na sihiri yana da ƙarfi. Ikklisiyoyi na Ghana sun fito fili suna haɓaka ra'ayin cewa cututtuka da bala'i na iya haifar da ƙarfin allahntaka. Camfi yana da ƙarfi sosai matan da ake zargi da maita ana kora su zuwa sansanonin matsafa. Addini Ghana kasa ce mai yawan addini inda annabawan bishara suka shahara sosai. Abinci Abincin yana da jita-jita na gargajiya iri-iri daga kowace kabila. Gabaɗaya, yawancin jita-jita sun ƙunshi ɓangaren sitaci, da miya ko miya, tare da kifi, katantanwa, nama ko namomin kaza. Wasanni Ƙwallon ƙafar ƙungiyoyi shine wasanni mafi shahara a ƙasar. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta maza ta kasa ana kiranta da Black Stars, tare da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da ake kira Black Satellites. Kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ana kiranta da Black Starlets, yayin da kungiyar maza ta Olympics ake kiranta da Black Meteors. Sun halarci gasa da dama da suka hada da gasar cin kofin Afrika, da gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA da kuma na FIFA U-20. A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2009, Ghana ta zama kasa ta farko a Afirka da ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta FIFA bayan ta doke Brazil da ci 4-3 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A ranar 13 ga watan Yunin 2010, Ghana ta doke Serbia da ci 1-0 a wasan zagaye na farko a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 ta zama tawaga ta farko a Afirka da ta taba lashe gasar cin kofin duniya da aka shirya a kasar Afirka, sannan ta zama tawaga daya tilo daga Afirka da ta tsallake zuwa rukunin. mataki zuwa buga fitar lokaci a taron 2010. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2010 Ghana ta lallasa Amurka da ci 2 da 1 a wasan zagaye na 16 da suka yi, inda ta zama kasa ta uku a Afirka da ta kai matakin daf da na kusa da karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya bayan Kamaru a 1990 da Senegal a 2002. Rashin nasara a hannun Uruguay Johannesburg a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2010 da bugun fanariti ya kawo karshen yunkurin Ghana na kaiwa wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar. Yayin da wasan kwallon kafa na maza ya fi bibiyar wasanni a Ghana, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta kasa na kara fitowa fili, inda ta shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA da kuma na CAF na mata. Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Ghana ana kiranta da Black Queens, yayin da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 ta Ghana ake kira Black Princesses. Akwai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da dama a Ghana, wadanda ke buga gasar firimiya ta Ghana da kuma na rukuni na daya, wadanda hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ke gudanarwa. Sanannu a cikin waɗannan akwai Accra Hearts of Oak SC da Asante Kotoko, waɗanda ke taka leda a matakin firimiya kuma su ne kan gaba a gasar. Fitattun ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa da aka sansu a matakin kasa da kasa sun hada da Tony Yeboah, Michael Essien, Kevin-Prince Boateng, Emmanuel Agyemang-Badu, Abedi Pele, Asamoah Gyan, Anthony Annan, Quincy Owusu-Abeyie, John Pantsil, Samuel Osei Kuffour, Richard Kingson, Sulley Muntari, Laryea Kingston, Stephen Appiah, André Ayew, John Mensah da Dominic Adiyiah. Ghana kuma ita ce mahaifar Wrestling Entertainment Kofi Kingston (an haife shi Kofi Sarkodie-Mensah), wanda ke kokawa akan alamar Smackdown. Haka kuma Kwame Nkrumah-Acheampong wanda ya fafata a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi na Vancouver. Haka kuma an samar da ’yan dambe masu inganci irin su Azumah Nelson ta zama zakaran duniya sau uku, Nana Yaw Konadu shi ma zakaran duniya sau uku, Ike Quartey, da kuma dan dambe Joshua Clottey da zakaran IBF na bantamweight Joseph Agbeko.

50564

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Raya%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu

Bankin Raya Raya Kudancin Afirka DBSA cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce ta gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu gaba daya. Bankin yana da niyyar "hanzarta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai dorewa a cikin kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC) ta hanyar sanya jarin kudi da ba na kudi ba a bangarorin samar da ababen more rayuwa da tattalin arziki Tarihi, umarni da hangen nesa Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu bankin ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya bayyana ainihin manufarsa ita ce inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban, inganta rayuwar mutane da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa, kuɗi da ci gaba. Dokar DBSA ta mayar da hankali kan manufofin bankunan don taka rawar gani wajen isar da ababen more rayuwa a Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen Afirka. Aikin Bankin ya mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin makamashi, ruwa, sufuri da kuma harkokin sadarwa, tare da mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya da ilimi DBSA tana da hannu sosai a cikin dukkan matakai na sarkar darajar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a shirye-shiryen ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, ba da tallafin ayyuka gami da aiwatar da ababen more rayuwa da bayarwa. Ƙarshen hangen nesa na DBSA shine a cimma wani yanki mai wadata da haɗin kai mai amfani da albarkatu, ci gaba ba tare da talauci da dogaro ba. Ta hanyar haɓaka ababen more rayuwa, Bankin yana ƙoƙarin ba da gudummawa ga hanyoyin rayuwar jama'a da tattalin arziki. Hakanan yana haɓaka amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu mai dorewa Haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa shine mabuɗin a cikin ajandar ci gaban Afirka kuma DBSA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa wannan manufa. Misali tana shiga cikin shirye-shirye kamar su Shirin Samar da Wutar Lantarki mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka ta Kudu (REIPPPP) da Shirin Ayyukan Ci gaban Kayayyakin Gida a Afirka (PIDA). Haɗin gwiwa shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga DBSA kuma Bankin ya kafa wasu manyan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyi na duniya da na yanki kamar Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IDFC), Cibiyar Albarkatun Kuɗi ta SADC (DFRC), Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Ci Gaban Afirka (AADFI) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (SDIP). Bankin yana da hannu sosai wajen sarrafawa da aiwatar da kudaden da ke tallafawa shirye-shirye da bunkasa ayyukan haɗin gwiwar yanki. Yana yin haka ne a madadin abokan tarayya na ƙasa da ƙasa. Misalan waɗannan sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan SADC (PPDF) da Shirin Zuba Jari na Afirka ta Kudu (IIPSA), wanda DBSA ke gudanarwa a madadin Tarayyar Turai DBSA tana samun jagoranci ta hanyar manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, yanki da na gida, yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyoyin cika aikinta. Yana biyan maƙasudai da maƙasudai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Canza Duniyar mu: Tsarin 2030 don Ci gaba mai dorewa, an yarda da shi ga Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya da Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, kuma daidai da COP21, yana goyan bayan ƙirƙira kasuwanci da isarwa. sikelin zuwa tattalin arzikin kore mai tasowa. Ayyuka DBSA tana tallafawa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu wajen yin amfani da ƙwarewa da iyawa don haɓaka aiwatar da shirye-shiryen samar da ababen more rayuwa a muhimman sassa na ilimi, kiwon lafiya da gidaje, da kuma shirye-shiryen samar da ababen more rayuwa na birni daban-daban. DBSA ta kasance tare da Faransa DFI, AFD tun 1994. Kamfanoni na gari DBSA tana ba da tallafi na tsare-tsare, kudade da aiwatarwa ga ƙananan hukumomi a sassan da suka haɗa da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki, hanyoyi da gidaje. Shirye-shiryen gunduma da ke tallafawa sun haɗa da Tshwane Rapid Transit da ba da kuɗin tallafin ƙauyen ɗaliban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban (DUT). Kayayyakin Tattalin Arziki Tattalin Arziki ko ƙaƙƙarfan ababen more rayuwa duk ababen more rayuwa ne da suka wajaba don tafiyar da al'ummar masana'antu na zamani. DBSA na da niyya don magance iya aiki da matsalolin ƙullun don haɓaka yuwuwar haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar tallafawa sassa masu zuwa: Ruwa mai yawa Sufuri/hanyoyi Ƙarfi/makamashi Sadarwa Man fetur (mai gas) Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da! Ka Xu Mai Tattaunawar Wutar Lantarki na Solar Kayayyakin zamantakewa Kayan aiki na zamantakewa ko mai laushi duk cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don kula da yanayin tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, al'adu da zamantakewar al-umma ko yanki. DBSA tana da niyyar magance matsalolin da suka faru da kuma hanzarta isar da muhimman ayyukan zamantakewa don tallafawa yanayin rayuwa mai ɗorewa da inganta ingancin rayuwa a cikin al'ummomi ta hanyar tallafa wa tsarawa, tallafawar kuɗi da tallafin aiwatarwa ga ayyukan ababen more rayuwa wadanda ba na gari ba ciki har da: Ilimi mafi girma masaukin dalibi Tallafin aiwatar da ayyuka don ginawa da kula da gidaje, makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren gaggawa da kulawa a wuraren kiwon lafiya a Limpopo, a Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP) da Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamarwa Makarantu. Nassoshi Bankuna Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

36536

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebute%20Metta

Ebute Metta

Ebute Metta wata unguwa ce a cikin babban yankin Legas, a jihar Legas, Najeriya. Tarihi Ebute Metta sananne ne don samarwa da sayar da abinci da tufafi na gida. Wani tsohon yanki ne na jihar Legas, yawancin gidajensa an gina su ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka ta hanyar amfani da gine-ginen Brazil. Tarihin Mulkin Mallaka Ebute Metta wani yanki ne na masarautar Awori na Otto. Babban birninta yana Otto ne daf da Iddo akan hanyar zuwa tsibirin Legas. Ebute Metta na nufin "Harbor uku" a cikin harshen Yarbanci. Wannan ya kasance dangane da Iddo, Otto da Oyingbo. A zamanin da sarki Oba Oloto na Otto ne ke kula da wadannan tashoshin jiragen ruwa kuma ya sa jami’ansa suna karbar haraji daga jiragen da ke kawo kaya zuwa Legas ta hanyarsu. Ago Egba A shekarar 1867, an kuma yi takun saka tsakanin mabiya addinin kirista da mabiya addinin gargajiya a Abeokuta da ke daf da yin dusar kankara a rikicin addini. A jajibirin fitowar wasu ’yan mishan na Turawa daga Abeokuta, Kiristocin da suka tuba–saboda tsoron kada manyan ‘yan gargajiya su sauka a kansu in babu masu kare su daga Turawa suka roki Turawa su tafi da su Legas. Da isar mulkin mallaka sai Turawa ‘yan mishan suka je wurin Sarkin Legas domin su nemi ya ba wa Kiristocin Egba fili daga Abeokuta. Da yake mayar da martani, Sarkin ya ce tsibirin Legas ya riga ya cika, kuma ba zai iya ba da ‘yan kabilar Egba kadan da filin da ake da su. A maimakon haka ya ba da shawarar cewa Gwamnan Mulkin Mallaka, John Hawley Glover, ya tuntuɓi ɗan uwansa Oba, Oloto, wanda yankinsa ke kusa da tafkin. Gwamna Glover ya tunkari Oloto, inda ya amince ya baiwa Egbas fili mai yawa daga Oyingbo (Coates Street) zuwa wani wuri daf da fara filayen Yaba (Glover Street, inda daga baya aka gina LSDPC Estate kimanin shekaru 130). Wadannan Kiristocin Egba- wadanda wasunsu Saros da Amaros ne- sai suka kafa wata al'umma wadda suka kira Ago Egba, Yarbawa "Egba Camp". Sun gina majami'arsu, cocin St. Jude, makarantu don koyar da 'ya'yansu, da harkokin kasuwanci, kuma sun raba ƙasar zuwa tituna waɗanda asalin sunan turawa na mishan da jami'an mulkin mallaka. An kuma sanya wa titunan sunan wasu daga cikin sarakunan Egba kamar Oloye Osholake. Ta haka ne aka sami titin Denton (tun da aka sake masa suna Murtala Muhammad Way), titin Griffith, titin Freeman, titin King George V (tun da aka sake masa suna Herbert Macaulay Street), titin Cemetery, titin Bola, titin Osholake, titin Tapa da titin Okobaba. Mutanen Egba sun ci gaba da kafa ma'aikatan gwamnati na farko a Najeriya. Bayan hadewar 1914 da gina layin dogo, Ebute Metta ta zama wata kyakkyawar makoma ga mutane da yawa da ke zuwa daga can baya zuwa Legas, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu ba su iya samun matsuguni a tsibirin (wanda aka kebe don Turawa da manyan 'yan Najeriya kawai). Al’ummar Ago Egba da ke Ebute Metta sun gina babban dakin taro na Lisabi da aka kafa a shekarar 1938, inda zuriyarsu ta uku suka zama injiniyoyi da masu fasaha da masu kula da tashoshin jiragen kasa na kamfanin jiragen kasa na Najeriya da tashoshi da ofisoshi a kusa. Gine-gine Ebute Metta yana da manyan gine-gine da dama da suka haɗa da hedkwatar hukumar jiragen kasa ta Najeriya, ofishin gidan waya, cocin Katolika na St. Paul, kasuwar Oyingbo, babbar tashar mota, makarantar Sakandare ta Foucos (makarantar da tsohuwar ministar ilimi ta gina), St. Saviour's School, Junior Strides Academy, Ajayi Memorial Hospital, Ijero Baptist Church Nursery and Primary School, Ebute Metta Health Centre, Federal Medical Center Ebute Metta, da shaguna iri iri. An raba Ebute Metta zuwa manyan yankuna biyu: Ebute Metta Gabas da Ebute Metta West. Sufuri Ebute Metta babbar hanya ce ta shiga babban yankin Legas da manyan tsibiran Victoria da Ikoyi da Legas Island. Babbar hanyar sadarwa ta gadar sama da hanyoyin shiga ta haɗu da waɗannan sassa daban-daban na Legas a cikin yankin Iddo. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

22188

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda%20Renner

Magda Renner

Magda Elisabeth Nygaard Renner (da aka sani da Magda Renner Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul; an haife ta a shekara ta 1926 ta mutu a ranar 11 ga watan Octoban shekara ta 2016) yar asalin Brazil ce, mai fafutukar kare muhalli, da kuma ilmin yanayin kasa. Magda Renner ta fara aikinta na kiyaye muhalli tare da haɗin gwiwar "Ação Democrática Feminina Gaúcha" (ADFG) a shekarar 1964, tare da takwararta mai kula da muhalli Giselda Castro. Bayan halartar wani taro mai taken "The hudu ka'idodi na da lafiyar qasa" ta muhalli José Lutzenberger a Association of Agronomists a shekara ta 1972, Renner aka kara yi wahayi zuwa ga tafiyar da muhalli haddasawa. Asali an kirkireshi azaman motsi "na mata don mata", ADFG daga baya ya zama "Núcleo Amigos da Terra Brasil" (NAT Brasil), kungiyar farar hula wacce take da sha'awar jama'a da kuma aka sadaukar domin kare muhalli, ci gaba mai dorewa da adalci na zamantakewar NAT Brasil ya shiga cikin Abokan Duniya na Duniya a shekara ta 1983. Wasu daga cikin mahimman wuraren aikinta sun haɗa da gwagwarmaya don al'ummu masu ɗorewa, tare da kariya ga yankunan bakin teku ruwaye, yanayi da gandun daji Kamfen din Renner ya mai da hankali kan amfani da sakamakon haka kuma samar da datti da sake sarrafa shi a matakin gida. Ayyukanta sun hada da yakar jan ruwan da ya fada tekun Rio Grande do Sul a cikin shekara ta 1970 sakamakon nutsewar wani jirgin ruwa dauke da sinadarai masu guba a gabar Uruguay; bayan takaddama game da wannan taron, sunan ADFG koyaushe yana da alaƙa da yaƙi da magungunan ƙwari. Renner yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa cibiyar sadarwar ƙasa da ƙasa game da cin zarafin magungunan ƙwari, Cibiyar Kula da Magungunan Magunguna (PAN), kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin wakilinta a gaban Hukumar Aikin Gona ta Majalisar Dokokin Amurka a shekarar 1985. Renner ya kuma yi kamfen kan adawa da binne sharar daga Porto Alegre a tsibirin Kogin Guaíba Aikinta a can da kuma karin martabar sunanta, tare da yakin neman zabe da wasu kungiyoyin kare muhalli suka yi, ya haifar da kirkirar Banhados do Delta Biological Reserve Renner ta koyi inganta sakonninta ta hanyar wayar salula, kananan takardu akan tituna, da jaridu a wajan ginshikan zamantakewar, tare da tallafin dangin ta. A cikin 1974, aikin Renner ya ba ta lambar yabo ta coabi'a a cikin byabi'ar Jarida ta Brazil Zero Hora A cikin 1980s, ta gudanar da Zanga-zanga a kan matsalolin da suka samo asali daga shigar da unungiyar Triunfo Petrochemical Complex, wanda ya ƙare har ya taimaka wa rukunin kamfanoni su zama abin misali na alhakin muhalli Shiga cikin Renner tare da ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli na duniya ya fara ne tare da gayyatar zuwa Amurka ta Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Rio Grande do Sul, inda ta fara haɗuwa da Abokan Duniya, kuma bayan haka ne aka gayyaci ADFG don zama ɓangare na Abokai na Duniya na Duniya. Bayan hadewar ne ADFG ya baiwa maza damar shiga. Rikicin Renner game da muhalli ya yanke hukunci yayin tsara Tsarin Mulki na 1988. An gayyace ta da shiga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta kasa da zarar an kafa ta, amma ta ki; An sake gayyatar Renner lokacin da José Lutzenberger yake Ministan Muhalli, kuma ta karɓa. A wannan lokacin, Magda Renner ta halarci wakiliyar Brazil a cikin kwamitin masu zaman kansu na Bankin Duniya don Sake Gyara da Ci Gaban A shekara ta 2012 majalisar dokoki ta Rio Grande do Sul, bisa kudirin 'yar majalisa Marisa Formolo, sun kirkiro "Kyautar Hilda Zimmermann, Giselda Castro da Magda Renner Ecology Pioneers Award" wanda ke nuna matakan kare muhalli. A cewar Formolo, 'sunan kyautar wata hanya ce ta girmamawa ga mata wadanda koyaushe ke da matsalar kula da muhalli. Har ila yau, muna son girmamawa ga waɗannan manyan jarumawan uku na ɗabi'ar muhalli, waɗanda a cikin mawuyacin lokaci suka ɗauki matakan kare muhalli Idan aka dauki wani mutum mai kwarjini da iya magana, Renner ya zama daya daga cikin masu kyan gani game da muhalli a cikin jihar. Tatsuniyarta da ta Giselda Castro, an ruwaito ta cikin shirin Substantivo Feminino ta ɗan jarida Daniela Sallet, tare da shaidu daga masu fafutuka na Brazil da baƙi. Ta auri ɗan kasuwa Otto Renner, ɗan AJ Renner, ɗayan manyan entreprenean kasuwa a Rio Grande do Sul. Tare da mijinta tana da yara Telma, Felicitas, Cristiano da Mathias. Ta mutu a shekara ta 2016 saboda cutar Alzheimer, wacce aka gano shekaru 13 da suka gabata. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Nucleo Amigos da Terra Brazil Muhalli Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

2716

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar%20Nobel

Kyautar Nobel

Da farko dai masanin nan dan kasar Sweden mai suna Alfred Nobel wanda ya kirkiri nakiya mai fashewa ta farko shi ne wanda ya kirkiri wannan kyauta ta Nobel da ta ke dauke da sunansa. An haifi Alfred Nobel ne a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 1833 a birnin Stockholm, babban birnin kasar Sweden. Tarihi Wannan kyauta da kuma dalilin kirkiro ta a nan muna iya cewa sakamakon kirkiro wannan nakiya mai fashewa da wannan masani ya yi da kuma irin barnar da take yi sakamakon amfani da ita ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a lokacin yaki wajen kashe mutane saboda haka kafin mutuwarsa sai ya rubuta wata wasiyya wacce ya sanya mata hannu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamban shekarata 1895 inda a cikin wani bangare na wasiyyar ya bayyana cewar yana so a kowace shekara idan an sami wani mutum guda wanda ya yi wani kwazo a fagen ci gaban bil'adama a bashi kyauta daga dukiyar da ya mutu ya bari. To wannan shi ne dalilin kirkiro wannan kyauta da kuma tarihin yadda aka samo ta. An fara ba da wannan kyautar ne a shekarar 1901 kimanin shekaru biyar bayan mutuwarsa, don ya rasu ne a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba 1896 a fagagen ilimin kimiyya da adabi da Zaman Lafiya da sauran fagage irin su tattalin arziki wadanda aka shigo da shi a 1968. Cibiyar Nobel din tana da wani kwamiti a kasar Sweden wanda shi ne ya ke zama tun a farkon shekara don ya tara sunayen mutanen da suka cancanci kyautar ta wannan shekarar sannan kuma ya zabi wadanda suka dace a cikinsu wadanda ake sanar da sunayensu a cikin watan Oktoba, duk da cewa kwamitin kyautar Nobel ta zaman lafiya yana kasar Norway ne karkashin majalisar kasar. Har ila yau a cikin wasiyyar tasa Alfred Nobel ya bukaci a kasa wannan kyauta da za a dinga bayarwa din kashi biyar, wato ga wadanda suka fi samun ci gaba a bangaren physics da bangaren kimiyya da bangaren ilmin halittar jikin dan Adam da ilmin aikin likita da bangaren ayyukan adabi da kuma ga wadanda suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da fahimtar juna tsakanin kasashe, tabbatar da zaman lafiya da kuma yin watsi da yaki da amfani da karfi. A saboda haka ne aka raba kyautar kamar yadda muka yi bayani a sama, duk da cewa daga baya an shigo da bangaren tattalin arziki na kyautar. To wannan dangane da tambayoyi biyu na farko na tambayar taki kenan Malama Hajara Abubakar. To Malama Hajara idan kuma muka koma ga bangare na uku na tambayar ta ki da kike son sanin yadda ake gudanar da zaben wadanda suka cancanci wannan kyauta kuwa, to a nan muna iya cewa hanyar da ake bi wajen zaben wadanda suka ci kyautar nan ta Nobel ita ce, cibiyar nazarin ilmin kimiyya ta gidan sarautar kasar Sweden karkashin wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar ita ce take kula da zaben wadanda suka cancanci samun kyautar Nobel a bangaren Physics da chemistry da kuma ilmin tattalin arziki. Dangane da kyautar adabi kuwa cibiyar nazarin adabi ta kasar Sweden karkashin wani kwamiti mai membobi hudu zuwa biyar ita ce take da nauyin zaben wanda za a ba shi kyautar Nobel kan ayyukan adabi. Dangane da kyautar zaman lafiya kuwa alhalin zaban wanda ko kuma wadanda suka cancanta din yana wuyan wani kwamiti mai mutane biyar ne da majalisar kasar Norway za ta. To dangane da yadda ake zabo sunayen wadanda ake ganin kowane guda daga cikinsu yana iya samun wannan kyauta kuwa to a nan wadanda suke da wannan alhaki a wuyansu su ne kwamitocin kula da kyaututtukan Nobel daban-daban (da muka yi bayaninsu a baya) da kuma muhimman jami'o'in duniya da shahararrun masana da masu ilmin kimiyya. To daga cikin wadannan mutane ne za a zabi wadanda suka cancanci wannan kyautar. Bayan an zabi sunayen wadanda suka cancanci kyautar ta shekara a kan sanar da sunayensu ne watan Oktoba na kowace shekara sai dai kuma ba a lokacin ne za a ba su kyautar ba. Ana ba da kyaututtukan ne a wani buki da ake yi a dakin kade-kade da raye-raye na birnin Stockholm a ranar 10 ga watan Disamba na ko wace shekara, wato ranar da shi Alfred Nobel ya mutu. Sarkin kasar Sweden ne ya ke ba da wannan kyautar ga wadanda suka samiu nasara. Kyautar kuwa ta hada ne da takardar shaida, lambar yabo ta zinari da kuma kudi. Yana da kyau a san cewa ana iya ba da kyautar nobel din ga mutum guda ko mutane biyu ko uku, kamar yadda kuma ana iya ba da ita ga wata kungiya. Idan kuma muka koma ga tambaya ta hudu daga cikin tambayoyin na ki Malama Hajara inda kike son sanin ko ya zuwa yanzu mata nawa ne suka sami wannan kyautar, to a nan muna iya cewa ya zuwa yanzu dai kimanin mata 40 ne da suka fito daga bangarori daban-daban na duniya da suka sami wannan kyautar. Mace ta farko da ta sami wannan kyauta ita ce masaniyar nan 'yar kasar Poland wacce daga baya ta zaman 'yan kasar Faransa Marie Currie wacce ta samu kyautar nobel din a bangaren ilimin physics a shekarar 1903. Ita dai wannan mata ta samu kyautar har sau biyu wato a shekarar 1903 da kuma 1911. Saboda haka mata 40 suka sami wannan kyauta, duk da cewa idan ana magana sau nawa ne aka ba wa mata wannan kyautar to a nan kan ana iya cewa sun samu sau 41 ne saboda ita wannan mace ta samu sau biyu ne. Mace ta karshe kuwa da ta samu wannan kyautar ita ce Elinor Ostrom 'yar kasar Amurka wacce ta sami kyautar ilimin tattalin arziki. 'Yar Afirka ta farko kuma wacce har ya zuwa yanzu ba a sami wata ba da ta ci wannan kyautar ita ce Madam Wangari Maathai 'yar kasar Kenya sakamakon irin gudummawar da ta bayar wajen ci gaba da kuma kare demokradiyya da zaman lafiya kamar yadda aka bayyana. To idan kuma muka koma ga tambayarki ta karshe Malama Hajara da kike son sanin ya zuwa yanzu sau nawa aka ba da wannan kyauta. To a nan muna iya cewa ya zuwa yanzu dai an ba da wannan kyauta har sau 829, wato sau 765 ga maza sannan kuma sau 41 ga mata sannan sau 23 ga kungiyoyi. Wani abin da yake da muhimmanci a fahimta shi ne cewa a cikin wasiyyar shi Alfred Nobel ya bayyana cewar "wajibi ne a bayar da kyautar ga wadanda suka fi cancanta, ba tare da la'akari da kasashen da suka fito da launin fatansu da kuma addinan da suke bi ba', to amma abin da ke gudana a halin yanzu shi ne cewa an siyasartar da wannan kyautar ta yadda a lokuta da dama ba lalle ne ya zamanto wadanda suka dace din ne ake ba su ba, wato manyan kasashen duniya sun shigo cikin lamarin sun yi kane-kane ta yadda sai wanda suke so ne ake ba shi wato wanda ta hanyar hakan za su cimma manufarsu musamman ma dai bangaren zaman lafiya na wannan kyauta, lamarin da ya sanya ake ta sukan kyautar, misali na baya-bayan nan shi ne irin sukan da masana suka dinga yi dangane da kyautar da aka ba wa shugaban kasar Amurka Barack Obama wanda suke ganin bai cancanci kyautar ba. Manazarta Mukaloli marasa

16257

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahndra%20Fon%20Dufe

Sahndra Fon Dufe

Sahndra Fon Dufe (an haife ta a 28 Oktoban shekarar 1989) 'yar asalin Kamaru ce, marubuciya, mai shirya fim, kuma Shugabar Kamfanin African Pictures International. Ta fito a fina-finai na duniya da yawa, ciki har da Nightaya Dare a cikin Vegas da Black Nuwamba Mawakiyar Kamaru Said Barah ta ambace ta da suna "Young Oprah a daya daga cikin wakokinsa da ake kira Sahndra Fon Dufe, don yabawa da hazakar kirkirarta da tasirin da take da shi ga samari mata a duk fadin Afirka. Matsayin fim na Fon Dufe ya kasance a cikin finafinan ƙasar Kamaru kamar su Tsayayyar Ruwan Sama (2009) da Yarima Biyu (2010). Daga baya ta fito a cikin NollyWood mai zaman kanta fim Lost a Wajan (2012) kuma ta yi aiki tare da Wyclef Jean, Akon, da Hakeem Kae-Kazim a cikin Black Nuwamba (2012) A lokacin da take da shekaru 23, wasan Fon Dufe a wasan kwaikwayon wanda ya lashe kyautar dare daya a Vegas (2013) wanda John Ikem Uche ya jagoranta tare da tauraruwar Jimmy Jean Louis, Sarodj Bertin, da kuma Michael Blackson sun ba ta matukar kula saboda yadda ta nuna Van Vicker matar, Mildred Sauran film na Frank Rajah 's' Yan Gudun Hijira (2013) starring Yvonne Nelson, Kwuni a Mika wuyansu love (2013) da Yahaya Dumelo, kuma Patience a takaice fim The Magajin Katunga (2013). Baya ga yin wasan kwaikwayo, Fon Dufe kuma an san tai don kasancewa mai ƙirar ƙirar bayan Yefon trilogy. Takaitawar, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1940 Afirka ta Yamma, ta nuna wata yarinya 'yar ƙauyen Afirka da ta yi hannun riga da dokokin wariyar launin fata na ƙabilarta, waɗanda ke rinjayi mata, kuma ta zama sanadin canje canjen adabi. Littafin farko na Yefon: Red Abun Wuya (2014) an saita ta zuwa allon azurfa a nan gaba, kuma Sahndra kanta za ta shiga cikin jagorancin. Sauran membobin fim din sun hada da: Isaiah Washington, Adriana Barazza, Jimmy Jean Louis, Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Leleti Khumalo, Uti Nwachukwu da sauransu da yawa tare da sauti daga Kelly Price A shekarar 2012, ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka a Yaoundé, Kamaru, don shirya horo ga matasa 'yan wasa ta hanyar wani taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa da ake kira Know Your Craft International. Sahndra yana tallafawa matashi mata masu nishaɗi ta hanyar shirin karatun shekara-shekara a Kwalejin Lourdes, Kamaru. Ita ma murya ce ga Project New Bamenda, aikin da aka ƙaddamar don tallafawa matasa 'yan kasuwar Kamaru daga Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru Rayuwar farko An haifi Fon Dufe a ranar 28 ga Oktoba 1989, a Bamenda, Kamaru, ga Dakta Ya Lydia Fondufe da Kanar Gilbert Fondufe, wani alkalin soja a Kamaru. Tare da Sahndra, ‘yan’uwanta, Serge F Fondufe (b. 1987), Glenn V Fondufe (b. 1991), ɗan’uwa mai goyo Nsame Gideon Ngo (1978– 2013) (b. 1978) da kuma dan uwan Vanessa Sakah (b. 1994) ta tashi a Kamaru a matsayin Kiristocin Katolika Sun zauna a biranen Kamaru da yawa kamar Douala, Buea, Garoua, Bafoussam, da Yaoundé A yanzu haka iyayenta suna zaune a Yaoundé Kafin fara wasan kwaikwayo, Fon Dufe ta halarci makarantar PNEU a Bamenda, Kamaru. Ta kammala karatun ta ne daga Kwalejin Lourdes, kuma ta samu digiri na lauya daga Jami’ar Buea Daga ƙarshe ta zama shugabar sorority LESA, Buea kuma ƙwararriyar mai rawa ga Danceungiyar Rawa ta Francophone da ake kira Black LM a Kamaru. Bayan kammala karatunta na koyon aikin lauya, ta shawo kan iyayenta kan su bar ta ta je Los Angeles don halartar Makarantar Koyon Fina-Finan ta New York Ayyuka 2009–2012: Aikin farko Fon Dufe ta fara sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo ne a cikin finafinan kasar Kamaru yayin da take karatun aikin lauya a Jami'ar Buea da ke Kamaru. Ba tare da sanin iyayenta ba, ta yi fice a fina-finai biyu na cikin gida a matsayin mai tallafawa. Fim din da ta fara fitowa shi ne fim din Gold Age Productions wanda ke dauke da tsayayyen ruwan sama, wanda Desmond Whyte da Proxy Buh Melvin suka fito Enah Johnscott ce ta shirya fim ɗin kuma aka rarraba shi a cikin gida a cikin 2009. Kodayake wannan fim din bai fito da shi a duniya ba, amma furodusan fim din da ke zaune a Amurka kuma mai kamfanin AkwaStar Studios, Mako Namme, ya lura da ita. Namme ya ba Fon Dufe matsayin mai tallafi a fim din Yarima Biyu da Kelly Azia, Collins Isuma, da Awa Edna suka fito Wannan fim din ma bai taba fitowa daga Kamaru ba, amma fitattun furodusoshi kamar yadda Agbor Gilbert da darakta Reginald Ebere suka lura da halayen 'yar fim din sun fito ne daga makwabta Najeriya, gida ne ga masana'antar fim ta biyu mafi girma a duniya: Nollywood A cikin Disamba 2010, kusan mako guda bayan kammala karatun ta daga makarantar koyon aikin lauya, Fon Dufe ta tafi Amurka. Ta fara horo a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a New York Film Academy a Los Angeles a 2011 Shekarar ba ta wuce lokacin da Sahndra ta rubuta rawar Zena a Kelechi Eke 's Lost a Waje, fim din Najeriya game da rikicewar baƙi na Afirka wanda aka ɗauka a Texas, Amurka. A waccan shekarar, ta bayyana a allon talla na Dove Body Wash Times Square, kuma an tsara ta don Minga Fashion na Los Angeles. Shekarar da ta biyo baya, ta dauki wani hoto mai taken International PSA a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi wanda daraktan mata na kasar Sin Xandria Anyaene ta ba da umarnin kuma ta kasance darakta a fim din IJE, fim mafi girma a Najeriya a 2012. Wasannin Sahndra ta kuma sami kulawa sosai, kuma an saka ta a cikin Kanye West da Jay Z 's bidiyon kiɗan N ggaz a Faris. Lokacin da Fon Dufe ta kammala karatu daga NYFA, iyayenta sun tashi daga Kamaru don kallon wasan ta Edie daga The American Clock a matsayin wasanninta na karshe. A wannan lokacin ne iyayenta suka yarda da soyayyar ta kuma suka bar jin ra'ayinsu game da ɗiyar tasu da ke neman aiki. Ta kasance a wannan lokacin ne Fon Dufe ya fara rawar jiki tare da rubuta fim dinta na farko. Wasan kwaikwayon ya fara ne a matsayin wani abu mai wahayi ga mata kuma ya faɗi cikin babban fim tare da manyan playersan wasa kamar Hakeem Kae-Kazim, Isaiah Washington, Leleti Khumalo, Uti Nwachukwu, da Kelly Price Abinda ya fara a matsayin labarin wahayi Fuskar Allah ta zama Yefon, kuma wannan motsi ya sa mutane da yawa a duk faɗin duniya. A shekarar 2012, Jireh Lip Products ya amince da Fon Dufe a Dubai kuma fim din Cam ya ba shi matsayi na 17 a jerin manyan Kamfanonin 20 na Kamaru da kuma cikin jerin manyan 'yan Kamaru 50 da ya kamata su kula a shekarar 2013. Ta dauki bakuncin taron daliban kasar Kamaru na Amurka na shekara-shekara a Texas kuma ta yi wasan kwaikwayo a cikin fina-finai da gajerun fina-finai, ciki har da jerin yanar gizo da ake kira Bibi The Witch wanda ya ba ta damar shiga kungiyar The Screen Actors Guild of America. (SAG). Fon Dufe ta fara shekara ta 2013 ta hanyar yin rijistar kasuwancin ƙasa don theungiyar Ciwon cerwayar Cancer ta Amurka tare da Jeri Ryan ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Body of Proof. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, furodusan Gana Koby Maxwell ya ɗauke ta aiki don Night Night a Vegas tare da Jimmy Jean Louis, Sarodj Bertin, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Van Vicker, da Michael Blackson Fon Dufe ta nuna Mildred, wata mai fama da cutar kansa da ta ba da kulawar yayanta kafin mutuwarta ga mijinta, wanda shahararren ɗan ƙasar Ghana Van Vicker ya buga An zabi fim din sau tara a African Oscar na 2013 kuma ya ci kyaututtuka biyar, gami da hoto mafi kyau. Masana da yawa sun yaba da fim ɗin. Awal Aziz, editan fim daga Washington DC ya ce: Kai. Sahndra FON DUFE, aikinku ya yi fice. Kun ɓoye rawarku! Yanayin fuskarka da idanunka suna zama sanya hannunka, yi amfani da shi don amfaninka. Van Vicker, kun kawo shi gida a daren jiya. Ni ba babban masoyin ku bane amma tsayi tsayi domin ku da Sahndra Ina fata ku mutane suka lashe kyauta a daren yau. Sa'a…. Awal Aziz Editan Fim, Washington DC. Fon na gaba Fon Dufe ta kasance tare da shahararren ɗan Afirka John Dumelo Wannan lokaci, shi ya kasance cikin gubar rawa na Kwuni a cikin movie Mika wuyansu love, wani screenplay Fon Dufe co-rubuta. Yayin da fim din ya kasance bayan fitarwa, Sahndra ta sake ɗaukar wani matsayi wanda shine mafi girma a cikin ayyukanta har yanzu. The Ghollywood (Ghana) James Cameron, Frank Rajah Arase, ya ɗauki Fon Dufe a cikin fim ɗin sa mai suna Refugees wanda aka shirya fitarwa a cikin 2014. A wannan karon, tare da Yvonne Nelson, Fon Dufe sun taka rawar Yurika, wani mawaƙin Afirka a cikin ƙungiyar masu gwagwarmaya don sanya shi a tsakanin batutuwa kamar launin fata da matsayin ƙaurarsu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba Kyauta A shekarar 2012, Fon Dufe ta yi aiki tare da Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Yaoundé, Kamaru, don shirya horo ga matasa 'yan wasa ta hanyar wani taron karawa juna sani na kasa da kasa. Sahndra tana tallafawa matasa mata masu nishaɗi ta hanyar shirin karatun shekara-shekara a Kwalejin Lourdes, Kamaru. Ita ma murya ce ga Project New Bamenda, aikin da aka ƙaddamar don tallafawa matasa 'yan kasuwa daga Yankin Arewa maso Yammacin Kamaru. Lambobin yabo Fon Dufe ta ci kyaututtuka da dama gami da karramawa da kungiyar kasashen Commonwealth ta yi mata saboda wakarta "Dear mama". Fina-finai Manazarta Haɗin waje Sahndra Fon Dufe on IMDb Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun 1989 Pages with unreviewed

43165

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abebe%20Bikila

Abebe Bikila

Shambel Abebe Bikila an haife shi 7 Agusta, shekarar 1932 Oktoba 25, 1973), ya kasance ɗan wasan tseren gudun fanfalaki na Habasha wanda ya kasance zakaran gudun fanfalaki na baya-bayan nan. Shi ne ɗan ƙasar Habasha na farko da ya lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics, inda ya lashe lambar zinare ta farko da ta samu a Afirka a gasar Olympics ta bazara a shekarar 1960 da aka yi a birnin Rome a lokacin da yake gudu babu takalmi. A gasar Olympics ta Tokyo a shekarar 1964, ya ci lambar zinare ta biyu. Sannan kuma ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya samu nasarar kare kambun gudun fanfalaki na Olympics. A cikin nasara biyu, ya gudu a lokacin rikodin duniya. An haife shi a Shewa, Abebe ya ƙaura zuwa Addis Ababa a shekara ta 1952 kuma ya shiga runduna ta 5 ta rundunar sojan daular Habasha, wani fitaccen rukunin sojojin da ke kare sarkin Habasha Ya shiga aikin soja kafin wasan motsa jiki, ya kai matsayin <i id="mwKA">shambel</i> (kaftin). Abebe ya halarci gasar gudun fanfalaki goma sha shida. Ya zama na biyu a tseren gudun fanfalaki na farko a Addis Ababa, ya lashe wasu tsere goma sha biyu, kuma ya kare na biyar a tseren gudun fanfalaki na Boston a shekarar 1963. A cikin watan Yulin 1967, ya sami na farko na raunin ƙafa da dama da suka shafi wasanni wanda ya hana shi kammala tserensa na biyu na ƙarshe. Abebe ya kasance majagaba a tseren nesa Mamo Wolde, Juma Ikangaa, Tegla Loroupe, Paul Tergat, da Haile Gebrselassie duk waɗanda suka sami lambar yabo ta Abebe Bikila na New York su ne kaɗan daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka bi sahunsa don kafa gabashin Afirka a matsayin ƙarfi na dogon lokaci. gudun tsere. A ranar 22 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1969, Abebe ya shanye saboda hatsarin mota. Ya sake samun motsi na sama, amma bai sake tafiya ba. A lokacin da yake jinya a Ingila, Abebe ya fafata a wasan harbin bindiga da wasan ƙwallon tebur a gasar Stoke Mandeville a London a shekarar 1970. Waɗancan wasannin sun kasance farkon wanda ya riga ya fara wasannin nakasassu Ya yi takara a cikin wasanni biyu a gasar shekarar 1971 na nakasassu a Norway kuma ya lashe gasar tseren tseren ƙasa. Abebe ya mutu yana da shekaru 41 a ranar 25 ga watan Oktoba, shekarar 1973, sakamakon bugun jini na kwakwalwa da ya shafi haɗarinsa shekaru huɗu da suka gabata. Ya samu jana'izar ƙasa, kuma Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie ya ayyana ranar makoki na ƙasa Makarantu da dama da wuraren taro da abubuwan da suka haɗa da filin wasa na Abebe Bikila da ke Addis Ababa, ana kiran sunan sa. Shi ne batun tarihin rayuwa da kuma fina-finai da ke tattara bayanan aikinsa na guje-guje, kuma galibi ana nuna shi a cikin wallafe-wallafe game da tseren gudun fanfalaƙi da na Olympics. Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko An haifi Abebe Bikila ne a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, shekarar 1932, a ƙaramar unguwar Jato, a lokacin a gundumar Selale ta Shewa Ranar haihuwar sa ta zo daidai da gasar tseren guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta Los Angeles ta shekarar 1932 Abebe ɗa ne ga Wudinesh Beneberu da mijinta na biyu, Demissie. A lokacin Yaƙin Italo-Habasha na Biyu a shekarar (1935–1937), an tilasta wa danginsa ƙaura zuwa wani gari mai nisa na Gorro. A lokacin, Wudinesh ta rabu da mahaifin Abebe kuma ta auri Temtime Kefelew. Iyalin daga ƙarshe sun koma Jato (ko kusa da Jirru inda suke da gona. Lokacin yana yaro, Abebe ya buga gena, wasan hockey na al'ada na dogon lokaci da ake yi da turakun raga a wasu lokutan kilomita. A cikin shekarar 1952, ya shiga cikin Rejimenti na 5 Infantry Regiment of the Imperial Guard bayan ya koma Addis Ababa shekarar da ta gabata. A tsakiyar shekarar 1950, Abebe ya yi gudun daga tsaunin Sululta zuwa Addis Ababa da dawowa kowace rana. Onni Niskanen, wani kocin Sweden da gwamnatin Habasha ta yi aiki don horar da ’yan sandan Imperial, ba da daɗewa ba ya lura da shi kuma ya fara horar da shi a tseren gudun fanfalaƙi. A shekarar 1956 Abebe ya zo na biyu bayan Wami Biratu a gasar sojojin ƙasar Habasha A cewar masanin tarihin Tim Juda, shigarsa a gasar Olympics "aikin da aka tsara na dogon lokaci" ba yanke shawara na ƙarshe ba, kamar yadda ake tunani. Abebe yana da shekaru 27 a duniya lokacin da ya auri Wolde-Giorgis mai shekaru 15 a ranar 16 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1960 na rayuwarsa. Duba kuma Habasha a gasar Olympics Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka fafata a wasannin nakasassu da na Olympics Marathon duniya rikodin ci gaba Wasanni a Habasha Manazarta Sources Haifaffun

43497

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agboola%20Ajayi

Agboola Ajayi

Alfred Agboola Ajayi (an haife shi 24 Satumba 1968) ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne, lauya, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Tsohon mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo ne kuma aka zaɓe shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba 2016 a matsayin mataimakin gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar All Progressive Congress (APC). Wanda ya gaje shi Hon. Lucky Orimisan Aiyedatiwa bayan nasarar da gwamna Akeredolu ya samu a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo na 2020. A ranar 21 ga watan Yunin 2020, Ajayi ya yi murabus daga jam’iyyar APC mai mulki ya koma jam’iyyar adawa ta People’s Democratic Party (PDP), saboda rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) da kuma cewa APC jam'iyyar 'ya zama wuri mai guba'. Daga nan ya koma Zenith Labour Party bayan ya sha kaye a zaɓen fidda gwani na gwamna a PDP a hannun Eyitayo Jegede. Ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar Ondo a shekarar 2020 a jam’iyyar Labour ta Zenith ƙarƙashin jagorancin tsohon gwamna Olusegun Mimiko. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Ajayi a ranar 24 ga Satumba 1968 ga Chief Newton Ajayi da Mrs Rebecca Ogunjinte (née Olubusade). Ya fito ne daga garin Kiribo na ƙabilar Western Apoi a ƙaramar hukumar Ese Odo (LGA) ta jihar Ondo. Ya halarci makarantar sakandaren Community a garin Kiribo sannan ya koma makarantar Methodist a ƙaramar hukumar Okitipupa. Daga nan ya ci gaba da karatun digirin digirgir a Jami’ar Igbinedion da ke Okada a Jihar Edo inda ya kammala karatunsa na farko a fannin shari’a (LL. B) a 2nd Class Upper division; Kuma daga baya ya samu Kiran sa zuwa mashaya a shekarar 2010 bayan kammala karatunsa a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Shari'a ta Najeriya da ke Abuja. Rayuwa ta sirri Ajayi ya auri Chief (Mrs) Ajewole Agboola Ajayi JP kuma sun sami ƴaƴa. Rayuwar Siyasa Ajayi ya fara siyasa ne a ƙarƙashin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP) kuma ya zama shugaban jam'iyyar SDP a Old Opoi Ward 1 daga 1988 zuwa 1998. Daga baya ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a shekarar 1998 kuma ya zama sakataren jam’iyyar PDP a ƙaramar hukumar Ilaje/Ese Odo tsakanin 1998 zuwa 1999. Daga baya aka naɗa shi mai kula da harkokin noma na ƙaramar hukumar Ese-odo daga 1999 zuwa 2001 sannan aka naɗa shi mai kula da ayyuka da sufuri na ƙaramar hukumar Ese-odo daga 2001 zuwa 2003. Daga nan ya zama shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar Ese Odo tsakanin 2003 zuwa 2004 kafin daga bisani a zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙaramar hukumar Ese-Odo daga 2004 zuwa 2007. Ya kuma taɓa zama tsohon ɗan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya kuma ya wakilci Mazaɓar Ilaje/Ese Odo na tarayya a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar PDP. A lokacin da yake zama a majalisar wakilai, Ajayi ya zama shugaban kwamitin majalisar a NDDC daga 2007 zuwa 2010. Daga baya Ajayi ya sauya sheƙa daga PDP zuwa APC kuma ya tsaya takara a matsayin abokin takarar Rotimi Akeredolu (SAN) a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Ondo a watan Nuwamba 2016 a ƙarƙashin jam’iyyar APC. Ma'auratan sun lashe zaɓen kuma an rantsar da su a matsayin gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu 2017. A ranar Lahadi 11 ga Oktoba 2020, Akeredolu da Lucky Orimisan Aiyedatiwa sun sake zama Gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo kamar yadda ya sanar. hukumar zaɓe ta ƙasa mai zaman kanta. A ranar 25 ga Fabrairu, 2021, an rantsar da Akeredolu da Aiyedatiwa a matsayin gwamna da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo. Rigingimu Ajayi dai ba baƙo ba ne ga cece-kuce, domin a shekarar 2019 an zarge shi da yin ƙarya don samun gurbin shiga makarantar koyon aikin lauya ta Najeriya a lokacin da yake ci gaba da aiki da gwamnatin Najeriya. Ya kuma shafe watanni yana fafatawa a siyasance da maigidan sa, Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu, wanda ya zarge shi da yunƙurin murɗe burinsa na siyasa; Yana mai nuni da wannan mummunan yanayi a matsayin babban dalilin da yasa ya fice daga APC ya koma PDP. A baya Ajayi ya musanta cewa yana da wata matsala kwata-kwata da gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu SAN, ya kuma yi watsi da irin waɗannan jita-jita a baya a matsayin “farfagandar siyasa” da wasu ƴan siyasa da suka himmatu wajen haddasa rikici. Amma a ranar Asabar 20 ga watan Yuni 2020, biyo bayan umarnin Gwamnan, kwamishinan ƴan sandan jihar Ondo (CP Bolaji Salami) da ƴan sandan sa ɗauke da makamai sun hana Ajayi fita daga gidansa na gidan gwamnati na sama da sa’o’i huɗu; kuma da ya samu ƴanci kai tsaye ya nufi unguwar sa ta Apoi 2 dake ƙaramar hukumar Ese-Odo domin miƙa takardar ficewa daga jam’iyyar APC sannan ya wuce ofishin jam’iyyar PDP mai unguwa domin yin rijistar sabon mamba. Tun bayan sauya sheƙarsa Gwamna da jam'iyyar APC suka yi kira ga Ajayi da ya yi murabus daga muƙaminsa na mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo. Sai dai Ajayi ya ƙi yin murabus kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa har yanzu shi ne zaɓaɓɓen mataimakin gwamnan jihar Ondo duk da ya koma jam’iyyar adawa ta PDP. A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2020, kwanaki biyu bayan sauya sheƙa zuwa PDP, Gwamna Rotimi Akeredolu ya ba da umarnin a janye dukkan mataimakan Ajayi guda bakwai, ciki har da mataimakan biyu da aka baiwa matar mataimakin gwamnan. Ana ci gaba da samun labarin yiwuwar tsige shi tare da raɗe-raɗin cewa ƴan majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo na shirin tsige shi ko kuma suna shirin tsige shi daga muƙaminsa. Ya tsaya takarar Gwamna a watan Oktoba na 2020 a zaɓen Ondo tare da Gboye Adegbenro a matsayin abokin takararsa. Manazarta Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1968 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

57663

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai%20i20

Hyundai i20

Hyundai i20 babban hatchback ne wanda Hyundai ke samarwa tun shekarar 2008. I20 ta fara halarta ta farko a Nunin Mota na Paris a watan Oktoba 2008, kuma tana zaune tsakanin i10 da i30 I20 ya maye gurbin Getz a kusan dukkanin kasuwannin sa, yayin da kasuwanni da yawa sun sami ɗan ƙaramin ƙararrawa Verna hatchback don maye gurbinsa maimakon. A halin yanzu, manyan kasuwanni na i20 sune Turai da Indiya, tare da haɓaka bambance-bambancen guda biyu don wadatar da kowace kasuwa. Hyundai i20 yana amfani da sabon dandamali wanda aka ƙirƙira a cibiyar fasaha ta Hyundai ta Turai a Rüsselsheim don ba da damar Hyundai ya matsa zuwa cikin babban gasa na ƙungiyar B na Turai. A wheelbase yana taimaka wa i20 tare da ɗakin fasinja mai karimci. Dakatarwa yana biye da ƙa'idar supermini na MacPherson struts a gaba da torsion biam na baya, tare da rak da tuƙi. An ɗan inganta sigar i20, wanda ake kira iGen i20, an ci gaba da siyarwa a Indiya a cikin Maris 2012 gaba tare da tweaked fitilun kai, sabon grille na gaba, fitilun wutsiya da fitilun hazo. Yana bin falsafar ƙira ta "Fluidic Sculpture" tare da injunan da aka sake gyarawa kaɗan. Wani sabon tsari na gaba, wanda aka sani da Elite i20 a Indiya, an ƙaddamar da shi a Indiya a ranar 11 ga Agusta 2014 kuma a cikin Turai a cikin 2014 Paris Motor Show Ba a sayar da i20 a Koriya ta Kudu, Arewacin Amurka da Philippines ba saboda waɗannan kasuwanni suna da Lafazin An dakatar da i20 a kasuwar Indonesiya a cikin 2012 saboda ƙaddamar da Accent hatchback, wanda aka sani a can da Grand Avega. An samar da i20 a Sriperummbudur (kusa da Chennai Indiya don siyarwa a Asiya da Oceania, kuma daga baya kuma an haɗa shi a Turkiyya Izmit shuka) don kasuwar Turai ta kayan CKD daga Indiya. Injin An haɗa su da injunan 1582 cc guda biyu masu dohc iri ɗaya da 16 bawul saman ƙarshen gine-gine, amma suna ba da ko dai da na karfin juyi ko da na juyi. Hyundai ya ce naúrar dizal na iya dawo da ajin da ke jagorantar 115g/km na CO a kowace lita na diesel zuwa (4.3L/100 km) a cikin haɗin gwiwar tuƙi na Turai.Duk injunan dizal da injunan mai mai lita 1.2 da lita 1.4 sun zo tare da isar da saƙo mai akwai zaɓi na saurin gudu huɗu na atomatik don wasu nau'ikan injin mai mai lita 1.4, lita 1.6 an haɗa shi zuwa watsawa mai saurin gudu shida. A cikin kasuwar Indiya, Hyundai i20 yana aiki da injin Kappa mai nauyin lita 1.2 tare da ikon 5200 rpm da karfin juyi a 4,000 rpm. Haka kuma ya zo da man gamma mai lita 1.4 wanda ke da ikon 5500 rpm da karfin juyi a 4200 rpm, amma an haɗa shi da saurin watsawa ta atomatik kawai. Diesel i20 CRDi yana da a 4000 rpm da juzu'i tsakanin 1750 da 2750 rpm, kuma ya zo tare da watsa mai saurin gudu shida. A Ostiraliya, an fara ba da i20 a matsayin mai 1.4 tare da zaɓi na $3500 na injin Gamma II G4FC 1.6. 1.6 yana da 91 KW a 6300rpm da 157Nm a 4200rpm. Koyaya, tare da zuwan sabon lafazin mai ƙarfi na 1.6 a ƙarshen 2011, zaɓin 1.6L akan i20 an jefar dashi. A Afirka ta Kudu, an fara ba da i20 a cikin 2009 tare da ko dai injunan 1.4 (G4FA) ko 1.6 (G4FC), tare da 1.4 yana da zaɓi na 4 na zaɓi ta atomatik watsa. An gabatar da samfurin gyaran fuska a rabi na biyu na 2012 tare da injin gamma 1.4 kawai da aka fara ba da shi (an dakatar da injin 1.6), bayan haka injin kappa 1.2, injin CRDi 1.4 da kuma sabon jagorar sauri 6. watsa don wasu samfura 1.4 an ƙara zuwa kewayon. Tsaro Hyundai i20 ya sami matsakaicin ƙimar aminci ta tauraro biyar daga Yuro NCAP kuma ya ci shida cikin matsakaicin maki bakwai a cikin rukunin "taimakon aminci", yana karɓar manyan alamomi don tunasarwar bel da shirin kwanciyar hankali na lantarki wanda ke rage haɗarin haɗari. tsallake-tsallake ta hanyar birki kowane ƙafafu. An nada i20 daya daga cikin "manyan motoci biyar mafi aminci na 2009" na Euro NCAP, wanda ya dogara ne akan mafi girman lambobin tauraro biyar na Yuro NCAP da makinsu baki daya. Siffofin Hyundai i20 suna farawa da jakunkuna guda shida don direba da fasinja a gaba tare da jakunkuna na gefe da labule don fasinjoji na baya, yayin da Antilock Brake System (ABS) tare da Rarraba Ƙarfin Birki na Lantarki (EBD) wanda ke taimakawa don sarrafawa a saman fasinja. Hyundai i20 yana da sabbin abubuwan haɓakawa a cikin fasalulluka na aminci kamar masu goge ruwan sama da hasken wutar lantarki ta atomatik, kulle tsakiya, tasirin buɗaɗɗen ƙofar mota, shigarwar maɓalli tare da fitilun hazo na gaba da na baya da injin immobilizer na ci gaba. Duk da babban ƙimar aminci daga gwaje-gwajen NCAP da ANCAP i20 ya yi mara kyau a cikin bayanan haɗarin haɗari na duniya. Jami'ar Monash ta yi amfani da Jagoran Kiwon Lafiyar Mota, wanda yayi bincike sama da hadarurruka miliyan 8 ya nuna Hyundai Accent i20 2010–2015 don samun ƙimar kariya ta tauraro 2. https://www.monash.edu/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/1956514/2019-UCSRs-brochure.pdf Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

29262

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abinci%20da%20ciwon%20daji

Abinci da ciwon daji

An gano abubuwan da ake amfani da abinci a matsayin suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan hadarin ciwon daji, tare da nau'o'in abinci daban-daban suna karuwa da rage haɗari. Abinci da kiba na iya kasancewa da alaƙa da kusan kashi 30-35% na mutuwar ciwon daji, yayin da rashin aikin jiki ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da 7% haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. Ɗaya daga cikin bita a cikin 2011 ya ba da shawarar cewa jimlar caloric ci yana rinjayar ciwon daji da kuma yiwuwar ci gaba. Duk da yake an ba da shawarwarin abinci da yawa don rage haɗarin ciwon daji, kaɗan suna da muhimmiyar shaidar kimiyya. An danganta kiba da shan barasa tare da faruwa da ci gaban wasu cututtukan daji. Ana ba da shawarar rage shan abubuwan sha masu zaki da sukari a matsayin ma'auni don magance kiba. Abincin da ke da ƙarancin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari da jan nama yana da tasiri amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba, kuma tasirin na iya zama ƙanana ga mutanen da ke da abinci mai gina jiki waɗanda ke kula da lafiyayyen nauyi. Wasu takamaiman abinci suna da alaƙa da takamaiman cututtukan daji. Nazarin ya danganta cin ja ko naman da aka sarrafa zuwa ƙarin haɗarin ciwon nono, ciwon hanji, ciwon prostate, da ciwon daji na pancreatic, wanda za a iya bayyana shi a wani bangare ta kasancewar carcinogens a cikin abincin da aka dafa a yanayin zafi. Aflatoxin B1, mai yawan gurɓataccen abinci, yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon hanta, yayin shan kofi yana hade da raguwar haɗari. Taunar goro na haifar da ciwon daji na baki Ciwon daji na ciki ya fi zama ruwan dare a Japan saboda yawan abincin da yake ci.Al'ummomin baƙi suna haɓaka haɗarin sabuwar ƙasarsu, galibi a cikin tsararraki ɗaya, suna ba da alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin abinci da ciwon daji. Shawarwari na abinci don rigakafin ciwon daji yawanci sun haɗa da sarrafa nauyi da cin "mafi yawan kayan lambu, 'ya'yan itace, dukan hatsi da kifi, da rage cin nama ja, kitsen dabba, da ingantaccen sukari." Nau'in abinci Abincin ƙuntatawa Yawancin abinci da tsarin tsarin abinci ana da'awar suna da amfani ga cutar kansa. Shahararrun nau'ikan abincin "anti-cancer" sun haɗa da abincin Breuss, Jiyya na Gerson, ka'idar Budwig da kuma abincin macrobiotic. Babu daya daga cikin wadannan nau'ikan abincin da aka gano yana da tasiri, kuma an gano wasu daga cikinsu suna da illa. Tsarin abinci Masu ilimin cututtuka na abinci mai gina jiki suna amfani da ƙididdiga masu yawa, irin su manyan abubuwan da suka shafi bincike da bincike na mahimmanci, don auna yadda tsarin halayen abinci ya shafi hadarin bunkasa ciwon daji. (Mafi kyawun tsarin abincin da aka yi nazari akai shine abincin tsakiyar teku Bisa la'akari da tsarin abincin da suke ci, masu ilimin cututtuka sun rarraba mutane zuwa ƙididdiga. Don ƙididdige tasirin halayen cin abinci akan haɗarin ciwon daji, suna auna haɗin kai tsakanin ƙididdiga da rarraba yawan ciwon daji (a cikin nazarin nazarin shari'ar da kuma ciwon daji (a cikin binciken dogon lokaci Yawancin lokaci sun haɗa da wasu masu canji a cikin ƙirar ƙididdiga don lissafin sauran bambance-bambance tsakanin mutanen da ke da ciwon daji da ba tare da ciwon daji ba confounders Ga ciwon nono, akwai wani replicated Trend ga mata da mafi "m ko lafiya" rage cin abinci, watau mafi girma a cikin 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan lambu, don samun ƙananan hadarin ciwon daji. “Tsarin abincin mai sha” kuma yana da alaƙa da haɗarin kansar ƙirjin nono, yayin da ƙungiyar ba ta da daidaituwa tsakanin tsarin abinci na yammaci da haɓakar haɗarin kansar nono. Abincin da aka ɗora yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji. Abubuwan abinci Barasa Barasa yana da alaƙa da ƙara haɗarin kamuwa da cutar kansa. 3.6% na duk cututtukan daji da 3.5% na mutuwar ciwon daji a duniya ana danganta su da shan barasa. Ciwon daji na nono a cikin mata yana da alaƙa da shan barasa. Barasa kuma yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na baki, esophagus, pharynx da larynx, ciwon daji mai launi, ciwon hanta, ciki da ovaries Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Duniya (Centre International de Recherche sur le Cancer) ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta ware barasa a matsayin wani nau'in ciwon daji na rukuni na 1 Ƙimar ta ta ce, "Akwai isassun shaidun da ke nuna cutar sankara na barasa a cikin mutane. …Abin shaye-shaye yana da cutar kansa ga mutane (Rukunin 1)." Nama mai sarrafawa da ja A ranar 26 ga Oktoba, 2015, Hukumar Bincike Kan Kansa ta Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton cewa cin naman da aka sarrafa (misali, naman alade, naman alade, karnuka masu zafi, tsiran alade) ko jan nama na da alaƙa da wasu cututtukan daji. Fiber, 'ya'yan itatuwa da kayan marmari Shaida akan tasirin fiber na abinci akan haɗarin ciwon daji na hanji yana haɗuwa tare da wasu nau'ikan shaidar da ke nuna fa'ida kuma wasu ba. Duk da yake cin 'ya'yan itace da kayan marmari yana da fa'ida, yana da ƙarancin fa'ida akan rage ciwon daji fiye da sau ɗaya ana tunani. Soya yana da wadata a cikin phytoestrogens. Phytoestrogens suna da raunin estrogenic sakamako, amma abubuwan da ke faruwa ne ta halitta. Nazarin meta-biyu na 2020 sun gano cewa yawan cin fiber yana da alaƙa da ƙaramin haɗarin duka premenopausal da cututtukan nono na baya da ƙimar rayuwa mafi girma a cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono. Wani bincike na 2014 ya samo 'ya'yan itace amma ba kayan lambu ba da aka kare daga ciwon daji na gastrointestinal na sama. Yayin da 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da fiber ke da kariya daga ciwon daji na colorectal da fiber da aka kare daga ciwon hanta. Flavonoids Flavonoids (musamman flavonoids irin su catechins) sune "kungiyoyin polyphenolic da aka fi sani da su a cikin abincin ɗan adam kuma ana samun su a ko'ina cikin tsire-tsire." Duk da yake wasu nazarin sun nuna flavonoids na iya yin tasiri a rigakafin ciwon daji, wasu sun kasance marasa mahimmanci ko kuma suna nuna cewa suna iya zama cutarwa. Namomin kaza A cewar Cancer Research UK, "a halin yanzu babu wata shaida cewa kowane nau'in naman kaza ko naman kaza zai iya hana ko warkar da ciwon daji", kodayake bincike kan wasu nau'in ya ci gaba. Sauran Bisa ga Ƙungiyar Ciwon daji ta Amirka, babu wani tabbataccen shaida game da tasirin maganin ciwon daji na cinye kayan waken soya Koren shayi ba shi da wani tasiri a kan hadarin ciwon daji. Nazarin meta-bincike na 2016 ya nuna cewa mata da maza waɗanda suka sha kofi suna da ƙarancin haɗarin cutar kansar hanta Binciken laima na meta-bincike ya gano cewa kofi yana hade da ƙananan haɗarin hanta da ciwon daji na endometrial. Binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2014 ya gano, "babu tabbataccen shaida cewa karin bitamin D yana shafar ciwon daji a cikin mata masu zama tsofaffi." Hanyoyin aiki Methionine metabolism Kodayake yawancin hanyoyin salula suna da hannu a cikin cin abinci, yawancin bincike a cikin shekarun da suka gabata sun nuna lahani a cikin hanyar methionine na rayuwa a matsayin dalilin ciwon daji. Misali, kasawa na manyan hanyoyin abinci na masu ba da gudummawar methyl, methionine da choline, suna haifar da samuwar ciwon hanta a cikin rodents. Methionine wani muhimmin amino acid ne wanda dole ne a samar da shi ta hanyar cin abinci na sunadaran gina jiki ko masu ba da gudummawar methyl choline da betain da ake samu a naman sa, qwai da wasu kayan lambu). Assimilated methionine yana canzawa a cikin S-adenosyl methionine SAM) wanda shine maɓalli mai mahimmanci don haɗin polyamine, misali spermidine, da samuwar cysteine (duba adadi a hannun dama). Hakanan ana sake sake yin fa'ida samfuran methionine zuwa methionine ta homocysteine remethylation da methylthioadenosine (MTA) juyawa (duba adadi a hannun dama). Vitamins B6, B12, folic acid da choline sune mahimman abubuwan haɗin gwiwa don waɗannan halayen. SAM shine madaidaicin halayen methylation wanda DNA, RNA da furotin methyltransferases ke daidaitawa. Samfuran waɗannan halayen sune DNA methylated, RNA ko sunadarai da S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH). SAH yana da mummunan ra'ayi akan samar da kansa a matsayin mai hana methyltransferase enzymes Saboda haka, SAM: SAH rabo kai tsaye yana daidaita salon salula methylation, yayin da matakan bitamin B 6, B 12, folic acid da choline suna daidaita yanayin methylation a kaikaice ta hanyar sake zagayowar methionine Halin da ke kusa da ciwon daji shine rashin daidaituwa na hanyar methionine na rayuwa don mayar da martani ga kwayoyin halitta ko yanayin muhalli wanda ya haifar da raguwar SAM da ko SAM-dogara methylation Ko yana da rashi a cikin enzymes kamar methylthioadenosine phosphorylase, methionine -dogara na ciwon daji Kwayoyin, babban matakan polyamine kira a cikin ciwon daji, ko shigar da ciwon daji ta hanyar rage cin abinci da ke hana masu ba da gudummawar methyl na waje ko haɓakawa a cikin masu hana methylation, ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta yana da dangantaka da karfi. raguwar matakan SAM a cikin mice, berayen da mutane. A cewar wani bita na 2012, tasirin hana methionine akan ciwon daji har yanzu ba a yi nazari kai tsaye a cikin mutane ba kuma "har yanzu akwai ƙarancin ilimin da zai ba da ingantaccen shawarwarin abinci mai gina jiki". Sadarwar Kimiyya Kafofin watsa labarai suna taka rawa sosai a fannin sadarwa na kimiyyar abinci mai gina jiki A cikin 1996, a kan Oprah Winfrey's talk show, wani baƙo ya yi iƙirarin cewa sarrafa nama daga Amurka zai iya haifar da BSE, spongiform encephalopathy na bovine. Manoman naman sa na Texas sun kai ƙarar wasan kwaikwayon Oprah daga baya waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin nunin nata ya haifar da raguwar farashin naman sa Sadarwar kimiyyar da ke tattare da abinci mai gina jiki na iya zama abin dogaro saboda gaskiyar cewa babu isasshen bincike da zai iya ba da tabbataccen ƙarshe ga idan wasu abinci. haifar da ciwon daji ko a'a. Wannan yana ba da dama ga masu wallafawa su sanya kanun labarai masu ɓarna kamar "Mafi Girman Abincin Carbohydrate yana Haɗe da Babban Haɗarin Jimillar Mutuwa". Bincike ya nuna cewa shirye-shiryen talabijin na kasa sun fi kashe lokaci wajen bayar da labaran da suka shafi cutar kansa fiye da gidajen talabijin na cikin gida. Bugu da ƙari, tashoshi na gida suna ɗaukar ɗan ƙaramin lokaci suna magana game da yadda mutum zai iya hana ciwon daji. Wannan ya faru ne saboda matsalolin lokaci da kasafin kuɗi maimakon rashin sha'awa. Har ila yau, tallace-tallacen abinci yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen danganta abinci da ciwon daji kamar yadda kamfanoni da nau'o'i daban-daban ke tallata abincin su da abin sha da ba su da kyau yana sa mutane su kasance masu aminci. Haɗe tare da ƙananan farashi da tallace-tallacen da aka biya yana da wuya a magance waɗannan abincin da ke haifar da ciwon daji. Duba kuma Alcohol and cancer Alcohol and breast cancer Acrylamide Bovine Meat and Milk Factors Food, Nutrition, Physical Activity and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective List of ineffective cancer treatments List of topics characterized as pseudoscience Microplastics ingested through diet Zero waste supermarket Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Manazarta Cutar daji Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

26859

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annobar%20COVID-19%20a%20Benin

Annobar COVID-19 a Benin

Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 a kasar Benin wani bangare ne na annobar cutar Coronavirus da ke ci gaba da yaduwa a duniya a shekarar 2019 COVID-19 wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar numfashi ta coronavirus 2 SARS-CoV-2 An tabbatar da cewa cutar ta bulla a kasar Benin a watan Maris din shekarar 2020. Fage A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2020, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta tabbatar da cewa sabon coronavirus ne ya haifar da cutar numfashi a cikin tarin mutane a birnin Wuhan na lardin Hubei na kasar Sin, wanda aka ba da rahoto ga WHO a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2019. The hali fatality rabo ga COVID-19 ya kasance yawa ƙananan fiye da SARS na 2003, amma baza ta kasance da muhimmanci mafi girma, tare da wani gagarumin adadin wadanda suka mutu. Simulations na tushen samfurin don Benin sun ba da shawarar cewa tazarar amincewar kashi 95% na adadin haifuwa mai canzawar lokaci R t ya wuce 1.0 kuma yana haɓaka tun Nuwamba 2020. Maris 2020 A ranar 16 ga Maris, an tabbatar da shari'ar COVID-19 ta farko a cikin kasar a Porto-Novo, babban birnin Benin. Bayan kwanaki uku, an ba da rahoton shari'ar ta biyu da aka tabbatar. Garin ya dakatar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na kasa da kasa daban-daban kuma ana kiyaye mutanen da ke shigowa kasar ta jirgin sama a karkashin wajaba na kwanaki 14. Haka kuma, an shawarci mutanen Benin da su sanya abin rufe fuska kuma su fita waje kawai idan an buƙata. An tabbatar da kararraki guda 9 da murmurewa guda daya a cikin Maris, wanda ya bar lokuta 8 masu aiki a karshen wata. Afrilu 2020 A watan Afrilu an sami sabbin kararraki 55, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 64. Mutuwar farko daga COVID-19 ta faru ne a ranar 5 ga Afrilu. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 33, yana barin lokuta 30 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata. Mayu 2020 An sami sabbin kararraki 168 a cikin watan Mayu, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 232. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu zuwa 3. An samu murmurewa guda 110 a cikin watan, wanda ya kara adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 143, wanda ya bar lokuta 86 masu aiki a karshen watan. Yuni 2020 A cikin watan Yuni an samu sabbin kararraki guda 967, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 1199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 21. An samu murmurewa guda 190 a cikin watan, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda suka warke zuwa 333, wanda ya bar 845 masu aiki a karshen watan. Yuli 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 606 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 1805. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da 15 zuwa 36. Adadin wadanda aka dawo dasu ya karu da 703 zuwa 1036, yana barin lokuta 733 masu aiki a karshen wata (raguwa da 13% daga karshen watan Yuni). Agusta 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 340 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2145. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya karu da hudu zuwa 40. Ya zuwa karshen wata adadin masu aiki sun ragu da rabi dangane da karshen watan Yuli, zuwa 367. Satumba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 212 a cikin watan Satumba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2357. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 41. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 1973, yana barin lokuta 343 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata. Oktoba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 286 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 2643. Adadin wadanda suka mutu bai canza ba. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2418, wanda ya bar lokuta 184 masu aiki a karshen wata. Nuwamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 372 a watan Nuwamba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3015. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 43. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 2839, wanda ya bar lokuta 133 masu aiki a karshen wata. Disamba 2020 An samu sabbin kararraki 236 a watan Disamba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3251. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 44. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3061, inda ya bar lokuta 146 masu aiki a karshen wata. Janairu 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 642 a watan Janairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 3893. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 52. Adadin marasa lafiya da aka murmure ya karu zuwa 3421, yana barin lokuta 420 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata. Fabrairu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 1541 a cikin Fabrairu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 5434. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 70. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 4248, inda ya bar lokuta 1116 masu aiki a karshen wata. Maris 2021 Yaƙin neman zaɓe na ƙasa ya fara ne a ranar 29 ga Maris, da farko tare da allurai 144,000 na rigakafin Covichield. An sami sabbin kararraki 1666 a cikin Maris, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7100. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 90. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 6452, inda ya bar lokuta 558 masu aiki a karshen wata. Afrilu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 721 a cikin Afrilu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 7821. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 99. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7580, wanda ya bar lokuta 142 masu aiki a karshen wata. Mayu 2021 An sami sabbin kararraki 237 a watan Mayu, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 8058. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 101. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 7893, wanda ya bar lokuta 64 masu aiki a karshen wata. Yuni 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 141 a watan Yuni, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8199. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 104. Adadin marasa lafiyar da aka dawo dasu ya karu zuwa 8000, yana barin lokuta 95 masu aiki a ƙarshen wata. Yuli 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 195 a watan Yuli, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kai 8394. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 108. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8136, inda ya bar lokuta 150 masu aiki a karshen watan. Agusta 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 4972 a cikin watan Agusta, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 13366. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 128. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 8854, wanda ya bar lokuta 4384 masu aiki a karshen wata. Satumba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 10524 a watan Satumba, wanda ya kai adadin wadanda aka tabbatar sun kamu zuwa 23890. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 159. Adadin wadanda aka dawo da su ya karu zuwa 21993, ya bar lokuta 1738 masu aiki a karshen wata. Oktoba 2021 An samu sabbin kararraki 859 a watan Oktoba, wanda ya kawo adadin wadanda aka tabbatar zuwa 24749. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 161. Adadin wadanda aka murmure ya karu zuwa 24346, inda ya bar lokuta 242 masu aiki a karshen wata. Alurar riga kafi Alurar riga kafi na COVID-19 a Benin wani shiri ne na rigakafi da ke ci gaba da yakar cutar sankarau mai tsanani na numfashi coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), kwayar cutar da ke haifar da cutar coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), don mayar da martani ga annobar da ke ci gaba a cikin kasar. Ya zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuni 2021, Benin ta ba da allurai 36,188, mutane 26,268 masu allurai guda 9,920 kuma an yi wa mutane 9,920 cikakkiyar allurar. Alurar rigakafi akan oda Tsarin lokaci Maris 2021 A ranar 11 ga Maris 2021, Benin ta karɓi SII-AstraZeneca tare da allurai 144,000. A ranar 22 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta karɓi Sinovac tare da allurai 203,000. A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021, Benin ta ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin rigakafin cutar coronavirus. Afrilu 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 10,051. Mayu 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 12,934. Yuni 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 46,108. Yuli 2021 Benin ta sami allurai 302,400 na rigakafin Janssen COVID-19 a ranar 27 ga Yuli. A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 61,858. Agusta 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 120,333. Satumba 2021 A karshen watan an yi alluran rigakafi 214,396. 3% na yawan mutanen da aka yi niyya an yi musu cikakkiyar allurar rigakafi. Duba kuma Annobar COVID-19 a Afirka COVID-19 annoba ta ƙasa da ƙasa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dashboard Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Afirka (CDC) akan Covid-19 COVID-19 Afirka Buɗe Data Project Dashboard Kungiyar Lafiya ta Yammacin Afirka COVID-19 Dashboard WHO COVID-19 Dashboard Manazarta

27222

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19%20Kula

COVID-19 Kula

COVID-19 kula shafi idanu da baza na coronavirus cuta domin tsayar da alamu na cuta ci gaban. Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba da shawarar sanya ido sosai, tare da mai da hankali kan gano harka, gwaji da tuntuɓar juna a duk yanayin watsawa. Ana sa ran sa ido kan COVID-19 don sa ido kan abubuwan da ke faruwa a cikin annoba, gano sabbin maganganu cikin sauri, kuma bisa ga wannan bayanin, samar da bayanan cututtukan cuta don gudanar da kimanta haɗari da jagorar shirye-shiryen cutar. Kulawar cutar sankara Ana yin sa ido kan cutar sankara bisa alamun mutumin da ya yi daidai da COVID-19. Tun daga Maris 2020, WHO ta ba da shawarar fayyace ma'anoni masu zuwa: Shari'ar da ake zargin "marar lafiya da ke fama da matsanancin rashin lafiya na numfashi (zazzabi da aƙalla alama ɗaya alamar cututtukan numfashi, misali tari, gajeriyar numfashi), da tarihin balaguro zuwa ko zama a wurin da ke ba da rahoton watsawar al'umma na COVID-19 a cikin kwanaki 14 kafin bayyanar cututtuka" KO "majiyyaci da kowane irin rashin lafiya na numfashi kuma ya kasance yana hulɗa da wani tabbataccen ko mai yiwuwa COVID-19 a cikin kwanaki 14 da suka gabata kafin bayyanar alamar" KO "majiyyaci mai tsananin numfashi rashin lafiya (zazzabi da aƙalla alamar alamar cututtuka na numfashi, misali tari, rashin ƙarfi na numfashi; da kuma buƙatar asibiti) da kuma idan babu wani madadin ganewar asali wanda ya bayyana cikakken bayanin asibiti." Shari'ar mai yiwuwa "wanda ake tuhuma wanda gwajin cutar ta COVID-19 bai cika ba" KO "wanda ake tuhuma wanda ba za a iya yin gwajinsa ba saboda kowane dalili" Tabbatar da shari'ar "mutumin da ke da tabbacin gwajin cutar COVID-19, ba tare da la'akari da alamun asibiti ba" Tuntuɓi "mutumin da ya ɗanɗana ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke biyo baya yayin 2kwanaki kafin da kuma 14kwanaki bayan bayyanar bayyanar cututtuka mai yiwuwa ko tabbatarwa fuska da fuska tare da mai yuwuwa ko tabbataccen shari'a a cikin 1mita kuma fiye da 15mintuna tuntuɓar jiki kai tsaye tare da wani lamari mai yiwuwa ko tabbatacce kulawa kai tsaye ga majiyyaci mai yuwuwa ko tabbatar da cutar COVID-19 ba tare da amfani da kayan kariya na sirri da suka dace ba sauran yanayi kamar yadda kima na hadarin gida ya nuna" WHO ta ba da shawarar bayar da rahoton yiwuwar kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 a cikin sa'o'i 48 na ganewa. Ya kamata kasashe su bayar da rahoto bisa ga shari'a gwargwadon iko amma, idan aka iyakance albarkatun, jimillar rahoton mako-mako yana yiwuwa. Wasu kungiyoyi sun ƙirƙiri cunkoson aikace-aikacen don sa ido kan cutar sankara, inda mutane za su iya ba da rahoton alamun su don taimakawa masu bincike taswira wuraren da ke tattare da alamun COVID-19. Cibiyar Nazarin Shaidar Shaidar (CEBM) ta kwatanta ma'anar shari'ar daga WHO, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Tarayyar Turai (ECDC), Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka ta Amurka (CDC), China, Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, da Italiya, kuma ta gano cewa yayin da Ma'anar lamuran da ake zargi sun dogara da ka'idodin asibiti, waɗanda gabaɗaya ana maye gurbinsu da sakamakon gwajin PCR guda ɗaya idan aka zo ga tabbatar da ganewar asali, kuma "babu wata jagora da ke ba da cikakkun bayanai kan takamaiman jerin RNA da ake buƙata ta gwaji, kofa don gwajin. sakamakon da kuma bukatar gwajin tabbatarwa." Sun lura cewa a halin yanzu "duk mutumin da ya cika ka'idojin dakin gwaje-gwaje tabbatacce ne" ko da yake a cikin Gabatarwa na CDC zuwa Epidemiology, ma'anar shari'ar ya kamata ya zama "sau'i na ma'auni don rarraba ko mutum yana da wata cuta, ciwo, ko wasu kiwon lafiya. hali". Suna buƙatar ƙididdige ƙimar gwajin PCR sun haɗa da "daidaitaccen matakin gano kofa, kuma aƙalla, rikodin kasancewar ko rashin alamun." Virological kula Ana yin sa ido kan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da gwajin ƙwayoyin cuta don COVID-19. WHO ta wallafa albarkatu don dakunan gwaje-gwaje kan yadda ake yin gwaji don COVID-19. A cikin Tarayyar Turai, dakin gwaje-gwajen da aka tabbatar sun sami rahoton COVID-19 a cikin sa'o'i 24 na ganewa. Kasashe da yawa suna gudanar da aikin sa ido akan ruwan sha don gwada wanzuwa ko yaɗuwar COVID-19 a cikin jama'ar da ke zaune a cikin magudanar ruwa. Sa ido na dijital Aƙalla ƙasashe 24 sun kafa sa ido na dijital na ƴan ƙasarsu. Fasahar sa ido na dijital sun haɗa da aikace-aikacen COVID-19, bayanan wuri da alamun lantarki. Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cututtuka a Amurka na bin diddigin bayanan balaguro na mutane masu amfani da bayanan fasinja na jirgin sama. Hannun hannu na bin diddigi na iya ɗaukar wurin aikace-aikacen wayar hannu don masu amfani waɗanda ko dai ba su mallaki wayar hannu ba, ko kuma waɗanda suka mallaki wayar da ba ta iya tallafawa ayyukan Bluetooth Low Energy A Burtaniya, kamar na 2020 sama da kashi goma na wayoyin hannu ba su da wannan aikin. Bugu da kari, a Koriya ta Kudu, ana ba wa mutanen da aka gano suna karya keɓe keɓe masu bin diddigin saƙon hannu da aka tsara don faɗakar da hukumomi idan an cire ƙungiyar. Aƙalla hukuma ɗaya a Amurka ta yi amfani da fasahar munduwa ta idon sawu don aiwatar da keɓancewar ga marasa lafiya da aka samu da keta. A Hong Kong, hukumomi suna buƙatar abin hannu da app ga duk matafiya. Ana amfani da app na GPS don bin diddigin wuraren mutane a Koriya ta Kudu don tabbatar da hana keɓe keɓe, aika faɗakarwa ga mai amfani da hukumomi idan mutane suka bar wuraren da aka keɓe. A Singapore, dole ne mutane su ba da rahoton wuraren da suke tare da shaidar hoto. Thailand tana amfani da app da katunan SIM don duk matafiya don tilasta keɓe su. Indiya na shirin kera makada masu kula da wuri da zafin jiki. Ma'aikatar tsaron cikin gida ta Isra'ila, Shin Bet, ta riga ta bin diddigin duk metadata na kiran wayar Isra'ila shekaru da yawa kafin barkewar cutar, kuma a cikin Maris 2020 an ba da umarnin ta hanyar dokar gaggawa don bin diddigin da sanar da mutanen da suka kamu da cutar. An maye gurbin dokar da doka a watan Yuni 2020. Daga watan Yuni zuwa Disamba 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa mutane 950,000 ne aka ba da tuta don keɓe ta hanyar sa ido, waɗanda 46,000 suka kamu da cutar. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun soki wasu daga cikin wadannan matakan, suna neman gwamnatoci da kar su yi amfani da cutar a matsayin abin fakewa don gabatar da sa ido na dijital. Manazarta

51225

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asenath%20Barzani

Asenath Barzani

Articles with hCards Asenath Barzani (,1590 1670),yar Kurdawa Bayahudiya ce ƙwararriyar malaman rabbini kuma mawaƙi wacce ta zauna kusa da Duhok,Kurdistan. Tarihin Rayuwa Tarihin iyali An haifi Asenath a cikin dangin Barzani,sanannen dangin Yahudawa a arewacin Kurdistan,a cikin shekarar 1590. Kakanta,Netanel Halevi,malami ne kuma shugaban al'ummar Yahudawa a Mosul,kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin mutum mai tsarki a cikin al'ummar Yahudawa da kewaye.Saboda darajar koyarwarsa,an kira shi adoni (Ibrananci,"ubangijina"). Ɗansa kuma mahaifin Asenath,Rabbi Shemuel Barzani,malami kuma mai sihiri,ya damu da matsayin Attaura a tsakanin Yahudawa na Kurdistan,da kuma rashin shugabanni na ruhaniya da kuma masu yanke hukunci.Ya kafa yeshivas da yawa a Barzan,Akre,Amadiya da kuma a Mosul,don haɓaka ɗalibai masu hikima waɗanda za su iya yi wa jama'a hidima a matsayin malamai,malamai,da masu yankan kosher. An tallafa wa ilimin irin waɗannan ɗalibai ta hanyar gudummawa daga masu ba da taimako na Yahudawa. Rayuwa Da yake Shemuel ba shi da 'ya'ya maza,ya koya wa'yarsa Attaura da Talmud su shirya ta a matsayin magajinsa.Ita kanta Asenath ta ce ba ta koyi wani sana’a,ko sana’a,ko sana’a ba,domin ta shafe tsawon lokacinta na koyon Attaura.Ta bayyana tarbiyyar ta kamar haka: Barzani ta auri ɗan uwanta Rabbi Ya’aqov Mizrahi,wanda ya yi wa mahaifinta alkawarin cewa ba za ta yi wani aikin gida ba kuma za ta iya yin amfani da lokacinta a matsayin malamin Attaura.Barzani ne ya rubuta Bayan mutuwar mahaifin Barzani,mijinta ya zama shugaban yeshivah a Mosul.Ya tsunduma cikin karatun nasa sosai har ta koyar da daliban yeshivah kuma ta ba su horon rabbi da kanta.Bayan mutuwar Ya’aqov,shugabancin yeshivah ya shige mata,kuma daga baya ta zama babban malamin Attaura.Da yake mahaifinta da mijinta ba su yi nasara wajen tara kuɗi ba,yeshivah koyaushe tana cikin matsalolin kuɗi,kuma Barzani ya rubuta wasiƙu da yawa yana neman kuɗi inda ta bayyana halin da take ciki da ’ya’yanta.An kwace gidanta da kayanta,har da littattafanta,amma tana jin cewa a matsayinta na mace ba zai dace ta yi balaguro don neman tallafi ba. Duk da matsalolin kudi,jagorancin Barzani na yeshivah ya yi nasara:ya ci gaba da samar da manyan malamai,ciki har da danta, wanda ta aika zuwa Bagadaza,inda ya ci gaba da daular malaman rabbi. Rubuce-rubucenta kaɗan sun nuna cikakkiyar ƙware na yaren Ibrananci,Attaura,Talmud,Midrash,da Kabbalah,kuma wasiƙunta suna nuna ba koyaswa kaɗai ba,har ma da fasaha na larabci. Bayan rasuwarta,yahudawa da dama sun yi tattaki zuwa kabarinta a Amadiyah a Arewacin Iraki, inda kuma aka binne mahaifinta. Take da Matsayi Taken Tanna'it,da matsayinta na shugabar yeshiva,bai yi daidai da zama malami ba,don haka ana ɗaukarta a matsayin abin da ba kasafai ake yi ba na malama limamin limamin mata,maimakon malami a kowane ɗaya, ko siffa mai ikon rabbi kamar posek ko dayan.A lokacin da Barzani ya rayu, manufar naɗa rabbai (semikha) ta kasance cikin juye-juye kuma yarjejeniya ɗaya ce ta buƙatu da al'adu na semikha a duk faɗin duniyar Yahudawa ba su wanzu. Waka Baya ga karatun addini,Barzani kuma an san ta da mawaƙi. An ce ta rubuta piyyut (waƙar liturgical) a cikin Kurdish,mai suna Ga'agua L'Zion ("Keson Sihiyona",a cikin Ibrananci). Tatsuniyoyi Akwai labarai da tatsuniyoyi da yawa game da Barzani da mu'ujizar da ta yi ciki har da wanda aka kwatanta a cikin "Guruwan Mala'iku". A cikin labarun gida,jinsinta yana taka muhimmiyar rawa (ko da yake a ainihin rayuwarta,tana da alama ta sami 'yan cikas).Yawancin labaran da suka yi ishara da ikonta na allahntaka an same su a cikin segulot (layi masu kariya,laya,ko al'ada).Wadannan sun hada da yadda za ta takaita haihuwar ‘ya’yanta biyu ne domin ta sadaukar da kanta ga karatun ta,da kuma yadda za ta kau da mai kutse domin kada ya yi mata fyade da babbar murya. Garken Mala'iku A cewar almara,mahaifinta ya kan bayyana a mafarkin Barzani,yana bayyana mata hadura da kuma gaya mata yadda za ta kauce musu.A wani lokaci irin wannan,ta je wurin Amédi inda ta shawo kan Yahudawan yankin su yi bikin Rosh Hodesh (bikin sabon wata) a waje,kamar yadda al’adarsu ta kasance kafin ’yan al’ummai maƙiya su yi musu barazana. Suna ci gaba da biki,sai aka yi ta ihu,sai suka ga wuta ta harba zuwa sama.An cinna wa majami'ar wuta da dukan littattafai masu tsarki da littattafai a ciki.Bayan Barzani ya rada wa wani suna a asirce da ta koya daga wurin mahaifinta,sai mutanen suka ga garke mala’iku suna saukowa zuwa rufin majami’a.Mala'iku suka dukan harshen wuta da fikafikansu,har sai da aka kashe duk wani tartsatsi na ƙarshe.Sa'an nan suka tashi zuwa cikin sama kamar garken fararen tattabarai,suka tafi.Sa’ad da hayaƙin ya ɗauke,sai kowa ya ga cewa,ba Yahudawa kaɗai suka ji rauni ba tun da ikilisiyar tana waje,amma an yi wani abin al’ajabi:majami’a ba ta ƙone ba,wutar kuma ba ta taɓa ko ɗaya daga cikin littattafan Attaura ba..Bayan wannan mu’ujiza,al’ummai sun daɗe ba su tsananta wa Yahudawa na Amadi ba.Da godiya,sun sake suna majami'ar sunanta,kuma labarin ya ƙare da kalmomin"kuma yana tsaye har yau". Duba kuma Timeline na mata rabbi

20331

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Niass

Ibrahim Niass

Ibrāhīm Niasse (1900–1975) ko (Faransanci Ibrahima Niasse) Wolof Shaykh al-'Islām al-Ḥājj Ibrāhīm ibn al-Ḥājj Abd Allāh at-Tijānī al-Kawlakhī ya kasance babban shugaban Senegal (wolof) na Tijānī Sufi na Islama a Afirka ta Yamma Mabiyansa a yankin Senegambiya suna kiran shi a harshen Wolof a matsayin Baay, ko "uba." Rayuwa Niasse shi ne mutumin Afirka ta Yamma na farko da ya jagoranci Masallacin al-Azhar a Misira, bayan an yi masa laƙabi da "Sheikh al-Islam". Ya kasance kusa da masu gwagwarmayar neman ƴanci da yawa a Afirka ta Yamma saboda gudummawar da ya bayar don samun' Ƴanci a Ƙasashen Afirka. Ya kasance aboki kuma mai ba da shawara ga Shugaban Ghana na farko, Kwame Nkrumah, da aboki tare da Gamal Abdel Nasser da Sarki Faisal na kasar Saudi Arabia. Sheikh ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙungiyar ƙasashen Musulmi ta Duniya tare da Faisal a matsayin shugaba. An haife shi a shekara ta 1900, a ƙauyen Tayba Ñaseen (wanda aka rubuta lafazin Taïba Niassène a Faransanci), tsakanin garin Kaolack na Senegal da iyakar Gambiya. Ibrahim Niasse shi ɗa ne ga Alhaji Abdullahi Ñas (1840-1922), babban wakilin Tijānī Sufi Umarni, wanda galibi ake kira Tareeqat al-Tijjaniyya, a yankin Saalum a farkon ƙarni na ashirin. A lokacin samartakarsa, Sheykh Ibrahim Niasse ya sake komawa tare da mahaifinsa zuwa garin Kaolack, inda suka kafa zāwiya (cibiyar addini) na Lewna Ñaseen. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa a Lewna Ñaseen a 1922, babban yayan Shaykh Ibrāhīm, Muhammad al-Khalīfa, ya zama magajin mahaifinsa ko Khalīfa. Sheikh Ibrāhīm mai shekaru 22 ya shafe mafi yawan lokacinsa yana noma a gonar danginsa tare da koyar da yawan almajirai a ƙauyen da ke kusa da Kóosi Mbittéyeen. Duk da cewa Shaykh Ibrāhīm bai taba ikirarin cewa shi ne magajin mahaifinsa ba, saboda kwarjini da ilimin da yake da shi, ya samu dimbin almajirai, kuma rikici ya tashi tsakanin almajiransa da na babban yayansa, Muhammad al-Khalifa. A cikin shekarar 1929, yayin da yake cikin gona a Kóosi Mbittéyeen, saurayin Shaykh Ibrāhīm ya ba da sanarwar cewa an ba shi Mabuɗin Sirrin Ilimin Allah, kuma don haka ya zama Khalifa na Sheykh Tijjani a cikin Dokar Tijaniyya, matsayin da ba wanda ya samu kamar yadda na wancan lokacin. Daga nan Sheikh Ibrahim ya bayyana cewa duk wanda yake son ya sami ma'arifa, matakin Tabbacin Allah a cikin Darikun Sufaye, dole ne ya bi shi. A shekarar 1930, bayan addu'ar ofd al-Fiṭr (karshen watan Ramadān), fada ya barke tsakanin almajiran Shaikh Ibrahim da na Muhammad al-Khalīfa Lamarin da ya sa Sheikh Ibrahim nan da nan ya yanke shawarar komawa tare da almajiransa zuwa sabon wuri. A wannan maraice, ya tashi tare da wasu rukuni na kusa da almajiransa don nemo sabon wurin zama, washegari kuma suka kafa sabuwar zāwiya a Madina Baay, wani ƙauye wanda daga baya aka sanya shi cikin garin Kaolack mai girma A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, shehin ya raba lokacinsa tsakanin koyarwa a lokacin rani a Madina Baay da noma a lokacin damina a Koosi Mbittéyeen. A lokacin bazara na shekarar 1945 ya sake kafa kansa a gidan mahaifinsa a ƙauyensa na asali na Tayba Ñaseen, sake ginawa da sake tsara garin bayan da gobara ta lalata yawancinta. Shahararren Sheykh Ibrahim ya bazu cikin sauri a cikin ƙauyuka, kuma mafi yawan almajiran mahaifinsa daga ƙarshe sun zama almajiransa duk da matsayinsa na ƙarami a cikin iyali. Koda yake almajiransa sun kasance 'yan tsiraru a cikin Senegal, amma sun kasance mafi girman reshe na Tijānīyyah a duk duniya. A cikin rawar da ba ta dace ba a lokacin 1930, shugabannin da yawa na Larabawa 'Idaw Ali na Mauritania-ƙabila ɗaya da suka gabatar da umarnin Tijjānī zuwa Yammacin Afirka sun bayyana kansu almajiran Sheykh Ibrahim. Sanannen cikinsu shine Shaykhāni, Muḥammad Wuld an-Naḥwi da Muḥammad al-Mishri. Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya, kamar yadda aka san almajiran shaikhu, ya bunkasa kuma ya sami ɗimbin mabiya a cikin shekarun 1930s da 1940 a duk Arewacin da Yammacin Afirka. A shekarar 1937 lokacin da suka haɗu da Shaykh Ibrahim a lokacin aikin hajji a Makkah, Sarkin Kano, Najeriya, Alhaji 'Abdullahi Bayero ya yi mubaya'a ga shehin kuma ya bayyana kansa almajirin sheykh Ibrahim. Wannan lamarin ya sa Shaykh Ibrahim ya sami amincewar da yawa daga fitattun shugabannin Tijjānī na Arewacin Najeriya da ma wasu da dama wadanda ba Tijjaniyya ba kafin wannan lokaci. Alhaji Abdulmalik Atta basarake ne daga Okene kuma Babban Kwamishina na farko a Najeriya zuwa Ingila yana daya daga cikin manyan almajiran sheikh Ibrahim da kuma surukin shehin ta hanyar ‘yarsa Sayyida Bilkisu. Sheykh Ibrahim ya zama sanannen Sheykh al-Tareeqa (Jagoran Darikun Sufaye) a ko'ina cikin yankunan Hausa na Yammacin Afirka. A ƙarshe, yana da almajirai nesa da Senegal fiye da shi. A lokacin rasuwarsa a shekarar 1975 a Landan, Ingila, Sheykh Ibrahim Niass yana da miliyoyin mabiya a duk Yammacin Afirka. Reshensa na Tijāniyya, Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya ya zama mafi girman reshe a duniya. Bayan mutuwarsa, babban almajirinsa, Sheykh Aliyy Cisse da babban ɗan Niass, Alhaji Abdulahi Ibrahim Niass ne suka jagoranci garin. Khalīfa na yanzu a Madina Baay shine babban ɗansa mai rai, Sheikh Ahmad Tijani Niass wanda ya zama khalifa a cikin shekarar 2010 bayan mutuwar ɗan'uwansa khalifa Ahmadu Niass, wanda aka fi sani da "Daam", a ranar Talata 18 Mayu 2010. Iyalan Cisse sun gudanar da aikin Shaykh Ibrahim a matsayin babban Limamin masallacin Madina Baay. Yayin da suke hidima a matsayin Limamin Madina Baay, Shaykh Hassan Cisse, dan Shaykh Aliyy Cisse da kuma jikan mahaifiyar Shaykh Ibrahim, sun ɗauki koyarwar Shaykh Ibrahim zuwa Amurka, Ingila da sauran kasashen yamma da yawa. Ana kallon Shaykh Hassan Cisse a matsayin shugaban Tareeqa al-Tijaniyya al-Ibrahimiyya a duniya har zuwa lokacin da ya mutu kwatsam a watan Agusta na shekarar 2008. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka bai wa kanen Shaykh Hassan Sheykh Tijjānī Cisse mukamin Limamin Madina Baay. Ayyuka Ayyukan assiass sun haɗa da: Sabilu ssadaam fi ibkaa'il maqaam littafi ne da aka rubuta don kare jihar da Maqam Ibrahim ya kasance. Kāshif al-'ilbās an Fayḍati l-Khatmi 'Abī Abbās ("Dauke rikice-rikice game da Fayḍa [Ambaliyar) na hatimin [tsarkaka] Abū Abbās [Ahmad at-Tijānī]"). Shaykh Tijānī īAlī Sīse ne ya shirya. Ash-Sharīka ad-dawliyya a, Alkahira, Misira. 978-1-891785-47-4 Jawāhir ar-rasā'il ("Lu'ulu'u na haruffa"), jerin haruffa, fatawoyi, da sauran gajerun hanyoyin sadarwa na Ibrāhīm Ñas. As-sirr al-'akbar ("Babban sirrin") Tarihin wakoki marasa adadi, wadanda aka buga a cikin Ad-Dawāwīn as-Sitt Wanda Awwal Baba Taofiq ("Anthologies shida") ya fassara zuwa Turanci, ad- Dawāwīn ("tarin tarin"), da Riḥlāt ash-Shaykh 'Ibrāhīm ("enaddamar da tafiye tafiyen Shaykh Ibrāhīm"). Dukkan wadannan an shirya su ne daga dansa Shaykh Muḥammad al-Ma'mūn Ibrāhīm Ñas. Kitāb at-taṣrīf ("Littafin ilimin ilimin larabci"), littafi ne da aka saba amfani da shi a makarantun larabci a duk ƙasar Senegal. Manāsik al-ḥajj al-mubārakah al-musammāt: tuḥfat 'ahl al-ḥādirah bi-mā al-ḥājj siyyamā fī ṭ-ṭā'irah ("Ibadoji na aikin hajji mai albarka, ko: duwatsu masu daraja ga mutanen gari don amfanin mahajjata, musamman wanda ke tafiya a jirgin sama Shaykh Tijānī īAlī Sīse ne ya shirya. Ruhul Adab (Ruhun kyawawan halaye da horo) wanda Sheikh Hassan Cisse ya fassara zuwa Ingilishi. AlIfriqiyya lil Ifriqiyyin (Afirka ga 'yan Afirka) shugabannin Afirka da masu rajin neman' yanci karkashin jagorancin Gamal Abd al-Nasser na Masar sun ba da amanar buga wannan littafin ga Sheikh Sani Auwalu wani almajirin Najeriya na Sheikh Ibrahim Inyass (RA). Da dama daga cikin fatawa s (ra'ayoyi na shari'a), gami da: Wajh at-taḥqīq fī kawn medīna huwa atīq ("Tabbatar da cewa dokar da ta daɗe na keɓance masallaci birni ne"), game da yanayin da ranar Juma'a ta kasance ya kamata a gina masallaci; da Baḥth fī thubūt ru'yat al-hilāl ("Nazari kan tabbatar da ganin sabon wata"), game da lokacin da za a kawo karshen watan Ramaḍan da azuminsa. Baya ga ayyukan da ya buga, kaset ɗin kaset na Ibrāhīm Ñas da yawa ana samunsu a Senegal, gami da cikakken Tafsirin Al-Qur'ān (fassarar Alkur'ani) a Wolof da Larabci, karatuttuka da yawa na Maulid an-nabawī haihuwar [da rayuwar] Muhammad), kuma a yaren Wolof da Larabci, da jawabai kan batutuwan addini da na aikace a cikin Wolof. "Dawawin Al-Sittah" (aikin waƙoƙi mai yawa a cikin yabo da ɗaukaka Muhammadu), "Risalatul-Tauba" (ɗan littafin da ke bayyana ainihin tuba ta gaskiya ga Allah) Rihlat conakiriyya Rihlat comashiyya Hujjal baaligha, Bayaan wa tab'een et al. Manazarta Malaman Musulunci Malamai Mutane

20003

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Babba

Aliyu Babba

Aliyu Ibn Abdullahi-Maje Karofi ya kasance Sarkin Kano, a yanzu jihar da ke Arewacin Nijeriya a yanzu. Har ila yau ana kiransa Babba da Mai Sango Mai Amfani da Bindiga Ya bayyana a ƙarshen Basasa, mulkinsa ya kasance cike da yaƙe-yaƙe masu tsada, da ayyukan katanga waɗanda suka ba da ƙarfi ga masarautar kasuwancin. Tserewarsa kamar yadda Sarkin Kano ya kuma kasance yana cikin kundin tarihin masarautar Kano da Tarikh Al Kano Gwanin Ali Zaki, yana tunawa da lokacin da ya zama Sarkin Kano na ƙarshe. Tarihi Rayuwar Aliyu sabanin sauran sarakunan sudan a lokacin tana daga cikin tsananin riko da Tasswuf, a cewar Tarikh al Kano, Aliyu ya kasance mai bin umarnin Qadariyyah kuma hazikin takobi. Tun yana karami ya rubuta Rad al Jahla rubutu na sufist don farawa. A shekarar 1893, jim kadan da rasuwar Sarki Muhammad Bello, Sultan Abdurrahman ya nada Tukur sabon Sarkin Kano Kusan nan da nan, dan uwan Aliyu kuma ya ba da rahoton Yusuf mai karfin gwiwa, ya jagoranci sauran yaran Abdullahi Maje Karofi cikin tawaye. Wannan rarrabuwa a cikin gidan Dabo shine ya haifar da Yakin basasar Kano na 3; Basasa 'Yan tawayen sun bar Kano zuwa Takai kuma Aliyu ya ɗauki matsayin ba na hukuma ba Vazier, tare da tsara hanyoyin soja da yawa na Yusufawa Basasa An bayar da rahoton cewa Aliyu ya bambanta kansa a filin a lokacin Basassa, nasarorin da ya samu a Gogel da Utai ya ba shi damar cin nasara lokacin da a cikin shekarar 1894, lokacin Yaƙin Gaya; Yusuf yaji rauni sosai. Sarkin-Dawakin-Tsakar-Gida Abbas da Dan-Makwayo Shehu da su ma masu neman sarauta, an tilasta musu su yarda lokacin da yake gadon mutuwa; Yusuf ya sanar da shi ne game da wani shiri da Halifan Sakkwato na wancan lokacin Abdurrahman Danyen Kasko ya yi na jagorantar rundunar ’yan kaka a wani balaguron balaguro a kan Yusufawa, tare da mahaifiyar Aliyu’ yar’uwar Halifa; Nadin sarautar Aliyu zai iya zama ya kwantar da hankalin Sakkwato. Zama sarkin Kano A ranar 19 ga Agustan shekara ta 1894, Aliyu ya yi nasarar jagorantar Yusufawa wajen mamaye garuruwan Kano. Yan Watanni bayan haka aka kashe Mohammed Tukur a Gurum wanda ya hakan kawo ƙarshen Yaƙin Basasa a Kano. Zaman lafiya ya kasance takaice. Bayan sake shigar da Kano cikin Khalifanci na Sakkwato a cikin 1896, sai aka sake samun ci gaba a Barno da ke hango rikice-rikice a gabashin Kalifancin suka kaddamar da yakin neman zabe kan Kano ta fuskoki uku. Masarautar Sultan ta Damagaram jihar borno, Maradi da Ningi wacce ta kasance a bayyane suka bude gaba daya a kokarin mamaye kano. Tsaron da Aliyu ya yi wa Kano ta hanyar amfani da Bama-bamai, Musgo da Sango da sauran kayan yaki na Daular Usmaniyya ya ba shi taken Mai Sango da Zaki Yaƙe-yaƙen sa a wannan lokacin ya ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayin sauran jaruman Sarakuna da Sarakuna. Ballantin Ali Zaki; Wakar Ali Zaki, yana murnar tserewarsa daga Tijjaniya Kano, ya ɓoye sunansa da na fadawansa kamar Vazier- Ahmadu; Galadima-Mahmud, Madaki Kwairanga, Alkali-Suleman, Makama-Hamza da Sarkin-Bai- Abdussalam. Hakanan yayin waɗannan kamfen, a ƙoƙarin ƙarfafa iyakokin Masarautar; Aliyu ya ƙaddamar da jerin ayyukan Ribat Fort. Sumaila Bunkure, Gezawa da sauran samfuran samari da yawa an daukaka su zuwa matsayin Ribats. Wadannan yaƙe-yaƙe ba za su ƙwace ba har zuwa lokacin da Faransa ta ci tura a shekarar 1899 da kuma kutse daga baya da Rabeh da Fadallah suka yi wanda ya karkatar da hankalin mutanen Borno daga Khalifancin Sokoto Yakan shi da Kama shi A cikin shekarata 1903, Yayin da suka kai ziyarar girmamawa a Sakkwato, Tattakin Biritaniya na Kano zuwa Sakkwato ya far wa Kano. Har yanzu dai ana ta cece-kuce kan shin an sanar da Aliyu game da harin na Ingila kafin ya tafi Sakkwato ko A'a. A watan Fabrairun 1903, sojojin Burtaniya suka kame Kano yayin da Aliyu baya tare da manyan sojojin dawakai na Masarautar. Da samun labarin faduwar Kano a Sakkwato, Aliyu da mahaya dawakai na kano sun hau kan hanya don kwato masarautar. Bayan cin nasara sau uku da Turawan ingila a Gusau da Zamfara, A watan Maris na shekarar 1903, maharan dawakai na Kano sun yi wa Kwatarkwashi kwanton bauna A tarzomar yaƙi, Vazier Ahmadu da aka kashe da kuma a wasu nufi kafin ko bayan cewa, Aliyu ya dauki ga jirgin a cikin wani Mahadist Hijira. Tare da fatattakar sojojin dokin Kano, The Wambai na Kano Abbass ya mika wuya ga Birtaniyya yayin da ragowar Sojan Dawakai na Kano da suka dawo Sakkwato suka kasance cikin rundunar Caliphal. Watanni bayan haka, Faransawa suka kama Aliyu a Jamhuriyar Nijar ta yau tare da mika shi ga Turawan Ingila. Gudun hijira da Mutuwa Bayan kama shi, an tura Aliyu zuwa Yola sannan kuma bayan tawaye a can zuwa Lokoja, babban birnin sabuwar Arewacin Najeriya inda ya koma karatun Tasswuff Ya mutu a can a shekarar 1926.

6159

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano

Kano

Kano Ajami shi ne babban birnin Jihar Kano, kuma shi ne gari mai Jerin yawan hadakar mutane masu yawa a jahohin Najeriya mafi yawan al'ummar da ke Arewa maso yammacin ƙasar Najeriya dake yammacin Afrika. Garin ya kasance babban wurin da al'umma ke rayuwa na tsawon dubban shekaru da suka wuce. Shi ne birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a, yana da yawan jama'a a cikin iyakokin Birnin, tare da sama da ƴan ƙasa miliyan huɗu a cikin 5,700km. Yankin gargajiya ne na tsohuwar daular Dabo mai ƙarni biyu wadanda tun a ƙarni na (19) suka kasance sarakunan gargajiya na cikin gari har zuwa yankin Kano lokacin da garin ya mamaye daular Biritaniya wato kasar Ingila. Majalisar Masarautar Kano ita ce cibiyar masarautar yanzu a cikin iyakokin biranen Kano, kuma karkashin ikon Gwamnatin Jihar Kano Garin yana karkashin kudu da Sahara, kuma yana daya daga cikin masarautu bakwai na zamani a cikin kasar Hausa kuma manyan mazauna garin su ne aru-aru kafin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, Kano ta kasance mai cikakkiyar iko da yawan Larabawa, Kanuri, Baburawa da Fulani kuma ta kasance haka tare da harshen Hausa da ake magana da shi a matsayin harshen yare da masu magana da miliyan saba'in a yankin. Addinin Islama ya isa garin a karni na goma sha daya, ko kuma a farkon ta hanyar kasuwancin Sahara kuma sakamakon haka ya zama mai wadata kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ta yankin ta Arewacin Najeriya, kuma har yanzu ana danganta ta a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci a arewacin najeriya. Da lakabin da ake mata, "Kano ko da me kazo An fika". Bayanin Asali Kano ta samo asali ne daga garin Dala, Dutsen Dala/bayan tsauni kuma ana kiran ta haka har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha biyar da farkon karni na goma sha shida ga majiyoyin Borno Tarihi Kafa da daular Bagauda A cikin karni na (7), Dutsen Dala, wani tsauni ne da yake a Kano, ya kasance wurin farauta da tara jama'ar da ke aikin bakin karfe al'adun Nok ba a sani ba ko wadannan Hausawa ne ko kuwa masu magana da yarukan Nijar Congo. Tarihin Kano ya nuna cewa Barbushe, jarumi ne na tsaunin Dala kuma mace mai bautar ruhi da aka sani da suna Tsumburbura, Barbushe ta fito ne daga tsatson gidan mafarautan (maparauta) wadanda suka fara zama a garin Elizabeth Isichei ta lura cewa bayanin Barbushe ya yi kama da juna ga mutanen Sao). Duk da yake a baya akwai kananan sarakuna a yankin, kamar yadda yake a Tarihin Kano, Bagauda dan Bawo da jikan jarumin almara mai suna Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Kano na farko a shekara ta 999, yana mulki har zuwa shekara ta alif da sittin da Uku 1063. Jikansa Gijimasu (1095-1134), sarki na uku, ya fara gina ganuwar garin (badala ganuwa) a kasan Dutsen Dala. Sunansa, Tsaraki (1136–1194), sarki na biyar, ya kammala su a zamanin mulkinsa. Tsakiyar Zamani: yaduwar Musulunci da kasuwanci A karni na goma sha biyu 12 Ali Yaji mai matsayin Sarkin Kano ya yi mubaya'a daga barin tsafin Tsumburbura, ya musulunta kuma ya yi daular Sarauta wanda zai kasance har zuwa faduwarta a karni na 19. Mulkin Yaji ya biyo bayan zamanin faɗaɗawa wanda ya ga Kano ta zama babban birni na daular Habe ta karya. A shekarar alif dari hudu da sittin da uku,1463 Muhammad Rumfa (ya yi zamani a shekara ta 1463, zuwa shekarar ta 1499) ya hau gadon sarauta. A lokacin mulkinsa, matsin lamba daga siyasa da ya tashi daga Daular Songhai ya tilasta shi ya dauki Auwa, diyar Askiyah Mai Girma a matsayin matar sa. Ta kasance daga baya ta zama mace ta farko a garin Kano. Rumfa sarki ne attajiri da ban nishaɗi. Kayan sawa na alfarma da takalmin gashin jimina masu tsada sun kasance ruwan dare tsakanin jami'an gwamnati. An kuma fara amfani da kakaki a lokacin mulkinsa. Dukiyarsa tana bin bashin kasuwancin Kano a wannan lokacin. Babu shakka Kano ta samu daukaka sosai a matsayinta na muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasuwancin Sahara a tsakiyar zamanai a lokacin mulkinsa. Bayanin Leo Africanus game da Kano ya yi amannar na zamanin Rumfa ne. Ya bayyana mazauna yankin a matsayin "attajirai 'yan kasuwa kuma kwararrun masu fasaha" sannan ya yaba da dokin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi. Ya kuma lura da yalwar shinkafa, masara, auduga da 'ya'yan itatuwa (citrus). Rumfa ya gyara birni, ta fadada Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Fadar Sarki), kuma ya taka rawa wajen kara musuluntar da mutanen garin, kamar yadda ya bukaci mashahuran mazauna garin su tuba. Tarihin Kano ya danganta duka "sabbin abubuwa" guda goma sha biyu zuwa Rumfa. A cikin littafin Tarihin Kano, Sarki na talatin da bakwai Sarkin Kano shi ne Mohammed Sharef (1703–1731). Magajinsa, Kumbari dan Sharefa (1731–1743), ya shiga manyan yakukuwa tare da Sakkwato a matsayin hamayya ta dogon lokaci. Mulkin Fulani: karkashin daular Suleiman da Dabo A farkon karni na 19, shugaban Fulani na musulunci Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranci jihadi da ya shafi yawancin yankin tsakiyar Sudan wanda ya rusa masarautar Habe, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar Khalifanci na Sakkwato A shekara ta 1805 Sarkin Yabe na Fulanin ya ci Sarkin Kano na karshe, kuma Kano ta zama Masarautar Khalifanci. Kano ta riga ta kasance mafi girma da ci gaba a daular. Heinrich Barth ya kira Kano babbar masarautar tsakiyar Afirka; ya kasance masanin Bajamushe ne wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama a arewacin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1850 kuma ya kiyasta yawan bayi a Kano ya kai a kalla 50%, mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a kauyukan bayi. Wannan shine bayan manyan gungiyoyin bayi na ƙarshe, tare da yawan kaso mai yawa na bautar bayi tun bayan da aka yanke cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Garin ya sha fama da fari da yunwa daga 1807 zuwa shekara ya 1810, a cikin 1830s, 1847, 1855, 1863, 1873, 1884, kuma daga shekara ta 1889 zuwa 1890. Daga shekarata 1893 har zuwa 1895, masu neman sarauta biyu sun yi yakin basasa, ko Basasa tarre da taimakon bayin masarauta, Yusufu ya ci nasara a kan dan'uwansa Tukur kuma ya dauki matsayin sarki. Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, mulkin bayan fage, da 'yanci A watan Maris na shekara ta 1903 bayan wata 'yar gwagwarmaya, Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye ganuwar Kano, nan take ta maye gurbin Lokoja a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwar Arewacin Najeriya An maye gurbinsa a matsayin cibiyar gwamnati ta Zungeru sannan daga baya Kaduna kuma kawai ta sake dawo da mahimmancin mulki tare da kirkirar jihar Kano bayan independence ('yancin kai) na kasar Najeriya. Daga shekara ta 1913 zuwa 1914, yayin da kasuwancin gyada ke kara fadada, Kano ta yi fama da babban fari, wanda ya haifar da yunwa. Sauran lokutan yunwa a lokacin mulkin Birtaniyya sun faru a shekara ta 1908, 1920, 1927, 1943, 1951, 1956, da 1958. Zuwa 1922, dan kasuwar gyada Alhassan Dantata ya zama hamshakin attajiri a Masarautar Kano, ya zarta sauran 'yan kasuwa Umaru Sharubutu Koki da Maikano Agogo. A watan Mayun shekara ta 1953, wani fadan kabilanci da ya soma saboda kudancin jaridu na rahin bada rahoto a kan yanayin da bambancin ra'ayi a tsakanin arewaci da kudancin yan siyasa a majalisar wakilai Dubun-dubatar ‘yan Najeriya 'yan asalin kudu sun mutu sakamakon wani rikici da ya haifar da siyasa. Ado Bayero ya zama sarkin Kano a shekaran 1963. Gwamnatin soja ta Tarayya ce ta kirkiro jihar Kano a shekarar 1967 daga Arewacin Najeriya na wancan lokacin. An yabawa kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na soja na farko, Audu Bako da gina kakkarfan tushe don ci gaban zamantakewar zamani. Ya fara ayyukan ci gaba da yawa kamr irin su hanyoyi da ingantaccen ruwan sha na birane. Shi kansa manomi ne mai son tallafi da samar da madatsun ruwa. Godiya ga manufofin sa Kano ta samar da duk nau'ikan da ake samarwa da fitar da shi zuwa jihohin makwabta. Gwamnan farar hula na farko shi ne Abubakar Rimi A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1980, mai wa’azi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine ya jagoranci tarzoma Jami'an tsaro sun kashe shi, amma daga baya mabiyansa suka fara tayar da kayar baya a wasu biranen arewacin. Bayan gabatar da tsarin shari'ar musulunci a jihar Kano a farkon shekara ta 2000, da yawa Kiristoci sun bar garin. An kashe mutane 100 a cikin tarzoma kan batun shari’a a lokacin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, rikicin siyasa ya barke a garin bayan Jam’iyyar Democratic Party (PDP) ta zargi All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) da murde zaben kananan hukumomin da aka yi a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba. (ANPP ta yi nasara a kananan hukumomi 36 daga cikin 44 na jihar. Daruruwan matasa sun fito kan tituna, sama da mutane 300 aka kame aqalla mutane 25 aka kashe. Gine-ginen da aka cinnama wuta sun hada da ofishin ‘yan sanda na sharia, da cibiyar addinin Islama, da sakatariyar karamar hukuma. An girke sojojin tarayya guda 280 a kewayen birnin. A watan Janairun shekarar 2012, wasu jerin hare-haren bam sun kashe mutane 162. An kai hari kan ofisoshin 'yan sanda hudu, hedkwatar Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha, ofisoshin fasfo da cibiyoyin shige da fice. Mayakan Jihadi da ake kira Boko Haram sun dauki alhakin hakan. Bayan tashin bama-bamai, an sanya Kano a cikin dokar hana fita. Rikicin Boko Haram ya ci gaba da kisan mutane a watan Maris din shekarar 2013, Nuwambar 2014 da Fabrairun 2015 A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sarki Ado Bayero wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Kano tsawon shekaru fiye da hamsin ya mutu, kuma rikicin sarauta ya barke tsakanin dangin masarautar. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi jikan tsohon Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I ya zama sabon Sarkin Kano. Haduwarsa ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai yawa daga magoya bayan Sanusi Ado Bayero na Chiroman Kano (Yariman Masarauta) kuma da ga marigayi Sarki Ado Bayero, tare da zargin cewa Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso ya tsoma baki cikin tsarin sarauta. A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya raba masarautar Kano zuwa sabbin masarautu hudu; Bichi, Rano, Gaya da Karaye. Wannan matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ya soki dattawa. A dokar dai, daga cikin kananan hukumomi 44 da ke jihar, Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano zai jagoranci kananan hukumomi 10 kawai; tare da sauran sassan da aka sassaka tsakanin sabbin masarautu. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2020, Gwamna Abdullahi Ganduje ne ya dare karagar mulkin Sanusi. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka tasa keyar sarkin zuwa karkashin tsaro mai karfi zuwa wani gida cikin al'ajabi, jihar Nasarawa. Sai da babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta shiga tsakani don ba da umarnin a sake shi daga tsare a Nasarawa. Labarin kasa Wuri Birnin Kano yana kudu da hamadar Sahara a cikin yankin Savanna na Sudan wanda ya fadi kudu da Sahel Garin yana kusa da inda kogunan Kano da Challawa da suke kwararowa daga kudu maso yamma suka hadu suka zama Kogin Hadejia, wanda daga karshe ya malala zuwa Tafkin Chadi zuwa gabas. Yanayi Kano tana da sama da matakin teku Kano tana da yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi Birni yana da kusan kimanin na hazo a kowace shekara, yawancinsu suna faduwa ne daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Kamar mafi yawan Nijeriya, Kano tana da zafi sosai a mafi yawancin shekara, tana yin sama a cikin watan Afrilu. Daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, garin ba shi da zafi sosai, tare da yanayin daren lokacin watannin Disamba, Janairu da Fabrairu suna da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na Gundumomi Kano na da yankuna shida: Tsohon Birni Bompai, Fagge Sabon Gari, Quasar Siriya da Nassarawa Tattalin arziki Tarihin tattalin arzikin Kano ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin biranen na farko lokacin da garin ya kasance mafi kudu maso kudu na shahararrun hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara Kano tana da kyakkyawar alaka da birane da yawa a Arewacin Afirka da wasu biranen a kudancin Turai. A shekara ta 1851, birnin Kano ya samar da takalmi miliyan 10 da fatun tan miliyan 5 kowace shekara don fitarwa, tare da wasu kayayyaki da suka hada da kayan yadi, fata da hatsi. Kano ta hadu da kasuwancin Trans-Atlantic a cikin shekarar 1911 lokacin da hanyar jirgin kasa ta isa Kano. Kano babbar cibiya ce ta samarwa da kuma fitar da kayayyakin amfanin gona kamar fatu, fata, gyada, da auduga Birnin yana kula da tattalin arzikinsa ta hanyar kasuwancin tun a karni na 21 tare da samar da mutum mafi arziki a Afirka Aliko Dangote wanda babban mahaifin sa Alhassan Dantata shi ne mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka a tsakiyar karni na 20. Tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, manufofin gwamnati da ba su dace ba da kuma samar da wutar lantarki nan da can ya kawo cikas ga masana'antu da masana'antu, ta yadda tattalin arzikin Kano ya dogara ne kacokam kan kasuwanci, tallace-tallace da aiyuka. Akwai shirye-shiryen kafa filin shakatawa na fasahar bayanai a cikin gari. Al'adu Dawakai A al'adance Kano tana da mahaɗan dawakai kuma ana bayyana wannan yayin bikin Durbar na shekara-shekara don nuni da kuma yin bukukuwa biyu na Musulmai na shekara Eid al Fitr (don nuna ƙarshen Watan Ramadan mai alfarma da Eid al-Adha (don bikin aikin Hajji) Harami Mai Tsarki). Ana fara bikin ne da kwararrun mahaya daga fadar masarauta da masu kishin alfarma tare da mawaƙa, maharba, da da'iran gargajiya a cikin jerin gwanon arziki da launuka masu kayatarwa ta cikin garin akan hanyar zuwa gidan sarki. Da zarar sun taru a kusa da fadar, mahayan dawakan sun shiga kungiyoyinsu, kowane a karkashin tutar shugaban gundumar (hakimai) ko kuma wani mai martaba daga fadar sarki (masarauta), su karba bi da bi su caji sarki, suna tafe da kafa daya a gaban manyan mutane da ke zaune don ba su girmamawa da biyayya. A lokacin bikin, sarki ya yi kyakykyawar bayyana a (https://www.majalisarmu.com/hawan-sallah-a-kano/ launuka daban-daban sanye da ado) da adon sarki. A karon farko cikin shekaru 200, an soke bikin dawaki na durban a shekarar 2012 saboda mummunan yanayin rashin lafiyar sarkin kano. Wasu masu sharhi na nuna cewa sokewar ya hada da kasancewar karuwar munanan hare-haren kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokacin. Gine-gine Gine-ginen kano tsawon shekaru sun sama ga banbance banbance, musamman daga na gargajiya zuwa na zamani. Birnin babban yanki ne na gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian, yana haɓaka tsarin Tubali na cikin gida wanda ya bayyana a masallatai, bango, mahaɗan gama gari, da ƙofofi. Fassara fasalin gine-gine ya kasance kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin gine-ginen Kano, tare da garin yana dauke da ƙwararrun masu fasaha. Tambarin kasa Tsohon Birni Ganuwa ta mamaye, yawancin ƙofofin zuwa Old City suna rayuwa. Tsohon garin yana dauke da babbar Kasuwar Kurmi, wacce aka san ta da sana'arta, yayin da tsofaffin ramin rini-har yanzu ana amfani da su suna nan kusa. A cikin Tsohon garin akwai Fadar Sarki, Babban Masallaci, da Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Makama. Wuraren Bauta Daga cikin wuraren ibadar, galibi masallatan musulmai ne. Hakanan akwai majami'u na Krista don ɗariku da yawa da suka hada da Cocin na Najeriya Anglican Communion Roman Catholic Diocese na Kano Cocin Katolika Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya Baptist World Alliance Cocin Presbyterian na Nijeriya Commungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ikklisiya ta Duniya Majami’un majami’ar Pentikostal da suka hada da; Majalisun Allah, Cocin Living Faith Church a Duniya Ikilisiyar Krista ta Allah da aka Karɓa Ganuwa An Gina Tsoffin Ganuwan Kano a matsayin katangar kariya tare da gina harsashin da Sarki Gijimasu ya kafa (r. 1095–1134), wato sarki na uku na Masarautar Kano a cikin Tarihin Kano A tsakiyar karni na 14 a zamanin Zamnagawa, an kammala katangar kafin a kara fadada ta a karni na 16. A cewar masana tarihi, Janar-Janar na Mulkin Mallaka da Kariyar Najeriya, Fredrick Lugard, ya rubuta a cikin rahoton 1903 game da Ganuwar Kano cewa "bai taɓa ganin kamarsa a Afirka ba" bayan kama tsohon garin Kano tare Sojojin Burtaniya. Tsoffin gidajen sarauta da wuraren zama Yawancin tsofaffin gidajen masarauta suna rayu har zuwa yau, galibi a cikin tsohon birni da kewaye. Irin wadannan gidaje masu zaman kansu sun hada da Gidan Chiroma, Filin Chiranchi, da sauransu. Manyan fadoji, sun hada da Gidan Rumfa, Gidan Makama, da kuma lokacin sanyi na sarki. Ilimi Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano ita ce tsohuwar jami'a mafi tsufa a garin. Isa Kaita ne ya fara kafa jami'ar a shekarar 1962. Ta zama jami'ar jihar a cikin 1975, kuma har yanzu tana da muhimmiyar cibiyar koyarwa a yau. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1975. Kano tana da tashar jirgin kasa mai dauke da jiragen kasa zuwa Legas da aka bi ta Kaduna, yayin da Filin jirgin saman Malam Aminu Kano yake kusa da nan. Challawa Gorge Dam wanda ke kusa da shi ya wadatar da garin, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushen wutar lantarki. Kasancewar Kano tana arewacin mahadar jirgin kasa a Kaduna, tana da damar yin daidai da tashar jirgin ruwa a Lagos da Fatakwal Kamfanin jirgin sama Kabo Air yana da babban ofishinsa a cikin birni. Har ila yau, Kano ita ce hedkwatar kamfanin jiragen sama na Azman, da Max Air da kuma wasu kamfanonin tafiye-tafiye marasa daidaito. Bayan hutu na shekaru masu yawa, an gyara layin dogo daga Kano zuwa Legas zuwa a 2013. Jirgin kasa na jirgin kasa zuwa Lagos yana daukar awanni 30 kuma ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka 12, kwata kwata na kwatankwacin kudin bas. A shekarar 2014, ana fara aikin gina sabon layin dogo, layin ma'auni na zamani daga Legas Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2015, tare da tallafin mai da tsadar mai, manyan titunan mota, gadoji na sama da sauran kayayyakin sufuri gwamnatin jihar ce ta gina su. Mafi shaharar wadannan sune gadar gadar sama ta Jubilee a Kofar Nassarawa, babbar hanyar Kofar Kabuga da kuma manyan tituna-layi 6 a cikin garin. Kwanan nan, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya Yemi Osibanjo ya kasance a Kano domin kaddamar da gadar gadar Alhassan da ke kan titin Murtala Muhammad Way da Tijjani Hashim da ke Kofar Ruwa. A shekarar 2017, Ma’aikatar Ayyukan Gidaje Sufuri ta Jihar Kano ta sanar da hanyar jirgin kasa mai tsawon kilomita 74, mai layi hudu. tare da kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 da aka sanya hannu tare da kamfanin gine-ginen Railway na kasar Sin Sanannun mutane Sani Abacha, tsohon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Pamela Abalu, 'yar kasuwar Ba-Amurke kuma jagorar zane. Lawan Musa Abdullahi, lauya kuma dan siyasa Aliko Dangote, dan kasuwa Alhassan Dantata, dan kasuwa Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, Gwamnan jihar Kano na yanzu Rabiu Kwankwaso, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kano Har ila yau Tsohon Ministan Tsaro da Albarkatun Ruwa Engr Murtala Mohammed, Tsohon Shugaban Kasashe, Tarayyar Najeriya Isyaku Rabiu, dan kasuwa Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, ma’aikacin banki Ibrahim Shekarau, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kano Kuma Tsohon Ministan Ilimi, a halin yanzu Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar Kano ta Tsakiya Abdullah al-Thani, tabbatacce ne na Libya Alhassan Yusuf, dan kwallon kafa, a yanzu haka yana buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta IFK Göteborg ta kasar Sweden Ado Abdullahi Bayero, tsohon Sarkin kano me Rasuwa Duba kuma Majalisar Masarautar Kano Manazarta Biranen Najeriya Wurare masu masu yawan jama'a a jihar Kano Manyan Birane a Najeriya Tsari a Wikidata Mukalai masu dauke da haruffan Larabci Pages with unreviewed

59504

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/SM%20Shrinagesh

SM Shrinagesh

Janar Satyawant Mallanna Shrinagesh (wanda kuma aka sani da Satyavant Shrinagule Mallannah) (11 ga Mayu 1903 27 Disamba 1977) wani jami'in sojan Indiya ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojan Indiya na 3 na Sojojin Indiya daga ranar 14 ga watan Mayun 1955 har zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Mayun 1957. Bayan ya yi ritaya ya zama Gwamnan Assam daga ranar 14 ga watan Oktoban 1959 zuwa ranar 12 ga watan Nuwambar 1960 da kuma daga ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 1961 zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Satumbar 1962. Ya kasance Gwamnan Andhra Pradesh daga ranar 8 ga watan Satumbar 1962 zuwa ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1964 kuma Gwamnan Mysore daga ranar 4 ga watan Mayun 1964 zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Afrilun 1965. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Kwalejin Gudanarwa ta Indiya a Hyderabad, Jihar Hyderabad daga shekarar 1957 zuwa ta 1959. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Shrinagesh an haife shi a Kolhapur, Maharashtra, babban ɗan Dr. Shrinagesh Mallannah, a cikin dangin Kannada mai magana da Lingyat wanda Brahma Samaj ya rinjayi. Mahaifinsa shi ne likita na sirri ga HEH Mir Sir Osman Ali Khan Asaf Jah VII, Nizam na Hyderabad Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Ahalyabai, 'yar Krishnaji Kelavkar. An haife shi a shekarar 1903 a Kolhapur, Maharashtra ya tafi makarantar West Buckland a Ingila kuma ya shiga Jami'ar Cambridge a shekarar 1921. Ya kasance daga cikin rukunin farko na Indiyawan da aka zaɓa don Kwalejin Soja ta Royal, Sandhurst, a Ingila. Ya lashe Kofin Quetta don mafi kyawun mutum a cikin makamai shiga Sojojin Indiya a shekarar 1923. Aikin soja har zuwa 1939 Daga Sandhurst daga baya an ba shi mukamin laftanar na biyu a cikin jerin waɗanda ba a haɗa su ba don sojojin Indiya a ranar 29 ga Agustan 1923. Bayan wajabta wajabcin shekara guda da aka makala ga rundunar Birtaniyya a Indiya, a cikin yanayinsa na 1st Battalion of the North Staffordshire Regiment, an shigar da shi cikin Sojojin Indiya kuma aka tura shi zuwa Bataliya ta 2 na Majagaba na 1st Madras (wanda ya kasance Majagaba na 64 akan 14. Oktoba 1924, wanda ya yi aiki galibi a Burma har sai da ta wargaje. A cikin shekarar 1933, ya shiga bataliyar 4th bataliyar 19th Hyderabad Regiment kuma yayi aiki a Singapore a matsayin mataimakinta daga Disambar 1935 zuwa Disambar 1939. A cikin Disamba 1939, an sanya shi a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Soja ta Indiya, Dehra Dun Aikin baya-baya A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, daga 17 ga Disamba 1942 zuwa 28 ga Agusta 1945, Shrinagesh shi ne Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa na 6/19th Hyderabad Regiment (yanzu 6th Kumaon). Daga nan ya zama Kwamandan Brigade na Birgediya ta 64 ta Indiyawan Indiya (Dagger) Division na 19 a Burma daga Agusta 1945. An zabe shi don zuwa Jamus a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Ofishin Jakadancin Indiya a cikin Nuwamba 1945. A cikin wannan damar, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki Consul yana kula da bukatun 'yan Indiya a Jamus da gano fursunonin Yaƙi (POWs) da suka ɓace. Daga nan aka nada shi kwamandan Indiya na farko na Cibiyar Rejimentar Kumaon a Agra a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 1946 kuma ya yi aiki a wannan mukamin har zuwa 12 Disamba 1946. Daga nan aka zabe shi don ya jagoranci Rundunar Sojojin Burtaniya ta 268th Infantry Brigade (BCOF) a bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II Japan kuma ya yi aiki a wannan matsayi har zuwa 1947. Ya kuma kasance Kwamandan Brigade na shahararriyar Brigade Lushai a Burma a shekarar 1947. Bayan ya dawo daga Japan, an kara masa girma zuwa mukaddashin Manjo-Janar a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1947 kuma an nada shi Babban Jami'in Kwamandan Yankin Madras. Daga Janairu 1948, an nada shi Adjutant General a hedkwatar sojoji kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa watan Agusta na wannan shekarar. An inganta shi zuwa mukaddashin Laftanar-Janar, ya kuma ba da umarni na 5th Corps (daga baya aka sanya shi a matsayin 15th Corps). An nada shi babban kwamandan sojojin a Jammu Kashmir a lokacin Yaƙin Indo-Pak na 1947-48 kuma ya gudanar da wannan umarni har zuwa tsagaita wuta a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1949. An zabe shi a matsayin GOC-in-C Western Command a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1949 kuma aka kara masa girma zuwa babban matsayi na Laftanar Janar a 1950. Daga nan aka nada shi GOC-in-C na Kudancin Kudu kuma ya rike wannan mukamin, har zuwa lokacin da ya karbi mukamin Hafsan Soja a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1955. An yi masa ado da Legion of Merit na Amurka a cikin Satumba 1955. Janar Shrinagesh ya yi ritaya a ranar 7 ga Mayu 1957, yana cika shekaru 34 na fitaccen aikin soja. Bayan ya yi ritaya, ya yi gwamnan Assam daga 1959 zuwa 1962, sannan ya zama gwamnan Andhra Pradesh daga 1962 zuwa 1964 sannan kuma a matsayin gwamnan Mysore (yanzu Karnataka) daga 1964 zuwa 1965. Daga 1957 zuwa 1959, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Gudanarwa na Ma'aikata a Hyderabad. Rayuwa ta sirri A cikin 1934, Shrinagesh ya auri Rajkumari Kochhar (14 Afrilu 1915-24 Janairu 2017), tare da wanda ya haifi 'ya'ya maza uku da mata biyu. Wani dansa, Satish, shi ma ya shiga aikin sojan Indiya, ya yi ritaya a matsayin manjo. An gano shi da cutar Parkinson a ƙarshen 1950s, Shrinagesh ya kamu da cutar da safiyar 27 ga Disamba 1977 a Asibitin Soja na Delhi Cantonment. Matarsa da ’ya’yansa suka tsira, an kona shi da cikakken girmamawar soja a New Delhi washegari, tare da halartar jana’izarsa da manyan hafsoshin soja ciki har da babban hafsan soji Tapishwar Narain Raina suka halarta. Kara karantawa Issar, Satish K. (2009). Janar SM Srinagesh, New Delhi: Littattafan hangen nesa, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje a bharat-rakshak.com Archived Manazarta Haifaffun

50497

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astri%20Aasen

Astri Aasen

Astri Aasen (3 Satumba 1875 10 Oktoba 1935) 'Yar ƙasar Norway ne mai zane. Ta shafe yawancin rayuwarta a birnin Trondheim, kuma a farkon karni na 20, Harriet Backer ta koya mata fenti a Oslo Ta ƙirƙiri jerin hotuna na waɗanda suka halarci taron Sami na farko a 1917 Sámediggi (majalisar ta samo hotunan a ƙarshen karni na 20, inda suka ci gaba da kasancewa har na 2021. Bayan rasuwarta, danginta ne suka samar da tallafin karatu ga matasa masu fasaha. Rayuwar farko An haifi Aasen a ranar 3 ga Satumba 1875 ga Anna Christine Næss da Nils Aasen.[1] Mahaifinta mai kayan ado ne, kuma mahaifiyarta ta mutu da tarin fuka lokacin da Aasen tana da shekaru biyu. Bayan mutuwar mahaifiyarta, mahaifinta ya auri 'yar'uwar Næss, kuma sun kula da 'yan'uwa hudu. Biyu daga cikin ƴan uwanta sun rasu tana ɗan shekara 17 a duniya. Sana'a A cikin rayuwar matashiyar Aasen, ta zama mai sake gyarawa a cikin birnin Ålesund, kuma ta fara koyon fenti a Bergen lokacin tana da shekara 25 (wajen shekara ta 1900). Na ɗan gajeren lokaci a kusa da 1903, kuma ta ci gaba tsakanin 1907 da 1909, mai zane Harriet Backer ya horar da ita a (sannan Kristiania ).[3] A cewar marubuci Glenny Alfsen, aikinta na fasaha ya ƙunshi "ƙaddarawar dabi'a ta ƙirƙiri hotuna ba tare da fassarori ba. Bayan mutuwar iyayenta, ta yi amfani da yawancin rayuwarta a birnin na Norway, inda ta yi aƙalla nuni guda ɗaya kuma ta zauna tare da 'yar uwarta.[3] Ta baje kolin a birane da yawa tsawon rayuwarta ciki har da Paris, Capri, Florence, da Naples amma a kai a kai takan dawo Trondheim. Tsakanin 1900 zuwa 1912, masu fasaha ma sun koya mata., Viggo Johansen, Christian Krohg, Halfdan Strøm, da Léon Bonnat A tsakanin 6 ga Fabrairu zuwa 10 ga Fabrairu, 1917, an yi taron Sami na farko, taron ƙasa da ƙasa na Sámi na Norway, Sweden, Rasha, da Denmark. Taron ya kasance mai mahimmanci a fahimtar siyasar Sámi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da shawara na farko don haɗakar ƙasar Sami. Aasen ta ziyarci taron don ƙirƙirar jerin hotuna na pastel na masu halarta, wasu daga cikinsu suna da suna bayan takamaiman mutane (kamar ɗaya don Daniel Mortensen), wasu kuma ba su da rubutun (irin su Tsohuwar Hotunan galibi suna nuna ƙirji da shugabannin mahalarta taron, kuma an zana su da sauri. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan hotuna shi ne na Marie Finskog, wadda ta rayu daga 1851 zuwa 1927. Finskog wani mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin siyasar Sami ta Kudu ne wanda ya yi magana game da halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki na Sámi a matsayin ba saboda kowane talauci na kungiyar ba, amma a matsayin mai fafutuka. sakamakon wani "yanayin zalunci". A cikin hoton Aasen, Finskog yana sanye da koren gákti, irin riga. A tarihi, fastoci Lars Levi Laestadius reshe na kiristanci Laestadianis) ya hana sanya kodayake sun karu cikin shahara a cikin 1840s. Bart Pushaw, masanin tarihi na yankin circumpolar, ya ce Aasen yana sane da ayyukan tashin hankali da ke da alaƙa da Laestadianism-kamar tawayen Kautokeino na 1852 a cikin hamlet na wannan suna lokacin da ta zana Finskog. Tun da guntuwar zane mai launin rawaya ya nuna ta cikin zanen (kamar a cikin gákti na Finskog) da alama an kammala zanen jim kaɗan bayan fara Aasen. Wannan fasaha mai sauri da mara kyau ta ba ta damar zana yawancin mahalarta taron, kuma a cewar Pushaw, ya ba ta hoton Finskog "mafi kyawun tunani har ma da na zamani" ta hanyar ƙin "daidaitaccen verisimilitude". Har ila yau, ta ba da wasu daga cikin hotunanta ga al'ummominsu; yayin da ta kirkiro zane-zane uku na dan gwagwarmayar Thorkel Jonassen, ta ba shi daya. Yawancin Hotunan Aasen na masu fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a yawancin aiyukun ta sun hallarane akan tsare hakkin Dan adan na Sami. Alal misali, Jonassen, ɗan gwagwarmaya ne wanda ya yi imanin cewa Sami ba su da wani aikin ɗabi'a na biyan haraji ga gwamnatocin mulkin mallaka. Bayan taron, Valdemar Lindholm na mujallar Idun ya rubuta cewa zane-zanen "nau'i ne masu ban sha'awa" ra'ayin da Pushaw ya gani yana kawar da Sámi kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga rashin sanin al'adun su. Pushaw ya ce alkalumman kamar Finskog ba "masu shiga ba" ba ne a cikin majalisa ko hotunansu, amma masu kawo sauyi na zamantakewa a duk yankin Nordic. Mutuwa da gado A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1935, kusan wata guda bayan cikarta shekaru 60, Aasen ta mutu sakamakon bugun jini. [13] Bayan shekaru takwas, ƙungiyar fasaha ta Trondheim ta ƙirƙira wani abin tunawa na aikinta, kuma danginta sun kafa guraben karatu na shekara-shekara ga matasa masu zane-zane da sunanta: (Kyautar Astri Aasen) wanan Abu da dangin aaesen sukayi na ƙafa kungiya amata ya fara ta ran masu koyon zane zane ta ban garen fasaha kyauta ga al'umma su Yawancin zane-zanenta na majalisar Sami an dawo dasu a cikin 1995; Majalisar (majalisar Sami) ta same su a bayan shekaru biyu. [14] Hotonta mai hazaka na Jonassen shima Sámediggi ya samu; daya daga cikin hotunanta nasa ya zama katin waya, wani kuma ya samu ta wurin gidajen tarihi na Norway a Lierne, wani kuma an saka shi a makarantar matasa Sámi a Snåsa Bayan taron, jihohin Nordic sun fara tsarin tashe-tashen hankula da rikice-rikice wanda ya dakatar da ci gaba da yawa; Aikin Aasen a Snåsa, a cewar Pushaw, "ci gaba da hangen nesa" na gwagwarmayar siyasa ta Sámi ga dalibanta, kuma ya nuna cewa ci gaba na iya yiwuwa. Littattafan zane na ƙuruciyarta, tare da zane ɗaya daga lokacin da take da shekaru 14, Ƙungiyar Fasaha ta Trondheim tana riƙe da ita har zuwa 2018. A cewar mai kula da zane-zane Rebeka Helena Blikstad, sun nuna cewa, kamar yawancin mata masu fasaha na lokacin, ta ya kasance mai sha'awar hoto da zanen ciki, amma har ma da siffofi na geometric na siffa ta zahiri Tun daga 2021, zane-zanenta na majalisa ya kasance a cikin tarin Sámediggi.

34585

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plympton%E2%80%93Wyoming

Plympton–Wyoming

Plympton Wyoming birni ne, da ke a lardin Kanada na Ontario, wanda ke cikin Lambton County nan da nan gabas da Sarnia Ita ce wurin zama na Majalisar Lambton County. Magajin gari na farko na garin shine Patricia Davidson, wanda aka zaba a majalisar dokokin Kanada a zaben tarayya na 2006 a matsayin dan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya na Sarnia-Lambton Davidson kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin gari na ƙauyen Wyoming na tsawon shekaru goma kafin zaɓen ta a matsayin magajin gari na garin da aka haɗe. Davidson ya gaje shi a matsayin magajin gari ta tsohon kansila kuma mataimakin magajin garin Lonny Napper a cikin Maris 2006. Karamar hukuma ce mai mutane bakwai ke tafiyar da ita, gami da magajin gari da mataimakin magajin gari. Sunan Wyoming ya samo asali daga sunan Munsee xwé:wamənk, ma'ana "a babban kogi." Ana kiran Plympton bayan Plympton a Devon, Ingila. Tarihi An ƙirƙiri garin a cikin 2001, yana haɗa garin Plympton tare da ƙauyen Wyoming mai zaman kansa. An kafa garin Plympton a cikin 1833 ta mazauna ƙarƙashin ikon Ubangiji Egremont, kusan lokaci guda da mazaunin Camlachie, Ontario. Kauyen Plympton na farko ya kasance ƙungiya ga Kotun Koli ta Kanada a cikin 1980, Homex Realty and Development v. Wyoming, wanda ya magance batutuwan da suka shafi daidaiton tsari dangane da dokokin ƙauyen ƙauyen game da musayar kadarori. A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 1983, guguwar F4 ta ratsa cikin garin, ta raunata 13 tare da daidaitawa share gidaje da yawa ta bar mutane da yawa marasa matsuguni. An gano shi don kwanaki 30 km (19 mi) kuma yana da mafi girman faɗin 400 m (1,300 ft). Ikku ya kai kimanin 400 km/h (250 mph). Al'umma Babban cibiyar jama'a ita ce Wyoming Garin kuma ya ƙunshi al'ummomin Aberarder, Beverly Glen, Blue Point, Blue Point Bay, Bonnie Doone, Camlachie, Errol, Gallimere Beach, Hillsborough Beach, Huron Heights, Kennedy Acres, Kertch, Mandaumin, Reece's Corners, Uttoxeter, Wanstead da Wellington bakin teku. Garin yana da makarantun jama'a guda uku, Makarantar Jama'a ta Errol Village, Aberarder Central School, da Plympton Wyoming Public School. Garin yana da makarantar Katolika guda ɗaya, Makarantar Katolika ta Rosary. Garin yana da Makarantar Kirista mai zaman kanta guda ɗaya, Wyoming John Knox Christian School, wanda ke aiki tun shekarun 1950, tare da gina makaranta a cikin 1958; makarantar tana da alaƙa da al'adar Reformed ta Kirista da kuma Edvance, cibiyar sadarwa ta Ontario ta makarantun Kirista. Yankin ba shi da makarantun sakandare, tare da yankuna daban-daban suna faɗowa cikin wuraren kamawa na sauran makarantun sakandare na gida kamar su North Lambton Secondary School, Lambton Central Collegiate Vocational Institute, St. Patrick's Catholic High School, da Northern Collegiate Institute da Vocational School Yankin yana da aƙalla rubuce-rubucen wuraren ibada guda takwas, waɗanda suka haɗa da majami'u biyu na haɗin gwiwa, Ikklisiya ta United Reformed Church a Arewacin Amurka, cocin Associated Gospel Church of Canada, Cocin Anglican, Baptists na Kanada na Ontario da cocin Quebec da Kirista Reformed Church a Arewacin Amirka coci. Cocin Roman Katolika na Wyoming ya rufe a watan Yuni 2007 a cikin sake tsara Ikklesiya ta Diocese na London Masana'antu Garin Wyoming yana da haɗin masana'antu, tare da masana'anta haske gami da kusan 100 da ke aiki a cikin bugawa da 25 a cikin sarrafa hatsi. Ƙananan ma'aikata sun haɗa da reshen ƙungiyar bashi, kantin daɗaɗawa, sabis na kera motoci, kantin keken lantarki, mai saka murhu, filin abinci, kantin cuku, kantin magani, dillalin kayan aikin noma, dillalin mota na mabukaci da sabis na arborist. Hakanan akwai Pizza na Godfather kuma dangin NHL Hunter suna da Pizza na Huntzy a Wyoming. A wajen garin, Ƙungiyar Manoman Wanstead tana ba da aikin sarrafa hatsi da ayyukan noma. A shekara ta 2005, an kafa gidan sayar da giya a kusa da ƙauyen Aberarder. Ana iya samun gidajen mai da yawa da sarƙoƙin abinci a cikin hamlet na Reece's Corners, wanda ke zama tasha tare da Babban Titin Ontario 402 Ƙauyen Camlachie gida ne ga darussan wasan golf guda biyu, waɗanda ke yin hidima a wani ɓangare na al'ummomin da ke da wadata a bakin Tekun Huron. Alkaluma In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada, Plympton–Wyoming had a population of living in of its total private dwellings, a change of from its 2016 population of With a land area of it had a population density of in 2021. Canada census Plympton-Wyoming community profile References: 2021 2016 2011 earlier"2001 Community Profiles". 2001 Canadian Census. Yawan jama'a kafin haɗuwa (2001): Yawan jama'a a 1941 Plympton (gari): 2,595 Wyoming (kauye): 518 Yawan jama'a a shekarar 1996: 7,344 Plympton (gari): 5,247 Wyoming (kauye): 2,131 Yawan jama'a a 1991: Plympton (gari): 5,275 Wyoming (kauye): 2,071 Duba kuma Jerin ƙauyuka a cikin Ontario Tashar jirgin kasa ta Wyoming (Ontario) Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50455

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binciken%20Creek

Binciken Creek

Binciken Creek: Labarin Gaskiya littafi ne na 2017 wanda Jacqueline Briggs Martin ya rubuta kuma Claudia McGehee ya kwatantaYana ba da labarin wani aikin maido da rafi na Michael Osterholm, wanda ya sayi filaye a arewa maso gabashin Iowa inda aka karkatar da rafi shekaru da yawa da suka gabata.Yayin da aka maido da rafin,namun daji,gami da naman rafin,a hankali sun koma yankin kuma suka bunƙasa. Littafin ya kwatanta sake dawowa da raƙuman ruwa tare da taimakon mai tono, wanda aka gabatar a matsayin"na'ura mai kwakwalwa"Jami'ar Minnesota Press ne ta buga shi a ranar 1 ga Maris,2017, kuma an karɓe ta sosai. Masu sukar sun yaba da mayar da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli da kuma zane -zane na McGehee, kuma a cikin 2018 ta sami lambar yabo ta Riverby,wacce ta fahimci littattafan da ke da alaƙa ga yara,daga Ƙungiyar John Burroughs. Fage da bugawa A cikin 2002,Michael Osterholm ya sayi na ƙasa kusa da Dorchester,Iowa.Osterholm,masanin cututtukan cututtuka,jikan maigidan na baya ya gaya wa cewa kakansa ya kasance yana kamun kifi a cikin rafi a can. Ya binciki yankin kuma ya tabbatar da wanzuwar rafi ta hanyar amfani da tsoffin hotuna na iska.An karkatar da kogin a cikin 1949 don samar da hanyar dasa masara a cikin ƙasa mai albarka,kuma daga ƙarshe ya ƙasƙanta kuma ya ɓace. Osterholm,ɗan asalin Iowa wanda ya yi kamun kifi a cikin raƙuman ruwa na kusa a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa,ya yanke shawarar maido da rafin. Maidowa na asali rafi ya faru a cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa. Osterholm ya fara ne ta hanyar share filayen masara da ke akwai don buɗe kogin na asali,kuma ya sake dasa ciyayi masu tsayi irin su manyan shuɗi. An ƙara manyan motoci da yawa na duwatsu tare da bankunan rafi don tallafi. Bayan lokaci,tsire-tsire na asali,kwari,da sauran namun daji sun dawo yankin.A cikin 2009,Sashen Albarkatun Ƙasa na Iowa ya ƙara 500 yatsan yatsa na ƙwanƙwasa ƙwanƙwasa,nau'in kifi ne kawai da ke tsira a cikin jihar.Tushen ya bunƙasa a cikin sabon kogin da aka dawo da shi,wanda Osterholm ya kira Brook Creek. Binciken Creek:Labari na Gaskiya yana nuna yadda Osterholm ya maido da Brook Creek da dawowar namun daji zuwa yankin. Marubucin,Jacqueline Briggs Martin,ya yanke shawarar rubuta littafi game da Osterholm bayan karanta wani labarin Nuwamba 2011 game da aikinsa da aka buga a The Gazette.Ta yi magana da Osterholm yayin da ta rubuta Creekfinding,ko da yake ba ta ziyarci Brook Creek da kansa ba sai bayan an kammala littafin.Martin ya riga ya kasance abokai tare da mai zane Claudia McGehee, kuma ya nemi McGehee ya ba da misalai na littafin.A cewar McGehee,yayin da "marubuci na al'ada da mai zane ba sa haɗuwa a lokacin ƙirƙirar littafin hoto,"su biyun sun yi aiki tare a duk lokacin ci gaba da littafin,ciki har da binciken yanayin yanayin rafi. Sadaukarwa ga"waɗanda ke kula da wuraren korenmu",Jami'ar Minnesota Press ta buga littafin mai shafi 36 a ranar 1 ga Maris,2017. Baya ga labarin, littafin ya ƙunshi kalamai daga Martin, McGehee,da Osterholm. Takaitaccen bayani Littafin ya gabatar da na'urar tona a matsayin"na'ura mai ganowa"wanda zai iya taimakawa wajen gano raƙuman ruwa da suka ɓace.Ya nuna ana karkatar da raƙuman raƙuman ruwa kamar yadda manomi ke amfani da buldoza don cika shi da datti don shuka masara.Shekaru da yawa bayan haka,Mike ya koyi game da tsohon kogin kuma ya yanke shawarar maido da shi duk da shakkar wasu.Ya yi alamar tsohuwar hanyar rafin kuma ana amfani da injin tona don tono ƙasa don gano shi.Mike ya jira har lokacin sanyi ya sa manyan motoci su kai duwatsun da za su jera rafin,ta yadda kasa ta daskare a lokacin kuma manyan motocin kada su lalata kasar.Tsire-tsire,kwari,da sculpins suna komawa rafi,kuma ana kawo trout a cikin wata motar.Shekaru biyu bayan haka,kifin ya kan sa ƙwai waɗanda ke ƙyanƙyashe a lokacin hunturu.Littafin ya ƙare da haɓakar yanayin muhalli da kuma godiya "ga Mike da manyan injunan da suka samo rafin". Rubutu da misalai An tsara labarin zuwa sassa dabam-dabam,tare da lakabi kamar"Scraping and Digging"da"Lokaci don Kayayyaki". Renée Wheeler na Jagoran Littafin ƙaho ya kwatanta rubutun Martin a matsayin"mai haske da"bayani",kuma a cikin littafin, ana yin tambayoyi game da tsarin maidowa sannan a amsa don nuna sha'awar mai karatu.Ana amfani da mutum-mutumi don kwatanta ayyukan mai tonawa da kuma komawar ruwa zuwa wurin.Martin ta ce ta shafe watanni da dama tana gano yadda za a fi kwatanta yanayin halittu, kuma daya daga cikin layin da ta fi so a littafin shine"korama ya fi ruwa".A wani lokaci yayin aiwatar da rubutun,daftarin ya kasance tsawon kalmomi 1200,amma an gyara shi zuwa kusan kalmomi 400 a cikin sigar ƙarshe. McGehee ta ce ta ziyarci Brook Creek kafin ta samar da misalai saboda"tana son sake ƙirƙirar laushi da launuka [ta] ta gani,don haka masu karatu za su iya 'tafiya'tare da Brook Creek yayin da suke koyo game da maidowa.An ƙirƙiri misalan ta ta hanyar amfani da dabarar allo (wanda mai zanen ya zare tawada mai duhu don bayyana launi a ƙasa) tare da launin ruwa da rini, tare da sakamakon kama fentin itace mai kauri mai kauri. Wani mai bita don Kirkus Reviews ya ji cewa tsallake launi daga yadawa ɗaya yana da tasiri musamman don ƙirƙirar yanayin ji injuna kamar masu tonawa da juji sun kasance mafi ƙalubale saboda ba ta da ƙwarewar kwatanta su,idan aka kwatanta da yanayin yanayi.Baya ga babban labari,ƙananan bayanai game da tsarin gyare-gyare da namun daji suna ƙunshe a cikin abubuwan hotuna,kamar ruwan ciyayi. liyafar Masu suka sun yaba wa Creekfinding don mayar da hankali kan kiyaye muhalli.Yin bita don Jaridar Makarantar Makaranta, Barbara Auerbach ya rubuta cewa littafin zai"samar da masu kula da duniyarmu a nan gaba",kuma masu bita da yawa sun bayyana shi a matsayin"zurfafa"hoton sake dawowa kogin. Wani mai bita na mako-mako na Publishers ya kuma yaba da bayanin da Osterholm ya bayar a ƙarshen littafin da ke ƙarfafa masu karatu su ɗauki mataki da kuma taimakawa wajen dawo da ɓarna na muhallinsu. Masu bita kuma sun rubuta gaskiya game da zane-zane na McGehee.Kirkus Reviews ya lura cewa cikakkun hotuna,tare da"layi mai lankwasa da ke cike da rayuwa",har yanzu za a iya gani idan an karanta littafin ga ƙaramin rukuni,kuma Auerbach ya bayyana zane-zane a matsayin"mai ban mamaki". An jera littafin a kan"Littattafai Mafi Kyau don Yara 100"na New York Public Library a cikin 2017. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Riverby,wanda ke gane littattafan da ke da alaƙa ga yara,daga Ƙungiyar John Burroughs a cikin 2018. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizo Hira da Jacqueline Briggs Martin da Claudia McGehee akan

57252

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Solara

Toyota Solara

Toyota Camry Solara, wanda aka fi sani da Toyota Solara, wani matsakaicin girman coupé mai iya canzawa ta Toyota Camry Solara yana da injina bisa Toyota Camry kuma ya maye gurbin Camry Coupé da aka dakatar (XV10) duk da haka, ya bambanta da ƙirar mazan jiya na magabata, Camry Solara an ƙera shi tare da ƙarin fifiko kan wasanni, tare da ƙarin salo na rakish, da haɓakar dakatarwa da gyaran injin da aka yi niyya don samar da jin daɗin wasanni. An ƙaddamar da juyin mulkin a ƙarshen 1998 don samfurin shekara ta 1999. A cikin 2000, an gabatar da mai iya canzawa, yadda ya kamata ya maye gurbin Celica mai iya canzawa a cikin layin Toyota na Arewacin Amurka. Na biyu-ƙarni Camry Solara debuted a 2003 don model shekara ta 2004, da farko miƙa a matsayin coupe; An gabatar da mai canzawa na ƙarni na biyu a cikin bazara na 2004 a matsayin ƙirar 2005. Samar da Coupe ya ƙare a tsakiyar 2008. Duk da bayanan hukuma cewa ana iya siyar da mai iya canzawa har zuwa 2010 idan buƙatar ta isa, an dakatar da samarwa a cikin Disamba 2008 kuma ba a ci gaba ba. An ƙirƙira shi don yin kira ga alƙaluma na direbobi masu tunani na wasanni fiye da waɗanda suka fi son Toyota Camry sedan, Camry Solara ya yi marmarin haɗa kamannin "wasanni" da salo tare da fa'ida mai fa'ida. Kafin samar da Camry Solara, nau'in ƙofa 2 na Toyota Camry an san shi da Camry Coupe. An ƙara shi zuwa layin Camry na ƙarni na uku a cikin 1993 don samfurin shekara ta 1994 don yin gasa tare da Honda Accord da sauran motoci a cikin aji. Koyaya, saboda bai taɓa zama kusan sananne kamar sedan mai kofa 4 na Camry ba, Camry Coupe ya ragu a cikin 1996 lokacin da aka sake fasalin sedan don shekara ta 1997. Wani magaji na musamman ya shiga ci gaba a tsakiyar 1990s, wanda ya haifar da shigarwar ƙira mai nasara a cikin 1995 daga Warren J. Crain na Calty Design da Bincike. Bayan amincewa da ƙira, haɓaka samarwa ya gudana daga 1995 zuwa rabin farko na 1998. An shigar da takardun haƙƙin mallaka a Ofishin Samar da Lamuni na Japan a ranar 18 ga Janairu, 1996, ƙarƙashin 1020408 da Nuwamba 14, 1996, a Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Amurka USPTO a ƙarƙashin D407350. Zamanin farko Camry Solara ya ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin kwata na uku na 1998 a matsayin ƙirar 1999 don maye gurbin Camry Coupe. Ya dogara ne akan tsarin injina na ƙarni na baya XV10 Toyota Camry kuma an gina shi a wuraren TMMC a Cambridge, Ontario, Kanada. Wannan samfurin ya ƙunshi 4-cylinder 5S-FE 2.2 L engine tare da 135 net HP (101 kW) da na karfin juyi a 4400 rpm, da injin V6 1MZ-FE 3.0 L tare da net HP 200 a 5,200 rpm (149) kW) da karfin juyi a 4,400rpm tare da 0 zuwa 60 mph (97 km/h) lokacin 7.1 seconds,Dukansu injiniyoyi iri ɗaya ne zuwa ƙarni na 4 na Camry, amma an ɗan sake sabunta su don samun ƙaramin riba a cikin iko hp da bi da bi). 2.2L 5S-FE injin tare da 135 hp (101 kW) da karfin juyi a 4400rpm (SXV20) 3.0L 1MZ-FE V6 injin tare da 200 hp a 5,200 rpm (149 kW) da karfin juyi a 4,400rpm tare da 0 zuwa 60 mph na 7.1 seconds (MCV20) Toyota Camry Solara kuma ita ce motar farko a cikin layin Toyota, bayan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa ta 1997 don nuna zaɓi na sitiriyo na JBL, wanda duk samfuran sun zo tare da na'urar CD mai ramuwa guda ɗaya da kaset. Samfuran SE sun zo daidai da ƙafafun karfe 15-inch da hubcaps, haɓakawa zuwa ƙafafun gami na inch 15. Kunshin Wasannin kuma yana ƙara dakatarwar da aka sake sabuntawa, sitiyarin da aka lulluɓe fata mai ruɗi, kujerun fata masu daidaita wutar lantarki ta hanyoyi takwas, haɓakawa zuwa ƙafafun alloy mai inci 16, tuƙi mai sabuntawa, ƙananan canje-canjen datsa da mai lalata leɓe na baya. A cikin 2000, an ƙara masu canzawa SE da SLE zuwa jeri; An kera wadannan motoci a matsayin ‘yan kato-bayan da aka kammala, aka tura su zuwa wani kamfanin American Sunroof Company (ASC) inda aka cire rufin tare da sanya saman masu iya canzawa, sannan aka mayar da su zuwa Toyota don yin zane da taro na karshe. Da yake iƙirarin cewa an ƙera ainihin tsarin motar don wannan magani, Toyota bai yi wani dakatarwa ko canje-canjen tsarin daga coupe

21178

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zlatan%20ibrahimovic

Zlatan ibrahimovic

Zlatan Ibrahimovic (An haifeshi ranar 3 ga watan oktoba, 1981) a garin malmo, ya kasance kwarraran ɗan kwallan kafa ne, ɗan kasar Sweden. Manazarta b "FIFA Club World Cup UAE 2009 presented by Toyota: List of Players" (PDF). FIFA. 1 December 2009. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 June 2019. Retrieved 28 March 2014. 2. "Ibrahimovic Zlatan" Paris Saint-Germain F.C. Retrieved 18 July 2012. 3. ""Ibra is one of the best strikers of all time, on par with Leo and Cristiano" BeSoccer 19 April 2020. Retrieved 28 January 2021. 4. Tighe, Sam (14 February 2014). "Ranking the Top 60 Strikers of All Time" Bleacher Report Retrieved 28 January 2021. 5. a b c d e f "Zlatan Ibrahimovic" ESPN FC. Retrieved 15 November 2013. 6. a b c Smith, Ben (10 September 2013). "Zlatan Ibrahimovic: From teenage outcast to world great" BBC Sport Retrieved 17 May 2014. 7. "Mourinho: Ibrahimovic is better than Ronaldo" ESPN FC. Retrieved 17 May 2014. 8. "The 30 greatest strikers of all time" 90min.com Retrieved 23 June 2021. 9. "Zlatan Ibrahimovic in top three players of all time Goal.com" www.goal.com Retrieved 14 July 2021. 10. Johnson, Jonathan (9 May 2018). "Dani Alves wins 38th trophy but knee injury could cost him shot at World Cup this summer" ESPN Retrieved 12 June 2018. 11. "Iniesta's 32 trophies at Barça" Barcelona: FC Barcelona. 21 May 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. 12. "After Zlatan Ibrahimovic's 32nd trophy win, who are the most decorated players in football?". The Daily Telegraph 27 February 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017. 13. "500 Club Goals for Ibrahimovic!" IFFHS 7 February 2021. 14. a b "Zlatan Ibrahimovic: LA Galaxy striker scores 500th career goal with spinning volley" BBC Sport. 17 September 2018. Retrieved 17 September 2018. 15. a b "Four different decades Zlatan hits scoring landmark" RTE. Retrieved 12 January 2020. 16. "The legend of Zlatan Ibrahimovic is endless: World leading numbers at 39" MARCA 19 January 2021. Retrieved 14 July 2021. 17. "Zlatan Ibrahimovic" Ligue 1. Retrieved 31 May 2015. 18. a b Austin, Jack (23 November 2016). "Manchester United news: Zlatan Ibrahimovic awarded his own statue in Sweden" The Independent. Retrieved 9 December 2016. 19. a b "FIFA Puskás Award 2013 Results" (PDF). FIFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2014. Retrieved 11 January 2014. 20. Baum, Robert (6 February 2020). "Zlatan Ibrahimović 11 best goals of all-time" SoccerGator Retrieved 15 July 2021. 21. "Seven Years Ago Today, Zlatan Ibrahimovic Scored His Incredible 30-Yard Overhead Kick Against England" www.sportbible.com Retrieved 15 July 2021. 22. "It's been five years since Zlatan Ibrahimovic scored his mind-blowing bicycle kick against England" For The Win. 15 November 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2021. 23. "The 100 best footballers in the world 2013" The Guardian 20 December 2013. Retrieved 1 January 2014. 24. Mohamed, Majid (19 May 2015). "The best not to have won the Champions League" UEFA.com. Retrieved 11 August 2020. 25. Lea, Greg (28 May 2019). "The 25 best players never to win the Champions League. #3 Zlatan Ibrahimović" FourFourTwo Retrieved 28 August 2019. 26. "Zlatan Ibrahimovic: Striker fumes as Borg is top sporting Swede" BBC Sport 23 December 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2014. 27. a b Warwick, Josh (9 September 2014). "How to live your life like Zlatan Ibrahimovic" The Daily Telegraph Retrieved 9 April 2019. 28. "The world according to Zlatan Ibrahimovic: Read the PSG striker's best quotes" Daily Mirror 26 October 2015. 29. Ibrahimovic, Zlatan (2013). I Am Zlatan. London: Penguin. p. 55. 30. "Zlatan Ibrahimovic" Biography Retrieved 19 April 2018. 31. Burton, Fred (2014). Under Fire Icon Books. p. 224. ISBN 978-1466837256 Retrieved 12 March 2015. 32. a b c d "Driven by resentment the mind of Zlatan" Irish Examiner Retrieved 4 December 2020. 33. a b "Rosenberg för mig är han högerback" Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2 August 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. 34. "Zlatan Ibrahimović" (in Swedish). Evolvia. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2009. 35. Jönsson, Jan (23 June 2001). "Så blev Zlatan stor" Sydsvenskan (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 4 August 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2009. 36. a b "Zlatan Ibrahimovic admits he idolises Brazil legend Ronaldo" Metro Retrieved 18 August 2018. 37. "Ken Early: Zlatan leaves his mark on English game" The Irish Times Retrieved 18 August 2018. 38. "How Zlatan Ibrahimovic nearly joined Arsenal" The Spoiler. 24 April 2009. Retrieved 24 April 2009. 39. "Historien om MFF" (in Swedish). Malmö FF. Archived from the original on 8 February 2009. 40. "Standings Group stage Group D" UEFA. Retrieved 12 January 2015. 41. "Standings Second group stage Group B" UEFA. Retrieved 12 January 2015. 42. "Goal Zlatan Ibrahimović Ajax NAC Breda (22-08-2004)" Ajax Eredivisie Archief. Retrieved 2 July 2018 via YouTube. 43. a b "Zlatans Career" ZlatanIbrahimovic.net. Retrieved 7 December 2008. 44. Agarwal, Utsav (9 June 2016). "10 Zlatan Ibrahimovic controversies that shocked the world" sportskeeda.com Retrieved 7 May 2020. 45. "Operations concerning Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Fabrizio Miccoli registration rights" (PDF). Juventus F.C. 31 August 2004. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 46. "UEFA Champions League 2004–2005" UEFA. Retrieved 3 August 2018. 47. “List of Oscar del Calcio winners” AIC. Retrieved 30 July 2018 48. "Guldbollen 2005 till Zlatan Ibrahimovic (Golden Ball 2005 to Zlatan Ibrahimovic)" (in Swedish). Swedish Football Association. 14 November 2005. Archived from the original on 14 December 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2008. 49. Nisbet, John (3 August 2006). "Ibrahimovic set to take legal action to escape from Juve" The Independent. Retrieved 7 December 2008. 50. "Zlatan ibrahimovic signs for Inter" FC Internazionale Milano. 10 August 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 51. "Ibrahimovic: "Inter, my team as a boy" FC Internazionale Milano. 10 August 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 52. Gerna, Jacopo (26 August 2006). "Supercoppa: Inter-Roma 4–3" La Gazzetta dello Sport (in Italian). Retrieved 18 March 2016. 53. "Fiorentina vs. Internazionale 2 3" Soccerway. 9 September 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2016. 54. "Sporting Lisbon 1–0 Inter" FC Internazionale Milano. 28 October 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2016. 55. "Milan vs. Internazionale 3–4" Soccerway. 12 September 2006. Retrieved 18 March 2016. 56. "Inter's Historic 2006/07 Serie A Season" FC Internazionale Milano. 28 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2014. 57. "Internazionale vs. Catania 2–0" Soccerway. 16 September 2007. Retrieved 18 March 2016. 58. "Ibrahimovic: 'We're still top' F.C. Internazionale Milano. 26 October 2008. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 59. Smith, Rory (6 February 2009). "Zlatan Ibrahimovic and Kaka pip Premier League stars in football wages list" The Daily Telegraph London. Retrieved 21 October 2010. 60. a b c Bandini, Nicky (19 May 2008). "Inter's blushes spared as Ibrahimovic earns his redemption" The Guardian Retrieved 18 May 2014. 61. "Internazionale vs. Roma 2–2" Soccerway. 24 August 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 62. "Sampdoria 1–1 Inter" FC Internazionale Milano. 30 August 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 63. "Inter 2–1 Bologna" FC Internazionale Milano. 4 October 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 64. "Roma 0–4 Inter: Nerazzurri Thump-Job at Stadio Olimpico, So Much for Francesco Totti... (Serie A Matchday 7)" mCalcio.com 19 October 2008. Archived from the original on 27 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 65. "Palermo 0–2 Inter" FC Internazionale Milano. 15 November 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 66. "Inter 1–0 Juventus" FC Internazionale Milano. 22 November 2008. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 67. a b "Campionato di Serie A 2008/2009" La Gazzetta dello Sport 31 May 2009. Retrieved 17 August 2016. 68. Sjöberg, Daniel (16 November 2008). "Allsvenskan lockar inte Zlatan" Aftonbladet (in Swedish). Retrieved 17 November 2008. 69. "Ibrahimovic seals Barcelona move" BBC Sport 28 July 2009. Retrieved 15 March 2016. 70. "Laporta announces agreement in principle with Inter" FC Barcelona. 17 July 2009. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012. Retrieved 23 July 2009. 71. "USA 09: Ibra returns to Europe" FC Internazionale Milano. 23 July 2009. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 72. "Eto'o on brink of Inter swap" FIFA. Archived from the original on 9 December 2012. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 73. "Ibra agrees terms with Barça" FIFA. Archived from the original on 28 July 2009. Retrieved 29 March 2016. 74. "Ibrahimovic to take medical on Monday" FC Barcelona. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013. Retrieved 25 July 2009. 75. "Camp Nou gives Ibrahimovic a hero's welcome" FC Barcelona. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 3 August 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2009. 76. a b c d "Ibrahimovic signs five-year contract" (Press release). FC Barcelona. 27 July 2009. Archived from the original on 24 May 2012. Retrieved 27 July 2009. 77. a b "área económica". Memoria 2009–10 (PDF) (in Spanish). FC Barcelona. 18 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 May 2012. 78. "Inter, una tripletta in rosso" Ju29ro.com. 30 December 2010. Retrieved 23 June 2011. 79. "Relazione sulla Gestione". FC Internazionale Milano SpA 2008–09 Bilancio (PDF) (in Italian). Italian C.C.I.A.A. 2010. p. 4. 80. a b "Nota Integrativa". FC Internazionale Milano SpA 2009–10 Bilancio (PDF) (in Italian). Italian C.C.I.A.A. 2011. 81. "Pedro goal wins Super Cup for Barcelona" CNN. 28 August 2009. Retrieved 1 September 2009. 82. a b "Player profile: Zlatan Ibrahimović" UEFA. Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

48201

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malalar%20mai%20ta%20Mobil%20Nigeria

Malalar mai ta Mobil Nigeria

Kema kin zo da zuwa kenan Rikicin mai na Mobil Nigeria, ya faru ne a jihar Akwa Ibom ta Najeriya a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1998, lokacin da wani bututun mai a dandalin Mobil na Idoho ya fashe a ƙarƙashin ruwa, inda ya aika da gangar mai 40,000 a cikin teku. Ya nufi yamma, man ya rufe 850 kilomita na gaɓar tekun Najeriya, gurbatattun ruwa da kuma yin illa ga kamun kifi a yankin. Kashi 1 cikin 100 na malalar ya isa gabar tekun, saboda yanayin yanayi mai kyau da kuma martanin da Mobil ta yi a kan lamarin. A shekarar 2016, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke birnin Lagos a Najeriya ta yanke hukuncin ɗaurin talala da kamfanin na Mobil ya biya diyyar dalar Amurka miliyan 32. Illoli A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1998, bututun mai mai girman inci 24 a dandalin Mobil na Idoho ya fashe, inda ya zubar da gangar ɗanyen mai guda 40,000 na Qua Iboe a cikin kogin Neja Delta Man fetur ɗin ya mamaye wasu sassan Najeriya da gaɓar tekun jamhuriyar Benin, ya kuma zarce zuwa yamma, ya kai 900. km daga Lagos Harbor. A dunkule, ganga 500 (galan 21,000) na mai ne suka wanke bakin teku. Yankunan bakin tekun da abin ya shafa sun sami matsakaita zuwa tasiri mai nauyi, amma an iyakance su ga ƴan ƙananan wurare a kusa da bakin tekun, gami da mahalli biyu na mangrove Duk da ƙarancin man da aka wanke a gaɓar teku, malalar ta yi matuƙar tasiri ga masu kamun kifi da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a yankin, lamarin da ya sa da dama suka kasa kamun kifi, wasu kuma suka yi asarar kayayyakin sana’o’i kamar gidajen sauro sakamakon lalacewar mai. Ƙoƙarin Tsabtacewa Kamfanin Mobil ya mayar da martani da na’urori da dama don tsaftace malalar, da suka haɗa da jiragen ruwa, masu tuka tuka-tuka, da kayan kariya na gaɓar teku. ɗumamar yanayi da magudanar ruwa ya sanya akasarin mai ya tsaya a gaɓar tekun ya kuma kwashe, kuma hakan ya taimaka ta hanyar amfani da masu tarwatsawa ta jirage masu saukar ungulu da jiragen ruwa. Wannan ya haifar da kashi 60% na man da ya zube ya tarwatse a zahiri. Haka kuma an yi amfani da bututun da aka samu da kuma ƙwararrun mai don sarrafa sauran man da ya zubar. A kan ƙasa, rairayin bakin teku sun yi aikin tsabtace kansu ta hanyar tsarin halitta a cikin makonni 2-4. Daga baya, Mobil ya fara aikin tsaftacewa ƙarƙashin jagorancin ƙwararrun masu sa ido a kauyukan da abin ya shafa, sannan ta gayyaci ƙwararru daga Jami’ar Legas da Amurka da su taimaka a aikin tsaftace muhalli. Sai dai, rahotannin Human Rights Watch sun nuna cewa ba a fara aikin tsabtace bakin teku ba a ranar 28 ga watan Janairu, fiye da makonni biyu bayan da malalar ta afku, kuma har zuwa watan Maris wasu wuraren da abin ya shafa sun kasance gurɓace. Yunƙurin tsaftace yankunan gaɓar tekun da abin ya shafa ya haifar da kusan ganga 1000 na sharar mai, wanda ya kai ganga 100 na ainihin mai. Kodayake Mobil ne ya gudanar da nazarin tasirin muhalli na ɗan gajeren lokaci, nazarin dogon lokaci kamar yadda aka yi alƙawarin da farko ba a taɓa buga tasirin zubewar ba. Martani Zubewar ta janyo cece-kuce daga mazauna yankin da ƙungiyoyi, musamman waɗanda ke gaɓar kogin Pennington, waɗanda suka fi fama da rikici. Gabaɗaya, an yi da'awar kusan 14,000 don ramawa, jimlar sama da dalar Amurka miliyan 100. Masunta da mazauna garin Eket da ke kusa sun yi zanga-zanga, inda suka yi garkuwa da ma’aikatan Mobil domin neman a biya su diyya. Zanga-zangar ta yi yawa a tsakanin masunta, da yawa daga cikinsu an barsu da gidajen sauron da aka toshe da mai da ba a iya amfani da su, inda Mobil ya ƙone bayan an duba su don hana sake amfani da su. A ranakun 19 da 20 ga watan Janairu, an yi kusan tarzoma a wata zanga-zangar da matasan yankin suka jagoranta domin ganin ƙungiyar Mobil Nigeria ta kafa ofishin karba-karba a Eket. Masu zanga-zangar sun kai dubunnan kuma tattaunawar ta ɗauki tsawon sa'o'i tara, amma tarurrukan da aka yi tsakanin jagororin zanga-zangar da wakilan Mobil sun yi tasiri kuma daga baya aka kafa ofishin da'awar. Zanga-zangar adawa da Mobil Nigeria, ta kai ga kama masu zanga-zangar 300. A cikin watan Yulin 1998, ƴan sanda sun harbe mutum goma sha ɗaya a lokacin zanga-zangar neman diyya a Warri, jihar Delta. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayun 2010, an sake samun malalar man a bututun Mobil (yanzu ExxonMobil a jihar Akwa Ibom, inda a wannan karon ya zubar da sama da galan miliyan guda na man fetur kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki bakwai kafin ya tsaya. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa bututun da ke ɗauke da ɗanyen man zuwa tashar Qua Iboe “sun lalace kuma sun lalace” kuma suna buƙatar maye gurbinsu. A ranar 16 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2016, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Lagos a Najeriya ta umarci Mobil Nigeria da ya biya diyyar dalar Amurka miliyan 32 ga masuntan da malalar ta shafa, saboda tauye haƙƙinsu na rayuwa da kuma yancin rayuwa a muhallin da ya dace da tattalin arziƙinsu. ci gaba. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

27989

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e

Gorée

Île de Gorée (lafazin Faransanci: [ildəɡoʁe]; "Gorée Island"; Wolof: Beer Dun) ɗaya ne daga cikin 19 communes d'arrondissement (watau gundumomi) na birnin Dakar, Senegal. Tsibiri ne mai girman hekta 18.2 (acre 45) mai nisan kilomita 2 (1.1 nmi; 1.2 mi) a teku daga babban tashar jiragen ruwa na Dakar 14°40′N 17°24′W), sanannen wuri ga masu sha'awar. a cikin cinikin bayi na Atlantic ko da yake ainihin rawar da yake takawa a tarihin cinikin bayi shine batun takaddama. Yawanta na ƙidayar 2013 ya kasance mazauna 1,680, yana ba da yawan mazaunan 5,802 a kowace murabba'in kilomita (15,030/sq mi), wanda shine rabin matsakaicin yawan birnin Dakar. Gorée ita ce mafi ƙanƙanta kuma mafi ƙarancin yawan jama'a a communes d'arrondissement 19 na Dakar. Wasu muhimman cibiyoyi na cinikin bayi daga Senegal sun kasance a arewa, a Saint-Louis, Senegal, ko kuma kudu a cikin Gambiya, a bakin manyan koguna don kasuwanci. Wuri ne na Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin wurare 12 na farko a duniya da aka sanya su a cikin 1978. Sunan cin hanci da rashawa ne na asalin sunan sa na Dutch Goedereede, ma'ana "kyakkyawan hanya". Tarihi da cinikin bayi Gorée ƙaramin tsibiri ne mai tsayin mita 900 (ft 3,000 ft) kuma tsayinsa mita 350 (1,150 ft) a faɗin yankin Cap-Vert. Yanzu wani yanki na birnin Dakar, ƙaramin tashar jiragen ruwa ne kuma wurin zama na Turai a bakin teku. Kasancewar kusan babu ruwan sha, tsibirin bai zauna ba kafin zuwan Turawa. Fotigal sune farkon waɗanda suka kafa kasancewar Gorée c. 1450, inda suka gina wani karamin dutse chapel da kuma amfani da kasa a matsayin makabarta. An san Gorée da wurin da Gidan Bayi (Faransanci: Maison des esclaves), wanda dangin Afro-Faransa Métis suka gina kusan 1780-1784. Gidan bayi yana ɗaya daga cikin tsofaffin gidaje a tsibirin. Yanzu ana amfani da shi azaman wurin yawon buɗe ido don nuna ta'addancin cinikin bayi a duk faɗin duniyar Atlantic. Bayan koma bayan cinikin bayi daga kasar Senegal a shekarun 1770 zuwa 1780, garin ya zama wata muhimmiyar tashar jiragen ruwa don jigilar gyada, man gyada, danko larabci, hauren giwa, da sauran kayayyakin cinikayyar ''halal'''. Wataƙila dangane da wannan ciniki ne aka gina abin da ake kira Maison des Esclaves. Kamar yadda ɗan tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ya tattauna, ginin ya fara samun suna a matsayin wurin ajiyar bayi musamman saboda aikin mai kula da shi Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye, wanda ya iya motsa masu sauraron da suka ziyarci gidan tare da wasan kwaikwayonsa. Yawancin jama'a suna ziyartar gidan bayi, wanda ke taka rawar wurin tunawa da bauta. A watan Yunin 2013, shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya ziyarci gidan bayi. Tsibirin Gorée na ɗaya daga cikin wurare na farko a Afirka da Turawa suka yi zama, kamar yadda Portuguese suka zauna a tsibirin a 1444. Ƙasar Netherlands ta sake kama shi a 1588, sannan Portuguese sake, kuma Dutch. Sun ba shi sunan tsibirin Goeree na Holland, kafin Ingila ta karbe shi karkashin Robert Holmes a 1664. Mulkin mallaka na Faransa Bayan mamayar Faransa a shekara ta 1677, a lokacin yakin Franco-Dutch, tsibirin ya kasance mafi yawan Faransanci har zuwa shekara ta 1960. An sami ɗan gajeren lokaci na mamayar Birtaniyya a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe daban-daban da Faransa da Birtaniyya suka yi. Ƙasar Ingila ta mamaye tsibirin musamman a tsakanin 1758 da 1763 bayan kama Gorée da kuma mamaye Senegal a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai kafin a mayar da shi Faransa a Yarjejeniyar Paris (1763). A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci tsakanin 1779 zuwa 1783, Gorée ya sake kasancewa ƙarƙashin ikon Burtaniya, har sai an sake ba da shi ga Faransa a 1783 a Yarjejeniyar Paris (1783). A wannan lokacin, sanannen Joseph Wall ya yi aiki a matsayin Laftanar-Gwamna a can, wanda ya sa aka yi wa wasu mutanensa bulala ba bisa ka'ida ba har suka mutu a shekara ta 1782; saboda wadannan laifuka, an kashe Wall daga baya a Ingila. Gorée ya kasance babban wurin ciniki, wanda aka haɗa shi zuwa Saint-Louis, babban birnin Masarautar Senegal. Baya ga bayi, an kuma sayar da kakin zuma, fatu da hatsi. Yawan jama'ar tsibirin ya bambanta bisa ga yanayi, daga 'yan Afirka 'yan ɗari kaɗan da Creoles zuwa kusan 1,500. Da an sami 'yan mazauna Turai kaɗan a kowane lokaci. A cikin karni na 18 da na 19, Gorée ya kasance gida ga wani ɗan kasuwa na Franco-African Creole, ko Métis, al'ummar 'yan kasuwa masu alaƙa da al'ummomi iri ɗaya a Saint-Louis da Gambiya, da kuma ƙetaren Tekun Atlantika zuwa yankunan Faransanci a Amurka. Matan Métis, waɗanda ake kira sa hannu daga zuriyar senhora na Portugal na matan Afirka da 'yan kasuwa na Turai, suna da mahimmanci musamman ga rayuwar kasuwancin birni. Alamun sun mallaki jiragen ruwa da kadarori kuma sun umarci magatakarda maza. Sun kuma shahara wajen noman kayan sawa da nishaɗi. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan alamar, Anne Rossignol, ta zauna a Saint-Domingue (Haiti na zamani) a cikin 1780s kafin juyin juya halin Haiti. A watan Fabrairun 1794 a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, Faransa ta kawar da bauta, kuma an ce cinikin bayi daga Senegal ya daina. Wani zanen Faransanci na kimanin 1797 (hoton) ya nuna har yanzu yana ci gaba, amma wannan yana iya zama anachronism. A cikin Afrilu 1801, Birtaniya ta sake kama Gorée. A cikin Janairu 1804 wani ƙaramin Faransanci daga Curacao ya kama Gorée, amma Birtaniyya ta sake kama shi a cikin Maris. A cikin Maris 1815, a lokacin dawowar siyasarsa da aka sani da Kwanaki ɗari, Napoleon ya kawar da cinikin bayi don gina dangantaka da Birtaniya. A wannan karon, an ci gaba da shafewa. Kamar yadda cinikin bayi ya ragu a ƙarshen karni na sha takwas, Gorée ya koma kasuwanci na halal. Karamin birni da tashar jiragen ruwa ba su da matsala don jigilar kayan gyada masu yawa na masana'antu, waɗanda suka fara isa da yawa daga babban yankin. Saboda haka, 'yan kasuwa sun kafa gaban kai tsaye a cikin babban yankin, na farko a Rufisque (1840) sannan a Dakar (1857). Yawancin iyalai da aka kafa sun fara barin tsibirin. An kafa ikon mallakar ikon mallakar jama'a na jama'ar Gorée a cikin 1872, lokacin da ta zama haɗin Faransa tare da zaɓaɓɓen magajin gari da majalisar gunduma. Blaise Diagne, mataimakin dan Afirka na farko da aka zaba a Majalisar Dokokin Faransa (wanda ya yi aiki daga 1914 zuwa 1934), an haife shi a Gorée. Daga kololuwar kusan 4,500 a cikin 1845, yawan jama'a ya ragu zuwa 1,500 a 1904. A cikin 1940 an haɗa Gorée zuwa gundumar Dakar. Daga 1913 zuwa 1938, Gorée ya kasance gida ga École normale supérieure William Ponty, kwalejin malamai na gwamnati wanda Gwamnatin Mulkin Mallaka ta Faransa ke gudanarwa. Da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka yaye makarantar wata rana za su jagoranci gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai daga Faransa. A cikin 1925, masanin tarihi, masanin zamantakewa, da Pan-African WEB Du Bois ya rubuta game da makaranta a cikin 1925 "A kan tsibirin Goree mai ban sha'awa wanda tsohuwar ginshiƙi ya fuskanci Dakar na zamani da kasuwanci na ga yara maza masu kyau biyu ko uku na makarantar sakandare sun taru a ciki. daga duk Senegal ta hanyar gwaje-gwajen gasa kuma ƙwararrun malamai na Faransa sun koyar da su daidai da tsarin karatu wanda, gwargwadon abin da ya gabata, ya yi daidai da na kowace makarantar Turai, "yayin da Faransa ta yi wa mulkin mallaka kan yadda ƙayyadaddun kayan aikin ilimin jama'a ke cikin kasar gaba daya da kuma bayyana rashin bege game da kara zuba jari. An haɗa Gorée zuwa babban yankin ta hanyar sabis na jirgin ruwa na tsawon mintuna 30 na yau da kullun, don masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai; babu motoci a tsibirin. Babban wurin yawon bude ido na Senegal, tsibirin an jera shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na UNESCO a shekarar 1978. Yanzu ya kasance mafi yawan abin tunawa ga cinikin bayi. Yawancin gine-ginen kasuwanci da na zama na tarihi an mai da su gidajen abinci da otal don tallafawa zirga-zirgar yawon buɗe ido. Gudanarwa Tare da kafuwar Dakar a 1857, Goré a hankali ya rasa mahimmancinsa. A shekara ta 1872, hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun ƙirƙira ƙauyuka biyu na Saint-Louis da Gorée, gundumomi na farko na yammacin Afirka a yammacin Afirka, tare da matsayi iri ɗaya da kowace ƙungiya a Faransa. Dakar, a babban yankin, yana cikin gundumar Gorée, wanda gwamnatinsa ke a tsibirin. Duk da haka, a farkon 1887, Dakar ya rabu da gundumar Gorée kuma an mai da shi ta hanyar jama'a a kansa. Don haka, yankin Gorée ya zama iyaka ga ƙaramin tsibiri. A cikin 1891, Gorée yana da mazauna 2,100, yayin da Dakar ke da mazauna 8,737 kawai. Koyaya, ya zuwa 1926 yawan mutanen Gorée ya ragu zuwa mazauna 700 kawai, yayin da yawan mutanen Dakar ya ƙaru zuwa mazauna 33,679. Don haka, a cikin 1929 an haɗa ƙungiyar Gorée tare da Dakar. Ƙungiyar Gorée ta ɓace, kuma Gorée yanzu ƙaramin tsibiri ne na gundumar Dakar. A shekara ta 1996, majalisar dokokin Senegal ta kada kuri'a a wani gagarumin garambawul na bangaren gudanarwa da na siyasa na kasar Senegal. An raba al’ummar Dakar, wanda ake ganin babba ce kuma mai yawan jama’a ba za ta iya gudanar da shi yadda ya kamata ba daga karamar hukuma, an raba shi zuwa 19 da aka ba da iko mai yawa. An kiyaye gundumar Dakar sama da waɗannan yankuna 19 na Yana daidaita ayyukan gundumomi d'arrondissement, kamar yadda Greater London ke daidaita ayyukan gundumomin London. Don haka, a cikin 1996 an ta da Gorée daga matattu, ko da yake yanzu ta zama ne kawai (amma a zahiri tare da iko mai kama da na gama gari). Sabuwar na Gorée (a hukumance, ta mallaki tsohuwar mairie (zauren gari) a tsakiyar tsibirin. Anyi amfani da wannan azaman mairie na tsohuwar gundumar Gorée tsakanin 1872 zuwa 1929. Majalisar ce ke mulkin gundumar Gorée ta dimokuradiyya a kowace shekara 5, kuma ta shugaban karamar hukuma da mambobin majalisar karamar hukuma suka zaba. Magajin garin Gorée na yanzu shine Augustin Senghor, wanda aka zaba a 2002. Archaeology na tsibirin Gorée Tsibirin ita ce Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya ta UNESCO, tun daga Satumba 1978. Yawancin manyan gine-gine a Gorée an gina su a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na sha takwas. Babban gine-gine shine gidan bayi, 1786; Makarantar William Ponty, 1770; Musée de la mer (Maritime Museum), 1835; Fort d'Estrées, asalin baturin arewa, wanda yanzu ya ƙunshi Gidan Tarihi na Senegal, wanda aka gina tsakanin 1852-65; Palais du Government (Fadar Gwamnati), 1864, wanda gwamna-janar na farko na Senegal ya mamaye daga 1902-07. Gidan sarauta na Gorée da ofishin 'yan sanda na Gorée na ƙarni na goma sha bakwai, wanda a da ya kasance wurin rarrabawa, an yi imanin shi ne wurin da aka gina ɗakin sujada na farko da Portuguese ta gina a karni na sha biyar, kuma bakin tekun yana da sha'awar masu yawon bude ido. Wannan wurin tarihi ba kasafai misali ne na mulkin mallaka na Turai ba inda muke ganin 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci da bautar (wanda ke da rabin yawan mutanen Gorée), Turawa da Afro-Turai suna zaune tare da juna, kamar yadda tsibirin ya kasance sanannen cibiya a cinikin bayi na Atlantic. Archaeology akan tsibirin Gorée yana haifar da sakamako masu karo da juna da yawa. A gefe ɗaya na bakan, bayin da aka yi a Gorée an yi musu rashin kyau, kamar dabbobi, a daya bangaren kuma akwai shaidar mutanen bayi da ake maraba da su a matsayin ɓangare na iyalai. An rubuta ('yan matan Afirka ko Afro-Turai) sun fi son cin abinci a ƙasa tare da cokali da kwano na gama gari, a matsayin bayi na gida, amma mazan Turai sun kiyaye al'ada kuma suna amfani da tebur. Dokta Ibrahima Thiaw (Mataimakin Farfesa na Archaeology a Cibiyar Fondamental d'Afrique Noire (IFAN); da Cheikh Anta Diop na Dakar, Senegal ne suka gudanar da binciken archaeological kan Gorée. Dr Susan Keech McIntosh (Farfesa na Archaeology, Jami'ar Rice, Houston, Texas); da Raina Croff (Dan takarar PhD a Jami'ar Yale, New Haven, Connecticut). Dokta Shawn Murray (Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison) kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga binciken archaeological a Gorée ta hanyar nazarin gida da gabatar da bishiyoyi da shrubs, wanda ke taimakawa wajen gano tsohuwar tsiron da aka samu a cikin tono. Hakazalika binciken da aka yi a Gorée ya gano abubuwan da aka shigo da su Turai da yawa: bulo, ƙusoshi, kwalabe na abubuwan giya kamar giya, giya da sauran barasa, beads, yumbura da gunflints. Gorée Archaeological Project Aikin Gorée Archaeological Project, ko GAP, ya fara gudanar da ayyukansa (bincike, gwaji, taswira, da kuma hakowa) a cikin 2001. Aikin, wanda ya tsawaita tsawon shekaru da yawa, yana da nufin tattara kayan tarihi da suka shafi lokutan tarihi na kafin- da bayan zaman Turai, da kuma gano amfani da sassa daban-daban a tsibirin ta hanyar amfani da al'adun kayan da aka tono daga wuraren. A sakamakonsa na farko, Ibrahima Thiaw ya kuma tattauna matsalolin hakowa a tsibirin yawon bude ido. Fage Manjo Kyaftin Lançarote na Portugal da ma’aikatansa ne suka fara kulla dangantakar Afro-Turai da tsibirin Gorée a shekara ta 1445. Bayan da suka ga Gorée mai tazarar kilomita uku daga gabar tekun Dakar na kasar Senegal a zamanin yau, Lançarote da jami’ansa suka aika zuwa bakin teku. jami'ai su bar hadayun zaman lafiya ga 'yan asalin tsibirin. Sun ajiye biredi, madubi da takarda da aka zana giciye a kan ƙasar Gorée, waɗanda duk an yi nufin su zama alamomin ayyukan lumana. Duk da haka, 'yan Afirka ba su amsa yadda ake so ba kuma suka yayyage takarda tare da farfasa biredi da madubi, don haka ya kafa yanayin dangantakar da ke gaba tsakanin Portuguese da 'yan Afirka na tsibirin Gorée. Duk da haka, tarihi ya nuna ko da ’yan Afirka sun karɓi hadayun da za a ci gaba da yanka su da bautar da su. Tun daga farkon karni na 18, an raba matsugunan Gorée zuwa bariki: kwata na Bambara (bayi), gourmettes ('yan Afirka na Kirista), da kwata ga mazaunan Gorée, gami da 'yan Afirka masu 'yanci. A ƙarshen rabin karni na 18, rarrabuwa ya kasance tsakanin signares da danginsu da sauran tsibirin da kuma wuraren da aka kafa a baya. Matsala kafin Turai Dangane da sakamakon farko na Ibrahim Thiaw, matakan da ke tsakanin adibas ɗin tuntuɓar Turai kafin da kuma bayan sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ɓarna a fili na tururuwa. Ɗaya daga cikin fassarar wannan ita ce yuwuwar cewa waɗannan tsutsotsin tsummoki sun zama sanadin watsi da Gorée kafin zuwan Holland. Adadin da aka yi a zamanin kafin Turawa suna da yawa tare da tukwane da aka yi wa ado da igiyoyi da kifayen kashin bayan gida kuma ana iya samun su a cikin mahallin matsugunin cikin gida, a ƙarƙashin ko a daidai matakan benaye da wuraren murhu. Tukwane da ke kusa da ƙauyuka na nuna cewa waɗannan ƙauyuka sun kasance na dindindin ko na dindindin. Kayan aikin kamun kifi da na'urori ba safai ba ne duk da cewa adadin kifin ya yi yawa. Hakanan babu alamar ƙarfe ko amfani da shi kafin karni na sha takwas. Saboda ɗimbin fasalulluka da ke ɗauke da tukwane na al'ada da aka samu a cikin tsakiyar ƙawancen Turai, Thiaw ya kammala cewa watakila an yi amfani da tsibirin ne da farko don ayyukan al'ada da ayyuka. Duk da haka, watsi yana bayyana a ilimin kimiya na tarihi a tsakiyar karni na sha biyar, mai yiyuwa ne saboda wani gagarumin mamayewa. Babu wata shaida ta archaeological ko ta zahiri na gwagwarmaya ko rikici tsakanin Turawa na ƙarshe ko wata ƙungiyar al'adu. Hasashen Thiaw yana nuna yiwuwar cewa lokacin da Portuguese suka yi amfani da tsibirin don binne matattu, tsibirin, a idanun 'yan asalin, ya zama abin ƙyama ko kuma mummunan ikon ruhohin teku ya yi tasiri. Mazaunin Turawa Akwai wasu hasashe na yadda Gorée ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Turawa ko Yaren mutanen Holland. Akwai wasu shaidun rubutu da ke nuna cewa mutanen Holland sun sayi tsibirin daga hannun shugaban Dakar ko kuma daga masunta na cikin gida a tsibirin. Duk da yake akwai ƙananan shaidar archaeological na wannan ma'amala, duk ajiyar Turai suna da yawa. A kan Gorée akwai mabambantan adibas guda huɗu da aka samo ta hanyar tonowa da gwaji. Nau'o'in ajiya na farko suna arewa maso yamma da yammacin tsibirin, kuma yawanci mita uku ne na tarkacen gida da harsashi. Kewaye da yankin da ya kasance Fort Nassau, an ƙaddara waɗannan bayanan daidai da ayyukan Fort Nassau, wanda ake ganin ba ya da ɗanɗano. An sami wani wurin ajiya da ba kasafai ba a kusa da Castel a G18, wurin da aka tono kawai a yankin. Abubuwan da aka ajiye a wannan yanki yawanci ba su da zurfi kuma a saman wani katafaren dutse. Duk da haka, wannan wuri guda ya samar da binnewa guda uku, duk an tona su a cikin tudun dutse. G13, wani wurin da ke gefen gabashin tsibirin, ya samar da tarkacen al'adu daga daya daga cikin ramukan shara. Wannan tarkace ya haɗa da ƙusoshi, kayan marmari na ƙarshen Turai da farar farar fata masu kama da juna daga 1810 zuwa 1849, gwangwani na sardine, da gilashin taga, da sauran kayan tarihi. Da yake kusa da barikin sojoji daga mamayar sojoji a ƙarni na goma sha tara da farkon ƙarni na ashirin, nazarin waɗannan yumbu ya nuna cewa da yawa daga cikinsu maye ne wanda ya yi daidai da mamayar. Ba a cika samun ajiya irin wannan ba a kusa da tsibirin. Kamar yadda yake da yawancin wuraren binciken kayan tarihi na duniya, tasirin zamani da ayyuka suna shafar rukunin yanar gizon kuma suna haifar da hargitsi a cikin rikodin kayan tarihi ko lalata wuraren da ba da gangan ba. Gwamnatin Turai ta sanya tsauraran dokoki game da amfani da sararin samaniya da ci gaban matsuguni gaba daya a tsibirin. Archaeology yana nuna wannan ci gaba a cikin ƙasa; gine-gine, daidaitawa, sake ginawa, wasu daga cikinsu ana iya danganta su da sauyin da aka samu a cikin masu mulkin Turai a lokacin. Duk da haka, wannan shaidar ci gaba kuma tana nuna sakamakon sakamakon ayyukan yau da kullun, don haka yana da wuyar warwarewa don tantance hadaddun abubuwan zamantakewa da ƙungiyoyi, kamar bawa ko 'yanci ko ɗan Afirka ko Afirka-Turai. Ana iya cire gabaɗaya gabaɗaya: Cinikin Atlantika yana tasiri sosai ga rayuwar waɗanda ke kan Gorée, waɗanda aka gani a cikin kwararar ra'ayoyi, ƙayyadaddun ƙira da tsarin daidaitawa. Har ila yau, cinikayyar Atlantika ta yi tasiri a fannin ilimin halittar jiki na al'ummar Gorean. Ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi ya gano ɗimbin shaidu na yawan shigo da barasa a tsibirin. Yawan shigo da barasa a zahiri yana nuna yawan sha wanda aka rubuta tasirinsa a matsayin rikice-rikicen maye, yawanci tsakanin mazaunan sojoji. Dr Ibrahima Thiaw wanda aka ambata a baya shine kuma marubucin Digging on Contested Grounds: Archaeology and the Commemoration of Slavery on Gorée Island. A cikin wannan labarin, Thiaw ya tattauna bambanci tsakanin labaran tarihi da ke cike da bautar da sarƙoƙi da kuma rashin shaidar archaeological don tallafawa waɗannan asusun. Raina Croff, daya daga cikin abokan aikin Thiaw, ta bayyana cewa ita da kanta ba ta taba samun wata shaida ta bauta a tsibirin Gorée ba, duk da haka ta kuma hada da cewa ba za a sami shaidun archaeological kamar sarƙoƙi da sarƙoƙi a tsibirin ba, saboda babu buƙata. Maison des Esclaves Maison des Esclaves, ko Gidan Bayi, an gina shi a cikin 1780-1784 ta Nicolas Pépin. Ko da yake gidan sanannen "Kofar Babu Komawa", wanda aka ce shi ne wuri na ƙarshe da bayin da ake fitarwa zuwa ƙasashen waje suka taɓa ƙasan Afirka har tsawon rayuwarsu, akwai ƙaramin shaida a Maison des Esclaves don ba da shawarar "babban sikelin". Kasuwancin bayi na trans-Atlantic" tattalin arzikin. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar da aka samu daga karni na 18, akasarin bayin Allah sun fada karkashin tsarin bayi na gida, maimakon bayi da za a fitar da su kasashen waje. Wataƙila Pépin da magajinsa sun kasance bayi a cikin gida, amma kuma akwai ƴan abubuwan da ke nuna cewa suna da hannu a duk wata sana’ar fitar da bayi. Duk da wannan rashin shaida, Maison des Esclaves ya zama wurin aikin hajji don tunawa da korar ƴan Afirka daga ƙasarsu ta haihuwa, wanda kuma aka fi sani da ƴan Afirka. Wannan ya bambanta da rawar rukunin Rue des Dongeons akan Gorée. A Rue des Dongeons, kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, akwai kasancewar gidajen kurkuku, waɗanda za a iya danganta su a fili tare da tsare bayin da za a fitar da su. Masanin tarihi Ana Lucia Araujo ta ce "ba ainihin wurin da mutane na gaske suka bari a cikin adadin da suke faɗi ba." Akasin haka, UNESCO ta yi iƙirarin cewa "daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa na 19, Goree ita ce cibiyar kasuwancin bayi mafi girma a gabar tekun Afirka." Bambara Quartier A kudu ta tsakiya na Gorée, a cikin kwata na Bambara, ko da yake ba su da yawa a cikin kayan tarihi, ajiyar kuɗi daga wannan yanki ya bambanta da abubuwan da aka haɗa daga sauran tsibirin. Abubuwan da aka haɗa kamar dutsen farar ƙasa, bulo mai ja, harsashi, ko duwatsu a cikin waɗannan ɗimbin mita biyu zuwa uku ba su girme ƙarni na sha takwas ba kuma suna nuna haɓakawa da rushewa akai-akai. Ana iya danganta wannan da ɗimbin matsugunin wannan yanki watakila ta bayin gida da aka fara a ƙarni na sha takwas. Quartier Bambara wani yanki ne na keɓancewa, wanda ke nuna bautar cikin gida maimakon fitarwa. Taswirorin wannan matsugunin sun ware layin iyaka wanda a ƙarshe, a tsakiyar karni na sha takwas, an nuna an rage su. An samo shi a tsakiyar tsibirin, Bambara 'yan Bambara ne ke zaune. Mutanen Bambara suna da ra'ayi mara kyau; da aka samu a babban yankin Senegal da Mali, Bambara an san su da kasancewa nagartattun bayi. Faransawa ne suka kawo Goré, mutanen Bambara sun shirya gina hanyoyi, garu da gidaje. Wadannan gine-gine (Maison des Esclaves, Quartier Bambara, da Rue des Dungeons), da aka yi da dutse ko bulo, sun bambanta da tsarin da mutanen Afirka suka yi da bambaro da laka. Wannan bambanci ya taimaka wajen rarrabuwar kawuna da matsayi tsakanin ’yan Afirka da mazauna Turai kuma ya bi ƙungiyar gama gari cewa masonry ya kasance tasirin Turai. Duk da haka, gina waɗannan gine-ginen gine-ginen da aka fi sani da su bayi ne suka gina su, kuma ba tare da tsare-tsare na bene ba, kamar yadda tsarin birni mai haɗari da kuma kusurwoyi marasa daidaituwa a cikin ɗakunan ya nuna. Binciken sasantawa ya nuna yiwuwar cewa tare da lokaci, matsayin masters' da bayin bayi sun isa su yi aiki da rayuwa tare da juna a tsibirin a rabin na biyu na karni na sha takwas. Rikici Gorée a matsayin babban wurin ciniki don bayi A cikin 1990s an tafka muhawara kan sahihancin cinikin bayi na Gorée kamar yadda mai rajin kare Boubacar Joseph Ndiaye ya fada. A cikin wata kasida, da aka buga a cikin jaridar Faransa Le Monde, Emmanuel de Roux ya kalubalanci ikirari na Ndiaye da aka maimaita cewa Gorée, a wurin da ake kira "Maison des Esclaves", wani muhimmin ma'ajiyar bayi ne (wanda ya dogara ne akan fassarar ƙarya na baƙi Faransanci. a cikin karni na 18-19 da kuma bayan haka). De Roux ya dogara ne akan ayyukan masu binciken Abdoulaye Camara da Father Joseph-Roger de Benoist. A cewar kididdigar tarihi, ba a sayar da bayi sama da 500 a kowace shekara a can ba, wanda hakan ya yi daidai da ma'aunin cinikin bayi a gabar tekun Benin, Guinee da Angola na zamani: jimillar kashi 4-5% (ko kusan 500). 000) na bayi an jigilar su daga Senegal zuwa Amurka, yayin da sauran 11.5 miliyan bayi na Afirka suka fito daga sauran (Yamma) gaɓar Afirka. Bayanin hoto na Ndiaye game da yanayin bayin da ake zargin an ajiye su a “Maison des Esclaves” ba su da goyan bayan kowane takaddun tarihi kuma a cewar De Roux, ƙila sun yi aiki don gudanar da kasuwanci, musamman daga masu yawon buɗe ido Ba-Amurke. Dangane da wadannan zarge-zargen, wasu masu bincike na Senegal da na Turai sun gudanar da wani taron tattaunawa a Sorbonne a cikin Afrilu 1997, mai taken "Gorée dans la traite atlantique mythes et réalités", wanda aka buga bayanan bayan haka. Kwanan nan, Hamady Bocoum et Bernard Toulier sun buga labarin “The Fabrication of Heritage: the case of Gorée (Senegal)” (a cikin Faransanci: La ƙirƙira du Patrimoine l'exemple de Gorée (Sénégal)») yana tattara bayanan girman Gorée zuwa wani abin tunawa da tunani na cinikin bayi na transatlantic saboda dalilai na yawon bude ido. Gwamnatin Senegal ce ta jagoranta, wanda aka fara a karkashin shugaba Léopold Sédar Senghor, wanda ya dora wa nadin nasa na musamman Ndiaye alhakin wannan burin. A cikin 2013, ɗan jarida Jean Luc Angrand ya ba da labarin yadda Ndiaye ya fara yaƙin neman zaɓe a tsakanin al'ummomin Amurkawa na Afirka a cikin Amurka, yayin da yake ƙoƙarin yin amfani da sha'awar su na neman nasu gado a Afirka wanda ya taso a cikin 1970s. Wannan sha'awar ta karu bayan tasirin jerin shirye-shiryen TV Roots, wanda aka fi ji a tsakanin masu kallo Ba-Amurke. Don haka Ndiaye ya yi karin gishiri game da mahimmancin Senegal, musamman Gorée, ta hanyar da'awar cewa ba a kai 'yan Afirka da aka bautar da su kasa da miliyan 20 daga can ba. Ko da yake wasu kafofin watsa labaru da aka rubuta a Turanci sun ba da rahoto game da ƙirƙira tarihin Gorée, musamman John Murphy a cikin Seattle Times da Max Fischer a cikin Washington Post, wasu majiyoyin labarai na Ingilishi, irin su BBC, har yanzu suna manne da labarin da aka ƙirƙira na Gorée kamar yadda yake. babbar cibiyar cinikin bayi. Sanannen mazauna Latyr Sy, mawaƙin djembe France Gall, mawaƙin Faransa, ya mallaki gida a can Léa Seydoux, an girma a wani yanki a tsibirin A cikin shahararrun al'adu Tsibirin Gorée shine Ramin Tsayawa don Kafa na 4 na The Amazing Race 6, kuma Gidan Bawan da kansa ya ziyarci yayin Kafa 5. Tsibirin Gorée ya yi fice a cikin wakoki da dama, saboda tarihinsa da ya shafi cinikin bayi. Waƙoƙi masu zuwa suna da mahimmiyar magana game da tsibirin Gorée: Steel Pulse "Kofar Babu Komawa" akan African Holocaust (2004) Doug E. Fresh- "Afirka" Akon "Senegal" Burnng Spear "One Africa" akan Jah Is Real (2008) Alpha Blondy Solar System "Goree (Senegal)" akan Dieu (1994) Nuru Kane "Goree" Sinsemilia "De l'histoire" Gilberto Gil "La Lune de Goree", wanda Gilberto Gil da José Carlos Capinam suka hada Mahaifin rap na Faransa Booba (an haife shi Elie Yaffa) ɗan Gorée ne. A cikin waƙarsa "Garde la pêche" ya ambaci tsibirin, yana cewa "Gorée c'est ma terre" (Gorée shine ƙasara/gari na). Har ila yau, a cikin waƙarsa mai suna "0.9", ya ce "À dix ans j'ai vu Gorée, depuis mes larmes sont eternelles" (Lokacin da nake ɗan shekara 10 na ga Gorée, tun lokacin hawaye na ya kasance na har abada." Marcus Miller "Gorée (Go-ray)" A cikin 2007 darektan Swiss Pierre-Yves Borgeaud ya yi wani shirin gaskiya mai suna Retour à Gorée (Komawa Gorée). Mawaƙin gargajiya na Girka avantgarde Iannis Xenakis ya rubuta wani yanki don garaya da gungu mai suna A l`ile de Gorée (1986). Gallery Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Camara, Abdoulaye Joseph Roger de Benoïst. Histoire de Gorée, Paris: Maisonneuve Larose,

32292

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalangu%20na%20Ngoma

Kalangu na Ngoma

Ngoma (wanda kuma ake kira engoma ko ng'oma ko ingoma) kayan kida ne da wasu al'ummar Bantu na Afirka ke amfani da su. An samo Ngoma daga kalmar Kongo don "kalangu". Yankunan Bantu daban-daban suna da nasu al'adun kaɗa, tare da sunaye daban-daban na kayan kida. A Kikongo, ana amfani da "ngoma" ta tsawaita don nuna takamaiman raye-raye, lokutan zamantakewa da kari. A cikin Swahili, ana amfani da kalmar Ngoma don kwatanta ganguna da kansu da kuma kida da raye-raye tare a matsayin al'adar hadin gwiwa. Amfani a cikin Manyan Tafkuna da Kudancin Afirka An san kalangu na ngoma da engoma a ko'ina cikin yankin Manyan Tafkunan Afirka. A cikin Swahili, ngoma ya haifar saboda rashin jin daɗin furta engoma ta hanyar jefar da harafin e. Banyankore na rike da ganguna da daraja; musamman irin gangunan sarauta da Bagyendanwa ke jagoranta, wanda in ba haka ba wani basarake bai taba yin da'awar sarauta ba. Baganda na Uganda na da dangantaka ta musamman da ganguna na ngoma, ta yadda mutane da yawa ke tunanin cewa kasarsu ce kasar da ainihin irin wannan ganga ta samo asali. Ana jin daɗin Baganda a matsayin ƴan Ngoma. Ana amfani da ngoma don sadarwa da bikin kuma alama ce ta iko. Hakanan ana amfani da Ngoma wajen ba da labari. An yi ngoma da itace, wanda aka lulluɓe da fatar saniya da aka fesa a ƙofofin biyu, kodayake kuma za ku sami nau'ikan yawon buɗe ido na waɗannan ganguna da aka rufe da fatun zebra. Yawanci, ana buga su rukuni-rukuni na ganguna bakwai, kowane ganga yana da muryarsa da aikinsa a cikin rukunin. An yi wani sanannen tsari tare da aƙalla ganguna huɗu. Ana ɗaukar kowanne ɗayan waɗannan ganguna a matsayin daidaikun mutane, don haka kowannensu yana da takamaiman suna. Babban ganga ana kiransa bakisimba kuma yana yin ƙarar bass. Wasu suna kiransa Drrum na Jagora. Empuunya ya ɗan ƙarami kuma yana samar da sautin bass mafi girma. Nankasa wani ɗan ƙaramin ganga ne da ake bugawa da sanduna kuma yana fitar da sauti mai ƙarfi sosai. Na ƙarshe, amma ba kalla ba shine engalabi. Engalabi ya fi kama da ainihin ngoma kuma yana da tsayi kuma ya fi sauran ganguna a cikin wannan saitin. Hakanan yana da fata a gefe ɗaya kawai. Duk sauran ganguna an rufe su da fatar saniya a sama da kasa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin lacing mai rikitarwa, yayin da engalabi yana da kan fata kadangare tare da kananan turakun katako. Wannan ganga yana yin sauti mafi girma a cikin tarin. Shahararrun ganguna na Afirka sun haɗa da Djembe, Dundun, Bata, da Bougarabou don kawai haskaka kaɗan. Djembe na nufin "kowa ya taru cikin kwanciyar hankali" a cewar mutanen Mali. A ko'ina cikin Afirka ta Tsakiya da ta Kudu, ana amfani da bukukuwan ngoma don taimakawa wajen warkarwa yayin bukukuwan. Ayyukan al'ada sun haɗa da kiɗa da raye-raye, kuma suna iya haifar da "rage damuwa, goyon bayan zamantakewa, goyon bayan halayen zamantakewa, ci gaban psychodynamic, da tasirin placebo". Ngoma yakan zama kayan aiki don haɗa ƙabilar, kuma yana taimakawa a cikin lafiya ko canjin rayuwa da hanyar sadarwa ga ruhohi. Ana kuma amfani da gangunan ngoma a Zimbabwe, musamman don raye-rayen gargajiya da bukukuwa. Ana iya buga dukkan ganguna da sanduna ko hannaye, sai dai Nankasa da aka fi yi da sanduna biyu. Manazarta Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu: My People, My Africa, New York: John Day (1969). Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu: Indaba My Children: African Folktales, Grove Press (1964). University Musical Society's Youth Education Program: "Children of Uganda Teacher Resource Guide" by Bree Juarez. Edited by Bree Ben Johnson (2005). Berliner, Paul. (1978). The Soul of Mbira: music and traditions of the Shona people of Zimbabwe. Berkeley: University of California Press. Howard, Joseph H. (1967). Drums in the Americas. New York: Oak Publications. Mutwa, Credo Vusa'mazulu. (1969). My People: the incredible writings of Credo Vusa'mazulu Mutwa. Johannesburg Blue Crane Books, 1969. Tracey, Andrew. (1970). "The Matepe Mbira Music of Rhodesia". Journal of the African Music Society, IV: 4, 37-61. Tracey, Andrew. (1970). How to Play the Mbira (dza vadzimu). Roodepoort, Transvaal, South Africa: International Library of African Music. Tracey, Hugh. (1961). The Evolution of African Music and its Function in the Present Day. Johannesburg: Institute for the Study of Man in Africa. Tracey, Hugh. (1969). "The Mbira class of African Instruments in Rhodesia". African Music Society Journal, 4:3, 78-95. Rikodi Rikodin Columbia: Drums of Passion. Litattafan rubutu na Akinsola Akiwowo (1958). Karin karatu Chamisa, V. (2017). Approaches to the adaptation of Shona ngoma styles in Zimbabwean popular music. African Music, vol. 10, no. 3. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje The Children of Uganda detailed study guide a page from Indaba My Children: African Folktales where the creation of ngoma is described "The Queen's Gift" by Bethan Lewis Royal Museum for Central Africa: Ingoma

30253

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanin%20ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20dan%20adam%20da%20na%20jama%27a

Bayanin haƙƙoƙin dan adam da na jama'a

Bayanin Hakkokin Dan Adam da na Jama'a wanda Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta Faransa ta kafa a cikin shekarata 1789, takarda ce ta haƙƙin ɗan adam daga juyin juya halin Faransa Ƙwararrun masana falsafar Haskakawa, sanarwar ta kasance jigon magana na kimar juyin juya halin Faransa kuma yana da babban tasiri ga cigaban sanannen ra'ayi na 'yancin kai da dimokuradiyya a Turai da duniya baki daya. Marquis de Lafayette ne ya tsara sanarwar ta asali, tare da shawarwari tare da Thomas Jefferson Tasirin koyaswar haƙƙin dabi'a haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ana ɗauka su zama na duniya inganci a kowane lokaci kuma a kowane wuri. Ya zama ginshiƙi ga al'ummar 'yantattun mutane waɗanda doka ta ba su kariya daidai gwargwado. Kuma An haɗa shi a farkon kundin tsarin mulkin jamhuriyar Faransa ta huɗu a shekarata (1946) da jamhuriya ta biyar (1958) kuma har yanzu tana nan. Tarihi Abubuwan da ke cikin takardar sun fito ne da yawa daga manufofin wayewa. Lafayette ne ya shirya manyan zane-zane, yana aiki a wasu lokuta tare da babban abokinsa Thomas Jefferson. A cikin watan Agustan shekarata 1789, Abbé Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès da Honoré Mirabeau sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarawa da tsara sanarwar Ƙarshen Haƙƙin Dan Adam da na ɗan ƙasa. A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1789 Majalisar Zartarwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da labarin karshe na sanarwar 'yancin dan Adam da dan kasa, a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa, Kuma a matsayin matakin farko na rubuta kundin tsarin mulki ga Faransa. Wayar da kan yi wahayi, wakilan sun tattauna ainihin sigar sanarwar a kan wani daftarin kasida 24 da the sixth bureau gabatar. wanda Jérôme Champion de Cicé ke jagoranta Daga baya an gyara daftarin a yayin muhawarar. Sanarwar ta biyu kuma mafi tsayi, wacce aka fi sani da Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a na 1793, an rubuta shi a cikin shekarata 1793 amma ba a taɓa karɓe ta ba. Mahallin falsafa da ka'idar Abubuwan da ke cikin sanarwar sun fito ne daga ayyukan falsafa da siyasa na wayewa, kamar son kai, kwangilar zamantakewa kamar yadda masanin falsafa na Genevan Rousseau ya tsara, da kuma raba iko da Baron de Montesquieu ya ɗauka Kamar yadda ake iya gani a cikin matani, falsafar siyasa ta wayewar kai da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam sun yi tasiri sosai akan furcin Faransanci kamar yadda sanarwar 'yancin kai ta Amurka ta kasance wacce ta gabace ta (4 Yuli shekarata 1776). A cewar wani littafi na shari’a da aka buga a shekara ta 2007, sanarwar tana cikin ruhin “dokar dabi’a ta duniya”, Duk wadda ba ta dogara da koyarwar addini ko hukuma ba, sabanin ka’idar ka’idar dabi’a ta gargajiya, wadda ta yi. Sanarwar ta bayyana saiti guda ɗaya na haƙƙoƙin ɗaiɗai da na gamayya ga duk maza. Kuma Tasirin koyarwar haƙƙoƙin dabi'a, waɗannan haƙƙoƙin sun kasance na duniya kuma suna aiki a kowane lokaci da wurare. Alal misali, "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da hakkoki. Sannan Ba za a iya kafa bambance-bambancen al'umma ba a kan abin da ya dace kawai." Suna da wasu haƙƙoƙin dabi'a ga dukiya, 'yanci, da rayuwa. A bisa wannan ka'idar, aikin gwamnati shi ne gane da kuma tabbatar da wadannan hakkoki. Har ila yau, ya kamata a gudanar da gwamnati ta hanyar zaɓaɓɓun wakilai. A lokacin da aka rubuta, an ba da haƙƙoƙin da ke cikin sanarwar ga maza kawai. Kuma Bugu da ƙari, sanarwar sanarwa ce ta hangen nesa maimakon gaskiya. Sanarwar ba ta da tushe a cikin al'adar yammacin duniya ko ma Faransa a lokacin. Sanarwar ta fito ne a karshen karni na 18 daga yaki da juyin juya hali. Ta ci karo da adawa, saboda ana ɗaukar dimokuradiyya da yancin ɗaiɗaikun mutane a matsayin masu kama da rashin zaman lafiya da rugujewa Sannna Wannan sanarwar ta ƙunshi akidu da buri waɗanda Faransa ta yi alkawarin yin gwagwarmaya a nan gaba. Abu An gabatar da sanarwar ta hanyar gabatarwar da ke bayyana mahimman halaye na haƙƙoƙin da suka cancanta a matsayin "na halitta, waɗanda ba za a iya raba su ba kuma masu tsarki" kuma sun ƙunshi "ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi kuma marasa gasa" waɗanda 'yan ƙasa za su iya dogara da bukatunsu. A cikin kasida ta biyu, “hakkokin dan Adam na dabi’a da wadanda ba a iya bayyana su ba” an bayyana su a matsayin “yanci, dukiya, tsaro da juriya ga zalunci Ya yi kira da a lalata gata aristocratic ta hanyar shelar kawo ƙarshen feudalism da keɓewa daga haraji, 'yanci da daidaitattun haƙƙin ga duk "Maza", da samun damar shiga ofishin gwamnati bisa basira. Sannna Kuma An taƙaita tsarin sarauta, kuma duk ƴan ƙasa su sami damar shiga cikin tsarin doka. An ayyana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da yada labarai, an kuma haramta kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba. Sanarwar ta kuma tabbatar da ka'idodin ikon mallaka, kuma wanda ya bambanta da ikon allahntaka na sarakunan da ke nuna mulkin mulkin Faransa, da daidaito tsakanin 'yan ƙasa, "Dukan 'yan ƙasa, suna daidai da idanu na doka, suna daidai da yarda ga dukan jama'a. masu girma da matsayi da ayyukan yi, gwargwadon iyawarsu kuma ba tare da banbance banbancen kyawawan dabi’u da basirarsu,” sannan yana kawar da hakki na musamman na manya da malamai. Labarai Mataki na I An haifi ’yan Adam kuma sun kasance masu ‘yanci kuma suna daidai da hakki. Kuma Ba za a iya kafa bambance-bambancen zamantakewa ba ne kawai a kan abin da ake so. Mataki na II Manufar kowace ƙungiya ta siyasa ita ce kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam na halitta da wanda ba a iya bayyanawa ba. Wadannan hakkoki su ne 'yanci, dukiya, aminci da tsayin daka kan zalunci. Mataki na III Ka'idar kowane ikon mallakar ƙasa tana zaune a cikin ƙasa. Babu wata hukuma ko wani mutum da zai yi amfani da duk wata hukuma wacce ba ta fito daga al'umma kai tsaye ba. Mataki na IV 'Yanci ya ƙunshi yin duk wani abu da ba zai cutar da wasu ba: don haka, yin amfani da haƙƙin haƙƙin kowane mutum yana da iyakokin da ke tabbatar wa sauran jama'a haƙƙin haƙƙin. Kuma Ana iya ƙayyade waɗannan iyakokin ta hanyar doka kawai. Mataki na biyar V Doka tana da haƙƙin hana ayyukan cutarwa ga al'umma kawai. Duk wani abu da shari’a ba ta hana shi ba, ba za a iya tauye shi ba, sannan kuma ba za a iya takurawa kowa ya yi abin da bai umarta ba. Mataki na shida VI Doka ita ce bayanin nufin gabaɗaya Duk da ƴan ƙasa suna da haƙƙin bayar da gudunmawa da kan su ko ta hanyar wakilansu don kafa ta. Dole ne ya zama iri ɗaya ga kowa, ko dai abin da yake karewa, ko kuma ya hukunta. Kuma Dukkan ’yan kasa, kasancewarsu daidai ne a idanunsu, haka nan kuma ana yarda da su ga dukkan masu rike da madafun iko, wurare, da ayyukan yi, gwargwadon iyawarsu ba tare da wani bambanci ba face na kyawawan halaye da basirarsu. Mataki na bakwai VII -Babu wani mutum da za a iya tuhuma, kama ko tsare shi amma a cikin shari'o'in da doka ta tsara, da kuma bisa ga siffofin da ta tsara. Wadanda suka nemi, aika, aiwatarwa ko kuma suka sa a aiwatar da umarni na sabani, Kuma dole ne a hukunta su; amma duk wani dan kasa da aka kira ko aka kama a karkashin sharuddan doka dole ne ya bi su nan take; yana mai da kansa laifi ta hanyar juriya. Mataki na takwas VIII Dole ne doka ta kafa hukuncin da ya dace kawai kuma a fili ya zama dole, Sannna kuma babu wanda za a iya hukunta shi amma a karkashin dokar da aka kafa da kuma kaddamar da shi kafin laifin da kuma amfani da doka. Mataki na tara IX Duk wani mutum da ake zaton ba shi da laifi har sai an bayyana shi da laifi idan aka ce ba makawa ne a kama shi, duk wani takura da ba zai zama dole domin a ceci mutumin ba, Kuma dole ne doka ta tsawatar da shi sosai. Mataki na Goma X Ba wanda zai iya jin haushin ra’ayinsa, hatta na addini, muddin bayyanarsu ba ta kawo cikas ga tsarin jama’a da doka ta kafa ba. Mataki na sha ɗaya XI Sadarwar 'yanci na tunani da ra'ayi shine daya daga cikin mafi kyawun haƙƙin ɗan adam: kowane ɗan ƙasa don haka yana iya yin magana, rubutawa, buga shi da yardar kaina, sai Kuma dai don amsa cin zarafi na wannan 'yanci, a cikin lamuran da doka ta ƙaddara. Mataki na sha biyu XII Tabbatar da haƙƙin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa yana buƙatar ƙarfin jama'a: don haka an kafa wannan ƙarfi don amfanin kowa ba don amfanin waɗanda aka amince da su ba. Mataki na sha uku XIII Domin kiyaye ƙarfin jama'a da kuma kashe kuɗin gudanarwa, Kuma gudunmawar gama gari ba ta da mahimmanci; dole ne a raba daidai wa daida ga dukkan ’yan kasa, gwargwadon karfinsu na biya. Mataki na sha huɗu XIV Kowane ɗan ƙasa yana da hakkin ya tabbatar, da kansa ko ta hanyar wakilansa, buƙatar harajin jama'a, don yarda da shi kyauta, don sanin amfanin da aka sanya shi, da kuma ƙayyade rabo, tushe, tarawa., da kuma tsawon lokaci. Mataki na sha biyar XV Al’umma na da hakkin neman asusu daga kowane wakilin jama’a na gwamnatinta. Mataki na sha shida XVI Duk wata al’ummar da ba a tabbatar da haƙƙin haƙƙinta ba, ko kuma an ƙaddara rabe-raben iko, Kuma ba ta da Kundin Tsarin Mulki. Mataki na Sha bakwai XVII Dukiya kasancewar wani haƙƙi ne mai tsarki, babu wanda za a iya hana shi amfani da shi na sirri, Sannan idan ba lokacin da jama'a ke buƙata ba, bisa doka, a bayyane yake buƙatar ta, kuma ƙarƙashin yanayin adalci kuma kafin a biya shi. Kasancewa ɗan ƙasa mai ƙwazo Yayin da juyin juya halin Faransa ya ba da haƙƙi ga mafi girman kaso na jama'a, an sami bambanci tsakanin waɗanda suka sami 'yancin siyasa a cikin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa da waɗanda ba su samu ba. Shiyasa Duk Waɗanda aka ɗauka suna riƙe waɗannan haƙƙoƙin siyasa ana kiran su ƴan ƙasa masu aiki. An ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasa ga maza waɗanda Faransanci, aƙalla shekaru 25, sun biya haraji daidai da aikin kwanaki uku, kuma ba za a iya bayyana su a matsayin bayi ba. Wannan yana nufin cewa a lokacin sanarwar masu mallakar kadarorin maza ne kawai ke riƙe waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Mataimakan Majalisar sun yi imanin cewa, wadanda ke da muradin gaske a cikin kasar ne kawai za su iya yanke shawara ta siyasa. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya shafi batutuwa na 6, 12, 14, da 15 na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa kai tsaye saboda kowane ɗayan waɗannan haƙƙoƙin yana da alaƙa da 'yancin jefa ƙuri'a da shiga cikin gwamnati. Tare da dokar 29 Oktoba shekarata 1789, kalmar ɗan ƙasa mai aiki ta shiga cikin siyasar Faransa. An ƙirƙiri manufar ƴan ƙasa masu son rai don haɗa waɗancan al'ummomin da aka ware daga haƙƙoƙin siyasa a cikin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa. Saboda buƙatun da aka gindaya don ƴan ƙasa masu himma, kuma an ba da ƙuri'ar ga kusan Faransawa miliyan 4.3 daga cikin kusan miliyan 29. aka tsallake sun haɗa da mata, bayi, yara, da baƙi. Kamar yadda babban taron ya zaɓe waɗannan matakan, sun iyakance haƙƙin wasu ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa yayin aiwatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya na sabuwar Jamhuriyar Faransa (1792-1804) Wannan doka, da aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1789, an gyara ta da waɗanda suka kirkiro Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Shekara na III don kawar da lakabin ɗan ƙasa mai aiki. Ikon jefa ƙuri'a a lokacin, duk da haka, an ba da shi ga masu mallakar dukiya kawai. An sami takun saka tsakanin ’yan kasa masu aiki da halin ko-in-kula a duk tsawon juyin juya halin Musulunci. Wannan ya faru ne lokacin da ƴan ƙasa masu son rai suka fara yin kira ga ƙarin haƙƙi, ko kuma a fili lokacin da suka ƙi sauraron manufofin da ƴan ƙasa masu ƙwazo suka tsara. Wannan zane mai ban dariya ya nuna a fili bambancin da ke tsakanin ƴan ƙasa masu aiki da masu halin ko in kula tare da tashe-tashen hankula masu alaƙa da irin waɗannan bambance-bambance. A cikin zane mai ban dariya, wani ɗan ƙasa mai ƙwazo yana riƙe da ƙwanƙwasa kuma wani ɗan ƙasa (a hannun dama) yana cewa "Ku kula kada haƙurina ya tsere mini". Musamman mata sun kasance 'yan kasa masu kishin kasa wadanda suka taka rawar gani a cikin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Olympe de Gouges ta rubuta sanarwarta game da haƙƙin mace da na 'yar ƙasa a shekarata 1791 kuma ta ja hankali kan buƙatar daidaiton jinsi. Ta hanyar goyon bayan manufofin juyin juya halin Faransa da kuma fatan fadada su ga mata, ta wakilci kanta a matsayin 'yar ƙasa mai juyin juya hali. Madame Roland kuma ta tabbatar da Kuma kanta a matsayin mai tasiri a duk lokacin juyin juya halin Musulunci. Ta ga matan juyin juya halin Faransa suna da matsayi uku; "Tsafafa ayyukan juyin juya hali, tsara manufofi, da kuma sanar da wasu abubuwan da suka faru na juyin juya hali." Ta yin aiki da maza, sabanin yin aiki ba tare da maza ba, ta yiwu ta sami damar ci gaba da yakin mata masu juyin juya hali. A matsayinsu na 'yan wasa a juyin juya halin Faransa, mata sun taka rawar gani a fagen zamantakewa ta hanyar kafa ƙungiyoyin jama'a da kuma shiga cikin shahararrun kulake, Sannna wanda ke ba su damar yin tasiri a cikin al'umma, duk da rashin ikon siyasa kai tsaye. Hakkokin mata Sanarwar ta amince da haƙƙoƙin da yawa a matsayin na ƴan ƙasa (wanda zai iya zama namiji kaɗai). Wannan ya kasance duk da cewa bayan Maris on Versailles a ranar 5 ga Oktoba shekarata 1789, mata sun gabatar da koke na mata ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa inda suka ba da shawarar ba mata dama daidai. A cikin shekarata 1790, Nicolas de Condorcet da Etta Palm d'Aelders sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa da ta ba da 'yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa ga mata. Condorcet ya bayyana cewa "wanda ya ki amincewa da hakkin wani, ko wane irin addini, launi, ko jinsi na wancan, ya yi watsi da nasa". Juyin juya halin Faransa bai kai ga amincewa da haƙƙin mata ba kuma hakan ya sa Olympe de Gouges ta buga sanarwar 'yancin mace da na 'yar ƙasa a watan Satumba na shekarar 1791. Sanarwar 'yancin mace da ta 'yan kasa mata an tsara shi ne bisa tsarin ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa kuma abin ban mamaki ne wajen ƙirƙira tare da fallasa gazawar juyin juya halin Faransa, wanda aka sadaukar don daidaito Yana cewa:Wannan juyin juya halin zai fara aiki ne kawai a lokacin da dukkanin mata suka fahimci halin da suke ciki na rashin tausayi, da kuma hakkokin da suka rasa a cikin al'umma.Sanarwar 'Yancin Mace da 'Yar Kasa Mata ta biyo bayan batutuwa goma sha bakwai na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na 'yan ƙasa don batu kuma Camille Naish ta bayyana shi a matsayin "kusan parody na ainihin takardar. Labari na farko na ayyana 'yancin ɗan adam da na ɗan ƙasa ya yi shelar cewa "An haifi maza kuma suna da 'yanci kuma suna daidai da haƙƙinsu. Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa yana iya dogara ne akan amfanin gama gari kawai." Kasidar farko ta shelanta hakkin mace da ‘yar kasa ta amsa: “An haifi mace ‘yanci kuma ta kasance daidai da namiji a hakki. Sannan Kuma Bambance-bambancen zamantakewa na iya dogara ne akan amfanin gama gari kawai". Har ila yau, De Gouges ya ja hankali da cewa, a karkashin dokar Faransa, an hukunta mata gaba daya, amma duk da haka an hana mata hakki, Kuma yana mai bayyana cewa "Mata na da 'yancin hawa kan tudu, kuma dole ne su kasance suna da 'yancin hawa kujerar kakakin majalisar". Bauta Sanarwar ba ta soke cibiyar bautar ba, kamar yadda Jacques-Pierre Brissot's Les Amis des Noirs ya yi amfani da shi kuma ƙungiyar masu shukar mulkin mallaka da ake kira Club Massiac suka kare saboda sun hadu a Hôtel Massiac. Duk da rashin ambaton bautar da aka yi a cikin sanarwar, sannnan tashin bayi a Saint-Domingue a cikin juyin juya halin Haiti an yi wahayi zuwa gare shi, kamar yadda aka tattauna a cikin tarihin CLR James na juyin juya halin Haiti, The Black Jacobins Mummunan yanayi ga dubban bayi a cikin Saint-Domingue, mafi yawan ribar bayi a duniya, ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula wanda za a san shi da tawaye na farko na bawa a cikin Sabuwar Duniya. Masu 'yanci masu launi sun kasance cikin tashin hankali na farko, amma daga baya tsoffin bayi suka mamaye. A cikin shekarata 1794 Yarjejeniyar da Jacobins suka mamaye ta kawar da bauta, gami da mazaunan Saint-Domingue da Guadeloupe. Duk da haka, Napoleon ya mayar da shi a cikin shekarata 1802 kuma ya yi ƙoƙari ya dawo da ikon Saint-Domingue ta hanyar aika dubban sojoji. Bayan fama da asarar kashi biyu bisa uku na maza, da yawa zuwa zazzabi mai launin rawaya, Faransawa sun janye daga Saint-Domingue a 1803. Napoleon ya bar Arewacin Amurka kuma ya amince da Siyan Louisiana ta Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1804, shugabannin Saint-Domingue sun ayyana ta a matsayin ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, Jamhuriyar Haiti, jamhuriya ta biyu ta Sabuwar Duniya. Napoleon ya soke cinikin bayi a shekara ta 1815. Luwadi Yawan 'yancin kai da aka bai wa 'yan ƙasa ta takardar ya haifar da yanayi inda dokar hukunta laifuka ta Faransa ta shekarar 1791 ta haramta liwadi da madigo, wanda ya shafi laifuka dokar kawai ta kasa ambaton luwadi a matsayin laifi, don haka babu wanda za a iya gurfanar da shi a gaban kuliya. Dokar 'yan sanda ta shekarar 1791 ta 1791 ta ba da hukunce-hukuncen aikata laifuka don "babban rashin mutunci," wanda 'yan sanda za su iya amfani da su don hukunta duk wanda ya yi jima'i a wuraren jama'a ko kuma ya keta ka'idojin zamantakewa. An sake nanata wannan hanyar hukunta masu luwadi a cikin kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Faransa na shekarata 1810 Duba wasu abubuwana Bill na hakkoki Hakkin Dan Adam a Faransa Zaman duniya Sauran farkon ayyana haƙƙoƙin Dokar León Magna Carta Dokar Kalisz Labaran Henrician da Pacta Conventa Koke na Hakki Dokar Hakki Da'awar Dama Sanarwar Haƙƙin Virginia Sanarwar Haƙƙin Pennsylvania Dokar Hakki Sanarwa na Haƙƙin Mutum da ɗan ƙasar Franchimont Bayanin "Belgian" na 'Yancin Mutum da Jama'a Proclamation of Połaniec "Batavian" Bayanin Haƙƙin Dan Adam da Jama'a Manazarta Gabaɗaya manazarta Jack Censer da Lynn Hunt, 'Yanci, Daidaituwa, Fraternity: Binciken Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa, Park Park: Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania, 2001. Susan Dalton, "Gender da Sauya Gwargwadon Siyasar Juyin Juya Hali: Shari'ar Madame Roland", Jaridar Kanada na Tarihi, 36, No. 2 (2001): 259-83. PMID 18711850 William Doyle, Tarihin Oxford na juyin juya halin Faransa, Oxford: Jami'ar Oxford Press, 1989. Darline Levy da Harriet Applewhite, Juyin Siyasa na Mata? Al'amarin Paris, a cikin Juyin Juyin Halitta na Faransa: Fassarorin Rikici ed na 5. Malabar, Fla.: Krieger Pub. Co., 2002. 317-46. Jeremy Popkin, Tarihin Faransa na Zamani, Babban Kogin Saddle: Ilimin Pearson, 2006. "Dan kasa Mai Aikata Aiki/Mai Aminci", 'Yanci, Daidaituwa, 'Yan'uwantaka: Binciko juyin juya halin Faransa (an shiga 30 Oktoba 2011). Tarihin Ayyukan. Ci gaba da karatu Gérard Conac, Marc Debene, Gérard Teboul, eds, La Declaration des droits de l'homme et du citoyen de 1789; tarihi, nazari da sharhi Economica, Paris, 1993, McLean, Ina. "Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, da Sanarwa des Droits de l'Homme et du Citoyen" a cikin Future of Liberal Democracy: Thomas Jefferson da Duniya na Zamani (Palgrave Macmillan, 2004) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

9033

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikara

Ikara

Ikara karamar hukuma ce da ke cikin jihar Kaduna a arewacin Najeriya, mai tazarar kilomita 75 daga arewa maso gabas daga birnin Zaria Ikara a matsayin gunduma ta ƙunshi garuruwa biyar waɗanda su ne Ikara, tudun wada, Nasarawa, Sabon Gari, Jamfalan, Kurmin Kogi, Hayin -Bawa, Pala da Saya Saya. bi da bi. Majalisar karamar hukumar na karkashin jagorancin Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu. Manyan kabilun mutanen yankin su ne Hausawa da Fulani. Addininsu shine Musulunci da Kiristanci. Babban aikin su shine noma. Suna samar da masara, masarar Guinea, Wake, Waken Soya, Shinkafa, Rogo, Tumatir, Rake, da sauran kayayyakin amfanin gona da dama. Tarihi Juyin halittar ɗan adam a Ikara yana da tasiri sosai ta yanayin muhalli, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. juyin halitta ya samo asali ne tun a shekara ta 1808 lokacin da kabilar Jukun suka zauna a garin Ikara. Bakin haure ne da suka tsere daga harin da kuma malaman addinin Musulunci daga Kano suka kai musu saboda kin karbar Musulunci. Sun zauna a ƙarƙashin tsaunin Ikara (Duts Lungi) na ɗan lokaci kaɗan kafin daga baya suka sauka a wani fili kusa da dutsen. An yi imanin mutanen Jukunawa su ne suka kafa garin Ikara kuma suka sanya masa suna "Ikara" ma'anar kalmar jukun a boye a nan ko kuma wurin buya. An kuma kafa karamar hukumar ne a shekara ta 1976 daga rusasshiyar lardin Zariya Tsarin Gudanarwa Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta kunshi gundumomi guda biyu wato: gundumar Ikara gundumar Pakistan Yana da sassa shida (6), wadanda su ne kamar haka. Sashen Ma'aikata Ma'aikatar Kudi Supply Sashen Ayyuka Sashen Noma Sashen Lafiya Sashen Ilimi Noma Wannan Karamar Hukuma ta dogara ne akan noma da karatun shanu. Ikara yana da karfi rabo na aiki bisa ga shekaru da jima'i. Maza da yawa suna da sana'o'i guda ɗaya kamar manoma da 'yan kasuwa. Matan Ikare suna samun kudi ta hanyar sarrafa abinci da sayar da kayan abinci a gida ko kasuwanni. Ciniki Ayyukan tallace-tallace a karamar Hukumar sun ƙunshi kayayyakin gona. A ƙasa akwai jerin manyan kasuwannin su. Ikara central market/ rumfunan kasuwa Tumatir Ikara Kasuwannin Paki. Kasuwannin Auchan. Ilimi Akwai Makarantun Sakandire goma sha uku a wannan Karamar Hukumar wato Government Science Secondary School, Ikara Government Girls Secondary School Ikara Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Ikara Makarantar Koyar da Sana'a ta Gwamnati, Ikara Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pala Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Auchan Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Pakistan Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati Janfala Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Malikanchi Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Danlawal Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Rumi Ikara Comprehensive Academy (Private) Raising Star Academy Ikara (Na sirri) Ikara Comprehensive Academy (ICA) shahararriyar makarantar sakandare ce mai zaman kanta da ke aiki a cikin garin Ikara, makarantar tana da matsayi mai girma ta fuskar samar da ilimi mai inganci. Cibiyoyin Kuɗi Akwai banki a Ikara kuma Lead way Assurance ita ce sauran cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ikara LGA Financial Resources Unity Bank Ikara Branch Bank of Agriculture (BOA) Babban Bankin Najeriya Kasafin Dokokin Tarayya wanda ake karba kowane wata. Ana samun kudaden shiga na ciki daga kasuwanni, manya masu haraji da wuraren shakatawa na motoci. Hukumomin Gwamnati Hukumar Lantarki na Karkara (REB) NIPOST NPC NITEL Hukumar Ruwa Siffofin Geographical Babu wani yanayi na musamman a Karamar Hukumar tana da iyaka da Karamar Hukumar Makarfi a Yamma, Soba ta Kudu, Tudun Wada a Jihar Kano a Arewa. Kubau ta Kudu Babban ofishin Ikara, Wanda babban gari ne hedkwatar Kayayyakin Lafiya Akwai cikakkun cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya guda biyar da kuma asibitoci arba'in da hudu dake cikin wannan yanki. General Hospital, Ikara Babban Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya, Paki Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Auchan Akwai Cibiyoyin Kiwon Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Ikara LGs masu Cibiyoyin Lafiya huɗu da ke Ikara kanta. Masana'antu Kamfanin sarrafa abinci na Ikara (Tumato) Ma'aikatar shari'a Karamar hukumar tana da kotuna guda uku a hedkwatar Ikara, wato: Kotun Majistare Kotun Shari'a mai girma Kotun Shari'a Kotun Al'ada Albarkatun Ma'adinai Dutse mai daraja Adadin farar ƙasa. Hausawa/Fulani Yawan jama'a mutane 194,723 (ƙidayar 2006) Adireshin gidan waya PMB 1101, Ikara Addini Musulunci shi ne addini mafi rinjaye. Makarantu da manyan makarantu suna ba da filin wasa don wasanni da abubuwan nishaɗi a cikin LGA Hanyar Sadarwa Aikin gina titi ya samu kulawa a lokacin Gwamna Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi. Ana lissafta hanyoyi a kasa: Ikara Tashan Yari Road Ikara Panbeguwa Road Anchau-Kudaru Road Paki Kwanan Dangora Road Hanyar Anchau- Banki- Wagaho Ikara –Tudun Wada of Kano State Road Kurmin Kogi-Yan Marmara Road Ikara Zaria Road Ikara –Furana-Dan Lawal Makarantar Sakandare YAkwai biyu daga cikinsu wato Makarantar Fasaha ta Lafiya, Pambeguwa (an koma Kubau) Cibiyar hadin gwiwa Ikara Sarakunan Gargajiya Hakimai na gundumomi ne ke gudanar da waɗannan yankuna. Su ne: Gundumar Ikara Kurmin Kogi Gundumar Pakistan JanFalan Gundumar Pala Hankalin yawon bude ido Karamar hukumar ta cika da wasu duwatsu da magudanan ruwa na Kogi. Garuruwa da Kauyuka Ikara, Malikachi, Furana, Danlawan, Kurmin Kogi, Janfalan, Auchan, Paki, Pala, Saulawa, Rumi, Saya-saya, Kuya Ruwa Dam ruwan Ikara Yan siyasa Hon. Sani Ahmed Ikara Hon. Abdullahi Adamu Hon. Tsoho Abubakar Hon. Halliru Sambo Hon. Tijjani Sani Paki Hon. Gambo Lawal Auchan Hon. Yusuf Bature Aliyu Auchan Hon. Magaji Mudi Ikara Hon. Alhassan Muhammad Datti Hon. Yusuf Bala Ikara Hon. Muhammad Dayyabu Paki Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu Hon. Sadiq Ibrahim Salihu shine shugaban karamar hukumar Ikara dake jihar Kaduna a yanzu. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33730

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope%20Uzodinma

Hope Uzodinma

Hope Ozodimgba Uzodinma (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1958) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda ke riƙe da muƙamin gwamnan jihar Imo. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020, Kotun Koli a Najeriya ta bayyana Hope Uzodinma na jam'iyyar APC a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo na shekarar 2019 inda ta soke zaɓen Emeka Ihedioha. Asali An haifi Hope Uzodinma ne a ranar 12 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta 1958 a Omuma ga dangin Katolika na Igbo; mahaifinsa Cif Michael Uzodinma ya riƙe sarautar Igwe na Ozuh Omuma kuma mahaifiyarsa ita ce Ezinne Rose Uzodinma (née Nneoha). Ɗan uwa ne ga dangin Okoro na Etiti-omuma. Uzodinma mai kishin Katolika ne, kuma yana auren Chioma Uzodinma da ‘ya’ya bakwai. Har zuwa karatunsa na sakandare, ya tsaya a aji na biyu, kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi Diploma a fannin fasahar sarrafa ruwa, da Higher Diploma a fanni guda, a Jami’ar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Owerri Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa yana da digirin farko a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa da Diflomasiya daga Jami’ar Washington da ke St. Louis Kafin shigarsa siyasa, Uzodinma ɗan kasuwa ne mai ɗimbin sha’awar kasuwanci. Farkon sana'ar siyasa Hope Uzodinma ya fara harkar siyasa ne a lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu ta Najeriya, inda ya koma jam'iyyar NPN mai mulki, inda a shekarar 1983 ya zama shugaban matasan jihar Imo A cikin shekarun 1990, tare da kawo ƙarshen sauya sheƙa zuwa jamhuriyar Najeriya ta Uku, Uzodinma ya yi fice a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party A shekarar 1999 ne, bayan komawar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya, Uzodinma ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na jam’iyyar ta ƙasa, kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa da kuma kwamitin amintattu, a lokuta daban-daban tsakanin shekarar 1999 zuwa 2017. A matsayinsa na shugaban jam’iyyar a jihar Imo, Uzodinma ya kasance makusancin gwamna Achike Udenwa har zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 2002, inda kafin zaɓen watan Afrilun shekarar 2003 ya sauya sheƙa zuwa jam’iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD), inda ya zama ɗan takarar jam’iyyar a zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo. Bayan ya sha kaye a hannun Udenwa, ya koma PDP a watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004. Daga baya ya tsaya takarar gwamnan PDP a watan Disamba a shekara ta 2006, inda ya zo na biyu bayan Sanata Ifeanyi Araraume. A shekarar a shekara ta 2011, bayan Gwamna mai ci Ikedi Ohakim ya koma PDP, Uzodinma ya amince masa ya sake tsayawa takarar gwamnan jihar Imo a karo na biyu, ya fifita shi a kan Rochas Okorocha wanda daga baya ya yi nasara. A watan Janairun shekarar 2011, Uzodinma ya lashe zaɓen fidda gwani na Sanatan PDP na yankin Imo West, inda ya samu ƙuri’u 2,147, yayin da Sanata mai ci Osita Izunaso ya zo na biyu da ƙuri’u 891. Daga baya ne dai hukuncin wata babbar kotun tarayya ta kore Uzodinma saboda ba a wanke shi daga kwamitin zaɓe na PDP ƙarƙashin jagorancin Nwafor-orizu ba. A watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2011, wata kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta bayar da umarnin yanke hukuncin kisa a lokacin da ake yanke hukunci, inda aka bar Uzodinma ya yi yaƙin neman zaɓe. A ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2011 Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta amince da hukuncin da babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke, Uzodinma ya ɗaukaka ƙara kan wannan hukunci a Kotun Ƙoli A zaɓen Afrilun shekarar 2011, Uzodinma ya samu ƙuri’u 85,042, inda tsohon Gwamna Achike Udenwa na jam’iyyar ACN ya samu ƙuri’u 64,228 sai kuma Rajis Okpalan Benedicta na jam’iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance da ƙuri’u 57,110. A watan Mayun shekarar 2011, Kotun Ƙoli ta soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya tare da bayyana cewa Uzodinma ne ɗan takara mai inganci don haka an zaɓe shi. Majalisar Dattawa (2011-2019) A ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekarar 2011 ne aka rantsar da Hope Uzodinma a matsayin Sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya, mai wakiltar jihar Imo (West Senatorial District). An sake zaɓe shi a karo na biyu a majalisar dattawa a lokacin zaɓen shekarar 2015 A shekarar 2018 ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP ya koma jam’iyyar APC mai mulki domin ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Imo a zaɓen shekarar 2019 mai zuwa Gwamnan jihar Imo A watan Maris ɗin shekarar 2019 ne hukumar zaɓe mai zaman kanta da ke zama a Imo ta sanar da sakamakon zaɓen gwamnan jihar Imo: Emeka Ihedioha na jam'iyyar PDP wanda ya yi nasara da ƙuri'u 273,404, Uche Nwosu na jam'iyyar Action Alliance da ƙuri'u 190,364, Ifeanyi Ararume na jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance tare da ƙuri'u 114,676; Sai Uzodinma a matsayi na huɗu da ƙuri’u 96,458. Daga baya Uzodinma ya ƙalubalanci nasarar Ihedioha har zuwa kotun ƙoli A ranar 14 ga Janairu, a shekara ta 2020, Kotun Ƙoli ta bayyana Uzodinma, zaɓaɓɓen gwamnan jihar Imo. Kotun ta ce ba bisa ƙa’ida ba an cire sakamakon zaɓe daga rumfunan zaɓe 388 daga ƙuri’un da aka bai wa Uzodinma da APC a Imo inda ta ƙara da cewa mai shigar da ƙara na farko Uzodinma ne ke da rinjayen ƙuri’un da aka kaɗa. A ranar 15 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2020 ne aka rantsar da shi da Placid Njoku a matsayin gwamnan jihar Imo da mataimakin gwamnan jihar Imo a jawabinsa na farko, ya umurci akawuntan jihar da ya samar da cikakken matsayin jihar daga watan Mayun shekarar 2010 zuwa Janairun 2020, ya kuma umarci sakatarorin dindindin na dukkan ma'aikatun jihar da su gabatar da matsayin duk kwangilolin da aka bayar, tare da dakatar da biyan duk wasu kwangilolin da ke gudana. Gwamnatin Uzodinma ta ga ɓarkewar rikicin Orlu da kuma farmakin da sojojin Najeriya suka yi domin kawar da masu fafutukar neman kafa ƙasar Biafra. Cin hanci da rashawa A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2018, kwamitin bincike na musamman ya kama Uzodinma saboda gazawar ɗaya daga cikin kamfanoninsa wajen aiwatar da kwangilar dalar Amurka miliyan 12 na lalata tashar Calabar. Daga baya Uzodinma ya musanta cewa an taɓa kama shi, yana mai cewa yunƙuri ne na hana yaƙin neman zaɓensa na gwamna. Laƙabi Ya sami laƙabin bikin Onwa-Netiri Oha na Omuma a ƙaramar hukumar Oru ta Gabas ta jihar Imo. Duba kuma Jerin Gwamnonin Jihar Imo Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Gwamnonin jihar imo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

53980

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/KL%20Rahul

KL Rahul

Kananur Lokesh Rahul (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Indiya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin Wicketkeeper-Batsman na hannun dama na Karnataka a matakin cikin gida kuma shi ne kyaftin na Lucknow Super Giants a cikin Premier League na Indiya Ya kasance tsohon mataimakin kyaftin din kungiyar Cricket ta Indiya. Gabaɗaya yana taka leda a matsayin mai buɗewa a cikin Test da T20 game formats kuma yana taka leda cikin tsari na tsakiya a cikin ODIs. Rahul mai tsaron gida ne na yau da kullun a cikin gajerun tsarin wasan a matakin kasa da kasa da kuma a matakin cikin gida. Har ila yau, yana daya daga cikin fitattun mambobi a cikin jagorancin tattaunawar game da ka'idar yawan yajin aiki da aka wuce gona da iri a cikin T20s. Ya fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a shekarar 2014 a kan Australia a wasan gwaji na ranar Boxing a Melbourne Shekaru biyu bayan gwajin farko, Rahul ya fara wasan farko na kasa da kasa a shekarar 2016 a kan Zimbabwe. Daga baya a wannan yawon shakatawa, ya fara T20I. Rahul shine dan wasan cricket na Indiya na farko da ya zira kwallaye na ODI a karon farko. Shi ne dan wasan da ya fi sauri don zira kwallaye a duniya a duk faɗin tsarin uku, ya ɗauki innings 20 kawai don cimma wannan aikin. Farkon rayuwar mutum An haifi Rahul a ranar 18 ga Afrilu 1992 ga K. N. Lokesh da Rajeshwari a Bangalore Mahaifinsa Lokesh wanda ya fito ne daga Kananur, Magadi taluk, farfesa ne kuma tsohon darakta a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Kasa ta Karnataka (NITK) a Mangalore Mahaifiyarsa, Rajeshwari, farfesa ce a Jami'ar Mangalore Lokesh, wanda ya kasance mai sha'awar dan wasan crick Sunil Gavaskar, yana so ya ba da sunan ɗansa bayan Gavaskar's, amma ya yi kuskuren sunan Rohan Gavaskar ga Rahul. Rahul ya girma a Mangalore, ya kammala makarantar sakandare a NITK English Medium School da kuma jami'a a Kwalejin St. Aloysius Ya fara horar da wasan kurket yana da shekaru 10, kuma, bayan shekaru biyu, ya fara buga wasanni ga Bangalore United Cricket Club da kulob dinsa a Mangalore. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 18, ya koma Bangalore don yin karatu a Jami'ar Jain kuma ya ci gaba da aikinsa na wasan kurket. A ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2023, Rahul ya auri abokin aikinsa na dogon lokaci, 'yar wasan Indiya Athiya Shetty, 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Suniel Shetty, bayan ya yi soyayya sama da shekaru uku. Ayyukan cikin gida Rahul ya fara buga wasan kurket na farko a Karnataka a kakar 2010-11. A wannan kakar, ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta ICC ta kasa da shekaru 19, inda ya zira kwallaye 143 a gasar. Ya fara bugawa gasar Firimiya ta Indiya a shekarar 2013, a Royal Challengers Bangalore A lokacin kakar 2013-14 na cikin gida ya zira kwallaye 1,033 na farko, na biyu mafi girma a wannan kakar. Da yake wasa a yankin Kudancin a wasan karshe na Duleep Trophy na 2014-15 da Central Zone, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 185 daga kwallaye 233 a wasan farko da 130 daga 152 a wasan na biyu. An kira shi dan wasan wasan kuma an zaba shi zuwa tawagar gwajin Indiya don yawon shakatawa na Australia ya biyo baya. Komawa gida bayan jerin gwaje-gwaje, Rahul ya zama karamin mutum uku na farko na Karnataka, inda ya zira kwallaye 337 a kan Uttar Pradesh. Ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye 188 a wasan karshe na Ranji Trophy na 2014-15 da Tamil Nadu kuma ya gama kakar wasa tare da matsakaicin 93.11 a cikin wasanni tara da ya buga. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Gwajin Farko (2014-16) Rahul ya fara gwajinsa na farko a gwajin Ranar Boxing na 2014 a filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne Ya maye gurbin Rohit Sharma kuma MS Dhoni ya gabatar da shi da gwajin gwajinsa. Ya sami nasarar zira kwallaye 3 da 1 kawai a karon farko. A gwajin da ya biyo baya a Sydney inda ya bude innings a karo na farko, kuma ya yi ƙarni na farko na duniya, inda ya zira kwallaye 110. An ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar mutum 15 don yawon shakatawa na Indiya na Bangladesh a watan Yunin 2015 amma ya janye saboda zazzabin cutar Dengue. Ya koma gefe don gwajin farko na yawon shakatawa na Sri Lanka bayan an kori Murali Vijay saboda rauni, ya zira kwallaye na biyu na gwajin kuma ya lashe kyautar Man of the Match. A lokacin wasan, ya ci gaba da wicket bayan Wriddhiman Saha ya ji rauni. A watan Yulin 2016, an ambaci Rahul a cikin tawagar yawon shakatawa na Indiya na West Indies A cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje na biyu, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 158, mafi girman maki a lokacin a wasan kurket. A watan Satumbar 2016, an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar don jerin gida da New Zealand Bayan gwajin farko, Gautam Gambhir ya maye gurbinsa saboda rauni. An zaɓi Rahul a cikin tawagar da Ingila a cikin jerin gwaje-gwaje na 2016-17 amma ya ji rauni yayin horo a cikin raga. An cire shi daga gwajin na uku, amma ya dawo cikin tawagar a gwajin na huɗu amma ya kasa yin tasiri. A gwajin na biyar kuma na karshe na jerin, Rahul ya ci gaba da yin gwajin gwajinsa na huɗu, inda ya zira kwallaye 199 mafi kyau. ODI da T20I na farko (2016) Rahul an ambaci sunansa a cikin tawagar don yawon shakatawa a Zimbabwe a shekarar 2016. Ya fara wasan farko na One Day International (ODI) a kan Zimbabwe a Harare Sports Club Rahul ya zira kwallaye 100 (115) a karon farko, don haka ya zama dan wasan cricket na Indiya na farko da ya zira kwallan karni a karon farko na ODI. An yanke masa hukuncin mutumin da ke cikin jerin. Ya fara Twenty20 International (T20I) daga baya a wannan yawon shakatawa. Rahul ya fito a kan duck na zinariya a karon farko na T20I yayin da Indiya ta rasa T20I na farko a kan Zimbabwe. Rahul an ambaci shi a cikin tawagar T20I don yawon shakatawa na West Indies a cikin 2016, inda ya yi karni na farko na T20I, inda ya zira kwallaye 110 da ba a ci ba a kwallaye 51 kawai kuma ya zama dan wasa na farko da ya zira kwallan T20I yayin da yake bugawa a lamba huɗu. Koyaya, Indiya ta rasa wasan da gudu ɗaya kawai. Ci gaba da matsayi Rikici da dakatarwar A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2019, Hardik Pandya da K. L. Rahul sun dakatar da su ta Hukumar Kula da Cricket a Indiya (BCCI) biyo bayan maganganun da suka yi a kan shirin tattaunawa na Indiya Koffee tare da Karan a farkon watan. Dukansu an tura su gida kafin jerin ODI da Australia da kuma shirye-shiryen yawon shakatawa na Indiya zuwa New Zealand. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2019, bayan da aka ɗaga dakatarwar Pandya da Rahul, BCCI ta ba da sanarwar cewa Rahul zai sake shiga tawagar don wasannin Indiya A. Kofin Duniya na Cricket na 2019 A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, an sanya masa suna a cikin tawagar Indiya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta 2019. Ya taka leda a lamba 4 a wasanni biyu na farko amma ya dawo don buɗe innings tare da Rohit Sharma yayin da aka fitar da Shikhar Dhawan daga sauran gasar saboda rauni. Gabaɗaya, Rahul ya zira kwallaye 361 tare da hamsin biyu da ɗari a gasar kuma ya gama a matsayin mai zira kwallayen Indiya na uku mafi girma a gasar bayan Rohit Sharma da Virat Kohli. Daidaitawa a cikin iyakantaccen tsari da raguwa a cikin tsari a cikin gwaje-gwaje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1992 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

17666

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20gama%20gari%20a%20Najeriya

Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya

Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya ana iya raba shi zuwa fannoni biyu masu fadi: Rikicin kabilanci da addini, wanda aka danganta shi ga Dalibai da aka raba su ta hanyar al'adu, kabilu, ko al'ummomin addinai da kuma asalinsu, kamar lokutan rikicin addini tsakanin al'ummomin Kirista da Musulmi Rikicin makiyaya da manoma, galibi wanda ya shafi rikice-rikice kan filaye da ko shanu tsakanin makiyaya (musamman Fulani da Hausawa da manoma (musamman Adara, Berom, Tiv da Tarok Jihohin da lamarin ya fi shafa su ne na Najeriya ta Tsakiya kamar Benue, Taraba da Plateau Tashin hankali ya kai kololuwa sau biyu a cikin 2004 da 2011 tare da kusan mutuwar 2000 a wadannan shekarun. Hakan ya haifar da asarar rayuka sama da 700 a cikin 2015 kawai. Dalili Canjin yanayi ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hijirar Fulani makiyaya. Kasashen Afirka sun fi fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi a duniya. Wannan ra'ayin ya taimaka wajen hijirar Fulani Makiyaya daga Arewa zuwa kudu maso yammacin Najeriya Kamar yadda aka lura daga samfurin "Turawa", kwararowar hamada, zaizayar ƙasa, fari, gurbatar yanayi, guguwar yashi, da cututtukan da duk suka samo asali daga canjin yanayi sun sanya Fulani Makiyaya barin garuruwansu. Wannan galibi galibi saboda fari ne wanda lokutan zamani suka dage fiye da yadda ake tsammani, kamar ƙwarin Tafkin Chadi Haka kuma, cututtuka sun samo asali daga yanayin yanayi kuma suna kashe dabbobin wadannan makiyayan. Don haka, yawancin Fulani, wadanda aka fi sani da "the Bororos", suna da niyyar yin daura zuwa kudu inda ake samun ingantattun ciyayi, yanayin yanayi, damar kasuwa, da fata. Rikicin makiyaya da manoma Tun bayan kafuwar Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Huɗu a shekarar 1999, rikicin manoma da makiyaya ya kashe dubban mutane tare da raba wasu dubun dubata da muhallansu. Rashin tsaro da tashe-tashen hankula sun sa jama'a da yawa kirkirar sojojin kare kai da mayadan kabilanci, wadanda suka tsunduma cikin karin tashin hankali. Mafi yawan manomi-sa'iqi rikicin sun faru tsakanin Musulmi Fulani makiyaya da kuma manoma Kirista, exacerbating ethnoreligious tashin. Wannan tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga alaqar da ke tsakanin Fulanin Bororo da manoma Yarbawa Kafin wannan, mutanen Fulanin sun yi kaura zuwa yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya shekaru aru aru da suka gabata. A hakika, a cikin ƙarni na 18, wasu rukunin Fulani uku daban-daban sun yi kaura zuwa garin Iseyin Wadannan kungiyoyin sun hada da Bangu, Sokoto, da Bororo Fulani. Daga cikin wadannan rukunoni uku, Fulanin Bororo musamman kungiyar ce ta raba kansu da manoma Yarbawa. A halin yanzu, Bangu da Sakkwato sun hadaka alaqar aiki da Yarbawan Najeriya. Ta wannan dangantakar, suka ci gajiyar juna daga kayan shanu da noma. Fulanin za su yi fataucin duk wani kayan masarufi da suka ciro daga shanunsu zuwa na Yarbawa don amfanin gonakinsu. Amma, hijirar Fulanin Bororo sun canza wannan dangantakar kasancewar ana ganin sun fi Fulani tashin hankali. Wannan bambancin ya kara tsananta kasancewar basa jin yaren Yarbanci na asali ba kamar yadda Fulani mazauna yankin ke yi ba. Yayin da makiyaya Fulanin Bororo suka hade cikin wannan yankin sai shanun da suka mallaka suka fara lalata gonakin manoma Yarbawa Wannan ya haifar da sabani ya zama gama gari tsakanin wadannan rukunonin biyu. Wata shari’ar da za a iya lura da ita ita ce lokacin da aka kara shigar da tarkacen jirgin a cikin manoma a cikin garin Iseyin bayan an kori wata kungiyar Fulani ta Bororo daga garin Oyo suka yi hijira zuwa can a 1998. Wani rikicin da Fulanin Bororo suka yi fama da shi shi ne na shekarar 1804 lokacin da Fulanin suka yi Yadin Tsarkaka tsakanin waɗanda suka nuna Musulmi ne kuma suka yi magana da Hausawa da waɗanda har yanzu suke da alaqa da kabilun Maguzawa. Yakin ya gudana a yankin arewacin Najeriya Wannan yakin ya haifar da rarrabuwa tsakanin kungiyoyin Fulani biyu. Wata kungiya ta hade da Hausawa kuma a hade take kamar Hausawa yayin rike mukamai na dukiya da mulki. Sauran rukuni sun kiyaye hanyoyin makiyayarsu ba tare da sun hada kai da wasu kabilun ba Wannan shine daga karshe ya zama Fulanin Bororo wanda ke nufin Bush ko Fulanin Shanu. A yanzu haka, rikici tsakanin Fulani makiyaya da wasu manoman Najeriya ya tsananta. Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa 2016, kimanin mutane 2,000 aka kashe yayin da dubun dubata suka rasa muhallansu. Wannan wani bangare ne saboda karuwar kungiyoyin jihadi, irin su Boko Haram Kasancewar su ya sanya hatsari ga makiyaya da manoma da ke kiwo a Arewacin Nijeriya. Gwamnati ba ta yi kokari kadan don shiga tsakani da kirkirar makirci don rage wannan rikici ba Saboda haka, makiyaya da manoma sun dauki nauyin magance rikice-rikicen da ke faruwa a tsakanin al'umma wanda ke karfafa rikici. Yankin Abet na Fulani Makiyaya Abet, wanda aka fi sani da Kachichere, wani yanki ne na Fulani. Suna zaune ne a yankin Abet na Najeriya bayan sun yi daura zuwa can a karni na 18. Suna zaune a wani yanki na kimanin shekaru 3 zuwa 5 kafin su sake yin 'yan kilomitoci tsakanin Abet. Da zarar sun kafa gidan gida, garken garkensu suna kiwo cikin tazarar mil 3 Dalilin da ya sa suka fi son yin kiwo a cikin Abet shi ne saboda kyakyawan yanayin da yake da shi ga dabbobinsu. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga lokacin rani wanda yayi daidai da lokacin haihuwar shanu da samar da madara. Bugu da ƙari, ya fi sauki ga garken dabbobi a cikin wadannan filayen fili maimakon a cikin wuraren da ke cike da ciyayi. Don hakkin kasa a cikin wannan yanki, ana iya ba wa iyalen Fulani hakkin bangarorin kasar ta hanyar tsarin al'ada. Don haka, ana rarraba ƙasa daga Shugabanni ko wadanda ke kula da ƙauyukan da waɗannan filayen suke zaune. Sauran misalai Karin wasu lokuta na rikice-rikicen kabilanci a Nijeriya suna nan; waɗannan galibi rikice-rikicen birni ne ko irin wannan, misali rikice-rikicen Yarbawa da Hausawa a Legas, kisan kabilar Ibo na 1966 ko rikicin da ke tsakanin Itsekiri da Ijaw a jihar Delta. Sauran su ne rikicin fili tsakanin makwabta, kamar rikici tsakanin Ile-Ife da Modakeke a karshen shekarun 1990s da kuma a jihar Ebonyi a 2011. Manazarta Shawara karatu Hanyoyin hadin waje Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya Mai Binciken Tsaron Najeriya ACLED Bayanai Dakatar da wannan kisan gillar, Al'ummar Agatu suna rokon NSA, IG Rikici a Najeriya Tarihin

30759

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nosa%20Igiebor%20%28dan%20jarida%29

Nosa Igiebor (dan jarida)

Nosa Igiebor (an haife shi 25 Disamba 1952) ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne kuma edita. A shekarar 1993, ya samu lambar yabo ta ‘yan jarida ta kasa da kasa ta kwamitin kare hakkin ƴan jarida bisa labarin da mujallarsa ta Tell yi kan mulkin soja na Sani Abacha Farkon aiki Bayan kammala karatun sa da banbanci a Cibiyar Aikin Jarida ta Ghana, Igiebor ya fara aikinsa a gidan talabijin na Najeriya da ke jihar Edo, inda muƙaminsa na ƙarshe ya kasance babban editan labarai. Ma'aikaci na gaba shine National Concord Group, inda ya kasance editan labarai. Ya bar wurin ya zama mataimakin babban editan mujallar labarai ta Najeriya Newswatch. A cikin 1991, Igiebor ya kafa mujallar labarai mai zaman kanta Tell kuma ya zama babban editan ta. Kamar Igiebor, yawancin 'yan jarida na Tell sun zo mujallar daga Newswatch, bayan da aka kashe editanta Dele Giwa ta hanyar bam na wasiƙa kuma manufofin edita ya zama rashin tsoro. Fada ƙasidun da aka buga na sukar gwamnati da sojoji, lamarin da ya sa dangantakar mujallar ta yi tsami da shugaban mulkin soja Ibrahim Babangida A watan Afrilun 1993, lokacin da mujallar ta gabatar da wata hira da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo mai ritaya a matsayin labarinta, gwamnati ta kwace kwafin Tell 50,000 kuma aka tilastawa ma’aikatan su boye. Sun ci gaba da bugawa a matsayin tabloid, duk da haka, sun zama "na farko na Guerrilla tabloids na Najeriya na zamani". Faɗa a zamanin Abacha A ranar 12 ga watan Yunin 1993, Babangida ya soke sakamakon zaben shugaban kasar da aka gudanar bayan da dan takarar adawa Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola ya yi nasara. Sannan Janar Sani Abacha ya kwace mulki a wani juyin mulki a matsayin sabon shugaban Najeriya. Tun farkon mulkin Abacha, Tell ya ɗauki wani salo mai ma'ana a cikin rahotannin gwamnatinsa. Igiebor ya kafa wata manufar da mujallar ba za ta taba kiran Abacha a matsayin “shugaban kasa ba”, inda ya fifita kalmomin “junta” ko “mai mulkin kama karya” don kwatanta mulkinsa. Gwamnatin ta mayar da martani da wani kamfen na cin zarafi da daure ma’aikatan mujallar, da kuma ƴan jarida daga wasu wallafe-wallafen, lamarin da ya sa kwamitin kare ‘yan jarida ya fitar da wani rahoto da ke kwatanta ‘yan jaridu masu zaman kansu a Najeriya a matsayin “cikin mawuyacin hali”. A watan Maris na 1995, an kama George Mbah, mataimakin editan mujallar, aka daure shi a kan tuhumar "yunƙurin juyin mulkin soja", kuma an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 25 a kurkuku ta wata kotun soja ta asirce. A ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na wannan shekarar, yayin da Igiebor ke barin gidansa da ke Legas domin zuwa ofishin Tell jami’an tsaron jihar su shida suka kama shi, suka kai shi hedikwatar hukumar tsaro ta jihar. Jami’an sun kuma kama kwafi 55,000 na fitowar Kirsimeti ta Tell mai dauke da labarin da ya caccaki Abacha. Manajin, Onome Osifo-Whiskey, ya buya. Ragowar ma’aikatan sun fitar da wata sanarwa bayan kamen, inda suka ce ta’addancin gwamnati da mugunyar zagon kasa ba za su tilasta mana mu yi watsi da imaninmu na ‘yanci da adalci da bin doka da oda ba. Dauri An saka Igiebor a gidan yari kuma an hana shi shiga danginsa, lauya, da kuma kula da lafiyarsa. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 1996, wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Legas ta ba da umarnin a bar matar Igiebor, Harit Igiebor, ta ziyarci mijinta domin ta ba shi wasu magunguna da ake bukata, amma da ta ziyarci gidan yari washegari, an hana ta shiga. A wannan watan, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a tuhumi Igiebor a ƙarƙashin "Dokar 2 na 1984 saboda aikata laifukan da suka shafi tsaron jihar". A watan Fabrairu, jami'an tsaron jihar sun ƙwace kwafin Tell 100,000, kuma lauyan Igiebor ya shigar da kara a kan gwamnatin tarayya kan dalar Amurka $1,400,000. Daga nan sai aka daure lauyan da kansa ba tare da an tuhume shi ba. Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida ya kaddamar da kamfen na rubuta wasiƙa yana neman a sake shi, kamar yadda Amnesty International ta yi. Ƙungiyar ta ƙarshe kuma ta sanya shi fursuna na lamiri Ya ci gaba da tsare shi ba tare da boye-boye ba na tsawon sama da watanni shida, har zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 1996, lokacin da aka sake shi tare da wasu fursunonin siyasa shida. Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin shekara ta 1993, Kwamitin Kare Yan Jaridu ya ba Igiebor lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Jarida ta Duniya, "labari na shekara-shekara na aikin jarida mai jaruntaka". Bill Orme, editan CPJ, ya yi tsokaci: "Abin da ya bambanta Nosa shi ne cewa har yanzu yana samarwa kuma kungiyarsa (Tell) tana ba da rahoton labarai cikin sauri da kuma yaki". A cikin 1998, Nosa Igiebor da ma'aikatan mujallar Tell gabaɗaya an ba su lambar yabo ta musamman don aikin jarida na kare hakkin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin barazanar Amnesty International UK Media Awards Sanarwar kyautar ta bayyana cewa; "Tell ta ci gaba da bugawa a tsawon lokacin mulkin kama-karya na Najeriya duk da tursasawa, tsangwama da tsarewa ba tare da tuhumar Mista Igiebor da sauran manyan jami'an Tell ba.", Cigaba na yanzu Igiebor yanzu shine shugaban TELL Communications tare da Dele Omotunde da Osifo Whiskey. Bayan zamanin mulkin soja a Najeriya, Igiebor da sauran 'yan jarida a Najeriya ba sa son aikin jarida. Manazarta Haifaffun 1952 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

40770

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danladi%20Umar

Danladi Umar

Danladi UMar (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta (1971) a Bauchi, Nigeria masanin shari'a ne na Najeriya daga jihar Bauchi a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya Kafin ya zama shugaban kotun da’ar ma’aikata (CCT) ta Najeriya, ya kasance lauya kuma babban Alkali a jihar Bauchi a Najeriya. Danladi Umar wanda aka nada yana da shekaru( 36 a matsayin shugaban hukumar CCT, ya ci gaba da zama shugaban CCT mafi ƙarancin shekaru bayan shekaru huɗu. Majalisar shari'a ta kasa (Nigeria) da kuma hukumar kula da shari'a ta tarayya ta ba da shawarar shi ga shugaban ƙasa Goodluck Jonathan, wanda ya nada shi a matsayin CCT. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Danladi Yakubu Umar a garin Bauchi a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 1971. Bafulatani ne a kabila. Ya karanta shari'a a jami'ar Maiduguri An kira shi mashaya a 1992. Sana'a Bayan ya kammala karatunsa ya fara aikin sirri a ɗakunan Ayinde Sani and Co, Ibrahim Umar and Co da Kanu Agabi and Associates. Daga baya ya shiga ma’aikatan gwamnatin tarayya a matsayin babban jami’in shari’a, ma’aikatar shari’a ta tarayyar Najeriya Ya kuma rike mukamin mataimakin mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari’a a babban birnin tarayya da kuma al’adu da yawon bude ido. Shugaban Kotun Da'ar Ma'aikata Danladi Umar yana da shekaru 36 a duniya an rantsar da shi a matsayin shugaban riƙo na kotun da'ar ma'aikata ("CCT"), sashin shari'a na Ofishin Code of Conduct Bureau wanda aka kafa a ƙarƙashin dokar Najeriya A ranar 11 ga Yuli, 2011, aka nada shi a matsayin shugaban CCT, ya maye gurbin mai shari’a Murtala Adebayo Sanni wanda ya rasu a ranar 24 ga Janairu, 2011. Shi ne mafi ƙarancin shekaru (mai shekara 40) da ya taba rike mukamin shugaban hukumar CCT. Alƙalin Alƙalan Najeriya (CJN) kuma Shugaban Majalisar Shari’a ta kasa (NJC), Mai shari’a Aloysius AI Katsina-Alu ne ya rantsar da shi a kotun koli tare da wasu sabbin mambobin kotun biyu, Justice Robert Isaac Ewa Odu mai ritaya da Barista. Atedze William Agwaza, wanda ya kunshi mutane uku na kotun CCT. Shari'ar Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya A ranar 18 ga watan Satumba, 2015, Danladi Umar ya kafa tarihi a shari’a a Najeriya inda ya zama alkali na farko a kasar da ya bayar da sammacin kama shugaban majalisar dattawan Najeriya, Bukola Saraki Matakin da ya dauka kan dan kasar na uku ba a taba yin irinsa ba. Korar Tsoffin Gwamnoni 6 A ranar 16 ga Nuwamba, 2015, Danladi Umar ya bayar da sammacin gurfanar da wasu tsofaffin gwamnoni shida a gaban kuliya bisa samun su da laifin karkatar da kadarorinsu da dukiyarsu a cikin fom din bayyana kadarorinsu, matakin da ya sabawa dokokin Najeriya. Yunkurin kisa Wani mummunan harin kwanton bauna da wasu ‘yan bindiga dauke da muggan makamai suka kai wa Danladi Umar a ranar Juma’a 28 ga watan Yuni, 2013. A hanyarsa ta zuwa Bauchi domin gudanar da aiki, wasu ‘yan bindiga dauke da makamai sun kai wa tawagar Umar hari a hanyar Keffi zuwa Gitata a jihar Nasarawa Shugaban ‘yan jarida da hulda da jama’a na kotun Ibraheem Al-Hassan ya bayyana cewa jami’an tsaron da ke gadin Danladi Umar sun yi wa ‘yan bindigar luguden wuta mai zafi, inda suka kashe daya daga cikin maharan tare da raunata wasu da dama, inda suka tsere. Ibraheem da ake zargi da cin hanci da rashawa ne ke da hannu wajen yunkurin kisan gillar, inda ya zargi wasu ‘yan siyasa da hannu a cikin lamarin da shari’arsu ke gaban alkalan kotuna da tafka magudi, musamman ganin zaben 2015 ya gabato Rayuwa ta sirri Danladi Umar ya fito daga karamar hukumar Toro a jihar Bauchi kuma yana da aure da ’ya’ya. Rigima Harin gadi A ranar 29 ga Maris, 2021 Umar ya ci zarafin wani mai gadi a filin wasa. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa shugaban kotun da’ar ma’aikata ya isa dandalin cin kasuwa domin gyara wayarsa, da isar sa an samu rashin jituwa tsakaninsa da mai gadin kan filin ajiye motoci kafin ya afkawa mai gadin. Kamar yadda jaridar Premium Times ta wallafa, an kama Umar a kyamarar "yana mari" mai gadin. Kungiyar lauyoyin Najeriya ta bukaci ya yi murabus. Duba kuma Jerin malaman fikihu na Najeriya Magana Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1975 Articles with hAudio microformats Shari'a Lauyoyi a Aljeriya Lauya Lauyoyi Mata a Aljeriya Kotuna a Najeriya Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19008

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20G.%20Obaje

Nuhu G. Obaje

Farfesa Nuhu George Obaje (an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Disamba, 1961) farfesa ne kuma Darakta a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha (CASTER) a Jami’ar Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida ta Lapai, a Jihar Neja. Tarihin rayuwa An Haife shi kuma ya girma a wani ƙauye a jihar Kogi Ya halarci kwalejin Barewa ta Zariya, a cikin shekara ta 1974 don babbar takardar shedar kammala karatunsa da kuma kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1979, sannan ya ci gaba da karatun Geology a jami'ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, yana da MS'c a shekara ta 1987 sannan ya tafi digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994 a Jami'ar. na Tuebingen Jamus Farfesa Obaje yana da kwarin guiwar iskar gas a Bidda da Sakkwato yayin da yake zantawa da Aminiya tare da wasu hanyoyin, kamar Neja Delta sun hada da Basin da Bida sannan kuma muna da jihohin Anambra da Sokoto da kuma na Benuwai. Ya jagoranci karatun farko a kamfanin man fetur na Najeriya (NNPP), ya kuma ce yanayin girgije da kuma Najeriya sun rasa bututun mai, shi ya sa ta yi tsada wajen samar da iskar gas. Wasu daga nasarorin da ya samu Royal Society of London (RSL) post-doctoral Fellowship a cikin Petroleum Geochemistry a Jami'ar Aberdeen, Scotland, a cikin 1997 Sabis ɗin Bayar da Ilimin Ilimi na Jamusanci (GAES) postdoctoral a cikin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Tuebingen, a 1998 The Alexander von Humboldt bincike a cikin ilimin geochemistry ilimin kimiyyar ilimin dabbobi a Cibiyar Tarayya ta Geosciences da Albarkatun Kasa a Hannover Jamus, a lokuta biyu daban. bazawa Wasu wallafawa daga Nuhu Goerge. Ilimin ƙasa da albarkatun ƙasa na Nijeriya, NG Obaje, Springer, 2009 Hanyoyin samar da ruwa a cikin tekun da ke cikin Najeriya: Daga mahangar nazarin yanayin kasa da ilimin kimiyyar kere-kere, NG Obaje, H Wehner, G Scheeder, MB Abubakar, A Jauro AAPG sanarwar 88 (3), 325-353, 2004 Abubuwan da ke tattare da rubutun mai da yanayin yanayin garwashin wuta da matakan gawayi a yankin Binuwai na Tsakiyar Najeriya, NG Obaje, B Ligouis, SI Abaa International Journal of kwal geology 26 (3-4), 233-260, 1994 Labaran kwal, da microfossils da kuma paleo environment of Cretaceous coal matakan a cikin Tsakiyar Binuwai na Najeriya, NG Obaje, Institut und Museum für Geologie und Paläontologie der Universität, 1994 Binciken kimiya na kimiyar iskar gas a arewacin Najeriya, NG Obaje, DO Attah, SA Opeloye, A Moumouni Geochemical Journal 40 (3), 227-243, 2006 Biostratigraphic da geochemical controls na hydrocarbon yiwuwa a cikin Benue Trough da Anambra Basin, Najeriya, NG Obaje, Associationungiyar ofungiyar Masu Binciken Mai ta Najeriya (NAPE) Bulletin 14, 18-54, 1999 Liquid hydrocarbon tushen-dutsen yiwuwar tsakiyar garwashin wuta da matakan gawayi a yankin Binuwai na Tsakiyar Najeriya, NG Obaje, H Hamza, Jaridar Duniya ta Kimiyyar Duniya: Geologische Rundschau 89 (1), 130, 2000 Bayanin fasali mai laushi mai laushi a cikin Cretaceous Bima Sandstone daga Yola Arm, Upper Benue Trough arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, NK Samaila, MB Abubakar, EFC Dike, NG Obaje Journal of African Earth Sciences 44 (1), 66-74, 2006 Tsarin halittun kasa na garuruwan Cretaceous Lamza da Chikila, babban yankin Benuwai, Najeriya, A Jauro, NG Obaje, MO Agho, MB Abubakar, A Tukur Fuel 86 (4), 520-532, 2007 Onocerane da sauran triterpenoids a Late Cretaceous sediments daga Upper Benue Trough, Nijeriya: tasirin tectonic da palaeo, MJ Pearson, NG Obaje Organic Geochemistry 30 (7), 583-592, 1999 Rahoton kan abin da ya shafi fure-fure masu dauke da kayan Albian-Cenomanian a rijiyar Nasara-1, Tashin Binuwai ta Sama, Najeriya: Tasirin Biostratigraphic da palaeo da ke da tasiri, MB Abubakar, NG Obaje, HP Luterbacher, EFC, Dike, AR Ashraf, Journal of African Kimiyyar Duniya 45 (3), 347-354, 2 06 Sabbin bayanai daga bangaren Najeriya na yankin tafkin Chadi: abubuwan da suka shafi hakar mai, NG Obaje, H Wehner, H Hamza, G Scheeder, Jaridar Kimiyyar Duniyar Afirka 38 (5), 477-487, 2004 Canjin Stratigraphic da kuma damar mai da ake samu a tsakiyar Benue da kuma Benue, a Najeriya: fahimta daga sabon tushen dutsen facies, SO Akande, OJ Ojo, OA Adekeye, SO Egenhoff, NG Obaje, BD Erdtmann Petroleum Technology Development Journal: An Jaridar Duniya 1, 1-34, 2011 Hanyoyin man fetur na Cretaceous Formations a cikin Gongola Basin, Upper Benue Trough, Najeriya: hangen nesa game da rikice-rikicen mai, MB Abubakar, EFC Dike, NG Obaje, H Wehner, A Jauro, Journal of Petroleum Geology 31 (4), 387-407, 2008 Nasara I well, Gongola Basin (Upper Benue Trough, Nigeria): Source rock evaluation, NG Obaje, H Wehner, MB Abubakar, MT Isah, Journal of Petroleum Geology 27 (2), 191-206, 2004 HANYA GA KWARA ER BADA GASOUS HYDROCARBONS A CIKIN BENE BENUE TROUGH NAJERIYA, NG Obaje, SI Abaa, Journal of Petroleum Geology 19 (1), 77-94, 1996 Hydrocarbon na Cretaceous sediments a cikin Kananan da Tsakiyar Binuwai, Nigeria: Basira daga sabon tushe facies kimantawa, SO Akande, SO Egenhoff, NG Obaje, OJ Ojo, OA Adekeye, BD Erdtmann, Journal of African Earth Sciences 64, 34- 47, 2012 Geology na tattalin arziki na albarkatun kwal na Najeriya-a taƙaitaccen bita, NG Obaje, SI Abaa, T Najime, CE Suh, Nazarin ilimin kimiyar ƙasa na Afirka 6, 71-82, 1999 Bida Basin a yankin arewa ta tsakiyar Najeriya: ilimin tsirrai da ilimin kasa, NG Obaje, MK Musa, AN Odoma, H Hamza, Journal of Petroleum and Gas Exploration Research 1 (1), 001-013, 2011 Tasirin Muhalli na Ma'adinan Artesanal na Barytes a Yankin Azara, Tsakiyar Binuwai, Nigeria MS Chaanda, NG Obaje, A Moumouni, NG Goki, UA Lar Journal of Sciences na Duniya 4 (1), 38-42, 2010. Manazarta Marubutan Najeriya Masana ilimi a Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1961 Pages with unreviewed

58448

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oke%20Ora

Oke Ora

Oke Ora Yarbawa Òkè rà )tsohuwar al'umma ce kuma wurin binciken kayan tarihi da ke kan tudu kusan 8 km (mil 5) gabas da Ile ife,tsakanin garin da ƙaramin ƙauyen Itagunmodi.An san shi da asalin haruffa biyu a farkon tarihin ƙasar Yarbawa ;Oduduwa and Oranife/Oramfe .Labari da tatsuniyoyi da dama na kabilar Yarbawa sun kewaye wurin, kuma a yau,yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu bukukuwan addini na mutanen Ife,mafi mahimmanci,a cikin bikin nadin sarauta na Owoni (Ooni), Sarkin Ife. Suna Sunan Oke Ora yana da asalin asalinsa ga kalmomi guda biyu; Òkè da kuma.A harshen Yarbawa,Òkè na nufin dutse ko tudu,yayin da ra allahntaka ne,wanda yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a Ife,kuma an ce shi avatar ne na Orishala Shafin Oke Ora shi ne mamba mafi muhimmanci a cikin jerin tsaunuka bakwai da ke kewaye da wuraren tsohuwar ƙungiyar Ife lú Mètàlá ),waɗanda ke zaune a tsakiyar bakin ciki kamar tsakiyar kwano mai shimfiɗa kusan 20. km fadin.Saboda magudanan ruwa da ke gangarowa zuwa tsakiyar kwanon,tsakiyar kwanon Ife ya yi ta cika da ruwa a kan lokaci.Sauran tsaunukan guda shida sune;Oke-Obagbile,Oke-Ipao,Oke-Ijugbe,Oke-Onigbin,Oke-Araromi da Oke-Owu. Ayyukan archaeological a yankin sun samar da kayan tarihi kamar; kayan aikin hannu watau gatari,gutsattsarin tukwane, gawayi,sassaka-fasalin dutse,dadadden shimfidar titin da kuma sifofin yumbu. Wasu daga cikin tukwanen suna da ramukan ramukansu na igiya don rataye su a jikin dabino a cikin tarin dabino,duk shaida ce ta kasancewar farkon dan Adam na kakannin mutanen zamani na Ife da kewaye. Kusa da Oke Ora shine Igbo Ore,shafin da ke da alaƙa da wani hali a farkon Ife wanda aka fi sani da Oreluere .Gidan kurmin ya kuma samar da kayan tarihi da dama irin su Idena da Olofenfura (Olofinfura)sassaken dutsen ɗan adam.An ƙiyasta waɗannan sassaƙaƙƙen zuwa zamani a tsakanin ƙarni na 8 zuwa na 10 AZ.Masanin ilimin tarihi dan kasar Burtaniya, Paul Ozanne ya bayyana a bincikensa na farko na yankin Ife a shekarar 1969 cewa; "An riga an kafa matsugunai da yawa a ƙasa a cikin ƙasar Ife aƙalla karni na 4 BC (350 KZ) a baya." Tarihi Tarihin Oke Ora yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da tarihin al'ummomin farko na Ife,kuma ta hanyar faɗaɗa gabaɗayan ƙasar Yarbawa galibin waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da Ife ta hanyar ƙaura na mutane,sarakuna da ra'ayoyi.A cewar rahoton Ife,daga matsugunin da ke saman wannan tudu ne Oduduwa da mabiyansa suka gangaro a cikin wani rikicin siyasa da ke ci gaba da mamaye al’ummomin confederal goma sha uku ko kuma Elu a cikin kwarin Ife da Obatala ya jagoranta a lokacin. Al’ummomi/Larduna/Labarun Goma sha uku Elu )da suka kafa tarayyar Ife sune: Iloromu, Imojubi,Ideta (Idita),Oke-Oja, Parakin,Ido,Iwinrin,Odin,Ijugbe,Iraye,Oke-Awo,Iloran da Omologun.Daga cikin waɗannan,Ideta ita ce mafi girmaBayan waɗannan,wasu sunaye na al'umma saboda dalilai daban-daban (kamar lokacin kafawa)suma sukan fito a wasu kafofin a matsayin wani ɓangare na asali na tarayya goma sha uku,kuma wani lokacin ba haka ba.Wadannan sun hada da;Ita Yemoo (Yemowo),Orun oba Ado,Ilara,Igbo Olokun da Idio.Kowane rukunin ƙauyen ya ƙara ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙauyen (hamlet).Ijugbe ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka huɗu, wato:Eranyigba, Igbogbe,Ipa da Ita Asin,yayin da rukunin Ideta ke da ƙauyuka uku: Ilale,Ilesun da Ilia,waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin Obalale,Obalesun da Obalia bi da bi,shugabannin ƙauyen ƙauyen da suka yi wa Obatala hidima.ubangijin Ideta.Dukkanin larduna da larduna goma sha uku suna da Obas nasu, wadanda duk aka ce su kai rahoto ga Obalejugbe,ubangijin Ijugbe Ƙungiyar ta Ile-Ife wata ƙungiyar siyasa ce sako-sako da ba ta da gwamnati ta tsakiya,Oba mai iko ko kujera na dindindin. An yi artabu da makami a tsakanin bangarorin biyu da suka taso a kwarin Ife (Kungiyar Obatala da kungiyar Oduduwa),wanda ya haifar da kazamin yakin basasa.Dakatar da tantunansu a sansanin Obatala sune; Obamakin, Obawinrin na Iwinrin,da manyan mayaka guda biyu;Oshateko da kuma Oshakire.A sansanin Oduduwa akwai Obameri na Odin,Obadio,Apata na Imojubi,Obalora da sauransu. Muhimmancin zuriyar Oduduwa daga Oke Ora yawanci ana nuna shi ne a cikin bikin nadin sarauta na kowane sabon Ooni na Ife. Bayan ya yi kwana ashirin da daya a Ilofi, sai ya wuce zuwa wurin Oke Ora,gidan kakansa tare da 'yan kabilar Isoro, inda ya yi masa kambi na alama da Onpetu na Ido ya yi

26413

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai%20na%20Covid-19

Bayanai na Covid-19

Bayanai na COVID-19 yana nufin kowane nau'in magana game da cutar ta COVID-19 wacce ta haifar da rashin fahimta da dabaru na makirci game da girman cutar da asalin, rigakafin, ganewar asali, da maganin cutar. Ƙaryar bayanai, ciki har da kari ya kasance ta hanyar kafofin watsa labaru, rubutu, saƙon, kuma taro kafofin watsa labarai. Shahararrun mutane, 'yan siyasa, da wasu fitattun mutane sun yada labaran karya. Kasashe da yawa sun zartar da dokoki kan "labaran karya", kuma an kama dubunnan mutane don yada labaran COVID-19. Yaduwar bayanan karya na COVID-19 daga gwamnatoci shima yana da muhimmanci. asuwakda zambn kariya ga tayin a-gida wajen daukan kariya ntives, magani ta da kuma "m" cures. Kungiyoyin addini da yawa sunyi iƙirarin cewa imaninsu zai kare su daga kamuwa da cutar. Ba tare da wata shaida ba, wasu mutane sun yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar ta bioweapon ce bisa kuskure ko kuma da gangan ta fado daga dakin gwaje -gwaje, tsarin kula da yawan jama'a, sakamakon aikin leken asiri, ko kuma sakamako na haɓaka 5G zuwa hanyoyin sadarwar salula. Hukumar Kiwon Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ayyana wani “infodemic” na bayanan da ba daidai ba game da kwayar cutar da ke haifar da hadari ga lafiyar duniya. Duk da cewa imani da ka'idodin makirci ba sabon abu bane, a cikin mahallin cutar ta COVID-19, wannan na iya haifar da illa ga lafiya. Rashin son sani, kamar tsallewa zuwa ƙarshe da nuna wariya, na iya kasancewa yana da alaƙa da faruwar ƙimar imani. Baya ga illolin kiwon lafiya, illolin da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ba da labari da amincewa da kaidin makirci sun haɗa da rashin yarda da ƙungiyoyin labarai da hukumomin lafiya gami da rarrabuwa da rarrabuwa na siyasa. Bayani A ranar 30 ga Janairun 2020, BBC ta ba da rahoto game da ci gaban batutuwan dabaru da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya mara kyau game da COVID-19. Misalai a lokacin sun haɗa da shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na ƙarya da aka raba akan kafofin sada zumunta da taɗi masu zaman kansu, da kuma dabaru na makirci kamar barkewar da ake shirin yi tare da halartar Cibiyar Pirbright A ranar 31 ga Janairu, The Guardian ya lissafa misalai guda bakwai na rashin fahimta, yana ƙara ka'idodin makirci game da makaman nukiliya da haɗin kai zuwa fasahar 5G, gami da bambance -bambancen shawarwarin kiwon lafiya na ƙarya. A wani yunkurin bugun up bincike sharing, da yawa masu bincike sun jũya zuwa preprint sabobin kamar arXiv, bioRxiv, medRxiv, kuma SSRN Ana ɗora takardu zuwa waɗannan sabobin ba tare da bita -da -ƙulla ko wani aikin edita wanda ke tabbatar da ingancin bincike ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan takaddun sun ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar ra'ayoyin makirci. Babban abin da ya fi shahara shi ne takardar buga takardu wanda ba a duba shi ba wanda aka ɗora akan bioRxiv wanda ya yi iƙirarin cewa kwayar cutar tana ɗauke da "shigar" HIV. Bayan rashin amincewa, an janye takardar. An raba faifai game da COVID-19 a kan layi kuma wasu bayanai suna ba da shawarar cewa kafofin watsa labarai sun yi amfani da su kusan sau 10 fiye da shirye-shiryen kan wasu batutuwa. Dangane da binciken da Cibiyar Nazarin Jarida ta Reuters ta buga, yawancin bayanan da ba su da alaƙa da COVID-19 sun haɗa da "nau'ikan salo iri-iri, inda ake samun sahihan bayanai kuma na yau da kullun, ana murɗa su, ana sake fasalin su, ko an sake yin su"; ƙarancin bayanan da ba daidai ba "an ƙirƙira shi gaba ɗaya". Binciken ya kuma gano cewa "labarai marasa tushe daga 'yan siyasa, mashahuran mutane, da sauran fitattun mutane", yayin da suke yin lissafin wasu tsirarun samfuran, sun kama galibin ayyukan sada zumunta. Dangane da rarrabuwarsu, mafi girman nau'in ɓarna (kashi 39%) shine "ƙarya ko iƙirarin ƙarya game da ayyuka ko manufofin hukumomin gwamnati, gami da hukumomin gwamnati da na ƙasa da ƙasa kamar WHO ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Baya ga kafafen sada zumunta, talabijin da rediyo an hango su a matsayin tushen bayanan karya. A farkon matakan cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin Amurka, Fox News ta karɓi layin edita cewa martanin gaggawa ga cutar ya kasance siyasa ce ko kuma ba ta dace ba, kuma mai gabatarwa Sean Hannity ya yi ikirarin a kan iska cewa barkewar cutar ta kasance "yaudara" (daga baya ya bayar da inkarin). Lokacin da manazarta kafofin watsa labarai suka tantance su, an gano tasirin watsa labarai na watsa labarai don yin tasiri ga sakamakon kiwon lafiya a cikin jama'a. A cikin gwaji na halitta (gwajin da ke faruwa kwatsam, ba tare da ƙirar ɗan adam ko sa baki ba), an kwatanta abubuwa biyu na labarai na talabijin waɗanda aka nuna akan gidan yanar gizo na Fox News wata ɗaya baya da 2019. Abu ɗaya ya ba da rahoton tasirin cutar coronavirus da gaske, yayin da abu na biyu ya rage barazanar COVID-19. Binciken ya gano cewa masu sauraron da aka fallasa su da labaran da ke rage barazanar sun kasance masu saurin kamuwa da cutar COVID-19 da mutuwa. A watan Agusta 2021, an soki mai watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin Sky News Australia saboda sanya bidiyo a YouTube wanda ke ɗauke da bayanan likita na yaudara game da COVID-19. An kuma fahimci rediyon magana mai ra'ayin mazan jiya a Amurka a matsayin tushen rashin gaskiya ko ɓatar da sharhi akan COVID-19. A watan Agusta da Satumba 2021, rundunonin rediyo da yawa waɗanda suka hana rigakafin COVID-19, ko suka nuna shakku kan allurar COVID-19, daga baya sun mutu daga rikice-rikicen COVID-19, daga cikinsu Dick Farrel, Phil Valentine da Bob Enyart. 'Yan siyasa, ƙungiyoyin sha'awa, da yan wasan jihohi a cikin ƙasashe da yawa sun yi amfani da bayanan da ba su dace ba kan batun COVID-19 don gujewa ɗaukar nauyi, sakaci da wasu ƙasashe, da gujewa sukar yanke shawara da suka yi a baya. Wani lokaci kuma akwai wani dalili na kuɗi.An zargi ƙasashe da yawa da yada jita-jita tare da ayyukan da gwamnati ke tallafawa a kafafen sada zumunta a wasu ƙasashe don haifar da fargaba, shuka rashin yarda, da lalata muhawarar dimokuraɗiyya a wasu ƙasashe, ko don inganta salon mulkinsu. Binciken Jami'ar Cornell na kasidu miliyan 38 a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na yaren Ingilishi a duniya ya gano cewa Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump shi ne babban direban da ba shi da gaskiya. Hasashen asalin cutar Yawancin masana ilimin viro sunyi la'akari da yuwuwar asalin ƙwayar cutar ta SARS-CoV-2 ta zama ƙetarewar halitta daga dabbobi, bayan da ta zube cikin yawan mutane daga jemagu, wataƙila ta hanyar mai watsa shirye-shiryen dabbobi, kodayake ba a kayyade ainihin hanyar watsawa ba. Yawancin sabbin cututtukan da ke kamuwa da cuta suna farawa ta wannan hanyar kuma shaidar kwayoyin halittar ta nuna cewa kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 ta samo asali ne daga jemagu. Wata madaidaiciyar hasashen da ake yi a cikin bincike, wanda galibin masanan ilimin halittu ke ganin ba zai iya yiwuwa ba, shine cewa mai yiwuwa cutar ta tsere daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan a cikin daidaitaccen bincike. Wani kuri'un da aka yi a watan Yuli 2021 ya gano cewa kashi 52% na manya na Amurka sun yi imanin COVID-19 ya tsere daga dakin bincike. Hasashe da ba a tabbatar da su ba da kuma dabaru na makirci da suka shafi wannan batun sun sami karɓuwa yayin bala'in. Ka'idodin makirci na gama gari sun bayyana cewa da gangan aka ƙera cutar, ko dai a matsayin makami ko don cin riba daga siyar da alluran rigakafi. A cewar Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya, an hana yin amfani da kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar nazarin kwayoyin halitta. An kuma ba da wasu labarai na asali da yawa, tun daga da'awar makircin abokan hamayyar siyasa zuwa ka'idar makirci game da wayoyin hannu. Cibiyar Binciken Pew ta gano, alal misali, ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa uku sun yi imanin cewa an ƙirƙiri sabon coronavirus a cikin dakin gwaje -gwaje; daya cikin hudu ya yi tunanin an yi shi da gangan. An haɓaka yaduwar waɗannan ka’idojin makirci ta hanyar rashin yarda da juna da ƙiyayya, da kishin ƙasa da amfani da kamfen na farfaganda don dalilai na siyasa. Kungiyoyin na dama na Amurka irin su QAnon, ta hanyar amfani da dama kamar Fox News, tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump da ma wasu fitattun 'yan Republican sun yi amfani da yada labaran karya don nuna adawa da China, kuma ya haifar da haɓaka ayyukan anti-Asiya akan kafofin watsa labarun da a cikin ainihin duniya. Wannan kuma ya haifar da cin zarafin masana kimiyya da jami'an kiwon lafiyar jama'a, duka akan layi da a cikin mutum, ta hanyar yin muhawara mai guba ta siyasa da sau da yawa akan muhawara mai guba batutuwa. Irin wannan yada labaran da ba daidai ba da kuma tunanin makirci yana da yuwuwar yin illa ga lafiyar jama'a da rage amincewa da gwamnatoci da kwararrun likitocin. An sake farfado da ɓarkewar lab da sauran dabaru a wani sashi ta hanyar bugawa, a cikin Mayu 2021, na imel na farko tsakanin Cibiyar Allergy da Cututtuka (NIAID) darektan Anthony Fauci da masana kimiyya suna tattauna batun. Dangane da imel ɗin da ake tambaya, Kristian Andersen (marubucin wani binciken da ya ɓarke ka’idojin magudanar kwayoyin halitta) ya yi la’akari da yuwuwar yiwuwar, kuma ya aika da imel Fauci yana ba da shawarar hanyoyin da za a iya aiwatar da su, kafin yanke hukuncin yin magudi da gangan tare da zurfafa bincike na fasaha. Waɗannan imel ɗin daga baya ba a fahimce su ba kuma masu amfani sun yi amfani da su don yin iƙirarin cewa makirci yana faruwa. Koyaya, duk da ikirarin sabanin haka a wasu jaridun Amurka, babu wata sabuwar shaida da ta fito don tallafawa kowane ka'idar haɗarin dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma galibin abubuwan da aka yi nazari akai sun nuna asalin halitta. Wannan yana da kwatankwacin barkewar sabbin cututtukan cututtukan da suka gabata, kamar HIV, SARS da H1N1, waɗanda su ma ake zargi da asalin asalin dakin gwaje -gwaje. Asalin Wuhan Lab Bio-makami Wata tushe ta farko da ta samo asali daga ƙirar ƙirar halittu shine tsohon jami'in leƙen asirin Isra'ila Dany Shoham, wanda ya yi hira da The Washington Times game da dakin binciken biosafety matakin 4 (BSL-4) a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayoyin cuta ta Wuhan Wani masanin kimiyya daga Hong Kong, Li-Meng Yan, ya tsere daga China kuma ya fitar da wani fa'ida wanda ke nuna an canza kwayar cutar a cikin dakin bincike maimakon samun juyin halitta. A cikin bita-da-tsaki na ɗan lokaci (kamar yadda ba a gabatar da takarda don yin nazarin takwarorina na gargajiya a matsayin wani ɓangare na daidaitaccen tsarin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ba), an yiwa ikirarin nata tamkar ɓatarwa, rashin ilimin kimiyya, da haɓaka rashin ɗabi'a na "ainihin ka'idodin makirci waɗanda ba a kafa su ba. a zahiri Rule of Society Society and the Rule of Law Foundation ne suka tallafa wa takardar Yan, ba riba guda biyu da ke da alaƙa da Steve Bannon, wani tsohon mai tsara dabarun Trump, da Guo Wengui, attajirin ɗan China da ya fito daga ƙasashen waje. Wani na hannun daman Amurka, wanda aka sani yana inganta rashin yarda da China A zahiri, wannan ya haifar da ɗakin ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin girma don ba da labari". Tunanin SARS-CoV-2 a matsayin makamin da aka ƙera lab shine wani ɓangare na ka'idar makircin Plandemic, wanda ke ba da shawarar cewa da gangan China ta sake shi. Jaridar Epoch Times, wata jaridar anti- Communist Party ta China mai alaƙa da Falun Gong, ta ba da labaran da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin bugawa da ta kafofin sada zumunta ciki har da Facebook da YouTube. Ta inganta maganganun anti-China da dabaru na makirci game da barkewar cutar coronavirus, misali ta hanyar bugun shafi na 8 mai suna "Yadda Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China ta Hallaka Duniya", wanda aka rarraba ba tare da izini ba a cikin Afrilu 2020 don aikawa abokan ciniki a yankunan. Amurka, Kanada, da Ostiraliya. A cikin jaridar, kwayar cutar SARS-CoV-2 da aka sani da <abbr about="#mwt392" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;partial&quot;:false,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Abbr&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Abbr&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{&quot;1&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;CCP&quot;},&quot;2&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Chinese Communist Party&quot;}},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwARU" title="Chinese Communist Party" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:ExpandedAttrs">CCP</abbr> kuma wani sharhi a cikin jaridar ya yi tambaya, "shine sabon barkewar cutar coronavirus a Wuhan hatsarin da ya faru ta hanyar amfani da makamin a wancan [Wuhan P4. virology] Lab? Kwamitin editan jaridar ya ba da shawarar cewa marasa lafiyar COVID-19 suna warkar da kansu ta hanyar "la'antar da "wataƙila mu'ujiza za ta faru". Dangane da yada jita -jita a cikin Amurka na asalin dakin binciken Wuhan, gwamnatin China ta gabatar da ka'idar makirci cewa sojojin Amurka ne suka kirkiro cutar a Fort Detrick. Binciken samun aiki Ideaaya daga cikin ra'ayin da aka yi amfani da shi don tallafawa asalin dakin gwaje-gwaje yana kiran binciken ribar aiki na baya akan coronaviruses. Masanin ilimin dabbobi Angela Rasmussen ta rubuta cewa wannan abu ne da ba zai yiwu ba, saboda tsananin bincike da bincike na samun ribar aiki na gwamnati, kuma ba zai yuwu ba cewa bincike kan wahalar samun coronaviruses na iya faruwa a ƙarƙashin radar. Ana jayayyar ainihin ma'anar "ribar aiki" tsakanin masana. A watan Mayu 2020, mai masaukin baki Fox News Tucker Carlson ya zargi Anthony Fauci da cewa ya “ba da tallafin halittar COVID” ta hanyar binciken aiki a Cibiyar Nazarin Kwayar cuta ta Wuhan (WIV). Da yake ambaton rubutun marubucin kimiyya Nicholas Wade, Carlson ya yi zargin cewa Fauci ya ba da umarnin bincike don sanya ƙwayoyin jemagu su fi kamuwa da mutane. A cikin sauraron washegari, dan majalisar dattijan Amurka Rand Paul ya yi zargin cewa Cibiyoyin Kula da Lafiya na Amurka (NIH) sun ba da tallafin bincike na aiki a Wuhan, yana zargin masu bincike ciki har da masanin cututtukan dabbobi Ralph Baric da ƙirƙirar “manyan ƙwayoyin cuta”. Dukan Fauci da Daraktan NIH Francis Collins sun musanta cewa gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan irin wannan binciken. Baric shima ya yi watsi da zargin Bulus, yana mai cewa binciken dakin binciken sa game da yada kwayar cutar coronavirus na jemagu bai cancanci zama ribar aiki ba. Nazarin 2017 na chimeric bat coronaviruses a WIV ya lissafa NIH a matsayin mai tallafawa; duk da haka, tallafin NIH ya danganci tarin samfur ne kawai. Dangane da wannan da sauran shaidu, Jaridar Washington Post ta ƙididdige iƙirarin haɗin gwiwar NIH don samun aikin aiki akan coronaviruses a matsayin "pinocchios biyu", wanda ke wakiltar "manyan rashi da/ko ƙari". Saki kwatsam samfurin da aka tattara Zamba Hukumar ta WHO ta yi gargadin badakalar aikata laifuka da ta shafi masu aikata laifuka wadanda ke nuna kansu a matsayin wakilan hukumar ta WHO suna neman bayanan sirri daga wadanda abin ya shafa ta hanyar imel ko ta waya. Hakanan, Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta shawarci masu amfani da kada su danna hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo a cikin imel ɗin da ake zargi kuma kada su bayar da bayanan sirri a cikin imel, saƙon rubutu ko kiran waya. Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya ta kuma yi gargadi kan badakalar sadaka da ta shafi cutar, kuma ta shawarci masu amfani da kada su bayar da gudummawa cikin tsabar kudi, katunan kyaututtuka, ko canja wurin waya. Kamfanin Cybersecurity na Check Point ya bayyana cewa an sami karuwar hare -hare na leken asiri don jawo hankalin wadanda abin ya shafa su shigar da kwayar cutar kwamfuta ba da sani ba a karkashin sakon imel da ke da alaƙa da cutar coronavirus ta 2019 mai ɗauke da haɗe -haɗe. Masu aikata laifuka ta yanar gizo suna amfani da yankuna na yaudara kamar "cdc-gov.org" a maimakon madaidaicin "cdc.gov", ko ma ɓata yankin asali don haka yayi kama da takamaiman gidajen yanar gizo. Fiye da yankuna 4,000 da ke da alaƙa da cutar coronavirus 2019 an yi musu rajista. 'Yan sanda a New Jersey, Amurka, sun ba da rahoton abubuwan da suka faru na masu laifi suna ƙwanƙwasa ƙofar mutane kuma suna da'awa daga CDC. Sannan suna ƙoƙarin siyar da samfura akan farashi mai hauhawa ko kuma waɗanda aka yiwa zamba a ƙarƙashin fa'idar ilimantarwa da kare jama'a daga cutar coronavirus 2019. Links cewa purportedly kaitsaye zuwa Johns Hopkins University coronavirus cuta 2019 map, amma a maimakon haka kaitsaye zuwa da ƙarya site cewa shimfidawa malware, sun yadu a kan Internet. Tun lokacin wucewa a cikin Maris 2020 na Dokar CARES, masu laifi sun yi amfani da lissafin ƙarfafawa ta hanyar neman mutane su biya kafin a karɓi biyan kuzarin su. Saboda wannan, IRS ta shawarci masu amfani da su yi amfani da adireshin gidan yanar gizon cutar coronavirus na IRS na 2019 kawai don ƙaddamar da bayanai ga IRS (kuma ba don amsa rubutu ba, imel, ko kiran waya). Dangane da waɗannan tsare -tsaren, yawancin kamfanonin kuɗi, kamar Wells Fargo da LoanDepot, da masu inshorar lafiya, kamar Humana, misali, sun sanya irin wannan nasihohi akan gidajen yanar gizon su. Duba kuma Buck wucewa Karyata HIV/AIDS Judy Mikovits Jerin ka'idodin makirci Xenophobia da wariyar launin fata da ke da alaƙa da cutar ta COVID-19 Jerin hanyoyin da ba a tabbatar da su ba kan COVID-19 Bayanan COVID-19 daga gwamnatoci Labaran COVID-19 na China Labaran COVID-19 na Amurka Wariyar wariyar launin fata: Sabuwar wariyar launin fata Tsarin duniya Ka'idar makircin SARS ScienceUpFirst, kamfen ɗin sadarwa na kimiyya na Kanada wanda ke mai da hankali kan cutar Kara karantawa Hanyoyin waje Manazarta Covid-19 Pages with unreviewed

52858

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Garba

Amina Garba

Amina Gerba CQ (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1961) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Kamaru-Kanada. Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Fadada Afrique, Dandalin Fadada Afrique, da Mujallar Fadada Afrique Ta kuma kafa samfuran kula da kyau Kariliss da Kariderm na karshen shine samfurin man shea na farko a duniya don samun takaddun shaida A cikin shekara ta me 2014, ta kasance mai karɓar Dokar Ƙasa ta Quebec Ita ce darekta na Majalisar Kanada kan Afirka, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Afirka, da Fonds Afro-Yan kasuwa, kuma ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Entreprendre Ici A cikin Shekara ta 2021, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya gabatar da ita ga Majalisar Dattawan Kanada, a matsayin Sanata na Quebec. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Amina Nleung a Bafia, Kamaru, ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1961. Ita ce ta goma sha takwas a cikin 'ya'ya goma sha tara kuma yarinya daya tilo a gidanta da ta halarci makaranta. Ta yi ƙaura zuwa Quebec a shekarar 1986. A cikin shekara ta 1992, ta sami BBA dinta a fannin kula da yawon shakatawa marketing da kuma a cikin shekara ta 1993, MBA dinta a cikin binciken tallace-tallace a Jami'ar Quebec a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Montreal Sana'a Gerba shi ne shugaban kungiyar Rotary Club na Old Montreal tsakanin shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an zaɓi Gerba don Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Ƙasashen Duniya (IVLP). Tun daga watan Maris ranar 14, shekarar 2015, kuma ya ci gaba har tsawon makonni goma sha biyu, Gerba ya kafa Kalubalen Fasaha na Farko a Montreal tare da ɗan'uwan IVLP alumna Stéphanie Jecrois; shirin shine don inganta karatun STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu ta shekarar 2018, a lokacin Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Quebec, Dominique Anglade, da kuma Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice, Diversity da Haɗuwa, David Heurtel, ya sanar da cewa Gerba zai jagoranci kwamitin gudanarwa na sabuwar hukumar gwamnati, Entreprendre Ici An samar da hukumar ne domin inganta bambance-bambance a cikin harkokin kasuwanci da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi 'yan kasuwa na wurare daban-daban. Amina Gerba darekta ne na Majalisar Kanada kan Afirka, Taron Kasuwancin Afirka, da Fonds Afro-Yan kasuwa. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Quebec a kwamitin gudanarwa na Montreal a matsayin memba na tattalin arziki. Fadada Afrique A cikin shekara ta 1995, Gerba ya kafa Afrique Expansion, kamfanin tuntuɓar da aka tsara don taimakawa ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin kamfanonin Arewacin Amurka da Afirka. Ta kuma kirkiro wata mujalla mai suna iri daya a gwalada shekarar 1998. A cikin Watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Gerba ya kafa wani taron kasa da kasa a karkashin alamar Fadada Afrique a Yaoundé, Kamaru, game da ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin dijital a cikin ƙasar. Wakilai da yawa sun zo wurin taron, ciki har da Jacques Bonjawo, Ernest Simo, da Arthur Zang, da kuma shugabannin manyan Nigeria kamfanonin sadarwa a Kamaru irin su MTN Group, Orange, da Camtel Dandalin Fadada Afrique A cikin shekara ta 2003, ta ƙirƙiri wani taron shekara-shekara mai suna Forum Africa Nigeria (yanzu Afrique Expansion Forum) don tattauna ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasuwancin Afirka. Taron ya ƙunshi manyan masu magana da yawa ciki har da Pierre Pettigrew da Alpha Oumar Konaré a cikin shekarar 2009; Daniel Kablan Duncan, Charles Sirois, da Jean-Louis Roy a shekarar 2013; Philippe Couillard a cikin shekarar 2015; da Lise Thériault, Sheila Copps, Louis Vachon, da Francine Landry a cikin shekarar 2017. Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da AfreximBank suma sun aike da tawaga zuwa dandalin. Kariderm da Karilis Gerba ya kafa kamfanoni masu kyau guda biyu daga Laval, Quebec: Kariderm a Shekara ta 1996 da Kariliss a cikin shekarar 2011, suna mai da hankali kan kula da fata na shea man shanu da kayayyakin kula da gashi bi da bi. Ta kuma kafa Flash Beauté Incorporated, wanda ke kera Kariderm, samfurin man shea na farko don samun takaddun shaida ta ECOCERT Kamfanonin nata suna ɗaukar mata 2,000 na ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Songtaaba a Burkina Faso, waɗanda ke karɓar wani yanki na duk tallace-tallace da tallafi daga shirin gwagwlada ƙaramin kuɗi da Gerba ya ƙirƙira. Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin shekarar 2010, Gala de Réseau des Entrepreneurs et Professionnels Africains (Gala de REPAF) ta nada Gerba a matsayin Gwarzon Kasuwa. A cikin Shekara ta 2012, Gerba ya sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal. A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Gerba a matsayin Knight of the Order of Quebec saboda rawar da ta taka wajen inganta haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da kasuwancin Afirka da ƙarfafa bambance-bambancen kasuwanci. An ba ta suna Personnalité Monde des Affaires de l'année (Kasuwancin Duniya na Shekara) a nunin kyaututtukan Gala Dynastie na shekarar 2018. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1961 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

24195

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sararin%20Samaniya%20na%20Duniya

Sararin Samaniya na Duniya

Sararin samaniyar duniya, wanda aka fi sani da iska, shi ne iskar gas ɗin dake riƙe da ƙarfin duniya wanda ke kewaye da duniyar kuma ya samar da yanayin ta na duniya Yanayin duniya yana kare rayuwa a doron ƙasa ta hanyar haifar da matsin lamba wanda ke ba da damar ruwa mai ɗorewa ya kasance a farfajiyar duniya, yana ɗaukar hasken rana na ultraviolet, yana dumama farfajiyar, ta hanyar riƙe zafi tasirin greenhouse da rage matsanancin zafin rana, tsakanin dare da rana zafin rana. bambancin). Ta ƙarar, busasshiyar iska ta ƙunshi 78.08% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, 0.93% argon, 0.04% carbon dioxide, da ƙananan gas. Har ila yau, iska tana ƙunshe da adadin tururin ruwa, a matsakaita kusan kashi 1% a matakin teku, da 0.4% akan sararin samaniya. Haɗin iska, zafin jiki, da matsin yanayi suna bambanta da tsayi. A cikin yanayi, iska dace da amfani a photosynthesis da terrestrial shuke-shuke da kuma numfashi na nazarin sasannin dabbobi ke samuwa ne kawai a Duniya ta troposphere Farkon yanayin duniya ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen. Yanayin ya canza sosai a tsawon lokaci, wanda abubuwa da yawa suka shafa kamar volcanism, rayuwa, da yanayin yanayi. Kwanan nan, ayyukan ɗan adam shima ya ba da gudummawa ga canje -canjen yanayi, kamar dumamar yanayi, raguwar ozone da zubar da acid. Yanayin yana da taro kusan 5.15 kg, kwata -kwata uku yana cikin kusan na farfajiya. Yanayin ya zama siriri tare da kara tsayi, ba tare da takamaiman iyaka tsakanin yanayin da sararin samaniya ba Layin Kármán, a ko 1.57% na radius na Duniya, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman kan iyaka tsakanin sararin samaniya da sararin samaniya. Ana iya lura da tasirin yanayi yayin sake shigar sararin samaniya a sararin sama kusan Ana iya rarrabe yadudduka da yawa a cikin yanayi, dangane da halaye kamar zafin jiki da abun da ke ciki. Nazarin yanayin duniya da hanyoyinsa ana kiranta kimiyyar yanayi (aerology), kuma ya ƙunshi filayen subfields da yawa, kamar canjin yanayi da kimiyyar sararin samaniya Majagaba na farko a fagen sun haɗa da Léon Teisserenc de Bort da Richard Assmann Nazarin yanayi mai tarihi ana kiransa paleoclimatology Abun da ke ciki Manyan abubuwa guda uku na sararin duniya sune nitrogen, oxygen, da argon Tururin ruwa yana lissafin kusan 0.25% na sararin samaniya ta hanyar taro. Haɗin tururin ruwa (iskar gas) ya bambanta sosai daga kusan 10 ppm ta ƙarar a cikin mafi ƙarancin yanayin yanayi zuwa 5% da ƙima a cikin zafi mai zafi, da iska mai yawa, da kuma yawan sauran iskar gas. sharud busasshiyar iska (ba tare da tururin ruwa ba). Sauran iskar gas galibi ana kiran su iskar gas, daga cikinsu akwai iskar gas, musamman carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, da ozone. Bayan argon, wanda aka riga aka ambata, wasu gas masu daraja, neon, helium, krypton, da xenon suma suna nan. Iskar da aka tace ta haɗa da adadi mai yawa na sauran sinadarai Abubuwa da yawa na asalin halitta na iya kasancewa a cikin gida da yanayi na canzawa kaɗan kaɗan kamar aerosols a cikin samfurin iska wanda ba a tace ba, gami da ƙura na ma'adinai da abun da ke cikin halitta, pollen da spores, fesa ruwa, da tokar dutsen Hakanan ana iya samun gurɓatattun masana'antu daban -daban azaman gas ko aerosols, kamar chlorine (na asali ko a cikin mahadi), mahaɗan fluorine da ƙaƙƙarfan tururi na mercury. Ana iya samun mahaɗan sulfur kamar hydrogen sulfide da sulfur dioxide (SO 2 daga asalin halitta ko daga gurɓataccen iska na masana'antu. Matsakaicin matsakaicin nauyin busasshiyar iska, wanda za a iya amfani da shi don ƙididdige ɗimbin yawa ko don juyawa tsakanin gutsuttsuran ƙwayar cuta da ɗimbin yawa, kusan 28.946 ko 28.96 g/mun. Wannan yana raguwa lokacin da iskar ta yi ɗumi. Matsakaicin yawan iskar gas ya ci gaba da kasancewa har zuwa kusan Tsayuwa Gaba ɗaya, matsin lamba da yawa yana raguwa tare da tsayi a cikin yanayi. Koyaya, zazzabi yana da bayanin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa tare da tsayi, kuma yana iya kasancewa mai ɗorewa ko ma ƙaruwa tare da tsayi a wasu yankuna (duba sashin zafin jiki, a ƙasa). Saboda ƙirar gaba ɗaya na bayanin zafin jiki/tsayi, ko ƙima, ya kasance mai ɗorewa kuma ana iya auna ta ta sautin balloon na kayan aiki, halayen zafin jiki yana ba da ma'auni mai amfani don rarrabe yadudduka yanayi. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya raba yanayin duniya (wanda ake kira stratification) zuwa manyan yadudduka biyar: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, da exosphere. Tsawon layuka biyar sune kamar haka: Exosphere: 700 zuwa 10,000 kilomita (440 zuwa 6,200 mil) Yanayin yanayi: 80 zuwa 700 km (mil 50 zuwa 440) Mesosphere: 50 zuwa 80 km (31 zuwa 50 mil) Stratosphere: 12 zuwa 50 km (kilomita 7 zuwa 31) Troposphere: 0 zuwa 12 km (0 zuwa mil 7) Sararin Exosphere Exosphere shine saman saman sararin samaniyar duniya (watau iyakar sararin samaniyar). Ya shimfiɗa daga thermopause, a saman yanayin zafi a tsayin kusan 700 km sama da matakin teku, zuwa kusan 10,000 km (6,200 mi; 33,000,000 ft), inda ta shiga cikin iska mai haskakawa Wannan Layer galibi ya ƙunshi ƙarancin ƙarancin hydrogen, helium da wasu abubuwa masu nauyi da suka haɗa da nitrogen, oxygen da carbon dioxide kusa da exobase. Atoms da molecules sun yi nisa sosai ta yadda za su iya tafiya daruruwan kilomita ba tare da sun yi karo da juna ba. Don haka, exosphere ba ya yin kamar gas, kuma barbashi koyaushe yana tserewa zuwa sararin samaniya. Waɗannan barbashi masu motsi suna bin hanyoyin ballistic kuma suna iya ƙaura zuwa ciki da waje daga magnetosphere ko iskar rana. Sararin exosphere ne da nisan sama Duniya for meteorological mamaki ya zama zai yiwu. Koyaya, auroras na duniya aurora borealis (fitilun arewa) da aurora australis (fitilun kudancin) wani lokacin suna faruwa a cikin ƙananan exosphere, inda suke haɗewa cikin yanayin zafi. Exosphere ya ƙunshi yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke kewaya Duniya. Sararin Thermosphere The thermosphere shine na biyu mafi girma na sararin duniya. Ya zarce daga mesopause (wanda ke raba shi da mesosphere) a tsayin kusan har zuwa thermopause a tsayin tsayin Tsayin thermopause ya bambanta da yawa saboda canje -canje a ayyukan hasken rana. Saboda thermopause ya ta'allaka ne a ƙananan iyakar exosphere, ana kuma kiranta exobase Sashin ƙasa na yanayin zafi, daga sama da saman Duniya, ya ƙunshi ionosphere Yanabgi na yanayin zafi a hankali yana ƙaruwa da tsayi kuma yana iya hawa har zuwa kodayake ƙwayoyin gas ɗin sun yi nisa sosai don yawan zafin jiki a yanayin da aka saba ba shi da ma'ana sosai. Iskar ba ta da ƙima sosai ta yadda kwayoyin halittar mutum ɗaya (na iskar oxygen, alal misali) ke tafiya matsakaicin tsakanin cin karo da wasu kwayoyin. Kodayake yanayin yanayin yana da yawan adadin kwayoyin halitta tare da babban kuzari, ba zai ji zafi ga ɗan adam a cikin hulɗa kai tsaye ba, saboda yawansa ya yi ƙasa sosai don gudanar da babban adadin kuzari zuwa ko daga fata. Wannan Layer gaba ɗaya ba ta da gajimare kuma ba ta da tururin ruwa. Koyaya, abubuwan da ba na hydrometeorological kamar su aurora borealis da aurora australis ana ganin su a wasu lokuta a cikin yanayin zafi. Tashar sararin samaniya ta duniya tana kewaya wannan layin, tsakaniN. Shi wannan Layer inda yawancin tauraron dan adam da ke zagaya duniya suke. Mesosphere Mesosphere shine na uku mafi girman yanayin sararin duniya, yana mamaye yankin sama da stratosphere kuma a ƙasa da yanayin zafi. Yana haɓaka daga madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita 50 (31mi; 160,000 ft) zuwa mesopause a kilomita 80-85 (50-54 mi) sama da matakin teku. Yanayi na wuri yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi zuwa mesopause wanda ke nuna saman wannan tsakiyar sararin samaniyar. Shi ne wuri mafi sanyi a Duniya kuma yana da matsakaicin zafin jiki a kusa da -85 C (-120 digris F; 190 K). A ƙasa da madopause, iska tana da sanyi matuqa har ma da ƙarancin ƙarancin tururin ruwa a wannan tsayin za a iya jujjuya shi zuwa gajimare mai kumburin polar-mesospheric noctilucent. Waɗannan su ne mafi girman gizagizai a sararin samaniya kuma ana iya gani da idanu idan hasken rana ya haskaka su kusan awa ɗaya ko biyu bayan faɗuwar rana ko makamancin haka kafin fitowar rana. Suna da sauƙin gani yayin da Rana tana kusa da digiri 4 zuwa 16 a ƙasa da sararin sama. Fuskokin da ke haifar da walƙiya da aka sani da abubuwan da ke faruwa na ɗan lokaci (TLEs) suna faruwa a wasu lokutan a cikin mesosphere sama da tsawa. Hakanan mesosphere shine Layer inda yawancin meteors ke ƙonewa akan ƙofar yanayi. Ya yi yawa sama da Duniya don isa ga jirage masu amfani da jiragen sama da balloons, kuma ya yi ƙasa sosai don ba da damar sararin samaniya. Ana samun damar shiga mesosphere ne ta hanyar harba rokoki da jiragen sama masu amfani da roka. Sararin Stratosphere Sararin Stratosphere shine na biyu mafi ƙasƙanci na sararin duniya. Yana ta'allaka sama da troposphere kuma an rabu da shi da tropopause Wannan Layer ya zarce daga saman troposphere a wajen sama da saman Duniyar zuwa madaidaiciya a tsayin kusan kilomita Matsalar yanayi a saman stratosphere shine kusan 1/1000 matsin lamba a matakin teku Ya ƙunshi lemar sararin samaniya, wanda shine ɓangaren sararin duniya wanda ke ɗauke da iskar gas mai ɗan yawa. Stratosphere yana bayyana matakin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa tare da ƙara tsayi. Wannan hauhawar zafin jiki yana faruwa ne ta hanyar shan hasken ultraviolet radiation (UV) daga Rana ta hanyar lemar sararin samaniya, wanda ke takaita tashin hankali da cakudawa. Kodayake zazzabi na iya zama -76 dg F a tropopause, saman stratosphere yana da zafi sosai, kuma yana iya kasancewa kusa da 0 C. Bayanin zafin jiki na stratospheric yana haifar da tsayayyen tsarin yanayi, don haka stratosphere ba shi da haɓakar iska da ke samar da yanayi wanda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin troposphere. Sakamakon haka, stratosphere kusan ba ta da girgije da sauran nau'ikan yanayi. Duk da haka, ana iya ganin girgijen pola stratospheric ko nacreous a wani sashi na wannan Layer na yanayi inda iska ta fi sanyi. Stratosphere shine mafi girman matakin da jirgin sama mai amfani da jirgin sama zai iya isa. Sararin Troposphere Sararin samaniya na Troposphere shine mafi ƙasƙancin yanayin sararin duniya. Yana miƙawa daga farfajiyar Duniya zuwa matsakaicin tsayin kusan 12 km (7.5 mi; 39,000 ft), kodayake wannan tsayin ya bambanta daga kusan 9 km (5.6 mi; 30,000 ft) a ginshiƙan ƙasa zuwa 17 km (da 11 mi; 56,000 ft) a Equator, tare da wasu bambancin saboda yanayi. Troposphere yana ɗaure a sama ta hanyar tropopause, iyaka wanda aka yiwa alama a yawancin wurare ta jujjuyawar zafin jiki (watau Layer na iska mai ɗumi sama da mai sanyi), a wasu kuma ta wani yanki wanda isothermal tare da tsayi. Kodayake bambance -bambancensu na faruwa, yawan zafin jiki yawanci yana raguwa tare da ƙara tsayi a cikin troposphere saboda mafi yawan abin da ake amfani da shi shine taɓarɓarewar makamashi daga farfajiya. Don haka, mafi ƙasƙancin ɓangaren troposphere (watau Dandalin Duniya) yawanci shine mafi kyawun sashi na troposphere. Wannan yana haɓaka haɗuwa ta tsaye (saboda haka, asalin sunan sa a cikin kalmar Helenanci tropos, ma'ana "juyawa"). Troposphere ya ƙunshi kusan kashi 80% na yawan sararin duniya. Troposphere ya fi kowa ƙarfi fiye da duk yadudduka na sararin samaniyar da ke ciki saboda babban nauyin yanayi yana zaune a saman troposphere kuma yana sa a matse shi sosai. Kashi hamsin cikin ɗari na jimlar iskar tana cikin ƙananan 5.6 km (3.5 mi; 18,000 ft) na sararin samaniyan troposphere. Kusan duk tururin ruwa ko danshi ana samun sa a cikin sararin troposphere, don haka shine Layer inda yawancin yanayin duniya ke faruwa. Yana da asali duk nau'in nau'in halittar girgije mai alaƙa da yanayi wanda ke haifar da yaɗuwar iska mai ƙarfi, kodayake tsayin girgije mai ƙarfi na cumulonimbus na iya shiga cikin tarkon daga ƙasa kuma ya hau cikin ƙananan sashin stratosphere. Yawancin ayyukan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na yau da kullun suna faruwa a cikin troposphere, kuma ita ce kawai madaidaicin da jirgin da ke tukawa zai iya isa. Wasu jerin sararin sama A cikin manyan sassan biyar da ke sama, waɗanda galibi ana azancinsu da, ana iya rarrabe wasu sararin da yawa ta wasu kaddar: Shimfida na ozone yana kunshe a cikin stratosphere. A cikin wannan ɗanyen ɗanyen iskar ozone kusan kashi 2 zuwa 8 a kowace miliyan, wanda ya fi na ƙasa ƙima amma har yanzu yana da ƙanƙanta idan aka kwatanta da manyan abubuwan da ke cikin sararin samaniya. Yafi kasancewa a cikin ƙananan ɓangaren stratosphere daga kusan kodayake kauri ya bambanta da yanayi da yanayin ƙasa. Kusan kashi 90% na ozone a cikin sararin duniya yana cikin stratosphere. Yankin ionosphere yanki ne na sararin samaniya wanda ke haifar da ionized ta hanyar hasken rana. Yana da alhakin auroras A lokacin awoyi na rana, yana miƙawa daga kuma ya haɗa da mesosphere, thermosphere, da sassan exosphere. Koyaya, ionization a cikin mesosphere galibi yana ƙarewa cikin dare, don haka ana ganin auroras kawai a cikin yanayin zafi da ƙananan exosphere. Ionosphere shine ke haifar da gefen ciki na magnetosphere Yana da mahimmanci a aikace saboda yana tasiri, alal misali, yaduwar rediyo a Duniya. An bayyana yanayin sararin samaniya da heterosphere ta ko iskar gas ɗin ta haɗu sosai. Haɗin sararin samaniyar ya haɗa da troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, da mafi ƙasƙanci na yanayin zafi, inda tsarin sunadarai na sararin samaniya bai dogara da nauyin ƙwayoyin cuta ba saboda gas ɗin yana haɗuwa da tashin hankali. Wannan Layer mai kama da juna ya ƙare a turbopause da aka samu kusan ainihin sararin sararin samaniya kamar yadda FAI ta karɓa, wanda ya sanya shi kusan sama da mesopause. A saman wannan tsayin hawan akwai heterosphere, wanda ya haɗa da exosphere da mafi yawan yanayin zafi. Anan, tsarin sunadarai ya bambanta da tsayi. Wannan saboda nisan da barbashi zai iya motsawa ba tare da yin karo da juna ba yana da girma idan aka kwatanta da girman motsi da ke haifar da haɗuwa. Wannan yana ba da damar iskar gas ta daidaita da nauyin kwayoyin, tare da masu nauyi, kamar oxygen da nitrogen, waɗanda ke kusa da kasan heterosphere kawai. Babban ɓangaren heterosphere ya ƙunshi kusan gaba ɗaya na hydrogen, mafi sauƙi. Shimfidan iyaka na duniya shine ɓangaren troposphere wanda shine mafi kusa da farfajiyar Duniya kuma abin ya shafe shi kai tsaye, galibi ta hanyar yaɗuwar tashin hankali A cikin rana, galibin iyakokin duniya yana cakuda da kyau, yayin da da dare ya zama yana da daidaituwa tare da rauni ko gauraya. Zurfin faɗin iyakar duniya ya kai kusan a sarari, kwanciyar hankali zuwa ko sama da haka da rana a yankuna busasshe. Matsakaicin zafin da ake samu a sararin samaniyar ƙasa shine ko gwargwadon abin tunani. Abubuwan jiki Matsin da kauri Abmatsakaicin yanayi matsa lamba a teku matakin ne a tsare ta International Standard yanayi kamar yadda A wasu lokuta ana kiran wannan a matsayin naúrar ma'aunin yanayi (atm) Jimlar yawan sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 10 18 kg (1.135 10 19 lb), kusan 2.5% ƙasa da abin da za a iya samu daga matsakaicin matsin matakin teku da yankin Duniya na murabba'in 51007.2, wannan yanki yana ƙaura daga ƙasa mai tsaunuka na Duniya. Matsa lamba na yanayi shine jimlar nauyin iskar da ke sama da yanki a inda ake auna matsa lamba. Don haka matsin lamba ya bambanta da wuri da yanayi Idan duk daukakin sararin samaniya yana da daidaiton daidaituwa daidai da girman matakin teku (kusan 1.2 kg da m 3 daga matakin teku zuwa sama, zai ƙare kwatsam a tsayin A zahiri yana raguwa sosai tare da tsayi, yana raguwa da rabi kowane ko ta hanyar 1/ e kowane matsakaicin girman sikelin sararin samaniya a ƙasa Koyaya, an daidaita yanayin yanayi daidai gwargwado tare da daidaitaccen lissafi don kowane Layer wanda ke ɗaukar gradients na zafin jiki, abun da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta, hasken rana da nauyi a cikin lissafi. A taƙaice, ana rarraba yawan iskar Duniya kamar haka: Kashi 50% yana ƙasa da 90% yana ƙasa da 99.99997% yana ƙasa da layin Kármán Ta babban taron ƙasa da ƙasa, wannan yana nuna farkon sararin samaniya inda ake ɗaukar matafiya 'yan sama jannati Idan aka kwatanta, taron Mt. Everest yana kan Kamfanonin jiragen sama na kasuwanci yawanci suna yin balaguro tsakanin inda siririn iska ke inganta tattalin arzikin mai; balloons yanayi sun kai da sama; kuma jirgin X-15 mafi girma a shekarar 1963 ya kai Ko sama da layin Kármán, manyan tasirin yanayi kamar auroras har yanzu suna faruwa. Meteors na fara haske a wannan yankin, kodayake manyan ba za su ƙone ba har sai sun zurfafa zurfafa. Daban -daban yadudduka na ionosphere na Duniya, masu mahimmanci ga yaduwar rediyon HF, sun fara ƙasa da 100 km kuma ya zarce 500 km da. By kwatanta, da International Space Station da kuma Space Jigila yawanci kewayewa a 350-400 km, a cikin F-Layer na ionosphere inda suke haɗuwa da isasshen jan yanayi don buƙatar sake juyawa kowane monthsan watanni, in ba haka ba, ɓarna na orbital zai faru wanda zai haifar da komawa duniya. Dangane da aikin hasken rana, tauraron dan adam na iya fuskantar jan hankalin da ake gani a sama har zuwa 700-800 km da. Yanayin wuri An tattauna rabuwar sararin samaniya zuwa yadudduka galibi ta hanyar magana da zafin jiki a sama. Zazzabi yana raguwa tare da tsayi daga matakin teku, amma bambancin wannan yanayin yana farawa sama da 11 km, inda zafin jiki ke daidaitawa ta hanyar babban madaidaiciyar tazara ta sauran ragowar sararin samaniyar. A cikin stratosphere, farawa sama da kusan 20 km, yanayin zafi ko sanyi yana ƙaruwa da tsayi, saboda dumama a cikin sashin ozone wanda ya haifar da kama babban hasken ultraviolet daga Rana ta iskar oxygen da iskar gas a wannan yankin. Har ila yau, wani yanki na ƙara yawan zafin jiki tare da tsayi yana faruwa a cikin manyan maɗaukaki, a cikin yanayin da ake kira thermosphere sama da kilomita 90. Gudun sauti Saboda a cikin isasshen iskar gas na abun da ke ciki akai -akai saurin sauti ya dogara ne kawai akan zafin jiki kuma ba akan matsin gas ko yawa ba, saurin sauti a cikin yanayi tare da tsayi yana ɗaukar yanayin yanayin yanayin rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (duba hoto zuwa dama), kuma baya nuna canje -canjen altitudinal a cikin yawa ko matsin lamba. Girma da yawa Yawan iska a matakin teku yana kusan 1.2 kg/m 3 (1.2 g/L, 0.0012 g/cm 3 Ba a auna ɗimbin yawa kai tsaye amma akanƙididdige shi daga ma'aunin zafin jiki, matsin lamba da zafi ta amfani da ƙimar jihar don iska (nau'in dokar gas mai kyau Nauyin yanayi yana raguwa yayin da tsawo ke ƙaruwa. Ana iya daidaita wannan bambancin ta amfani da dabarar barometric Ana amfani da ƙarin samfuran ƙira don hango lalacewar orbital na tauraron dan adam. Matsakaicin yawan sararin samaniya shine kusan quadrillion 5 (5 tan ko 1/1,200,000 yawan Duniya. Bisa ga Cibiyar Nazarin Ƙasa ta Amurka ta Amurka, "Jimlar ma'anar sararin samaniya shine 5.1480 kg tare da kewayon shekara -shekara saboda tururin ruwa na 1.2 ko 1.5 kg, dangane da ko ana amfani da matsin lamba ko bayanan tururin ruwa; dan karami fiye da kimantawar da ta gabata. An kiyasta yawan tururin ruwa kamar 1.27 kg da yawan busasshen iska kamar 5.1352 0.0003 kg ku. Kayayyakin gani Solar radiation (ko hasken rana) ne da makamashi Duniya na'am daga Sun. Har ila yau, duniya tana sake fitar da radiation zuwa sararin samaniya, amma a cikin tsawon raƙuman ruwa da ba za mu iya gani ba. Wani sashi na radiation mai shigowa da fitar da shi yana shakar ko nunawa ta yanayin. A watan Mayun 2017, an gano kyallen haske, wanda ake ganin yana walƙiya daga tauraron dan adam mai tazarar mil mil daga nesa, an nuna haske daga kristal kankara a sararin samaniya. Watsawa Lokacin da haske ya ratsa sararin saman duniya, photons suna hulɗa da ita ta hanyar watsawa Idan hasken baya yin mu'amala da yanayin, ana kiransa radiation kai tsaye kuma shine abin da kuke gani idan za ku kalli Rana kai tsaye. Hasken kai tsaye haske ne wanda ya warwatse a sararin samaniya. Alal misali, a kan wani gizagizai rana a lokacin da ba za ka iya ganin your inuwa, babu wani kai tsaye radiation kai ku, shi ya duka aka wãtsa. A matsayin wani misali, saboda wani sabon abu da ake kira watsawa Rayleigh, guntun raƙuman raƙuman ruwa (shuɗi) suna watsewa cikin sauƙi fiye da tsawon raƙuman ruwa (ja). Wannan shine dalilin da yasa sararin sama yayi kama da shuɗi; kuna ganin hasken shuɗi mai warwatse. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa faɗuwar rana take ja. Saboda Rana tana kusa da sararin sama, hasken Rana yana ratsa yanayi fiye da yadda aka saba don isa ga idon ku. Mafi yawa daga cikin shuɗin haske ya warwatse, ya bar jan haske a faɗuwar rana. Shanyewa Kwayoyin halittu daban -daban suna shafan raƙuman radiyo daban -daban. Misali, O 2 da O 3 suna sha kusan duk raƙuman raƙuman ruwa fiye da nanometers 300. Ruwa (H 2 O) yana ɗaukar raƙuman ruwa masu yawa sama da 700 nm. Lokacin da kwayar halitta ta sha foton, yana kara kuzari na kwayar. Wannan yana dumama yanayi, amma kuma yanayin yana sanyaya ta hanyar fitar da radiation, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Haɗaɗɗen iskar gas ɗin da ake kira absorption spectra "windows" na ƙarancin haske, yana ba da damar watsa wasu madaidaitan haske. Window na gani yana gudana daga kusan 300 nm ultraviolet -C) zuwa cikin kewayon mutane na iya gani, bakan da ake iya gani (wanda ake kira haske), a kusan 400-700 nm kuma yana ci gaba da infrared zuwa kusan 1100 nm. Hakanan akwai tagogin infrared da rediyo waɗanda ke watsa wasu infrared da raƙuman rediyo a tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, taga rediyon yana gudana daga kusan santimita daya zuwa rakuman ruwa kimanin mita goma sha daya. Yaduwa Fitarwa ita ce kishiyar sha, shi ne lokacin da wani abu ya fitar da radiation. Abubuwa sukan yi ta fitar da adadi mai yawa da tsayin raƙuman ruwa ta hanyar dogaro da karkatattun ƙyallen baƙar fata saboda haka abubuwa masu zafi suna yawan fitar da ƙarin radiation, tare da gajerun raƙuman ruwa. Abubuwa masu sanyi suna fitar da ƙarancin radiation, tare da tsawon raƙuman ruwa. Misali, Rana kusan mafi girman haskenta yana kusa da 500 nm, kuma ana iya gani ga idon ɗan adam. Duniya kusan don haka haskensa ya kai kololuwa kusan 10,000 nm, kuma yayi tsayi da yawa don ganin mutane. Saboda yanayin zafi, yanayin yana fitar da hasken infrared. Misali, a cikin dare mai haske sararin samaniyar ƙasa yana hucewa da sauri fiye da daren girgije. Wannan saboda gajimare (H 2 O) suna da ƙarfi masu shayarwa da fitowar hasken infrared. Wannan kuma shine dalilin da yasa yake yin sanyi da daddare a wurare masu bisa. Tasirin greenhouse effect yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da wannan shaye -shaye da tasirin iska. Wasu iskar gas a cikin yanayi suna sha da fitar da hasken infrared, amma basa hulɗa da hasken rana a cikin bakan da ake gani. Misalan gama -gari na waɗannan sune CO </br> CO da H 2 O. Manuniya mai raɗaɗi Ƙididdigar iskar iska tana kusa, amma ya fi 1 girma. Bambance -bambancen da ke cikin tsari mai rikitarwa na iya haifar da lanƙwasa hasken haske a kan dogayen hanyoyin gani. Misali guda ɗaya shine, a wasu yanayi, masu sa ido a cikin jiragen ruwa na iya ganin wasu jiragen ruwa kawai a sararin sama saboda haske yayi yawo a cikin alkibla ɗaya kamar lanƙwasar saman Duniya. Ƙididdigar iskar iska ta dogara da yanayin wuri na sanyi ko zafi. yana haifar da tasirin juyawa lokacin da yawan zafin jiki ya yi yawa. Misalin irin wannan tasirin shine ƙaura Da'irar Yaduwa Dairar yaduwar iska a sararin samaniya shine babban motsi na iska ta hanyar troposphere, da hanyoyin (tare da kewayawar teku wanda ake rarraba zafi a kewayen Duniya. Babban tsarin sikelin sararin samaniya ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara, amma ainihin tsarin yana da tsayayye saboda an ƙaddara shi ta hanyar jujjuyawar duniya da bambanci a cikin hasken rana tsakanin ma'aunin ma'aunai da sanduna. Juyin Halittar Yanayin Duniya Yanayin farko na sararin samaniya Yanayin farko ya ƙunshi iskar gas a cikin nebula na rana, da farko hydrogen Wataƙila akwai ruwa mai sauƙi kamar waɗanda aka samu yanzu a cikin ƙungiyoyin gas Jupiter da Saturn musamman tururin ruwa, methane da ammoniya Sararin samaniya na biyu Fitar iskar wutar volkeno, wanda ke cike da iskar gas da aka samar a lokacin matsanancin bama -bamai na duniya ta manyan taurari, ya samar da yanayi na gaba, wanda ya ƙunshi mafi yawa na nitrogen da carbon dioxide da iskar gas. Wani babban sashi na iskar carbon dioxide ya narke cikin ruwa kuma yayi aiki tare da karafa kamar alli da magnesium yayin yanayin duwatsu masu ƙyalƙyali don ƙirƙirar carbonates waɗanda aka ajiye azaman magudanar ruwa. An gano gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da ruwa tun daga farkon shekaru biliyan 3.8 da suka gabata. Kimanin shekaru biliyan 3.4 da suka wuce, sinadarin nitrogen ya zama babban sashi na kwanciyar hankali na yanayi na biyu Dole ne a yi la’akari da tasirin rayuwa ba da daɗewa ba a cikin tarihin yanayi saboda alamun alamun farkon rayuwa sun bayyana tun shekaru biliyan 3.5 da suka gabata. Yadda Duniya a wancan lokacin ta kasance da yanayin dumamar yanayi don isasshen ruwa mai ruwa da rayuwa, idan Rana ta farko ta fitar da ƙarancin hasken rana 30% fiye da na yau, abin wuyar warwarewa ne da aka sani da suma matashin Sun Duk da haka, ajiyayyen record na sararin sama yana nuna ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin ɗimbin yawa yayin cikakken rikodin farkon zafin zafin duniya in ban da wani lokaci mai sanyi na kimanin shekara biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata. A ƙarshen Archean Eon wani yanayi mai ɗauke da iskar oxygen ya fara haɓaka, da alama an samar da shi ta hanyar photosynthesizing cyanobacteria (duba Babban Taron Oxygenation waɗanda aka samo su a matsayin burbushin stromatolite daga shekaru biliyan 2.7 da suka gabata. Farkon isotopy na iskar carbon rabon isotope rabo yana ba da shawarar yanayi mai kama da na yanzu, da kuma cewa an kafa ƙa'idodin keɓaɓɓen tsarin carbon tun farkon shekaru biliyan 4 da suka gabata. Tsoffin narkakken ruwa a Gabon da ke tsakanin kimanin shekaru biliyan 2.15 zuwa 2.08 da suka gabata suna ba da rikodin na juyin halittar iskar Oxygen ta Duniya. Wataƙila waɗannan canje -canjen a cikin iskar oxygen ana iya motsa su ta balaguron isotope na Lomagundi. Sararin samaniya na uku Sake saken tsara nahiyoyi ta plate tectonics yana tasiri juyin halittar yanayi na dogon lokaci ta hanyar canza carbon dioxide zuwa da daga manyan kantunan carbonate na nahiyar. Free oxygen bai wanzu a cikin sararin samaniya ba sai kusan shekaru biliyan 2.4 da suka gabata yayin Babban Taron Oxygenation kuma ana nuna kamanninsa ta ƙarshen ƙarfe da aka ɗaure Kafin wannan lokacin, duk wani iskar oxygen da photosynthesis ke samarwa ana cinye shi ta hanyar oxyidation na kayan da aka rage, musamman ƙarfe. Molecules na oxygen kyauta bai fara tarawa a cikin sararin samaniya ba har sai yawan samar da iskar oxygen ya fara wuce samuwar rage kayan da suka cire iskar oxygen. Wannan batu yana nuna juyawa daga yanayi mai ragewa zuwa yanayi mai ƙonewa O 2 ya nuna manyan bambance -bambancen har sai ya kai matsayi na sama da 15% a ƙarshen Precambrian. Lokaci mai zuwa daga shekaru miliyan 541 da suka gabata har zuwa yau shine Phanerozoic Eon, a farkon lokacinsa, Cambrian, isasshen iskar oxygen da ke buƙatar tsarin rayuwa na metazoan ya fara bayyana. Adadin iskar oxygen a sararin samaniya ya canza a cikin shekaru miliyan 600 da suka gabata, ya kai kololuwar kusan kashi 30% kusan shekaru miliyan 280 da suka gabata, wanda ya fi na yau kashi 21%. Manyan matakai guda biyu suna sarrafa canje -canje a cikin yanayi: Shuke -shuke da ke amfani da iskar carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya da sakin iskar oxygen, sannan tsire -tsire ta amfani da wasu iskar oxygen da daddare ta hanyar aikin photorespiration tare da sauran iskar oxygen da ake amfani da su don lalata abubuwan da ke kusa da su. Rushewar pyrite da dusar ƙanƙara ta fito da sulfur a cikin sararin samaniya, wanda ke shaye -shaye don haka yana rage adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin. Koyaya, fashewar dutsen yana kuma sakin carbon dioxide, wanda tsire -tsire na iya juyawa zuwa oxygen. Ba a san ainihin musabbabin bambancin adadin iskar oxygen a cikin sararin ba. Lokaci tare da iskar oxygen da yawa a cikin yanayin yana da alaƙa da saurin haɓaka dabbobi. Yanayin yau yana dauke da iskar oxygen kashi 21%, wanda ya isa sosai ga wannan saurin ci gaban dabbobi. Gurbatar iska Duba kuma Manazarta Yanayi Mukali Muhalli Numfashi Sararin samaniya Sararin samaniyar Pages with unreviewed

21365

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dogon

Mutanen Dogon

Dogon (ko Kaador, Kaado ƙabilu ne masu asali na tsakiyar yankin plateau na Mali, a Afirka ta Yamma, kudu da lanƙwasa Nijar, kusa da garin Bandiagara, da kuma Burkina Faso Yawan mutanen ya kasance tsakanin 400,000 zuwa 800,000. Suna magana da yaren Dogon, waɗanda ake ganin sun zama wani reshe mai zaman kansa na dangin harsunan Nijar-Kongo, ma'ana ba su da kusanci da kowane yare. Dogon an fi saninsa da al'adun addininsu, raye-rayen maskinsu, sassaƙa katako, da kuma gine-ginensu. Tun ƙarni na ashirin, an sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a cikin zamantakewar al'umma, al'adun kayan abu da imanin Dogon, a wani bangare saboda kasar Dogon na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren shaƙatawa na Mali. Labarin ƙasa da tarihi Babban yankin Dogon yana bankin Bandiagara Escarpment, dutsen da ya kai 500 m (1,640.42 ft) babba, mai shimfiɗa kusan 150 kilomita (mil mil 90). A kudu maso gabashin dutsen, ana samun Yankin Séno-Gondo mai yashi, kuma arewa maso yammacin dutsen shi ne Bandiagara Highlands. A tarihance, an kafa ƙauyukan Dogon a yankin Bandiagara shekaru dubu da suka gabata saboda mutane gabaɗaya sun ƙi musulunta kuma sun koma daga yankunan da musulmai ke iko da su. Rashin tsaro na Dogon ta fuskar waɗannan matsin lamba na tarihi ya sa suka gano ƙauyukansu cikin mawuyacin matsayi tare da bangon shingen. Sauran abin da ya shafi zabin wurin matsuguninsu shi ne samun ruwa. Kogin Neja yana nan kusa kuma a cikin dutsen yashi, kuma akwai riɓe mai gudu a ƙasan dutsen a mafi ƙarancin yankin a lokacin damina. Daga cikin Dogon, an rubuta al'adun gargajiya da yawa dangane da asalinsu. Relaaya ya danganta da zuwansu daga Mande, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin shingen Bandiagara kusa da Bamako Dangane da wannan al'adar ta baka, an kuma kafa garin Dogon na farko a cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na ragin a Kani-Na Nazarin kimiyyar binciken tarihi da ilimin kabilanci a cikin yankin Dogon sun kasance suna bayyana musamman game da sasantawa da tarihin muhalli, da kuma game da ayyukan zamantakewar jama'a da fasahohi a wannan yankin cikin dubunnan shekaru. Bayan lokaci, Dogon ya koma arewa tare da rakiyar, yana isa yankin Sanga a cikin karni na 15. Sauran tarihin baka sun sanya asalin Dogon zuwa yamma ta gefen kogin Niger, ko kuma labarin Dogon da ke zuwa daga gabas. Da alama Dogon na yau zuriyar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ne masu asali daban-daban waɗanda suka yi ƙaura don tserewa daga musuluncin Sau da yawa yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin ayyukan kafin Musulunci da ayyukan da suka biyo baya. Amma shari'ar Musulunci classified da Dogon da kuma wasu kabilu na yankin Mossi, Gurma, Bobo, Busa da Yarbawa a matsayin kasancewa a cikin waɗanda ba Canon dar al-Harb kuma saboda haka adalci wasan domin bawa hare-hare shirya yan kasuwa. Yayin da bunƙasar birane ya ƙaru, bukatar bayi a duk yankin Yammacin Afirka ya karu. Abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa da kisan mazauna asalinsu ta hanyar maharan da bautar mata da yara. Kusan shekaru 1000, mutanen Dogon, tsohuwar ƙabilar Mali sun gamu da tsangwama ta fuskar addini da ƙabilanci-ta hanyar jihadi ta hanyar manyan musulmai. Wadannan tafiye-tafiyen jihadi sun kafa kansu don tilasta Dogon ya yi watsi da imanin addininsu na gargajiya don Musulunci. Irin waɗannan jihadin sun sa Dogon ya bar ƙauyukansu na asali kuma ya haura zuwa tsaunukan Bandiagara don ingantaccen tsaro da kuma guje wa tsanantawa-galibi suna gina gidajensu a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi da kwanciya. Zane-zane Dogon zane ya ƙunshi kayan zane-zane. Abun Dogon ya ta'allaka ne da ƙimomin addini, manufa, da 'yanci (Laude, 19). Ba a sanya siffofin Dogon don a gani a bainar jama'a, kuma galibi ana ɓoye su daga idanun jama'a a cikin gidajen iyalai, wurare masu tsarki, ko kuma a ajiye su tare da Hogon (Laude, 20). Mahimmancin sirri shine saboda ma'anar alama a bayan gutsuttsura da kuma hanyar da ake yin su. Jigogin da aka samo a ko'ina cikin gunkin Dogon sun haɗa da siffofi masu dauke da makamai, adadi masu gemu, mahayan dawakai, kujeru da caryatids, mata da yara, siffofin da ke rufe fuskokinsu, matan nika gero na mata, mata dauke da kaya a kawunansu, jakunana ke ɗauke da kofuna, makaɗa, karnuka Alamun wasu abokan hulɗa da asali sun bayyana a cikin fasahar Dogon. Mutanen Dogon ba sune farkon mazaunan tsaunukan Bandiagara ba. Tasiri daga fasahar Tellem a bayyane yake a cikin fasahar Dogon saboda ƙirar zane-zanen ta (Laude, 24). Al'adu da addini Makaho dattijon Dogon, Ogotemmêli, ya koyar da manyan alamomin addinin Dogon ga masanin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan Faransa Marcel Griaule a watan Oktoban shekarar 1946. Griaule ya rayu tsakanin Dogon shekaru goma sha biyar kafin wannan taron tare da Ogotemmêli. Ogotemmêli ya koyar da Griaule labaran addini kamar yadda Ogotemmêli ya koya daga wurin mahaifinsa da kakansa; koyarwar baka wanda ya koya tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin. Abin da ya sa rikodin ya zama da mahimmanci ta fuskar tarihi shi ne cewa mutanen Dogon suna rayuwa cikin al'adarsu ta baka a lokacin da aka rubuta addininsu. Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutanen ƙarshe a Afirka ta Yamma da suka rasa independenceancinsu kuma suka shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa. Mutanen Dogon wadanda Groulele da Germaine Dieterlen masanin halayyar ɗan adam na Faransa suka yi aiki tare a tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 suna da tsarin alamomi wanda ya kai dubbai, gami da "tsarinsu na ilimin taurari da ma'auni na zamani, hanyoyin lissafi da ilimin ilimin lissafi da na ilimin lissafi, kamar yadda kazalika da tsari pharmacopoeia Addinin ya haɗa da ɓangarori da yawa na dabi'a waɗanda ake samu a wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka Babban mahimman ruhaniya a cikin addinin sune tagwayen Nummo Nommo A cewar Ogotemmêli ta bayanin su, da Nummo, wanda shi ma ya koma ga maciji, sun halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da aka sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da macizai, kadangaru, hawainiya, kuma lokaci-lokaci da dabbobi masu shayarwa sloths (saboda su zama m dabba ba a kanta da kuma ciwon m wuyansa) An kuma bayyana su a matsayin kifaye masu iya tafiya a kan ƙasa; yayin da suke kan tudu, Nummo ya tsaya a tsaye kan wutsiyoyinsu. Fatar Nummos ta kasance kore da farko, amma, kamar hawainiya, wani lokacin yakan canza launuka. A wasu lokuta, ana cewa fatar tana da dukkan launuka na bakan gizo. Kauyukan Dogon An gina ƙauyuka tare da raƙuman ruwa da kuma kusa da tushen ruwa. A matsakaici, ƙauye ya ƙunshi kusan gidaje 44 waɗanda aka tsara a kusa da 'ginna', ko gidan shugaban al'umma. Kowane ƙauye ya ƙunshi tsatson asali guda ɗaya (lokaci-lokaci, jinsi da yawa suna yin ƙauye ɗaya) wanda aka bi ta layin maza. An gina gidaje kusa da juna, sau da yawa ana raba bango da benaye. Ƙauyukan Dogon suna da gine-gine daban-daban: Naman gidan maza wurin ajiya na gero da sauran hatsi. Gina tare da rufin rufi. Wannan ginin yana da kariya sosai daga beraye. Adadin ɗakunan hatsi na maza nuni ne ga girma da wadatar guinna. Kayan mata wurin ajiyar kayan mace, mijinta bashi da hanyar shiga. Gina tare da rufin rufi. Yana kama da ɗakin ajiya na maza amma ba shi da kariya daga ɓeraye. Anan, tana ajiye kayanta kamar su tufafi, kayan kwalliya, kudi da dan abinci. Mace tana da digiri na yancin kai na tattalin arziƙi, kuma abin da aka samu da abubuwan da suka shafi kayanta ana adana su a ma'ajiyarta. Misali tana iya yin auduga ko tukwane Adadin ma'ajiyar mata alama ce ga yawan matan da ke zaune a cikin guinna. Tógu nà (wani nau'in harka ne gini ne kawai na maza. Sun huta anan da yawa a duk tsawon lokacin zafi na lokacin rani, suna tattauna lamura kuma suna ɗaukar mahimman shawarwari a cikin toguna Ana yin rufin toguna ta hanyar yadudduka 8 na geron gero. Aasan gini ne wanda mutum baya iya tsayawa a tsaye. Wannan yana taimakawa tare da guje wa tashin hankali lokacin da tattaunawa ta yi zafi. Punulu (gida ne na mata masu haila): wannan gidan yana wajen ƙauyen. Mata ne suka gina shi kuma yana da ƙarancin inganci fiye da sauran gine-ginen ƙauyuka. Matan da suke yin al'adarsu ana daukar su a matsayin marasa tsabta kuma dole ne su bar gidan danginsu su zauna a cikin kwana biyar a wannan gidan. Suna amfani da kayan kicin ne kawai don amfani dasu anan. Suna kawo yaransu kanana. Wannan gidan matattara ce ta mata yayin yamma. Wannan bukkar kuma ana tsammanin tana da wasu alamun alama na haihuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa mazajen da ke aiki a filayen za su iya gani cikin sauƙi waɗanda suka san cewa mata ne kawai waɗanda suke cikin lokacinsu, kuma don haka ba su da ciki, za su iya kasancewa a can Manazarta Rukunin manazartai domin ƙarin bayani wajen bincike game da mutanen Dogon. Al'ummomi Beaudoin, Gerard: Les Dogon du Mali (1997) Ed. BDT Développement. Bedaux, R. J. D. van der Waals (eds.) (2003) Dogon: mythe en werkelijkheid in Mali [Dogon: myth and reality in Mali]. Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology. Griaule, M.: Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotemmêli. (1966) Ed Fayard. (the original French work of Griaule (that was published in 1948) on his discussions with Ogotemmêli) a translation of Morton, Robert (ed.) Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) Walter E.A. van Beek (text) (2001) Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs. New York: Abrams. Sékou Ogobara Dolo: La mère des masques. Un Dogon raconte. (2002) Eds. Seuil Wanono, Nadine Renaudeau, Michel (1996) Les Dogon (photographs by Michel Renaudeau; text by Nadine Wanono). Paris: Éditions du Chêne-Hachette. Eds. Petit Futé. Mali 2005–2006 Harsuna Hantgan, Abbie (2007) Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. A. E. I. K. Durieux-Boon (2004) Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area. SIL International. online version Zane-zane Davis, Shawn R. “Dogon Funerals” in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. 35 Issue 2. Bayanin kafa Ƙabilun Nijar Mutanen Nijar Mutanen Afirka Kabila Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka Al'ummomi Al'umma Al'ada Pages with unreviewed

40535

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenda%20Lewis

Brenda Lewis

Brenda Lewis (Maris 2, 1921 Satumba 16, 2017) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yar wasan operatic soprano, kuma ita ce daraktar Opera kuma mai koyar da waka. Tarihi Ta karanci pre-medicine a takaice at (Pennsylvania State University)inda kuma ta kasance memba a kulob din glee. Daga nan ta sami gurbin karatu a Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Curtis inda ta kasance ɗalibin Emilio de Gogorza da Marion Freschl. Yayin da take daliba a Curtis, Lewis ta fara wasan opera nata na farko a watan Disamba 1939 tana da shekaru 18 a matsayin 'Prima giovinetta' a Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro tare da Sylvan Levin's Philadelphia Opera Company (POC). Ta bayyana a wasu karin ayyuka da POC a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa,ciki har da Esmeralda a cikin (The Bartered Bride) (1940), Minni a cikin Die Fledermaus (1940), Giulietta a cikin Tatsuniyoyi na Hoffmann (1941), Marschallin a cikin Der Rosenkavalier (1941), Yarinya a Spiel oder Ernst (1941), da Dorabella a cikin Così fan tutte (1942). Aiki May 1944 Lewis ta fara halarta ta Manhattan, New York City a Broadway tare da Kamfanin New Opera kamar yadda Hanna Glawari a cikin Bazawar Merry ta Lehar gaban Jan Kiepura.Tare da wannan kamfani an kuma gan ta a Broadway a 1944 a matsayin jarumar take a Ermanno Wolf-Ferrari's Il segreto di Susanna.A cikin 1948 ta koma Broadway don nuna rawar da ƙungiyar Chorus ta mata ta taka a farkon shirin Britten's The Rape of Lucretia na Amurka. A shekara mai zuwa ta ƙirƙiri matsayin Birdie Hubbard a cikin farkon duniya na Marc Blitzstein's Regina. Daga baya ta bayyana matsayin take a waccan opera a New York City Opera (NYCO) a cikin 1953 da 1958. Ta sake komawa Broadway sau biyu a lokacin aikinta, duka a cikin kiɗa: kamar yadda Lotta Leslie a cikin Yarinya a Pink Tights (1954) tare da Tauraruwar ballet ta Faransa Zizi Jeanmaire da soprano Marni Nixonkuma a matsayin Mme. Cole a cikin Cafe Crown (1964). A ƙarshen 1944/farkon 1945 Lewis ya yi rawar Saffi a cikin Gypsy Baron a cikin balaguron balaguron Amurka na NYCO wanda shine ɗan kwakwalwa na impresario Sol Hurok.] Daga nan ta yi ta farko ta Cibiyar Lincoln tare da NYCO a matsayin Santuzza a cikin Cavalleria rusticana. Ta ci gaba da rera wasu karin ayyuka tare da NYCO a cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa, ciki har da Cio-Cio-San a Madama Butterfly, Donna Elvira a cikin Don Giovanni, Idiomantes a cikin Idomeneo, Marenka a cikin Bride Bartered, Marguerite a Faust, da take. rawar a Carmen da Salome da sauransu. A cikin 1959 ta nuna Zinida a cikin ainihin aikin Robert Ward's He Who Gets Slapped. Matsayinta na ƙarshe tare da NYCO shine a cikin wani farkon duniya: rawar take a cikin Lizzie Borden na Jack Beeson a 1965. WGBH ta yi fim ɗin wannan aikin a Boston kuma an watsa shi a cikin ƙasa akan PBS a cikin 1967. Ayyukanta na ƙarshe a Met shine Marie a Wozzeck a cikin Fabrairu 1965. Lewis ta ba da wasanta na farko na duniya a Opéra de Montréal a 1945. Ta yi bayyanuwa da yawa a Teatro Municipal a Rio de Janeiro a cikin 1940s da 1950s, gami da matsayin Venus, Musetta, Santuzza, Marguerite, Marina, da Donna Elvira. A Vienna Volksoper ta nuna matsayin taken a cikin farar hula na Austrian na Cole Porter's Kiss Me, Kate (1956) da Irving Berlin's Annie Get Your Gun (1957). Ta rera waƙa da yawa tare da San Francisco Opera daga 1950 zuwa 1952, gami da Cherubino a cikin Aure na Figaro, Donna Elvira, Giorgetta a Il tabarro, The Marschallin, Musetta, da Salome. A cikin 1956 ta nuna Salome don wasan opera na farko da Houston Grand Opera ta gabatar. A cikin 1960 ta ƙirƙiri rawar Sara a farkon wasan opera na Kirsimeti na Philip Bezanson na Golden Child wanda gidan wasan kwaikwayo na NBC Opera ya ba da izini ga talabijin.. A cikin 1965 ta yi Marie a Wozzeck a Lyric Opera na Chicago tare da Geraint Evans a cikin taken taken. Ɗaya daga cikin wasan opera na ƙarshe da ta yi shine kamar Rosalinde a Kamfanin Grand Opera na Philadelphia a ƙarƙashin sandar Carlo Moresco a cikin Disamba 1967. Bayan ta yi ritaya daga wasan opera a ƙarshen 1960s, Lewis ta ba da lokacinta don shiryawa da kuma jagorantar wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na New Haven Opera daga 1963 zuwa 1973. Daga nan ta shiga sashin koyar da murya a Hartt School of Music a 1973 inda ta koyar da murya da murya shirya wasan opera dalibi na shekaru masu yawa. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Leo da Michael Asen, tare da madugu kuma violist Simon Asen (1911-1984), wanda ta aura daga 1944 har zuwa saki a 1959. Jim kadan bayan rabuwarta da Asen, ta auri injiniya Benjamin Cooper wanda ya kafa kungiyar fasaha ta Amurka. Ta haifi 'yarsu mai suna Edith Cooper a shekara ta 1960. Sun kasance da aure har zuwa mutuwar Cooper a 1991. Mutuwa ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2017 a gidanta da ke Connecticut tana da shekara 96. Mutuwa ta mutu a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 2017 a gidanta da ke Connecticut tana da shekara 96.

13741

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20Abang

Mercy Abang

Mercy Banku Abang ta kasance 'yar jaridar Najeriya ce wacce ta samu lambar yabo a Najeriya. An san ta ne saboda aikinta na tallafin aikin jarida wanda ta mayar da hankali ga mafi yawan jama'a masu rauni. Ita ce mafi mashahurin labarun Najeriya. Mercy ta samu kasancewa acikin shirin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta 2017 (Dag Hammarksjold) Journalism Fellow. Ta shiga gudanar da lura da misalai da yawa kan abubuwan zabe a yankin na yammacin Afirka. Tana da jerin shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, "Tattaunawa tare da Abang Mercy", wacce ta sami baƙi kamar Reno Omokri, Dele Momodu da Chude Jideonwo. A shekarar 2017, an ba ta sunan mace ta shekarar a cikin aikin Jarida. A shekarar 2012, an sanya sunan cikin daya daga cikin Matan Najeriya 10 da za'a iya sanya ido akansu. Ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ba da rahoto game da zaben kasar ta Ghana, tare da rufe tashoshin zabe daban-daban a duk fadin kasar tare da bayar da rahoto game da rawar da masu rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo na kasar Ghana suka yi a yayin zabukan da aka kammala kwanan nan. Ta kuma ba da rahoto mai yawa game da ayyukan fulani makiyaya a Arewacin Najeriya, ziyartar al'ummomin jihar Neja da jawo hankalin jama'ar Najeriya ga labaran da ba a ba da labarinsu ba a cikin al'ummomin Gbagyi. Ta fara ayyukanta ne ta gidan telebijin a matsayinta na wakilin siyasa da Gidan Talabijin mai zaman kanta da Rediyo, Abuja tun tana dan karami, tare da nauyinta na rufe bangarorin siyasa da hukumar zaben. Ta zama mai ilimi a fagen siyasar Najeriya da kuma batun zabe. A ITV Abuja, ta yi aiki a matsayin edita mara kan layi, darektan gabatarwa kuma mai gabatarwa. Ofaya daga cikin shirye-shiryen da aka samar shi ne Wannan Morning a kan ITV, wasan karin kumallo. A da, ta yi aiki tare da sauran takwarorinta na Afirka da kungiyoyin fararen hula wajen yin kawance da bayar da shawarwari, kungiyoyi kamar Oxfam GB Najeriya, Kungiyar Hadin Kan Yankin Afirka ta Yamma, Gidauniyar Heinrich Boell da sauransu. Ta kuma kasance mawuyacin hali ga Kamfanin Associated Press da kuma mai tsara shirin Jaridar Sunday Times na London, da BBC World Service Trust da sauransu. A yayin ayyukanta da Heinrich Boll Foundation, ta yi kasidu da gabatarwa kan yanayin muhalli na Najeriya da kuma abubuwanda zasu sanya gaba nan gaba, a biranen Najeriya da dama ciki har da Legas, Abuja har ma da na duniya, a Berlin da London. Tana da shekaru 20, ta wakilci Najeriya tare da wasu manyan 'yan Afirka na kawance da Yarjejeniyar Kawance da Tattalin Arziki (EPA) tare da Tarayyar Turai da kasashen Afirka da Caribbean (ACP) a Senegal da Gambiya. Mercy ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar mai yada labarai ga gwamnan jihar Cross River, Donald Duke, a lokacin yakin neman zabensa na shugaban kasa a kan kungiyar Kungiyoyin yakin neman zaben Donald Duke. A shekarar 2014, an gayyace ta a taron tattaunawa na shekara-shekara na Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan Mulkin Demokradiyya, kare hakkin Dan-Adam da Shugabanci a Afirka; Na yau da kullun, kalubaloli da kuma tsammanin da aka yi a Filin Safari na Nairobi ganawa da mahalarta daga ƙasashe 40 na Afirka. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2015, Mercy tare da wata yarjaridar kasa da kasa, Kadaria Ahmed na BBC, ta karbi bakuncin ‘yan Najeriya zuwa wani taron zauren gidan talabijin na tsawon awanni 2 tare da Shugaban Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, Attahiru Jega a Abuja. Hakanan, yayin gudanar da zabukan 2015 a watan Satumbar 2014, Mercy ta karade wani taron Legas tare da matasa inda ta tattauna da tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya kuma mai neman takarar shugaban kasa a zaben, Atiku Abubakar Tana ba da gudummawa ga wasu kafofin watsa labarai kamar YNaija da EcoJournalism. and EcoJournalism. Advocacy Mercy mamba ce a cikin kawancen ba da tallafi, Enough is Enough Nigeria ne wanda Chude Jideonwo ya kafa, yana aiki a lokaci daya a cikin Babban Mai Gudanar da Sadarwa. A karkashin EiE, ta shirya tare da gudanar da zauren majami'a da kuma zauren taron gangami don matasa 'yan Najeriya a yankuna shida (6) na siyasa a Najeriya, tare da koya musu yadda ake gudanar da zaben tare da sanar dasu dokokin zaben kasar. A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun jama'a kuma mai sharhi, ta himmatu ga matasa a ciki da wajen Najeriya. A matsayinta na matashi ɗan kasuwa na Afirka, tana aiki tare da matasa kuma ta ci gaba da ba da himma ga ƙarni ta hanyar ƙirƙirar damar aiki da aiki kamar ƙwararren masanin kafofin watsa labarun zamantakewa da mai ba da shawara. Ta kuma taimaka a cikin shirin bayar da tallafi na LightupNigeria wanda Amara Nwankpa ta kirkira tare da kwato kudaden da Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya yi alkawarin ba da magani ga mutanen da ambaliyar ruwan 2013 ta shafa a mahakar gwal a Zamfara. An yiwa mutane tambayoyi A cikin 2017, ban Jaridar Wuta, Mercy, ta yi hira da gwamna Olusegun Mimiko na jihar Ondo, an mai da hankali ne ga masu ba da haihuwa na gargajiya (TBAs) Agbebi da kuma inganta ayyukan su tare da shirin na Abiye da aka bazu a cikin kananan hukumomin 18 (LGAs) har ma da kafa asibitoci biyu na uwayen Yara da Yara don rage Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) da kashi 84.9 wanda ya kasance daga 745 cikin 1000,000 masu haihuwar haihuwa a cikin 2009 zuwa 112 zuwa 100,000 na haihuwar haihuwa a cikin 2016. Mrecy ta yi hira da Farfesa Attahiru Jega, Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC), ta yi hira ta tsawon awa biyu tare da jami’ar wacce aka watsa ta gidan talabijin na Channels kafin tsayayyar takara a zaben 2015 game da yadda ake gudanar da zaben, shirye-shirye. na hukumar, da kuma tsarin aiwatarwa gaba daya. Wancan shine zaben da ya hambarar da tsohon shugaban kasa Goodluck Jonathan wanda ya kai ga jan ragamar mulkin Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja. Atiku Abubakar, Mercy ta yi hira ta sa'o'i biyu tare da tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya kuma mai neman Shugaban kasa tare da hukuncin All Progressives Congress (APC) a yayin gudanar da zaben har zuwa zabuka da kamfen a cikin APC wanda daga karshe ya haifar da fitowar Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari a matsayin mai ba wa tutar jam'iyyar hannu. Manazarta Marubutan

21660

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karamokho%20Alfa

Karamokho Alfa

Ibrahima Musa Sambeghu wanda aka sani da Karamokho Alfa ko Alfa Ibrahim (ya mutu a shekara ta 1751) ya kasance shugaban addinin Fula wanda ya jagoranci jihadi wanda ya samar da imamancin Futa Jallon a cikin yankin da ake kira Guinea yanzu. Wannan shine farkon farkon jihadin Fulbe wanda ya kafa jihohin musulmai a Afirka ta Yamma. Alfa Ba, mahaifin Karamoko Alfa, ya kafa gamayyar kungiyoyin Musulmi na Fulbe kuma ya yi kira da a yi jihadi a shekarar 1725, amma ya mutu kafin fara gwagwarmayar. An kaddamar da jihadin ne a wajajen shekarar 1726-1727. Bayan gagarumar nasara, kammala nasara a Talansan, an kafa jihar a taron tara malamai na Fulbe waɗanda kowannensu ke wakiltar ɗayan lardunan Futa Jallon. Ibrahima Sambeghu, wanda ya zama sananne da Karamokho Alfa, shi ne magajin garin Timbo kuma ɗayan malami tara ne. An zabe shi shugaban jihadi. A karkashin jagorancin sa, Futa Jallon ya zama kasar musulmai ta farko da kungiyar Fulbe ta kafa. Duk da wannan, sauran ulama takwas sun takura wa Karamokho Alfa. Wasu daga cikin sauran Malamai suna da iko fiye da Karamokho Alfa, wanda kai tsaye ya mulki kawai nadin Timbo; saboda wannan dalilin sabuwar jihar koyaushe kungiyar hadin kai ce. Karamoko Alfa ya yi mulkin mulkin mallaka har zuwa shekarar 1748, lokacin da yawan ibadarsa ya sa shi ya zama mai rashin hankali kuma an zaɓi Sori a matsayin de a zahiri shugaba. Karamokho Alfa ya mutu a wajajen 1751 kuma Ibrahim Sori, dan uwansa ne ya gaje shi a hukumance.Abubuwan da ke ciki 1 Bayan Fage 2 Jihadi 3 Sarki 4 Gado 5 Duba kuma 6 Bayanan kula da nassoshi Bayan Fage Futa Jallon yanki ne mai tsauni inda kogunan Senegal da Gambiya suka hau biyu zuwa uku karni na goma sha biyar shanu sun mamaye manoman Susu da Yalunka. A wannan lokacin, makiyayan Fulbe sun fara kaura zuwa yankin, suna kiwo da dabbobinsu a plateaux. Da farko sun aminta da matsayi na lumana zuwa ga Susu da Yalunka. hudu Al’ummomin Fulbe da na Mandé sun yi cakuduwa da juna har zuwa wani lokaci, kuma wanda ya fi zama a cikin Fulbe din ya zo ya yi wa ‘yan uwansu makiyaya kallon raini. biyar Turawa sun fara kafa ofisoshin kasuwanci a gefen tekun Guinea na sama a cikin karni na goma sha bakwai, suna ƙarfafa haɓakar fata da fata da bayi. Makiyayan Fulbe sun fadada garkensu domin biyan bukatar fata. Sun fara gasa ƙasa tare da masu noma, kuma suka zama masu sha'awar cinikin bayi mai riba. hudu Abokan kasuwancinsu musulmai sun kara rinjayi su shida A cikin rubu'in karshe na karni na goma sha bakwai mai ra'ayin kawo sauyi na Zawāyā Nasir al-Din ya ƙaddamar da jihadi don dawo da tsabtar kiyaye addini a yankin Futa Toro zuwa arewa. Ya sami goyon baya daga dangin malamai na Torodbe a kan mayaƙan, amma a shekarar 1677 an ci nasara da motsi. shida Wasu daga cikin Torodbe sun yi hijira kudu zuwa Bundu wasu kuma sun ci gaba zuwa Futa Jallon. bakwai Torodbe, dangin Fulbe na Futa Jallon, sun tasirantu da su zuwa ga rungumar wani nau'in addinin Islama mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi. Jihadi Karamokho Alfa yana cikin GuineaKaramokho Alfa Karamokho Alfa babban birnin Timbo a cikin Guinea ta zamani. An kaddamar da jihadi a wajajen shekarar 1726 ko shekarar 1727.Wannan motsi ya kasance da farko na addini, kuma shugabanninsa sun hada da Mandé da Fulbe marabouts.Jihadin ya kuma jawo hankalin wasu Fulbe wadanda ba Musulmi ba, wadanda suka danganta shi ba kawai ga Musulunci ba amma tare da 'yancin Fulbe daga yin biyayya ga mutanen Mandé. Wasu Fulbe wadanda ba musulmi ba da shugabannin Yalunka wadanda ba musulmi ba sun yi adawa da shi A bisa ga al'adar, Ibrahim Sori ya fara yakin ne a shekarar 1727 ta hanyar lalata takobin da Yalunka yake yi da takobinsa.Daga nan sai masu jihadi suka sami babbar nasara a Talansan.Rukunin musulmai sun ci karfin wanda ba musulmi ba sau goma, suka kashe da yawa daga masu adawa da su.Bayan wannan nasarar an kafa jihar a taron malamai na Fulbe tara wadanda kowannensu ke wakiltar daya daga cikin lardunan Futa Jallon.Ibrahima Sambeghu, wanda ya zama sananne da Karamokho Alfa, ba shi ne magajin garin Timbo kuma ɗayan malami tara ne. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban jihadi.Ya dauki lakabin almami, ko kuma "imami". Karkashin jagorancinsa Futa Jallon ya zama kasar Musulmi ta farko da kungiyar Fulbe ta kafa. Karamoko Alfa ya yi mulkin mulkin mallaka har zuwa shekarar 1748, lokacin da yawan ibadarsa ya sa shi ya zama mai rashin hankali kuma an zaɓi Sori a matsayin de a zahiri shugaba. Karamokho Alfa ya mutu a kusan shekarar 1751 kuma Ibrahim Sori, dan uwansa ne ya gaje shi a hukumance. Sarauta Sauran Ulama takwas ne suka takura wa Karamokho Alfa, kowannensu yana mulkin lardinsa, ko diwal. Tsarin sabuwar jihar Fulbe yana da almami a kanta, Karamokho Alfa shi ne na farko, tare da siyasarsa babban birni a Timbo. Koyaya, wasu daga cikin sauran Malaman sunada karfi fiye da Karamokho Alfa, wanda kai tsaye ya mulki kawai narkar da Timbo. Babban birnin addini ya kasance a Fugumba, inda majalisar mashawarta ta zauna. Majalisar tayi aiki a matsayin karfinta na karfin almami, kuma ulama ta rike ikon cin gashin kanta da yawa, saboda haka sabuwar jihar koyaushe ta kasance tarayyar da take kwance. Karamokho Alfa ya shahara da karantarwar addinin Islama da tsoron Allah. Ya girmama haƙƙin tsofaffin "masanan ƙasa", yana mai cewa "Allah ne ya kafa su." Duk da wannan hukuncin, limamai sun tanadi damar sake sanya filaye, tunda sun rike ta amana ne ga mutane. A zahiri wadanda suka mallaki kadarorin ba a raba su da muhallansu ba, amma yanzu sun bayar da Zakka a matsayin kudin haya. Karamoko Alfa ya mulki kasar ta tsarin mulki har zuwa 1748, lokacin da yawan ibadarsa ta sa shi ya kasance cikin rashin nutsuwa da tunani kuma aka zabi Sori a matsayin shugaba na zahiri. Legacy Karamokho Alfa ya mutu a wajajen 1751 kuma Ibrahim Sori, dan uwansa ne ya gaje shi a hukumance. An zabi Ibrahim Sori Mawdo bayan gazawar Alfa Saliu, dan Karamoko Alfa, wanda ya yi karami sosai.Ibrahim Sori babban kwamandan sojoji ne wanda ya fara jerin yaƙe-yaƙe. Bayan shekaru da yawa na rikici, Ibrahim Sori ya sami gagarumar nasara a shekarar 1776 wanda ya karfafa ikon kasar Fulbe. Jihadi ya cimma burinta kuma Ibrahim Sori ya zama almami. A ƙarƙashin Ibrahima Sori an sayar da bayi don samun kayan yaƙi da ake buƙata don yaƙe-yaƙe. Wannan an dauke shi karbabbe matukar dai bayi ba musulmai ba ne. Jihadin ya samar da wadatattun bayi daga al’ummomin da suka sha kashi wanda watakila ya samar da dalilin ci gaba da yakoki. Ajin mulki na Fulbe ya zama masu wadata bayi da kuma dillalan bayi. An kafa kauyukan bayi, wadanda mazaunansu ke ba da abinci ga iyayen gidansu na Fulba don cinyewa ko sayarwa. Ya zuwa shekarar 2013 Fulbe sun kasance mafi yawan kabilu a Guinea da kashi 40% na yawan jama'a, bayan Malinke (30%) da Susu (20%).Jihadi a Futa Jallon ya biyo bayan jihadi a Futa Toro tsakanin 1769 da 1776 wanda Sileymaani Baal ya jagoranta. Wanda ya fi girma a cikin jihadin Fulani ya kasance karkashin jagorancin malamin nan Usman dan Fodio kuma ya kafa Khalifanci na Sakkwato a cikin 1808, ya fadada zuwa inda yake a yanzu arewacin Najeriya. An kafa kasar Masina ta Fulbe a kudancin Timbuktu a 1818. [Yara a ƙauyen Doucky da ke Futa Jallon a cikin 2005 Karamokho Alfa ya zama ana tunaninsa a matsayin waliyi. An ba da labari game da mu'ujiza da ta faru fiye da shekaru ɗari bayan mutuwarsa. Shugaban Ouassoulounké, Kondé Buraima, ya buɗe kabarin Karamokho Alfa ya yanke hannun hagu na gawar. Jini ya zubo daga yanke wuyan hannu, wanda ya sa Kondé Buraima ya gudu da tsoro. Duba kuma Bayanan kula da nassoshi: BAn ba Ibrahima Sambeghu sunan "Karamokho Alfa" a matsayin shi na babba. "Karamokho" na nufin malami a cikin yaren Mandinka kuma "Alfa" na nufin malami a cikin yaren Fula. Shugabannin Fulbe diwe sun yi amfani da taken "Alfa", ko "malami". Karamokho Alfa shine Alfa na Timbo Diwal. Lardunan su ne Labé, Buriya, Timbi, Kebaali, Kollade, Koyin, Fugumba da Fode Haaji. Kakanin Ibrahima Sambeghu Mamadou Moktar Bari yana da 'ya'ya maza biyu. Fode Seri shi ne kakannin Seriyanke na Fougumba, Fode Seidi shi ne kakan Seidiyanke na Timbo. Jikan Fode Seidi Alfa Kikala shi ne kakan Almami Sory da Karamoko Alfa Bayani: Isichei 1997, p. 301. Ruthven 2006, shafi na. 264. Haggett 2002, shafi na. 2316. Grey 1975, shafi na. 207. Willis 1979, shafi na. 25. Grey 1975, shafi na. 205. Grey 1975, shafi na. 206. Ndukwe 1996, p. 48. Amanat Bernhardsson 2002, p. 244. Ogot 1992, p. 289. Grey 1975, shafi na. 208. Alford 1977, shafi na. 4. Adam 1988, p. 244. Rashedi 2009, p. 38. Ogot 1992, p. 291. Agusta 2010, p. 346. Holt, Lambton Lewis 1977, p. 365. Lapidus 2002, shafi na. 418. Gomez 2002, shafi na. 72. Ogot 1992, p. 292. BA NA. Kwamitin Al'adu 1999, p. 331. Grey 1975, shafi na. 209. Willis 1979, shafi na. 28. Derman Derman 1973, p. 20. Harrison 2003, p. 68. Thornton 1998, p. 315-316. AFRIKA GUINEA CIA. Stanton et al. 2012, shafi. 148. Sanneh 1997, p Majiya:Adamu, Mahadi (1988-11-01). Makiyaya na Savanna Afirka ta Yamma. Jami'ar Jami'ar Manchester. ISBN 978-0-7190-2248-7. An dawo da 2013-02-11."AFRIKA GUINEA". CIA. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Alford, Terry (1977). Yarima Cikin Bayi. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. shafi na. 4. ISBN 978-0-19-504223-8. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Amanat, Abbas; Bernhardsson, Magnus T. (2002-02-09). Tunanin Endarshen: Wahayin wahayi daga Tsohon Gabas ta Tsakiya zuwa Amurka ta zamani. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-86064-724-6. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Derman, William; Derman, Louise (1973). Ma'aikatan Serfs Socialst. Jami'ar California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-01728-3. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Gomez, Michael A. (2002-07-04). Pragmatism a cikin Zamanin Jihad: Preasar Mulkin Bundu. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-52847-4. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Gray, Richard (1975-09-18). Tarihin Cambridge na Afirka. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-20413-2. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Haggett, Bitrus (2002). Encyclopedia na Duniyar Duniya. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-0-7614-7306-0. An dawo da 2013-03-04. Harrison, Christopher (2003-09-18). Faransa da Islama a Afirka ta Yamma, 1860-1960. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 68. ISBN 978-0-521-54112-1. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Holt, P. M.; Lambton, Ann K. S.; Lewis, Bernard (1977-04-21). Tarihin Cambridge na Islama Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-29137-8. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Isichei, Elizabeth (1997-04-13). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Afirka har zuwa 1870. Cambridge University Press. shafi na. 301. ISBN 978-0-521-45599-2. An dawo da 2013-02-10.Lapidus, Ira M. (2002-08-22). Tarihin Soungiyoyin Islama. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. shafi na. 418. ISBN 978-0-521-77933-3. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Ndukwe, Pat I. (1996). Fulani. Rosungiyar enabi'ar Rosen. shafi na. 48. ISBN 978-0-8239-1982-6. An dawo da 2013-02-10 Ogot, Betwell Allan (2010). História Geral da África Vol. V África do século XVI ao XVIII. UNESCO. shafi na. 346. ISBN 978-85-7652-127-3. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Rashedi, Khorram (Janairu 2009). Histoire du Fouta-Djallon. Harmattan. shafi na. 38. ISBN 978-2-296-21852-9. An dawo da 2013-02-11. Ruthven, Malise (2006-02-24). Musulunci a Duniya. Jami'ar Oxford ta Latsa. ISBN 978-0-19-977039-7. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Sanneh, Lamin O. (1997). Kambi da rawani: Musulmai da Yammacin Afirka da yawa. Littattafai na asali. ISBN 978-0-8133-3058-7. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Stanton, Andrea L.; Ramsamy, Edward; Seybolt, Peter J.; Elliott, Carolyn M. (2012-01-05). Al'adu na Zamani na Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka: An Encyclopedia. SAGE. ISBN 978-1-4129-8176-7. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Thornton, John (1998-04-28). Afirka da 'yan Afirka a cikin Yin duniyar Atlantic, 1400-1800. Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge. ISBN 978-0-521-62724-5. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Al'adun UN Comité de (1999-01-01). Histoire générale de l'Afrique.: Juzu'i na V, L'Afrique du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle. UNESCO. ISBN 978-92-3-201711-6. An dawo da 2013-02-10. Willis, John Ralph (1979). Nazarin Tarihin Musulunci na Afirka ta Yamma. Cass. ISBN 978-0-7146-1737-4. An dawo da 2013-02-10.

22246

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20Adam%20a%20Najeriya

Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Najeriya

Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Nijeriya an kiyaye a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulki na yanzu na shekara ta 1999. Duk da yake Najeriya ta samu cigaba sosai game da ƴancin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin wannan kundin tsarin mulki, Rahoton Yancin Dan Adam na Amurka na Shekara ta 2012 ya lura da wurare da yawa da ake buƙatar ƙarin haɓaka, wanda ya haɗa da: cin zarafin da Boko Haram, kashe-kashe daga sojojin gwamnati, rashin daidaito tsakanin jama'a da batutuwa tare da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Rahoton Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya na Shekara ta 2015 ya kuma nuna cewa tsananin tashin hankali daga kungiyar Boko Haram, takaita hakkokin LGBTIQ da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati na ci gaba da lalata matsayin 'yancin dan adam a Najeriya. Tarihi tun daga samun 'yancin kai A tsakanin Ƴancin ta a shekara ta 1960 da dawowar mulkin dimokiraɗiyya a Shekara ta 1999, Nijeriya ta sami zaɓaɓɓun Shugabannin ƙasashe biyu, ɗayan da aka nada, magajin soja ɗaya da juyin mulki sau 7 watau mulkin soja. Juyin mulki a cikin sauki yana nufin yakin da aka yi tsakanin shugabannin sojoji da ke jagorantar wata jiha don kwace ko hambarar da shugaban kasa mai ci, ko dai saboda mai ci ya kasance mai cin hanci da rashawa ko kuma ba zai iya cika duk abubuwan da yake ganin ya dace da kasar a ciki ba lokacin aikinsa. A cikin Shekara ta 1979, Najeriya ta amince da tsarin shugaban kasa domin a tabbatar da daman zaben wadanda za su mulke su da sabon kundin tsarin mulki Wannan kundin tsarin mulki ya ba da tabbaci game da 'yancin ɗan adam wanda ke taɓarɓarewa ko yaushe. Gwamnatin Janar Ibrahim Babangida, da sauransu, an lura da ita wajen keta haddin dan adam. Kodayake Nijeriya ta himmatu wajen rattaba hannu tare da rattaba hannu kan yarjeniyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya, to amma ta ga kalubale lokacin da ake kokarin aiwatar da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi a cikin gida. Najeriya tana aiki ne a karkashin tsari biyu kuma ba za ta iya amfani da yarjeniyoyin kasa da kasa ba sai dai idan majalisun dokokin Najeriya sun amince da su. Bugu da kari, kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya kare hakkokin jama'a da siyasa, amma yarjeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Yarjejeniyar Afirka suma sun fadada kariya ga al'adu, tattalin arziki, da 'yancin kungiyoyi. Saboda kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya doka ce mafi girma, Kotun Koli ta Najeriya sau da yawa takan warware rikice-rikice don nuna goyon baya ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki, don haka take takaita fadada yiwuwar 'yancin dan Adam. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki Lokacin da Janar Babangida ya hau mulki a shekara ta 1985 ya soke Dokar mai lamba 4 na Shekara ta 1984, dokar da ta sanya aikata laifi a buga duk wani abu da ake ganin abin kunya ne ko kuma ya saba wa bukatun gwamnati, akwai sabon fata na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki da jama'a da kafofin watsa labarai. A cikin mulkin Babangida, haƙuri na siyasa ya faru na ɗan lokaci. Ko yaya, wannan taƙaitacciyar hanyar neman 'yancin ɗan adam ta ɓarke lokacin da gwamnatin ta fara kulle masu sukarta da korar ma'aikata waɗanda ba su inganta ra'ayoyinsu da manufofinsu. Wannan gwamnatin ta rufe jaridu da haramtattun kungiyoyi fiye da kowane a tarihin Najeriya bayan mulkin mallaka. Paparazzi a Najeriya galibi ya kasance yana fuskantar dabarun tsoro da tursasawa. An yi wa ‘yan jarida“ tattaunawa ”tare da Hukumar tsaron Jiha wanda ya shafi barazanar da kuma yiwuwar ɗaure shi. Ana cigaba da rufe jaridar. A cikin Shekara ta 1990, Jamhuriyar, Newbreed, Lagos Daily News, The Punch, da sauran jaridu daban-daban gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe su a wani lokaci. A shekara ta 1999, sabon kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya ya sami kariya daga faɗin albarkacin baki Sai dai kuma daga baya aka zartar da dokokin A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2020, rahoton ‘Yan Jarida ba tare da Border World Press Freedom Index ya fitar da Nijeriya 115 cikin kasashe 180 da aka gudanar da bincike ba. Masu rahoto ba tare da iyaka ba sun ba da misali da kashewa, tsarewa da kuma cin zarafin ‘yan jarida tare da kokarin rage gwamnatin da ke yankin a matsayin dalilin da ya sa aka kara darajar. Koyaya, wannan darajar ta fi ta 146 wacce Transparency International ta baiwa Najeriya a farkon wannan shekarar dangane da cin hanci da rashawa Rahoton Reporters without Border ya kuma cigaba da cewa “Tare da sama da jaridu masu zaman kansu sama da 100, kasar da ta fi kowace kasa yawan jama’a a Afirka na jin dadin kafafen yada labarai na gaske amma bayar da labaran da suka shafi siyasa, ta’addanci ko satar kudade daga masu karfi yana da matukar matsala. Take hakkin Gwamnati Sojoji A watan Maris na shekara ta 2020, ya bayyana cewa wasu sojojin Najeriya sun yi amfani da damar karancin abinci a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke cikin jihar Borno tare da yi wa mata fyade a sansanonin yan gudun hijira da aka tanadar mata don ba su abincin. Wadannan karancin abinci na yan gudun hijirar suma sun haifar da mutuwar "dubunnan mutane" tun daga shekara ta 2015. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu Sojoji uku a jihar Legas saboda bayar da barazanar fyade ga mata. A ranar 21 ga Mayun, shekara ta 2020, an kame wasu ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke jihar Legas, Kehinde Elijah da Ezeh Joseph saboda samun su da hannu a kisan wani dan sanda mai mukamin sajan a ranar 10 ga Mayun shekara ta 2020. Masu harbe-harben, wadanda daga baya aka tsare su a hannun sojoji, wani jami'in 'yan sanda na Najeriya ya taimaka ma su kuma ana neman su da "laifukan ta'addanci." Ƴan sanda A Nijeriya ana kallon Yan Sandan Najeriya a matsayin marasa inganci da cin rashawa. Rundunar Hadin Gwiwa ta Najeriya (JTF) ta ba da isasshen martani da karfi wajen kai hare-hare na ƙungiyar Boko Haram. JTF na da hannu wajen kashe wadanda ake zargi ba tare da fuskantar shari'a ba tare da kashe bazuwar al'ummomin da ake zargi da tallafawa ƙungiyar Boko Haram. Duba kuma Hukumar Kare Hakkin Bil'adama ta Kasa (Najeriya) Fataucin mutane a Najeriya Binciken yanar gizo da sa ido a Najeriya Hakkokin (LGBT) a Najeriya Siyasar Najeriya Rikicin gama gari a Najeriya Ajiye Childrenananan Witan mayu na Afirka Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Wakokin GQOM Fakaz A Song Mai yiwuwa Télécharger Rahoton shekara-shekara na 2012 na Amnesty International Rahoton 'Yanci a cikin Rahoton Duniya na 2011 na Freedom House Rahoton Duniya na 2012, na Human Rights Watch Tsarin Ayyuka na Kasa don Ingantawa Kare 'Yancin Dan Adam a Nijeriya, 2006 Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin muhalli Muhalli Yanayi Rajin Kare Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

54398

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Paine

Tim Paine

Timothy David Paine (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984) tsohon dan wasan cricket ne na Australiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din kungiyar cricket ta Australiya a wasan cricket na gwaji Dan wasan kwallon kafa na hannun dama kuma mai tsaron gida, yana taka leda a Tasmanian Tigers a wasan kurket na cikin gida na Australiya kuma ya kasance kyaftin din Hobart Hurricanes kafin a zaba shi a Australia a cikin jerin Ashes na 2017-18. A lokacin da yake tare da Ostiraliya, Paine ya lashe gasar cin kofin ICC ta 2009. Wani samfurin Kwalejin Cricket ta Australiya, Paine ya zama dan wasan kwangila mafi ƙanƙanta a Ostiraliya, lokacin da ya sami kwangilar rookie tare da Tasmania yana da shekaru 16. Ya yi wasan farko da na farko na Tasmania a shekara ta 2005; ya zira kwallaye na kwana daya daga baya a kakar 2005-06, da kuma karni biyu, 215, a wasansa na gaba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na yarinyar Sheffield Shield ta jihar a wannan kakar da kuma 2007-08 ta lashe gasar kwana daya. Paine ya fara buga wasan ODI na farko a Australia a matsayin mai maye gurbin mai tsaron gida na yau da kullun Brad Haddin a 2009 a kan Scotland. Wani ci gaba da rauni ga Haddin a shekarar 2010 ya shirya hanyar ga gwajin farko na Paine da Pakistan a Ingila. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya taka leda a wasu gwaje-gwaje biyu da ya yi da Indiya, kafin Haddin ya dawo don jerin Ashes na 2010-11. Tun daga wannan lokacin gami da kusan cikakkun yanayi biyu da ya ɓace saboda rauni bai kasance na yau da kullun a gefen wasan kurket na Australiya ba daga Afrilu 2011 har zuwa tunatarwarsa don jerin Ashes na 2017/2018 lokacin da duka Peter Nevill da Matthew Wade suka kasa burge masu zaɓe. Wannan gagarumin dawowa ne ga Paine, wanda ba na yau da kullun ba ne a gefen jihar Tasmania kuma kafin kakar dole ne kocin Adam Griffith ya gamsu da kada ya yi ritaya. Bayan tsohon kyaftin din Australiya Steve Smith ya yarda da shiga cikin wani abin da ya faru a lokacin gwajin na uku da aka yi da Afirka ta Kudu a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Smith da mataimakin kyaftin din David Warner sun tsaya daga matsayinsu na jagoranci a tsakiyar wasan. An sanar da Paine a matsayin kyaftin din wucin gadi na kwanaki biyu na karshe na wasan. An tabbatar da shi a matsayin kyaftin na 46 na ƙungiyar gwajin Australiya a ranar 28 ga Maris 2018 daga Shugaba na Cricket Australia James Sutherland lokacin da aka dakatar da Smith da Warner kuma aka mayar da su Australia tare da Cameron Bancroft. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2021, Paine ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sauka a matsayin kyaftin din gwajin Australia, saboda wani lokaci na halin da bai dace ba a filin wasa a lokacin 2017 inda ya aika da sakonni ga wata mata. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2021, Paine ya ce zai dauki hutu daga wasan "don makomar da za a iya gani". Rayuwa ta farko Paine ya zama kyaftin din Tasmania a matakin kasa da shekaru 15 da kasa da shekaru 17, tare da kasancewa memba na tawagar kasa da shekaru 19 yana da shekaru goma sha biyar kawai. Ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin din 'yan kasa da shekara 17 na Australia, kafin ya zira kwallaye na farko a Jami'arsa a Hobart. "Ko da yaushe shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ke wasa wasan kurket, "in ji mahaifinsa. "Mun zauna a titin da ya dace kuma muna zaune kusa da rairayin bakin teku [a cikin unguwar Lauderdale] don haka suna wasa da ɗan wasan cricket na rairayin kan teku. Mun kasance muna da filin wasan cricket a bayan gidanmu wanda shine hanyar shiga kuma maƙwabta na gaba suna da wicket wanda yara maza ke amfani da shi don mirginawa da yankawa da yin duk irin wannan abu. Don haka dole ne ya koyi tun yana ƙarami ina tsammanin ya kasance mai ƙarfi kuma ya fi gasa. Yayinda yake ƙarami, Paine ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya an dauke shi da kyau don yin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL) kuma ɗan'uwansa Nick, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa huɗu, yana taka leda a Kungiyar Kwando ta Tasmanian tare da Clarence Football Club. Kakan Paine, Robert Shaw, dan wasan AFL ne kuma kocin. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Sakandare ta Bayview da Kwalejin Rosny A shekara ta 16, Paine ya zama dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida na Australiya mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin kwangila lokacin da ya sami kwangilar A 10,000 tare da Tasmania sabon abu a cikin wasan ƙwallaye na Australiya. Bayan da Cricket Australia ta ba da izinin kwangilar rookie Paine ya ce, "Waɗannan sabbin kwangilar babban ra'ayi ne; Ina da farin ciki sosai game da su ko ta yaya! Yana da kyau a ba matasa 'yan wasa wani abu [a kan waɗannan layin] don nuna musu cewa suna cikin tunanin masu gudanarwa da masu horar da su. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, an sanar da shi kyaftin din tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 ta Australia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta U-19 ta 2004 a Bangladesh, wanda aka buga a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekara ta 2004. An cire shi daga ayyukan kiyaye wicket, Paine ya zira kwallaye 142 a matsakaicin 23.66 kuma ya kama sau biyu, tare da ɗaukar wickets bakwai a matsakaitan 22.28 a wasanni takwas. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ta rasa wasan karshe na Under-19 Plate Championship ga Bangladesh. Ayyukan wasan cricket 2005-2009: Farkon aikin cikin gida Paine ya fara bugawa Tasmanian wasa na farko a matsayin mai buga kwallo a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, a lokacin wasan ING Cup na rana daya da Yammacin Australia a Perth, inda ya zira kwallaye 28 daga kwallaye 44. Farkonsa na farko ya zo ba da daɗewa ba a matsayin mai buɗewa lokacin da Tasmania ta buga Kudancin Australia a Hobart a watan Disamba. Da yake buɗe batting, Paine ya zira kwallaye (zero) a cikin innings na farko da 17 a cikin na biyu yayin da aka zana wasan. Ya sanya budurwarsa List A century a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 111 a gasar cin kofin ING. A kakar wasa mai zuwa ya yi karni na farko na farko tare da 215 a kan Yammacin Australia a wasan Pura Cup a Perth a watan Oktoba 2006. A farkon aikinsa shi ne mai tsaron gida na biyu na Tasmania, a bayan Sean Clingeleffer, musamman a matakin farko, kafin ya ɗauki matsayin Clingelefer har abada a ƙarshen 2007. Paine ya taka leda a matsayin mai buga kwallo a gasar Sheffield Shield ta Tasmania a 2006-07, inda ya zira kwallaye da biyar. Duk da karancin nasarorin da ya samu a wasan karshe, Paine shine mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye a Tasmania a gasar kwana daya a wannan kakar. Ya ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo na rana ɗaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa wanda Tasmania ta lashe kofin Ford Ranger, ta tara 261 kuma ta tattara korafe-korafe 21. 2008-09 ta ga Paine ya zira kwallaye 445 Sheffield Shield yana gudana a 29.66 tare da korafe-kashen 42. Girmansa ya gan shi ya zama mataimakin kyaftin din Tasmanian a gaban kakar 2009-10. A farkon shekara ta 2009, an zaɓi Paine don buga wa Australia 'A' wasa da Pakistan 'A' a cikin jerin wasannin rana ɗaya da na farko. Da yake wasa a filin Allan Border a Brisbane, Paine ya zira kwallaye 134 a kwallaye 136 a wasan na uku na rana ɗaya don samun nasarar jerin ga ƙungiyar 'A' ta Australia. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

61682

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatah

Fatah

Fatah tsohuwar Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Falasɗinawa ta Falasdinu, jam'iyyar siyasa ce ta Falasɗinawa mai kishin ƙasa da zamantakewa Wannan dai shi ne bangare mafi girma na jam'iyyu masu fafutukar 'yantar da 'yancin Falasdinu (PLO) kuma jam'iyya ta biyu mafi girma a Majalisar Dokokin Falasdinu (PLC). Mahmoud Abbas, shugaban hukumar Falasdinu, shi ne shugaban kungiyar Fatah. An yi la'akari da cewa kungiyar Fatah ta kasance da hannu a cikin gwagwarmayar juyin juya hali a baya kuma ta ci gaba da rike kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da dama Fatah dai an san shi da shugabancin wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban kungiyar Yasser Arafat, har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, lokacin da Farouk Kaddoumi bisa tsarin mulki ya gaje shi zuwa mukamin shugaban Fatah, ya kuma ci gaba da rike mukamin har zuwa shekara ta 2009, lokacin da aka zabi Abbas a matsayin shugaba. Tun bayan rasuwar Arafat, qungiyoyin bangaranci a cikin harkar aqida sun fara bayyana. A zaben 2006 na PLC, jam'iyyar ta rasa rinjaye a PLC a hannun Hamas Nasarar majalisar dokokin Hamas ta haifar da rikici tsakanin Fatah da Hamas, tare da Fatah ta ci gaba da rike ikon Hukumar Falasdinawa a Yammacin Kogin Jordan ta hannun shugabanta. Har ila yau, Fatah na taka rawa wajen kula da sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu Asalin suna Cikakken sunan wannan yunkuri shi ne ḥa rakat al- ta ḥrīr al-waṭanī al- F ilasṭīnī, ma'ana "Falasdinawa National Liberation Movement". Daga wannan aka ƙirƙira juzu'i da juzu'i Fatḥ (wanda aka fassara shi da Ingilishi a matsayin "Fatah") ma'ana "buɗe", "ci", ko "nasara". Ana amfani da kalmar “fatḥ” ko “fatah” a cikin jawaban addini don ma’anar fadada Musulunci a ƙarni na farko na tarihin Musulunci. kamar yadda yake a cikin Fatḥ al-Sham, “Masarautar yan Shi’a “Fatah” kuma yana da ma’ana ta addini domin ita ce sunan <i id="mwWQ">sura</i> ta 48 (babi) na Alqur’ani wanda a cewar manyan malaman tafsirin musulmi ya yi cikakken bayani kan labarin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah A cikin shekaru biyu na zaman lafiya bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, da dama sun musulunta, wanda hakan ya kara wa bangaren musulmi karfi. Sabanin wannan yarjejeniya da kuraishawa suka yi ne ya jawo mamaye Makka Yasser Arafat ya ba da misali da wannan kafa ta Musulunci a matsayin hujjar sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Oslo da Isra'ila. Tarihi Kafuwa An kafa kungiyar Fatah a shekara ta 1959 daga wasu 'yan uwa na Palasdinawa, musamman kwararrun da ke aiki a kasashen Tekun Fasha wadanda suka yi karatu a Alkahira ko Beirut kuma suka kasance 'yan gudun hijira a Gaza Wadanda suka kafa sun hada da Yasser Arafat, sannan shugaban kungiyar daliban Falasdinawa (GUPS) a jami'ar Alkahira Salah Khalaf Khalil al-Wazirir da Khaled Yashruti, sannan GUPS shugaban a Beirut. Fatah ta amince da akidar kishin kasa ta Falasdinu wadda larabawan Falasdinawan za su sami 'yanci ta hanyar ayyukansu. 1967-93 Fatah ta zama mai karfi a siyasar Falasdinu bayan yakin kwanaki shida a shekarar 1967. Fatah ya shiga kungiyar 'yantar da Falasdinu (PLO) a cikin 1967, kuma an kasafta kujeru 33 cikin 105 a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na PLO Yasser Arafat na Fatah ya zama Shugaban PLO a 1969, bayan Yahya Hammuda ya ba shi mukamin. A cewar BBC, "Mr Arafat ya karbi ragamar shugabancin kwamitin zartarwa na PLO a shekara ta 1969, a shekarar da aka ce Fatah ta kai hare- hare 2,432 a kan Isra'ila." Yaƙin Karameh A cikin 1968, Fatah da sauran kungiyoyin Falasdinawa masu dauke da makamai sun kasance wani babban hari da dakarun tsaron Isra'ila (IDF) suka kai a kauyen Karameh na Jordan, inda hedkwatar Fatah.da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar Falasdinu masu matsakaicin girmasun kasance. Sunan garin shi ne kalmar larabci da ake kira "daraja" wanda ya daga darajarsa ga al'ummar Larabawa, musamman bayan shan kayen da Larabawa suka yi a shekarar 1967. An kai harin ne a matsayin martani ga hare-haren da ake kai wa Isra'ila, ciki har da makaman roka da kungiyar Fatah da wasu mayakan Falasdinawa suka harba a yankin yammacin gabar kogin Jordan da ta mamaye. An samu ilimin aikin tun kafin lokaci, kuma gwamnatin Jordan (da kuma wasu kwamandojin Fatah) sun sanar da Arafat game da manyan shirye-shiryen soji na Isra'ila. Da jin wannan labari, kungiyoyin 'yan daba da dama a yankin da suka hada da sabuwar kungiyar George Habash da aka kafa ta Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) da kungiyar Nayef Hawatmeh ta ballewar kungiyar Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine (DFLP), sun janye dakarunsu daga garin. Wani kwamandan sashin da ke goyon bayan Fatah na Jordan ya shawarci shugabannin Fatah da su janye mutanensu da hedkwatarsu zuwa tsaunuka da ke kusa, amma bisa umarnin Arafat, Fatah ta ci gaba da zama, kuma Sojojin Jordan sun amince su mara musu baya idan aka yi kazamin fada. A daren ranar 21 ga Maris, IDF ta kai hari Karameh da manyan makamai, motoci masu sulke da jiragen yaki. Fatah dai ta rike madafun iko, tana ba sojojin Isra'ila mamaki. Yayin da sojojin Isra'ila ke kara kaimi, sojojin Jordan sun shiga hannu, lamarin da ya sa Isra'ilawa suka ja da baya domin gudun kada a gwabza yaki. A karshen yakin, an kashe mayakan Fatah kusan 150, da kuma sojojin Jordan 28 da sojojin Isra'ila ashirin da takwas. Duk da yawan mutuwar Larabawa, Fatah sun dauki kansu a matsayin masu nasara saboda saurin janyewar sojojin Isra'ila. Baƙar Satumba A karshen shekarun 1960, rikici tsakanin Palasdinawa da gwamnatin Jordan ya karu matuka; Ƙungiyoyin juriya na Larabawa masu ɗauke da makamai sun haifar da "kasa a cikin ƙasa" a cikin Jordan, wanda a ƙarshe ya mallaki wurare masu mahimmanci a wannan ƙasa. Bayan nasarar da suka samu a yakin Karameh, Fatah da sauran mayakan Falasdinawa sun fara mamaye harkokin rayuwar jama'a a Jordan. Sun kafa shingayen hanya, sun wulakanta jami'an 'yan sandan Jordan a bainar jama'a, suna lalata da mata da kuma karbar harajin da ba bisa ka'ida ba wanda Arafat ya amince ko ya yi watsi da su. A cikin 1970, gwamnatin Jordan ta koma don dawo da ikon yankinta, kuma washegari. Sarki Hussein ya ayyana dokar ta-baci A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, sojojin Jordan sun sami galaba a yakin, kuma bayan kwana biyu Arafat da Hussein sun amince da tsagaita wuta. Sojojin Jordan sun yi mummunar barna kan Falasdinawa ciki har da fararen hula wadanda suka yi asarar kusan 3,500. Mayakan Fatah dubu biyu ne suka yi nasarar shiga Syria Sun tsallaka kan iyakar kasar ta Labanon ne domin hada kai da dakarun Fatah a kasar, inda suka kafa sabuwar hedikwatarsu. Wani babban gungun mayakan sa-kai karkashin jagorancin kwamandan yankin Fatah Abu Ali Iyad ne suka kaddamar da farmakin da sojojin Jordan suka kai a garin Ajlun da ke arewacin kasar har zuwa lokacin da aka fatattake su a watan Yulin shekarar 1971. An kashe Abu Ali Iyad tare da wasu daga cikin dakarunsa da suka tsira sun kafa kungiyar ta Fatah ta Black September A watan Nuwamban 1971, kungiyar ta kashe firaministan kasar Jordan Wasfi al-Tal a matsayin ramuwar gayya ga hukuncin kisa na Abu Ali Iyad. A shekarun 1960 da 1970, Fatah ta ba da horo ga kungiyoyin 'yan tada kayar baya na Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya, da Afirka da dama, tare da kai hare-hare da dama kan wuraren da Isra'ila ta harba a yammacin Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya a cikin shekarun 1970s. Wasu kungiyoyin 'yan ta'addan da ke da alaka da Fatah, da wasu daga cikin yan ta'addan da ke cikin Fatah ita kanta, sun kai hare-haren ta'addanci na farar hula da hare-haren ta'addanci, tare da alakanta su da Black September, Majalisar Fatah-Revolutionary Council Abu Nidal, kungiyar Abu Musa, PFLP, da PFLP-GC. Fatah ta samu makamai da bama-bamai da horo daga Tarayyar Soviet da wasu daga cikin jahohin gurguzu na Gabashin Turai. Kasashen Sin da Aljeriya su ma sun ba da kayan yaki. Fatah ta taimaka wa Uganda a lokacin Yaƙin Uganda-Tanzaniy. Mambobin kungiyar sun yi yaki tare da sojojin Uganda da na Libya da sojojin kasar Tanzaniya a lokacin yakin Lukaya da faduwar Kampala, amma daga karshe aka tilasta musu ja da baya daga kasar. Lebanon Tun bayan mutuwar Eljamal a shekara ta 1968, lamarin Falasdinu yana da babban sansanin magoya baya a Lebanon. Ko da yake da farko sun yi jinkirin shiga cikin rikicin, Arafat da Fatah sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin basasar Lebanon Da yake mika wuya ga matsin lamba daga kungiyoyin PLO irin su PFLP, DFLP da Palestine Liberation Front (PLF), Fatah ta hada kai da 'yan gurguzu da Nasserist Lebanon National Movement (LNM). Ko da yake tun asali yana da alaka da Fatah, shugaban Syria Hafez al-Assad na fargabar a rasa wani tasiri a Lebanon tare da sauya sheka. Ya aike da sojojinsa tare da kungiyoyin Falasdinawa na As-Sa’iqa da ke samun goyon bayan Siriya da kuma Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine General Command (PFLP-GC) karkashin jagorancin Ahmad Jibril don su yi yaki tare da dakarun Kirista da ke yakar PLO da Farashin LNM. Babban bangaren mayakan kiristoci shine Maronite Phalangists Sojojin Phalangist sun kashe masu horar da Fatah ashirin da shida a cikin wata motar safa a cikin watan Afrilun 1975, wanda ke nuna a hukumance fara yakin basasar Lebanon na tsawon shekaru 15. A cikin wannan shekarar, kawancen mayakan sa-kai na Kirista sun mamaye sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Falasdinawa na Karantina inda suka kashe fararen hula sama da 1,000. PLO da LNM sun yi ramuwar gayya ta hanyar kai hari a garin Damour, wani yanki na Phalangist da Tigers (Ahrar), inda suka kashe fararen hula 684. Yayin da yakin basasar ya ci gaba sama da shekaru 2 na yakin birane, bangarorin biyu sun yi amfani da manyan bindigogi da kuma yin amfani da sandunan sari-ka-noke, yayin da bangarorin biyu suka aikata ta'asa da laifukan yaki. A cikin 1976, tare da taimakon dabarun tsare-tsare daga Sojojin Labanon, kawancen mayakan sa kai na Kirista, karkashin jagorancin Jam'iyyar Liberal Party ta National Liberal Party na tsohon shugaban kasa Cammille Chamoun reshen tsageru, noumour el ahrar (NLP Tigers), ya dauki wani muhimmin sansanin 'yan gudun hijira a yankin Gabas. na Beirut, sansanin Tel al-Zaatar, bayan da aka shafe watanni shida ana yi masa kawanya, wanda aka fi sani da Tel al-Zaatar, inda daruruwan mutane suka halaka. Arafat da Abu Jihad sun zargi kansu da rashin nasarar shirya wani aikin ceto. Hare-haren wuce gona da iri na PLO kan Isra'ila ya dan yi girma a karshen shekarun 1970. mafi tsananiwanda aka fi sani da kisan kiyashin titin Coastal Roadya faru a ranar 11 ga Maris, 1978. Dakarun mayakan na Fatah kusan goma ne suka sauka da kwale-kwalen su a kusa da wata babbar hanyar gabar teku da ta hada birnin Haifa da Tel Aviv-Yafo A can ne suka yi awon gaba da wata motar safa tare da yin harbe-harbe a ciki da kuma kan motocin da ke wucewa, inda suka kashe fararen hula talatin da bakwai. Dangane da mayar da martani, dakarun na IDF sun kaddamar da Operation Litani bayan kwanaki uku, da nufin karbe ikon Kudancin Lebanon har zuwa kogin Litani IDF ta cimma wannan buri, kuma Fatah ta koma arewa zuwa Beirut Isra'ila ta sake mamaye Lebanon a 1982. Ba da daɗewa ba IDF ta yi wa Beirut kawanya tare da jefa bama-bamai; don kawo karshen kewayen, gwamnatocin Amurka da na Turai sun kulla yarjejeniya da ke ba da tabbacin wucewa ga Arafat da Fatah.dakarun kasa da kasa ke gadinsudon gudun hijira a Tunis Duk da gudun hijirar, kwamandoji da mayakan Fatah da dama sun kasance a Labanon, kuma sun fuskanci yakin sansanonin a shekarun 1980 a yakin da suka yi da kungiyar Shi'a Amal da ma alaka da rikicin cikin gida a tsakanin bangarorin Palasdinawa. Bayan 1993 Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa Har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2004, Arafat ya jagoranci hukumar Falasdinawa ta Palasdinawa, wanda ya kasance na wucin gadi da aka kirkira a sakamakon yarjejeniyar Oslo. Jim kadan bayan rasuwar Arafat ne aka zabi Farouk Kaddoumi a matsayin wanda yake ci gaba da rikewa. Fatah ta zabi Mahmoud Abbas a zaben shugaban kasar Falasdinu a shekara ta 2005 A cikin 2005, Hamas ta yi nasara a kusan dukkanin gundumomin da ta yi takara Wani mai sharhi kan harkokin siyasa Salah Abdel-Shafi ya shaida wa BBC irin wahalhalun da shugabancin Fatah ke fuskanta: "Ina ganin abu ne mai matukar tsanani.a fili yake cewa ba za su iya cimma matsaya kan komai ba.” Ana ganin Fatah “yana matukar bukatar gyara,” kamar yadda “Ayyukan PA din ya kasance labarin cin hanci da rashawa da gazawa.kuma Fatah ta lalace.” Bangarorin da ke dauke da makamai Fatah dai na rike da kungiyoyi da dama tun kafuwarta. Babban reshensa na soja shine al-'Asifah An yi la'akari da cewa Fatah yana da hannu sosai a cikin ayyukan ta'addanci a baya, ko da yake ba kamar kungiyar Hamas mai kishin Islama ba, Fatah ba ta kasance a matsayin kungiyar ta'addanci ba a kowace gwamnati. Fatah ya kasance a matsayin dan ta'adda a karkashin dokokin Isra'ila kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka da Majalisar Dokokin Amurka sun dauke ta a matsayin ta'addanci har sai da ta yi watsi da ta'addanci a 1988. Fatah dai tun kafuwarta, ta kirkiri, jagoranci ko daukar nauyin kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wasu daga cikinsu suna da wani jami'i a matsayin reshen kungiyar, wasu kuma ba a san su a bainar jama'a ko a cikin gida ba. Kungiyar ta kuma mamaye dakaru daban-daban na PLO da dakarun gwamnatin Falasdinawa da jami'an tsaro wadanda ba su da alaka da Fatah a hukumance, amma a aikace sun kasance runfunan da ke goyon bayan Fatah gaba daya, kuma mambobin kungiyar ne ke da ma'aikata. Asalin sunan reshen Fatah da ke dauke da makamai shi ne al-'Asifah ("Guguwar Guguwa"), kuma wannan shi ne sunan da Fatah ta fara amfani da shi a cikin bayananta na wani lokaci na kokarin boye sunan ta. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana amfani da wannan sunan gabaɗaya ga dakarun Fatah, kuma bai dace da rukunin guda ɗaya a yau ba. Sauran kungiyoyin da ke da alaka da Fatah sun hada da: Karfi 17 Yana taka rawa mai kama da Rundunar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ga manyan shugabannin Fatah. Kungiyar Black September Kungiyar da aka kafa ta manyan mambobin Fatah a cikin 1971, biyo bayan abubuwan da suka faru na Bakar Satumba a Jordan, don shirya hare-haren sirri da Fatah ba ta so a bayyana su a fili. Wadannan sun hada da yajin aikin da aka yi kan manyan ‘yan siyasar kasar Jordan a matsayin hanyar daukar fansa da kuma kara farashin kai wa yunkurin Palastinu hari; da kuma, mafi yawan cece-kuce, don "ayyukan kasa da kasa" (misali kisan gillar Olympics na Munich da nufin sanya matsin lamba kan Amurka, Turai da Isra'ila, don tada hangen nesa na Palasdinawa da kuma tayar da abokan hamayya kamar PFLP Fatah dai ta fito fili ta ware kanta daga kungiyar, amma ana kyautata zaton tana jin dadin goyon bayan Arafat kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar da ta dace. An dakatar da shi a cikin 1973-1974, yayin da tsarin siyasar Fatah ya sake komawa baya, kuma ana ganin ayyukan Black September da dabarun da ke bayan su sun zama abin alhaki na siyasa, maimakon wata kadara. Fatah Hawks Mayakan da ke dauke da makamai suna aiki ne har zuwa tsakiyar 1990s. Tanzim Wani reshe na Fatah a karkashin jagorancin Marwan Barghouti, mai tushe a cikin gwagwarmayar Intifada ta farko, wadda ta kai hare-hare da makamai a farkon Intifada na biyu. Daga baya sojojin shahidai na al-Aqsa suka mamaye ko kuma suka koma gefe. Brigades Shahidai Al-Aqsa An ƙirƙira a lokacin Intifada na biyu don ƙarfafa ƙungiyar masu fafutuka da ke tsaye ga ƙungiyar Hamas mai adawa, wacce ta jagoranci kai hare-hare a Isra'ila bayan 1993, kuma tana samun karbuwa cikin sauri tare da bayyanar Intifada. Birged din dai na cikin gida ne kuma an ce suna fama da rashin hadin kai da tarbiyyar cikin gida, a wasu lokutan kuma suna yin watsi da tsagaita bude wuta da sauran tsare-tsare da kungiyar ta Fatah ta tsakiya ta sanar. Gabaɗaya ana ganin sun ɗaure su da “matasan masu gadi” na siyasar Fatah, suna shirya matasa a matakin titi, amma ba a bayyana cewa suna kafa ƙungiya a cikin su cikin siyasar Fatah ba; a maimakon haka, ƙungiyoyin Brigades daban-daban na iya ɗaure su da shugabannin ƙungiyoyin Fatah daban-daban. Tsarin Mulki A watan Agustan 2009, a babban taron Fatah na shida a Baitalami, wakilan Fatah sun tsara sabuwar "yarjejeniya ta cikin gida". Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

52861

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadir%20Belhadj

Nadir Belhadj

Nadir Belhadj an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1982) ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ɗan ƙasar Algeria, Belhadj tsohon matashin ɗan wasan ƙasar Faransa ne wanda ya buga wa 'yan ƙasa da shekara 18 ta Faransa wasanni biyu a shekara ta 2000. Belhadj yana cikin 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko da suka fara cin gajiyar canjin shekarar 2004 a cikin dokokin cancantar FIFA kamar yadda ya taka leda a matsayin matashin Faransa. Bayan ya sauya sheka na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Algeria, an kira shi zuwa wasan sada zumunci da ba na hukuma ba a ranar 30 ga watan Maris 2004 da kulob ɗin Belgian RAA Louviéroise. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a wasan sada zumunci da ƙasar Sin a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu 2004. Ya taka leda a Algeria a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2010, ya kai wasan kusa da na karshe, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2010. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu 2012, ya sanar da yin ritayarsa na ƙasa da ƙasa, inda ya kawo ƙarshen aikinsa da wasanni 54 da ƙwallaye 4. Belhadj ya taka rawar gani sosai ga kulob ɗin Al Sadd na Qatar a wasan ƙarshe na gasar zakarun Asiya na shekarar 2011, ta hanyar doke ta Koriya ta Kudu Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors 4-2 a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Belhadj ya zura hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan wasan ya ƙare da ci 2–2 a lokacin ƙa'ida, yana riƙe da jijiyar sa ta doke Kim Min-Sik. Wannan ita ce nasara ta farko ga kulob ɗin Qatar tun lokacin da aka fara gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta AFC a shekara ta 2003, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen ci biyar a jere da Koriya ta Kudu da Japan suka yi. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Belhadj a Saint-Claude, Jura iyayensa 'yan Aljeriya ne, dukansu daga Oran. Ya fara wasa da Jura Sud Foot har zuwa shekarar 1997. Ya buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan bayan tare da kulob ɗin Racing Besançon. Aikin kulob Faransa Dan baya na hagu wanda kuma zai iya aiki a matsayin winger, Belhadj ya fara aikinsa a kulob din Lens na Ligue 1, inda ya kasa yin kungiyar farko. Ya koma Ligue 2 FC Gueugnon a matsayin aro a cikin 2002 kuma bayan ya buga wasanni 26 ya sanya hannu na dindindin a 2003. Belhadj ya buga wa Gueugnon wasanni 36 a gasar Ligue 2 kafin ya koma CS Sedan a 2004. Ya buga wasanni sama da talatin a cikin kowane kakarsa guda biyu tare da Sedan a gasar Ligue 2, yana samun daukaka a karo na biyu. A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2007, Belhadj ya rattaba hannu kan zakarun Faransa Olympique Lyonnais akan Yuro miliyan 3.24 akan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da rabi. An mayar da shi aro zuwa CS Sedan har zuwa karshen kakar wasa kuma ya sake komawa Lyon a lokacin rani na shekarar 2007. Ya buga wasanni 9 kawai a kulob din, wanda zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya Fabio Grosso ya hana shi a matsayin hagu, kuma ya bar kulob din a watan Janairu. A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2008, Belhadj ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da rabi tare da tsohon kulob dinsa Lens kan kudin Yuro miliyan 3.6. Watanni shida bayan barinsa Lyon sun lashe kofin Ligue 1 na 2007-08, wanda Belhadj ya ba da gudummawar wasanni 9. Portsmouth A ranar 1 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2008, Belhadj ya shiga Portsmouth akan lamuni na tsawon lokaci tare da alamar zaɓi na dindindin. Ya buga wasansa na farko na Portsmouth a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Middlesbrough a Fratton Park inda Portsmouth ta tashi daga ragar raga don dawowa da ci 2–1, Belhadj yana taka rawa a hagu tare da Armand Traoré Ya kuma fara wasan farko a Portsmouth na Turai, inda aka doke Vitória de Guimarães da ci 2-0 sannan ya kafa Jermain Defoe da giciye. Ya kuma zura kwallo mai tsayi a ragar Sunderland daga gida a ci 2–1, wanda shine nasarar farko ga sabon koci Tony Adams Belhadj ya taka rawa a wasan da Portsmouth ta yi 2-2 da AC Milan a gasar cin kofin UEFA A ranar 30 ga Disamba, Belhadj ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara hudu da rabi tare da Portsmouth, wanda ya kashe Yuro miliyan 4.5 da aka biya wa Lens, ya ajiye shi a kulob din har zuwa 2013. Ya zama ɗan wasan Portsmouth a hukumance a ranar 1 ga Janairu 2009 lokacin da aka buɗe taga canja wurin hunturu. A ranar 27 ga Janairu 2009, an kori Belhadj a karon farko don Portsmouth lokacin da ya karɓi katunan gwagwalad rawaya 2 a cikin shan kashi 1-0 da Aston Villa Ko da yake ba koyaushe ya ajiye gwagwalad wurin zama na farko ba, tuno da ya yi don fuskantar Liverpool a ranar 20 ga Disamba 2009 wani yunƙuri ne na Avram Grant kamar yadda Belhadj ya sami damar kiyaye tsohon Pompey Glen Johnson da ya fi so. Belhadj ne ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan. Babban abin haskaka kakar 2009-10 na Belhadj shine burin da aka ci a kan abokan hamayyarsa Southampton a gasar cin kofin FA a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2010. Belhadj ta karshe bayyanar da Portsmouth ya kasance a madadin a shekarar 2010 FA Cup karshe Al Sadd A lokacin kasuwar musayar rani na Shekarar 2011, kungiyoyi da yawa sun nuna sha'awar, irin su Celtic, Wigan da Wolves tare da Al Sadd sun yi watsi da duk shawarwari kamar yadda suke kallon Belhadj a matsayin muhimmin memba na kungiyar. Ya taimaka ya jagoranci gwagwalad tawagarsa zuwa gasar zakarun Turai ta 2011 AFC, inda ta doke Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors a wasan karshe inda ya zura kwallo a bugun fanareti a wasan A cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2013, Belhadj ya gayyaci Lekhwiya don buga wasan sada zumunci da Paris Saint-Germain Komawa Faransa Domin kakar shekarar 2021-22, ya koma Sedan, kafin ya bar kulob din don saduwa da iyalinsa a Qatar a ƙarshen watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2021. Muaither A ranar 19 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2022, Muaither ya rattaba hannu kan Belhadj. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Belhadj ya fara wasansa na kasa da kasa ne a shekara ta 2000 inda ya wakilci Faransa a matakin ‘yan kasa da shekara 18, inda ya buga wasanni biyu kacal a kungiyar. A ranar 30 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2004, Belhadj ya fara buga wasansa na farko ba bisa ka'ida ba ga tawagar 'yan wasan kasar Algeria a wasan sada zumunci da suka yi da kulob din Belgium RAA Louviéroise da ci 0-0. A ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 2004, ya buga wasansa na farko a hukumance a kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kasar Sin A ranar 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2007, Belhadj ya sami burinsa na farko na kasa da kasa a wasan sada zumunci da Argentina ta doke su da ci 4-3. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a inda ya doke mai tsaron gida Roberto Abbondanzieri sau biyu daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika a 2010, an kore shi a wasan kusa da na da Masar da kati kai tsaye, sannan kuma ya samu dakatarwar wasanni biyu na gasar kasa da kasa, lamarin da ya hana shi buga wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika da Tanzania a 2012. Tun a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da kuma kulla yarjejeniya da Al-Sadd a Qatar Stars League, Belhadj ya ga matsayinsa na hagu a bayan kasa zuwa Djamel Mesbah, tun bayan bayyanar da ya yi da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2012, Belhadj ya sanar da yin ritaya a duniya. Manufar kasa da kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Aljeriya ta ci. Shagon "Maki" yana nuna maki bayan burin ɗan wasan. Girmamawa Sedan Coupe de France ya zo na biyu: 2004–05 Lens Coupe de la Ligue 2007-08 Portsmouth Gasar cin Kofin FA 2009-10 Al-Sadd Qatar Stars League 2012–13 Sarkin Qatar Cup 2014, 2015 Kofin Qatar Sheikh Jassim 2014 Qatari Stars Cup 2010 AFC Champions League 2011 Al-Saliya Kofin Stars na Qatar: 2020-21 Mutum Gwarzon Ligue 2 2004-05, 2005-06 Ƙungiyar CAF ta Shekara 2009 Gwarzon dan wasan Qatar Stars League: 2013–14 Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nadir Belhadj French league stats at LFP also available in French Nadir Belhadj at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1982 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

47321

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid

Sayyid

Sayyid UK s aɪ ɪd seɪjɪd Amurka US ɪd sæjjɪd] Persian: jed] ma'ana 'Yallaɓai', 'Ubangiji', 'Maigida'; Jam'in Larabci: na mata: Persian: jede] sunan musulmi ne da aka sani a matsayin zuriyar annabin musulunci Muhammad ta hanyar jikokinsa, Hasan ibn Ali da Husain bn Ali, ‘ya’yan ‘yar Muhammadu Fatima da ƙaninsa kuma surukinsa Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib). Asalin laƙabin Asalin laƙabin Sayyid ba'a ganuwa shi ba. A haƙiƙanin gaskiya laƙabin Sayyid a matsayin haɗin kai ga zuriyar Muhammad bai wanzu ba bisa ga Monimoto har sai da Mongol ya ci nasara. Ana iya tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar bayanan tarihi game da Abdul Qadir Gilani da Bahauddin Naqshband, waɗanda ba su yi nuni ga kansu da wani laƙabi ba, duk da dangantakar su ga Muhammadu. Wannan na kawo dalilai na tunanin cewa an samu wannan laƙabi daga baya. Monimoto yana nufin Mominov, wanda ya bayyana cewa fitowar shugaban al'umma a zamanin Mongol Ilkhanate ya haifar da martabar laƙabin Sayyid. Wannan shugaba mai yiwuwa shi ne malamin Shafi'ah na Sunna Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, wanda ya rayu a wannan lokaci, wanda aka san shi a matsayin waliyyi da aka ba shi laƙabi mai daraja "Amir-e-Kabir" Turanci Grand Prince da "Ali-e-Saani". Turanci Na biyu Ali Gadon addini na Hamadani a Kashmir da kuma hedkwatarsa Farisa Khanqah Khanqa-e-Mola sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon sayyid Hazrat Ishaan. Ana binne zuriyar Hazrat Ishaan a hedkwatar Hamadani, wanda a lokacin ake kiranta da Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab a yau. Shi'a Islam A ɓangaren mabiya ɗariƙar Shi'a Islama da zuwan Safawiyawa wani namiji wanda mahaifinsa ba Sayyeed ba ne, kuma mahaifiyar sa ba Sayyada ba, na da'awar sunan Mirza. 'Yan Shi'a kawai suna bukatar zuriyar Ali bin Abi Talib a cewar Khamenei, dangane da laƙabin Sayyid kawai a matsayin na tushen kabila tun daga haihuwa. Babban Sayyid shi ne Imami ko kuma wakilin Khumaini bisa akidar Wilayat-e-Faqih- a rukunan Shi'a, wanda zai zama Khamenei a yau. Sunnah Islam Duk da haka a ɓangaren Sunni kamar yadda ake yi a Daular Ottoman da Mughal, mutumin da ya fito daga Muhammad (ko dai daga ɓangaren uwa ne ko uba) zai iya da'awar sunan Sayyid kawai ta hanyar tantancewa, sa'an nan kuma za a ba shi wani matsayi na musamman, kamar biyan haraji kaɗan. Wadannan galibi suna dogara ne akan ingantaccen ilimin Alqur'ani da takawa Larabci Taqwa a ƙarƙashin Naqib al-Ashraf, wanda kuma ake kira Mir a kasashen da ke jin harshen Farisa. Sanannun misalai irin na Naqib (jam'i: "Nuqaba") ko Mirs (jam'i: "Miran"), su ne Hazrat Ishaan a cikin daular Mughal da zuriyarsa Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha a Masarautar Afghanistan. Asalin kalmar Wasu masana harshen larabci sun bayyana cewa kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar al-asad ma'ana "zaki", mai yiwuwa saboda halayen jajircewa da jagoranci. An samo kalmar daga kalmar aikatau sāda, ma'ana mulki. Sunan mai suna sayyid/sayyid ya wanzu kafin Musulunci, duk da haka ba ta fuskar wata zuriya ta musamman ba, amma a matsayin alamar girmamawa. Hans Wehr a Kamus ɗin larabci na Zamani ya fassara kalmar, sayyid a matsayin; jagora, shugaba, sarki, ko ubangiji. Hakanan yana nuni ga wanda ake girmamawa, haka-zalika wanda aka girmaman na da wani matsayi mai girma. A ƙasashen Larabawa, kalmar sayyid dai-dai take da kalmar Ingilishi liege lord ko "master" idan ana maganar zuriyar Muhammad, misali a Sayyid Ali Sultan. Ƙididdiga Ko da yake ba a samu ingantacciyar ƙididdiga, alƙaluma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun nuna adadin Sayyidi a cikin dubun dubatar mutanen da duniya ke da su, da ake da su. Al'adu A al'adance, Musulunci na da tarihi mai yawa na girmama kayan tarihi, musamman na abin da aka jingina ga Annabi Muhammadu An yi imanin cewa mafi yawan kayan tarihi na annabci sune waɗanda aka ajiye a Hirkai Serif Odasi (Chamber of the Holy Mantle) a Fadar Topkapı ta Istanbul. Alamar zuriya Alamun zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu ta hanyar Imamai goma sha biyu ta sunayen harsunan; larabci da Farisa da Urdu sun haɗa da: Bayanan kula

22210

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20%C6%99ungiya

'Yancin ƙungiya

Yancin Ƙungiya ya ƙunshi dukkanin haƙƙin ɗan'adam na shiga ko barin ƙungiyoyi da son rai, da 'yancin ƙungiyar don ɗaukar matakan gama kai don biyan bukatun membobinta, da haƙƙin ƙungiya ta karɓa ko ta ƙi memba bisa wasu sharuɗɗa. A na iya bayyana shi a matsayin haƙƙin mutum wanda yake haɗuwa tare da wasu mutane don bayyana gaba ɗaya, inganta, bi da ko kare muradin gama gari. 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi na ga dukka wani mutum da ma da kuma wani na gama dama, tabbas da duk zamani da mulkin demokaraɗiyya doka tsarin, ciki har da Amurka da Dokar Yancin, labarin 11 na turai Yarjejeniyar a kan Human Rights, da kanada, da Yarjejeniya na 'yancinsu da walwalarsu, da kuma na kasa da kasa doka, gami da shafuffuka 20 da 23 na Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya da kuma labarin 22 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa Sanarwa kan Ka'idoji da Hakkokin Aiki na kungiyar kasashen Duniya ma sun tabbatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin akan yancin kungiyoyi. An bayyana yancin ƙungiya ta hanyar haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar ƙwadago, don shiga cikin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ko shiga cikin ƙungiyoyin muhawara, jam'iyyun siyasa, ko wata ƙungiya ko ƙungiya, gami da ƙungiyoyin addinai da ƙungiyoyi, yan uwantaka, da kungiyoyin wasanni da ba Tilas ya kasance daga wata ƙungiya. Yana da alaƙa sosai da 'yancin taro, musamman a ƙarƙashin Dokar' Yancin Amurka. 'Yancin taro galibi yana da alaƙa da abubuwan siyasa. Koyaya, (misali Tsarin Mulki na Amurka, kayan haƙƙin ɗan adam, da sauransu) 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa na iya haɗawa da 'yancin walwala. A Amurka, tun da an taƙaita dokar 'Yancin dan kasa ta 1968 na yanci na tarayya game da gidaje, ilimi, da kasuwanci idan ya zo ga launin fata ko ƙabila Kotuna da wakilai na kananan hukumomin na iya sanya takunkumi kan duk wani hakki na wanda aka yankewa hukunci a matsayin sharadin doka. 'Yanci ga ofishin ƙungiya da damar yancin haɗuwa ana tabbatar da su a ƙarƙashin wasu yanayi, kamar yarda da laifi ko yanke hukunci, umarnin hanawa da hanyoyin bincike da kamewa. Tarihi Yancin kungiyoyi ta amince yin tarayya da ƙungiyoyi gwargwadon zaɓin mutum, kuma don ƙungiyoyin sun ɗauki matakin inganta buƙatunsu, ya kasance sifa ce da ake buƙata ga kowace al'umma ta demokraɗiyya. Saboda yancin ƙungiya dole ne ya yarda da tushen iko da ƙungiya da yawa, ba tare da gwamnati ba, ya kasance babban makircin danniya ga duk al'ummomin kama-karya. A cikin Burtaniya, an haramta duk nau'ikan "haɗuwa" kuma masu aikata laifi, musamman ƙungiyoyin ma'aikata, har zuwa Dokar haɗuwa ta 1825 Bayan wannan, har yanzu bai kasance ba har sai Dokar Kamfanoni 1856, kungiyar Ciniki ta 1871 da Dokar Laifin Laifi da Kariyar Kayan Gida ta 1875 cewa kamfanoni sannan ƙungiyoyin kwadago suka zama halal gaba ɗaya. A cikin Jamus, an kafa irin wannan dokokin danniya ga kungiyoyin kwadago da kungiyoyin dimokiradiyya na gwamnatin Bismarck karkashin Ayyukan "Socialist" a cikin 1878. Wadannan sun kasance cikin karfi har zuwa 1890. A shekara ta 1933, kwadago da aka sake haramta ta mulkin kama karya na Hitler 's National Socialist Party, da kuma da ta kasance kungiya ta kashin da aka nationalized da kuma a hade a cikin wani yunkuri gwamnatin ta sarrafawa German Labor Front. A Yammacin Jamus bayan Yaƙin Duniya na II, ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago masu zaman kansu sun tashi da sauri kuma Grundgesetz na Jamhuriyar ta ba da tabbaci. A Amurka, kotunan jihohi daban-daban sun rarraba kungiyoyin kwadagon, a lokuta daban-daban, a matsayin masu takaita kasuwanci. A karkashin dokar Clayton ta 1914, an ba kungiyoyin kwadago 'yanci gaba daya don tsarawa tare da yin aiki tare don tabbatar da yarjejeniyoyin gama gari, duk da haka an cigaba da fuskantar cikas har zuwa lokacin da Dokar Hulda da Ma'aikata ta Kasa ta 1935 ta kirkiro da cikakkiyar lambar kwadago. Dokoki Yarjejeniyar Kasashen Turai Tsarin Mulkin Kasar Italiya A Italiya an kafa yancin ƙungiya a cikin mataki na gama sha takwas 18 na tsarin mulki, wanda ke cewa: Dokar 'Yancin Afirka ta Kudu Dokar 'yancin Kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu ta kafa yancin walwala a Sashe na 18, wanda yace "Kowa na da 'yancin walwala." Bugu da kari, Sashe na 17 ya ce "Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya zauna lafiya ba tare da makami ba, don ya hallara, ya yi zanga-zanga, ya gabatar da koke-kokensa", don haka ya kafa 'yancin yin taro. 'Yancin ma'aikata na' yancin walwala da haɗin kai dangane da haƙƙin kafa ƙungiyoyin ƙwadago da kuma yarjejeniyar gama gari an yarda da su daban, a cikin Sashe na 23. Tsarin Mulkin Kasar Amurka Yayinda kwaskwarimar tsarin mulki ta Amurka ta bayyana haƙƙin tattarawa da kai ƙara ga gwamnati, rubutun na da Kwaskwarimar farko bai faɗi takamaiman haƙƙin haɗi ba. Ko yaya, Kotun Koli ta Amurka da aka gudanar a NAACP v. Alabama (1958) cewa 'yancin yin ƙungiya wani muhimmin bangare ne na 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki saboda, a yawancin lokuta, mutane na iya yin magana mai ma'ana kawai lokacin da suka shiga tare da wasu. Sauran kararrakin Kotun Koli da ke tattare da batun ‘yancin yin tarayya sun hada da: 'Yan uwantaka na Railroad Trainmen v. Virginia 377 US 1 (1964) Mineungiyar Ma'aikata ta vasa v. Barungiyar Lauyoyi ta Jihar Illinois 389 US 217 (1967) Healey v. Yakubu 408 US 169 (1972) NAACP v. Claiborne Hardware Co. 458 US 898 (1982) Yaron Scouts na Amurka v. Dale 530 US 640 (2000) Janus v. AFSCME A'a. 16-1466, 585 US (2018) Batutuwa M Tarayya Babban jigon 'yanci na mutum shine haƙƙin zaɓi don shiga da kiyaye wasu alaƙar ɗan Adam. Wadannan alaƙar ɗan Adam suna ɗauke da nau'ikan "m tarayya." Misali na "kusanci na tarayya" shine dangi. Ya danganta da ikon shi kuma yana iya kaiwa ga zubar da ciki, hana haihuwa da kuma masu zaman kansu, baligi, ba kasuwanci da kuma haɗin jima'i. Amincewa da Ma'amala A Amurka, ƙungiyoyi masu bayyana ra'ayi ƙungiyoyi ne waɗanda ke shiga cikin ayyukan da Kwaskwarimar farko ta kiyaye magana, taro, latsawa, roƙo ga gwamnati don magance korafe-korafe, da aiwatar da addini kyauta. A cikin Roberts v. Amurka Jaycees, Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta ce ƙungiyoyi ba za su iya ware mutane ba saboda dalilan da ba su da alaƙa da furucin ƙungiyar. Ko yaya, a cikin yanke shawara na gaba na Hurley v. 'Yan Luwadi Ba'amurke,' Yan Madigo, da Bisexual Group na Boston, Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa wata kungiya na iya ware mutane daga kasancewa membobin su idan kasantuwar su zai shafi karfin kungiyar wajen bayar da shawarwarin wani ra'ayi. Gwamnati ba za ta iya, ta hanyar amfani da dokokin yaki da nuna wariya ba, tilasta kungiyoyi su hada da sakon da ba sa son isarwa. Ko yaya, wannan ra'ayin ba ya aiki yanzu a cikin tsarin jami'ar saboda hukuncin Kotun Supremeoli a cikin kugungiyar Shari'a ta Kirista v. Martinez (2010), wacce ta goyi bayan manufofin Kwalejin Shari'a ta Hastings cewa yanayin makarantar game da fahimtar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai ra'ayi ne na tsaka-tsaki da tunani. Wannan dai da nifin wasu Manufofin na buƙatar ƙungiyoyin ɗalibai su ba da izinin "kowane ɗalibi ya shiga, ya zama memba, ko neman matsayin jagoranci, ba tare da la'akari da matsayinsu ko imaninsu ba" don haka, ana iya amfani da shi don ƙin yarda da ƙungiyar a matsayin ƙungiyar ɗalibai ta hukuma saboda ta buƙaci ta mambobi su tabbatar a rubuce cewa "Na yi imani da: Baibul a matsayin hurarriyar maganar Allah; Allah Ubangijinmu, Yesu Kristi, dan Allah; Mutuwar mutuwar Yesu Kiristi saboda zunubanmu; tashin jikinsa da dawowar kansa; Kasancewa da ikon Ruhu Mai Tsarki a cikin aikin sabuntawa; da kuma Yesu Almasihu, ɗan Allah, shine Ubangijin rayuwata. "Kotun ta yi tunanin cewa saboda wannan binciken na tsarin mulki yana faruwa ne a mahallin ilimi iƙirarin da suka sa Kotun ta yi amfani da matakin ƙuntatawa na yin magana a cikin iyakantattun tarurruka na jama'a. Don haka, manufofin duk-masu zuwa kwaleji abu ne mai kyau, yanayin tsaka-tsakin ra'ayi game da samun damar tattaunawar kungiyar daliban na fadin duniya. Aiwatarwa Hakkin mallakar kwaskwarimar farko na tarayya a cikin kundin tsarin mulki na Amurka an iyakance shi da hukuncin kotuna. Misali, haramun ne a Amurka a yi la’akari da launin fata wajen aiwatarwa da kwangiloli masu zaman kansu banda aure domin ba'a San nuna wariya, Wannan iyakance akan 'yanci na kungiya ya samu sakamako ne daga Sashe na 1981 na Take na 42 na Dokar Amurka, kamar yadda yayi daidai da kwaskwarimar farko a shawarar 1976 ta Runyon v. Mallaka. Gwamnatoci galibi suna buƙatar kwangila na mannewa tare da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu don dalilai na lasisi, kamar su tare da Hukumar Kula da Masana'antu ta Kuɗi don cinikin kasuwar hannayen jari a cikin dokar Maloney ta 1938 da aka yi kwaskwarima ga Dokar Musayar Tsaro ta 1934 Waɗannan kwangila galibi suna hana haɗuwa tare da mambobin da aka hana, kamar yadda ake gani a Amurka v. Merriam, 108 F.3d 1162. Kungiyoyin kwadago sun kasance yan adawa da ƙarfi yayin ƙarni na sha tara 19, tare da ma ƙasashe masu sassaucin ra'ayi kamar su Ingila sun hana ta tsawon lokuta (a batun Burtaniya, tsakanin 1820 da 1824). A cikin kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa, 'yancin yin tarayya wani hakki ne da aka bayyana a karkashin ka'idojin kwadago na kasa da kasa a matsayin' yancin ma'aikata na tsara da ciniki baki daya 'Yancin kafa kungiyoyi, a cikin wannan ma'ana, yana gane a matsayin muhimman hakkokin adam dama da dama da takardun ciki har da hakkokin yan-adam da International Labor Organization Yarjejeniyar C87 da Yarjejeniyar C98 biyu na takwas na asali, core kasa da kasa aiki nagartacce. ''Yancin ƙungiya 'na iya komawa zuwa hana doka a kan kwangila masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka yi yarjejeniya tsakanin masu ba da aiki mai zaman kansu da ma'aikatansu da ke buƙatar ma'aikata a wani wurin aiki su shiga ƙungiya a matsayin wa'adi da yanayin aiki. Magoya bayan wannan nau'in 'yanci na kungiya na zaman kansu sun yi iƙirarin cewa' yancin shiga ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyar. A Amurka, kalmar yancin yin aiki 'ta fi dacewa ga irin wannan dokar a ko ina. "Kotun Koli a yau (1-21-1997) ta takaita iyawar masu shirya kungiyar kwadago na zuwa dukiyar wani ma'aikaci don rarraba wallafe-wallafe ko neman ma'aikata su shiga kungiyar kwadagon. A cikin ra’ayi daga 6 zuwa 3 da Mai Shari’a Clarence Thomas ta rubuta, Kotun ta ce Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kwadago ta Kasa ta kasa ba da cikakkiyar kariya ga ’yancin mallakar ma’aikata a lokacin da ta zartar da dokar shekaru hudu da suka gabata da ke bai wa masu shirya kungiyar kwarin gwiwar samun dama zuwa yankunan kamar filin ajiye motoci na cibiyoyin cin kasuwa ko masana'antu a ko ina. "New York Times" Ka'idar Dimokiradiyya da Kungiyoyin Jama'a Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa girmama 'yancin yin tarayya da dukkan hukumomin gwamnati da yin amfani da wannan' yanci ta kowane bangare na al'umma suna da muhimmanci duka don kafa dimokiradiyya ta gaskiya" da kuma tabbatar da cewa, da zarar an cimma hakan, ya kasance "mai lafiya da bunkasa". Dangane da wannan yana ganin kafa jam’iyyun siyasa a matsayin babbar alama ta ‘yancin walwala da jindaɗin. 'Yancin ƙungiya ba kawai ana aiwatar da su ba ne kawai a ma'anar siyasa ba, har ma don yawancin abubuwan sha'awa kamar al'adu, shakatawa, wasanni da taimakon jama'a da jin kai. Jeremy McBride ya bayar da hujjar cewa kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu), wadanda ya yi daidai da na kungiyoyin farar hula, shine "'ya'yan aikin hadin gwiwa". 'Yan kungiyanci 'Yanci masu sassaucin ra'ayi sun yi amannar cewa yayin da yancin yin ƙungiya ya haɗa da haƙƙin ma'aikata don yin ƙungiya da kuma janye aikinsu hakan kuma ya amince da haƙƙin mai ba da aiki don maye gurbin wannan aikin. Sun kuma yi imanin cewa inda ƙungiyoyin kwadagon ke yin amfani da karfi ko dabaru na tayar da hankali, irin waɗannan halayen za su kasance cikin keta haƙƙin mutum da haƙƙin mallaka. Wasu masu sukar kungiyar kwadagon suna zargin cewa irin wannan keta haddin lamarin ya saba faruwa da ayyukan kungiyar kwadago. Duba kuma 'Yancin Jama'a Kungiyar kyauta (Markisanci da rashin tsari) Aikin Jiha na Kyauta Gurguzu mai ra'ayin gurguzu Hakkin yin aiki Dogaro da kai Mai ba da rahoto na Musamman na Majalisar dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin walwala da haɗuwa cikin lumana Ba da son rai Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

53983

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh%20Trumble

Hugh Trumble

Hugh Trumble (19 ga Mayu 1867 14 ga Agusta 1938) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Australiya wanda ya buga wasanni 32 na gwaji a matsayin mai jefa kwallo tsakanin 1890 da 1904. Ya jagoranci tawagar Australiya a gwaje-gwaje biyu, inda ya lashe duka biyun. Trumble ya dauki wickets 141 a wasan kurket na gwaji rikodin duniya a lokacin da ya yi ritaya a matsakaicin 21.78 a kowane wicket. Yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu kawai da suka dauki hat-trick sau biyu a wasan cricket na gwaji. Masu kallo a zamanin Trumble, gami da mai iko Wisden Cricketers' Almanack, sun dauke shi a matsayin matsayi a cikin manyan 'yan wasan Australia na Golden Age na wasan cricket. An lasafta shi a matsayin daya daga cikin Wisden Cricketers of the Year a 1897 kuma Australian Cricket Hall of Fame, wanda aka kafa a 1996, ya gabatar da shi a 2004. Mai tsayi kuma mai tsayi, Trumble ya ba da kwallon a sauri fiye da yawancin masu jefa kwallo, ta amfani da tsayinsa da yatsunsu masu tsawo don mafi girman fa'idarsa. Ya kasance mafi kyau a kan filayen Ingila masu laushi, amma daidaito da bambance-bambance a cikin saurin ya ba shi damar ɗaukar wickets a kan filaye masu wuya na Ostiraliya. Ya kasance mai ƙarancin ƙwallon ƙafa kuma mai ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa mai kyau a cikin slips. An san shi a matsayin mai tunani mai basira game da wasan kuma ya shahara tare da abokan aiki da abokan adawar, tare da sha'awar yin ba'a. Trumble ya fara gwajinsa na farko a lokacin yawon shakatawa na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Australiya a Ingila a 1890, amma bai iya samun matsayi na dindindin a gefen Australiya ba har zuwa yawon shakataw na Ingila na 1896. Lokacin da tawagar Australiya ta gaba ta zagaya Ingila a shekara ta 1899, Trumble ya zira kwallaye 1,183 kuma ya dauki wickets 142; George Giffen ne kawai a gabansa ya sami "biyu" na 1,000 da wickets 100 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar yawon shakatawa a Ingila. An nada shi kyaftin din Australia a cikin 1901-02, lokacin da Joe Darling ba ya samuwa saboda alkawuran noma. Ya yi ritaya bayan yawon shakatawa na Australiya na 1902 na Ingila amma an dawo da shi a 1903-04. A wasan gwaji na karshe, Trumble ya dauki hat-trick, na biyu, a gaban magoya bayansa a garin Melbourne. A waje da filin, Trumble ya yi aiki ga Babban Bankin Australasia, ya tashi zuwa matsayin manajan reshe na gida duk da alkawuransa na wasan kurket da ya katse aikin banki. A shekara ta 1911, an nada shi sakatare na kungiyar Cricket ta Melbourne, yana kula da ci gaban filin wasan Cricket na Melbourne (MCG) a cikin filin wasa wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. Ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a 1938 daga ciwon zuciya, yana da shekaru 71. Rayuwa ta farko da aiki An haifi Trumble a cikin unguwar Melbourne ta Collingwood, Victoria a 1867, ɗan William, wanda aka haifa a Arewacin Ireland kuma mai kula da mafaka, da kuma Elizabeth (née Clark) wanda aka haife ta a Scotland. Babban ɗan'uwansa, Billy, ya kuma buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gwaji ga Ostiraliya kuma ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta, Thomas, ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakataren Ma'aikatar Tsaro daga 1918 zuwa 1927, sannan kuma sakataren hukuma ga Babban Kwamishinan Ostiraliya a London. Trumble ya shafe wani ɓangare na rayuwarsa ta farko a yammacin garin Victorian na Ararat kafin ya koma Melbourne, ya zauna a yankin Camberwell. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Hawthorn Grammar School kuma ya buga wasan kurket na farko a kungiyar Kew Cricket Club. Da yake ƙarfafa ƙaunar 'ya'yansa maza na farko game da wasan kurket, William Trumble mai ƙwarewa mai ƙwarewar wasan kurket wanda ya yi wa Kudancin Melbourne Cricket Club rauni ya kafa filin wasan kurket a gidan iyali. Ya sanya gashin gashin gashi a kan tsawo mai kyau kuma ya bukaci 'ya'yansa maza su yi niyya da shi lokacin da suke yin bowling. An san shi da daidaito, Hugh daga baya ya ce, "Hakika ba zan iya buga gashin tsuntsaye ba, amma nan da nan na kai matakin lokacin da nake kusa da shi ba". Trumble ya koma kungiyar Melbourne Cricket Club a kakar wasan kurket ta 1887-88 kuma ya kasance nasara nan take. Ya dauki wickets 36 a wannan kakar, ya gama da matsakaicin 6.77 a kowane wicket; mafi kyau a cikin kulob din, ya doke abokin aikinsa kuma dan wasan gwajin Australiya Fred Spofforth. Ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na farko a Victoria a wannan kakar, wanda aka zaba don yin wasa da yawon shakatawa na Ingila XI wanda dan wasan Middlesex George Vernon ya jagoranta. Wasansa na farko ga Victoria da 'yan adawar Australia ya kasance da New South Wales a Melbourne Cricket Ground Bowling tare da Spofforth, a cikin innings na farko Trumble ya dauki wickets bakwai don gudu 52. Gwaji na wasan kurket Gwagwarmaya ta farko A farkon kakar Australiya ta 1889-90 Trumble ya jimre da wani lokaci inda bai iya ɗaukar wickets ba. Tare da zaɓin ƙungiyar Australiya don yawon shakatawa Ingila a cikin 1890 saboda a wannan lokacin, Trumble yana damuwa game da wannan mummunan tsari. Da yake lura da damuwarsa yayin wasa, wani aboki ya ba shi giya a lokacin hutun abincin rana don farfado da ruhunsa. A baya mai shan giya, Trumble ya ji daɗin ɗanɗano na farko kuma ya ba da umarni ga wani kafin ya sake shiga filin wasa. Jin shakatawa, kodayake yana mamakin yadda yake tafiya, Trumble ya ɗauki wickets don tabbatar da zabinsa a cikin ƙungiyar Australiya. Trumble ya gama kakar wasa tare da wickets 27 a matsakaicin 14.20 a kowane wicket. Kungiyar Australiya ta 1890 da ke yawon shakatawa a Ingila ba ta da ƙwarewa. Kungiyar ta rasa ikon George Giffen, wanda ya ki shiga cikin tawagar, yana tunanin ba zai yiwu yawon shakatawa ya zama nasara ta wasanni ko ta kudi ba. 'Yan Australia sun lashe wasanni 13 a kan yawon shakatawa, sun rasa 16 kuma sun zana 9. Trumble ya fara gwajin wasan kurket a gwajin farko da tawagar Ingila a filin wasan kurket na Ubangiji. Ya dauki wicket daya kawai, ya kori Bobby Peel da aka kama kuma ya jefa kwallo don 1. Bucking a lamba goma sha ɗaya a cikin innings na farko ya yi 1 ba tare da fita ba kuma a cikin na biyu, 5 yana gudu bugawa a lamba goma. Duk da wannan rashin nasara, ya riƙe matsayinsa a cikin tawagar don gwajin na biyu a The Oval inda ya kasa ɗaukar wicket. An zaba shi don gwajin na uku a Old Trafford amma ruwan sama mai ci gaba ya ga an watsar da wasan ba tare da an buga kwallon ba. Trumble ya buga wasanni 28 na farko a lokacin yawon shakatawa, ya zira kwallaye 288 a matsakaicin 8.47 kuma ya dauki wickets 52 a matsakaitan 21.75. Wisden Cricketers' Almanack ya rubuta, "Rahotanni daga Ostiraliya sun kai mu ga tsammanin abubuwa da yawa... Trumble" amma "daidaitawa da tsawonsa na yau da kullun [sun kasance] bai isa ba don biyan bashin rashin 'shaidan' da iri-iri". Ba a zabi Trumble a cikin tawagar Australiya don buga wa tawagar Ingila ta Lord Sheffield ba a shekara ta 1891-92. Bai koma tawagar Australiya ba har sai an zaba shi a cikin tawagar don yawon shakatawa Ingila a shekara ta 1893. Kafin wasannin gwaji ya dauki wickets 14 don gudu 116 (14/116) a kan 'yan wasan sannan 12/84 a kan Kent a Gravesend. Ya taka leda a dukkan wasannin gwaji guda uku a shekara ta 1893, inda ya dauki wickets 6 a matsakaicin 39.00. Trumble ya zira kwallaye 58 a cikin gwaje-gwaje tare da mafi girman maki 35 amma ya sami nasara a sauran wasannin, ya zira kwallan 774, ciki har da ƙarni daya a duk wasannin farko a kan yawon shakatawa. Wisden ya lura cewa "Hugh Trumble ya nuna babban ci gaba a kan nau'in shekaru uku da suka gabata, wanda ya yi kwallo sosai a duk lokacin yawon shakatawa" kuma rahotanni game da ci gaban Hugh Trumble a cikin bugawa sun kasance da kyau sosai, bugawa a cikin wasanni da yawa yana da kyau sosai". Lokacin da tawagar Ingila ta Andrew Stoddart ta ziyarci Ostiraliya a 1894-95, Trumble ya buga gwajin daya kawai, na biyu a filin Cricket na Melbourne. A cikin wasannin farko, Ingila ta zira kwallaye 75 tare da Trumble da ke karbar wickets 3. Ingila ta yi yaƙi a wasan na biyu, inda ta zira kwallaye 475 don lashe gwajin ta hanyar gudu 94; Trumble ya kasa daukar wicket. Haifaffun

21302

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiki

Wiki

A wiki /w ɪ k i WIK -ee ne a hypertext bazawa hadin gwiwar editoci da kuma gudanar da kansa sauraro kai tsaye ta amfani da wani web browser. Wiki na yau da kullun yana ƙunshe da shafuka da yawa don batutuwa ko girman aikin kuma ana iya buɗe wa jama'a ko kuma iyakance don amfani a cikin ƙungiya don kiyaye tushen ilimin ta na ciki. Wikis yana kunna software ta wiki, in ba haka ba ana sani da injunan wiki. A wiki engine, kasancewa wani nau'i na wani abun ciki gudanar da tsarin, ya bambanta da sauran yanar gizo na tushen tsarin irin blog software, a cewa abun ciki da aka halitta ba tare da wani a tsare mai ko shugaban, da kuma wikis da kadan muhimmi tsarin, kyale tsarin ya fito bisa ga bukatun masu amfani. Yawancin injunan Wiki suna ba da izinin rubuta abun ciki ta amfani da harshe mai sauƙi kuma wani lokacin a gyara shi da taimakon edita mai wadataccen rubutu. Akwai nau'ikan injunan wiki da yawa da ake amfani da su, duka ɗayansu da wani ɓangare na sauran software, kamar su tsarin sauro na kwaro. Wasu injunan wiki tushen buɗewa ne, yayin da wasu kuma abin mallakar su ne. Wasu suna ba da izinin sarrafawa kan ayyuka daban-daban (matakan samun dama); misali, haƙƙin gyara na iya ba da izinin canzawa, ƙarawa, ko cire abu. Wasu na iya ba da izinin shiga ba tare da tilasta ikon sarrafawa ba. Wasu ka'idoji za'a iya sanya su don tsara abun ciki. Aikin encyclopedia na yanar gizo, Wikipedia, shine shahararren gidan yanar gizo na tushen wiki, kuma yana daya daga cikin rukunin yanar gizo da aka fi kallo a duniya, kasancewar an shiga cikin manyan mutane ashirin tun 2007. Wikipedia ba wiki ɗaya bane amma tarin ɗaruruwan wikis ne, tare da kowane ɗayan takamaiman yare. Baya ga Wikipedia, akwai wasu dubunnan sauran wikis da ake amfani da su, na jama'a da masu zaman kansu, gami da wikis suna aiki azaman albarkatun sarrafa ilimin, kayan aikin sanarwa, gidajen yanar sadarwar jama'a, da intanet. Wikipedia na Ingilishi yana da tarin tarin labarai: ya zuwa Fabrairu 2020, yana da labarai sama da miliyan 6. Ward Cunningham, wanda ya kirkiro software na farko na wiki, WikiWikiWeb, da farko ya bayyana wiki a matsayin "mafi sauki kan layi wanda zai iya aiki." Wiki (lafazi [wiki] kalma ce ta Hawaii ma'ana "mai sauri." Halaye Ward Cunningham da kuma marubuci marubuci Bo Leuf, a cikin littafinsu na Wiki Way: Quick Collaboration on the Web, sun bayyana ainihin mahimmancin ra'ayin na Wiki kamar haka: A wiki gayyata duk masu amfani-ba kawai masana-to edit wani page ko don ƙirƙirar sabuwar shafukan cikin wiki Web site, ta amfani kawai wani misali "a fili-vanilla" Web browser ba tare da wani karin add-kan Wiki na haɓaka ƙungiyoyi masu ma'ana tsakanin shafuka daban-daban ta hanyar ƙirƙirar haɗin yanar gizo cikin sauƙin fahimta da kuma nuna ko shafin da aka nufa ya kasance ko babu. Wiki ba shafi ne da aka kirkira da kyau ba wanda masana da marubuta kwararru suka kirkira kuma aka tsara shi don baƙi na yau da kullun. Madadin haka, yana neman shigar da baƙo mai amfani na yau da kullun a cikin tsarin ci gaba na ƙirƙirawa da haɗin gwiwa wanda ke canza yanayin gidan yanar gizon koyaushe. Wiki yana bawa al'ummomin editoci da masu ba da gudummawa damar rubuta takardu tare. Duk abin da mutane ke buƙata don ba da gudummawa shi ne kwamfuta, samun Intanet mashigin yanar gizo, da kuma fahimtar asali ta hanyar sauƙaƙan alama (misali, yaren MediaWiki A guda page a wiki website ake matsayin "wiki page", yayin da dukan tarin shafukan, wanda yawanci da kyau-juna ta hyperlinks, shi ne "da wiki". Wiki shine ainihin mahimman bayanai don ƙirƙirar, bincike, da bincike ta hanyar bayanai. Wiki yana ba da izinin layi, mai canzawa, mai rikitarwa, da kuma hanyar sadarwar rubutu, yayin da kuma bayar da damar jayayya ta edita, muhawara, da ma'amala game da abun ciki da tsarawa. Tabbatacciyar halayyar fasaha ta wiki shine sauƙin da za'a iya ƙirƙira da sabunta shafuka. Gabaɗaya, babu bita ta mai gudanarwa ko mai tsaron ƙofa kafin karɓar gyare-gyare kuma don haka ya haifar da canje-canje akan gidan yanar gizon. Yawancin wikis suna buɗewa don canzawa ta yawancin jama'a ba tare da buƙatar rajistar asusun masu amfani ba. Za'a iya yin gyare-gyare da yawa a cikin lokaci na ainihi kuma sun bayyana kusan kai tsaye kan layi, amma wannan fasalin yana sauƙaƙa zagi da tsarin. Sabbin wiki masu zaman kansu suna buƙatar ingantaccen mai amfani don shirya shafuka, kuma wani lokacin ma don karanta su. Maged N. Kamel Boulos, Cito Maramba, da Steve Wheeler sun rubuta cewa bude wikis yana samar da tsarin Darwiniyanci na Zamani saboda budewa da hanzari da za a iya gyara shafukan wiki, shafukan suna fuskantar tsarin zabin juyin halitta, ba kamar yadda dabi'a ke mahallin halittu masu rai ba. Jumlolin 'wadanda basu dace ba' da sashe an cika su da juyayi, an shirya su kuma an sauya su idan ba a ɗauke su da 'dacewa' ba, wanda hakan zai haifar da samuwar ingantaccen shafi da kuma dacewa. Gyarawa Kewayawa Wasu wikis suna da maɓallin Shirya ko haɗin kai tsaye a kan shafin da ake kallo idan mai amfani yana da izinin gyara shafin. Wannan zai iya kai wa ga wani rubutu na tushen gyara page inda mahalarta za tsarin da kuma format wiki shafukan da taƙaitaccen aiki na bada harshe, wani lokacin da aka sani da Wikitext, Wiki markup ko Wikicode (shi kuma iya kai wa ga wata WYSIWYG gyara page. Ganin da sakin layi bayan tebur a ƙasa Misali, fara layin rubutu tare da taurari na iya ƙirƙirar jerin gwano Salo da tsari na wikitexts na iya bambanta sosai tsakanin aiwatarwar wiki, wasu daga cikinsu kuma suna ba da izinin alamun HTML Daidaitawa Wikis sun fi son gyaran rubutu mai sauƙi, tare da ƙananan taro kaɗan da sauƙi fiye da HTML don nuna salo da tsari. Kodayake iyakance damar shiga HTML da Cascading Style Sheets (CSS) na wikis yana iyakance ikon mai amfani don canza tsari da tsara abun cikin wiki, akwai wasu fa'idodi. Iyakantaccen damar zuwa CSS yana haɓaka daidaito a cikin gani da jin, kuma kasancewa da nakasassu na JavaScript yana hana mai amfani aiwatar da lambar da zata iya rage damar wasu masu amfani. Mahimmin tsari Gyara gani Wikis na iya samar da gyaran WYSIWYG ga masu amfani, galibi ta hanyar sarrafa JavaScript wanda ke fassara umarnin tsara hoto a cikin zane mai alama HTML ko wikitext. A cikin waɗannan aiwatarwar, alamar kirkirar sabon shafi, wanda aka yiwa alama na shafin ana samar dashi kuma aka ƙaddamar dashi zuwa ga sabar a bayyane, yana kiyaye mai amfani daga wannan ƙwarewar fasahar. Misalin wannan shine VisualEditor akan Wikipedia. WYSIWYG sarrafawa baya, duk da haka, koyaushe yana samar da duk kayan aikin da ke cikin wikitext, kuma wasu masu amfani sun gwammace kada suyi amfani da editan WYSIWYG. Saboda haka, yawancin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon suna ba da wasu hanyoyi don shirya wikitext kai tsaye. Tarihin sigar Wasu wikis suna adana rikodin canje-canje da aka yi wa shafukan wiki; sau da yawa, kowane nau'in shafin yana adana. Wannan yana nufin cewa marubuta na iya komawa zuwa tsohuwar tsohuwar shafin idan ya zama dole saboda an yi kuskure, kamar su abubuwan da aka share ba zato ba tsammani ko kuma an lalata shafin don haɗawa da rubutu mai ɓarna ko cutarwa ko wasu abubuwan da ba su dace ba. Shirya takaitawa Yawancin aiwatar da wiki, kamar su MediaWiki, software da ke ba da iko ga Wikipedia, suna ba masu amfani damar kawo taƙaitaccen taƙaitaccen lokacin da suka gyara shafi. Wannan gajeran rubutu ne da ke taƙaita canje-canjen da suka yi (misali, "Gyara nahawu," ko "Kafaffen tsari a cikin tebur." Ba a saka shi a cikin babban rubutun labarin ba amma ana adana shi tare da wannan bita na shafin, yana ba masu amfani damar bayanin abin da aka yi da kuma dalilin da ya sa. Wannan yayi kama da saƙon log lokacin da ake yin canje-canje a cikin tsarin sarrafa sake dubawa Wannan yana bawa sauran masu amfani damar ganin wane canje-canje aka yi ta wanene kuma me yasa, galibi a cikin jerin taƙaitawa, kwanan wata da sauran gajere, abubuwan da suka dace, jerin waɗanda ake kira "log" ko "tarihi." Kewayawa A cikin rubutun mafi yawan shafuka, yawanci akwai hanyoyin haɗin hypertext da yawa zuwa wasu shafuka a cikin wiki. Wannan nau'i na kewayawa ba layi ba ya fi "'yan qasar" zuwa wiki fiye da tsare-tsaren kewayawa da aka tsara. Hakanan masu amfani za su iya ƙirƙirar kowane adadin alamomi ko shafuka na abubuwan ciki, tare da rarrabuwar tsari ko kowane irin ƙungiyar da suke so. Wadannan iya kalubalantar don kula da "da hannu", kamar yadda mahara mawallafa da kuma masu amfani iya haifar da da kuma share pages a wani wucin gadi, unorganized hanya. Wikis na iya samar da hanyoyi ɗaya ko fiye don rarrabasu ko yiwa shafuka alama don tallafawa kula da irin waɗannan shafukan alamomin. Wasu wikis, gami da asali, suna da fasalin backlink, wanda ke nuna duk shafukan da suka danganci shafi da aka bayar. Hakanan yana yiwuwa galibi a cikin wiki don ƙirƙirar hanyar haɗi zuwa shafukan da ba su wanzu ba, a matsayin wata hanya don kiran wasu su raba abin da suka sani game da batun sabon wiki. Masu amfani da Wiki galibi suna iya "yiwa alama" shafuka tare da rukuni ko kalmomin shiga, don sauƙaƙa wa sauran masu amfani samun labarin. Misali, mai amfani da ke kirkirar sabon labari kan hawa keke na yanayi mai sanyi zai iya "yiwa" alamar wannan shafin a karkashin rukunin zirga-zirga, wasannin hunturu da keke. Wannan zai sauƙaƙa wa sauran masu amfani samun labarin. Haɗawa da ƙirƙirar shafuka An ƙirƙiri hanyoyin haɗi ta amfani da takamaiman bayani, wanda ake kira "hanyar haɗi". Asali, yawancin wikis yi amfani da CamelCase don sunaye shafuka da ƙirƙirar hanyoyin haɗi. Ana samar da waɗannan ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin cikin jumla tare da cire sararin dake tsakaninsu (kalmar "CamelCase" ita kanta misali ce). Duk da yake CamelCase yana sauƙaƙe alaƙar, yana kuma haifar da haɗi a cikin sigar da ta kauce daga daidaitaccen rubutun. Don haɗi zuwa shafi mai taken kalma ɗaya, dole ne mutum ya riƙa cin gajiyar ɗayan haruffa a cikin kalmar (misali "WiKi" maimakon "Wiki"). Wikis na tushen CamelCase ana iya gane su nan take saboda suna da hanyoyi da yawa da sunaye kamar "TableOfContents" da "BeginnerQuestions." wiki na iya sanya alamar da ke bayyane na irin waɗannan hanyoyin "kyakkyawa" ta hanyar sake sanya sarari, kuma mai yiwuwa kuma ya koma zuwa ƙaramin harka. Wannan sake haɗin hanyar haɗin don inganta sake karantawa na anga, duk da haka, yana iyakance ne ta hanyar asarar bayanan sirri wanda ya haifar da juyawar CamelCase. Misali, "RichardWagner" ya kamata a fassara shi azaman "Richard Wagner", yayin da ya kamata a sanya "PopularMusic" a matsayin "mashahurin kiɗa". Babu wata hanya mai sauƙi don tantance waɗanne manyan haruffa ya kamata su kasance da manyan bakake. A sakamakon haka, wikis da yawa a yanzu suna da "haɗi kyauta" ta amfani da katako, kuma wasu suna kashe CamelCase ta tsohuwa. Neman Yawancin wikis suna ba da aƙalla binciken taken, kuma wani lokacin bincike mai cikakken rubutu Scaaƙƙarfan binciken ya dogara ne ko injin wiki yana amfani da ɗakunan bayanai. Wasu wikis, kamar PmWiki, suna amfani da fayilolin lebur Sigogin farko na MediaWiki sun yi amfani da fayilolin lebur, amma Lee Daniel Crocker ne ya sake rubuta shi a farkon shekarun 2000 (shekaru goma) don zama aikin tattara bayanai. Shigar da bayanan cikin gida yana da mahimmanci don bincika saurin sauri akan manyan wikis. A madadin haka, ana iya amfani da injunan bincike na waje kamar Google Search a wasu lokuta akan wikis tare da iyakantattun ayyukan bincike don samun ingantaccen sakamako. Tarihi WikiWikiWeb shine wiki na farko. Ward Cunningham ya fara kirkirar WikiWikiWeb a Portland, Oregon, a 1994, kuma ya girka ta a yanar gizo c2.com a ranar 25 ga watan Maris, 1995. Cunningham ne ya sanya masa suna, wanda ya tuna wani ma'aikacin ma'aikatar filin jirgin saman Honolulu da yake gaya masa ya dauki "Wiki Wiki Shuttle" motar da ke tafiya tsakanin tashar jirgin. A cewar Cunningham, "Na zabi wiki-wiki a matsayin mai neman hadin kai don 'hanzari' don haka na kauce wa sanya wadannan abubuwan cikin sauri-yanar gizo." Cunningham, a wani ɓangare, wahayi ne daga Apple HyperCard, wanda yayi amfani dashi. HyperCard, kodayake, mai amfani ne kawai. Apple ya tsara tsarin da zai ba masu amfani damar ƙirƙirar "katunan katunan" kamala masu tallata hanyoyin tsakanin katunan daban. Cunningham ta haɓaka tunanin Vannevar Bush ta hanyar bawa masu amfani damar "yin tsokaci kan kuma sauya rubutun juna." Cunningham ya ce ya raga sun danganta tare da mutane irin abubuwan da ya haifar da wani sabon adabi zuwa daftarin aiki shirye-shirye alamu, da kuma kayan doki mutane ta halitta sha'awar magana da gaya labaru da fasaha da zai ji dadi ga waɗanda ba a yi amfani da "mawallafa". Wikipedia ta zama sanannen rukunin wiki, wanda aka ƙaddamar a watan Janairun 2001 kuma ya shiga cikin shahararrun rukunin yanar gizo goma a cikin 2007. A farkon 2000s (shekaru goma), wikis an ƙara karɓuwa a cikin sha'anin azaman software na haɗin gwiwa. Abubuwan amfani na yau da kullun sun haɗa da sadarwa na aikin, intanet, da takaddun aiki, da farko don masu amfani da fasaha. Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da wikis a matsayin software ɗin haɗin gwiwar su kawai kuma a matsayin maye gurbin intanet ɗin tsaye, kuma wasu makarantu da jami'o'i suna amfani da wikis don haɓaka ilimin rukuni. Zai yiwu a sami amfani da wikis a bayan katangar wuta fiye da Intanet ɗin jama'a. Ranar 15 ga watan Maris, 2007, an sanya kalmar wiki a cikin Dictionary ta Turanci ta Oxford. Wasu ma'anoni A ƙarshen 1990s da farkon 2000s, an yi amfani da kalmar "wiki" don koma wa ɗakunan yanar gizo masu daidaitaccen mai amfani da software da ke ba su iko; ma'anar karshen har yanzu ana amfani dashi lokaci-lokaci Mai kirkirar Wiki Ward Cunningham ya rubuta a shekarar 2014 cewa bai kamata a yi amfani da kalmar "wiki" don koma wa shafin yanar gizo daya ba, a maimakon haka ya kasance ga tarin shafuka ko shafukan da ake iya amfani da su ta yadda shafin yanar gizo daya ba "wiki ba" amma "misalin wiki". Ya rubuta cewa batun tarayyar wiki, wanda za'a iya daukar nauyin shi kuma a iya shirya shi a wurare sama da daya ta yadda za a rarraba sigar rarraba sigar, yana nufin cewa "wiki" mai hankali guda daya ba shi da ma'ana. Aiwatarwa Wiki software nau'ikan kayan aiki ne na hadin gwiwa wanda ke tafiyar da tsarin wiki, wanda ke ba da damar kirkirar shafukan yanar gizo da kuma shirya su ta hanyar amfani da burauzar gidan yanar gizo. Ana iya aiwatar dashi azaman jerin rubutun bayan sabar yanar gizo data kasance ko azaman sabar aikace-aikacen da ke gudana akan sabar yanar gizo ɗaya ko fiye. Ana adana abubuwan a cikin tsarin fayil, kuma ana adana canje-canje ga abun cikin a cikin tsarin sarrafa bayanai na dangantaka. Babban kayan aikin software shine MediaWiki, wanda ke gudanar da Wikipedia. A madadin, wikis na sirri suna gudana azaman aikace-aikacen keɓaɓɓu a kan kwamfuta ɗaya. Hakanan za'a iya ƙirƙirar Wikis a kan "gonar wiki", inda mai gonar wiki ke aiwatar da software ta ɓangaren uwar garke. Hakanan wasu gonakin wiki zasu iya yin sirri, wikis mai kariya ta sirri. Gidajen wiki kyauta suna ɗauke da talla akan kowane shafi. Don ƙarin bayani, duba Kwatanta gonakin wiki. Dogara da tsaro Wikis gabaɗaya an tsara shi tare da falsafar sauƙaƙa gyara kuskuren, maimakon sanya shi wahala yin su. Don haka, yayin da wikis ke buɗe sosai, suna ba da hanya don tabbatar da ingancin ƙarin abubuwan kwanan nan zuwa jikin shafukan. Mafi shahararren, a kusan kowane wiki, shine "Canje-canjen kwanan nan" takamaiman jerin da ke nuna gyare-gyaren kwanan nan, ko jerin abubuwan gyara da aka yi a cikin lokacin da aka ba su. Wasu wikis na iya tace jerin don cire ƙananan gyare-gyare da gyare-gyaren da aka yi ta rubutun shigo da atomatik (bot). Daga rajistar canji, sauran ayyuka suna da sauki a mafi yawan wikis: tarihin bita yana nuna sigar shafin da ya gabata kuma fasalin ya bambanta canje-canje tsakanin bita biyu. Ta amfani da tarihin bita, edita na iya dubawa da dawo da labarin da ya gabata. Wannan yana ba marubucin babban iko don kawar da gyare-gyare. Za'a iya amfani da fasalin banbanci don yanke hukunci ko wannan ya zama dole. Mai amfani da wiki na yau da kullun na iya duba bambancin gyaran da aka jera a shafin "Canje-canjen Kwanan nan" kuma, idan gyara ne wanda ba za a amince da shi ba, nemi tarihin, ya dawo da bita na baya; wannan tsari ya fi sauƙi ko ƙasa da sauƙi, gwargwadon software na wiki da aka yi amfani da shi. Idan aka rasa yin gyare-gyare marasa karɓa a shafin "canje-canje na kwanan nan", wasu injunan wiki suna ba da ƙarin sarrafa abun ciki. Ana iya sa masa ido don tabbatar da cewa shafi, ko saitin shafuka, suna kiyaye ingancin sa. Mutumin da ke son kula da shafuka za a gargaɗe shi da canje-canje ga shafukan, yana ba su damar tabbatar da ingancin sabbin bugu da sauri. Ana iya ganin wannan azaman babban marubuci ne kuma fasalin adawa edita. Jerin abubuwan kallo shine aiwatarwa gama gari akan wannan. Wasu wikis ma suna aiwatar da "gyare-gyaren da aka sintiri", inda editocin da keɓaɓɓun takardun shaidarka na iya sanya alamar wasu gyare-gyare ba ɓarnata ba. Tsarin "tutar bita da aka buga" na iya hana gyara yin aiki kai tsaye har sai an sake nazarin su. Aminci da amincin abun ciki Masu sukar tsarin wiki a bayyane suna jayayya cewa waɗannan tsarin za a iya sauƙaƙe su da wasu mutane masu ɓarna (ɓarnata) ko kuma ta hanyar masu kyakkyawar ma'ana amma masu amfani da ƙwarewa waɗanda ke gabatar da kurakurai a cikin abin, yayin da masu faɗakarwa ke tabbatar da cewa al'ummar masu amfani na iya kama irin sharri ko kuskure abun ciki kuma gyara shi Lars Aronsson, masanin tsarin bayanai, ya taƙaita takaddama kamar haka: "Yawancin mutane lokacin da suka fara koyo game da batun wiki, suna ɗaukar cewa gidan yanar gizon da kowa zai iya shirya shi nan da nan zai zama mara amfani ta hanyar shigar da abubuwa masu halakarwa. Yana sauti kamar miƙa gwangwani mai fesawa kusa da bangon kankare mai ruwan toka. Abinda kawai zai iya haifar shine rubutu mara kyau da alama mai sauƙi kuma yawancin ayyukan fasaha ba za a daɗe ba. Duk da haka, da alama yana aiki sosai.” Babban matsayin edita a fannin likitanci da kuma ilimin kimiyyar kiwon lafiya, wanda masu amfani da shi galibi ke amfani da mujallolin da aka yi nazari game da su ko kuma litattafan jami'a a matsayin tushe, sun haifar da ra'ayin ƙwararrun wikis na ƙwararru. Wasu wikis suna ba da damar mutum ya haɗa zuwa takamaiman sigar labarai, wanda ya kasance da amfani ga ƙungiyar kimiyya, a cikin wannan ƙwararrun masu duba ƙwararrun takwarorin na iya yin nazarin labarai, haɓaka su da samar da hanyoyin haɗi zuwa amintaccen sigar wannan labarin. Noveck ya nunar da cewa "mambobin kungiyar wiki sun amince da mahalarta, wadanda ke da wata bukata ta kiyaye ingancin kayan aikin, bisa ci gaba da halartar su." A kan batutuwa masu rikitarwa waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin yin rikitarwa, marubucin wiki na iya ƙuntata edita ga masu amfani da ke rajista. Tsaro Budaddiyar falsafar wiki bawa kowa damar shirya abun ciki baya tabbatar da cewa duk manufar edita tana da tarbiya. Misali, lalata abubuwa (sauya abun da wiki ya kunsa zuwa wani abu mai tayar da hankali, kara maganganun banza, cire mugunta abubuwanda ke kunshe cikin kundin bayanai, ko kuma kara wasu bayanan da basu dace ba, kamar bayanan karya) na iya zama babbar matsala. A kan manyan shafukan yanar gizo na wiki, irin su waɗanda Gidauniyar Wikimedia ke gudanarwa, ɓarnatar da abubuwa na iya ɓacewa na wani lokaci. Wikis, saboda yanayin buɗewar su, suna da saukin kamuwa da ganganci, da aka sani da "trolling". Wikis sukan ɗauki tsarin tsaro mai laushi ga matsalar ɓarnatar da abubuwa, yana mai sauƙaƙewar lalacewa maimakon yunƙurin hana ɓarna. Manyan wikis galibi suna amfani da ingantattun hanyoyin, kamar bot ɗin da ke gano kai tsaye da kuma juya ɓarna da haɓaka JavaScript waɗanda ke nuna haruffa waɗanda aka ƙara su a cikin kowane gyara. Ta wannan hanyar, ana iya iyakance ɓarna ga "ƙaramin ɓarna" ko "ɓarnatar da lalata", inda haruffan da aka ƙara kawar da su kaɗan ne da cewa bots ba su gano su kuma masu amfani ba sa mai da hankali sosai a kansu. Misali na bot da ke dawo da barna a Wikipedia shine ClueBot NG. ClueBot NG na iya sake gyara, sau da yawa a cikin mintina, idan ba sakan ba. Bot din yana amfani da ilmantarwa na injiniya a madadin abubuwan tarihi. Adadin lalata abubuwa da wiki ya karɓa ya dogara da yadda wiki yake buɗe. Misali, wasu wikis suna ba wa masu amfani mara rajista, wanda aka gano ta adiresoshin IP ɗin su, don shirya abun ciki, yayin da wasu suka iyakance wannan aikin ga masu amfani da rajista kawai. Yawancin wikis suna ba da izinin gyara ba tare da asusun ba. Hakanan shirya yaƙe-yaƙe na iya faruwa yayin da masu amfani suke maimaita wani shafi zuwa sigar da suke so. A wasu lokuta, masu gyara tare da ra'ayoyi mabanbanta game da abin da abun ciki ya kamata ya bayyana ko kuma wane salon fasali za a yi amfani da shi zai canza kuma ya sake sauya fasalin juna. Wannan yana haifar da cewa shafin ya kasance "maras tabbas" ne daga mahangar masu amfani da gaba ɗaya, saboda duk lokacin da babban mai amfani yazo shafin, zai iya zama daban. Wasu software na wiki suna bawa mai gudanarwa damar dakatar da irin waɗannan yaƙe-yaƙe ta hanyar kulle shafi daga ci gaba da gyara har sai an yanke shawara kan wane nau'in shafin zai fi dacewa. Wasu wikis suna cikin matsayi mafi kyau fiye da wasu don sarrafa halaye saboda tsarin mulki da ke akwai a wajen wiki. Misali, malamin kwaleji na iya kirkirar abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga dalibai su nuna halin kansu a wiki aji da suke gudanarwa ta hanyar takaita yin gyara ga masu amfani da shiga da kuma nuna cewa duk gudummawar ana iya gano su ga masu bayar da gudummawar. Hakanan za'a iya magance mummunan hali a ƙarƙashin manufofin jami'a. Mai yiwuwar ɓarnatarwar malware Malware kuma na iya zama matsala ga wikis, yayin da masu amfani zasu iya ƙara hanyoyin haɗi zuwa shafukan yanar gizo masu karɓar lambar ƙeta. Misali, an gyara labarin Wikipedia na Jamusanci game da Tsutsa na Blaster don haɗawa da haɗin hyperlink zuwa yanar gizo mai cutarwa. Masu amfani da tsarin Microsoft Windows mai rauni waɗanda suka bi hanyar haɗin yanar gizon za su kamu da cutar.Meauna shine amfani da software wanda ke hana masu amfani adana wani gyara wanda ya ƙunshi hanyar haɗi zuwa shafin da aka lissafa a cikin jerin sunayen shafuka masu ƙeta. Al'umma Aikace-aikace Wikipedia na Turanci shine mafi girman tushen masu amfani a tsakanin wikis akan Yanar Gizon Duniya kuma yana kan gaba a cikin manyan 10 a cikin duk shafukan yanar gizo dangane da zirga-zirga. Sauran manyan wikis sun hada da WikiWikiWeb, Memory Alpha, Wikivoyage, da Susning.nu, tushen ilimin yaren Sweden. Misalai na wiki na likitanci da kiwon lafiya sun hada da Ganfyd, bayanin likitanci na hadin gwiwar kan layi wanda kwararrun likitocin suka shirya kuma aka gayyato masana masana ba likita. Yawancin al'ummomin wiki masu zaman kansu ne, musamman a cikin kamfanoni. Ana amfani dasu sau da yawa azaman takaddun ciki don tsarin gida da aikace-aikace. Wasu kamfanoni suna amfani da wikis don bawa abokan ciniki damar taimakawa samar da takaddun software. Wani bincike da aka yi game da masu amfani da wiki na kamfanoni ya gano cewa za a iya raba su zuwa "masu hada abubuwa" da "masu karawa" na abubuwan da ke ciki. Tasirin gudummawar Synthesizers ya fi shafa da tasirin su ga sauran masu amfani da wiki, yayin da yawan adadin masu bayar da gudummawar ya fi shafa ta hanyar samun damar aiwatar da aikin su na gaggawa. Daga nazarin dubunnan tura wiki, Jonathan Grudin ya kammala nazarin masu ruwa da tsaki da ilimantarwa suna da mahimmanci ga tura wiki cikin nasara. A shekarar 2005, Gartner Group, lura da yadda shaharar wikis ke karuwa, sun kiyasta cewa zasu zama kayan aikin hadin kai a cikin akalla kashi 50% na kamfanoni nan da shekara ta 2009. yana bukatar sabuntawa Ana iya amfani da Wikis don gudanar da aikin. an kuma yi amfani da Wikis a cikin ƙungiyar ilimi don rarrabawa da watsa labarai a kan iyakokin hukumomi da ƙasashen duniya. A waɗancan saitunan, an same su da amfani ga haɗin kai kan rubutun tallafi, tsarin dabaru, takaddun sassan, da aikin kwamiti. A tsakiyar shekarun 2000s, ci gaban da ake samu tsakanin masana'antu game da haɗin kai ya ɗorawa masu tarbiya nauyi don sa ɗaliban ƙwarewa a aikin haɗin gwiwa, wanda hakan ke ƙara ba da sha'awa ga wikis da ake amfani da shi a aji. Wikis sun sami ɗan amfani a cikin aikin lauya da cikin gwamnati. Misalan sun hada da Intellipedia na Hukumar Leken Asiri ta Tsakiya, wanda aka tsara don rabawa da tattara bayanan sirri, DKospedia, wanda Civilungiyar Civilancin Yanci ta usedasar ta Amurka ta yi amfani da shi don taimakawa tare da nazarin takardu game da shigar da fursunoni a cikin Guantánamo Bay; da kuma wiki na Kotun ofaukaka Statesara ta Amurka game da Keɓaɓɓu na Bakwai, sun kasance suna sanya dokokin kotu da ba masu aiki damar yin tsokaci da yin tambayoyi. Ofishin Patent da Trademark Office yana aiki da Peer-to-Patent, wiki don bawa jama'a damar yin haɗin gwiwa akan nemo fasahar da ta dace da gwajin aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka. Queens, New York tayi amfani da wiki don baiwa allowan ƙasa damar haɗa kai akan zane da kuma tsara wurin shakatawa na gida. Makarantar Lawell Law School ta kafa kamus na shari'a na wiki da ake kira Wex, wanda ƙarancin wanda zai iya yin gyare-gyare ya kawo cikas ga ci gabansa. A cikin yanayin ilimin, anyi amfani da wikis a matsayin haɗin gwiwar aiki da tsarin tallafi na bincike. City wikis A birnin wiki (ko gida wiki) ne a wiki amfani da wani ilmi tushe da kuma zamantakewa cibiyar sadarwa don takamaiman Gwargwadon wuri.Kalmar 'birni wiki' ko kuma ta yi daidai da harshen waje (misali Jamusanci 'Stadtwiki') wani lokaci ana amfani dashi don wikis waɗanda ke rufe ba kawai birni ba, amma ƙaramin gari ko kuma duk yanki. Wiki na birni ya ƙunshi bayani game da takamaiman al'amuran abubuwa, ra'ayoyi, mutane da wurare. Mafi yawan waɗannan bayanan bazai dace da encyclopedias kamar Wikipedia ba (misali, labarai akan duk wata hanyar sayar da kayayyaki a cikin gari), amma yana iya dacewa da wiki tare da ƙarin abubuwanda aka sarrafa da masu kallo. Wiki na gari yana iya ƙunsar bayani game da batutuwa masu zuwa, wanda zai iya ko ba zai dace da ilimin wiki na gaba ɗaya ba, kamar: Cikakkun bayanai game da cibiyoyin jama'a kamar gidajen jama'a, sanduna, masauki ko cibiyoyin zaman jama'a Sunan mai shi, lokacin buɗewa da ƙididdiga don takamaiman shago Bayanan kididdiga game da takamaiman hanyar cikin gari An ɗanɗano dandano na ice cream a parlour ɗin ice cream na gida Tarihin rayuwar wani shugaban karamar hukuma da sauran mutane WikiNodes WikiNodes shafuka ne akan wikis waɗanda ke bayyana wikis masu alaƙa. Yawancin lokaci ana tsara su a matsayin maƙwabta da wakilai. Wiki na maƙwabta wiki ne kawai wanda zai iya tattauna abubuwan da ke ciki ko kuma in ba haka ba ya zama mai ban sha'awa. Wiki wakili wiki ne wanda ya yarda a samar da wasu abubuwa da aka wakilta a wiki. Hanya ɗaya ta neman wiki a kan takamaiman batun ita ce bi hanyar sadarwa ta hanyar wiki-node daga wiki zuwa wiki; wani kuma shine ya dauki shafin "yawon bude ido" na Wiki, misali: Wikipedia's Tour Bus Stop Mahalarta Nau'ikan asali huɗu na masu amfani waɗanda ke shiga wikis sune mai karatu, marubuci, mai kula da wiki da mai sarrafa tsarin. Mai kula da tsarin shine ke da alhakin sanyawa da kuma kiyaye injin wiki da kuma uwar garken gidan yanar sadarwar. Mai gudanarwa na wiki yana kula da abubuwan wiki kuma ana samar dashi ƙarin ayyuka game da shafuka (misali kariya ta shafi da sharewa), kuma zai iya daidaita haƙƙin samun masu amfani ta, misali, toshe su daga yin gyara. Dalilan girma Nazarin wikis ɗari da yawa ya nuna cewa adadi mai yawa na masu gudanarwa don girman abun ciki da aka ba na iya rage haɓaka; cewa samun damar sarrafa ƙayyade gyara ga masu amfani da ke da riba na rage haɓaka; cewa rashin irin wannan damar sarrafawar yakan haifar da sabon rajistar mai amfani; kuma wannan babban tsarin na gwamnati (watau admins user) ba su da wani tasiri a kan abubuwan da ke ciki ko karuwar jama'a. Taruka Tarurruka masu aiki da tarurruka game da batutuwan da suka shafi wiki sun haɗa da: Taron Atlassian, taron shekara-shekara don masu amfani da software na Atlassian, gami da Confluence. OpenSym (wanda ake kira da WikiSym har zuwa shekarar 2014), taron ilimi wanda aka keɓe don bincike game da wikis da buɗe haɗin kai. SMWCon, taron shekara-shekara na masu amfani da masu haɓaka Semantic MediaWiki. TikiFest, taron da aka saba gudanarwa don masu amfani da masu haɓaka Tiki Wiki CMS Groupware. Wikimania, taron shekara-shekara wanda aka keɓe don bincike da aiwatar da ayyukan Gidauniyar Wikimedia kamar Wikipedia. Tsoffin abubuwan da suka shafi wiki sun hada da: RecentChangesCamp (2006 2012 rashin daidaituwa kan batutuwan da suka shafi wiki. RegioWikiCamp (2009–2013), rashin daidaiton taron shekara-shekara kan "regiowikis", ko wikis kan biranen da sauran yankuna. Dokoki Wikis galibi suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin mai amfani. Misali Wikipedia, tana da jerin manufofi da jagororin da aka taƙaita a cikin ginshiƙanta guda biyar: Wikipedia encyclopedia ne; Wikipedia tana da ra'ayin tsaka tsaki; Wikipedia kyauta ne; Ya kamata 'yan Wikipedians suyi ma'amala cikin ladabi da ladabi, kuma Wikipedia ba ta da tsayayyun dokoki. Yawancin wikis sun karɓi jerin dokoki. Wani malami ya kafa doka don wiki na aji, "Wiki ga wasu kamar yadda za ku so wiki a wurinku". Yanayin doka Haɗin marubuta na haɗin gwiwa, wanda masu amfani daban-daban ke shiga cikin gyara, gyara, da tattara samfurin da aka gama, na iya haifar da editoci su zama masu haya a cikin abin da ya shafi haƙƙin mallaka, ta yadda ba zai yuwu a sake bugawa ba tare da izinin duk masu mallakar su ba, wasu daga cikinsu ba za a iya sanin asalinsu ba saboda ɓata suna ko kuma gyara suna. Inda mutane suka ba da gudummawa ga aikin gama gari kamar encyclopedia, to amma, babu ikon mallakar haɗin gwiwa idan gudummawar ta bambanta kuma ta bambanta. Duk da yawancin wikis na bin diddigin gudummawar kowane mutum, aikin bayar da gudummawa ga shafin wiki har yanzu ana iya cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin gyara tare, gyare-gyare, ko tattarawa, wanda zai haifar da mallakar haɗin gwiwa. Wasu batutuwan haƙƙin mallaka ana iya ragewa ta hanyar amfani da lasisin buɗe abun ciki. Shafi na 2 na lasisin Rikodin Kyauta na GNU ya haɗa da takamaiman tanadi don sake neman wiki; Hakanan lasisin Creative Commons sanannu ne. Lokacin da ba a kayyade lasisi ba, lasisin lasisi don karantawa da ƙara abun ciki zuwa wiki ana iya ɗauka ya wanzu bisa larurar kasuwanci da yanayin asalin wiki, kodayake tushen doka don irin wannan lasisin ba zai wanzu a cikin duka ba yanayi. Wikis da masu amfani da su na iya zama abin dogaro ga wasu ayyukan da ke faruwa akan wiki. Idan mai amfani da wiki ya nuna halin ko-in-kula kuma ya yi watsi da sarrafawa (kamar hana masu keta hakkin haƙƙin mallaka) da zai iya yi don dakatar da keta haƙƙin mallaka, za a iya ɗaukarsa yana da ƙeta doka, musamman ma idan ana amfani da wiki ne musamman don keta haƙƙin mallaka ko samun kuɗi kai tsaye fa'ida, kamar kudaden shiga na talla, daga ayyukan keta doka. A Amurka, wikis na iya cin gajiyar Sashe na 230 na Dokar Kwatancen Sadarwa, wanda ke kare shafukan yanar gizo da ke aikin ''Samaritan Mai Kyau'' na kayan aiki masu cutarwa, ba tare da wata bukata kan inganci ko yawan irin wannan aikin 'yan sanda ba. Har ila yau, an yi jayayya, cewa aiwatar da wiki na wasu dokoki, irin su nuna wariya, tabbatar da gaskiya, samun abin dogaro, da kuma manufofin bincike-na asali, na iya haifar da haɗarin doka. Lokacin da batanci ya faru a kan wiki, bisa ka'ida, duk masu amfani da wiki za a iya daukar nauyinsu, saboda kowane daga cikinsu yana da ikon cire ko gyara kayan batanci daga "wallafar." Abin jira a gani shi ne ko za a dauki wikis a matsayin mafi kusanci da mai ba da sabis na intanet, wanda galibi ba shi da alhaki saboda rashin ikonsa game da abubuwan da aka buga, fiye da mai bugawa. An ba da shawarar cewa masu alamun kasuwanci su kula da irin bayanin da aka gabatar game da alamun kasuwancin su akan wikis, tunda kotuna na iya amfani da waɗannan abubuwan a matsayin shaidar dangane da fahimtar jama'a. Joshua Jarvis ya ce, "Da zarar an gano bayanan da ba su dace ba, mai alamar kasuwanci zai iya shirya shigarwar kawai." Duba kuma Comparison of wiki software Content management system CURIE Dispersed knowledge List of wikis Mass collaboration Universal Edit Button Wikis and education Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Binciken Wiki, hira da Ward Cunningham na Bill Verners WikiIndex da WikiApiary, kundin adireshin wikis WikiMatrix, gidan yanar gizo ne na kwatankwacin software na wiki da masu masaukin baki WikiTeam, ƙungiyar sa kai ce don adana wikis masu alaƙa da Rukunin Rumbun Ruwa Murphy, Paula (Afrilu 2006). Topsy-turvy Duniya na Wiki Jami'ar California Wasikar Ward Cunningham tare da masana ilimin kimiya Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

17795

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine%20na%20Hippo

Augustine na Hippo

Augustine na Hippo (354 430) ya kasance masanin addinin kirista kuma masanin ilimin tauhidi. Littattafai Akan Koyarwar Kirista 397-426 Ikirari 397-398 The City of Allah fara ca. 413, gama 426 Akan Triniti, 400-416 Enchiridion Retraction: A ƙarshen rayuwarsa (kusan 426-428) Augustine ya sake duba ayyukan da ya gabata a tsarin tsari kuma ya ba da shawarar abin da zai faɗa daban a cikin wani aikin da aka yi wa lakabi da Retractions, yana ba mai karatu wani hoto mai ban mamaki na ci gaban marubuci da kuma tunaninsa na karshe. Ma'anar Farawa ta zahiri Akan Zaɓin Kyauta Na Son Wasuƙu Bayanan kula Manazarta Labarin tunani, DK Publishing, Bryan Magee, London, 1998, aka Labarin Falsafa, Dorling Kindersley Publishing, 2001, (wanda aka fassara a kan murfin: Babban Jagora ga Tarihin Falsafar Yammacin Turai g Saint Augustine, shafuffuka 30, 144; Garin Allah 51, 52, 53 da Ikirarin 50, 51, 52 ƙarin a Dictionary na Tarihin Ideas for Saint Augustine da Neo-Platonism Archived A cikin zane-zane Eungiyar Indie rock Band na Dawakai suna da waƙa da ake kira "St. Augustine". Da alama waƙar tana magana ne game da sha'awar wani don shahara da sananne, maimakon sha'awar su ta gaskiya. Rockungiyar mawaka ta Kirista Petra ta sadaukar da waƙa ga St. Augustine mai suna "St. Augustine's Pears". Ya dogara ne akan daya daga rubuce-rubucen Augustine a cikin littafinsa "Confessions" inda yake ba da labarin yadda ya saci pears ɗin wasu maƙwabta ba tare da yunwa ba, kuma yadda ƙaramar satar ta addabe shi a rayuwarsa. Archived Jon Foreman, jagoran mawaƙi kuma marubucin waƙoƙi na madadin dutsen band Switchfoot ya rubuta waƙa mai suna "Wani abu Moreari (furcin Augustine)", wanda aka tsara bayan rayuwa da littafi, "Confessions", na Augustine. Saboda kundin wakokinsa na 1993 mai taken "Tatsuniyoyin Mai kira na Goma Sting ya rubuta wata waƙa mai taken "Saint Augustine a cikin Jahannama", tare da kalmomin 'Ka sanya ni tsarkakakke, amma ba wai kawai tana ishara ga sanannen addu'ar Augustine ba,' Ka ba ni ladabi da kamewa, amma har yanzu Bob Dylan, don kundin waƙarsa ta 1967 John Wesley Harding ya rubuta waƙa mai taken "Na yi Mafarkin Na Ga St Augustine" (wanda Thea Gilmore ta rufe a cikin kundin wakokinta na 2002 daga Gutter. Layin buɗe waƙar ("Na yi mafarkin na ga Saint Augustine Rayayye kamar ku ko ni") wataƙila sun dogara ne da layukan buɗe "Na Yi Mafarkin Na Ga Joe Hill Daren Jiya", waƙar da aka tsara a cikin 1936 ta Earl Robinson wanda ke ba da labarin mutuwar. na shahararren ɗan gwagwarmayar nan na Ba-Amurke wanda, shi kansa, ya kasance mai rubutun waƙa. Roberto Rossellini ne ya ba da fim din "Agostino d'Ippona" (Augustine na Hippo) don RAI-TV ta Italiya a 1972. Kundin madadin dutsen band din Sherwood "Ku rera, Amma Ku ci gaba" nassoshi sanannen zance ne wanda aka danganta ga St. Augustine akan murfin ciki. Bayan da Ned Flanders ya yi masa baftisma ba da gangan ba a cikin '3F01' "Gida Mai Dadi Diddily-Dum-Doodily", Homer Simpson ya ce, "Oh, Bartholomew, Ina jin kamar St. Augustine na Hippo bayan da Ambrose na Milan ya musulunta. Bibiyar Tarihi Brown, Bitrus Augustine na Hippo Berkeley: Jami'ar California Press, 1967. ISBN 0-520-00186-9 Gareth B. Matthews. Augustine Blackwell, 2005. ISBN 0-631-23348-2 O'Donnell, James J. Augustine: Wani Sabon Tarihi New York: HarperCollins, 2005. ISBN 0-06-053537-7 Ruickbie, Leo Maita Daga Cikin Inuwar London: Robert Hale, 2004. ISBN 0-7090-7567-7, shafi na. 57–8. Tanquerey, Adolphe Rayuwar Ruhaniya: Yarjejeniyar kan Tauhidin Ascetical da Mystical Sake bugawa Ed. (asali na 1930). Rockford, IL: Littattafan Tan, 2000. ISBN 0-89555-659-6, shafi. 37. von Heyking, John Augustine da Siyasa a Matsayin Dadewa a Duniya Columbia: Jami'ar Missouri Press, 2001. ISBN 0-8262-1349-9 Orbis Augustinianus sive conventuum O. Erem. SA chorographica da kuma topographica descriptio Archived Augustino Lubin, Paris, 1659, 1671, 1672. Regle de St. Augustin zu da addini! et Tsarin mulki de la Congregation des Religieuses du Verbe-Incarne et du Saint-Sacrament (Lyon: Chez Pierre Guillimin, 1662), pp. 28–29. Cf. wanda aka buga a gaba a Lyon (Chez Briday, Laburare, 1962), shafi na. 22–24. Bugun Turanci, Dokar Saint Augustine da Tsarin Mulki na Dokar Kalmar Mutum da Sacrament Mai Albarka (New York: Schwartz, Kirwin, da Fauss, 1893), shafi na. 33–35. René Pottier. Saint Augustin le Berbère Fernand Lanore, 2006. ISBN 2-85157-282-2 Gabatarwa daga Google Sauran yanar gizo Janar: A UPenn: Rubutu, fassara, gabatarwa, sharhi. Archived EarlyChurch.org.uk Littattafai masu faɗi da kuma labarai kan layi. Rayuwar St. Augustine na Hippo, daga Katolika Encyclopedia Augstine na Hippo ya Archived a Centropian Rubutun ta Augustine: Works by Augustine of Hippo A cikin Latin, a Latin Library littattafai da wasiƙu daga Augustine A "Kundin Tarihi na Kirista Ethereal Library" Fassarorin ayyuka da yawa da Augustine, incl. gabatarwa Enchiridion ta Augustine Cikakken rubutun Latin da Italiyanci A "IntraText Digital Library": Yana aiki ne da Augustine a cikin harsuna da yawa, tare da jituwa da jerin mitar St. Augustine's Multilingual Opera Omnia Rubutu akan Augustine: St. Augustine: Tsakanin Duniya biyu Augustine da 'sauran Katolika' Archived Stanford Encyclopedia na Falsafa shigarwa "Augustine ta Concept of Freedom: The Dynamic Zunubi da Grace" daga Grace Jiki (1989) Archived Augustine's Heaven City da Western Mind Pgs 22-24 Akan Kiɗa Augustine a kan waka Archived Akan Zunubin Asali ka tambayi Dan Santos Augustine da Pelagius Augustine da kuma Thomas Aquinas a kan Asalin Zunubi Archived Asali na asali: jayayya Abokin Cambridge ɗin zuwa Augustine; 3 Augustine akan sharri da asalin zunubi Archived Hanyoyin haɗi zuwa Tsarin Augustiniya Rubuce-rubucen Augustine sun Archived Littattafan kaset Birnin Allah, Ikirari, Enchiridion, Rukunan Augustine da Orthodoxy Albarkacin Augustine na Hippo: Matsayinsa a Cocin Orthodox St. Augustine a cikin Hadisin Girkanci na Girka St Augustine Bishop na Hippo Orthodox icon da synaxarion 'Yan falsafa Kiristoci

14120

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alluran%20rigakafi

Alluran rigakafi

Allurar rigakafi shiri ne na ƙirar halitta wanda ke ba da cikakkiyar damar samun rigakafi ga wani kamuwa da cuta. Allurar rigakafi yawanci tana dauke da wakili wanda yayi kama da cutar microorganism. Ana yinsa sau da yawa daga nau'ikan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, da gubobi, ko ɗayan na sunadarai na Wakilin yana karfafa tsarin garkuwar jiki don sanin wakili a matsayin barazana, rusa shi, kuma don kara ganewa da kuma lalata duk wasu kwayoyin halittar da ke hade tare da shi a nan gaba. Ba da wani magani ana kiranta alurar riga kafi. Allurar riga kafi ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta hana kamuwa da cuta; Allurar riga kafi galibi alhakin kawar da kịtịfe da kuma raguwar cututtuka kamar su, Polio, da tetanus. Allurar riga kafi wanda ke da ingantaccen tasiri ya hada da allurar rigakafin, maganin HPV, da kaji, maganin allurar riga kafi. Sharuɗɗan rigakafin da allurar rigakafi an samo su ne daga kungiyoyin jeji na Variolae (furucin saniya), ajalin da Edward Jenner ya kirkiro.. Tasiri Allurar rigakafi wata hanya ce mai aminci da ingantacciyar hanyar yaƙi da kawar da cututtuka. Koyaya, iyakancewar tasirin su yana wanzuwa. Ingancin tasiri ko aikin maganin ya dogara da dalilai da yawa: Cutar kanta (ga wasu cututtuka allurar riga kafi fiye da sauran) The irin allurar rigakafi (wasu allurar riga kafi takamaiman ne ko ingantacce a kan musamman nau'in cutar). Whether ko an kiyaye jadawalin rigakafin yadda yakamata. Ba da amsa ga maganin rigakafi; wasu mutane ba su amsa da kyau ga waɗansu magungunan rigakafi. Abubuwa masu rarrabuwa kamar ƙabila, shekara, ko kuma abubuwan gado. Idan mutum da aka yi wa allurar rigakafi ya ci gaba da cutar da ke rigakafin cutar kansa watakila cutar ba ta da kazanta sosai fiye da mutanen da ba a yi wa rigakafin ba. Abubuwan da suke da kyau suna la'akari da tasiri a cikin shirin tsarin rigakafi: Yin hankali da hankali don hango tasirin da kamfen ɗin rigakafi zai yi matsakaici zuwa lokaci mai tsawo. ci gaba da sa ido kan cutar da ta dace. tsadar matakan rigakafi, koda kuwa wata cuta ta zama da wuya. Allurar rigakafi ta haifar da kawar da kịtịfe, ɗaya daga cikin cututtukan da ke yaduwa da cututtuka masu yaduwa a cikin mutane. Sauran cututtukan kamar su rubella, polio, kyanda, kumburi, da kuma cutar sanƙarau ce ba kamar yadda aka saba ba kamar shekara ɗari da suka gabata saboda allurar rigakafi. Idan mafi yawan mutane suna allurar riga kafi, yana da matukar wahala ga barkewar cutar zuwa faruwa ko yaduwa. Wannan shi ake kira rigakafin garken. Magungunan rigakafin kuma suna taimakawa hana haɓakar ƙwayoyin rigakafi. Misali, ta hanyar ragewa abin da ya faru da ciwon huhu wanda ya haifar da ƙwayar huhun ciki, shirye-shiryen allurar rigakafi sunada rage yawan kamuwa da cuta wadanda ke tsayayya da maganin penicillin ko wasu maganin rigakafi. An kiyasta allurar rigakafin cutar kyanda ta hana mutum mutuwa miliyan 1 a duk shekara.. Tasirin sakamako Alurar riga kafi wanda aka bayar yayin ƙuruciya bashi da wata matsala. Sakamakon illa, idan akwai, gabaɗaya m. Sakamakon sakamako na yau da kullun sun haɗa da zazzabi, jin zafi a kusa da wurin allura, da ciwon gwiwa. Bugu da ƙari, wasu mutane na iya zama rashin lafiyan kayan abinci a cikin allurar. Cututtukan da ke tattare da mummunan sakamako suna da mutuƙar wahala. Nau'in Alurar rigakafi sun ƙunshi matattun abubuwa ko ƙwayoyin rai ko kayan tsarkakakke waɗanda aka samo daga gare su. Akwai nau'ikan alluran rigakafin da ake amfani da su.. Ba a kunnawa Wasu alluran rigakafin suna dauke da kwayoyin halittar da aka lalata tare da sunadarai, zafi, ko radadi. Misalai sun hada da rigakafin cutar shan inna, rigakafin cutar hepatitis A, alurar rigakafi da wasu alurar rigakafi.. Attenuated Wasu magungunan rigakafi suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin rai, waɗanda aka rage ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan yawanci suna tsoratar da mafi dorewa immunological immage, amma maiyuwa ba amintaccen amfani a cikin immunocompromised mutane. Toxoid Magungunan Toxoid ana yin su ne daga ƙwayoyin guba masu guba waɗanda ke haifar da rashin lafiya maimakon hakan kwayoyin. Subinit Magungunan ƙananan kwayoyi suna amfani da guntu na ƙwayoyin cuta don ƙirƙirar amsawar rigakafi. Sanda Wasu kwayoyin cuta suna da polysaccharide suttura na waje wadanda ke da rauni immunogenic. Ta hanyar cudanya Wadannan riguna na waje don sunadarai, tsarin na rigakafi na iya gane polysaccharide kamar maganin sunadarai ne na jiki. Gwaji Yawancin sababbin rigakafin rigakafin suma a yanzu haka suna cikin ci gaba kuma ana amfani da su. Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana ƙirƙirar su ta amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta marasa ƙarfi ko abubuwan ɓoyewa daga kwayoyin. Magungunan roba na rigakafi an haɗa su ne ko gaba ɗaya na abubuwan roba. Rikici Alurar rigakafi na iya zama abu mai ma'ana ko taɓarɓarewa. An tsara allurar rigakafin rigakafi a kan kwayoyi ko ƙwayoyin cuta ɗaya. An tsara allurar rigakafi don yi rigakafin cutar iri biyu ko sama da wannan ƙwayoyin cuta guda ɗaya, ko akasin biyu ko fiye microorganisms.. Heterotypic Waɗannan rigakafin ne da ke amfani da cuta na wasu dabbobi waɗanda ko dai ba sa haifar da cuta ko haifar da cuta mai laushi cikin kwayoyin da ake bi. Inganta rigakafi Tsarin rigakafi yana ɗaukar masu ba da maganin alurar rigakafi azaman ƙasashen waje, yana lalata su, kuma "ya tuna"su. Lokacin da aka sami nau'in virulent na wakili, jiki yana gane kwayar cutar kuma an shirya ya amsa: ta hanyar cire wakilin da aka yi niyya kafin ya shiga sel; ta hanyar ganewa da kuma lalata ƙwayoyin cutar kafin waccan wakilin ta iya ƙaruwa. Adjuvants da abubuwan kiyayewa Alurar riga kafi yawanci suna ɗauke da adjuvants ɗaya ko fiye, waɗanda ke haɓakawa da hanzarta mayar da martani na rigakafi. Kuma alurar riga kafi na iya samun abubuwan kiyayewa don hana cuta tare da kwayoyin cuta ko fungi. Jadawalin Don samar da kariya mafi kyau, an bada shawarar yara don karɓar rigakafin kamar da zaran an inganta tsarin rigakafinsu ta yadda ya dace da takamaiman maganin.Ana buƙatar ƙarin ƙarin "booster" Shots don cimma "cikakkiyar rigakafi". Wannan ya haifar da da ci gaba na hadaddun alurar jadawalin.Yawancin allurar rigakafin ana bada shawarar don wasu tsararraki ko don maimaita allura cikin rayuwa. Don Misali, game da kyanda, tetanus, mura, da ciwon huhu. Shawarwarin alurar don tsofaffi sun mai da hankali kan cutar huhu da mura. Tarihi Kafin gabatarwar alurar rigakafin cuta tare da abu daga abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin mahaifa, za a iya kasancewa da katun an hana shi ta hanyar lalata kwayoyin cuta da gangan. Da farko farkon alamu na A cikin ƙarni na 10, inoculation ba game da fulawa a cikin kasar Sin ya zo ba. A ƙarshen 1760s Edward Jenner ya sami labarin cewa ma'aikatan kiwo ba su taɓa samun fitsari ba domin suna ya rigaya ya samarda maganin cutar sankara. A cikin 1796, Jenner ya ɗauki kwari daga hannun madara da Cutar fata, ta sanya shi a cikin wani yaro mai shekaru 8, kuma makonni shida bayan haka sun kamu da yaron tare da fulawa. Bai kama karamar fulawa ba. Jenner ya kara karatunsa kuma a cikin 1798 bayar da rahoton cewa maganin shi bashi da lafiya ga yara da manya. Na biyu na alluran rigakafin an gabatar dashi a cikin 1880s daga Louis Pasteur. Karnin nan na ashirin ya ga bullar sabbin magunguna masu nasara, gami da wadancan da cututtukan fata, kyanda, da daskararru, da kuma daskararru. Manyan nasarorin sun hada da ci gaba na rigakafin cutar Polio a cikin shekarun 1950 da kuma kawar da fitsari a shekarun 1960 zuwa 1970. Maurice Hilleman ya kasance mafi yawan masu haɓaka alluran rigakafin a karni na ashirin. Yawancin ci gaban allurar rigakafin har zuwa yau sun dogara da tallafi daga gwamnati, jami'o'i da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Yawancin magungunan rigakafi sun kasance masu tsada matuƙar tasiri da amfani ga lafiyar jama'a. Yawan alluran rigakafin da aka gudanar ya karu sosai a kwanan nan shekarun da suka gabata. Ari ga haka, ana yin amfani da rigakafin dabbobi don su hana cututtukan su da kuma hana yada cutar ga mutane.. Batun mallaka Saka bayanan kwastomomi kan hanyoyin inganta alurar riga kafi na iya zama cikas ga ci gaban sababbin alurar rigakafi. Saboda ƙarancin kariya da aka bayar ta ha patentso ,in mallaka, kariyar sabon abu ne sau da yawa ana yin ta hanyar haƙƙin ci gaba kamar yadda ya kamata kariya ta sirri. A cewar Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya, babbar matsala ce ta hana samar da maganin alurar riga kafi a ciki ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba shine mahimmancin kuɗi, kayayyakin more rayuwa, da ƙwarewar ma'aikata bukatun da ake buƙata don shigar da kasuwa. Tsarin isarwa Haɓaka sabbin hanyoyin isar da saƙo na tasar da begen alluran rigakafin lafiya da ƙari ingantacce don sadar da gudanarwa. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci game da fasahar isar da rigakafi sun haɗa da allurar rigakafi. Cutar shan inna rigakafi ya tabbatar da inganci lokacin da masu aikin sa kai ke gudanar da su ba tare da horo na yau da kullun ba. Wata gwaji mara-amfani ana yin gwajin dabbobi. Wani facin tambari mai kama da bandeji mai ɗaure ciki ya ƙunshi tsinkayar ƙirar 20,000 a kowace murabba'in cm.. Yanayi Ci gaban alurar riga-kafi yana da yanayi da yawa: Until Har zuwa kwanan nan, yawancin rigakafin an yi niyya ne ga jarirai da yara, amma matasa kuma Ana ƙara yin niyya da manya. Com vaccin es vaccin Haɗi na rigakafi ya zama gama gari. Ana kirkiro sabbin hanyoyin bayar da rigakafi. Ana yin allurar rigakafi don taɓar da martanin rigakafin halittu, da mai daidaitawa. Ana yin gwaji don samar da alluran rigakafin cututtukan cututtukan daji. Ana yin allurar rigakafi don kare kai daga harin dabbobi. Now Masana kimiyya yanzu suna ƙoƙarin kirkirar allurar rigakafi ta hanyar sake ginawa waje tsarin kwayar cuta. Wannan zai taimaka wajen magance juriya.

30233

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C9%97an%20adam%20a%20Uganda

Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda

Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Uganda yana da alaƙa da wahalhalu wajen cimma ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa ga kowane ɗan ƙasa. Waɗannan matsalolin sun ta'allaƙa ne kan samar da ingantattun wuraren tsafta, ƙaura daga cikin gida, haɓaka isassun ababen more rayuwa, da kuma musgunawa al'ummar LGBT, mata, da yara. Duk da haka, Uganda tana, kamar yadda Gidan Yanar Gizo na Relief ya ɗauki nauyin Bayanan Bil'adama 2012, yana yin babban ci gaba a wannan yanki. A cikin rahoton Freedom in the World 2020, Freedom House ta bayyana Uganda a matsayin kasar da ake ganin ba ta da ''Ba 'Yanci ba''. Akwai wurare da dama da ake damuwa game da yancin ɗan adam a Uganda, kuma rarrabuwar "Ba 'Yanci ba" ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin 'yancin siyasa da martabar 'yancin ɗan adam. Rikici a arewa Tun bayan da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban suka fara yaƙar gwamnatin shugaba Yoweri Museveni, tun daga watan Agustan shekara ta 1986, kimanin 'yan Uganda miliyan biyu ne suka rasa matsugunansu kuma an kashe dubunnan dubbai. Kimanin yara guda 67,000 ne ƙungiyar LRA ta yi garkuwa da su domin yin amfani da su a matsayin yara soja da bayi tun daga shekara ta 1987. Rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta a shekara ta 2006, sakamakon nasarar yakin da sojojin Uganda suka yi, ya kawo karshen tashin hankalin da kungiyar LRA ke yi a Uganda. Rikicin da ya barke a arewacin kasar a baya tsakanin sojojin Uganda (UPDF) da na Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya durkusar da tattalin arzikin kasar, tare da kawo koma baya ga ci gaban yankunan da abin ya shafa, tare da haifar da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. Wannan cin zarafi ya ta'allaka ne a kan rashin tanadin gaggawar da aka tanadar wa 'yan gudun hijirar da suka tsere daga gidajensu don gujewa LRA. A cikin shekaru goma sha biyu tun lokacin da aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar yaki da yawa daga cikin wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu sun koma gidajensu kuma ana ci gaba da shirin gyarawa da sake gina su. Gwamnatin Uganda da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun amince cewa wannan aiki ne da ke ci gaba kuma dole ne a sami ci gaba mai yawa. Dangane da haka an kaddamar da shirin gyarawa Dominic Ongwen, wanda yaro ne soja kuma daya daga cikin jagororin Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ya kasance a ranar 02-04-2021 Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa (ICC) ta yanke masa hukunci kan laifukan jima'i da jinsi da dama, 70. laifuffuka masu yawa kuma an same shi da laifuka 61 kuma an aikata wadannan laifuka tsakanin 1 ga Yulin shekara ta 2002 zuwa 31 ga Disamba 2005 a Arewacin Uganda. Zaluntar 'yan luwadi A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an gabatar da wani kudiri a Majalisar Dokokin Uganda mai taken Bidi'ar Yaki da Luwadi na 2009 da ke neman a yanke hukunci mai tsauri ga 'yan luwadi, har da kuma hukuncin kisa. Kamar yadda aka tsara tun farko kuma aka gabatar da wannan kudurin dokar ta kuma bukaci duk wani dan kasar da ya zargi wani da laifin yin luwadi, da ya kai rahoton dan luwadi ga ‘yan sanda, ko kuma su ma za su iya samun tarar ko zaman gidan yari. Kudirin da aka gabatar ya kai ga hana masu gidaje hayar ga wani sanannen dan luwadi, kuma zai haramta duk wata tattaunawa ta luwadi da jama'a. Ƙasashen duniya sun yi matuƙar adawa da gabatar da wannan ƙuduri tare da nuna damuwarsu kan yadda zai iya zama doka, hakika shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya kira shi da ''abin kyama''. Sakamakon karuwar matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kudirin bai taba wucewa matakin kwamitin ba. A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2012 ɗan majalisar wakilai David Bahati ya sake gabatar da ƙudirin zuwa ga sabani sosai. Duk da haka ya ji zafi don nuna cewa an yanke shawarar tanadin hukuncin kisa a matsayin bai zama dole ba kuma an cire shi daga ƙudirin a matakin kwamiti a majalisa ta 8. Don haka, kudurin da aka gabatar a cikin majalisa ta 9, ba shi da tanadin hukuncin kisa. Wannan ƙudirin ya ci gaba da yin suka sosai kuma yana da cece-kuce. An sake cin karo da Allah wadai. A martanin da gwamnatin Uganda ta mayar kan wannan Allah wadai, ta fitar da wata sanarwa da ke nuni da cewa ƙudirin dokar ta mambobi ne mai zaman kansa kuma ba shi da goyon bayan gwamnati. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 Shugaba Yoweri Museveni ya rattaba hannu kan dokar "Anti Luwadi" ta zama doka. Kashegari jaridar "Red Pepper" ta buga jerin sunayen maza 200 da ake zargi da aikata laifuka. Bayan dage dokar da wasu ƙasashen yammacin masana'antu, da Sweden, da Amurka da kuma Netherlands suka dakatar da taimakon da suke baiwa Uganda. Bankin Duniya ya dage rancen dalar Amurka miliyan 90 ga tsarin kiwon lafiyar Uganda saboda dokar. Cin zarafi daga jami'an tsaron Uganda “A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni [2003] jami’an [Volent Crime Crack Unit Green] sun kama Nsangi Murisidi, mai shekaru 29, bisa zarginsa da taimaka wa abokansa yin fashi da kuma zargin mallakar bindiga. Yan uwa sun yi kokarin ziyarce shi a tsare. A ranar 18 ga watan Yuni lauyan da ke wakiltar dangin ya sami tabbacin mutuwarsa a gidan yari yayin da yake hedikwatar VCCU da ke Kireka, wani yanki na Kampala. Takardar shaidar mutuwar ta tabbatar da dalilin mutuwar a matsayin asarar ruwa da jini mai yawa, zubar jini mai tsanani a cikin kwakwalwa da kuma tsananin kuna a gindi. Jikin ya kuma sami raunuka masu zurfi 14. A cikin Oktoba Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida ya sanar da AI cewa an ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike, amma ba a sami wani ci gaba ba." A cikin shekara ta 2020, jami'an tsaro ciki har da 'yan sanda, soji (UPDF) da Rundunar Tsaro ta gida sun yi amfani da yawa, marasa mahimmanci kuma a wasu lokuta masu kashe mutane don aiwatar da nisantar da jama'a da sauran matakan da aka tsara don yaƙar COVID-19 kuma ba ƙasa da mutane 66 ba. an kashe su daga Maris 2020 zuwa gaba kuma an kashe kusan 12 saboda keta matakan kullewa. A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2021, an kama wani marubucin PEN Pinter Prize International Writer Prize wanda ya lashe marubuci Kakwenza Rukirabashaija bisa zargin kasancewa mai sukar Shugaba Yoweri Museveni da ɗansa. An ce jami’an tsaro sun azabtar da shi a gidan yari. 'Yancin siyasa A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, an kama wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki biyu na adawa bisa zargin da ake yi na siyasa. Ronald Reagan Okumu da Michael Nyeko Ocula sun fito ne daga kungiyar FDC, kungiyar da ake ganin ita ce babbar barazana ga sake zaben shugaba Yoweri Museveni a shekara ta 2006. Fitaccen dan adawar shugaba Museveni, Kizza Besigye ya yi tazarce sau uku kuma yana shan kaye a kowane lokaci. A daidai lokacin da ya sha kaye na karshe (zaben 2011) Kizza Besigye ya yi kira ga daukacin 'ya'yan jam'iyyarsa ta FDC da su kaurace wa majalisar dokokin ƙasar, kada su hau kujerarsu kamar yadda aka zaba. 'Yan jam'iyyar FDC sun ki yin hakan kuma Kizza Besigye ya tsaya takara a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. Besigye dai fitaccen dan siyasa ne kuma ya gano al’amura da dama da suka tauye masa ‘yancin siyasa. Musamman a cikin 2011 an tsare Besigye a tsare, amma nan take aka sake shi saboda kotun Ugandan ta ɗauki wannan kamen ya sabawa doka. Bayan yakin neman zaɓen shekara ta 2016 da aka yi kace-nace, an sake zaɓen shugaba Yoweri Museveni a kan karagar mulki kuma Amnesty International ta tabbatar da sake zabensa. Duk da tabbatar da sakamakon zaɓen, Amnesty ta bayyana damuwarta kan tashe-tashen hankulan da ake zargin an yi mata da kuma tauye Haƙƙin 'yan jaridu. 'Yancin aikin jarida Kamar yadda yake a kasashen Afirka da dama, hukumomin gwamnati na ci gaba da yin katsalandan ga 'yancin LGBT a Uganda. A karshen shekara ta 2002, sojoji da 'yan sanda sun rufe jaridar Monitor mai zaman kanta na wani dan lokaci. An ci gaba da kai wa 'yan jaridun hari a shekara ta 2004, biyu daga cikinsu an yi tir da su a bainar jama'a a matsayin "masu haɗa kai na 'yan tawaye" daga bakin kakakin ƙungiyar ta UPDF. A cikin Fabrairun shekara ta 2004, Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin "buga labaran karya" ya zama banza kuma ya saba wa tsarin mulki. A shekara ta 2005, Uganda ta kasance ƙasa ta 13 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a cikin ƙasashe guda 48 a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara A cikin shekara ta 2010, Uganda ta kasance kasa ta 15 mafi ‘yancin ‘yan jarida a kasashe 48. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun 2012 Issac Kasamani, wani dan jarida mai daukar hoto ya yi zargin cewa wani dan sanda ya harbe shi a lokacin da yake gabatar da wani gangamin ‘yan adawa. Nan take aka ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike mai zaman kansa kan lamarin kuma wani rahoto mai zaman kansa wanda wani dan kasar waje ya kammala ya tabbatar da cewa ba a harba harsashi mai rai a ranar da ake magana a kai. Bayan fitar da wannan rahoto Ministan Uganda Hon. James Baba ya nuna damuwarsa kan ka’idojin bayar da rahotannin da suka dabaibaye lamarin tare da bayyana aniyarsa ta sa ido kan ka’idojin kafafen yada labarai. Wannan lamari ne da ya shafi kasashen duniya. A watan Nuwamban 2012, John Ssegawa, babban darektan wasan kwaikwayo mai mahimmancin hali na kasa ya ba da rahoton cewa Majalisar Watsa Labarai ta Uganda ta yanke shawarar dakatar da kara nunawa. Ssegawa ya ce kamfanin kera wasan kwaikwayo zai ci gaba da gudanar da aikin tare da bijirewa dokar. Hakkokin mata Jami'an Uganda sun amince da yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) a ranar 22 ga Yuli, 1985. Ƙasashen da suka zaɓi amincewa da CEDAW suna da shekara guda don gabatar da rahoto na yau da kullun ga taron kuma ana buƙatar su gabatar da ɗaya duk bayan shekaru huɗu bayan rahoton farko. Gwamnatin Uganda, duk da haka, ta gabatar da rahotonta na CEDAW na yau da kullun bayan shekaru biyar da amincewa, a cikin 1990. Yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata (CEDAW) ta ba da umarni ga masu rattaba hannu kan kawar da wariya ga mata da aiwatar da manufofin da za su ci gaba da samun daidaiton 'yancin mata. Mataki na 21 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Uganda, ya bi manufofin CEDAW, don tabbatar da 'yancin daidaito ga dukan mutane a fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da zamantakewa na Uganda. Labarin ya ci gaba da tabbatar da cewa babu wani mutum da zai fuskanci wariya saboda jinsi, launin fata, kabila, nakasa, kabila, addini, zamantakewar tattalin arziki, ko alakarsu ta siyasa. A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Majalissar Tarayya, tun daga 2017, Uganda ba ta ba da rahoton matsayin aiwatar da CEDAW ba tun 2010. Uganda kuma ba ta amince da ka'idar yarjejeniya ta zaɓi ba. Wannan ka'ida ta zaɓin tana baiwa kwamitocin CEDAW damar karɓa da aiwatar da korafe-korafen da masu sa hannu suka yi game da take haƙƙin da CEDAW ta bayar. Wannan ana cewa, bayanan binciken jama'a iri-iri na dimokuradiyya game da 'yancin walwala na mata tarin bayanan 'yancin motsi na cikin gida, daga aikin tilastawa, hakkin mallaka, da samun adalci ya nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1986 da 2019, Jama'ar Uganda sun yi imanin cewa yawancin mata a kasar suna samun matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaiciyar 'yanci. Haƙƙin mallaka Mata a Uganda sun kasance zakara na daidaita hakkin mata, makiyaya, da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mata kuma sun taka rawar gani a kungiyoyi (watau Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ƙasa ta Uganda, Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Mata ta Uganda) waɗanda ke fafutuka don neman 'yancin al'ummomin da aka ware kuma waɗanda ke yin tambayoyi game da mallakar filaye na al'ada na Uganda. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa dokokin al'ada suna da mahimmanci a cikin al'ummar Uganda, musamman game da mallakar filaye da haƙƙin mallaka. Uganda ta fuskanci gyare-gyaren filaye da yawa a cikin shekaru, tare da gagarumin garambawul shine Dokar Filaye ta 1998. A karkashin dokar filaye, ana ba wa mata damar samun fili daidai gwargwado a Uganda, wanda zai ba su damar mallakar filaye ta hanyar ubanninsu, ’yan’uwansu, ko mazajensu. Dokar filaye ta haramta duk wani hukunci da ya shafi kadarorin da ke haifar da ƙin haƙƙin ƙasa ga mata. Bugu da ƙari, Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1995 na Uganda ya kuma haramta wariyar jinsi, ba wa maza da mata 'yancin daidaitawa. Duk da cewa dokar filaye da tsare-tsare daban-daban na hakkin mallakar filaye sun ba wa mata damar mallakar filaye, amma akwai shaidar cewa ba a koyaushe waɗannan matakan ke tabbatar da haƙƙin mallakar mata yadda ya kamata ba ta fuskar samun dama da kula da ƙasar. Ɗayan dalili na wannan shine dokar al'ada a Uganda da kuma yadda take bai wa mata 'yancin mallakar dukiya fiye da maza. A lokacin da aka kafa dokar filaye ta 1998, an ba da shawarar cewa gwamnati za ta ba da izinin mallakar fili ta haɗin gwiwa ta hanyar ma'aurata, amma ba a aiwatar da shawarar ba. Wannan doka ta haifar da ba da damar daidaitattun haƙƙoƙin ƙasa ba dole ba ne a haɗa haɗin gwiwar doka ta doka. Misali, rahotanni sun yi la'akari da ma'aurata a matsayin masu mallakar fili, mazajen gidaje ne kawai aka jera su a cikin takardun mallakar. Sunan hukuma, ko take, akan takaddun mallakar yana shafar haƙƙin haƙƙin mata na gaskiya. Har ila yau, dokar filaye ba ta yi la’akari da tsarin dokokin al’ada ba, musamman dangane da yadda zawarawa ke karva wa mazajensu filayensu. Wato mata ba sa cin gado ga mazajensu domin al'ada ce maza su bar yankinsu ga kabilarsu, ba takaba. Wannan yanayin ya samo asali ne sakamakon ƙoƙarin tabbatar da cewa ƙasa ta kasance a cikin ƙabilar, ba tare da haɗarin cewa mata za su iya sayar da filin ga wasu mutanen da ba na kabilar ba. Don haka, mata za su iya mallakar fili tare da mijinta, amma idan ba tare da haƙƙin mallaka ba, ana iya hana gwauruwa filin mijinta da ya mutu. Mata sun kafa dabaru don yin ikirarin kan filaye da kuma mallakar kadarori a bisa ka’ida, duk da wasu dokokin al’ada da ke ba su ‘yancin mallaka. A haƙiƙa, mata suna ƙara yin amfani da tsarin shari'a na yau da kullun, kamar kotunan majistare, don samun damar shiga ƙasa. Haka kuma mata sun samu mallakar fili ta hanyar siya da kansu, wanda hakan wata hanya ce ta kewaya al’amuran mallakar tare. Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa bisa ga ire-iren dimokuradiyya, binciken ra'ayin jama'a ya nuna cewa 'yan Uganda sun yi imanin cewa tun daga 1994, mata da yawa suna da haƙƙin mallaka na kashin kansu tare da tsirarun al'ummar mata waɗanda ba su da 'yancin mallaka. Bugu da ƙari, bayanan ra'ayoyin jama'a sun nuna cewa tsakanin shekarun 1995 zuwa 2017, aƙalla rabin mata ne ke da mafi yawan haƙƙin mallaka a ƙasar. Hakkokin aure Kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda ya ba da haske kan batun hakkin iyali tare da bayar da shawarwari goma sha hudu kan wadannan hakkoki a cikin rubutunsa. A karkashin Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Uganda, shekarun aure na shari'a ga mazaje na mata suna da shekaru goma sha takwas. Duk da haka, akwai kwakkwarar shaida na 'yan mata a Uganda sun daina makaranta don zama amaryar yarinya. A cewar ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Uganda, a shekarar 2017, Uganda na fuskantar daya daga cikin mafi girman adadin auren wuri a duniya. An ba da rahoton cewa kashi 40% na 'yan mata a Uganda sun yi aure kafin su cika shekaru goma sha takwas. A cikin 2017, 10% na 'yan matan Uganda sun yi aure kafin su kai shekaru goma sha biyar. A lokacin da aka kafa kundin tsarin mulkin Uganda, an yi muhawara kan al'adar farashin amarya, inda majalisar dokokin kasar ta yanke hukuncin soke shi. Farashin amarya ya halatta a Uganda kuma al'ada ce ta al'adar ango yana biyan amaryarsa da kudi, shanu, ko kaya. A shekara ta 2007, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta gabatar da batun farashin amarya a Kotun Tsarin Mulki saboda damuwa game da tsarin mulkin al'ada, amma kotun ta amince da halaccin yin hakan. Ko da yake a shekara ta 2015, Kotun Kolin Uganda ta yanke hukuncin haramtawa ango ya nemi a mayar masa da kudinsa a kan batun raba auren. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ci gaba da cewa, maza da mata suna da hakkin daidaitawa a kowane mataki na aure, ko da a lokacin rabuwar auren. Sashe na 4 na dokar saki ya bayyana cewa domin samun nasarar neman a raba auren ta hanyar kotu, sai miji ya nuna hujja guda daya (watau zina) ga kotu. Domin neman takardar sakin aure, sai mace ta gabatar da hujjoji aqalla guda biyu (watau canjin addini, auren wata mata, zina ko zinace-zinace) a gaban kotu. Sai dai kungiyar lauyoyin mata ta kai karar gaban kotu, inda ta shigar da kara cewa sashe na 4 ya sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar saboda nuna wariyar jinsi. Kotun tsarin mulkin kasar ta yanke hukunci kan kungiyar lauyoyin mata, amma har yanzu majalisar dokoki a Uganda ba ta yi wa kundin tsarin mulkin kasar kwaskwarima ba domin bin hukuncin da kotun ta yanke. Cin zarafin jima'i Tarihin cin zarafin jima'i a Arewacin Uganda yana ganin mutane suna fuskantar rikici-lokacin jima'i tsakanin shekarun 1986-2006. An bayar da rahoton cewa, bangarorin biyu na masu tayar da kayar baya, wato Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) da na rundunar tsaron jama'ar Uganda (UPDF), sun aikata laifukan lalata da jinsi. A sansanonin 'yan gudun hijirar, an sami yawaitar ayyukan ta'addanci da suka danganci jinsi (watau fyade, cin zarafi) da sojojin LRA da UPDF suka yi amma kuma 'yan uwa da abokan arziki a sansanonin. A wannan lokacin tada kayar baya, ana tunanin mata sun shiga yin lalata da sojojin LRA da UPDF a matsayin dabarar tsira. Maza da ke fuskantar rikici-lokacin cin zarafin jima'i ya yadu a cikin waɗannan shekaru. Dabara ce ta yakin soji na gama-gari da sojojin jihar ke amfani da shi wajen yakar mutanen Acholi. A haƙiƙa, ana yawan amfani da cin zarafin maza da mata a matsayin dabara don lalatar da waɗanda abin ya shafa. Uganda ta aiwatar da dokoki da manufofi a wani yunƙuri na kare waɗanda abin ya shafa da waɗanda suka tsira daga cin zarafin mata. Duk da haka, tashe-tashen hankula a cikin gida suna da yawa kuma suna karuwa. Rahoton laifukan da rundunar ‘yan sandan Uganda ta fitar na shekarar 2016 ya nuna cewa, shari’o’in da suka shafi cin zarafin mata a kasar ya karu da kashi 4 cikin dari idan aka kwatanta da shekarar da ta gabata. Dangane da rahoton Asusun Yara na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2018, kashi 35% na matan Uganda masu shekaru 18-24 sun fuskanci cin zarafi kafin su kai shekaru goma sha takwas. Haka kuma akwai tarin laifukan cin zarafin mata a kasar da ba a kai rahoto ba. Dokoki da manufofi da yawa (watau Dokar Penal Code Act 2007, Domestic Violence Act 2010, Sexual Offense Bill, Marriage Bill) a Uganda game da cin zarafin mata ba su haɗa da abubuwa da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i ba, kamar fyaden aure ko abokan zama tare. Misali, Dokar Rikicin Cikin Gida tana la'akarin halatta aure amma ba ta magance tashin hankali tsakanin ma'auratan. A cewarta, Uganda ta samu wasu nasarori dangane da cin zarafin mata. Tsakanin shekarun 2011 da 2017, mutuwar tashin hankalin gida ya ragu da kashi 54%, bisa ga rahotannin laifuka na 'yan sanda. A cikin 2016, an aiwatar da wata manufa mai suna National Gender Based Violence (GBV). Wannan manufar ta bayyana irin nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan sassa daban-daban na gwamnati wajen dakatar da mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata. Wani shiri ta hanyar GBV ya haɗa kai da mambobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don inganta cin zarafi da suka danganci jinsi a yankunan Busoga da Karamoja Aikin yara A cewar ma'aikatar kwadago ta Amurka, Uganda ta samu ci gaba sosai wajen kawar da mafi munin ayyukan yi wa kananan yara aiki a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, yaran da ba su kai shekaru ba suna ci gaba da yin ayyuka masu ɗorewa galibi a fannin aikin gona da kuma yin lalata da kasuwanci. Rahoton da ma'aikatar ta fitar a kan mafi muni na yin aikin yara ya nuna cewa kashi 30 cikin 100 na yaran da ke tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 yara ne masu aiki kuma kashi 95 cikin 100 na su na aiki ne a fannin noma, da diban kofi da shayi, da noman shinkafa, kiwon shanu da kamun kifi da dai sauransu. ayyuka. An kuma lura da misalan yin aikin yara a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai (yin bulo da haƙar gawayi) da kuma a fannin ayyuka. Daban-daban na bautar da yara a Uganda sun haɗa da cin zarafin jima'i da soja. A cikin watan Disamba na 2014, sashen ya fitar da Jerin Kayayyakin da ake samarwa da Yara ko kuma Tilastawa aiki inda aka jera kayayyaki 10 a karkashin kasar Uganda. Wadannan sun hada da bulo, shanu, gawayi, kofi, kifi, shinkafa, rake, shayi da taba. A cikin 2020, a Kampala, tasirin da COVID-19 ya haifar da kuma rufe makarantu ya sa yara da yawa su shiga aikin bautar yara wanda kuma rashin isasshen tallafin gwamnati ke haifar da shi. Matsayin tarihi Mai zuwa wani ginshiƙi ne na ƙimar Uganda tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. (1 shine mafi kyau, 7 shine mafi muni) Duba kuma Fataucin mutane a Uganda Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Uganda Siyasar Uganda Ilimi a Uganda Bayanan kula 1. Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. 2. Daga 1977 zuwa 1979, Amin ya yi wa kansa lakabi da Mai Girma, President for Life, Field Marshal Al Hadji Doctor Idi Amin Dada, VC, DSO, MC, Ubangijin Dukan Dabbobin Duniya da Kifi na Tekuna kuma Macijin Birtaniya Daular a Afirka Gabaɗaya da Uganda musamman Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 ta Amnesty International 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2011 ta Freedom House Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch 'Yancin Magana a Uganda IFEX Shaidar Yaran Tsakar Dare Kan Yaran Ugandan Da Aka Sace Lokacin da Rana ta faɗi Mun Fara Damuwa da asusun da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta tattara na zalunci Dokar 'Yan Gudun Hijira "Ƙungiyar Ba da Shawarwari, sashen bincike, sashen bayar da agajin shari'a, sashin horarwa da malamai", wata babbar ƙungiyar Ugandan da ke aiki tare da 'yan gudun hijira da rikici a Arewa. Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Dokoki Dokar Najeriya Doka Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50943

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilona%20Harima

Ilona Harima

Ilona Harima(4 Maris din shekarar 1911-9 Yuni 1986) ɗan wasan Finnish ne wanda zane-zanensa ya bayyana zurfin ruhin gabas. Addinin Buddha da Hindu sun yi tasiri sosai a salonta amma ba kama da fasahar Asiya ba.Harima ta samu salo irin na mutum wanda ya sha bamban da na yau da kullum a lokacin yakin duniya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Harima a garin Vaasa da ke yammacin gabar tekun Finland kuma ta yi kuruciyarta a can.Mahaifinta,Samuli Hohenthal,fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Finland kuma mahaifiyarta,Anna,ɗa Björklund,ta fito daga dangin firist na Finnish.A 1936,ma'auratan sun canza sunansu zuwa Harima.Sun haifi 'ya'ya biyu,ɗan Jorma da 'yar Ilona,wadda ta kasance a cikin shekaru uku.Iyalin sun ƙaura zuwa Helsinki,kudancin Finland, sa’ad da Ilona yake ɗan shekara bakwai. Ta kammala makarantar sakandare tana da shekara sha biyar.Yin nazarin zane-zane yana da mahimmanci a gare ta kuma Harima ta yi rajista a sashen zane-zane na Central School of Applied Arts a Helsinki a 1927. Sana'a Babban abin da Harima ke so ya kasance a wani wuri kuma ta katse karatun ta na zane-zane bayan kimanin shekaru biyu.Ta yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani kamfanin talla amma ba da daɗewa ba ta ci gaba da neman aikin fasaha na kyauta,hanya ce ta sirri ta kantaTuni tun tana karama tana sha'awar al'adun Asiya da fasahar Asiya Musamman Indiya da Tibet sun kasance kusa da zuciyarta.A cikin kuruciyarta ta yi balaguron karatu zuwa Paris da wani zuwa Italiya,tana kula da neman tarin fasahar gabas.Daga baya an shirya balaguron baje kolin zuwa New Delhi amma ba a iya gane shi ba kuma Indiya ta kasance ba za ta iya isa ba har abada. A hankali ruhaniyanci ya fara sha'awar ta sosai.Ta zama memba na Theosophical Society a Finland a cikin 1936. Ilona Harima fentin yawanci kananan-sikelin ayyuka a gouache da watercolor a kan takarda da takarda sau da yawa saka a kan tsohon brocades.Ta yi wasu manyan zanen mai kuma.Harima ta banbanta a duniyar fasaha ta Finnish wajen nuna halinta a fili ta hanyar zane-zane. Siffofin Ubangiji da mala'iku, mutane masu wayewa amma kuma masu wahala da masu tausayi sune manyan batutuwan ayyukan Harima.Irin wannan batu ya fi fice a cikin fasahar Finnish.Ta kuma zana shimfidar wurare da kuma cikakken nazarin shuke-shuke da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga kewayen gidan rani na iyali.Dabbobi sun kasance abin ƙauna a gare ta kuma musamman tsuntsaye suna bayyana a yawancin ayyukanta. Hotunanta cike suke da ruhin Gabas tare da alamomi kamar harshen wuta,hasken rana, fayafai na rana,idanun sama da furannin magarya masu fure da alamun ruwa da jikunan sama.Ta ci gaba da yin zanen shekaru talatin.Akwai kuma ’yan kananan sassa na tagulla daga gare ta. Harima ba kasafai take baje kolin ayyukanta ba kuma bata da sha'awar siyar dasu. Ba dole ba ne ta sami abin rayuwa ta hanyar yin zane.A cikin zane-zanenta tana tunanin duniyarta ta ciki kuma ta kan ba su kyauta ga abokai da dangi.Ƙananan nunin nuninta na farko a Galleria Strindberg,Helsinki,a cikin 1934 ya sami kulawa sosai.Saƙon daga waɗannan lokutan ya tsira,da sauransu daga majagaba na Sweden a cikin zane-zane, Hilma af Klint. Ta ga danginta da ayyukan wannan matashin mai zanen Finnish, ta aririce ta ta yi nazarin Rudolf Steiner kuma tana son saduwa da ita don tattauna batutuwan ruhaniya.Harima ta sake nunawa a cikin 1946 da 1960,kuma a Strindberg's.Gidan Gallery na Ƙasar Finnish Ateneum ya gabatar da ƙaramin zaɓi na ayyukanta a cikin 2011-2012 don tunawa da cika shekaru ɗari na haihuwarta. Rayuwa ta sirri Ilona Harima ya sadu da matashin mai tunani iri ɗaya Erkki Rautiala a cikin da'irar tauhidi.Sun yi aure a watan Agusta na shekara ta 1939,’yan watanni kafin yaƙin sanyi ya shafi rayuwar kowa a ƙasar Finland. Bayan 'yan makonni bayan sun dawo daga hutun gudun amarcin da suka yi a arewacin Lapland,dole mijinta ya tafi gaba.Tun daga bikin ta yi amfani da sunan aurenta Rautiala amma ta ajiye Ilona Harima a matsayin sunan mai zane. An haifi 'ya daya tilo,diya mace a shekarar 1941.Sun zauna na dindindin a Helsinki suna ciyar da lokacin bazara a gidan dangi a cikin tsibiran da ke kusa da bakin teku.A cikin shekaru sittin dangin sun yi balaguro zuwa wurare masu ban sha'awa kamar Cyprus,Isra'ila da Masar amma ba su taɓa zuwa Asiya daidai ba Duk da kasancewarta sama da duka Harima mai zane ita ma ta rubuta kasidu da kasidu da wasu kasidu amma ba ta da sha’awar hada su.Ta kuma karanta da yawa kuma musamman littattafai kan falsafar Gabas suna da mahimmanci a gare ta. Mutuwa Harima ta rasu a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 1986 a Helsinki tana da shekaru 75 a duniya. Tari Za a iya samun zane-zane na Ilona Harima a cikin gidajen tarihi da gidajen tarihi na Finnish: Finnish National Gallery Ateneum, Helsinki Signe da Ane Gyllenberg Foundation, Helsinki Gösta Serlachius Fine Arts Foundation,Mänttä Tikanoja Art Museum,Vaasa Sources Ilona Harima valaistumisen tiellä [Ilona Harima-titin haske].Helena Hätönen da Riitta Ojanperä ne suka gyara.Helsinki Finnish National Gallery.Kuvataiteen keskusarkisto [Tsakiya Art Archives]23(2011).61 p..Nunawa -bugawa.A cikin Finnish tare da taƙaitaccen bayani a cikin Turanci a shafi na 58-60.Wholetext incl.misalai,duba hanyar haɗin waje. 978-9527226544 Konttinen,Riitta 2008,Naistaiteilijat Suomessa keskiajalta modernismin murrokseen[Masu fasaha a Finland tun daga tsakiyar zamanai zuwa ci gaban zamani].479 p.Helsinki Tammi.ISBN 978-951-31-4105-9 .A cikin Finnish. Nassoshi Kara karantawa Anttonen,Erkki:Idän henkisyys Suomen taitessa:Ilona Harima [Ruhaniya ta Gabas a cikin fasahar Finnish].Ananda 2011:4,pp. 23-25. Saukewa:ISSN1795-8016.(Finnish) Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ilona Harima a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na

30964

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabi%20A%201935

Adabi A 1935

Wannan Mukalar ta ƙunshi bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a Adabi da wallafe-wallafen Shekarar 1935 Abubuwan da suka faru Janairu Bangaren Littafin Yasunari Kawabata na farko da aka buga na ƙasar Dusar ƙanƙara Yukiguni sun bayyana a matsayin labarun adabin Jafananci. Maris 20–Mawallafin London Boriswood ya amsa laifinsa kuma an ci tarar shi a Kotun Assize ta Manchester saboda buga littafin "batsa", bugun 1934 mai rahusa na littafin James Hanley na 1931 yaro. Mayu 13 TE Lawrence, da ya bar Birtaniya Royal Air Force a watan Maris, ya yi hatsari tare da Brough Superior motorcycle yayin da ya koma gidansa a Clouds Hill, Ingila, bayan buga littattafai ga abokinsa, AE "Jock" Chambers, da kuma aika. telegram yana gayyatar marubuci Henry Williamson zuwa abincin rana. Ya rasu bayan kwana shida. A ranar 29 ga Yuli aka fara buga Rukunin Hikima Bakwai a cikin bugu don yaɗawa gabaɗaya. 15 ga Yuni WH Auden ya kammala aure na dacewa da Erika Mann. Wasan kwaikwayo na aya ta TS Eliot Kisan Kisa a cikin Cathedral an riga an tsara shi, a Canterbury Cathedral, wurin da za a yi wasan. Yuli 30-Allen Lane ya kafa Penguin Books, a matsayin takarda na farko na kasuwa-kasuwa a Biritaniya. Agusta–dakin karatu na bude-iska wanda Laburaren Jama'a na New York ya kafa a Bryant Park Agusta 27–The Federal Theatre Project aka kafa a Amurka. Satumba 5–An kafa Michael Joseph a matsayin mai shela a Landan. Nuwamba 2–Marubuci mai ban dariya John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, an rantsar da shi a matsayin Babban Gwamnan Kanada. Nuwamba 7 Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Biritaniya da Ƙasashen waje ta gabatar da ɗakin karatu na littattafan magana don nakasassu. Nuwamba 26 Scrooge, farkon fasalin-tsawon magana sigar fim ɗin Dickens A Christmas Carol 1843 an sake shi a Biritaniya. Sir Seymour Hicks ya sake mayar da taken rôle, wanda ya yi shekaru da yawa a kan mataki. kwanakin da ba a sani ba Mujallar laburare Die Bucherei a Jamus ta Nazi ta buga jagororin don cire littattafan da za a cire daga ɗakunan karatu da kuma lalata su: duk waɗanda marubutan Yahudawa suka rubuta, wallafe-wallafen Markisanci da masu fafutuka, da duk wani abu da ya shafi ƙasa. Bugu na farko na Marquis de Sade 's Kwanaki 120 na Saduma (Les 120 journées de Sodome), wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1785, a cikin bugu na masana a matsayin rubutun adabi, an kammala. Fredric Warburg da Roger Senhouse sun dawo da masu buga London Martin Secker daga mai karɓa, a matsayin Secker &amp; Warburg Sababbin littattafai Almara Nelson Algren Somebody in Boots Mulk Raj Anand Untouchable Enid Bagnold National Velvet Jorge Luis Borges A Universal History of Infamy (Historia universal de la infamia, collected short stories) Elizabeth Bowen The House in Paris Pearl S. Buck A House Divided John Bude The Lake District Murder Edgar Rice Burroughs Tarzan and the Leopard Men Dino Buzzati Il segreto del Bosco Vecchio Erskine Caldwell Journeyman Morley Callaghan They Shall Inherit the Earth Elias Canetti Die Blendung John Dickson Carr Death-Watch The Hollow Man (also The Three Coffins) The Red Widow Murders (as Carter Dickson) The Unicorn Murders (as Carter Dickson) Agatha Christie Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds Solomon Cleaver Jean Val Jean Robert P. Tristram Coffin Red Sky in the Morning Jack Conroy A World to Win Freeman Wills Crofts Crime at Guildford A. J. Cronin The Stars Look Down H. L. Davis Honey in the Horn Cecil Day-Lewis A Question of Proof Franklin W. Dixon The Hidden Harbor Mystery Lawrence Durrell Pied Piper of Lovers E. R. Eddison Mistress of Mistresses Susan Ertz Now We Set Out Woman Alive, But Now Dead James T. Farrell Studs Lonigan A Trilogy Rachel Field Time Out of Mind Charles G. Finney The Circus of Dr. Lao Anthony Gilbert The Man Who Was Too Clever Graham Greene England Made Me George Wylie Henderson Ollie Miss Harold Heslop Last Cage Down Georgette Heyer Death in the Stocks Regency Buck Christopher Isherwood Mr Norris Changes Trains Pamela Hansford Johnson This Bed Thy Centre Anna Kavan (writing as Helen Ferguson) A Stranger Still Sinclair Lewis It Can't Happen Here E.C.R. Lorac Death of an Author The Organ Speaks August Mälk Õitsev Meri ("The Flowering Sea") André Malraux Le Temps du mépris Ngaio Marsh Enter a Murderer The Nursing Home Murder John Masefield The Box of Delights Gladys Mitchell The Devil at Saxon Wall Naomi Mitchison We Have Been Warned Alberto Moravia Le ambizioni sbagliate R. K. Narayan Swami and Friends John O'Hara BUtterfield 8 George Orwell A Clergyman's Daughter Ellery Queen The Spanish Cape Mystery The Lamp of God Charles Ferdinand Ramuz When the Mountain Fell Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings Golden Apples Ernest Raymond We, The Accused Herbert Read The Green Child George Santayana The Last Puritan Dorothy L. Sayers Gaudy Night Monica Shannon Dobry Howard Spring Rachel Rosing Eleanor Smith Tzigane John Steinbeck Tortilla Flat Rex Stout The League of Frightened Men Cecil Street The Corpse in the Car Hendon's First Case Mystery at Olympia Alan Sullivan The Great Divide Phoebe Atwood Taylor Deathblow Hill The Tinkling Symbol A. A. Thomson The Exquisite Burden (autobiographical novel) B. Traven The Treasure of the Sierra Madre S. S. Van Dine The Garden Murder Case Henry Wade Heir Presumptive Stanley G. Weinbaum The Lotus Eaters Dennis Wheatley The Eunuch of Stamboul Ethel Lina White Wax P. G. Wodehouse Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (short stories) Xiao Hong The Field of Life and Death Shēng sǐ chǎng) Eiji Yoshikawa Musashi Miyamoto Musashi) Francis Brett Young White Ladies Yumeno Kyūsaku Dogra Magra Yara da matasa Enid Bagold National Velvet Louise Andrews Kent Ya tafi tare da Marco Polo: Labari na Venice da Cathay (na farko na bakwai a cikin jerin "Ya tafi tare") John Masefield Akwatin Ni'ima Kate Seredy Babban Jagora Laura Ingalls Wilder Ƙananan Gida a kan Pirairi Wasan kwaikwayo JR Ackerley Fursunonin Yaki Maxwell Anderson Winterset TS Eliot Kisan kai a cikin Cathedral Federico García Lorca Doña Rosita the Spinster Doña Rosita la soltera Norman Ginsbury Mataimakin Sarah Jean Giraudoux Yaƙin Trojan ba zai faru ba (La Guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu) Walter C. Hackett Leken asiri NC Hunter Duk haƙƙin mallaka Ronald Jeans Mutumin da aka haɗa Anthony Kimmins Chase the Ace Archibald MacLeish tsoro Bernard Merivale Sa'ar da ba a kiyaye ba Clifford Odets Jiran Hagu Clifford Odets farkawa kuma ku raira waƙa! fara Fabrairu 19, 1935 a Belasco Theatre, New York Lawrence Riley Bayyanar Mutum Dodie Smith Kira Ita Rana John Van Druten Yawancin Wasan Emlyn Williams Dole ne dare ya fadi Waka Duba 1935 a cikin waƙa Labari akan Abinda ya faru a gaske Julian Bell, ed. Ba Mu Yi Yaƙi ba: 1914–18 Kwarewar Ƙwararrun Yaƙi MC Bradbrook Jigogi da Taro na Bala'in Elizabethan William Henry Chamberlin zamanin Iron na Rasha Manuel Chaves Nogales Juan Belmonte, matador de toros: su vida y sus hazañas (an fassara shi da Juan Belmonte, mai kashe bijimai George Dangerfield Mutuwar Mutuwar Liberal Ingila Clarence Day Rayuwa tare da Uba Dion Fortune The Mystical Qabalah Ernest Hemingway Green Hills na Afirka Anne Morrow Lindbergh Arewa zuwa Gabas Merkantilt biografisk leksikon Kamus Biographical na Yaren mutanen Poland (Polski słownik biograficzny) Iris Origo Allegra (biography na 'yar Byron Caroline Spurgeon Hoton Shakespeare, da abin da yake gaya mana Nigel Tranter Rundunar Sojoji da Gidajen Farko na Kudancin Scotland 1400-1650 J. Dover Wilson Abin da ke faruwa a Hamlet Thomas Wright Rayuwar Charles Dickens Haihuwa Janairu 2 David McKee, marubucin yara na Ingilishi kuma mai zane 8 ga Janairu Lewis H. Lapham, mawallafin Amurka, ya kafa Lapham's Quarterly 14 ga Janairu Labhshankar Thakar, mawakin yaren Gujarati na Indiya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin labari (ya mutu 2016) Janairu 18 Jon Stallworthy, mawaƙin Ingilishi kuma mai sukar adabi (ya mutu 2014) Janairu 27 D.M. Thomas, marubucin Turanci, mawaƙi kuma mai fassara Janairu 28 David Lodge, marubucin Ingilishi kuma ilimi Janairu 30 Richard Brautigan, marubuci ɗan Amurka kuma mawaƙi (ya rasu a shekara ta 1984) Janairu 31 Kenzaburō Ōe marubucin marubucin Jafananci kuma marubuci Fabrairu 18 Janette Oke, marubucin Kanada 22 ga Fabrairu Danilo Kiš, marubuci dan Serbia (ya rasu a shekara ta 1989) 23 ga Fabrairu Tom Murphy, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Irish (ya mutu 2018) *Maris 13 Kofi Awoonor, mawaki kuma marubuci dan Ghana (an kashe shi 2013) David Nobbs, marubucin wasan barkwanci na Ingilishi (ya mutu 2015) Maris 23 Barry Cryer, marubucin barkwanci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi (ya mutu 2022) Maris 27 Abelardo Castillo, marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina (ya mutu 2017) Maris 31 Judith Rossner, marubuciya Ba’amurke (ya mutu a shekara ta 2005) 4 ga Afrilu Michael Horovitz, mawaƙin Ingilishi kuma mai fassara (ya mutu 2021) Afrilu 6 [J. P. Clark John Pepper Clark]], mawaƙin Najeriya kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (ya mutu 2020) Afrilu 14 Erich von Däniken, marubucin Swiss akan paranormal Afrilu 15 Alan Plater, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin allo (ya mutu 2010) Afrilu 26 Patricia Reilly Giff, marubuciyar Ba’amurke kuma malami Mayu 1 Julian Mitchell, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin allo Mayu 2 Lynda Lee-Potter, marubucin rubutun Turanci (ya mutu 2004) Mayu 9 Roger Hargreaves, marubucin yara Ingilishi kuma mai zane (ya mutu 1988) Mayu 29 André Brink, marubucin marubucin Afirka ta Kudu (ya mutu 2015) Yuni 2 Carol Shields, marubuci haifaffen Amurka (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) Yuni 4 Shiao Yi, marubucin wuxia ɗan Taiwan-Amurke (d. [2018]]) Yuni 7 Harry Crews, marubucin Ba’amurke kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (ya rasu a shekara ta 2012) Yuni 24 Pete Hamill, ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubuci (ya mutu 2020) *June 25 Corinne Chevallier, marubucin tarihi kuma marubuci ɗan Aljeriya Larry Kramer, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, marubuci, mai shirya fim kuma mai fafutukar LGBT (ya mutu 2020). Fran Ross, Ba'amurke ɗan satirist (ya mutu a shekara ta 1985) 30 ga Yuni Peter Achinstein, Ba’amurke masanin falsafa Yuli 11 Günther von Lojewski, ɗan jaridar Jamus, mai gabatar da talabijin da marubuci Yuli 13 Earl Lovelace, marubucin Trinidadian kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo 1 ga Agusta Mohinder Pratap Chand, mawaƙin Urdu, marubuci kuma mai ba da shawara kan harshe (ya mutu 2020) 15 ga Agusta Régine Deforges, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa, marubuci kuma mawallafi (ya mutu 2014) Agusta 21 Yuri Entin, mawaƙin Soviet da na Rasha, mawaƙa da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Agusta 22 E. Annie Proulx, marubucin marubuci Ba’amurke Satumba 5 Ward Just, marubucin marubucin Ba’amurke (ya mutu 2019) Satumba 10 Mary Oliver, Mawaƙin Ba’amurke (ya mutu 2019) Satumba 16 Esther Vilar, marubuciyar Jamus-Argentina Satumba 17 Ken Kesey, marubuci ɗan Amurka (ya rasu a shekara ta 2001) Oktoba 7 Thomas Keneally, marubucin Australiya kuma marubuci mara almara *Nuwamba 7 Elvira Quintana, 'yar wasan Spain-Mexico, mawaƙa, kuma mawaƙi (ya mutu 1968) Willibrordus S. Rendra, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Indonesiya, mawaƙi, ɗan gwagwarmaya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasa kuma darekta (ya rasu a shekara ta 2009) Nuwamba 9 Jerry Hopkins, ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubucin tarihin rayuwa (ya mutu 2018) *18 ga Nuwamba Sam Abrams, mawaƙin Amurka Rodney Hall, marubuci kuma mawaƙin Australiya Nuwamba 22 Hugh C. Rae (Jessica Stirling, da dai sauransu), marubucin Scotland (ya mutu 2014) Disamba 5 Yevgeny Titarenko, marubucin Soviet (ya mutu 2018) 10 ga Disamba Shūji Terayama marubucin Jafananci, marubuci kuma mai daukar hoto (ya rasu a shekara ta 1983) Disamba 13 Adélia Prado, marubuci ɗan Brazil kuma mawaƙi kwanan wata da ba a sani ba Bahaa Taher, marubucin Masar thumb|360x360px| OGidan jana'izar Panait Istrati Bucharest, Afrilu 1935 Fabrairu 7 Lewis Grassic Gibbon, marubucin marubucin Scotland (peritonitis, an haife shi 1901 Fabrairu 13 Ioan Bianu, Ma'aikacin Laburare na Romania, Mawallafin Littattafai da Harshe (uremia, an haife shi 1856 ko 1857 Fabrairu 28 Tsubouchi Shōyō marubucin Jafananci (an haife shi a shekara ta 1859 Afrilu 6 Edwin Arlington Robinson, mawaƙin Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1869 Afrilu 11 Anna Katharine Green, marubuciya laifuffuka na Amurka (an haife ta a shekara ta 1846 Afrilu 16 Panait Istrati, marubucin marubucin Romania, ɗan gajeren labari marubuci kuma marubucin siyasa (cututtukan tarin fuka, an haife shi 1884 Mayu 19 TE Lawrence (Lawrence na Arabiya), ɗan tarihi na Ingilishi kuma masanin tarihi (hadarin babur, an haife shi 1888 Yuni 29 Hayashi Fubo, marubucin marubucin Jafananci (an haife shi a shekara ta 1900 Yuli 17 George William Russell, ɗan ƙasar Irish, mawaƙi kuma mai zane (an haife shi 1867 Agusta 11 Sir William Watson, mawaƙin Ingilishi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1858 Agusta 17 Charlotte Perkins Gilman, marubucin marubucin Ba’amurke (an haife shi a shekara ta 1860 Agusta 30 Henri Barbusse, Faransanci marubuci kuma ɗan jarida ciwon huhu, haifaffen 1873 Satumba 26 Iván Persa, marubuci kuma firist na Slovene Hungarian (an haife shi a shekara ta 1861 Satumba 29 Winifred Holtby, marubucin marubucin Ingilishi (Cutar Bright, haifaffen 1898 Oktoba 11 Steele Rudd, marubucin ɗan gajeren labari na Australiya (an haife shi 1868 Nuwamba 4 Ella Loraine Dorsey, marubucin Ba'amurke, ɗan jarida kuma mai fassara (an haife shi 1853 Nuwamba 28 Mary R. Platt Hatch, marubucin Ba'amurke (an haife shi 1848 Nuwamba 29 Mary G. Charlton Edholm, yar jarida Ba’amurke kuma mai kawo sauyi (an haife ta a shekara ta 1854 Nuwamba 30 Fernando Pessoa, mawaƙin Portuguese, masanin falsafa kuma mai suka (cirrhosis, haifaffen 1888 Disamba 14 Stanley G. Weinbaum, marubucin almarar kimiyya na Amurka (an haife shi 1902 Disamba 17 Lizette Woodworth Reese, mawaƙin Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1856) Disamba 21 Kurt Tucholsky, ɗan jarida na Jamus kuma satirist (maganin ƙwayoyi, an haife shi 1890 Disamba 28 Clarence Day, marubuci Ba'amurke (an haife shi 1874 <ref>(29 December 1935). Clarence Day, 61, Author, Is Dead, The New York Times Kyaututtuka James Tait Black Memorial Prize don almara: LH Myers, Tushen da Fure James Tait Black Memorial Prize don tarihin rayuwa: RW Chambers, Thomas More Medal Newbery don adabin yara Monica Shannon, Dobry Nobel Prize a cikin wallafe-wallafe ba a ba da shi ba Kyautar Pulitzer don wasan kwaikwayo Zoë Akins, tsohuwar baiwa Pulitzer Prize for Poetry Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush Kyautar Pulitzer don Novel Josephine Winslow Johnson, Yanzu a cikin Nuwamba

22784

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen%20Nyiragongo

Dutsen Nyiragongo

Dutsen Nyiragongo wani salo ne mai ɗauke da tsawa wanda ya kai tsawan 3,470 m (11,385 ft) a tsaunukan Virunga da ke hade da Rift Albertine yana cikin Filin shakatawa na Virunga, a Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, kimanin kilomita 12 (mil 7.5) arewa da garin Goma da Tafkin Kivu da yamma da iyaka da Rwanda. Babbar kogin tana da nisan kilomita biyu (mil 1) kuma yawanci tana ƙunshe da tabkin ruwa. A yanzu haka ramin yana da kujeru biyu masu sanyin ruwa masu kyau a bango ɗayan yana da kusan mita 3,175 (ƙafa 10,417) kuma ƙarami a kusan 2,975 m (9,760 ft). Kogin Nyiragongo a wasu lokuta kuma ya kasance mafi shahararren sanannen lava a cikin tarihin kwanan nan. Zurfin tafkin ruwan ya banbanta sosai. An rubuta mafi tsayi na tafkin ruwa a kusan m 3,250 m (10,660 ft) kafin fashewar Janairu 1977 zurfin tafki na kusan 600 m (2,000 ft). Bayan fashewar Janairu na 2002, an rubuta tafkin lava a ƙasa da kusan 2,600 m (8,500 ft), ko 900 m (3,000 ft) ƙasa da baki. Matakin ya tashi a hankali tun daga lokacin. Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira da ke kusa suna tare da alhakin kashi 40 cikin 100 na dutsen dutsen na tarihi na Afirka. Ilimin kasa Wani dutsen da ke wani bangare ya hadu da tsofaffin dutsen tsaunuka biyu, Baratu da Shaheru, kuma wasu daruruwan kananan dutsen da ke kunshe da dutsen da ke kewaye da dutsen suna kewaye da shi. Nyiragongo mazugi ya ƙunshi pyroclastics da lava suna gudana. Nesaragongo's lavas ƙananan silica ne, masu wadatar alkali, maɗaukakiyar duwatsu masu ƙarancin gaske ba tare da feldspars ba. Sun kasance daga melilitites masu wadatar olivine ta hanyar leucites zuwa nephelinites, dauke da, a cikin nau'uka daban-daban musamman ma'adanai nepheline, leucite, melilite, kalsilite, da clinopyroxene. Wannan ƙaramin haɓakar silica yana haifar da fashewa tare da kwararar ruwa mai ƙaranci. Ganin cewa yawancin kwararar ruwa suna motsawa a hankali kuma ba safai suke haifar da haɗari ga rayuwar ɗan adam ba, kwararar ruwan Nyiragongo na iya yin tsere zuwa ƙasa har zuwa kilomita 100 h (60 mph). Tarihi mai aiki Ba a san da yawa game da tsawon lokacin da dutsen mai fitar da dutse yake aman wuta ba, amma tun daga 1882, ya fashe aƙalla sau 34, gami da lokuta da yawa inda ake cigaba da aiki tsawon shekaru a wani lokaci, galibi a cikin hanyar tafkin lava mai gurnani a cikin ramin. An jima ana zargin wanzuwar tafkin lava amma ba a tabbatar da shi ba a kimiyance har zuwa 1948. A wancan lokacin, an auna shi kusan kusan muraba'in mita 120,000 (1.3 106 sq ft). Balaguro da suka biyo baya sun nuna cewa tabkin ya sauya cikin girma, zurfin, da yanayin zafi a kan lokaci. Aikin tafkin lava yana gudana. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, galibin tabkin an killace shi a cikin babban kwanon ruɓaɓɓen gwangwani (kusan 18 m (60 ft) mai tsawo ta 180 m (600 ƙafa) mai faɗi) a cikin kwarin. Fashewar ya fara a ranar 22 Mayu 2021; ya zuwa ranar 27 ga Mayu 2021, mutane 37 sun bata kuma ana zaton sun mutu, bayan kwararar ruwa da ta isa wajen garin Goma. Fashewar 1977 Tsakanin 1894 da 1977 bakin ramin ya ƙunshi tafkin lava mai aiki. A ranar 10 ga Janairun 1977, katangar ganuwar ta karye, kuma tafkin lava ya malale a ƙasa da awa ɗaya. Lava ta gangaro zuwa gefen bangayen dutsen mai tsananin gudu har zuwa kilomita 60 a awa daya (37 mph) a kan gangaren sama, kwararar lava mafi sauri da aka rubuta zuwa yau, ta mamaye kauyuka tare da kashe akalla mutane 600. A tsakanin minti 30, tabkin lava ya wofintar, yana kwarara arewa, kudu, da yamma dutsen tsawa. Babu wani wuri a cikin duniya da irin wannan madaidaiciyar hanya ta ɗauke da tafkin irin wannan ruwan lava. Kusancin Nyiragongo zuwa yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a yana ƙaruwa da yiwuwar haifar da bala'i. Fashewa daga 1977 ya wayar da kan mutane game da irin hatsarin da Nyiragongo ke da shi, kuma saboda wannan, a cikin 1991 aka sanya shi tsaunin Dutsen Shekaru, wanda ya cancanci nazari na musamman. Shekarar 1977 ta gabaci kirkirar sabon karamin iska mai karfin gaske, Murara, dan nesa kadan da gangaren Nyamuragira. Fashewar 2002 Kogin Lava sun sake gyarawa a cikin rami a cikin fashewa a cikin 1982-1983 da 1994. Wani babban fashewar dutsen mai fitar da wuta ya fara ne a ranar 17 ga Janairun 2002, bayan watanni da yawa na karuwar girgizar kasa da kuma aikin fumarolic. Fississ mai nisan kilomita 13 (8.1 mi) ya bude a gefen kudu na dutsen mai fitar da wuta, yana yaduwa cikin 'yan awanni daga tsawan mita 2,800 zuwa 1,550 (9,190 zuwa 5,090 ft) kuma ya isa gefen garin Goma, babban birnin lardin a arewacin gabar Tafkin Kivu. Lava ya gudana daga kwallaye uku a ƙarshen fissure kuma ya gudana a cikin rafi 200 zuwa 1,000 mita (660 zuwa 3,280 ft) fadi kuma zuwa mita 2 (6 da 7 a cikin) zurfin Goma. An bayar da gargadi kuma an kwashe mutane 400,000 daga garin zuwa iyakar Rwandan zuwa makwabciyar Gisenyi yayin fashewar. Lava ta rufe ƙarshen arewacin titin sauka da tashin jiragen sama a Filin jirgin saman Goma, ya bar kudancin kashi biyu cikin uku, kuma ya isa Tafkin Kivu. Wannan ya haifar da fargabar cewa lava na iya haifar da iskar gas mai zurfin gaske a cikin tafkin don tashi ba zato ba tsammani, tare da fitar da adadi mai yawa na carbon dioxide da methane kwatankwacin bala'in da ya faru a Tafkin Nyos na Kamaru a 1986. Wannan bai faru ba, amma masana ilimin dutsen mai fitar da wuta sun cigaba da lura da yankin sosai. Kimanin mutane 245 ne suka mutu a sakamakon fashewar iska daga iskar shaka da gine-ginen da suka rushe saboda lava da girgizar ƙasa. Lava ta rufe kashi 13 cikin 100 na Goma, kusan kilomita murabba'in 1.8 (4.7 km2), kuma kusan mutane 120,000 sun rasa matsuguni. Nan da nan bayan fashewar, an ji yawan girgizar kasa a kusa da Goma da Gisenyi. Wannan aikin yawo ya ci gaba har kimanin watanni uku kuma ya haifar da rushewar ƙarin gine-gine. Watanni shida bayan fara fashewar dutse a 2002, dutsen Nyiragongo ya sake barkewa. Barazana mai ci gaba Gurbataccen iskar carbon dioxide, wanda aka fi sani da 'mazuku' a cikin gida, ya kashe yara har ma kwanan nan. A wuraren da iskar gas ke zubewa daga ƙasa a wasu matakai masu ƙima, ba tare da tarwatsa tasirin iska ba, tasirinsa na iya zama na kisa. A ranar 8 ga Maris din 2016, Goma Volcano Observatory ta gano wani sabon rami da aka bude a gefen arewa maso gabas na ramin, biyo bayan rahotannin cikin gida na ruri da ke fitowa daga dutsen. Wasu na fargabar cewa wannan na iya haifar da fashewar flank. Masu sa ido a cikin 2020 sun shaida tashin a cikin tafkin lawa da sauran alamun fashewar dutse mai zuwa. Fashewar 2021 A ranar 22 ga Mayu 2021, an ba da rahoton cewa dutsen ya sake yin aman wuta. Lava ta kusanci tashar jirgin saman Goma kuma ta koma tsakiyar garin gabashin Goma. Daga baya gwamnan soja na lardin Kivu ta Arewa ya tabbatar da cewa fashewar ta auku ne da misalin karfe 17:00 agogon GMT. Lava ta datse wata babbar hanya zuwa Beni, kuma hukumomi sun bukaci mazauna garin na Goma da su yi kaura, lamarin da ya sa dubban mutane barin gidajensu. Hakanan an yanke wutar lantarki a fadin manyan yankuna biyo bayan fashewar. Fashewar ta haifar da aƙalla mutuwar mutane 32, galibi sanadiyyar haɗarin mota a cikin fitowar da ta biyo baya. Kulawa Kungiyar masana kimiyya ce ke sa ido kan dutsen mai fitar da wuta a Goma Volcanic Observatory (GVO). Ana cigaba da kulawa, tare da bayanan girgizar ƙasa da ke afkuwa kowane minti huɗu kuma bayanan zafin jiki ana samarwa kowane minti goma. Cigaba da bayar da tallafi ga GVO yana cikin shakku, kamar yadda Bankin Duniya ya yanke shawara a cikin 2020 don dakatar da gudummawar da yake bayarwa. Manazarta Bayanan kula Bibliography Hanyoyin haɗin waje HUGE Lava Eruption Burns Homes! Mount Nyiragongo, DR Congo May 22, 2021 The Big Picture: Nyiragongo Crater Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat? on France 24 TV (video missing) Nyiragongo volcano: jewel or threat? on France 24 TV's channel, including the video, but missing the text Tourism at Nyiragongo Volcano Photos of Nyiragongo lava lake in January 2011 BBC News pictures of the destruction of Goma by the 2002 Eruption PBS Nova: "Volcano Under the City" Stromboli Online's expedition to Nyiragongo in May, 2005 Alkali Basalt Association of the Continents Google Earth view Mount Nyiragongo tourism

53654

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness%20World%20Records

Guinness World Records

Guinness World Records, wanda aka sani tun farkonsa a 1955. Har zuwa 1999 a matsayin Guinness Book of Records, Da kuma a cikin bugu na baya-bayan nan na Amurka a matsayin The Guinness Book of Records. littafi ne na Biritaniya da ake bugawa a kowace shekara, littafi ne da ya ke taskance muhimman al'amuran da suka faru a duniya, yana jera bayanan duniya duka nasarorin ɗan adam da iyakar duniya. Masanin Sir Hugh Beaver,, littafin ya kasance tare da 'yan'uwa tagwaye Norris da Ross McWhirter a Fleet Street, London, a watan Agusta 1955. Buga na farko ya kasance kan gaba a jerin masu siyarwa a Burtaniya ta Kirsimeti 1955. A shekara mai zuwa aka kaddamar da littafin a duniya, kuma ya zuwa shekarar 2022, yanzu ya cika shekara ta 67 da bugawa, wanda aka buga a kasashe 100 da harsuna 23, kuma yana adana sama da bayanai 53,000 a cikin bayanansa. Ƙimar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar duniya ta tsawaita fiye da bugawa don haɗa jerin talabijin da gidajen tarihi. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da Guinness World Records. Ta zama tushen farko na kasa da kasa don tantancewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ƙungiyar tana ɗaukar alkalan rikodin don tabbatar da sahihancin saitin da karya bayanai. Bayan jerin masu mallakar, ikon mallakar ƙungiyar, Jim Pattison tun daga 2008, tare da hedkwatarta ta koma South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, London a cikin 2017. Tun daga 2008, Guinness World Records ya daidaita tsarin kasuwancinsa don ƙirƙira sabbin bayanan duniya a matsayin tallan tallace-tallace ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane, wanda ya jawo zargi. Tarihi A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 1951, Sir Hugh Beaver, sannan manajan darekta na Guinness Breweries, ya tafi bikin harbi a Arewacin Slob, ta Kogin Slaney a County Wexford, Ireland. Bayan ya rasa harbi a kan wani plover na zinariya, ya shiga cikin muhawara game da wane ne tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai, mai tsalle-tsalle na zinari ko kuma ja (shine plover). A wannan maraice a Castlebridge House, ya gane cewa ba zai yiwu a iya tabbatarwa a cikin littattafan tunani ba ko plover na zinare shine tsuntsu mafi sauri a Turai. Beaver ya san cewa dole ne a sami wasu tambayoyi da yawa da aka yi ta muhawara a cikin dare a tsakanin jama'a, amma babu wani littafi a duniya da za a sasanta muhawara game da bayanai. Sai ya gane cewa littafin da ke ba da amsoshin irin wannan tambayar zai iya yin nasara. Tunanin Beaver ya zama gaskiya lokacin da ma'aikacin Guinness Christopher Chataway ya ba da shawarar abokan jami'a Norris da Ross McWhirter, waɗanda ke gudanar da hukumar gano gaskiya a London. An umurci ’yan’uwan tagwayen su tattara abin da ya zama Littafin Guinness na (Mafi Girma da Yanzu) Records, a watan Agusta 1954. Kwafi dubu aka buga aka ba su. Bayan kafa Ofishin Guinness Book of Records a saman Ludgate House, 107 Fleet Street, London, an ɗaure bugu na farko mai shafi 198 a ranar 27 ga Agusta 1955 kuma ya tafi saman jerin masu siyar da Birtaniyya ta Kirsimeti. A shekara ta gaba, mai shela David Boehm na New York ya shigar da shi cikin Amurka kuma ya sayar da kwafi 70,000. Tun daga wannan lokacin, Guinness World Records ya sayar da fiye da 100 kwafi miliyan a cikin ƙasashe 100 da harsuna 37. Domin littafin ya zama abin mamaki, an buga ƙarin bugu da yawa, daga ƙarshe ya daidaita zuwa tsarin bita guda ɗaya a shekara, wanda aka buga a watan Satumba/Oktoba, a lokacin Kirsimeti. McWhirters sun ci gaba da tattara shi shekaru da yawa. Dukansu 'yan'uwa suna da ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar encyclopedic; a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na BBC Record Breakers, bisa ga littafin, za su dauki tambayoyin da yara a cikin masu sauraro suka yi a kan labaran duniya daban-daban kuma suna iya ba da amsa daidai. An kashe Ross McWhirter da wasu mambobi biyu na Sojojin Rikicin Irish na Republican a cikin 1975, a matsayin martani ga bayar da tukuicin fan 50,000 ga bayanan da za su kai ga kama mambobin kungiyar. Bayan kashe Ross, fasalin da ke cikin wasan kwaikwayon inda aka amsa tambayoyi game da bayanan da yara suka yi an kira Norris akan Spot Norris ya ci gaba da zama babban editan littafin. Guinness Superlatives, daga baya Guinness World Records Limited, an kafa shi a cikin 1954 don buga littafi na farko. Mawallafin Sterling ya mallaki haƙƙin littafin Guinness a Amurka shekaru da yawa har sai da Guinness ya sake siye shi a cikin 1989 bayan wata 18 da ta yi shari'a. Kungiyar ta Guinness PLC ce kuma daga baya Diageo har zuwa 2001, lokacin da Gullane Entertainment ya siye ta akan $65. miliyan. HIT Entertainment ta siya Gullane da kanta a cikin 2002. A cikin 2006, Abokan hulɗa na Apax sun sayi HIT kuma daga baya sun sayar da Guinness World Records a farkon 2008 zuwa Jim Pattison Group, kamfanin iyaye na Ripley Entertainment, wanda ke da lasisi don yin aiki da Guinness World Records' Attractions. Tare da ofisoshi a cikin New York City da Tokyo, Guinness World Records hedkwatar duniya ta kasance a London, musamman South Quay Plaza, Canary Wharf, yayin da abubuwan jan hankali na gidan kayan gargajiya, suna dogara ne a hedkwatar Ripley a Orlando, Florida, Amurka. Juyin Halitta Buga na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan ayyukan rikodin da daidaikun mutane suka yi. Gasar ta fito ne daga na zahiri kamar dagawa na Olympics zuwa mafi tsayin kwai mai nisa, ko kuma tsawon lokacin da aka kashe ana wasa Grand Sata Auto IV ko adadin karnuka masu zafi waɗanda za a iya cinye su cikin mintuna uku. Bayan bayanan game da gasa, yana ɗauke da bayanai irin su ƙwayar cuta mafi nauyi, mafi yawan naman gwari mai guba, wasan opera mafi tsayi da manufofin inshorar rayuwa mafi mahimmanci, da sauransu. Yawancin rubuce-rubucen kuma sun danganta ga mafi ƙanƙanta waɗanda suka sami wani abu, kamar ƙaramin mutum don ziyarci duk al'ummomin duniya, wanda Maurizio Giuliano ke riƙe a halin yanzu. Kowane bugu ya ƙunshi zaɓi na bayanan daga bayanan Guinness World Records, da kuma zaɓi sabbin bayanai, tare da ƙa'idodin haɗawa suna canzawa daga shekara zuwa shekara. Ritaya Norris McWhirter daga matsayinsa na tuntuɓar a 1995 da shawarar da Diageo Plc ta yanke na siyar da alamar Littattafan Guinness na Rikodi sun mayar da hankalin littattafan daga madaidaitan rubutu zuwa madaidaicin misali. An tsara zaɓaɓɓun bayanan don littafin daga cikakken tarihin amma duk taken Guinness World Records ana iya samun dama ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shiga a gidan yanar gizon kamfanin. Aikace-aikacen da mutane suka yi don nau'ikan rikodin da ke akwai kyauta ne. Akwai kuɗin gudanarwa na $5 don ba da shawarar sabon taken rikodin. An kuma samar da adadin littafai da yawa da jerin talabijin. Guinness World Records ya ba da tarihin "Mutumin da ya fi kowa rikodin" akan Ashrita Furman na Queens, NY, a cikin Afrilu 2009; a lokacin, ya rike rikodin 100, yayin da yake a halin yanzu yana riƙe da sama da 220. A shekara ta 2005, Guinness ta ware ranar 9 ga Nuwamba a matsayin ranar rikodin rikodin duniya ta Guinness don ƙarfafa karya tarihin duniya. A cikin 2006, kimanin mutane 100,000 ne suka shiga cikin fiye da kasashe 10. Guinness ya ba da rahoton sabbin rikodi 2,244 a cikin watanni 12, wanda ya karu da kashi 173% sama da shekarar da ta gabata. A cikin Fabrairun 2008, NBC ta watsa manyan 100 Guinness World Records na Duk Lokaci da Guinness World Records sanya cikakken jerin samuwa a kan gidan yanar gizon su. Shahararriyar ikon amfani da sunan kamfani ya haifar da Guinness World Records ta zama babbar hukuma ta kasa da kasa kan kididdigewa da tabbatar da adadi mai yawa na bayanan duniya. Ma'anar rukodin Don yawancin bayanan, Guinness World Records shine ikon da ya dace akan ainihin buƙatun su kuma tare da wanda bayanan ke zaune, kamfanin yana ba da alkalai ga abubuwan da suka faru don sanin gaskiyar ƙoƙarin rikodin. Jerin bayanan da Guinness World Records ba a kayyade ba, ana iya ƙara bayanan kuma a cire su saboda wasu dalilai. Ana gayyatar jama'a don ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen rikodin, wanda zai iya kasancewa ko dai inganta bayanan da ake da su ko kuma manyan nasarori waɗanda za su iya zama sabon rikodin. Har ila yau, kamfanin yana ba da sabis na kamfanoni don kamfanoni don "amfani da ikon rikodin rikodin don sadar da kyakkyawar nasara ga kasuwancin su." Matsalolin da'a da aminci Guinness World Records ya bayyana nau'ikan bayanan da ba za su karɓa ba saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, kamar waɗanda ke da alaƙa da kisa ko cutar da dabbobi. A cikin 2006 Guinness Book of Records, Colombian serial kisan Pedro López aka jera a matsayin "mafi yawan kisa serial", inda ya kashe a kalla mutane 110 (tare da Lopez da kansa da'awar ya kashe sama da mutane 300) a Colombia, Ecuador da kuma Peru a karshen 1960s zuwa 1980s. An cire wannan ne bayan korafe-korafen cewa jeri da nau'in sun yi gasa ta hanyar kisan kai kuma ba kawai rashin da'a ba ne har ma da lalata. An cire rubuce-rubucen duniya da yawa waɗanda aka taɓa haɗa su cikin littafin saboda dalilai na ɗabi'a, gami da damuwa don jin daɗin yuwuwar masu fasa rikodin. Misali, bayan buga rikodin "kifi mafi nauyi", yawancin masu kifin sun wuce gona da iri fiye da iyakokin abin da ke da lafiya, don haka an cire irin waɗannan shigarwar.Littafin Guinness ya kuma jefar da bayanai a cikin sashin "littattafan cin abinci da sha" na nasarorin ɗan adam a cikin 1991 saboda damuwa cewa iya cutar da kansu kuma su fallasa mawallafin ga yuwuwar ƙara Waɗannan canje-canjen sun haɗa da kawar da duk ruhohi, ruwan inabi da bayanan shan giya, tare da wasu bayanan da ba a saba gani ba don cinye abubuwan da ba su yiwuwa kamar kekuna da bishiyoyi. Sauran bayanan, irin su hadiye takobi da tuƙi (a kan titunan jama'a), an rufe su daga ci gaba da shiga kamar yadda masu riƙe da na yanzu suka yi fiye da abin da ake ɗaukar matakan haƙuri na ɗan adam. An sami misalan rufaffiyar rufaffiyar da aka sake buɗewa. Misali, an jera rukunin hadiye takobi a matsayin rufe a cikin littafin Guinness na duniya na 1990, amma tun lokacin da aka sake bude shi tare da Johnny Strange ya karya tarihin hadiye takobi a Guinness World Records Live. Hakazalika, rikodin shan giya mai sauri wanda aka sauke daga littafin a cikin 1991, ya sake bayyana shekaru 17 daga baya a cikin bugu na 2008, amma an ɗauke shi daga sashin "Nasarar Dan Adam" na tsohon littafin zuwa sashin "Modern Society" na sabon bugu. it is required in the guidelines of all "large food" type records that the item be fully edible, and distributed to the public for consumption, to prevent food wastage. Har ila yau, ba a yarda da haruffan sarkar "Guinness World Records ba ta yarda da duk wani bayanan da suka shafi sarkar haruffa, aika ta hanyar aikawa ko imel." A buƙatun Mint na Amurka, a cikin 1984, littafin ya daina karɓar iƙirarin manyan ɗimbin kuɗi na pennies ko wasu kuɗi. Bayanan da ba su dace da muhalli ba (kamar sakin fitilun sama da balloon jam'iyya ba a daina karɓa ko sa ido, baya ga bayanan da suka shafi taba ko shan wiwi ko shiri. Wahala wajen ayyana bayanai Ga wasu nau'o'i masu yuwuwa, Guinness World Records ya ƙi yin lissafin wasu bayanan da ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya tantancewa ba. Misali, gidan yanar gizon sa ya ce: "Ba mu yarda da duk wani da'awar kyakkyawa ba saboda ba a iya aunawa da gaske Koyaya, wasu nau'ikan fasaha na ɗan adam da suka shafi saurin aunawa kamar "Mafi Saurin Ƙwaƙwalwar Duniya" an shigar da su. A ranar 27 ga Yuli 2010, Connor May (NSW, Ostiraliya) ya kafa rikodin tafawa, tare da 743 a cikin minti 1. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2010, Guinness World Records ya daina karɓar gabatarwa ga nau'in dreadlock bayan binciken mace ta farko kuma tilo mai suna Asha Mandela, tare da tabbatar da cewa ba zai yiwu a yi hukunci da wannan rikodin daidai ba. Jerin Talabijan Guinness World Records ya ƙaddamar da jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin daban-daban waɗanda ke tattara yunƙurin karya rikodin rikodin duniya, gami da: Musamman: Guinness World Records: Shekaru 50, Rikodi 50 akan ITV (Birtaniya), 11 Satumba 2004 Tare da shaharar gidan talabijin na gaskiya, Guinness World Records ya fara tallata kansa a matsayin wanda ya kirkiro nau'in talabijin, tare da taken kamar "mun rubuta littafin akan Reality TV." Bugawa na gamer A cikin 2008, Guinness World Records ya fito da bugu na gamer, reshe wanda ke adana rikodin don shahararren wasan bidiyo da maki mai yawa, lambobi da fa'idodi cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Twin Galaxies Ɗabi'ar Gamer ta ƙunshi shafuka 258, sama da 1,236 game da wasan bidiyo da ke da alaƙa da bayanan duniya da tambayoyi huɗu ciki har da ɗaya tare da Twin Galaxies wanda ya kafa Walter Day Buga na baya-bayan nan shine Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition 2020, wanda aka saki 5 ga Satumba 2019. Littafin Guinness na Burtaniya Hit Singles Littafin Guinness na British Hit Singles littafi ne na tuntuɓar kiɗa da aka fara bugawa a cikin 1977. BBC Radio 1 DJs Paul Gambaccini da Mike Read tare da 'yan'uwa Tim Rice da Jonathan Rice ne suka hada shi. Ita ce ta farko a cikin adadin littattafan nunin kiɗan da Guinness Publishing za ta buga tare da buga littafin 'yar'uwar The Guinness Book of British Hit Albums yana zuwa a cikin 1983. Bayan an sayar da shi zuwa Hit Entertainment, an haɗa bayanan da suka shafi Official Chart Company's singles and album charts a ƙarƙashin taken British Hit Singles Albums, tare da Hit Entertainment buga littafin daga 2003 zuwa 2006 (a ƙarƙashin alamar Guinness World Records). Bayan an sayar da Records na Duniya na Guinness ga The Jim Pattison Group, an maye gurbinsa da kyau da jerin littattafan da Ebury Publishing/Random House ya buga tare da littafin Budurwa na Bugawar Bugawa na Burtaniya da aka fara bugawa a cikin 2007 kuma tare da littafin Hit Albums bayan shekaru biyu bayan shekaru biyu. Sauran kafofin watsa labarai da samfurori Wasan allo A cikin 1975, Parker Brothers ya sayar da wasan jirgi, Wasan Guinness na Records na Duniya, bisa littafin. ’Yan wasa suna gasa ta hanyar saitawa da kuma karya bayanai don ayyuka irin su mafi tsayin dice na birgima kafin yin mirgina ninki biyu, tara kayan filastik, da bouncing a madadin katin, da kuma amsa tambayoyin da ba su dace ba dangane da jeri a cikin Littafin Guinness na Records na Duniya Wasanin bidiyo Wasan bidiyo, Guinness World Records: Wasan Bidiyo, TT Fusion ne ya haɓaka kuma aka sake shi don Nintendo DS, Wii da iOS a watan Nuwamba 2008. Fim A cikin 2012, Warner Bros. ya sanar da ci gaba da aikin fim na rayuwa na Guinness Records tare da Daniel Chun a matsayin marubucin rubutun. Sigar fim ɗin da alama za ta yi amfani da nasarorin jarumtaka na masu rikodi. a matsayin tushen labarin da ya kamata ya zama abin sha'awa a duniya. Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tarihi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30300

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Ofosu-Adjare

Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare

Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare (an haife ta Maris 1, 1974) lauya ce kuma ƴan siyasa ƴan Ghana wacce ta yi ministar yawon buɗe ido, al'adu da kere-kere. Shugaba John Mahama ne ya nada ta a wannan mukamin a shekarar 2013 lokacin da ya kafa gwamnatinsa ta farko. Ita mamba ce ta National Democratic Congress. A halin yanzu ita mamba ce ta majalisar wakilai ta 8 a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu mai wakiltar mazabar Techiman ta Arewa. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Misis Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare ita ce ta uku cikin ‘yan mata goma da iyayenta suka haifa, marigayi Hon Adjei-Mensah lauya, hamshakin dan kasuwa kuma ‘yar siyasa da Misis Adjei-Mensah ‘yar kasuwa. Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta St Monica da ke Mampong, Kumasi inda ta samu satifiket din matakin O A. Daga nan Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare ta wuce Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Zamani. Ta ci gaba da zuwa Jami’ar Ghana da ke Legon inda ta ci gaba da karatunta a fannin shari’a sannan ta samu karramawa a LLB a shekarar 2002. Daga nan ta samu digiri a fannin shari’a a shekarar 2004. Aiki Misis Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare ta fara aikinta na shari'a tare da Holy Trinity Chambers a Kumasi, yankin Ashanti a cikin 2004 kuma ta tashi ta zama abokin tarayya na Firm. Ta kuma zama lauya a shirin ba da agajin doka a yankin Ashanti. Ta kasance mamba a hukumar Multi Trust Financial Company a Kumasi daga 2004 har zuwa yau. A halin yanzu ita mamba ce ta hukumar Tarayyar Commodities Limited. Shugaban kasar Ghana ya nada ta a hukumar matatar mai ta Tema a shekarar 2009 kuma ta yi aiki daga 2009 zuwa 2013. Shugaba John Dramani Mahama ya nada Elizabeth Ofosu-Adjare a ranar 1 ga Maris 2013 zuwa sabuwar ma'aikatar da aka kirkira/realigned. na Yawon shakatawa, Al'adu Ƙirƙira Arts. Aikin siyasa A Matsayin Ma'aikatar Yawon shakatawa, Al'adu Ƙirƙirar Fasaha Shugaba John Dramani Mahama ya nada Ofosu-Adjare a ranar 1 ga Maris, 2013 zuwa sabuwar ma'aikatar yawon shakatawa, al'adu da fasaha ta kirkire-kirkire. A matsayinta na Ministar Sashin, ta yi aiki tare da hukumomi goma sha huɗu (14) a ƙarƙashin ma'aikatarta sun gabatar da sabbin shirye-shiryen yawon shakatawa na zamani a matsayin ƙari ga samfuran yawon shakatawa na Ghana Offers. Binciken ExploreGhana Abin da ya dace a ambata shi ne aikin ExploreGhana da aka ƙaddamar a cikin 2014 don ƙarfafawa da fitar da yawon shakatawa na cikin gida a Ghana. Bayan shekaru uku na ƙaddamar da, yawon shakatawa na cikin gida ya sami rahotanni da yawa daga kafofin watsa labaru da kungiyoyi. Don haka tabbatar da cewa kasar tana inganta Yawon shakatawa mai alhakin wanda ke ba da nau'ikan kayan yawon shakatawa iri-iri, wanda masu yawon bude ido na gida da na waje ke amfana da su. Bikin Ƙasa na Fasaha Al'adu Wani babban biki na gargajiya da aka gabatar shi ne Bikin Luwadi na Jihar Ga. A karon farko a Ghana, ma'aikatar ta raya wannan biki mai kama da juna don tabbatar da yankin Greater Accra ya sami nasa bikin tambari. Ta kuma sake fasalin bikin Fasaha da Al'adu na kasa (NAFAC) da kuma shahararriyar Carnival ta Ghana da aka gabatar a shekarar farko ta kan karagar mulki. Ana kuma yaba mata da kafa sakatariyar harajin yawon bude ido don taimakawa wajen inganta tarawa biyan harajin yawon shakatawa na kashi 1%. Wannan harajin ya samar da makudan kudade don gudanar da ayyukan yawon bude ido musamman a fannin bunkasa iyawa da bunkasa yawon bude ido. Bill na fim Sauran nasarorin da Misis Ofosu-Adjare ta samu an yi su ne a fannin tsarin doka don tallafawa ayyukan masana'antar kere kere. Ta jagoranci zartar da kudurin dokar Fina-Finai, wanda ya ratsa ta majalisar ministoci kuma majalisar ta amince da shi ya zama doka. Wannan sabon kudiri ya maye gurbin tsohuwar dokar Fina-Finai ta 1961 kuma shi ne karo na farko da aka bullo da irin wannan sabon tsarin doka don tabbatar da cewa bangaren Fina-Finai da Talabijin ya samu goyon bayan doka da ake bukata a Ghana. Komawa Tafiya Seychelles Ta jagoranci wata babbar tawagar gwamnati don raka dawowar Sarkin Ashanti, Asantehene Otumfuo Osei Tutu II tsibirin Seychelles inda aka tura Sarkin Ashanti, Nana Prempeh I zuwa gudun hijira a lokacin yakin Ashanti da Birtaniya a 1900. shi ne karon farko da Sarki Ashanti a zaune ya ziyarci tsibirin Seychelles. Matsayin duniya A matakin kasa da kasa, ta jagoranci sashen yawon bude ido na Ghana ta hanyar bayyanuwa akai-akai a manyan wuraren baje koli da nune-nune irin su Kasuwar tafiye-tafiye ta Duniya, Kasuwancin yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa (ITB), FITUR International Travel Fair, Vakantiebeurs Holiday Fair, China Outbound Tourism Travel Market. (COTTM). Ba a taba samun kasuwar Ghana a matakin kasa da kasa ba tun shekaru ukun da ta yi tana ministar sashen. Ta yi kira ga takwarorinta Ministocin Afirka da manyan jami'an Hukumar Kula da Yawon Bude Wa Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNWTO) don ganin Ghana ta karbi bakuncin taron Brand Africa karo na farko a Accra a watan Agustan 2015. Shaharar da take da shi da rawar da take takawa a harkokin yawon bude ido na kasa da kasa ya taimaka wa Ghana ta kasance An zabe shi a matsayin kwamitin zartarwa na hukumar yawon bude ido ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a taronta na UNWTO karo na 21 a Medellin Colombia. Rayuwa ta sirri Ta auri Mista Lawrence Ofosu-Adjare, mai kula da harkokin kiwon lafiya mai ‘ya’ya 2, Lawrence Paapa Ofosu-Adjare da Lauren Maame Ofosu-Adjare. Ita ce diyar marigayi Isaac Kwadwo Adjei-Mensah, wadda ta taba rike ministan albarkatun ruwa, ayyuka da gidaje a zamanin gwamnatin Rawlings, sannan ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar Techiman ta Arewa inda a halin yanzu take ‘yar majalisa. Manazarta Haifaffun 1974 Rayayyun

19667

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20Masarautar%20Kano

Majalisar Masarautar Kano

A Majalisar Masarautar Kano masarautar gargajiya ce a jihar Kano a Arewacin Najeriya da hedkwatar a birnin na Kano, babban birnin ƙasar na zamani Jihar Kano .Masarautar Kano ce ta jagoranci wannan majalisa a shekara ta 1903 bayan da Birtaniyya ta sami zaman lafiya a Sokoto. Ado Bayero ya zama sarki ne a shekara ta 1963, ya yi shekara 50 yana mulki har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2014; ya lura da sauya masarautar ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya wanda ke ba da shugabancin Masarautun Arewacin Najeriya ga shugabannin siyasa. Da Sarkin Kano hidima a matsayin shugaban Tijaniyya sufi da oda a Najeriya, tarihi na biyu mafi muhimmanci Musulmi matsayi a Najeriya bayan da Sultan na Sokoto wanda shi ne shugaban da mafi yawan Qadiriyya sufi da oda a Nijeriya. Tarihi Sojojin Burtaniya sun kame Kano a cikin shekara ta 1903 An kama sarkin Kano na bakwai, wanda yake Sakkwato lokacin da aka mamaye Kano, aka kamashi aka kaishi Lokoja inda ya mutu a shekara ta 1926. Nan take Turawan Ingila suka mai da Kano muhimmiyar cibiyar gudanarwa a Arewacin Najeriya Matsayin masarautar Kano ya ci gaba da bunkasa a cikin sabuwar Arewacin Najeriya A cikin shekara ta 1940s sake tsarin mulki ya sake dawo da matsayin tuntuba na tsohuwar Taran Kano ko majalisa ta tara, wannan ya koma matsayin Sarki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da ativean Kabila kuma maimakon haka ya sanya shi shugaban Nan ativeasa. Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 1940 neman Arewacin Najeriya neman 'yanci daga Kudancin kasar ya haifar da sake kafa kungiyar da ta sanya Najeriya ta zama Tarayyar yankuna masu cin gashin kansu da masu cin gashin kansu Kano ta zama cikakkiyar kungiyar sabuwar kungiyar siyasa ta Arewa da ta fito don yaki da tasirin kudu da ake gani. Kungiyar ci gaban Arewacin Arewa ta bullo a Kano a matsayin kungiyar siyasa ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya, sannan kuma cikin hanzari aka bi ta bayan faruwar Majalisar Jama’ar Arewa da sauran kananan jam’iyyun siyasa. A shekara ta 1963, an gabatar da tuhumar zamba da almubazzaranci ga Sarkin Kano Sanusi Bayero Wani kwamiti wanda DM Muffet ke jagoranta daga baya ya gano shaidar karkatar da akalar sa tare da bayar da shawarar murabus din Sanusi. Nan da nan bayan haka, Sarki Sanusi ya yi murabus kuma ya maye gurbinsa da kawunsa Inuwa Abbas wanda ya yi sarauta na watanni tara kacal kafin rasuwarsa. Bayyanar Sunusi ya haifar da tashin hankali ga 'Yancin Kanon kuma ya haifar da bayyanar Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Kano Inuwa ya gaje kan shi Ado Bayero wanda ya yi sarauta na shekaru 50 kafin rasuwarsa a ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2014. Kungiyoyi daban-daban na sake gudanarwa a cikin mulkin Bayero sun ga yayewar ikon sarki a hankali. Kodayake Sarkin ba shi da iyakoki masu yawa, amma ya ci gaba da nuna iko da bayar da jagoranci a kan batutuwa kamar rikici tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Arewacin Najeriya A ranar 8 ga Yuni 2014, an zabi tsohon babban banki na Najeriya Muhammadu Sanusi II ya gaji Bayero a matsayin Sarkin Kano. A shekara ta 2019 Gwamnatin Kano ta raba Masarautar zuwa gida biyar, akwai Masarautar Bichi, Karaye, Gaya da Rano, ban da ma rage Kano masarautar. Gwamnati A karkashin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya wanda ba na kai tsaye ba, Sarki ya kasance shi ne kadai 'yan asalin yankin wadanda ke karkashin kulawar Mazauna Mulkin Mallaka. Hakimai (Hakimai) sun taimaka wa Sarki a harkar masarautar kuma a karkashin sake-sakewa da Dakta Cargill Mazaunin lardin Kano aka tura Hakimai daga babban birni zuwa Gundumomi a matsayin Hakimai. Kungiyar Cargill ta sake sanya kowane Hakimi ya sami yanki mai rikitarwa inda ya zauna a hedikwata kuma ya yi aiki a madadin Sarki da Jakadu. Hakanan ba a ba wa barorin masu karfin iko wani yanki ba kuma an ba da Hakimai na kyauta wanda yawancinsu mallakar dangin Sullubawa ne da daya daga Yolawa, Jobawa, Danbazawa, Sullubawan Tuta wanda ya zama Sarakunan da suka nada. Sarki. Kasuwanci Ingilishi ya ƙarfafa samar da kayayyaki don fitarwa azaman albarkatun ƙasa don masana'antar Burtaniya. A Kano an sami gyada da auduga. Lardin Kano ya kasance mafi girma a cikin masu noman gyada a Najeriya kuma a cikin shekara ta 1960 a lokacin girbi mai kyau tana samar da kusan tan miliyan miliyan na kayan. Fitar da auduga bai kai na gyada ba saboda masu sana'ar masaka na cikin gida suna amfani da shi har daga baya lokacin da kayayyakinsu suka zama marasa gasa idan aka kwatanta da abubuwan da ake shigo dasu. Jirgin kasan ya kasance babban mai taimakawa ga canjin tattalin arzikin mulkin mallaka. Ya isa Kano a cikin shekara ta 1912 kuma ya taimaka lardin ya ci gaba da riƙe da tattalin arzikin sa akan sauran lardunan. Baya ga saukin zirga-zirga ya kuma kawo da yawa daga bakin haure kwadago da kwararrun mutane daga wasu sassan Najeriya kuma sun kafa gundumar Sabon Gari sabuwar gundumar da aka kirkira musu a wajen birnin na Kano. Sarakuna Sarakuna a lokacin da bayan mulkin mallaka sune kamar haka: Muhammad Abbass (ya yi mulki daga 1903–1919). Usman II (ya yi mulki a shekara ta 1919-1926). Abdullahi Bayero (ya yi mulki daga 1926–1953). Muhammadu Sanusi (yayi mulki daga 1954–1963). Muhammad Inuwa (yayi mulki a 1963) Ado Bayero (ya yi mulki daga 1963 zuwa 6 Yuni 2014). Muhammadu Sanusi II (8 ga Yuni 2014 9 Maris 2020). Aminu Ado Bayero (9 Maris 2020 present). Duba kuma Jerin sarakunan kano Manazarta Masarautu a Nijeriya Gini Gwamnatin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

54806

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udemy

Udemy

UDEMY Udemy, Inc. kamfani ne na fasaha na ilimi wanda ke ba da dandalin koyo da koyarwa akan layi. An kafa shi a watan Mayu 2010 ta Eren Bali, Gagan Biyani, da Oktay Caglar. Tun daga Maris 2023, dandalin yana da xalibai miliyan 62, sama da darussa 210,000, da malamai sama da 70,000 da ke koyar da darussa a cikin harsuna kusan 75, tare da yin rajista sama da miliyan 830.[3] Akwai kusan abokan cinikin Kasuwancin Udemy 14,400, kuma sama da 50% na Fortune 100 abokan cinikin Udemy Business ne. Abokan ciniki na Udemy Business suna da damar zuwa fiye da darussa 22,000, fiye da 9,000 daga cikinsu suna cikin Turanci. Dalibai suna ɗaukar kwasa-kwasan da farko don haɓaka ƙwarewar aiki.[4] Wasu darussan suna haifar da ƙima zuwa takaddun shaida na fasaha. Udemy yana jan hankalin masu horar da kamfanoni da ke neman ƙirƙirar aikin kwas ga ma'aikatan kamfaninsu.[5] Udemy yana da hedikwata a San Francisco, California tare da cibiyoyi a Denver, Colorado; Dublin, Ireland; Austin, Texas; Melbourne, Australia; İstanbul, Turkiyya da Gurgaon, Indiya.[6] TARIHI A cikin 2007, Udemy (you-de-mee, portmanteau of you academy) [7] waɗanda suka kafa Eren Bali da Oktay Caglar sun gina software don azuzuwa kai tsaye yayin da suke zaune a Turkiyya. Sun ga yuwuwar yin samfurin kyauta ga kowa da kowa, kuma sun koma Silicon Valley don samun kamfani bayan shekaru biyu. Bali, Oktay Caglar da Gagan Biyani ne suka kaddamar da shafin a farkon 2010.[8] A cikin watan Fabrairun 2010, wadanda suka kafa sun yi kokarin samar da kudade na kamfanoni, amma ra'ayin ya kasa burge masu zuba jari kuma an ƙi su sau 30, a cewar Gagan Biyani.[9] Dangane da wannan, sun haɓaka haɓakar samfuran kuma sun ƙaddamar da Udemy—“The Academy of You”—a cikin Mayu 2010.[9] A cikin 'yan watanni, malamai 1,000 sun ƙirƙiri kusan darussa 2,000, kuma Udemy yana da kusan masu rajista 10,000. Dangane da wannan kyakkyawan yanayin kasuwa, sun yanke shawarar yin ƙoƙarin wani zagaye na samar da kudade, kuma sun tara dala miliyan 1 a cikin tallafin kasuwanci nan da Agusta.[10][11] A cikin Oktoba 2011, kamfanin ya tara ƙarin dala miliyan 3 a cikin Tallafin Series A wanda masu saka hannun jari na Groupon Eric Lefkofsky da Brad Keywell suka jagoranta, da kuma 500 Global (Farawa 500 da suka gabata) da MHS Capital.[12] A cikin Disamba 2012, kamfanin ya tara dala miliyan 12 a cikin tallafin Series B wanda Insight Venture Partners ke jagoranta, da kuma Lightbank Capital, MHS Capital da Learn Capital, wanda ya kawo jimlar kuɗin Udemy zuwa dala miliyan 16.[13] A ranar 22 ga Afrilu, 2014, bugu na dijital na Wall Street Journal ya ba da rahoton cewa babban jami'in gudanarwa na Udemy, Dennis Yang, an nada shi Shugaba, wanda ya maye gurbin Eren Bali.[14] A cikin Mayu 2014, Udemy ya tara wani dala miliyan 32 a cikin tallafin Series C, wanda Norwest Venture Partners ke jagoranta, da Insight Venture Partners da MHS Capital.[15] A cikin watan Yuni 2015, Udemy ya tara dala miliyan 65 na tallafin kudade Series D, wanda Stripes ke jagoranta.[16] Udemy ya shiga wani gidan koyon kan layi Skillsdox Inc na Kanada don buɗe Makarantar Ƙwarewa a Indiya. A cikin watan Yuni 2016, Udemy ya tara dala miliyan 60 daga Naspers Ventures a matsayin abin da ya biyo bayan dala miliyan 65 na jerin D na kudade daga Yuni 2015.[17] A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2019, Udemy ta sanar da cewa hukumar gudanarwar kamfanin ta nada Gregg Coccari a matsayin sabon babban jami’in gudanarwa.[18] A cikin Fabrairu 2020, Udemy ya tara dala miliyan 50 daga abokin tarayya na dogon lokaci a Japan, Benesse Holdings, Inc. kuma ya sanar da ƙimar dala biliyan 2.[19] A cikin Nuwamba 2020, Udemy ya tara dala miliyan 50 a ƙimar dala biliyan 3.25 wanda Tencent Holdings ke jagoranta.[20][21] A ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2021, Udemy sun riƙe IPO a cikin Amurka kuma an jera su ƙarƙashin alamar UDMY ABUNDUBAWA Udemy wani dandali ne wanda ke ba wa malamai damar gina darussan kan layi akan batutuwan da suka fi so. Yin amfani da kayan aikin haɓaka kwas na Udemy, masu koyarwa na iya loda bidiyo, lambar tushe don masu haɓakawa, gabatarwar PowerPoint, PDFs, audio, fayilolin ZIP da duk wani abun ciki da masu koyo zasu iya samun taimako. Malamai kuma za su iya yin hulɗa tare da masu amfani ta hanyar allon tattaunawa ta kan layi.[26] Ana ba da darussa a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan iri) ana yin su, gami da kasuwanci da kasuwanci, masana kimiyya, zane-zane, lafiya da dacewa, harshe, kiɗa, da fasaha [27]. Yawancin azuzuwan suna cikin darussa masu amfani kamar horo na AWS da Azure, software na Excel ko amfani da kyamarar iPhone.[28] Har ila yau, Udemy yana ba da Kasuwancin Udemy (tsohon Udemy don Kasuwanci), yana ba wa 'yan kasuwa damar samun damar yin niyya sama da darussan 22,000[3] akan batutuwa daga dabarun tallan dijital zuwa haɓaka ofis, ƙira, gudanarwa, shirye-shirye, da ƙari. Tare da Kasuwancin Udemy, ƙungiyoyi kuma za su iya ƙirƙirar hanyoyin koyo na al'ada don horar da kamfanoni.[29] Ga ƙananan kamfanoni, Udemy yana ba da Tsarin Ƙungiyar Udemy wanda ke da iyakacin lasisin wurin zama amma abun ciki iri ɗaya da na Kasuwancin Udemy. Ana iya biyan darussan kan Udemy ko kyauta, dangane da mai koyarwa.[30] A cikin 2015, manyan malamai 10 sun sami fiye da dala miliyan 17 a cikin jimlar kudaden shiga.[31] A cikin Afrilu 2013, Udemy ya ba da app don Apple iOS, yana bawa ɗalibai damar ɗaukar darasi kai tsaye daga iPhones; [32] An ƙaddamar da sigar Android a cikin Janairu 2014.[33] Tun daga watan Janairun 2014, an sauke manhajar iOS sama da sau miliyan 1, kuma kashi 20 cikin 100 na masu amfani da Udemy suna samun damar karatunsu ta hanyar wayar hannu.[34] A cikin Yuli 2016, Udemy sun faɗaɗa dandalin su na iOS zuwa Apple TV.[35] A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2020, ƙa'idar wayar hannu ta Udemy ta zama babbar manhajar Android ta #1 mafi girma a Indiya.[36] MANAZARTA "Our origins". VentureBeat. 2016-06-02. Retrieved 2017-12-12. "Udemy, Inc. 2021 Annual Report (Form 10-K)". U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. March 25, 2022. "Learn about Udemy culture, mission, and careers About Us". Udemy About. Retrieved 2020-09-09. Lomas, Natasha. Online Learning Marketplace Udemy Raises $32M To Scale Up Internationally. TechCrunch. May 8, 2014 Carr, David F. Udemy Comes To Corporate Training Information Week. April 16, 2013 "Connecting people with knowledge". about.udemy.com. Archived from the original on May 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ABCs of Udemy. "Udemy". August 25, 2015. Eren Bali biography. Udemy.com. How Udemy got oversubscribed. Venture Hacks. September 10, 2010. Roushe, Wade. Udemy Collects $1 Million to Expand Casual Learning Platform. Xconomy. August 31,

45210

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex%20Badeh

Alex Badeh

Alex Sabundu Badeh FSS (an haifeshi ranar 7 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai (1957) miladiyya. ya mutu a ranar 18 ga watan Disamba ta shekarar ta dubu biyu da sha takwas 2018). Ya kasance jami'in rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya ne, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin babban hafsan sojin sama na 18 da kuma babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya na 15. Ya mutu ne sakamakon harbin bindiga da wasu ƴan bindigar da ba'a san ko su wanene ba, suka kai wa motar sa hari a kan hanyar Abuja zuwa Keffi a ranar Talata 18 ga watan Disamba, shekarata 2018. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Badeh a Vimtim, wani ƙaramin gari a cikin ƙaramar hukumar Mubi ta Jihar Adamawa, Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, alhalin sa ko danginsa manoma ne. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Vimtim, bayan nan ya samu takardar shedar satifiket na sakandare daga makarantar sakandare ta Villanova a shekarar 1976 kafin ya wuce zuwa Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya. Aikin soja Horaswa An shigar da Badeh a Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya a matsayin memba na kwas na 21 na yau da kullun a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1977, kuma an ba shi muƙamin Pilot a ranar 3 ga watan Yuli 1979. Ya fara aikin a Makarantar Horon tashi-(tashin jirgi) na 301 akan jirgin Bulldog Primary Trainer a 1979. Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 1982 ya halarci horon matukin jirgi na farko a Vance Air Force Base na sojojin saman Amurka. Ya kasance a Makarantar Koyar da Jirgin Sama ta 301 (FTS) a matsayin matukin jirgi na squadron kuma daga baya ya zama matuƙin jirgi mai koyarwa a kan jirgin Bull Dog da DO-228. Ya halarci kwas ɗin kananan ma'aikata a kwamandan sojoji da kwalejin ma'aikata a 1988. A tsakanin 1995 zuwa 1996 ya halarci kwas ɗin manyan ma'aikata a wannan cibiya dai. A 2005 ya kasance a National War College Nigeria a matsayin memba na Course 14 kuma ya kammala a watan Agusta 2006. Air Marshal Badeh ya yi kartun digiri na biyu, M.Sc. a fannin Dabaru daga Jami'ar Ibadan. Air Marshal Badeh ya samu muƙamin Air Vice Marshal a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2008. A tsakanin shekarar 2008 zuwa 2009, ya kasance darakta a kwalejin tsaron ƙasa da ke Abuja, Najeriya, daga nan kuma ya zama daraktan dabarun soja na ƙasa a kwalejin. Bayan haka, ya koma hedikwatar tsaro a matsayin mataimakin darakta horo sannan kuma ya zama daraktan bincike a hedikwatar tsaro. Daga watan Oktoba 2010 zuwa Maris 2012, Air Marshal Badeh ya koma hedkwatar rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya a matsayin shugaban tsare-tsare da dabaru. Daga nan kuma, a watan Maris na shekarar 2012, aka naɗa shi kwamandan horar da sojojin sama, Kaduna. 4 Oktoba 2012. Ya halarci Cibiyar Tsaro ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa da ke Teterboro a New York don wani kwas na maimaita na'urar kwaikwayo, wanda ya zurfafa iliminsa game da ayyukan kiyaye lafiyar iska. Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Sama na Shugaban NAF (2002 2004) Badeh ya kasance Kwamandan Rundunar Sojojin Ƙasa, a lokacin mulkin Olusegun Obasanjo. Ma'aikatan jirgi na shugaban kasa sun yi ta yawo a duniya akai-akai kuma a shekara ta 2002, Badeh ya kwashe tsawon sa'o'i 6000 a sararin samaniya na tashi sama yana rufe VIPs, manyan jami'an gwamnati, manyan jami'an gwamnati da shugabannin jihohi. An ba shi damar tuka tsofaffin shugabannin Amurka, Bill Clinton da Jimmy Carter a lokuta daban-daban bayan bincike mai zurfi da hukumar leƙen asirin Amurka ta yi. Kwarewar Badeh a bakin aiki ya sa ya samu, yabo, da kuma daga bakin Kofi Annan babban sakatare na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin bayan ya kai shi wata ziyarar aiki a jirgi. Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama (Oktoba 2012 Afrilu 2014) A matsayinsa na Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama Badeh ya ƙaddamar da Inganta Injiniya na Gida (OLE 1 da 2) don mai da hankali kan haɓaka Motar Jirgin Sama mara Makami (UAV) da sauran tsarin makami. Tawagar ta OLE ta ƙunshi jami’an sojin saman Najeriya da suka yi digirin na biyu da digirin digirgir a fannoni daban-daban na ƙera jiragen sama da na makamai daga Jami’ar Cranfield da ke Birtaniya. OLE 1 da 2 ya haifar da samar da aikin AMEBO (wanda aka fi sani da GULMA 1 UAV) wanda ya baiwa rundunar sojin sama damar yin bincike tare da kai hare-hare daga nesa ba tare da jefa rayuwar matuƙan jirgin cikin haɗari ba, kuma wannan shi ne jirgi mara matuƙi na farko da aka ƙera a cikin gida Najeriya. Badeh ya tabbatar da cewa an horar da matuƙan jirgin na UAV a cikin gida don inganta abubuwan cikin gida da kuma ceton al'umma da dimbin albarkatun da idan ba haka ba za a kashe su wajen gudanar da horo iri ɗaya da na ƙasashen waje. Ma’aikatan jirgin sama na UAV da aka horar a Najeriya sun yi amfani da karfin tuwo wajen yaƙi da ta’addanci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Ya ƙarfafa ayyukan R D masu tayar da hankali a duk sassan NAF, wanda ya kai ga baje kolin R&D na farko a Abuja wanda ya jawo mahalarta daga jami'o'in Najeriya da cibiyoyin bincike. Daga baya NAF ta sanya hannu kan MOUs tare da wasu cibiyoyi don ba da himma ga ƙoƙarin NAF na R&D. Wasu daga cikin jami'o'in sune Jami'ar Benin, Jami'ar Ibadan, Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Covenant, Ota; Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya, Minna Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria and Yaba College of Technology. Cibiyoyin binciken sun haɗa da Hukumar Kula da Kamfanonin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Ƙasa, Hukumar Binciken Ci gaban Sararin Samaniya ta Ƙasa da Hukumar Masana'antu ta Tsaro. Ci gaba da bincike da shirye-shiryen ci gaba na Badeh sun haifar da sababbin hanyoyin magance matsalolin, ɗaya daga cikin nasarar magance matsalar shine nasarar kammala na farko a cikin lokaci na Depot Maintenance (PDM) akan jirgin C-130H NAF913 da irin wannan atisayen don kan 2xG- Jirage 222 a Legas. Har ila yau lokacin da ya kasance Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojan Sama ya shaida ƙirar gida da samar da diaphragm na hydraulic diaphragm na helikwafta harin Mi-35P yayin da kyamarar EOS da ke cikin jirgin helicopter Agusta 109 LUH aka gyara kuma an sake shigar da shi cikin nasara. Yayin da yake aiki a matsayin Babban Hafsan Sojan Sama, ya ƙaddamar kuma ya kammala wasu mahimman ayyuka da suka haɗa da, hangar NAF a filin jirgin sama na Yola, haɗa hanyoyin daga hangar zuwa titin jirgin sama, wurin ajiyar makamai, ɗakin ma'aikatan jirgin na matukin jirgi da masu fasaha, masauki ga jami'ai da maza, Air Force comprehensive school, Yola, samar da ababen more rayuwa a 75 Strike Group Yola, matsugunan jiragen sama, wuraren ibada, ɗakunan kwanan dalibai 80 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Sojan Sama ta Kaduna da sauran manyan ayyuka. A cikin wannan lokaci ne rundunar sojin saman ta ƙaddamar da wani haɗin gwiwa da hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya NIMASA domin daƙile safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi ta hanyar samar da tallafin jiragen sama ga hukumar kuma aikin ya samu nasara matuƙa. Badeh ya kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Najeriya (NEMA) wajen samar da kayayyakin agaji, da ayyukan jinya kyauta har ma a wasu lokutan ayyukan kwashe mutane. A matsayinsa na babban hafsan sojin sama, Badeh ya tabbatar da cewa duk ma’aikatan da suka haifi ‘ya’ya a makarantun firamare da sakandare na rundunar sojin sama za'a koyar da su kyauta. Babban Hafsan Tsaro (Afrilu 2014 Yuli 2015) Badeh ya ƙaddamar da gina katafaren ginin hedkwatar tsaro (DHQ) wanda ya dace da ɗakin gudanar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa, zauren taro, wuraren ofis da kuma gidan da zai karbi baki. A lokacin da sojoji ke yaƙi da ta'addanci a Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya, akwai buƙatar a ciyar da jama'a da sahihan labarai kuma masu dacewa don haka Badeh ya kafa gidan rediyon sojojin ƙasar Mogadishu a tashar FM 107.7 don tunkarar ƙalubalen yaɗa munanan labarai a kan sojojin Najeriya. Gidan rediyon ya baiwa sojojin Najeriya damar bayyana bangarensu, kan batutuwan da suka shafi tsaro da bayanai. Kafin ayyukan da Badeh ya kammala a matsayinsa na babban hafsan tsaro, ayyukan sun haɗa da; ɗakin gwaje-gwaje na DNA na Sojoji, wanda ya ba da damar gano waɗanda suka mutu a cikin yaki cikin sauki, Hukumar Kula da Sararin Samaniya ta Tsaro, ƙaddamar da kwale-kwalen Bindiga 30 a yankin Neja Delta, da dai sauransu. Rayuwa ta sirri Matsalolin shari'a A watan Fabrairun 2016 an zargi Badeh da karkatar da kuɗaɗe da EFCC ta yi masa a lokacin da yake riƙe da muƙamin shugaban ma’aikata. Badeh ya musanta hannu a duk wani rashin ɗa'a. Harin ta'addanci a Vimtim A watan Oktoban 2014 mayaƙan Boko Haram sun mamaye garin Vimtim na Badeh a takaice, inda suka yi ta kashe rayuka da lalata dukiyoyi. An kashe ɗan uwansa da ke makwabtaka da gidansa yayin harin. Ƴan ta’addan sun kuma ƙona gidan Badeh da asibitin da ya gina wa al’umma. An yi ta yaɗawa a ƙafafen yaɗa labarai cewa babban hafsan tsaron ya aike da jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu domin ya kwashe iyayensa kafin harin duk da cewa bayanai sun nuna cewa a 2013 ya rasa mahaifinsa a shekarun 70s da mahaifiyarsa. Ritaya daga rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya A watan Yulin 2015 ne hafsan hafsan sojin sama Air Marshal Badeh ya yi ritaya. A bisa al'adar Sojoji an gudanar da fareti na janyewa a birnin Mogadishu na Abuja inda babban hafsan sojin sama Air Marshal Badeh ya gabatar da jawabinsa na ban mamaki kafin ya wuce jiharsa. Mutuwa An kashe Badeh ne a wani harin kwantan ɓauna da aka kai kan hanyar Keffi zuwa Abuja da yammacin ranar 18 ga watan Disamba 2018. A ranar 23 ga watan Junairun 2019 ne aka yi jana’izar Badeh bayan jana’izar sa a cocin Pentecostal da ke sansanin sojin sama da ke Abuja. Daga cikin manyan baki da suka halarci jana’izar tasa sun haɗa da sakataren gwamnatin tarayya Boss Mustapha, gwamnonin Filato da Adamawa, Simon Bako Lalong da Bindow Jibrilla, da babban hafsan tsaron ƙasa, Janar Abayomi Olonisakin. Manazarta Mutuwan 2018 Haihuwan

50313

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda%20Bello

Linda Bello

He Articles with hCards y Linda Ann Bellos OBE (an haife ta ah shekarar (1950) 13 ga watan Disamba 'yar kasuwa ce a kasar Biritaniya, mai ra'ayin bin mata ne kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin' yan luwadi.A cikin 1981 ta zama mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shiga ƙungiyar Spare Rib .An zabe ta a Majalisar Lambeth Borough Council a Landan a 1985 kuma ta kasance shugabar majalisar daga 1986 zuwa 1988. kuruciya Bellos an haife shi ne a kasar Landan ga wata Bature Bayahudiya Bature, Renee Sackman, da dan Najeriya, mahaifin Yarbawa, Emmanuel Adebowale, wanda ya fito daga Uzebba kuma ya shiga sojan ruwa a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu.Renee Sackman ta kasance danginta sun yi watsi da ita saboda auren Kirista. An haife shi a Brixton, Bellos ya sami ilimi a Makarantar Sakandaren Mata ta Zamani ta Silverthorne, Dick Sheppard Comprehensive School, da Jami'ar Sussex (1978-81). Sana'a Ƙaunar mata Bellos ɗan mata ne mai tsattsauran ra'ayi kuma shine ɗan madigo na farko wanda ba farar fata ba ya shiga ƙungiyar mata ta Spare Rib a 1981. Ta kuma soki yadda harkar ta ke da “maki maki” da kuma yadda harkar mata ta kasance a ganinta, farare ne, mata masu matsakaicin matsayin. Ta ki amincewa da kalmar gaurayen kabilanci saboda ta yi la'akari da cewa duk wani ƙoƙari na bayyana launin fata an rage shi zuwa ma'anar launin fata.Ta yi amfani da kalmar "gaɗaɗɗen gado" maimakon. Bellos mutum ne na al'adun Yahudawa na Afirka da Gabashin Turai.Ta yi amfani da kalmar siyasa da ta haɗa ta "Black" don kwatanta kanta. 'Yar Siyasa Ta kasance mataimakiyar shugabar yakin neman zaben jam'iyyar Labour Party Black Sections don zabar 'yan majalisar dokoki na Afirka, Caribbean da Asiya da na cikin gida a cikin jam'iyyar Labour. A cikin 1985 an zabi Bellos a matsayin kansilan Lambeth na Lambeth London Borough Council kuma ta kasance shugaban majalisar tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1988. Ita ce Bakar fata ta biyu da ta zama shugabar karamar hukumar Biritaniya, bayan Merle Amory a yankin arewa maso yammacin London na Brent .Bellos ta yi murabus a matsayin shugaba a ranar 21 ga Afrilun 1988, bayan takaddamar da ta kunno kai tsakanin jam’iyyar Labour a kan batun tsara kasafin kudin kansila.Ta kasance fitacciyar jigo a siyasar hagu a Landan a shekarun 1980 kuma jaridar The Sun ta yi mata lakabi da mamba na Loony Left". Bellos yayi yunƙurin zama yan takarar majalisa, ba tare da nasara ba, musamman na Vauxhall, kudancin Landan, a cikin gundumar Lambeth, inda aka yi zaɓe a 1989, bayan murabus ɗin dan majalisar Stuart Holland Mataimakiyar shugabar 'yan bakar fata Martha Osamor ta jam'iyyar cikin gida ne ta zaba a matsayin 'yar takarar majalisar dokoki amma shugaban jam'iyyar Labour Neil Kinnock ya ki amincewa da ita a matsayin ta hagu kuma jam'iyyar ta kasa ta dora Kate Hoey Bellos ta kasance ma'ajin kungiyar Reparations Movement (UK).Ta kasance shugabar Southwark LGBT Network har zuwa Fabrairu 2007 kuma mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Southwark Daga 2000 zuwa 2003,ta kasance shugabar ƙungiyar shawara ta LGBT ga yan sanda na Biritaniya. Ta kasance yar gwagwarmayar al'umma. Linda tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙira don Diversity tare da Dr Tony Malone a cikin 2004. Masu kafa biyu sunyi aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar akan ayyukan don shekaru 5. Linda ta ci gaba da abota ta kud da kud da Tony duk da bambancin ra'ayi game da haƙƙin mallaka. Daidaito A matsayinta na 'yar madigo, Bellos ta yi gardama sosai a farkon shekarun 1980 cewa dole ne a yi la'akari da yanayin zamantakewa, 'yan tsiraru da mafi yawan kabilanci, nakasa, asalin jima'i da addini. Wannan hanya ba ta da farin jini a lokacin. Kwanan nan, Bellos tana koya wa ma'aikata aiki da ma'aikatansu yin amfani da Dokar Daidaito ta 2010, Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1998 da sauran dokokin daidaito. Musamman ta samo asalin watan Tarihin Baƙar fata a Burtaniya yayin da take shugabar Sashin Dabarun London. Bellos ta yi aiki kan daidaito tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a da yawa, gami da Sojojin Burtaniya da Sabis na 'Yan Sanda na Biritaniya.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai zaman kanta ga 'yan sanda na Biritaniya, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Crown, da Ƙungiyar Manyan Jami'an 'yan sanda. Ita mamba ce ta kafa kuma tsohuwar shugabar Cibiyar Daidaituwa da Ma'aikatan Diversity. Nasiha Bellos tana ba da daidaito, bambance-bambancen da kuma shawarwari game da haƙƙin ɗan adam da sabis na horarwa ga sassan kasuwancin Burtaniya da na jama'a da ba don riba ba.Ana kiran kamfaninta Linda Bellos Associates Rediyo, TV, da rubutu Bellos bakuwa ce ne na yau da kullun a shirye-shiryen rediyo da talabijin, tana ba da gudummawa ga tattaunawa kan batutuwa da yawa da suka hada da daidaito, 'yancin ɗan adam da kuma mata. A matsayinta na marubuciya, ta ba da gudummawa ga yawancin tarihi, ciki har da IC3: The Penguin Book of New Black Writing a Biritaniya Ta sirin rayuwa A 1970 ta auri Jonathan Bellos, sun haifi ‘ya’ya biyu, a shekara 1974 da 1976. Ta fito a matsayin 'yar madigo a 1980, kuma aurenta ya ƙare a cikin saki a 1983. Linda ta bar 'ya'yanta su zauna a cikin jama'ar kowa da kowa. A ranar 21 ga Disamba 2005, Bellos da abokin aikinta, Caroline Jones, sun shiga haɗin gwiwar farar hula Caroline ta mutu a cikin 2015. A cikin 2020, Bellos ya shiga haɗin gwiwa tare da Marian Davis. Kyauta A ranar Tara ga watan Disamba shekara 2002, an gabatar da Bellos (tare da Stephen Bourne tare da lambar yabo na 'yan sanda Metropolitan "saboda gudunmawar tallafawa al'ummar gari."da tayi A cikin shekaran 2006, an ba ta lambar yabo ta OBE a cikin sabuwar shekara ta Sarauniya don hidima ga bambancin. Ta jajirce wajen karbar lambar yabo saboda tana ganin alakarta da rusasshiyar Daular a matsayin bata lokaci kuma ya kamata a canza sunan mai martaba. Iyalan ta ne suka kwadaitar da ita. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

16909

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony%20Elumelu

Tony Elumelu

Tony Onyemaechi Elumelu (An haife shine a 22 ga watan Maris a shekarar ta 1963) Shi dai wani masanin tattalin arziki ne, kuma dan-kasuwa, san nan kuma mai son taimakon jama’a ne, mazauni kuma haifaffen dan Afrika Shine shugaban Heirs Holdings, The United Bank for Africa, Transcorp sannan kuma shine wanda ya kirkiro wata kungiya ta taimakon kananan yan kasuwa a Afrika wacce ake kira da The Tony Elumelu Foundation. Elumelu yanada shedan girmamawa ta The Nigerian National Honours, The Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON) kuma mamba ne a Order of the Fideral Republic (MFR) a shekarar ta 2003. Ya samu shaidan kasancewa mai hazaka a shekarar ta 2019 daga Nigeria’s National Productivity Order. Elumelu yana cikin mutane dari (100) masu matukar amfani da aka lissafa a cikin mujallar lokuta (Time Magazine) a shekarar ta 2020. Rayuwa da Ƴan'uwa An haife shi ne a Jos, Jahar Plateau, Nigeria, a shekarar ta 1963. Ya taso daga Onicha-Ukwu a Karamar Hukumar Aniocha na Jahar Delta. Yana da digiri guda biyu a bangaren tattalin arziki (Economics) daga jami’oin Nigeria, kamar haka: Digirinsa na farko watau (Bachelor Degree) daga Jami’ar Ambrose Ali daku, digirinsa na biyu na kimiyya watau mastas (Maters) daga Jami’ar Lagos. Elumelu ya auri wata malamar likitanci wacce ake kira da Awele Vivien Elumelu a shekarar ta1993, kuma suna da yara bakwai (7) a tare dasu. Yanada 'yan uwa guda hudu (4), daya daga cikinsu shi ne Ndudi Elumelu, wanda ya kasance dan Majalisa ne a Nigeria. Aiki Elumelu ya fara aikinsa na farko ne a Union Bank a matsayin dan bautar kasa a shekarar ta 1985. Ya samu kwarewa sosai inda a shekarar ta 2005 ya fara aiki da Standard Trust Bank da kuma United Bank for Africa (UBA) daga baya. Bayan barin aikinsa daga UBA a shekarar ta 2010, ya samar da kamfani mai suna Heirs Holding wanda ya karkata a bangarori kamar haka: harkoki na kudi, makamashi, dillanci da karimci, harkokin noma, da kuma bangaren kiwon lafiya. Kuma a wannan shekaran ya kirkiro kungiyar The Tony Elumelu Foundation, wanda ta kasance kungiya da take zaune a Afrika kuma kungiyar masu son taimaka ma jama’a na Afrika. Yayi hidima a matsayin mai bada shawara ga wata kugiya mai suna USAID’s Private Capital for Africa (PCGA). Ya bada gudummawa ga Nigerian President’s Agricultural Transformation Council (ATIC). Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban wata mai suna National Competitiveness Council of Nigeria (NCCN), wanda ya bada gudummawa mai karfi a cikinta, kuma ya zama mai fada aji na kungiyar Aspen Institute Dialogue Series on Global Food Security. Dadin gushi ya gudanar da kungiyar Ministerial Committee domin samar da ingantattun asibitoci da wuraren gwaje-gwaje a duka fadin Nijeriya, a kuma gayyatar da gwamnatin tarayya (Federal Government) da kungiyar samar da aiki na shugaban kasa (Presidential Jobs Board) sukayi masa yayi ikirarin samar da miliyoyin ayyuka a cikin shekara daya. Ya kuma yi hidima a matsayin mamba a kungiyar Global Advisory Board of the United Nations Sustainable Energy for All Initiatives (SE4ALL) da USAID’s Private Capital Group for Africa Partners Forum. Kungiya The Tony Elumelu Foundation Bayan barin aikinsa daga United Bank for Africa a watan July a shekarar ta 2010, sai ya samar da kungiyar The Tony Elumelu Foundation. Wadansu Gudummuwar daya Bayar Kasancewarshi a cikin kungiyar Bretton Woods Committee ya kawo hadin kan manyan shuwagabanni cikin harkokin bankunan duniya, wanda wannan ma ya kasance ya kawo cigaban Africa. Ya kasance shima dan kungiyar Nigerian Leadership Initaitive (NDL) ne. Ya kasance yanada sa hannu a cikin kafuwar wata kungiya tareda The Tony Blair Africa Governance Initiative (AGI) ta hanyar hadin gwiwa mai karfi da sukayi domin su karfafa bangarorin dogaro da kai ta hanyar janza tattalin arzikin wasu zababbun kasashe a Africa. Wannan hadin gwiwa a kiransa da The Blair_Elumelu Fellowship Programme. Ya kasance mai-fada aji a kungiyar Africa Energy Leader’s Group (AELG). Lambobin Yabo da Girmamawa A shekarar ta 2003, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Nijeriya ta bama Elumelu inkiyar kasancewa dan Order of the Federal Republic (MFR), wanda wannan ya kasance girmamawa ne na kasa baki daya. Kuma a shekarar ta 2006, yaci kyautan wanda ya kasance shugaban yan kasuwan Afirka na wannan shekaran (African Business Leader of the Year) wanda mujallar United Kingdom ta buga a bangaren masu sanya hannun jarin Afirka. A shekarar ta 2009, Shugaban Kasa Umaru Musa Yar’adua ya bukaci da yayi aiki dashi a bangaren kwamitin shugaban kasa na warware matsalolin kudi na kasa (Presidential Committee on the Global Financial Crisis). Haka kuma a shekarar ta 2012, aka bashi lambar yabo na girmamawan kasa akan kasancewa komanda mai bada tsarin Niger (The National Honour of Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON)) saboda gudummuwar daya bada wajen kawo cigaban kasuwancin masu zaman kansu. A wajen bikin shekara-shekara karo na biyar na Economic Forum of the Ivorian National Council of Employers, CGECI Academy, (CGECI) a garin Abidjan a watan Afrilu a shekarar ta 2016 aka bashi lambar yabo na (Lifetime Achievement Award). Kuma dai a wannan shekara ta 2016 aka bashi lambar yabo na kasancewa Dan Nijeriyan da yafi kowa kwazo a wannan shekara (Nigerian Man of the Year) daga jaridar ‘daily times’. Wallafawa Ya kasance yayi rubutu akan yayi bincike da kuma daukaka tattalin arzikin Afirka a rubutu daban-daban da yayi a fadin duniya kamar su, Masanin Tattalin Arzikin Kasa (The Economist), Jaridar Bangon Layi (The Wall Street Journal), da kuma Lokutan Harkokin Kudi (The Financial Times). Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

24308

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Quartey-Papafio

Benjamin Quartey-Papafio

Benjamin William Quarteyquaye Quartey -Papafio, MRCS (Londan) (25 ga Yuni 1859 14 ga Satumba 1924) likita ne majagaba kuma ɗan siyasa a yankin Gold Coast ɗan ƙasar Ghana na farko da ya fara samun digiri na likita (MD) kuma na farko da ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗariƙar ɗarika. -likitan horo. Rayuwa An haifi Benjamin Quartey-Papafio a cikin babban dangin Accra: Iyayensa sune Akwashotse Chief William Quartey-Papafio, wanda aka fi sani da Nii Kwatei-Kojo ko "Old Papafio", da Momo Omedru, 'yar kasuwa daga Gbese (Dutch Accra) da Amanokrom Akuapem Quartey-Papafio ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar CMS da Kwalejin Fourah Bay da ke Freetown, Saliyo, kafin ya tafi karatu a Biritaniya. Samun B.A. digiri daga Jami'ar Durham, ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗalibin likitanci a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Asibitin St Bartholomew a 1882 kafin ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh. Ya sauke karatu daga Edinburgh tare da digiri M.B. da M.Ch. a 1886 kuma ya zama memba na Royal College na Surgeons. Brotheran'uwansa, Emmanuel William Kwate Quartey-Papafio (1857-1928) manomi ne kuma ɗan kasuwa. Wani ɗan'uwa, Arthur Boi Quartey-Papafio (1869-1927) ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandaren Wesleyan ta Accra, sannan ya tafi Kwalejin Fourah Bay kafin karanta doka a Kwalejin Christ, Cambridge kuma a cikin 1897, an kira shi zuwa Bar a Lincoln Inn, London. Ya buɗe dakunansa a Accra kuma ya yi rubutu sosai kan tarihin Accra da dokokin al'ada na mutanen Ga. Daga 1905 zuwa 1909, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Accra kuma abokin haɗin gwiwa na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. Ya kuma yi wa jaridar editan, Gold Coast Advocate. Sauran membobi biyu na dangin Quartey-Papafio, Clement W. Quartey-Papafio (1882–1938) da Hugh Quartey-Papafio (1890–1959) (yaran Emmanuel William Kwate Quartey-Papafio) suma sun zama lauyoyi kuma suna aiki sosai a Accra high. al'umma. Shi ne ɗan Afirka na farko da ya sami digirin likita a yankin Gold Coast Da yake komawa Gold Coast, ya kasance jami'in lafiya na Sabis na Gwamnatin Gold Coast daga 1888 zuwa 1905, kuma yana cikin aikin sirri. Quartey-Papafio yana da yara uku da Hannah Maria Ekua Duncan, na dangin Cape Coast/Elmina; a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1896 a St Bartholomew-the-Great Church a Smithfield, London, ya auri Eliza Sabina Meyer, 'yar Richard Meyer na Accra, kuma ma'auratan suna da yara shida. Memba na Majalisar Garin Accra daga 1909 zuwa 1912, Quartey-Papafio memba ne na wakilin 1911 zuwa London wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Gandun Daji. Ya kasance mamba na Majalisar Dokoki ba tare da izini ba daga 1919 zuwa 1924. Ya kasance mai aikin Anglican. Iyali Mercy (Ffoulkes-Crabbe), Ruby (Quartey-Papafio) da Grace (Nelson) sun zama malamai a yankin Gold Coast. Sonansa, Percy, ya sami horo a matsayin likita amma ya kasa yin aikin saboda gazawar gani da ido ya haifar. Dr B. W. Quartey-Papafio, Nene Sir Emmanuel Mate Kole, KBE (Konor na Manya Krobo), Dr F. V. Nanka-Bruce, Hon. Sir Thomas Hutton-Mills, tare da Nana Sir Ofori Atta (Omanhene na Akim Abuakwa), Nana Amonoo, F. J. P. Brown na Cape Coast, J. Ephraim Casely-Hayford na Sekondi su ne gine-ginen kafa Kwalejin Achimota. Dr Ruby ta ba da umarni ga ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarinta da sha'awarta ta zama masanin tattalin arziƙi kuma ƙwararriyar Uwargida a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan Mata ta Accra. Baya ga rubuce-rubucen fatalwa da kuma ba da taimako mai yawa ga marigayi Kwame Nkrumah da abokan hadin gwiwa/masu kishin kasa wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kan Ghana, rabe-raben jinkai na Mercy sun kuma sa aka nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata ta farko a Ghana a Makarantar' Yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Cape Coast. Bayan samun babban haɗin gwiwa na Kwalejin Sarauniya ta Royal, ɗanta tilo Nana Ffoulkes Crabbe-Johnson ta ci gaba da rarrabuwar kawuna ta hanyar zama Farfesa na farko na Ghana kuma Shugaban Sashen a Anaesthesiolgy (Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas) a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta waje da mata. Shugaban Kwalejin Kwararrun Likitoci na Yammacin Afirka. Manazarta Mutuwan

35313

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabilar%20Yak%C3%B6

Kabilar Yakö

IRYakö people Mutanen Yakurr (ko kuma Yakö da Yakạ) suna zaune ne a ƙauyuka biyar na Jihar Cross River (Obono 2001, shafi na 200.p 3), a Najeriya. An Kuma fi sanin su da Umor, Ekoli, Ilomi, Nkoibolokom da Yakurr be Ibe. A dalilin matsalolin harshe da Turawan da suka ziyarci yankin na farko suka fuskanta, an san ƙauyuka da sunaye wadanda ba daidai ake kiransu ba Ugep, Ekori, Idomi, Nko da Mkpani (Okoi-Uyouyo 2002). Daga ƙarshe, sun zamo samfurin yakpanikpani (kalmar Lokạ dake nufin "dabarun"), suna ne, wanda Enang (1980) ya ce mutanen Ugep sun ba su bayan an yaudare su a cikin rikici Yakurr News Yanki An fi samun mutanen Yakurr a yankunan da ke tsakanin latitudes 50 401 da 60 101 na arewacin equator da longitudes 80 21 da 60 101 gabas da Greenwich Meridian da daga arewa maso yammacin Calabar, babban birnin jihar Cross River. Ana samun su a karamar hukumar Yakurr a yau kuma su ne kabila mafi girma a jihar. Sun Kuma haɗa iyakokinsu daga arewa da gabas da kabilun Assiga, Nyima da kabilun Agoi na karamar hukumar Yakurr, ita hada iyaka daga kudu da karamar hukumar Biase sannan ta hada iyaka daga yamma da karamar hukumar Abi. Zuwa shekarar 1935, mutanen Yakurr suna da yawa kimanin 22,000 da 38,000 ta 1953 (1939, 1950, da 1964; Hansford et al. 1976; da Crabb 1969). Kananan hukumomi da jihohi sunyi watsi da kididdigar yawan jama'ar Yakurr bisa ƙidayar jama'a ta 1991su saboda rashin daidaituwarsu Har yanzu ba'a saki sakamakon kidayar jama’a ta shekara ta 2006 da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi akan yawan mutanenta ba Asali Harshen da Yakurr ke magana shi shine Lokạ, yaren Upper Cross River. Iwara (1988) ya bayyana harshen a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan harsunan jihar Cross River, zasu iya kwatantuwa da mutanen Efik dangane da yawan masu magana da ita, wacce ke da matsayi na musamman na lingua franca a jihar. A cewar Ethnologue, mutane 120.000 ne ke magana a da harshen a shekarar 1989 (Eberhard et al. 2019). Mutanen Yakurr suna ɗabi'u daban daban na zamantakewa, amma ɗabi'ar harshe, siyasa, addini da al'adu. A rashin ajiyayyun rubuce-rubucen, tsarin harshe, siyasa, addini da al'adu iri ɗaya na daga cikin tabbatattun shaidu na kafa zuriya da alaƙar halitta mai karfi. Duk mutanen Yakurr suna ikirarin al'ada ta ƙaura daga yankuna da kuma kakanni. Ƙasar kakannin mutanen Yakurr ita ce "Akpa", an ce gajeriyar sunan "Lẹkanakpakpa" ce. An yi imani da cewa wannan yanki yana da alaka Kamaru-Obudu kamar yadda yake a yau. Yakurr sun ambaci mutanen Okuni, Nsofan da Ojo a matsayin makwabtansu a Lẹkanakpakpa. Al'adun Okuni, Nsofan da Ojo suyi da da'awar cewa sunyi rayuwa da Yakurr a Lẹkanakpakpa, wanda mutanen Okuni da Nsofan ke kira "Onugi" da kuma Läkpamkpa ta mutanen Ojo. Hijirar mutanen Yakurr daga ƙasar kakanninsu ta faro ne tun daga shekara ta 1617 miladiyya, a lokacin da aka samu rashin fahimtar juna tsakanin su Yakurr da maƙwabtansu, sakamakon keta al'adar binne su ya tilasta wa maƙwabtansu yaƙi da su, wanda ya sa aka kore su daga ƙasarsu ta gado. Tarihin hijira na mutanen Yakurr, kamar yadda Ubi (1986 da 1978) ya bayar, ya kasance, tsakanin 1617 zuwa 1677, Yakurr sunyi hijira daga wannan mahaifar kakanni domin neman sabuwar kasa bayan anci galabar sojojinsu a hannun Akpa. Kusan AD 1660, wasu matafiya na Yakurr sun kafa sabbin gidajen zama a yankuna da suke a yanzu. Wadannan wurare sune Idomi da Ugep. A tsakanin shekara ta 1677 zuwa 1707, wasu 'yan ciranin Yakurr sun kafa garuruwan Ekori da Nko. Tsakanin 1707 da 1737 duk da haka wata ayarin 'yan hijira na Yakurr ta kafa mazaunin Mkpani. Dalilan da ya sa 'yan kabilar Yakur suka sake matsuguni a sabbin yankuna sun kasance musamman saboda bukatu na albarkatun kasa, sakamakon karuwar al'umma ta wata fuskar da kuma rikice-rikicen ta wata fuskar. Wannan cigaban na taimakawa ta hanyar auratayya da ƙaƙƙarfan magabata a cikin tsarin iyali. Don haka ya kasance mai sauƙi ga mutanen suyi ƙaura zuwa sababbin ƙauyuka. Wannan ya haifar da ɗan kamanceceniya a cikin sunayen 'yan gudun hijira da kuma na mutanen kauyukan da suka riska a duk ƙauyukan Yakurr. Al'adu Shahararrun mutane Okoi Arikpo, Ministan Harkokin Wajen Tarayyar Najeriya mafi dadewa a kan karagar mulki, kuma Sakataren Majagaba, Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'i ta Kasa. Clement Ebri, tsohon gwamnan jihar Cross River. Eteng Okoi-Obuli, Ministan Noma, Jamhuriyya ta Biyu. Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Vice Admiral, da kuma tsohon babban hafsan sojin ruwa Usani Uguru Usani, Tsohon Ministan Neja Delta. Etowa Eyong Arikpo, Tsohon Atoni Janar, kuma Alkalin Alkalan Jihar Kuros Riba Okoi Ikpi Itam, Tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Jihar Kuros Riba. Eka Ikpi Braide, Pioneer Vice-Chancellor, Cross River University of Science Technology, and Federal University of Lafia, Nassarawa Efa Iwara, ɗan wasan Najeriya kuma mawaki Manazarta Crabb, DW (1969) Ekoi Bantu Languages of Ogoja, Oxford University Press, London Enang, SB (1980) Mkpani Pre-Colonial History, Jami'ar Calabar BA Tarihi Project. Hansford, K.; Bendor-Samuel, J. da Stanford, R. (eds.) (1976) Nazarin Harsunan Najeriya, Cibiyar Nazarin Harsuna ta Summer, Accra Iwara, AU (1988) Karatu da Rubutu Lokạ, Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka ta Jami'ar Ibadan, Ibadan Okoi-Uyouyo, M. (2002) Yakurr Tsarin Zumunci, Iyali da Aure, Bookman, Calabar. Ubi, OA (1986). 7-8. Ubi, OA (1978) The Yakurr: A Sake Gina Tarihin Kafin Mulkin Mallaka, Jami'ar Legas Tsarin Tarihin PhD Labaran Yakurr Sabbin bayanai game da mutanen Yakurr. Kara karantawa Forde, D. (1939) "Kinship in Umor" Masanin ilimin Anthropology na Amirka, Vol. 41, shafi. 530-540. Forde, D. (1950) “Descent Biyu Tsakanin Yakö” a cikin Radcliffe-Brown, AR da Forde, D. (eds. Tsarin Zumunci da Aure na Afirka, Jami'ar Oxford Press, London. Forde, D. (1964) Yakö Studies, Oxford University Press, London. Kabilun Najeriya Jihar Cross

13838

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabrina%20Sidney

Sabrina Sidney

Sabrina Bicknell (haihuwa 1757 8 Satumba 1843), wanda aka fi sanin ta da Sabrina Sidney, wata macece 'yar Burtaniya, wacce aka watsar a Asibitin Foundling da ke Landan a matsayin jaririya, kuma aka ɗauke ta tun tana da shekaru 12 wani marubuci mai suna Thomas Day, wanda ya yi kokarin gyara ta, domin ta zama cikakkiyar mace, daga baya sai ya aure ta bayan ta girma sai ta auri ɗaya daga cikin abokan sa, a maimakon ta aure shi, daga ƙarshe ta zama mai kula da makaranta.Inji littafin Jean-Jacques Rousseau 's Emile, ko A kan Ilimi, Rana ta yanke shawarar ilmantar da 'yan mata biyu ba tare da wani sabani ba, ta hanyar amfani da tunanin nasa, bayan da mata da yawa suka ki shi, kuma suna gwagwarmayar neman macen da ke da akida. A shekara ta 1769, Rana tare da abokin sa mai fafutuka, John Bicknell, sun zabi Sidney da wata yarinya, Lucretia, daga gidan marayu, kuma suka yi shelar cewa za su nuna rashin jin dadinsu ga abokin aboki Richard Lovell Edgeworth Ranar ta dauki 'yan matan zuwa Faransa don fara hanyoyin Rousseau na ilimi a ware. Bayan ɗan lokaci kaɗan, ya koma Lichfield tare da Sidney kawai, yana ganin Lucretia bai dace da gwajinsa ba. Yayi amfani da wani sabon abu, mai amfani, da kuma wani lokacin azzalumi, dabaru don kokarin kara karfin ta, kamar harbin burtsatse a cikin rigunan ta, saukad da kakin zuma mai zafi a hannunta, da kuma sanya kayanta shiga cikin wani tafki mai cikakken ado don gwada juriyarta ga ruwan sanyi.Lokacin da Sidney ya kai shekarun samartakarsa, Ranar ta Edgeworth ya shawo kansa cewa kyakkyawan gwajin matar sa ya gaza kuma yakamata ya sake ta, saboda bai dace ba ranar ta zauna tare da wanda ba ta san shi ba. Daga nan ya shirya yadda Sidney take fuskantar gwaji na ƙwararrun sana'a da kuma mazaunin-da farko ta shiga makarantar kwana, sannan ta zama mai horarwa ga iyayen masu kayan ado, daga ƙarshe kuma aiki a matsayin mai kula da gidan Rana. Da yake ganin canje-canje a Sidney, Ranar ya ba da shawarar aure, kodayake ya kira wannan a kashe lokacin da ba ta bi umarninsa masu tsauri ba; Ya sake aiko ta, a wannan karon zuwa gidan shiga, inda daga baya ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar uwargida A cikin 1783, Bicknell ya nemi Sidney kuma ya ba da shawarar aure, yana gaya mata gaskiya game da gwajin Rana. Sosai, ta gamu da Rana cikin jerin haruffa; ya yarda da gaskiya amma ya ƙi neman afuwa. Sidney ya auri Bicknell, kuma ma'auratan sunada 'ya'ya biyu kafin rasuwarsa a 1787. Sidney ya ci gaba da aiki tare da malamin makaranta Charles Burney, yana kula da makarantun sa. A cikin 1804, Anna Seward ta buga littafi game da yadda rayuwar Sidney ta kasance. Edgeworth ya bi sawunsa, inda ya ce Sidney yana ƙaunar Ranar. Sidney da kanta, a gefe guda, ta ce ba ta da matsala da Rana kuma ya ɗauki ta a matsayin bawa. Farkon rayuwa Sidney da aka haife shi a 1757 a Clerkenwell, London, da kuma aka bar su a asibitin domin Maintenance, kuma Ilimi na Fallasa da kuma yashe matasa da yara (aka fi sani a matsayin Foundling asibitin a London a ranar 24 May 1757 by wani m mutum. [1] Wannan mutumin ya bar bayanin da ke bayyana cewa sunan baftisma sunan yarinyar shi ne Manima Butler kuma an yi mata baftisma a Cocin St James, Clerkenwell Sunanta mai yiwuwa alama ce ta Monimia amma babu wuraren yin baftisma don kowane harafin sunan a Ikklesiya. [2] Ofaya daga cikin bukatun Asibitin kafa shine yara kanana su kasance ƙasa da wata shida a lokacin karɓar haihuwa, amma asibitin bai sami ƙarin cikakkun bayanan tsufa ba. Wani abin da ake buƙata shi ne cewa an ba masu riƙon sabon suna da lambar tunani, [3] don haka Sidney ta zama Girl Ann Kingston ba. 4759. [4] Wata mata mai shayarwa, Mary Penfold, ta kawo ta Wotton, Surrey, inda ta zauna har zuwa 1759, lokacin tana shekara biyu. Kodayake ya kasance al'ada ga masu neman aure su kasance tare da mai kula da su har zuwa shekaru biyar ko shida, asibitin da ke garin Foundling ya sami kwararar sabbin yara kuma ya motsa yara da yawa waɗanda ba sa bukatar aikin jinya, gami da Sidney, zuwa reshen Shrewsbury na Foundling. Asibiti. [5] Ba a kammala ginin Shrewsbury ba har zuwa 1765, don haka a lokacin, wata mata mai kula da lafiyar su, Ann Casewell, ta kula da ita a gidanta.

51379

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alma%20Mahler

Alma Mahler

Alma Margaretha Maria Schindler (an haife ta a ranar31 ga Agusta 1879 11 Disamba 1964) mawakiya ce 'yar kasar Australiya, marubuciya, edita, kuma mai son jama'a. A lokacin da take 'yar shekara 15, Max Burckhard ne ya ba jagorance ta. Tayi wakoki da dama tun daga kananun shekarunta, ita ce mawallafin wakoki kusan hamsin na murya da piano, kuma tay wakoki da dama a wasu nau'ikan. Wakokinta kwara 17 ne kadai suka rayu. Tayi auri mawaki kuma shugaba Alexander von Zemlinsky, amma dangantakar ba ta dade.Ta zama matar mawaki Gustav Mahler, wanda ba shi da sha'awar abubuwan da ta tsara. Daga karshe ta fada cikin bacin rai saboda takura mata da fasaha. Yayin da aurenta ke fama, ta yi jima'i da Walter Gropius. Gustav ya fara ƙarfafa rubutun Alma kuma ya taimaka shirya wasu abubuwan da ta rubuta don bugawa, amma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba bayan wannan yunƙurin sulhu a 1911. Alma ta auri Gropius a 1915 kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya guda tare, Manon Gropius. A lokacin aurenta da Gropius, Alma ta sami dangantaka da Franz Werfel. Alma da Werfel sun yi aure bayan Alma ta rabu da Gropius. A cikin 1938, bayan Anschluss, an tilasta Werfel da Alma su hijira daga Austria, saboda zamansu na da hadari ga bayahude Werfel. A ƙarshe ma'auratan sun zauna a Los Angeles. A cikin 'yan shekaru kadan, saloon dinta ya zama wani ɓangare na zane-zane, da farko a Vienna, sannan a Los Angeles da kuma birnin New York. Kuruciya An haifi Alma Maria Schindler a ranar 31 ga Agusta 1879 a Vienna, Austria, (a wancan lokacin Austria-Hungary) ga shahararren mai zanen wuri Emil Jakob Schindler da matarsa Anna Sofie. An koyar da ita a gida kuma ta girma a Cocin Katolika. A cikin 1886, Yarima Rudolf na Crown ya sami sha'awar zane-zanen Emil Jakob Schindler kuma ya ba Schindler damar yin tafiya tare da danginsa zuwa gabar tekun Adriatic don samar da zane-zanen shimfidar wuri.A cikin 1892,dangin kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa tsibirin Sylt ta Arewa, inda Emil Schindler ya mutu. After her father's death, Alma focused on the piano. She studied composition and counterpoint with Josef Labor,a blind organist who introduced her to a "great deal of literature".At 15,she was sent to school but attended for only a few months. As she grew older,a case of childhood measles left her with decreased hearing.Max Burckhard, a friend of Emil Schindler and director of Vienna's Burgtheater theater,became Alma's mentor.On Alma's 17th birthday,Burckhard gave her two laundry baskets full of books. In 1895,Anna Schindler,Alma's mother,married Carl Moll, Emil Schindler's student.In 1899 they had a daughter together named Maria. Alma ya sadu da Gustav Klimt ta hanyar Carl Moll.Moll da Klimt sun kasance mambobi ne na kafa Vienna Secession,"ƙungiyar da aka shirya don manufar warwarewa tare da Kwalejin Ilimin Fasaha ta Vienna da ke da alaƙa da fasahar gani". Klimt ya ƙaunaci Alma. Yayin da ta fara sha'awar Klimt,sha'awarta ta yi sanyi ba da daɗewa ba.Klimt da Alma sun kasance abokai har mutuwar Klimt.A cikin kaka 1900,Alma ya fara nazarin abun da ke ciki tare da Alexander von Zemlinsky.Zemlinsky da Alma sun yi soyayya kuma sun ɓoye dangantakar su. Alma teased Zemlinsky about what she thought were his ugly features,saying she could easily have "ten others" to replace him.She also noted that to marry Zemlinsky would mean she would "bring short,degenerate Jew-children into the world". As the relationship grew strained, Zemlinsky visited her less and less. On 7 November 1901,she attended Zuckerkandl's salon where she began a flirtation with Gustav Mahler.In the month of November, while still in a relationship with Zemlinsky,she started an affair with Mahler. By 8 December,Mahler and Alma secretly were engaged;however,it was not until 12 December that she wrote to Zemlinsky about her engagement. The engagement was formally announced on 23