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51729

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choppies

Choppies

Choppies Enterprises Limited babban kantin kayan miya ne na Botswana kuma babban dillalin kayan masarufi wanda ke da hedikwata a Gaborone, Botswana. Dillalin ya fara sayar da kayan abinci ne kawai (duka sabbin kayan abinci da abinci na tsawon rai) da sauran kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya. Ƙungiyar ta mallaki cibiyar sadarwa ta tsakiya, a cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Zambia, da Kenya. Choppies ya zama kamfani da aka jera akan Kasuwancin Hannun jari na Botswana a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012, kuma yanki ne na BSE Domestic Company Index tare da ƙimar kasuwar kusan P 2.4 biliyan kamar na Disamba 20, 2012. Kamfanin ya kuma kammala jerin sunayensa na biyu akan musayar hannayen jarin Johannesburg a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015. Tarihi An kafa Choppies a shekarar 1986 tare da babban kanti guda ɗaya mai suna Wayside Supermarket (Mallaka) Limited a Lobatse ta dangin Chopdat, tare da buɗe kantin na biyu a shekara ta 1993. A shekara ta 1999 kamfanin yana da shaguna biyu kawai. Tun daga 1999 kamfanin ya girma ya zama jagora mafi girma a cikin masana'antar kyawawan kayayyaki masu saurin tafiya a Botswana. Tawagar gudanarwar ta hada da wadanda suka kafa Choppies, Mista Farouk Ismail wanda shi ne mataimakin shugaba na yanzu da Mista Ramachandaran Ottapathu wanda shi ne shugaban kamfanin na yanzu. Su ne kuma manyan masu hannun jari wanda kowannensu ke rike da kashi 34.2% na hannun jarin kamfanin. A shekara ta 2003 ƙungiyar ta haɗe zuwa tsari ɗaya. A baya an fara yin amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban. Saboda girmansa tun 1999, an sami buƙatu ga kamfani ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen kasuwannin hannayen jari na ƙasa. A ƙarshe ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta amince, kuma an jera kamfanin a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012. Kamfanin ya yi hayar Grant Thornton don gudanar da gudanarwar gaban kamfani na fara bayar da gudummawar jama'a, tare da jera hannun jari biliyan 1.2 akan farashin tayin na BWP 1.15 a kowace rabon, tare da 25% yana shiga hannun jama'a. IPO ita ce mafi girma a kan musayar hannayen jarin Botswana wanda ya tara P350 miliyan a cikin IPO da kuma masu zaman kansu, tare da hannun jarin da aka mamaye da kusan 400%. Ayyuka Rukunin yana da rabon kasuwa na yanzu a Botswana na kashi 30%, bisa ga wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda Briggs da Associates suka gudanar. Ana aiwatar da ayyukan na Afirka ta Kudu ta hannun wani kamfani na Choppies Supermarkets SA (Proprietary) Limited, wanda ke aiki a Lardunan Limpopo, Arewa maso Yamma da Free State. Rarraba da wadata Cibiyoyin rarraba Choppies suna aiki azaman tushen shagunan Choppies. Ana isar da manyan samfuran 200 na kamfanin gaba ɗaya zuwa cibiyoyin rarraba sannan a rarraba su daga can zuwa shagunan. Ana isar da sauran samfuran daga tushen zuwa shagunan kai tsaye. Choppies na gudanar da cibiyoyin rarraba guda biyu a Botswana; daya a filin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa a Gaborone, dayan kuma a Lobatse. Sabuwar cibiyar rarraba mita 10,000 na Afirka ta Kudu ta buɗe a cikin watan Satumba 2012 a Rustenburg don hidimar shagunan Afirka ta Kudu. Welldone (Na Mallaka) Limited, mallakin gabaɗaya mallakar reshen Choppies Group, wani kamfani ne na dabaru wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan yau da kullun na shagunan. A shekara ta 2008, kantin farko a Zeerust, Afirka ta Kudu an buɗe shi a can ta hanyar faɗaɗa a yankin arewa maso yamma. 2014 ita ce shekarar da ƙungiyar ta buɗe cibiyar rarraba ta farko a Zimbabwe kuma a cikin shekara ta 2016 an yi jerin na biyu a musayar hannun jari na Johannesburg. A karshen shekarar 2015 an fara ayyukan Zambia kuma a farkon 2016 aka samu kungiyar Jwayelani a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma yi nasarar mallakar kungiyar Ulkwala ta Kenya a farkon shekarar 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin haɓaka na dogon lokaci ƙungiyar ta buɗe kantin sayar da ta farko a Tanzaniya da Mozambique a cikin 2017. Suka Choppies dai ya janyo suka daga jama'a a baya saboda rashin daidaiton albashi. Ma'aikata irin su masu karbar kudi da masu fakiti suna da'awar samun kasa da P900 a wata, yayin da masu gudanarwa irin su Shugaba da Mataimakin Shugaban suna samun sama da P30 000 000.00 a shekara. Hakan ya jawo bacin rai kasancewar kamfanin a tarihi yana da riba sosai duk da haka ba ya ladabtar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata bisa la'akari da ƙoƙarinsu. Duba kuma Sefalana Square eat Shoprite (retailer) Checkers (sarkar babban kanti) Jerin sarkunan manyan kantuna a Botswana Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33538

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osita%20Chidoka

Osita Chidoka

Osita Benjamin Chidoka (an haife shi a ranar 5 ga Yuli 1971) tsohon soja ne na Corps Marshal kuma babban jami'in hukumar kiyaye haɗɗura ta tarayya kuma tsohon ministan sufurin jiragen sama a Najeriya. Ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan. Shi ma ɗan uwa ne ga Obinna Chidoka. Osita Chidoka, ya kasance Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama a Najeriya har zuwa kwanan nan. Kafin wannan rawar, ya kasance Corps Marshall na Hukumar Kare Haɗurra ta Tarayya inda ya canza hukumar daga wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce ta kusan zama ta koma wacce ta samu lambobin yabo daban-daban na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ta zama abin koyi sauran ƙungiyoyin kiyaye Haɗurra a faɗin Afirka. Osita Chidoka ya samu digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Gudanarwa daga Jami’ar Najeriya da ke Nsukka da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin manufofin jama’a daga babbar makarantar kula da manufofin jama’a a jami’ar George Mason da ke kasar Amurka. Yana da Certificate a Global Strategy and Political Economy daga Jami'ar Oxford, UK, sannan ya yi Diploma a fannin Maritime Ports Management daga Jami'ar ƙasa ta Singapore. A lokacin da yake hidimar matasa masu yi wa ƙasa hidima, ya yi aiki a babban birnin tarayya inda ya zama wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, sannan ya samu aiki kai tsaye a hukumar raya babban birnin tarayya Abuja. A lokacin da yake hidima a can, ya ba da gudunmawa sosai ga ci gaban ƙasa ta hanyar ayyukan da ya yi a matsayin sakataren kwamitin ƙasa na ziyarar Papa Roma John Paul na biyu a Najeriya a 1998, wanda ya ba shi yabo Papal. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mamba a kwamitin nazarin babban tsarin Abuja; Shugaban tawagar, kwamitin da ke da alhakin daftarin manufofin kasa kan hanyoyin zirga-zirgar babura a Najeriya; kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Sakatare, Kwamitin Sojoji na 1999 zuwa hannun farar hula, da sauransu. Ya taba rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban kasa a ma’aikatar ayyuka da gidaje ta tarayya; Mataimaki na sirri ga Ministan Sufuri; da kuma mataimaki na musamman ga babban mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin shari'a. Bayan da ya yi fice kuma ya samu lambar yabo, Chidoka ya koma Mobil Producing Nigeria, reshen kamfanin Exxon Mobil Corporation, a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin gwamnati da kasuwanci. A cikin wannan rawar ne, a shekarar 2007, shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na lokacin, Cif Olusegun Obasanjo, ya neme shi, ya naɗa shi a matsayin Corps Marshal da kuma shugaban hukumar kiyaye Haɗurra ta ƙasa (FRSC). Jagorancin sa na hukumar FRSC ya kai ga sauya hukumar zuwa hukumar gudanarwar kula da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da tabbatar da tsaro a kasar nan ta hanyar fasahar sadarwa da sadarwa. Wannan sauye-sauyen yana da tasirin da ake iya gani na raguwar mace-mace da kashi 15 cikin 100 daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2009 da kashi 28 cikin 100 a shekarar 2010 da kuma karuwar tarar daga Naira biliyan 0.5 a shekarar 2006 zuwa Naira biliyan 1.4 a shekarar 2010. A ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, FRSC ta gina amintaccen rajistar masu laifi da kuma bayanan direbobi da ababen hawa a kasar, wanda hakan ya sa kungiyar ECOWAS ta yi amfani da tsarin Najeriya a tsarin da aka tsara na sarrafa bayanan motocin yankin na sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. Ƙirƙirar dabarun kiyaye hanya ta Najeriya (2012-2016) an cimma ta ta hanyar da ta haɗa da dukkan hukumomin da ke tabbatar da mallakin tsarin tsakanin hukumomin. Ƙarƙashin jagorancinsa, hukumar kiyaye Haɗurra ta tarayya ta lashe babbar lambar yabo ta yarima Michael International Safety Award a watan Disamba 2008; kyautar lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar ƙwadago da Samar da Samfura ta Ƙasa a watan Oktoba, 2010. Haka kuma, bin ka’idojin da hukumar ta FRSC ta yi a duk duniya ya kai ga ba wa Hukumar Takaddun Shaida ta Kasa (SON) takardar shedar Samar da Takaddun Shaida (ISO 9001:2008) ga Hukumar a ranar 15 ga Afrilu 2013. Domin ganin irin gagarumar gudunmawar da Osita Chidoka ya bayar wajen ci gaban kasa da al’umma, an saka masa jarin da aka saka masa da sunan gargajiya na Ike-Obosi (Karfin Obosi) da kuma mamba na Ndi-Ichie, wanda shi ne mafi ƙololuwar majalisar zartarwa ta Obosi Traditional Council of Anambra State. Mayu, 2009. Ya samu lambar yabo ta Chartered Institute of Taxation of Nigeria Merit Award a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2010, da kuma Institute of Logistics Management of Nigeria Fellowship Award a watan Yuli, 2011. An ba shi lambar yabo ta Distinguished Alumnus Award for Good Governance and Model on Road Safety daga Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Nigeria, Nsukka a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 2011. Kuma bisa nuna kishin ƙasa ga ƙasarsa, shugaban ƙasa kuma babban kwamandan sojojin tarayyar Najeriya, Dr. Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, GCFR a ranar 14 ga watan Nuwamba, 2011, ya ba shi lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta Najeriya. na Tarayyar Tarayya, OFR. Ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Ma’aikacin Jaridun Sun da Hallmark na Shekarar 2012 kuma a qarqashin sa FRSC ta lashe lambar yabo ta Hukumar Jarida ta Leadership na shekarar 2012. Bisa la'akari da ƙwarewarsa, Mista Shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa shi ya jagoranci ƙaramin kwamitin sufuri na kwamitin shugaban ƙasa kan cika shekaru 100 na Najeriya. Wannan nasarar da aka samu ta kai shi ga naɗinsa a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Sufuri na Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya da aka gudanar a watan Mayun 2014 a Najeriya, daga ƙarshe kuma, Mista Shugaban kasar ya nada shi Ministan Sufurin Jiragen Sama na Najeriya a ranar Laraba 23 ga Yuli 2014. Osita Chidoka (Ike Obosi) mai fafutukar kare manufofin jama'a ne. Ya rubuta ƙasidu da yawa da ƙasidu da gabatar da jawabai a fagage da dama na manufofin jama'a da kula da tsaro. Ya rubuta wani shafi na yau da kullun, “Mai Gina Gada” don Jaridun Jagoranci, inda ya zayyana dabaru masu inganci don shugabanci nagari. </br>A shekarar 2017 Chidoka ya tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Anambra dake kudu maso gabashin Najeriya a matsayin ɗan jam'iyyar United Progressive Party amma Willie Obiano na jam'iyyar All Progressives Grand Alliance ya doke shi. Chidoka ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party. A shekarar 2019, an ƙaddamar da wani shiri na wayar da kan jama’a kan harkokin kiwon lafiya a garinsu Obosi, kuma an shirya shi ne don isa ga al’ummai 179 na jihar Anambra Za ta ƙunshi nau’o’in gwaje-gwajen lafiya da dama da kuma kula da yanayin kiwon lafiya kamar hawan jini, ciwon ido, ciwon suga, ciwon hanta, zazzaɓin cizon sauro, Typhoid, da dai sauransu, gami da samar da gilashin ido kyauta da sarrafa magunguna. An fahimci cewa Osita Chidoka na shirin yin amfani da tallafin da likitocinsa na gida da na waje suke ba shi don ganin an shawo kan lamarin. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51326

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen%20Berr

Helen Berr

Hélène Berr, an haife ta ashirin da bakwai ga watan Maris a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da dayaa cikin hudu&nbsp;arrondissement na Paris kuma ya ta mutu a A sansanin taro na Bergen-Belsen, wata matashiya Bafaranshiya ce, marubuciyar littafin tarihin rayuwarta daga farkon shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu wanda aka buga a karon farko a shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas Tarihin Rayuwar ta Née dans une famille juive d'origine alsacienne et descendante de l'ingénieur Maurice Lévy, Hélène Berr préparait l'agrégation d'anglais. Dans son journal truffé de citations de Shakespeare ou de Lewis Carroll, la guerre n'est d'abord qu'un mauvais rêve Ce journal raconte la vie quotidienne et les épreuves, comme le port de l'étoile jaune en juin 1942, de la jeune femme. An haifi Hélène Maxime Camille Berr a ranar ashirin da bakwai ga watan Maris a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da ashirin da daya a cikin 4&nbsp;arrondissement na Paris ita ce 'yar Raymond Berr (1888-1944), polytechnicien (X 1907), injiniya na corps des Mines, mataimakiyar shugaban kamfanin Kuhlmann (wanda zai hade daga baya tare da Péchiney an kori ta. da ayari daya da ita ga ashirin da bakwai ga watan Maris a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu, DA" ayarin motocin n saba'in da Antoinette Rodrigues-Ély (a shekara ta dubu daya da dari takwas da casa'in da ɗaya-zuwa shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da hudu), su ma an fitar da su a cikin wannan ayarin Ba za a iya wuce taron ba, wanda ta shirya a Sorbonne, saboda dokokin anti-Semitic na gwamnatin Vichy game da matsayin Yahudawa, Hélène Berr, mai shekaru ashirin da daya, ta gabatar da kanta a hedkwatar Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyar Isra'ila ta Isra'ila. Faransa (UGIF), inda aka dauke ta a matsayin ma'aikacin jin dadin jama'a a ranar shida ga watan juillet a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu Watanni uku da suka gabata, a kan bikin sadaukarwar da ta samu daga Paul Valéry, ta fara a wannan rana, da bakwai avril a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyu A" Shiga wanda, a cikin gabatarwar littafin da aka buga a shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas ta Tallandier, Patrick Modiano ya kwatanta da salon Katherine Mansfield Hélène Berr kuma ita ce sakatariyar Denise Milhaud ga Taimakon Mutual na wucin gadi, ƙungiyar ɓoye da aka ƙirƙira a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da dayatare da Social Service for Aid to Migrants (SSAE), wanda Lucie Chevalley ya jagoranta. An kama Hélène Berr tare da iyayenta a gidansu, a 5 avenue Élisée-Reclus a cikin 7arrondissement .&nbsp;arrondissement na Paris, da8 mars 1944Maris 8, 1944 da gari ya waye, aka tsare a sansanin Drancy, sannan aka tura ta zuwa Auschwitz tare da mahaifinta da mahaifiyarta,27 mars 194427 ga Maris, 1944 cikarsa shekaru 23 ans Ta fuskanci ci gaban Soviets, an fitar da ita daga Auschwitz a ranar talata yin da daya ga Oktoba kuma ta isa sansanin Bergen-Belsen a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba inda ta kamu da typhus Wata safiya ba ta da lafiya ba ta iya tashi a gun kiran waya, wani mai gadi ya yi mata dukan tsiya, kwanaki kadan kafin kwato sansanin da sojojin Ingila suka yi. Goma ga avril a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da arba'in da biyar Mariette Ayuba, editan sa da kuma 'yar'uwarsa, wanda ya ba da waɗannan cikakkun bayanai, ya nuna wannan kwanan wata ba tare da ƙayyade shi ba). Yabo Ana ba da sunan Hélène Berr ga ɗakin karatu na kafofin watsa labarai na 12&nbsp;arrondissement na Paris, da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Paris-Sorbonne Clignancourt site). A lokacin da aka sake dawo da Château du Vivier, a Aubergenville a cikin Yvelines, a cikin alif dubu biyu da goma sha shida, an sanya alamar tunawa da tunawa da matashin marubuci a kusa da ƙofar An buɗe plaque a biyu ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar A kan ginin da ke biyar avenue Élisée-Reclus a cikin gundumar 7 na Paris inda dangin Berr ke zama kuma inda aka kama sumars 1944Maris 1944 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

33757

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mata%20a%20Sinima%20na%20Afirka

Mata a Sinima na Afirka

Mata suna shiga harkar fina-finan Afirka ta fannoni daban-daban, duk da cewa ba a ba su ba a matsayin masu kirkire-kirkire. Fage A lokacin mulkin mallaka, ƴan fim na yammacin duniya ke wakilta Afirka ta musamman, wanda hakan ya sa aka kwatanta Afirka da mutanen Afirka a matsayin "masu ƙazafi", "ma'aikata masu biyayya" ko kuma "masu cin zarafi ko cin nama". Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin kai na Afirka da suka tashi daga shekara ta 1950 zuwa shekara ta 1960 sun haifar da fina-finai da ke da nufin yin amfani da kyamara a matsayin kayan aiki don magance waɗannan hotunan mulkin mallaka. Mata sun kasance masu ƙwazo a masana'antar fina-finai ta Afirka kafin da kuma a wannan lokacin, duk da rawar da suke takawa ya iyakance ga matsayi na tallafi kamar wasan kwaikwayo. Fitowar mata a wasu matsayi a harkar fim a wannan lokaci ya zo dai-dai da taron ƙwararrun masana fina-finai da ke son tallata fina-finan Afirka. Waɗannan Ƙwararrun masana harkar fina-finai, waɗanda da dama daga cikinsu mata ne, sun fara kafa ƙungiyoyi da bukukuwan da suka shafi noma da kuma karrama fina-finan Afirka irin su Pan African Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou (FESPACO) da ƙungiyar Pan African Federation of Filmmakers (FEPACI) An halicce su a shekara ta 1969. Bikin Baƙar fata na Duniya, bikin al'adu da fasaha na tsawon wata guda, shi ma ya fito a wannan lokacin kuma ya nuna wallafe-wallafe, zane-zane masu kyau, kiɗa, sinima, wasan kwaikwayo, salon, gine-gine, ƙira, da raye-raye daga masu ƙirƙira daga Ƙasashen Afirka. musamman daga masu shirya fina-finai a Amurka. A cikin shekarun 1970 an yi kira ga duniya da a yi aiki a sassa daban-daban na rayuwar mata tare da juyin halitta na gwagwarmayar kare haƙƙin mata na duniya, ci gaban mata na biyu, bullar kungiyar binciken mata masu harsuna biyu da ke Senegal da kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka. Mata don Bincike da Ci gaba (AAWORD), da ayyana shekarun shekarun mata na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1976 zuwa shekara ta 1985, dukkansu sun yi matukar tasiri ga ci gaba da nazarin karatun mata, ka'idar fina-finai ta mata, da bayyanar mata, a duniya. Masana sun yi la'akari da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin a matsayin waɗanda suka haifar da fahimtar ƴan uwantaka na duniya, wanda daga nan ne aka sami ɗimbin tarurruka da kafofin watsa labarai waɗanda ke nuna irin gogewar da mata ke da su a duniya. Daraktoci mata 'Yan Afirka sun iyakance ne a irin rawar da za su iya takawa a fim har zuwa shekarun 1950 zuwa shekara ta 60, lokacin da 'yan asalin Afirka suka fara 'yantar da kansu daga mulkin mallaka, amma 'yan mata kaɗan ne aka ba su damar yin amfani da tsarin kere kere fiye da yin wasan kwaikwayo. Darakta Safi Faye dai ana yabawa a matsayin mace ta farko a Afirka da ta shirya wani fim tare da fitar da fim dinta mai suna Kaddu Beykat a shekarar 1975, wanda masanin fina-finan N. Frank Ukadike ya bayyana cewa yana nuni da irin fafutukar da bakar fata 'yan fim ke yi a kasashen Afirka. Mai shirya fina-finai kuma marubuciya Tsitsi Dangarembga ta bayyana rashin son zuciya a masana'antar fim da al'ummar Afirka a matsayin dalilai, dalilin da ya sa musamman matan Afirka ke gwagwarmaya a matsayin masu shirya fina-finai. Malama Nancy Schmidt ta kara da cewa har zuwa 1997, kwanan nan ne aka sami dandamali na kan layi, wallafe-wallafe, fina-finai ko rubuce-rubucen rubuce-rubuce waɗanda suka yarda da duk abubuwan da suka shafi fina-finai, daftarin aiki, guntun wando da ayyuka a cikin bidiyo, talabijin, da kafofin watsa labarai na dijital waɗanda matan Afirka suka ba da umarni a kan tsarin. shekaru da dama da suka wuce. An kafa kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu don taimakawa wajen magance wadannan matsalolin da kuma tallata matan Afirka a fina-finai da talabijin, irin su gidauniyar Ladima Foundation, (Dada Trust) da bukukuwan fina-finai na mata irin su bikin fina-finai na Hotuna na Duniya na Mata da (Udada International). An kaddamar da bikin fina-finan mata). Misalan albarkatun kan layi akan matan Afirka a cikin fina-finai sun haɗa da Cibiyar Nazarin da Binciken Matan Afirka a Cinema Beti Ellerson, wacce aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2008 kuma tana kula da blog ɗin Matan Afirka a Cinema. Wasu daraktoci irin su Sarah Maldoror sun sha wahala wajen samun karramawa a matsayin daraktar fina-finan Afirka, lamarin da ya sa aka kebe su daga jerin masu shirya fina-finan na Afirka, yayin da ake tattaunawa kan fina-finansu a binciken da aka yi kan fina-finan Afirka. Paulin Soumanou Vieyra ya bayyana zama dan kasa a matsayin babban bangaren tantancewa a matsayin daraktan fina-finan Afirka, inda ya bayyana cewa fina-finan da wadanda ba 'yan kasa ba ne suka ba da umarni game da Afirka "na Afirka ne na zaburarwa/fim d'inspiration africaine", wanda wani masani Alexie Tcheuyap ke cewa "zai hana kai tsaye. darektoci kamar Sarah Maldoror ko Raoul Peck, waɗanda suka yi yawa sau da yawa, kusan a hankali, suna ɗaukar 'yan Afirka.'" Wasu masana, irin su masanin tarihi Beatriz Leal Riesco sun lura cewa Maldoror "yar Afirka ce dangane da kwazo da jigonta" Tarihin mata a fim din Afirka 1960s da 1970s A lokacin mulkin mallaka, al'adu da dokoki irin su Dokar Laval na shekara ta 1934, wanda ke mulkin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, ya haramta wa 'yan Afirka yin fina-finai na kansu, wanda aka lasafta shi a matsayin abin da ya hana ci gaban fim a matsayin hanyar magana, siyasa, al'adu, da Afirka. na fasaha. Yayin da Afirka ta zama yanki na duniya bayan mulkin mallaka, 'yan Afirka sun fara ƙirƙirar fina-finai na kansu kuma mata sun ɗauki manyan ayyuka, yayin da har yanzu suna iyakance ga yin aiki kawai. Duk da irin shan kaye na mulkin mallaka, duk da haka, wasu ra'ayoyi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya na wayewar Turai sun daɗe, suna samun amsa a wani nau'i na al'adar ƙauye da mulkin kama-karya, tare da Kenneth W. Harrow ya bayyana cewa "Duk da cewa zanga-zangar 1950s da 1960 ta kasance tana adawa da Turai. ’yan mulkin mallaka a matsayinsu na waje, ko kuma a kan Turai kanta a matsayin wani karfi na waje, a yanzu an tura su cikin gida ne kan masu rike da madafun iko na Afirka, azzalumai, masu rike da madafun iko, ciki har da wadanda suka tsere daga al’umma da tattalin arziki da kuma wadanda ke mulkin kauyuka ko iyalai. Ya bayar da hujjar cewa ko da an cire mai mulkin mallaka, don haka ana maimaita irin wannan tsarin na cin nasara a jikin macen Afirka a cikin fim ɗin shekara ta 1960 da 1970. Fina-finan da aka yi a wannan zamanin da aka nuna ko kuma aka ƙirƙira daga shugabannin mata na Afirka sun ƙunshi jigogi na sha'awar jima'i da suka haɗa da auren mace fiye da ɗaya, rikici tsakanin soyayyar zamani da al'adun auren da aka tsara, ware zawarawa da mata marasa aure saniyar ware, da kuma kaciya Masana irin su Sheila Petty sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba wai kawai a karanta su ba ne kawai a matsayin suna nuna babban magatakarda ba za a iya girgiza ba, amma a matsayin maganganu na asarar ainihi, tare da misalan misalan siyasar jima'i da ke aiki a matsayin "tsari wanda za a iya canza matsayin al'adu ta hanyar tasiri. hadin gwiwa tsakanin maza da mata." A shekara ta 1975 Safi Faye ya fito da Kaddu Beykat, wanda ake ganin shi ne fim na farko da aka fito da shi a kasuwa wanda wata ‘yar Afirka ta shirya. A baya ta fito da ɗan gajeren fim, "La Passante", kimanin shekaru uku kafin a shekara ta 1972. Ana kuma yaba ta a matsayin mace ta farko a matsayin darektan fina-finai na Afirka da ta samu karbuwa a duniya, yayin da Kaddu Beykat ta lashe kyaututtuka da dama daga cikinsu akwai lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI Sauran fina-finan da aka fitar a wannan lokaci sun haɗa da fim ɗin Maldoror na shekara ta 1972 Sambizanga Mata a cikin 1980s da 1990s Cinema Per Harrow, masu shirya fina-finai na mata na Afirka sun zama masu haɓaka a cikin 1980s da 1990s, "a ƙarshe suna ba mu wani abu mai mahimmanci fiye da hotunan Sembene na mata ko 'ya'ya mata da aka dade da zalunta" da kuma cewa "Wataƙila hanya mafi kyau don fahimtar cinema bayan shiga aiki shine kamar na fim din da ya fara karkata ga mata a matsayin abin da zai kawo illa ga makomar Afirka." Fina-finan tsakiyar mata a al'adance ba su da mahimmanci kuma ba su da ma'ana sau biyu daga al'adun ubangida na Afirka da sojojin turawan yamma. Jigogi Jigogi wani abu ne da ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin fina-finai kuma fina-finan Afirka sukan shafi mulkin mallaka da kuma abubuwan da suka biyo bayansa, a tsakanin sauran batutuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi rayuwa a Afirka. Fina-finan da suka fito ko kuma matan Afirka ke jagoranta na iya ƙunshi jigogi irin su batsa, son mata na Afirka, rashin yarda, ko shirya aure da auren mata fiye da ɗaya. Sauran jigogi na iya haɗawa da juriya da 'yancin kai na mata, kamar yadda ya faru a cikin 'yar fim ɗin Kamaru Rosine Mbakam Chez Jolie Coiffur e. Wasu jigogi, kamar ilimi, kiwon lafiya, ƙuruciya, ko yaƙi don daidaito, ana ganin su a matsayin na al'ada ta Beatriz Leal Riesco, amma ana sanya su ga "kallon ikon mulki na shekara-shekara, babban halayensa shine ƙaddamar da tsari na alama na hermetic. daidaita tazara tsakanin mahalicci da gaskiyar da ake wakilta”. Wakilin mata a fina-finan Afirka Ana kallon wakilcin mata a fina-finan Afirka a matsayin jigon gama gari tsakanin mata masu gudanarwa, kamar Safi Faye da Sarah Maldoror. Masana tarihi sun lura cewa mata sun sanya mafi yawan binciken jigon. Wasu fina-finai, irin su Karmen Gei da U-Carmen eKhaylitsha sun fito da jarumai mata, amma ana sukar su da cewa "[wakilta] ficewa daga halin da matan zamani ke ciki a Afirka" yayin da fina-finan ke nuna mata masu kida da murya. Riesco ya lura cewa yayin da waɗannan fina-finai ke nuna kyakkyawan yanayin mace, suna kuma ba da wani zaɓi mai kyau ga yanayin silima na baya, wanda aka fi sani da ɗaukaka na ƙauye, na al'adu da farfadowar su, da kuma takamaiman nau'in ruwaya., a hankali da aunawa, bisa ga al'adun baka, wanda shiru da magana sun kasance daidai da damuwa." Batsa da jima'i N. Frank Ukadike ya lura cewa matan Afirka sau da yawa suna "mafi kyau, abubuwan jima'i da aka lullube cikin al'adar sha'awar maza kuma, a cikin kalmomin Ousmane Sembene, "har yanzu an ƙi 'yancin magana." Wasu fina-finai, irin su Ceddo da Sarraounia an yi la’akari da su a matsayin kawar da tunanin cewa matan Afirka “waɗansu abubuwa ne kawai na jima’i ko clichés”, wanda Ukadike ya ɗauka a wani ɓangare na tunanin mulkin mallaka da na gargajiya. A kan batun batsa da jima'i, darekta François Pfaff ya yi nuni da cewa fina-finan Afirka ba su da amfani sosai, saboda suna tsammanin 'yan kallo su kasance masu addini, yayin da Isabelle Boni-Claverie a cikin Pour la Nuit ta ɗauki jima'i a matsayin alamar 'yanci da zabi. Antje Schuhmann ne suka buga fim ɗin Puk Nini a matsayin fim ɗin da ke yin nuni akan ayyuka da yawa da ake tsammanin mata za su yi a cikin sana'a da cikin gida. A cewar marubutan, wannan ya sa tattaunawa da yawa da suka shafi yadda dangantakar jinsi ke gudana ko kuma yadda "al'ada" ke iya zama wani abu mai ma'ana a cikin dangantakar. Sun bayyana cewa a cikin wannan fim wata mata ta nemi taimakon uwargidan mijinta domin ta koyi hanyoyin lalata da mabanbanta da kuma yin nuni da ayyuka biyu na masu gida da ƙwararrun ma’aikata da ake sa ran wasu matan za su ɗauka, yayin da maza ba sa son yin lalata da su. gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar wannan tsammanin zamantakewa iri ɗaya. Ƙaunar mata Jigogin mata suna kasancewa a cikin fina-finai kamar Fuskokin Mata, wanda Ukadike ya bayyana "[tambayoyi] al'adun gargajiya na Afirka da kuma dabarun ba da mata na uba ga mata". Fina-finan mata sun shahara a fina-finan Kenya a shekarun 1990 kuma sun ci gaba da shahara har zuwa shekarar 2017, lamarin da ya haifar da maimaita jigogi na mata kamar halayyar mace ta guje wa auren wuri ta hanyar gudu a fina-finai irin su Farashin ya mace da Saikati haka nan. kamar yadda Saikati ta ci gaba. Kenneth W. Harrow ya rubuta cewa mata na Afirka sun haɗa da wasu bambance-bambance daga salon mata na yammacin Turai, a cikin cewa "Daya zai rushe kulob din; ɗayan kuma zai shiga shi" kamar yadda mata na Afirka "ya fi damuwa da daidaito tsakanin jinsi da zamantakewa ko tattalin arziki" yayin da Turai ko Turai. Ƙauyen mata na yammacin duniya yana mai da hankali kan batutuwa kamar "matsayin batun, ainihin jinsi, harshe na jinsi, jam'iyya da kuma sama da duk wani adawa da rinjaye". Ya kuma yi tambaya kan ko tsarin mata na Turai zai yi hannun riga da masu shirya fina-finan mata na Afirka kuma yana kallonsu a matsayin "ba da gangan suke ci gaba da bin tsarin mulkin uba, ta haka ne ke murza manufofinsu". Amfani da 'yanci A cikin shekarun 1960, ƴan matan Afirka sun fito daga ƙungiyar Cinema ta Uku, waɗanda ke ɗaukar fim a matsayin hanyar fafutuka na zamantakewa da siyasa. Fina-finan na Sembene, Safi Faye, Sarah Maldoror da sauransu sun yi amfani da labarun layika don bayyana yadda ake cin zarafin wasu gungun mata. Yin amfani da fina-finai don ci gaba da 'yantar da su, waɗannan fina-finai sun kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin da masu shirya fina-finai na wannan lokaci suka yi don tabbatar da 'yancin kai da kuma kwato sunayen kasa daga mulkin mallaka. Wannan cudanya da gwagwarmayar neman ‘yancin kai na nufin an mayar da sha’anin mata saniyar ware da kuma kalubalen da suka shafi gwagwarmayarsu. Lafiyar mata Lafiyar mata ya kasance jigo a fina-finai irin su Ousmane Sembene 's Moolaade, wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batun kaciyar mata, wanda kuma aka bayyana shi a matsayin al'adar tsufa a wasu sassan Afirka. Masu fafutuka da na mata sun tafka muhawara kan yadda ake ganin wannan al’ada, inda masu ra’ayin mata suka bayyana cewa, wannan wani nau’in tashin hankali ne na zaluncin mata, yayin da masu fafutuka ke kallon hakan a matsayin hasashe na al’ada na tsarkakewa, kuma masu sukar sun yi ta cece-kuce ko a’a Sembene ta kawo koma baya ko kuma ta amince da halin da ake ciki. Kalmar "batsa", wanda ke bayyana, yadda aka sanya tatsuniyoyi da ke kewaye da hoton mata baƙar fata a jikinsu ta hanyoyin wakilci na gani, kamar fina-finai, waɗanda ke goyan bayan Sauran na mace baƙar fata, a cikin tattaunawar. ya Moolade.'' Kalubale Common challenges faced by African women in film include sexual harassment and sexism, as well as the balance of work and life. Lucy Gebre-Egziabher has described African women filmmakers as "warrior; they face a lot of obstacles. I remember seeing a picture of a Kenyan filmmaker she had her baby behind her on her back as she was directing. That was a most powerful image, it has stayed with me. To me, that is an African woman filmmaker." Others, such as Kenyan director Wanjiru Kinyanjui, have cited issues with cooperation, once remarking in an interview that her basic problem in studying film at the Deutsche Film und Fernsehakademie in Berlin was to "get the Europeans to co-operate with 'an ignorant black woman.'" Sauran matsalolin da shugabannin matan Afirka ke fuskanta a yanayin shirya fina-finai na duniya sun haɗa da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin gida da duniya tsammanin rayuwar Afirka da dabi'u.Mai shirya fina-finai na Benin Zinsou ta bayyana cewa, akwai matsaloli na wayar da kan al'amuran da suka shafi matan Afirka, saboda "Maganar mata ba ta bi yadda ya kamata ba" kuma akwai shiru da ke tattare da al'amurran da suka shafi kuma hakan shi ne. ba'a iyakance ga cin zarafin jima'i kawai ba. Cin zarafi da cin zarafi Daraktoci mata da dama sun ba da rahoton fuskantar cin zarafi da cin zarafi. A cewar wani rahoto na Deutsche Welle, ƙungiyar ‘Yan’uwa mata dake aiki a Fina-Finai da Talabijin a Afirka ta Kudu “sun gano cewa a kasa da kashi biyu bisa uku na matan Afirka ta Kudu da suka yi nazari a kansu an tilasta musu ba tare da yarda ba ko kuma an taba su a wurin aiki. Nassoshi Mata Ministoci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Toubou

Mutanen Toubou

Toubou, ko Tubu (daga Old Tebu, ma'anar "mutanen dutse"), ƙabilu ne da ke zaune a arewacin Chadi, kudancin Libya, arewa maso gabashin Niger da arewa maso yammacin Sudan. Suna rayuwa ko dai a matsayin makiyaya ko kuma kamar manoma kusa da dausayi. Al’ummarsu ta dangi ne, tare da kuma kowace dangi suna da wasu alamomi, wuraren kiwo da rijiyoyi. Toubou gabaɗaya sun kasu kashi biyu ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa: Teda (ko Téda, Toda) da Dazagra (ko Dazaga, Dazagara, Daza). An yi imanin cewa suna da asali ɗaya kuma suna magana da yarukan Tebu, waɗanda suke daga reshen Sahara na dangin harshen Nilo-Sahara. Tebu ya kasu kashi biyu zuwa yare masu alaƙa da juna, ana kiransu Tedaga (Téda Toubou) da Dazaga (Dazaga Gouran). Teda na Toubou na zaune ne a can arewacin arewacin Chadi, a kewayen iyakokin Libya da Niger da kuma tsaunukan Tibesti Ana kuma samun mutanen Dazagra a arewacin Chadi da wani yanki na gabashin Nijar da arewa maso yammacin Sudan. Daga cikin kungiyoyin biyu, Dazagra, wanda aka samu a kudancin Teda, sun fi yawa da yawan mutane 1,500,000, yayin da Teda ke da lamba 750,000 kawai. Ana kiran mutanen Toubou da mutanen Tabu, Tebu, Tebou, Tibu, Tibbu, Toda, Todga, Todaga, Tubu, Tuda, Tudaga, da Umbararo A wasu lokuta ana kiran Dazaga a matsayin Gouran (ko Gorane, Goran, Gourane), baƙon Larabawa. Yawancin shugabannin Chadi sun kasance Toubou (Gouran), ciki har da shugaban ƙasa Goukouni Oueddei da Hissène Habré. Rarrabuwa Mutanen Toubou a tarihi sun rayu a arewacin Chadi, arewa maso gabashin Nijar, da kudancin Libya. A wasu lokuta akan kira su da "baƙin makiyaya na Sahara". An rarraba su a faɗin babban yanki a tsakiyar Sahara, da kuma arewa maso tsakiyar Sahel Ana samun su musamman a arewacin tsaunukan Tibesti, wanda a Old Tebu ke nufin "Dutsen Rocky." Sunansu ya samo asali ne daga wannan. Ana samun Teda a farko a yankunan Sahara kusa da kan iyakar kudu maso gabashin Libya, arewa maso gabashin Niger da arewacin Chadi Suna ɗaukar kansu a matsayin mayaƙa. Dazagra suna rayuwa zuwa yankin Sahel kuma sun bazu a yawancin yankin tsakiyar tsakiyar Chadi. Dazagra ya kunshi dangi da yawa. Wasu manyan dangi na Dazagara, ko Gouran, sun haɗa da Anakaza, Dazza, Donza, Gaida, Kamaya, Karra, Kokorda, Mourdia, Wanja, Yierah, da Choraga. Dazagra ya rufe yankunan arewacin Bourkou, da Ennedi Plateau, da tsaunukan Tibesti da kuma Bahr el Gazel a kudu. Akwai al'ummar Dazaga da ke zaune a Omdurman, Sudan da dubun dubatan da ke aiki a Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. <ref name="FageOliver1975p287a"/ Tarihi Tsohon tarihin mutanen Toubou bai tabbata ba. Wataƙila suna da alaƙa da 'Habashawan' da Herodotus ya ambata a cikin 430 KZ, a matsayin mutanen da Garamantes ke farautar su, amma wannan zato ne, kamar yadda Jean Chapelle ke jayayya. A cikin wallafe-wallafen addinin Islama, ambaton farko kamar mutanen Tubu shine watakila tare da mutanen Zaghawa a cikin rubutun karni na 8 da masanin Larabci Ibn Qutaybah ya yi Ƙarni na 9 al-Khwarizmi ya ambaci mutanen Daza (kudancin Toubou). <ref name="FageOliver1975p287a" Suna wakiltar kashi 2.9% na yawan jama'ar Chadi Al'umma Toubou na rayuwa a cibiyoyin kiwon da kuma wurin kiwon su da dabbobi, ko a kan noma da warwatse fadamu inda suka noma kwanakin da hatsi da kuma legumes Shanunsu sun hada da dromedaries, awaki, shanu, jakuna da tumaki. Dabbobin babban bangare ne na dukiyoyinsu, kuma suna kasuwancin dabbobin. Hakanan ana amfani da dabbobin a matsayin wani bangare na biyan sadaki yayin aure, ko dai a matsayin ɗaya inda dangin ango suka amince su biya dangin amarya a madadin amaryar, ko kuma, in ji Catherine Baroin, dangin amaryar ne suke bayarwa don samarwa da ma'auratan hanyoyin tattalin arziki domin fara iyali. A wasu 'yan wurare, Toubou din ma gishiri ne da natron, abu mai kama da gishiri wanda yake da mahimmanci a kusan dukkanin abubuwan rayuwar ta Toubou daga dalilan magani, a matsayin cakuda tauna taba, adanawa, tanning, sabulu samarwa, kayan masaku da na dabbobi. Yawan karance-karance tsakanin Toubou yayi kaɗan. Iyali da dangi Yawancin mutanen Toubou har yanzu suna bin salon makiyaya. Waɗanda suka fi son zaman lafiya galibi suna rayuwa ne a cikin tafin dabino, mai kusurwa huɗu ko silinda. Toubou 'yan uwan juna ne, tare da wani dattijo namiji da ke jagorantar zuriyar. Umurnin na biyu na dangin Toubou shine na dangi A cewar Jean Chapelle, farfesa a fannin Tarihi da ya kware kan ƙabilun Chadi, tsarin dangin ya bunkasa ne ta hanyar larura. Rayuwar makiyaya na nufin watsewa ko'ina cikin yanki; sabili da haka, kasancewa cikin dangi yana nufin cewa mutum na iya samun mutanen dangi masu karɓar baƙi a yawancin ƙauyuka ko sansanonin kowane irin yanayi. Abu na biyu shine kiyaye alaƙa da dangin uwa. Kodayake dangin uwa ba su mamaye tsakiyar gidan iyayensu ba, amma suna ba da alaƙa. Abu na uku shine alaƙar kariya a gidan farko. Duk da rabe-raben yare daban-daban, ƙananan hukumomi a cikin Toubou suna haifar da mahimmancin ra'ayi na ainihi fiye da dangi. Akwai rarrabuwa na yanki, kodayake. A lokacin mulkin mallaka (kuma tun bayan samun 'yanci a 1960), gwamnatocin Chadi sun ba da doka da halalci a kan wadannan rukuni na yanki ta hanyar rarraba yankunan Toubou da Daza a cikin yankuna masu dacewa da ake kira kantuna da nada sarakuna don gudanar da su. Tsare-tsaren shari'a na Toubou gabaɗaya sun dogara ne da shari'ar Musulunci, wanda ke ba da damar ramawa da ramuwar gayya. Misali, kisan kai ana daidaita shi kai tsaye tsakanin dangin wanda aka kashe da wanda ya yi kisan. Girmamawa ta Toubou na bukatar wani daga dangin wanda aka kashe yayi kokarin kashe mai kisan kai ko danginsa; irin wannan kokarin a ƙarshe ya kare da tattaunawa don sasanta lamarin. Sulhu ya biyo bayan biyan Goroga (tsarin addinin Islama na Diyya ko kuɗin jini Daga cikin dangin Tomagra na mutanen Teda a cikin yankin Tibesti, akwai wata tsiya (shugaban ruhaniya) wanda aka yarda da shi a matsayin alkalin dangi, kuma yana sasanta rikici da sanya takunkumi. Tsarin zaman jama'a Jama'ar Toubou, in ji Jean Chapelle, an daidaita su ta hanyar zamantakewar al'umma tare da tsarin saka katun. Ƙungiyoyin uku sun ƙunshi masu 'yanci tare da haƙƙin mallaka na mallaka, ƙwararrun masu fasaha da bayi. Ƙungiyoyin Azza (ko Aza a cikin Toubou suna da sana'o'in hannu, kamar su aikin ƙarfe, aikin fata, haƙar gishiri, haƙa rijiya, noman dabino, tukwane da ɗinki, kuma a al'adance an raina su kuma an ware su daga wasu bangarorin na. Toubou, yayi kama da hadahadin Hadahid a kudu maso gabashin Chadi a tsakanin mutanen Zaghawa A cewar Paul Lovejoy farfesa a Tarihin Afirka, bayanan na karni na 19 sun nuna cewa waɗannan keɓaɓɓun mawaƙa na Toubou sun bi al'adu da al'adu iri ɗaya kamar na sauran 'yan Toubou, amma suna da' yanci a cikin siyasarsu da imaninsu, kamar yadda masu fasahar kere kere suka samo a cikin kabilu da yawa na gabashin Chadi kamar su Kanembu, Yedina, Arab, Kouri da Danawa. Aure tsakanin memba na Azza da memba daga wani yanki daban na mutanen Toubou ya kasance abin yarda da al'adu. Yaren da mutanen Azza suke amfani da shi ya bambanta na yaren Tebu. Ƙananan socialan zamantakewar al'umma sune bayi (Kamaja). Bayi sun shiga cikin garin Toubou daga hare-hare da yaƙe-yaƙe a kan wasu ƙabilun a ƙasashe zuwa kudu. Duk bayi dukiyar iyayengijinsu ce, asalinsu ya kasance abin birgewa ne, kuma an gaji matsayinsu ta hanyar haihuwa. Aure Al'adar Toubou ta hana aure tsakanin 'yan uwan juna, al'adar da ta zama ruwan dare tsakanin ƙabilun Musulmai da yawa a Afirka. Namiji na iya yin aure kuma yana da mata da yawa bisa ka'idojin Islama, amma, wannan aikin ya zama sananne a cikin al'ummar Toubou. Mallakar ƙasa, dabbobi, da albarkatu ya ɗauki nau'uka da yawa. A cikin wani yanki ko yanki da aka mallaka na dangi, ƙasar, bishiyoyi (yawanci itacen dabino), kuma rijiyoyin da ke kusa na iya samun masu daban. Haƙƙin kowane dangi game da amfani da yanki na musamman wasu mambobin dangi ne suka yarda dashi. Hakanan iyalai na iya samun dama ta musamman zuwa wasu rijiyoyi da haƙƙin ɓangaren girbi daga gonakin da aka shayar da su. A cikin dangin dangi da na dangi, mutane na iya samun da'awar kansu ga dabino da dabbobi. Yanayin zamani Mafi yawan ajin siyasa na Chadi an samo su ne daga Dazagra. A lokacin yaƙin basasar farko na kasar Chadi (1966-1979), yaƙin neman zaɓe ya sami matsayi mafi mahimmanci. A cikin 1965 gwamnatin Chadi ta karɓi iko kai tsaye kan tsaunukan Tibesti, ta aika da ayarin sojoji da masu gudanarwa zuwa Bardaï, babban birnin yankin Tibesti. A cikin shekara guda, cin zarafin hukuma ya haifar da adawa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Toubou. Derde, Oueddei Kichidemi, an san shi amma ba a girmama shi ba har zuwa wannan lokacin, ya nuna rashin amincewa da wuce gona da iri, ya yi hijira zuwa Libya, kuma, tare da goyon bayan ɗaliban Toubou a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Bayda, ya zama alama ta adawa ga gwamnatin Chadi. Wannan rawar ta haɓaka matsayin wasan tsere tsakanin Toubou. Bayan shekarar 1967 da derde fatan haduwa da Toubou da National Liberation Front na Chadi (FROLINAT). Moa'idodin ɗabi'a sun zama ikon soja jim kaɗan bayan haka lokacin da ɗansa, Goukouni Oueddei, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƴan tawayen neman Ƴanci na biyu na FROLINAT. Goukouni ya zama ɗan ƙasa; ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a yakin N'Djamena a 1979 da 1980 kuma ya yi shugaban kasa na wani lokaci. Wani dan arewa, Hissène Habré na Dazagra, ya maye gurbin Goukouni na Teda a 1982, kuma ya rasa iko a ƙarshe ga Zaghawa Idriss Déby bayan shekaru 8. Libya 'Yan tsirarun' yan kabilar Toubou a Libya sun gamu da abin da aka bayyana da "nuna wariya mai yawa" duka a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muammar Gaddafi da ma bayan yakin basasar Libya A cikin wani rahoto da UNHCR ta fitar, ƙungiyar da ke fuskantar barazanar mutane (STP) ta ba da rahoton "nuna bambanci sosai" ga 'yan tsirarun Toubou, wadanda ke zaune a kusurwar kudu maso gabashin kasar a kusa da garin Kufra A watan Disambar 2007, gwamnatin Gaddafi ta kwace wa Toubou Libya 'yan ƙasar ta, ta hanyar da'awar cewa su ba' yan Libya ba ne, a'a 'yan Chadi ne. Bugu da kari, hukumomin yankin sun hana mutanen Toubou damar samun ilimi da kiwon lafiya. A martanin da ta mayar, wata kungiya mai dauke da makamai da ake kira Toubou Front for the Salvation of Libya (TFSL) ta tayar da wani tawaye a watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2008 wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma ya yi sanadiyyar rayukan mutane 33 kafin jami’an tsaron gwamnati su murƙushe su. Duk da turjiya da la'antar jama'a, gwamnatin Gaddafi ta ci gaba da gallazawa tsirarun 'yan ƙabilar Toubou a Libya. Tun daga watan Nuwamba na 2009, gwamnati ta fara shirin korar tilastawa da rusa gidajen Toubou, wanda ya mayar da Toubou da yawa gidajensu. Da yawa da suka yi zanga-zangar halakar an kame, kuma an yi wa dangin da suka ƙi barin gidajensu duka. A yaƙin basasar Libya, mutanen ƙabilar Toubou a Libya sun goyi bayan 'yan tawaye masu adawa da Gaddafi kuma suka halarci kamfen din Fezzan kan sojojin da ke biyayya ga Mu'ammar Gaddafi, suka kame garin Qatrun a takaice kuma suka ce sun kama Murzuk saboda kungiyar' yan tawayen a watan daga baya. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, rikici ya barke tsakanin Toubou da kabilun Larabawa a kudancin garin Sabha, Libya A martanin da ya mayar, Issa Abdel Majid Mansour, shugaban kabilar Toubou a Libya ya yi barazanar neman ballewa, inda ya yi tir da abin da ya gani a matsayin "tsabtace kabilanci" a kan Toubou kuma ya ce "Muna sanar da sake kunnawa kungiyar Toubou don Ceton Libya don karewa mutanen Toubou daga tsarkake kabilanci. TFSL ita ce kungiyar adawa da ke aiki a rikice-rikicen 2007-2008 wanda gwamnatin Gaddafi ta “tsananta wa rashin tausayi”. Manazarta Al'ada Al'ummomi Al'umma Mutanen Afirka Mutanen Chadi Mutanen Libya Mutanen Nijar Larabawa Pages with unreviewed

25595

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley-Ann%20Brandt

Lesley-Ann Brandt

Lesley-Ann Brandt (an haife ta 2 Disamba 1981) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Afirka ta Kudu. Brandt ta yi aiki a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen talabijin na ƙasar New Zealand. Ta taka rawa a matsayin kuyanga (Naevia) a cikin shirin fim mai dogon Zango wato Spartacus: Blood and Sand Wanda duniya ta fara sanin ta akai. Tun daga Janairu 2016, ta taka rawa a matsayin Mazikeen a shiri mai dogon Zango na ƙafar talabijin mai suna Lucifer. Rayuwar farko An haife ta a Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, Brandt shine Cape Colored na Indiya, Jamusanci, Dutch, da zuriyar Spain. Ta kasance mai magana da harshen Afirkaans sosai kuma ta lissafo yoga, wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, da ƙwallon kwando a cikin abubuwan da take so. A Afirka ta Kudu, ta buga wasan hockey na gasa. A cikin 1999, Brandt ya yi ƙaura zuwa Auckland, New Zealand, tare da iyayenta da kaninta Brian Brandt. Brandt ta fara aiki saye da siyarwar a cikin Auckland. kafin ta sami aiki a matsayin ƙwararriyar mai ba da shawara ta (information technology). Bayan wasu ayyukan yin tallan kayan kawa, an saka ta cikin waɗansu tallace -tallacen talabijin na New Zealand. Ta ƙaranci wasan kwaikwayo kuma an horar da ita a cikin fasahar Meisner a 2008. Sana'a Babban rawar da Brandt ya taka muhimmiyar rawa shine a cikin jerin talabijin na New Zealand na diflomasiyya na diflomasiyya Brandt ya fito a matsayin baƙo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na New Zealand, Shortland Street, kuma Wannan Ba Rayuwata bane, jerin almara na kimiyya wanda aka saita a cikin 2020s a cikin garin almara na Waimoana. Brandt ta fito a matsayin kuyanga Naevia a zangon farkon na shirin Spartacus: Blood and Sand da ministocin prequel Spartacus: Gods of the Arena. Da farko ta fara duba yiwuwar taka rawa a matsayin Sura amma daraktan simintin ya ba da shawarar ta duba aikin Naevia a maimakon haka. Brandt ba ta dawo ba domin cigaba da ɗaukar shirinSpartacus na gaba ba, sakamakon mutuwar Andy Whitfield. Manajan ta Steven Jensen ya gaya wa TheWrap, "Tana son komawa, amma da gaske ba su sami lambar da muke nema ba." Ya ce za ta sake yin tunani "idan sun tashi tsaye". STARZ ba ta da sharhi. A ƙarshe Cynthia Addai-Robinson ya maye gurbin Brandt a matsayin Naevia. Brandt ta taka rawar gani a cikin fim ɗin New Zealand The Hopes Dreams of Gazza Snell Fim din, game da wanda hatsarin tseren kart ya rutsa da shi, an yi fim da shi a Howick, wani yanki na Gabashin Auckland. Baƙon Brandt ya yi tauraro a cikin CSI: NY Smooth Criminal" da "Food for Thought". An nuna Brandt a cikin fim InSight inda ta ke yin aikin jinya Valerie Khoury. A watan Mayu 2010, baƙon Brandt ta fito a cikin Legend of the Seeker, wani aikin Rob Tapert/ Sam Raimi da aka yi fim a New Zealand. Ta bayyana a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta 2 "Hawaye" a cikin rawar Sister Thea. A cikin 2011, baƙuwar ta bayyana a cikin Memphis Beat na TNT, wanda ya biyo bayan matsayin jagora a matsayin Cassie a cikin mafi girman sifa ta asali ta Syfy don 2011, Zombie Apocalypse, wanda kuma ya haskaka Ving Rhames da Taryn Manning Ta fito a cikin fim ɗin fasalin Drift tare da Sam Worthington da Xavier Samuel, da Duke da CSI: NY star Carmine Giovinazzo A cikin shekarar 2013, ta taka rawar a zango na ukku na shirin Ladies Single kamar Naomi Cox. A cikin 2014, baƙo ta yi tauraro a matsayin Larissa Diaz/Copperhead akan Gotham, kuma ta bayyana azaman maimaita Lamia a cikin The Librarians. Kyauta A cikin 2015, ta sami nasarar Maze a cikin jerin talabijin na FOX Lucifer. Ta maye gurbin ƴar wasan kwaikwayo Lina Esco wacce aka sake ta bayan karanta teburin farko. An ba da rahoton Brandt ya gwada matsayin kuma an sake yin la'akari da shi bayan an saki Esco. Rayuwar sirri Brandt tana zaune ne a Los Angeles. Aure Brandt ta auri saurayinta na tsawon shekaru shida, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Chris Payne Gilbert, a 2015. ɗan farko na ma'auratan shi ne Kingston Payne Brandt-Gilbert, an haife shi a watan Yulin 2017. Fina-finai Fim Talabijin Bidiyoyin kiɗa Podcasts Hanyoyin haɗin waje Lesley Ann Brandt Lesley -Ann Brandt ta amsa tambayoyin fan Fabrairu 2011 Manazarta Mata yan fim Mutanen Afirka Mutanen Afirka ta

29609

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daukakin-Hotuna%20dake%20karkashin%20Gudanarwar%20Siniman%20Ukrain

Daukakin-Hotuna dake karkashin Gudanarwar Siniman Ukrain

Daukakin-Hotuna dake karkashin Gudanarwar Siniman Ukrain Ukrainian ko wani yanki ne na cinematographic na kasar wanda ya haɗa dukkan masana'antar fim a Ukraine (1922-1930). VUFKU an haɗa shi a tsaye: yana sarrafa samarwa, rarrabawa, da nunin fina-finai. Tarihi An kafa VUFKU a ranar 13 ga Maris 1922 a ƙarƙashin Kwamitin Ilimi na Ƙasa na SSR na Ukrainian. Umarnin da Commissar kuma NKVD (Narodnyi komissariat vnutrennikh del) suka bayar a ranar 22 ga Afrilu 1922 ya kawo duk gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na fina-finai da duk cibiyoyi da kamfanoni na masana'antar hoto da fina-finai da ke cikin Ukraine a ƙarƙashin ikon VUFKU. VUFKU ta zama mai mallakar babban ɗakin studiyo a Odessar, da ƙananan ɗakunan studio guda biyu (wanda ake kira ateliers) a Kiev da Kharkiv Hakanan ta yi hayar ɗakin studio daga Kwamishinan Ilimi na Crimean a Yalta A cikin 1929, an buɗe ɗakin studio mafi girma na VUFKU a Kiev An shirya fina-finai hudu a 1923, 16 a 1924, 20 a 1927, 36 a 1928, 31 a 1929. A cikin waɗannan shekarun, ma'aikatan masana'antu na fasaha sun karu daga 47 a 1923 zuwa 1,000 a 1929. Adadin gidajen kallon fina-finai sun sami irin wannan faɗaɗawar, daga 265 a 1914 zuwa 5,394 a 1928. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba, 1930, an soke VUFKU a matsayin cibiyar kasa ta Ukrainian ta hanyar yanke shawara na Presidium na VRNG. Ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1930, an ƙirƙiri wani kamfani na gwamnati na Ukrainian Trust of Cinema Industry "Ukrainafim" bisa tushen VUFKU. Ayyuka Fina-finai A wani lokaci daga 1921 zuwa 1929 a Ukraine, an kirkiro fim din kasa na gaskiya ta hanyar daraktocin Les Kurbas, Vladimir Gardin, Pyotr Chardynin, Georgi Stabovoi, Dziga Vertov, Alexander Dovzhenko, Ivan Kawaleridze da sauransu. Tun daga shekarar 1925, VUFKU ta gayyaci masu daukar hoto na Jamus don ba da haɗin kai. Wani darektan Turkiyya na Muhsin Ertuğrul kuma ya yi aiki a Studio Film Studio na ɗan lokaci (fim ɗin Spartak 1926) da Oleksandr Granovsky, wanda ya kafa gidan kallon fina-finai na Yahudawa a Rasha, wanda ya yi a Farin cikin Yahudawa a can. Bayan 1926, yawancin marubutan Ukrain, 'yan jarida, masu wasan kwaikwayo, masu daukar hoto, masu zane-zane na kayan ado an sanya su cikin aikin. A cikin 1927 da 1928, fina-finai da yawa sun sami karɓuwa a duniya: "Two days" (1927) ta Georgi Stabovoi, wanda aka yi fim a Yalta Film Factory da Zvenigora na Alexander Dovzhenko, wanda aka yi a Odessa Film Factory. Vladimir Mayakovsky ya zo Ukraine sau biyu, a cikin shekara ta 1922, sannan tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don tantance al'amuransa. An yi wasu shahararrun fina-finai a tsakanin shekara ta 1928-1929 kamar Mutum mai Hoton Fim na Dziga Vertov, Arsenal na Alexander Dovzhenko da dai sauransu. Fina-finan al'adu Yawancin fina-finai na fim a farkon VUFKU (aƙalla 165 fina-finai na farkon shekaru uku) sun ƙunshi almarar kimiyya, aikin gona, kin-addinai, fina-finai na ilimi. A cikin 1926, a cikin mujallar "Kino", Hlib Zatvornytskyy ya ambaci manyan nau'ikan fina-finai na al'adu guda uku: fim din makaranta, almarar kimiyya da labarai Shirye-shiryen zane mai motsi A shekara ta 1926, Vyacheslav Levadovsky da Volodymyr Devyatnin suka kaddamar da wani studio na zane mai motsi tare da masu zane-zane Simka Huyetsky, Ipolit Lazarchuk da sauransu. Jerin fina-finai 1926 The Trypillia Tragedy Alexander Anoschenko-Anoda (silent film ya ba da umarni. 1926 Love's Berries Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko silent film ya ba da umarni. 1926 Taras Shevchenko Ukrainian wanda Pyotr Chardynin ya ba da umarni fim ɗin shiru 1927 Jakar diflomasiyya Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko silent film ya ba da umarni. 1928 Arsenal Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko silent film ya ba da umarni. 1928 Zvenyhora Ukrainian Alexander Dovzhenko silent film ya ba da umarni. 1928 Fata-Man Ukrainian Mykola Shpykovsky (silent film ne ya ba da umarni. 1929 Mutum mai Kyamarar Fim Ukrainian Dziga Vertov ne ya ba da umarni fim ɗin gaskiya 1929 A lokacin bazara Ukrainian Mikhail Kaufman Documentary film ne ya bada umarni 1930 Duniya Ukrainian darektan Alexander Dovzhenko (silent film) Daraktoci Duba kuma Cinema na Ukraine Odessa Film Studio Dovzhenko Film Studios Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Histoire du cinéma ukrainien (1896–1995), Lubomir Hosejko, Éditions à Dié, Dié, 2001, traduit en ukrainien en 2005 Istoria Oukraïnskovo Kinemotografa, Kino-Kolo, Kiev, 2005, Kamus na Tarihi na Ukraine, Ivan Katchanovski, Zenon E. Kohut, Bohdan Y. Nebesio, Myroslav Yurkevich, Scarecrow Press, 2013, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Studiyon fina-finai na Dovzhenko Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa Studiyon fina-finai Ukrain Sinimar kasar Ukrain Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

48458

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rashin%20haihuwa%20na%20mace

Rashin haihuwa na mace

Rashin haihuwa na mace yana nufin rashin haihuwa a cikin mata. mafi yawa Yana shafar mata kimanin miliyan 48 a duniya, tare da mafi girman yawan rashin haihuwa da ke shafar mata a Kudancin Asiya, Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, Arewacin Afirka/ Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Tsakiyar/ Gabashin Turai da Tsakiyar Asiya. Rashin samun haihuwa yana faruwa ne ta hanyoyi da yawa, ciki har da rashin abinci mai gina jiki, cututtuka, da sauran nakasa na mahaifa. Rashin haihuwa yana shafar mata daga sassa daban-daban na duniya, kuma al'adu da zamantakewar al'adu da ke tattare da shi ya bambanta Abubuwan dake kawoshi Ko da yake ana iya rarraba abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin haihuwa a matsayin ko dai samun matsalar akayi daga baya ko kuma dalilin kwayoyin halitta, rashin haihuwa mace yawanci fiye ko žasa hade da yanayin halitta da reno Har ila yau, kasancewar duk wani abu guda mai haɗari na rashin haihuwa na mace (kamar shan taba, wanda aka ambata a ƙasa) ba lallai ba ne ya haifar da rashin haihuwa, kuma ko da mace ba ta da haihuwa, ba shakka ba za a iya zargi da rashin haihuwa a kan kowane abu guda ɗaya ba ko da kuwa. hadarin yana tare da ita. Matsaloli wadanda ake samu kamar yadda Ƙungiyar Amirka don Magungunan Haihuwa (ASRM), suka tanadar, shekaru, shan taba, cututtuka da ake daukar su ta hanyar jima'i, da kuma kiba ko rashin nauyi na iya shafar haihuwa. A cikin ma'ana mai zurfi, abubuwan da aka samo a zahiri sun haɗa da duk wani abu wanda bai dogara da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta ba, gami da duk wani bayyanar da mahaifa akan sinadaran da zasu yi mata illa. wanda zai iya gabatar da rashin haihuwa koda bayan wani lokaci ne. shekaru Yawan haihuwa na mace yanada alaka da shekarunta. Matsakaicin shekarun farkon al'adar yarinya menarche shine 12-13 (shekaru 12.5 a Amurka, 12.72 a Kanada, 12.9 a cikin Burtaniya amma, a cikin 'yan mata bayan sun yi aure, kusan 80 na al"adar matar basu fitar da kwan halitta na haihuwa a cikin shekara ta farko bayan haila, 50% a cikin na uku da 10% a shekara ta shida. Haihuwar mace yana ƙaruwa a farkon da tsakiyar 20s, bayan haka ta fara raguwa, tare da haɓaka wannan raguwa bayan shekaru 35. Sai dai ba a fayyace takamammen kiyasi na yiwuwar mace ta samu ciki bayan wasu shekaru ba, inda bincike ya bayar da sakamako daban-daban. Damar ma'aurata na samun nasarar samun juna biyu tun lokacin da suka tsufa ya dogara ne akan abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da lafiyar mace gaba ɗaya da kuma haihuwa na abokin tarayya. Shekarun tsayawar haihuwa yawanci yana faruwa tsakanin shekaru 44 zuwa 58. Ba kasafai ake yin gwajin DNA ba don tabbatar da da'awar haihuwa a shekarun da suka wuce, amma a wani babban bincike, a cikin bakin haure 12,549 na Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya, wanda gwajin DNA ya tabbatar, iyaye mata biyu ne kawai aka gano sun girmi shekaru hamsin; babbar mahaifiyar tana da shekaru 52.1 a cikin ciki (kuma ƙaramar uwa 10.7 shekaru). shan Taba Shan taba yana da illa ga kwayakwan halitta na mata, kuma girman lalacewar ya dogara ne akan adadin da tsawon lokacin da mace take shan taba ko kuma ta fuskanci yanayi mai cike da hayaki. Nicotine da sauran sinadarai masu cutarwa a cikin sigari suna hana jiki fittar da sinadaran hormone wanda suke taimakawa wurin daukar juna biyu tare da ikon jiki don ƙirƙirar estrogen, hormone wanda ke daidaita folliculogenesis da ovulation Har ila yau, shan taba sigari yana shafar hada kwan halitta, jigilar amfrayo, karɓar karɓar endometrial, angiogenesis na endometrial, jini na mahaifa da kuma myometrium na mahaifa. Wasu lalacewa ba za su iya jurewa ba, amma dakatar da shan taba na iya hana ƙarin lalacewa. Masu shan taba sun fi kashi 60% na rashin haihuwa fiye da masu shan taba. Shan taba yana rage yiwuwar haihuwar IVF da kashi 34 cikin 100 kuma yana ƙara haɗarin zubar ciki na IVF da kashi 30%. Har ila yau, mata masu shan taba suna da farkon farkon haila da kusan shekaru 1-4. Cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i Cututtukan da ake ɗauka ta hanyar jima'i sune kan gaba na sanadin rashin haihuwa. Sau da yawa suna nuna kaɗan, idan akwai alamun bayyanar, tare da haɗarin kasa neman magani mai kyau cikin lokaci don hana raguwar haihuwar. Nauyin jiki da rashin cin abinci Kashi 12 cikin 100 na dukkan matsalolin rashin haihuwa sakamakon mace ko dai rashin kiba ne ko kuma kiba Kwayoyin kitse suna samar da estrogen, ban da gabobin jima'i na farko. Yawan kitse na jiki yana haifar da samar da isrogen da yawa kuma jiki yakan fara kamar yana kan hana haihuwa, yana iyakance yiwuwar samun ciki. rashin kitse na jiki yana haifar da rashin isasshen isrogen da rushewar al'ada Dukansu mata marar sa kiba da kuma kiba suna da matsalar alada wanda ba ya faruwa ko kuma yazo a cikin rashin tsari. Ingantaccen abinci mai gina jiki a farkon rayuwa shima babban dalilin samun haihuwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a Amurka ya nuna cewa kusan kashi 20% na matan da ba su da haihuwa suna da matsalar cin abinci da ta shude ko ta yanzu, wanda ya ninka sau biyar fiye da yadda ake yawan yaɗuwar rayuwa.

16526

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/DJ%20Khaled

DJ Khaled

Khaled Mohamed Khaled (An haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta alib 1975),wanda aka fi sani da suna DJ Khaled, dan Ba’amurke ne, mai zartar da rikodi, marubucin waƙoƙi, mai ba da labari, marubuci, mai kuma ɗabi’ar watsa labarai Khaled ya fara samun daukaka a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shirye a cikin shekara ta (1990) a gidan rediyo na 99 Jamz, kuma ya fassara farin jinin sa ta hanyar yin aiki tare da Terror Squad a matsayin DJ don wasan kwaikwayon da suke yi kai tsaye. Bayan samun yabo a kan abubuwan da kungiyar ta yi, Khaled ya fitar da album din sa na farko mai suna Listennn... the Album a shekara ta (2006) wanda kuma ya samu takardar zinare. sannan Yabi album din We the Best a shekara ta (2007), wanda ke ɗauke da manyan waƙoƙi 20 masu suna "I'm So Hood". Sanarwarsa biyu da suka biyo bayan- We Global (2008) da Victory (2010) an sake su bayan ya kafa lakabin rikodin din We the Best Music Group Dukkanin faya-fayen wakokin an zana su a cikin goman farko akan Billboard 200 na Amurka, tare da na karshen dauke da wakar "All I Do Is Win", wanda daga karshe aka tabbatar da shi a triple platinum Faifan faifan sa na biyar We the Best Forever(2011) shi ma ya ga irin nasarar da aka samu ta kasuwanci,kuma ya taimaka wajen kawo Khaled ga shahararriyar duniya, kamar yadda ta ƙunshi waƙar "I'm on One",shi ne farkon sa wanda yafi fice a cikin goma da ya yi. Kundin nasa na shida da na bakwai, Kiss the Ring (2012) da Suffering from Success (2013), an tsara shi a cikin goman farko a kan Billboard 200,kuma faifan saiti na takwas, I Changed a Lot (2015), wanda ya kai kololuwa a lamba 12. A cikin shekara ta (2015 da 2016) Khaled ya sami kulawar duniya a matsayin mutum na ɗan jarida, wanda ya sami manyan masu bi a shafukan sada zumunta. Wannan ya hango fitowar kundin faifan saiti na tara Major Key (2016), wanda ya sami nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci; an fara yin fito na fito da Billboard (200) an kuma tabbatar da zinare, sannan kuma an amshi kyautar Grammy don Best Rap Album. Ya fitar da faifan sa na goma, mai suna Grateful, a shekarar (2017), wanda ya kunshi marayu "I'm the One" da "Wild Thoughts", wadanda aka tsara a lamba ta daya da ta biyu a kan Billboard Hot 100, bi da bi. An fara faifan kundin a lamba ta daya akan Billboard (200) kuma shima ya sami tabbataccen sinadarin platinum. Kundin nasa na goma sha ɗaya, Father of Asahd, an sake shi a shekarar (2019) ya kai kololuwa a lamba ta biyu, kuma waƙar Mafi Girma data sami Best Rap/Sung Performance a wajen 62nd Annual Grammy Awards, Khaled shi ne Gwarzon farko na Grammy. A wajen kiɗa, Khaled ya sami nasara a matsayin marubuci, tare da littafinsa The Keys wanda ke cikin jerin masu Sayarwa Mafi Kyawu a New York Times Hakanan ya fito a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, yana fitowa cikin Spies in Disguise (2019) da Bad Boys for Life (2020). Rayuwar farko An haifi Khaled a ranar( 26) ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (1975) a New Orleans, Palestinian, ga iyayen Falasdinawa da suka yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin Musulmi mai ibada. uwansa mai suna Alec Ledd (Alaa Khaled) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne. yan uwansa mawaƙa suna buga waƙar Larabci, kuma Khaled ya fara sha'awar rera wakoki na rap da ruhi tun yana ƙarami, kuma iyayensa sun goyi bayan sha'awarsa. Ya yi aiki a cikin shagon rikodin Merry-Go-Round na gida wanda ya taimaka wajen kafa tushe don aikin kiɗan sa. Ayyuka Yayin aikinsa na farko, Khaled ya saba da matasa masu fasaha da yawa kuma ya taimaka musu kafin nasarar su; wadannan sun hada da Birdman, Lil Wayne, da Mavado Daya daga cikin ayyukansa na farko shi ne a gidan adana labarai na New Orleans Odyssey inda ya hadu da Birdman da Lil Wayne a shekarar (1993). Bayan barin Odyssey, ya fara DJ a cikin kayan ado na reggae, yana haɗuwa da raye-raye da hip-hop. Wasannin rediyo na farko sun kasance a tashar 'pirate A cikin shekarar (1998) ya koma Miami kuma ya dauki nauyin The Luke Show a WEDR("99) Jamz" tare da 2 Live Crew's Luther Campbell A cikin shekarar (2003) ya fara daukar nauyin shirin rediyo na dare a (99) Jamz mai suna Takeover A lokacin da ya aiki, Khaled ya yi amfani da yawa monikers ciki har da "Arab Attack", "Big Kare Lucenzo", "Firgitar Squadian" (amfani a lokacin da hip hop kungiyar Terror Squad), Beat Novacane (a moniker karkashin abin da ya samar da lashe), The Don Dada, Mr. Miami da dai sauransu. Khaled ya bayyana cewa ya yi amfani da dodon "Arab Attack" don kida kamar yana cewa "hari tare da kide-kide", amma nan da nan ya dakatar da shi bayan September 11 attacks tun yana jin cewa yin amfani da shi zai zama kamar rashin ladabi da cin fuska ga wadanda suka wahala saboda hare-haren. 2006–08: Listennn... Kundin, We the Best, da We Global A ranar( 6) ga watan Yuni,a shekarar( 2006) album din sa na farko Listennn... the Album wanda ya saka Koch Records ne ya fitar da Kundin ta fara aiki a US Billboard 200 a lamba ta 12. We the Best (2007) shine kundin sa na biyu tare da waƙoƙi "I'm So Hood" tare da T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Plies, da Rick Ross da "We Takin 'Over" tare da Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Birdman, da Lil Wayne. "We Takin 'Over" ya kai lamba ta( 28) a kan US Billboard Hot 100 da lamba ta( 11) a kan US Hot Rap Tracks kuma an tabbatar da Zinare ta Recording Industry Association of America a ranar (20 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekara ta (2007). Khaled yayi baƙo a faifai na Birdman na shekara ta (2007) album 5 Stunna akan wajan 100 Million wanda ya hada da Rick Ross, Dre, Young Jeezy da Lil Wayne. A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya ci kyaututtuka biyu na Ozone: daya don Kyakkyawan Bidiyo ("We Takin 'Over") da kuma wani don Kyakkyawan Rediyon DJ. A shekara ta (2008) kundin waƙa na uku na Khaled We Global ya fito tare da maraice Out Here Grindin tare da Akon, Rick Ross, Lil' Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood, da Plies, sannan Go Hard wanda ke nuna Kanye West da T-Pain. RIAA ta ba da tabbacin Platinum ɗin "I'm So Hood" a ranar (4 ga watan Yuni, shekarar (2008). A waccan shekarar, Khaled ya sami lambar yabo ta DJ na Shekarar daga BET Hip Hop Awards da Ozone Awards. An nada shi shugaban Def Jam South a shekarar (2009). 2010–12: Nasara, We the Best Forever, da Kiss the Ring An sake album nasa mai Taken nasara a ranar 2 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2010. Kundin ya fito da baƙon daga Drake, Lil Wayne, Rick Ross, Nas, Snoop Dogg, Ludacris, Nelly,da ƙari. The single All I Do Is Win featuring Ludacris,Rick Ross, Snoop Dogg, and T-Pain a double-platinum single.sun hada da: Put Your Hands Up wadanda suka hada da Ross,Young Jeezy, Plies, da Schife,da kuma Fed Up wanda ke dauke da Usher, Drake,Ross,da Jeezy.Kundin yana da ƙananan tallace-tallace kuma an fara amfani dashi a lamba ta 12 akan Billboard 2000. DJ Khaled ya sanar da taken kundin, We the Best Forever, a Twitter A ranar 19 ga watan Agusta, Khaled ya sanya hannu kan Cash Money Records tare da Universal Motown, za a saki kundin a karkashin lakabin, haka kuma a karkashin E1 Entertainment, Terror Squad, Def Jam South, da Khaled nasa lakabin We the Best Music Group, tare da baƙi da aka tabbatar kamar Fat Joe, Chris Brown, Keyshia Cole, Cee Lo Green, Cool &amp; Dre, Rick Ross, Kanye West, Jay-Z, Nas, Birdman, Lil Wayne, TI, Akon, Drake, da Nicki Minaj Waka ta farko mai taken Welcome to My Hood", wanda ke dauke da Rick Ross, Plies, Lil Wayne da T-Pain an sake shi a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2011, wanda The Renegades ya samar, kuma DJ Khaled ya hada gwiwa. kansa da Nasty Beatmakers. Waƙar ita ce ta farko da aka saki a ƙarƙashin Cash Money Records da Universal Motown, an yi fim ɗin kiɗa a Miami, Florida, kuma Gil Green ne ya ba da umarnin, tare da zane-zane na Flo Rida, Bow Wow, Busta Rhymes, da sauran masu fasaha. Waka ta gaba, Ina kan Daya mai dauke da Drake, Rick Ross da Lil Wayne, an sake ta a ranar 20 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 2011. DJ Khaled ya yi wakar ne a BET Awards 2011 wanda aka watsa a ranar 26 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 2011.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource

Wikisource

Wikisource ɗakin karatu ne na dijital na yanar gizo na tushen rubutu na kyauta akan wiki, wanda Wikimedia Foundation ke sarrafa shi. Wikisource shine sunan aikin gaba ɗaya da sunan kowane misali na wannan aikin (kowane misali yawanci yana wakiltar wani harshe daban); Wikisources da yawa sun ƙunshi aikin Wikisource gabaɗaya. Manufar aikin ita ce ta dauki nauyin kowane nau'i na rubutu na kyauta, a cikin yaruka da yawa, da fassarori. Asalin da aka ɗauka a matsayin rumbun adana bayanai masu amfani ko mahimman rubutun tarihi (rubutunsa na farko shine Déclaration universelle des Droits de l'Homme ya faɗaɗa ya zama babban ɗakin karatu na abun ciki. An fara aikin a hukumance a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2003 a ƙarƙashin sunan Project Sourceberg, wasan kwaikwayo akan shahararren Project Gutenberg An karɓi sunan Wikisource daga baya a waccan shekarar kuma ta sami sunan yankin nata Aikin yana riƙe da ayyuka ko dai a cikin jama'a ko kuma masu lasisi kyauta ƙwararrun ayyukan da aka buga ko takaddun tushen tarihi, ba samfuran banza ba. An fara tabbatarwa ta hanyar layi, ko ta dogara da amincin sauran ɗakunan karatu na dijital. Yanzu ayyuka suna goyan bayan sikanin kan layi ta hanyar tsawaita ProofreadPage, wanda ke tabbatar da aminci da daidaiton rubutun aikin. Wasu Wikisources guda ɗaya, kowannensu yana wakiltar takamaiman harshe, yanzu kawai yana ba da damar ayyukan da aka goyi baya tare da dubawa. Duk da yake mafi yawan tarinsa rubuce-rubuce ne, Wikisource gabaɗaya tana ɗaukar wasu kafofin watsa labarai, daga ban dariya zuwa fim zuwa littattafan sauti Wasu kafofin Wiki suna ba da damar bayanan da aka ƙirƙiro mai amfani, dangane da takamaiman manufofin Wikisource da ake tambaya. Aikin dai ya sha suka saboda rashin aminta da shi amma kuma ƙungiyoyi irin su Hukumar Kula da Tarihi ta Ƙasa ta bayyana shi. Tun daga September 2022, akwai Reshen yanki na Wikisource masu aiki don harsuna 72 wanda ya ƙunshi jimillar labarai 5,388,567 da 2,142 editoci masu aiki kwanan nan. Tarihi Asalin ra'ayi na Wikisource ya kasance azaman ajiya don amfani ko mahimman rubutun tarihi. An yi nufin waɗannan matani don tallafawa labaran Wikipedia, ta hanyar ba da shaida ta farko da rubutun tushe, kuma azaman ma'ajiya ta dama. Tarin ya fara mayar da hankali kan mahimman kayan tarihi da al'adu, wanda ya bambanta shi da sauran ɗakunan ajiya na dijital kamar aikin Project Gutenberg. An fara kiran aikin Project Sourceberg a lokacin shirye-shiryensa (wasan kwaikwayo akan kalmomi na Project Gutenberg A cikin 2001, an sami saɓani akan Wikipedia game da ƙarin kayan asali na farko, wanda ke haifar da gyara yaƙe-yaƙe kan haɗa su ko share su. An ba da shawarar Project Sourceberg a matsayin mafita ga wannan. A cikin bayanin aikin da aka tsara, mai amfani The Cunctator ya ce, "Zai kasance ga Project Gutenberg abin da Wikipedia ke nufi Nupedia nan da nan yana fayyace bayanin tare da "ba za mu so mu yi ƙoƙarin kwafin ƙoƙarin Gutenberg ba; maimakon haka, mu so su cika su. Wataƙila Project Sourceberg zai iya aiki da yawa azaman hanyar sadarwa don haɗawa cikin sauƙi daga Wikipedia zuwa fayil ɗin Gutenberg na Project, kuma azaman hanyar sadarwa don mutane don ƙaddamar da sabon aiki cikin sauƙi ga PG." Bayanan farko sun kasance masu shakku, tare da Larry Sanger ya yi tambaya game da bukatar aikin, yana rubuta "Tambaya mai wuyar gaske, ina tsammani, me ya sa muke sake inganta motar, lokacin da Project Gutenberg ya riga ya wanzu? Za mu so mu cika Project Gutenberg ta yaya, daidai?", da Jimmy Wales ya kara da cewa "kamar Larry, Ina sha'awar cewa mu yi tunanin shi don ganin abin da za mu iya ƙarawa zuwa Project Gutenberg. Da alama ba zai yiwu ba cewa tushen farko ya kamata kowa ya iya gyarawa Ina nufin, Shakespeare ne, sabanin sharhin mu game da aikinsa, wanda shine duk abin da muke so ya kasance." Aikin ya fara aikinsa a ps.wikipedia.org. Masu ba da gudummawa sun fahimci yanki na "PS" don nufin ko dai tushen asali" ko Project Sourceberg. Koyaya, wannan ya haifar da Project Sourceberg ya mamaye reshen yanki na Pashto Wikipedia lambar yaren ISO na yaren Pashto shine "ps"). An ƙaddamar da Project Sourceberg a hukumance a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba, 2003 lokacin da ya sami URL ɗin nasa na ɗan lokaci, a Source.wikipedia.org, kuma duk rubutu da tattaunawa da aka shirya akan ps.wikipedia.org an koma zuwa adireshin wucin gadi. Kuri'a akan sunan aikin ya canza shi zuwa Wikisource a ranar 6 ga Disamba, 2003. Duk da canjin suna, aikin bai ƙaura zuwa URL ɗinsa na dindindin ba (a http://wikisource.org/ har zuwa Yuli 23, 2004. Logo da taken Tun da farko ana kiran Wikisource "Project Sourceberg", tambarin sa na farko hoton dutsen kankara ne. Ƙuri'u biyu da aka gudanar don zabar wanda zai gaje shi bai cika ba, kuma ainihin tambarin ya kasance har zuwa 2006. A ƙarshe, saboda dalilai na doka da na fasaha—saboda lasisin hoton bai dace da tambarin Gidauniyar Wikimedia ba kuma saboda hoto ba zai iya yin awo da kyau ba—wani salo mai salo na kankara wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa ga ainihin hoton an ba shi izinin zama tambarin aikin. Fitacciyar hanyar farko ta amfani da taken Wikisource— Laburaren Kyauta ya kasance a tashar yanar gizo na aikin, lokacin da aka sake fasalin ta bisa ga tashar Wikipedia a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2005, (sigar tarihi). Kamar yadda yake a cikin tashar Wikipedia, taken Wikisource ya bayyana a kusa da tambarin cikin manyan harsuna goma na aikin. Danna kan tsakiyar Hotunan portal (tambarin kankara a tsakiya da kuma "Wikisource" a saman shafin) yana haɗe zuwa jerin fassarori na Wikisource da Laburaren Kyauta a cikin harsuna 60. An gina kayan aikin Mai haɓakawa ThomasV ne ya ƙirƙira ƙarin MediaWiki mai suna ProofreadPage don Wikisource don inganta tantance kwafin aikin. Wannan yana nuna shafukan ayyukan da aka duba tare da rubutun da ke da alaƙa da wannan shafin, yana ba da damar karanta rubutun kuma kowane edita ya tabbatar da kansa da kansa. Da zarar an duba littafi, ko wani rubutu, za a iya canza danyen hotuna tare da manhaja na sarrafa hoto don gyara jujjuyawar shafi da wasu matsaloli. Hotunan da aka sake taɓa za a iya canza su zuwa fayil ɗin PDF ko DjVu kuma a loda su zuwa ko dai Wikisource ko Wikimedia Commons Wannan tsarin yana taimakawa masu gyara don tabbatar da daidaiton rubutu akan Wikisource. Sikanin shafin na asali na ayyukan da aka kammala suna kasancewa ga kowane mai amfani domin a iya gyara kurakurai daga baya kuma masu karatu su iya duba rubutu akan na asali. ProofreadPage kuma yana ba da damar shiga mafi girma, tun da samun damar yin kwafin ainihin aikin ba lallai ba ne don samun damar ba da gudummawa ga aikin da zarar an ɗora hotuna. Don haka yana haɓaka himmar aikin ga ka'idar Wikimedia wanda kowa zai iya ba da gudummawarsa. ThomasV ya gina wasu kayan aikin kuma: lokacin da aka tattauna zaɓin ko a buga bayanan ko a'a, ya yi na'ura don ba da zaɓi tsakanin matani kaɗai ko nassosi. Lokacin da aka yi magana game da zaɓi na zamani ko a'a, sai ya sake yin wata na'ura don sabunta ainihin rubutun kawai lokacin da ake so, ta yadda za a iya yanke shawarar cewa nassin da kansu su kasance na asali.</br> Misali Tsohuwar <i id="mwfQ">ſ</i> (na s da sauran tsoffin rubutun rubutu akan Wikisource na Faransa Matsaloli A cikin makonni biyu da fara aikin a hukumance a Source.wikipedia.org, an ƙirƙiri shafuka sama da 1,000, inda aka ayyana kusan 200 a matsayin ainihin labarai. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2004, Wikisource ta yi maraba da mai amfani da ita na 100 da aka yi rajista. A farkon Yuli, 2004 adadin labaran ya wuce 2,400, kuma fiye da masu amfani da 500 sun yi rajista. A ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 2005, akwai masu amfani da rajista 2667 (ciki har da masu gudanarwa 18) da kusan labarai 19,000. Aikin ya wuce gyara na 96,000 a wannan rana. A ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 2005, Wikisource ta Ingilishi ta ƙaddamar da raka'a 20,000 na rubutu a cikin wata na uku na kasancewarta, wanda ya riga ya riƙe ƙarin rubutu fiye da yadda aka yi gaba ɗayan aikin a cikin Afrilu (kafin ƙaura zuwa ƙananan yanki na harshe). A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2008, Wikisource ta Ingilishi ta wuce raka'a 100,000 na rubutu tare da Babi LXXIV na Watanni Shida a Fadar White House, abin tunawa na mai zane Francis Bicknell Carpenter A cikin Nuwamba, 2011, 250,000 rubutu-raka'a aka wuce. Amma ƙirgawa yana da wahala saboda abin da ya ƙunshi naúrar rubutu ba za a iya fayyace shi a fili ba. A ranar 10 ga Mayu, 2006, an ƙirƙiri tashar Wikisource ta farko Abubuwan da ke cikin ɗakin karatu Wikisource tana tattarawa da adanawa a cikin sigar dijital da aka buga a baya; ciki har da litattafai, ayyukan da ba na almara, haruffa, jawabai, kundin tsarin mulki da na tarihi, dokoki da kewayon sauran takardu. Duk rubutun da aka tattara ko dai kyauta ne na haƙƙin mallaka ko kuma an fitar da su a ƙarƙashin Lasisin Ƙarƙashin Ƙirƙirar Raba-Aiki Ana maraba da rubutu a cikin duk harsuna, kamar yadda ake fassarorin. Baya ga matani, Wikisource tana ɗaukar abubuwa kamar su ban dariya, fina-finai, rikodi da ayyukan magana. Duk rubutun da Wikisource ke riƙe dole ne an buga shi a baya; aikin ba ya ɗaukar nauyin "littattafai na banza ko takaddun da masu ba da gudummawa suka samar. An fi son tushen da aka bincika akan yawancin Wikisources kuma ana buƙata akan wasu. Yawancin majiyoyin Wiki, duk da haka, za su karɓi ayyukan da aka rubuta daga tushen layi ko aka samu daga wasu ɗakunan karatu na dijital Hakanan za'a iya watsi da buƙatun buƙatun farko a cikin ƙananan lokuta idan aikin ya kasance takaddar tushe mai mahimmancin tarihi. Abubuwan da ake bukata na doka don yin lasisi ko kyauta ba tare da haƙƙin mallaka ba ya kasance koyaushe. Iyakar asali guda kawai da Wikisource ta karɓa sune bayanai da fassarorin. Wikisource, da ƴar'uwarta aikin Wikibooks, suna da ikon yin rubutun bugu na rubutu. A kan Wikisource, bayanan bayanan sun kasance ƙari ga ainihin rubutun, wanda ya kasance ainihin maƙasudin aikin. Akasin haka, a kan Wikibooks bayanin bayanin sune na farko, tare da ainihin rubutu a matsayin abin tunani ko kari kawai, idan akwai kwata-kwata. Fitattun bugu sun fi shahara akan Wikisource ta Jamus. Aikin kuma yana ɗaukar fassarar rubutun da masu amfani da shi suka bayar. Mahimmin fassarar akan Wikisource na Ingilishi shine aikin Wiki Littafi Mai Tsarki, wanda aka yi niyya don ƙirƙirar sabon, "fassarar laissez-faire" na Littafi Mai-Tsarki Tsarin Reshen yanki na harshe An ƙirƙiri wani sigar Ibrananci dabam na Wikisource he.wikisource.org a cikin Agusta 2004. Bukatar shafin yanar gizon Ibrananci na musamman wanda aka samo daga wahalar bugawa da gyara rubutun Ibrananci a cikin mahalli na hagu zuwa dama (an rubuta Ibrananci dama-zuwa-hagu). A cikin watanni masu zuwa, masu ba da gudummawa a cikin wasu harsuna ciki har da Jamusanci sun nemi nasu wikis, amma ƙuri'a da aka yi a watan Disamba kan ƙirƙirar wuraren yare daban-daban ba ta cika ba. A ƙarshe, ƙuri'a ta biyu da ta ƙare ranar 12 ga Mayu, 2005, ta goyi bayan ɗaukar reshen yanki na harshe daban-daban a Wikisource da babban tazara, wanda ya baiwa kowane harshe damar ɗaukar rubutun sa akan nasa wiki. Bion Vibber ne ya kafa yarukan farko na harsuna 14 a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 2005. Sabbin harsunan ba su haɗa da Ingilishi ba, amma lambar en: an saita na ɗan lokaci don turawa zuwa babban gidan yanar gizon wikisource.org A wannan lokacin, al'ummar Wikisource, ta hanyar babban aikin da hannu na rarraba dubunnan shafuka da nau'ikan ta hanyar harshe, an shirya don bugu na biyu na shigo da shafuka zuwa wiki na gida. A ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2005, an sake saita wikisource.org wiki don ba da damar fassarar Ingilishi, tare da wasu harsuna 8 waɗanda aka ƙirƙira da sanyin safiyar wannan rana da kuma daren da ya gabata. An ƙirƙiri ƙarin harsuna uku a ranar 29 ga Maris, 2006, sannan aka yi wata babbar ƙirƙira ta harsuna 14 a ranar 2 ga Yuni, 2006. Harsunan da ba su da yanki suna cikin gida. harsuna 182 ana gudanar da su a cikin gida Tun daga October 2022, akwai wuraren yanki na wikisource don harsuna 74 waɗanda 72 ke aiki kuma 2 ke rufe. Shafukan da ke aiki suna da 5,397,970 kuma rufaffen rukunin yanar gizon suna da labarai 13 Akwai masu amfani da rajista 4,280,611 waɗanda 2,063 ke aiki kwanan nan. Manyan ayyukan yaren Wikisource guda goma ta ƙididdigar labarin babban sararin samaniya: Domin cikakken jeri tare da jimlar duba Ƙididdigar Wikimedia: wikisource.org Yayin ƙaura zuwa ƙananan yanki na harshe, al'umma sun nemi cewa babban gidan yanar gizon wikisource.org ya kasance wiki mai aiki, don yin ayyuka uku: Don zama rukunin haɗin gwiwar harsuna da yawa don duk aikin Wikisource a cikin duk harsuna. A aikace, amfani da gidan yanar gizon don haɗin gwiwar harsuna da yawa bai yi nauyi ba tun lokacin da aka canza zuwa yankunan harshe. Duk da haka, akwai wasu ayyuka na manufofi a Scriptorium, da kuma sabunta harsuna da yawa don labarai da ci gaban harshe a shafuka kamar Wikisource:2007 Don zama gida don rubutu a cikin harsuna ba tare da nasu yanki ba, kowanne yana da babban shafin sa na gida don tsarin kansa. A matsayin incubator na harshe, a halin yanzu wiki yana samar da gida don fiye da harsuna 30 waɗanda har yanzu basu sami nasu yanki na harshe ba. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan suna aiki sosai, kuma sun gina ɗakunan karatu tare da ɗaruruwan rubutu (kamar Esperanto da Volapuk). Don ba da tallafi kai tsaye, ci gaba ta hanyar al'ummar wiki na gida don ƙaƙƙarfan tashar yanar gizo na harsuna da yawa a Babban Shafi, don masu amfani waɗanda ke zuwa http://wikisource.org. An ƙirƙiri tashar Babban Shafi na yanzu a ranar 26 ga Agusta, 2005, ta ThomasV, wanda ya kafa ta akan tashar Wikipedia. Tunanin takamaiman tsarin haɗin gwiwar wiki, wanda aka fara gane shi a Wikisource, kuma ya cigaba da kasancewa a cikin wani aikin na Wikimedia, wato a Beta Wiki na Wikiversity. Kamar wikisource.org, tana hidimar haɗin gwiwar Wikiversity a cikin duk harsuna, da kuma azaman incubator. Amma ba kamar Wikisource ba, Babban Shafi nata baya aiki azaman tasharta na harsuna da yawa (wanda ba shafin wiki bane). liyafa Mawallafin Wikipedia Larry Sanger ya soki Wikisource, da ƴar'uwar aikin Wiktionary, saboda yanayin haɗin gwiwa da fasaha na waɗannan ayyukan yana nufin babu kulawa daga masana kuma don haka abubuwan da ke cikin su ba su da aminci. Bart D. Ehrman, masanin Sabon Alkawari kuma farfesa a fannin nazarin addini a Jami'ar North Carolina da ke Chapel Hill, ya soki shirin Wikisource na Ingilishi na ƙirƙirar fassarar Littafi Mai-Tsarki da mai amfani ya samar yana mai cewa "Dimokraɗiyya ba lallai ba ne don samun guraben karatu. Richard Elliott Friedman, masanin Tsohon Alkawari kuma farfesa na nazarin Yahudawa a Jami'ar Jojiya, ya gano kurakurai a cikin fassarar Littafin Farawa kamar na 2008. A cikin 2010, Wikimedia Faransa ta rattaɓa hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da Bibliothèque nationale de France (Laburaren Ƙasa na Faransa) don ƙara hotuna daga ɗakin karatu na dijital na Gallica zuwa Wikisource na Faransa. An ƙara rubutun Faransanci na jama'a ɗari goma sha huɗu zuwa ɗakin karatu na Wikisource sakamakon ta hanyar lodawa zuwa Wikimedia Commons. Ana sa ran masu karanta bayanan ɗan adam na Wikisource za su inganta ingancin rubutun, waɗanda a baya ta atomatik ke samarwa ta hanyar gane halayen gani (OCR). A shekara ta 2011, Wikisource ta Turanci ta sami manyan takardu masu inganci daga Hukumar Kula da Rubuce-Rubuce ta Kasa (NARA) a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarinsu na "ƙara samun damar shiga da kuma ganin abubuwan da aka mallaka." Sarrafa da loda zuwa Commons na waɗannan takaddun, tare da hotuna da yawa daga tarin NARA, wani NARA Wikimedian ne ya sauƙaƙa a wurin zama, Dominic McDevitt-Parks. Yawancin waɗannan takaddun an rubuta su kuma an gyara su ta hanyar al'ummar Wikisource kuma an nuna su azaman hanyoyin haɗin kai a cikin kundin tarihin kan layi na Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa. Nassoshi Ƴan Uwan Wikipedia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

31057

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bience%20Gawanas

Bience Gawanas

Bience Philomina Gawanas (an haife ta a shekara ta 1956) lauya ce ta Namibiya. An nada ta a watan Janairun shekara ta, 2018 a matsayin mai ba da shawara ta musamman kan Afirka ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishiniyar harkokin jin dadin jama'a a Majalisar shugabannin kasashen Afirka da gwamnatoci, daga shekara ta, 2002 zuwa 2012. Ta kasance kwamishina a hukumar kula da ayyukan gwamnati Namibiya daga shekara ta, 1991 zuwa 1996, kuma ‘yar Ombudswoman a gwamnatin Namibiya daga shekara ta, 1996 zuwa 2003. Ta kuma kasance malami a fannin shari’ar jinsi a jami’ar Namibia, Darakta a hukumar babban bankin kasar Namibiya, kuma ta shiga cikin da yawa wadanda ba. ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da suka haɗa da Sakatare-Janar na Ƙungiyar Mata ta ƙasar Namibiya kuma majiɓincin Ƙungiyar Nakasassu ta Namibiya. A matsayinta na shugabar hukumar gyara dokoki ta sa ido kan yadda aka zartar da dokar daidaiton ma'aurata. Hukumar ta kuma yi ayyuka da yawa a kan Ayyukan Fyade da wasu muhimman dokoki da aka zartar bayan zamaninta. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Bience diyar Philemon Gawanab da Hilde Rheiss. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a St Theresa Catholic school a Tses, ǁKaras Region, kudancin Namibiya. Daga Tses ta tafi Jami'ar Western Cape (UWC) da ke Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu, don yin karatun lauya; Masu tallafa wa Katolika sun taimaka mata wajen tsayayya da matsin lamba na jami'an wariyar launin fata don canza sana'a daga doka zuwa aikin jinya. An kore ta daga UWC bayan tawayen Soweto a Shekara ta, 1976. Bayan an kore ta ta zama mamba mai ƙwazo a ƙungiyar matasa ta SWAPO a Namibiya kuma malama. Ta tafi gudun hijira ta zauna a Zambia, Angola da Cuba. A cikin shekara ta, 1981 Kungiyar Kwadago ta Duniya ta dauki nauyinta a matsayin mai horarwa a hedkwatarsu sannan daga baya kan nazarin dokar aiki. Bayan haka Africa Educational Trust ta dauki nauyin karatun ta ta hanyar digiri na shari'a a Jami'ar Warwick, UK. Ta sauke karatu a shekara ta, 1987 kuma ta cancanci zama lauya a Lincoln's Inn, London a shekara ta, 1988. Afirka ta Kudu ta mamaye Namibiya ba bisa ka'ida ba har zuwa shekara ta, 1990. “Lokacin da na yanke shawarar karantar ilimin shari’a, wani jami’in leken asirin makarantar farar fata ya gaya min cewa a lokacin da nake yaro bakar fata hankalina bai kai na farar fata ba, kuma watakila dokar ba ta yi nisa ba,” in ji ta ga wata mai hira. "Yau ni lauya ne kuma na tabbatar da cewa hankali ba shi da alaka da launin mutum." Sha'awar Gawanas na neman shari'a ta samo asali ne bayan da babban dan uwanta Jeka da turawa suka dauke shi suka yi masa dukan tsiya har ya mutu a lokacin da yake tuki, kuma 'yan sanda sun yanke shawarar cewa "hadarin hanya ce". Horon da ta yi na aiki ya haɗa da aiki tare da Lord Tony Gifford kan shari'o'in kare hakkin bil'adama kamar "Birmingham six" da ake zargi da tayar da bama-bamai da aka wanke daga baya. A tsawon zaman gudun hijirar, Gawanas ta ci gaba da fafutukar ganin Namibiya ta sami 'yanci daga mulkin Afirka ta Kudu. A cikin shekara ta, 1988 ta tafi Zambia don ziyartar 'yarta kuma SWAPO ta tsare ta. Tsawon lokaci mai tsawo kungiyar ta tsare dubban 'yan Namibiya a matsayin wani bangare na "tsoron leken asiri". Ba a taba tabbatar da wadannan zarge-zargen ba duk da cewa an shafe watanni ana tsare da kuma azabtarwa. Daga baya Gawanas ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƴan ƙasar Namibiya na farko da suka dawo da ransu daga “riƙuri” da ke Lubango, a Kudancin Angola, a shekara ta 1989, wasu watanni kafin a saki wasu da dama da suka tsira. A watan Yulin shekara ta, 1989, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta mayar da ita da 'yarta gida kuma sun koma ƙasar Namibiya. Aiki Aikinta na farko da ta dawo Namibiya daga gudun hijira ita ce mai ba da shawara Anton Lubowski, wanda ya ƙare lokacin da jami'an wariyar launin fata suka kashe Lubowski a kofar gidansa a wani yunƙuri da bai yi nasara ba na tada zaune tsaye a zaɓen da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke kula da shi a 1989. Daga nan ta yi aiki a matsayin Cibiyar Taimakon Shari'a ta Ban sha'awa har zuwa 1991 lokacin da Majalisar ta nada ta a Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Namibiya. Ayyukanta a wurin sun haɗa da sake daidaita ma'aikatan gwamnati na Namibia. Shugaba Sam Nujoma ta nada jami'in kula da harkokin shari'a bisa shawarar hukumar kula da harkokin shari'a a shekarar 1996, kuma ta yi aiki a can, inda ta yi bincike da kuma warware korafe-korafen rashin adalci a dukkan matakai, har zuwa shekarar 2003. Ta kuma rike mukamin Sakatariyar zartarwa ta kungiyar masu shigar da kara ta Afirka. A cikin watan Yulin 2003 shugabannin kasashen Afirka ne suka zabi Gawanas a matsayin kwamishinan harkokin jin dadin jama'a na hukumar Tarayyar Afirka da ke birnin Addis Ababa na kasar Habasha. Ta dade tana neman kara martabar batutuwan da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma a ajandar nahiyar. An zabe ta a wa’adi biyu, a shekarar 2003 da 2008, sannan bayan ta kammala wa’adinta na biyu a watan Oktoban 2012, ta koma Namibiya inda ta zama mai ba da shawara ta musamman ga Ministan Lafiya da Ayyukan Jama’a. A watan Janairun 2018 ne Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ya nada Gawanas mai ba da shawara na musamman kan Afirka ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Tana hidima a matakin mataimakiyar Sakatare-Janar. A cikin Mayu 2020, an zaɓi Gawanas don yin aiki a Kwamitin Amintattu na farko na Ƙungiyar Kula da Iyaye ta Duniya (IPPF) bayan sake fasalin mulkinsu. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

45956

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sallolin%20Nafila

Sallolin Nafila

Sallolin Nafila a. Hikimar shar’anta ta. Daga cikin ni’mar Allah da ya yi akan bayin sa shi ne ya sanya musu ibada wace za ta kewaye dukan jikin su, kuma ta tabbatar musu da abun da suke nufi wajan ba da ayyuka ta fuskoki ingantattu, kuma har mutum kuskure ko kazawa za ta gitta masa to sai Allah maigirma da daukaka ya Shar’anta wani abu zai cika hakan ya zama makwafinsa, sallar nafila kuwa tana daga cikin haka, domin hakika ya tabbata daga Ma’aikin Allah cewa lalle sallar nafila nata cika sallar farillla, idan mai sallar bai kasance cika ta ba. b. Abinda ya fi da za’a yi nafila da shi. Shi ne kokarin daukaka Kalmar Allah, sa’annan ilimi da ilmantarwa na shari’ah, Allah ta’ala ya ce; ١١﴾ Ma’ana: “Allah na daukaka wadanda suka yi imani daga cikinku da kuma wadanada aka bai wa ilimi da darajoji”. (Mujadalah: 11). Sa’annan sai sallah ita ce mafificiyar ibadar jiki, domin fadin Manzon Allah “Ku tsayu kuma kada ku gaji, ku sani da cewa mafi alherin ayyukan ku ita ce sallah”. (Ibnu-Majah). Daga cikin salloli na nafilfili akwai: a. Sallar dare: Sallar dare ita ce mafi girman lada akan sallar yini (sallar rana), kuma sallah a rabin dare na karshe ya fi (a rabin dare na farko) domin fadin Manzon Allah “Ubangijin mu wanda albarkarsa ta daukaka, yana sauka zuwa saman duniya a kowanne karshen rabin dare da ya wuce”. (Muslim ne ya ruwaito). Ita kuma sallar tahajjud wacce ake yin ta bayan an yi bacci an tashi, Sayyida Aisha Allah ya kara mata yarda ta ce “Abunda ake nufi da: “Annashi’a”. ita ce tsayuwa bayan bacci”. b. Sallar duha (Walaha). An sunnata yin sallar duha a wasu kwanaki banda wasu kwanakin, domin hadisin Abi said; “Manzon Allah ya kasance yana sallar duha har sai mun ce; baya barinta. Kuma wata rana zai barta har sai mun ce; baya sallah tar ta”. (Ahmad da Tirmizi suka ruwaito.) Kuma (Tirmizi) ya ce hadisin Gharibi ne. Karancin ta (ita sallar walaha) shi ne raka’a biyu, kuma Manzon Allah ya sallaceta raka’a hudu kuma ya sallaceta raka’a shida, mafi yawan ta shi ne raka’o’i takwas, ba’a sharadanta yin ta kulum ba. c. Sallar gaisuwan masallaci. (Idan an shiga masallaci). An sunnan ta sallar gaisuwar masallaci, domin hadisin Abi Mikdad lalle Annabi ya ce: “Idan dayan ku ya shiga masallaci to kar ya zauna har sai ya yi sallah raka’a biyu”. (Malaman Hadisi suka ruwaito). d. Sujudar Tilawa. An sunnan ta yin sujjudar tilawa ga mai karanta Alkur’ani da kuma mai sauraro, zai yi kabbara lokacin yin sujjudar, kuma ya yi sallama idan ya dago, kuma zai fada ne a cikin sujjudar ta shi: Ma’ana: “Tsarki ya tabbata ga Ubangiji na madaukaki.” Ko kuma duk abinda ruwaito. e. Sujudus Shukur. (Sujjadar godiya). An sunnanta sujudus-shukur lokacin da mutum ya samu wata sabuwar ni’ma ko kaucewa wani bala’i, saboda hadisin Abibakata t ‘‘Lalle Annabi ya kasance idan wani lamari mai farhanta masa rai ya zo sai ya fadi yana mai sujjada”. (Abu dawud, Tirmiz, Ibn majah suka ruwaito). “Kuma Sayyidina Aliyu t ya yi sujjadar a lokacin da ya samu Zul Sudayya wanda ke cikin Kawarijawa”. (Ahmad ne ya ruwaito). Kuma “Ka’ab bin Malik ya yi sujjadar lokacin da aka yi mishi bushara ta karbar tubansa ga Allah”. Kuma kissarsa tabbatacciyace. Siffar sujjadar godiya ga Allah da hukunce-hukuncenta kamar na sujjudar tilawa ne. f. Sallar Tarawih. (Asham). Tarawihi Sunnah ce mai karfi, wace Annabi ya sunnan ta, ana yin ta a jam’i a cikin massalaci bayan sallar isha’i a watan Ramadan. Hakika Manzon ya sunnan ta ta, kuma Umar dan Khatah t ya rayar da ita a zamanin halifancin sa. Abunda ya fi mutum ya yi ta raka’a goma sha daya (11), amma ba laifi in ya kara akan haka, duk abunda ya kara ya zama kokarinn sa ne, kuma ya kara a goman karshe na Ramadan ya kara abubuwa kamar kara salloli da zikiri da addu’o’i. g. Sallar Wutiri. Wutiri Sunnna ne mai karfi manzon Allah ya aikata shi kuma ya yi umurni da yin shi, mafi karancinsa raka’a ta uku ne, kuma ma fi yawansa raka’a goma sha daya (11). Lokacinsa: Tsakanin sallar isha’i da fitowar alfijir, ana kunutu a cikin sa bayan an dago daga ruku’I amma mustahabi ne. Siffofin sa. 1. Mutum ya sallace shi (shi wuturin) gaba-daya ba tare da ya zauna yin tahiya ba har sai ya kawo raka’ar karshe. 2. Ya zauna a raka’ar kusa da karshe ya yi tahiya ba tare da sallama ba, sai ya mike ya kawo raka’a daya ya yi tahiya sai ya sallame. 3. Ya sallame bayan ya kawo raka’a biyu, sa’annan ya cika da karo raka’a daya, ya yi tahiya ya salllame. Wannan siffar ita ce mafificiya daga sauran siffofin, domin ita ce Manzon Allah ya aikata kuma yafi yawan aikata ta. h. Sunanu Rawatib. Mafifici a cikin sui ta ce ta alfijiri (wato raka’o’i biyu kafin sallah asuba), domin hadisin Sayyidah Aisha Allah ya kara mata yarda, wanda ya kai ga manzon Allah: “Ya ce: Raka’o’i biyu na alfijir sun fi duniya da abin da ke cikin ta”.(Muslim, tirmizi kuma ya ingantashi). Kuma Rawatib masu karfi raka’o’i goma sha biyu ne: Hudu kafin azahar biyu bayanta, da biyu bayan magariba, da kuma biyu bayan isha’i sai kuma raka’atal fijir (wato biyu kafin asuba). Kuma an sunnanta rama wadannan nafilfilin (wato sunanu rawatib) idan suka kubucewa mutum, haka kuma rankon wutiri tare da sha’i, saidai idan ya kubuce tare da faralinsa kuma ya yi yawa, to abinda ya fi sai a barshi saboda samuwar kuntata idan akce za a yi shi, saboda haka sai ayi raka’oi biyu na nafilar alfijir ita zai biya bashin ta kai tsaiye, domin karfatata. Kuma yin wadanan a gida yafi falala ba kamar sallar farilla ba, da kuma duk sallar da aka

6202

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe%20%28jiha%29

Gombe (jiha)

Gombe jiha ce dake Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Tayi iyaka daga Arewa da Arewa maso gabas da jihohin Borno da Yobe, daga Kudu kuwa da Jihar Taraba, daga Kudu maso yamma kuwa da Jihar Adamawa sannan daga Yamma da Jihar Bauchi. Ta samo asalin sunanta daga babban birninta kuma yanki mafi girma a jihar wato Babban Birnin Gombe kuma an ƙirƙireta ne daga sashin Jihar Bauchi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da cassain da shida 1996. Jihar na daga cikin jihohin da ke ɗauke da ƙabilu iri-iri a Najeriya. Acikin jihohi 36 da Abuja na Najeriya, Jihar Gombe itace Jiha ta 21 a girma, kuma ta 32 a yawan jama'a, da mutane aƙalla miliyan 3.25 dangane da ƙiyasin shekarar 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, Jihar tana da ƙasa nau'in Tropical West Sudanian Savanna. Muhimman wurare a jihar sun haɗa Kogin Gongola, wanda ke kwarara ta arewaci da Gabashin Gombe zuwa cikin tafkin Dadin Kowa Dam zuwa gaɓar Tsaunukan Muri da ke can yankin kudancin jihar. Daga cikin dabbobi asali na jihar akwai nau'in macizai irin su: carpet viper, puff adder, da kuma Egyptian cobra da kuma dabbobi irin su dorinar ruwa, Senegal parrot, da kuma grey-headed kingfisher. Jihar Gombe na ɗauke da ƙabilu da dama, yayinda Ƙabilar Fulani suka mamaye yankin arewaci da tsakiyar jihar tare da Bolewa, Kanuri, da kuma Hausawa. A yayin ƙabilu irin su Cham, Dadiya, Jaranci da Kamo, Pero, Tangale, Tera, da kuma mutanen Waja da suka mamaye yankunan gabashi da kudancin jihar. Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Jihar Gombe ta yau tana ɗauke da ƙasashe da dama masu zaman kansu, har zuwa farkon karni na 1800, lokacin da Fulani suka ƙwace yankuna da dama na yankin kuma suka haɗeta a matsayin Masarautar Gombe a ƙarƙashin Daular Sokoto. A cikin karni na 1900, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun mamaye masarautar da yankunan gefen ta kuma sun haɗeta acikin Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya, inda daga baya ta zamo Colonial Nigeria, kafin daga bisani ta samu 'yanci a1960 kuma ta zamo ƙasa Najeriya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai kuwa, Jihar Gombe ta yau ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Arewacin Najeriya har zuwa 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa maso Gabas, an ƙirƙiri Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976 tare da Sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru ashirin bayan haka (1996) an cire wasu gungun ƙananan hukumomi daga yammacin Jihar Bauchi don samar da Jihar Gombe. Dangane da fannin tattalin arziƙi, Jihar Gombe ta dogara ne akan noma da kiwo, da man fetur, inda ake shuka gero, masara, gyaɗa, dawa da tumatir tare da kiwon dabbobi kamarsu raƙumma, shanu, akuyoyi da kuma tumaki. Sauran muhimman masana'antu sun haɗa da hidindimu na zamani da ake gudanarwa musamman a birnin Gombe. Jihar Gombe itace jiha ta huɗu a jerin ƙarancin Cigaban al'ummaa. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba’i 18,768 da yawan jama’a miliyan biyu da dubu uku da hamsin da uku (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara ta 2006). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce Gombe. Muhammadx Inuwa Yahaya shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Dr Manasa Daniel Jatau. Dattijan jihar su ne: Sarakunan gargajiya, Malaman addini da kuma jigogin siyasa. Bayani Jihar na da faɗin fili na kimanin 20,265 km2 da kuma mutane kimanin mutum 2,365,000 a shekara ta 2006. An ƙirkire ta ne a cikin watan Oktoban 1996, daga yankin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Sani Abacha. Jihar na nan a yankin ƙasar Najeriya mai nau'in tsirrai irin na Guinea savannah da Sudan savannah. Akwai tuddai masu ɗan bisa, duwatsun ƙasa da kuma duwatsu na daga witar volcano a yankunan tsaunukan garin. Zaman jihar a yankin savanna na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya yasa jihar ta haɗa iyaka da jihohi kaman Borno, Yobe, Taraba, Adamawa da Bauchi. Jihar Gombe ta na yanayi guda biyu: yanayin rani (daga watan Nuwamba zuwa March) da kuma damuna (daga watan Aprelu zuwa Oktoba) tare da matsakaicin ruwam sama na kimanin 850mm. Gwamnan jihar, Muhammad Inuwa ke javorancin jihar tare da taimakon muƙarrabai 24 daga majalisar dokoki na jihar. Jihar Gombe na da ƙananan hukumomi 11 da kuma masarautu na gargajiya guda 14. Tana da sanatoci guda 3 da kuma 'yan Mjalisar Tarayyar Najeriya guda shida. Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Gombe nada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha ɗaya (11). Sune kamar haka: Al'umma Jihar Gombe na ɗauke da al'ummomi iri-iri, yayinda Fulani suka mamaye mafiya yawancin yankin arewacin jihar. Fulani sun mamaye Kusan ƙananan hukumomi guda 6 na Jihar Gombe. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi sun haɗa da Dukku, Kwami, Funakaye, Nafada, Akko, kuma ƙaramar hukumar Gombe. Bayan Fulani akwai kuma Tangale, da ke rayuwa a yankin Billiri da Kaltungo. Sauran ƙabilu sun haɗa da the Hausawa Tula, Tera (Yamaltu-Deba), Waja, Bolewa, da kuma Kanuri. Harsuna An zayyano harsunan Jihar Gombe dangane da ƙananan hukumominsu a teburi da ke ƙasa: Ilimi Jami'o'i a jihar Gombe Manyan jami'oi na Jihar Gombe sun haɗa da: Federal University Kashere Gombe State University Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa Federal Polytechnic, Kaltungo College of Education, Billiri Gombe State College of Legal Studies, Nafada Gombe State Polytechnic, Bajoga Gombe State University of science and Technology, Kumo Makarantun Sakandare Matrix International Academy Gombe High School Pen Resource Academy Demonstration Secondary School Government Day Science Secondary School Ilimi International School Gombe international School JIBIWIS Arawa Secondary School All-saint Secondary School Darul Arqam Academy Government Day Hassan Central Yahya Ahmad Model School Government Senior Secondary School Herwagana, Gombe Government Senior Secondary School Gandu Kiwon Lafiya Jihar Gombe nada cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu yawa, dukkanin su i sun samu ne ta karkashin gudanarwa sashi guda uku, gwamnatin jiha, Gwamnatin tarayya da kuma cibiyoyi mallakin dai-daikun mutane. Wadannan cibiyoyi sun hada da Cibiyoyi Karkashin Gwanatin Tarayya Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG) Cibiyoyi Karkashin Gwamnatin Jiha Billiri General Hospital Gombe State Specialist Hospital Arawa Primary Healthcare Gabukka Primary Healthcare Doma Primary Healthcare Pantami Primary Healthcare Zainab Bulkachuwa Women and Children Hospital Town Maternity (Gidan Magani). Cibiyoyin da ba na Gwamnati ba Miyetti Hospital Musaba Hospital Sabana Hospita AHAJAS Memorial Hospital Cibiyoyin Magun-guna Kumbi chemist Sauki phamarcy A.A. Aliyu Mega Store Jam Bandu Pharmacy Ma'adanai Jihar Gombe na daya daga cikin jahohi masu tarin albarkatun kasa a Nigeria wanda ke samar da kayan tasarrufi da ma'aikatu ke amfani dashi, yan kasuwa ke kasuwance su, wasun kuma ake amfani dasu a matsayin abinci, wadannan ma'adanai sun hada da Ma'adanai da Ake Hakowa Laka Dayen Mai Ma'adanai da Ke Tsira Gyada Masara Auduga Alkama Dawa Gwamnoni A ƙasa an jero sunayen gwamnoni da jagorori na Jihar Gombe. Sanannun Mutane Amina Mohammed, UN deputy secretary Sheikh Adamu Muhammad Nafada teacher, preacher Sheikh Dahiru Bauchi, teacher, preacher Sheikh Kabir Muhammad Haruna Gombe, preacher Isa Ali Pantami, malami Kuma tsohon ministan sadarwa Danladi Mohammed, Dan siyasa. Joshua M. Lidani, Dan siyasa Eli Jidere Bala, engineer Usman Bayero Nafada, politician Samkon Gado, Nigerian-American otolaryngologist and American football player Zainab Adamu Bulkachuwa, jurist Jaaruma, entrepreneur Aliyu Modibbo Umar, politician Mohammed Danjuma Goje, politician Helon Habila, novelist Dahiru Mohammed, Politician Abubakar Buba Atare, Emir of Tula Chiefdom Buba Yero, sarkin farko na Gombe Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar, sarki na goma shadaya a gombe Musa Dankyau, Professor of Family Medicine Abdullahi Mahdi Educationalist Aliyu Usman El-nafati Professor of Gynecology Isah Usman Taliyawa Sheikh Kabiru Gombe Wuraren ziyara a Gombe Wuraren buɗe idana a jihar sun haɗa da: Tomb of Sultan Attahiru Bubayero's Tomb Shahararren Bima Hill Dadin Kowa Dam Tsaunin Killang Tula Plateau Bulok Warm Spring Kalam Hill Cham Valley Tsaffi burbushin Binga Maƙabartar Major Mash Maƙabartar LT Phillips Bace Hills Tula Hideout Caves Kanawa Forest Manazarta Jihohin

38692

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei%20Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu

Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu

Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence Addae kuma an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1957) ɗan Ghana ne mai tsara birane kuma ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana sannan kuma shi ne minista mai nadin harkokin majalisar a Ghana. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1957. Ya fito ne daga Bremang-Afrancho, wani gari a Kumasi, yankin Ashanti. A shekarar 1982, ya sauke karatu a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ya yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a Tsare-tsaren Birane. Aikin siyasa Osei memba ne na New Patriotic Party. Ya fara zama dan majalisa ne a watan Janairun 1997. Ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa tun daga lokacin, inda ya wakilci mazabarsa a majalisar wakilai ta 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 da 7 na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na musamman, House, da kwamitocin kasuwanci. Shi ma memba ne a Ma'aikatar Kudi, Ma'adinai da Makamashi, Dokokin Tsaya, da Kwamitocin Zabe. Zabe Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 1996 An fara zaben Osei a matsayin dan majalisa a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996 kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party mai wakiltar mazabar Suame a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya samu kuri'u 47,455 daga cikin 64,394 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 57.40% inda Paul Yeboah dan jam'iyyar NDC ya samu kuri'u 10,828, Azong Alhassan dan jam'iyyar PNC ya samu kuri'u 3,219 da Habiba Atta 'yar CPP wacce ta samu kuri'u 2,892. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2004 An zabi Osei a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabar Suame na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 48,500 daga cikin 59,039 da aka jefa. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 82.1% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Agonno Sampson Young na Babban Taron Jama'a, Paul Richard Kofi Yeboah na National Democratic Congress da Frederick Antwi na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Convention. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 934, 8,448 da 1,157 bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 1.6%, 14.3% da 2% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2008 A shekara ta 2008, ya ci zaben gama gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu 'yan tsiraru na kujeru 109 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 45,235 daga cikin 57,765 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 78.31% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan David Osei Manu na National Democratic Congress, Ameyaw Aboagye Peter na Democratic People's Party da Frederick Antwi-Nsiah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 9,742, 2,409 da 379 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 37.59%, 5.43% da 1.28% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2012 A shekarar 2012, ya ci zaben gama-gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. An zabe shi da kuri'u 60,829 daga cikin 76,852 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 79.15% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Alidu Baba Dambasea na National Democratic Congress, Solomon Nkrumah Appia Kubi na jam'iyyar Progressive People's Party, Adam Mohammed na People's National Convention, Frederick Antwi-Nsiah na Convention People's Party, Mavis Afriyie na Democratic People's Party, Abena. Nyarko na National Democratic Party, Osei-Bempah Hayford da Paul Richard Kofi Yeboah duk 'yan takara masu zaman kansu. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 10,589, 434, 376, 220, 71, 194, 3,752 da 387 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wadannan sun yi daidai da 13.78%, 0.56%, 0.49%, 0.29%, 0.09%, 0.25%, 4.88% and 0.50% bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Yayin da jam'iyyarsa ke adawa ya rike mukamin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana daga 2013 zuwa 2017. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2020 Ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a matsayin dan takarar majalisar dokoki na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu ya fafata da wasu hudu da suka hada da Dodoovi Francis na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress, jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Sulemana Mohammed, All People Congress, Mohammed Mubarak da kuma dan takara mai zaman kansa. A karshen zaben, dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Suame Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu ya sake lashe kujerar New Patriotic Party NPP da kuri'u 67,095 da ke wakiltar kashi 76.1%, dan takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress NDC Dodoovi Francis ya samu kuri'u 9,312 da ke wakiltar kashi 10.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Yayin da jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Sulemana Mohammed ke gudanar da zaben da kuri'u 299 wanda ke nufin ya samu kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. All People Congress kuma na da kuri'u 213 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. A karshe dan takara mai zaman kansa George Prempeh shi ma ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 11,217 wanda ya samu kashi 12.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Zaɓen Ƙungiyoyin Majalisun Ƙasa na Commonwealth (CPA). Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu, kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar majalissar dokokin Commonwealth (CPA) ne ya zabe shi a matsayin sabon mataimakin shugaban riko. Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu ya samu babban mukami ne bayan da ya samu nasara a zaben da ya sa ya doke Garry Brownlee na New Zealand, dan takararsa daya tilo. Haƙƙin sanya suna Kafin kammala ginin Ayuba 600 na majalisar, Mensah Bonsu ya ba da shawarar canza sunan babban ginin Ayuba 600. Ya ba da shawarar a sanya wa ginin sunan mai shari’a D. F. Annan na farko a majalisar dokokin Ghana ta hudu domin girmama irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban harkokin majalisar dokoki da dimokradiyya a Ghana. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa daya daga cikin sabbin tubalan guda biyu da aka gina a bayan babban Ayuba 600 a sawa sunan Peter Ala Adjetey, wanda ya gaji Justice Annan. Mambobin jam'iyyar Convention People's Party ne suka jagoranci adawa da waɗannan batutuwan suna, waɗanda suka yi imanin canza sunan Ayuba 600 zai shafe gudunmawar Kwame Nkrumah daga tarihin Ghana. Rayuwa ta sirri Osei yayi aure da ‘ya’ya takwas. Shi Kirista ne da ke yin ibada a Assemblies of God Church. Manazarta Haihuwan 1957 Rayayyun

29992

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20mallakar%20hannun%20jari

Ƴancin mallakar hannun jari

Haƙƙin Mallakar hannun jari, ko ma'aikaci rabon hannun jari, shi ne inda ma'aikatan kamfani ke da hannun jari a cikin wannan kamfani (ko a cikin iyayen kamfanin gungun kamfanoni). Ma'aikatan Amurka yawanci suna samun hannun jari ta hanyar tsarin zaɓin rabo. A Burtaniya, Tsare-tsaren Sayen Raba Ma'aikata ya zama ruwan dare, inda ake cirewa daga albashin ma'aikaci don siyan hannun jari akan lokaci. A Ostiraliya ya zama ruwan dare a sami duk da tsare-tsaren ma'aikata waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata ƙimar hannun jarin $1,000 akan tsarin haraji. Irin waɗannan tsare-tsaren na iya zama zaɓaɓɓu ko tsare-tsaren ma'aikata duka. Yawancin tsare-tsaren zaɓaɓɓun ana ba da su ga manyan jami'ai kawai. Duk tsare-tsaren ma'aikata suna ba da haɗin kai ga duk ma'aikata (bisa ga wasu sharuɗɗan cancanta kamar ƙaramin tsayin sabis). Yawancin kamfanoni suna amfani da tsare-tsaren mallakar hannun jari azaman nau'in fa'idar ma'aikaci Tsare-tsare a cikin kamfanonin jama'a gaba ɗaya suna iyakance jimillar lamba ko yawan adadin hajojin kamfanin da ma'aikata za su iya samu a ƙarƙashin tsari. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar ma'aikata ko ƙaddamarwa, ikon mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikaci bazai ba da wani iko mai ma'ana ko tasiri daga ma'aikata a cikin gudanarwa da gudanar da kamfani ba. Wasu kamfanoni, musamman ma kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, suna amfani da hannun jari na ma'aikata don tallafawa al'adun kamfani. Mallakar ma'aikata shi ne lokacin da duk ma'aikata tare suka mallaki babban hannun jari kuma suna da murya mai ma'ana a cikin kamfani (ko rukuni) da ke ɗaukar su aiki. Ƙasashe da yawa sun gabatar da kaso mai fa'ida na haraji ko raba tsare-tsaren zaɓi don ƙarfafa ikon rabon ma'aikata. Nau'in shirin Don sauƙaƙe ikon mallaka na ma'aikata, kamfanoni na iya rarraba ma'aikatansu da hannun jari, wanda ƙila ba shi da tsadar farashi ga ma'aikaci, baiwa ma'aikaci damar siyan haja, wanda zai iya kasancewa a ragi, ko baiwa ma'aikata zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari. Hannun jarin da kuma aka keɓe ga ma'aikata na iya samun lokacin riƙewa kafin ma'aikaci ya mallaki hannun jarin (wanda aka sani da saka hannun jari). Bayar da hannun jari da aikin zaɓin hannun jari na iya kasancewa ƙarƙashin yanayin aikin mutum ɗaya ko kasuwanci. Daban-daban na tsare-tsaren mallakar hannun jari na ma'aikata sun zama ruwan dare a yawancin masana'antu da wasu ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ana tsare-tsaren zartarwa don ɗauka da ba da lada ga manya ko manyan ma'aikata. A cikin Amurka da Burtaniya akwai al'ada da yawa na raba irin wannan mallakar gabaɗaya tare da ma'aikata ta hanyar tsare-tsaren da ake ba da gudummawa ga duk ma'aikata. Dokokin haraji don mallakar rabon ma'aikata sun bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Kadan ne kawai, musamman Amurka, Burtaniya, da Ireland suna da manyan dokokin haraji don ƙarfafa ikon mallakar babban ma'aikaci. Misali, a Amurka akwai takamaiman dokoki don Tsare-tsaren Mallakar Ma'aikata (ESOPs). A cikin ƙasar Burtaniya akwai tsare-tsare masu fa'ida na harajin ma'aikata guda biyu waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata damar samun hannun jari: Tsarin Raba Incentive Plan da shirin zaɓi na Sharesave Daban-daban na shirin rabon ma'aikata (gami da tsare-tsare masu ƙarfafa kuɗi masu alaƙa) sun haɗa da: Shirye-shiryen siyan kai tsaye Shirye-shiryen sayan kai tsaye suna ba wa ma'aikata damar siyan hannun jari a cikin kamfani da kuɗin kansu. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, akwai tsare-tsare na musamman na cancantar haraji waɗanda ke ba wa ma'aikata damar siyan haja ko dai a ragi ko tare da hannun jarin da ya dace da kamfani. Misali, a ƙasar Amurka, tsare-tsaren sayan hannun jari na ma’aikata suna baiwa ma’aikata damar ajiye biyan bayan-haraji na wani lokaci (yawanci watanni 6-12) sannan a yi amfani da kudaden da aka tara don siyan hannun jari har zuwa ragi kaso 15% a ko dai farashin a lokacin saye ko lokacin da suka fara ajiye kuɗin a gefe, ko wanne ya ragu. A cikin Burtaniya, Tsare-tsaren Raba Ƙarfafawa suna ba da damar siyan ma'aikata waɗanda kamfani zai iya daidaitawa kai tsaye. Zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari Zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari suna ba ma'aikata 'yancin siyan hannun jari da yawa a farashin da aka kayyade a kyauta na ƙayyadadden adadin shekaru a nan gaba. Zaɓuɓɓuka, da duk tsare-tsaren da aka jera a ƙasa, ana iya ba kowane ma'aikaci ƙarƙashin kowace ƙa'idar da kamfani ya ƙirƙira, tare da iyakancewar keɓancewa a ƙasashe daban-daban na Duniya. Ƙuntataccen hannun jari Ƙuntataccen haja da ɓangarorin hannun jari na kusa suna ba ma'aikata haƙƙin mallaka ko karɓar hannun jari, ta kyauta ko siya, da zarar an cika wasu ƙayyadaddun hani, kamar yin wasu adadin shekaru ko cimma burin aiki. Hannun fatalwa Hannun jarin fatalwa yana biyan kari na tsabar kuɗi na gaba daidai da ƙimar takamaiman adadin hannun jari. Haƙƙoƙin ƙima na hannun jari Haƙƙin ƙayyadaddun adadin hannun jari, yawanci ana biyan su da tsabar kuɗi amma lokaci-lokaci ana sasantawa a cikin hannun jari (wannan ana kiransa “Sam-Settled” SAR). Mallakar ma'aikata Mallakar ma'aikata wata hanya ce ta gudanar da kasuwanci wacce za ta iya yin aiki ga manyan kamfanoni daban-daban a sassa daban-daban. Mallakar ma'aikata na buƙatar ma'aikata su mallaki wani muhimmin hannun jari mai ma'ana a kamfaninsu. Girman rabon dole ne ya zama mahimmanci. Ana karɓar wannan azaman ma'ana inda kashi 25 ko fiye na mallakin kamfani ke riƙe da kowa ko galibin ma'aikata (ko a madadinsu ta hanyar amana Akwai nau'ikan asali guda uku na mallakar ma'aikata: ikon mallakar hannun jari kai tsaye ta duk ma'aikata a matsayin daidaikun mutane; mallakin kai tsaye (ko amana) a madadin duk ma'aikata ta amintaccen amintaccen ma'aikaci kuma samfurin matasan wanda ya haɗa duka kai tsaye da kuma mallakin kai tsaye. Bugu da kari, hannun jarin ma'aikata dole ne ya baiwa ma'aikata damar yin magana mai ma'ana a cikin harkokin kamfanin ta hanyar karfafa tsarin kungiya da ke inganta shigar ma'aikata a cikin kamfanin. Ana iya ganin ikon mallakar ma'aikata a matsayin tsarin kasuwanci na kansa, sabanin ikon rabon ma'aikata wanda zai iya ba wa ma'aikatan da aka zaɓa kawai hannun jari a cikin kamfaninsu da kuma babban rabon da ba shi da ƙima. A cikin ƙungiyoyin Burtaniya irin su Ƙungiyar Mallakar Ma'aikata (EOA), Kasuwancin Scottish, Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Wales da Ƙungiyoyin Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasar Birtaniya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen inganta ikon mallakar ma'aikata. Kamfanin sarrafa ma'aikata shine mafi yawan ma'aikata mallakar ma'aikata. Wannan na iya tasowa ta hanyar siyan ma'aikaci. Ana iya saita wannan ta hanyar amintaccen mallakar ma'aikaci Kamfanonin mallakar ma'aikata gabaɗaya ko kuma mahimmanci (kai tsaye ko a kaikaice ne) na ma'aikatansu. Daban-daban nau'ikan ikon mallakar ma'aikata, da ka'idodin da ke ƙarƙashin su, sun ba da gudummawar fitowar ƙungiyoyin kasuwancin zamantakewa na duniya. Sabis na jama'a, bisa ma'anarsa, yana da ma'ana mai mahimmanci na ikon mallakar ma'aikata, tasiri ko sarrafawa, amma yawancin ma'aikatan jama'a suna bayyana kansu a matsayin kamfanoni na zamantakewa maimakon ma'aikata. Ƙungiyar ma'aikata ƙungiya ce ta haɗin gwiwar ma'aikatanta kuma suna sarrafa kanta. Wani nau'in kamfani ne na ma'aikaci wanda ke aiki bisa ga ƙimar haɗin kai na kasa da kasa kuma yana bin wani ƙarin lamba, fiye da ainihin ƙa'idodin duniya, mai da hankali kan dimokiradiyya da shiga cikin aiki. Mafi girman bikin (kuma nazari) Kuma shari'ar ƙungiyar kamfanoni gabaɗaya bisa ƙa'idodin haɗin gwiwa shine Kamfanin Haɗin gwiwar Mondragon na Spain. Dokokin Mutanen Espanya, duk da haka, na buƙatar membobin Kamfanin Mondragon su yi rajista a matsayin masu zaman kansu kuma ba ma'aikata ba. Wannan yana ƙara bambanta irin wannan nau'in ikon haɗin gwiwar (wanda masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu kowannensu ke da rabon kada kuri'a guda ɗaya, ko kuma hannun jarin da wata ƙungiya ta doka ce ke sarrafa shi) daga mallakar ma'aikata (inda galibi ana gudanar da mallakar a matsayin toshe. hannun jari a madadin ma'aikata ta amfani da amintaccen ikon mallakar ma'aikaci, ko dokokin kamfani sun haɗa hanyoyin rarraba hannun jari ga ma'aikata da tabbatar da kasancewa masu rinjaye). Ta ƙasa jihohin Baltic Ƙasar Baltic ba ta ba da cikakkun ƙa'idodi kan sa hannun kuɗin ma'aikata ba sai don wasu tsare-tsare masu tallafi. Koyaya, kwatancen cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa game da tsare-tsaren sa hannun kuɗi na ma'aikata sun nuna ƙarancin yawa. A wasu kalmomi kuma, akwai ƴan dokoki da suka danganci tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata kuma babu wata doka ta musamman kan raba riba. Jihohin Baltic suna amfani da nau'ikan tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata iri ɗaya. To Amman A aikace, ana ba da tsare-tsaren mallakar ma'aikata da yawa ga ma'aikata ko za'a iya siyan su daga kasuwannin musayar hannun jari na Lithuania, gami da hannun jari na aiki (a cikin kamfani mai iyaka na jama'a), zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari da hannun jarin da ba su da tushe. Babban matsalolin suna da alaƙa da cancantar zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari ta ma'aikata. Wata matsala kuma tana da alaƙa da rashin Batun Estoniya na tsare-tsare na shari'a na musamman (ka'idar zaɓuɓɓukan hannun jari ko wani), madaidaitan shari'a (tsararriyar ƙa'ida, ƙuntatawa don ƙaddamar da tsare-tsaren zaɓi na hannun jari) ko ƙa'idodin cancantar hannun jari. Ƙasar Ingila Tsare-tsare na Raba Ma'aikata (ESOPs) ya zama tartsatsi na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Burtaniya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Margaret Thatcher, musamman bin Dokar Sufuri ta shekarar 1985, wacce ta ɓata sannan kuma ta ba da sabis na bas. Majalisun da ke neman kare ma’aikata sun tabbatar da cewa ma’aikata sun shiga hannun jari yayin da aka mayar da hannun jari, amma ba da jimawa ba masu ma’aikata sun yi asarar hannun jarin su yayin da aka sayo su aka kwace kamfanonin bas. Bacewar tsare-tsaren hannun jari ya kasance mai ban mamaki. Amurka A ƙasar Amurka, akwai al'adar mallakar hannun jari ga ma'aikata. Ya fara ne da kamfanonin masana'antu kuma a yau ya zama ruwan dare a fannin fasaha amma har da kamfanoni a wasu masana'antu, irin su Kasuwancin Abincin Abinci da Starbucks A cikin yakin neman zabensa na Shugaban kasa shekarata na 2020, Bernie Sanders ya ba da shawarar cewa kashi 20% na hannun jari a cikin kamfanoni masu sama da dala miliyan 100 a cikin kudaden shiga na shekara su zama mallakar ma'aikatan kamfanin. Duba wasu abubuwan Manazarta Ci gaba da karatu Curl, John (2009) For All The People: Uncovering the Hidden History of Cooperation, Cooperative Movements, and Communalism in America, PM

34642

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Nierenberg

William Nierenberg

Articles with hCards William Aaron Nierenberg an haifeshi a ranar 13 ga watan (Fabrairu 1919 ya rasu ranar 10 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2000) masanin kimiyyar lissafi ɗan Amurka ne wanda yayi aiki akan aikin Manhattan kuma shine darektan Cibiyar Scripps na Oceanography daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1986. Ya kasance wanda ya kafa Cibiyar George C. Marshall a cikin shekarar 1984. Bayan Fage An haifi Nierenberg a ranar 13 ga watan fabrairu, 1919, a titin 213 E. 13th, a kan ƙananan Gabas ta Tsakiya na New York, ɗan ƙaƙƙarfan Yahudawa baƙi daga Austro-Hungary Ya tafi Makarantar Sakandare ta Townsend Harris sannan kuma Kwalejin City na New York (CCNY), inda ya sami gurbin karatu don ya yi ƙaramar shekararsa a ƙasashen waje a Faransa a Jami'ar Paris A cikin 1939, ya zama farkon mai karɓar haɗin gwiwar William Lowell Putnam daga Kwalejin City. Har ila yau, a cikin 1939, ya shiga cikin bincike a Jami'ar Columbia, inda ya dauki kwas a kan makanikan kididdiga daga mai ba shi shawara na gaba, II Rabi Ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Columbia, amma daga 1941 ya shafe shekarun yakin ya koma Manhattan Project, yana aiki akan rabuwar isotope, kafin ya koma Columbia don kammala PhD. Sana'a A cikin 1948 Nierenberg ya ɗauki matsayinsa na farko na ma'aikatan ilimi, a matsayin Mataimakin Farfesa na Physics a Jami'ar Michigan Daga 1950 zuwa 1965 ya kasance abokin aiki sannan kuma Farfesa a fannin Physics a Jami'ar California, Berkeley, inda yake da babban dakin gwaje-gwajen kimiyyar nukiliya maras ƙarfi, inda ya kammala digiri na 40 na PhD a wannan lokacin kuma ya buga takardu kusan 100. Shi ne ke da alhakin tantance lokutan makaman nukiliya fiye da kowane mutum guda. An ba da misalin wannan aikin lokacin da aka zabe shi zuwa Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971. A cikin wannan lokacin, a cikin 1953, Nierenberg ya ɗauki hutun shekara guda don yin aiki a matsayin darektan dakunan gwaje-gwaje na Jami'ar Columbia Hudson, yana aiki akan matsalolin yaƙin ruwa. Daga baya, ya kula da ƙira da gina ginin "sabon" kimiyyar lissafi a Berkeley. Da yawa daga baya (1960-1962) ya sake daukar hutu a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare Janar na Kungiyar Tsaro ta Arewacin Atlantic (NATO) mai kula da harkokin kimiyya, inda ya kula da yawancin nazarin kasa da kasa kan kimiyyar lissafi da fasahar tsaro. A cikin 1965 an nemi Nierenberg ya zama darektan Cibiyar Scripps of Oceanography (SIO). Nierenberg ya kasance darektan SIO na shekaru 21, darekta mafi dadewa a yau. A lokacin aikinsa, jiragen ruwa biyar na bincike na zamani sun shiga ƙungiyar Scripps kuma kasafin kuɗin cibiyar ya karu sau biyar. Ya lura da aikin hako ruwan teku mai zurfi (1966-1986), wanda ya samar da ci gaban kimiyya kamar gano abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa mai zurfi, gano cewa tekun Bahar Rum ya taba zama rufaffiyar kwano har ma da busasshiyar teku, da kuma tabbatar da teku a halin yanzu. kwanduna matasa ne. Aikin ya zama na farko na cibiyoyi da yawa, haɗin gwiwar kasa da kasa a fannin kimiyya da kuma abin koyi don ayyuka na gaba. Nierenberg ya sami karbuwa na ƙasa saboda gudummawar da ya bayar ga kimiyya. An zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa a 1971 kuma zuwa Majalisar Gudanarwa na Kwalejin a 1979. An kuma zabe shi zuwa Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Amurka a 1965 da Cibiyar Injiniya ta Kasa a 1983. A cikin 1981, Nierenberg ya zama memba na Majalisar Al'adu ta Duniya A cikin 1987 an ba shi lambar yabo ta Delmer S. Fahrney daga Cibiyar Franklin don fitaccen jagoranci a kimiyya. Allolin shawarwari Nierenberg ya yi aiki a kan manyan bangarori da kwamitocin shawarwari, da farko bayan ya dawo daga NATO. A cikin 1971 an nada shi shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara na Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta kasa kan Teku da yanayi kuma ya yi aiki a wannan kwamiti har zuwa 1977. Ya yi aiki a bangarori daban-daban na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya na Shugaban Kasa Ya kasance memba na Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa daga 1972 zuwa 1978 kuma an nada shi wani wa'adi daga Nuwamba 1982 zuwa Mayu 1988. Nierenberg ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Hukumar Tsaro ta Kasa, kuma ya yi aiki a kan bangarori da yawa na soja. A cikin 1976 an nada shi ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara ga sabuwar Ofishin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Fadar White House (OSTP). Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Ba da Shawara ta Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Kasa (NASA) daga 1978 zuwa 1982 kuma ya zama shugabanta na farko. Ya kasance shugaban OSTP Acid Rain Peer Panel Review, wanda rahotonsa "Acid Rain" aka buga a 1984. Rahoton ya karfafa gwiwar hukumar wajen dakile hayakin ruwan acid Yanayi Nierenberg ya yi matukar sha'awar matsalar dumamar yanayi A karkashin wanda ya gabace shi a Scripps, Roger Revelle, Scripps ya fara shirin sa ido kan CO da sauran iskar gas Nierenberg ya goyi bayan wannan aikin kuma ya shiga tsakani da kansa lokacin da aka yi barazana ga kudaden bincike na shirin. A cikin Oktoba 1980, a lokacin shugabancin Carter, an zartar da Dokar Majalisa ta neman Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa don sake duba abin da aka sani game da sauyin yanayi. Cibiyar ta nada Nierenberg ya jagoranci kwamitin don samar da wannan rahoto. Kwamitin dai ya kunshi fitattun masana kimiyyar jiki da masana tattalin arziki biyu, William Nordhaus na Yale da Thomas Schelling na Harvard. Schelling da da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyya sun yi aiki a cikin kwamitoci don rahotanni biyu da suka gabata na gwamnatin Carter, wanda ya nuna dumamar yanayi a matsayin babbar matsala mai yuwuwa, kuma Nordhaus yana haɓaka sabon tsari don haɓaka iskar CO na farko wanda bai ɗauka ba. m extrapolations Bayanan kimiyya na sakamakon rahoton Canjin Yanayi, wanda aka fitar a watan Oktoban 1983, sun yi daidai da rahotannin da suka gabata. Mahimman abubuwan da ya sa su ne: Mafi yuwuwar kwanan wata CO "biyu" (zuwa 600 ppm) shine 2065 (shafi na 21) Dumamar duniya saboda ninka CO mai yuwuwa ya kasance tsakanin 1-5-4.5 °C, kamar yadda rahoton Charney ya nuna Yin bita a hankali game da rarrabuwar kawuna da ke ba da shawarar canjin yanayi na CO da ba za a iya gani ba ya nuna waɗannan sun dogara ne akan bincike na ɓarna (shafi na 28) Dumama a ma'auni zai zama mai girma sau 2-3 a kan yankunan iyakacin duniya kamar na wurare masu zafi; kuma mai yiwuwa ya fi arctic (shafi na 30) Matsayin teku zai iya tashi 70 cm sama da ƙarni daga haɓakar thermal, da narkewar glaciers masu tsayi. Akwai babban rashin tabbas game da makomar Ice Sheet na yammacin Antarctic tarwatsewa zai iya haifar da hawan teku na 5 zuwa 6m sama da shekaru ɗari da yawa (shafi na 42) Rahoton ya kuma ƙunshi shawarwarin manufofin: CO2 is a cause for concern but not panic; a program of action without a program for learning would be costly and ineffective (page 61) A careful, well-designed program of monitoring and analysis is needed to detect the CO2 signal on climate (page 76) Shawarwarin manufofin sun tabbatar da cece-kuce, kuma hakan ya hana kiraye-kirayen daukar matakin gaggawa kan sauyin yanayi a kafafen yada labarai da Washington. Masana tarihi Naomi Oreskes, Erik M. Conway, da Matthew Shindell sun yi jayayya cewa rahoton Nierenberg ya nuna asalin muhawarar sauyin yanayi da za ta biyo baya a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Mai ba da shawara na kimiyya na Reagan George A. Keyworth II ya ba da rahoton rahoton a cikin jayayya game da "ƙaddarar da ba ta dace ba kuma ba dole ba" na Hukumar Kare Muhalli, kuma Exxon kamar haka ya ambaci rahoton a cikin sake mayar da alkawurran da suka gabata don binciken makamashi mai sabuntawa. Oreskes da Conway sun yi iƙirarin cewa surori da masana tattalin arziki suka rubuta sun bambanta da waɗanda masana kimiyya suka rubuta, cewa shawarwarin manufofin sun fi nuna ra'ayoyin masana tattalin arziki, kuma Nierenberg, shugaban kwamitin, da kansa ya yi watsi da ra'ayin ra'ayi da aka cimma kan ɗumamar yanayi tsakanin yanayi. masana kimiyya, da kuma "a cikin yin haka da jayayya sun kaddamar da muhawarar sauyin yanayi, suna canza batun daga damuwa na kimiyya zuwa daya daga cikin takaddamar siyasa." A cikin takarda na 2010, ɗan Nierenberg Nicolas ya yi jayayya da kowane ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa, yana jayayya cewa sakamakon kimiyya na rahoton ya nuna ra'ayi na yanzu kuma yana nuna cewa sauran rahotannin yanayi daga lokacin kuma sun daina ba da shawara ga tsarin makamashi na kusa. canje-canje. Cibiyar Marshall Daga baya Nierenberg ya zama mai haɗin gwiwa na Cibiyar George C. Marshall, kuma mai sukar wasu ƙididdiga na kimiyya na takardun bincike daban-daban. GadoGado See also 'Yan kasuwan shakka Nierenberg Prize Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

51306

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohie%20El%20Din%20El%20Ghareeb

Mohie El Din El Ghareeb

Mohie El Din Abu Bakr Moussa Mohamed Elgharieb 1933-3 Maris 2023) masanin tattalin arzikin Masar ne, ɗan siyasa, kuma ɗan kasuwa. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi El Ghareeb a shekarar 1933 a Giza, Masar ga babban iyali. El Ghareeb ya haifi 'ya'ya biyu daga aurensa na farko. Bayan matarsa ta rasu, ya auri wata mace wacce ta haifi ɗa na uku. A shekarar 1999 ya auri matarsa ta uku. Siyasa El Ghareeb ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sasantawa na Bankin Duniya kuma gwamnan Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya. Ya kuma kasance minista a gwamnatin Masar tsawon shekaru 14. Ya kasance Ministan Kudi daga shekarun 1996 zuwa 1999. A matsayinsa na jagoran masana tattalin arziki a jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ta Masar ya kasance mataimakin bayan, shugaba Hosni Mubarak na Masar. Ya kuma riƙe mukamin babban mai ba da shawara kan tattalin arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kuma babban mai ba da shawara kan harkokin siyasa da tattalin arziki na gwamnatoci da dama da suka hada da Masarautar Burtaniya, da kuma na gwamnatocin Jamus, Faransa, Rasha, China, Italiya, Japan, Saudi Arabia, da kuma United Kingdom. Daular Larabawa. Ilimin tattalin arziki El Ghareeb ya kirkiri ka'idar Biyan Bashi, kuma yana gudanar da taruka da/ko laccoci na lokaci-lokaci game da ka'idodinsa a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyyar Siyasa a yawancin jami'o'i da cibiyoyi a duniya. Ya rubuta litattafai da yawa ciki har da littafin da aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin jagorar Bankin Duniya da Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a yanzu da taken The Modern State: Siyasa Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki. Ɗaya daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu shine ƙirƙirar tsarin tattalin arziki na farko (kuma kawai) na UAE da yankin Gulf Persian. Ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa sabon tsarin tattalin arzikin Yuro da Tarayyar Turai tare da hadin gwiwar UBS (Babban Bankin Duniya). Kasuwanci El Ghareeb a matsayin firayim ministan iyalinsa, ya gudanar da wani gungun kudade na kasa da kasa wanda ya kunshi hadakar iyalan Larabawa; El Ghareeb (Alkahira Suez, Masar), Bin Ladin (Jaddah, Saudi Arabia), Al Saud (Riyad, Saudi Arabia), Al Nahyan (Abu Dhabi, UAE), da Al Maktoum (Dubai, UAE). Ayyukan rukuni na yanzu sun haɗa da sayar da mota, dandamalin hako mai mai nauyi, samar da mai da fitarwa har ma da ginin jirgin ruwa na Supertanker. Sauran jeri na kasuwanci na Rukunin sun haɗa da tsarin makamashin nukiliya, masana'antar binciken makamashin hydrogen, da bincike na kayan haɓaka da dakunan gwaje-gwaje. A halin yanzu ana kimanta ƙungiyar da darajar fiye da dala Tiriliyan 2 (Dala Tiriliyan Biyu). The Group trade s da ko mallakar hannun jari a wasu kasa da kasa hukumomi, ciki har da 15% na DaimlerChrysler, 11% na Siemens Group, 51% na Saudi Aramco (babban mai samar da man fetur a duniya), 12% na Microsoft, 12% na Volkswagen kungiyar, jimlar 25% na EADS (ciki har da Airbus 51% na Saudi Binladin Group, 10% na Citigroup, da 10% na Bayer. Har ila yau, an yi ta yayata cewa El Ghareeb a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na Rasha ya kasance daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin masu safarar makamai a duniya wanda ya haifar da zargin cewa yawancin kasuwancin El Ghareeb na sirri ne kawai. jayayya El Ghareeb ya shiga manyan rigingimu da gwamnatin Masar A watan Fabrairun 2002, kuma tsawon watanni 24 ana tafka muhawara a kotuna, jaridun TV da kuma tsarewa. Daga karshe dai kotun da ke sauraron karar ta same shi da laifin da ake tuhumar sa. Bayan da aka ayyana shi ba shi da laifi, gwamnatin Masar karkashin jagorancin Atef Ebeed a wancan lokacin ta yi murabus kuma wata sabuwar gwamnati ta dauki alhakin abin da jama'a ke ganin shi ne kudirin da tsohuwar gwamnatin ta biya na wadannan rigingimu. Duba kuma Bankin Duniya Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya Asusun Raya Jari na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Manazarta Sources Money Banki na Prof. Dr. Mohie El Din El Ghareeb. Halin Zamani: Siyasa Tattalin Arziki da Siyasar Tattalin Arziki na Prof. Dr. Mohie El Din El Ghareeb. Kasuwancin Kyauta na Waje na Prof. Dr. Mohie El Din El Ghareeb. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ta Masar Winne: The Rebirth Egypt Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

49193

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinare%20na%20Libya

Dinare na Libya

Dinar Arabic pronunciation: r] alamar LD a cikin Latin, a cikin Larabci code LYD kudin kasar Libya ne na hukuma. An raba dinari zuwa dirhami 1,000 Babban Bankin Libya ne ya ba da shi, wanda kuma ke kula da tsarin banki kuma yana kula da bashi. Tarihi An gabatar da shi a cikin Satumba 1971 kuma ya maye gurbin fam a daidai. An danganta kuɗin zuwa haƙƙin zane na musamman akan ƙimar 2.80 SDRs akan dinari. A cikin 1972, an kafa bankin waje na Larabawa na Libya don tuntuɓar zuba jari a ketare. A cikin Fabrairun 1973, Dinaren ya kasance daidai da dalar Amurka akan 0.29679 dinari a kowace dala (LD). 1 US$3.37), wanda aka kiyaye har zuwa 1986. An canza peg zuwa haƙƙin zane na musamman a ranar 18 ga Maris 1986, tare da dinari 1 2.80 SDRs. A ranar 1 ga Mayu 1986, an ba da izinin dinari don kasuwanci a cikin kewayon 7.5% na 2.80 SDRs. An faɗaɗa wannan kewayon sau da yawa. Kudin ya fara raguwa sannu a hankali dangane da dalar Amurka a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, inda ya kai darajar dalar Amurka 1.55 a shekarar 2001. An rage darajar dinari da kashi 50% zuwa dalar Amurka 0.77 a shekarar 2002. Ali Mohammed Salem, mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasar Libya, ya bayyana cewa za a danganta darajar dinari na kasar Libya kan hakkin zane na musamman na tsawon shekaru daya zuwa uku, a cewar wata hira da kamfanin dillancin labarai na Reuters a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 2011. A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2021, an rage darajar dinari zuwa US$1 LD 4.48 don duk ma'amaloli da ke biyo bayan haɗewar kuɗin musanya, tare da rufe gibin da ke tsakanin farashin canji na hukuma da kasuwar baƙar fata. Tsabar kudi Har zuwa 1975, tsofaffin tsabar kudi da aka ƙididdige su a milliemes (daidai da dirham) suna yaduwa. A cikin 1975, an ƙaddamar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyi na 1 Da., 5 Dhs., 10 Dhs., 20 Daga, 50 DHs kuma 100 DHs wanda ke dauke da rigar makamai na Tarayyar Jamhuriyar Larabawa Wadannan sun biyo baya a cikin 1979 da jerin tsabar kudi na biyu, a cikin ƙungiyoyi iri ɗaya, waɗanda ke ɗauke da zane na mahayin doki a madadin makamai. LD An bayar tsabar kudi a cikin 2001 da 2004, bi da bi. A cikin 2009, sabbin 50 dhs., 100 dhs., LD An ba da kudi. 1 dh., 5 ku dhs., 10 dhs, da 20 dhs ku. tsabar kudi ba kasafai ake amfani da su azaman raka'a na musaya ba. Duk da haka, har yanzu suna riƙe matsayinsu na ɗan takara na doka. A cikin 2013 da 2014, Babban Bankin Libya ya ba da LD kudi da 50 DHs kuma 100 DHs tsabar kudi. Takardun kuɗi A cikin 1971, an gabatar da takardun banki a cikin ƙungiyoyin LD LD LD 1, LD 5 da LD 10. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1980, an ba da sabbin takardun banki don LD 5 da LD Ƙungiyoyi 10 (daraja, a lokacin, 7<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwsw">&nbsp;</span>stg da £14 stg, ko dalar Amurka 16 da dalar Amurka 32) da kuma ‘yan kasar Libya an ba su damar yin musayar bayanan da suke da su a bankunan babban bankin kasar mako guda, bayan haka tsohon LD. 5 da LD Bayanan kula guda 10 ba za su yi amfani ba. Mutanen da ke yin musayar, duk da haka, an sanar da su cewa LD kawai 1,000 sabon bayanin kula za a ba da izini ga kowane abokin ciniki, wani yunƙuri wanda "ya kawar da tanadin masu matsakaicin matsakaici da kuma kuɗin da aka tara na ƴan kasuwa baƙar fata" kuma "ya kawo faɗuwar fam biliyan 1.5 ga tsabar kuɗi- Baitul maliya". Bayan hayaniyar jama'a, shugaba Mu'ammar Gaddafi ya sanar a ranar 11 ga watan Yuni cewa, ko da yake ba za a kwace ko zuba jarin kudaden da aka kama ba, ba tare da cikakken tuntuba da 'yan majalisar wakilan jama'ar kasar 167 na kasar Libya ba. Bayanan Bayani na LD An ƙara 20 a cikin 2002. A ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2008, Babban Bankin Libya ya sanar da sabon LD 50 bayanin kula kuma an tsara shi don shiga yaduwa a ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2008. Rubutun ya riga ya fara yawo kuma ya nuna Gaddafi a kan gaba. Batutuwan da aka zayyana a kan takardun kudi ba su canza ba tun jerin 2 sai dai hoton Gaddafi wanda ya zama sabon zane na LD. 1 bayanin kula a cikin jerin 4. Bayan hambarar da gwamnatin Gaddafi a yakin basasar Libya na farko a shekara ta 2011, gwamnan babban bankin kasar Gasem Azzoz ya ce har yanzu ana ci gaba da yaduwa a rubuce-rubucen da fuskar hambararren mai karfin fada a ji a kansu kuma majalisar rikon kwaryar kasar za ta yi amfani da su wajen biyan albashin ma'aikatan gwamnati. da ma'aikatan gwamnati. Bankin na gudanar da fafatawa na sake fasalin takardun kudi wanda a karshe zai maye gurbin takardun da Gaddafi ya rubuta. Babban bankin ya fara janye LD 50 ga Janairu, 2012. 'Yan Libiya suna da har zuwa ranar 15 ga Maris su mika takardar ga bankuna. Issam Buajila, manajan yada labarai na babban bankin ya bayyana cewa LD 1 da LD Za a cire bayanin kula guda 20 daga rarrabawa nan ba da jimawa ba. Omar Elkaber, gwamnan babban bankin ya bayyana cewa tuni bankin ya fara buga sabbin takardun kudi. Babban bankin Libya ya fitar da LD da aka yi wa kwaskwarima 10 takardar banki tare da fasalin fasali, misali ɗaya shine cire ambaton zamanin Gaddafi "Jamahiriya" daga babba dama ta baya, tare da amfani da Ingilishi akan bayanin kula a karon farko cikin shekaru ashirin. Bugu da ƙari, an sake saita tsarin prefix na lambar serial zuwa "1". Siga biyu na LD da aka bita An fitar da takardar banki guda 10, daya mai sunan babban bankin da aka sanya da manyan jari-hujja, wanda De La Rue na Burtaniya ne ya buga, daya kuma mai sunan babban bankin a dukkan manyan haruffa Oberthur Technologies na Faransa ne ya buga. Wani sanannen bambance-bambance na bayanin kula guda biyu shine facin holographic, alamomin saman kusurwar hagu akan bayanin kula da kwanan wata. Sigar De La Rue yayi kama da fitowar sa ta baya, amma kawai babban bambanci shine prefix na lambar serial, wanda aka gano da "7A". Batun Oberthur Technologies yana da facin holographic daban-daban, ƙari na jinjirin watan da alamar tauraro a saman kusurwar hagu na bayanin kula, saitin lambar prefix a matsayin "1" da kwanan wata 17.02.2011 (Fabrairu 17, 2011, kwanan wata. juyin juya halin Libya na 2011 da yakin basasa kara a kasa. LD da aka bita An ba da takardar banki 5 tare da sauye-sauye masu kama da LD da aka sake dubawa 10 takardar banki. Rubutun Ingilishi ya maye gurbin rubutun Larabci a baya, an cire zamanin Gaddafi na "Jamahiriya" daga gaba da babba dama na bayanin kula, sannan an cire ginshiƙi na zamanin Gaddafi daga abin tunawa na yaƙin Al. Hani. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2013, a daidai lokacin da ake cika shekaru biyu da yakin basasar Libya, babban bankin kasar Libya ya ba da sanarwar LD. 1, fitowarta ta farko bayan juyin juya halin Libiya da yakin basasa na 2011 A gaban takardar an nuna masu zanga-zangar adawa da Gaddafi dauke da tutar 'yan tawayen Libya Bayan bayanan yana nuna tutar Libya da kurciya na zaman lafiya. Ranar 31 ga Maris, 2013, Babban Bankin Libya ya ba da LD 20 takardar banki. Rubutun mai launin ruwan lemu galibi yana ɗauke da makaranta a Ghadames a gaba da masallacin Al-Ateeq da filin Oujla a bayansa. A cikin Yuni 2013, Babban Bankin Libya ya ba da LD 50 takardar banki. Rubutun mai launin kore ya ƙunshi fitilun Italiyanci a Benghazi a gaba da kuma samuwar Dutse a cikin tsaunukan Tadrart Acacus a baya. Wannan shine bayanin farko a Libya don amfani da zaren "Motion" na Crane. Jerin na yanzu Shahararrun suna da ɗarikoki Dinar Libya ana kiranta jni. [ʒni] Yaren Libyan yamma) ko jneh (yaren Libyan gabas), an samo shi daga sunan Ginin Burtaniya (cf genēh na fam na Masar Ba kasafai ake amfani da sunan dinari a wajen da'irar hukuma ba. Raka'ar juzu'i mai izini, dirham, ba a taɓa yin magana a cikin tattaunawar yau da kullun ba. Garsh bambancin kalmar qirsh ana aiki dashi a maimakon haka, tare da garsh 1 dirhami 10. Dinari dubu a salo ana kiranta kilo Hakazalika, a wasu lokuta ana yiwa lakabi da dinari biyar da dinari goma, a cikin matasa maza da mata, faifa da tsena bi da bi, wa]anda wasan kwaikwayo ne na mata na kalmomin Ingilishi biyar da goma, amma kuma suna iya zama ragowar Birtaniyya. kalmomin 'fiver' da 'tenner' don bayanin kula na fam biyar da goma bi da bi. ‘Yan kasar Libya Omar El-Mokhtar ne ke yiwa kudin Libya laqabi da mai fafutukar ‘yanci na Libya wanda ke nuna a gefen LD. 10 bayanin kula. Dinare na gabashin Libya Tun daga 2016, Babban Bankin Libya ya haɗu da Majalisar Wakilai kuma ya ba da nasa dinari na Libya, tare da takardun banki na LD. 20 da LD 50 da LD 1 tsabar kudin, wanda Goznak ya buga kuma ya buga a Rasha An bayar da su ne a matsayin martani ga karancin kudade a gabashin rabin kasar, wanda ke nuna rashin hadin kan kasar Libya da ke da gwamnatoci biyu masu gaba da juna a gabashi da yamma. Nassoshi Libya Kudi Kudade Kuɗi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

28623

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20zuciya

Cutar zuciya

Cutar zuciya (CVD) rukunin cututtuka ne waɗanda suka shafi zuciya ko tasoshin jini. CVD ya haɗa da cututtuka na jijiyoyin jini (CAD) irin su angina da infarction na zuciya (wanda aka fi sani da ciwon zuciya). Sauran CVDs sun haɗa da bugun jini, raunin zuciya, cututtukan zuciya na hauhawar jini, cututtukan zuciya na rheumatic, cardiomyopathy, rhythms na zuciya mara kyau, cututtukan zuciya na haihuwa, cututtukan zuciya na valvular, carditis, aortic aneurysms, cututtukan jijiyoyin gefe, cututtukan thromboembolic, da thrombosis na venous. Hanyoyin da ke ciki sun bambanta dangane da cutar. Cutar na jijiyoyin jini, bugun jini, da cututtukan jijiyoyin jini sun haɗa da atherosclerosis. Ana kuma iya haifar da haka ta hanyar hawan jini, shan taba, ciwon sukari mellitus, rashin motsa jiki, kiba, hawan jini, rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yawan shan barasa, da sauransu. An kiyasta hawan jini ya kai kusan 13% na mutuwar CVD, yayin da taba ke da kashi 9%, ciwon sukari 6%, rashin motsa jiki 6% da kiba 5%. Ciwon zuciya na rheumatic na iya biyo bayan strep makogwaro ba tare da magani ba. An kiyasta cewa har zuwa 90% na CVD na iya yin rigakafi. Rigakafin CVD ya haɗa da haɓaka abubuwan haɗari ta hanyar: cin abinci lafiya, motsa jiki, guje wa hayakin taba da iyakance shan barasa. Yin maganin abubuwan haɗari, kamar hawan jini, lipids na jini da ciwon sukari shima yana da fa'ida. Yin maganin mutanen da ke da strep makogwaro tare da maganin rigakafi na iya rage haɗarin cututtukan zuciya na rheumatic. Amfani da aspirin a cikin mutane, waɗanda ba su da lafiya, ba shi da fa'ida mara tabbas. Cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini sune kan gaba wajen mutuwa a duk sassan duniya in banda Afirka. Tare CVD ya haifar da mutuwar mutane miliyan 17.9 (32.1%) a cikin 2015, daga 12.3 miliyan (25.8%) a cikin 1990. Mutuwar, a wani shekaru da aka ba da, daga CVD ya fi kowa kuma yana karuwa a yawancin ƙasashe masu tasowa, yayin da rates ke karuwa. sun ragu a yawancin kasashen da suka ci gaba tun daga shekarun 1970. Cututtukan jijiyoyin jini da bugun jini suna lissafin 80% na mutuwar CVD a cikin maza da 75% na mutuwar CVD a cikin mata. Yawancin cututtukan zuciya da jijiyoyin jini suna shafar tsofaffi. A cikin Amurka 11% na mutane tsakanin 20 zuwa 40 suna da CVD, yayin da 37% tsakanin 40 da 60, 71% na mutane tsakanin 60 da 80, da 85% na mutane sama da 80 suna da CVD. Matsakaicin shekarun mutuwa daga cututtukan jijiyoyin jini a cikin ƙasashen da suka ci gaba ya kai kusan 80 yayin da yake kusan 68 a ƙasashe masu tasowa. Ganewar cututtuka yawanci yana faruwa shekaru bakwai zuwa goma a baya a cikin maza idan aka kwatanta da mata. Ire-ire Akwai ire-iren cututtuka da ke da alaka da tashoshin jini iri-iri. Ana kiransu da cututtukan vascular diseases. Cutar Coronary artery (kuma ana kiranta da cutar zuciya wato coronary heart disease ko kuma ischemic heart disease) Cutar Peripheral arterial cutar tashoshin jini da suke kai jini zuwa hannu da kafa. Cutar Cerebrovascular disease cutar tashoshin jini da suke kai jini zuwa kwakwalwa (kamar Bugun jini) Cutar Renal artery stenosis Aortic aneurysm Har ila yau, akwai cututtukan cardiovascular wanda suke da alaka da zuciya Cutar Cardiomyopathy cutar da ke da alaka da tsokar cardiac Cutar Hawan jini na zuciya cutar zuciya da ke da alaka da Blood pressure ko kuma Hawan jini. Heart failure wani yanayi na cuta wanda ke faruwa yayinda zuciya ta gaza watsa jini zuwa sauran gabobin jiki don gudanar da harkokin metabolism. Pulmonary heart disease gazawar barin dama na zuciya wanda ke da alaka da tsarin numfashi. Cardiac dysrhythmias rashin natsuwar bugun zuciya Cutar kumburewar zuciya Endocarditis shine [[kumburi]n sashin cikin zuciya, wato endocardium. Sassan da suke fi alaka da ita sune heart valves. Kumburin zuciya cardiomegaly Myocarditis shine kumburin myocardium, sashin tsoka na zuciya wanda ke yawan faruwa a dalilin kamuwa da kwayoyin cutan virus viral infection ko kuma a wasu 'yan lokuta a dalilin kamuwa da kwayoyin cuta na bacteria bacterial infection, ko wasu magunguna, ko abubuwan da zuciya bai so, ko kuma matsalar kwayoyin kare jiki daga kamuwa da cuta. Eosinophilic myocarditis kumburin myocardium a dalilin cututtukan Eosinophilic a cikin fararen kwayoyin jini wato white blood cell Valvular heart disease Congenital heart disease lalacewar surar zuciya da ke faruwa a lokacin haihuwa Rheumatic heart disease lalacewar tsokokin zuciya a dalilin zazzabin rheumatic wanda ke faruwa a dalilin Streptococcus pyogenes. Abubuwan da ke iya janyo cutar zuciya Akwai abubuwa da dama da ka iya janyo cutar zuciya, kamar; shekaru, jinsi, amfani da taba/sigari, rashin motsa jini, cutar non-alcoholic fatty liver, yawam shan barasa, rashin cin abinci mai kyau, kiba, gado ko kuma tarihin dangi akan cututtukan zuciya, hawan jini, diabetes mellitus, yawan maiko acikin jini hyperlipidemia, cutar celiac wacce ba ai mata magani ba, matsalolin zamantaewar rayuwa, talauci da karancin ilimi, gurbacewar Iska, da kuma rashin samun isasshen cacci Kariya Za'a iya kiyaye kusan kaso 90% na kamuwa daga cutar zuciya matukar an kiyaye wadannan abubuwan da ke janyo cutar. Hanyoyin da ake gwada wajen magance kamuwa da cutar zuciya su ne; Kiyaye cin kayan abinci nagina jiki, irinsu kayan abinci na Mediterranean, cin ganyayyaki kawai, haramtawa kai cin nama ko kuma kiyaye cin kayan abinci na shuke-shuke kawai. Maye kayan abinci masu yawan maiko ko kitse na dabbobi da mai da aka cire daga jikin itace ko tsirrai: Bincike na lafiya ya nuna cewa sauya cin abinci daga masu maiko na dabbobi zuwa mai da ake cirewa daga shuke-shuke na rage illar kamuwa da cutar zuciya da kaso 30%. Bincike sun nuna cewa wannan dabi'a na rage cin maiko na daga dabbobi zuwa mai da aka sarrafa daga jikin itace kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cutukan zuciya matuka. Rage kiba idan mutum ya cika kiba. Illar rage kiba na da kusancin alaka ga illar sauya nau'in kayan abinci, sannan hujjoji akan nau'in kayan abinci na rage kiba kadan ne. Acikin wani bincike na nazari da aka gano akan mutane masu kiba sosai, rage kiba bayan aikin tita na bariatric surgery kan rage hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya da kaso 46%. Rage shan barasa zuwa wasu 'yan lokuta a duk rana. Mutanen da basu shan abubuwan da ke dauke da giya na da kaso 25–30% na karancin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya. Haka zalika, mutanen da basuyi gadon shan barasa da yawa ba na da karancin hadarin kamuwa da cututtukan zuciya. Yawan shan barasa na kara hadarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya, sannan kuma shan barasa kan inya janyo faruwar cutar zuciya a rana ta gaba daga shan ta. Rage cin abinci da ke dauke da maiko na HDL cholesterol. Magungunan Statin kan rage mace-mace ta hanyar cutar zuciya da kusan kaso 31%. Daina shan sigara da sauran kayan hayaki na taba. Dena shan taba gabaki daya kan rage hadarin kamuwa da kas 35%. Motsa jini akalla na mintuna 150 (sa'anni 2 da minti talatin) a duk mako. Rage hauhawan jini, idan jinin ya hau. Rage hawan jini da 10 mmHg na rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar zuciya da kaso 20%. Saukar da hawan jini da amfani ko da ace hawan jinin na tafiya daidai yadda ya kamata. Rage damuwar zuci. Wannan mataki na da wuyan kiyaye saboda ba lallai a iya bayyana abubuwan da suka shafi tunani ba. Yawan damuwa yana da hadarin kara kamuwa da cutar zuciya, musamman ga masu tarihin matsalolin zuciya. Rashin samun isasshen bacci ma na iya haifar da hawan jini. Baligi na bukatan akalla sa'anni 7-9 na bacci a duk rana. Mafi akasarin masana kiwon lafiya sun bada shawara kiyaye wadannan ka'idoji baki daya. Manazarta Translated from

13677

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Bougainville

Tsibirin Bougainville

Tsibirin Bougainville Tok Pisin Bogenvil babban tsibiri ne a Yankin Bougainville cikin Papua New Guinea, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Lardin Bougainville. Wurin shi ne babban yankin Daular Jamus wacce ke haɗe da arewacin Solomons Tare da nisan zango-hudu zuwa ɗari biyar da ta raba tsibirin Buka (c.500) km 2 fadin kasar ta takai 9,300 km 2 (3591 kilomita mil). Yawan jama'ar lardin ya kai 234,280 (ƙididdigar shekarar 2011), wanda ya ƙunshi kananan tsibirai kamar Carterets Dutsen Balbi a kan babban tsibirin a 2,715m shine mafi tsayi. Buka, duk da sirantarsa, ba shi da gada; duk da haka, jiragen ruwa ke kai kawo yau da kullun suna aiki tsakanin manyan maɓuɓɓuka a kowane ɗayan kuma Garin Buka yana da babban filin jirgin sama filin jirgin sama na arewacin. Shi ne mafi girma daga Tsibirin Solomon, mafi yawanci, wanda aka mayar da hankali ne kudu da gabas, suna da yanci a siyasance kamar tsibirin Solomon Islands daga biyu daga cikin wadannan tsibirin Shortland yana da kasa da 9 km arewa ko arewa maso yamma zuwa Bougainville; su bi da bi kusan 30 km yamma da Choiseul, wani yanki wanda, Poroporo, yana fuskantar Bougainville. Yawan fita daga Buka shine daga New Ireland, tsibiri mai girma na gaba na Papua New Guinea. Tarihi An fara kafa Bougainville ne kimanin shekaru 28,000 da suka gabata. Shekaru uku zuwa dubu huɗu da suka wuce, jama'ar Austronesia suka iso, tare da kawo su gida, aladu, karnuka, da kayan aikin na 'yan oho Tattaunawar Turai ta farko da Bougainville ta kasance ne a cikin 1768, lokacin da Bafaransar Faransa Louis Antoine de Bougainville ta zo da sunan babban tsibirin da kansa. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Jiragen ruwan na Ingila da na Amurka sun ziyarci tsibirin don tanadi, ruwa da katako a ƙarni na 19. Na farko da aka samu shine Roscoe a 1822, na ƙarshe shine Palmetto a 1881. Masarautar Jamus tayi ikirarin Bougainville a 1899, ta maida shi New Guinea ta Jamus Kiristocin mishaneri sun isa tsibirin a shekara ta 1902. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya, Astiraliya ta mamaye da New Guinea ta Jamus, ciki har da Bougainville. Wannan ya zama wani yanki na yankin Australiya na New Guinea a karkashin yarjejeniyar League of Nations mandate a shekarar 1920. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> A cikin 1942, a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, Japan ta mamaye tsibirin, amma sojojin haɗin gwiwa sun ƙaddamar da yakin Bougainville don karɓar ikon tsibirin a cikin 1943. Duk da manyan bama-bamai, sojojin Jafananci suna kan tsibirin har zuwa 1945. Bayan yakin, Territory na New Guinea, ciki har da Bougainville, sun dawo cikin ikon Ostiraliya. A cikin 1949, Territory na New Guinea, ciki har da Bougainville, sun haɗu tare da Papua na Australiya, suna kafa Territory na Papua da New Guinea, Terungiyar Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Australiya. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Ran 9 ga Satumba, 1975, majalisar Australiya ta zartar da Dokar 'Yancin Papua New Guinea ta 1975 Dokar ta sanya 16 Satumba 1975 a matsayin ranar samun 'yanci kuma ta dakatar da ragowar ikon mallaka da kuma majalisun dokoki na Australiya sama da yankin. Bougainville ya kasance wani ɓangare na Papua New Guinea mai zaman kanta. Koyaya, a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1975, a wani yunƙurin neman cin gashin kai, Bougainville ya ayyana kansa a matsayin Republic of the North Solomons Jamhuriyyar ta gaza samun karbuwa a duk duniya, kuma an cimma matsaya a watan Agusta 1976. Daga nan sai Bougainville ya tsinci kansa cikin siyasa zuwa Papua New Guinea tare da kara karfin mulkin kai. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Tsakanin 1988 da 1998, yakin basasa na Bougainville ya yi asarar rayuka sama da 15,000. Tattaunawar zaman lafiya da New Zealand ta fara ne a 1997 kuma ya haifar da mulkin kai. Wata kungiya da ke sa ido kan zaman lafiya (PMG) karkashin jagorancin Ostareliya aka tura ta. A shekara ta 2001, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ciki har da alkawarin raba gardama kan 'yancin kai daga Papua New Guinea. An gudanar da wannan kuri’ar ne tsakanin 23 ga Nuwamba zuwa 7 ga Disamba 2019, tare da bayyana sakamakon a ranar 11 ga Disamba. Tambayar raba gardama wani zaɓi ne tsakanin manyan mulkin mallaka a Papua New Guinea, ko cikakken 'yanci. Daga cikin ingantattun kuri’u, kashi 98.31% na goyon bayan cikakken ‘Yanci. Kuri'ar ba ta dauri; Gwamnatin Papua New Guinea ce ke da ƙarshen magana game da matsayin Bougainville. Taswira Bougainville ita ce tsibiri mafi girma a tsibirin Solomon Islands. Yana da wani ɓangare na Solomon Islands dazuzzukan kurmi ecoregion Bougainville da tsibiri na Buka makwabta ƙasa ce da tazarar mai girman mita 300. Tsibirin yana da yanki mai nisan murabba'in kilomita 9000, kuma akwai abubuwa masu yawa da suka yi aiki, dormant ko volcanoes wanda ya tashi zuwa 2400 m. Bagana (1750 m) a arewacin tsakiyar yankin na Bougainville yana aiki da hankali, yana fitar da hayaki wanda yake bayyane tsawon kilomita da yawa. Girgizar asa tayi akai-akai, amma tana haifar da karamin illa. Ecology Tsibirin Bougainville yana da farko a dazuzzuka tare da keɓaɓɓen yanayin yanayin ƙasa. Yin hakar jan karfe a tsibirin ta hanyar aikin haƙo ma'adanan ruwa na Rio-Tinto ya haifar da mummunar illa ga yanayin ƙasa da na ƙasa daga lalacewar gandun daji da baƙin ƙarfe da ke lalata gurɓataccen ma'adanai, lamarin da ya haifar da tashe tashen hankulan 'yan tsibirin don kare ƙasa da kuma tsabtace muhalli. Kwanan nan, gandun daji don ciyar da yawan mutanen da ke ƙaruwa ya shafi kwararar koguna da yawa a tsibirin. Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ba da damar sauƙaƙe tsabtace ma'adanin na Rio Tinto mallakar Panguna da kuma bincika sake buɗe ma'adinan tare da tsauraran matakan muhalli. Sauyin yanayi Tattalin arziki Bougainville yana da mafi girman adon jan ƙarfe na duniya, wanda ke gudana tun daga 1972, amma aka rufe shi a cikin wani sanannen juyin juya halin ga bukatun ma'adinai na ƙasashen waje. Sakamakon wata rundunar Papua New Guinean ta 7 ta rufe tsibirin a yayin juyin juya halin Kwakwa, an yanke tsibirin daga duniyar waje. Wannan matsin lambar ya tilasta wa mazauna tsibirin su samar da tsare-tsare na kai da kansu daga wasu wuraren da aka kubutar da albarkatun gona, gami da samar da wutar lantarki a kauyen, kayan kwakwa na rayuwa, gonakin lambun daji, da kuma maganin gargajiya na gargajiya. Wadannan sabbin dabaru sune suka zama masu maida hankali wajen shirya finafinai mai taken The Revolution Revolution Demographics Addini Mafi yawan mutane a Bougainville mabiya addinin kirista ne, an kiyasta cewa kashi 70 cikin dari na zama dan darikar Roman Katolika da kuma masu karamin karfi na Cocin United na Papua New Guinea tun daga 1968. Kusan ba 'yan ƙasa ba ne kamar yadda yawancin waɗanda aka kora sakamakon yaƙin basasa. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Harsuna Akwai yare da yawa na asalin halitta a cikin lardin Bougainville, mallakin iyalai uku ne. Harshen arewacin ƙarshen tsibirin, kuma wasu sun watse ko'ina cikin bakin tekun, mallakar dangin Austronesian ne Harshen arewaci da tsakiya na Kudancin Bougainville Island suna cikin iyalan Arewa da Kudu Bougainville <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Mafi yawan yaren mutanen Austronesia shine Halia da yarenninta, ana magana a tsibirin Buka da yankin Selau na Arewacin Bougainville. Sauran yaruka na Austronesian sun hada da Nehan, Petats, Solos, Saposa (Taiof), Hahon da Tinputz, dukkaninsu anyi magana ne a arewacin kwata Bougainville, Buka da tsibiran da ke kewaye. Waɗannan yarukan suna da alaƙa da juna. Bannoni da Torau yare ne na Austreliya waɗanda ba sa da dangantaka da tsohon, waɗanda ake magana da su a yankunan gabar teku na tsakiya da kudu Bougainville. A Takuu Atoll na kusa ana yin yaren Polynesian, Takuu Harshen Papuan suna tsare a babban tsibirin Bougainville. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Rotokas, yaren da ke da ƙananan kayan ƙirar waya, Eivo, Terei, Keriaka, Naasioi (Kieta), Nagovisi, Siwai (Motuna), Baitsi (wani lokacin ana ɗaukar yaren Siwai), Uisai da wasu da yawa. Waɗannan sun ƙunshi iyalan yare biyu, North Bougainville da South Bougainville <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Babu wani daga cikin yarukan da fiye da kashi 20% na mutanen suke magana, kuma manyan yaruka irin su Nasioi, Korokoro Motuna, Telei, da Halia sun kasu zuwa yaruka waɗanda ba koyaushe ake fahimtar juna ba. Don sadarwa ta gaba dayawa yawancin 'yan Bougainvilleans suna amfani da Tok Pisin a matsayin harshen Faransanci, kuma aƙalla a cikin yankunan gabar teku Tok Pisin koyaushe yara kan koya a cikin yanayin yare. Turanci da Tok Pisin sune harsunan kasuwancin gwamnati da gwamnati. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Hakkin dan Adam An yanke shi daga waje na shekaru da yawa ta hanyar shingen Papua New Guinean a yayin juyin juya halin kwakwa, 'yan tsibirin sun sha fama da asarar rayuka da yawa daga rashin kayan aikin likita. Wani bincike da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar a shekara ta 2013 ya nuna maza 843 sun gano cewa 62% (530 wadanda suka amsa) daga cikin wadanda suka yi wa wata yarinya fyade a kalla sau daya ne, tare da kashi 41% (217 wadanda suka amsa) daga mazajen sun bayar da rahoton sun yi fyade da wanda ba abokin tarayya ba, yayin da 14% Masu amsa laifuka 74) sun ba da rahoton aikata fyade. Bugu da ƙari, binciken ya kuma gano cewa kashi 8% (67 waɗanda suka ba da amsa) na mazan sun yi wa wasu maza ko maza fyaɗe. Mashahuran al'ada Juyin Juya Halin Kabilan, wanda ya kasance rubuce-rubuce game da gwagwarmayar yawan 'yan asalin ƙasa don ceton tsibirin su daga lalata muhalli da samun independenceancin kai, an yi a 1999. Tsibiri na Evergreen (2000), fim ɗin da masu shirya finafinan Australiya Amanda King da Fabio Cavadini na Filin Frontyard suka nuna ƙima wanda mutanen Bougainvillean suka rayu kusan kusan shekaru goma (1989-1997) ba tare da kasuwanci ko tuntuɓar duniya ta waje ba, saboda na takaddama ta kasuwanci. Mr. Pip (2012) fim ne wanda daraktan New Zealand Andrew Adamson fim ya dogara da littafin Mister Pip wanda Lloyd Jones ya wallafa Sanarwar 'yancin kai A ƙarshen Nuwamba shekarar 2019 an gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama mara ƙuri'a don yanke hukunci kan ko Bougainville yakamata ta kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Papua New Guinea. Sakamakon ya nuna matukar goyon baya ga ikon mallakar tsibirin, inda kashi 98% na kuri'un da ke goyon bayan ballewa. Duba kuma Battle of Empress Augusta Bay Bougainville campaign Bougainville Copper Bougainville Revolutionary Army Empress Augusta Bay Francis Ona List of birds of the Solomon Islands archipelago North Solomon Islands The Bougainville Photoplay Project Manazarta Bibliography Hall, R. Cargill (1991). Walƙiya Kan Bougainville: An Sake Kula da Ofishin Jakadancin Yamamoto Smithsonian Institution Press. ISBN Hall, R. Cargill (1991). Hall, R. Cargill (1991). Gailey, Harry A. (1991). Bougainville, 1943-1945: Gangamin Yafe Jami'ar Press na Kentucky. ISBN Gailey, Harry A. (1991). Gailey, Harry A. (1991). Hobbs, J. (2017). Asali na Tarihin Yankin Duniya (na 4 ed.) Boston, Massachusetts. Karin karatu Robert Young Pelton, mafarauci Hammer da sama, tafiye-tafiye zuwa Duniya uku sun tafi Mad. ISBN 1-58574-416-6 Coordinates: 6°14′40″S 6.24444°S -6.24444; 155.38389 Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Najeriya

Dokar Najeriya

Dokar Nijeriya ta ƙunshi kotuna, laifuka, da nau'ikan dokoki daban-daban. Nijeriya tana da nata kundin tsarin mulki wanda aka kafa a ranar 29 ga Mayun shekara ta 1999. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Najeriya shine babbar dokar kasar. Akwai hudu jinsin doka da tsarin a Najeriya, da suka hada da Turanci dokar, Common dokar, m dokar, kuma Sharia Law. Dokar Ingilishi a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga mulkin mallaka na Najeriya, yayin da dokar gama gari ci gaba ce daga samun 'yancinta na mulkin mallaka. Dokar Al'adar ta samo asali ne daga ƙa'idodi da al'adun gargajiya na asali, gami da tarurrukan sasanta rikice-rikice na ƙungiyoyin ɓoye na ƙasar Yarbawa kafin mulkin mallaka da Èkpè da Okónkò na Igboland da Ibibioland Dokokin Sharia (wanda aka fi sani da Shari'ar Musulunci) ana amfani da shi ne kawai a Arewacin Nijeriya, inda Islama ke da fifikon addini Musulmai ma suna amfani dashi a cikin jihar Legas. Kasar tana da reshe na shari'a, babbar kotun ta ita ce Kotun Koli ta Najeriya Dokar Laifuka ta Najeriya a halin yanzu itace babi na 77 na dokokin tarayyar Najeriya a shekara ta 1990; ya shafi jihohin kudu ne kawai, jihohin da Kiristoci suka mamaye tun daga shekarar 1963. Ya samo asali ne daga lambar mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya da Babban Kwamishina Frederick Lugard ya gabatar, na farko Baron Lugard a cikin shekara ta 1904, ya zama Dokar Laifuka ta 1916, an sanya ta a matsayin babi na 42 a cikin Dokokin Tarayyar Nijeriya na shekara ta 1958; har zuwa shekara ta 1959 kawai ya shafi jihohin arewacin Najeriya, amma tun daga shekara ta 1963 kawai ya shafi jihohin kudancin Najeriya. Dokar hukunta laifuka ta Najeriya, wacce aka fi sani da Penal Code na Arewacin Najeriya, a halin yanzu babi na 89 ne na Dokokin Arewacin Najeriya na shekara ta 1963; ya shafi jihohin arewa ne kawai, wadanda musulmai suka fi rinjaye tun daga 1960. Tun asali an gabatar da shi ne a ranar 30 ga Satumbar shekara ta 1960, wanda aka samo daga Kundin Tsarin Hukunci na Sudan, wanda shi kuma ya samo asali daga Dokar Hukunci ta Indiya Matsayi na Tsarin Dokar Najeriya Tsarin mulkin Nijeriya ya amince da kotuna a matsayin kotunan Tarayya ko na Jiha. Bambancin farko tsakanin su shine Shugaban kasa yana nada alkalai alkalai a kotunan tarayya, yayin da Gwamnonin Jihohi ke nada alkalai a kotunan jihohi. Duk nadin da aka yi (na tarayya ne ko na jiha) sun dogara ne da shawarwarin Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Shari'a ta Kasa Kotunan Tarayya sune: Kotun Koli, Kotun Daukaka Kara da kuma Babbar Kotun Tarayya. Kotunan Jihohi sun hada da: Babbar Kotun Jiha, Kotun daukaka kara ta gargajiya da wata Kotun daukaka kara ta wata Jiha. Kowane ɗayan jihohin (a halin yanzu talatin da shida) yana da izinin tsarin mulki ya mallaki duk waɗannan kotunan. Koyaya, jihohin arewacin musulmai akasari suna da kotunan Shari'a maimakon kotunan Al'adu. Jihohin kudu maso kudu wadanda galibinsu mabiya addinin kirista ne suna da kotunan Al'adu ba kotunan Shari'a ba. Saboda kasancewar babban birnin Najeriya (wanda aka fi sani da gari mai farin ciki ko Babban Birnin Tarayya, FCT) ba jiha bane, bashi da Gwamna. Kotunan da suke dai-dai da kotunan jihohi suna da Shugaban ƙasa ya naɗa Alƙalai don haka kotunan tarayya ne. Kotunan babban birnin tarayya sune: Babbar Kotun FCT, Kotun daukaka kara ta Al'adar na FCT da Kotun daukaka kara ta Shari'a ta FCT Tier 1 Kotun: Kotun Koli Kotun Koli ta Najeriya ita ce babbar kotu a Najeriya. An kafa shi ne a babban birnin tarayya, Abuja Kotun Koli ne yafi wani kotu na kotun daukaka kara, kuma shi ne karshe roko kotu a kasar. Hakanan yana da ikon asali a cikin vs. Jiha da Jvs. Shari'o'in Gwamnatin Tarayya. Kotun kolin tana karkashin jagorancin wani Alkalin Alkalai wanda wasu Alkalai ke taimaka masa. Nadin Babban Alkalin Alkalai da Alkalai na bukatar tabbatarwa da Majalisar Dattawa. Tier 2 Kotun: Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara Kotun daukaka kara na gaba ita ce Kotun daukaka kara, a Abuja. Koyaya, don kusantar da adalci ga mutane, Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara tana da rarrabuwa da yawa (a halin yanzu goma sha shida) a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara yana da taken Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara. Alkalai ne ke taimaka masa ta. Nadin Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ne kawai ke bukatar tabbatar da Majalisar Dattawa. Kotun daukaka kara ne yafi wani kotu na kotun] aukaka} iko, duk da haka shi yana da asali iko ga shugaban kasa da kuma mataimakin-zaben shugaban kasa koke-koke. Kotun daukaka kara ta Tarayya ita ce inda tsarin shari'a da yawa (Ingilishi, Al'adu da Sharia) na Najeriya suka hadu. An tsarin mulkin kasar da ake bukata a yi a kalla uku Mahukunta wanda suke masana a al'ada da doka da akalla uku Mahukunta wanda suke masana a Musulunci sirri dokar. Ana iya daukaka kara kan hukuncin daga kotu na 2, zuwa Kotun Koli. Kotuna na Tier 3 Kasa da Kotun Daukaka Kara na Tarayya su ne kotuna na uku. Sun hada da: (1) Babbar Kotun Tarayya da (2) Babbar Kotun koli ta wata e FCT, (3) Kotun daukaka kara ta Gargajiya ta wata jiha FCT da (4) Kotun daukaka kara ta Shari'a ta wata jiha Babban birnin tarayya Babbar Kotun Tarayya tana Abuja. Domin kusantar da adalci ga mutane yana da rarrabuwa a cikin kowace jihohi talatin da shida na kasar. Babbar Kotun Tarayya gaba daya kotu ce ta asalin iko Koyaya, tana da ikon ɗaukaka ƙara daga kotuna kamar su Kotun Roko na Haraji Babban Alkali ne ke jagorantar ta wanda wasu Alkalai ke taimaka masa. Babbar Kotun jihar FCT ita ce babbar kotun shari'a ta Ingilishi a cikin wata ƙasa ko FCT. Babbar Kotun jihar FCT da Babban Kotun Tarayya suna da iko iri ɗaya. Dangane da cewa akwai rarrabuwa a babbar kotun tarayya a kowace jiha kuma kowacce jiha tana da nata Babbar Kotun, yawanci ana samun rudani game da wace kotu ce. Misali, a cikin jihar Legas, akwai Babbar Kotun Tarayya, Lagos da wata Babbar Kotun ta Legas (wani lokacin ana kiranta da Babban Kotun Jihar Legas). Babban Alkali ne ke jagorantar sa wanda wasu Alkalai ke taimaka masa. Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Al'adu ta wata Jiha FCT ita ce mafi girman kotun shari'ar Al'adu a cikin wata Jiha FCT. Alkalin ne ke jagorantar sa wanda yake da taken: Shugaban Kotun daukaka kara ta Al`ada na jihar FCT kuma wasu Alkalai suna taimaka masa. Kotun daukaka kara na Shari'a na wata jiha FCT ita ce kotun shari'ar Musulunci mafi girma a cikin wata jiha FCT. Wata babbar Khadi ce ke jagorantarta wacce wasu Khadis ke taimaka mata. Ana iya daukaka kara kan hukunce-hukuncen daga kotuna na 3 zuwa kotun ta 2 (Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Tarayya). Kotuna na Tier 4: Kotunan Jiha Kananan kotuna a kasar duk kotunan jihohi ne (babu kotun tarayya a cikin wannan kungiyar). Sun hada da (i) Kotunan Majistare da ke daukar kararrakin shari’ar Turanci (ii) Kotunan Gargajiya da ke kula da shari’o’in Gargajiya da (iii) Kotunan Sharia da ke kula da Shari’a. Ana iya daukaka kara daga kotuna na 4 kawai zuwa manyan kotuna na uku (misali hukunce-hukunce daga Kotun Magistrates ta Ingila za a iya daukaka kara ne kawai zuwa kotun doka ta Ingilishi ta uku (Babban Kotun jihar FCT). Sauran Kotuna Akwai kotunan zabe guda biyu wadanda suka hada da: (1) Kotunan zaben majalisar kasa da ke kula da korafe-korafe daga zaben Majalisar Dattawa da na Wakilai da (2) Gwamna da Kotunan Zabe na Yan Majalisu wadanda ke magance kararraki daga Gubernatorial da Majalisar Dokokin Jiha zabe. Shugaban Kotun Daukaka Kara ta Tarayya ne ya kafa kotunan zaben tare da tuntubar manyan Alkalan manyan kotunan jihohi, Shugabannin Kotunan Alkalai na Gargajiya na jihohin da ko Grand Khadis na Kotunan daukaka kara na Sharia na jihohin. Code of Kotun An kafa Kotun Codea'idar byabi'a ta Chaptera'idar C15 Code of Conduct Bureau da kuma Dokar Kotun, mai lamba 1 na shekara ta 1989 Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004 tare da ranar da za a fara 1 Janairun shekara ta 1991, wanda "ya tanadi kafa dokar Gudanar da Ofishin da Kotun don magance korafe-korafen na cin hanci da rashawa da ma’aikatan gwamnati ke yi saboda karya dokokin ta. Kotun Code of Conduct Tribunal (CCT) za ta kunshi shugaba da wasu mambobi biyu, wadanda shugaban su zai kasance mutumin da ya rike ko ya cancanci rike mukamin a matsayin Alkalin babban kotun daukaka kara a Najeriya kuma zai samu irin wannan ladar kamar doka zata iya bada umarni. Shugaban da sauran mambobin Kotun za a nada su ne bisa Shugabancin Majalisar Shawara ta Kasa. Wa'adin ofishin shugaban CCT da membobinsa zai kare idan ya cika shekaru saba'in. Ba za a cire mutumin da ke rike da mukamin shugaba ko memba na Kotun Code of Conduct Tribunal daga ofishin sa ko nadin sa ba sai a kan adireshin da ya goyi bayan kashi biyu cikin uku na kowace Majalisar Dokoki ta Nijeriya ta yi addu’ar ya zama don haka an cire shi saboda rashin iya gudanar da ayyukan ofis din da ake magana akai (ko hakan ya samo asali ne daga rashin lafiyar hankali ko jiki) ko don rashin da'a ko kuma keta dokar. Ba za a cire mutumin da ke rike da mukamin shugaba ko memba na Kotun ba daga mukaminsa kafin ya yi ritaya, sai dai bisa tanadin sashin dokar. Ana iya ɗaukaka hukunci daga Kotun duabi'a zuwa kotun ta 2 (Kotun ɗaukaka ƙara ta Tarayya). Sharia Sharia (wanda aka fi sani da shari'ar Islama doka ce da ake amfani da ita a arewacin musulmin kasar. Shari'a, ma'ana "hanya" ko "hanya" a cikin dokar addini ta Musulunci, ta kasance a Nijeriya na dogon lokaci. Dokar shari’ar farar hula an sanya ta a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Nijeriya daban-daban tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai. Tsarin mulki na kwanan nan ya fara aiki a cikin shekara ta 1999. Bayan dawowar kasar ga mulkin demokradiyya a shekara ta 1999, wasu daga cikin jihohin arewacin kasar wadanda galibinsu musulmai ne suka kafa cikakkiyar shari'ar musulunci (mai laifi da na farar hula). An fara amfani da cikakkiyar shari'ar musulunci a Zamfara a karshen shekara ta 1999 kuma dokar ta fara aiki a watan Janairun 2000. Tun daga wannan lokacin wasu jihohi goma sha daya suka bi sahu. Wadannan jihohin sune Kano, Katsina, Niger, Bauchi, Borno, Kaduna, Gombe, Sokoto, Jigawa, Yobe, da Kebbi Jerin ayyuka da hukunce-hukunce Mai zuwa jerin dokoki da ayyukan da Majalisar Kasa ta ƙirƙira sune kamar haka: Ayyukan Majalisar Kasa Dokokin Dokokin Canji (1917) Dokar Dokar Wutar Lantarki 1929. Dokar Anatomy (1933) Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Dokar Nijeriya 1950. A'a. 15. Dokar Tabbatar da Ayyuka (1962) Dokar Niger Dams ta 1962. Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa Dokar 1972. A'a 24. Dokar Fatarar Kuɗi (1979) Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya ta yanke hukunci 1989. A'a. 19 Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya Dokar 1988. Babu 32 Dokar wutar lantarki 1990 Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa (NEPA) ta Dokar 1990. Dokar sasantawa da sulhu (1998) Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1998. A'a 29. Majalisa ta 4: 1999 2003 Tsarin mulkin tarayyar Najeriya 1999 Dokar Code of Criminal Dokar Penal Code Dokar 'Yancin Yara na 2003 Dokar Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa ta 2004. Dokar Sashin wutar lantarki (EPSR) Dokar 2005. A'a. 6. Majalisa ta 5th: 2003 2007 Dokar Hukumar Raya kungiyoyin orderasashe orderungiyoyi, 2003 8th Parliament: 2015 2019 Trafficking in Persons (Prohibition), (Enforcement And Administration) Act, 2015 Dokokin Gwamnatin Soja ta Tarayya Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya ta zartar da hukunci 1979. No. 62 Wutar lantarki (Kwaskwarima) Dokar 1998. NEPA (Kwaskwarimar) Dokar 1998. Dokar Bayar da Kasuwanci da Kasuwanci na 1988. A'a. 25. Gudanar da Hukumar Shari'a ta Yanke 1991 (Babu 55) Dokar ikon zartar da hukunci a 1991 (Babu 59) Bankuna da Sauran Cibiyoyin Kudi Sun zartar da hukuncin 1991 Babban Dokar Babban Bankin Najeriya 1991 (Babu 24) Dokar Yankin Tattalin Arziki na Musamman. Dokar Amfani da 197asa ta 1978 Dokar Man Fetur 1978. Horar da doka Duba Makarantar Koyon Doka ta Najeriya Duba Jami'ar Benin Duba Jami'ar Abuja Duba Jami'ar Legas duba Jami'ar Ibadan duba Jami'ar Nijeriya, Nsukka duba Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe duba Jami'ar Afe Babalola duba Jami'ar Maiduguri duba Jami'ar Nile na Najeriya Laifi Duba wadannan: Kai Hare-hare Baturi Rantsuwa Cin mutuncin addini Hanyoyin haɗin waje Albarkatun kan dokar Najeriya akan CommonLII Jagora ga Dokar Kan Layi Najeriya daga Laburaren Majalisa Manazarta Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Lauyoyi Lauyoyin Najeriya a karni na 21st Kungiyoyin Lauyoyi ta Najeriya Tarihin Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharif%20Sheikh%20Ahmed

Sharif Sheikh Ahmed

Sharif Sheikh Ahmed Somali An haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif 1964,ɗan siyasan ƙasar Somaliya ne wanda ya zama shugaban ƙasar Somaliya daga shekarar 2009 zuwa shekarar 2012. Shi ne wanda ya assasa kuma shugaban jam'iyyar siyasa ta Himilo Qaran sannan kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban dandalin jam'iyyun na kasa Somali Somaliya. Shi ne shugaban majalisar 'yan takarar shugaban kasar Somaliya Rayuwar farko da aiki Ilimi An haife shi a ranar 25 ga Yulin 1964 a garin Mahaday da ke kudancin yankin Shabel ta tsakiya inda ya sami ilimin koyarwar addinin Musulunci da harshen Larabci da kuma haddar kur'ani tun yana yaro. Ya fara karatunsa a Cibiyar Sheikh Sufi, wacce ke da alaka da Jami'ar Azhar ta Masar Ya yi karatu a jami'o'in Libya da Sudan a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a da shari'ar Musulunci Saboda haka, addini tarbiyyar da kuma ilimi a yarda da shi ya yi nasara da mahaifinsa a matsayin ruhaniya shugaban na Idrisiyya Order of masu zumunci a Somalia. Sharif ya kammala karatunsa a Jami'ar Boston a cikin Janairu 2012. Aikin doka A shekara ta 2000 ne Sharif ya tafi Somalia a daidai lokacin da Somalia ke karkashin ikon shugabannin yaki, kuma abokai ba za su iya ziyartar juna a Mogadishu saboda rarrabuwar kawuna da rashin yarda da juna. Rikicin yakin basasa ya bayyana a ko'ina a Somaliya kuma Sharif yana da burin ceto kasarsa da al'ummarsa. Ya kafa Hukumar Al Shuruuq, cibiyar al'adu da al'adu da kuma kungiyar samari a Mogadishu wanda ya sauƙaƙa hulɗar zamantakewa ga matasan Somaliya waɗanda ba su taɓa ketare iyakokin da sarakunan yaƙi suka yi ba. A sakamakon haka, mazauna Mogadishu sun fara ketare layi inda abokai, abokan makaranta, da dattawa za su iya haduwa su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a hanya mai kyau. Sharif ya zama lauyan yanki na lardinsa na tsakiyar Shabelle, inda aka zabe shi shugaban wata kotun lardi a Jawhar tsakanin 2001 da 2002. Kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai a babban birnin Somaliya wadanda suka yi amfani da wargajewar gwamnatin tsakiyar kasar ne ke da alhakin yin garkuwa da mutane marasa adadi. An kafa kotun ne ta hanyar yakin neman zabe wanda Sharif ya jagoranci ganin an sako wani yaro da aka sace. Kotun ta samu nasarar ganin an sako yaron da wasu da aka sace da kuma motocin da aka sace. Kotun ta ci gaba da murkushe ta'addancin gungun 'yan bindiga da masu fada a ji wanda ya zama ruwan dare a babban birnin kasar. Bayan haka, dukkanin kotunan Islama guda biyar suka hade, aka zabi Sharif wanda a kodayaushe ake ganinsa a matsayin mai sassaucin ra'ayi na kungiyar kotunan Musulunci, ya zama shugaba. Somaliya ta riga ta fara samun sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki cikin gaggawa a karkashin watanni shida na farko na shugabancin kasar. An kawar da sarakunan yaƙi da tasirinsu daga birnin tare da taimakon jama'a wanda ya sa a karon farko cikin shekaru goma sha shida aka sake buɗe filin jirgin saman Mogadishu da tashar jiragen ruwa na Mogadishu Manyan jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kira wannan lokaci a matsayin 'Zaman Zinare' a tarihin siyasar Somaliya. A lokacin gwamnatin rikon kwarya da aka kafa a Mbagathi, na Nairobi a shekara ta 2004, ta kasance kasa mai rauni wadda ta rabu kuma tana da rauni. Sojojin Habasha sun mamaye Somaliya suna ikirarin cewa suna kokarin taimakawa gwamnatin rikon kwarya ne tare da hambarar da kungiyar hadin kan kotunan Islama. Sharif ya gana da jakadan Amurka a Kenya domin tattaunawa game da hadin gwiwa da gwamnatin rikon kwarya, inda daga nan sai ya tafi kasar Yemen inda ya gana da wasu tsoffin mambobin kotunan Islama. Sana'ar siyasa kafin shugaban kasa A matsayinsa na jagoran 'yan adawa Shariff, tsohon shugaban kotunan Islama, yana neman hedkwatar kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia A cikin watan Satumban 2007 kusan wakilai 500 ne suka taru a birnin Asmara na kasar Eritriya, ciki har da masu kishin Islama, da 'yan majalisar dokoki, da kungiyoyin farar hula da na kasashen waje, suka kuma amince da tsarin mulki. A ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2008 ne jam'iyyar Sharif ta Alliance for 'yan kwato Somaliya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnatin rikon kwarya a kasar Djibouti mai suna Yarjejeniyar Djibouti Shugaban kasar Somaliya Gwamnatin Sharif ta yi nasarar kawo gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya ta hanyar rikon kwarya bayan rugujewar gwamnatin da ta shude a shekara ta 1991. An yaba wa gwamnatinsa wajen inganta kundin tsarin mulkin Somaliya da kuma kafa muhimman cibiyoyi kamar ‘yan sanda da sojoji da kuma bangaren shari’a Ya kafa rundunar sojojin kasar Somaliya, ya bude babbar tashar ruwa ta Mogadishu sannan ya sake bude babban bankin kasar A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sharif, gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta yi nasarar fatattakar kungiyar Al Shabaab daga babban birnin ƙasar da kewaye, inda ta samar da tsaro, zaman lafiya da sulhu a cikin tsaka mai wuya. Zaben Shugaban Kasa 2009 Bayan lashe zaɓen da aka yi a safiyar ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, an rantsar da shugaba Sharif a safiyar yau a otal din Kempinski da ke Djibouti Sharif ya lashi takobin kafa gwamnati mai fa'ida, sannan kuma ya gayyaci dukkanin kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai a cikin wannan kasa ta kahon Afirka da ke fama da yaki da su shiga yunkurin sulhu da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke daukar nauyi. Ahmedou Ould-Abdallah, wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na musamman a Somaliya, ya yaba da zaben shugaban kasa da aka yi cikin gaskiya. A cikin wata sanarwa da Ould-Abdallah ya fitar, ya ce "A karshe muna ganin ci gaba daga aiki tukuru da dukkan bangarorin ke yi na samar da majalisar dokoki mai hade da juna." Taron kungiyar kasashen Larabawa A watan Maris din shekarar 2009, Sharif ya halarci taron kasashen Larabawa a Bagdad, domin samun goyon bayan yaki da kungiyar Al-Shabaab, da samar da tsaro, zaman lafiya da sulhu. Taron manema labarai tare da Hillary Clinton A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, Sharif da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, sun gudanar da taron manema labarai na hadin gwiwa a birnin Nairobi na kasar Kenya, inda suka tattauna kan kalubalen da Somaliya ke fuskanta, da kuma yiwuwar samun zaman lafiya, da kwanciyar hankali da sulhu ga Somaliyawa. Cibiyar Dabaru da Nazarin Ƙasashen Duniya A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2009, Cibiyar Dabaru da Nazarin Kasa da Kasa (CSIS) a Washington ta dauki nauyin taron shugabanni tare da Sharif kan Somaliya don inganta zaman lafiya ta hanyar hada kai tsakanin kasa da kasa. Jawabin da aka yi a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke New York A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2009, Sharif ya gabatar da jawabi a wajen babban taron majalisar dinkin duniya karo na 64 a hedkwatar MDD dake birnin New York, kan inganta zaman lafiya, da tsaro, da sulhu da kuma isar da kayayyakin jin kai. Taron Istanbul na Somaliya na 2010 A watan Mayun shekara ta 2010, a taron Istanbul kan Somaliya, babban sakataren MDD Ban Ki-moon ya bayyana cewa, dama ce kawai ta samar da zaman lafiya a Somaliya, ita ce goyon bayan gwamnatin Shariff. Ya bayyana goyon bayansa na musamman ga Sharif da kansa, yana mai cewa yana bukatar ya hau mulki da kuma karfafa shugabancinsa. Jawabin a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A ranar 25 ga Satumban shekara ta 2010, jawabin Sharif a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya shafi inganta zaman lafiyar yanki, tsaro da sake gina kasar Somaliya. Nada Farmajo a matsayin Firayim Minista Sharif ya nada tsohon sakataren farko na ofishin jakadancin Somaliya a Washington, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, a matsayin sabon firaministan Somaliya a watan Oktoban 2010 bayan murabus din Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Ban Ki-Moon ya fitar da wata sanarwa inda ya yaba wa shugabannin Somaliyan kan yadda suka cimma matsaya kan tsare-tsare da suka taimaka wajen tabbatar da sabon firaministan na gaskiya da tuntubar juna. Ƙungiyar Al-Shabaab ta janye daga Mogadishu A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2011, Sharif ya sanar da cewa sojojinsa sun fatattaki 'yan tawaye masu kishin Islama da ke fafutukar hambarar da gwamnatinsa da ke samun goyon bayan kasashen yammacin Turai bayan da kungiyar Al Shabaab ta fara janye mayakan daga Mogadishu babban birnin ƙasar. Kampala Accord Yarjejeniyar Kampala ta kasance yarjejeniya ce da aka yi a Kampala, Uganda bisa ga kundin tsarin mulkin rikon kwarya na Jamhuriyar Somaliya don kawowa da kawo karshen rikon gwamnatin rikon kwarya a ranar 20 ga watan Agustan 2011. Shugaban gwamnatin rikon kwarya Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, Hon Sharif Hassan Sheikh Aden, shugaban majalisar rikon kwarya, Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, shugaban kasar Uganda, da Dr Augustine Mahiga, ne suka sanya hannu a ranar 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2011. Wakilin Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ziyarar AMISOM A watan Satumban 2011, Sharif ya ziyarci dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na Burundi da ke aiki a kasarsa domin nuna goyon bayansu ga rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Tarayyar Afirka a Somaliya (AMISOM). "Na zo ne domin in kai ziyara ga dakarun wanzar da zaman lafiya na AMISOM da kuma sojojin Somaliya," shugaban ya fadawa manema labarai kafin ya koma Villa Somalia bayan kammala tarurruka. “Manufar ita ce gano yadda sojoji ke aiki da kuma yadda suke a shirye don taimakawa al’ummar Somaliya da gwamnati. Kamar yadda kuke gani a shirye suke da gaske kuma suna da kwarin gwiwa wajen kawo karshen matsalolin da suka shafi al'ummar Somaliya. Sojojin biyu suna da kyakkyawar alaka ta aiki, kuma muna fatan hadin gwiwarsu zai haifar da nasara ga kasarmu da kawar da makiya." Operation Linda Nchi Operation Linda Nchi ("Kare ƙasar"; Swahili: Linda Nchi) shine sunan aikin haɗin gwiwa na soja tsakanin sojojin Kenya da na Somaliya wanda aka fara a ranar 16 ga Watan Oktoban shekara ta 2011, lokacin da sojoji daga Kenya suka tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa rikici. yankunan kudancin Somaliya. Tattaunawar Kampala A watan Nuwamban 2011, Sharif ya gana da takwaransa na Uganda Yoweri Museveni, inda suka tattauna batun tsaro a Somaliya da kuma yankin gabashin Afirka. Sharif ya samu rakiyar ministoci da ‘yan majalisa da dama. Taron Garoowe A watan Fabrairun 2012, Sharif da wasu jami'an gwamnatin Somaliya sun gana a garin Garowe da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar, domin tattaunawa kan shirye-shiryen siyasa bayan mika mulki. Bayan tattaunawa mai zurfi da ya samu halartar masu ruwa da tsaki na yankin da kuma masu sa ido na kasa da kasa, taron ya kare ne da wata yarjejeniya tsakanin shugaban kasa, firaminista Abdiweli Mohamed Ali, shugaban majalisar dokoki Sharif Hassan Sheikh Adan, shugaban Puntland Abdirahman Mohamed Farole, shugaban Galmudug Mohamed Ahmed Alin da Ahlu Sunna Wakilin Waljama’a, Khalif Abdulkadir Noor ya tanadi cewa: a) za a kafa sabuwar majalisar wakilai mai wakilai 225, wadda za ta zama ‘yar majalisa da ta sama mai wakilai 54; b) Kashi 30% na Majalisar Zartarwar Kasa (NCA) an ware mata ne; c) Za a nada shugaban kasa ta hanyar zaben tsarin mulki; d) Shugaban kasa ne ke zabar Firayim Minista sannan ya nada majalisar ministocinsa. Taron London kan Somaliya Sharif yayi magana a taron London kan Somalia a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2012. Sharif ya ce: "Ga dukkan ku da kuka yi iya kokarinku don ganin an kawo karshen wahalhalun da al'ummar Somalia ke ciki, muna so mu ce mun yaba da wannan gagarumin kokari." Sakatariyar harkokin wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, da Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon da wakilai daga gwamnatoci sama da 40 sun halarci taron London kan Somaliya, domin tattauna batun sake gina Somaliya da magance matsalar fashin teku, ta'addanci da yunwa. Taron Istanbul na 2012 kan Somaliya A ranar 1 ga watan Yunin 2012, Sharif da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon sun halarci taron Istanbul kan Somaliya don inganta kokarin sake gina duniya da kuma mara baya ga kokarin tabbatar da zaman lafiya. Sabon tsarin mulki A ranar 23 ga watan Yunin 2012, gwamnatin tarayyar Somaliya da shugabannin yankuna sun sake yin taro inda suka amince da daftarin tsarin mulki bayan kwanaki da dama na tattaunawa. A ranar 1 ga watan Agusta ne majalisar dokokin kasar ta amince da sabon kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, inda kashi 96% suka kada kuri'a, kashi 2% suka ki amincewa da shi, sannan kashi 2% suka ki kada kuri'a. Dubai Charter An gudanar da taron yaki da fashi da makami a Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa na biyu a Madinat Jumeirah a Dubai a ranakun 27-28 ga watan Yuni. Ta samu halartar wakilai sama da 400 da suka haɗa da ministocin harkokin waje, hukumar kula da ruwa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da shugabannin masana'antu, kungiyoyin jin kai da masana ilimi. Sharif na gwamnatin rikon kwaryar Somaliya ne ya gabatar da jawabi mai mahimmanci a taron. An kammala taron tare da kira mai karfi na "sakamakon hanya" kan 'yan fashin teku da suka hada da gwamnatocin kasashe, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da kuma masana'antar ruwa ta duniya. A ranar 28 ga watan Yunin 2012, Sharif ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Ahmed Mahamoud Siilaanyo, shugaban yankin 'yan awaren Somaliland a arewa maso yammacin Somaliya. Yarjejeniyar wadda ake yiwa lakabi da Yarjejeniya ta Dubai, ta bukaci a kara samun hadin kai tsakanin sassan siyasa daban-daban na Somalia, kuma wani bangare ne na kokarin sulhuntawa na kasa da kasa baki daya a tsakanin dukkan bangarorin Somaliyan. Shuwagabannin yankunan Puntland da Galmudug masu cin gashin kansu da kuma karamin ministan harkokin wajen Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa sun halarci rattaba hannun. Zaɓen Shugaban Ƙasa na 2012 Shigar da Sharif ya yi a zaben shugaban kasa da kuma amincewa da sakamakon shan kaye da aka yi masa na nuni da zuwan dimokradiyyar Somalia. An yaba masa bisa yadda aka mika mulki cikin lumana. Wannan shi ne karon farko da aka shaida irin wannan aika aika a Somaliya cikin shekaru arba'in. Bayan shugaban ƙasa (2012 yanzu) Ana kiran Sharif da sunan 'Uban Somalia na Zamani' saboda nasarorin da ya samu a wa'adin shugabancinsa. Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2017 A zaben shugaban ƙasa na shekara ta 2017, Mohamed Abdullahi Mohamed, wanda Sharif ya nada a matsayin firaminista, ya gaji Hassan Sheikh Mohamud a matsayin shugaban Somaliya A zagaye na biyu kuma na karshe na kuri'un 'yan majalisar, Sharif ya samu kuri'u 45 yayin da Mohamed ya samu kuri'u 185. Himilo Qaran Sharif ya kafa jam'iyyar Himilo Qaran ne a watan Disambar shekara ta 2018 gabanin zaben 2020. A cikin shekara ta 2019 Himilo Qaran ya shiga dandalin jam'iyyun kasa kawancen jam'iyyun siyasar Somaliya. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2019 Himilo Qaran ya shiga kawancen jam'iyyun siyasar Somaliya, dandalin jam'iyyun ƙasa. Dandalin Jam'iyyun Kasa A watan Satumban 2019 Sharif ya kafa Forum for National Parties kawance na jam'iyyun siyasa shida da suka hada da nasa jam'iyyar Himilo Qaran da UPD wadda ita ce jam'iyyar magajinsa Hassan Sheikh Mohamud Kawancen FNP ya hada kan shugabannin kasar domin yin aiki tare domin warware matsalolin siyasa da tsaro na Somaliya. Tun da aka kafa FNP ta yi yakin neman zabe kan batutuwa daban-daban da suka hada da taimakon jin kai, tattaunawa da FGS da kuma tsarin zaben Somaliya Majalisar 'Yan Takarar Shugaban Ƙasa A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2020 aka zabi Sharif a matsayin shugaban majalisar 'yan takarar shugaban kasa, wadda ta taka rawar gani wajen rike gwamnatin Somalia kan yadda za a gudanar da zabe mai zuwa. Jam’iyyar CPC ta dukufa wajen warware batutuwan da suka hada da batun tsaro da tabarbarewar zabe a zaben 2021. Zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na 2021 A watan Janairun shekara ta 2019 Sharif ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugaban kasa a 2021 bisa tikitin jam'iyyarsa ta siyasa Himilo Qaran A yayin da gungun 'yan takarar shugaban kasa 14 suka hadu a Mogadishu don taron kwanaki shida a watan Nuwamba 2020 Majalisar 'Yan takarar Shugaban kasa ta kasance. aka kafa kuma aka zabi Sharif a matsayin shugaba. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Fellowship, Jami'ar Boston Sharif ya ci moriyar haɗin gwiwar tsohon-Shugabannin-In-Residence wanda Jami'ar Boston da ke Massachusetts, Amurka ta fara. Cibiyar Archives da Cibiyar Nazarin Shugabancin Afirka (APARC) ce ke gudanar da karatun. Tana daukar nauyin shirye-shirye da suka hada da muhawara kan manufofin jama'a don fadada ilimin sarkakiya da albarkatu a Afirka. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sharif Sheikh Ahmed shafin Twitter Sharif Sheikh Ahmad Facebook'ta Yarjejeniyar Djibouti Kampala Accord Haifaffun 1966 Rayyayun Mutane Somaliya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illolin%20kallon%20fina-finan%20Banza

Illolin kallon fina-finan Banza

Tun bayan bullowar yanar gizo, amfani da fina finam banza ya yi tashin gwauron zabo. "Pornhub" gidan yanar gizon batsa mafi girma a duniya, ya sami ziyartan rukunin yanar gizo sama da biliyan 33.5 yayin 2018 kadai.Yawan adadin fina finan batsa a yanzu da ake samu akan lyanar gizo yana da ban mamaki, kimanin mutane miliyan 40 na Amurka koyaushe suna ziyartar shafukan yanar gizon na fina finan batsa a shekarar 2022. Yayin da yawancin abubuwan batsa da kuma adadin wadanda ke kallon batsa sun karu, an sami gagarumin bincike da masana kimiyya da likitoci suka gudanar don fahimtar tasirin batsa. masana kimiyya yanzu suna iya bayyana daidai yadda kallon batsa ke tasiri ga kwakwalwa da jiki. Illolin da fina finam batsa zasu iya yi sun hada da 1. Kallon batsa yana iya canza zubin kwakwalwa Akwai yanki a cikin kwakwalwar dan adam da aka sani da "cibiyar lada" wanda ke taimakawa wajen dabi'antuwar Dabi'a. Yana fitar da sinadin dake saka dan adam yaji dadi yayin da yayi nasara ko yacinma guri, wannan sinadarin shi ake kira da "dopamine", wanda shi wannan sinadarinne yake kafa alaqa tsakanin ayyuka da fahimtar sha'awar ko jin dadin wannan aikin. misali jin dadi idan kaci abinci, ko kuma idan ka kusanci iyali. A kallon fina finam batsa, kwakwalwa tana canzawa daban sabanin yadda take yi lokacin ciye-ciye mai dadi ko yin nasara.A wadannan lokutan, kwakwalwa tana dakatar da sakin "dopamine" da zarar an gamsu da sha'awar. Sabanin haka, kallon fina finai na batsa suna tasiri ga kwakwalwa sosai kamar yadda shaye shaye ta hanyar haifar da karuwar yawan dopamine. A bayan tsawon lokaci na kallon fina finan kwakwalwa tana sabawa ga wuce gona da iri na dopamine din dazaya gamsar da ita, wannan yake saka mutum son kara kallon fina finam domin ya gamsar da kansa wurin jin dadin. Bincike daga Neuroscience akan sabawa da kallon fina finan Batsa na Intanet yana nuna cewa tsawaita kallon batsa yana da alaƙa da lalalcewar "cibiyar lada" ta kwakwalwar dan Adam. Bugu da ƙari kuma, da zarar cibiyar lada ta canza ta hanyar fitar "dopamine" yana iya haifar da mutum da tilasta neman aikin da yake haifar da fitarwa na dopamine. Yawancin abubuwan da ake amfani dasu ba akan ka'ida ba suna haifar da fitar dopamine kai tsaye ba tare da yin aiki don cimma manufa ba9yin abu me amfani). Wannan na iya lalata tsarin cibiyar lada na dopamine. A cikin kallon fina finam batsa, muna samun "jima'i" ba tare da aikin jima'i ba. bincike ya nuna cewa batsa na iya canza cibiyar lada kuma. A takaice, lokacin kallon batsa, kwakwalwar mutum tana samun karancin jin dadi yayin da take son karin, sau da yawa yana haifar da rashin jin dadin da kuma hadakar dabi'ar. 2. Kallon batsa yana Canza Dabi'ar kwakwalwar Dan Adam Lokacin da cibiyar ladan kwakwalwa ta haifar da sakin 'dopamine' da sinadarai masu alaqa dashi haka kuma tana fitar da furotin (DeltaFosB) wanda ke aiki a matsayin "mai karfafawa." A zahiri, yana haifar da wata don hada aikin da mukeyi da yadda suke ji—a wannan yanayin, yana haɗa jin dadi kallon kallon fina finan batsa. Wannan hadin yana haifar da karin bukatar aikin, yana sa mutum ya sake komawa zuwa batsa, bisa ga rahoton Neuroscience of Internet Pornography Addiction. Idan isashen wannan furotin mai karfafawa ya hadaka, zai iya haifar da canje-canje masu dorewa ga kwakwalwar ku wanda zai bar ku har ma da hadari dawwama ga dabiar.. Lokacin da kwakwalwa ta hada cibiyar ladan kwakwalwar dan adam tare da wani abu mai cutarwa, zai iya mamaye imanin da mutum yayi a baya yi a baya game da abin da bai dace ba ko bai dace ba sai ya sa ku yi tunanin cewa ba komai bane. daya daga cikin binciken ya gano cewa mutanen da suka taba kallon fina finan ga batsa sunyi tunanin cewa abubuwa kamar jima'i na tashin hankali sun kasance sau biyu fiye da wadanda basu taba kallon batsa ba. 3. Kallon hotunan batsa yana shafar/lalata dangantaka Kallon fina finam batsa wanda yake da cutarwa ko rashin mara yana da illa wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewa tunani mai dorewa ga samari da samun dangantaka mai kyau. Alal misali, nazarin ya nuna cewa kallon batsa 'hardcore' na iya canza tunani akan da mata; mazan da ke kallon batsa akai-akai sun fi iya nuna rashin amincewa da mata da kuma daukarsu kamar ba mutane ba. Domin batsa ita ce tushen wasu matasa na bayanai game da jima'i, waɗannan abubuwan da za su iya haifar da ra'ayoyin da ba su dace ba. Yin jima'i babban sako ne da ake gabatarwa a cikin hotunan batsa na zamani, kuma wani bita da aka yi na fitattun faifan bidiyo na batsa ya gano cewa a cikin 9 cikin 10, ana dukan mace, ko kururuwa, ko kuma cutar da su. Babu "babu wata shaida da ke nuna cewa kallon batsa ya haifar da raguwar yadda mutane ke farin ciki tare da abokan zamansu, kuma ba su da alama suna amfani da batsa a matsayin hanyar magance nakasu a cikin dangantakar su" "A halin yanzu, kawai meta-bincike akan cin batsa kamar yadda ya shafi gamsuwa tsakanin mutane. Ƙungiyar gabaɗaya ta kasance mara kyau ga maza amma ba mahimmanci ga mata ba.”—Wright Kraus et al, 2017. Yawancin bayyanar da hotunan batsa sun fi shiga cikin halayen jima'i, nisantar da su daga abokan zamansu, da rage jin daɗin jimai 4. batsa na karfafa matsalar gamsar da kai: Iya sarrafa kaii da iya hakuri da Jinkirin na jin dadi wata fasaha ce mai mahimmanci don koyo idan mutum yana son nasara jagora a rayuwarsu. Ainihin, mafi koshin lafiya na daidaikun mutane sun kware a fasahar horo da jinkirin gamsuwa. Sau da yawa ba da sha'awar kallon batsa yana haifar da rashin iya jinkirta neman jin dadi. Kwakwalwar tana ƙara mai da hankali kan abubuwan da kuke jin daɗi wannan ze iya saka kwakwalwa ta rasa damar hani ya zuwa abubuwa marar sa kyau. Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa mutanen da suka kamu da kallon batsa na iya yin rashin nasara sosai a wasu sassan rayuwarsu. 5. batsa na iya lalata kimar kima da darajar mutum Bidiyo tanada tasiri sosai. Muna rayuwa a cikin duniyar da muke bukatar ganin wani abu don yin imani da shi. bidiyo a zamanin yanzu shine mafi tasirin hanyar hanyar sadarwa da yada bayanai. Abun shine, bidiyo yana da ikon yin tasiri har ma da maye gurbin halaye a cikin zuciyar mutum ba tare da sanin abin da kuke gani ba. Abin ban tsoro, dama shine Yayin da kuke kallon bidiyo, hankalin mutum na fahimtar, yadda da kuma sabawa da abin da ake ciyar da shi. Kallon fina finam batsa na iya canza ma mutum tunani akan jima'i. Yana iya ƙarfafa masu tunanion su neman jima'i ta kowane irin yanayi. a wasu lokuta, yakan saka mutum kulla dangantaka ta kud da kud da mutanen da zasu iyayin jima'i ba tare da wata iyaka ba. Kamar yadda abin farin ciki yake, yin jima'i da mutane da yawa dabi'a ce marar mutunci. Kada ka zama bawa ga sha'awar jima'i, maimakon haka, ya kamata ka kula da shi. 6. kallon fina finan batsa na iya haifar da tabarbarewar mazakuta Wannan shi ne na musamman ga maza. karfin mazakuta yana da mahimmanci ga kusan kowane saurayi. tabarbarewar mazakuta ta dalilin kallon fina finam batsa abu ne mai matukar bada tsoro. Kallon batsa akai-akai na iya haifar da matsala akan tashin azzakari wanda kawai za a iya samunshi ta hanyar kallon fina finam batsar fiye da yadda yakeyi a baya. Wannan ma matsala ce. Amfani da batsa yakan canza yanayin rayuwar juma'i na mata. Jima'i, cin abinci mai dadi, samun yarda ("soyayya" akan kafofin watsa labarun) duk suna haifar da sakin dopamine. 6 Kallon tsuraicin na sanya tabarbarewar cimma guri da nasara Bincike yanuna cewa yanada wahala wanda ya kamu da kallon fina finam batsa ya yi fice wajen kafa manufa da cimma guri. yawancin mutanen da suka kamu da kallon fina finam batsa suna samun matsala a cikin kasuwancinsu, dangantakarsu, da kuma ayyukansu. Abin da aka ambata a baya “ƙosar da kai” ɗabi’a ce da ba ta haduwa tare da gurika masu wahala. Dopamine ne neurotransmitter (wani sinadari da ƙwayoyin jijiya suka fitar don watsa sigina zuwa sauran ƙwayoyin jijiya.) Yana da mahimmanci a cikin ɓangaren kwakwalwarmu da ke da alhakin halin lada. Jima'i, cin abinci mai daɗi, samun yarda duk suna haifar da sakin dopamine acikin kwakwalwa. A Lokacin da mutum yake yawan kallon batsa, yana cika kwakwalwa da dopamine. wanda yakesa masu yin hakan su rasa tasirin shi dopamine din kamar yadda suka saba, se su zama masu bukatar samuwar jin dadin wannan se yasaka su kama tsunduma cikin dabiar, Wannan yana nufin cewa da'irar/ci biyar ladarsu a kwakwalwa na iya canzawa daga asali. Cibiyar/da'irar lada tana da mahimmanci a nasarorin da ke da kima da gaske a rayuwar mutum, kamar, ba da gudummawa ta hanya mai ma'ana ga al'umma, haɓaka fasahar da ake nema, gina iyali, kulla abota, gina kasuwanci, gasa a wasanni ko yin fice a cikin sana'a.

51549

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiragen%20saman%20Afirka

Jiragen saman Afirka

Jiragen sama sun karu a Afirka saboda, a kasashe da yawa, hanyoyin sadarwa na hanya da na dogo ba su da kyau saboda matsalolin kudi, ƙasa, da lokutan ruwan sama. Ben R. Guttery, marubucin Encyclopedia of African Airlines, ya ce "Ko da yake yawancin masu jigilar ba su taɓa zama babba bisa ka'idodin Turai ko Amurka ba, sun yi tasiri sosai ga tattalin arziki da mutane". Yawancin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka mallakar gwamnatocin ƙasa ne ko kuma gaba ɗaya. Wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka sun kasance ko a baya suna da kamfanonin jiragen saman Turai a matsayin manyan masu hannun jari, kamar KLM wanda ke da kashi 7.8% a Kenya Airways da British Airways wanda a baya yana da kashi 18% a Comair. Tarihi A tarihi, hukumomin Burtaniya sun kafa kamfanonin jiragen sama na cikin gida, yayin da kamfanonin jiragen saman Belgium, Faransa, Portugal, da Spain suka yi wa yankunansu hidima. Bayan kasashe na Afirka sun sami 'yanci, gwamnatocin kasa sun kafa kamfanonin jiragen sama na kansu. Yawancin sabbin kasashe masu zaman kansu suna so su sami masu ɗaukar tutar su don nuna 'yancin kansu, kuma waɗancan ƙasashe suna son manyan jiragen sama kamar DC-10s da 747s koda kuwa buƙatar iska ba ta ba da izini ga waɗancan jiragen ba. Wasu kamfanonin jiragen sama, kamar Air Afrique, gwamnatoci da yawa sun tallafawa tare. Wasu kamfanonin hadin gwiwa, kamar su Central African Airways, East African Airways, da West African Airways, an kafa su ne lokacin da Ingila ta mallaki sassan Afirka. An yi amfani da ilimin jirgin sama, masana'antar jirgin sama, da babban birnin kuɗi, wanda ya samo asali ne daga Turawa, don kafa sabbin masu jigilar Afirka. mallakar gwamnati A lokuta da yawa kamfanonin jiragen sama na Turai suna da tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan kamfanonin jiragen saman Afirka, don haka batutuwan sun taso bayan masu mulkin mallaka sun bar Afirka kuma 'yan Afirka sun fara aiki da masu jigilar jiragen. Kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa na gwamnati suna aiki da wadanda aka nada daga gwamnati kamar yadda kamfanonin jiragen sama masu yawa suka kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin gwamnatocin su na kasa. A cewar Guttery, sabili da haka, kamfanonin jiragen sama da yawa na Afirka ba a sarrafa su da kyau. Wannan ya haifar da kamfanonin jiragen sama da ke aiki a cikin asarar gaske da ko warwarewa. Bugu da kari, ribar sau da yawa tana shiga cikin asusun aiki na ƙasashensu, yayin da gwamnatoci da yawa ke ba da isasshen kuɗi ga kamfanonin jiragen sama. Har ila yau, gwamnatoci da yawa suna sanya cibiyoyin kamfanonin jiragen sama don aiki da kuma yawan ma'aikata kamfanonin jiragen su, suna sa su marasa inganci. Guttery ya ce duk da cewa bambancin gudanarwar gwamnati da mallakar kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka "za a iya la'akari da cikas a kasuwar duniya da tattalin arziki ke jagoranta," saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da tara kudaden kuɗi da rashin ababen more rayuwa na gwamnati, shiga gwamnati yana da mahimmanci wajen kafa kamfanonin jiragen ruwa. Kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka sun dogara da hanyoyin kasa da kasa masu fa'ida don tallafawa hanyoyin cikin gida marasa fa'ida, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ba da sabis ga ƙananan al'ummomi. Jirgin Ruwa Idan aka kwatanta da jirgin sama a wasu yankuna na duniya, jirgin sama a Afirka ya tsufa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010, kashi 4.3% na dukkan jiragen sama a duniya suna tashi a cikin Afirka. Daga cikin tsofaffin jiragen sama, [ƙididdige] 12% suna tashi a cikin Afirka. Duk da yake tsofaffin jiragen sama suna da ƙananan farashi, suna da ƙimar amfani da man fetur da farashin kulawa fiye da sababbin jiragen sama. Saboda yawancin kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka suna da ƙarancin ƙididdigar kuɗi, Afirka tana da ƙaranci na kwangilar haya. 5% na jirgin sama da aka hayar a duniya yana tashi a Afirka. Kasancewar Alliance Haɗin gwiwar kamfanonin jiragen sama a cikin Afirka ya haɗa da yarjejeniyar codeshare tsakanin kamfanonin jiragen ruwa da yawa a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya, da kuma mai ɗaukar jirgin Afirka ɗaya wanda ke da daidaito a cikin wani mai ɗaukar jirgin ƙasa na Afirka. Kamfanonin jiragen sama na Afirka kalilan ne ke shiga cikin kawance tare da masu jigilar jiragen sama wadanda ba na Afirka ba, saboda ba su isa su iya jan hankalin zuba jari ba, sabili da haka ba su iya haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar da ke da kyau ga haɗin gwiwar jirgin sama ba. Koyaya, yawancin masu ɗaukar tutar Afirka sun sami damar shiga cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwar jiragen sama na duniya: South African Airways ta zama memba na Star Alliance a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2006. Kenya Airways ta zama memba na SkyTeam a ranar 4 ga Satumba 2007, kuma ta zama cikakken memba na Sky Team a cikin 2010. Egyptair ya zama memba na Star Alliance a watan Yulin 2008, kamar yadda kamfanin Ethiopian Airlines ya yi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011. Royal Air Maroc ta shiga Oneworld a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2020. Tsaro Ya zuwa 1998, Ƙungiyar Jirgin Sama ta Duniya ta sanya Afirka da Latin Amurka a matsayin yankuna na duniya tare da mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin sufuri na iska. Cibiyar sadarwar jiragen sama ta Afirka ta kasa da kayan aiki. Ya zuwa 1998, tsarin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na Afirka ba su da ci gaba kamar tsarin ATC a wasu sassan duniya; Ben R. Guttery ya ce rashin zirga-zane a Afirka ya biya tsarin ATC da ba a ci gaba ba. Har ila yau, idan aka kwatanta da filayen jirgin sama mafi girma, ƙananan filayen jirgin saman ba su da damar samun hanyoyi masu wuya. Guttery ya ce a cikin 1998 cewa manyan filayen jirgin saman Afirka "kusan ba za a iya rarrabe su ba daga waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa". Ya kuma ce a cikin 1998 cewa "Matsalar tsaro ta filin jirgin sama ta ci gaba da zama matsala, amma ana magance su". A shekara ta 2005, kusan kashi 25% na hadarin jirgin sama a duniya ya faru ne a Afirka, yayin da jiragen Afirka suka kai kashi 5% na zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a duniya. Jaridar Wall Street ta bayyana cewa "Shekaru da yawa, jirgin saman Afirka ya sha wahala daga tsofaffin jiragen sama, filayen jirgin sama masu rushewa, kayan aiki da matukan jirgi marasa horo" kuma Afirka tana da "rashin kulawa da yawa wanda ya sa sararin samaniya ya zama mafi haɗari a duniya". WSJ ta bayyana cewa rashin tilasta ka'idojin tsaro mafi ƙarancin gwamnatoci saboda rashin iko ko rashin gaskiya shine "mafi girman dalilin rikodin tsaro". A shekara ta 2020 duk da haka, jirgin sama na Afirka ya inganta tsaro har zuwa lokacin da tashi a Afirka ya fi matsakaicin duniya lafiya dangane da haɗari a kowace jirgi miliyan. Dubi kuma Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Haɗin waje "Independence in the Air: African Aviation a cikin shekarun 1960". Nunin dijital. Cibiyar Nazarin Sufuri ta Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma. Kamfanoni Jirgin

21875

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oluwole%20Babafemi%20Familoni

Oluwole Babafemi Familoni

Oluwole Babafemi Familoni ya kasan ce farfesa ne a fannin kimiyyar sinadarai a jami'ar ta Lagos kuma memba ne a majalisar zartarwa ta cibiyar kwararrun masana kimiya a Najeriya. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 da 2002, ya kasan ce Sub-Dean na Faculty of Science na Jami'ar Legas. An kuma nada shi Shugaban Sashen Chemistry a tsakanin shekarar 2002 da 2005. Daga baya ya zama Shugaban Kimiyyar Kimiyya tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2012. Shi ma] alibi ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Nijeriya, an za e shi a cikin} ungiyar makarantar a Babban Taronta na Shekara-shekara da aka gudanar a watan Janairun shekarar 2015. Yanzu haka shi ne Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwalejin (Ilimi da Bincike) na Jami'ar Legas. Farfesa Familoni shine Wakilin Duniya na Royal Society of Chemistry, London na Kudancin Najeriya. Rayuwar farko An haifi Familoni a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba 1957 ga Mista Gabriel Familoni da Mrs. Alice Familoni na titin Isape, Ido Ekiti a karamar hukumar Ido-Osi ta jihar Ekiti. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. John Anglican a shekarar 1963 kuma ya ƙare a makarantar firamare ta St Peters Anglican da ke Ikere Ekiti a shekarar 1969. Daga baya ya halarci Makarantar zamani, Muwoje, Ido Ekiti a shekarar 1970. Makarantar sa ta sakandare ta kasance a Ikeigbo Ifetedo Anglican Grammar School tsakanin shekarun 1971 da 1975, inda ya kammala a aji daya a Jarrabawar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma (WASCE). Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwalejin Gwamnati, Ibadan a shekarar 1976, inda ya sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare a 1978. Kwarewar sana'a Ya sami B. Sc. Daraja a cikin ilmin sunadarai a cikin aji na biyu na sama a cikin 1981, M.Phil. a ilmin sunadarai, 1986 da Ph.D. a kimiyyar ilimin kimiya a jami'ar Lagos a 1990. An nada shi malami na II a shekarar 1990 da cikakken farfesa a shekarar 2004. Ya kasance masanin kimiyyar hada magunguna kuma dan kungiyar Royal Society of Chemistry, London, dan kungiyar Chemical Society of Nigeria, abokin aikin Kwalejin Chemist na Najeriya, memba na Cibiyar Nazarin Jama'a ta Najeriya Kwarewar bincike Yankin Familoni na keɓancewa shine haɗakar mahaɗan heterocyclic tare da ayyukan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ilmin sunadarai. Ya kasance yana buga wadannan bangarorin bincike tun shekarar 1987. Haɗuwarsa yawanci sulfur ne mai ɗauke da heterocycles. Wannan ya haɗa da: Pyrido [1,2-a] quinoxalinone, thiazolo [4,3-b] quinoxa-linone, Isothaizoles, Benzothiazines da aka sauya, Pyridobenzothiadiazines, deoxyjacareubin, Xanthones, Dibenzo [b, f] oxapinone da sauransu A fannin ilimin sunadarai, ya kasance mai keɓance sinadarai masu aiki da mahaɗan aikin motsa jiki. Tsirrai da ya yi aiki a kansu sun haɗa da: Buchholzia Coriacea, Ficus vallis-chouldae Delile-holl (Moraraceae) da Datarium microcarpum Gill-perr. (Caesapinaceae), Lecaniodiscus cupanodes, Hymencardia acadia; Hymenocardia acida Tul. (Hymenocardiaceae) Abrus precatorius Cissus populnea Flabellaria paniculata Cav., Morinda lucida, Parkia biglobosa (Jacq) Benth da Sesamum radiatum; da sauransu. Ya yi amfani da waɗannan kayan don neman magani ga abubuwa masu zuwa: ayyukan antioxidant da antibacterial, maganin ganye don rashin haihuwa na maza, anti-inflammatory da antinociceptive, matsalolin gyambon ciki da za a ambata amma kaɗan. Ya gabatar da laccar gabatarwa karo na 8 na Sashen Chemistry na Jami'ar Legas a watan Yunin 2008, mai taken "Synthetic Organic Chemists: Kirkirar kwayoyin don amfanin Ɗan Adam Ayyukan sun haifar da kammala karatun ɗalibai da yawa a matakin farko da mafi girma. Wannan ya haɗa da kimanin masu rike da digiri na 40 da kuma 4 Ph.Ds A yanzu yana da kimanin 10 Ph.Ds a ƙarƙashin kulawarsa. Yana da wallafe-wallafe kimanin 50 a cikin nazarin takwarorina na koyo da aka koya. Matsayin gudanarwa Familoni shine Mataimakin Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar (Masana Ilimi da Bincike) na Jami'ar Legas. A cikin jami’ar, Familoni ya kasance a matsayin shugaban tsangayar Kimiyyar Kimiyya 2000-2002, shugaban Sashen Chemistry, 2002-2005, shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya ta 2008 2012. Shugaban, Kwamitin Gidaje na Jami'ar An zabe shi memba na majalisar dattijai na wa'adin shekaru uku na shekaru biyu kowannensu daga shekarun 1997 zuwa 2003, a lokacin da yake shugaban kwamitin. Ya koma majalisar dattijan jami'a tun daga shekarar 2005 har zuwa yau. Ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Raya kasa, kwamitin mallakar gida, kwamiti na Nada mukamai da kuma Hukumar Ci Gaban da za a ambata amma kadan. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin amintattu na Adeboye Shugaban Lissafi da Ogunye Shugaban Kimiyyar Injiniya, memba ne na kwamitin edita na Jaridar Nazarin Kimiyya da Ci Gaban, kuma tun daga shekarar 2012 ya zama babban edita a jaridar. Na kasa baki daya, ya kasance memba na Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Cibiyar Kula da Ingantawa da Kariya ta 2009 2012 da kuma mamba a Cibiyar Gudanarwar Cibiyar Nazarin Chemist ta Nijeriya (ICCON) 2014 har zuwa yau. Bangaren kasa da kasa, shi ne shugaba, Royal Society of Chemistry, London (Sashin Najeriya) kuma memba ne na kwamitin ba da shawara na Kimiyyar Chemistry Network (PACN) na 2014-2017. Kyauta da yabo Ya samu lambobin yabo da yawa da yabo. Ya samu lambar yabo ta fitattun tsofaffin daliban a shekara ta 2012 a bikin tunawa da jami’ar ta Lagos A shekara hamsin daga kungiyar tsofaffin daliban jami’ar ta Legas. Wannan bibiyar wacce ta gabata ce a shekarar 2005 daga kungiyar Tsoffin Daliban. Ya kasance mai nasara sau biyu na JWT Jones Traveling Fellowship na Royal Society of Chemistry, London a 2007 da 1997 ya kashe a Kanada da Burtaniya bi da bi. Gidauniyar Afirka ta Kudu don Bincike Ci Gaban (FRD) ce ta ba shi damar Ziyartar Ziyara a cikin 1997 da 2006 da ya yi a Jami'ar Rhodes, Grahamstown a Afirka ta Kudu. Masanin ilimin kimiya ne har zuwa fannin hada hadar kwayoyin halitta, ya kasance mai ba da kyauta sau biyar a 1993,1996, 2004, 2006 da 2014 ta Royal Society of Chemistry, London Familoni ya kasance mai karɓar Alfred Bader Research Fellowship daga Alfred Bader Chair a Jami'ar Sarauniya, Kingston, Ontario, Kanada a 1999, 2003 da 2007. A cikin 1993/1994, ya kasance CIDA NSERC Research Fellow wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kanada ta ba shi. Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba shi tallafin karatu don aiwatar da wani bangare na karatun digirin digirgir. aikin bincike a cikin 1988/89 a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa (INSA), Rouen, Faransa. Rayuwar mutum Familoni ya auri Bosede Familoni (née Akinyelu) kuma yana da yara 4: Babajide Familoni, Olumuyiwa Familoni, Omolabake Familoni (yanzu Famuyide), Olubukola Familoni. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1957 Yarbawa Mutane daga Jihar Ekiti Ƴan

57375

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Range%20Rover%20Sport

Range Rover Sport

Land Rover Range Rover Sport, yawanci aka sani kawai da Range Rover Sport, ne tsakiyar-size alatu SUV samar a karkashin su Land Rover marque, daga Birtaniya manufacturer Land Rover, kuma daga baya Jaguar Land Rover ƙarni na farko (lamba: L320) ya fara samarwa a cikin 2005, kuma an maye gurbinsa da ƙarni na biyu Sport (codename: L494) a cikin 2013, maye gurbinsu da ƙarni na uku Sport (lambar suna: L461) a cikin 2022. Range Stormer ra'ayi Range Rover Sport an tsara shi ta hanyar motar ra'ayi ta Range Stormer, wacce aka gabatar a 2004 a Nunin Mota na Kasa da Kasa na Arewacin Amurka Wannan ƙaramin ɗan raƙuman ruwa ne, ɗan gajeren zango mai kofa 3 wanda ya kasance "wasanni" na musamman a cikin tarihin Land Rover. Richard Woolley ne ya ƙera shi, cikakkiyar cikakkiyar ra'ayi mota ta farko tana wasa da ƙofofi masu ninkewa, kujerun kwarangwal guda ɗaya, katakon "clamshell", 22 inch alloys, a babban gudun, 4WD da nauyi. Wasannin Range Rover ya kasance kwatankwacin ƙirar ƙira mai ra'ayin mazan jiya da ke nuna kofofi biyar da ƙafar ƙafa ba ta da ɗan gajarta ta Range Rover Vogue. Kwafi na Stormer ya gina ta West Coast Customs of Corona, CA don Sheikh Hamdan bin Mohammed Al Maktoum, Crown Prince of Dubai, a kan bikin bude West Coast Customs Dubai; Motar a halin yanzu tana da rijista a ƙarƙashin Hukumar Kula da zirga-zirgar Jiragen Sama ta Dubai. Range Stormer yanzu yana nunawa a Cibiyar Mota ta Heritage a Gaydon, Warwickshire, UK. ƙarni na farko (L320; 2005-2013) Chassis An daidaita chassis ɗin daga haɗaɗɗen tsarin jiki, Semi- monocoque, ƙirar da aka dakatar da kanta wanda aka yi muhawara akan Gano 3 a cikin 2004. Wannan zargin yana ba Range Rover Sport gyare-gyare da fa'idodin tsayayyen tsari na chassis monocoque tare da ƙarfin keɓan ƙirar chassis don aikace-aikacen kan hanya. Hakanan yana ba da izinin kera motocin marasa tsada saboda yawancin abubuwan gama gari. Ko da yake yana zaune a kan gyare-gyaren sigar Gano 3's chassis, ya fi ƙanƙanta fiye da ƴan uwanta masu amfani a kowane girma tare da guntun ƙafar ƙafa da Ƙananan girmansa da rufin rufin sa ya sa ba za a iya ɗaukar mazaunan layi na uku kamar Discovery 3 ba, amma a matsayin mai yawon shakatawa na wasanni ba a taɓa nufin ya zama mai kujeru bakwai ba. Brembo gaban birki daidai ne akan duk samfura sai TDV6. NB Takaddun Sabis na mafi yawan samfuran 05-09 suna da nau'ikan birki guda 2 da aka jera. Brembo da wadanda ba Brembo ba. Bincika takardar bayanan ginin ku ko ta lambar VIN/CHASSIS don duk samfura, idan an buƙata. Jirgin wutar lantarki 2005-2009 Range Rover Sport HSE yana aiki da injin Jaguar AJ-V8 mai nauyin lita 4.4 na halitta wanda ke samar da da tare da samfurin Supercharged yana samun bambance-bambancen lita 4.2 mai girma yana samar da da Dukkanin injinan mai an kera su tare da tsarin tara mai da kuma na'urar tattara mai don ba da damar yin aiki a kusurwoyi masu tsauri. Sakamakon rashin shahara, an cire tashar wutar lantarki ta dabi'a daga kasuwar Burtaniya a cikin 2007. A shekara ta 2010, an maye gurbin waɗannan nau'ikan wutar lantarki guda biyu da injunan aluminium Jaguar AJ-V8 mai nauyin 5.0 na halitta wanda ke samar da da don HSE, da bambance-bambancen lita 5.0 mai girma wanda ke samar da da akan samfura masu caji. 2.7-lita turbodiesel TDV6 na ci gaba shine daidaitawa na ci gaban PSA Ford kuma yana samar da da in Land Rover guise. Yana da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan shingen ƙarfe na graphite da shugaban silinda na aluminum tare da injector piezo crystal mai saurin canzawa. Debuting a cikin duka Wasanni da flagship Range Rover a cikin 2007 shine turbodiesel TDV8 mai nauyin lita 3.6. Wannan injin shine ƙarin daidaitawa na TDV6 amma yana da fasalin 90 toshe digiri (kamar yadda ya saba da 60 shimfidar digiri), tagwayen ma'auni mai canzawar turbochargers da kashe bawul mai shiga. Duk bambance-bambancen injuna an haɗa su zuwa watsawar ZF 6HP mai sauri shida (ZF6HP26) ZF ta atomatik, ban da SDV6, wanda ya karɓi watsa ZF 8HP (ZF8HP70). Waɗannan akwatunan gear suna da yanayi na musamman: CommandShift wanda ke amsawa kuma ya dace da salo daban-daban na tuƙi. CommandShift yana ba direba 'yanci don sarrafa canje-canjen kayan aiki bi da bi. Dakatarwa Dakatar da iska, a matsayin ma'auni, yana ba direba zaɓi na saitunan tsayin hawa uku ciki har da daidaitaccen tsayin hawan tsayin waje na da yanayin samun saukowa. Hakanan akwai ƙarin tsayin da ake samu wanda ake samun dama ta hanyar riƙe maɓalli daban-daban don lokacin da tsayin tafiyar kashe hanya bai isa ba. Lokacin da abin hawa ya fita, tsarin sarrafa sa zai ji an rage nauyi akan maɓuɓɓugan iskar kuma tsayin hawan yana ɗaga kai tsaye zuwa mafi girman fa'ida. Bangaren haɗin kai na tsarin dakatarwa, wanda aka yi jayayya akan L322 Range Rover a cikin 2002, yana haifar da mafi kyawun aikin kan hanya ta hanyar lantarki da ke aiki da bawuloli a cikin layukan huhu waɗanda ke haɗa maɓuɓɓugan iskar da ke kusa. A yayin da wata ƙafa ta gefe ɗaya ta tashi yayin tafiya daga kan hanya, ana buɗe bawuloli na pneumatic kuma ana tilasta motar da ke kusa da ita, tana kwatanta aikin saitin axle mai rai Martanin Kasa Tsarin amsawar ƙasa mai haƙƙin mallaka na Land Rover wanda aka yi muhawara akan Gano 3 an daidaita shi azaman daidaitaccen tsari akan kowane ƙira. A cikin L320 Terrain Response yana bawa direba damar zaɓar kowane ɗayan ƙarin hanyoyin 5 ta amfani da maɓalli, danna hagu ko dama don zaɓar yanayin, a cikin L494 Terrain Response 2 yana bawa direba damar daidaita saitunan chassis da watsawa (5 Saituna biyar) zuwa dace da filin da ake bi ta hanyar ƙwanƙwasa rotary akan na'urar wasan bidiyo na tsakiya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tuƙi na gaba ɗaya; ciyawa, tsakuwa, dusar ƙanƙara; laka da rutsi; yashi; da rarrafe. Tsayin hawan dakatarwa, sarrafa injin, taswirar maƙura, jeri na canja wurin, saitunan watsawa, kayan aikin tuƙi na lantarki (kamar sarrafa gogayya ta lantarki (ETC), kula da kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi (DSC) da sarrafa gangaren tudu (HDC)) da e-diffs na lantarki duk ana sarrafa su ta hanyar tsarin amsawa na Terrain. Duk Wasannin Range Rover suna sanye take da daidaitaccen e-diff na Magna Steyr Powertrain wanda ke kulle ta hanyar lantarki da buɗewa da rarraba juzu'i ta hanyar fakitin faranti da yawa da ke cikin yanayin canja wuri wanda kuma yana ba da 'shift-on-move. 'Aiki mai nisa biyu. e-diff na baya zaɓi ne akan duk samfuran Range Rover Sport kuma yana iya kullewa da buɗewa nan take. Akwai nunin in-dash wanda, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, yana da alaƙa da Amsar Terrain kuma yana nuna mahimman bayanai na kashe kan hanya kamar matsayin e-diffs, kusurwar sitiyari da ƙirar dabaran. Hakanan yana iya sanar da direban tayoyin da ba su da alaƙa da ƙasa. Fasahar Tuki Amsa mai ƙarfi ya haɗa da sandunan anti-roll masu aiki na lantarki waɗanda ke amsawa ga rundunonin kusurwa da kunnawa da kashewa daidai gwargwado wanda ke haifar da ingantaccen sarrafa kan hanya. Amsa mai ƙarfi kuma yana taimakawa aikin kashe hanya ta hanyar ɓata sandunan hana ɓacin rai don ba da damar ƙirƙira mafi girman dabarar. Tsarin a cikin juyin halittar tsarin ACE Active Cornering Enhancement wanda ake samu akan Tsarin Ganowa na II amma an bayyana shi azaman mai faɗakarwa maimakon amsawa. Torque mai kyau, daidaitaccen tsari akan duk TDV8 da samfuran Supercharged, ta hanyar lantarki yana lalata magudanar ruwa, yana haifar da raguwa cikin sauri da wadatar ɗimbin juzu'i. Tsarin tuƙi mai saurin gudu, wanda aka karɓa daga Jaguar daidai yake akan duk samfuran kuma akwai zaɓi na fitilun bi-xenon masu aiki waɗanda ke aiki tare da kusurwar tuƙi don taimakawa hangen nesa. Sarrafa Cruise Control (ACC) tare da tsarin faɗakarwa na gaba yana haɗa haɗaɗɗun radar gaba wanda ke gano motocin da ke tafiya gaba da daidaita saurin abin hawa don daidaitawa. Tsarin yana duba hanya sau goma a cikin dakika, yana da 16 Matsayin digiri kuma Land Rover ya yi iƙirarin yana iya nuna bambanci tsakanin babban abin hawa da kuma babur rariya kusa da ke tafiya aƙalla gaba. Zaɓuɓɓukan nisa guda huɗu da aka saita kuma zasu tabbatar da Wasannin yana kiyaye nisan da ake so daga abin hawa da yake bi. Fasahar tuƙi Tsaro Ƙungiyar NCWR (New Car Whiplash Ratings) ta gwada Range Rover Sport a cikin 2010 kuma ta ba shi maki masu zuwa: G Mai kyau, A Karɓa, M Ƙarfafawa, P Talauci Tsaro Kungiyar Thatcham's New Vehicle Security Ratings (NVSR) ta gwada Range Rover Sport kuma ta sami kima masu zuwa: Facelift (2009) An fara nuna samfurin da aka ɗaga fuska a Nunin Mota na New York a cikin Afrilu 2009. Wasannin Range Rover na 2010 sun fito da ƙarin yanayin gaba-gaba wanda ya haɗa da sabbin fitilolin mota, gasa da kuma ƙarami. An kuma kara madubin nada wutar lantarki. Hakanan sababbi ana sabunta fitilun baya da kuma na baya. Bita na cikin gida ya fi mahimmanci tare da sabon fantsama, dabaran tutiya, rufin ƙofa, kujeru, kayan kida da maɓalli. Sabuwar samfurin yana da ƙarin bayyanar fata kuma kusan 50 ƙarancin maɓallan allon dash ɗin dash fiye da ƙirar da ta gabata. Sabbin injuna guda uku sun fara halarta a gasar 2010. Waɗannan sun haɗa da sabon alluran kai tsaye, injin V8 mai nauyin alluminium-lita 5.0 a cikin abubuwan da aka zayyana na zahiri da kuma manyan caji kamar yadda aka gani a cikin sabbin kewayon manyan abubuwan hawa na Jaguar. Samfurin da ake so na dabi'a yana samar da da karfin juyi yayin da supercharged ke samar da da karfin juyi. Hakanan sabon shine sigar lita 3.0 da aka sabunta ta TDV6 mai lita 2.7 na yanzu tana samar da da an daidaita shi daga Jaguar's AJ-V6D Gen III. Wannan injin yana da fasalin turbochargers masu daidaitawa guda ɗaya mai canzawa geometry turbocharger da ƙayyadaddun joometry turbocharger guda ɗaya wanda ke aiki kawai lokacin da ake buƙata kamar yadda aka gani akan Jaguar XF Diesel S. Duk sabbin injinan suna samar da ƙarin ƙarfi da ƙarfi akan magabata yayin da suke isar da mafi kyawun mai. tattalin arziki da rage CO hayaki. An daidaita shi da babban tagwayen-vortex na ƙarni na shida tare da ingantacciyar ingancin thermodynamic na 16 kashi dari, sabon injin da ke da cajin mai karfin lita 29 karin iko da kashi 12 kashi dari fiye da injin mai lita 4.2 na yanzu, duk da haka ana inganta fitar da CO da amfani da man fetur da 5.6 kashi 6.2 bisa dari bi da bi. Sabon injin TDV6 mai karfin lita 3.0 yana samar da 29 fiye da kashi 36 na iko kashi dari fiye da injin mai lita 2.7, duk da haka iskar CO da amfani da man duk an inganta su da 9 kashi dari. Shekarar ƙirar 2010 Sport kuma tana dacewa da sabon ZF HP28 watsa atomatik mai sauri shida. An ƙera shi don haɓaka aiki da inganci, sabon watsawa yana ɗaukar ƙulle-ƙulle na kowane kayan aiki a baya bayan zaɓin. gyare-gyaren dakatarwa kuma ya faru tare da ƙaddamar da tsarin samar da damping na farko a duniya ta amfani da fasahar tsinkaya ta tushen ƙira wanda ke ci gaba da haɓaka saitunan sabbin rukunin dampTronic Valve Technology don haɓaka hawan abin hawa da sarrafawa. An sami ƙarin haɓakawa ga tsarin amsa lambar yabo ta Terrain Response don 2010. Bita ga shirin rarrafe dutsen yana rage jujjuyawar birgima a yayin da ake bi da duwatsun da ke isar da ƙaƙƙarfan tuki a kan ƙasa mai dutse. Ƙarin sabon 'ikon ƙaddamar da yashi' yana hana ƙafafun tono yayin tuki a cikin yashi mai laushi godiya ga sake dubawa ga tsarin sarrafa motsi. Hakanan an inganta tsarin Kula da Dutsin Dutse tare da ƙarin Sarrafa Sakin Saki na Gradient, wanda ke hana ƙimar farkon haɓakawa yayin da aka gangaro daga kan tudu. Facelift (2012) Gyaran fuska na ƙarshe zuwa dandalin L320 ya zo a cikin MY12 yana gabatar da ƙananan canje-canje. Ciki ya kasance iri ɗaya ne duk da haka an ƙara fasalulluka kamar ƙofofin wutan lantarki da ingantaccen hanyar sadarwa mai nuna yawo ta bluetooth. Haka kuma an sami ƙarin na'urar watsawa ta atomatik na ZF 8 mai sauri da rakiyar mai zaɓen kayan aikin rotary. Gyara A duk lokacin da ake gudanar da aikinta, ƙarni na farko na Range Rover Sport yana samuwa a cikin nau'i-nau'i iri-iri. S (2006-2009): An sayar da shi kawai a Turai, S shine Range Rover Sport mafi arha samuwa, wannan sigar ta zo da wurin zama, na'urar CD, sarrafa jirgin ruwa, nav, da dizal 2.7TD V6. SE (2006-2013): An sayar da shi kawai a Turai, SE ya kasance mataki na sama daga S, yana ƙara fasali irin su kujeru masu zafi, na'urorin ajiye motoci da fitilu na hazo, ya zama tushen tushe bayan da aka sauke samfurin S. HSE (2006-2013): Yin hidima a matsayin ƙirar tushe don kasuwar Arewacin Amurka a duk tsawon rayuwarta, HSE ta zo daidai da wurin zama na fata, yanki mai sarrafa yanayi ta atomatik, ƙafafun inch 19, tsarin sauti na 600 watt 14, da 4.4L. V8 mai son dabi'a (daga baya 5.0L V8 ya maye gurbinsa don samfuran gyaran fuska). A Burtaniya, an kuma bayar da wannan sigar tare da dizal V6 ko V8. Daga baya an ba da shi tare da fakitin Luxury, wanda ya haɗa da yawancin kayan aikin zaɓi a matsayin ma'auni Supercharged (2006-2013): Samfurin wasan kwaikwayon, Supercharged ya ƙara injin V8 mai caji don ingantacciyar aiki, da sauran abubuwan alatu. HST (2006-2009): Keɓanta ga Turai, HST ta ƙara kayan wasan motsa jiki tare da sabbin kayan ƙorafi da grille, kuma sun zo tare da yawancin kayan aikin zaɓi waɗanda aka dace da daidaitattun. Ya kasance kawai tare da ko dai babban caja na fetur V8 ko dizal V8. Tarihin Rayuwa (2011-2013): Yin hidima azaman babban datsa, tarihin tarihin rayuwar ya haɗa da fitilolin mota masu daidaitawa, sabbin ƙafafun ƙafafu, tsarin kyamara mai digiri 360 da ƙarin kayan kwalliya don ƙarshen Range Rover Sport. HST Limited Edition (2009): Keɓanta ga Arewacin Amurka, HST Limited Edition shine iyakanceccen sigar samarwa na HST na Turai. An sayar da shi kawai tare da injin V8 mai caji, ya haɗa da kayan jiki iri ɗaya kamar na HST na yau da kullun, da ƙafafu na musamman da kayan kwalliya. GT Limited Edition (2011-2013): An sayar da shi a Arewacin Amurka kawai, GT Limited Edition ya kasance ƙayyadaddun sigar samarwa ta HSE wacce ta ƙunshi fasalulluka na alatu daga Tarihin Rayuwa a matsayin daidaitaccen kayan aiki. Rigima Wasannin Range Rover sun sanya ƙungiyar Premier ta Ford ta zama makasudin zanga-zangar da Greenpeace ta yi a 2005. Masu zanga-zangar sun kutsa cikin wurin taron inda suka jinkirta kera motar na wani dan lokaci. Greenpeace ta ba da misali da batutuwan da ke haifar da hayaki mai gurbata yanayi, da kuma ɗumamar yanayi Alkaluman Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka na motar da ba ta cika caji ba ne (hade). Kodayake don wannan gwajin EPA sun yi amfani da sabon tsarin su na 2008 da kuma gaba. Greenpeace ta ce ba su damu da kera motoci irin su Land Rover Defender ba saboda galibi ana amfani da su don aikace-aikacen kan hanya akai-akai fiye da motocin irin su Range Rover Sport wanda suke iƙirarin "an saurara da farko. don kan aikin hanya". An sanar da Range Rover Sport na ƙarni na biyu akan 27 Maris 2013 a New York Auto Show An rufe tituna da dama a Manhattan don gudanar da bikin kaddamarwa a Auto Show tare da dan wasan James Bond Daniel Craig Zane Sabuwar Range Rover Sport ta ci gaba a cikin jagorar ƙirar da ta samar da salon Evoque, da cikakken girman 2013 Range Rover Yana da tsayi, kasancewar tsawo; kuma mai nauyi, yana yin awo a Ba kamar ƙarnin da suka gabata waɗanda ke amfani da haɗe-haɗen chassis na jiki ba, L494 Range Rover Sport yana amfani da jikin monocoque gabaɗaya, kamar L405 Range Rover Sabon Samfari (2018-2022) A cikin 2017, a Los Angeles Car Show, Jaguar Land Rover Group ya sanar da Range Rover Sport da aka yi da fuska zai fara samarwa a cikin 2018. Sabuwar Wasan tana da sabbin fitilolin mota, sabon ciki tare da tsarin taɓawa duo da MHEV 355 da 395 HP da kuma V8 mai 518 HP da sigar SVR tare da 575 HP. Babban canje-canje a cikin gyaran fuska an sake tsara su gaba da baya bumpers, sabon shaye-shaye (bututu biyu na baki akan bambance-bambancen S SE, bututun azurfa tagwaye akan HSE, HSE Dynamic da Autobiography tare da Dynamic Pack da Quad exhausts akan SVR Variant) da haɓaka taɓa duo. infotainment daga 2018 Range Rover Velar A ranar 11 ga Agusta 2014, Land Rover ta sanar da Range Rover SVR (Racing na Musamman) a Pebble Beach. Samfurin yana wasa da dama na gyare-gyare na ado da haɓaka aiki. Ƙirar ƙirar tana da cikakkiyar gyaran fuska na gaba, tare da manyan magudanar ruwa da babban grille da aka gama da baki. Ana kuma gyara magudanan gaban kwata-kwata kuma an kammala su cikin baki. Hakanan an sake bitar ƙofofin baya gaba ɗaya tare da sabon, ƙarin bayani mai watsawa da nasihun sharar da'irar. SVR ya zo tare da 21 inch alloy ƙafafun, nannade cikin 275/45 R21 duk-lokaci tayoyin a matsayin misali. Performance upgrades for the SVR including the 5.0L supercharged V8 shared with the Jaguar F-Type, with a power output of and torque output of the transmission has been programmed to shift 50% quicker and to keep the torque converter locked up once it is in second gear. The chassis had also been revised for the model. Debut of Adaptive Dynamics with Magnetorheological dampers. New for the SVR is the addition of an Active exhaust system with electronically controlled valves. The improvements make the SVR capable of 0-60 mph (97 km/h) in 4.5 seconds and a top speed of one of the quickest of its type. Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taron%20Duniya%20kan%20Hakkokin%20Dan%20Adam

Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam

Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gudanar da taron kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya a Vienna, Austria, a ranar 14 zuwa 25 ga watan Yuni 1993. Wannan dai shi ne taron kare hakkin bil adama na farko da aka gudanar tun bayan kawo karshen yakin cacar baka. Babban sakamakon taron shine sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki. Fage Duk da cewa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta dade tana aiki a fagen kare hakkin dan Adam, taron Vienna ya kasance taro na biyu ne kawai na duniya da aka mayar da hankali kan kare hakkin bil adama musamman, wanda na farko shi ne taron kasa da kasa kan hakkin dan Adam da aka gudanar a Tehran, Iran., a cikin watannin Afrilu–Mayu 1968 don bikin cika shekaru ashirin da shelar ‘yancin ɗan adam ta duniya. Taron Vienna ya zo ne a daidai lokacin da tarurrukan duniya suka shahara, inda aka gudanar da taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan muhalli da raya kasa a Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, a watan Yunin 1992, da taron kasa da kasa kan yawan jama'a da ci gaba a birnin Alkahira na kasar Masar, nan ba da jimawa ba. a watan Satumba 1994. Bayan haka, za a yi taruka da yawa, ciki har da taron koli na duniya kan raya al'umma a birnin Copenhagen na kasar Denmark, a watan Maris na shekarar 1995 da taron duniya karo na hudu kan mata a birnin Beijing na kasar Sin, a watan Satumba na shekarar 1995. Ana kallon irin waɗannan tarurrukan a matsayin wata hanya ta haɓaka shiga duniya, tuntuɓar juna, da tsara manufofi, kuma ana ganin ta a matsayin wata babbar sabuwar hanya ta yin tasiri ga al'ummar duniya. An fara gabatar da ra'ayin yin taron duniya kan 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin 1989. Ƙarshen yakin cacar-baka ya haifar da bege cewa dogon lokaci da gurgujewar ɗabi'un Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya saboda adawar da ake yi tsakanin manyan masu ƙarfi za su ƙare. Gabanin taron na shekarar 1993, an yi hasarar yawancin kyakkyawan fata na zamanin 1989. An gudanar da tarurrukan shirye-shirye a birnin Geneva na kasar Switzerland, tun daga shekarar 1991, kamar yadda wasu tarurrukan yanki da tauraron dan adam suka yi. Wadannan sun yi gwagwarmaya don samar da sababbin ra'ayoyin da kasashe za su iya amincewa da su, da kuma nuna bambance-bambancen da ke tattare da rawar da ake takawa na mulkin kasa, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (NGOs), da kuma ko sababbin kayan kare hakkin bil'adama na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kasance mai yiwuwa kuma ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Daga karshe an tilastawa babban taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya yanke shawara kan ajandar taron a shekarar 1992. Pierre Sané, Sakatare Janar na Amnesty International, ya damu da cewa taron na iya wakiltar wani mataki na baya-bayan nan game da 'yancin ɗan adam. Ya kara da cewa, “Ba abin mamaki ba ne gwamnatocin ba su wuce gona da iri ba. Bayan haka, su ne suke tauye haqqin bil’adama.” Taro Taron na duniya kan kare hakkin dan Adam ya samu halartar wakilan kasashe 171 da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 800, tare da mahalarta kusan 7,000 gaba daya. Wannan ya sa ya zama taro mafi girma da aka taɓa yi kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. Masanin kare hakkin dan Adam John Pace ne ya shirya shi. An yi ta tattaunawa da yawa gabanin taron kan abubuwan da ba za a iya fada a lokacin taron ba. Dokokin da aka amince da su sun bayyana cewa, ba za a iya ambata takamammen ƙasashe ko wuraren da ake cin zarafin ɗan adam ba, ciki har da waɗanda ke da hannu cikin tashe-tashen hankula na yanzu kamar Bosnia da Herzegovina, Angola, da Laberiya, da waɗanda ke ci gaba da sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam, kamar China, da Kuba. Maimakon haka, za a tattauna batun take haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin zayyana kawai; wannan ya sa jaridar New York Times ta bayyana cewa taron yana gudana "A cikin wani yanayi mai ban mamaki da aka cire daga gaskiya." Musamman ma cewa, yakin Bosnia da ke ci gaba da gudana a jirgin sama na sa'o'i daya kacal daga Vienna ya shaida cewa babu wani sabon zamani na hadin gwiwar kasa da kasa da ya fara aiki. Duk da ka'idojin, kungiyoyi da masu zanga-zangar a wurin taron sun yi farin cikin ambaton takamaiman cin zarafi da ake ci gaba da yi a duk fadin duniya, inda da yawa ke nuna hotunan ta'addanci a kokarin nuna rashin amincewa da juna. Wani wanda ya damu game da yanayin Polisario Front da yammacin Sahara ya ce, "Yana da wuya a lura." Taron ya yi nazari mai zurfi game da 'yancin ɗan adam, tare da ƙoƙarin nuna yancin mata, 'yancin 'yan asalin ƙasa, 'yancin tsiraru, da dai sauransu a cikin yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki na duniya. Hakkokin mata musamman sun samu gagarumin tasiri a wajen taron. Daya daga cikin laifuffukan da aka yi a taron shi ne kasashen yammacin duniya da suka shelanta wata ma'ana ta bai daya ga hakkin bil'adama da kasashen da suka ce hakkin bil'adama na bukatar fassara daban-daban a cikin al'adun da ba na yammacin Turai ba, kuma yunkurin sanya ma'anar duniya ya zama tsoma baki a cikin harkokinsu na cikin gida. China, Syria da Iran ne suka jagoranci kungiyar ta baya, sannan ta hada da wasu kasashen Asiya kamar Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, da Vietnam. A ranar bude taron, sakataren harkokin wajen Amurka Warren Christopher ya yi kakkausar suka ga wannan ra'ayi, yana mai cewa "Ba za mu iya barin dangantar al'adu ta zama mafaka ta karshe na danniya ba." Tsohuwar memba na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka kuma 'yar takarar mataimakin shugaban kasa Geraldine Ferraro ta halarci taron a matsayin wakiliyar Amurka, kuma ta kasance daya daga cikin mahalarta taron masu matukar sha'awar al'amuran 'yancin mata. Duk da matsin lamba daga jamhuriyar jama'ar kasar Sin, Dalai Lama na 14 ya iya ba da jawabi a gun taron kan nauyin da ya rataya a wuyan dan Adam. Sakamako Babban sakamakon taron duniya kan 'yancin ɗan adam shine sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki, wanda aka tsara a ƙarshen taron kuma an amince da shi ta hanyar yarjejeniya ta jihohi 171 a ranar 25 ga watan Yuni 1993. Yayin da wata fassara mai yuwuwa tana ganin wannan takarda a matsayin "kyakkyawan tsari amma wa'azi mara kyau", ya zo ya wakilci yawancin ijma'i kamar yadda ake iya samu kan 'yancin ɗan adam a farkon shekarun 1990. Kuma a hakika ya sanya sabbin maki a ayyukan kare hakkin dan adam a fannoni da dama. Ya kafa dogaro da dimokuradiyya, da ci gaban tattalin arziki, da yancin ɗan adam. Musamman, ya maye gurbin Yakin Cold War na 'Yancin Jama'a da Siyasa (CPR) ban da 'yancin zamantakewa da al'adu na tattalin arziki (ESCR) tare da manufar haƙƙin ba za a iya raba su ba (wanda ba zai iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin ɗaya ba tare da ɗayan ba), haɗin kai (saitin ɗaya). na hakkoki yana buƙatar tabbatar da ɗayan), da kuma alaƙa (cewa duk haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam suna da alaƙa da juna). Ta yi kira da a samar da kayan aikin tallatawa da kare hakkin mata da yara da kuma ‘yan asalin kasar. Ta bukaci karin kudade ga Cibiyar kare hakkin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Mafi mahimmanci, ta yi kira ga sabon ofishi, Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga baya Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta amince da sanarwar a matsayin wani bangare na kuduri mai lamba 48/121.Har ila yau, ta samar da matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a ranar 20 ga watan Disamba 1993. A farkon shekara ta 2000s, an fayyace wuraren da sanarwar Vienna da Shirin Aiki suka ba da shawarar an cika su gabaɗaya ko a sashi. Taron ya kuma bayyana muhimmancin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu za su ci gaba da takawa wajen samar da ayyukan kare hakkin bil adama. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taron Duniya kan Hakkokin Dan Adam a gidan yanar gizon Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%20al-Aziz%20Bin%20Baz

Abd al-Aziz Bin Baz

Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdullah ibn Baz (Larabci: bAbd Azīz ibn Abdullāh ibn Baz) (An haife shi 21 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1910 Zuwa 13 ga watan Mayu shekara ta alif 1999), wanda kuma aka fi sani da Sheikh Bin Baz, Malamin addinin Musulunci ne na Saudi Arabiya. Shi ne Babban Muftin Saudiya daga shekara ta alif 1993 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta alif 1999. A cewar masanin kimiyyar siyasa na Faransa Gilles Kepel, Baz ya kasance "mutum -mutumi" wanda "babban ilimin addini da martabarsa ta rashin son kai" ya ba shi daraja a tsakanin al'ummar Saudi Arabiya. kuma "yana iya karfafa manufofin dangin Saudiya ta hanyar tasirin sa ga dumbin muminai", kuma mutuwarsa ta bar gwamnati ba tare da wani kwatankwaci daga cikin malaman Salafin da zai "cika gurbinsa sa ba". Ibn Baz ya ba da fatawa da ke ba da izinin harajin dukiya don tallafa wa mujahidai a lokacin jihadin Soviet. Amincewarsa da In Defense of Muslim Lands, wanda Abdullah Azzam ya rubuta musamman, yana da tasiri mai ƙarfi a cikin nasarar kiran jihadi da Soviet Union. An ce shine kiran hukuma na farko na jihadi da wata ƙasa ta yi da wata ƙasa ta daban a wannan zamanin. Yawancin ra'ayoyin Ibn Baz da hukunce-hukuncensa ana ɗaukar saɓani (a ciki da wajen Saudi Arabiya), gami da waɗanda suka shafi ilimin sararin samaniya, haƙƙin mata, goyon bayan Saudi Arabiya ga Yarjejeniyar Oslo, da yarda da sanya sojojin da ba Musulmi ba a cikin Ƙasar Masallatai biyu masu alfarma (Haramayn) a lokacin da bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha. Osama bin Laden ya yi Allah wadai da Bin Baz da hukunce -hukuncen da suka goyi bayan manufofin Saudiyya da kawancen kasashen yammacin duniya. Matasa An haifi Ibn Baz a birnin Riyadh dake cikin kasar Saudi Arabia a watan Dhu al-Hijjah, shekara ta alif 1330, wanda yayi daidai da watan Nuwamba 1910 ga dangi mai suna saboda son addinin Musulunci. Mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin yana ɗan shekara uku kacal. A lokacin da ya kai shekaru goma sha uku ya fara aiki, yana sayar da tufafi tare da ɗan'uwansa a kasuwa. Ya kuma dauki darussa a cikin Alkur'ani, Hadisi, Fikihu, da Tafsiri, tare da mutumin da zai gabace shi a matsayin babban jami'in addini na kasar, Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh. A cikin shekara ta 1927, lokacin yana ɗan shekara goma sha shida, ya fara rasa idanunsa bayan da ya kamu da mummunan cuta a idanunsa. A lokacin da ya kai shekaru ashirin, gaba daya ya makance ya rasa idanunsa. Ilimi A wancan lokacin, Saudiyya ba ta da tsarin jami’a na zamani. Ibn Baz ya sami ilimin gargajiya a cikin adabin musulunci tare da malaman musulunci. Aiki Ya rike mukamai da dama, kamar: Alkalin gundumar Al Kharj bisa shawarar Muhammad bin Abdul-Lateef Al ash-Shaikh daga shekara ta 1938 zuwa shekara ta 1951. A shekarar 1992 an nada shi Babban Mufti na Saudi Arabia kuma Shugaban Majalisar Manyan Malamai kuma an ba shi shugabancin kwamiti na Dindindin na Kwamitin Bincike da Ifta. Shugaban kasa kuma mamba na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki na Kungiyar Musulmin Duniya. A shekarar 1981 aka ba shi lambar yabo ta Sarki Faisal ta Duniya don hidimar Musulunci. Shi kadai ne Babban Mufti na Saudiyya da bai fito daga gidan Al ash-Sheikh ba. Ƙoƙari Ibn Bāz ya gudanar da ayyuka da yawa na sadaka da makamantan su kamar: Goyon bayansa ga kungiyoyin Dawah da cibiyoyin Musulunci a sassa da dama na duniya. Shahararren shirin rediyo, Nurun Ala Darb ("haske kan hanya"), inda ya tattauna batutuwan yau da kullun tare da amsa tambayoyi daga masu sauraro tare da bayar da fatawa idan an buƙata. Ibn Baz ya bukaci a ba da gudummawa ga 'yan Taliban a Afghanistan, wadanda a karshen shekarun 1990 da yawa daga cikin Saudiya ke ganin su a matsayin "tsarkakakku, samarin mayaka Salafi" masu fada da masu yakar barna. Ibn Bāz ya kasance fitaccen mai magana, a bainar jama'a da a kebe a masallacinsa. Ya kuma kasance yana gayyatar mutane bayan sallar Isha don raba abinci tare da shi. Ibn Bāz yana daga cikin malaman musulmai da ke adawa da sauyin gwamnati ta amfani da tashin hankali. Ya yi kira da a yi biyayya ga mutanen da ke kan mulki sai dai idan sun ba da umarnin abin da ya saba wa Allah. Ayyuka Adadin litattafan da Ibn Baz ya rubuta ya haura sittin kuma batun ya shafi batutuwa kamar Hadisi, Tafsiri, fikihun gado na Musulunci, Tauhidi, Fikihu, Sallah, Zakka, Dawah, Hajji da Umrah. Ya kuma rubuta sukar manufar kasa. Rayuwar mutum Matansa da yaransa suna zaune a unguwar Shumaysi na Riyadh a cikin ''guntun gungun gine-gine masu hawa biyu na zamani''. Kamar sauran manyan Malaman Saudiya, gidansa kyauta ce daga wani mai hannu da shuni ko wani tushe na addini don fitaccen aikinsa na addini. Rasuwa A safiyar ranar Alhamis, 13 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif 1999, Ibn Bāz ya rasu yana da shekaru 88. An binne shi a makabartar Al Adl, Makka. Sarki Fahd ya ba da umurnin nada Abdul-Azeez ibn Abdullaah Aal ash-Shaikh a matsayin sabon Babban Mufti bayan rasuwar Ibn Bāz. A cikin aikinsa a matsayin Babban Muftin Saudiyya, ya yi yunƙurin halatta sarautar dangi mai mulki tare da tallafawa kiraye -kirayen sake fasalin addinin Musulunci daidai da manufofin Salafiyya. Mutane da yawa sun soki shi da goyan bayan gwamnatin Saudiya lokacin da, bayan Yaƙin Tekun Fasha, ya girgiza ko daure waɗanda ake ganin sun yi suka ga gwamnati, kamar Safar al-Hawali da Salman al-Ouda. Tasirinsa a harkar Salafiyya yana da yawa, kuma mafi yawan manyan alkalai da malaman addini na yanzu a Saudiyya tsofaffin ɗalibansa ne. Jayayya Tarihin mutuwarsa a cikin The Independent ya ce "Ra'ayoyinsa da fatawoyinsa (hukunce -hukuncen addini) sun kasance rigima, masu fafutuka, masu sassaucin ra'ayi da masu ci gaba". Har ila yau, masu ikirarin jihadi na Salafiyya masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun soki shi saboda goyan bayan shawarar ba wa sojojin Amurka damar jibge a Saudiyya a shekarar 1991. Cosmology A shekarar 1966, lokacin da Ibn Baz ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jami’ar musulunci ta Madina, ya rubuta wata kasida da ke sukar jami’ar Riyadh saboda koyar da “karya” da kasa ke juyawa da kewaya rana. A cikin labarinsa, Ibn Baz yayi iƙirarin cewa rana tana zagaya ƙasa, kuma "duniya tabbatacciya ce kuma tabbatacciya, Allah ya shimfiɗa ta ga ɗan adam kuma ya yi musu shimfiɗa da shimfiɗa, shimfida ta tsaunuka don kada ta girgiza". Sakamakon wallafa labarinsa na farko, journalistsan jaridar Masar sun yi wa Ibn Baz ba'a a matsayin misali na ɗabi'ar Saudiya, kuma an ruwaito Sarki Faisal ya fusata da labarin farko har ya ba da umarnin a lalata kowane kwafin da ba a sayar da shi ba. ya buga shi. A cikin shekarar 1982 Ibn Baz ya buga wani littafi, Al-adilla al-naqliyya wa al-ḥissiyya ala imkān ūd ila al-kawākib wa ala jarayān al-shams wa al-qamar wa sukūn al-arḍ ("Treatise on the textual and rational hujjojin jujjuyawar rana da rashin motsi na duniya da yuwuwar hawa zuwa wasu duniyoyi"). A ciki, ya sake buga labarin a shekarar 1966, tare da kasida ta biyu akan wannan batun da aka rubuta daga baya a shekarar 1966, kuma ya maimaita imaninsa cewa rana ta zagaya duniya. A cikin shekarar 1985, ya canza ra'ayinsa game da jujjuyawar ƙasa (kuma, a cewar Lacey, ya daina tabbatar da tsarinta), lokacin da Yarima Sultan bin Salman ya dawo gida bayan mako guda a cikin kumbon Discovery don gaya masa cewa ya gani ƙasa tana juyawa. Bugu da kari, an sami sabani game da yanayin takfiri (aikin ayyana sauran musulmi a matsayin kafirci ko kafirai) wanda aka ce Ibn Baz ya furta. A cewar Malise Ruthven, ya yi barazanar duk wanda bai yarda da ra'ayinsa na "kafin Copernican" da fatawa ba, yana mai bayyana su kafirai. Ibn Baz ya rubuta wasika ga wata mujalla a shekara ta 1966 yana mai amsa irin wannan zargi: Na ga kawai halal ne a kashe duk wanda ya ce rana ba ta tsayawa (thābita la jāriya) kuma ta ƙi tuba daga wannan bayan bayani. Domin kuwa musun yawowar rana yana nufin ƙin Allah (Tsarki ya tabbata a gare shi), Littafinsa Mai Girma, da Manzonsa mai girma. Ya tabbata a cikin Din (addinin Musulunci) ta hanyar hujjoji masu ƙima da Ijma` (ijma'i) na malamai cewa duk wanda ya ƙaryata Allah, ManzonSa ko Littafinsa to Kafirci ne kuma jininsu da dukiyoyinsu sun lalace. Hakkin hukuma mai alhakin ne ya nemi su tuba daga wannan; ko dai su tuba ko a kashe su. Godiya ga Allah da wannan lamari ba mai sabani a tsakanin malamai ba. Labarin Ibn Baz na biyu da aka rubuta a 1966 shima ya amsa irin wannan zargi: Ban bayyana waɗanda suka yi imani cewa ƙasa tana juyawa ga kafirai ba, ko kuma waɗanda suka yi imani cewa rana tana zagaya kanta, amma ina yin hakan ne ga waɗanda suka ce rana tana tsaye kuma ba ta motsawa (thābita la jāriya), wanda yana cikin labarina na ƙarshe. Duk wanda ya fadi haka kasancewar kafiri a bayyane yake daga Alqur'ani da Sunnah, domin Allah madaukakin sarki yana cewa: 'Kuma rana tana gudana (tajri) zuwa ga ajalin da aka sanya mata' Dangane da cewa Rana ta tsaya a wuri guda. amma har yanzu tana zagayawa da kanta, Ban magance wannan batu ba a kasidar ta ta farko, haka kuma ban ayyana kafiri duk wanda ya faɗi haka ba. Daga baya marubutan Yamma sun yi kamanceceniya tsakanin hasashensu game da Ibn Baz da fitinar Galileo ta Cocin Katolika a ƙarni na 16. Sau da yawa ana cewa Ibn Baz ya yi imani cewa Duniya shimfida ce. Marubuci Robert Lacey ya ce Ibn Baz ya yi wata hira "inda ya yi tunani kan yadda muke gudanar da ayyukan yau da kullun kan cewa ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin mu tana da faffada saboda haka ya zama sananne”. Duk da cewa ya natsu saboda imaninsa, "Sheikh bai tuba ba. Idan Musulmai suka zabi yarda duniya ta zagaye, wannan shine kasuwancin su, in ji shi, kuma ba zai yi musu rigima da addini ba. Amma yana da niyyar amincewa da abin da yake ji a ƙarƙashin ƙafafunsa maimakon maganganun masana kimiyya da bai sani ba.” A cewar Lacey, Ibn Baz ya canza ra'ayinsa game da shimfidar kasa bayan ya yi magana da Yarima Sultan bin Salman Al Saud wanda ya shafe lokaci a cikin jirgi mai saukar ungulu a shekarar 1985. Koyaya, Malise Ruthven da wasu sun bayyana cewa ba daidai ba ne a bayar da rahoton cewa Ibn Baz ya yi imani "ƙasa a kwance" Farfesa Werner Ende, masanin Jamus kan fatwa na Ibn Baz, ya bayyana cewa bai taɓa tabbatar da hakan ba. Abd al-Wahhâb al-Turayrî ya kira wadanda ke danganta kallon doron kasa ga Ibn Baz "masu yada jita-jita". Ya yi nuni da cewa Ibn Baz ya ba da fatawa yana mai bayyana cewa Duniya tana zagaye, kuma, a cikin shekarar 1966 Ibn Baz ya rubuta "Maganar da na kawo [a cikin asalin labarinsa] daga jawabin babban malamin nan Ibn Al-Qayyim (Allah Ya yi masa rahama) ya haɗa da hujjar cewa ƙasa mai zagaye ce”. Lacey ta nakalto wata fatawa da Ibn Baz yayi yana mai yin taka tsantsan kan ikirarin cewa Amurkawa sun sauka a duniyar wata. "Dole ne mu yi taka tsantsan a duk lokacin da kuffar [kafirai] ko faseqoon [fasikai] suka gaya mana wani abu: ba za mu iya yin imani ko kafirta su ba har sai mun sami isasshen hujja wanda musulmai za su dogara da shi. Kame Babban Masallaci Ibn Baz yana da alaƙa da wasu membobin 20 ga Nuwamba-4 ga Disamba 1979 da aka karɓi Babban Masallaci (Masjid al-Haram) a Makka. Kwace iko da makamai na tsawon makonni biyu ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane sama da 250, ciki har da garkuwa da mayakan. Dangane da hirar da marubuci Robert Lacey ya yi, mayakan, karkashin jagorancin Juhayman al-Otaybi, an san su da Al-Ikhwan (wanda aka sanya wa sunan sojojin Ikhwan wanda mahaifin Juhayman ya yi aiki a ciki ko kuma dakunan kwanan dalibai, Beit al-Ikhwan, wanda Juhayman ya zauna a cikin). Juhayman ya ayyana surukinsa, Mohammed al-Qahtani, a matsayin Mahadi. Mabahith ('yan sandan sirri) na Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida, Yarima Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud, ya bayyana Mohammed al-Qahtani da wasu Ikhwan a matsayin masu kawo rikici. An daure su a kurkuku watanni da suka wuce don kawai a sake su bisa bukatar Sheikh Ibn Baz. Musulunci ya hana duk wani tashin hankali a cikin Babban Masallaci. Ibn Baz ya tsinci kansa cikin mawuyacin hali, musamman kamar yadda ya taba koyar da al-Otaybi a Madina. Lamarin ya kara da rikitarwa ta yadda Gwamnatin Saudiya ta tsinci kanta ba shiri kuma ba ta da ikon korar mayakan daga Masallacin. Sun nemi taimakon waje daga Faransanci GIGN da ba-Arab na SSG. Ba a halatta wadanda ba Musulmi ba a cikin iyakokin garin Makka, balle Masallacin Harami. Lokacin da Gwamnati ta nemi fatawa don yin Allah wadai da tsagerun, yaren Ibn Baz da sauran manyan malamai "an kame shi da mamaki". Ba a ayyana masu mamaye Masallacin al-Haram a matsayin wadanda ba Musulmi ba, duk da kashe-kashen da suke yi da kuma keta alfarmar Masallacin, amma kawai ana kiransu da "al-jamaah al-musallahah" (kungiyar masu dauke da makamai). Ko ta yaya, malaman sun ba da fatawa da ke ba da damar amfani da muggan makamai wajen kwato masallacin. Manyan malaman sun kuma dage cewa kafin jami'an tsaro su kai musu hari, dole ne hukumomi su bayar da zabin "mika kai da ajiye makamansu". Ibn Baz, ta hanyar gibi, ya sake ba da wata fatawa da ke baiwa Sojojin Musamman na Faransa damar yin minti na ƙarshe, idan na ɗan lokaci ne, musulunta, don samun damar shiga birni da Babban Masallaci don zubar da jinin mayaƙan Ibn Baz ya ƙi. don yin Allah wadai da wanda ba musulmi ba. Hakkokin mata An bayyana Ibn Baz da cewa yana da munanan halaye marasa sassauƙa ga mata kuma yana zama kariya ga faɗaɗa haƙƙoƙin mata. Da yake tsokaci kan hukuncin Sharia cewa shaidar da ke gaban wata mace bai isa ba, Ibn Baz ya ce: “Annabi (Sallal Laahu Alaihi wa Aalihi wa Sallam) ya bayyana cewa ana samun rauninsu na yin tunani a cikin gaskiyar cewa ƙwaƙwalwar su ta yi rauni kuma shaidar su ta da bukatar wata mace don tabbatar da hakan." Ya kuma bayar da fatawa kan mata masu tukin mota, wanda watakila a Yammacin Turai shine sanannen hukuncinsa. Ya ayyana: "Lalata tana kai ga a zargi mata marasa laifi da tsarkaka da aikata alfasha. Allah ya shimfida ɗaya daga cikin mawuyacin hukunci ga irin wannan aiki don kare al'umma daga yaɗuwar abubuwan da ke haifar da lalata. Mata masu tuka mota, duk da haka, yana daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da hakan." Yakin Gulf na Farisa A lokacin Yakin Gulf na Farisa Ibn Bāz ya bayar da fatawa da ke ba da damar tura sojojin da ba Musulmi ba a kasar Saudiyya don kare masarautar daga sojojin Iraki. Wasu sun lura cewa wannan ya saba da ra'ayinsa a shekarun 1940, lokacin da ya sabawa manufar gwamnati na ba wa wadanda ba Musulmi ba aiki a kasar Saudiyya. Duk da haka, a cewar The New York Times, fatawarsa ta rinjayi ƙarin malaman addini. Dangane da sukar, Ibn Baz ya la'anci wadanda ke "rada a asirce a cikin tarurrukan su kuma suna rubuta gubarsu akan kaset da aka raba wa mutane". Wani muhimmin al'amari shi ne ba da izinin sanya gicciye da sojojin da ba Musulmi ba da ɗaukar Sabon Alkawari zuwa yaƙi da sauran Musulmai daga ƙasa mafi tsarki a Musulunci. Wannan hukuncin ya girgiza al'ummar Saudiya kamar girgizar kasa, kuma ya kasance a tsakiyar manyan rigingimu masu yawa na Salafiyya masu jihadi da gidan Saud har zuwa yau. Babban malamin nan mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Abdullah el-Faisal ya yi magana (takfir) Ibn Baz, yana mai bayyana shi mai ridda wanda ya mutu bai tuba ba. Zargin Osama bin Laden Dangane da labarin mutuwarsa a The Independent, Ibn Baz ya kasance yana da ra’ayoyin masu tsattsauran ra’ayi kuma yana riƙe da tsayayyun al’adun Wahabiyanci masu tsaurin ra'ayi. Koyaya, ra'ayinsa na siyasa bai isa ba ga Osama bin Laden wanda ya la'anci Ibn Baz saboda "rauninsa da sassaucin sa da saukin tasirin sa da hanyoyi daban -daban waɗanda ma'aikatar cikin gida ke aiwatarwa". Ibn Bāz shi ne batun Osama bin Laden na farko sanarwar jama'a da aka yi niyya ga jama'a musulmai. Wannan budaddiyar wasika cikin ladabi ta soki shi saboda amincewa da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta Oslo tsakanin PLO da gwamnatin Isra’ila. Ibn Baz ya kare matakin da ya dauka na amincewa da yarjejeniyar Oslo ta hanyar ambaton yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyyah, yana mai cewa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da wadanda ba musulmi ba tana da tarihi na tarihi idan za ta iya gujewa asarar rayuka. Ibn Baz yana ganin ya zama tilas a rusa kafofin watsa labarai da ke yada ra'ayin Bin Laden, ya kuma bayyana cewa haramun ne kowa ya hada kai da shi. Ya rubuta: Wajibi ne a ruguza da ruguza waɗannan wallafe-wallafen da suka samo asali daga al-Faqeeh, ko daga Mas'aree, ko kuma daga wasu masu kiran ƙarya (bin Laden da makamantansa), kuma kada a sassauta. zuwa gare su. Kuma wajibi ne a yi musu nasiha, a shiryar da su zuwa ga gaskiya, kuma a yi musu gargadi kan wannan karya. Bai halatta ga wani ya hada kai da su cikin wannan sharrin ba. Kuma wajibi ne a kansu su kasance masu gaskiya kuma su dawo kan shiriya su bar su su bar wannan karya. Don haka shawarata ga al-Mas'aree, al-Faqeeh da Bin Laden da duk wadanda suka bi tafarkinsu shine su bar wannan mummunar hanya, kuma su ji tsoron Allah da yin taka tsantsan daga ramuwarSa da Fushinsa, da komawa zuwa ga shiriya. kuma su tuba zuwa ga Allah ga abin da ya gabata daga gare su. Kuma Allah, Tsarki ya tabbata, ya yi wa bayinsa masu tuba alkawari cewa zai karbi tubarsu kuma ya kyautata musu. Don haka Allah Madaukakin Sarki ya ce: "Ka ce, Ya ku bayina da suka yi zalunci a kan kawunansu. Kada ku yanke kauna daga rahamar Allah. Lallai Shi Mai gafara ne, Mai jin kai [39:53].

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20O%27Malley

Grace O'Malley

Grace O'Malley (c. 1530 c. 1603), kuma aka sani da Gráinne O'Malley (Irish: Gráinne Ní Mháille), ita ce shugabar Ó a, daular Máille ta yammacin Ireland da 'yar Eóghan Dubhdara Ó Máille. A cikin tarihin al'adun Irish an fi saninta da Gráinne Mhaol (Anglicised da Granuaile) kuma sanannen mutum ce ta tarihi a tarihin Irish na ƙarni na sha shida. Hakanan an sanya sunanta a cikin takaddun Ingilishi na zamani ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da Gráinne O'Maly, Graney O'Mally, Granny ni Maille, Grany O'Mally, Grayn Ny Mayle, Grane ne Male, Grainy O'Maly, da Granee O' Maillie, da wuya kamar Grace O'Malley. A cikin shahararrun al'adun gargajiya ana kiranta da "The Pirate Queen". Ba a ambaci O'Malley a cikin tarihin Irish ba, don haka shaidun rubuce-rubucen rayuwarta sun fito galibi daga tushen Ingilishi, musamman "Labarun Tambayoyi" goma sha takwas, tambayoyin da aka yi mata a rubuce a madadin Elizabeth I. An ambace ta a cikin Takardun Jiha na Turanci da kuma a cikin wasu takaddun nau'ikan, da. Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, ta ɗauki nauyin jagorancin ubangiji ta ƙasa da ruwa, duk da cewa tana da ɗan'uwa, Dónal an Píopa Ó Máille. Auren Dónal an Chogaidh (Donal "na yaki") Ó Flaithbheartaigh ya kawo mata babban arziki da tasiri, wanda aka ruwaito yana mallakar shanu da dawakai har 1,000. A cikin 1593, lokacin da 'ya'yanta Tibbot Bourke da Murchadh Ó Flaithbheartaigh (Murrough O'Flaherty) da ɗan'uwanta Dónal an Píopa ("Donal of the Pipes") suka kama shi daga hannun gwamnan Ingila na Connacht, Sir Richard Bingham, O' Malley ya je Ingila don neman a sake su. Ta gabatar da bukatarta ga Sarauniya Elizabeth ta I a hukumance a kotun ta dake fadar Greenwich. Rayuwar farko An haifi O'Malley a Ireland a kusa da 1530, lokacin da Henry na VIII ya kasance Sarkin Ingila kuma ya rike lakabin Ubangiji na Ireland. A karkashin manufofin gwamnatin Ingila a lokacin, dangin Irish masu cin gashin kansu an bar su galibi suna amfani da nasu. Koyaya, wannan ya canza a tsawon rayuwar O'Malley yayin da cin nasarar Tudor na Ireland ya taru. Eoghan Dubhdara Ó Máille, mahaifinta, da danginsa sun kasance a Clew Bay, County Mayo. Shi ne Shugaban Sunan Clan Ó Máille kuma Ubangijin Umhaill, kuma ya yi iƙirarin zuriya daga Maille mac Conall. Uí Mháille na ɗaya daga cikin dangin masu safarar teku na Connacht, kuma sun gina jeri na katanga da ke fuskantar teku don kare yankinsu. Sun mallaki mafi yawan abin da ke yanzu shine Barony na Murrisk a kudu maso yammacin County Mayo kuma an gane su a matsayin masu mulkin mallaka na Mac William Íochtar reshen Bourkes, wanda ke sarrafa yawancin abin da ke yanzu County Mayo. Iyalin Bourke (Irish: de Búrca) asalin Anglo-Norman ne (de Burgh) amma ta rayuwar O'Malley ta zama Gaelicized gaba ɗaya. Mahaifiyarta, Margaret ko Maeve, ita ma O'Malley ce. Ko da yake ita kaɗai ce ɗan Dubhdara da matarsa, O'Malley yana da ɗan'uwan uba mai suna Dónal na Píopa. Ko da yake a ƙarƙashin Dokar Brehon kawai maza na derbhfine ne za su iya gaji rigar Shugaban Suna ta Tanistry, O'Malley "an ɗauki shi a matsayin mai riƙe da ƙasa na iyali da ayyukan teku". Tare da manyan gine-gine na bakin teku kamar Carrickkildavnet, Clan Uí Mháille sun sanya haraji ga duk wadanda ke kamun kifi a gabar ruwansu, wadanda suka hada da masunta daga nesa da Ingila. An san shugaban dangi kawai da sunan mahaifinsa Ó Máille (an fassara shi da The O'Malley). Tatsuniyar yankin sun nuna cewa O'Malley, tun tana yarinya, tana son tafiya balaguron kasuwanci zuwa Spain tare da mahaifinta. Da aka ce mata ba za ta iya ba saboda dogayen gashinta zai kama igiyar jirgin, sai ta yanke mafi yawan gashinta don ta kunyata mahaifinta ya dauke ta. Wannan ya sa ake mata lakabi da "Gráinne Mhaol"; daga maol, ma'ana 'mko' ko 'ciwon gashin gashi'), yawanci ana jin kamar Granuaile. Sunan barkwanci na iya fitowa daga Gráinne Umhaill ("Gráinne na Umhall", Umhall kasancewar gundumar tarihi na yammacin Connacht wanda Uí Mháille ke mamaye da shi). Tun tana yarinya mai yiwuwa ta zauna a gidan danginta na Belclare da tsibirin Clare, amma wataƙila wani dangi ne ya reno ta, saboda reno ya kasance al'ada a tsakanin manyan Gaelic na Ireland. Ta sami ilimi sosai tun lokacin da ta yi magana da Latin tare da Sarauniya Elizabeth I a 1593. Manazarta (This is a second, American edition of the book above) Mutuwan

21129

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukumar%20Za%C9%93e%20mai%20zaman%20kanta%20ta%20%C6%99asa

Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa

Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC), wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1998, ita ce hukumar zaɓen da ke lura da zaɓe a Najeriya. Dukkan wasu abubuwan da suka shafi Zaɓe a ƙarƙashin ta suke. Kuma kamar yadda sunan ta yake ita hukuma ce mai zaman kanta Tarihi Dokoki da gudanar da zabe Gudanar da zabubbukan dimokiraɗiyya a Najeriya ya samo asali ne tun daga lokacin samun 'Yancin kai lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da Hukumar Zaɓe ta Najeriya (ECN) a shekarar 1958 don gudanar da zaben tarayya na 1959. Kafin 1958, dokokin yanki da gwamnati suna tsarawa da gudanar da zaɓe. ECN ya kasance karkashin jagorancin wani bature, Ronald Edward Wraith da mambobin Najeriya huɗu dake wakiltar kowane yanki da Babban Birnin Tarayya na Legas. Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEC), wacce aka kafa a 1960 ta gudanar da zaɓukan tarayya da na yankuna kai tsaye bayan samun ‘yanci na 1964 da 1965. Kafin gudanar da zaben na 1964, Babban Jami’in Zaɓe, Kofo Abayomi ya yi murabus kuma wasu jami’an jam’iyyar daga NCNC da AC (Action Group) sun nuna shakku kan sahihancin zaben na gaskiya da adalci. An rusa hukumar zaben bayan juyin mulkin soja na 1966. A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya (FEDECO), inda ta shirya zabukan shekarar 1979 wanda ya kawo Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Nijeriya karkashin jagorancin Alhaji Shehu Shagari Hakanan ta gudanar da babban zaben 1983. A watan Disambar 1995, gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta kafa Hukumar Zaɓe ta Ƙasa ta Najeriya wacce ta sake gudanar da wani zaben. Ba a ƙaddamar da waɗannan zaɓaɓɓun cibiyoyin ba kafin mutuwar Janar Abacha kwatsam a watan Yunin 1998 ya soke aikin. A 1998, Gwamnatin Janar Abdulsalam Abubakar ta rusa NECON ta kuma kafa Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC). INEC ta shirya zabukan rikon-kwarya da suka haifar da Jamhuriya ta Hudu ta Nijeriya a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 1999. A watan Janairun 2015, kungiyar #BringBackOurGirls ta yi kara game da shirin da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi don ware Chibok da wasu al'ummomin da ke karkashin ikon Boko Haram a yanzu daga karbar katunan zaɓe na dindindin (PVCs) don zaben na watan Fabrairu." Shugabanci Shugaban Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayyar Najeriya ta farko shi ne Cif Eyo Esua (1964-1966) a Jamhuriya ta Farko. Lokacin da Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya shirya domin komawa kan mulkin farar hula a Jamhuriya ta Biyu, ya kafa sabuwar Hukumar Zaɓe ta Tarayya karkashin jagorancin Cif Michael Ani don lura da zaɓen 1979. Mai shari’a Victor Ovie Whiskey ne ya maye gurbin Ani. A lokacin gwamnatocin Ibrahim Babangida da na Sani Abacha, waɗanda suka yi yunkurin komawa kan turbar dimokuraɗiyya, Hukumar Zaɓe ta kasa a karkashin jagorancin Farfesa Eme Awa (1987-1989), Farfesa Humphrey Nwosu (1989–1993), Farfesa Okon Uya da Cif Sumner Dagogo- Jack (1994–1998). INEC Janar Abdulsalami Abubakar ne ya kafa INEC ta yanzu, tare da Mai Shari’a Ephraim Akpata a matsayin shugaba. Akpata ya yi mu'amala da kungiyoyin siyasa 26, inda ya ba da rajista na wucin-gadi a matsayin jam'iyyun siyasa na zaɓen 1998/1999, daga karshe ya koma karkashin jam'iyyun uku. Duk da kokarin da aka yi na tabbatar da zaɓe cikin gaskiya da adalci, aikin ya jawo kakkausar suka daga masu sa ido na kasashen duniya. Bayan Akpata ya mutu a watan Janairun 2000, gwamnatin Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ta naɗa Abel Guobadia Babban Jami’in Zaɓe na Najeriya, matsayin da Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya ta tabbatar a watan Mayun 2000. Guobadia ce ke da alhakin zaɓen 2003, wanda rikice-rikice da yawa da wasu ɓarnatar suka yi lahani. A watan Yunin 2005, Guobadia ya yi ritaya kuma Farfesa Maurice Iwu ya gaje shi. Jim kadan da nada shi, Iwu ya ba da sanarwar cewa ba za a bar masu sa ido na kasashen waje ba yayin zabuka, amma masu sa ido kan zaben na kasashen waje ne kawai. 'Yan siyasa da kungiyoyin farar hula sun yi Allah wadai da wannan shawarar wadanda suka yi kira da a cire shi nan take daga mukaminsa. Yadda aka gudanar da zaɓen 2007 an sake sukar shi da cewa ya faɗi ƙasa da ƙa'idodin dimokuraɗiyya. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2010, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya zabi Farfesa Attahiru Muhammadu Jega a matsayin sabon Shugaban INEC, idan har Majalisar Dattawa ta tabbatar, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Iwu, wanda ya bar mukamin a ranar 28 ga Afrilun 2010. Naɗin Jega a matsayin shugaban INEC ya biyo bayan amincewa da taron Majalisar kasa da Shugaba Jonathan ya kira wanda ya samu halartar tsoffin shugabannin kasa Yakubu Gowon, Muhammadu Buhari, Ibrahim Babangida, Abdulsalami Abubakar, Ernest Shonekan, Olusegun Obasanjo da Shehu Shagari. Shugaban majalisar dattijai David Mark, kakakin majalisar wakilai Oladimeji Bankole, da mafi yawan gwamnonin jihohi suma sun halarci taron. Amincewar da majalissar da aka zaba ta yi wa wannan nadin ya kauce ma cece-kuce game da ko shugaban kasa ya kamata ya nada shugaban INEC. Martani game da sanarwar daga dimbin bangarorin shugabannin siyasa da kungiyoyi sun kasance masu kyau, kodayake wasu sun nuna damuwa cewa za a iya lattin aiwatar da gyare-gyare na ainihi kafin zaben 2011. A lokacin yakin neman zaben babban zaɓen Najeriya na shekarar 2015, Attahiru Jega "ya fuskanci kakkausar suka daga bangaren adawa da jam'iyya mai mulki." Wa'adin mulkinsa na Attahiru Jega na shekaru biyar ya zo karshe ne a ranar 30 ga watan Yuni, 2015, kuma duk da cewa ya cancanci sake nadin, damar hakan ta yi nisa ganin yadda jami'an kamfen din Shugaba Goodluck suka nuna masa son kai. Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Farfesa Mahmood Yakubu a matsayin Shugaban INEC, Farfesa Yakubu ya karbi aiki daga hannun Amina Bala-Zakari, wacce ke rikon mukamin shugaban bayan Jega ya tafi. Rigingimu Hukumar Zaɓe ta INEC ta gamu da rikice-rikice da dama a yayin da ake tunkarar zabuka a kasar, musamman zaɓen watan Afrilun 2007, gami da sukar yadda ta shirya daga Sada Abubakar, Sarkin Musulmi da kuma takaddama kan “rashin cancantar” Mataimakin. takarar shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa INEC ba za ta iya dakatar da ‘yan takara ba, don haka aka kara sunan Abubakar a kuri’un a mintin karshe. Dangane da batun magudin zabe, kakakin hukumar INEC, Philip Umeadi ya ce a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu cewa "Ba mu zauna kan wani rikici a Najeriya ba." Manufar INEC ita ce ta kasance a matsayin EMB mai zaman kanta kuma mai tasiri wajen gudanar da zabe na gaskiya, kuma amintacce don dorewar dimokiradiyya a Najeriya. Hangen nesan INEC shine ya zama daya daga cikin ingantattun Hukumomin Gudanar da Zabe (EMB) a duniya wanda zai cika burin jama'ar Najeriya. A cikin shirye-shiryen babban zaben 2015, INEC a karkashin Jega ta gabatar da na'urar tantance masu kada kuri'a domin tantance masu jefa kuri'a da katunan zabensu don rage aukuwar magudi da ƴan siyasa keyi. Gabatar na'urar zaɓe (card reader) yasa shugaban hukumar zaɓe (INEC) ya samu yabo daga ‘yan Najeriya da dama amma gungun wasu kananan jam’iyyun siyasa hudu wadanda suka yi ikirarin suna wakiltar jam’iyyun siyasa 15 sun yi tir da hakan kuma sun bukaci INEC da ta dakatar da amfani da na’urar tantance katin a zaben 2015. An yi babban zaben shekarar 2015 a matsayin mafi inganci, sahihi da adalci tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuraɗiyya a shekarar 1999. An zargi INEC da yawan kura-kuran zaɓe a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2019 da suka hada da karar takardun kada kuri’a, da kuma na'urar tantance masu zaɓe (card reader) cewa an saita aikinsu don yin maguɗin zaɓe da kuma soke kuri’u masu inganci. Babbar jam'iyyar adawa ta People's Democratic Party da dan takararta na shugaban kasa sun kalubalanci sakamakon zaben a kotu. Duba kuma Jerin kauyuka a Najeriya Manazarta 1. http://www.inecnigeria.org/ 2. https://www.inecnigeria.org/home/inec-history/ 3. https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/965355951 4. https://repository.law.miami.edu/umiclr/vol10/iss2/10 5. http://inecnigeria.org/index.php?cateid=9&contid=6 6. http://allafrica.com/stories/201501081376.html 7. http://www.thetidenewsonline.com/?p=9541 8. http://www.thenigerianvoice.com/nvnews/26106/1/electoral-commission-through-the-years.html 9. http://allafrica.com/stories/200906020075.html 10. http://www.cartercenter.org/documents/1152.pdf 11. https://web.archive.org/web/20081128123048/http://www.ifes.org/publication/d5cdd8094465e31baf096f4eba5d457c/Et9_1.pdf 12. https://www.hrw.org/node/12130 13. http://allafrica.com/stories/200903310118.html 14. https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=9766502 15. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090599.html 16. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006090006.html 17. http://allafrica.com/stories/201006100204.html?viewall=1 18. http://allafrica.com/stories/201503240735.html 19. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/03/tension-mounts-on-presidency-over-jega/ 20. https://www.vanguardngr.com/2015/10/breaking-buhari-appoints-mahmood-yakubu-as-inec-chairman/ 21. https://web.archive.org/web/20070929133625/http://www.angolapress-angop.ao/noticia-e.asp?ID=517493 22. http://www.independentngonline.com/?c=181&a=22921 23. http://www.iol.co.za/index.php?set_id=1&click_id=86&art_id=nw20070417132554618C925706 24. https://silverbirdtv.com/uncategorized/18312/4-political-parties-want-jega-fired-threaten-to-boycott-elections-over-card-readers/ 25. https://dailypost.ng/2015/06/21/the-use-of-card-readers-in-elections-has-come-to-stay-jega/ Hanyoyin haɗin waje Yanar gizo na INEC Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Haram%2C%20Jaffa

Al-Haram, Jaffa

Al-Haram (El Haram ’Aly Ibn ‘Aleim, kuma Sayyiduna Ali ko Sidna Ali “wuri na ‘Ali [Ibn Aleim]”, Hebrew: Larabci: ƙauyen Larabawa ne na Falasdinu a cikin yankin Jaffa, a cikin Falasɗinu ta tilas. Tana da nisan kilomita 16 daga arewacin Jaffa, kusa da kango na birnin Arsuf mai katanga na tsakiya, kuma an kiyasta girmansa ya kai tsakanin 9,653 zuwa 11,698 dunams wanda 5,150 aka lissafa a cikin rajistar cadastral. An rage yawan jama'a a lokacin yakin 1948. Tarihi Tsakiyar zamanai Baibars sun kwace tsakiyar zamanai birnin Arsuf mai katanga na tsakiya daga masarautar Kudus a shekara ta 1265, bayan kwanaki 40 na kewaye. An kashe mazaunanta ko sayar da su kamar bayi kuma garin ya yi ta birgima. An bar shafin gaba daya kusan kusan karni; bisa ga masanin kimiyar kasa Abulfeda (rubutu a c. 1330), shafin bai ƙunshi mazaunan ba ("Tabula Syriæ", 82). Da alama an sake kafa ƙaramin ƙauye a ƙarni na 16 a kusa da Masallacin Sidna Ali. Mujir al-Din ne ya ambaci masallacin (rubutu c. 1496) kamar yadda aka sadaukar dashi a kabarin wani malamin addinin musulinci, Ali Ibn Aleim (d. 1081), kuma Sultan Baybars yayi addu'a a kabarin don cin nasara kafin ya dawo da Arsuf a 1265. Zamanin Ottoman A cikin 1596, a zamanin Ottoman, kashi uku na kudaden shiga daga wani wuri da ake kira "Arsuf" ya tafi wakafi na Ali Ibn 'Aleim. Pierre Jacotin ya kira ƙauyen Ali Ebn harami akan taswirarsa daga 1799. A cikin 1880, an bayyana shi a cikin PEF's Survey of Western Palestine a matsayin ƙauyen adobe mai matsakaicin girma a saman ƙasa, mai maɓuɓɓugan ruwa zuwa arewa, kuma a yamma masallaci ne. An rubuta cikakken suna a matsayin El Haram 'Aly Ibn 'Aleim. Hukumomin Birtaniyya A cikin kidayar jama'ar Palasdinu a shekara ta 1922 da hukumomin Birtaniyya suka gudanar, Al-Haran na da yawan jama'a 172, dukkan musulmi sun karu da kidayar 1931 zuwa 313, har yanzu dukkansu musulmi ne, a cikin gidaje 83. A cikin shekarun 1920s, Kamfanin Raya Ƙasa na Falasɗinawa (PLDC) ya sayi wani yanki na ƙauyen a madadin Amurka Sihiyona Commonwealth daga dangin Omri na Beirut, don samun matsugunin Herzliya. Daga baya an yi amfani da sayayyar filayen ƙauyen da PLDC, Asusun Ƙasa na Yahudawa, Keren Hayesod da masu sayayya Yahudawa masu zaman kansu suka yi amfani da su wajen kafa Kfar Shmaryahu da Rishpon. A lokacin, a lokacin da Falasdinawan suka yi boren nuna adawa da umarnin Birtaniya, an gabatar da wasu mutanen kauyen Al-Haram guda biyu gaban madugun 'yan tawayen Aref Abd al-Razeq, tare da yin Allah wadai da sayar da filaye ga Yahudawan, kamar yadda takardu suka nuna. A cewar wasu shaidu, alakar da ke tsakanin mutanen kauyen Al-Haram da yahudawan Herzliya da Rishpon na sada zumunci ne. Mazauna garin Herzliya na farko sun ambaci Larabawa masu fataucin mutane a titunan garin. Wasu daga cikin mutanen kauyen sun yi aikin gine-gine. Tsoffin Larabawa mazauna al-Haram sun shaida cewa kafin yakin, wakilan garuruwan yahudawan sun ba su tabbacin cewa suna cikin koshin lafiya. A cikin kididdigar 1945 ƙauyen yana da yawan jama'a 880, tare da mazaunan Yahudawa 360. Al-Haram tana da makarantar firamare ta yara maza da aka kafa a 1921, kuma a cikin 1945 tana da ɗalibai 68 da suka yi rajista. Kauyen kuma yana dauke da masallaci da kuma hubbaren al-Hasan bn Ali (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1081), wanda shi ne zuriyar halifan musulmi na biyu, Umar bn al-Khattab. A cewar Morris, an kwashe mutanen kauyen ne a ranar 3 ga Fabrairun 1948 saboda tsoron harin Yahudawa, bayan harin Haganah ko Irgun a kauyukan da ke kusa. Yau Alamar tsohon ƙauyen shine wurin bautar Sidna Ali da makabartar da ke kewaye da shi. Masu yawon bude ido na amfani da makabartar a matsayin wurin ajiye motoci. An ambaci kaburburan Musulmai da yawa a cikin littafin binciken kayan tarihi na 1998 zuwa yamma da kudu na tsarin. Wurin ibada yana tsakanin bakin tekun Sidna Ali aka Nof Yam, da unguwar Reshef na Herzliya. Manazarta Littafi Mai Tsarki (p.215 cited in Petersen, 2001) (Al-Haram:

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abu%20Ubaidah%20ibn%20al-Jarrah

Abu Ubaidah ibn al-Jarrah

Abu Ubaidah bn al-Jarrah, cikakken suna Abū 'ubaydah' Amir dan 'Abdullāh dan al-Jarah Larabci 583-639 CE), yana daga cikin Sahabban annabin musulinci Muhammadu Mafi yawa da aka sani da kasancewa ɗaya daga cikinwainda akayiwa alkawarin Aljanna. Ya kasance kwamandan babban runduna ta rundunonin Islam na kasar shaam a lokacin Raashid Halifa Umar kuma yana cikin jerin halifofin da Umar ya nada a matsayin Khalifanci yana daya daga cikin wainda suka amshi Musulumci tun daga farkon daawar Annabi Muhammad tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agareshi. ya halacci yake-yaken Musulumci wainda suka hada Farkon rayuwa An haifi Abu Ubaidah a shekara ta 583 Miladiyya a gidan 'Abdullah bn al-Jarrah, dan kasuwa mai sana'a. Abu Ubaidah asalinsa Qurayshu ne daga Banu al-Harith bn Fihr. Kafin ya musulunta, an dauke shi daya daga cikin mashahuran Quraishawa kuma ya shahara a cikin Quraysh na Makka saboda girman kai da jaruntakarsa. Shiga Musulunci A shekara ta 611, Annabi Muhammadu yayi kira zuga tauhidi tauhidi Allah ga mutanen Makkah. Ya fara kira ne da kiran mafi kusanci da sahabbansa da dangi sa a asirce zuwa ga addinin Musulunci shi LAA ILAHA ILALLAHU MUHAMMADUN RASULULLAHI cewa BABU WANI ABUN BAUTA FACE ALLAH KUMA ANNABI MUHAMMADU MANZON ALLAH NE Ya musulunta kwana daya bayan saiyidunaa Abubakar a shekara ta 611 yana dan shekara 28. Hijira zuwa Abiyasina Abu Ubaidah ya rayu cikin mummunan yanayin da musulmai suka shiga ciki a Makka tun daga farko har karshe. Tare da sauran musulmai na farko, ya jure wulakanci da zalunci na Quraishawa. Kamar yadda hijira ta farko zuwa Abiyasina Habasha ta yi nasara, wannan cin zarafin da aka yi wa musulmai ya yi nasara sosai. Hijira zuwa Madina A cikin 623 Miladiya, lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu tsira da amincin Allah su tabbata agareshi yayi hijira daga Makkah zuwa Madina, Abu Ubaidah shi ma yayi hijira tare dashi. Lokacin da Annabi Muhammad ya'isa Madina, ya hada kowane baƙi Muhajir tare da ɗaya daga cikin mazaunan Madina Ansari tare da Muhammad bin Maslamah tare da Abu Ubaidah da ke sanya su 'yan uwan juna cikin imani. Musulmai sun kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali a Madina kusan shekara daga kafin Qurayshu ta ɗibi dakaru don kai wa Madina hari. Yaƙin a zamanin Annabi Muhammad Yaƙin Badr A shekara ta 624, yakin badar ya kaure tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishu wan farko Musulmai sunyi yunkurin tare fataken kuraishu a karkashin jagoranci Abu Sufiyan. Musulmai sun tare hanyan da ke tsakanin Madina da Makkah Abu Ubaidah ya shiga cikin babban yaqin farko tsakanin musulmai da Qurayshawa na Makka, a yakin Badr A wannan yaƙin, ya yi yaƙi da babansa Abdullah bn al-Jarrah, wanda yake yaƙi tare da rundunar Qurayshu. Daga baya Abu Ubaidah ya kai masa hari kuma ya kashe shi. An saukar da ayar Alqur’ani mai girma game da wannan halin da Abu 'Ubaidah yayi: Yaƙin Uhudu A shekara ta 625, yakin Uhudu ya kaure tsakanin Musulmai da Kuraishu. Wan kuraishu sun fito yakin ne sabo da daukan fansar wainda aka kashe da cikinsu na yakin Badar wanda Sarkin Makkah Abu Sufiyan ne ya jagoranci babban tawaga sannan Kuma Khalid bin Walid Ya jagoranci tawagan sojoji masu dawakai ya shiga yakin Uhud A karo na biyu na yakin, lokacin da sojojin Khalid bin al-Walid suka fatattaki musulmai daga baya, suna canza nasarar Musulunci zuwa ga shan kashi, mafiya yawan sojojin musulmin sun fatattake su daga fagen daga, kuma mutane kalilan ne suka dage. Abu Ubaidah daya ne daga cikinsu kuma ya tsare Muhammad daga farmakin sojojin Qurayshi. A wannan rana, Abu Ubaidah ya rasa biyu daga cikin hakoran gabansa yayin da yake kokarin cire wasu alamomin makamai biyu na Muhammad wadanda suka shiga kumatunsa. Rikici tare da kabilun yahudawa Daga baya a shekara ta 627 ya shiga Yakin Trench da kuma mamayewar Banu Qurayza An kuma sanya shi kwamandan wata karamar balaguron da ta tashi don kai farmaki da kuma lalata kabilun Tha'libah da Anmar, waɗanda suke washe duk wasu ƙauyuka na kusa. A shekara ta 628 ya shiga cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaybiyyah kuma yana daga cikin shaidu kan wannan yarjejeniya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya kasance wani ɓangare na yaƙin Musulmi zuwa yakin Khaybar Yaƙe-yaƙe a ƙarshen zamanin Muhammadu A shekara ta 630, lokacinda sojojin musulmai suka Kwace Makka, Abu Ubaidah ya kasance yana yin umarni da daya daga cikin rukunoni hudu wadanda suka shiga cikin birni daga hanyoyi daban-daban guda hudu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, ya halarci yakin Hunayn da Zirin Ta'if Shima yana cikin yakin Tabuk karkashin umarnin Muhammad da kansa. Da dawowar su daga yakin Tabuk, wakilan kirista daga Najran suka isa Madina suka nuna sha’awar shiga addinin Musulunci kuma suka roki Muhammad ya aiko musu da wani mutum da zai jagorance su a al'amuran addini da kuma sauran al'amuran kabilanci kamar yadda dokokin Musulunci suka fada, Abu Ubaidah Muhammadu ya naɗa shi ya tafi tare da su. Shi kuma Muhammad ya aiko shi mai karbar haraji 'aamil zuwa kasar Bahrain Ya kasance a Makka lokacin da Muhammadu ya mutu a shekara ta 632. Yaƙi a matsayin kwamandan A shekara ta 629 Muhammad ya aika da 'Amr ibn al-'As zuwa Daat al-Salaasil daga inda ya yi kira da a karfafa shi, wannan sanannu ne yawon shakatawa na Abu Ubaidah ibn al Jarrah Muhammadu ya aiki Abu Ubaidah a cikin rundunar rundunar da ta hada Abu Bakr da Umar. Sun kai hari kuma suka ci abokan gaba. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, an sake tura wani balaguro a karkashin umarnin sa ya nemo hanyoyin masu safarar Qurayshi. A zamanin halifa Abubakar Lokacin da Muhammadu ya mutu a shekara ta 632 batun maye ya faru a Saqifah na Banu Sa'ida, Abu Ubaidah yana nan tare da Abu Bakr da Umar. Umar ya ce wa Abu Ubaidah ya miqa hannunsa don halifan, amma ya ki, ya ce wa Abubakar ya mika hannu ya dauki amanar. Bayan yaƙin Ridda lokacin da Abu Bakr ya aika Khalid ibn al-Walid zuwa Iraq don cinye shi, ya tura sojojin musulmai huɗu zuwa cikin Levant, ya sanya Abu Ubaidah kwamandan ɗayansu. An zaɓi maƙasudinsa don zama Emessa kuma an umurce shi da ya tafi yankin Tabuk bayan rundunar Sharjeel ibn Hassana A zamanin Umar Nada shi a matsayin Babban Kwamandan A 22 Agusta 634, Halifa Abubakar ya mutu Umar ya zama kalifa. Umar ya sauke Khalid bn al-Walid daga umurnin rundunar islama ya kuma nada Abu Ubaidah a matsayin sabon kwamandan. An yi wannan don korar tunanin cewa nasarar da aka samu ya kasance ne sakamakon Khalid Bugu da ƙari, Khalid mutum ne mai karimci, wanda a cewar wasu mutane galibinsu zai ɓata kuɗinsa wajen bayar da kyaututtuka ga sojojinsa a matsayin ladabtar da jaruntakarsu a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe. Bayan alƙawarin Abu Ubaidah, Khalid ya ce, "Ya ku mutane, an naɗa wakilinku a kan ku." Wannan tunatarwa ya kasance a cikin hasken maganar Annabi (SAW), "Akwai mai tsaro ga kowane Uma kuma Abu Ubaidah shi ne mai lura da wannan al'ummar." Saboda nau'ikan umarni daban-daban, an sami raguwa cikin sauƙin yadda ake gudanar da abubuwa, yayin da Abu Ubaida ya yi tafiya a hankali a hankali, ya bambanta da Khalid wanda aka ce yana guduwa 'kamar hadari daga yaƙi zuwa yaƙi'; ta yin amfani da mamaki, zagi da karfin gwiwa don cin nasarar yaƙe-yaƙe. Nasarar Siriya ta ci gaba a karkashin sabon kwamandan. Abu Ubaida ya kasance mai dogaro da shawarar Khalid, wanda ya kiyaye shi da shi gwargwadon iko. Nasarar tsakiyar Bala'in Jim kadan bayan nadin Abu-Ubaidah a matsayin babban kwamandan, sai ya aika karamin ragowa don halartar bikin shekara-shekara da akeyi a Abu-al-Quds, ranar yau ta Abla, kusa da Zahlé gabashin Beirut Akwai wani jami'in soja Byzantine da kiristocin larabawa da ke kare wannan adalci, musulmai ne suka sanya girman garkuwar sannan kuma aka rufe ta da hanzarin 'yan ta'adda musulmai. Tun kafin a lalata shi gaba daya, Abu Ubaidah, da ya sami sabon leken asiri, ya aika Khalid don ya ceci sojojin musulmai. Khalid ya isa can ya ci su a yaƙin Abu-al-Quds a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 634 kuma ya dawo da tarin ganima daga alfarma da ɗaruruwan fursunoni na Byzantine. Lokacin da aka kame tsakiyar Siriya, musulmin sun yi wa Tozantines mummunan rauni. Yanzu an katse sadarwa tsakanin arewacin Siriya da Palestine Abu Ubaidah ya yanke shawarar tafiya Fahl Pella wanda kusan a kasa matakin teku, kuma inda tsaffin sojoji na Byzantine da wadanda suka tsira daga yakin Ajnadayn suka kasance. Yankin yana da mahimmanci saboda daga nan sojojin Byzantine na iya buge gabas kuma su yanke layin sadarwa tare da Arabia Haka kuma, tare da wannan babbar runduna ta baya, ba za a iya mamaye Falasdinu ba. Don haka sojojin musulmai suka koma Fahl. Runduna ta Byzantika an ci nasara a yaƙin Fahl a ranar 23 ga Janairu 635 AD Yakin yaƙi na Emesa da yaƙi na biyu na Dimashƙu Bayan yaƙin, wanda zai zama babbar mabuɗin Falasdinu da Jordan, sojojin musulmai suka rarrabu. Sharjeel da gawawwakin Amr sun tafi kudu don kama Falasdinu. A halin da ake ciki, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid tare da manyan katanga sun koma arewacin Lebanon don cinye Lebanon da arewacin Siriya. While the Muslims were occupied at Fahl, Heraclius, sensing the opportunity, quickly sent an army under General Theodore Trithyrius to recapture Damascus, where a small Muslim garrison had been left. Shortly after Heraclius dispatched this new army, the Muslims having finished the business at Fahl, were on their way to Emesa. The Byzantine army met the Muslims half way to Emesa, at Maraj-al-Rome. During the night Theodras sent half of his army towards Damascus to launch a surprise attack on the Muslim garrison Khalid dan leken asirin Khalid ya sanar da shi matakin, Khalid da ya samu izini daga Abu Ubaidah, ya tsallaka zuwa Damascus tare da mai tsaron gidan sa Yayin da Abu Ubaidah ya yi yaƙi kuma ya ci sojojin Byzantine a yaƙin Maraj-al-Rome, Khalid ya koma Damaskus tare da sojan dokinsa ya kuma kai hari da cin nasarar Theodras a yaƙin na biyu na Damascus Mako guda baya, Abu Ubaida da kansa ya tashi zuwa Ba'albek (Heliopolis), inda babban haikalin Jupiter yake tsaye. Ba'albek ya mika wuya ga sarautar musulinci bayan da aka samu juriya sosai sannan ya amince da bayar da haraji. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid kai tsaye zuwa Emesa. Yaƙin Yarmouk Bayan sun kama Emesa, musulmai sun koma arewa don karbe arewacin Siriya. Khalid, wanda ke matsayin mai tsaron gaba ya dauki mai tsaron nasa ya fatattaki arewacin Siriya. A wajen Shaizer, Khalid ya kama wani mai ɗaukar hoto da ke ba da abinci ga Chalcis. An yi wa fursunonin tambayoyi tare da sanar da shi game da babban burin Emperor Heraclius don dawo da Siriya. Sun gaya masa cewa wataƙila sojoji, mai yiwuwar 200,000 masu ƙarfi, za su fito don karɓe yankinsu. Khalid ya tsaya anan. Bayan abubuwan da ya gabata, Heraclius, yanzu an guji fadace fadace tare da musulmai. Yayi niyyar tura manya manyan garuruwa kuma ya ware gawarwakin musulmai daga kowane bangare, kuma ta haka ya kewaya da hallaka sojojin musulmai. An ƙaddamar da dakaru 5 masu yawa a watan Yuni na 636 don dawo da Siriya. </br> A ƙarshe a ranar 15 ga Agusta, an yi yaƙin Yarmouk, ya ɗauki tsawon kwanaki 6 kuma ya ƙare a cikin mummunan rauni ga Rundunar Soji. Yakin Yarmouk ana ɗaukar shi ɗayan yaƙin yaƙi na tarihi. Rashin nasara ne na tarihi wanda ya rufe makasudi na Byzantines, girman shan kashi ya yi matukar ta'asar da Byzantine ba zai taba murmurewa daga hakan ba. Hakan ya sanya dukkan Daular Byzantine ta zama mai rauni ga Musulmai. Yaƙi shi ne mafi girma yaƙi har abada aka yi yaƙi a kan ƙasar Siriya har zuwa wannan kuma ya kasance wata dabara mai ban mamaki na Abu Ubaidah. Kama Urushalima Da sojojin Byzantine suka rushe kuma suka fatattaka, da sauri musulmai suka karbe yankin da suka ci kafin Yarmouk. Abu Ubaida ya yi wani taro tare da babban kwamishina, wanda ya hada da Khalid, don yanke hukunci kan nasarar da za a samu nan gaba. Sun yanke shawarar cinye Urushalima. Yankin Kudus ya dauki tsawon watanni hudu bayan haka birnin ya amince da mika wuya, amma kawai ya sami kalifa Umar a cikin mutum. 'Amr ibn al-'As ya ba da shawarar cewa a aika Khalid a matsayin kalifa, saboda tsananin kamanninsa da Umar. An san Khalid kuma daga ƙarshe, Umar ya zo kuma Urushalima ta mika wuya a ranar Afrilu 637. Bayan Urushalima, sojojin musulmai sun sake farfaɗowa. An sa gawawwakin Yazidu zuwa Dimashƙu don su ci Beirut. Sojojin Amr da Shurahbil sun ci gaba da mamaye sauran Falasdinu, yayin da Abu Ubaidah da Khalid, a ƙarshen mayaƙan mayaƙan 17,000 suka ƙaura zuwa arewacin don cinye arewacin Siriya duka. Abu Ubaida ya tura kwamandojin 'Amr ibn al-'As, da Yazid ibn Abi Sufyan, da Shurahbil ibn Hassana suka koma yankunan su don sake kwato su. Yawancin wuraren da aka ƙaddamar ba tare da faɗa ba. Abu Ubaida da kansa, tare da Khalid, ya koma arewacin Siriya don sake cinye su da dakaru mayaƙa 17,000. Khalid tare da mahaya dawakai aka aika zuwa Hazir sai Abu Ubaidah ya koma Chalcis. Tare da Emesa tuni, Abu Ubaidah da Khalid sun matsa zuwa Chalcis, wanda shine babban mahimmancin sansanin Byzantine. Ko da yake Chalcis, da Byzantines za su tsare Anatolia, Heraclius ta mahaifarsa Armenia kuma akwai Asia yankin babban birnin Antakiya. Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid tare da sojan dawakansa, mai tsaron lafiya, zuwa ga Chalcis. Sojojin Girka suna tsaron sansanin sojojin ƙarƙashin kwamandansu, Menas, wanda aka ce yana da babban matsayi, na biyu ga sarki kansa kawai. Menas, yana jujjuya daga dabarun na zamanin Byzantine, ya yanke shawarar fuskantar Khalid da kuma halakar da manyan jagororin sojojin musulmai kafin babban rukunin su shiga su Hazir, gabashin Chalcis. Wannan shi ne aka sani da Yaƙin Hazir, wanda har ma ya tilasta wa Umar yaba wa mashahurin soja na Khalid. An ruwaito Umar ya ce: Yaƙin neman zaɓe a cikin Armeniya da Anatolia Bayan yaƙin Umar Umar ya ba da umarnin kwace Al-Jazira, wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen bazara 638 AD Bayan nasarar, Abu Ubaidah ya aika Khalid da Iyad bn Ghanm (magabcin Al-Jazira) don mamaye yankin Byzantine da ke arewacin Al-Jazira. Sun yi tafiya ba tare da izini ba kuma suka kama Edessa, Amida (Diyarbakır), Malatya da duka Armeniya har zuwa Ararat kuma sun kai hari arewacin da tsakiyar Anatolia. Heraclius ya riga ya yi watsi da duk wata hanyar da ke tsakanin Antakiya da Tartus don ƙirƙirar yankin mai saiti ko kuma ƙasa ta mutum tsakanin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikon musulmai da kuma yankin Anatolia. Umar har zuwa lokacin da aka dakatar da sojojin nasa daga kara mamayewa cikin zurfi cikin Anatolia amma maimakon haka ya umarci Abu Ubaidah, wanda yanzu shine gwamnan Syria, da ya karfafa mulkinsa a Syria. A wannan karon, an ruwaito Umar ya ce: Babban yunwar Daga baya a waccan shekarar ta Arab ta fada cikin matsanancin fari, kuma mutane da yawa sun fara halaka daga yunwar da cututtukan annoba iri daya, duk sakamakon fari da rikicewar sa. Saboda haka, mutane da yawa marasa yawa (a cikin ɗaruruwan dubbai), daga ko'ina cikin Arabia, sun taru a Madina kamar yadda ake raba abinci. Ba da daɗewa ba, kayan abinci na Madina ya ƙi zuwa matakan tsoro. A wannan karon, Halifa Umar ya riga ya rubuta wa gwamnonin lardunansa cewa suna neman duk wata taimakon da za su taimaka da shi. Daya daga cikin irin wannan wasika an garzaya wurin Abu Ubaidah, wanda ya amsa nan da nan: Gaskiya zuwa ga tabbacin, Abu Ubaidah ta tafiyar da abinci da kayayyaki kasance na farko da ya isa Madina, tare da 4,000 raƙuma isa cike da abinci. Don magance adadin mai yawa, Umar ya nada Abu Ubaidah don raba wannan tsakanin dubban mutane da ke zaune a wajen Madina. Bayan taimakon Abu Ubaidah da kokarin sa, Umar ya ba da sadaki 4,000 a matsayin mai sauƙin kai ko godiya, wanda ya ƙi saboda dalilan cewa aikin ya yi saboda Allah ne. Bala'i na 'Amwas Watanni tara sun shude tunda fari da sabuwar matsala ta fara yin kiwo. Annobar annoba ta barke a Siriya da Iraki ta Yamma; Ya yi tsanani sosai a cikin Suriya. Lokacin da labarin bullar cutar Umar ya kama hanyarsa don tafiya Siriya, amma ya dawo daga kan iyakar Siriya kamar yadda sahabbansa suka shawarce shi. Abu Ubaidah ya gamu da shi a inda yace: Umar ya dawo daga Siriya saboda sau daya Muhammadu ya yi umarni cewa kada mutum ya shiga wurin da cutar ta warke sai dai idan yana da lafiya. Don haka Abu Ubaidah ya koma wurin sojojinsa a Emesa. A wannan lokacin ne annoba ta mamaye ƙasar Suriya, wacce ba a taɓa yin irin sa ba. Ya lalata yawan jama'a. Kamar yadda Halifa Umar yake so ya sanya Abu Ubaidah a matsayin magajin nasa bai so ya ci gaba da zama a yankin da annoba ta ke ba. Umar ya aika da manzo ga Abu Ubaidah da wata wasika yana cewa: Lokacin da Abu Ubaydah ya karɓi wasiƙar Umar, sai ya ce, Na san dalilin da ya sa Umar yake buƙata. Yana son tabbatar da rayuwar wanda, har abada, ba madawwami ba ne. Don haka ya rubuta wa Umar: Lokacin da Halifa Umar ya karanta wannan wasiƙar hawaye ya cika idanunsa waɗanda suke tare da shi suka ce, "Shin Abu Ubaidah ya mutu?" ya amsa ya ce "A'a, amma mutuwa na kusa da shi." Halifa Umar ya aika masa da wani manzo yana cewa idan ba ka dawo ba ko kaɗan ka koma ƙasar tuddai mai ƙarancin yanayi kuma Abu Ubaidah ya koma Jabyia. Wani dalili kuma da yasa Abu Ubaydah bai fita daga Siriya ba shine saboda sau daya ne Muhammad ya ba da umarnin cewa idan wata annoba ta kamu da ita, babu wani daga jihar da zai tsere kuma babu wani daga cikin jihar da zai shiga ta (keɓe kai). Mutuwa Da zaran Abu Ubaidah ya koma Jabyia ya kamu da cutar. Lokacin da mutuwa ta rataye shi, sai ya yi magana da sojojinsa: Sannan ya nada Muadh bn Jabal a matsayin magajinsa kuma ya umurce shi da jagorantar mutane da addu'o'i; bayan salloli Muadh ya tafi wurinsa, a wannan lokacin ransa ya tashi. Muadh ya tashi ya ce wa mutane: Ya mutu a shekara ta 639 AZ, aka binne shi a Jabiya. An ba da labarin cewa Janaza din shi ne jagorancin Muadhad bn Jabal Legacy Fuskarsa kyakkyawa ne, siriri da tsayi kuma fuskarsa mai haske kuma tana da gemu mai ƙoshin gaske. Yayi matukar farin ciki da dube shi da sanyaya zuciya yayin haduwa da shi. Ya kasance mai ladabi sosai da tawali'u kuma ya kasance mai jin kunya. Amma duk da haka a cikin mawuyacin hali zai zama mai ɗaukar nauyi da faɗakarwa. An bashi taken Amin ko kuma Majibincin jama’ar Muhammad Ummah 'Abd Allah ibn' Umar ya taba fada game da shi: Ya zaɓi rayuwa mai sauƙi, yana zaɓar mafi kyawun tufafi idan aka kwatanta shi da wasu sahaba (sahabban Muhammadu). A lokacin da, yayin mamayar Kudus, Halifa Umar ya zo Syria, Khalid bn al-Walid da Yazid bin abu Sufyan sun hadu da shi; Halifa Umar ya tsallake daga raƙinsa kuma ya jefa musu yashi yayin da yake yi musu gargaɗi da cewa “Bai cika shekara ɗaya ba tun da kun fito daga yunwar da wahalar Arabia kuma kun manta da sauƙi duk lokacin da kuka ga alhinin Siriya. Sarakuna? Duk mutanen biyu suna sanye da kyawawan tufafi sannan a baya sun saba; Khalid ibn al-Walid ya lura cewa a karkashin tufafinsu har yanzu suna da isasshen makamai, yana mai nuna cewa har yanzu sun saba da halayen rayuwar ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaya, suna kawo sauƙi ga Halifa. A kwatankwacin haka, Abu Ubaidah shima ya kasance, amma ya kasance mai kula da rigar sa da tsarin rayuwarsa koyaushe. Umar ya yi farin ciki da ganinsa, a wannan maraice kuwa, lokacin da Umar ya isa gidansa, ya ga cewa Abu Ubaidah, mutumin da ya yi nasara a fagen yaƙi (yana samun haƙƙin ganima), ba shi da dukiya a gida sai guda ɗaya. gado, takobi da garkuwa. Sai Umar ya ce masa: Kiristocin Levant sun musulunta kuma Abu Ubaidah ya yi wahayi zuwa gare su; dukkan membobin kabilun Kiristocin guda biyu, Banu Tanookh da Banu Saleej, sun musulunta bayan mamaye birnin Qasreen. Haka kuma, akwai babban taimako da Abu Ubaidah ya ba wa wadanda ba musulmai ba wadanda ke rayuwa a matsayin darajojinsa a Syria. Musulmai suna ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin sahabbai goma na Muhammadu waɗanda Allah yayi musu alkawarin aljanna a duk rayuwarsu. Filin Jirgin sama na Ubaydah Bin Al Jarrah kusa da Kut, Iraq ansa masa sunansa dan girmama shi. Iyali Kaɗan kawai aka sani game da dangin Abu Ubaidah. Yana da mata biyu. Daga matarsa Hind bint Jabar yana da dansa Yazid da Ubaidah. Daga matarsa Warja yana da dansa Umair, amma dukkansu sun mutu tun suna yara. Ba a san shi ba idan yana da 'ya'ya mata, amma an ba da labarin zuriyarsa masu ƙare. Duk da wannan, dangin Al-Jarrah a cikin Aligarh na yau (a Uttar Pradesh na Indiya), Jordan da Lebanon sun ce zuriyarsu daga Abu Ubaidah da dangin Alqayem waɗanda aka san su da Falasdinawa ne. Duba kuma Ali Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas Fahimtar Sunna akan Sahabai Jerin balaguron Muhammadu Manazarta Yaƙin Ajnadein Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ameen ul Ummah Hazrat Abu Ubaidah Bin Jarrah www.youngmuslims.ca Abu Ubaidah Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Joeri%20Rogelj

Tarihin Joeri Rogelj

Joeri Rogelj (an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan ƙasar Belgium masanin kimiyyar yanayi ne da ke aiki kan hanyoyin magance sauyin yanayi. Ya binciki yadda al'ummomi zasu iya canzawa zuwa ga cigaba mai ɗorewar. Shi Mai Karatu ne a Kimiyyar Yanayi da Manufofin (Mataimakin Farfesa) a Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli (CEP) da Daraktan Bincike a Cibiyar Grantham Canjin Yanayi da Muhalli, duka a Kwalejin Imperial London. Har ila yau, yana da alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Ayyuka ta Duniya. Shi marubuci ne na rahotannin yanayi da yawa daga Ƙungiyar gwamnatocin Ƙasa kan Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) da Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), kuma memba na Hukumar Bada Shawarar Kimiyya ta Turai don Canjin Yanayi. Articles with hCards Ilimi Rogelj ya kammala karatun digiri na injiniya a KU Leuven (Belgium) a 2003, sannan ya sami digiri na biyu a Al'adu da Nazarin Ci gaba a wannan cibiyar a 2005. Ya kammala digirinsa na uku a fannin kimiyyar yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Tarayya ta Swiss (ETH Zurich) a 2013 a karkashin kulawar Farfesa. Reto Knutti kan batun rashin tabbas a cikin yanayin ƙarancin iskar gas. Sana'a Rogelj ya fara aikinsa na kimiyyar yanayi a cikin PRIMAP Research Group a Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK) a 2009. Bayan ya sami digirin digirgir, ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Ayyuka ta Duniya. Acikin 2018, ya shiga Cibiyar Grantham Canjin Yanayi da Muhalli a Kwalejin Imperial ta London Daga 2006 zuwa 2008, Rogelj ya yi aiki a matsayin injiniyan ayyuka kan ayyukan raya karkara a Ruwanda. Bincike da tasiri Rogelj ya wallafa kan yarjejeniyoyin yanayi na duniya kamar yarjejeniyar Copenhagen ko yarjejeniyar Paris, kasafin kuɗin carbon, hanyoyin fitar da hayaƙi waɗanda ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5°C da 2°C, maƙasudin fitar da sifili, da alaƙa tsakanin yanayi, cigaba mai ɗorewa, da adalci. A cewar Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya, ya fara aikin "aiki kan yanayin sauyin yanayi [wanda] ya canza tattaunawar duniya game da yiwuwar kiyaye dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 °C a gaba da yarjejeniyar Paris ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya" a 2015. Yana aiki a matsayin jagorar marubuci kan Rahoton Tazarar Hatsari na shekara-shekara daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) wanda ke ba da sabuntawa na shekara-shekara kan gibin da ke tsakanin alkawuran kasa da rage fitar da hayaki da ya wajaba don cimma manufofin yarjejeniyar Paris. Ya kasance marubuci mai ba da gudummawa ga 2013-2014 Rahoton Ƙididdiga na Biyar na Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Duniya na 1.5°C,.da kuma marubucin jagora akan 2021 IPCC Rahoton Ƙimar Na shida. A cikin 2019, ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na rukunin Ba da Shawarar Kimiyyar Yanayi zuwa Babban Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Tun daga 2022, yana aiki a kan "Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Turai kan Sauyin Yanayi" wanda ke bada shawarar kimiyya mai zaman kanta kan matakan EU, maƙasudin yanayi da alamun kasafin iskar gas. Har ila yau Rogelj ya ba da shaidar kimiyya game da shari'ar sauyin yanayi, alal misali, don tallafawa "Rikicin Yaran da Yanayin Yanayi" inda yara 16 daga ko'ina cikin duniya suka shigar da kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yara da ya dauki nauyin biyar daga cikin manyan masu karfin tattalin arziki na duniya. don rashin daukar mataki kan rikicin yanayi. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Rogelj ya sami lambar yabo ta 2021 na Farkon Masanin Kimiyyar Kimiyya na Turai daga Majalisar Kimiyya ta Duniya (ISC) don "tasiri na musamman" bincikensa ya yi kan manufofin yanayi na duniya. A cikin 2016, ya sami lambar yabo ta Piers Sellers Award don "binciken yanayin da aka fi mayar da hankali kan mafita a duniya" ta Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Priestley. A cikin 2014, ya sami lambar yabo ta ETH don fitattun karatun digirin sa na PhD da kuma a cikin 2010 lambar yabo ta Peccei don ƙwararren ƙwararren masanin kimiyya. Rogelj wani Clarivate Yanar Gizo ne na Kimiyya wanda aka ambata sosai a cikin 2019 da 2020, yana gane manyan masu bincike a duniya a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kuma an sanya shi matsayi na 31st a cikin The Reuters Hot List of the World's Climate Sciences. Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Rogelj, J., Geden, O., Cowie, A., Reisinger, A., 2021. Hanyoyi guda uku don inganta abubuwan da ke haifar da fitar da sifili. Yanayin 591, 365-368. doi.org/10.1038/d41586-021-00662-3 Rogelj, J., da al, 2018. Halin yanayin ƙayyadaddun yanayin yanayin duniya yana ƙaruwa ƙasa da 1.5 C. Nature Clim. Canji 8, 325-332. doi.org/10.1038/s41558-018-0091-3 Rogelj, J., da al, 2016. Shawarwari na yanayi na yarjejeniyar Paris suna buƙatar haɓaka don ci gaba da ɗumamar ƙasa da 2 C. Yanayin 534, 631-639. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature18307 Rogelj, J., da al, 2015. Tushen fitar da sifili yana nufin burin duniya na dogon lokaci don kariyar yanayi. Haruffa Binciken Muhalli 10, 105007. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105007 Rogelj, J., da al, 2015. Canje-canjen tsarin makamashi don iyakance ɗumamar ƙarshen ƙarni zuwa ƙasa da 1.5 C. Nature Clim. Canji 5, 519-527. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2572 Rogelj, J., Meinshausen, M., Knutti, R., 2012. Dumamar duniya a ƙarƙashin tsoho da sabbin al'amura ta amfani da ƙididdigar kewayon yanayi na IPCC. Nature Clim. Canji 2, 248-253. https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate1385 Rogelj, J., da al, 2010. Alkawuran yarjejeniyar Copenhagen suna da yawa. Yanayin 464, 1126-1128. doi.org/10.1038/4641126a Rogelj, J., Shindell, D., Jiang, K., Fifita, S., Forster, P., Ginzburg, V., Handa, C., Kheshgi, H., Kobayashi, S., Kriegler, E., Mundaca, L., Séférian, R., Vilariño, MV, 2018. Hanyoyin ragewa masu dacewa da 1.5°C a cikin mahallin ci gaba mai dorewa, a cikin: Flato, G., Fuglestvedt, J., Mrabet, R., Schaeffer, R. (Eds. Dumamar Duniya na 1.5 C: Rahoton Musamman na IPCC game da Tasirin ɗumamar Duniya na 1.5 C sama da Matakan Masana'antu na Gaba da Masana'antu da Hanyoyin Gudun Gas Gas na Duniya masu dangantaka, a cikin Ma'anar Ƙarfafa martanin Duniya ga Barazana na Sauyin yanayi., Ci gaba mai ɗorewa, da Ƙoƙarin Kawar da Talauci. IPCC/WMO, Geneva, Switzerland, shafi na 93-174. https://www.ipcc.ch/sr15/ Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

29907

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Nicaragua

Haƙƙoƙin Ɗan Adam a Nicaragua

Haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Nicaragua yana nufin haƙƙin mutum, siyasa da zamantakewa da aka ba kowane ɗan adam a Nicaragua. Nicaragua ta sami fahimtar haƙƙin ɗan adam daga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nicaragua da dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa. Nicaragua kasa ce ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadda ta bayyana cewa an ba da dama ga muhimman hakkokin bil'adama, kamar 'yanci daga bauta da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ga dukan 'yan Adam ba tare da nuna wariya ba A cikin shekara ta 2019, zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta bazu ko'ina cikin ƙasar don mayar da martani ga sauye-sauyen da gwamnatin Sandinista National Liberation Front (A cikin Mutanen Espanya Frente Sandinista de Liberación Nacional FSLN) ta yi na gwamnati na tsarin tsaron zamantakewar ƙasar. Wannan ya haifar da martani daga kungiyoyin ‘yan sanda, ‘yan sanda na kasa, da kungiyoyin sa ido da kula da su. Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa an kashe masu zanga-zangar 328 a wani koma baya (ya zuwa ranar 20 ga Satumba na shekara ta 2019). Wannan ya jawo hankalin duniya game da aiwatar da yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar tare da ƙungiyoyi irin su Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Amirka da ke kayyade abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin cin zarafi na Yarjejeniyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya. Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Nicaragua ya ambaci 'yancin ɗan adam An ƙaddamar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nicaragua a cikin shekara ta 1987 tare da sabbin gyare-gyaren da aka yi a cikin 2014. An ƙirƙiri shi ne don tabbatar da tsarin dimokuradiyya ga gwamnati. An jera a ƙasa sassan Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nicaragua waɗanda ke nuna dokoki da ƙa'idodin 'yancin ɗan adam a cikin ƙasar. Take I: Muhimmin Ka'ida Mataki na 5 ya bayyana cewa darajar Nicaragua sun haɗa da amincewa da kariya ga 'yan asalin ƙasa da na Afirka; ana iya bayyana duk ra'ayoyin siyasa cikin 'yanci; a yi wa naƙasassu magani daidai gwargwado ba tare da nuna bambanci ba; Manufofin gurguzanci sun tabbatar da cewa ni ba na son abin da ke da kyau na gama gari ya fi amfanin mutum muhimmanci, kuma yana adawa da cin zarafi tsakanin mutane; dukkan mutane ana kimarsu daidai gwargwado a tsarin da zai amfanar da mafi yawan talakawa, marasa galihu da marasa galihu; al'ummar Nicaragua za su fuskanci hadin kai ta hanyar daidaito; kuma duk mutane suna da hakkin mallakar dukiya ba tare da nuna bambanci ba. Take IV: Hakkoki, Ayyuka da Garanti na Mutanen Nicaragua Babi na I: Haƙƙin daidaikun mutane Wannan babin yana ƙayyade haƙƙin mutanen Nicaragua na rayuwa; haƙƙin sirri; haƙƙoƙi don kare mutuncin mutum; hakkoki na kariya daga Jiha; hakkoki ga bayanai; 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki; 'yancin yin addini; haƙƙoƙin yin shari'a na gaskiya, gaggawa da kuma jama'a tare da zato na rashin laifi da haƙƙin shawara; 'yancin motsi; kariya daga ɗaurin ƙarya; haramcin azabtar da jiki, mugunyar cuta da azabtarwa; haramcin bauta. Mataki na ashirin da bakwai ya bayyana cewa duk mutanen da ke cikin yankinsa, ko kuma ƙarƙashin ikonsa, suna daidai kuma suna da hakkin su sami kariya daidai ba tare da la'akari da jinsi, imani, matsayin zamantakewa, matsayin kuɗi, ƙungiyar siyasa, iyaye, ƙasa, asali, launin fata, harshe, harshe., ko addini. Babi na biyu: ‘Yancin Siyasa Wannan babi ya ƙayyade cewa duk mutanen Nicaragua suna da 'yancin yin amfani da haƙƙin siyasa ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba; haƙƙin ƴancin ƙungiyoyin siyasa; haƙƙin ɗaiɗaikun koke na jama'a; da hakkokin kafa jam'iyyun siyasa. Mataki na 53 ya ce Jiha ta amince da yancin yin taro cikin lumana ba tare da izini ba. Mataki na 54 ya bayyana cewa "an amince da haƙƙin taron jama'a, zanga-zangar da gangami bisa ga doka". Babi na uku: Hakkokin zamantakewa Wannan babin yana ƙayyade haƙƙin mutanen Nicaragua na yin aiki; hakkokin al'ada; haƙƙin kula da lafiya; haƙƙin rayuwa a cikin yanayi mai kyau da wajibai don kula da wannan yanayi; hakkoki ga zamantakewa; hakkokin da za a kare daga yunwa; haƙƙoƙin ga gidaje masu kyau, jin daɗi da aminci; haƙƙin hutu da jin daɗi; 'yancin yin jarida; 'yancin yin addini; da tallafin Jiha ga nakasassu. Nicaragua was ranked 122nd out of 167 in 2019. Babi na IV: Hakkokin Iyali Mataki na 71 ya bayyana cewa haƙƙoƙin yara an ƙaddara shi ta yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin yara Babi na V: Haƙƙin Aiki Wannan babin yana ƙayyade haƙƙin mutanen Nicaragua na yin aiki; haƙƙin samun daidaiton biya; hakkoki ga yanayin aiki mai aminci; hakkin yajin aiki; haƙƙoƙin haɓaka ƙwarewa; haƙƙin zaɓar wani aiki; haƙƙin shiga ƙungiyoyin kwadago; gazawar sa'o'in aiki da haƙƙin hutu da nishaɗi; gazawar aikin yara, da kariyarsu daga cin gajiyar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Babi na VI: Hakkokin Al'ummomin Tekun Atlantika Mataki na 89 ya bayyana cewa an san al'ummomin Tekun Atlantika a matsayin mutanen Nicaragua kuma suna da hakki da wajibai iri ɗaya. Suna da haƙƙin gudanar da mulkin kansu da gudanar da al'amuran gida bisa ga al'ada, duk suna cikin haɗin kan ƙasa. Wannan babi ya ƙayyade cewa al'ummomin Tekun Atlantika suna da haƙƙin kiyaye harsuna, fasaha da al'adu, da haɓaka waɗannan nau'ikan; da kariya daga nuna wariya a matsayin ƴan ƙasar Nicaragua. Matsayin Dimokuradiyya Sashin leƙen asiri na Economist (EIU) ne ya fara kimar Dimokraɗiyya a cikin 2006. Yana fayyace yanayin dimokuradiyyar kasashe 167 na duniya tare da karkasa su zuwa kashi kamar haka: cikakken dimokuradiyya, dimokuradiyya maras kyau, tsarin mulkin kama-karya, mulkin kama-karya. Nicaragua ta kasance matsayi na 122 a cikin 167 a cikin 2019. Maki na 3.55 ya ware ƙasar a matsayin mulkin kama -karya. Wannan ya ragu daga mafi girman maki na Nicaragua na 6.07, da rarrabuwa na dimokiradiyya mara kyau, a cikin 2008. Halayen haƙƙin ɗan adam Kungiyoyi da damuwarsu A shekara ta 2019, ƙungiyoyi da suka haɗa da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da Kungiyar Ƙasashen Amurka sun bayyana "cin zarafin bil'adama" da ke faruwa a kasar a lokacin. Ofishin hukumar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Rahoton Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da aka yi kan Halin Hakkokin Dan Adam a Nicaragua ofishin ne ya buga shi a cikin 2019 (03 Sep 2019). Babban take hakkin dan Adam da OHCHR ta damu da su shine 'yancin yin taro na lumana, 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki da tarayya, 'yancin walwala, 'yancin walwala daga azabtarwa da yanayin tsare mutane, A cewar rahoton, rundunar ‘yan sandan kasar ta haramta zanga-zangar da kowace kungiya za ta fara tun daga watan Satumban 2018, sannan ta koma yin amfani da karfin tuwo a kan wadanda suka ci gaba da zanga-zangar. Har ila yau ta bayyana cewa tashe-tashen hankula da kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati suka nuna na samun goyon bayan jami'an 'yan sanda. Ana ci gaba da muzgunawa ma'aikatan yada labarai, 'yan jarida da kuma tsirarun kungiyoyin da ke fuskantar hare-hare daga dakarun da ke goyon bayan gwamnati. ‘Yan sanda da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa ba su binciki wadannan al’amura ba, kuma ba su yi wani yunkuri na hana su sake faruwa ba. Ƙungiyoyin da suka yi zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati galibi ana tsare su kuma ana azabtar da su, wanda hakan ya haifar da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Amirka An fitar da rahoton Hukumar Babban Matakin Ƙungiyar Amurka kan Nicaragua ga manema labarai a ranar 19 ga Nuwambar shekara ta 2019. Rahoton ya zargi gwamnatin kasar Nicaragua da tauye wa ‘yan kasarsu hakkin dan adam ta hanyar amfani da muzgunawa da tursasawa, tauye ‘yancin siyasa, take hakkin ‘yan jarida da fadin albarkacin bakinsu, cin zarafi da tsare mutane ba bisa ƙa’ida ba, karkashin kasa da bangaren zartarwa. da kuma kawo cikas ga tsarin mulkin kasa. Rahoton ya ce 'yan sanda na amfani da dabarun tsoratarwa don yin shiru tare da hana mutane yin magana kan take hakkin bil'adama. Majalisar dokokin ƙasar ta janye damar siyasa ta ‘yan ƙasar saboda sukar gwamnati. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa gwamnati ta sabawa kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar ta hanyar rashin tabbatar da kafuwar ‘yancin dan Adam da aka baiwa ‘yan kasar a cikin takardar. Human Rights Watch Rahoton na duniya da kungiyar ta buga a shekara ta 2019 ya nuna irin cin zarafin bil adama daban-daban da ake kyautata zaton an yi a Nicaragua yayin zanga-zangar. Sun bayyana cewa gwamnati tare da 'yan sanda na ƙasa sun fara yin shiru na masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati ta hanyar tashin hankali, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 324 (Satumba 2019). Har ila yau, sun yi nuni da cewa, masu kare haƙƙin bil adama sun zama wadanda ake kai hare-hare kan barazanar kisa, ‘yan sandan kasar sun hana ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta hanyar kai samame a ofisoshin yada labarai, ana korar ma’aikata saboda nuna wariya a siyasance, sannan kuma wadanda ake tsare da su, an tauye hakkinsu ga masu kare shari’a. zabinsu kuma sun fuskanci gwaji a rufe. Rahoton ya lissafa waɗannan ayyuka a matsayin "mummunan cin zarafi ga masu suka da abokan hamayya ba tare da wani hukunci ba". Amnesty Amurka Amnesty ta Amurka ta lissafa cin zarafin mata, take haƙƙin faɗin albarkacin baki, da take haƙƙin jima'i da haihuwa a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke damun kasar. Nicaragua ta haramta zubar da ciki a kowane yanayi a shekara ta 2006 kuma ba ta soke wannan doka ba duk da manyan yunƙuri biyu na yin hakan a shekara ta 2008 da shekara ta 2014 bisa imanin cewa wannan dokar ta saba wa tsarin mulki. Amnesty Amurka ta damu da alakar da ke tsakanin wannan doka da ake yadawa da karuwar mace-macen mata masu juna biyu. Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana damuwarta kan rikicin siyasa tsakanin magoya bayan FSLN da masu zanga-zangar adawa da gwamnati, inda ta bayyana cewa kungiyoyin da ke goyon bayan gwamnati sun kai hari kan masu zanga-zangar kuma ba a kama su ba saboda wannan zanga-zangar ta tashin hankali. An dai yi wa masu zanga-zangar barazana da za su tayar da zaune tsaye domin su toshe ra'ayoyinsu na siyasa, kuma Amnesty ta ce ba a gurfanar da masu laifi a gaban kuliya ba a ƙarƙashin wannan gwamnati. Labaran watsa labarai Labari game da zanga-zangar da take haƙƙin ɗan adam sun isa tashoshi da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban, ciki har da Labaran BBC, The Guardian, da Al Jazeera. Labarai da yawa sun mayar da hankali kan rawar da Daniel Ortego ya taka a zanga-zangar da kuma koma bayan da masu zanga-zangar suka fuskanta. Wakilan BBC da Guardian da Al Jazeera duk sun tabbatar da rahotannin daga kungiyoyin da aka lissafa tare da bayyana cewa kungiyoyin masu goyon bayan gwamnati da 'yan banga ne ke yada tashin hankalin. Martanin gwamnati Shugaban ƙasar Nicaragua, Daniel Ortego, ya bayyana cewa masu fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da makiya siyasa ne suka haddasa tashe-tashen hankula a Nicaragua, ba wai gwamnatinsa ba. Ya bayyana cewa an yi wani "kamfen na karya...don kokarin cutar da martabar Nicaragua da gwamnatinta". Ya kuma musanta cewa an taba kai hari kan wata zanga-zangar lumana. 2021 murkushe zaben A cikin watanni kafin babban zaben kasar Nicaragua na 2021, Shugaba Ortega ya daure masu kalubalantar ofishin shugaban kasa guda bakwai. Gwamnatin Ortega ta rufe dukkan jaridun da ake bugawa a kasar ta hanyar toshe hanyoyin samar da takarda, sannan kuma sun kai samame ofisoshin jaridar 'yan adawar La Prensa a watan Agustan 2021. A ranar 7 ga Nuwambar shekara ta, 2021, CNN ta ba da rahoton cewa an kira zaɓen "wasan kwaikwayo," "sham," da "mafi munin yanayi" don jefa ƙuri'a. An zargi gwamnatin Daniel Ortega da hana shiga harkokin siyasa na abokan hamayya da kuma sa ido sosai kan tsarin zaben. Har ila yau, shari'o'in rashin fahimta da yin amfani da shafukan sada zumunta sun bayyana a matsayin wani abin da zai iya gurgunta harkar zabe. Manazarta Haƙƙoƙi Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

34711

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongfield%2C%20Saskatchewan

Strongfield, Saskatchewan

Strongfield yawan 2016 40 ƙauye ne a lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Karamar Hukumar Loreburn No. 254 da Sashen Ƙididdiga na Lamba 11 Yana kwance kusan 100 km kudu da Birnin Saskatoon akan Babbar Hanya 19 tsakanin ƴan uwanta na Hawarden da Loreburn. Strongfield ya kasance ƙauye mai haɓakawa tare da makarantar firamare, ofis, mota da dillalan kayan aikin gona, lif biyu na Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, ƙananan gidajen abinci da sauran kantuna. A yau makarantar ba ta wanzu kuma yawancin kasuwancin an dade a rufe. Ƙauyen yana da wasan hockey da rinks, wurin shakatawa na Elks, gidan cafe Strongfield da ofis, da ƙaramin Cocin United na Kanada Garin yana kusa da Kogin Saskatchewan ta Kudu, da tafkin Diefenbaker da mutum ya yi wanda Dam din Gardiner ya kirkira, daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na duniya. A tsakiyar ƙauyen akwai cenotaph ga sojojin Strongfield da suka mutu na Yaƙin Duniya na biyu. Don shekaru ɗari na Saskatchewan, an gudanar da wani biki a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2005 a Strongfield a wurin shakatawa na al'umma inda ayyukan suka haɗa da karin kumallo na pancake, gasar tseren doki, farati, titi, hockey, jinkirin farar, lambunan giya, abincin dare da rawan titi. Tarihi Mafarin filin Strongfield ya ta'allaka ne daga 1903 da babban guguwar matsugunan Yamma da ci gaban gandun daji na Kanada. An haɗa Strongfield azaman ƙauye a ranar Mayu 3, 1912. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma da ke yaduwa a yankin. Ma'aikacin gwamnati JA Maddock da ma'aikatan jirgin sun fara binciken yankin daga watan Mayu zuwa Yuli 1883, jim kadan bayan tsohon Hudson's Bay Company ya zama wani yanki na Kanada don tsara shi azaman Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma Tsarin binciken gandun daji na Kanada ya dogara ne akan irin tsarin da aka ɗauka a Amurka. An raba garuruwan zuwa sassa 36 na kowane murabba'in an ƙara raba shi zuwa sassan kwata na Strongfield a ƙarshe zai kasance a kan ƙauyen 27, kewayo 5, yamma na meridian na uku Gwamnatin Dominion, da ke neman tabbatar wa kamfanonin jiragen kasa cewa kasashen Yamma na da kyaun noma, ta nemi taimakon wasu 'yan kasar Kanada biyu, Col. Davidson (wanda ake kiran garin Davidson na kusa, Saskatchewan da AD McRae Sun ziyarci wuraren shakatawa kuma sun tafi Amurka don neman jari. sun kafa Kamfanin Saskatchewan Valley Land Company, sun sayi kadada 500,000 (2000) km 2 na ƙasa tsakanin Saskatoon da Regina daga Gwamnatin Dominion a dala daya acre kuma ya fara inganta sulhu. Kamfanin daga baya ya sayi kadada 1,250,000 (5060 km 2 daga kamfanonin jirgin kasa akan $1.75 acre. Sun dauki ma'aikatan filaye sama da dubu biyu kuma sun sayar da ƙasar akan $1.75 acre a 1901. Wannan farashin daga baya ya tashi zuwa bakwai sannan ya koma dala goma a kadada. George Armstrong, ɗan kasuwan Markdale, ɗan kasuwa na Ontario, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wakilai kuma wataƙila saboda tasirinsa da ƙarfafawa ne cewa sama da kashi uku na farkon mazauna yankin Markdale Meaford a Ontario ne. Wani babban yanki na farkon mutanen ya ƙunshi mazauna Finnish daga Dakota waɗanda suka zo don ɗaukar gidaje a gefen kogin Kudancin Saskatchewan. Akwai 'yan kaɗan daga cikin zuriyar waɗannan mazauna da suka rage a yankin Strongfield yayin da mafi yawansu ke sayar da ƙasarsu don ƙaura zuwa yammacin kogin inda yawancin mazauna Finnish ke zama. Babban yanki na uku na al'ummar yankin sun fito ne daga Amurka ta tsakiya kuma galibinsu 'yan asalin kasar Norway ne. Wannan ya kasance a cikin babban bangare saboda ƙoƙarin limamin Lutheran na Norwegian kuma wanda ya kafa Hanley, Saskatchewan, Knute B. Birkeland wanda ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar tallace-tallace a cikin jaridun Norwegian-American don shawo kan yawancin Norwegians a cikin Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa, da Wisconsin don ɗauka. Gidajen zama a Saskatchewan. Daga baya, dangin waɗannan majagaba na Norway na farko za su zo kai tsaye daga Norway su ma. Ba kamar yawancin ƙauyukan Saskatchewan ba, ta sami bunƙasar yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙi na tsawon shekaru kusan goma a ƙarshen shekarun hamsin da farkon sittin saboda gina Dam ɗin Gardiner akan Kogin Saskatchewan ta Kudu kusan 20. km yamma. Alkaluma A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Strongfield yana da yawan jama'a 55 da ke zaune a cikin 28 daga cikin 29 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. 37.5% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 40 Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 84.6/km a cikin 2021. A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016, ƙauyen Strongfield ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 40 da ke zaune a cikin 20 daga cikin 20 na jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 0% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 40 Tare da filin ƙasa na tana da yawan yawan jama'a 50.0/km a cikin 2016. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

30743

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Muhalli

Gurbacewar Muhalli

Gurbacewar Muhalli, wani yanayi ne dakan afku dalilin rashin kula ko rashin tsaftace muhallin da al`ummah suke rayuwa akai. Datti ko bolar da ake kin kula gami da gyara ta da kuma gurbataccen ruwan kwata, hayakin injina da sauransu kan haifar da Gurbacewar Muhallin mu kamar irinsu; ƙasa, ruwa, iska, da haske. Wannan yana canza yanayin jiki, sinadarai da halittu na muhallin dake wuraren da ya gurbace sanadiyar sakacin mutane. wanda hakan zai yi illa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da sauran halittu. Gurbacewar Muhalli shine gabatar da abubuwan gurɓatawa a cikin mahalli wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbatar yanayi na iya ɗaukar nau'ikan abubuwa masu guba ko kuzari, kamar su amo, zafi, ko haske. Gurɓatattun abubuwa, abubuwan haɗin gurɓataccen yanayi, na iya kasancewa ko dai baƙin abubuwa kuzari ko kuma gurɓatattun abubuwa masu gurɓatawa. Gurbataccen yanayi galibi ana sanya shi a matsayin tushen tushe ko gurɓataccen tushe mara tushe A shekarar 2015, gurbatar yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya. Dalilan Gurbacewar Muhalli Ci gaban tattalin arziki, masana'antu, musamman masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli kamar masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antar yadi, masana'antar kera motoci da babura, samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara da takarda, samar da kayan gini, yumbun gilashi; sarrafa katako Ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da gurbatar ruwa. Bayan ci gaban masana'antu cikin a cikin wuraren ruwa a duniya kowace rana. Sharar gida ta yau da kullun, Bayan sharar masana'antu, gurɓacewar muhalli da ke ƙara fitowa daga sharar mu ta yau da kullun. Babban dalili shi ne saboda ci gaban al'umma mai karfi da karuwar yawan jama'a akai-akai. Musamman a zamanin yau, muna amfani da buhunan filastik a rayuwarmu ta yau da kullun. Nilon ba zai iya rubewa cikin kankanin lokaci ba, kuma idan aka binne shi a cikin kasa, za su samar da bangon rabuwa a cikin kasa, ta yadda za su gurbata muhallin kasa. Wannan yana haifar da raguwar amfanin ƙasa, acidity, da rage yawan amfanin gona. Sufuri, Harkokin sufurin birni na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haifar da gurbatar iska, daga cikin hanyoyin sufuri, babura da babura ne ke da kaso mafi yawa kuma su ne tushen gurbacewar iska, mafi girman kamuwa da cuta. A inda babura ke haifar da gurbacewar muhalli ta hanyar fitar da CO da VOC mai yawa, yayin da manyan motoci da motocin fasinja ke fitar da NO2, SO2 da yawa. Amfani da kayan burbushin halittu, kamar Fossil fuels, man fetur ne mai dauke da wani abu mai yawa na carbon da hydrocarbons kamar methane, ruwa kananzir, kwal, da dai sauransu. Wadannan albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba kuma duniya ta dauki miliyoyin shekaru don ƙirƙirar su. Don haka, mutane suna yin burin samun tsabtataccen hanyoyin samar da makamashi waɗanda ba sa ɓarna albarkatu kuma suna taimakawa rage gurɓacewar muhalli. Chemicals a cikin ban ruwa, Yin amfani da sinadarai na dogon lokaci a cikin aikin gona yana haifar da mummunar gurɓataccen ƙasa. Yawan sinadarai na taki da na ban ruwa da ake fitarwa a cikin muhalli, da ke taruwa a cikin tafki da koguna suma suna gurbata ruwan karkashin kasa, da lalata tsarin kasa, wanda ke sa kasar ta yi tauri da sauki wajen wankewa. Cutar da gurbatar muhalli, Ozone Layer perforation ko Ozone Layer, wani kauri ne mai kauri na O3 wanda ke kewaye da duniya, yana aiki a matsayin matashin kare duniya daga hasken ultraviolet na rana. Idan yanayin ya gurɓace, zai haifar da tasirin greenhouse, yana haifar da huda Layer na ozone na tsawon lokaci. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da sakamako masu yawa kamar: Yana shafar yawan ruwa a doron ƙasa, yana sa su ƙafe da sauri kuma suna haifar da rashin tsabtataccen ruwa don amfanin gida ko samarwa. Tasirin iska mai datti da zafin hasken ultraviolet zai sa nau'ikan halittu da yawa ba za su iya daidaitawa ba lokacin da mazauninsu ya canza ba zato ba tsammani, yana sa su raunana kuma a hankali su ɓace. Bugu da kari, gurbacewar muhalli kuma yana haifar da gobarar dazuzzuka da yawa, zabtarewar kasa, da ruwan karkashin kasa a cikin kogo...Wannan yana matukar shafar yanayin halittu, yana canza kaddarorinsa, na kasa, yana canza yanayin halittu sosai. Gurbacewar kasa na da illa ga tsirrai da dabbobi, da kuma lafiyar dan Adam, musamman guba, da suka hada da guba mai tsanani da guba da kuma sauran cututtuka da suka hada da cutar kansa. Yana haifar da tasirin greenhouse Babban ci gaban ayyukan ɗan adam a cikin rayuwar yau da kullun, kasuwanci, samarwa da amfani zai ƙara haɓakar CO2 kuma yanayin zafin iska zai kasance mafi girma. Wannan yana sa duniya ta yi zafi, ƙara yawan zafin jiki, hawan teku, kutsawar ruwan gishiri yana faruwa akai-akai. Sauyin yanayi yana sa bala'o'i kamar ambaliya da fari suna faruwa sau da yawa, ambaliya tana haifar da zabtarewar ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku, koguna da koguna, da fari ya sa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa bushe ∆da bushewa. Illa ga halittu Tasiri kan mutane Ana kuma fuskantar barazana sosai ga lafiyar ɗan adam lokacin da cututtuka suka yawaita. Rana mai zafi da ruwan sama mai yawa sune yanayi masu kyau don ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta suyi girma. Kwari da cututtuka suna ƙara wuyar magani Ana iya raba kwari da cututtuka na tsire-tsire na ƙasa zuwa rukuni kamar fungi, ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, da nematodes waɗanda suke da wuyar magance su saboda sauyin yanayi da yanayin rayuwa. Wannan yana sa mu ƙara amfani da magungunan kashe qwari, wanda hakan ya sa yanayin gurɓacewar muhalli ya yi muni. Fitowar ƙarin cututtuka Ana samun ƙarin cututtuka, yana da wuya a sami cikakkiyar magani kamar mura A H5N1, mura A H1N1, SAR CoV 1, SAR CoV 2. Wannan kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin sakamakon sakamakon gurɓacewar muhalli, yana barazana ga rayuwar nau'ikan dabbobi da yawa, har da mutane. Sababbin gurɓacewar muhalli a wannan karni Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska wani sauyi ne a yanayin iskar da aka fi samu sakamakon hayaki da kura daga wuraren samar da masana'antu kamar babura, motoci, janareta, tanderu, na'urorin wutar lantarki da dai sauransu, tare da kura da ke fitowa daga tsoffin motocin fasahar zamani. Wannan yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska da hayaki, ƙura kuma yana haifar da wari mara kyau, yana rage gani, yana haifar da sauyin yanayi. Fiye da kashi 90 cikin 4 na al'ummar duniya suna rayuwa ne a wuraren da ingancin iska ya fi muni fiye da shawarar da WHO ta bayar, wanda ke haifar da mutuwar sama da miliyan XNUMX daga gurɓacewar iska a kowace shekara. Matsayin gurbacewar iska, Yawan ƙurar ƙura a cikin birane ya zarce adadin da aka yardada shi. Ƙaddamar da hayaƙin CO2, musamman a manyan birane da yankunan masana'antu, sun wuce ƙa'idodin da aka yarda da su ta sau 1,5 zuwa 2,5. Ma'anar ingancin iska a wasu yankunan birane irin su Hanoi da Ho Chi Minh suna da sau da yawa a mummunan matakin tare da AQI index daga 150 zuwa 200, wani lokacin yana da mummunan rauni lokacin da ya wuce 200. Mafi haɗari shine ƙura mai kyau wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan ƙwayoyin da aka dakatar. a cikin iska kamar PM2.5 na iya haifar da cututtuka iri-iri, da ke shafar lafiyar jama'a. Gurbacewar ruwa Gurbacewar ruwa ita ce tushen ruwa a tafkuna, tafkuna, koguna, koguna, magudanar ruwa, magudanar ruwa, ruwan karkashin kasa, teku.... ya ƙunshi abubuwa masu guba a cikin adadi mai yawa waɗanda ke da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobi. Dalilin gurbatar ruwa shine saboda wuraren samar da masana'antu, mutane saboda yawan riba mai yawa da kuma tsadar kayan aikin muhalli, sun fitar da adadi mai yawa na sharar da ba a kula da su ba a cikin tafkunan. Har ila yau, ayyukan kamun kifi ta hanyar amfani da ababen fashewa da sinadarai masu guba don yin cikakken amfani da albarkatun ruwa sun canza yanayin muhalli, suna haifar da mummunar gurɓacewar muhalli. Wani binciken Matsayin gurbatar ruwa. A cewar Unicef, kasarmu tana matsayi na 5, bayan China, Philippines, Indonesia, da Thailand, inda a yau ake jibge sharar gida mafi yawa a cikin koguna da teku a duniya, ta yadda hakan ke gurbata muhallin ruwa. Albarkatun ruwa na koguna da tafkunan Vietnam sun lalace sosai kuma sun lalace saboda yawan amfani da gurɓataccen yanayi. Hatta koguna da dama, sassan kogi, tafkuna da tafkuna sun “mutu” saboda yawan sharar gida, datti da ruwan sha da ake fitarwa zuwa cikin muhalli ba tare da an kula da su ba. A halin yanzu, a kowace shekara a kasarmu, kimanin mutane 9.000 ne ke mutuwa saboda rashin ruwa da tsaftar muhalli. Cutar sankara 200.000 na faruwa ne sakamakon shan gurbataccen ruwa. Gurbacewar hayaniya Lalacewa wani nau'in gurɓatacce ne da ke tasowa daga ayyukan ɗan adam, yana ƙara haɗarin mutuwa na namun daji da mummunan tasiri ga ɗabi'un ɗan adam, tunani da lafiya. Wasu nau'ikan gurɓataccen amo na gama gari: Gurbacewar hayaniya a cikin birane Gurbacewar hayaniya kusa da masana'antu Gurbacewar hayaniya daga ababen hawa Gurbacewar filastik A cewar wani rahoto na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, duniya na samar da isassun robobi a kowace shekara domin zagayawa duniya sau hudu da kusan buhunan robobi biliyan 500 da ake sha a duniya. A halin yanzu, yawancin sharar robobi ba a binne su a wuraren da ake zubar da shara, wanda ke haifar da gurbatar fata. Ana sa ran nan da shekara ta 2050, za a sake fitar da karin tan biliyan 33 na robobi a cikin tekunan kuma za su dade na tsawon shekaru aru-aru. Haske gurbataccen tuƙi Lalacewar haske shine kasancewar hasken wucin gadi a cikin duhun yanayi wanda ke da ban haushi saboda rashin dacewa ko amfani da mutane da yawa. A cewar BBC (Birtaniya), a lokacin Daga 2012 zuwa 2016, ƙarfin hasken waje na duniya ya karu da kashi 2% kowace shekara. Masana kimiyya sun ce "dare" a kasashe da yawa yana da mummunan sakamako ga kowa: tsire-tsire, dabbobi da mutane. Nau'in gurɓataccen haske kamar: Haskakawa, tsananin haske yana haifar da rashin jin daɗi na gani Hasken haske ya shiga ba da niyya ba, ba dole ba Ƙungiyoyin haske masu haske ba su da taimako. Gurbacewar rediyo= Makaman nukiliya da kayayyakin fission, sharar da makaman nukiliya a cikin yanayi ko makaman nukiliya za su saki abubuwa masu yawa na rediyo a cikin iska, ƙasa, mutane, shuke-shuke da dabbobi. Lokacin da mutane ke rayuwa a cikin gurɓataccen yanayi na rediyoaktif, haskoki na rediyo suna shiga jikin mutum daga waje ko kuma suna shiga cikin mutane ta hanyar narkewar abinci, hanyoyin numfashi, suna shafar jini, kasusuwa da gabobin jikin mutum. Halin gurbatar muhalli a Vietnam Halin gurbatar yanayi na yanayi Bisa kididdigar da aka yi kafin 1945, gandun daji ya kai kashi 43,8%, yanzu ya wuce kashi 28% (watau kasa da matakin ban tsoro na 30%). Ana lalata filin noma zuwa kusan hekta miliyan 13,4. A cewar ma'aikatar albarkatun kasa da muhalli, a halin yanzu kashi 95% na ayyukan samar da kayayyaki a kasar na gurbata muhalli, fiye da kashi 50% na haifar da gurbatar yanayi. Domin waɗannan ƙananan masana'antu ne da wuraren samar da kayayyaki, fasahar gabaɗaya ta tsufa kuma ba ta saka hannun jari yadda ya kamata ba wajen magance gurɓacewar muhalli da sharar gida. Ban da haka, matsalar hakar ma'adinai, kayan gini, zinare da duwatsu masu daraja... da kuma amfani da ma'adinai a fagage da dama suna kawo cikas ga daidaiton muhallin halittu. Halin da ake ciki na gurbatar ƙasa A cewar rahoton na Babban Ma'aikatar Muhalli (Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli), ingancin yanayin ƙasa a cikin biranen Vietnam a halin yanzu yana kula da gurɓatacce saboda tasirin sharar gida daga ayyukan masana'antu da gine-gine. gini, rayuwa, sharar gida. Yawancin yankunan birane sun taso, suna daidai kan ƙasashen da ke ɗauke da ragowar sinadarai masu guba, alamun sun ninka sau da yawa fiye da matakin da aka yarda. Misali, a kusa da wurin da ake binne sharar gida a gundumar Trang Dai (Bien Hoa), abubuwan arsenic a cikin ƙasa sun zarce ma'auni daga sau 1,05 zuwa 4,12. Copper (cu) abun ciki ya wuce sau 1,5, chromium da nitrogen a cikin ƙasa yana da girma daga 135 -375mg/kg. Matsalar gurbatar muhalli a Najeriya Gidauniyar kula da muhalli ta Jamus a Najeriya, HBS, ta ce ƙasashe da dama a nahiyar Afirka sun yi wa Najeriyar fintinkau wajen rungumar makamashi maras gurbata Muhalli. Wasu dai na ganin cewa akwai bukatar Najeriya ta gaggauta shawo kan matsalolin gurbatar muhalli, ta hanyar amfani makamashin da ba ya gurbata muhallin. Sai dai kuma a cewar wasu masana harkar makamashi a Najeriyar, hanya daya ce tilo za ta fidda ƙasar daga wannan yanayi. A cewar Farfesa Abubakar Sani Sambo, tsohon darekta janar na hukumar makamashi ta Najeriya, yin doka ne kawai zai sanya 'yan Najeriya su yi rungumi makamashin da ba ya gurbata muhallin. Kamfanin hakar danyan mai na Shell da ke aikinsa a Najeriya ya ce zai biya diyyar Fam na Ingila miliyan 55 ga al'ummomin kauyen Bodo da ke yankin Nija Delta a Tarayyar Najeriya bisa gurbata musu muhalli. Bayan takaddamar da kamfanin ya dade yanayi na kin biyan kudaden a karshe ya amince, abunda al'ummar yankin suka ce sun yi murna da hakan matuka. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta duniya dai ta taka rawa matika kan bin kadin hakkokin wadannan al'ummomi. Wannan matsayi dai da aka kai na yaddar da kamfanin na Shell yayi na aikata laifin barin danyen man ya malala ya kuma gurbata muhallin al'ummomin na Bodo a Shiyyar Ogoni da ke yankin Nija Delta, tare kuma da amincewar biyansu diyya nasara ce babba da ba a tsammaci samunta ba nan kusa. Kimanin shekaru Shida ke nan da al'ummar ta Bodo suka shigar da kara a gaban wata kotu a London suna masu cewar malalar danyan man ta kassara muhallinsu tare da dukkanin hanyoyin rayuwarsu, wadda kuma sulhun da kotun ta London ta yi, ya kai ga matsayin da ake a yanzu na biyan diyyar ga al'ummar ta Bodo. Wasu hanyoyi za abi wajen magance matsalar gurbatar muhalli A tsaurara doka kan sarrafa shara. Tsarin tsare-tsare na birane a wannan kasa tamu a yau bai mai da hankali ba kan matsalar sharar sharar gida, sharar ruwan sha yayin da mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su da zamani kamar binnewa. Wannan yana haifar da yuwuwar haɗarin gurɓacewar muhalli. Don haka, a halin yanzu, Ma'aikatun Lafiya, Sashen Albarkatun Kasa da Muhalli suna ci gaba da karfafa farfaganda da yada manufofi da dokoki kan gudanarwa da kula da sharar gida kamar: Gudanar da shari'o'in da suka saba wa doka a fagen kare muhalli, ba su da kyau a sarrafa sharar gida don shiga cikin yanayin waje. Ƙarfafa dubawa, dubawa da kuma kula da cibiyoyin da ke aiwatar da maganin sharar gida sosai. Nan ba da jimawa ba za a fitar da dokar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a kan kare muhalli kuma gwamnati za ta kammala takaddun jagora don aiwatar da su daidai. Ƙarin ƙa'idodin kan takunkumi a cikin kula da tankunan ruwa, tankunan ruwa, da gina ƙaƙƙarfan shara. Haɓaka gine-gine da sanya masana'antar sarrafa shara a cikin manyan biranen. Don ƙarfafa tsarin kula da datti da datti, wanda ya kayyade rarrabuwa, ajiya, tarawa, sufuri, sake amfani da su, sake yin amfani da su da kuma kula da sharar gida. Yi amfani da mai mai tsabta. A cikin karni na 21, lokacin da halin da ake ciki na gurɓataccen muhalli ya ƙara damuwa da duniya, amfani da makamashi mai tsabta mai tsabta da muhalli ya zama yanayin salon zamani da wayewa. Wanda zai iya zuwa man fetur kamar: Kwayoyin mai Kwayoyin mai na iya samar da wutar lantarki kai tsaye, ana yin su daga tushe kamar iskar gas, iskar methane da aka karbo daga sharar halittu. Ba sa konewa, don haka ba sa fitar da hayaki mai cutarwa, kuma ana amfani da su a cikin motoci ko a cikin kayan masarufi kamar wayoyin hannu. Ikon ruwa. Ana amfani da igiyoyin ruwa da igiyoyin ruwa don juyar da injin turbin da ke samar da wutar lantarki. Za a iya amfani da wutar da aka samar kai tsaye don kayan aiki da ke aiki a teku kamar fitilun fitilu, buoys, magudanar ruwa, tsarin kewayawa. Ƙarfin iska. Ana amfani da makamashin iska don juya turbin don samar da wutar lantarki. A halin yanzu, mutane sukan gina manyan injinan iska don tattara wannan babbar tushen makamashin kore. Makamashi daga dusar ƙanƙara. Aikin yana tattara dusar ƙanƙara da adana shi a cikin ɗakunan ajiya don kiyaye zafin jiki tsakanin 0oC da 4oC da amfani da shi don adana kayan amfanin gona. Kungiyar Binciken Makamashi ta Bihai ta Japan ta yi nasarar amfani da dusar ƙanƙara wajen kwantar da ɗakunan ajiya da gine-ginen na'urori a lokacin zafi. Methane gas daga nazarin halittu fermentation na gida sharar gida Wannan nau'in iskar gas ne da ke da ikon yin injin sarrafa wutar lantarki, ta yadda zai samar da wutar lantarki. Da zarar bazuwar ta cika, sauran ana amfani da ita azaman taki. Ƙarfin ƙasa. Za mu iya kama makamashin ƙasa mai zurfi a ƙarƙashin tsibirai da dutsen mai aman wuta ta hanyar tsotsa ruwan zafi daga dubban mita ƙarƙashin ƙasa zuwa wutar lantarki. A halin yanzu, Japan ita ce mafi nasara aikace-aikacen wannan tushen mai mai tsabta. Tare da karfin 110.000 kW, isasshen wutar lantarki ga gidaje 3.700 na shekara guda. Methane hydrate gas yana kwance a ƙarƙashin ƙasa Methane hydrate ana samun yawanci a ƙarƙashin permafrost da zurfin teku. Wannan shine mafi kyawun madadin mai da kwal. Ƙayyade amfani da kayan da ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba Yin amfani da kayan da ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba kamar gilashin da ke da zafi, murfi na filastik, bambaro na filastik, yumbu, akwatunan Pizza, diapers ɗin da za a iya zubar da su, madubai, kyallen takarda Madadin haka zaku iya amfani da kayan da za'a iya sake yin amfani da su kamar gilashi, takarda, karfe, filastik, taya, yadi, da na'urorin lantarki. Musamman ma, za mu iya sake sarrafa robobi ta hanyar tattara tarkace ko tarkacen robobi da sake sarrafa wannan abu zuwa abubuwa masu amfani. Karin wasu matakan Ajiye wutar lantarki Yin amfani da dumama ruwa don hanyoyin gargajiya kamar dumama da wuta, ta wutar lantarki. Sauya duk kwararan fitila 1KW tare da fitilun 0,3KW super tanadin makamashi don taimakawa ceton adadi mai yawa na wutar lantarki, duka suna adana kuɗi akan wutar lantarki da kare muhalli. Dasa bishiyoyi da yawa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin matakai mafi sauki kuma mafi inganci wajen rage dumamar yanayi. Domin bishiyoyi za su sha CO2 ta hanyar photosynthesis, ta yadda za a rage yawan iskar gas, kuma a kaikaice rage yanayin yanayin greenhouse na yanzu. Rayayye yada kariyar muhalli. Haɓaka ayyuka da motsi don kare muhalli. Bayar da ilimin jama'a game da tasirin greenhouse, mahimmancinsa da hatsarori. Cikin shirin ilimantarwa akwai darussa na wayar da kan jama'a da kuma alhakin kowane dan kasa game da muhallin mutane da halittu. A rika tsara ayyukan farfaganda akai-akai don mutane don hana munanan ayyuka da ke fitar da iskar gas mai guba da sharar da ke haifar da illa ga muhalli. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a duniya da kuma a Vietnam Kungiyoyin kare muhalli a duniya Asusun Muhalli na Duniya (GEF): An kafa shi a cikin 1992, tare da manufa don magance matsalolin muhalli mafi mahimmanci a duniya. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, GEF ta ba da gudummawar dala biliyan 14,5 tare da tattara dala biliyan 75,4 don ƙarin tallafi don ayyuka kusan 4.000, waɗanda GEF ta ba da gudummawar jimillar ayyuka 98 a Vietnam don kare muhalli. Makarantar ƙasarmu. Hukumar Tsaro da Tsaro ta Maritime ta Afirka (AMSA): wannan kungiya ce da ke aiki don nazari da bincike don magance matsalolin muhallin ruwa. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP): kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa da ke tafiyar da ayyukan muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an kafa kungiyar ne a shekara ta 1972 don ba da gudummawa ga kafa ka'idoji kan batutuwa kamar gurbatar iska da ke kan iyaka, da sinadarai masu guba da gurbatar ruwa na kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyoyin kare muhalli a Vietnam Green Credit Trust Fund (GCTF): An kafa asusun ne a cikin 2007 daga wani yunƙuri don tallafawa haɓaka haɓaka fasahar fasaha na Ofishin Tarayyar Tattalin Arziƙi na Swiss (SECO). Ana ɗaukar wannan ƙungiyar a matsayin hanyar tallafin kuɗi don taimakawa ƙanana da matsakaitan masana'antu na Vietnamese saka hannun jari a matsakaici da dogon lokaci a cikin fasaha mai tsabta don aikace-aikacen samarwa da sabis na masana'antu. Daga can, ƙirƙira fasaha don haɓaka haɓakar samarwa da rage tasirin muhalli Asusun Kariyar Muhalli na Vietnam: An kafa asusun ne da nufin karbar kudade daga kasafin kudin jihar, hanyoyin samar da kudade, gudumawa da amana daga kungiyoyi na cikin gida da na waje da daidaikun mutane don bayar da tallafin kudi don ayyukan kariya. muhallin kasa baki daya. Cibiyar Ilimi don Yanayin (ENV): ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa na farko a Vietnam ƙwararre kan kiyaye yanayi da ilimin muhalli. Manufar ita ce wayar da kan jama'ar Vietnam game da matsalolin muhalli da suka shafi kare namun daji, flora da fauna, yanayin yanayi da sauyin yanayi a matakan gida, yanki da duniya.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuwamba%203

Nuwamba 3

1914 Georg Trakl, Austrian-Polish pharmacist and poet (b. 1887) 1917 Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846) 1918 Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857) 1926 Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860) 1927 Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860) 1929 Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883) 1933 Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853) 1939 Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870) 1949 Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861) 1954 Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869) 1956 Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883) 1957 Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897) 1960 Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901) 1962 L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895) 1968 Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920) 1969 Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898) 1973 Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900) 1975 Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925) 1975 Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919) 1975 Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925) 1975 Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926) 1980 Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897) 1983 Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901) 1983 Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894) 1987 Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945) 1988 Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916) 1989 Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893) 1990 Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929) 1990 Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914) 1990 Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913) 1991 Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972) 1993 Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895) 1994 Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905) 1995 Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887) 1996 Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921) 1997 Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927) 1998 Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915) 1999 Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928) 2001 Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909) 2002 Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931) 2002 Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914) 2003 Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923) 2004 Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972) 2006 Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925) 2006 Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911) 2006 Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937) 2007 Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962) 2007 Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945) 2007 Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979) 2008 Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913) 2009 Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906) 2009 Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919) 2009 Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917) 2010 Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928) 2010 Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938) 2010 Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949) 2011 Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948) 2012 Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923) 2012 George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922) 2012 Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920) 2012 Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929) 2012 Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940) 2012 Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923) 2013 Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920) 2013 Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927) 2013 Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925) 2013 William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936) 2013 Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953) 2013 Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911) 2014 Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940) 2014 Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922) 2014 Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950) 2015 Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944) 2015 Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931) 2015 Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927) 2015 Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931) 2016 Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922) 2018 Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b. 1944) 1914 Georg Trakl, Austrian-Polish pharmacist and poet (b. 1887) 1917 Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846) 1918 Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857) 1926 Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860) 1927 Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860) 1929 Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883) 1933 Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853) 1939 Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870) 1949 Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861) 1954 Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869) 1956 Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883) 1957 Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897) 1960 Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901) 1962 L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895) 1968 Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920) 1969 Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898) 1973 Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900) 1975 Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925) 1975 Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919) 1975 Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925) 1975 Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926) 1980 Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897) 1983 Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901) 1983 Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894) 1987 Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945) 1988 Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916) 1989 Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893) 1990 Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929) 1990 Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914) 1990 Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913) 1991 Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972) 1993 Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895) 1994 Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905) 1995 Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887) 1996 Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921) 1997 Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927) 1998 Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915) 1999 Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928) 2001 Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909) 2002 Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931) 2002 Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914) 2003 Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923) 2004 Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972) 2006 Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925) 2006 Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911) 2006 Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937) 2007 Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962) 2007 Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945) 2007 Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979) 2008 Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913) 2009 Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906) 2009 Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919) 2009 Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917) 2010 Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928) 2010 Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938) 2010 Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949) 2011 Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948) 2012 Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923) 2012 George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922) 2012 Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920) 2012 Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929) 2012 Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940) 2012 Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923) 2013 Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920) 2013 Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927) 2013 Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925) 2013 William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936) 2013 Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953) 2013 Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911) 2014 Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940) 2014 Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922) 2014 Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950) 2015 Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944) 2015 Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931) 2015 Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927) 2015 Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931) 2016 Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922) 2018 Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b. 1944) nowaba tana da kwana 30 acikinta Abubuwan da suka faru Kafin 1600 361 Sarkin sarakuna Constantius II ya mutu da zazzabi a Mopsuestia a Kilicia a kan mutuwarsa ya yi baftisma kuma ya bayyana, dan uwansa Julian a matsayin magajin da ya cancanta. 1333 Kogin Arno ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa a cikin Florence kamar yadda tarihin Florentine Giovanni Villani ya rubuta. 1468 Charles I na sojojin Burgundy ya kori Liège 1492 Aminci na Etaples tsakanin Henry VII na Ingila da Charles VIII na Faransa 1493 Christopher Columbus ya fara kallon tsibirin Dominica a cikin Tekun Caribbean 1534 Majalisar dokokin Ingila ta zartar da dokar farko ta Mulki, wanda ya sa Sarki Henry na VIII ya zama shugaban cocin Anglican, ya maye gurbin Paparoma da Cocin Katolika na Roman Katolika 1601-1900 1783 An wargaza Rundunar Sojojin Amurka. 1793 Mawallafin wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa, ɗan jarida kuma Olympe de Gouges na mata yana da laifi 1812 An ci sojojin Napoleon a yakin Vyazma 1817 Bankin Montreal, bankin Kanada mafi dadewa na haya, ya buɗe a Montreal 1838 The Times of India, mafi girma a duniya da aka watsar da yaren Ingilishi na yau da kullun jaridar da aka kafa a matsayin The Bombay Times da Journal of Commerce 1848 An yi shelar kundin tsarin mulkin ƙasar Holland sosai, wanda ke ba da iko da yawa daga sarki zuwa majalisarsa da ministocinsa. 1867 Giuseppe Garibaldi da mabiyansa sun ci nasara a yakin Mentana kuma sun kasa kawo karshen ikon Paparoma a Roma (za a samu bayan shekaru uku). 1868 John Willis Menard (R-LA) shi ne Ba’amurke ɗan Afirka na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dokokin Amurka Saboda kalubalen zabe, bai taba zama ba. 1881 Tashin Mapuche na 1881 ya fara a Chile. 1898 Faransa ta janye sojojinta daga Fashoda (yanzu a Sudan), ta kawo karshen lamarin Fashoda 1901 yanzu 1903 With the encouragement of the United States, Panama separates from Colombia. 1908 William Howard Taft is elected the 27th President of the United States. 1911 Chevrolet officially enters the automobile market in competition with the Ford Model T. 1918 The German Revolution of 1918–19 begins when 40,000 sailors take over the port in Kiel. 1920 Russian Civil War: The Russian Army retreats to Crimea, after a successful offensive by the Red Army and Revolutionary Insurgent Army of Ukraine. 1929 The Gwangju Student Independence Movement occurred. 1930 Getúlio Vargas becomes Head of the Provisional Government in Brazil after a bloodless coup on October 24. 1932 Panagis Tsaldaris becomes the 142nd Prime Minister of Greece. 1935 George II of Greece regains his throne through a popular, though possibly fixed, plebiscite. 1936 Franklin D. Roosevelt is elected the 32nd President of the United States. 1942 World War II: The Koli Point action begins during the Guadalcanal Campaign and ends on November 12. 1943 World War II: Five hundred aircraft of the U.S. 8th Air Force devastate Wilhelmshaven harbor in Germany. 1944 World War II: Two supreme commanders of the Slovak National Uprising, Generals Ján Golian and Rudolf Viest, are captured, tortured and later executed by German forces. 1946 The Constitution of Japan is adopted through Emperor's assent. 1949 Chinese Civil War: The Battle of Dengbu Island occurs. 1950 Air India Flight 245 crashes into Mont Blanc, while on approach to Geneva Airport, killing all 48 people on board. 1956 Suez Crisis: The Khan Yunis killings by the Israel Defense Forces in Egyptian-controlled Gaza result in the deaths of 275 Palestinians. 1956 Hungarian Revolution: A new Hungarian government is formed, in which many members of banned non-Communist parties participate. János Kádár and Ferenc Münnich form a counter-government in Moscow as Soviet troops prepare for the final assault. 1957 Sputnik program: The Soviet Union launches Sputnik 2. On board is the first animal to enter orbit, a dog named Laika. 1960 The land that would become the Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge is established by an Act of Congress after a year-long legal battle that pitted local residents against Port Authority of New York and New Jersey officials wishing to turn the Great Swamp into a major regional airport for jet aircraft. 1961 U Thant is unanimously appointed as the 3rd Secretary-General of the United Nations, becoming the first non-European individual to occupy the post. 1964 Lyndon B. Johnson is elected to a full term as U.S. president, winning 61% of the vote and 44 states, while Washington D.C. residents are able to vote in a presidential election for the first time, casting the majority of their votes for Lyndon Johnson. 1967 Vietnam War: The Battle of Dak To begins. 1969 Vietnam War: U.S. President Richard M. Nixon addresses the nation on television and radio, asking the "silent majority" to join him in solidarity on the Vietnam War effort and to support his policies. 1973 Mariner program: NASA launches the Mariner 10 toward Mercury. On March 29, 1974, it becomes the first space probe to reach that planet. 1975 Syed Nazrul Islam, A. H. M. Qamaruzzaman, Tajuddin Ahmad, and Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi politicians and Sheikh Mujibur Rahman loyalists, are murdered in the Dhaka Central Jail. 1978 Dominica gains its independence from the United Kingdom. 1979 Greensboro massacre: Five members of the Communist Workers Party are shot dead and seven are wounded by a group of Klansmen and neo-Nazis during a "Death to the Klan" rally in Greensboro, North Carolina, United States. 1980 A Latin Carga Convair CV-880 crashes at Simón Bolívar International Airport in Venezuela, killing four. 1982 The Salang Tunnel fire in Afghanistan by kills 150–2000 people. 1986 Iran–Contra affair: The Lebanese magazine Ash-Shiraa reports that the United States has been secretly selling weapons to Iran in order to secure the release of seven American hostages held by pro-Iranian groups in Lebanon. 1986 The Compact of Free Association becomes law, granting the Federated States of Micronesia and the Marshall Islands independence from the United States. 1988 Sri Lankan Tamil mercenaries attempt to overthrow the Maldivian government. At President Maumoon Abdul Gayoom's request, the Indian military suppresses the rebellion within 24 hours. 1992 Democratic Arkansas Governor Bill Clinton defeats Republican President George H. W. Bush and Independent candidate Ross Perot in the 1992 United States presidential election. 1996 Abdullah Çatlı, the leader of the Turkish ultranationalist organization Grey Wolves, dies in the Susurluk car crash, leading to the resignation of Interior Minister Mehmet Ağar (a leader of the True Path Party). 1997 The United States imposes economic sanctions against Sudan in response to its human rights abuses of its own citizens and its material and political assistance to Islamic extremist groups across the Middle East and East Africa. 2014 One World Trade Center officially opens in New York City, replacing the Twin Towers after they were destroyed during the September 11 attacks. 2020 The 2020 United States presidential election takes place between Democratic Joe Biden and Republican incumbent President Donald Trump. On November 7, Biden was declared the winner. Haihuwa Kafin 1600 AD 39 Lucan, mawaƙin Romawa (d. 65) 1500 Benvenuto Cellini, Italiyanci sculptor kuma mai zane (d. 1571) 1505 Achilles Gasser, likitan Jamus kuma masanin taurari (d. 1577) 1527 Tilemann Heshusius, masanin tauhidin Gnesio-Lutheran (d. 1588) 1560 Annibale Carracci, mai zanen Italiyanci kuma mai zane (d. 1609) 1587 Samuel Scheidt, Bajamushe organist, mawaki, kuma malami (d. 1654) 1601-1900 1604 Osman II, Sarkin Ottoman (d. 1622) 1618 Aurangzeb, Mughal Sarkin Indiya (d. 1707) 1656 Georg Reutter, Ostiriya organist da mawaki (d. 1738) 1659 Hui-bin Jang, Royal consort (d. 1701) 1689 Jan Josef Ignác Brentner, mawaƙin Czech (d. 1742) 1749 Daniel Rutherford, masanin chemist dan Scotland kuma likita (d. 1819) 1757 Robert Smith, sojan Amurka, lauya, kuma ɗan siyasa, Sakataren Harkokin Wajen Amurka na 6 (d. 1842) 1777 Gimbiya Sophia ta Burtaniya (d. 1848) 1793 Stephen F. Austin, ɗan kasuwan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa (d. 1836) 1794 William Cullen Bryant, mawaƙin Amurka kuma ɗan jarida (d. 1878) 1799 William Sprague III, lauyan Amurka kuma ɗan siyasa, Gwamna na 14 na Rhode Island (d. 1856) 1801 Karl Baedeker, marubucin Jamusanci kuma mawallafi, ya kafa Baedeker Publishing Company (d. 1859) 1801 Vincenzo Bellini, mawaƙin Italiyanci (d. 1835) 1815 John Mitchel, ɗan jarida ɗan ƙasar Irish kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya (d. 1875) 1816 Jubal Early, Janar na Amurka kuma lauya (d. 1894) 1816 Calvin Fairbank, Ministan Amurka kuma mai fafutuka (d. 1898) 1845 Edward Douglass White, lauyan Amurka, masanin shari’a, kuma ɗan siyasa, Babban Alkalin Alkalan Amurka na 9 (d. 1921) 1852 Sarkin sarakuna Meiji na Japan (d. 1912) 1854 Carlo Fornasini, masanin ilimin micropalaeontologist na Italiya (d. 1931) 1856 Jim McCormick, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ɗan ƙasar Scotland-Amurke kuma manaja (d. 1918) 1857 Mikhail Alekseyev, Janar na Rasha (d. 1918). 1862 Henry George, Jr., ɗan jarida kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Amurka (d. 1916) 1863 Alfred Perot, masanin kimiyyar lissafi da ilimi na Faransa (d. 1925) 1866 Harry Staley, ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando na Amurka (d. 1910) 1871 Albert Goldthorpe, ɗan wasan rugby na Ingilishi kuma manaja (d. 1943) 1875 Emils Dārziņš, Mawaƙin Latvia kuma madugu (d. 1910) 1876 Stephen Alencastre, bishop na Amurka kuma ɗan mishan (d. 1940) 1877 Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, Janar kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan ƙasar Chile, Shugaban ƙasar Chile na 20 (d. 1960) 1878 Bangalore Nagarathnamma, Mawaƙin Carnatic ɗan Indiya kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya (d. 1952) 1882 Yakub Kolas, marubucin Belarushiyanci (d. 1956) 1884 Joseph William Martin, Jr., Mawallafin Ba’amurke kuma ɗan siyasa, Kakakin Majalisar Wakilan Amurka na 49 (d. 1968). 1887 Samuil Marshak, marubuci kuma mawaƙi na Rasha (d. 1964) 1887 Eileen Hendriks, Masanin ilimin kasa na Burtaniya (d. 1978) 1890 Harry Stephen Keeler, marubucin Ba’amurke (d. 1967) 1890 Eustáquio van Lieshout, limamin Dutch-Brazil kuma ɗan mishan (d. 1943) 1894 William George Barker, matukin jirgi na Kanada kuma Kanar, mai karɓar Victoria Cross (d. 1930) 1894 Sofoklis Venizelos, Kyaftin na Girka kuma ɗan siyasa, Firayim Minista na 133 na Girka (d. 1964) 1896 Gustaf Tenggren, Ba’amurke ɗan ƙasar Sweden mai zane kuma mai raye-raye (d. 1970) 1899 Ralph Greenleaf, ɗan wasan biliards na Amurka (d. 1950) 1899 Rezső Seress, ɗan wasan pian na Hungary kuma mawaƙi (d. 1968) 1899 Gleb Wataghin, Ukrainian-Italian Physicist da ilimi (d. 1986) 1900 Adolf Dassler, ɗan kasuwan Jamus, ya kafa Adidas (d. 1978) 1901 yanzu 1901 Leopold III of Belgium (d. 1983) 1901 André Malraux, French historian, theorist, and author (d. 1976) 1901 Lionel Hitchman, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 1969) 1903 Walker Evans, American photographer and journalist (d. 1975) 1905 Lois Mailou Jones, American painter and academic (d. 1998) 1906 Julia Boyer Reinstein, American teacher and historian (d. 1998) 1908 Giovanni Leone, Italian lawyer and politician, 6th President of Italy (d. 2001) 1908 Bronko Nagurski, Canadian-American football player, wrestler, and coach (d. 1990) 1909 James Reston, Scottish-American journalist and author (d. 1995) 1910 Karel Zeman, Czech director, animator, production designer, and screenwriter (d. 1989) 1911 Kick Smit, Dutch footballer and manager (d. 1974) 1912 Alfredo Stroessner, Paraguayan general and politician, 46th President of Paraguay (d. 2006) 1915 Hal Jackson, American journalist and radio host (d. 2012) 1917 Annapurna Maharana, Indian activist (d. 2012) 1918 Claude Barma, French director, producer, and screenwriter (d. 1992) 1918 Bob Feller, American sailor, baseball player, and sportscaster (d. 2010) 1918 Elizabeth P. Hoisington, American general (d. 2007) 1918 Russell B. Long, American lieutenant, lawyer, and politician (d. 2003) 1919 Jesús Blasco, Spanish author and illustrator (d. 1995) 1919 Ludovic Kennedy, Scottish journalist and author (d. 2009) 1919 Květa Legátová, Czech author (d. 2012) 1920 Oodgeroo Noonuccal, Australian poet, educator, and activist (d. 1993) 1921 Charles Bronson, American soldier and actor (d. 2003) 1922 Dennis McDermott, English-Canadian union leader and diplomat, Canadian Ambassador to Ireland (d. 2003) 1923 Violetta Elvin, Russian ballerina (d. 2021) 1923 Tomás Ó Fiaich, Irish cardinal (d. 1990) 1923 Yamaguchi Hitomi, Japanese author and critic (d. 1995) 1924 Marc Breaux, American actor, director, and choreographer (d. 2013) 1924 Samuel Ruiz, Mexican bishop (d. 2011) 1926 Valdas Adamkus, Lithuanian engineer and politician, 3rd President of Lithuania 1926 Maurice Couture, Canadian archbishop (d. 2018) 1926 Robert W. Wilson, American businessman and philanthropist (d. 2013) 1927 Harrison McCain, Canadian businessman, co-founded McCain Foods (d. 2004) 1927 Peggy McCay, American actress (d. 2018) 1927 Odvar Nordli, Norwegian politician, 21st Prime Minister of Norway (d. 2018) 1928 Goseki Kojima, Japanese illustrator (d. 2000) 1928 Bill Morrison, Australian politician and diplomat, 37th Australian Minister for Defence (d. 2013) 1928 Osamu Tezuka, Japanese animator and producer (d. 1989) 1928 George Yardley, American basketball player (d. 2004) 1929 Alfonso Orueta, Chilean footballer, manager, and politician (d. 2012) 1930 Phil Crane, American academic and politician (d. 2014) 1930 William H. Dana, American engineer, pilot, and astronaut (d. 2014) 1930 Mable John, American blues singer (d. 2022) 1930 D. James Kennedy, American pastor and author (d. 2007) 1930 Brian Robinson, English cyclist (d. 2022) 1930 Tsutomu Seki, Japanese astronomer and academic 1930 Lois Smith, American actress 1930 Frits Staal, Dutch philosopher and scholar (d. 2012) 1931 Yon Hyong-muk, North Korean soldier and politician, 7th Premier of North Korea (d. 2005) 1931 Monica Vitti, Italian actress, singer, and screenwriter (d. 2022) 1931 Michael Fu Tieshan, Chinese bishop (d. 2007) 1932 Albert Reynolds, Irish businessman and politician, 9th Taoiseach of Ireland (d. 2014) 1932 Gerry Ehman, Canadian ice hockey player (d. 2006) 1933 John Barry, English-American composer and conductor (d. 2011) 1933 Ken Berry, American actor, singer, and dancer (d. 2018) 1933 Jeremy Brett, English actor (d. 1995) 1933 Aneta Corsaut, American actress (d. 1995) 1933 Michael Dukakis, American lawyer, academic, and politician, 65th Governor of Massachusetts 1933 Amartya Sen, Indian economist and academic, Nobel Prize laureate 1934 Kenneth Baker, Baron Baker of Dorking, English poet and politician, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 1934 Hans Janmaat, Dutch businessman, educator, and politician (d. 2002) 1935 Ingrid Rüütel, Estonian philologist and academic, 3rd First Lady of Estonia 1936 Roy Emerson, Australian-American tennis player and coach 1936 Takao Saito, Japanese author and illustrator, created Golgo 13 (d. 2021) 1937 Dietrich Möller, German lawyer and politician, 15th Mayor of Marburg 1937 Jim Houston, American football player (d. 2018) 1938 Martin Dunwoody, English mathematician and academic 1938 Akira Kobayashi, Japanese actor 1938 Jean Rollin, French actor, director, and screenwriter (d. 2010) 1940 Sonny Rhodes, American singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2021) 1942 Martin Cruz Smith, American author and screenwriter 1943 Bert Jansch, Scottish-English singer-songwriter and guitarist (d. 2011) 1944 Jan Boerstoel, Dutch poet and songwriter 1945 Ken Holtzman, American baseball player and manager 1945 Gerd Müller, German footballer and manager (d. 2021) 1945 Nick Simper, English bass guitarist 1946 Reinhard Karl, German mountaineer, photographer, and author (d. 1982) 1946 Wataru Takeshita, Japanese lawyer and politician (d. 2021) 1947 Mazie Hirono, Japanese-American lawyer and politician, U.S. Senator from Hawaii 1947 Siiri Oviir, Estonian lawyer and politician, 3rd Estonian Minister of Social Affairs 1947 Faraj Sarkohi, Iranian journalist and critic 1948 Lulu, Scottish singer-songwriter and actress 1948 Takashi Kawamura, Japanese politician 1948 Helmuth Koinigg, Austrian race car driver (d. 1974) 1948 Rick Kreuger, American baseball player and coach 1948 Rainer Zobel, German footballer, coach, and manager 1949 Mike Evans, American actor and screenwriter (d. 2006) 1949 Osamu Fujimura, Japanese engineer and politician 1949 Stephen Oliver, English biochemist and academic 1949 Larry Holmes, American boxer and talk show host 1949 Anna Wintour, English-American journalist 1950 Massimo Mongai, Italian journalist and author (d. 2016) 1950 Joe Queenan, American author and critic 1951 Dwight Evans, American baseball player and coach 1951 Ed Murawinski, American cartoonist 1951 André Wetzel, Dutch footballer and manager 1952 Roseanne Barr, American comedian, actress, and producer 1952 Jim Cummings, American voice actor 1952 David Ho, Taiwanese-American scientist 1953 Kate Capshaw, American actress and producer 1953 Helios Creed, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1953 Larry Herndon, American baseball player and coach 1953 Dennis Miller, American comedian, producer, and talk show host 1953 Vilma Santos, Filipino actress and politician 1954 Adam Ant, English singer-songwriter and actor 1954 Kathy Kinney, American actress and comedian 1955 Teresa De Sio, Italian singer-songwriter and guitarist 1955 Anne Milton, English nurse and politician 1955 Phil Simms, American football player and sportscaster 1956 Cathy Jamieson, Scottish politician, 2nd Scottish Minister for Justice 1956 Kevin Murphy, American actor, puppeteer, producer, and screenwriter 1956 Gary Ross, American director, producer, and screenwriter 1956 Bob Welch, American baseball player and coach (d. 2014) 1957 Dolph Lundgren, Swedish actor, director, producer, screenwriter, and martial artist 1957 Gary Olsen, English actor (d. 2000) 1957 Steve Johnson, American basketball player 1958 Brady Hoke, American football coach 1959 Hal Hartley, American director, producer, and screenwriter 1960 Karch Kiraly, American volleyball player, coach, and sportscaster 1960 Ian McNabb, English singer-songwriter and musician 1961 David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon, English businessman 1961 Dave Hahn, Japanese-American mountaineer and journalist 1961 Greg Townsend, American football player 1962 Gabe Newell, American businessman, co-founded Valve 1962 David J. Schiappa, American lawyer and politician 1962 Jacqui Smith, English lawyer and politician 1963 Davis Guggenheim, American director, producer, and screenwriter 1963 Shigeaki Hattori, Japanese race car driver 1963 Ian Wright, English footballer, manager, and sportscaster 1963 Howard Ballard, American football player 1964 Algimantas Briaunis, Lithuanian footballer and manager 1964 Bryan Young, New Zealand cricketer 1965 Gert Heerkes, Dutch footballer and manager 1965 Ann Scott, French-English author 1965 Mike Springer, American golfer 1967 Mike O'Neill, Canadian ice hockey player 1967 Mark Roberts, Welsh singer and guitarist 1967 Steven Wilson, English singer-songwriter, guitarist, and producer 1968 Alberto Iñurrategi, Spanish mountaineer 1968 Paul Quantrill, Canadian baseball player and coach 1969 Robert Miles, Swiss-Italian DJ and producer (d. 2017) 1969 Petteri Orpo, Finnish politician 1969 Niels van Steenis, Dutch rower 1970 Geir Frigård, Norwegian footballer 1970 Jeanette J. Epps, American aerospace engineer and astronaut 1970 Doug Zmolek, American ice hockey player 1971 Diego Alessi, Italian race car driver 1971 Unai Emery, Spanish football manager and former player 1971 Dylan Moran, Irish actor, comedian, and screenwriter 1971 Alison Williamson, English archer 1971 Dwight Yorke, Tobagonian footballer and coach 1972 Ugo Ehiogu, English footballer and manager (d. 2017) 1972 Michael Hofmann, German footballer 1972 Marko Koers, Dutch runner 1972 Armando Benitez, Dominican baseball player 1973 Ben Fogle, English television host and author 1973 Sticky Fingaz, American rapper, producer, and actor 1973 Christian Picciolini, American businessman and manager 1973 Chrissie Swan, Australian radio and television host 1973 Mick Thomson, American guitarist 1974 Tariq Abdul-Wahad, French basketball player and coach 1975 Darren Sharper, American football player and sportscaster 1976 Guillermo Franco, Argentinian-Mexican footballer 1976 Jake Shimabukuro, American ukulele player and composer 1977 Marcel Ketelaer, German footballer 1977 Greg Plitt, American model and actor (d. 2015) 1977 Damien Woody, American football player 1978 Tim McIlrath, American singer-songwriter and guitarist 1978 Jonas Howden Sjøvaag, Norwegian drummer 1978 Hiroko Sakai, Japanese softball player 1979 Pablo Aimar, Argentinian footballer 1979 Beau McDonald, Australian footballer and coach 1980 Hans Andersen, Danish motorcycle racer 1981 Diego López, Spanish footballer 1981 Vicente Matías Vuoso, Argentinian-Mexican footballer 1981 Rodrigo Millar, Chilean footballer 1981 Sten Pentus, Estonian race car driver 1981 Karlos Dansby, American football player 1982 Moniek Kleinsman, Dutch speed skater 1982 Evgeni Plushenko, Russian figure skater 1982 Egemen Korkmaz, Turkish footballer 1982 Janel McCarville, American professional basketball player 1982 Jay Harrison, Canadian ice hockey player 1982 Pekka Rinne, Finnish ice hockey player 1983 Myrna Braza, Norwegian singer-songwriter 1983 Tamba Hali, American football player 1984 Christian Bakkerud, Danish race car driver (d. 2011) 1984 Ryo Nishikido, Japanese singer-songwriter and actor 1984 LaMarr Woodley, American football player 1985 Tyler Hansbrough, American basketball player 1985 Philipp Tschauner, German footballer 1986 Paul Derbyshire, Italian rugby player 1986 Davon Jefferson, American basketball player 1986 Piet Velthuizen, Dutch footballer 1986 Heo Young-saeng, South Korean singer 1987 Courtney Barnett, Australian singer-songwriter and guitarist 1987 Colin Kaepernick, American football player 1987 Ty Lawson, American basketball player 1987 Felix Schütz, German ice hockey player 1987 Gemma Ward, Australian model and actress 1987 Kyle Seager, American baseball player 1988 Jessie Loutit, Canadian rower 1989 Paula DeAnda, American singer-songwriter and actress 1989 Joyce Jonathan, French singer-songwriter and guitarist 1990 Ellyse Perry, Australian footballer and cricketer 1991 Damisha Croney, Barbadian netball player 1992 Joe Clarke, English slalom canoeist 1992 Valeria Solovyeva, Russian tennis player 1993 Kenny Golladay, American football player 1993 Martina Trevisan, Italian tennis player 1995 Kendall Jenner, American television personality and model 1997 Kyle Benjamin, American race car driver 1997 Connor McGovern, American football player 1997 Izuchuckwu Anthony, Nigerian footballer 1997 Filip Forejtek, Czech skier 1997 Sarthak Golui, Indian footballer 1997 Agustín Guiffrey, Argentinian footballer 1997 Michael Kelly, Scottish footballer 1997 Takumi Kitamura, Japanese actor 1997 Marco Klepoch, Slovak figure skater 1997 Łukasz Kozub, Polish volleyball player 1997 Lázaro Martínez, Cuban athlete 1998 Maddison Elliott, Australian paralympic swimmer 2001 Hailey Baptiste, American tennis player Mutuwa Kafin 1600 361 Constantius II, Sarkin Roma (b. 317) 753 Saint Pirmin, Sufaniya-Jamus sufa da waliyyi (b. 700) 1219 Saer de Quincy, 1st Earl na Winchester, Baron Ingilishi da tawaye (BC 1170) 1220 Urraca na Castile, Sarauniyar Portugal, matar Sarki Afonso II na Portugal (b. 1186) 1254 John III Doukas Vatatzes, Sarkin Byzantine (b. 1193) 1324 Petronilla de Meath, Irish da ake zargin mayya (bc 1300) 1373 Jeanne de Valois, Sarauniyar Navarre (b. 1343) 1428 Thomas Montacute, 4th Earl of Salisbury, Turanci janar kuma ɗan siyasa (b. 1388) 1456 Edmund Tudor, 1st Earl of Richmond, mahaifin Sarki Henry VII na Ingila (b. 1431) 1580 Jerónimo Zurita y Castro, ɗan tarihi na Spain kuma marubuci (b. 1512) 1584 Charles Borromeo, Cardinal Italiyanci kuma waliyyi (b. 1538) 1599 Andrew Báthory, Yariman Transylvania (BC 1563) 1600 Richard Hooker, limamin Ingilishi kuma masanin tauhidi (b. 1554) 1601-1900 1639 Martin de Porres, Saint na Peru (b. 1579) 1643 John Bainbridge, masanin falaki da ilimi na Ingilishi (b. 1582) 1643 Paul Guldin, Masanin ilmin taurari da lissafi na Swiss (b. 1577) 1676 Köprülü Fazıl Ahmed Pasha, sojan Ottoman kuma ɗan siyasa, Grand Vizier na 110 na Daular Ottoman (b. 1635). 1711 John Ernest Grabe, masanin tauhidin Jamusanci da ilimi (b. 1666) 1787 Robert Lowth, bishop na Ingilishi kuma ilimi (b. 1710) 1793 Olympe de Gouges, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma ɗan gwagwarmaya na Faransa (b. 1748) 1794 François-Joachim de Pierre de Bernis, Cardinal Faransa kuma jami'in diflomasiyya (b. 1715) 1850 William E. Shannon, ɗan siyasan Amirka haifaffen Irish (b. 1821/1822) 1858 Harriet Taylor Mill, Baturen falsafa kuma marubuci (b. 1807) 1869 Andreas Kalvos, mawaƙin Girkanci kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (b. 1792) 1890 Ulrich Ochsenbein, Lauyan Swiss kuma ɗan siyasa, Shugaban Majalisar Ƙasa ta Switzerland na farko (b. 1811). 1891 Louis Lucien Bonaparte, Baturen Italiyanci philologist kuma ɗan siyasa (b. 1813) 1900 Carrie Steele Logan, Ba’amurke mai ba da agaji, wanda ya kafa gidan marayu mafi tsufa baƙar fata a Amurka (b. 1829) 1901 yanzu 1914 Georg Trakl, Austrian-Polish pharmacist and poet (b. 1887) 1917 Léon Bloy, French author and poet (b. 1846) 1918 Aleksandr Lyapunov, Russian mathematician and physicist (b. 1857) 1926 Annie Oakley, American entertainer and target shooter (b. 1860) 1927 Karel Matěj Čapek-Chod, Czech journalist and author (b. 1860) 1929 Olav Aukrust, Norwegian poet and educator (b. 1883) 1933 Pierre Paul Émile Roux, French physician, bacteriologist, and immunologist (b. 1853) 1939 Charles Tournemire, French organist and composer (b. 1870) 1949 Solomon R. Guggenheim, American art collector and philanthropist, founded the Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (b. 1861) 1954 Henri Matisse, French painter and sculptor (b. 1869) 1956 Jean Metzinger, French artist, (b. 1883) 1957 Wilhelm Reich, Ukrainian-Austrian psychotherapist and author (b. 1897) 1960 Paul Willis, American actor and director (b. 1901) 1962 L. O. Wenckebach, Dutch sculptor and painter (b. 1895) 1968 Vern Stephens, American baseball player (b. 1920) 1969 Zeki Rıza Sporel, Turkish footballer (b. 1898) 1973 Marc Allégret, Swiss-French director and screenwriter (b. 1900) 1975 Tajuddin Ahmad, Bangladeshi politician, 1st Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1925) 1975 Muhammad Mansur Ali, Bangladeshi captain and politician, 3rd Prime Minister of Bangladesh (b. 1919) 1975 Syed Nazrul Islam, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician, President of Bangladesh (b. 1925) 1975 Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Bangladeshi lawyer and politician (b. 1926) 1980 Caroline Mytinger, American painter and author (b. 1897) 1983 Alfredo Antonini, Italian-American conductor and composer (b. 1901) 1983 Jerry Pentland, Australian fighter ace (b. 1894) 1987 Mary Shane, American sportscaster and educator (b. 1945) 1988 Henri van Praag, Dutch philosopher, theologian, and educator (b. 1916) 1989 Dorothy Fuldheim, American journalist (b. 1893) 1990 Kenan Erim, Turkish archaeologist and academic (b. 1929) 1990 Nusret Fişek, Turkish physician and politician, Turkish Minister of Health (b. 1914) 1990 Mary Martin, American actress and singer (b. 1913) 1991 Chris Bender, American singer (b. 1972) 1993 Léon Theremin, Russian physicist and engineer, invented the Theremin (b. 1895) 1994 Valter Palm, Estonian-American boxer (b. 1905) 1995 Gordon S. Fahrni, Canadian physician (b. 1887) 1996 Jean-Bédel Bokassa, Central African general and politician, 2nd President of the Central African Republic (b. 1921) 1997 Ronald Barnes, American carillon player and composer (b. 1927) 1998 Bob Kane, American author and illustrator, co-created Batman (b. 1915) 1999 Ian Bannen, Scottish actor (b. 1928) 2001 Ernst Gombrich, Austrian-English historian and author (b. 1909) 2002 Lonnie Donegan, Scottish singer-songwriter and guitarist (b. 1931) 2002 Jonathan Harris, American actor (b. 1914) 2003 Rasul Gamzatov, Russian poet and educator (b. 1923) 2004 Sergejs Žoltoks, Latvian ice hockey player (b. 1972) 2006 Paul Mauriat, French pianist, composer, and conductor (b. 1925) 2006 Marie Rudisill, American author (b. 1911) 2006 Alberto Spencer, Ecuadorean footballer (b. 1937) 2007 Aleksandr Dedyushko, Belarusian-Russian actor (b. 1962) 2007 Martin Meehan, PIRA volunteer and Irish republican politician (b. 1945) 2007 Ryan Shay, American runner (b. 1979) 2008 Jean Fournet, French conductor (b. 1913) 2009 Francisco Ayala, Spanish sociologist, author, and critic (b. 1906) 2009 Archie Baird, Scottish footballer, journalist, and educator (b. 1919) 2009 Carl Ballantine, American magician and actor (b. 1917) 2010 Jerry Bock, American composer (b. 1928) 2010 Viktor Chernomyrdin, Russian politician and diplomat, 30th Prime Minister of Russia (b. 1938) 2010 Jim Clench, Canadian bass player (b. 1949) 2011 Peeter Kreitzberg, Estonian lawyer and politician (b. 1948) 2012 Carmélia Alves, Brazilian singer (b. 1923) 2012 George Chesterton, English cricketer and coach (b. 1922) 2012 Tommy Godwin, American-English cyclist and coach (b. 1920) 2012 Mükerrem Hiç, Turkish academic, author, and politician (b. 1929) 2012 Thomas K. McCraw, American historian and academic (b. 1940) 2012 Kailashpati Mishra, Indian activist and politician, 18th Governor of Gujarat (b. 1923) 2013 Nick Cardy, American soldier and illustrator (b. 1920) 2013 Gerard Cieślik, Polish footballer and manager (b. 1927) 2013 Gamani Corea, Sri Lankan economist and diplomat (b. 1925) 2013 William J. Coyne, American lawyer and politician (b. 1936) 2013 Rupert Gerritsen, Australian historian and author (b. 1953) 2013 Leonard Long, Australian painter and educator (b. 1911) 2014 Augusto Martelli, Italian composer and conductor (b. 1940) 2014 Gordon Tullock, American economist and academic (b. 1922) 2014 Sadashiv Amrapurkar, Indian actor (b. 1950) 2015 Ahmed Chalabi, Iraqi businessman and politician (b. 1944) 2015 Howard Coble, American captain, lawyer, and politician (b. 1931) 2015 Tom Graveney, English cricketer and sportscaster (b. 1927) 2015 Lauretta Ngcobo, South African novelist and essayist (b. 1931) 2016 Kay Starr, American singer (b. 1922) 2018 Sondra Locke, American actress and director (b.

59833

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20yanayin%20duniya

Yanayin yanayin duniya

A kimiyyar duniya, yanayin wuraren duniya (GST; wani lokacin ana kiransa yanayin zafin duniya na ma'ana, GMST, ko matsakaicin yanayin wuraren duniya ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar kididdige yanayin zafi/sanyi na saman teku da kuma zafi/sanyin iska akan ƙasa. Lokutan sanyayar yanayi da dumamar yanayi sun canza a tarihin duniya. Jerin ingantattun ma'aunin zafin duniya ya fara a cikin 1850-1880 lokaci. Ta hanyar 1940, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu, amma ya kasance mai inganci tsakanin 1940 zuwa 1975. Tun daga 1975, ya karu da kusan 0.15 °C zuwa 0.20 °C a kowace shekara goma, zuwa akalla 1.1 °C (1.9 °F) sama da matakan 1880. Matakan teku sun tashi da faɗuwa sosai a cikin tarihin shekaru biliyan 4.6 na duniya. Duk da haka, hawan matakin tekun duniya na baya-bayan nan, sakamakon karuwar yanayin yanayin duniya, ya karu fiye da matsakaicin adadin shekaru dubu biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata. Ci gaba ko haɓaka wannan yanayin zai haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a gabar tekun duniya. Fage A cikin 1860s, masanin kimiyyar lissafi John Tyndall ya gane tasirin yanayi na duniya kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƴan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi zai iya haifar da bambancin yanayi. A cikin 1896, wata takarda ta seminal ta masanin kimiyyar Sweden Svante Arrhenius ya fara annabta cewa canje-canje a cikin matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi na iya canza yanayin zafin jiki ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse. Canje-canje a yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin karnin da ya gabata ya ba da shaida kan illar karuwar iskar gas. Lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya fuskanci irin waɗannan canje-canje, sauyin yanayi ya biyo baya. Auna GST (zazzabi na saman duniya) yana ɗaya daga cikin layukan shaidu da yawa da ke goyan bayan ijma'in kimiyya kan sauyin yanayi, wanda shine cewa ɗan adam yana haifar da ɗumamar tsarin yanayin duniya Ruwan dumama Tare da karuwar zafin duniya, tekun ya mamaye yawancin wannan ƙarin zafi, tare da saman mita 700 na teku yana nuna ɗumamar 0.22 C (0.4) °F) tun 1969. Fadada ruwan dumi, tare da narkakken zanen kankara, yana haifar da hawan teku. Rarraba yawan zafi a cikin tekun ba daidai ba ne, tare da ɗumamar teku mafi girma a yankin kudancin teku kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga narkewar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na shimfidar kankara na Antarctic. Haka kuma ɗumamar ruwan teku yana da alaƙa da ɓarkewar rumbun kankara da ƙanƙarar teku, waɗanda dukkansu suna da ƙarin tasiri ga irin tsarin yanayin duniya. A ƙarshe, ɗumamar teku tana barazana ga yanayin ruwa da rayuwar ɗan adam. Alal misali, ruwan dumi na yin illa ga lafiyar murjani, wanda hakan ke jefa al’ummomin tekun da ke dogaro da murjani don matsugunni da abinci. A ƙarshe, mutanen da suka dogara da kamun kifi na ruwa don rayuwarsu da ayyukansu na iya fuskantar mummunan tasirin ɗumamar teku. Rage zanen kankara Gilashin kankara na Antarctic da Greenland sun ragu sosai a cikin taro. A cewar NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, ya nuna cewa Greenland ya yi asarar kimanin tan biliyan 286 na kankara a kowacce shekara. Fadada ruwan dumi da narkakken zanen kankara yana haifar da hawan teku. Kankara tana canzawa a ko'ina a duniya. Tun 1912, sanannen dusar ƙanƙara na Dutsen Kilimanjaro ya narke fiye da 80%. Gilashin kankara da ke yankin Garhwal Himalayas na Indiya suna ja da baya da sauri wanda masu bincike suka yi imanin cewa nan da shekara ta 2035, mafi yawan yankunan tsakiya da gabashin Himalayas za su bace. Tsawon rabin karni, kewayon sa ya ragu da kusan 10% a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. NASA ta maimaita karatun altimeter na Laser ya nuna cewa gefen takardar kankara na Greenland yana raguwa. Yanzu, ƙanƙarar ruwan bazara a arewacin helkwatar ta karye kwanaki 9 kafin shekaru 150 da suka gabata, yayin da daskarewar kaka ke da kwanaki 10 bayan haka. Narkewar ƙasa mai daskarewa ya haifar da raguwar ƙasa a sassan Alaska zuwa sama da Daga Arctic zuwa Peru, daga Switzerland zuwa glacier equatorial a Manjaya, Indonesia, manyan filayen kankara, manyan kankara, da kankara na teku suna bacewa, cikin sauri. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi kuma ƙanƙara ta narke, ƙarin ruwa yana gudana zuwa cikin teku daga glaciers da kankara, kuma ruwan teku yana dumi kuma yana fadada girma. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC), wannan hadin gwiwar tasirin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukaka matsakaitan tekun duniya da a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Ruwan narkewar ruwan Greenland na iya yin tasiri sosai ga kwararowar magudanar ruwa mai girma, waɗanda ake kira Atlantic meridional turning circulation ko AMOC. Mai kama da babban bel ɗin jigilar kaya, AMOC yana taimakawa jigilar ruwan zafi daga yankuna masu zafi zuwa Arctic. Muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa wajen rarraba zafi a duniya shi ma ya sa ya yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin yanayin duniya Ruwan zafi na AMOC ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin sanyin yanayi a wurare kamar yammacin Turai. Yayin da ruwa mai dadi ke zubowa cikin teku daga dusar kankarar da ke narke a Greenland, hakan na iya rage kwararar ruwa. A sa'i daya kuma, bincike ya nuna cewa narkewar kankara daga Antarctica na iya kawo cikas ga tsarin tekun Kudu. Saboda yawan ruwan da ake da shi ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai yawa na narkewa bazai iya haɗuwa da sauran teku ba, amma ya zama wani nau'i na kayan da aka haɗa zuwa saman ruwa. Wannan ruwan sanyi yana kama zafi a ƙarƙashinsa kuma yana haifar da yadudduka masu zurfi don yin zafi. Wannan yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na teku, wanda ya sa ya rage ikon ɗaukar CO daga yanayi. Sakamakon haka, ƙarin CO zai kasance a cikin yanayi, wanda zai haifar da karuwar dumamar yanayi. Tasirin Greenhouse Turin ruwa Mafi yawan iskar gas (GHG), amma mahimmanci, yana iya zama martani ga yanayin. Yayin da yanayin duniya ke dumama, tururin ruwa zai karu, amma yuwuwar gajimare da hazo za su karu, wanda ya zama wasu muhimman hanyoyin mayar da martani ga tasirin greenhouse. Misali, hanyar mayar da martani tana da yuwuwar haɓakawa ko rage ɗumama wa, ya danganta da wuri, tsayi, da zafin gajimare. Carbon dioxide CO Carbon dioxide ƙaramin abu ne amma mai matuƙar mahimmanci na yanayi. Ana fitar da ita ta hanyoyin yanayi kamar numfashi da fashewar aman wuta, da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan mutane kamar sare bishiyoyi, canjin amfani da kasa, da kona man fetur Tun farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin na ɗan adam CO taro ya karu da 47%. Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci na dogon lokaci "tilasta" canjin yanayi. Methane Ana fitar da methane a lokacin samarwa da jigilar gawayi, iskar gas, da mai. Haka nan hayakin methane ya samo asali ne daga ruɓewar datti daga dabbobi da sauran ayyukan noma da tarkacen shara na birni. HNitrous oxide Nitrous oxide yana da tasiri sau 300 fiye da carbon dioxide, kuma yana rage ma'aunin ozone. Tun da yake kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, rage tsawon rayuwarsa na iya yin tasiri cikin sauri da kuma tasiri ga dumamar yanayi. Duk da haka, babban tushen nitrous oxide shine noma, musamman takin ƙasa da takin dabbobi, wanda ke sa ya fi ƙarfin sarrafawa. Permafrost ƙasa ce mai daskarewa wacce ta ƙunshi tsohuwar ƙasa, sediments, da kwayoyin halitta na tsirrai da dabbobi. Ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na yankin arewa. Yayin da yankin Arctic ke da zafi kamar sau biyu kamar na sauran kasashen duniya, dumamar yanayi ta fara narke, sannan kuma kayayyakin da suka dade suna shiga cikin iskar oxygen, wanda hakan ya sa iskar da suke fitarwa ke kara ta'azzara dumamar yanayi. Ko da yake aikin nitrous oxide shine ya rage Layer ozone, ba a haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal kan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozone Layer, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka tsara don mayar da ozone Layer ta hanyar kawar da wasu abubuwa. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Ana iya amfani da mahadi na roba waɗanda ke da masana'antu gabaɗaya a aikace-aikace iri-iri, amma saboda ikonsu na taimakawa wajen lalata Layer ozone, samar da su da sakin su cikin yanayi a halin yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Yayin da CFC da HCFC ke lalata ozone, su ma suna kama zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, wanda ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. HFC, wadda aka kirkiro ta asali don maye gurbin CFC da HCFC, ita ma tana sha kuma tana ɗaukar radiation infrared ko zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi na duniya. A karshen wannan karnin, ana sa ran karin wadannan da sauran iskar gas za su kara yawan zafin duniya da maki zuwa Hydrofluorocarbons, CFCs da HFCs an kiyasta su na da kashi 11.5% na tasirin iskar gas na yau akan sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Duba kuma Rikodin yanayin zafi na duniya Rikodin zafin kayan aiki Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

53362

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity%20Ngilu

Charity Ngilu

Charity Kaluki Ngilu (an haife ta 28 ga Janairu 1952) ɗan siyasan Kenya ce kuma gwamna na biyu da aka zaɓa a gundumar Kitui Ba ta yi nasarar zama Shugabar Jamhuriyar Kenya ba a 1997. Ta rike mukamin ministar lafiya daga shekarar 2003 zuwa 2007 da kuma ministar ruwa da ban ruwa daga Afrilu 2008 zuwa 2013. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane daga shekarar 2013 zuwa 2015. Charity Ngilu ta halarci makarantar sakandaren 'yan mata ta Alliance, sannan ta shiga Kwalejin Sakatariyar Gwamnati, Kwalejin Kianda, da Cibiyar Gudanar da Kasuwanci ta Kenya don karɓar ƙwarewar gudanarwa da sakatariya. Ta fara sakatariya kafin ta zama ’yar kasuwa mai wadata a masana’antar robobi da biredi. Tare da Joyce Laboso da Anne Waiguru, Ngilu na ɗaya daga cikin mata uku da suka zama gwamnonin mata na farko a Kenya a 2017. Rayuwar Siyasa An zabi Ngilu a matsayin wakilin mazabar Kitui ta tsakiya a shekarar 1992 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Democrat An sake zaɓe ta a kujera ɗaya kuma ta tsaya takarar shugaban ƙasa a babban zaɓe na 1997 akan tikitin jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party of Kenya, ta ƙare ta biyar a bayan wanda ya ci nasara, Daniel arap Moi Tare da Wangari Maathai, ta zama 'yar takarar shugabancin Kenya mace ta farko Daga baya, ta shiga jam'iyyar National Party of Kenya A babban zaben watan Disamba na 2002, jam'iyyarta na cikin kungiyar National Rainbow Coalition (NARC). Gamayyar ta ci gaba da lashe zaben, kuma shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya nada ta a matsayin ministar lafiya lokacin da ya nada majalisar ministocinsa a ranar 3 ga watan Janairun 2003. An kuma nada ta shugabar NARC. Ana ganin Ngilu a matsayin sabon dan makaranta a gwamnati, sabanin tsofaffin ‘yan makaranta kamar John Michuki da Shugaba Kibaki. Sai dai kuma an bar ta a makale bayan jam'iyyar Liberal Democratic Party ta fice daga kawancen bayan da gwamnati ta sha kaye a kan daftarin tsarin mulkin kasar, yayin da mafi yawan mambobin NARC da suka rage suka kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar Narc-Kenya karkashin jagorancin Martha Karua A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2007, Ngilu ta bayyana goyon bayanta ga Orange Democratic Movement da dan takararta na shugaban kasa, Raila Odinga, a babban zaben watan Disamba na 2007 ta kwatanta Odinga da Nelson Mandela Da farko ta ce ta ci gaba da zama a gwamnati, duk da goyon bayan babban abokin hamayyar Kibaki. Sai dai kuma Kibaki ya sanar da korar ta daga gwamnati a ranar 6 ga Oktoba. An sake zaben Ngilu a kujerarta daga Kitui Central a zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki na Disamba 2007 Kibaki ya lashe zaben shugaban kasa bisa ga sakamakon hukuma, amma jam'iyyar ODM ta yi sabani da hakan, kuma rikicin ya barke. A ƙarshe an warware rikicin tare da yarjejeniyar raba madafun iko, kuma a cikin babban majalisar ministocin da aka ambata a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2008 kuma aka rantsar da shi a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, an nada Ngilu a matsayin Ministan Ruwa kuma Ban ruwa. Ngilu ya nuna goyon bayansa ga Raila Odinga a takarar neman shugabancin kasar a zaben Kenya na 2013. Daga baya ta kaddamar da takarar shugaban kasa ta hannun jam'iyyarta ta Narc Political Party, inda daga karshe ta zabi tsayawa takarar sanata a gundumar Kitui sannan ta sha kashi a hannun David Musila a cikin wannan tsari. Bayan nasarar da ta yi, Ngilu ta nada Ngilu a matsayin sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane ta shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta, amma ta yi murabus daga mukamin sakamakon zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Gwamnan gundumar Kitui Ngilu ya tsaya takarar gwamnan gundumar Kitui a babban zaben shekarar 2017, inda ya doke Julius Malombe mai ci kuma ya zama daya daga cikin zababbun gwamnonin mata uku. Umarni kan Kariyar Muhalli Zaman Charity Ngilu a matsayin Hakimin Kitui ya fara ne da yanke shawara mai cike da cece-kuce da kuma wasu mutane da suka hada da hana tara yashi da konewa da safarar gawayi a yankin. Umurnin a cewar Ngilu ya kasance don kare muhalli a yankin. Haramcin safarar gawayi ya kawo zargin tayar da kabilanci. Wannan ya haifar da kiraye-kirayen da tambayoyi na Ngilu da Hukumar Haɗin kai da Haɗin kai ta ƙasa ta yi. Gwamnan lardin Kiambu, Ferdinand Waititu, ya kai kara Charity Ngilu saboda tada zaune tsaye. Matakin Ngilu ya jawo tsaro daga shugabanni a yankin gabashin Kenya, wanda aka fi sani da Ukambani Ngilu ya samu umarnin kotu da ya hana ‘yan sanda kama ta kan garwashin. Aiwatar da dokar hana safarar gawayi na da matsala dangane da zargin cewa jami'an gwamnatin karamar hukumar Kitui na hada baki da masu safarar gawayi domin karya umarnin Ngilu. Matsalar kuma ta ja hankalin jama'a kan yadda za a aiwatar da haramcin. Dangantaka da Majalisar Karamar Hukuma A cikin shekaru biyun farko na mulkinta na Gwamna, Charity ta samu rashin jituwa tsakaninta da mambobin Majalisar Kitui. A watan Disamba na 2018, an zargi Charity da jinkirta sakin albashi ga 'yan majalisar gundumar. An ba da rahoton sadaka da membobin majalisa don haɓaka kyakkyawar alaƙar aiki a cikin 2019. Charity ta zargi majalisar da jinkirta gabatar da karin kasafin kudi ba bisa ka'ida ba har zuwa watan Mayun 2020 yayin da ya rage saura wata guda a karshen shekarar kudi. Matsalolin Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta County A farkon rabin shekarar 2020, Majalisar gundumar ta ki amincewa da wadanda ta zaba zuwa Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a (CPSB). Wa'adin hukumar da'ar ma'aikata ta farko a karamar hukumar ya kare a shekarar 2019. Kin amincewar ta taso ne bayan abin da Charity Ngilu ta yi la'akari da jinkirin da bai dace ba da ta dora wa shugaban majalisar Mista George Ndoto. Charity ta ci gaba da dora laifin kin amincewar da aka yi mata a kan abin da ta dauki katsalandan a siyasar cikin gida da Kalonzo Musyoka, shugaban jam'iyyar Wiper Democratic Party ya yi. An ba da rahoton jinkiri na nadin membobin Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a na County na kawo cikas ga daukar karin ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya don inganta yakin da gundumar ta yi da cutar ta COVID-19 Babban Zaben 2022 A zaben 2022 Ngilu ya goyi bayan takarar Raila Odinga na neman shugabancin kasar. Ko da yake hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta (IEBC) ta wanke ta don kare kujerarta a matsayin gwamnan gundumar Kitui, daga baya za ta janye takararta domin goyon bayan Julius Malombe na jam'iyyar Wiper Ana zargin ta na neman wani babban mukami a karkashin jagorancin Raila Odinga Azimio la Umoja gwamnatin hadaka ta Kenya idan har kawancen zai lashe zaben watan Agusta. Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Kenya A ranar 16 ga Janairu, 2012 kungiyar lauyoyi ta Kenya ta bayyana Ngilu a matsayin daya daga cikin jami'an gwamnati a cikin rahotanni daban-daban kan batutuwan da suka hada da cin hanci da rashawa zuwa laifukan tattalin arziki. Al’ummar ta shawarci masu kada kuri’a da kada su kada kuri’ar wadanda aka ambata a cikin rahoton kamar yadda suka yi a baya. Tashin hankali 2013 A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2013, majalisar dokokin Kenya ta 11 ta yi muhawara game da halinta a matsayinta na sakatariyar filaye, gidaje da raya birane. Majalisar dai na aiki ne da shawarwarin da wani kwamiti na musamman wanda aikin sa shi ne ya binciki yadda ta nada sabon darakta a ma'aikatarta ba tare da shigar da majalisar dokokin kasar ba kamar yadda kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Kenya ya tanada. Rayuwa ta sirri Mijinta, Michael Mwendwa Ngilu, ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Yulin 2006 a Afirka ta Kudu. Charity Ngilu tana da yara uku Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje http://www.worldpress.org/Africa/1125.cfm Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1952 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

50630

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siri%20Derkert

Siri Derkert

Siri Karin Derkert (30Agusta 188828Afrilu 1973)ɗan wasan Sweden ne kuma mai sculptor.Ta kasance mai ba da shawara mai karfi don zaman lafiya,mata da kuma matsalolin muhalli. Rayuwa da ilimi An haifi Derkert a ranar 30Agusta 1888 a cikin Ikklesiya na Adolf Fredrik Church a Stockholm. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yara bakwai na ɗan kasuwa Carl Edward Johansson Derkert da Emma Charlotta Valborg,haifaffen Fogelin. Ta sami ilimin fasaha na farko a makarantar fasaha ta Kaleb Althin a Stockholm,inda ta fara a 1904. Ta tafi Royal Institute of Art a 1911-13. A cikin 1913,Derkert ta koma Paris inda ta yi karatu a Académie Colarossi da Académie de la Grande Chaumière tare da sculptors na Sweden Ninnan Santesson da Lisa Bergstrand,har zuwa farkon yakin duniya na daya a cikin kaka na 1914.A cikin Fabrairu 1914, abokan uku sun shafe makonni biyar a Algiers inda aka gabatar da Derkert zuwa mafi kyawun tsarin launi.A lokacin da kuma bayan yakin ta yi wani lokaci a Italiya,inda aka haifi ɗanta na farko Carlo. Derkert kuma daliba ce a Kvinnliga medborgarskolan vid Fogelstad (Makarantar Jama'a ta Fogelstad don Mata) inda ta isa a watan Satumba 1943.Kasancewar ya zama abin sha'awa ga ayyukanta na baya. Ta yi zane-zane da yawa na matan da ke kula da makarantar,daga cikinsu akwai Honorine Hermelin da Ada Nilsson. Derkert yana da 'ya'ya uku:ɗan Carlo (1915-1994)tare da ɗan wasan Finnish Valle Rosenberg da 'ya'ya mata Liv (1917-38)da Sara (an haife shi 1920)tare da mai zane na Sweden Bertil Lybeck.Derkert ya auri Lybeck a 1921-25,amma ba su zauna tare ba. Derkert ya mutu a ranar 28Afrilu 1973 a Lidingö,kuma an binne shi a farfajiyar cocin Lidingö. Sana'ar fasaha An san Derkert a matsayin mai fasaha tare da salo mai ƙarfi na sirri da kuma salonmagana. A cikin ayyukanta na farko,musamman daga lokacinta a Paris,ana iya samun abubuwa na Cubism da FauvismTa yi zane-zane na siffofi a cikin launin toka,yawanci ta yin amfani da pastels da kuma zane-zane na ciki da hotuna na yara.A cikin shekarun 1910, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane-zan.Sai a shekarun 1940,ta yi nasarar samun ci gabanta a fannin fasaha. Wannan kuma ya zo daidai da sabuwar shigarta ta siyasa a cikin harkar zaman lafiya da batutuwan mata. Siri Derkert ya ƙirƙira faranti na kayan kwalliya,tarin kayan sawa da ƙirar kayayyaki a cikin 1910s da farkon 1920s.Cubism da zamani sun bayyana a cikin ƙirarta tare da siffofi na geometric da ƙirar da aka yi daga shimfidar masana'anta da zaren beads da lu'u-lu'u don ƙirƙirar siffofi masu murabba'i da rectangular.Lu'ulu'u da launuka masu kyau da ta yi amfani da su sun nuna tasirin gabas da Masar a cikin kayanta ma.A wannan lokacin Ballet na Rasha yana da tasiri mai yawa akan ƙirar kayan kwalliya kuma ya yi wahayi zuwa wasan raye-raye na avant-garde da ta shiga cikin samarwa a cikin 1917. An yi wasan kwaikwayon raye-raye a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo a Stockholm da aka sani da Intiman,tare da haɗin gwiwar mai zane Anna Petrus,Märta Kuylenstierna, da 'yar uwarsa Sonja Derkert. Tare sun haɗa nau'ikan fasaha da yawa zuwa Gesamtkunstwerk ta amfani da rawa,kayayyaki,kiɗa,da shimfidar wuri.Ko da yake ba su taɓa ƙirƙirar mabiyi ba,kayan ado sun sami karɓuwa da yabo.An tsara waɗannan kayayyaki a makarantar horar da masu yin riguna da aka sani da Birgittaskolan, inda Derkert ya samar da tarin biyu a kowace shekara.Siri Derkert da kanta ta sa kayan ado irin na bohemian na maza gami da wando na maza.Wannan ya zama ruwan dare a tsakanin mata masu fasaha a wannan lokacin don jaddada zamani da 'yanci. Ta zama sananne ga mafi yawan masu sauraro lokacin da aka tambaye ta yin fasaha a tashar Östermalmstorg na Stockholm metro .Tun lokacin da aka tsara tashar don zama mafaka a yanayin yakin nukiliya, Derkert ya cika ganuwar tare da sakonnin zaman lafiya, mata da kuma bayanin kula daga waƙoƙin juyin juya hali. Lokacin da baje kolin Rörelser i alla riktningar ("Movements in all directions"), wanda aka buɗe a watan Afrilu 1960,ta zama mace ta farko da ta gudanar da baje kolin solo a Moderna Museet a

20611

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Brazil%20a%20Najeriya

Yan Brazil a Najeriya

'Yan Brazil a Najeriya, Amaros ko Agudas sun ƙunshi zuriyar bayi' yan Afro-Brazil da aka 'yanta waɗanda suka bar Brazil suka zauna a Najeriya Kalmar 'yan Brazil a Najeriya na iya komawa zuwa baƙin ƙaura daga Brazil. Farawa daga shekarun 1830, yawancin ƴan Afirka da aka kwato waɗanda suka sha wahala ta hanyar tilasta musu aiki da nuna bambanci a cikin Brazil sun fara komawa Lagos, tare da wasu dabarun al'adu da zamantakewar da suka dace da zamansu a Brazil. Waɗannan ean Afirka da suka sami 'yanci galibi ana kiransu "Aguda" ko "Amaro", kuma sun haɗa da waɗanda suka dawo daga Cuba. Tarihi A lokacin da ake tsaka da cinikin bayi a Afirka ta Yamma, fursunonin yaƙi da yawa ko waɗanda aka sace don sayarwa a kasuwannin bayi an sayar da su ga Turawa kuma an yi jigilar su zuwa ƙetaren Tekun Atlantika. Kimanin adadin bayi daga Gulf of Guinea zuwa Brazil sun kai kimanin 300,000 a cikin karni na sha tara. Wadanda aka kaman sun sauka a Bahia kafin su kara matsawa kudu don aiki a gonaki, taimakawa 'yan kasuwa ko kayan shaho na fararen Brazil. Kamar yadda wasu tsiwirwirinsu ƴan mishan, sanã'anta tanadi ko samu tura a sakamakon wariyar launin fata, tãguwar ruwa na Afirka hijirarsa baya ga ƙasashen yammacin Afrika Coast ci gaba. Zuwa tsakiyar goma sha tara, al'ummar Afro-Brazil ta fara fitowa tare da gabar yammacin Afirka, waɗanda kuma zuriyar bayi suka haɓaka waɗanda suka tsallaka Tekun Atlantika sau biyu. Waɗannan 'yan Afirka sun dawo da hankalin Afro-Brazilian game da abinci, noma, gine-gine da addini. Maido da mutanen Afirka na farko da aka yi rubuce-rubuce daga kasar Brazil zuwa Kasar da ake kira Najeriya a yanzu shi ne kora da gwamnatin ta yi a shekarar 1835 bayan wani boren Yarbawa da Hausawa a garin Salvador da aka fi sani da Revolt na Malê Bayan tawaye, gwamnatin Brazil da tsoron kara tawaye ta ba da izinin 'yantar ko kuma nuna wa' yan Afirka zaɓi su koma gida ko ci gaba da biyan haraji mai yawa ga gwamnati. Ƴan Afirka da suka sami ƴanci kuma suka adana wasu kuɗi sun sami damar komawa Afirka sakamakon mawuyacin hali, haraji, wariyar launin fata da rashin gida. A cikin 1851, Mina Afirka 60 sun haɗa dala 4,000 don siyan jirgi zuwa Badagry. Bayan an daina bautar a Cuba da Brazil a 1886 da 1888 bi da bi, ci gaba da ƙaura zuwa Lagos ya ci gaba. Da yawa daga cikin waɗanda suka dawo sun zaɓi dawowa Najeriya saboda al'adu, mishan da kuma tattalin arziki. Yawancinsu sun fito ne daga Yarabawa A cikin Legas, an ba su filayen ruwa na Popo Aguda a matsayin mazauninsu. Zuwa shekarun 1880, sun ƙunshi kusan 9% na yawan jama'ar Legas. Zuwa ƙarshen 1920, ƙaura ta tsaya. Kodayake Legas da ke bakin teku ita ce hanyar da aka fi so, amma yawancin wadanda suka dawo daga zuriyar kungiyoyi ne kamar Ijeshas, Oyos, Ijebu da Egba wadanda ke cikin gida. Agudas suna sane da garuruwansu na asali amma sun gwammace su kafa shago a Legas saboda yana da kyau ga kasuwanci, an karbe su sosai a Badagry sannan kuma saboda yaƙe-yaƙe da ke faruwa a ciki. Jirgin da ke tare da Agudas a tashar jirgin ruwa a Badagry zai sami tarba daga taron yara da ke yabonsu yayin da suka sauka daga jirgin, yayin da a ƙetaren bakin haure ana kallon baƙi. A wasu lokuta, Oba na Legas ya ba su filaye don gina gida kuma ya ba su maza da za su taimaka musu a canjinsu zuwa rayuwar gida. Wannan duk da cewa, Legas ta bambanta da Bahia. Manyan wadanda suka dawo din suna cikin kwanciyar hankali, amma da yawa daga cikin yaran baƙi ne zuwa Legas. Sun ci gaba da bin al'adun Bahia kamar Katolika kuma sun kafa wata ƙungiyar haɗin kai a cikin Tsibirin Lagos Saboda riƙe da ɗariƙar Katolika da sutturar Yammacin Turai, 'yan asalin Afirka sun kira su "baƙin fata" ko Agudas. Game da neman arziki a Afirka, wasu daga cikin mutanen Agudas na farko sun kasance masu rikitarwa ta ɗabi'a akan batutuwa kamar su bayi kuma sun zama yan kasuwar bayi kansu, kamar Francisco Felix de Sousa da Domingo Martinez. Mazauni Lokacin da Agudas ya dawo daga Bahia da Pernambuco, sai suka zauna a sassan gabashin Legas a filin da Oba Ojulari ya bayar A shekara ta 1852, an shata wannan yankin a matsayin mazaunan Brazil (abin da daga baya aka san shi da suna Popo Aguda). A wannan lokacin, Lagos babban birni ya bi halaye na kabilanci da al'adun da ke bayyane a cikin garin. 'Yan Saros din sun rayu ne a Olowogbowo, wani yanki a gefen yamma na tsibirin Lagos, Turawan sun rayu kuma sun yi ciniki a tsayin Marina kuma' yan asalin Lagos sun zauna a yankunan Arewa maso Yammacin tsibirin. A kusurwar yamma mafi kusurwa na yankin Brazil ya isa sassan gabashin Olowogbowo a Filin Tinubu, yayin da tsakiyar yankin yankin Brazil din shi ne Campos Square wanda aka sa wa sunan Cuban da ya dawo Hilario Campos. Sauran manyan titunan sun hada da Bamgbose da Tokunboh. A cikin ƙididdigar abubuwan da ke tattare da rikice-rikice sun bayyana, jama'ar ba su da alamun nuna ƙabilanci, kuma an sami ruwa a cikin ayyukan addini na mazauna. Popo Aguda kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci, tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar rarraba kayan da aka shigo dasu. Shugabanta, Onipopo, a yau yana jagorantar bukukuwa daban-daban na tunawa da ke faruwa a cikin kwata-kwata. Akwai kuma wata ƴar uwa ta zan ƙasar ta Brazil a cikin Ago Egba, yankin mulkin mallaka na Egba a cikin garin Legas, wanda yake a babban yankin Ebute Metta. Al'adu Wadanda suka dawo daga Brazil da zuriyarsu ta yau ana kiransu "Agudas" (daga kalma mara dacewa ta Portuguese don auduga da kyau fassara azaman ko "Amaro". Yawancinsu 'yan Katolika ne, amma wasu suna bautar Orishas na Afirka waɗanda suka kawo daga Brazil. Wasu daga cikin 'yan Aguda ma musulmai ne. Yawancin su har yanzu suna da sunayen Portuguese Wasu sunayen dangin Fotigal da aka saba dasu a Najeriya sun haɗa da Da Silveira, De Silva, De Souza, da Moreira. A cikin 1800s, babban rarrabewar rarrabuwa shine ta haihuwa, Agudas da aka kama daga Yammacin Afirka wadanda suka yi kaura zuwa Legas ana kiransu Papae ko Mamae kuma waɗanda aka haifa a Brazil sannan kuma aka dawo ana kiransu Yaya ko Yayo. Turawan Birtaniyya da suka hade da Legas a 1861 da kuma bunƙasa kasuwanci sun amfani al'umar Brazil. Tare da Saros, sun zama masu haɓaka burgesois Sun yi amfani da salon ado na yamma, dawakai na tsere da shirya waltzes, raye-rayen murabba'i da soirees na kida inda aka yi Molière. Koyaya, da lokaci da yawa sun fara rungumar al'adunsu kuma lokacin da 'ya'yan waɗanda suka dawo suka girma, sai suka zo suka rungumi Legas a matsayin gidansu. Haɗin garin na Legas wanda ya haifar da haɓakar wannan ajin ma ya zo ne tare da fahimtar cewa masu mulkin mallaka ba sa barin nan da nan kuma duk wani fata na kafa ajin siyasa ya dushe. 'Yan Brazil din sun fara kulla alaka da hukumomin gargajiya a Legas, yayin da wasu suka sabunta dangantaka da' yan Afirka a can bayan kasa ta hanyar wadata su da makamai. Agudas ya samar da makamai ga Ijeshas a yakin da suka yi da Ibadan. Farawa a cikin 1880s, da yawa sun fara canza sunayensu zuwa na Afirka yayin da aka kirkiro reliefungiyar Agaji ta Aurora don bincika al'adunsu. Abincin Agudas a farkon 1920s ya haɗa da abincin da ake ɗauka na Afirka a Bahia amma ana ɗaukarsa daban da waɗanda 'yan asalin tsibirin ke ci. Sun ci pirão de caranguejo a lokacin hutu kuma sun shirya (porridge) da (wake na madarar kwakwa) a matsayin kayan abinci. A harkar noma, wadanda suka dawo sun kuma yaɗa amfani da Rogo a matsayin amfanin gona. Agudas ya yi bikin Ista tare da fitowar Caretas ko adadi na burrinha a Epiphany da Nosso Senhor do Bonfim (Ubangijinmu na ƙarshe) wanda ke da alaƙa da Obatala an yi bikin a lokacin yuletide. Popo Aguda jama'a ce da ke da kusanci sosai kuma an san mazauna da iya tattalinsu da kuma ƙa'idodin aiki. Addini Mafi yawan 'yan Agudas mabiya ɗarikar Katolika ne, amma jama'ar yankin suna da adadi mai yawa na dangin musulmai da wadanda har yanzu suke bin addinin gargajiya. Bambancin addini ba shi da mahimmanci ko rarraba kamar yadda yake ga 'yan asalin Afirka, kuma suna jin daɗin yin aure daga ɗayan addinan uku. Kafin a gina katafaren cocin, an yi taro a cikin ginin gora a kan Broad St, filin da daga baya aka gina St Mary Convent. Firist na farko shi ne Padre Anthonio, shi ne mai kula da cocin Katolika kafin zuwan mishaneri na Faransa. Yin baftisma yana da mahimmanci ga jama'ar yankin kuma hakan ma wata hanya ce ta shiga yankin Aguda. Wani babban coci, an gama Holy Cross Pro-Cathedral a cikin 1881, wanda aka samo shi ta hanyar kuɗi daga ƙungiyar taron. An tsara shi don zama mafi mahimmancin tsari a cikin mulkin mallaka na Legas lokacin kammala shi. Asali an gina shi da hasumiya guda, bayan fewan shekaru bayan haka kuma an ƙara wata hasumiya tare da tsarin da ke kafa gicciyen gicciye tare da hasumiyoyi biyu. Agudas ne ya gina Cocin, amma mishanan Faransa ne suka lura da ginin. Daga cikin magina akwai rukuni na Francisco Nobre (wanda aka gina ɗayan hasumiyoyin), Balthazar dos Reis, João da Costa da Lázaro Borges da Silva (ƙwararren magina) tare da waɗanda suka koya musu aikin. Wannan rukuni kuma ya gina tsohon Masallacin Masallaci, wanda ake kira Jamiu Central Mosque. Ciniki Ciniki tsakanin Lagos da Brazil ya tashi a cikin 1860s kuma a 1869, Brazil ce ta uku mafi girma zuwa Lagos zuwa Lagos, ta kasance bayan Biritaniya sosai amma ta sha gaban Faransa. Wadanda suka dawo daga Legas suka mamaye kasuwancin tare da Brazil suka sayar da auduga, kayayyakin gargajiya da kayan goro ga ’yan Afirka a Bahia. Koyaya, wannan kasuwancin Transatlantic ya ragu a hankali kuma a farkon karni na ashirin babu kusan babu shi. Sun fara hidimar kasuwanci tare da Brazil a tsakiyar karni na sha tara amma a shekarun 1880, masu gasa masu lalata da kuma koma bayan tattalin arziki ya tilasta da yawa yin watsi da kasuwancin fitarwa. Noma ba da daɗewa ba aikin gona ya zama hanya don haɓaka guntun aiki a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki. Kafin koma baya, yan kasuwa da yawa sun sami wadata kuma sun zama sanannun iyalai a cikin garin na Legas. Irin wadannan magabatan sun hada da Angelo Campos, Esan da Rocha da Joaquim Branco (wadanda aka fara zama a Dahomey) wadanda suka sami damar daukar nauyin 'ya'yansu don karin ilimi a Bahia, Havana ko Turai. A cikin Bahia, Afro-Brazilawa sun kafa yawancin ƙwararrun ƙwadago, Aguda da suka dawo sun kawo ƙwarewar kasuwanci da suka ƙware a Bahia kuma sun gwammace koyawa yaransu sana'a ko sana'ar hannu kamar masan, aikin kafinta ko ɗinki. Wasu sun yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda na kamfanonin ciniki na Turai. A cikin 1897, daga cikin ƙwararrun masanan Aguda 96 da aka lissafa a cikin kundin adireshi, 11 sun kasance magina ne da magina, 6 magina ne, tela 9, masassaƙa 21, magatakarda 17 da kuma yan kasuwa 24 Wanda ke kan gaba a kera suttura a Legas Victoria shine Yaya Clemencia Guinaries. Har ila yau, 'yan kasar ta Brazil da ke cinikin kayayyaki sun kuma samu fa'idar amfani da alakar da ke tsakanin su da garuruwan su na asali don tsallake hanyoyin kasuwanci na gargajiya ta hanyar bude hanyoyi kai tsaye daga Legas zuwa cikin gida da kuma yin biris da biranen kasuwar gargajiya da matsakaita. Baya ga fataucin kayayyaki, saka hannun jari cikin kadarori ya kasance ruwan dare tsakanin iyalai masu wadata. Gine-gine Gine-ginen Brasil a Najeriya kyauta ne na dubban slavesancin bayi da suka dawo gida a cikin ƙarni na 19. Horar da matsayin kafintoci, cabinetmakers, magina, da bricklayers a Brazil, da tsohon bayi sun musamman a zahiri gwani sana'a kuma aka san su da exuberant da kuma abinda ya shafi style a kan doorways, haske fentin facades da chunky kankare ginshikan wanda aka kafe a cikin Baroque styles rare a Brazil a cikin ƙarni na 18. A farkon 1800 Lagos, babban tsarin gine-ginen shine gidajen laka da gidaje tare da shinge ta amfani da ciyawar ganye a matsayin rufi; waɗannan gidajen galibi an kasasu gida-gida don rike dangin dangi. Gidan Oba da sarakuna sun fi girma, suna da manyan farfajiyoyi, ginshiƙai da baka, haɗuwa da salon Turawa da na asali. Tasirin Turawa ya samo asali ne a lokacin mulkin Oba Akinsemoyin wanda ya gayyaci masu bautar Fotigal zuwa Lagos, kuma bayin sun sake gyara fadarsa ta amfani da tubalin da aka shigo da su daga Fotigal don tsari da farantin rufin rufi. A cikin 1830s, hijirar waɗanda suka dawo daga ƙasarsu ta sake canza salon ginin. Sakamakon tasirin tsarin gidan mulkin mallaka na Brazil, sun gabatar da sabon salon gine-gine zuwa Lagos wanda ba da daɗewa ba attajirai masu hannu da shuni suka rungume shi. Tsarin gine-ginen Brazil ya zama sananne a Tsibirin Lagos a ƙarshen karni na 19. Gine-ginen gidaje ne masu hawa daya da aka gina don mazauna masu matsakaici kuma wasu kuma hawa biyu ko uku ne masu kyan gani (sobrados) waɗanda aka gina don abokan arziƙi. Gine-ginen benaye da aka ware sun ba da daraja ga masu su. An gina su da rufaffiyar tagogi, suna da sarari tsakanin saman bango da rufin kuma tare da mahadi. Falon ƙasa yawanci ana buɗe shi zuwa kan titi kuma wani lokacin ana amfani dashi azaman ajiya, kantin sayarwa ko gidaje taimakon gida. Gidajen an gina su ne don dangin nukiliya sabanin tsarin dangi na tsarin gine-ginen Yarbawa na farko. Wannan salon ya shahara a tsohuwar Legas a ƙarshen ƙarni na sha tara da ashirin amma yayin da birni ya haɓaka, da yawa daga cikin gidajen an sake fasalta su ko rushe su don ba da damar manyan gidaje. Gine-ginen tarihi Gidan mashaya na Hephzhi: An kammala wannan gidan a shekarar 1924. Gidajan PH Williams ne, wani ɗan kasuwar Legas wanda iyayensa suka koma Afirka daga Trinidad lokacin yana ƙarami. Gidan bene ne mai hawa uku wanda Herbert Macaulay ya tsara Ofar ta buɗe zuwa babban hanyar da za ta kai baƙi zuwa falo, ɗakuna biyu da ke kusa da juna sun kasance a gefe. Matakalar katako tana hawa bene tare da tsari iri ɗaya kamar ƙasa a ƙasa amma tare da ƙananan hanyoyi da ɗakuna. Tagayen suna da girma kuma suna gefen duka ginin da kuma bayan ginin. Holy Cross Cathedral Wannan ita ce Cocin Katolika na farko kuma cocin farko na tubali da aka gina a Legas. Ginin an fara shi ne a 1878 kuma a ƙarshe aka kammala shi a 1880. Bayyanannun tsarin gicciye ne tare da naves na hanya, transepts da hasumiyoyi biyu. Kodayake ma'aikatan Brazil sun fi son salon baroque, mishanaran Faransa waɗanda suka kula da gini sun sanya salon Gothic da aka yi amfani da shi. Bayan shekaru masu yawa, an rusa hasumiyoyin biyu kuma an fadada ƙarshen Gabas. Gidan Ruwa Wannan gidan ne Joao Esan da Rocha ya gina sannan kuma ɗansa, Candido ya faɗaɗa shi. An kira shi Gidan Ruwa ne saboda Joao Esan ya haƙa rijiya a bayan gidan wanda aka yi amfani da shi don sayar da ruwan bututu ga 'yan Legas. Ya so a gina gidan a cikin salo irin na gidan da yake zaune a Bahia bayan da ya sami kulawa sosai karin yan uwa. Manazarta Al'ada Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun Najeriya Mutanen Najeriya Mutanen

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamfas

Kamfas

Kamfas shi ne na'urar da ke nuna kwatancen kwatancen da aka yi amfani da su don kewayawa da daidaita yanayin ƙasa. Yawanci yana ƙunshi allura mai maganadisu ko wani abu, kamar katin kampas ko furen kampas, wanda zai iya daidaita kansa da Magnetic arewa Ana iya amfani da wasu hanyoyin, gami da gyroscopes, magnetometers, da masu karɓar GPS Kwamfuta sau da yawa suna nuna kusurwoyi a cikin digiri: arewa yayi dai-dai da 0 kuma kusurwoyi suna karuwa a agogo, don haka gabas shine 90 kudu shine 180 yamma kuma 270 Waɗannan lambobin suna ba da damar kamfas ɗin don nuna azimuths ko bearings waɗanda galibi ana bayyana su a cikin digiri. Idan an san bambancin gida tsakanin Magnetic arewa da arewa ta gaskiya, to, alƙiblar maganaɗisu ita ma tana ba da shugabanci na gaskiya arewa. Daga cikin manyan abubuwan ƙirƙire-kirkire guda hudu, daular Song ta kasar Sin ta fara kera kamfas din a matsayin na'urar duba tun farkon daular Han ta kasar Sin (tun c. 206 BC), daga baya kuma daular Song ta kasar Sin ta karbe shi don kewayawa. Karni na 11. Farkon amfani da kamfas da aka rubuta a Yammacin Turai da duniyar Musulunci ya faru ne a shekara ta 1190. Magnetic kamfas Kamfas ɗin maganaɗisu shine nau'in kamfas ɗin da aka fi sani. Yana aiki a matsayin mai nuni zuwa Magnetic arewa ma'aunin maganaɗisu na gida, saboda allura mai maganadisu a zuciyarta tana daidaita kanta da sassan da ke kwance na filin maganadisu na duniya Filin maganadisu yana yin juzu'i akan allura, yana jan ƙarshen Arewa ko sandar allurar kusan zuwa ga duniyar maganadisu ta Arewa, kuma yana jan ɗayan zuwa igiyar maganadisu ta Kudu ta Duniya. Ana ɗora allurar a kan madaidaicin juzu'i, a cikin mafi kyawun kompas ɗin juzu'i, don haka yana iya juyawa cikin sauƙi. Lokacin da kamfas ɗin ya kasance a matakin matakin, allurar tana juyawa har sai bayan ƴan daƙiƙa don ƙyale jijiyoyi su mutu, ta zauna cikin daidaitawarta. A kewayawa, kwatance akan taswirori yawanci ana bayyana su tare da la'akari da yanki ko arewa na gaskiya, alƙiblar zuwa Yankin Arewa Pole, jujjuyawar axis na Duniya. Dangane da inda kamfas ɗin yake saman duniya kusurwar tsakanin arewa ta gaskiya da arewa mai maganadisu, wanda ake kira raguwar maganadisu na iya bambanta ko'ina tare da wurin yanki. Ana ba da raguwar maganadisu na gida akan yawancin taswirori, don ba da damar taswirar ta daidaita tare da kamfas mai layi ɗaya zuwa arewa na gaskiya. Wuraren sandunan maganaɗisu na duniya suna canzawa sannu a hankali tare da lokaci, wanda ake magana da shi azaman bambancin duniya na geomagnetic Tasirin wannan yana nufin taswira tare da sabbin bayanan raguwa yakamata a yi amfani da su. Wasu compass na maganadisu sun haɗa da hanyoyin da za a biya da hannu don raguwar maganadisu, ta yadda kamfas ɗin ya nuna kwatance na gaskiya. Kamfas ɗin da ba na maganadisu ba Akwai wasu hanyoyin samun arewa fiye da amfani da maganadisu, kuma daga mahangar kewayawa jimillar hanyoyi guda bakwai masu yuwuwa akwai (inda maganadisu ɗaya ce daga cikin bakwai). Na'urori masu auna firikwensin guda biyu waɗanda ke amfani da biyu daga cikin sauran ƙa'idodi shida galibi ana kiran su kompas, watau gyrocompass da GPS-compass. Gyrocompass Gyrocompass yayi kama da gyroscope Kamfas ɗin da ba na maganaɗisu ba ne wanda ke gano gaskiya ta arewa ta hanyar amfani da dabaran mai sauri (mai ƙarfin lantarki) da ƙarfin juzu'i don yin amfani da jujjuyawar Duniya. Ana amfani da gyrocompasses sosai akan jiragen ruwa Suna da manyan fa'idodi guda biyu akan kamfas ɗin maganaɗisu su ne kamar haka: sun sami arewa na gaskiya, watau, alkiblar jujjuyawar duniya, sabanin arewa mai maganadisu Karfe na ferromagnetic (ciki har da baƙin ƙarfe, ƙarfe, cobalt, nickel, da sauran allurai daban-daban) ba su shafe su a cikin tarkacen jirgin ruwa. (Babu kompas da ƙarfe mara ƙarfe ba ya shafa, kodayake kompas ɗin maganadisu zai shafi kowane irin wayoyi tare da wutar lantarki da ke wucewa ta cikin su. Manya-manyan jiragen ruwa yawanci suna dogara ne akan gyrocompass, suna amfani da kamfas ɗin maganadisu kawai azaman madadin. Ƙarawa, ana amfani da kwamfutoci masu jujjuyawar lantarki akan ƙananan tasoshin. Duk da haka, Magnetic compasses har yanzu ana amfani da su sosai saboda suna iya zama ƙanana, suna amfani da fasaha mai sauƙi mai dogara, suna da arha mai sauƙi, sau da yawa sauƙin amfani fiye da GPS, suna buƙatar samar da makamashi, kuma ba kamar GPS ba, abubuwa ba su shafar su, misali bishiyoyi, wanda zai iya toshe karɓar siginar lantarki. Ana amfani da masu karɓar GPS azaman compasses Masu karɓar GPS ta amfani da eriya biyu ko fiye da aka ɗora su daban tare da haɗa bayanai tare da naúrar motsi marar aiki (IMU) yanzu za su iya cimma 0.02° a daidaitattun kantuna kuma suna da lokutan farawa cikin daƙiƙa maimakon sa'o'i don tsarin gyrocompass. Na'urorin suna tantance daidaitattun matsayi (latitudes, longitudes da tsayi) na eriya a Duniya, daga inda za'a iya ƙididdige kwatancen kwatance. An kera su da farko don aikace-aikacen jiragen ruwa da na jiragen sama, kuma suna iya gano farar jirgi da nadi. Ƙananan masu karɓar GPS mai ɗaukar hoto tare da eriya ɗaya kawai na iya ƙayyade kwatance idan ana motsa su, koda kuwa a cikin tafiyar tafiya kawai. Ta hanyar tantance matsayinta daidai a duniya a wasu lokutan dakika kadan tsakani, na'urar zata iya lissafin saurinta da kuma ainihin abin da ya faru (dangane da arewa na gaskiya na alkiblarta. Yawancin lokaci, yana da kyau a auna alkiblar da abin hawa ke tafiya a zahiri, maimakon hanyarsa, watau hanyar da hancinsa yake nunawa. Waɗannan kwatance na iya bambanta idan akwai iskar gilla ko igiyar ruwa. Kamfas na GPS suna raba manyan fa'idodin gyrocompasses. Sun tabbatar da Arewa ta gaskiya, sabanin Arewa Magnetic, kuma ba su shafe su da rugujewar filin maganadisu na Duniya. Bugu da ƙari, idan aka kwatanta da gyrocompasses, suna da rahusa sosai, suna aiki mafi kyau a yankunan polar, ba su da wahala a shawo kan girgizar injin, kuma ana iya fara farawa da sauri da sauri. Koyaya, sun dogara da aiki, da sadarwa tare da, tauraron dan adam GPS, waɗanda za a iya rushe su ta hanyar harin lantarki ko kuma sakamakon mummunar guguwar rana. Gyrocompasses suna ci gaba da amfani da su don dalilai na soji (musamman a cikin jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa, inda magnetic da GPS compasses ba su da amfani), amma an maye gurbinsu da kwamfutocin GPS, tare da madogaran maganadisu, a cikin mahallin farar hula. Tarihi Kamfas na farko a zamanin daular Han na kasar Sin an yi su ne da dutsen lode, wani ma'adinin ƙarfe da aka yi da shi ta dabi'a. Daga baya an yi kamfas da allurar ƙarfe, magnetized ta hanyar buga su da dutse mai tsayi, wanda ya bayyana a kasar Sin ta 1088 a lokacin daular Song, kamar yadda Shen Kuo ya bayyana. Busassun compass sun fara bayyana kusan a shekara ta 1300 a Turai ta Tsakiya da Duniyar Musulunci An maye gurbin wannan a farkon karni na 20 ta hanyar kamfas mai cike da ruwa. Kamfas na zamani Magnetic Kamfas Kamfas na zamani yawanci suna amfani da allura mai maganaɗisu ko bugun kira a cikin capsule gaba ɗaya cike da ruwa (man fitila, man ma'adinai, farin ruhohi, kerosene mai tsafta, ko barasa na ethyl sun zama ruwan dare). Yayin da tsofaffin ƙira suka haɗa da diaphragm na roba mai sassauƙa ko sararin sama a cikin capsule don ba da izinin canjin ƙarar da ke haifar da zafin jiki ko tsayi, wasu kwamfutocin ruwa na zamani suna amfani da ƙananan gidaje da/ko kayan capsule masu sassauƙa don cimma sakamako iri ɗaya. Ruwan da ke cikin capsule yana aiki don dasa motsin allurar, yana rage lokacin oscillation da haɓaka kwanciyar hankali. Maɓalli masu mahimmanci akan kamfas, gami da ƙarshen ƙarshen allura galibi ana yiwa alama da phosphorescent, photoluminescent, ko kayan haske mai haske don ba da damar karanta komfas da dare ko cikin haske mara kyau. Kamar yadda komfas ɗin cika ruwa ba shi da ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba, yawancin kwamfutoci masu cika ruwa da yawa za su yi aiki daidai ƙarƙashin ruwa zuwa zurfin zurfi. Duba kuma Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Littafin Jagora na Daidaita Compass na Magnetic Paul J. Gans, Shafukan Fasaha na Tsakiya: Compass Lakcar Maraice Zuwa Ga Ƙungiyar Biritaniya A Taron Southampton ranar Juma'a, 25 ga Agusta, 1882 Yana nufin gyaran kamfas ta jerin Fourier. Manazarta Magani Yanayi Yanar Gizo Lokaci Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi

Sauyin yanayi

Sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da duk bambance-bambance a cikin yanayin da ke dadewa fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowanne yanayi, yayin da kalmar canjin yanayi kawai tana nufin wadannan bambance-bambancen da ke dawwama na tsawon lokaci, yawanci shekarun da suka gabata ko fiye. Canjin yanayi na iya nufin kowane lokaci a tarihin duniya, amma yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don kwatanta wasauyin yanayi na zamani, wanda aka fi sani da dumamar yanayi. Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin yana ƙara shafar ayyukan ɗan adam. Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana kuma yana haskaka makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita da hanyar makamashi ta tsarin yanayi shine kasafin makamashi na duniya Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita girma, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau ne kuma Duniya tana samun sanyi. Ƙarfin da ke tafiya a cikin tsarin yanayi na duniya yana samun magana a cikin yanayi, ya bambanta akan ma'auni na yanki da lokaci. Matsakaicin tsayin lokaci da sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin yanki sune yanayin yankin. Irin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya zama sakamakon "saɓanin ciki", lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya shafi sassa daban-daban na tsarin yanayi ya canza rarraba makamashi. Misalai sun haɗa da sãɓãwar launukansa a cikin kwalayen teku kamar Pacific decadal oscillation da Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Canjin yanayi kuma na iya haifarwa daga tilastawa waje, lokacin da abubuwan da suka faru a wajen sassan tsarin sauyin yanayi suka haifar da canje-canje a cikin tsarin. Misalai sun haɗa da canje-canje a fitowar hasken rana da volcanism Canjin yanayi yana da sakamako ga canje-canjen matakin teku, rayuwar shuka, da ɓarnawar taro; yana kuma shafar al'ummomin mutane. Kalmomi Canjin yanayi shine kalmar don bayyana bambance-bambance a cikin ma'anar jihar da sauran halaye na yanayi (kamar dama ko yiwuwar matsanancin yanayi, da dai sauransu) "a kan duk ma'auni na sararin samaniya da na wucin gadi fiye da abubuwan da suka faru na kowane yanayi." Wasu daga cikin sauye-sauyen ba ya bayyana sun haifar da sanannun tsarin kuma yana faruwa a wasu lokuta bazuwar. Irin wannan sauye-sauye ana kiransa bazuwar bazuwar ko hayaniya A gefe guda, sauye-sauye na lokaci-lokaci yana faruwa akai-akai kuma a cikin yanayi daban-daban na sauye-sauye ko yanayin yanayi. Ana amfani da kalmar sauyin yanayi sau da yawa don nuni musamman ga canjin yanayi na ɗan adam. Sauyin yanayi na ɗan adam yana faruwa ne ta hanyar ayyukan da ɗan adam, sabanin sauyin yanayi wanda zai iya haifar da wani ɓangare na tsarin yanayin duniya gaba daya. Dumamar yanayi ta zama sanannen lokaci a cikin 1988, amma a cikin mujallu na kimiyya dumamar yanayi tana nufin karuwar zafin jiki yayin da sauyin yanayi ya haɗa da dumamar yanayi da duk wani abu da haɓaka matakan iskar gas ke shafar. Kalmar da ke da alaƙa, canjin yanayi, ita ce Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya (WMO) ta gabatar da ita a cikin 1966 don haɗa duk nau'ikan canjin yanayi akan ma'aunin lokaci fiye da shekaru 10, amma ba tare da la'akari da dalili ba. A cikin shekarun 1970s, kalmar canjin yanayi ta maye gurbin canjin yanayi don mai da hankali kan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam, kamar yadda ya bayyana a fili cewa ayyukan ɗan adam suna da yuwuwar canza yanayin. An shigar da canjin yanayi a cikin taken Kwamitin Gudanar da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) da Tsarin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi (UNFCCC). Ana amfani da canjin yanayi yanzu azaman bayanin fasaha na tsari, da kuma suna da ake amfani da shi don bayyana matsalar. Dalilai A mafi girman ma'auni, adadin kuzarin da ake samu daga Rana da adadin da ya ɓace zuwa sararin samaniya yana ƙayyade ma'aunin zafin jiki da yanayin duniya. Ana rarraba wannan makamashi ne a ko'ina cikin duniya ta hanyar iska, magudanar ruwa, da sauran hanyoyin da za su shafi yanayin yankuna daban-daban. Abubuwan da za su iya siffanta yanayi ana kiransu da tilastawa yanayi ko "hanyoyin tilastawa". Waɗannan sun haɗa da matakai irin su bambance-bambance a cikin hasken rana, bambance-bambance a cikin kewayar duniya, bambance-bambance a cikin albedo ko tunani na nahiyoyi, yanayi, da tekuna, ginin dutse da raƙuman nahiyoyi da canje-canje a cikin ƙididdigar iskar gas Tilastawa na waje na iya zama ko dai ɗan adam (misali ƙarar hayaƙin iskar gas da ƙura) ko na halitta (misali, canje-canjen fitowar hasken rana, kewayawar duniya, fashewar aman wuta). Akwai ra'ayoyin canjin yanayi iri-iri waɗanda zasu iya haɓakawa ko rage tilastawa ta farko. Hakanan akwai maɓalli na maɓalli waɗanda idan sun wuce su na iya haifar da canji mai sauri ko mara jurewa. Wasu sassa na tsarin yanayi, irin su tekuna da kankara, suna mayar da martani da sannu a hankali game da tilasta yanayi, yayin da wasu ke mayar da martani da sauri. Misalin sauyi cikin sauri shine sanyin yanayi bayan fashewar aman wuta, lokacin da tokar aman wuta ke nuna hasken rana. Fadada yanayin zafi na ruwan teku bayan ɗumamar yanayi yana jinkirin, kuma yana iya ɗaukar dubban shekaru. Haɗin kai kuma yana yiwuwa, misali, asarar albedo kwatsam a cikin Tekun Arctic yayin da ƙanƙara na teku ke narkewa, sannan kuma a hankali fadada yanayin zafi na ruwa. Har ila yau, canjin yanayi na iya faruwa saboda matakai na ciki. Hanyoyin da ba a tilasta su cikin ciki sukan haɗa da canje-canje a cikin rarraba makamashi a cikin teku da yanayi, alal misali, canje-canje a cikin yanayin zafi na thermohaline. Canjin ciki Canjin yanayi saboda canjin cikin gida wani lokaci yana faruwa a cikin hawan keke ko oscillations. Ga sauran nau'ikan canjin yanayi na yanayi, ba za mu iya yin hasashen lokacin da ya faru ba; Ana kiran canjin bazuwar ko stochastic. Daga yanayin yanayi, ana iya ɗaukar yanayin bazuwar. Idan akwai ƙananan gizagizai a cikin shekara ta musamman, akwai rashin daidaituwar makamashi kuma za a iya ɗaukar karin zafi daga teku. Saboda rashin jin daɗi na yanayi, ana iya 'ajiye wannan siginar' a cikin teku kuma za'a bayyana shi azaman sauye-sauye akan ma'auni mai tsayi fiye da na asali na rikicewar yanayi. Idan hargitsi na yanayin gaba daya bazuwar, yana faruwa kamar farin amo, inertia na glaciers ko tekuna na iya canza wannan zuwa canje-canjen yanayi inda tsawon lokaci oscillations ma ya fi girma oscillations, wani sabon abu da ake kira a ja amo Yawancin canje-canjen yanayi suna da yanayin bazuwar da yanayin zagaye. Wannan halin ana yiwa lakabi da resonance stochastic Rabin kyautar Nobel ta 2021 akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi an ba shi don wannan aikin ga Klaus Hasselmann tare da Syukuro Manabe don aiki mai alaƙa akan ƙirar yanayi Yayin da Giorgio Parisi wanda tare da masu haɗin gwiwa suka gabatar da an ba da ra'ayin stochastic resonance rabin rabin amma akasari don aiki akan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. Canjin yanayin yanayin Teku da yanayi na iya yin aiki tare don samar da canjin yanayi na cikin gida ba tare da bata lokaci ba wanda zai iya dawwama shekaru zuwa shekaru aru-aru a lokaci guda. Waɗannan bambance-bambancen na iya shafar matsakaicin zafin jiki na duniya, ta hanyar sake rarraba zafi tsakanin teku mai zurfi da yanayi da/ko ta hanyar canza girgije/ tururin ruwa/ rarraba kankarar teku wanda zai iya shafar jimillar kasafin makamashi na duniya. Oscillations da hawan keke Juyin yanayi ko zaga yowar yanayi shine duk wani yanayi mai maimaitawa a cikin yanayin duniya ko yanki. Suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun lokaci (ba daidai ba na lokaci-lokaci), don haka bincike na Fourier na bayanan ba shi da kololuwa mai kaifi a cikin bakan An samo ko hasashen da yawa akan ma'auni daban-daban na lokaci: da El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Babban sikelin sikelin na warmer El Niño da kuma sanyi La Niña yanayin zafi na teku a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tasirin duniya. Yana da juzu'i mai ɗorewa, wanda aka yi nazarin tsarinsa da kyau. ENSO shine sanannen sanannen tushen bambancin shekara-shekara a yanayi da yanayi a duniya. Zagayowar tana faruwa a kowacce shekara biyu zuwa bakwai, tare da El Niño yana ɗaukar watanni tara zuwa shekaru biyu a cikin dogon lokaci. Harshen sanyi na tekun Pasifik na equatorial ba ya yin ɗumama da sauri kamar sauran tekun, saboda haɓakar ruwan sanyi a yammacin gabar tekun Kudancin Amirka. Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) Tsarin motsi na gabas na karuwar ruwan sama a kan wurare masu zafi tare da tsawon kwanaki 30 zuwa 60, ana lura da shi a kan Tekun Indiya da Pacific. Arewacin Atlantic oscillation (NAO) Fihirisa na NAO sun dogara ne akan bambanci na daidaitaccen yanayin matakin teku (SLP) tsakanin Ponta Delgada, Azores da Stykkishólmur Reykjavík, Iceland. Kyawawan dabi'u na ma'auni suna nuna ƙarfi fiye da matsakaicin yamma a kan tsakiyar latitudes. oscillation na Quasi-biennial ƙawancin fahimta mai kyau a cikin yanayin iska a cikin stratosphere kewaye da equator. A cikin tsawon watanni 28 iskar da ke da rinjaye tana canzawa daga gabas zuwa yamma da baya. Pacific Centennial Oscillation girgizar yanayi da wasu samfuran yanayi suka annabta the Pacific decadal oscillation Mafi girman tsarin canjin yanayin teku a Arewacin Pacific akan sikelin decadal. A lokacin "dumi", ko "tabbatacce", lokaci, yammacin Pacific ya zama sanyi kuma wani ɓangare na tekun gabas yana dumama; a lokacin “sanyi” ko “mara kyau”, akasin tsarin yana faruwa. Ana tunanin ba a matsayin abu ɗaya ba, amma a maimakon haka haɗuwa da matakai daban-daban na jiki. the Interdecadal Pacific oscillation (IPO) Basin faffadan sauye-sauye a cikin Tekun Pacific tare da tsawon shekaru 20 zuwa 30. Atlantic multidecadal oscillation Wani nau'i na sauye-sauye a cikin Arewacin Atlantic na kimanin shekaru 55 zuwa 70, tare da tasiri akan ruwan sama, fari da yawan guguwa da kuma tsanani. Juyin yanayi na Arewacin Afirka bambancin yanayi da Damina ta Arewacin Afirka ke tafiyar da shi, tare da tsawon dubban shekaru. da Arctic oscillation (AO) da Antarctic oscillation (AAO) Hanyoyin annular suna faruwa ne ta dabi'a, nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i na bambancin yanayi. A kan ma'auni na makonni zuwa watanni suna bayyana 20-30% na sauye-sauye a cikin sassansu. Yanayin Annular Arewa ko Arctic oscillation (AO) a cikin Arewacin Hemisphere, da Yanayin Kudancin Kudancin ko Antarctic oscillation (AAO) a cikin Kudancin Kudancin. Hanyoyin shekara-shekara suna da tasiri mai ƙarfi a kan zafin jiki da hazo na tsaka-tsaki zuwa tsayin ƙasa talakawa, kamar Turai da Ostiraliya, ta hanyar canza matsakaitan hanyoyin guguwa. Ana iya ɗaukar NAO a matsayin yanki na AO/NAM. An bayyana su azaman EOF na farko na matsin matakin teku ko tsayin ƙasa daga 20°N zuwa 90°N (NAM) ko 20°S zuwa 90°S (SAM). Keke Dansgaard-Oeschger yana faruwa akan zagayowar kusan shekaru 1,500 a lokacin Glacial na ƙarshe. canjen yanayin teku Abubuwan da ke cikin teku na sauye-sauyen yanayi na iya haifar da sauye-sauye a kan lokutan shekaru ɗari saboda tekun yana da yawan ɗaruruwan sau fiye da na yanayi, don haka yana da ƙarfin rashin kuzari. Misali, sauye-sauyen hanyoyin tafiyar teku kamar yanayin yanayin thermohaline suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sake rarraba zafi a cikin tekunan duniya. Ruwan na teku yana ɗaukar ƙarfi da yawa daga wurare masu zafi zuwa yankuna masu sanyi. Canje-canje da ke faruwa a kusa da shekarun ƙanƙara na ƙarshe (a cikin sharuddan fasaha, glacial na ƙarshe) ya nuna cewa wurare dabam dabam shine Arewacin Atlantika na iya canzawa ba zato ba tsammani kuma yana haifar da canjin yanayi na duniya, kodayake yawan adadin kuzarin da ke shigowa cikin tsarin yanayi bai yi ba'. t canza da yawa. Waɗannan manyan canje-canjen ƙila sun fito ne daga abubuwan da ake kira abubuwan da ake kira Heinrich inda rashin kwanciyar hankali na zanen kankara ya haifar da sakin manyan ƙanƙara a cikin teku. Lokacin da takardar kankara ta narke, ruwan da aka samu yana da ƙasa sosai a cikin gishiri da sanyi, yana motsa canje-canje a wurare dabam dabam. Rayuwa Rayuwa tana shafar yanayi ta hanyar rawar da take takawa a cikin hawan carbon da ruwa da kuma hanyoyin kamar albedo, evapotranspiration, samuwar gajimare, da yanayin yanayi Misalan yadda rayuwa ta iya shafar yanayin da ta gabata sun haɗa da: glaciation 2.3 shekaru da suka wuce ya jawo ta hanyar juyin halitta na oxygenic photosynthesis, wanda ya lalatar da yanayi na greenhouse gas carbon dioxide da gabatar da free oxygen wani glaciation 300 shekaru miliyan da suka wuce shigar a cikin dogon lokaci binne na bazuwa resistant detritus na jijiyoyin bugun gini ƙasa-shuke-shuke (ƙirƙirar a carbon nutse da kafa kwal Ƙarshen Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum shekaru miliyan 55 da suka wuce ta hanyar bunƙasa phytoplankton na ruwa Juyayin dumamar yanayi shekaru miliyan 49 da suka gabata ta hanyar shekaru 800,000 na furen arctic azolla sanyayawar duniya a cikin shekaru miliyan 40 da suka gabata wanda ya haifar da haɓakar yanayin ciyawar Tilasta yanayi na waje Greenhouse gas Yayin da iskar gas da biosphere ke fitarwa galibi ana ganin su azaman martani ko tsarin yanayi na ciki, iskar gas da ke fitowa daga dutsen mai aman wuta yawanci masana yanayin ke rarraba su azaman waje. Gas na kore, irin su CO methane da nitrous oxide, suna dumama tsarin yanayi ta hanyar kama hasken infrared. Volcanoes kuma wani bangare ne na tsawaita zagayowar carbon A cikin dogon lokaci (geological) lokaci, suna sakin carbon dioxide daga ɓawon burodi da alkyabbar duniya, suna hana ɗaukar ta da duwatsu masu ruɗi da sauran abubuwan da ke nutsewar carbon dioxide Tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, bil'adama yana ƙara haɓaka iskar gas ta hanyar fitar da CO 2 daga konewar burbushin mai, canza amfani da ƙasa ta hanyar sare bishiyoyi, kuma ya ƙara canza yanayin yanayi tare da aerosols (ɓangarorin kwayoyin halitta a cikin yanayi), sakin iskar gas. (misali nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, ko methane). Sauran dalilai, ciki har da amfani da ƙasa, ragewar ozone, kiwo na dabbobi (dabbobin dabbobi kamar shanu suna samar da methane da sare bishiyoyi, suma suna taka rawa. Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Ƙirar ƙasa ta Amurka ita ce fitar da hayaƙi mai aman wuta ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa fiye da tasirin ayyukan ɗan adam na yanzu, wanda ke samar da adadin carbon dioxide sau 100-300 da volcanoes ke fitarwa. Adadin shekara-shekara da ayyukan ɗan adam ke fitarwa na iya zama mafi girma fiye da adadin da supereruptions ya fitar, wanda na baya-bayan nan shine fashewar Toba a Indonesia shekaru 74,000 da suka gabata. bambancen Orbital Bambance-bambancen kaɗan a cikin motsin duniya yana haifar da canje-canje a yanayin rarraba hasken rana zuwa saman duniya da yadda ake rarraba shi a duk faɗin duniya. Akwai ɗan canji kaɗan ga matsakaicin matsakaicin hasken rana a kowace shekara; amma ana iya samun sauye-sauye masu ƙarfi a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na yanayi. Nau'ukan canji na kinematic guda uku su ne bambance-bambance a cikin eccentricity na duniya, canje-canje a kusurwar karkatar jujjuyawar duniya, da kuma gaban axis na duniya. Haɗe, waɗannan suna haifar da zagayowar Milankovitch waɗanda ke shafar yanayin yanayi kuma suna sane da alaƙar su da lokutan glacial da tsaka-tsakin lokaci, dangantakarsu da ci gaba da ja da baya na Sahara, da kuma bayyanar su a cikin rikodin ma'auni. A lokacin zagayowar glacial, an sami babban alaƙa tsakanin ma'aunin CO da yanayin zafi. Nazarin farko ya nuna cewa yanayin zafi na CO ya ragu, amma ya bayyana a fili cewa ba koyaushe haka lamarin yake ba. Lokacin da yanayin teku ya ƙaru, ƙarfin CO yana raguwa ta yadda za a sake shi daga cikin teku. Hakanan ana iya yin tasiri akan musayar CO tsakanin iska da teku ta ƙarin abubuwan canjin yanayi. Waɗannan da sauran hanyoyin ƙarfafa kai suna ba da damar ƙananan canje-canje a cikin motsin duniya don yin tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi. Fitowar hasken rana Rana ita ce babbar hanyar shigar da makamashi zuwa tsarin yanayin duniya. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da makamashin ƙasa daga tushen duniya, makamashin ruwa daga wata da zafi daga ruɓar mahadi na rediyoaktif. Dukansu bambance-bambancen na dogon lokaci a cikin ƙarfin hasken rana an san su suna shafar yanayin duniya. Fitowar hasken rana ya bambanta akan guntun ma'auni na lokaci, gami da zagayowar hasken rana na shekaru 11 da gyare-gyare na tsawon lokaci. Daidaituwa tsakanin wuraren rana da yanayin yanayi da rashin ƙarfi a mafi kyau. Shekaru biliyan uku zuwa hudu da suka wuce, Rana ta fitar da kashi 75% kawai kamar yadda take a yau. Idan da yanayin yanayi ya kasance iri ɗaya da na yau, bai kamata ruwa ya kasance a saman duniya ba. Duk da haka, akwai shaidar kasancewar ruwa a farkon Duniya, a cikin Hadean da Archean eons, wanda ke haifar da abin da aka sani da ƙananan matasa Sun paradox. Maganganun da aka yi hasashe game da wannan sabani sun haɗa da yanayi daban-daban, tare da mafi girman yawan iskar gas fiye da yadda ake da su a halin yanzu. A cikin kimanin shekaru biliyan 4 masu zuwa, yawan makamashin Rana ya karu. A cikin shekaru biliyan biyar masu zuwa, ƙarshen mutuwar rana yayin da ta zama ja-jajayen giant sannan kuma farar dodanniya za ta yi tasiri mai yawa akan yanayi, tare da jan giant lokaci mai yiwuwa ya kawo ƙarshen duk wata rayuwa a duniya da ke wanzuwa har zuwa lokacin. Volcanism Fashewar fashewar da ake ganin tana da girma da za ta iya shafar yanayin duniya a ma'aunin sama da shekara 1, su ne suka yi allurar sama da tan 100,000 na SO 2 a cikin ma'aunin sararin samaniya Wannan ya faru ne saboda kaddarorin gani na SO 2 da sulfate aerosols, waɗanda ke da ƙarfi sosai ko watsar da hasken rana, suna haifar da hazo na sulfuric acid na duniya. A matsakaicin irin wannan fashewar yana faruwa sau da yawa a cikin karni, kuma yana haifar da sanyaya (ta hanyar hana watsa hasken rana zuwa saman duniya) na tsawon shekaru da yawa. Kodayake dutsen mai aman wuta a zahiri wani bangare ne na lithosphere, wanda shi kansa wani bangare ne na tsarin yanayi, IPCC ta bayyana karara volcanism a matsayin wakili na tilastawa waje. Fitattun fashe-fashe a cikin bayanan tarihi sune fashewar tsaunin Pinatubo a 1991 wanda ya rage zafin duniya da kusan 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) har zuwa shekaru uku, da fashewar 1815 na Dutsen Tambora wanda ya haifar da Shekara Ba tare da bazara ba. A mafi girman ma'auni 'yan lokuta a kowace shekara miliyan 50 zuwa miliyan 100 fashewar manyan lardunan da ba su da kyau suna kawo adadi mai yawa na dutsen wuta daga riga da lithosphere zuwa saman duniya. Ana fitar da Carbon dioxide da ke cikin dutsen zuwa sararin samaniya. Ƙananan fashewa, tare da alluran kasa da 0.1 Mt na sulfur dioxide a cikin stratosphere, yana rinjayar yanayi kawai a hankali, kamar yadda canje-canjen zafin jiki yayi kama da bambancin yanayi. Duk da haka, saboda ƙananan fashewa suna faruwa a mafi girma mita, su ma suna tasiri sosai a yanayin duniya. Plate tectonics A cikin tsawon miliyoyin shekaru, motsin faranti na tectonic yana sake fasalin ƙasa da yankunan teku kuma yana haifar da yanayin yanayi. Wannan zai iya shafar yanayin duniya da na gida na yanayi da yanayin yanayi-teku. Matsayin nahiyoyi yana ƙayyadaddun lissafi na tekuna don haka yana tasiri yanayin zagawar teku. Wuraren teku suna da mahimmanci wajen sarrafa yanayin zafi da danshi a fadin duniya, don haka, wajen tantance yanayin duniya. Misali na baya-bayan nan na sarrafa tectonic akan zagayawan teku shine samuwar Isthmus na Panama kimanin shekaru miliyan 5 da suka gabata, wanda ya rufe hada-hadar kai tsaye tsakanin Tekun Atlantika da Pacific Wannan ya yi tasiri sosai ga yanayin tekun abin da ke yanzu mashigin Gulf Stream kuma mai yiwuwa ya kai ga rufe kankara ta Arewacin Hemisphere. A cikin lokacin Carboniferous, kimanin shekaru miliyan 300 zuwa 360 da suka gabata, tectonics na farantin karfe na iya haifar da babban adadin ajiyar carbon da haɓaka glaciation Shaidar ilimin kasa tana nuni ne da tsarin “megamonsoonal” da ake yadawa a lokacin babban yankin Pangea, kuma tsarin yanayin yanayi ya nuna cewa kasancewar babban nahiyar ya taimaka wajen kafa damina. Girman nahiyoyi kuma yana da mahimmanci. Saboda yanayin daidaitawar tekuna akan zafin jiki, sauye-sauyen yanayin zafi na shekara gabaɗaya yana ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan bakin teku fiye da yadda suke cikin ƙasa. Don haka babban nahiya mafi girma zai sami ƙarin yanki wanda yanayin ke da ƙarfi fiye da nahiyoyi da tsibirai da yawa. Sauran hanyoyin An ba da sanarwar cewa ionized barbashi da aka sani da cosmic haskoki na iya yin tasiri ga murfin gajimare kuma ta haka ne yanayin. Yayin da rana ke kare duniya daga waɗannan barbashi, an yi hasashen canje-canjen ayyukan hasken rana don yin tasiri ga yanayin a kaikaice. Don gwada hasashe, CERN ta tsara gwajin CLOUD, wanda ya nuna tasirin hasken sararin samaniya yana da rauni sosai don rinjayar yanayi a hankali. Shaidu sun nuna cewa tasirin asteroid na Chicxulub a shekaru miliyan 66 da suka gabata ya shafi yanayin duniya sosai. An harba iskar sulfate mai yawa zuwa cikin sararin samaniya, wanda yana rage yanayin zafi a duniya har zuwa 26. °C da kuma samar da yanayin sanyi mai sanyi na tsawon shekaru 3-16. Lokacin dawowa don wannan taron ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru 30. An kuma gudanar da bincike kan yawan amfani da makamin nukiliya saboda tasirinsa ga yanayin. Hasashen ita ce ɗigon da gobara mai girma ke fitarwa yana toshe wani yanki mai mahimmanci na hasken rana har tsawon shekara guda, wanda ke haifar da raguwar yanayin zafi na ƴan shekaru. An kwatanta wannan abu mai yiwuwa a matsayin lokacin sanyi na nukiliya Amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam yana tasiri yadda hasken rana ke nunawa da yawan ƙura. Samuwar gajimare ba wai yawan ruwan da ke cikin iska da yanayin zafi ne kadai ke tasiri ba, har ma da yawan iskar da ke cikin iska kamar kura. A duniya, ana samun ƙarin ƙura idan akwai yankuna da yawa tare da ƙasa bushe, ciyayi kaɗan da iska mai ƙarfi. Shaida da auna canjin yanayi Paleoclimatology shine nazarin canje-canjen yanayi a cikin dukkan tarihin duniya. Yana amfani da hanyoyi daban-daban na wakili daga Duniya da kimiyyar rayuwa don samun bayanan da aka adana a cikin abubuwa kamar duwatsu, sediments, zanen kankara, zoben bishiya, murjani, bawo, da microfossils. Daga nan sai ta yi amfani da bayanan don tantance jahohin da suka gabata na yankuna daban-daban na yanayi da yanayin duniya. Ma'aunin kai tsaye yana ba da ƙarin cikakken bayani game da canjin yanayi. Kai tsaye ma'auni Canje-canjen yanayi waɗanda suka faru bayan yaɗuwar na'urorin aunawa ana iya lura da su kai tsaye. Cikakkun bayanan yanayin zafin duniya cikin hikima yana samuwa tun daga tsakiyar ƙarshen karni na 19. Ana samun ƙarin abubuwan lura a kaikaice daga takardun tarihi. Gajimare na tauraron dan adam da bayanan hazo yana samuwa tun shekarun 1970. Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin canje-canjen tarihi a yanayi da tasirinsu akan tarihin ɗan adam da ci gabansa. Tushen farko sun haɗa da rubutattun bayanai kamar sagas, tarihin tarihi, taswirori da wallafe-wallafen tarihin gida da kuma hotunan hoto kamar zane-zane, zane har ma da fasahar dutse Ana iya samun sauye-sauyen yanayi a baya-bayan nan daga canje-canjen matsuguni da tsarin noma. Shaidar archaeological, tarihin baka da takaddun tarihi na iya ba da haske game da canje-canjen da suka gabata a cikin yanayi. Canje-canjen yanayi yana da alaƙa da habɓaka da rugujewar wayewa daban-daban. Ma'aunin wakili Ma'ajiya daban-daban na yanayin da suka gabata suna nan a cikin duwatsu, bishiyoyi da burbushin halittu. Daga waɗannan ɗakunan ajiya, ana iya samun matakan yanayi kai tsaye, waɗanda ake kira proxies. Ƙididdigar bambancin yanayin na hazo a ƙarnin da suka gabata da zamanin da ba a cika cika ba amma ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar amfani da proxies kamar ruwan teku, ruwan dusar ƙanƙara, stalagmites kogo, da zoben bishiya. Damuwa, karancin hazo ko yanayin zafi da bai dace ba, na iya canza girman girmar bishiyoyi, wanda ke baiwa masana kimiyya damar sanin yanayin yanayi ta hanyar yin nazari kan girman zoben bishiyar. Wannan reshe na kimiyya yana nazarin wannan da ake kira dendroclimatology. Glaciers suna barin bayan moraine waɗanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin kayan—ciki har da kwayoyin halitta, ma'adini, da potassium waɗanda ƙila za a yi kwanan watan suna rikodin lokutan da dusar ƙanƙara ta ci gaba da ja da baya Ana iya yin nazarin ƙanƙara a cikin muryoyin da aka haƙa daga takardar kankara irin su Antarctic kankara, ana iya amfani da su don nuna alaƙa tsakanin yanayin zafi da bambancin matakin teku na duniya. Iskar da ke makale a cikin kumfa a cikin ƙanƙara kuma na iya bayyana bambance-bambancen CO 2 na yanayi daga nesa mai nisa, tun kafin tasirin muhalli na zamani. Nazarin waɗannan nau'ikan kankara ya kasance mai nuna alama mai mahimmanci na canje-canje a cikin CO 2 a cikin shekaru dubu da yawa, kuma yana ci gaba da ba da bayanai masu mahimmanci game da bambance-bambance tsakanin yanayin yanayi na da da na zamani. Matsakaicin 18 O/ 16 O a cikin samfuran ƙididdiga da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙanƙara da aka yi amfani da su don cire yanayin zafin teku a baya mai nisa misali ne na hanyar wakili na zafin jiki. Ragowar tsire-tsire, musamman pollen, ana kuma amfani da su don nazarin canjin yanayi. Rarraba tsire-tsire ya bambanta a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin tsire-tsire daban-daban suna da pollen tare da nau'i na musamman da nau'in launi, kuma tun da yanayin waje na pollen ya ƙunshi abu mai juriya sosai, suna tsayayya da lalacewa. Canje-canje a cikin nau'in pollen da aka samu a cikin nau'ikan laka daban-daban suna nuna canje-canje a cikin al'ummomin shuka. Wadannan sauye-sauye sau da yawa alama ce ta sauyin yanayi. A matsayin misali, an yi amfani da nazarin pollen don bin diddigin yanayin ciyayi a cikin glaciations na Quaternary kuma musamman tun daga ƙarshen glacial. Bincike da rashin tabbas Wahala ɗaya wajen gano zagayowar yanayi ita ce yanayin duniya yana canzawa ta hanyoyin da ba za a iya jujjuyawa ba fiye da mafi yawan lokutan nazarin halittu. A halin yanzu muna cikin lokacin dumamar yanayi a duniya A cikin mafi girman lokaci, Duniya tana fitowa daga sabon zamanin ƙanƙara, sanyaya daga yanayin yanayi na Holocene da kuma ɗumamawa daga Ƙananan Ice Age wanda ke nufin cewa yanayin yana ci gaba da canzawa cikin shekaru 15,000 da suka gabata ko makamancin haka. A lokacin dumi, sauyin yanayi sau da yawa yana da ƙarancin girma. Lokacin Pleistocene, wanda aka maimaita akai akai, ya haɓbaka daga mafi kwanciyar hankali yanayi a cikin yanayin Miocene da Pliocene Yanayin Holocene ya kasance ɗan kwanciyar hankali. Duk waɗannan canje-canje suna rikitar da aikin neman ɗabi'a na cyclical a cikin yanayi. Magana mai kyau, ra'ayi mara kyau, da inertia na muhalli daga tsarin yanayin yanayi na ƙasa-teku sau da yawa yana ragewa ko juyar da ƙananan tasiri, ko daga tilastawa orbital, bambancin hasken rana ko canje-canje a cikin yawan iskar gas. Wasu ra'ayoyin da suka shafi matakai kamar girgije kuma ba su da tabbas; don contrails, gajimare cirrus na halitta, dimethyl sulfide na teku da kuma daidai da tushen ƙasa, ka'idoji masu gasa sun wanzu game da tasirin yanayin yanayin yanayi, misali sabanin hasashen Iris da hasashe na CLAW. Tasiri Tsire Canjin nau'in, rarrabawa da ɗaukar ciyayi na iya faruwa idan aka yi la'akari da canjin yanayin. Wasu canje-canjen a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da habɓakar hazo da zafi, haifar da ingantacciyar habɓakar tsire-tsire da habɓakar iska ta CO 2 na gaba. Ana sa ran tasirin zai shafi ƙimar yawancin zagayowar yanayi kamar ƙimar ruɓewar shuka. A hankali karuwa a cikin zafi a cikin yanki zai haifar da farkon furanni da lokutan 'ya'yan itace, yana haifar da canji a cikin lokutan yanayin rayuwa na kwayoyin dogara. Akasin haka, sanyi zai sa tsire-tsire masu hawan keke su ragu. Canje mafi girma, sauri ko mafi girma, duk da haka, na iya haifar da damuwa ciyayi, saurin asarar shuka da kwararowar hamada a wasu yanayi. Misalin wannan ya faru ne a lokacin Rushewar Dajin Carboniferous (CRC), abin da ya faru shekaru miliyan 300 da suka wuce. A wannan lokacin dazuzzuka masu yawa sun mamaye yankin equatorial na Turai da Amurka. Sauyin yanayi ya lalata waɗannan dazuzzukan na wurare masu zafi, ba zato ba tsammani ya wargaza mazaunin zuwa 'tsibirin' keɓe kuma ya haifar da bacewar nau'ikan tsirrai da dabbobi da yawa. Dabbobin daji Ɗaya daga cikin muhimman hanyoyin da dabbobi za su iya magance sauyin yanayi shine ƙaura zuwa yankuna masu zafi ko sanyi. A tsawon lokaci mai tsawo, juyin halitta yana sa tsarin halittu ciki har da dabbobi ya fi dacewa da sabon yanayi. Sauyin yanayi mai sauri ko babba na iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a lokacin da halittu suka miƙe da nisa don su iya daidaitawa. Dan Adam Rushewar wayewar da ta gabata irin ta baya na iya kasancewa tana da alaƙa da zagayowar hazo, musamman fari, wanda a cikin wannan misalin kuma yana da alaƙa da tafkin Dumi na Yamma. Kusan shekaru 70 000 da suka wuce fashewar dutsen na Toba ya haifar da lokacin sanyi musamman a lokacin lokacin kankara, wanda ke haifar da yuwuwar lalacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin yawan mutane. Canje a cikin cryosphere Glacier da zanen kankara Ana ɗaukar dusar ƙanƙara a cikin mafi mahimmancin alamun sauyin yanayi. An ƙayyade girman su ta hanyar ma'auni mai yawa tsakanin shigarwar dusar ƙanƙara da fitarwar narkewa. Yayin da yanayin zafi ke ƙaruwa, dusar ƙanƙara tana ja da baya sai dai idan ruwan dusar ƙanƙara ya ƙaru don yin ƙarin narke. Glaciers suna girma kuma suna raguwa saboda duka biyun bambancin yanayi da tilastawa waje. Canje-canje a cikin zafin jiki, hazo da ilimin ruwa na iya ƙayyadad da ƙaƙƙarfan juyin halittar glacier a cikin wani yanayi na musamman. Mafi mahimmancin tsarin sauyin yanayi tun daga tsakiyar zuwa marigayi Pliocene (kimanin shekaru miliyan 3 da suka wuce) sune hawan glacial da interglacial Lokacin interglacial na yanzu Holocene ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 11,700. Siffata ta hanyar bambance-bambancen orbital, martani kamar tashi da faɗuwar zanen kankara na nahiyar da gagarumin canje-canjen matakin teku sun taimaka wajen haifar da yanayi. Sauran canje-canje, ciki har da abubuwan da suka faru na Heinrich, abubuwan Dansgaard-Oeschger da Dryas Younger, duk da haka, sun nuna yadda bambancin glacial zai iya rinjayar yanayi ba tare da tilasta orbital ba. Canjin matakin teku A lokacin Ƙarshen Glacial Maximum, kimanin shekaru 25,000 da suka wuce baya, matakan teku sun yi ƙasa da nisan mitoci 130 fiye da na yau. Ragewar bayan haka yana da saurin canjin matakin teku. A farkon Pliocene, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fi 1-2˚C zafi fiye da yanayin da ake ciki, duk da haka matakin teku ya fi mita 15-25 fiye da na yau. Kankarar teku Kankarar teku tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a yanayin duniya yayin da yake shafar adadin hasken rana da ke nesa da duniya. A baya, tekun duniya sun kasance kusan gaba ɗaya sun rufe da ƙanƙara a lokuta da yawa, lokacin da duniya ke cikin yanayin da ake kira Snowball Earth, kuma ba shi da ƙanƙara a lokutan yanayi mai dumi. Lokacin da akwai ƙanƙara mai yawa a duniya, musamman a cikin wurare masu zafi da wurare masu sanyi, yanayin ya fi dacewa da tilastawa kamar yadda bayanin kankara-albedo ke da ƙarfi sosai. Tarihin yanayi Daban na tilasta sauyin yanayi yawanci suna jujjuyawa cikin lokacin yanayin ƙasa, kuma wasu hanyoyin zafin duniya na iya zama masu sarrafa kansu Alal misali, a lokacin Snowball Duniya a lokacin, manyan kankara zanen gado na glacial dusar ƙanƙara a kan duniya ta equator, rufe kusan dukan surface, da kuma sosai high albedo halitta matsananci yanayin zafi, yayin da tarawar dusar ƙanƙara da kankara iya cire carbon dioxide ta yanayi ajiya Duk da haka, rashin murfin shuka don ɗaukar yanayi CO 2 da ke fitowa daga volcanoes yana nufin cewa iskar gas na iya taruwa a cikin sararin samaniya. Har ila yau, akwai rashin fallasa duwatsun siliki, waɗanda ke amfani da CO 2 lokacin da suke fuskantar yanayi. Wannan ya haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda daga baya ya narkar da kankara kuma ya dawo da yanayin zafin duniya. Mafi girman zafi na Paleo-eocene Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) lokaci ne tare da fiye da 5-8 °C matsakaicin yanayin zafi na duniya ya tashi a duk faɗin taron. Wannan yanayin ya faru a lokacin iyakar Paleocene da zamanin Eocene. A yayin taron an saki methane mai yawa, iskar gas mai ƙarfi. PETM yana wakiltar "binciken shari'a" don canjin yanayi na zamani kamar yadda ake fitar da iskar gas a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na yanayin ƙasa. A lokacin PETM, yawan bacewar kwayoyin halitta a cikin zurfin teku ya faru. Cenozoic A ko'ina cikin Cenozoic, sauyin yanayi da yawa ya haifar da ɗumamar yanayin da sanyaya yanayi, wanda ya haifar da farkon samuwar takardar ƙanƙara ta Antarctic, narkewar gaba, da sake sakewa daga baya. Canje-canjen yanayin zafi ya faru ba zato ba tsammani, a yawan adadin carbon dioxide na kusan 600 760 ppm da yanayin zafi kusan 4. °C ya fi na yau zafi. A lokacin Pleistocene, zagayowar glaciations da interglacials sun faru akan zagayowar kusan 100,000. shekaru, amma yana iya zama mai tsayi a cikin tsaka-tsakin tsaka-tsakin lokaci lokacin da eccentricity na orbital ya kusan kusan sifili, kamar lokacin interglacial na yanzu. Interglacials da suka gabata irin su lokacin Eemiyan sun haifar da yanayin zafi sama da na yau, matakan teku mafi girma, da wani ɗan narkewar takardar kankara ta yammacin Antarctic. Yanayin shafar murfin gajimare da hazo sosai. A ƙananan yanayin zafi, iska na iya ɗaukar ƙarancin tururin ruwa, wanda zai haifar da raguwar hazo. A lokacin Ƙarshe na Glacial Maximum na shekaru 18,000 da suka wuce, ƙawancen zafin zafi daga tekuna zuwa kan ƙasashen nahiyoyi ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, wanda ya haifar da manyan yankunan hamada mai tsananin gaske, gami da sahara na iyakacin duniya (sanyi amma tare da ƙarancin murfin gajimare da hazo). Sabanin haka, yanayin duniya ya fi gajimare da ruwa fiye da na yau a kusa da farkon lokacin dumin Atlantika na shekaru 8000 da suka gabata. Holocene An kwatanta Holocene ta hanyar sanyaya na dogon lokaci wanda ya fara bayan Mafi kyawun Holocene, lokacin da yanayin zafi zai iya zama ƙasa da yanayin zafi na yanzu (shekaru na biyu na karni na 21st), da kuma damina mai karfi na Afirka ya haifar da yanayin ciyawa a cikin Sahara a lokacin da ake ciki. Neolithic Subpluvial Tun daga wannan lokacin, abubuwan sanyaya da yawa sun faru, gami da: the Piora Oscillation the Middle Bronze Age Cold Epoch the Iron Age Cold Epoch the Little Ice Age the phase of cooling c. 1940–1970, which led to global cooling hypothesis Sabanin haka, lokutan dumi da yawa su ma sun faru, kuma sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance wa ga: a warm period during the apex of the Minoan civilization the Roman Warm Period the Medieval Warm Period Modern warming during the 20th century An sami wasu tasiri yayin waɗannan zagayowar. Misali, a lokacin Lokacin Dumi na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Tsakiyar Amurka, Tsakiyar Yammacin Amurka tana cikin fari, gami da Sand Hills na Nebraska wadanda suke dunes yashi. GAyyukan hasken rana na iya ba da gudummawa ga wani ɓangaren na ɗumamar zamani wanda ya kai kololuwa a cikin 1930s. Koyaya, zagayowar rana sun kasa yin lissafin ɗumamar da aka gani tun daga shekarun 1980 zuwa yau. faru kamar budewa na Arewa maso yamma Passage da kuma rikodin ƙananan ƙarancin ƙanƙara na zamani na Arctic shrinkage ba su faru ba har tsawon ƙarni da yawa, kamar yadda masu bincike na farko duk sun kasa yin hanyar wucewa ta Arctic, har ma a lokacin rani. Sauye-sauye a cikin halittun halittu da jeri na mazaunin su ma ba a taɓa yin irin su ba, suna faruwa a ƙimar da ba su zo daidai da sanannun girgizar yanayi ba. Sauyin yanayi na zamani da dumamar yanayi Sakamakon yadda mutane ke fitar da iskar gas, yanayin zafi na duniya ya fara tashi. Dumamar yanayi wani al'amari ne na sauyin yanayi na zamani, kalmar da ta haɗa da sauye-sauyen da aka gani a hazo, hanyoyin guguwa da gajimare. A sakamakon haka, glaciers a duk duniya an gano yana raguwa sosai. Tushen kankara na ƙasa a duka Antarctica da Greenland sun kasance suna yin asarar taro tun 2002 kuma sun ga haɓakar asarar ƙanƙara tun 2009. Matakan teku na duniya suna karuwa sakamakon fadada yanayin zafi da narke kankara. Rushewar ƙanƙaramar tekun Arctic, duka da girma da kauri, cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata ƙarin shaida ce ga saurin sauyin yanayin. Sauyawa tsakanin yankuna Misalai na canjin yanayi na yanki. Kasa-teku. Yanayin zafin saman ƙasa yana ƙaruwa da sauri fiye da waɗanda ke kan teku, tekun yana ɗaukar kusan kashi 90% na wuce gona da iri. Hemispheres. Matsakaicin canjin yanayi na Hemispheres ya bambanta saboda yawan kaso na yankin Arewa, da kuma ruwan tekun duniya. Latitude makada. Ƙungiyoyin latitude uku waɗanda ke rufe kashi 30, 40 da 30 bisa ɗari na sararin saman duniya suna nuna yanayin girma dabam dabam na yanayin zafi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Tsayi Hoton ratsi mai zafi (blues yana nuna sanyi, ja yana nuna dumi) yana nuna yadda tasirin greenhouse ke kama zafi a cikin ƙasan yanayi ta yadda yanayi na sama, yana samun ƙarancin haske, yayi sanyi. Volcanos yana haifar da hauhawar zafin jiki na sama. Duniya da yanki. Don dalilai na yanki da ƙididdiga, ana tsammanin manyan bambance-bambancen shekara zuwa shekara don yankuna na yanki (misali, Caribbean) fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Sabanin dangi. Ko da yake arewacin Amurka ya yi zafi sosai fiye da wurare masu zafi, wurare masu zafi sun fi fice a fili daga bambancin tarihi na al'ada (magunguna masu launi: daidaitattun daidaituwa). Baya ga sauye-sauyen yanayi na duniya da kuma sauyin yanayi na duniya kan lokaci, sauye-sauyen yanayi da yawa suna faruwa a lokaci guda a yankuna daban-daban na zahiri. Ruwan ruwa na kusan kashi 90% na zafi mai yawa ya taimaka wajen haifar da yanayin yanayin ƙasa da sauri fiye da yanayin yanayin teku. Arewacin Hemisphere, yana da mafi girman girman ƙasa zuwa teku fiye da Kudancin Ƙasar, yana nuna matsakaicin matsakaicin haɓaka. Bambance tsakanin makada daban-daban suma suna nuna wannan bambance-bambancen a matsakaitawar karuwar zafin jiki, tare da karuwar zafin zafi na karin zafi na arewa ya wuce na wurare masu zafi, wanda hakan ya zarce na kudanci extratropics. Yankuna na sama na yanayi sun kasance suna yin sanyi lokaci guda tare da ɗumamar yanayi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, suna tabbatar da aikin tasirin greenhouse da raguwar ozone. bambancen yanayi na yanki da aka lura sun tabbatar da tsinkaya game da sauye-sauye masu gudana, alal misali, ta hanyar bambanta (mai laushi) bambance duniya na shekara zuwa shekara tare da (mafi canzawa) bambancin shekara zuwa shekara a cikin yankuna. Akasin haka, kwatanta yanayin ɗumamar yankuna daban da bambance tarihi daban-daban, yana ba da damar ɗora girman girman canjin yanayin zafi a cikin mahangar abin da ke faruwa na yau da kullun ga kowane yanki. Abubuwan lura da canjin yanki suna ba da damar yin nazari akan wuraren da aka raba sauyin yanayi kamar asarar dazuzzukan dazuzzuka, narkewar kankara da kankara na teku, da narkewar permafrost. Irin wannan bambance-bambancen yana haifar da bincike a cikin yuwuwar yuwuwar balaguron balaguro na duniya Duba kuma Climatological normal Anthropocene

19599

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Masood%20Janjua

Amina Masood Janjua

Amina Masood Janjua, (Urdu an haife ta a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta alif dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da hudu (1964), asalin ta mai zane ce kuma marubuciya, an san ta da gwagwarmaya da tilasta bacewa a Pakistan Ita ce shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Pakistan. Ta fara Aikin ta na gwagwarmaya ta fara ne lokacin da mijinta Masood Ahmed Janjua ya ɓace a ranar 30 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2005. Baya ga bacewar tilastawa aikin nata ya hada da bayar da tallafi na shari'a ga fursunoni a kasashen waje, da shirya tallafin kudi ga dangin wadanda abin ya shafa na bacewa da kawar da azabtarwa daga gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane. Tana fitowa a kai a kai a kafafen yada labarai na cikin gida da na waje a matsayin mai magana da yawun mutanen da suka bata kuma wani lokaci tana bayar da labarai a cikin labaran Urdu da na Ingilishi na kasar. Rayuwar farko An haife ta ne a cikin gidan mai ilimi daga auren Shahida da Islam Akhtar Zubari a Mardan, wani birni a cikin lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na Kasar Pakistan. Kakannin mahaifinta Inam Ahmed Khan ya kasance mai gida kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Manajan Cane a wani kamfanin sikari na gida. Mahaifinta, yana rayuwa mai ritaya yanzu, injiniya ne ta hanyar sana'a. Mahaifiyarta marubuciya ce mai son rubutu wacce rubuce-rubucen ta ya ƙunshi almara da labarai na yau da kullun kuma ana buga shi a kai-a kai a cikin na zamani. Ilimi Ta fara karatun ta na farko a Presentation Convent High School Risalpur (gari da sansanin sojojin sama kusa da Mardan) inda ta yi karatu har zuwa aji goma. Bayan ta wuce karatun ta sai ta shiga kwalejin Nisar Shaheed wanda kuma ke Risalpur. Bayan ta yi karatun shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Nisar Shaheed sai ta shiga daga inda ta ci jarabawar ta BA tare da Adabin Turanci, Farisanci da Fine Arts a matsayin manya. Kamar yadda ta bayyana a cikin hirar ta kan zana kuma ta zana a kan duk abin da za ta iya dora hannunta a kanta tun tana yarinta. Wannan baiwa ta zane ta jagoranci ta zuwa Jami'ar Punjab daga inda ta sami digiri na biyu a Fine Arts ta sami matsayi na biyu kuma aka ba ta lambar Azurfa. Bayan kammala mashahuran masu zane-zane na Pakistan Mansoor Rahi da Hajira Mansoor sun jagoranci kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙwarewar zanenta. Ayyuka a Arts A matsayinta na mai zane mai matsakaicinta shine mai da zanen acrylic. Yawancin zanen ta suna nuna sha'awar nuna ra'ayi da soyayya. Galibi tana son yin zane-zane da zane-zanen rai. An nuna aikinta a cikin nune-nunen da yawa da nune-nunen ƙungiya. Waka Wakokinta lokaci-lokaci suna bayyana a shafinta amma ba ta buga wani kundi ba har yanzu. Rayuwar aure Tana auren Masood Ahmed Janjua wanda ke cikin dangin sojoji. Mahaifinta surukin Laftanar Kanar Raja Ali Muhammad da wasu kannena mata biyu sun yi aiki a Sojojin Pakistan da Sojan Sama na Pakistan Tana da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace daya. Bacewar miji Mijinta, Masood Ahmed janjua, wanda ya kasance dan kasuwa mai nasara kuma ya sha kan matsalolin kasuwanci da yawa, ya bar gida ya tafi Peshawar a ranar 30 ga Yulin 2005 tare da abokinsa Faisal Faraz amma bai dawo gida ba kuma bai iso inda yake ba. Batun bacewarsa mai ban mamaki ba za a iya lissafa shi da farko ba amma daga baya wasu hujjoji sun tabbatar mata cewa wata hukumar leken asirin kasar ce ta dauke shi. An kara tabbatar da shi ta hanyar bayanin wani Dr Imran Munir wanda ya rage a hannun sojoji, an daukaka kara a kotu duk da cewa daga baya umarnin Kotun Koli na Pakistan ya sake shi daga baya. Dokta Imran a cikin wata sanarwa a hukumance da aka bai wa ma’aikatan gwamnati ya shaida cewa ya gani kuma ya sadu da Masood Ahmed Janjua a wani wurin tsare sirri. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje 514 da aka tsare a cibiyoyin horo guda biyar AMJ na wakiltar ɗarurruwan ƙararraki Ambaton mummunan zalunci akan iyalai Turai Ziyarci da soke Visa na Amurka Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1964 Satar Mutane a

58478

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Ilorin

Masarautar Ilorin

Masarautar Ilorin jiha ce ta gargajiya da ke birnin Ilorin a jihar Kwara, Najeriya. Mutanen ƙabilar Yarbawa ne suka fi yawan mazaunanta, duk da cewa Masarautar ƙasa ce da ta hade saboda tasirin wasu ƙabilun da ke cikin birnin. Tarihi Waɗanda suka fara zama a Ilorin su ne Baruba waɗanda suka zauna a can tsawon shekaru kuma suka ɗauki yankin nasu ne; sun tafi ba tare da sanin dalili ba. Sai kuma Ojo Isekuse, wani Basaraken Yarabawa, wanda ya zauna kusa da dutsen da ake kaifi (wasa wuƙaƙe d.ss) inda mafarauta suka taru suna wasa da kayansu. An samar wa Ilorin suna ne daga dutsen kaifi da har yanzu dutsen yake a wurin. Ana zargin Ojo Isekuse ya fita ne bayan ya yi lalata da ‘yarsa, kuma wani dangi mai suna Asaju ya sauka a kusa da dutsen da ake kaifin. Bayan Asaju ne mutane da dama suka zauna a ƙauyuka masu zaman kansu daban-daban da ke kewayen yankin da ake kira Ilorin a yau. A farkon ƙarni na 19, Ilorin na da yawan jama'a da suka haɗa da: Fulani, Hausawa da Yarbawa. Afonja, wani sarkin yakin Oyo, wanda ya gudu don gujewa yaƙin kunar-bakin-wake da Alaafin Oyo na lokacin ya yi ya samu hanyar zuwa Ilorin. Wani malamin addinin Islama, Salih Janta, wanda aka fi sani da Shehu Alimi saboda ilimin addinin Islama, shi ma ya samu hanyarsa ta zuwa Ilorin daga Oyo saboda muzgunawa ƙungiyar Ogboni. Ya koma Ilorin daga Oyo tare da wasu Musulman Yarbawa. A cikin kusan 1810, Shehu Alimi da Afonja suka ƙulla kawance don fatattakar sojojin Oyo masu zalunci. Oyo ya yi niyyar hukunta ƴan tawayen Afonja da kuma kawar da malamin addinin musuluncin da ke samun magoya baya ƴan ƙabilar Yarbawa. Shehu Alimi ya nemi taimako daga Sheik Usman Dan fodio, wanda ya aika da rundunar Jama’a zuwa Ilorin domin taimakon abokinsa. A rikicin na farko, sojojin Ilorin sun yi nasarar fatattakar sojojin Oyo. Sai dai Alaafin ya yanke shawarar mayar da martani da wata babbar runduna da nufin murƙushe tawayen Afonja da kawar da Shehu Alimi. A wani mataki na riga-kafi, sojojin Ilorin sun kai hari tare da ƙona Oyo-Ile, babban birnin tsohuwar Daular Oyo. Ilorin ta zama babbar rundunar siyasa da soja bayan faduwar tsohuwar Oyo. Ba tare da wani shugaba ba, Afonja da Alimi sun ba da jagoranci ga mutanen da ke zaune a yankin. Afonja da Shehu Alimi, sun samu kyakykyawar alaƙa da takai har zuwa rasuwar Alimi a lokacin da ya tsufa. Bayan rasuwar Shehu Alimi, an yi takun-saƙa na neman sarautar Ilorin, matashin garin mai cigaba da bunƙasa. Alfas sun so kafa daular Musulunci bisa ilimi, yayin da Afonja ke shirin kafa mulkinsa, amma Abdulsalam dan Shehu Alimi ya fito da taimakon Jama’a, kasancewar shi ne babban soja a Ilorin. An kashe Afonja ne a lokacin mulkin Abdulsalam, a lokacin da aka yi artabu tsakanin sojojin Yarbawa da Jama’a, wanda ya haifar da matsi na Afonja. An hana yin masallatai a Ilorin saboda wannan lamari. Ilorin ta zama masarautar Khalifancin Sakkwato a ƙarƙashin Gwandu. Bautar bayi da zamantakewa Na wani lokaci, Ilorin ta kasance babbar cibiyar cinikin bayi, wanda Richard Henry Stone ya bayyana a matsayin "kasuwar bayi mafi girma a wannan yanki na Afirka". Yawancin Yarabawa a Ilorin har yanzu arna ne, wanda ya kai ga mafi yawan su, sun zama talakawan Sarki, wanda ba shi da wani tashin hankali na zamantakewa, wanda ya fi son 'yantar da kansu a asirce, daga iyayensu na Fula. A da, an fi tura bayi zuwa arewa ta hamadar sahara, amma yanzu ana tura su kudu ta ƙasashen Yarbawa zuwa bakin teku don samar da bukatu daga Amurka, Indiyawan Yamma, da Brazil. Hakan ya yi sanadiyar yaƙin basasa, inda ya bar Yarbawa da yawa a cikin ƙangin bautar bayi. Tarihi Ilorin ta ci gaba da faɗaɗa kudu da tsayin daka, a cikin shekarun 1830 Yarabawa sun yi yaƙi da Masarautar da ta ƙunshi Fulani, Musulmin Yarabawa, da Hausawa a yakin Ogbomosho, wanda ya kasance babbar nasara a masarautar Ilorin. An duba faɗaɗa yankin kudu na Ilorin a cikin 1830s ta hanyar karuwar ikon Ibadan, jihar Oyo. Sojojin dawakan Ilorin ba su da wani tasiri a cikin dajin da ke kudu, kuma a shekarun 1850 Ibadan na samun damar samun bindigogi daga hannun Turawa ƴan kasuwa a bakin teku. Ilorin, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Khalifancin Sokoto, ta ci gaba da yin mu'amala da sauran jihohin Yarbawa yayin da take a tsakiyar tsakanin arewacin Najeriya da kudancin Najeriya. Waɗannan hulɗar sun ƙunshi ɓangarori daban-daban, waɗanda suka haɗa da rikice-rikice akai-akai da kuma ci gaba da musayar ra'ayi ta fuskar kasuwanci da al'adu. Dabarun masarautun tsakanin arewa da kudu ya baiwa Ilorin wani muhimmin matsayi, wanda ya ci gaba da wanzuwa har bayan Halifanci a duka lokacin mulkin mallaka da bayan mulkin mallakan. An kawo Ilorin ƙarƙashin yankin Arewa ta hanyar diflomasiyya da amfani da karfi kaɗan, duba da yanayin siyasar jihar a lokacin. Masu mulki Sarakunan Masarautar Ilorin: Sarakuna da manyan sarakunan Ilorin Saboda tarihin Ilorin na musamman, na farko a matsayin Yarbawa daga cikin Daular Oyo, sannan kuma a matsayinta na fulani na Halifancin Sokoto, tana da al'adar yin sarauta wadda ta kasance gauraye ne na al'adun da aka samo daga tushen biyu (daular Oyo da Halifancin Sokoto). Duk lokacin da sarautar Masarautar (wadda ke hannun Fulani zuriyar Shehu Alimi) ta kasance babu kowa, wakilin kowace kwata a masarautar wato; Balogun Gambari (Hausa), Balogun Ajikobi (Yarabawa), Balogun Fulani (Fulani) da Balogun Alanamu (Yoruba) tare da shugaban gidan sarautar Afonja, Mogaji Aare, da kuma babban hakiminsa mai suna Baba. Isale na Ilorin taru domin zaɓar sabon sarki, tare da naɗa sabon sarki, bisa amincewar gwamnan jihar Kwara. Sannan an ba wa Balogun mafi dadewa a sarautar Balogun huɗu, sarautar Balogun Agba, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama na biyu a kan Sarkin Ilorin. Dukkan Balogun na da gundumomi da suke gudanarwa a madadin sarki. Akwai kuma sarakunan gargajiya da kowannensu ake kiransa Daudu (ko Hakimin Lardi Suna aiki ne a matsayin hakimai masu wakiltar sarki a garuruwan dake faɗin masarautar Ilorin kamar su Afon, Bode Saadu, Ipaye da Malete, da dai sauransu. Muƙamai masu daraja a masarautar Masarautar dai ta shaidi irin karramawa ga fitattun ‘ya’yan Masarautar da Sarki na yanzu ya yi. Wadannan sunaye ne da aka ba su; Wazirin, Masarautar Ilorin Turaki, Masarautar Ilorin Zanan na Masarautar Ilorin Dan Iyan, Masarautar Ilorin Grand Mufti na Masarautar Ilorin Madawakin, Masarautar Ilorin Malami Ubandoman, Masarautar Ilorin Tafidan, Masarautar Ilorin Shettiman, Masarautar Ilorin Mutawalin, Masarautar Ilorin

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengkhianatan%20G30S/PKI

Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI

Ba da daɗewa ba aka kira Suharto zuwa fadar sakandare a Bogor don yin magana da Sukarno. A can, shugaban ya ce ya samu tabbaci daga Air Marshal Omar Dani cewa rundunar sojin ba ta da hannu. Suharto ya karyata wannan magana, inda ya lura cewa makaman kungiyar tamkar na Sojojin Sama ne. Taron ƙarshe ya haifar da tabbatar da Suharto a matsayin jagoran Sojojin, suna aiki tare tare da Pranoto Reksosamodra A binciken su na abubuwan da suka faru, Sojojin sun gano sansanin a Lubang Buaya ciki har da gawarwakin janar -janar, wadanda aka kwato yayin da Suharto ke gabatar da jawabi yana bayanin juyin mulkin da rawar da PKI ke takawa a ciki. An kuma shiga tsakanin janar -janar a wani wuri kuma Suharto ya gabatar da yanayin jin daɗi inda ya la'anci G30S da PKI tare da roƙon mutanen Indonesia da su ci gaba da gwagwarmayar janar -janar. Production Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ne Arifin C. Noer, darektan lashe lambar yabo ta Citra wanda ya kware a wasan kwaikwayo. Yana da gogewa da ta gabata a cikin salo, bayan ya yi fim ɗin yaƙi Serangan Fajar Dawn Attack 1981) wanda ya jaddada matsayin Suharto a Juyin Juya Halin Kasa Noer aka sanya wa aiki a kan fim da mallakar gwamnati National Film Production Company ko PPFN), wanda ke kula da matakin sarrafawa akan samarwa. Farfesoshi na al'adun Indonesiya Krishna Sen da David T. Hill sun ba da shawarar cewa ƙirar ƙirar Noer ba ta da yawa. Maimakon haka, "ga dukkan alamu" fim ɗin aikin furodusa ne, Birgediya-Janar Gufran Dwipayana, sannan shugaban PPFN kuma memba na ma'aikatan shugaban ƙasa. Koyaya, matar Noer Jajang C. Noer ta nace cewa ya kasance mai zaman kansa yayin yin fim. Fim ɗin don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya samo asali ne daga littafin na shekara ta 1968 na tarihin soja Nugroho Notosusanto da mai bincike Ismail Saleh mai taken Ƙoƙarin Juyin Juya Hali na 30 Satumba a Indonesia Littafin, wanda aka yi niyyar sabawa ra'ayoyin kasashen waje game da juyin mulkin, yayi cikakken bayani game da Harkar 30 ga Satumba kamar yadda gwamnati ta kalle ta. Notosusanto ne kawai, mafi girman matsayi na marubutan guda biyu, an ba shi lambar yabo saboda gudummawar da ya bayar. A daidaita littafin Noer ya karanta yawancin littattafan da ke akwai (gami da takardun kotu) kuma ya yi hira da shaidu da yawa; Jajang, a cikin hirar 1998, ta ce mijinta ba kawai ya karanta sigar gwamnati ba, har ma da takaddar Cornell Paper mai rikitarwa, wanda ya nuna juyin mulkin a matsayin gaba ɗaya Sojan cikin gida ne. A lokacin yin fim ma'aikatan sun jaddada hakikanin gaskiya, "suna mai da hankali sosai ga daki -daki" da amfani da ainihin gidajen janar -janar. Saboda yawan mukamai ciki har da wasu 100 bit sassa da kuma fiye da 10,000 extras jifa don Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da wahala. Noer yayi ƙoƙari ya jefa 'yan wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka yi kama da adadi na tarihi da aka nuna; Rano Karno daga baya ya tuna cewa an ƙi shi saboda rawar da Pierre Tendean ya taka yayin da na ƙarshen ba shi da tawul a fuskarsa. Daga ƙarshe fim ɗin ya fito da Bram Adrianto a matsayin Untung, Amoroso Katamsi a matsayin Suharto, Umar Kayam a matsayin Sukarno, da Syubah Asa a matsayin Aidit; sauran jaruman sun hada da Ade Irawan, Sofia WD, Dani Marsuni, da Charlie Sahetapy. Kayam, sannan malami a Jami'ar Gadjah Mada da ke Yogyakarta, bai sami lokacin da zai bincika hanyoyin Sukarno daga littattafansa da jawabansa ba; a maimakon haka, ya kwatanta shugaban bisa shaidar da aka samu daga ma’aikatan fadar Bogor. Katamsi, a gefe guda, ya yi nazarin rawar Suharto daga littattafai kuma, lokacin da aka fara yin fim, yana jin kamar Pak Harto ne, ba kwaikwayon Pak Harto ba." Sanusi, a halin yanzu, ya ɗauki nasa aikin a matsayin abin ƙima. Samar da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da Sejarah Orde Baru Tarihin Sabuwar Umarni ya ɗauki kusan shekaru biyu, yana ciyar da watanni huɗu kafin samarwa da shekara ɗaya da rabi a yin fim. Kudinsa Rp 800 miliyan, samun kuɗi daga gwamnati. Hasan Basri ne ya sarrafa sinima, tare da kidan ɗan uwan Arifin Embie C. Noer. Supandi ne ya yi gyara. Sassan fim ɗin, musamman mintuna goma na ƙarshe, sun sake amfani da hotunan tarihin da guntun jaridu masu dacewa da abubuwan da suka faru. Jigogi Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana kwatanta PKI da kwaminisanci a matsayin mugunta ta asali, tare da mabiyansa "bayan fansa", yayin da ake ganin jagorancin G30S a matsayin masu wayo da rashin tausayi, suna kulla makirci "kowane motsi zuwa daki -daki na ƙarshe". Masanin tarihin Katherine McGregor ya ga wannan an jaddada shi a cikin hoton fim ɗin na jagorancin G30S a matsayin ƙungiya, suna zaune a cikin tarurrukan sirri a cikin girgijen hayaƙin sigari. Ta yi la’akari da wurin buɗe ido, inda PKI ke kai hari a makarantar Islamiyya, kamar yadda kuma ake nufin nuna “mugun hali” na kwaminisanci. An kwatanta PKI da jin daɗin tashin hankali, tare da fim ɗin da ke ɗauke da "mata masu ƙyamar ido da gaɓoɓi, gawarwaki". An yi garkuwa da janar -janar, kuma a lokuta da dama an kashe su, a gaban danginsu; daga baya ana azabtar da janar -janar da aka kama yayin da 'yan gurguzu ke rawa a kusa da wuta. Masanin ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Adrian Vickers ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankalin fim ɗin an yi shi ne don nuna "maƙiyan jihar a waje da duniyar ɗan adam", kama da dodanni a cikin fina -finan ban tsoro. Yoseph Yapi Taum na Jami'ar Sanata Dharma ya lura cewa an nuna membobin ƙungiyar mata ta hagu Gerwani a matsayin wani ɓangare na "Kwaminisanci" mahaukaci, suna rawa cikin tsirara tare da yanke azzakarin Janar. Duk da haka, Vickers yana ɗaukar waɗannan hotunan a matsayin masu shubuha, yana ba da shawarar cewa an ba da izinin Sabuwar Gwamnatin don taɓarɓarewar tashin hankali. McGregor ya ba da shawarar cewa tashin hankali a cikin gidajen kwanciyar hankali sau ɗaya yana nuna lalata dangi Sen ya lura tashin hankali ya karyata "wakilcin hargitsi kafin oda" wanda ya zama ruwan dare a fina -finan New Order. Saki Kafin fitowar ta kasuwanci, Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI an riga an tantance shi ga manyan hafsoshin soji da suka shiga tsaida juyin mulkin, ciki har da Suharto da Sarwo Edhie Wibowo An fito da fim ɗin a cikin 1984, fim ɗin farko da aka fito da shi na kasuwanci don magance abubuwan da suka faru a shekara ta 1965. Mutane 699zuwa 282 sun gani a Jakarta a ƙarshen shekara ta 1984, ɗan ƙasa rikodin wanda ya kasance ba a karye ba sama da shekaru goma. Koyaya, ba duk masu sauraro ne suka halarta da son ransu ba. Ariel Heryanto masanin ilimin zamantakewa na Indonesiya ya rubuta ɗalibai a matsayin ana buƙatar biya don ganin fim ɗin a lokutan makaranta, gaskiyar da ba ta bayyana a cikin bayanan zamani. Littafin labari na shahararren marubuci Arswendo Atmowiloto shima ya taimaka inganta fim ɗin. Tasirin Dwipayana ya tabbatar da cewa sake dubawa na zamani, musamman taƙaitattun bayanai, sun maimaita matsayin gwamnati kan juyin mulkin G30S. Wannan ba shine a ce duk sake dubawa sun kasance masu inganci ba. Misali, Marselli na Kompas, alal misali, ya gano cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI yana da cikakkun bayanai, tare da aiki mai yawa da ingantaccen aiki wanda zai wakilci abubuwan da suka faru daidai. Ya ji, duk da haka, cewa fim ɗin ya ji tsayi sosai kuma, kamar yadda masu kallo suka san nan take wanene halayen kirki da marasa kyau, ya zama "ba komai bane face hoton baƙar fata da fari ba tare da wata matsala mai rikitarwa ba", wanda ya yi watsi da matsalolin da ke da alaƙa. ya haifar da motsi na G30S. Suharto, bayan da aka fara yin gwajin farko, ya bayyana cewa labarin bai ƙare ba kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ci gaba ya zama dole. Biyu na PPFN, Operasi Trisula (Operation Trisula; 1987) da Djakarta na shekara ta 1966 Jakarta na shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1988), sun biyo baya. Operasi Trisula, wanda BZ Kadaryono ya jagoranta, yayi maganin kashe G30S da membobin PKI a Blitar, Gabashin Java Djakarta na shekara ta 1966, a halin yanzu, Noer ne ya jagorance shi kuma ya nuna jagoran sa hannun Supersemar a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1966, inda Sukarno ya ba Suharto ikon ɗaukar duk matakan da "ya ga ya dace"; Kayam da Katamsi sun sake ba da matsayinsu na fim ɗin na ƙarshe, wanda ya ci lambobin yabo bakwai a Fim ɗin Bandung na shekara ta ne 1989. Amfani da farfaganda Farawa a cikin shekara ta 1984 sabuwar gwamnatin umarni ta yi amfani da Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI a matsayin motar farfaganda, tana nuna ta kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Gidan talabijin mallakar gwamnatin jihar TVRI ne ya watsa fim din, sannan daga baya a gidajen talabijin masu zaman kansu bayan an kafa su. An kuma nuna shi a makarantu da cibiyoyin gwamnati; ɗalibai za a kai su buɗe filayen don kallon fim ɗin a ƙungiya. Saboda wannan amfani, Sen da Hill suna ba da shawarar cewa Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI shine mafi yawan watsa shirye-shirye kuma mafi yawan kallon fim ɗin Indonesiya na kowane lokaci. Binciken 2000 da mujallar Indonesiya Tempo ta samu 97 ta cent na ɗalibai 1,101 da aka bincika sun ga fim ɗin; 87 ta cent daga cikinsu sun gan shi fiye da sau ɗaya. A lokacin ragowar shekarar 1980 da farkon shekarar 1990s ba a yi jayayya da daidaiton tarihin Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI kuma fim ɗin ya zama wakilin tarihin canonical; sigar abubuwan da suka faru na 1965 ita ce kawai aka ba da izini a cikin buɗe magana. A tsakiyar shekarar 1990, duk da haka, al'ummomin intanet da ba a san su ba da ƙananan wallafe-wallafe sun fara tambayar abubuwan da ke cikin fim ɗin; Sakon yanar gizo guda ɗaya, wanda aka aika ba tare da an sani ba ta hanyar jerin aikawasiku, ya tambaya "Idan da ƙaramin ɓangaren shugaban PKI da wakilan sojoji sun sani game da [juyin mulkin, kamar a cikin fim], ta yaya aka kashe sama da mutane miliyan kuma dubunnan mutanen da ba su san komai ba dole ne a daure su, a kore su, su rasa 'yancinsu na jama'a? Heryanto ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan ya samo asali ne daga rashin fa'ida a cikin fim ɗin, yayin da Sen da Hill ke hasashen cewa mai yiwuwa Noer ya kasance yana sane da manufar gwamnati na farfaganda don haka ya sanya saƙon siyasa na fim "a fili ya sabawa juna". A watan Satumbar shekara ta 1998, watanni hudu bayan faduwar Suharto, Ministan Yada Labarai Yunus Yosfiah ya bayyana cewa fim din ba zai zama abin kallo na tilas ba, yana mai cewa wani yunkuri ne na sarrafa tarihi da kirkiro kungiyar asiri tare da Suharto a tsakiya. Tempo ta ba da rahoto a cikin 2012 cewa Saleh Basarah na Sojan Sama na Indonesiya (tsohon Babban Hafsan Sojojin Sama) ya yi tasiri ga wannan dokar. Mujallar ta bayyana cewa Basarah ya kira Ministan Ilimi Juwono Sudarsono ya roƙe shi da kada ya duba Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI, saboda yana cutar da Sojojin Sama. Haka kuma wasu fina -finan guda biyu, Janur Kuning Barkonon Kwakwa mai launin rawaya 1979) da Serangan Fajar, suma dokar ta shafa; Janur Kuning ya nuna Suharto a matsayin gwarzo a bayan babban Laifin Tarihi na 1 ga Maris 1949 a Yogyakarta yayin da Serangan Fajar ya nuna shi a matsayin babban gwarzon juyin juya halin ƙasa. A lokacin an ba da shawarar cewa TVRI tana ƙoƙarin nisanta kanta da tsohon shugaban. Wannan ya faru ne a cikin lokacin dattin alamomin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, kuma a farkonshekara ta 2000s juzu'in da ba na gwamnati ba na juyin mulkin G30S sun kasance cikin sauƙi a Indonesia. Gada Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya tabbatar da cewa shine fim ɗin Noer mafi rikitarwa, kodayake har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar 1995 darektan ya kasance a sarari a bainar jama'a. Abubuwan gani na fim gabaɗaya sun sami ingantattun bita, amma an yi Allah wadai da amfani da shi don furofaganda da sahihancin tarihi. Daraktan Indonisiya Hanung Bramantyo ya yaba da salon fim ɗin, yana mai bayyana cewa harbi na kusa da maza masu shan sigari yana da "haske" kuma a wasu lokuta, yana jin "ba fim bane. Amma na gaske! Hakanan darektan Monty Tiwa shima ya yaba da harbin fim ɗin, inda ya ambaci wani wurin da 'yar Pandjaitan ta yi kuka da mamaki yayin da aka harbi mahaifinta a matsayin" cike da wasan kwaikwayo da amfani da harbi [bai taɓa] gani kafin a wani Indonesian film Sen da Hill, duk da haka, samun" babu wani daga cikin ado hallmarks "na darektan ta sauran ayyukan. Hilmar Farid, wani masanin tarihin Indonesiya, ya kira furofaganda fim ɗin da aka haɗe da "wasu [na Sabon Tsarin]." Wakilin Hendro Subroto, wanda ya rubuta kwato gawarwakin janar-janar daga Lubang Buaya, ya soki sahihancin fim ɗin a shekara ta 2001; ya bayyana cewa gawarwakin ba su nuna wata shaidar azabtarwa ba. Tsohon marubucin Lekra Putu Oka Sukanta, a halin da ake ciki, ya bayyana fim din da cewa yana nuna wahalar da membobin PKI da sauran masu hagu a cikin abubuwan da suka biyo bayan juyin mulkin G30S, don haka ya zama "ƙarya ga mutane". Masanin tarihi John Roosa ya banbanta yadda aka nuna jagorancin G30S tare da takaddar Brigadier General MA Supardjo, wanda ke nuna juyin mulkin jagorancin "mutanen da ba su da hankali, masu yanke hukunci, da rashin tsari" kamar yadda yafi cin nasara kanta. A cikin hirar da aka yi a shekara ta 2012, Katamsi ya yarda cewa fim ɗin ya ɓace kuma ya kasance hanya ce mai ƙarfi don yadawa da sanya masu kallo cikin akidar Sabuwar oda. Binciken Tempo ya ba da shawarar cewa farfaganda ce mai tasiri, wanda ke jagorantar masu kallo don "ƙin duk abin da ke ƙamshin PKI da kwaminisanci". Kodayake ba a sake watsa shi a ranar 30 ga Satumba, fim ɗin yana nan daram. Virgo ya fitar da faifan CD kuma gidan kayan gargajiya na G30S/PKI a Lubang Buaya yana ba da gwajin yau da kullun a cikin gidan sinima. Dukansu 35<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAaw">&nbsp;</span>mm da kwafin VHS an adana su a Sinematek Indonesia a Jakarta. Daga shekara ta 2017, shekaru ashirin bayan da ya zama tilas a nuna a gidan talabijin na ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi da yawa sun fara shirya baje kolin fina -finan da ba a bayyana ba don yin daidai da ranar da abin ya faru; A cikin shekara ta 2018, SCTV ta watsa fim ɗin da son rai; tvOne (wanda shi ma ya watsa shi a shekarar da ta gabata) da TVRI sun bi sahu a shekara mai zuwa. A cikin shekara ta 2021, TVRI ta yanke shawarar cewa ba za ta watsa fim ɗin ba a ranar 30 ga Satumba na waccan shekarar, inda ta ambaci shawarar acikin shekara ta 1998 inda ba a sake kula da ita azaman abin kallo na tilas ba. Kyaututtuka Pengkhianatan G30S PKI samu bakwai gabatarwa a cikin shekara ta 1984 Indonesian Film Festival ko FFI), lashe lambar yabo ta Citra guda ɗaya don Mafi kyawun allo. An doke ta a fannoni huɗu, don Mafi kyawun Darakta, Mafi Kyawun Cinematography, Mafi Jagoran Mawaƙa, da Kyakkyawar Jagoran Musika, ta Sjumandjaja 's Budak Nafsu Bawa ga Sha'awa yayin da Ponirah Terpidana Ponirah na Slamet Rahardjo Wanda aka yanke wa hukunci ya ɗauki Mafi kyawun Jagorar Fasaha. A cikin shekara ta 1985 FFI Pengkhianatan G30S/PKI ya karɓi Kyautar Antemas a matsayin fim mafi siyarwa na shekarar kalandar da ta gabata. Masanin fim Thomas Barker ya ba da shawarar cewa kyaututtukan fim ɗin, a wani ɓangare, haɗin gwiwa ne na jihohi da FFI: duka an mai da hankali kan haɓaka al'adun ƙasashe masu haɗin kai. Duba kuma Shekarar Rayuwa Mai Hadari, wani fim na Australiya na shekara ta 1982 wanda aka tsara akan juyin mulkin G30S Puisi Tak Terkuburkan, wani fim na Indonesiya na shekara ta 2000 na bin mawaƙi wanda aka kama bisa kuskure saboda kasancewa ɗan gurguzu Dokar Kashe (2012) da Kallon Shiru (2014), fina -finan fina -finai guda biyu game da kisan 'yan gurguzu bayan juyin mulkin Bayanan kula Manazarta Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Virunga

Filin shakatawa na Virunga

Filin shakatawa na Virunga shi ne wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin kwarin Rbert na Albertine a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1925 kuma yana cikin farkon yankunan kariya a Afirka. A cikin tsawa, ya fara daga 680 m (2,230 ft) a kwarin Semliki zuwa 5,109 m (16,762 ft) a tsaunukan Rwenzori. Daga arewa zuwa kudu ya fadada kimanin kilomita 300 (mil mi 190), galibi kan iyakokin duniya da Uganda da Rwanda a gabas. Ya mamaye yanki na 8,090 km2 (3,120 sq mi). Akwai duwatsu masu aiki da duwatsu biyu a cikin wurin shakatawa, Dutsen Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira. Sun fasalta fasalin mahalli da namun daji da yawa. Fiye da nau'ikan faunal da na fure guda dubu 3 aka rubuta, wanda sama da 300 suna da alaƙa da Albertine Rift gami da gabashin gorilla (Gorilla beringei) da biri na zinariya (Cercopithecus kandti). A shekara ta 1979, an sanya gandun dajin a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO saboda yawan wadatattun wuraren zama, kebantattun nau'o'in halittu da endemism, da kuma kariya daga mazaunin gorilla mai tsafta. An sanya shi a cikin Lissafin al'adun duniya a cikin Haɗari tun daga 1994 saboda rikice-rikicen jama'a da ƙaruwar kasancewar ɗan adam a yankin. An samu munanan hare-hare da dama daga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, kuma an kashe masu gadin wurin da yawa. Tarihi A farkon 1920s, da yawa daga masu goyon bayan kungiyar kiyayewa ta Turai sun goyi bayan shawarar kirkirar wani yanki mai kariya a arewa maso gabashin Kongo ta Kongo, daga cikinsu akwai Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart da Jean-Marie Derscheid. Lokacin da aka kafa Filin shakatawa na Albert a watan Afrilu 1925 a matsayin filin shakatawa na farko a Afirka, an dauke shi a matsayin wurin da ya dace da kimiya da nufin yin nazari da kiyaye namun daji da kuma abin da ake kira da 'dadadden' mafarautan masu tara Afirka. A cikin 1926, Derscheid ya jagoranci aikin farko na Belgium zuwa zane-zane na Filin shakatawa na Albert, wanda ya kewaye yanki na 500 km2 (190 sq mi) a kusa da tsaunukan Dutsen Karisimbi da Dutsen Mikeno. Yankin da aka kiyaye ya faɗaɗa a cikin 1929 ta Filin shakatawa na Virunga, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Virunga, ɓangarorin yankin Rutshuru da filayen kudu na tafkin Edward. Girman sa na farko na 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) an fadada shi mataki zuwa mataki a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar sun rasa haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa na gargajiya a cikin wannan aikin, kuma an kore su daga yankin da aka kiyaye. Tsakanin ƙarshen 1930s da 1955, an tura kimanin mutane Rwandophone 85,000 zuwa Masisi da ke kusa da Arewacin Kivu. A cikin 1934, an kafa Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge a matsayin hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a Kongo ta Beljiyam. Tsakanin farkon shekarun 1930s da 1961, masana kimiyya ne na ƙasar Belgium sun gudanar da balaguro da yawa zuwa Albert National Park, na biyu wanda Gaston-François de Witte ya jagoranta. Sun yi karatu kuma sun tattara samfurin dabbobin daji na Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique; bincika ƙabilun da ke wannan yankin; yayi nazarin ayyukan aman wuta, da burbushin halittu. A ƙarshen 1950s, makiyayan Tutsi da shanunsu suka shiga wurin shakatawar, suna lalata mahalli na halitta har zuwa tsawan 3,000 m (9,800 ft), wanda ake tunanin zai iya yi wa gorillas ɗin dajin barazana. An sake fasalin dokokin ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1960 bayan Kongo ta Beljiyam ta sami yancin kai kamar Jamhuriyar Kongo, kuma ƙasar ta bayyana mallakar ƙasa, abin da ya cutar da mutanen yankin sosai. Farauta ba bisa doka ba a cikin yankunan kariya sun ƙaru. A shekarar 1969, aka hade wuraren shakatawa biyu karkashin sunan Filin shakatawa na Virunga, wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a shekarar 1979. A cikin 1996, an sanya gandun dajin a matsayin rukunin Ramsar mai matukar muhimmanci ga kasashen duniya. A shekara ta 2011, an bai wa kamfanin Soco International na Burtaniya wani sassauci na hako ɗanyen mai a kewayensa da kuma manyan sassan filin shakatawa na ƙasar. Jami'an gwamnati sun goyi bayan ayyukan bincike na membobin kungiyar soco na kasa da kasa, yayin da gandun dajin ke adawa. A yayin da ake ci gaba da samun tashin hankali, an kaiwa babban mai gadin wurin, Emmanuel de Mérode, hari a watan Afrilu na 2014. Bayan zanga-zangar kasa da kasa, kamfanin ya daina binciko ayyukan kuma ya yarda ya daina fara irin wannan aiki a yankin da wuraren tarihi na Duniya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an gina madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki guda hudu wadanda ke samar da wutar lantarki ga kananan kamfanoni kuma wadanda ke amfana da mutanen karkara sama da 200,000. Rikicin mai ɗauke da makamai Tun farkon 1990s, hargitsin siyasa ya mamaye yankin mai kariya a yankin Manyan Tabkuna na Afirka. Bayan kisan kiyashin Ruwanda, dubban 'yan gudun hijira sun tsere zuwa yankin Kivu, kuma kasancewar sojoji sun karu. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Kongo na Farko da na biyu sun ƙara dagula yankin. Masu sintiri na hana farauta a cikin wurin shakatawar, kuma an kashe ma’aikatan gandun dajin da namun daji. Kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 850,000 ne suka zauna a kewayen gandun dajin na kasar a shekarar 1994. Har zuwa kusan mutane 40,000 ke shiga wurin shakatawar a kowace rana domin neman itacen girki da abinci, kuma sun yi dazuka manyan wurare. A cikin 1994, Virunga National Park ya shiga cikin Jerin abubuwan tarihi na Duniya cikin Hadari. Bayan yakin Congo na biyu, an ci gaba da arangama tsakanin ma’aikatan shakatawa da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye; An kashe ma'aikatan shakatawa 80 tsakanin 1996 da 2003. Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da dama dauke da makamai suna aiki a wurin shakatawar, ciki har da Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda da National Congress for Defence of People (FDLR). Latter ya mallaki sashen Mikeno na Gandun dajin na Virunga tsakanin Disamba 2006 da Janairun 2009. A shekarar 2005, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EC) ta ba da shawarar hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu tsakanin gwamnatin kasar da kungiyar Burtaniya da ba ta gwamnati ba da Asusun Kula da Afirka. Organizationungiyar ta ƙarshe tana da alhakin kula da shakatawa tun 2010; kimanin kashi 80% na farashin gudanarwa EC ke tallafawa. Yunkurin kare wurin shakatawa ya kasance mai karfin soja a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don hana kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu dauke da makamai da mafarauta aiki daga cikin wurin shakatawar. An bai wa ma'aikatan Park horo da kayan aiki masu inganci, kuma suna aiki tare da sojoji da jami'an tsaro na jihar. Wadannan dabarun, wadanda aka soki a matsayin "sanya karfin soji na kiyayewa", ana zargin sa da kara tashin hankali da fatarar da 'yan asalin yankin ke fuskanta. An tilasta wa al'ummomi, kamar Mbuti, wadanda a baya suka dogara da filayen da aka hada su a wurin shakatawa don abinci da matsuguni, ko kuma fuskantar barazanar kamawa ko kashe su daga masu gadin wurin da ke dauke da makamai. Ana zargin ƙara yawan militan ta'addancin kiyaye muhalli da rura wutar tattara makamai na mayaƙan. Mazauna a cikin gandun dajin, walau 'yan ƙasa ko' yan gudun hijira, sun dogara ga noma, farauta, kamun kifi, sare bishiyoyi da samar da gawayi don rayuwarsu, duk ayyukan da aka hana. Al’umar yankin ba su da inda za su juya don tsaro, kuma sun dogara ne da kariya ga kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wadanda ake karbar kudaden daga ayyukan da aka hana. Dangane da rahoton 2010 na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 80% na gawayin da garin Goma ya cinye an samo shi ne daga wurin shakatawar, wanda ke wakiltar darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 28-30 a shekara. Dukkanin jami'an tsaron Jiha da irin wadannan kungiyoyin suma suna zuwa fashi da makami da kuma satar mutane don samun kudin shiga. Oƙarin kiyaye muhalli ya sami sakamako masu saɓani, misali lokacin da gonaki suka lalace a cikin Kibirizi, kuma aka tura sojoji da masu gadin wurin yin sintiri, mutane sun yi ƙaura sosai a cikin wurin shakatawar zuwa ƙasar da FDLR ke sarrafawa, inda za su iya yin hayar ƙananan filaye na ƙasar. Al'ummomin yankin sun inganta mummunan ra'ayi game da ma'aikatan gandun daji da sojoji. Rikici ya faru ne a shekarar 2015 lokacin da wata kungiyar Mai-Mai ta yankin Binza (arewacin Bwisha) ta yi yunƙurin dawo da ikon yankin, da nufin sake shigar da ayyukan kamun kifi tare da barin jama'a su koma, inda suka kashe wani mai gadin dajin da sojoji 11-15. An kashe masu gadi 5 a cikin watan Agustan 2017 a kusa da Lake Edward a wani harin 'yan bindiga. An kashe masu gadi 5 da direba a watan Afrilu 2018. Tun daga farkon rikicin, kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai sun kashe masu gadin shakatawa 175 har zuwa watan Afrilun 2018. A watan Mayun 2018, an kashe wani mai gadi a lokacin da yake kare 'yan yawon bude ido biyu da aka sace. Daga baya aka sake su ba tare da cutarwa ba. Sakamakon haka, wurin shakatawa ya kasance a rufe ga baƙi daga Yuni 2018 har zuwa Fabrairu 2019. A cikin watan Afrilu na 2020 aƙalla masu gadin shakatawa 12 ne wasu mayaƙa suka kashe wani ayarin fararen hula. Bugu da kari a cikin watan Janairun 2021, wasu mutane dauke da makamai sun kashe akalla masu gadi shida tare da jikkata wasu da dama a wani kwanton bauna a gandun dajin. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2021 jakadan Italiya a DRC wanda ke tafiya tare da shirin Abincin na Duniya kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Goma, Luca Attanasio, da kuma jami'in 'yan sanda na sojan Italiya Vittorio Iacovacci da direban Kwango Moustapha Milambo, sun mutu a cikin harbe-harben lokacin da wata kungiyar mayaka wacce sun sace ayarin motocinsu, kuma sun kawo su cikin dajin, masu gadin wurin sun gamu da su inda suka yi nasarar 'yantar da mutane hudu. Labarin kasa Filin shakatawa na Virunga yana cikin Congo yankin kogin Nilu. Yankinsa na arewa ya mamaye wani yanki na tafkin Semliki, da kuma savanna da kuma gandun daji na Kyautar Albertine. A tsayi, wannan sashin ya fito ne daga 680 m (2,230 ft) a kwarin Puemba zuwa mafi ƙwanƙolin Dutsen Stanley a 5,109 m (16,762 ft) a tsakanin kilomita 30 (19 mi). Babban filin shakatawa na ƙasa ya ƙunshi kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tafkin Edward har zuwa iyakar duniya da Uganda ta gabas. Kunkuntar corridor mai tsawon kilomita 3-5 (1.9-3.1 mi) daga gefen yamma da tabkin ya hada bangarorin arewaci da kudanci na filin shakatawa na kasa. Yankin kudu ya fadada zuwa gabar Tafkin Kivu kuma ya hada da tsaunukan Nyamulagira, Nyiragongo da Mikeno tare da gandun dajin tsaunuka a kan gangarensu. Yankin arewacin na Filin shakatawa na Virunga ya haɗu da Semuliki na Uganda da Filin shakatawa na Duwatsun Rwenzori, da ɓangaren tsakiya tare da Filin shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth. Bangaren kudu ya yi iyaka da Filin shakatawa na Volcanoes na Ruwanda. Yanayi Yanayin da ke cikin Albertine Rift ya rinjayi motsi na Yankin Haɓakawa Tsakanin Tsakiya da El Niño Kudancin Oscillation. Maris zuwa tsakiyar Mayu da Satumba zuwa Nuwamba sune manyan damuna. Ruwan sama na kusan wata-wata a cikin savanna a kewayen Tafkin Edward shine 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 a cikin); wannan shine yanki mafi bushewa na shimfidar wuri. Yankin arewa yana karɓar ruwan sama na wata-wata wanda yakai 220 mm (8.7 in), kuma yankin kudu yakai 160 mm (6.3 in). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a tsawan ƙasa ya bambanta daga 23-28°C (73-82°F), kuma a tsawan tsawa daga 16-24°C (61-75°F), da wuya ya sauka ƙasa da 14°C (57°F). Bambancin halittu Shuke-shuke Furen Filin shakatawa na Virunga ya kunshi nau'ikan shuka 2,077, gami da nau'ikan bishiyoyi 264 da kuma shuke-shuke 230 wadanda ke dauke da Kyautar Albertine. Filayen Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun mamaye yankunan dausayi da filaye tare da papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus), hadadden flatsedge (C. articulatus), reed gama gari (Phragmites mauritanica), sacaton ciyawa (Sporobolus consimilis), ambatch (Aeschynomene elaphroxylon), conkerberry Carissa spinarum), ƙaya mai ƙaiƙayi (Vachellia sieberiana) da 'ya'yan itace kowai (Coccinia grandis). An sami ragowar dicots kamar su caper na Afirka (Capparis tomentosa), jinsunan Maerua, cucurbits na daji da dare a cikin ƙwallan dusar ƙafa na giwayen Afirka (Loxodonta) waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ga watsa iri a cikin ciyawar. Gandun dajin da ke tsakanin 1,800 da 2,800 m (5,900 da 9,200 ft) a yankin kudanci ya mamaye Ficalhoa laurifolia da Podocarpus milanjianus tare da har zuwa 25 m (82 ft) manyan bishiyoyi. Bamboo mai tsayi na Afirka (Yushania alpina) yana girma a tsawan 2,300-2,600 m (7,500-8,500 ft). Ciyawar da ke sama da mita 2,600 (kafa 8,500) ta kasance tare da babban itacen Afirka (Hagenia abyssinica) wanda ya kai har 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Bishiyar bishiyoyi (Erica arborea), heather da mosses sun rufe gangaren danshi har zuwa 3,700 m (12,100 ft) tsawo. Jinsunan Senecio da Lobelia suna girma a sararin samaniya kuma suna samun tsayi har zuwa 8 m (26 ft). Dabbobi Dabbobin Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun hada da dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 196, nau'in tsuntsaye 706, dabbobi masu rarrafe 109 da kuma 65 amphibians daga shekarar 2012. Dabbobi masu shayarwa Primates da ke cikin gandun dajin sun hada da gorilla (G. b. Beringei), chimpanzee na kowa (Pan troglodytes), biri mai zinare, biri mai wutsiya (Cercopithecus ascanius), biri biri na Dent (C. denti), biri mai shudi (C. mitis), biri na Hamlyn (C. hamlyni), biri na De Brazza (C. neglectus), redbus colobus na tsakiyar Afirka (Procolobus foai), mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), dabbar zaitun (Papio anubis) da mangabey mai kunshi mai ruwan toka (Lophocebus albigena). Giwar daji ta Afirka (Loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) da baffa na Afirka (Syncerus caffer) suna zaune a tsakiyar filin shakatawa na ƙasar. Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi), duiker mai goyon bayan rawaya (C. silvicultor), chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), jan kogin hog (Potamocer porcus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer) da bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) an rubuta su a yankin arewa a shekarar 2008. Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) da katuwar hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) suna cikin yankin kudu. Dukkanin saman (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) zuwa kudu na tafkin Edward a yankin Ishasha Flats, kuma suna tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Uganda. Sauran wadanda basu gabatar ba sun hada da kobub na kasar Uganda (Kobus kob thomasi), bututun ruwa (K. ellipsiprymnus), da kuma guguwar da aka saba (Phacochoerus africanus). Filin shakatawa na Virunga tare da kusa da Filin shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth sun kafa ''ungiyar Kula da Zaki'. Ana ɗaukar yankin a matsayin zaki mai ƙarfi (Panthera leo) matattara, idan aka hana farauta kuma nau'ikan dabbobi suka farfaɗo. A bangaren arewacin filin shakatawa na kasar, damisa ta Afirka (P. pardus pardus), marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), katuwar pangolin (Smutsia gigantea), pangolin bishiya (Phataginus tricuspis), porcupine da aka kafa (Hystrix cristata), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed (Anomalurus derbianus), Boehm's squirrel bush (Paraxerus boehmi), bishiyar yamma hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis), Emin's pouched rat (Cricetomys emini) da kuma giwa giwa shrew (Rhynchocyon cirnei) an rubuta su yayin binciken a cikin 2008. Dabbobi masu rarrafe Kogin Semliki yana ba da mazauni don kada na Nile (Crocodylus niloticus). Da yawa an lura da su a arewacin tafkin Edwards a cikin 1988 a karon farko. Tsuntsaye Daga cikin tsuntsayen Kyautar Albertine, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Arbin ta ƙasa robin, ja-aledhe alethe, Kivu ƙasa thrush, collared apalis, dutse masked apalis, dusky crimson-reshe, Shelley ta crimsonwing, ja-fuskantar woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, tsuntsu mai shuɗi, shuɗar rana, Rwenzori mai ɗaukar hoto mai ruɓi biyu, kyakkyawan spurfowl da masaka mai saƙo a cikin yankin kudanci na Virunga National Park a yayin binciken a 2004. Tsuntsayen da ba su da wata cuta sun hada da gaggafa ta Wahlberg, goshawk na Afirka, shaƙatawa na Afirka, dakar dawa, da ungulu, da ungulu, da hadeda ibis, da farar hula mai launin toka, da fararen fata da fari da fari, da turaco mai baƙar fata, da tattabara zaitun na Afirka, kurciya da tattaba, kurciya mai launin shuɗi, ja mai ido, launin akuya mai ruwan goro, cukoo mai jan kirji, zaitun mai doguwar wutsiya, ƙwanƙolin doya mai ƙoshin lafiya, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, coucal mai shuɗi, Narina trogon, farar hular itace mai farin kai, hankaka mai tsananin wuya, mai fararen wutsi mai farin ciki, mai farautar aljanna na Afirka, mai fararen ido mai fararen fata, mai farauta mai dusar kankara ta Afirka, mai farin fari mai launin shudi, mai tsaunin dutse, mai linzami mai yalwar fari, mai cin kirfa-mai cin kirji, launin toka mai ruwan toka, gidan cinikayya mai launin rawaya, tinkerbird ta yamma, tinkerbird mai tsamiya mai launin rawaya, katako mai kaduna, bishiyar bishiyar zaitun, fika-fikan baƙar fata, haɗiyar Angolan, Alpine swift, dutsen korebul, mai launin rawaya mai raɗaɗi, bulbul na gama-gari, robin mai farin-gani, ƙasan Archer, farin-browed robin-chat, dutse dutse, rufous thrush, African thrush, zaitun thrush, grassland pipit, kirfa bracken warbler, baki-fuska rufous warbler, dutse rawaya warbler, ruwan kasa woodland warbler, kore sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded bandia, chestnut- apalis mai kumburi, camaroptera mai tallafi mai launin toka, crombec mai farin fari, ido mai duhu mai duhu, chinspot batis, tsaunin illadopsis, illadopsis mai ruwan toka, sunfara kan zaitun, sunbird na ruwan tagulla, kantunan malachite sunnantare, hadewar rana mai hade, kanwar fari mai canzawa, mai launin fari-fari Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, arewa puffback, dutsen sooty boubou, wurare masu zafi boubou, kunkuntar-wutsiya tauraruwa, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, fur-head negrofinch, c ommon waxbill, man shafawa mai kai mai duhu, mannikin tagulla, fari da fari mannikin, me ya sa pin-tailed me ya sa, citril na Afirka, mai ruwa mai kwararar ruwa da kuma ruwan sanyi mai yawa. Kungiyoyin kabilu Kungiyoyin kabilu da ke zaune a kewayen Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun hada da: Yada labarai Takaddun fim ɗin Virunga ya ba da rahoton aikin masu gadin gandun dajin na Virunga da ayyukan kamfanin mai na Burtaniya Soco International a cikin dajin. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin

57747

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolas%20de%20Gabaret

Nicolas de Gabaret

Gabriel-Jean Nicolas Gabaret de Saint-Sornin (18 ga Agusta 1641 25 ga Yuni 1712)wani jami'in mulkin mallaka ne na Faransa wanda ya kasance gwamnan Grenada a Yammacin Indies na Faransa,sannan sama da shekaru ashirin yana gwamna Martinique.Ya kasance mataimakin babban hakimin Antilles na Faransa,kuma sau biyu yana rike da mukamin gwamna janar na Antilles na Faransa.A shekarar da ta gabata ya zama gwamnan Saint-Domingue Shekarun farko An haifi Gabriel-Jean Nicolas Gabaret a ranar 18 ga Agusta 1641 a Saint-Martin-de-Ré,Charente-Maritime.Iyayensa sune Mathurin Gabaret (1602-1671),Laftanar Janar na sojojin ruwa da Marie Baron.A ranar 10 Afrilu 1673 ya auri Marie-Anne Grassineau des Enfrais des Essarts a La Rochelle,Charente-Maritime. Sun haifi 'ya'ya bakwai.Ta hanyar aurensa ya zama mai kula da Saint-Sornin( fr )a sashen Vendée.Ɗansu,kuma Gabriel-Jean-Nicolas de Gabaret,ya gaji gidan sarauta na Saint-Sornin. Gwamnan Grenada An nada Gabaret gwamnan Grenada na sarki a 1680. Gabaret ya kasance mai hannun jari a matatar sukari na Mouillage akan Martinique,kamar yadda Marquis de Maintenon ya kasance.A shekara ta 1683,an ba da sunayen su duka a cikin gunaguni game da cinikin haramtacciyar hanya a tsibirin.Hanya daya da aka saba amfani da ita ita ce ta loda sukari a Martinique,a bayyana adadin da ake fitarwa zuwa ga jami’in kwastam na gida,a tashi zuwa yankin Ingilishi na tsibirin Saint Christopher a sayar da shi,sannan a maye gurbinsa da sukari daga yankin Faransa na tsibirin sannan a ci gaba da zuwa Faransa.Sarkin ya san haramtacciyar fatauci amma ba zai iya yin kome ba don tabbatar da doka. Gwamnan Martinique A cikin watan Yuli na 1689 sarki ya nada Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut gwamnan tsibirin Saint Christopher kuma ya ba shi mukamin laftanar janar na tsibiran Amurka,wanda mutuwar Claude de Roux de Saint-Laurent ya rabu da shi.A ranar 16 ga Yuni 1689 Louis XIV ya nada Gabaret gwamnan Martinique a madadin Guitaut.Gabaret ya shigar da baturin Saint-Nicolas don kare bakin tekun Saint-Pierre. A cikin 1693 Gabaret da gwamna Janar Charles de Courbon de Blénac sun kori turawan Ingila lokacin da suka yi yunkurin mamayewa da karfin mazaje 4,000. Yakin Ingila karkashin Admiral Francis Wheler yana da jiragen yaki 15 3 jiragen wuta na kashe gobara 28 da sojoji kusan 2,000,wanda Barbados ya kara wasu maza 1,000. Gabaret an shirya don kare Saint Pierre a kan Ingilishi,amma a ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1693 sun ketare garin suka ci gaba da kare Cul-de-Sac Marin a kudu maso gabashin tsibirin. Turawan Ingila sun mamaye wani babban yanki da 'yan adawa kadan.Ƙarfafa turancin Ingilishi a ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Janar Christopher Codrington ya isa cikin makonni biyu,amma haɗin gwiwar ba su shiga cikin mummunan fada ba.Bature ya ɗauki bayi 3,000 baƙar fata,wanda aka kiyasta akan 60,000.Sun kai hari mara inganci a kan Saint Pierre,sannan suka bar tsibirin.Gabaret an mai da shi chevalier na Order of Saint Louis a 1701. Mukaddashin gwamna janar Charles de Pechpeyrou-Comminges de Guitaut,mukaddashin gwamnan Antilles,ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Satumba 1702.A ranar 17 ga Satumba 1702 aka nada Gabaret mukaddashin laftanar gwamna har zuwa lokacin da Charles-François de Machault de Belmont ya isa Martinique a ranar 4 ga Maris 1703. A lokacin Yaƙin Mulkin Mutanen Espanya,a ranar 6 ga Maris 1703 wani jirgin ruwa na Ingila mai ɗauke da jiragen ruwa 45 ɗauke da sojoji 4,000 da sojoji 4,000 sun isa Guadeloupe,wanda gwamna Charles Auger ya yi ƙoƙarin kare shi daga manyan sojojin Ingila.A ƙarshen Maris Machault de Bellemont ya isa Martinique yana kawo haɓakar Gabaret zuwa na biyu a matsayin kwamandan Antilles laftanar du roi au gouvernement général a madadin Guitaut. Ya sami mai son Robert yana tattara abubuwan ƙarfafawa don Guadeloupe.Gabaret ya isa Guadeloupe tare da ƙarfafawa a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1703 kuma ya dauki kwamandan tsaro.Mataimakansa na sansanin sune Bonnaventure-François de Boisfermé,gwamnan Marie-Galante,da biyu daga cikin hadiman sarki Louis Gaston de Cacqueray de Valmenier da Jean Clair Dyel Du Parquet.Gabaret ya yi amfani da dabarun da ba za a iya amfani da shi ba a Guadeloupe, yana lalata albarkatu kafin ya dawo daga mahara zuwa cikin gida,sannan ya tursasa su yayin da cututtuka,sha da rashin abinci ya rage musu karfi.Hanyar taka tsantsan na Gabaret ya ba Ingilishi lokaci don haifar da babbar illa ga tsibirin. Barnar da aka yi wa masu shukar ba su yi farin ciki sosai ba.Ya yi tasiri.Turawan Ingila sun janye sojojinsu a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1703 kuma suka tashi daga jirgin ruwa bayan kwanaki uku. Machault ya mutu a Martinique a ranar 7 ga Janairu 1709. An sake nada Gabaret a matsayin gwamna janar. Shekarun baya Raymond Balthazar Phélypeaux an nada shi gwamna kuma Laftanar-janar na tsibiran Faransa da babban yankin, kuma an karbe shi a Martinique a ranar 3 ga Janairu 1711. Phélypeaux ya gano cewa Gabaret ya ƙyale garu da batura na Martinique ya bar shekaru biyu.Ya fara aiki a kan maido da tsaro,kuma a lokacin da Gabaret ya ki amincewa da umarninsa ya dakatar da shi a ranarga Afrilu 1711.Gabaret ya mutu bayan an nada shi gwamnan Saint Domingue don samun ladan ayyukansa.Ya mutu a Saint Domingue a ranar 25 ga Yuni

52547

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murtabak

Murtabak

Martabak" da "Mutabbaq" suna turawa nan. Don shinkafa da tasa kifi, duba Mutabbaq samak. Motabbaq MartabakTelur.JPG Mutabbak, pancake omelette mai yaji cike da guntun kayan lambu da niƙaƙƙen nama Madadin sunayen Motabbaq, matabbak, muttabak, metabbak, mutabbaq, mataba, martabak Rubuta Flatbread, Pancake Course Starter Wurin asalin Yemen Yanki ko jihar Larabawa, yankin Indiya, da kudu maso gabashin Asiya Balarabe ne ya kirkireshi Yin hidimar zafin jiki mai zafi ko dumi Mai jarida: Motabbaq Norriture terreste dans un restaurant libanais, quartie des Grottes à Genêve (cropped).jpg Sashe na jerin kan Abincin Larabawa nuna Abincin yanki nuna Sinadaran nuna Gurasa nuna Abin sha nuna Salati nuna Cukuda nuna Jita-jita nuna Appetizers nuna Hutu da bukukuwa ikon Portal abinci vte Motabbaq (Larabci: pancake ne da aka soyayye ko biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a cikin Larabawa Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Kudancin Thailand da Bangladesh (Mughlai paratha) Ya danganta da wurin, sunan da kayan aikin na iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore.[1][2] Ana bayyana Murtabak sau da yawa azaman pancake na omelette mai naɗewa tare da ɗanɗano kayan lambu.[3] Mafi yawan nau'in murtabak ana yin su ne daga soyayyen ƙullun da aka soya, yawanci ana cusa su da ƙwai da aka tsiya, da yankakken leek, da chives, ko koren albasa (scallions) da niƙaƙƙen nama, sai a ninke a yanka a murabba'i[1][4]. A Indonesiya, murtabak yana daya daga cikin shahararrun abincin titi kuma ana kiransa da martabak. Murtabaks masu cin ganyayyaki da sauran nau'ikan murtabaks tare da kaza da sauran kayan abinci suna wanzu kuma ana iya samun su a yawancin Yamaniya, gidajen cin abinci na musulmin Indiya a Singapore, gami da yankin karamar Indiya da Titin Arab.[5][6] A kasar Malesiya, an fara sayar da murtabak a gidajen cin abinci da rumfuna na musulmin Indiya, kuma yawanci yakan hada da nikakken nama (naman sa ko kaza, wani lokacin naman akuya, naman naman nama) tare da tafarnuwa, kwai da albasa, ana ci da curry ko miya, yankakken cucumber, syrup. -yankakken albasa ko tumatir miya. Ana sayar da abincin a duk faɗin ƙasar, tare da nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan siyar da kayan abinci da salon girki''''' 'yan kasuwan musulmin kasar Malay suma sun karbe wannan tasa. A Yemen, murtabak kuma yakan hada da naman akuya ko na naman naman. A Indonesiya, Martabak sanannen abincin titi ne wanda ke zuwa iri biyu: Martabak Manis da Martabak telur. Martabak Manis ko Terang Bulan asalinsa pancake ne mai kauri kuma mai daɗi wanda galibi ana toshe shi da kayan abinci iri-iri da suka haɗa da cakulan, cuku, gyada, madara mai kauri, tsaban sesame da margarine. A yau, toppings na Martabak sun ƙunshi abubuwan jin daɗi na duniya kamar Skippy gyada man shanu, Ovomaltine, Toblerone, Lotus Biscoff da Durian Spread. Martabak Manis shima kwanan nan ya zo a cikin sirara mai kauri, wanda aka sani da Martabak Tipis Kering (Tipker).[7] Martabak Telur, nau'in mai daɗin ƙanshi, pancakes ne masu ɗanɗano wanda ya ƙunshi ƙwai, kaza ko naman naman sa da ƙwanƙwasa.[8] Motabbaq pancake ne da aka soyayye ko kuma biredi da aka soya wanda aka fi samunsa a yankin Larabawa da kudu maso gabashin Asiya, musamman a Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Brunei, Southern Thailand da Bangladesh Mughlai paratha Ya danganta da wurin, suna da abubuwan sinadaran zasu iya bambanta sosai. Sunan mutabbaq a Larabci yana nufin "nanne". Shahararren abincin titi ne a Yemen, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand da Singapore Tarihi Kalmar mutabbaq a Larabci tana nufin "nanne". Wannan yana nuna cewa Murtabak na iya samo asali daga Yemen, wanda ke da yawan al'ummar Indiyawa; ta hannun ‘yan kasuwan Indiya ta bazu zuwa kasashensu na asali. Duk da haka, akwai wani kantin sayar da kayan zaki mai suna Zalatimo Brothers a Jordan wanda ke ikirarin ya kirkiro muttabaq a 1890. Siffar su ita ce kullun filo mai niƙaƙƙen takarda cike da farin cuku na gida. ‘Yan kasuwa Musulmin Tamil ne suka kawo Murtabak Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya. Tasa da ake kira murtabak pancake ne mai launi da yawa wanda ya samo asali a cikin jihar Kerala inda mutanen da ake kira "mamaks" ("mama" na nufin "kawun" a Tamil ƙanƙara daga. Kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan tasa musamman da ake magana a kai a wasu harsuna da yare kamar "murtabak." "Mutabar" shine amalgam na kalmomi guda biyu, "muta" (kasancewar kalmar Keralite don kwai, wani muhimmin sashi na tasa) da "bar," wani nau'i na kalmar barota, ko "bratha roti" (gurasa) Gurasar burodi ko pancake da ake yada shi a cikin Hindi ana kiransa "pratha roti" ko "pratha" ko "parantha" Ban da wannan, "murtabak" kuma an san shi da wani nau'i na Mughlai paratha sananne a cikin Kolkata, India. Akwai irin wannan nau'in burodin a wurare kamar Yemen da sauran yankuna na duniyar Larabawa da Farisa. Dukkanin wadannan wurare a Gabas ta Tsakiya ‘yan kasuwar Indiya ne suka ziyarce su a shekaru aru-aru da suka wuce kuma ba zai zama sabon abu ba a gare su su koyi da juna ko kuma sun rungumi dabi’ar cin abinci da dabi’ar juna. Duk da haka, kalmar "mutabar" ita ce asalin sunan kwai, chili, da albasa mai ɗanɗanon pancake mai laushi mai laushi. A Indonesiya, Martabak Manis ya samo asali ne daga tsibirin Bangka Belitung, ta zuriyar Sinawa Hokkien da Khek kuma an sanya masa suna "Hok Lo Pan" wanda ke fassara zuwa "cake na kabilar Hok Lo." Tushensa na gargajiya ya haɗa da sukari da tsaba na sesame. Martabak Manis yana da sunaye daban-daban a yankuna daban-daban. A Yammacin Borneo, ana kiranta Apam Pinang, kama da Apam Balik na Malaysia. A tsakiyar Java, Martabak Manis ana kiransa "Kue Bandung" wanda ke nufin kek na Bandung Asalin Kue Bandung ya fara ne lokacin da wani mutum daga Bangka Belitung, ya buɗe rumfar Martabak Manis kusa da rumfar “Bandung Noodle”. A kasashen da martabak ke da yawa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari ya zama abincin yau da kullun. Ana yin wannan jita-jita ba kawai a gida ba, amma galibi ana samun su a cikin menus ɗin sabis na abinci marasa tsada waɗanda ke ƙware a cikin abinci na gargajiya, wanda shine dalilin da ya sa yana da sunan abincin titi. Wani lokaci martabak musamman mai daɗi ci gaba da siyarwa a cikin shagunan da aka riga aka gama. Bambance-bambance Savory Akwai nau'ikan martabak da yawa. Misali, a Brunei, galibin martaba ba sa cushe, amma an yi su ne da kullu (wanda ake kira martabak kosong mai kama da paratha Indiya. Martabak kosong yana kunshe da kullu mai kama da burodi wanda aka ƙwanƙwasa kuma ana shirya shi daidai da pancake ko wasu martabak ta hanyar jefa shi cikin iska, kuma a yi amfani da bututu mai zafi tare da miya mai daɗin curry. A Singapore da Malesiya (inda ake kira murtabak), ana cika murtabak da naman sa mai yaji, kaza ko naman naman nama kuma a yi amfani da su tare da miya mai curry, albasa mai zaƙi ko kokwamba a cikin ketchup. Wani bambance-bambancen a Malaysia da Singapore shine cuku murtabak wanda ke amfani da cukuwar mozzarella azaman ƙarin cikawa. Johorean (Malaysia) da murtabak ɗan Singapore suna amfani da niƙaƙƙen nama fiye da yawancin murtabak na Malaysia. Abubuwan da aka saba amfani da su na kwai martabak na Indonesiya, baya ga kullu, ana samun naman ƙasa (naman sa, kaza ko naman naman naman naman naman), yankakken albasa kore, wasu ganye (na zaɓi), ƙwan agwagi, gishiri, da dankali. Wasu masu siyar da titi suna hada naman sa da kayan yaji. A Indonesiya, kayan yaji na gama gari don yin naman ƙasa mai ɗorewa sune shallots, tafarnuwa, ginger, cumin, coriander, turmeric, wasu gishiri, wani lokacin kadan na monosodium glutamate Ana niƙa dukkan kayan kamshin ko kuma a niƙa su kuma a soya su gaba ɗaya. Wasu masu yin martabak suna ƙara ƙarin kayan abinci da sauran nau'ikan don sanya martabak ɗin su na musamman, amma duk suna raba babban kullu ɗaya. Don soya martabak, mai dafa abinci yana amfani da babban kwanon frying mai lebur ko gasasshen ƙarfe Yawancin lokaci suna amfani da man kayan lambu don soya, amma ba kasafai ake amfani da ghee ko man shanu ba. Kafin yin hidima, martabak yawanci ana yanke zuwa kashi. Wani lokaci ana cin shi da soya mai zaki da gishiri da barkono. Savory versions na martabak a Indonesiya da Malaysia yawanci ana ba da su da acar ko kayan yaji wanda ya ƙunshi kokwamba diced, yankakken karas, shallots, da yankakken chili a cikin vinegar mai zaki yayin da a cikin Singapore, abincin ya ƙunshi yankakken cucumbers a cikin ketchup na tumatir. A Malaysia, Singapore da wasu yankuna a Sumatra, ana ba da martabak tare da kari curry A Palembang, wani iri-iri na martabak shine kwai-martabak (kwai da aka jefa a cikin kullu mai laushi kafin a ninka yayin da ake soya) wanda aka yi amfani da shi a cikin curry (yawanci diced dankali a cikin naman sa naman sa) kuma a saka shi da chili a cikin soya mai tsami mai tsami mai suna Martabak Haji Abdul Rozak, ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da Martabak HAR, wanda wani Ba’indiye dan Indonesiya mai suna Haji Abdul Rozak ya yi. Akwai kuma sanannen bambancin martabak daga Padang, West Sumatra da ake kira Martabak Kubang, wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da curry mai haske azaman tsoma miya. Wani iri-iri na martabak, musamman a Malaysia da Sumatra (kamar a cikin Jambi, Palembang, da Lampung shine wanda ake kira martabak kentang (mai dankalin turawa mai dankalin turawa). Akan yi amfani da kullu mai kama da sauran martabak, amma ana cusa shi da cakuda dankalin da aka yanka, da ƙwai, da yankakken koren albasa, da kayan kamshi maimakon kwai da niƙa. Ana cinye shi ta hanyar tsoma shi a cikin miya mai zaƙi mai zafi ko curry sauce. Akwai nau'ikan Martabak iri-iri, musamman a Indonesiya, inda ake ƙara nau'ikan toppings iri-iri don haɓaka tasa. Abubuwan da ake amfani da su don maye gurbin naman sune niƙaƙƙen naman da aka yayyafa baƙar fata, tuna mai yaji, shredded naman sa Rendang, gasasshen kifi da naman nan take Shahararrun topping ɗin noodles na yau da kullun da ake amfani da su sune Indomie da Samyang na yaji Ana yayyafa cukuwar Mozzarella a wajen soyayyen Martabak sannan a kunna wuta don samun daidaito. Wani iri-iri na martabak ana kiransa martabak manis (mai dadi martabak), wanda kuma aka sani da sunan Terang Bulan ko Martabak Bangka Wannan suna duk da haka, yana aiki ne kawai a Indonesiya, tun da irin wannan nau'in pancake mai kauri ana kiransa apam balik maimakon a Malaysia. Duk da raba suna iri ɗaya (saboda duka biyun suna naɗe), hanyar dafa abinci, kullu (wanda ke amfani da yisti da baking soda da kayan abinci (yawanci ana ƙara cirewar vanilla a matsayin ainihin) sun bambanta da kwai martabak, suna ba shi daidaito sosai. kamar kumbura Yayin da ake toya shi a kwanon rufi, ana yada martabak mai dadi da man shanu ko margarine, sukari, dakakken gyada, yayyafa cakulan, cuku ko wasu kayan kwalliya. Kafin yin hidima, ana naɗewa martabak a cikin rabi, don haka abubuwan da aka sanya su shiga tsakiyar martabak. A sassan Indonesia, ana iya kiran kwai martabak Martabak Malabar don bambanta shi da martabak mai dadi. Akwai sabbin nau'ikan martabak manis da yawa, gami da ƙari na koren shayi foda matcha cuku mai tsami, Oreo, da alewar cakulan irin su Kit Kat, Ovomaltine, Toblerone da Nutella Baya ga haka, ana amfani da 'ya'yan itacen durian sau da yawa azaman topping. Lokacin yin odar Martabak Manis, wasu rumfuna suna ba da zaɓi na margarine guda biyu: Blue Band margarine ko man shanu Wijsman. Man shanu na Wijsman ya fi tsada idan aka kwatanta da margarine na Blueband kamar yadda Wijsman ke yin kitsen madarar saniya 100%. Duba kuma Saudi Arabian abinci Abincin Yemen Abincin Malaysia Abincin Singapore Indonesiya abinci Abincin Indiya Jerin pancakes Jerin cushe jita-jita Mamak rumfar Okonomiyaki Roti canai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19651

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidi%20Boushaki

Sidi Boushaki

Sidi Boushaki ko Ibrahim Ibn Faïd Ez-Zaouaoui (1394 CE 796 AH 1453 CE 857 AH) ya kasance masanin ilimin addinin maliki da aka haifa a kusa da garin Thenia, kilomita 54 gabas da Algiers. Ya tashi cikin yanayi na ruhi mai ɗabi'a da ɗabi'u na Islama. Haihuwa da nasaba Sidi Boushaki Ez-Zaouaoui an haife shi ne a shekarar 1394 CE a cikin Col des Beni Aïcha, a ƙauyen Soumaa a cikin yankin Tizi Naïth Aïcha, a cikin yankin Khachna, ƙari na Djurdjura. Nasabarsa shi ne Abu Ishaq Ibrahim bin Faɗd bin Moussa bin Omar bin Sa’ad bin Allal bin Saïd al-Zawawi. Tarihin rayuwa Ya fara karatunsa a ƙauyen Thala Oufella (Soumâa) a cikin Thénia a shekarar 1398 CE, kafin ya shiga Béjaïa a cikin shekarar 1404 CE, yana da ƙuruciya, don ci gaba da karatu. A can ya yi karatun Alqurani da fiqhun Maliki a matsayin dalibi tare da Ali Menguelleti [ar], fitaccen malamin ilimin addini daga Kabylie. Béjaïa ya kasance a farkon karni na goma sha biyar cibiyar addini da kuma tasirin tasirin Sufism. Ya yi niyyarsa a shekarar 1415 zuwa Tunis, inda ya zurfafa iliminsa na Maliki Madhhab. A can ya karanci tafsirin Al-Qur'ani a wurin alkali Abu Abdallah Al Kalchani, kuma ya karbi fiqhun Malikiyya daga wurin Yaakub Ez-Zaghbi. Ya kasance dalibin Abdelwahed Al Fariani a cikin tushe (Oussoul) na Islama. Ya dawo cikin shekarar 1420 zuwa tsaunukan Béjaïa inda ya zurfafa cikin Larabci a Abd El Aali Ibn Ferradj. Ya je Constantine a shekarar 1423 inda ya zauna tsawon shekaru, kuma ya sami koyarwa a cikin akidar musulmai (Aqidah) da kuma dabaru a cikin "Abu Zeid Abderrahmane", wanda ake wa lakabi da "El Bez". Ya karanci karin magana, aya, fiqhu da kuma yawancin ilimin tauhidin na lokacin a Ibnu Marzuq El Hafid [ar] (1365 1439), malamin Maghreb da Tlemcen wanda ya ziyarci Constantine don yin wa’azin iliminsa, kada a rude shi da mahaifinsa Ibn Marzuq El Khatib (1310 1379). Ya shiga Makka don aikin hajji da karatu, sannan ya koma Dimashka inda ya halarci karantarwar Imam Ibn al-Jazari a cikin ilimin kur'ani. Ya mutu a shekara ta 1453, kuma an binne shi a tsaunukan da ke kusa da Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a ƙabilarsa ta Kabyle ta Igawawen. Zawiya Komawa cikin Kabylia a cikin fewan shekarun da suka gabata na rayuwarsa, Sidi Boushaki sannan ya kafa zawiya inda yake koyar da almajiransa (murids) bisa ga Qan uwan Qadiriyya Sufi na Sunni Sufism. Wannan zawiya ta kasance wuri ne na tasirin ilimi da ruhaniya a cikin ƙasan Kabylia ta hanyar koyarwarsa da kwasa-kwasan gabatarwa da aka gabatar a wannan yankin wanda Oued Isser da Oued Meraldene suka kewaye shi a gaban Bahar Rum. Da kyar aka bi umarnin Sufi na Qadiriyya a cikin wannan zawiya har tsawon ƙarni uku har zuwa lokacin da tariqa Rahmaniyya ta karɓi iko a cikin yankin Algérois da Kabylia a matsayin abin koyi na tafarkin bijirowa. Ayyuka Ayyukansa sun shafi fannoni da dama na ilimin Musulunci, gami da: Tafsiri da ilimin Qur'ani (al-tafsîr wa al-qirâ'ât) Tafsirin al-Zawawi shine tafsiri (tafsirin) Alqur'ani (larabci: Shari'ar Musulunci (fiqh) Tuhfat Al-Mushtaq bayani ne a takaice game da Mukhtasar Khalil a fikihun Malikiyya (Larabci: Sauƙaƙe Hanya don cirewa daga furannin Rawd Khalil bayani ne na taƙaitaccen Mukhtasar Khalil na fikihun Maliki (Larabci: Ambaliyar Kogin Nilu bayani ne game da Mukhtasar Khalil a takaice game da hukuncin Maliki (Larabci: Yaren Larabci Wakar Sidi Boushaki, Waka a cikin bayanin hukunce-hukuncen ilimin nahawu na Ibnu Hisham al-Ansari (larabci: Talkhis al-Talkhis bayani ne na littafi a kan lafazi, ma'anoni da zance (Larabci: Littafin da ke bayani kan Al-Alfiyya na Ibnu Malik (Larabci: Hotuna Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani Haihuwan 1394 Mutuwan 1453 Iyalin Boushaki Musulmai Musulunci Pages with unreviewed

24132

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM

RAM

Memory-access Memory RAM /r æ m wani nau'i ne na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar kwamfuta wanda za'a iya karantawa da canzawa a kowane tsari, yawanci ana amfani dashi don adana bayanan aiki da lambar inji. A bazuwar-access ƙwaƙwalwar na'urar damar data abubuwa da za a karanta ko rubuta a kusan wannan adadin lokaci ba tare da la'akari da jiki wuri na data cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar. Sabanin haka, tare da sauran hanyoyin adana bayanai kai tsaye kai tsaye kamar su diski mai wuya, CD-RWs, DVD-RWs da tsofaffin kaset magnetic da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, lokacin da ake buƙata don karantawa da rubuta abubuwan bayanan ya bambanta sosai dangane da yanayin jikinsu akan rikodin matsakaici, saboda iyakance na inji kamar saurin juyawar kafofin watsa labarai da motsi hannu. RAM ya ƙunshi kewayewa da yawaita abubuwa masu yawa, don haɗa layukan bayanai zuwa ajiyar adireshi don karantawa ko rubuta shigarwa. Galibi ana samun damar adana bayanai fiye da ɗaya ta adireshin guda, kuma na'urorin RAM galibi suna da layukan bayanai da yawa kuma ana cewa su "8-bit" ko "16-bit", da dai sauransu. A cikin fasahar yau, ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ba ta ɗauke da sifar kwakwalwan kwamfuta mai haɗawa (IC) tare da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa na MOS (metal-oxide-semiconductor). RAM ne kullum hade tare da maras tabbas iri memory (kamar tsauri bazuwar-access memory (DRAM) kayayyaki inda adana bayanai da aka rasa idan ikon da aka cire, ko da yake ba maras tabbas RAM kuma an ci gaba. Akwai wasu nau'ikan abubuwan da ba a iya canzawa ba waɗanda ke ba da damar samun dama don ayyukan karantawa, amma ko dai ba su ba da izinin ayyukan rubutu ko samun wasu nau'ikan iyakancewa a kansu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da yawancin nau'ikan ROM da nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai suna NOR-Flash Manyan nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwa guda biyu masu rikitarwa sune ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar bazuwar samun dama (SRAM) da ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta bazuwar (DRAM). Amfani da kasuwanci na RAM na semiconductor ya koma 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntu na SP95 SRAM don Kwamfutar su /360 Model 95, kuma Toshiba yayi amfani da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM don Toscal BC-1411 na lantarki na lantarki, duka biyun sun dogara ne da transistors bipolar Memory na MOS na kasuwanci, wanda ya danganta da transistors na MOS, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen 1960s, kuma tun lokacin shine tushen duk ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor. An ƙaddamar da guntun DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko, Intel 1103, a cikin Oktoba 1970. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai rikitarwa (SDRAM) daga baya an yi muhawara tare da guntuwar Samsung KM48SL2000 a cikin 1992. Tarihi Kwamfutocin farko sun yi amfani da relays, lissafin injin ko jinkirta layuka don manyan ayyukan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Lissafin jinkiri na Ultrasonic sune na'urorin serial waɗanda ke iya sake haifar da bayanai kawai a cikin tsari da aka rubuta. Ana iya faɗaɗa ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa a farashi mai ɗan tsada amma ingantaccen dawo da abubuwan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar sanin yanayin yanayin gangar don inganta saurin. Latches gina daga injin tube triodes, kuma daga baya, daga mai hankali transistors, aka yi amfani da karami da kuma sauri tunanin kamar rajista. Irin wannan rijistar ta kasance babba kuma tana da tsada don amfani don yawan bayanai; gaba ɗaya kawai 'yan dozin ko hundredan ɗari na irin wannan ƙwaƙwalwar za a iya ba su. The first practical form of random-access memory was the Williams tube starting in 1947. It stored data as electrically charged spots on the face of a cathode ray tube. Since the electron beam of the CRT could read and write the spots on the tube in any order, memory was random access. The capacity of the Williams tube was a few hundred to around a thousand bits, but it was much smaller, faster, and more power-efficient than using individual vacuum tube latches. Developed at the University of Manchester in England, the Williams tube provided the medium on which the first electronically stored program was implemented in the Manchester Baby computer, which first successfully ran a program on 21 June 1948. In fact, rather than the Williams tube memory being designed for the Baby, the Baby was a testbed to demonstrate the reliability of the memory. An ƙirƙiri ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic-core a cikin 1947 kuma ya haɓaka har zuwa tsakiyar 1970s. Ya zama silar tartsatsi na ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama, ta dogara da tsararren zoben magnetized. Ta hanyar canza ma'anar magnetization na kowane zobe, ana iya adana bayanai tare da adana bit ɗaya a kowane zobe. Tunda kowane zobe yana da haɗin wayoyin adireshi don zaɓar da karantawa ko rubuta shi, samun dama ga kowane wurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a kowane jerin yana yiwuwa. Magnetic core memory ya kasance da daidaitaccen nau'i na kwamfuta memory tsarin har gudun hijira da m-jihar MOS karfe-oxide-silicon semiconductor memory a hadedde haihuwarka (ICs) a lokacin farkon 1970s. Kafin haɓaka haɓakar madaidaiciyar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (ROM), madaidaiciya (ko karanta-kawai ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar dama ana yawan gina ta ta amfani da matattarar diode ta hanyar adiresoshin adiresoshin, ko kuma musamman ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar igiya Memiconductor memory ya fara a cikin 1960s tare da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, wanda yayi amfani da transistors bipolar Yayin da ya inganta aiki, ba zai iya yin gasa da ƙaramin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ba. MOS RAM Ƙirƙiri MOSFET (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), wanda kuma aka sani da transistor MOS, na Mohamed M. Atalla da Dawon Kahng a Bell Labs a 1959, ya haifar da haɓaka ƙarfe-oxide- ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor (MOS) ta John Schmidt a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1964. Baya ga babban aiki, ƙwaƙwalwar semiconductor na MOS ta kasance mai rahusa kuma ta cinye ƙasa da ƙarfi fiye da ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa. Ci gaban fasahar silicone-gate MOS hade da kewaye (MOS IC) ta Federico Faggin a Fairchild a 1968 ya ba da damar samar da kwakwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Ƙwaƙwalwar MOS ta mamaye ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar Magnetic azaman babbar fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a farkon 1970s. Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa mai rikitarwa mai rikitarwa (SRAM) Robert H. Norman ya ƙirƙira shi a Fairchild Semiconductor a 1963. Ya biyo bayan ci gaban MOS SRAM na John Schmidt a Fairchild a 1964. SRAM ya zama madadin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, amma yana buƙatar transistors na MOS guda shida don kowane ɗan bayanai. Amfani da kasuwanci na SRAM ya fara ne a 1965, lokacin da IBM ya gabatar da guntun ƙwaƙwalwar SP95 don Tsarin/360 Model 95 Dynamic memory-access memory (DRAM) ya ba da damar maye gurbin madaidaiciyar madaidaicin 4 ko 6 transistor latch guda ɗaya don kowane bit na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, yana ƙaruwa ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ƙwarai a ƙimar canji. An adana bayanai a cikin ƙaramin ƙarfin kowane transistor, kuma dole ne a sanyaya shi lokaci -lokaci kowane 'yan mintoci kaɗan kafin cajin ya ɓace. Toshiba 's Toscal BC-1411 kalkuleta na lantarki, wanda aka gabatar a 1965, yayi amfani da wani nau'i na DRAM bipolar capacitive, yana adana bayanai 180-bit akan ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya masu rarrafe, wanda ya ƙunshi transistors bipolar germanium. Duk da yake yana ba da ingantaccen aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, DRAM na bipolar ba zai iya yin gasa tare da mafi ƙarancin ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar magnetic-core ba. Fasahar MOS ita ce tushen DRAM na zamani. A cikin 1966, Dr. Robert H. Dennard a Cibiyar Bincike ta IBM Thomas J. Watson yana aiki akan ƙwaƙwalwar MOS. Yayin da yake nazarin halayen fasahar MOS, ya gano yana da ikon gina masu haɓakawa, kuma adana cajin ko babu caji a kan MOS capacitor na iya wakiltar 1 da 0 na kaɗan, yayin da MOS transistor zai iya sarrafa rubuta cajin ga capacitor. Wannan ya haifar da haɓaka ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya. A cikin 1967, Dennard ya ba da takardar izini a ƙarƙashin IBM don ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar DRAM guda ɗaya, dangane da fasahar MOS. Chip ɗin DRAM IC na kasuwanci na farko shine Intel 1103, wanda aka ƙera akan 8<span about="#mwt126" class="nowrap" data-cx="[{&quot;adapted&quot;:true,&quot;targetExists&quot;:true}]" data-mw="{&quot;parts&quot;:[{&quot;template&quot;:{&quot;target&quot;:{&quot;wt&quot;:&quot;Spaces&quot;,&quot;href&quot;:&quot;./Template:Spaces&quot;},&quot;params&quot;:{},&quot;i&quot;:0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mw0A" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span m MOS aiwatar da damar 1kbit, kuma an sake shi a 1970. Memory-synnosis dynamic memory-access memory (SDRAM) Samsung Electronics ne ya haɓaka shi. Chip ɗin SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko shine Samsung KM48SL2000, wanda ke da damar 16Mbit Samsung ne ya gabatar da shi a 1992, kuma aka samar da shi a 1993. DDR SDRAM na kasuwanci na farko ƙimar ƙwaƙwalwar bayanai sau biyu SDRAM) guntu ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine Samsung na 64Mbit DDR SDRAM guntu, wanda aka saki a watan Yuni 1998. GDDR (DDR graphics) wani nau'i ne na DDR SGRAM (RAM masu kama da juna), wanda Samsung ya fara fitar da shi a matsayin 16Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar Mbit a 1998. Nau'ukan Nau'ikan RAM guda biyu da aka yi amfani da su su ne Static RAM (SRAM) da RAM mai ƙarfi (DRAM). A cikin SRAM, ana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da yanayin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar transistor guda shida, yawanci ta amfani da MOSFET shida (ƙarfe-oxide-semiconductor filin-sakamako transistors). Wannan nau'in RAM ya fi tsada don samarwa, amma gabaɗaya yana da sauri kuma yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi fiye da DRAM. A cikin kwamfutocin zamani, galibi ana amfani da SRAM azaman ƙwaƙwalwar cache don CPU DRAM yana adana ɗan bayanai ta amfani da transistor da capacitor biyu (yawanci MOSFET da MOS capacitor, bi da bi), wanda tare ya ƙunshi sel na DRAM. Capacitor ɗin yana riƙe da cajin babba ko ƙarami (1 ko 0, bi da bi), kuma transistor ɗin yana aiki azaman mai canzawa wanda ke ba da damar kewayon sarrafawa akan guntu ya karanta yanayin cajin capacitor ko canza shi. Da yake wannan nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba ta da tsada don samarwa fiye da RAM ɗin da ke tsaye, ita ce mafi girman nau'in ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta da ake amfani da ita a cikin kwamfutocin zamani. Dukansu a tsaye da tsayayyen RAM ana ɗaukar su marasa ƙarfi, saboda yanayin su ya ɓace ko sake saitawa lokacin da aka cire wuta daga tsarin. Sabanin haka, ƙwaƙwalwar-karanta-kawai (ROM) tana adana bayanai ta hanyar kunna ko kashe na’urorin transistor na dindindin, ta yadda ba za a iya canza ƙwaƙwalwar ba. Bambance -bambancen rubuce -rubuce na ROM (kamar EEPROM da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha suna raba kaddarorin duka ROM da RAM, yana ba da damar bayanai su ci gaba ba tare da iko ba kuma a sabunta su ba tare da buƙatar kayan aiki na musamman ba. Waɗannan nau'ikan dindindin na semiconductor ROM sun haɗa da kebul na filasha na USB, katunan ƙwaƙwalwa don kyamarori da na'urori masu ɗaukuwa, da daskararru masu ƙarfi Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ECC (wanda zai iya zama SRAM ko DRAM) ya haɗa da kewaya ta musamman don ganowa da/ko gyara kuskuren bazuwar (kurakuran ƙwaƙwalwa) a cikin bayanan da aka adana, ta yin amfani da rabe -raben daidaituwa ko lambobin gyara kuskure Gabaɗaya, kalmar RAM tana nufin kawai ga na'urorin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙarfi (ko DRAM ko SRAM), kuma musamman musamman babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a yawancin kwamfutoci. A cikin ajiya na gani, kalmar DVD-RAM tana da ɗan kuskure tunda tunda, sabanin CD-RW ko DVD-RW baya buƙatar sharewa kafin sake amfani dashi. Duk da haka, DVD-RAM yana yin kama da rumbun diski idan ɗan hankali. Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ita ce ginshiƙin ginin ƙwaƙwalwar kwamfuta Ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar ƙwaƙwalwa ta lantarki ce da ke adana ɗan bitar bayanai na binary kuma dole ne a saita ta don adana dabaru 1 (babban ƙarfin wutar lantarki) da sake saitawa don adana dabaru 0 (ƙananan ƙarfin ƙarfin lantarki). Ana kiyaye darajar sa/adana shi har sai an canza shi ta hanyar saita/sake saiti. Ana iya samun ƙima a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar karanta shi. A cikin SRAM, ƙwayar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wani nau'in juzu'in juzu'i ne, galibi ana aiwatar da shi ta amfani da FETs Wannan yana nufin cewa SRAM yana buƙatar ƙarancin ƙarfi lokacin da ba a isa gare shi ba, amma yana da tsada kuma yana da ƙarancin ajiya. Nau'i na biyu, DRAM, an kafa shi ne kusa da capacitor. Cajin da fitar da wannan capacitor na iya adana “1” ko “0” a cikin tantanin halitta. Koyaya, cajin da ke cikin wannan capacitor sannu a hankali yana ɓacewa, kuma dole ne a sabunta shi lokaci -lokaci. Saboda wannan tsari na wartsakewa, DRAM yana amfani da ƙarin ƙarfi, amma yana iya samun babban adadi na ajiya da ƙananan farashin raka'a idan aka kwatanta da SRAM. Yin jawabi Don zama da amfani, ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya dole ne a iya karanta su kuma a iya rubuta su. A cikin na'urar RAM, ana amfani da juzu'i da juzu'i mai jujjuyawa don zaɓar ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Yawanci, na'urar RAM tana da saitin adireshin A0. An, kuma ga kowane haɗin ragowa waɗanda za a iya amfani da su ga waɗannan layin, an kunna saitin ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Saboda wannan magana, na'urorin RAM kusan koyaushe suna da ƙarfin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya wanda shine ikon biyu. Yawanci ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da yawa suna raba adireshi ɗaya. Misali, guntu na RAM mai bit 4 'yana da ƙwayoyin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya 4 ga kowane adireshin. Sau da yawa faɗin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na microprocessor sun bambanta, don microprocessor 32 bit, za a buƙaci kwakwalwan RAM guda takwas 4. Sau da yawa ana buƙatar adiresoshi fiye da yadda na'urar za ta iya bayarwa. A wannan yanayin, ana amfani da mahara da yawa na waje zuwa na'urar don kunna madaidaicin na'urar da ake isa. Matsayin ƙwaƙwalwa Mutum na iya karantawa da sake rubuta bayanai a cikin RAM. Mutane da yawa kwamfuta tsarin da memory matsayi kunshi processor rajista, a-mutu SRAM makon jiya, inda, external makon jiya, inda, DRAM, paging tsarin da mai rumfa memory ko canza sarari a kan wani rumbun kwamfutarka. Yawancin masu haɓakawa da yawa za a iya kiran wannan ɗimbin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya a matsayin "RAM", duk da cewa tsarin haɗin gwiwa daban -daban na iya samun lokutan samun dama daban -daban, suna keta manufar asali bayan lokacin samun dama a cikin RAM. Ko da a cikin matakin matsayi kamar DRAM, takamaiman jere, shafi, banki, matsayi, tashar, ko ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na abubuwan da aka gyara suna canza lokacin samun dama, kodayake ba har zuwa lokacin samun damar yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na juyawa ko tef yana canzawa. Babban burin yin amfani da tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya shine samun mafi girman matsakaicin damar yin aiki yayin rage girman jimlar duk tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya (gabaɗaya, tsarin ƙwaƙwalwar yana bin lokacin samun dama tare da rijistar CPU mai sauri a saman da jinkirin rumbun kwamfutarka. a kasa). A cikin kwamfutoci masu zaman kansu da yawa na zamani, RAM yana zuwa cikin sauƙaƙe ingantattun nau'ikan kayayyaki waɗanda ake kira ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwa ko samfuran DRAM game da girman 'yan sandunan taunawa. Za'a iya maye gurbin waɗannan da sauri idan sun lalace ko lokacin canza buƙatun suna buƙatar ƙarin ƙarfin ajiya. Kamar yadda aka ba da shawara a sama, ƙaramin adadin RAM (galibi SRAM) suma an haɗa su a cikin CPU da sauran ICs akan motherboard, da kuma cikin rumbun kwamfutoci, CD-ROMs, da sauran sassan tsarin kwamfuta. Wasu amfani na RAM Ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa Yawancin tsarin aiki na zamani suna amfani da hanyar faɗaɗa ƙarfin RAM, wanda aka sani da "ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa". An keɓe wani sashi na rumbun kwamfutarka don fayil ɗin paging ko ɓangaren karce, kuma haɗuwar RAM ta zahiri da fayil ɗin paging sune babban adadin ƙwaƙwalwar tsarin. (Misali, idan kwamfutar tana da 2 GB (1024 3 B) na RAM da fayil ɗin shafi na 1 GB, tsarin aiki yana da 3 GB na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da ke akwai. Lokacin da tsarin yayi ƙarancin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar jiki, zai iya musanya ɓangarorin RAM zuwa fayil ɗin paging don samun damar sabbin bayanai, gami da karanta bayanan da aka musanya a baya zuwa RAM. Amfani da yawa na wannan injin yana haifar da buguwa kuma gaba ɗaya yana kawo cikas ga aikin tsarin gabaɗaya, musamman saboda rumbun kwamfutoci suna da hankali fiye da RAM. RAM faifai Software na iya “raba” wani sashi na RAM na kwamfuta, yana ba shi damar yin aiki azaman rumbun kwamfutarka mafi sauri wanda ake kira faifan RAM Faifan RAM yana rasa bayanan da aka adana lokacin da aka rufe kwamfutar, sai dai idan an tsara ƙwaƙwalwar don samun tushen batir mai jiran aiki. RAM inuwa Wasu lokuta, ana kwafin abubuwan da ke cikin guntun ROM mai ɗan jinkiri don karantawa/rubuta ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya don ba da damar gajerun lokutan samun dama. An kashe guntu na ROM yayin da aka kunna wuraren ƙwaƙwalwar da aka fara a kan toshe adireshin (galibi ana rubuta kariya). Wannan tsari, wani lokaci ana kiranta inuwa, ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a cikin kwamfutoci da tsarin da aka saka A matsayin misali na yau da kullun, BIOS a cikin kwamfutoci na sirri na yau da kullun yana da wani zaɓi da ake kira "amfani da inuwa BIOS" ko makamancin haka. Lokacin da aka kunna, ayyukan da ke dogaro da bayanai daga BIOS na ROM maimakon amfani da wuraren DRAM (galibi kuma suna iya canza inuwar katin bidiyo ROM ko wasu sassan ROM). Dangane da tsarin, wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka aiki, kuma yana iya haifar da rashin daidaituwa. Misali, wasu kayan masarufi ba sa iya shiga tsarin aiki idan ana amfani da inuwa RAM. A kan wasu tsarin fa'idar na iya zama tsinkaye saboda ba a amfani da BIOS bayan an yi booting don samun damar kayan aikin kai tsaye. Ana rage ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa ta girman girman ROMs masu inuwa. Abubuwan da ke faruwa kwanan nan Sabbin nau'ikan nau'ikan RAM <i id="mwAWI">marasa ƙarfi</i>, waɗanda ke adana bayanai yayin da aka rage su, suna kan ci gaba. Fasahohin da aka yi amfani da su sun haɗa da abubuwan nanotubes na carbon da hanyoyin amfani da ramin magnetoresistance Daga cikin ƙarni na 1 na MRAM, an ƙera guntun 128 kbit 128 210 bytes) tare da 0.18. technologym fasaha a lokacin bazara na 2003. A cikin Yuni 2004, Infineon Technologies ta bayyana 16 MB (16 Ƙari 2 20 bytes) samfur kuma wanda ya danganci 0.18 technologym fasaha. Akwai fasahohin tsara ƙarni na biyu a halin yanzu a cikin ci gaba: sauyawa mai taimako (TAS) wanda fasahar Crocus ke haɓakawa, da jujjuyawar juyawa (STT) wanda Crocus, Hynix, IBM, da wasu kamfanoni da yawa ke aiki. Nantero ya gina ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwar nanotube mai aiki 10 GB (10 Ƙari 2 30 bytes) a 2004. Ko wasu daga cikin waɗannan fasahohin na ƙarshe za su iya ɗaukar babban kaso na kasuwa daga ko dai DRAM, SRAM, ko fasahar ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa, duk da haka, za a gani. Tun daga 2006, daskararrun masu tuƙi (dangane da ƙwaƙwalwar filasha) tare da ƙarfin da ya wuce gigabytes 256 da aikin da ya wuce diski na gargajiya ya zama akwai. Wannan ci gaban ya fara ɓarna ma'ana tsakanin ƙwaƙwalwar samun dama ta gargajiya da “diski”, yana rage banbancin aiki sosai. Wasu nau'ikan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiyar samun dama, kamar EcoRAM an tsara su musamman don gonar uwar garke, inda ƙarancin amfani da wutar lantarki ya fi sauri sauri. Bango na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya "Bangon ƙwaƙwalwa" shine haɓaka saurin haɓaka tsakanin CPU da ƙwaƙwalwa a waje da guntun CPU. Wani muhimmin dalili na wannan banbancin shine ƙarancin bandwidth na sadarwa fiye da iyakokin guntu, wanda kuma ake kira bangon bandwidth Daga 1986 zuwa 2000, saurin CPU ya inganta a shekara -shekara na 55% yayin da saurin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya kawai ya inganta a 10%. Ganin waɗannan abubuwan, ana tsammanin jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya zai zama babban cikas a cikin aikin kwamfuta. Haɓaka saurin CPU ya ragu sosai saboda manyan shinge na jiki kuma wani ɓangare saboda ƙirar CPU na yanzu sun riga sun bugi bangon ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ta wata ma'ana. Intel ya taƙaita waɗannan abubuwan a cikin takaddar 2005. Da farko, yayin da geometries guntu ke raguwa kuma mitar agogo ta tashi, ƙarar transistor na yanzu yana ƙaruwa, yana haifar da yawan amfani da wuta da zafi. Abu na biyu, fa'idodin saurin agogo mafi girma wani ɓangare ne ta hanyar jinkirin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, tunda lokutan samun ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya ba su iya yin tafiya tare da haɓaka mitar agogo. Na uku, don wasu aikace-aikace, gine-ginen jerin shirye-shiryen gargajiya na zama ƙasa da inganci yayin da masu sarrafawa ke saurin sauri (saboda abin da ake kira ƙwallon ƙwal na Von Neumann yana ƙara karkatar da duk wata ribar da adadin ƙaruwa zai iya saya in ba haka ba. Bugu da kari, a wani bangare saboda iyakancewa a cikin hanyoyin samar da fitarwa a cikin ingantattun na'urori na jihar, jinkirin-ƙarfin (RC) jinkirin watsa siginar yana ƙaruwa yayin da girman sifofi ke raguwa, yana sanya ƙarin ƙalubalen da ƙara ƙaruwa baya magancewa.An kuma lura da jinkirin RC a cikin watsa siginar a cikin "Rate Clock versus IPC: The End of the Road for Conventional Microarchitectures" wanda yayi hasashen matsakaicin ci gaban aikin CPU na shekara -shekara na 12.5% tsakanin 2000 da 2014. Wani ra'ayi daban shine ragin aikin processor-memory, wanda za a iya magance shi ta hanyar haɗaɗɗun da'irar 3D wanda ke rage tazara tsakanin dabaru da ɓangarorin ƙwaƙwalwa waɗanda ke nesa da juna a cikin guntu na 2D. Tsarin ƙirar ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya yana buƙatar mai da hankali kan rata, wanda ke ƙaruwa cikin lokaci. Babbar hanyar da ake bi don cike gibin shine amfani da caches ƙananan ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai sauri wanda ke ɗauke da ayyukan kwanan nan da umarni kusa da mai sarrafawa, yana hanzarta aiwatar da waɗannan ayyukan ko umarni a lokutan da ake kiran su akai-akai. An haɓaka matakan caching da yawa don magance gibin da ke yaɗuwa, kuma aikin manyan kwamfutoci na zamani masu ɗorewa ya dogara da haɓaka dabarun caching. Za a iya samun bambanci tsakanin 53% tsakanin haɓaka cikin saurin mai sarrafawa da saurin jinkirin samun babban ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. Hard diski-hard hard sun ci gaba da ƙaruwa cikin sauri, daga 400 Mbit/s ta SATA3 a 2012 har zuwa 3 GB/s ta NVMe PCIe a cikin 2018, yana rufe rata tsakanin RAM da saurin faifai, kodayake RAM na ci gaba da zama umarni na girma da sauri, tare da DDR4 3200 mai layi ɗaya mai iya 25 GB/s, da GDDR na zamani har ma da sauri. Mai sauri, mai arha, rumbun kwamfutoci marasa ƙarfi sun maye gurbin wasu ayyuka da RAM ke aiwatarwa, kamar riƙe wasu bayanai don samun kai tsaye a cikin gonakin uwar garke 1 terabyte na ajiyar SSD za a iya samun 200, yayin da 1 TB na RAM zai kashe dubban na daloli. Lokaci SRAM DRAM Duba kuma Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makera%20Assada

Makera Assada

À Makera Assada na daga cikin yankunan da suka kafa garin Sokoto a Najeriya. Yankin na unguwar Magajin Gari dake kudancin karamar hukumar Sokoto ta Arewa a jihar Sokoto, yana iyaka da Gidan Haki daga gabas, da Digyar Agyare a yamma, Mafara a arewa da Helele a kudu. A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Makerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Assada ya shahara sosai a yankin; mai kirki da son zumunci, ance yana cikin makusantan sarki har ma yakan karɓi bakoncin sultan a gidansa. Gidanshi kamar gidan baƙi ko guest house. Dalilin da ya sa aka ƙara Assada a matsayin ƙari ga Makera shi ne don bambanta shi da sauran wuraren da aka sani da masu sana'a. Sauran wuraren da aka yi sukuni sun haɗa da: Kofar-Rini yankin da ya kware wajen hada fararen ƙarfe wajen samar da ‘yan kunne da sarka. Akwai kuma Makera a garin Nupawa da ke samar da faranti da sauran kayan aikin noma. Amma a Makera Assada kowane nau'i na smi yana faruwa. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Assada gidan Sarkin Makeran Sarkin Musulmi ne, ko kuma babban smith na Sarkin Musulmi. Asalin mutanen Makera Assada Asalin mutanen Makera Assada ba a bayyana ba. Babu wanda ya san ainihin ranar da za a sasanta. Amma an tabbatar da cewa mutanen sun zauna ne bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a karni na sha tara, lokacin da aka kafa Sakkwato. Zuwan bakin haure ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi da ci gaban yankin. Wadannan bakin haure sun hada da ’yan bindiga daga Zamfara wadanda su ma Fulani ne karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme. A lokacin da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo ya fara koyarwa da wa'azi a garinsu Degel, bayan wani lokaci ya fita yawon bude ido. Ziyarar da ya fara zuwa Kebbi daga nan ne ya samu tubabbun farko. Usman da mataimakansa, ciki har da kaninsa Abdullahi dan Fodiyo, suka tafi Zamfara inda suka zauna suna wa'azi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wa’azinsa ya shafi mutane da yawa daga sassa dabam-dabam na yammacin Afirka. Ba da daɗewa ba masu sha'awar da wa'azinsa suka rinjaye su suka ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Jama'a, kamar yadda aka san mabiyansa. Mutanen sun hada da Fulani, kabilarsa, da Hausa tun lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ya yi wa'azi da harshen Hausa da Fulfulde Jama'a da yawa sun zama nasa, kuma al'ummar ta ci gaba da samun daukaka a ciki da wajen kasar Hausa Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme, tare da jama'arsu sun bar zamfara domin su hada kai da Shehun da ya yi hijira zuwa Gudu, watakila Jihadin da ake yi. Mallam Bello ya bayyana cewa “A lokacin da Muhammad Andi da jama’arsa suka bar Zamfara sun hadu da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a lokacin da ake Jihadi, har ma sun halarci gagarumin yakin Alkalawa. A cewar majiyar baka, Muhammad Andi da mutanen sa Fulani ne daga Zamfara. Babban aikin su shine maƙera. Wadannan mutane an zalunce su kafin su bar gidansu Zamfara, saboda imanin da suka yi da wa’azin Shehu. Sarakunan Hausawa sun ji tsoron kada talakawansu su yi musu tawaye. Ganin haka yasa sarakunan hausa suka firgita. Sun ga karuwar mabiyansa da rikon da Musulunci ya samu. Maza suka bukace su da cewa “idan ba ku wargaza wannan taron jama’a ba, ikonku zai kare; Za su lalatar da ƙasarku ta wurin sa dukan mutane su bar ku su tafi wurinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa, lokacin da Sarki Nafata yake Sarkin Gobir, ya hana kowane mutum yin taron addini da wa’azi ga jama’a, sai Shehu kawai. Na biyu kuma ya shar’anta cewa wadanda suka gaji aqida daga ubanninsu ba za su yi aiki da shi ba, sannan kuma ya haramta sanya rawani da mata. An yi shelar wadannan hukunce-hukunce a kowace kasuwa a Gobir da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Adar da Zamfara wadanda ke karkashin mamayar Gobir. Da wadannan za mu ga cewa al’ummar Shehu Usmanu da sauran mabiya a wurare daban-daban musamman a kasar Hausa sun yi tarayya da su. Don haka mutanen Muhammad Andi da suke Zamfara ba su da wani abin da ya wuce yin hijira da bin Shehu a duk inda yake. A kan hijirarsu sarakunan Hausawa sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su bin Shehu. Domin tsira daga barazanar da suke yi, mutanen Andi sun koka da su, cewa su maƙera ne kawai, a kan hanyarsu ta kasuwanci. Yayin da kowanne ya bude kayansa, an gano cewa yana dauke da kayan aikin maƙera, don haka ya ba su damar wucewa. Wadannan mutane sun samu tarba daga Shehu da Jama’arsa, musamman saboda sana’arsu. Wannan jama'a sun kasance tare da Jama'ar Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo kuma sun halarci jihadin kasar Hausa. Mutanen Muhammad Andi sun ci gaba da sana'arsu a can ta hanyar kera kayan yaki da makamai ga masu jihadi. A lokacin yakin sun samar da takuba, mashi, kibau, bindigogin hannu, kwalkwali, garkuwa da sauran kayan da dawakai suke sawa. Bayan jihadin kasar Hausa bayan kirkiro daular Sokoto da Shehu Usmanu da dansa kuma kwamandan yaki Muhammad Bello suka yi, sun taru tare da mabiyansu, malamansu, abokansu, 'yan uwa da sauran mahalarta wannan jihadi. An ba wa waɗannan mutane wani yanki na fili don su zauna da mutanensu. Don haka Muhammad Andi ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, kasancewar shi ne ya fara zama a yanzu Makera Assada. Shehu ya umurci Muhammad Andi da ya zagaya ya nemo wurin da ya dace ya zauna, da ya samu wurin (Makera Assada) ya sanar da Shehu Usmanu dan Fodiyo, don haka Shehu ya albarkaci kasa. Majiya mai tushe ta bayyana cewa Shehu ya bukaci Muhammad Andi ya zauna a kusa da Hubbare amma Andi ya koka da cewa bisa ga sana’ar da suke yi na maƙera da kuma irin nau’in kiwon dabbobi, ya fi kyau su zauna nesa da tsakiyar garin. Bayan wasu shekaru kuma wani muhimmin hali ya isa sabuwar Makera tare da danginsa. Wannan mutumin da aka fi sani da Sharif Muhammad Al-gudana. Ya kasance tare da wasu mutane. Algudana da mutanensa Adarawa ne. Ana samun Adarawa a yankin Tamaske, Buza da Adar a cikin Tawa, Jamhuriyar Nijar Ana kuma samun su a Illela cikin Sakkwato. Sakamakon jihadin Shehu dan Fodiyo a karni na 19, Sarkin Adar Mustaphata da dansa Muhammad Dan Almustapha da Ahmad Bida suka ziyarci Shehu Danfodiyo lokacin yana Gudu, amma Mustapha ya bar Ahmad Bida da Muhammad tare da Shehu. Hamidun wanda ya gaji sarautar Sarkin Adar a lokacin Jihadin Danfodiyo ya goyi bayan Gobirawa har zuwa 1809, lokacin da Sarkin Azbin Muhammad Gemma, wanda ya gaji Al-Bakri ya dauki Sarkin Adar Hamidun zuwa wurin Shehu a Sifawa, Sarkin Adar ya mika wuya. Ya rasu jim kadan bayan haka. An ce Ahmad Bida ya zauna a Dundaye a matsayin Sarkin Adar na Dundaye. Haka aka haifi daular Adarawa a Dundaye. Ibid Za mu iya gani a cikin labarin da ke sama cewa, a lokacin Jihadi Adarawa ya shiga cikinsa, bayan haka, wasu sun zauna a Dundaye, suka bazu a sassa daban-daban na Sakkwato don neman harkokin kasuwanci. Amma wasu daga cikinsu sun koma jamhuriyar Nijar karkashin Muhammad dan Al-Mustapha, wanda ya shirya ci gaba da zama a Adar da fatan ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki. Lokacin da wadannan mutane suka zauna a yankin, sun yi aikin fata. Sun samar da kayan fata iri-iri kamar takalmi, jakunkuna na fata, matashin kai na sarauta da dai sauransu, amma wadannan mutane ba su yi fice a harkar fata ba saboda yawancinsu sun rungumi sana’ar mai masaukin baki ne. Sana'o'i Yayin da jama’a da dama suka ci gaba da zama a yankin, babban abin da ya shafi tattalin arzikin jama’a ya kasance sana’ar fataucin mutane, wanda ya mamaye yankin, inda jama’a suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan yi iri-iri. Al'ummar yankin sun dukufa wajen gudanar da duk wani nau'i na tulle da sauran ayyukan karfe. Duka ana yin su ne da yin ƙulle-ƙulle a yankin. Tun bayan kafuwar yankin bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu ana yin sa ne. Al'ummar yankin dai sun kasance suna daukar baƙar fata a matsayin wani zama na wajibi ga kowane ɗan yankin. Suna daukar wadanda suka yi watsi da sana'ar kakansu a matsayin wani babban laifi. Aikin smith yana samar da kuɗin shiga ga mutanen yankin, saboda maƙerin yana samar da kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin noma, makamai da dai sauransu. A daya bangaren kuma wadanda suka kware wajen fasa karfe ko Makeran fari, suna samar da kayan ado ga mata, ta yadda suke samar da abin wuya, 'yan kunne, handring da sauransu. Masu sana'ar farar fata ba su da yawa a yankin don haka ana daukar maƙeri ko Makeran Baki a matsayin ubangidansu. Baya ga sana’o’in hannu, an yi la’akari da al’ummar Hausawa kan yadda suke shiga harkokin kasuwanci. Wasu mutanen yankin sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin cikin gida (Kasuwanci). Wannan ya kasance musamman batun 'yan kasuwa masu karamin jari. Sun sayar da kayayyakin da ake nomawa a yankin a kauyuka da garuruwa. Noma ya kasance abin sha'awa ga yawancin al'ummar Afirka, wanda aka yi shi sosai a lokacin damina. A wannan yanki (Makera Assada), akwai mutanen da suke yin noma, wadannan mutane galibi suna da filayen noma ne a bakin kogi da ke yankin Dundaye da Kofar Kware, galibi suna noma a kananan hukumomi. A sauran bangaren tattalin arziki a yankin, akwai kuma mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin samar da tabarma. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan fannin masana'antu shine bishiyar dabino mai juji da roba. Wannan masana'antar ba ita ce keɓaɓɓiyar mace ko namiji ba. Maza da mata suna yin sana’ar tabarmi ko kafet, Wundaye da Tabarmi. Duk da haka kada mu manta da irin gudunmawar da matan wannan yanki suke bayarwa wajen ayyukan tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikinsu suna shiga harkar tattalin arziki. Matsayin mata a matsayin wakilai na hukumar (Dillalai), kamar dai yadda mambobin kasuwar musayar hannun jari, tsofaffin matan suka tsunduma cikin hidimar wakilai (Dillalai). Domin kuwa manyan mata ne kawai aka bari su fita daga gidajensu. Haka kuma sun kasance suna tafiya gida-gida suna neman kayan da za su sayar. Misali, sun kasance suna yin ciniki mai yawa ta zaren da mata ke kerawa a gida. Sun kasance suna tattara waɗannan samfuran gida ko dai a matsayin wakili ko kuma ta hanyar sayayya kai tsaye. Su kuma wadannan matan sun tsunduma cikin siyar da sabbin kayan sawa da na zamani. Sun kuma sayar da kayan abinci a ciki da wajen gidajensu. Mutane na kowane rukuni na shekaru suna amfani da su don siyan waɗannan abubuwan. Matan sun sami riba mai yawa ga waɗannan mata masu sana'a da masu siyarwa. Ayyukan wakilan da aka ba da izini sun ƙarfafa saboda yanayi da halaye da dabi'un zamantakewa a Sakkwato. Don haka ya haramta wa matan aure hawa da sauka ko ta yaya musamman a kasuwanni. Don haka wakilan kasuwanci suna ba da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don su. Wani fannin tattalin arziki da mata suka bayar da gudunmawar da ke da alaka da harkar noma, ita ce masana’antar abinci da abinci. Ayyukansu a cikin wannan masana'antar ba ta iyakance ga samar da abinci don amfanin iyali ba. Haka kuma sun sarrafa tare da dafa abinci iri-iri na siyarwa a wajen dangi. Daga cikin daskararrun abinci sun dafa Tuwo da shinkafa (Tuwon shinkafa), masara ko masara da dai sauransu, Masa zagaye na gari, Bula da dai sauransu. Shaye-shaye na safe irin su Kunu, Koko da Fura wanda ake yawan sha a lokacin rani da kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri, kamar Kosan Rogo, Wake Awara da dai sauransu. Wadannan duk mata ne a gida suka shirya su don cin abinci na iyali har ma da siyarwa. An yi noman gyada da yawa a kasar Hausa, matan yankin na amfani da gyada wajen samar da kayayyaki iri-iri domin amfanin iyali da kuma na siyarwa. An niƙa harsashi na ƙwaya misali an niƙa shi ya zama foda don yin bran (Dussa), wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da shanu da tumaki. An datse ƙwayar gyada kuma an fitar da mai. Ana amfani da wannan mai a zamanin da a matsayin mai (paraffin ko kananzir) da kuma abinci. An yi babban ɓangaren ƙwaya ɗin gyada ya zama wainar gyada, (Kuli Kuli) kuma an fi amfani da shi sosai musamman wajen yin azumin “Datu” da kuma matsayin biredi. Haka kuma akwai wasu matan yankin da suka kware wajen samar da miya ko Dadawa muhimmin sinadari na yin miya, miya na gida ya toshe nasarorin da ake samu a kasuwannin zamani kamar maggi cube, ko Ajini-moto. Yawancin mutanen musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan sun dogara da miya na gida. Watakila wannan ne dalilin da ya sa kamfanin abinci da abubuwan sha na Najeriya ya yanke shawarar fitowa da sabon sunan miya na zamani mai suna Daddawa cubes. A cikin sana'ar saka, mata tare da maza kuma sun tsunduma cikin yin Kwaddo da Linzami. Waɗannan kayan ado ne da aka yi akan mazan da ke rufewa. Haka kuma an samu wasu da suka tsunduma cikin kera hula masu launi daban-daban (Kube). Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na mata akwai zane a kan bedsheets (Zanen Gado) matashin kai da katifa. ƙwararrun mata a gidansu sun yi waɗannan. Akwai kuma samuwar karamar kasuwa wadda ke biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin nan take. Kasuwar da aka fi sani da Kasuwar Bayangida tana budewa da yamma har zuwa dare. Maƙera a Makera Assada Makera Assada tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci na garin Sakkwato, ta yi suna da sana’ar fataucin baki (Kira). Wani lokaci yana da wuya a yi tunanin a yau, zamanin da mutane ke amfani da muhallin da suke kewaye da su a matsayin tushen tsira kawai. A farkon wayewar Afirka an samo muhimman kayan aikin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin itace da na dutse. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun tabbatar da aiki sosai don farauta da noma, amma yayin da lokaci ya canza kuma ɗan adam ya sami ci gaba, ya zama dole a sami ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa. Aikin ƙarfe na farko da aka sani ya wanzu a Turkiyya kuma shekarun karafa irin su zinariya, jan karfe, azurfa, gubar da baƙin ƙarfe ba su iya aiki ba sai kusan 400 BC. Wannan ci gaban ya ragu har zuwa kusan 1500 BC, tare da haɓaka tanderun da ke da ikon kera kayan aikin ƙarfe. Zamanin ƙarfe ya fara kuma ba da daɗewa ba fasahar maƙera ta yaɗu a yammacin Afirka. Baƙi ya fara ne da zamanin ƙarfe, lokacin da ɗan adam na farko ya fara kera kayan aiki daga ƙarfe. Zamanin Ƙarfe ya fara ne sa’ad da wani tsohon mutum ya lura cewa wani nau’in dutse yana samar da baƙin ƙarfe, sa’ad da garwashin wuta mai zafi ya tashi. A taƙaice, za mu iya cewa ƙera fasahar kera ɗanyen karfen da za a iya amfani da shi, ya daɗe. A Najeriya, mutanen NOK, sun nuna fasahar maƙera, wadda ta samo asali tun ƙarni na shida BC. Wadannan ma’aikatan karafa na Najeriya sun kirkiro wata fasahar da ta ba su karfin gwiwa a rayuwa, kuma za ta zama wata fasahar da za ta kawo sauyi a duniya. Clapperton ya rubuta a cikin 1824, yayi magana akan aikin ƙarfe a Sokoto har ma ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk maƙeran birni Nupes ne. Ko ta yaya, ƙimar Nupes a cikin masana'antar aikin ƙarfe yana yiwuwa Clapperton ya wuce gona da iri. Babu shakka kwararrun ma’aikatan karfe da dama sun zo Sakkwato ne saboda ci gabanta ta fuskar matsuguni ya ja hankalinsu. Sauran ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ƙarfe babu shakka sun shigo garin a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira (Al-kalawa), a matsayin bayi da aka aiko daga masarautu ko kuma ta neman ƙwararrun hannaye a Sakkwato ita kanta. A cikin surori da suka gabata mun ga zuwan Muhammad Andi da mutanensa daga Zamfara ya zama farkon fara sana’ar sana’a a Makera. Zamfara da dadewa an santa da taurin kai. Matsayin Maƙera a Sakkwato Kafin zuwan Turawa, Makera Assada na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba a cikin garin Sakkwato. An lura da cewa galibin ci gaban da ya same ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawan shigar baki da kuma hakan ya taimaka wa garin Sakkwato baki daya. Smithing shine babban abin da ya hada kan al'ummar unguwar Magajin Gari. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ana buƙatar kayan da maƙera ya kera a cikin yankin da kewaye saboda yawancinsu suna noma. Mutanen Mafara dake makwabtaka da su sun kasance manoma da makiyaya. Mutanen Mafara sun kasance suna siyan kayan da aka ƙera na maƙeran, kamar kayan aikin noma, kayan gida, maɓalli da makulli, ƴan kunne da sauransu. Hakan na nuni da cewa a yayin da al’ummar garin Makera suka shagaltu da samar da kayayyakin da ake bukata ga mutanen makwabta, Mafara na taimaka musu wajen fitar da kayayyakinsu zuwa wurare daban-daban. Mutanen Mafara jikokin Muhammad Sambo ne, daya daga cikin makusantan Shehu, duk dan jihadi ne kuma malami. Akwai wani irin auratayya tsakanin mutanen Makera da Mafara da ke karfafa dangantakarsu. Ci gaban kasuwancin, ya kasance ne sakamakon tattalin arzikin da aka yi a farkon lokaci. Kamar yadda Makera Assada ya kware wajen samar da karafa akwai kuma jama’a a ciki da wajen Sakkwato wadanda suke sana’ar noma, mutuwa capentary, farauta da sauransu, don haka ana bukatar irin wannan karfe ta nau’ukan daban-daban. Mashi, kibau, takobi, wukake. Manoman na bukatar faratanya, ashana da garma. A cewar Ibrahim Gandi, daya daga cikin masu ba ni labari, ya bayyana cewa mafarauta da manoma daga lungu da sako na nesa suke zuwa su sayi kayan aiki daban-daban daga mutanen Makera. Al'ummar Makera da suka yi wa mayaka kafin mulkin mallaka sun yi aiki sosai, Sarkin Makera Buhari, ya bayyana cewa "Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo, ya umarci dansa Muhammad Bello da ya fadada garin Sokoto". Yankin Assada na ci gaba da karbar bakin haure. Maƙerin yankin na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo su. Don haka Muhammad Bello ya ba da umarnin cire daji da ke kusa da yankin har zuwa Kofar-Kware. Yawancin maƙeran suna fara aiki tun suna samari, ƙila su kai shekaru 6 ko 7. Za su koyi maƙeran, na tsawon shekaru goma ko fiye, sannan za su tashi su fara kantin nasu. Idan yaro ya koya wa ubangidansa, zai iya yin yawancin rayuwarsa a shago kafin ya sami damar zama ɗan tafiya. Al'ummar Assada na kokarin ganin sun cusa ilimin boko ga duk dan da aka haifa a yankin. daga baya lokacin da ilimin yamma ya fara samun tsari a yankin da farko maƙerin bai nuna sha'awa ba. Waɗanda suka ƙi yin fatauci ne kawai aka tura su makaranta. Wadannan nau'ikan samarin an sallame su ne don kada a gansu a kusa domin ganinsu zai bata wa iyayensu rai. Amma maƙeran sun fahimci mahimmancin ilimin turawa, sun sanya unguwanninsu, har ma da malalaci. Jama’a da dama sun ji dadin karatun kasashen yamma a yankin, saboda wasu daga cikinsu sun kara kusanci da gwamnati. Gwamnati na bukatar shawarar irin wadannan mutane kamar Shahararren Yahaya Danboko daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihar Sokoto. A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Maƙerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Da zuwan Turawa Sakkwato, a duk lokacin da suke bukatar hidimar maƙera sai su tuntubi Sarkin Musulmi. Duk da haka Sarkin zai kira Sarkin Makera da Mazugi. Maƙeran Assada suna samar da ƙwarƙwarar ƙura don gidan yarin Sakkwato da mazaunin Turawa da sauran wurare. Wata muhimmiyar rawar da maƙeran Makera Assada suka taka ita ce lokacin jihadin Shehu Danfodiyo. Maƙerin baya ga shiga jihadi, suna kera makamai ga masu jihadi. An yi imanin cewa, da gwamnati ta dauki irin wannan aikin na cikin gida da gaske, da ba za ta kashe kudi da shigo da kayan amfanin gona da sauran kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje ba. Yin aikin ƙarfe ya sa noma, farauta da yaƙi ya fi dacewa. Iron ya ba da damar haɓaka girma a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikon tallafawa manyan masarautu, waɗanda suka bazu a yammacin Afirka. Tsarin baƙar fata a Assada Maƙera mutum ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro abubuwa daga ƙarfe ko ƙarfe ta hanyar “ƙirƙira” ƙarfen, ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aiki don yin guduma, lanƙwasa, yanke da kuma siffata shi ta hanyar da ba ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci karfen yana zafi har sai ya yi haske ja ko orange a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙirƙira. Maƙeran suna samar da abubuwa kamar ƙofofin ƙarfe, gasa, gasa, dogo, fitilu, kayan ɗaki, sassaka, kayan aikin noma, kayan ado da na addini, kayan dafa abinci da makamai. Maƙera suna aiki da tsofaffin tufafin wannan saboda yanayin aikin. Suna aiki duka a shagonsu (Bukkar Makera), har ma a kofar gidajensu (Zaure) suke yi kamar na Makera Assdada. Sai dai a wannan lokacin da akasarin aikin kan yi amfani da shi a kasuwa. Maƙera suna aiki da baƙin ƙarfe, yawanci baƙin ƙarfe. Kalmar smith ta samo asali ne daga kalmar 'smite' wanda ke nufin zafi. Don haka maƙeri shine mutum mai aiki ko buga baƙin ƙarfe. Tsawon ƙarnuka da suka wuce, maƙeran sun yi alfahari da cewa, nasu ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ke ba su damar yin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don sana'arsu. Lokaci da al'ada sun ba da wasu ingantattun kayan aikin yau da kullun waɗanda suka bambanta dalla-dalla kawai a duk duniya. Za zDuk abin da maƙeri yake buƙata shine wani abu don dumama ƙarfen, wani abu da zai riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi da shi, wani abu da zai buga ƙarfen a kai, da kuma wani abu da zai buga ƙarfe da shi. Kayan aikin da maƙera ke buƙatar haɗawa da su. Jujjuya ko Tukunya da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jabun murhu ce ta shagon maƙeran. Yana ba da hanyoyin kiyayewa da sarrafawa tare da taimakon Mazuzzugi. Ana amfani da Tongs (Awartaki) don riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi. Sun zo cikin kewayon siffofi da girma dabam. Abin ban sha'awa, yayin da ake buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa don ƙwaƙƙwaran maƙera, ana iya yin aiki da yawa ta hanyar riƙe ƙarshen sanyi da hannun hannu kawai. Karfe shi ne madaidaicin jagorar zafi, kuma karfen zafi na orange a gefe ɗaya zai yi sanyi don taɓa ƙafa ko makamancin haka. Anvil (makera) a mafi sauƙi shine babban toshe na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. A tsawon lokaci an tsaftace wannan don samar da ƙaho mai zagaye don sauƙaƙe zane da lanƙwasa, fuska don zane da damuwa da lanƙwasa da kuma a kan daya ko fiye da ramuka don rike kayan aiki na musamman (swages ko hardies) da sauƙaƙe naushi. Sau da yawa Flat surface na anvil zai zama taurara karfe, da kuma jikin da aka yi daga baƙin ƙarfe mafi tsanani. Maƙeran guduma (amaleshi) suna da fuska ɗaya da alƙawarin. Kwakwalwa yawanci ko dai ball ne ko ƙwanƙwasa (giciye ko madaidaicin peen dangane da fuskantar jujjuya zuwa riƙo) kuma ana amfani dashi lokacin zana. Swage (magagari) wannan kayan aiki ne na siffatawa, swages ko dai kayan aikin tsaye ne kawai ko kuma sun dace da 'ramin hardie' akan fuskar macijiya. Maƙeran suna aiki ta hanyar dumama sassa na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe har sai ƙarfen ya zama mai laushi don ya zama siffa da kayan aikin hannu, kamar guduma da chisel. Don ƙona ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙirƙira, ana amfani da itace zuwa ga gawayi. Dabarun Maƙeran ƙila za a iya raba su kusan zuwa ƙirƙira (wani lokaci ana kiranta “sculpting”), walda, maganin zafi da ƙarewa. Har ila yau ana kiran ƙirƙira da sassaƙawa domin aikin gyaran ƙarfe ne. Wasu ayyuka ko dabaru da ake amfani da su wajen ƙirƙira sun haɗa da zane, raguwa, lanƙwasa, bacin rai da naushi. Za a iya yin zane tare da kayan aiki da hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyi biyu na yau da kullun ta yin amfani da guduma da maƙarƙashiya kawai za su kasance suna guduma a kan ƙahon maƙarƙashiya, da kuma buge-buge a fuskar majiya ta yin amfani da guntun giciye na guduma. Wata hanyar yin zane ita ce ta yin amfani da kayan aiki mai suna Fuller (tsinke), ko kuma pen guduma don gaggauta zana daga wani kauri mai kauri. Ana kiran dabarar cikawa daga kayan aiki. Cikakkewa ya ƙunshi guduma jeri na indentations (tare da madaidaicin tudu) daidai da tsayin sashe na yanki da ake zana. Sakamakon sakamako zai zama kama da raƙuman ruwa tare da saman yanki. Lankwasawa ta hanyar dumama karfe zuwa zafi na orange yana ba da damar lankwasawa kamar dai karfe mai zafi yumbu ne ko sarafy taffy; yana ɗaukar mahimmanci amma ba ƙoƙarin Herculean ba. Ana iya yin lanƙwasa tare da guduma a kan ƙaho ko shekarun maƙarƙashiya, ko kuma ta hanyar shigar da aikin a cikin ɗayan ramukan da ke saman majiya da kuma karkatar da ƙarshen kyauta zuwa gefe ɗaya. Ana iya yin suturar lanƙwasa da ɗaurewa ko faɗaɗa su ta hanyar dunƙule su a kan sashin da ya dace da siffa. Tashin hankali shine tsarin sanya ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin wani girma ta hanyar ragewa a ɗayan. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i shine ta hanyar dumama ƙarshen sanda kuma suna gudu a kan ta kamar yadda mutum zai fitar da ƙusa, sandunan ya yi guntu, kuma ɓangaren zafi yana fadada. Madadin guduma a ƙarshen zafi, shine sanya ƙarshen zafi a ƙarshen magudanar da guduma akan ƙarshen sanyi, ko kuma zubar da sandar, ƙarshen zafi ƙasa, a kan wani yanki na daidaitawa a matakin bene. Ana iya yin naushi don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ado, ko kuma a yi rami, alal misali, a shirye-shiryen yin kan guduma, maƙerin zai bugi rami a cikin sanda mai nauyi ko sanda don riƙon guduma. Duka bai iyakance ga baƙin ciki da ramuka ba. Hakanan ya haɗa da yankewa, tsagawa da tuƙi; Ana yin waɗannan da chisel. Tsarin hadawa Ana haɗa tsarin ƙirƙira na asali guda biyar sau da yawa don samarwa da kuma daidaita sifofin da suka dace don samfuran da aka gama. Misali, don kera shugaban hamma mai ƙwanƙwasa, maƙerin zai fara da sandar kusan diamita na fuskar guduma, za a buga ramin hannun kuma a buge shi (fadi ta hanyar saka ko wuce babban kayan aiki ta cikinsa), shugaban zai yi. a yanka (bushi, amma da ƙugiya), za a zana peen zuwa wani yanki kuma a yi ado da fuska ta hanyar tayar da hankali. Welding shi ne haɗa ƙarfe iri ɗaya ko makamancinsa wanda babu haɗin gwiwa ko ɗinki; guntun da za a yi walda sun zama guda ɗaya. Yanzu smith yana motsawa da manufa mai sauri. Ana ɗauko ƙarfen daga wuta a haɗa shi da sauri, guduma yana shafa ƴan famfo kaɗan don kawo fuskokin mating ɗin gabaɗaya sannan a matse ruwan sannan a sake komawa wuta. An fara walda tare da famfo, amma sau da yawa haɗin gwiwa yana da rauni kuma bai cika ba, don haka maƙerin zai sake buga haɗin gwiwa zuwa zafin walda kuma yayi aiki da walda tare da bugun haske don saita' weld kuma a ƙarshe ya yi ado da shi don siffa. Maganin zafi Baya ga haɓaka rashin lafiyarsa, wani dalili na dumama ƙarfe shine don dalilai na maganin zafi. Ƙarfe za a iya taurare, fushi, daidaitacce, annealed, yanayin taurara da kuma batun sauran tsari wanda ke canza tsarin crystalline na karfe don ba shi takamaiman halaye da ake buƙata don amfani daban-daban. Ƙarshe Dangane da abin da aka yi niyya na amfani da yanki, maƙerin zai iya gama shi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Jig mai sauƙi wanda smith zai iya amfani da ƴan lokuta kawai a cikin shagon yana iya samun ƙaramar kammala rap akan maƙarƙashiya don karya sikelin da goga tare da goga na waya. Ana iya amfani da fayiloli don kawo yanki zuwa siffa ta ƙarshe, cire burrs da kaifi, da kuma santsin saman. Nika duwatsun takarda mai ƙyalli da ƙafafun emery na iya ƙara siffa, santsi da goge saman. Ƙarshen sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga fenti, varnish, bluing, aro, mai da kakin zuma ba. Koyaya, dan wasan mazugi (mazugi) mataimaki ne ga maƙerin. Ayyukansa shine yaɗa babban guduma a cikin manyan ayyukan ƙirƙira. Sarkin Makera ya ci gaba da cewa, “Idan aka yi wani aiki ko kuma Sarkin Musulmi yana bukatar hidimar maƙera, sai ya gayyaci Sarkin Makera kuma Mazugi ne zai bi shi da kayan aikin sa. Yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, saitin hinjiyoyin ƙofa ko ƙusoshin ƙusoshi shine abin da maƙerin ƙauyen ya yi. Shagon nasa shine kantin kayan masarufi na gida. Yana kuma iya gyara doguwar sarƙa ko ya sa ƙafafu a kan ƙafafun keken, ko kuma ya gyara gatari da ya tsinke sa’ad da ya bugi dutsen. Ko ƙauyen yana buƙatar takuba ko garma, maƙerin ya yi su. Domin ba tare da maƙerin ba, ƙauyen ba zai iya rayuwa ba Yayin da duk wannan masana'antar ƙarfe ta samo asali a kan lokaci, maƙerin ya zama laima ga ƙwararru da yawa. Maƙerin da ya yi wuƙaƙe da takuba, shi ne maƙeri. Maƙerin da ya yi ƙulli ya kasance maƙerin. Maƙerin da ya yi hidimar sulke mai sulke mai sulke ne. Maƙerin da ya kera gangunan bindiga da harsashi shi ne maƙerin bindiga. Maƙerin da ya yi wa dawakai sutura, ya kasance farrier. Maƙerin wanda ya yi wa mata ƴan kunne, sarƙoƙi da sauran kayan ado, farar fata ne. Maƙerin da ya ƙware wajen gyare-gyaren zinariya ya kasance maƙerin zinare. Don haka maƙeran sun mallaki duk waɗannan fasaha. Kimanta masana'antu Gandi ya bayyana sana’ar baƙar fata a matsayin babbar hanyar rayuwa ga mutanen Assada yana mai cewa duk wanda ya fito daga yankin dole ne ya zama maƙeri don haka haramun ne mutum ya yi watsi da sana’ar mahaifinsa da kakansa. A cikin kowane iyali na Makera Assada, dole ne a sami shaidar baƙar fata. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin sana’ar da kuma zamanin da, a tsakanin mutanen Assada. Masu sana'ar Makera Assada kullum suna cikin shagunansu da wuraren aiki. Yawancin maƙeran ba manoma ba ne, don haka ba sa zuwa gona amma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da manoman da ke buƙatar ayyukansu. Smithing wata sana'a ce ta daban da ke buƙatar fasaha da ƙarfin jiki. Maƙerin yau ya fi mai fassara na baya kuma mai fasaha idan kuna so maimakon abu na gaske. Don haka an katange shi da haramtattun abubuwa da yawa kuma yana buƙatar dogon lokaci na koyo. Maƙeran sun shahara da yin amfani da ƙarfe da wuta, ta yadda makamin ƙarfe ko wuta ba zai iya cutar da su ba. Maƙeran sun ba da taimako ga noma kuma sun ba da tushe na fasaha. Maƙeran suna ba da abubuwan da suka zama dole ta ayyukan zamantakewa da na yau da kullun. Tun bayan bullar maƙera zuwa yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ana jin tsoronsu a wasu al'ummomin yammacin Afirka saboda irin ƙarfin da suke da shi a fannin aikin ƙarfe, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya mafi yawan mashahuran maƙera, makamin ƙarfe da wuta ba za su iya cutar da su ba, ko da yake wasu suna ganin hakan. a matsayin wani nau'i na sihiri, amma a ko'ina cikin duniya Afirka ta Yamma suna girmama su don aikin majagaba na fasaha. Yayin da talakawa ke tsoron ikon maƙeri, ana sha'awar su sosai kuma suna da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa. Domin sana’ar ta yi fice sosai kuma tana da haxari, maƙera galibi ana neman garuruwa da ƙauyuka inda babu. Don haka yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, kwano (baho) ko saitin lalurar ƙofa aikinsa ne. Yana kuma iya gyara makullin ƙofa ko gyara gatari da ya tsinke idan ya bugi dutse. Abin da ya shafi masu sana'ar Makera shi ne shigo da kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje, kayan masarufi masu arha da yawa yanzu haka ana sayarwa a kasuwannin cikin gida. Wukake, kayan aikin gida kamar guga, kwano, abin wuya, da sauransu. Za'a iya siyan kusoshi na ƙofa da hinges da sauran kayan amfani a duk inda ake so. A bisa ƙa'ida mutane sun dogara ga masana'antar gida, don samar da waɗannan kayayyaki. Waɗannan kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje sun fi arha kuma sun fi dacewa da manufar sa. Ko da yake, maƙeran Makera Assada sun kware a kowane irin aikin ƙarfe, amma ba su ba da fifiko ga kera bindigogin gida ba duk da cewa mafarauta na buƙatar su don farautar dabbobi. Hakan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin tsaro saboda gwamnati ta hana irin wannan samarwa. Wato a can ake kera makaman gida kamar takobi, mashi da sauransu. Baya ga gyare-gyaren ƙarfe don samar da abubuwa, wasu mutane suna yin maƙeran balaguro. Suna tafiya wurare da dama har zuwa Kano, Zariya, Funtuwa da ma bayan iyakokin Arewacin Najeriya, don sayen karafa da za a iya amfani da su, kamar barnar motoci da jiragen sama, guntun sandunan ƙarfe, kwantenan dakon mai da dai sauransu. A wannan karafa ana kawowa Makera Assada har sai lokacin da ake bukata duk wani kamfani ko mai son irin wannan sana'a ko karafa za a tura shi yankin Makera Assada. Bambance-bambancen sana'o'i a tsakanin Makera musamman a cikin sana'o'insu na kera yana nuna bajintar fasaharsu da ci gabansu. Wannan shaida ce a lokacin jihadi. A cikin 1839, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow a cikin sanannen waƙarsa, "The Village Blacksmith" ya yaba wa maƙerin, "Kingarsa yana jike da gumi na gaskiya. Yakan sami duk abin da zai iya, kuma yana kallon duniya gaba ɗaya, don ba ya bin kowa. Duba kuma Sokoto Usman Dan Fodiyo Sokoto Caliphate Maƙeran yammacin Afirka Manazarta Articles with hAudio

30884

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadarin%20Canjin%20Yanayi

Hadarin Canjin Yanayi

Hadarin Canjin Yanayi Duniyarmu idan ka kalle ta a dunkule yadda take, tamkar halitta guda ce domin Allah ya tsara ta yadda ta ke da tsarin daidaita kanta da kanta, yadda za ta ci gaba da kasancewa mattattara ta halittu masu rai da marasa rai. Wannan tsari na daidaiton duniya ya kan sami nakasau idan wani abu ya yi yawa fiye da yadda ya kamata wanda a sakamakon haka sai ya yi illa ko kawo canji ga sauran tsarin. Tun sanda aka samar da duniya sama da shekaru biliyan hudu da rabi da su ka gabata, tamkar jariri da aka Haifa, haka duniya ta rika habaka sannu a hankali wato daga wani dunkule na wuta har ta huce ta zama kasa sannan ruwa ya samu wanda daga cikinsa kuma Allah ya samar da halittu masu rai. Tun sanda rayuwa ta fara a doron kasa, an sami halittu iri-iri wadanda su ka iya zama su rayu a sassan duniya daban-daban, kama daga doron kasa, karkashin ruwa da cikin iska da ke sararin duniya har ma da can karkashin kasa inda ya ke da tsananin zafi. Tarihi A dogon tarihin duniya an sami canjin yanayi daga zafi mai yawa zuwa ga sanyi mai tsanani, wanda ke samuwa sakamakon abubuwa da dama. Cikin manyan abubuwan da ke kawo canjin yanayi a duniya shine yanayin sanyi ko zafi wanda shi kuma ke samuwa sakamon yadda duniya ke juyawa da zagaya rana, sannan akwai yanayi yadda farantai da ke dauke da nahiyoyin duniya ke motsawa, da kuma shi kansa maganadisun duniya da ke da karfi a dorayen duniya na kudu da arewa. Wadannan abubuwa kan sa dumin duniya ya karu ko ya yi kasa, yayin da ya yi kasa sosai shine ake samun yanayin hunturu mai tsanani a duniya sakamakon kankara da ke mamaye yawancin sassa na duniya. Ko a lokacin ruwan dufana a zamanin Annabi Nuhu irin abinda ya faru kenan sakamakon ruwa ya mamaye duniya sai duminta ya yi kasa sosai yadda wurare da dama su ka daskare su ka zama kankara. A tsawon tarihin duniya an sami yanayi irin wannan sau biyar tun kafin ma zuwan Dan Adam. Wannan canzawar yanayi daga zafi zuwa sanyi, duniya da kanta ke kula da tsarin wajen daidaita shi. Hasashe Yanayin sanyi da zai zo nan gaba sabanin wanda aka saba gani ne a baya, saboda zai samu ne sakamakon yadda Dan Adam ke amfani da wannan gida da Allah ya bashi, ta hanyar dumamar yanayi wanda ayyukanmu ke haifar da shi. Kariya Allah ya tsara duniya yadda akwai wata rumfa da ke kare mu daga zaruruwan hasken rana masu illa wadanda ba domin wannan rumfa ba, rayuwa a doron kasa za ta yi wahala. Wannan rumfa, da iska Allah ya samar mana da ita sakamakon kwayar zarra ta halittar iskar odygen da ke sararin sama wadda idan zaruruwan hasken rana masu illa suka doke ta sai ta canza, sakamakon dahuwa, ta koma wata samfurin iskar wadda ake kira ozone. Ita ozone maimakon zaruruwan haske su dafa ta kamar odygen, sai ta zama kamar wani bango na madubi wanda idan sun dake ta sai su yi tsalle baya su koma sama’u maimakon ratso rumfar su iso doron duniya. Wannan iska ta ozone ta yi cincirindo a kimanin kilomita 20-25 idan ka yi can sama, kuma fadinta ya kai kimanin kilomita 60. Don haka wannan rumfa ta ozone ita ke kare halittu daga gurbatattun abubuwa masu guba da za su iya hallaka halittu a doron kasa. Sakamakon kulafucin dan Adam na tarawa da more abin duniya ta hanyar masana’antu da kone-konen dazuka da sauran hanyoyi na gurbata muhalli, shi ke samar da kwayar iskar Co2 waddaidan ta tashi sama ta cakudu da kwayar iskar ozone sai ta sake maida ta kwayar odygen wadda bata iya bada waccan kariya. A yanzu haka an gano cewa hujewar wannan rumfa a sashen doron duniya na arewa, sakamakon irin wadancan ayyuka, ya kai fadin murabba’in kilomita miliyan 20.7 (wato misalin fadin kasar Nigeria sau ashirin da daya kenan). Wasu matsalolin. Masana'antu Wannan kariya ta samo asali tun daga lokacin da Dan Adam ya gano kirkirar masana’antu kusan shekaru 300 da su ka gabata a turai, kuma a tsawon wannan lokaci dumamar duniya ya karu da kimanin digiri 3 a ma’aunin zafi kuma ya na karuwa sannu a hankali. Wata babbar illar kuma ita ce ta sare dazuka a fadin duniya domin samar da itace ko katako da filayen noma ko aikin tituna da gidaje. Ana kiyasin cewa a duk minta daya ana sare itatuwa daidai da fadin filin kwallon ball a kowanne minti guda a fadin duniya, kuma ba tare da sake dasa wasu itatuwan ba. Wutar daji, wadda yawanci manoma ke haifarwa wajen share filayen gonaki na daya daga cikin abinda ke haifar da karuwar hujewar wannan rumfa da ta zamar mana garkuwa. A yanzu mun fara ganin illar abubuwan sakamakon wayar gari yananyi na ta canzawa da haifar da fari a kasashen afirka, ambaliyar ruwa a kowanne sashe na duniya, wutar daji musamman wadda ba’a taba ganin irinta ba a bana a can kasar Australiya wadda ta lakume halittu kusan biliyan daya da miliyoyin filayen daji. Sannan mu na gani yadda kankara ke ta narkewa a doron duniya na Arewa (Arctic) da na kudu (Antarctica). Kuma narkewar wannan kankara na kara yawan ruwa a tekunan duniya yadda ambaliya ta ke ta karuwa musamman a garuruwan da ke gabar teku. A nan gaba idan wannan narkewa ta kankara ta ci gaba a yadda take faruwa yanzu saboda dumamar yanayi, garuruwa da ke bakin gabar teku irinsu Lagos nan da yan shekaru kadan ruwa zai mamaye su. Ruwan sha da ake samu daga rafuka da koramu sai ja baya ya ke yi yadda ya fara zama gwal a sassa da dama na duniya kuma masana su na hasashen cewa nan da yan shekaru masu zuwa yadda ake yake-yake a yanzu a kan man fetur haka za’a koma yakoki a kan ruwan sha. Kuma mun ga yadda a yanzu ake tada jijiyar wuya tsakanin kasahe irinsu Egypt da Ethiopia game da ikon tare ruwan kogin Nilu da Kasahen Turkiya, Syria da Irak akan koguna Eupharates da Tigris, Afghanistan da Iran kan Kogin Helmand, Turkiya da Armenia, a kasashen Yemen, China, India, Somalia da Bolivia har mu nan a Nigeriya an fara kai ruwa rana da Nijar kan kogin Kwara. Ma`adinai Halayyar dan Adam ta hadama wajen kwakulo ma’adinai daga karkashin kasa irinsu man fetur, kwal, sumunti, kuza da sauransu hakika ya shake wannan duniya tamu tare da wargaza tsarinta na daidaito, abinda idan ba mu gyara ba shi zai jawo hallakarmu gaba daya. Hakika ba zamu iya kaucewa bukatunmu na yau da kullum ba, gami da hayayyafarmu amma dai za mu iya canza yadda mu ke biyan wadannan bukatu ta hanyar bin hanyoyi da zai ci gaba da baiwa duniya damar ci gaba da tsarinta na daidaito. Za mu iya yin haka ta hanyoyin yin amfani da hasken rana da iska da ruwa wajen samar da hasken lantarkin da mu ke bukata da kuma makamashi na masana’antu da ababen hawanmu. Kalubale da mafita Babbar matsalar canjin yanayi shine kasashe matalauta irinsu Nigeriya su ne za su fi dandanawa wajen jin radadin, maimakon manyan kasashe irinsu Amurka da Turai da Chana wadanda su ne ja-gaba wajen kawo gurbacewar yanayi. Wajibi gwamnatoci da mutane su tashi tsaye domin ganin mun canza yadda muke abubuwa a kokarin rage dumamar yanayi da ke ta’azzara canjin yanayi. A Najeriya wajibi ne mu fara tunanin yadda za mu yi wajen tarar wannan annoba da wuri, kafin ta cimmana. Hanya mafi sauki shine mu fara saka kudade wajen samar da lantarki da makamashi ta hanyar hasken rana wanda Allah ya bamu da kuma iska. Sannan dole jihohin arewa su hadu waje guda wajen ganin sun gina bangon-bishiyoyi wanda tun 1999 karkashin Obasanjo aka fara maganar har aka kafa kwamiti karkashin Atiku Abubuakar domin aiwatar da aikin amma zancen ya bi ruwa. Idan aka gina bangon bishiyoyi daga Maiduguri zuwa Sokkwato hakika kwararar Hamada za ta tsaya ciki. Sarakunan mu dole su shigo cikin wannan lamari kamar yadda sarakanmu a baya su ka zama jagorori wajen dashen bishiyoyi. Kwararar Hamada an kiyasta yana kwaranyar tsawon kilomita guda duk shekara, wanda idan ba’a yake shi ba wallahi za’a wayi gari Hamada ta kai teku. A sakawa yaran makaranta cikin sharuddan karbar shaidar kammala karatunsu su dasa bishiya kamar yadda wata kasar gabashin Afirka ta saka. A zamanin tsohon gwamnan Kano Audu Bako ya kirkiri yin irin wannan bango na bishiyoyi a yankin Kazaure da Danbatta abinda ya taimaki yankin wajen yakar Hamada kuma yanzu idan ka shiga wajen zaka tarar ya zama daji. Da ace tun wancan lokaci sauran sassan arewa sun kwaikwayi Audu Bako da yanzu an samar da wannan kariya ga arewacin kasar nan. Wajibi mu farfado da wannan tsari. Maganin dumamar duniya da samuwar canjin yanayi sune canza yadda muke rayuwa tare da juya akalarmu zuwa ga makamashi mai tsafta wanda za’a iya jujjuya shi: irinsu rana, iska da ruwa. Sannan dole a yaki sare bishiyoyi ta hanyar dasa sabbi. Tallafi Kasashen Turai sun ware asusu na Euro miliyan dari domin taimakawa kasashe irin su Nijeriya wajen yaki da canjin yanayi, don haka wajibi daidaikunmu da gwamnatocinmu mu tashi tsaye wajen ganin cewa ko da gangamin dashen bishiyoyi mun fito da shi wanda zai bamu damar samun wadancan kudaden tallafi domin yakar annobar da ke gabanmu. Idan yanayin sanyi gama duniya (Ice Age) ya dawo da wuri, yadda wasu masana ke hasashe, mu sani cewa turawa da kasashen da su ka ci gaba za su iya jurewa su rayu, amma wallahi mu macewa zamu yi gaba dayanmu saboda ba mu da karfin tattalin arziki ko tsari da za mu iya tunkararsa. Canjin yanayi na haifar da kwararowar Hamada kwararowar hamada Wani masanin tsirrai da aikin noma ya bayyana canjin yanayi da cewa daya ne daga abubuwan da ke haifar da kwararowar hamada da fari musamman a kasashe masu zafi. Kamaludden Tijjani Aliyu na cibiyar Samar da amfanin gona na kasashe masu zafi wato IITA ne ya bayyana hakan a yayin zantawa da Freedom Radio a wani bangare na ranar yaki da kwararowar hamada da annobar fari ta duniya da ake gudanarwa a yau. Ya ce, kaso 24 na kwararowar hamada da fari na samo asali da yadda manoma ke yin huda a yayin ayyukan noma, Wanda hakan ke ragewa kasa tasiri. Kwamishinan muhalli na jihar Kano Dakta Kabiru Ibrahim Getso yace, gwamnati zata fara kaddamar da hukuncin doka ga masu sare bishiyu da zarar ta samu sahalewa daga majalisar dokokin jihar Kano.

32166

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajine

Tajine

Tajine ko tagine abinci ne na Arewacin Afirka, ana kiransa da tukunyar yumbu da ake dafa shi. Ana kuma kiransa maraq ko marqa. Etymology Larabci (ṭažin) an samo shi daga Berber ṭajin "tukun ƙasa marar zurfi", daga tsohuwar Girkanci (tágēnon) "kwannonin soya, tukunya". Asalin A kan bangon Antonine wanda gwamnan Numidiya na Roman Birtaniyya, Quintus Lollius Urbicus ya gina, an gano nau'ikan tukwane iri-iri, ɗaya kasancewar tasa ce mai yuwuwa ya zama mafari ga Tajine na zamani. Hakanan an gano guntuwar tajin a tsakanin yumbu na Numidian. Tarihin tagine ya samo asali ne tun zamanin Haruna Al-Rashid, Halifan Abbasiyawa na biyar. Rubuce-rubucen farko game da manufar dafa abinci a cikin tajine sun bayyana a cikin shahararren One Thousand and One Nights, tarin labaran larabci daga ƙarni na 9. A yau, tukunyar dafa abinci da naman ta na gargajiya ana shirya su ne a Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don shirya tajine. A tsarin qidra na asali, ana amfani da saman (man shanu mai tsabta) don shafawa saman ƙasa sannan a ƙara yankakken albasa don dandano da ƙamshi. Don dafa abinci irin na muqawlli, ana sanya kayan aikin a cikin man zaitun don wadatar da dandano. Akwai bayanai da yawa na yadda ake shirya tajine daga malaman Larabawa. Shahararriyar bayanin shi ne na ibn al-Adim (1192-1262): Tukwane Tukwane na gargajiya na tajine, wani lokacin fenti ko glazed, ya ƙunshi sassa biyu: rukunin tushe mai madauwari wanda ke da lebur tare da ƙananan gefe da babban murfin mazugi ko kumbura wanda ke zaune a gindi yayin dafa abinci. An ƙera murfin don mayar da duk abin da ke ciki zuwa ƙasa. Ana iya inganta wannan tsari ta ƙara ruwan sanyi a cikin rijiyar da aka kera ta musamman a saman murfi. A al'adance ana dafa Tajine akan gawayi mai zafi yana barin isasshen sarari tsakanin garwashin da tukunyar tajine don gujewa tashin zafi da sauri. Ana amfani da manyan bulo na gawayi, musamman don iya zama da zafi na awanni. Sauran hanyoyin su ne yin amfani da tajine a cikin tanda a hankali ko kuma a saman murhu mai iskar gas ko lantarki, a kan mafi ƙarancin zafi da ake buƙata don kiyaye stew ɗin a hankali. Ana amfani da na'ura mai yatsa, kayan aikin madauwari da aka sanya tsakanin tajine da harshen wuta, ana amfani da shi don rarraba zafin murhu daidai gwargwado. Masana'antun Turai sun ƙirƙira tajin tare da babban simintin ƙarfe na ƙarfe waɗanda za a iya dumama su a kan murhu mai zafi zuwa zafi mai zafi, wanda ke ba da izinin yin launin nama da kayan lambu kafin dafa abinci. Ana iya maimaita girkin Tajine ta amfani da jinkirin mai dafa abinci ko makamancin haka, amma sakamakon zai ɗan bambanta. Yawancin tajin yumbu abubuwa ne na ado da kuma tasoshin dafa abinci. Wasu tajin, duk da haka, ana nufin kawai a yi amfani da su azaman kayan abinci na ado. Tajine na Aljeriya da Morocco Jita-jita tajine na Aljeriya da na Moroko su ne miya mai daɗin dafawa a hankali, yawanci ana yin su da yankakken nama, kaji ko kifi tare da kayan lambu ko 'ya'yan itace. Ana kuma amfani da kayan yaji, goro, da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa. Kayan yaji na yau da kullun sun haɗa da ginger, cumin, turmeric, kirfa, da saffron. Ana amfani da paprika da chili a cikin kayan lambu tajines. Haɗin zaki da tsami ya zama ruwan dare a cikin abinci tajine kamar rago tare da prunes da kayan yaji. Gabaɗaya ana ba da Tajine da burodi. Domin murfin tukunyar tajine mai siffar domed ko mazugi yana kama tururi kuma ya mayar da ruwan da aka dasa cikin tukunyar, ana buƙatar ƙaramin adadin ruwa don dafa nama da kayan lambu. Wannan hanyar dafa abinci tana da mahimmanci a wuraren da ruwa ke da iyaka ko kuma inda ba a samu ruwan jama'a ba. Tajine na Tunisia Abin da 'yan Tunisiya ke kira "tajine" ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan tasa. Tajine na Tunisiya ya fi kama da frittata na Italiyanci ko eggah. Da farko, ana shirya ragout mai sauƙi, na naman da aka yanka a ƙanana sosai, ana dafa shi da albasa da kayan yaji, kamar haɗaɗɗen busassun furen fure da kirfa na ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da baharat ko haɗakar daɗaɗɗen ciyawa da caraway tsaba; wannan ake ce ma tabil. Sannan a zuba wani abu mai sitaci domin ya kauri. Masu kauri na gama-gari sun haɗa da wake cannellini, chickpeas, breadcrumbs ko dankali mai cubed. Lokacin da naman ya yi laushi, ana haɗa shi tare da abubuwan da aka zaɓa don zama mafi yawan dandano. Misalai sun haɗa da faski, busasshen mint, saffron, busasshen tumatiri da rana, dafaffen kayan lambu da ƙwalwar maruƙa. Bayan haka, an wadatar da stew da cuku da ƙwai. A karshe ana toya wannan kwai da stew a cikin wani kwanon abinci mai zurfi, ko dai a kan murhu ko kuma a cikin tanda har sai an dahu sama da kasa sosai sannan a ajiye kwai. Idan tajine ta shirya sai a juye a faranti a yanka ta cikin murabba'i, tare da yankan lemo. Hakanan ana iya yin tajin Tunisiya da abincin teku ko a matsayin abinci mai cin ganyayyaki gaba ɗaya. A yankunan karkarar Tunisiya, masu dafa abinci na gida suna sanya wani farantin ƙasa mai zurfi a kan garwashin itacen zaitun, su cika shi, a rufe shi da kasko mai lebur, sannan su tara garwashi a sama. Sakamakon tajine yana da ɓawon ciki a sama da ƙasa, ɗanɗano ne a ciki kuma ana zuba shi da ƙamshi mai ƙamshi. Tagine na Yahudancin Maghrebi Yahudawan Maghrebi kuma suna cin abinci kuma suna shirya tagine, saboda kasancewarsu na tarihi a Arewacin Afirka. Tagine abinci ne mai matukar muhimmanci a cikin abinci na Sephardi, kuma Yahudawan Moroko, Yahudawan Aljeriya, Yahudawan Tunisiya, Yahudawan Libya, Yahudawan Djerban, da Yahudawan Faransanci, Bayahude Ba’amurke, da Isra’ilawa ne suke cin su kuma suna shirya su. Sephardim a cikin waɗannan ƙasashe. Tagine shine babban jigon abinci na Sephardic wanda aka saba shirya don abincin dare na Shabbat a cikin al'ummar Sephardi, kuma ana yin hidima tare da couscous. Sephardim daga yankuna daban-daban suna shirya nau'o'in Tagine daban-daban, misali Yahudawa na Moroccan sukan shirya tagine tare da busassun 'ya'yan itatuwa, yayin da Yahudawan Tunisiya sukan shirya tagine na kayan lambu mai dauke da dankali, karas, da zucchini a yanka a cikin manyan dice. Hakanan ana shirya Tagine akai-akai don bukukuwan Yahudawa kamar Rosh Hashanah da kalacin Yom Kippur. Gallery

27962

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cidade%20Velha

Cidade Velha

Cidade Velha (Fotigal don "tsohon birni", kuma: Santiago de Cabo Verde) birni ne, da ke kudancin tsibirin Santiago, Cape Verde. An kafa shi a cikin 1462, shine mafi dadewa mazauna a Cape Verde kuma tsohon babban birninsa. Da zarar ana kiranta Ribeira Grande, an canza sunanta zuwa Cidade Velha a ƙarshen karni na 18. Ita ce wurin zama na gundumar Ribeira Grande de Santiago. Wannan garin da yake kusa da gabar tekun arewa maso yammacin Afirka, shi ne na farko da Turawa suka yi wa mulkin mallaka a wurare masu zafi. Wasu daga cikin tsararru na asali da aka tsara na wurin har yanzu suna nan daram, gami da katangar sarki, majami'u biyu da filin gari na ƙarni na 16. A yau, Cidade Velha tashar jiragen ruwa ce ta Atlantika kuma cibiyar al'adun Creole. Garin ya zama Gidan Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO kuma ɗayan abubuwan al'ajabi bakwai na Asalin Fotigal a Duniya a cikin 2009. Labarin ƙasa Cidade Velha yana kudu maso yammacin Santiago, a bakin kogin Ribeira Grande de Santiago. Yana da nisan kilomita 10 (mil 6) yamma da Praia babban birnin kasar. Yankunan birni sun haɗa da Largo Pelourinho, São Sebastião, Santo António da São Pedro. Tarihi António da Noli, dan Genoese ne a cikin sabis na Fotigal, ya gano tsibirin Santiago a cikin 1460. Da Noli ya zauna a Ribeira Grande tare da danginsa da Fotigal daga Algarve da Alentejo a 1462. Yanayin daidaitawa yana da kyau saboda yawan ruwa daga kogin Ribeira Grande, wanda ya ba shi dama fiye da sauran mazauna a Santiago, Alcatrazes. Matsalolin ya zama tashar tashar kira mai mahimmanci ga mulkin mallaka na Portuguese zuwa Afirka da Kudancin Amirka. A cikin karni na 16 da 17, ta kasance cibiyar kasuwancin teku tsakanin Afirka, Cape, Brazil da Caribbean. Saboda kusancinsa da gabar tekun Afirka, ya kasance muhimmin dandali na cinikin bayi. Tashar jiragen ruwa ta Cidade Velha ta kasance wurin tsayawa ga manyan jiragen ruwa guda biyu: Vasco da Gama, a cikin 1497, a kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Indiya, da Christopher Columbus, a 1498, yayin da yake tafiya ta uku zuwa Amurka. A cikin 1522, shine wurin tsayawa ga mai binciken Ferdinand Magellan daga baya wanda ya yi aiki a ƙarƙashin Spain akan hanyarsa ta kewaya duniya. Cidade Velha tana da majami'ar mulkin mallaka mafi dadewa a duniya Nossa Senhora do Rosário coci, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1495. A shekara ta 1533, Cidade Velha ta zama wurin zama na sabon Diocese na Roman Katolika na Santiago de Cabo Verde, wanda Paparoma Clement ya kirkira. VII. A halin yanzu, wurin zama a Praia. Arzikin Ribeira Grande da rikice-rikice tsakanin Portugal da masu adawa da mulkin mallaka Faransa da Biritaniya sun jawo hare-haren 'yan fashi, ciki har da wadanda Francis Drake (1585) da Jacques Cassard (1712) suka yi. Ribeira Grande ya kasance mai rauni kuma ya shiga raguwa. An ƙaura babban birnin zuwa Praia a cikin 1770. Ribeira Grande (yanzu Cidade Velha) an rage shi zuwa matsayin ƙauye kuma gine-ginen farar hula, na addini da na soja sun lalace. Tun daga shekarun 1960, an fara ayyukan gyare-gyare. A cikin 2009, ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na UNESCO. Demography Shafukan sha'awa Pelourinho (Pillory), wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1512 ko kuma 1520. A wannan ginshiƙin marmara an hukunta bayi masu tawaye a fili. An maido da shi a shekarun 1960. Yana tsaye a babban dandalin birnin. Forte Real de São Filipe, wanda aka gina a cikin 1587–93. An gina wannan katafaren kariya daga hare-haren 'yan fashin teku (yawan Faransanci da Ingilishi). Tsayin yana da 120 m sama da matakin teku. Cocin Nossa Senhora do Rosário, majami'ar mulkin mallaka mafi tsufa a duniya, wanda aka gina a cikin 1495. Tana da ɗakin sujada a cikin salon Manueline Gothic. Rushe Cathedral Sé, ginin ya fara a 1556 kuma an kammala shi a cikin 1705, an washe shi a cikin 1712. Rushewar rugujewar ta (ikilisiya tana da tsayin mita 60) an kiyaye shi a cikin 2004. Rushewar gidan zuhudu na São Francisco, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1657 akan wani gangare a wajen tsakiyar birnin. An maido da cocin zuhudu a shekara ta 2002. Ana iya samun gidajen gargajiya da yawa a kan tituna rua Banana da rua Carreira. Yanayi Cidade Velha yana da yanayi mai zafi (Köppen BWh). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara shine milimita 201 ko inci 7.91, kuma matsakaicin zafinsa shine 25.2 °C ko 77.4 °F. Mafi kyawun watan shine Janairu (matsakaicin 23.0 °C ko 73.4 °F) kuma mafi zafi shine Oktoba (matsakaicin 28.0 °C ko 82.4 °F). Hotuna

15309

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asabe%20Shehu%20Musa%20Yar%27Adua

Asabe Shehu Musa Yar'Adua

Asabe Shehu Musa Yar'Adua (an haife ta 6 ga watan Yuni Shekarar 1956) ita ce bazawara na Shehu Musa Yar'adua, wani babban hafsan Sojan Najeriya da ya yi ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Ma’aikata, Hedikwatar Ƙoli a ƙarƙashin Janar Olusegun Gwamnatin Obasanjo ta 1977 1979. Ita ce ta kafa ƙungiyar shugabar Asabe Shehu Yar'Adua Foundation (ASYARF), ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tare da babban ofishinta a Abuja, Najeriya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Haifaffiyar jihar kano ce, ta fara karatun ta ne a Sudan Interior Mission Kano daga baya kuma ta fara makarantar sakandaren mata ta St Louis, Kano. Ta kammala karatun digiri ne a Kwalejin Fasaha ta London, London (Bachelor of Arts BA, Master of Art MA). Aiyikan Ba da Kai Ta hanyar gidauniyar ta, Asabe Shehu Yar'Adua Foundation, ta kasance cikin ayyukan sadaukar da kai ga bil'adama da kuma yin kira ga kungiyoyin masu rauni a cikin al'umma, ciki har da matasa, mata da yara. Asabe Shehu Yar'adua Gidauniyar mamba ce a Ƙungiyar Hadin Kan Ƙasashe Masu Zaman Kansu ta Duniya (WANGO), ƙungiyar kasa da kasa da ke hada kan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a duk duniya don ci gaban zaman lafiya da ci gaban duniya. Ta ci gaba da jajircewa wajan tabbatar da abubuwan da mijinta ya bari ta hanyar kafa Asabe Shehu Yar'Adua Foundation (ASYARF) a shekarar 1998 da kuma hada kai da sauran kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na waje (NGOs) don sanya murmushin fuskokin 'yan asalin a duniya. Shawara Ita mai ba da shawara ce kan sauyin yanayi kuma ta hanyar ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka amince da ita a duniya saboda jajircewarta ga tsarin UNFCCC don taimakawa kasashe masu tasowa wajen sabawa da hanyoyin magance canjin yanayi. A wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar kare hakkin yara, Asabe shehu Yar'Adua Foundation (ASYARF) tare da hadin gwiwar National Orientation Agency Nigeria sun shirya taron karawa juna sani na kwana 1 kan "Yunkurin kawar da fataucin yara kanana da kuma bautar da yara" a tarayyar Najeriya na dakin taro na 'Yan Jarida, Ikeja, Nijeriya, a shekarar 2009. Yunkurin Siyasa Har ilayau ta tsunduma kan harkokin siyasa don tabbatar da ingancin zabe a matsayin mai sanya ido a kan zabukan cikin gida da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa Gidauniyar Asabe Shehu Yar'Adua a matsayinta na wacce ta amince da sa idon kungiyoyin fararen hula a zabuka daidai da tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da nuna gaskiya a zaben ta lura da yadda ake gudanar da zaben Shugaban kasa, na Gwamnoni da na Kananan Hukumomi a Najeriya cikin shekarun da suka gabata da ma wasu kasashen ECOWAS, musamman ma. Laberiya An kama ta, An yi ƙoƙari an sake shi An taɓa kama ta a cikin shekara ta 2009 kuma Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki (EFCC) ta gurfanar da ita a matsayin Joy Asabe Williams, wacce aka fi sani da Hajiya Asabe Shehu Musa Yar'Adua, a gaban wata Babbar Kotun Tarayya (FCT), saboda ikirarin cewa ita matar marigayi Manjo Janar Shehu Musa Yar'adua, yayan marigayi Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua An gurfanar da ita tare da Linda Ayanwu da kuma wani Ibrahim Gaya kan tuhume-tuhume uku da suka hada da hada baki, yin bogi da neman kudi ta hanyar karya ta hanyar Kwanturola Janar na Kwastam a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 2009. Amma duk da haka da Hon. Justis AM Talba na Babban Kotun taraiya a Kotu Mai lamba: FCT HC CR 42/2009 a hukuncin da ya yanke a ranar 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2011. A cikin kalaman Mai Shari'a Talba, "Kotu ba ta zama gidan ajiye kaya ba ko kuma wurin zubar da shara'a ba. Dole ne a gudanar da harkokin kotu kamar yadda ya kamata a lokacin kuma ba bisa larurar mutane ko mutane ba. Kotun ba ta girmama kowa ko mutane. "Daga abubuwan da suka dabaibaye shi da kuma halin da ake ciki game da wannan shari'ar, ina son yin kira ga sashi na 159 (2) na CPC da kuma sallama wadanda ake zargi"

34231

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-28%20%28Michigan%20highway%29

M-28 (Michigan highway)

Infobox road instances in Michigan M-28 babbar hanya ce ta gabas da yamma wacce ta ratsa kusan dukkanin Babban Peninsula na jihar Michigan ta Amurka, daga Wakefield zuwa kusa da Sault Ste. Marie a cikin garin Bruce Tare da Babban Hanyar Amurka 2 (US 2), M-28 ya samar da manyan hanyoyi biyu na farko da ke haɗa Babban Peninsula daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe, suna ba da babbar hanyar shiga don zirga-zirga daga Michigan da Kanada tare da gabar kudu na Lake Superior M-28 shine layin gangar jikin mafi tsayi a cikin Michigan wanda aka ƙidaya tare da prefix "M-" a Dukkanin babbar hanyar an jera su akan Tsarin Babbar Hanya na Ƙasa, yayin da sassan uku na M-28 suna cikin ɓangaren Tafkin Superior Circle Tour M-28 kuma yana ɗauke da zane-zanen babban titin tunawa guda biyu a kan hanyarsa. A duk tsawon tafiyar da take yi a fadin Upper Peninsula, M-28 ta ratsa cikin gandun daji da ke dazuzzuka, fadama na bogi, yankunan birni, da kuma bakin gabar Tekun Babban. Sassan titin sun haye dajin Ottawa na kasa da duka sassan dajin Hiawatha na kasa Wasu daga cikin sauran alamomin da ake samu daga M-28 sun haɗa da Seney Stretch, Seney National Wild Refuge da kuma gadoji masu tarihi da yawa. M-28 na asali ne na layin gangar jikin, tun daga shekarar 1919 da samuwar tsarin gangar jikin na jihar. Babban titin na asali ya fi guntu fiye da na yanzu. An fadada M-28 zuwa gabas zuwa Sault Ste. Yankin Marie a ƙarshen 1920s. An faɗaɗa ƙarshen yammacin sau biyu zuwa wurare daban-daban akan layin jihar Wisconsin Sauran sauye-sauyen da aka samu tare da hanyar zirga-zirgar sun haifar da ƙirƙirar madaukai na kasuwanci daban-daban guda uku a lokuta daban-daban, wanda har yanzu yana nan. Canje-canje na gaba, wanda gundumar Marquette ta gabatar amma Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Michigan (MDOT) ba ta yarda da su ba, na iya ganin M-28 ta koma kan titin County. 480 (CR 480). Bayanin hanya M-28 babbar hanya ce don zirga-zirgar zirga-zirgar Michigan da Kanada tare da gabar kudu ta tafkin Superior. Yana samar da rabin arewacin nau'i-nau'i na katako na farko da ke haɗa Babban Peninsula daga ƙarshe zuwa ƙarshe; Amurka<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwLA">&nbsp;</span>2 abokin kudu ne. babbar hanya ta ƙunshi galibin hanyoyi biyu, ba a raba su sai sassan da ke tare da Amurka.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwMg">&nbsp;</span>41 kusa da Marquette Yankin "Marquette Bypass" na Amurka 41/M-28 babbar hanya ce mai layi huɗu, kuma sassan babbar hanyar a gundumar Marquette suna da hanyoyi huɗu. Gabaɗayan hanyar wani ɓangare ne na Tsarin Babbar Hanya na Ƙasa, kuma sassa uku na layin gangar jikin wani ɓangare ne na Balaguron Tafki Superior Circle. Tashar Yamma zuwa Shingleton A yamma, M-28 yana farawa a wata mahadar sigina da Amurka 2 in Wakefield. Zuwa arewa, babbar hanyar ta wuce tafkin Lahadi ta nufi bayan gari. Bayan tsallaka zuwa yankin kudu maso yammacin Ontonagon County da Yankin Gabashin Gabas, babbar hanyar ta ratsa arewacin gabar tafkin Gogebic, tana tafiya tare da M-64 Sashe na farko na M-28 wanda aka keɓe a matsayin wani ɓangare na Tafkin Superior Circle Tour yana daga ƙarshen ƙarshen yamma zuwa mahadar gabas tare da M-64 a Bergland, inda Tour Circle ya juya arewa tare da M-64, yana barin M-28. Anan, M-28 yana da mafi ƙarancin ƙididdiga na zirga-zirga; A cikin binciken MDOT na 2013, an jera hanyar tare da matsakaicin zirga-zirga na yau da kullun (AADT) na motoci 1,425 akan wani yanki na babbar hanya tsakanin Bergland da Amurka.<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwRw">&nbsp;</span>45 intersection in Bruce Crossing Layin gangar jikin yana bi ta yankunan dajin da ke kudancin Houghton da Baraga A mahadar gabas tare da Amurka 41 kusa da Covington, M-28 ya sake karɓar sunan Circle Tour kuma ya fita daga dajin Ottawa na ƙasa A cikin yankunan Baraga da Marquette, Amurka 41/M-28 ya ratsa ta cikin tudu kafin ya shiga cikin biranen Ishpeming, Negaunee da Marquette. Kimanin 13,000-17,000 motocin suna amfani da wannan sashe daga Ishpeming zuwa gabas ta Negaunee. Yammacin birnin Marquette, Amurka 41/M-28 yana da kololuwar 2013 AADT na 32,805 motoci a cikin Garin Marquette tare da titin dillali da kasuwanci. Wannan matakin kololuwa yana dawwama har zuwa farkon Marquette Bypass, inda zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ke komawa zuwa matakan hawa 16,500 da mafi girma da aka gani a Ishpeming da Negaunee. Kudancin birnin Marquette, yawan zirga-zirga ya sake hawa zuwa 19,620 ababan hawa. A cikin Garin Chocolay AADT ya ragu zuwa 8,840 Motoci kafin a kashe su zuwa 3,065 motoci ta hanyar gundumomi. A layin birni na Ishpeming-Negaunee, M-28 yana canza sunayen manyan hanyoyin tunawa. Daga ƙarshen ƙarshen yamma zuwa wannan batu, ana kiran M-28 "Hanyar Tunawa da Tsohon Sojoji", amma ya zama "Hanyar Hanya ta DJ Jacobetti Memorial" don girmama memba mafi dadewa na majalisar dokokin Michigan, Dominic J. Jacobetti Babban titin Jacobetti ya ƙare a mahadar M-123 ta gabas a cikin gundumar Chippewa Tsakanin Marquette da Munising, M-28 yayi daidai da babban tekun Lake Superior, yana ba da kyawawan ra'ayoyi game da tafkin da "rairayin bakin teku masu yashi". Gidan shakatawa na sassaka na Lakenenland yana cikin garin Chocolay kusa da Shot Point a gundumar Marquette ta gabas. Wannan jan hankalin da ke gefen hanya mallakar Tom Lakenen ne kuma yana da kyawawan ayyukan fasaha da aka yi da tarkacen ƙarfe. Kusa da al'ummar Au Train, M-28 ya ketare zuwa sashin yamma na dajin Hiawatha na kasa Yammacin Munising tashar jirgin ruwa ce wacce ke ba da jigilar kayayyaki zuwa Yankin Nishaɗin Kasa na Grand Island, kuma a Munising akwai sauƙin shiga Hotunan Rocks National Lakeshore Har ila yau, titin yana da alamun saƙo mai canzawa don faɗakar da masu ababen hawa game da rufe zirga-zirgar da ke da alaƙa da yanayin hunturu a bakin tekun. An shigar a Amurka 41 da M-94 junctions, alamun suna ba da shawara ga masu ababen hawa waɗanda ke rufe sassan titin. Bisa ga manufar MDOT, dusar ƙanƙara kawai ake ba da izinin a waɗannan sassan yayin rufewa. Babban titin yana fita dajin Hiawatha na ƙasa a layin Alger County Schoolcraft County tare da Seney Stretch. Yankin M-28 tsakanin Seney da Shingleton, wanda ake kira Seney Stretch, na "hanya madaidaiciya-kamar-kibiya" a fadin Babban Manistique Swamp, "ko da yake wasu sun ce yana da kawai saboda yana da tsayi." Seney Stretch ita ce mafi tsayi irin wannan sashe na babbar hanyar a cikin jihar, kuma "daya daga cikin mafi tsayin shimfidar babbar hanya mara lankwasa gabas da Mississippi Ana yawan ambaton babbar hanyar a matsayin "hanya mafi ban sha'awa a jihar" bisa ga Michigan Economic Development Corporation (MEDC) da Jagoran Hunts Ana ba da madaidaiciyar madaidaiciya da shimfiɗa a kan nisa mai nisa a matsayin dalilai na sunan wannan shimfiɗa a matsayin m. Hanyar da ke tsallaken fadama an gina ta a layi daya da layin Duluth, South Shore da Atlantic Railway (daga baya layin dogo na Soo An fara ƙidaya shi azaman ɓangare na M-25 lokacin da aka yi amfani da wannan nadi tare da M-28 na yau gabas da Amurka. 41. Mafi mahimmancin canje-canjen da aka yi ga shimfidar tun lokacin da aka gina shi na asali shine ƙari na wucewar hanyoyin agaji da cikakken sikelin, wurin hutawa na tsawon shekara a 1999. Wani ɓangare na Seney Stretch shine iyakar arewacin Seney National Wild Refuge An kafa shi a cikin 1935, wannan mafaka yanki ne mai dausayi da ake sarrafa shi a cikin gundumar Schoolcraft Yana da yanki na kuma ya ƙunshi Strangmoor Bog National Landmark a cikin iyakokinta. Seney zuwa tashar gabas Seney da ya gabata, M-28 ya sake shiga cikin gandun daji a ƙarshen ƙarshen Upper Peninsula. A cikin gundumar Luce, hanyar ta ratsa cikin jama'ar McMillan akan hanyar zuwa Newberry Yawon shakatawa na Circle ya tashi M-28 don bin M-123 a Newberry, yana zuwa arewa zuwa Tahquamenon Falls State Park Gabashin gari, titin ya wuce Filin jirgin saman Luce County daga Luce CR 399. Daga can, M-28 ya ketare rassan gabas da yamma na Kogin Sage kuma ya wuce kudu na Soo Junction, kafin iyakar Chippewa County A gundumar Chippewa, M-28 ta fara lanƙwasa kaɗan gabas-arewa maso gabas. Lake Hulbert yana kudu da Hulbert arewacin tafkin, babbar hanyar ta shiga sashin gabas na gandun daji na Hiawatha. A gabas junction na M-28 da M-123 kusa da Eckerman da Karfi, da Circle Tour ya koma M-28 da DJ Jacobetti Memorial Highway designation ƙare. Babban titin yana barin sashin gabas na dajin Hiawatha na ƙasa tsakanin al'ummomin Raco da Brimley M-221 yana jagorantar arewa daga babban titin akan tsohuwar hanyar M-28 don haɗawa da al'ummar Brimley da Bay Mills Indian Community Brimley State Park yana gabas da Brimley akan tsohuwar 6 Mile Daidaita hanyar M-28. Babban titin ya haɗu da Interstate<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mw4w">&nbsp;</span>75 (I-75) a fita 386, kuma Lake Superior Circle Tour ya tashi M-28 don bi I-75. Wannan musanyar tana yamma da Trail H-63 Makinac, tsohon yanki na Amurka 2. M-28 yana ci gaba nisa zuwa tashar gabas ta M-129 Ayyuka Tare da hanyar M-28, MDOT ta kafa wuraren shakatawa da yawa a gefen hanya da wuraren hutawa. Biyu daga cikin waɗannan suna cikin gundumar Ontonagon kusa da Ewen da Trout Creek Wani wurin shakatawa mai wurin shakatawa da gadar ƙafa yana kusa da Tioga Creek a gundumar Baraga gabashin Amurka. 41 jungi. A cikin Michigamme fitowar kyan gani da wurin shakatawa na gefen hanya suna kallon tafkin Michigamme, kuma tare da tafkin Superior kudu da Marquette cibiyar ba da labarin yawon buɗe ido ce wacce aka gina azaman gidan katako. Gabashin mahaɗin H-01 a Au Train filin shakatawa ne na gefen hanya wanda ya haɗa da Scott Falls Gabashin gabas, wurin hutawa na tsawon shekara yana kan yammacin ƙarshen Seney Stretch. Wasu wuraren shakatawa guda uku na gefen hanya suna kwance a gabashin Harvey a cikin Shelter Bay, a gabar tafkin Deer da yammacin Newberry. Tarihi Mainline tarihin An kafa ta a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1919, M-28 ya fara a Wakefield a wata mahadar tare da M-12 kuma ya yi tafiya tare da daidaitawar yanzu don ƙare a M-15, gabas da Covington Waɗannan tashoshi biyu sun yi daidai da Amurka ta zamani<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwAQ8">&nbsp;</span>2 da yammacin Amurka<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwARE">&nbsp;</span>41 junctions bi da bi. M-28 aka kara a 1927 tare da Amurka 41 zuwa gundumar Marquette da gabas akan M-25 ta Chatham, Munising, da Newberry, kafin a ƙare a cikin garin Sault Ste. Marie A Negaunee, M-28 ta ɗauki tsohon hanyar M-15 tsakanin Negaunee da Marquette na yayin da Amurka 41 sun gudu tare da wani yanki na M-35 Wannan madauki na kudancin M-28 ya ci gaba har zuwa kusan 1936, lokacin da aka koma M-28 zuwa Amurka. 41, kuma tsohuwar hanya ta zama CR<span typeof="mw:Entity" id="mwASQ">&nbsp;</span>492 Sabuwar hanyar M-28 a yankin Newberry ta buɗe daga baya a waccan shekarar, da sabuwar M-28A (daga baya Bus. M-28 ya wanzu har zuwa 1953. Wani gyara a cikin 1937 ya nuna alamar canja wurin M-28 daga cikin garin Ishpeming da Negaunee. Wannan tsohon hanya daga baya ya zama Bus. M-28 A ƙarshen 1930s, an tsara babbar hanya mai lamba M-178 tsakanin M-28 kudu da Munising zuwa M-94 a cikin gari. A cikin 1941, an canza hanyoyin M-28 da M-94 tsakanin Harvey da Munising, kuma M-28 ta maye gurbin M-178 gaba ɗaya. Tun daga wannan lokacin, M-28 yana tafiya tare da tafkin ta hanyar Au Train An tsawaita M-28 tare da Amurka 2 zuwa layin jiha a Ironwood, kuma ƙarshen M-28 ta gabas ta Brimley an koma zuwa sabon jeri da ke ƙarewa a Amurka. 2, a Dafter a cikin 1942. Ƙarshen gabas ya koma tare da Amurka 2 komawa zuwa Sault Ste. Marie a cikin 1948, kodayake an mayar da tashar zuwa Dafter a cikin 1950. Daga 1952 zuwa 1962, M-28 ya ketare Amurka 2 a Wakefield yana zuwa kudu kuma ya tsaya a kan iyakar Wisconsin, yana haɗawa da hanyar gundumar. Wannan ɓangaren babbar hanya (yanzu Gogebic CR 519) an mayar da shi zuwa gundumar a 1962. M-94 a baya an yi masa madaidaici tare da Titin Munising-Van Meer-Shingleton (yanzu H-58 da H-15 arewa da M-28 tsakanin Munising da Shingleton. An yi watsi da wannan hanyar a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 1963 don goyon bayan haɗin kai na yanzu. Babban canji na ƙarshe ga hanyar M-28 ya faru ne a ranar 3 ga Maris, 1989, lokacin da aka ƙaura ƙarshen gabas zuwa M-129 MDOT ya bayyana tsare-tsare a ranar 31 ga Maris, 2009, don sake gina hanyar da ke tsakanin titin Front da gabas na Marquette Bypass a lokacin 2010. Tsarin haɗin da ya gabata ya kasance tun daga shekarun 1960 kuma an lakafta shi a matsayin "mai haɗari da [sa] gagarumin jinkirin zirga-zirga" ta masu zanen maye gurbin. Wani binciken ababen hawa ya kammala a shekara ta 2007 cewa mahaɗar zai buƙaci ko dai kewayawa ko siginar zirga-zirga tare da hanyoyi da yawa don biyan bukatun zirga-zirga a yankin. MDOT ya yanke shawarar goyan bayan hanya biyu, kewayawa da ke riƙe da hanyoyin juyawa dama daga shimfidar mahadar da ta gabata. Za a yi amfani da waɗannan hanyoyin ta hanyar karkatar da zirga-zirgar dama don ketare da'irar da ke tsakiyar mahadar. An fara aikin a watan Mayu. An bude wani sashe na mahadar a watan Yuli zuwa zirga-zirga daga kudu da ke juya yamma. An buɗe hanyoyin arewa zuwa cikin gari a farkon watan Agusta, kuma birnin ya gudanar da bikin yanke kintinkiri a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2010. Washegari aka bude sauran hanyoyin. Gada na tarihi MDOT ya haskaka gadoji biyar na tarihi tare da hanyar M-28 akan gidan yanar gizon MDOT. A cikin Garin Cikin Gida, gundumar Ontonagon, babbar hanyar ta haye kogin Ontonagon akan wata gada da aka gina a cikin 1929. Ma'aikatar Babbar Hanya ta Jiha ce ta tsara ta kuma kamfanin Meads da Anderson suka gina shi, gadar Ontonagon na ɗaya daga cikin gadajin baka na karfe uku kacal a cikin Michigan. Babban tazarar baka shine dogon. Wani tsohon hanya na M-28 a cikin Garin Covington ya haye kogin Rock. Ko da yake wannan sashe an kewaye shi da sabon jeri na gangar jikin a cikin 1924, gadar ta kasance cikakke "tare da manyan ginshiƙan corbeled da bangarori shida da aka soke a cikin ganuwar spandrel na kankare." Corbels da spandrels siffofi ne na kayan ado da aka samo a cikin simintin ɓangarorin gada. A yau, direbobi ba za su iya amfani da gadar Peshekee ta kudu da Amurka ba 41/M-28 a gundumar Michigamme ta yammacin Marquette County An jera gadar a cikin National Register of Historic Places a 1999 a matsayin "Trunk Line Bridge No. 1" don aikin injiniya da mahimmancin gine-gine. MDOT ya jera shi a matsayin "daya daga cikin manyan gadoji na abin hawa na Michigan." Ita ce gada ta farko da Ma'aikatar Babbar Hanya ta Jihar Michigan, wacce ta kasance farkon zuwa MDOT, a cikin 1914. Wata sabuwar gada da aka gina akan kogin Peshekee a Amurka ta wuce ta 41/M-28 daga baya an watsar dashi azaman hanya. An ketare gadar maye gurbin kuma an rushe shi a cikin 1995. Gada mai tarihi ta gaba da MDOT ta jera tare da M-28 tana kan Kogin Sand a Garin Onota a gundumar Alger Duk da yake ba a ganuwa ga masu ababen hawa, gadar, wacce aka gina a 1939, ita ce mafi tsayin tsayin daka a cikin karkara a Michigan. Yawancin gadoji na wannan nau'in an gina su ne a cikin birane, kuma yanayin ƙasa a cikin jihar yana iyakance wuraren wannan salon gada. An gina gadar da ke kan reshen Gabas na Kogin Tahquamenon a cikin gundumar Chippewa a cikin 1926 a matsayin motsa jiki mai kyau a cikin abin da zai rikide zuwa ƙirar daidaitattun jihohi." an gina gada tare da layukan I-beams guda tara a cikin siminti. Wata gada daya ce kawai a Michigan aka gina da irin wannan siminti. Nan gaba A cikin watan Agusta 24, 2005 edition, Marquette Mining Journal ya ruwaito cewa Marquette County Board da County Road Commission suna yin shawarwari tare da MDOT don canja wurin ikon Marquette County Road. 480 zuwa kasar. An tattauna zaɓukan kewayawa da yawa, kodayake duk zai sa CR 480 wani bangare na M-28. Farashin shine dalilin farko da aka bayar a baya ta hanyar M-28 tare da CR 480. “Hukumar hanya tana karbar kusan dala 50,000 [lower-alpha 1] a shekara a cikin kudin harajin iskar gas na jiha amma tana kashe kusan dala 100,000 [lower-alpha 2] don kula da CR. 480 saboda nau'in da yawan zirga-zirgar da yake karba." Maida CR 480 a kan jihar zai canza farashin kulawa zuwa jihar, kuma. MDOT ya nuna cewa ba ta nemi izini ba, amma idan ta dauki ikon sarrafa hanyar, al'umma za su buƙaci tallafawa ta hanyar. Shawarwari da yawa sun taso, gami da ƙirƙirar "spur" daga Amurka 41/M-28 ta ƙarshen gabashin Ishpeming don saduwa da CR 480 yamma da Negaunee. Wannan yunƙurin zai wuce ta kwanan nan da aka sake buɗe tsoffin wuraren hakar ma'adinai, zuwa kudu na rukunin Mather A B Mine. A cewar Gerry Corkin, Shugaban Hukumar Marquette County, "Filayen da Ishpeming da Negaunee, kamfanin hakar ma'adinai suka saya, wannan yana da damar taimakawa wajen bunkasa wannan idan wannan ya dace. Ina tsammanin biranen biyu za su yi sha'awar yin la'akari da abin da ƙasar ke amfani da ita da kuma inda wannan [spur] zai shiga." Shawarar za ta buɗe ƙasa don ci gaba tsakanin yankunan cikin garuruwan biyu. Idan an canza ikon, kuma M-28 an yi watsi da CR 480 kamar yadda aka tsara, M-28 zai bar haɗin gwiwa tare da Amurka 41 kusa da Tekun Teal a Negaunee, kuma ku haye filayen kogo yamma da cikin gari don haɗi zuwa Titin Rail. Titin Rail zai zama mai haɗawa zuwa CR 480, wanda ya ƙare a mahadar titin Rail da Ann da Healey Avenue. Shawarwari suna nuna zaɓukan fidda kai guda biyu don ƙarshen ƙarshen CR 480. Mutum zai dawo da hanyar M-28 tare da Amurka 41 daga Beaver Grove arewacin CR 480 gabas ta ƙare zuwa M-28 na yanzu a Harvey. Na biyu zai bi ta tare da CR 551/Cherry Creek Road daga CR 480 zuwa M-28 a Harvey. Hanyoyin kasuwanci An sami madaukai na kasuwanci guda uku don M-28: Ishpeming Negaunee, Marquette da Newberry. Madaidaicin madauki na kasuwanci da ke yiwa Ishpeming da Negaunee har yanzu babban titin akwati ne na jihar. Amurka An ƙaura 41/M-28 don ketare manyan garuruwan biyu a cikin 1937. Babban titin da ke cikin garin Ishpeming da Negaunee daga baya ya ɗauki ALT Amurka 41/ALT M-28 nadi kafin a nada bas. M-28 a shekarar 1958. An koma ƙarshen madauki na kasuwanci zuwa ƙananan hukumomi lokacin da Bus. An motsa M-28 tare da Drive Drive a cikin 1999. Bas Amurka 41 a Marquette an fara nuna shi akan taswira a cikin 1964 bayan gina Marquette Bypass. Daga baya aka sanya shi bas. Amurka 41/Bas. M-28 akan taswira a 1975; An cire wannan nadi na biyu daga taswira a 1982. An mayar da duk madauki na kasuwanci zuwa ikon gida a cikin "hanyar musanya" tsakanin birnin Marquette da MDOT da aka sanar a farkon 2005. Shawarar ta canza ikon kan M-554 da ba a sanya hannu ba da hanyar kasuwanci daga jihar zuwa birni. Jihar za ta ɗauki ikon wani yanki na McClellan Avenue don amfani da shi don tsawaita M-553 zuwa Amurka. 41/M-28. Bugu da kari, MDOT zai biya $2.5 miliyan (daidai 3.25 miliyan a 2020 [59] don aikin sake ginawa da aka tsara don 2007. Canja wurin zai ƙara yawan kuɗaɗen aiki da kula da Marquette da $26,000 (daidai da 34,000 a cikin 2020 [59] da kuma sanya nauyin kuɗi na maye gurbin hasken tsayawa a nan gaba a kan birni. A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2005, MDOT da Marquette sun canja ikon kan hanyoyin uku. A sakamakon haka, bas. Amurka An dakatar da 41 lokacin da karamar hukumar ta mamaye titunan Washington da Front. Sakamakon ƙaddamarwa, taswirar 2006 ba su nuna madauki na kasuwanci na yanzu ba. Bus na Newberry. An sanya M-28 daga 1936 zuwa 1952 a matsayin M-28A. Taswirorin MSHD na lokacin sun nuna sa hannu a matsayin Bus. M-28 a cikin 1952 kafin a mayar da shi ga ikon gida a cikin 1953. Manyan hanyoyin sadarwa Duba kuma Jerin manyan titunan jihohi mafi tsayi a Amurka Bayanan kula Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswirar hanya Geographic data related to M-28 at OpenStreetMap M-28 at Michigan Highways Former M-178 at Michigan Highways Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Bolin

Jane Bolin

Jane Matilda Bolin, LL.B (Afrilu 11, 1908 Janairu 8, 2007) ita ce bakar fata ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga makarantar Yale Law, ta farko da ta shiga kungiyar lauyoyi ta birnin New York kuma ta farko da ta shiga Sashen Shari'a na birnin New York. Ta zama bakar fata ta farko da ta zama alkali a Amurka lokacin da aka rantsar da ita a benci na Kotun Huldar Cikin Gida ta birnin New York a shekara ta 1939. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Jane Matilda Bolin a ranar 11 ga Afrilu, 1908 a Poughkeepsie, New York. Ita ce auta a cikin yara hudu. Mahaifinta, Gaius C. Bolin, lauya ne kuma bakar fata na farko da ya kammala karatun digiri daga Kwalejin Williams, da mahaifiyarta, Matilda Ingram Emery, wata 'yar gudun hijira ce daga tsibirin Birtaniya wanda ta mutu lokacin da Bolin tana da shekaru 8. Mahaifin Bolin ya yi aiki da doka a gundumar Dutchess tsawon shekaru hamsin kuma shine bakar fata na farko shugaban kungiyar lauyoyin Dutchess County. A matsayinsa na ɗan ma'aurata, Bolin tana fuskantar wariya a Poughkeepsie; wani lokaci ana hana ta hidima a kasuwanni. Bolin ta rinjayi tun tana yarinya ta hanyar labarai da hotuna na rataye baƙar fata na kudancin kudu a cikin The Crisis, mujallar hukuma ta Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaban Mutane masu launi.Bolin ta girma a matsayin memba mai aiki na Smith Metropolitan AME Zion Church. Bayan ta halarci makarantar sakandare a Poughkeepsie, an hana Bolin shiga Kwalejin Vassar saboda ba ya karbar dalibai baƙi a lokacin. Tana da shekara 16, ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Wellesley da ke Massachusetts inda ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sabbin baƙar fata biyu. Kasancewar daliban farar fata sun ki amincewa da ita a cikin jama'a, ita da sauran bakar fata guda daya tilo sun yanke shawarar zama a waje tare. Wani mashawarcin aiki a Kwalejin Wellesley ya yi ƙoƙarin hana ta neman shiga Makarantar Yale Law saboda launin fata da jinsinta. Ta sauke karatu a cikin shekarar 1928 a cikin manyan 20 a cikin aji, kuma ta shiga makarantar Yale Law inda ita ce bakar fata tilo, kuma daya daga cikin mata uku kacal. Ta zama mace baƙar fata ta farko da ta sami digiri na doka daga Yale a cikin shekarar 1931 kuma ta ci jarrabawar mashaya ta jihar New York a shekarar 1932. Aiki Ta yi aiki tare da mahaifinta a Poughkeepsie na ɗan gajeren lokaci kafin ta karɓi aiki tare da ofishin Counsel na New York City Corporation. Ta auri lauya Ralph E. Mizelle a 1933, wanda ta yi aiki da doka a birnin New York. Mizelle zai ci gaba da zama memba na Shugaba Franklin Delano Roosevelt 's Black Cabinet kafin ya mutu a shekarar 1943. Daga baya Bolin ta sake yin aure Walter P. Offutt, Jr., minista wanda zai mutu a 1974. Bolin ta yi takara a Majalisar Jihar New York bata yi nasara ba a matsayin dan takarar Republican a 1936. Duk da rashin nasarar da ta samu, samun nasarar tsayawa takarar Republican ya kara mata suna a siyasar New York. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuli 1939, a Baje kolin Duniya na New York, Magajin Garin New York Fiorello La Guardia ya nada Bolin mai shekaru 31 a matsayin alkali na Kotun Hulɗar Cikin Gida. Shekaru ashirin, ita ce kawai bakar fata mace mai shari'a a kasar. Ta ci gaba da zama alkali a kotun, ta sauya suna zuwa Kotun Iyali a 1962, tsawon shekaru 40, tare da sabunta nadin nata sau uku, har sai an bukaci ta yi ritaya tana da shekaru 70. Ta yi aiki don ƙarfafa ayyukan yara masu haɗaka da launin fata, ta tabbatar da cewa an sanya jami'an jarrabawa ba tare da la'akari da kabila ko addini ba, kuma hukumomin kula da yara na jama'a suna karɓar yara ba tare da la'akari da kabila ba. Bolin ta kasance mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara da ilimi. Ta kasance mashawarcin doka ga Majalisar Matan Negro ta kasa. Ta yi aiki a kan allon NAACP, Ƙungiyar Birane ta Ƙasa, Kwamitin Jama'a na Jama'a akan Harlem, da Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara. Ko da yake ta yi murabus daga NAACP saboda amsa ga McCarthyism, ta ci gaba da aiki a cikin Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Bil'adama. Bolin ta kuma yi ƙoƙarin yaƙar wariyar launin fata daga ƙungiyoyin addini ta hanyar taimakawa wajen buɗe makaranta ta musamman ga yara maza baƙar fata a birnin New York. Ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Tuskeegee Institute, Kwalejin Williams, Jami'ar Hampton, Kwalejin Western na Mata da Jami'ar Morgan State. Gado Bayan ta yi ritaya a cikin shekarar 1979, Bolin ta ba da gudummawa a matsayin mai koyar da karatu a makarantun gwamnati na birnin New York na tsawon shekaru biyu kuma ta yi aiki a Hukumar Gudanarwa ta Jihar New York, tana bitar shari'o'in ladabtarwa. Bayan rayuwa na nasarori masu ban mamaki, Jane Bolin ta mutu ranar Litinin, Janairu 8, 2007 tana da shekaru 98 a Long Island City, Queens, New York. Bolin da mahaifinta sun yi fice sosai a cikin bangon bango a Gidan Kotun Dutchess County a Poughkeepsie kuma an sanya mata sunan ginin gudanarwa na gundumar Poughkeepsie City. A lokacin rayuwarta, alkalai da suka hada da Judith Kaye da Constance Baker Motley sun ambaci Bolin a matsayin tushen kwarin gwiwa ga ayyukansu. Bayan mutuwarta, Charles Rangel ya yi magana a cikin girmamawa ga Bolin a bene na Majalisar Wakilan Amurka. A cikin shekarar 2017, Jeffrion L. Aubry ya gabatar da wani doka a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York don sake suna Tunnel na Queens–Midtown Tunnel Jane Bolin. An kama Bolin a makabartar Rural Poughkeepsie.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliya%20da%20ha%C9%93aka%20kogin%20Tulsa

Ambaliya da haɓaka kogin Tulsa

Haɗuwa da yanayin a kogi Maisa ambaliya cikin Tulsa, yankin Oklahoma sun haifar da ambaliyar ruwa akai-akai, musamman a kusa da koguna waɗanda galibi ke zubar da yankin. An kafa birnin a saman wani bluff akan kogin Arkansas. Don haka, tsayin ya kare yawancin mazaunan da dukiyoyinsu daga lalacewa lokacin da kogin ya yi ambaliya. Koyaya, ya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 20 haɓakar yawan jama'a ya matsa kusa da kogin, kuma filayen da ke yammacin Arkansas sun fara haɓaka suma. Ambaliyar ta saba haifar da asarar dukiya da kuma asarar rayuka. A cikin shekarata 1920s, ambaliyar ruwa na Arkansas na yanayi ya fara haifar da mummunar lalacewa da asarar rayuka. Tun lokacin da aka kafa shi, shugabannin birni sun amsa irin waɗannan abubuwan ta hanyar sake ginawa da maye gurbin dukiyoyin da aka lalata a wurin Sai a shekarar 1970 gwamnatin birnin ta fara bullo da dabarun dakile ambaliyar ruwa ko kuma rage asarar dukiyoyi da kuma hana asarar rayuka. Wannan labarin ya bayyana wasu fitattun ambaliyar ruwa a Tulsa, sannan hanyoyin ragewa da dabarun sarrafawa waɗanda suka samo asali daga gare su. Ambaliyar ruwa ta ci gaba da yin barazana ga rayuka da dukiyoyi, yayin da birnin ya mamaye filayen noma da ke kewaye. Hukumomin birni sun yanke shawarar cewa ƙa'idodin Tarayya na lokacin ba su isa ba don sarrafa yanayin gida kuma sun fara haɓaka ƙarin buƙatu. Shirin Tulsa ya samo asali kuma a yanzu ya shafi dukkanin magudanar ruwa, gami da sauran al'ummomi a cikin babban birnin Tulsa Ko da yake ba za a iya hana aukuwar ambaliya kwata-kwata ba, Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tarayya (FEMA) da wasu kungiyoyi da dama sun amince da shirin shawo kan ambaliyar Tulsa a matsayin nasara. Za a ci gaba da kokarin shawo kan lamarin muddin mutane suna zaune a wurare masu rauni ko rashin ƙarfi. Manyan ambaliyar ruwa Bayanan ambaliya ba su da yawa kafin shekarata 1900. A cikin 1908, shekara guda kacal bayan zama jiha, ambaliyar kogin Arkansas a Tulsa ya haifar da asarar $250,000 6.45 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Garin ya kasance a saman kogin kogin, don haka ya kare ambaliya. Sai dai gadar layin dogo ta tsallake rijiya da baya, lamarin da ya kawo cikas ga zirga-zirgar jiragen kasa zuwa yamma har sai an sauya gadar. 1923 ambaliya A shekara ta 1920, yawan man fetur ya haifar da ci gaba mai sauri wanda aka gina gidaje a kan ƙananan ƙasa kusa da kogin Arkansas, A ranar 13 ga Yuni, shekarata 1923, kogin ya mamaye wadannan ƙananan wurare, ya haifar da 500,000 a cikin diyya 9.83 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). da kuma barin gida 4,000. Ambaliyar ta hada da aikin ruwa na Tulsa, wanda ke a yanzu a Newblock Park, An gina sabbin ayyukan ruwa a kan tudu mai tsayi a arewa maso gabashin Tulsa, kusa da Bird Creek Wannan yanki ya zama Mohawk Park, ɗayan manyan wuraren shakatawa na birni na ƙasar. Har ila yau, birnin ya fitar da shirinsa na shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa na farko, inda ya yi kokarin sanya gidaje a kan tudu da kuma tanadin guraben wuraren shakatawa. 1943 ambaliya Wani ambaliya a kan kogin Arkansas ya yi barazana ga matatun mai a yammacin Tulsa a shekarata 1943. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya (USACE) nan da nan ta gina matsuguni a kusa da matatun, waɗanda aka ɗauka suna da mahimmanci ga sojojin Amurka a yakin duniya na biyu Wani tanadi a cikin Dokar Kula da Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Mississippi ta 1928 ta ba da izini ga USACE don gina madatsun ruwa da lefi kamar yadda ake buƙata don sarrafa ambaliya. Duk da haka, ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 21, tare da raunata 26, ta kuma bar kusan 4,000 da gidajensu. Ko da yake ba a samu barnar kudi ba, gidaje 413 sun lalace sannan 3,800 sun lalace. 1970 ambaliya Kamar yadda Tulsa ta faɗaɗa cikin karkarar da ke kewaye bayan WWII, ambaliya na yankunan birane akai-akai, yawanci kowace shekara biyu zuwa huɗu. A cikin 1966, Tulsa ta mamaye magudanar ruwan Mingo Creek. Ambaliyar Ranar Mata ta a shekarar 1970 a Tulsa ta haifar da asarar dala 163,000 1.07 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) zuwa yankunan da ke ci gaba da sauri tare da kogin Mingo da Joe a gabashin birnin. Har yanzu, farfadowa ya ƙunshi gyara ko maye gurbin gine-ginen da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye a wurarensu na asali. 1974 ambaliya Ambaliyar ruwa uku ta faru a watan Afrilu da Mayu shekarata 1974. An kiyasta lalacewar dala $744,000 ($3.86 miliyan a cikin dala miliyan 2019) tare da Bird Creek. A watan Yuni, ambaliyar ruwa ta afku tare da Fry, Haikey, Joe da Mingo Creek. Wannan lokacin an kiyasta asarar sama da dala miliyan 18 ($93.30 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). Mingo Creek ta sake yin ambaliya a ranar 19 ga Satumba, shekarata 1974. 1976 ambaliya Ambaliyar Ranar Tunawa da Mutuwar Shekara ta 1976 ta nuna wani ci gaba a cikin binciken Tulsa na neman mafita. Ruwan ruwa mai tsawon sa'o'i uku, mai inci 10 ya afku a kan magudanar ruwan Mingo, Joe da Haikey. Sakamakon ambaliya ya kashe mutane uku tare da haddasa asarar dala miliyan 40 ($179.65 a dala miliyan 2019) ga gine-gine sama da 3,000. 1984 ambaliya Gaban sanyi wanda ya tsaya kan yankin Tulsa a ranar 26-27 ga Mayu, shekarata 1984 ya faɗi tsakanin inci 6 zuwa 15 (15 da 38). cm) ruwan sama ya mamaye sassa da dama na birnin. Ambaliyar ta kashe mutane 14 tare da yin asarar dala miliyan 180 (dalar Amurka miliyan 442.72 a shekarar 2019). Yankunan da ke kusa da Mingo Creek a gabashin Tulsa da Cherry Creek a yammacin Tulsa sun kasance da wahala musamman. 1986 ambaliya A cikin Satumba shekarata 1986, ragowar guguwa a kudu maso yammacin Mexico sun isa yankin Tulsa kuma sun haifar da ruwan sama na inci 24 (61). cm) arewa maso yamma na Keystone Lake An yi ruwan sama mai yawa cikin kankanin lokaci, ta yadda za a iya cewa matakin tafkin zai kai kololuwar dam. Rundunar Sojojin Amurka (USACE) na buƙatar buɗe ƙofofin ambaliya tare da sakin kusan cfs 300,000 na ruwa a cikin Kogin Arkansas. Wannan adadin zai haifar da rikodin ambaliya tare da kogin daga Keystone zuwa Muskogee. Shiyasa Mutane da yawa da ke zaune kusa da kogin a Tulsa sun yi gudun hijira bisa radin kansu. An ba da umarnin ficewa na tilas a Jenks da Bixby. Wani lefe mai zaman kansa a Yammacin Tulsa ya gaza, wanda ya haifar da kiyasin dala miliyan 1.3 (dala miliyan 3.03 a cikin dala 2019). Gine-gine 64 ne suka lalace, ciki har da goma sha uku da za a rushe. Sauran yankunan da ke kusa sun ba da rahoton barna kamar: $32.5 miliyan ($75.78 a dala miliyan 2019) a cikin Sand Springs da dala miliyan 13.4 (dala miliyan 31.24 a cikin dala 2019). Gundumar Tulsa ta ba da rahoton asarar dala miliyan 63.5 ($148.06 miliyan a cikin dala 2019). 2019 ambaliya A cikin watan Mayun shekarata 2019, jerin tsawa mai tsanani sun yi ruwan sama a arewacin Oklahoma. Ruwan ya gangara daga koramai zuwa tafkin Keystone Dangane da martani, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka na Injiniya sun fara sakin ruwa daga Dam ɗin Keystone zuwa Kogin Arkansas A shirye-shiryen sake zagayowar guguwa, Rundunar Sojojin Amurka ta rage yawan ruwan da ake sakowa a cikin kogin, tare da fatan ba da damar ruwanta ya ja da baya don samun karin ruwan sama. Guguwar tsawa ta biyu ta yi ta jefar da yawan ruwan sama da ya haifar da guguwa da yawa. Wannan karin ruwan sama kuma ya mamaye tafkin Keystone, da dai sauransu, kuma an tilastawa Rundunar Sojoji suka bude kofofin kara. Kashegari, yayin da ruwa ya ci gaba da cika tafkin, Rundunar Sojan ta yi ƙoƙari don daidaita ruwan shiga da barin tafkin. Duk da haka, ba su da wani zaɓi illa ci gaba da ɗaga ƙofofin sama ko ƙasa da matakin ruwa ya wuce madatsar ruwa. Sakamakon kwararar ruwa ya fara a barazana ga unguwanni da birane. Yankunan Sapulpa, Kudancin Broken Arrow (wanda aka fi sani da Indian Springs), da Bixby, Oklahoma sun nutse. A ranar 22 ga Watan Mayu, an ɗaga ƙofofin daɗaɗa girma cikin yini. An kori Webbers Falls yayin da garin ya fara nutsewa cikin ruwa. Ruwan da ke gefen kogin Tulsa ya fara tashi sosai, wanda hakan ya sa makarantun gwamnati na Sand Springs da Jenks soke azuzuwa a sauran shekarar karatu saboda matsalar ambaliyar ruwa. An fara bullowa a cikin da kewayen yankin Tulsa, inda aka samu rahotannin motoci da ke shiga cikinsu. Tsarin gine-ginen da aka gina tare da bakin kogi, kamar Kogin Ruhun Casino da Riverwalk, an rufe su da gangan kuma an fara tattara su a cikin kogin da sauran sanannun wuraren ambaliya kamar Tulsa Zoo Gwamna Kevin Stitt da Magajin Garin Tulsa GT Bynum sun yi shawagi a kan metro na Tulsa don duba ambaliyar tare da ayyana dokar ta baci ga kananan hukumomi guda 66. Yayin da rana ta koma dare, wani guguwa mai tsananin gaske ya fara tashi a kusa da birnin Oklahoma, ya nufi Tulsa. Barges sun balle a kan kogin da ke kan hanyar zuwa Makullin Falls na Webbers da Dam, suna barazanar yin karo a cikin ginin. Jiragen ruwan sun bace ne da dare kuma ba a gano su ba sai da safe. A safiyar ranar 23 ga Mayu, an ci gaba da ɗaga kofofin ambaliya na Keystone yayin da Ruwan ya kai 100%, yana ƙara yawan kwarara zuwa cfs 221,000 tare da shirye-shiryen haɓaka wannan zuwa 250,000 cfs da tsakar rana. Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Kasa a Tulsa ta haɓaka matakin hasashen kogin Arkansas daga ƙafa 21 zuwa ƙafa 23, wanda hakan ya sanya kogin cikin babban matakin ambaliya kuma ƙafar 2 kawai na jin kunyar matakan da aka kai a cikin Oktoban shekarar 1986. A halin da ake ciki dai, jiragen ruwan sun sake ballewa jim kadan kafin karfe 11 na safe, inda suka sake yin barazana ga dam din. Jim kadan kafin azahar ne jiragen ruwan suka yi karo da dam din suka nutse. Bayan duba dam din, an bayyana cewa ya samu barnar kadan. A ranar 24 ga Mayu, Gwamna Stitt ya faɗaɗa dokar ta-baci don haɗa dukkan larduna guda 77 na Oklahoma. Shugaba Trump ya amince da ayyana bala'in a washegari, yana ba da umarnin taimakon tarayya don ƙara martanin Jiha, kabilanci, da na cikin gida. Rundunar Sojin ta yi niyyar ci gaba da sakin a kan cfs 250,000 har zuwa ranar Lahadi, 26 ga Mayu. Bayan karin tsawa da aka yi a daren ranar 24-25 ga Mayu, rundunar ta sauya shirinsu na ci gaba da tafiya a haka har zuwa ranar Laraba, 29 ga Mayu kuma ta ba da shawarar karin hazo na iya haifar da wani tsawaitawa. Magajin garin Bynum ya kuma bukaci 'yan kasar da ke samun kariya daga lefes da su fara yin tsare-tsare na son rai na ficewa. Ya bayyana cewa, duk da cewa a halin yanzu leve din suna gudanar da aikinsu, amma ba a taba gwada su ba. Ƙarin guguwa a cikin dare na Mayu 25-26 ya sa Corps su tsawaita jadawalin sakin su wata rana zuwa 30 ga Mayu. Sun kuma ƙara adadin sakin a cikin Arkansas da farko zuwa 265,000 cfs sannan kuma sun haɓaka shi zuwa 275,000 da safe. A cikin farkon sa'o'i na Ranar Tunawa da Tunawa da Mutuwar, duk da haka wani zagaye na mummunar guguwa ya sake yin hazo tare da babban kogin Arkansas a arewa maso yamma da arewa ta tsakiya Oklahoma da kuma kudancin tsakiyar Kansas. A ranar 28 ga Watan Mayu, tafkin a ƙarshe ya shawo kan wata babbar matsala kuma ya fara komawa baya. Guguwar da aka yi hasashe ta tafi kudancin dam ɗin, wanda ya ba da damar ruwan tafkin ya daidaita. Kashegari, ko da wani zagaye na guguwa ke tafe a Tulsa, Rundunar Sojan Sama ta sanar da cewa za ta fara yanke sakewa a madatsar ruwa. Da karfe 4 na yamma, an rage kwararar zuwa cfs 265,000 sannan a rage 10,000 cfs kowane awa 6. Manufar su shine a rage adadin zuwa cfs 150,000 a ranar Asabar da 100,000 cfs farkon mako mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, guguwar da aka yi a Tulsa ta kara tsayin kogin da inci kusan 6, amma kuma bai yi tasiri sosai a tafkin Keystone ba. Duk da haka, cikin sauri kogin ya koma kasa da tsayin da ya gabata. Ragewa da kariya Gwamnatin Tulsa ta mayar da martani ga ambaliya ta shekarar 1970 ta hanyar shiga cikin "tsarin gaggawa" na Shirin Inshorar Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Kasa (NFIP) da kuma yin alƙawarin ɗaukar ka'idojin ambaliyar ruwa na tarayya. A watan Agustan shekarata 1971, NFIP ta fitar da taswirar ƙimar toshe. Bayan wata guda, a Ranar Ma'aikata, Flat Rock, Bird da Haikey koguna sun yi ambaliya, wanda ya shafi al'ummomin karkara da yawa. A cikin Disamba, Bird Creek ta sake yin ambaliya. Daga nan Tulsa ta shiga cikin shirin “na yau da kullun” na NFIP, ta ɗauki sabon ƙayyadaddun ambaliya na shekaru 100, kuma ta yi alƙawarin daidaita yadda ake amfani da filayen ambaliya. Bayan ambaliyar ruwa guda uku da aka yi a shekarar 1974, wadanda abin ya shafa sun bukaci da a dauki matakin da ya dace daga birnin, wanda a cewarsu ba ya aiwatar da ka’idojin NFIP. Sun yi kokarin dakatar da ci gaba, don guje wa barnar ambaliyar ruwa har sai an magance matsalolin da ake da su. Masu haɓakawa sun yi kakkausar suka, inda suka fara muhawara game da gudanar da ambaliyar ruwa, wanda ake kira "Babban Yaƙin Magudanar ruwa" daga kafofin watsa labaru na cikin gida, wanda ya ɗauki shekaru da yawa. Birnin ya zo don ganawa da manajoji tare da shirin fadada wani yanki na Mingo Creek. Wani bangare na shirin ya hada da cire kayan da suka lalace. An kwashe gidaje 33 a hannun dama kafin ambaliyar ruwa ta biyo baya. Ambaliyara a shekarata 1984 ta nuna cewa masu kula da gaggawa ba za su iya samun cikakkun bayanai da sauri ba game da ci gaban ambaliya. Wannan gaskiya ne a ko'ina cikin jihar, da kuma a Tulsa. Bayanai daga radar filin jirgin sama, sabunta sa'o'i, bai isa ba don biyan bukatun manajoji. Jami'ar Oklahoma da Jami'ar Jihar Oklahoma sun haɗa kai tare da Binciken Yanayin yanayi da sauran hukumomin jama'a da masu zaman kansu don ƙirƙirar Oklahoma Mesonet Wannan tsarin yana tattara bayanan yanayi (misali, saurin iska, ruwan sama, zazzabi) kowane minti a ƙalla 5 daga tashoshin Mesonet 120 a duk faɗin Oklahoma. Masu tsara shirin gaggawa yanzu za su iya sa ido kan bayanan yanayi na zamani kafin isowar guguwar da ke gabatowa. Labarin ya ambato wani jami'in Hukumar Ba da Agajin Gaggawa ta Tulsa yana cewa ma'aikatansa suna amfani da Oklahoma Mesonet a kowace rana. a cikin shekarata 1985, Tulsa ta daidaita alhakin duk ambaliya na birni, magudanar ruwa, da shirye-shiryen ruwan guguwa a cikin Sashen Kula da Ruwan Ruwa. An kafa kuɗin amfani da ruwan sama ta hanyar doka a cikin shekarar 1986 don gudanar da shirin. Ana buƙatar masu duk kadarorin da ke cikin birni su biya kuɗin, wanda aka kafa ta hanyar doka akan 2.58 kowace wata. Ana harajin kadarorin kasuwanci a $2.58 kowace wata ga kowane na m surface. Dokar ta ware gabaɗayan kuɗin na musamman don ayyukan kula da ambaliyar ruwa da ruwan guguwa, tare da tabbatar da samar da tsayayyen kudade don kulawa da gudanarwa. Shirin kare ambaliyar ruwa na Tulsa yana da manufofi guda uku: hana sababbin matsaloli; gyara matsalolin da ke akwai; inganta aminci, muhalli da ingancin rayuwa. Jami'an birnin sun yi imanin cewa ƙa'idodin da NFIP ta gindaya ba su isa ba, dangane da gogewar Tulsa a baya. Tulsa yana buƙatar fayyace filayen ambaliya bisa ga ci gaban da ake tsammani a gaba, maimakon yanayin ci gaba a lokacin. NFIP kuma yana buƙatar mafi ƙanƙanta matakin gine-gine a cikin filayen ambaliya ya kasance ko sama da tsayin ambaliya na shekaru a ƙalla 100. Tulsa yana buƙatar kuma yana tilasta ƙarin ƙafa ɗaya (30.5 cm) na allon kyauta sama da hawan ambaliya. Kafin a canza kadarorin da ke cikin filayen ambaliyar ruwa, dole ne mai shi ya sami izinin ci gaban magudanar ruwa. Gane ci gaba A farkon shekarata 1990s, FEMA ta sanya Tulsa ta farko a cikin al'umma don shirin kula da ambaliyar ruwa. barin Tulsans su ji daɗin ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa mafi ƙasƙanci. An kuma karrama shirin da lambar yabo ta FEMA ta shekarar 1992 da ta yi fice a ma'aikatan gwamnati; da Ƙungiyar Manajojin Ambaliyar Ruwa ta Jiha ta ba Tulsa lambar yabo ta gida sau biyu don Ƙarfafawa. FEMA ta ƙara ƙimar al'ummar Tulsa daga Aji na 5 zuwa Aji na 3, wanda hakan ya sa Tulsans suka cancanci rangwame kashi 35 akan ƙimar inshorar ambaliyar ruwa. Ƙimar aji na 5 da ya gabata ya ba da rangwamen kashi 25 cikin ɗari. Ana daidaita ma'auni na lokaci-lokaci don nuna raguwar haɗarin al'umma ta hanyar ƙoƙarinta na inganta "...bayanin jama'a, taswira da ka'idoji, shirye-shiryen ambaliya da rage lalacewar ambaliya. Rangwamen yana cikin haɓaka kashi biyar daga Class 9 (kashi biyar) zuwa Class 1 (kashi 45)." Tun daga shekarata 2000, Tulsa ita ce kawai al'ummar Amurka da aka ƙima a matsayin Class 3. Takamaiman ayyuka da FEMA ta ambata sune:"...Samun kusan kaddarorin da ke fama da ambaliyar ruwa da kuma adana fiye da kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ambaliyarsa a matsayin fili; ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'idodin gini, gami da buƙatun yanayin aminci na ƙafa biyu freeboard) a cikin gine-ginen ambaliya; da kuma wayar da kan jama'a don ba da shawara ga mazauna haɗarin ambaliya da ba da mafita na ragewa da taimakon fasaha." Bayanan kula Ci gaba da karatu Hukumar Ba da Shawarar Ruwa ta Tulsa Stormwater da Sashen Ayyukan Jama'a. "Daga Rufin zuwa Kogi: Hanyar Tulsa zuwa Filin Ambaliyar Ruwa da Gudanar da Ruwa." Mayu, 1994. An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. Marshall, Timothy P. "Tasirin Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafa Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Mingo Creek Watershed." (1984) An dawo da shi Mayu 25, 2014 "Mooser Creek Greenway: Maidowa da Kiyaye Rafi na Tarihi." Flanagan, John D. An Shirya Don Birnin Tulsa, Oklahoma. Afrilu 2004. An dawo da Yuni 15, 2014. Bergman, Deroy L. da kuma Robert L. Tortorelli. "Ambaliya daga Mayu 26-27, 1984 a Tulsa, Oklahoma." USGS Hydrologic Atlas 707. 1988. An shiga Afrilu 7, 2017. Manazarta Ruwa Kogi Ambaliya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamban%20Yabo%20ta%20Nisha%C9%97antarwa%20a%20Najeriya

Lamban Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya

An kafa hukumar bada lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya a Birnin New York a watan Janairu shekara ta 2006. Kyaututtukan da suke bayarwa sun hada da lambobin yabo masu nishadantarwa na Afirka tare da mayar da da hankali na musamman a kan 'yan Najeriya. Jadawalin bukukuwa Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2006 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2007 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2008 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2009 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2010 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2011 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2012 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2013 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2014 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2015 Lambar Yabo ta Nishaɗantarwa a Najeriya shekara ta 2016 Rabe-Rabe Waɗannan su ne nau'ukan na yanzu kamar na 2016. Rukunin waƙe-waƙe Album/kundi na musamman na Shekara Mafi cancanta na kundi mai waƙa ɗaya a Shekara ƙiɗan na musamman da aka inganta. Sabon aikin a Shekara na musamman Mawaƙin Linjila na shekara Fitaccen Mawaƙin Ƙasa na Shekara Mawaƙi na salon Pop/R&B na musamman a Shekara Jaruma Mace wadda ta yi fice a Shekara Namijin Mawaƙin da ya yi fice a Shekara Waka na zalon Rap na musamman a Shekara Gwarzo Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara Bidiyon Kiɗa na musamman na Shekara (Mawaƙi da Darakta) Haɗaka na musamman Taka rawa na musamman ga 'yan kallo Gwarzon Mawaƙin Ƙasa Gwarzon Mawaki na Nahiyar Afrika (Banda yan Najeriya) Jarumar Matan Afirka Na Shekara (Banda 'yar Najeriya) Rukunin fina-finai Jarumi na biyu na musamman Jagaban jaruma mace ta musamman Jarumi na biyu na musamman Gwarzon Darakta na Shekara Hoto mafi kyawu a Shekara Gajeren Fim na Shekara Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara a ɓangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV) Gwazuwar Jaruma a Shekara bangaren watsa shirye-shirye a telebijin (TV) Gwarzon shirin telebijin na Shekara Gwarzon Jarumin Shekara (Banda Ɗan Najeriya) Gwarzuwar Jarumar Shekara (Banda 'yar Najeriya) Mafi kyawun Hoto (wanda aka ɗauka wata kasa banda Najeriya Sauran nau'ikan Gwarzon nishaɗi na musamman Gudanar da Nishaɗi na Shekara OAP na musamman Gwarzon barkwanci na shekara Disk Jockey na Shekara (Namiji) Disk Jockey na Shekara (Mace) Haɗakar faifan Disk Jockey na Shekara Faifan sidi na shekara (Banda ɗan Najeriya Mai Gabatar da telabijin na Shekara (Salon Rayuwa) Tauraruwar talla ta Shekara Lambobin yabo na 2006-2008 NEA Lambar yabo na NEA na 2006 An gudanar da karo na farko a Cibiyar Clarice Smith Performing Arts a Jami'ar Maryland, a ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2006 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Michael Blackson ya shirya. Taron ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo daga Sauce Kid, Sammy Okposo, da Mike Okri. Tuface Idibia da Banky W na cikin wadanda suka yi nasara a karon farko na gasar. Lambar yabo na NEA na 2007 An gudanar da karo na biyu na gasar a cibiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta NYU da ke birnin New York a watan Yunin 2007 kuma ɗan wasan barkwanci Julius Agwu ne ya dauki nauyin shirya shi. Wanda aka yi a 2007 ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Banky W, Iceberg Slim, Blak Jesus, da Mike Aremu. Wanda suka yi nasara Mafi kyawun kundi na shekara Grass 2 Grace (Tuface Idibia) Hottest single of the year "why Me" (Dbanj) Mafi kyawun sabon aikin shekara Tosin Martin Mawaƙin Kasa na shekara Lagbaja Mafi kyawun haɗin-gwiwa/haɗaka na shekara P Square Weird Mc (Bizzy Body Remix) Mafi kyawun wasan afro pop na shekara Dbanj Mawaƙin Bishara na bana Sammy Okposo Mawaƙin Neo afrobeat na shekara Femi Kuti Mafi kyawun kundi na duniya na shekara 'Return of the king' ta eLDee Mafi kyawun ƙundi (mai waƙa ɗaya) na shekara a duniya "Capable" (Banky) Gwarzon furodusa na duniya na shekara Mic Tunes Mafi kyawun mawakan bisharar duniya rccg Jesus house, DC Gwarzon Mawallafin kiɗa na shekara Don Jazzy Yaƙin DJS na Amurka DJ Zimo Mai tallata nishadi na tushen Amurka na shekara Big Moose Entertainment Gwarzon dan wasa na shekara Obafemi Martins Mai zanen kayan sawa na shekarar Najeriya Kayayyaki Kayayyaki Mafi ban dariya na shekara Julius Agwu Fitaccen jarumin wasan duniya Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje Fitacciyar jarumar duniya Adetoro Makinde Mafi kyawun jarumin Nollywood Ramsey Nouah Twins masu haɗari Jarumar Nollywood Stella Damasus Aboderin Twins masu haɗari Daraktan Nollywood Tade Ogidan Twins masu haɗari 2008 NEA Awards An gudanar da karo na uku na gasar a NYU Skirball Centre for Performing Arts da ke birnin New York a watan Yunin 2008 kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Raz Adoti Amistad da Tatiana ne suka shirya shi daga lokacin 2007 na Big Brother Africa. An yi shi a shekara ta 2007 wanda ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Dekunle Fuji da Tosin Martin. Har ila yau, taron ya nuna Ramsey Noah da Supermodel Oluchi sun gabatar da lambar yabo na musamman ga jarumi Olu Jacobs Masu nasara Mafi kyawun Album na Shekara: ASA ta Asa Mafi Zafi Na Shekara: "Yahooze" na Olu Maintain Mafi kyawun Sabon Dokar Shekara: TY Bello Mafi kyawun Dokar Pop na Afro na shekara: 9ice Mafi kyawun Dokar Bishara ta Shekara: Dekunle Fuji Mawallafin Kiɗa na Shekara: Dr Frabs Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Shekara: "Ku Yi Ni" ta P Square Mafi kyawun Single na Duniya na Shekara: "Fsa Ni Kuɗi" Remix by Oladele ft. Eldee Mafi kyawun Kundin Duniya na Shekara: Babi na XIII na Keno Mafi kyawun Mai samarwa na Duniya na Shekara: T Money Mafi kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa na Duniya na Shekara: "Wetin Man Go Do" na Amplyd Crew Taron kasa da kasa na Shekara (wanda aka gabatar ga mai talla): Haɗuwar NRC Mafi kyawun DJ na Duniya: DJ Tawali'u Mafi kyawun barkwanci: Basorge Mafi kyawun Fim: Mai Albarka A Cikin Mata Mafi kyawun Jarumi: Olu Jacobs Mafi kyawun Jaruma: Kate Henshaw Babban Mai Tallafawa Na Shekarar Amurka: Kabilar X Nishaɗi Mafi Matashin Mai Tallafawa Na Shekara: Yarima Fredoo Perry Mafi kyawun Jockey na Shekara: DJ Prince Jockey na Diaspora na Shekara: DJ Phemstar (US Jockey na Afirka: DJ Slick Stuat Roja (UG) Shugaban Nishaɗi na Shekara: Tobi Sanni Daniel OAP na Shekara: Big Tak (Urban FM) Mai Gabatar Da Talabijin Na Shekara: Seyitan (The Sauce) Best Comedy Act of the Year: Woli Arole Asiri Gwarzon Mai Hoton Shekara: Kelechi Amadi 2018 NEA Awards A ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2018 ne aka gudanar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2018 a "UDC Performing Art Center, Washington, DC" 2019 NEA Awards Tun da farko an shirya bayar da lambar yabo ta Nishaɗi ta Najeriya na 2019 a wajen Amurka a karon farko a birnin Johannesburg na Afirka ta Kudu a watan Nuwamba na 2019 amma an soke shi saboda karuwar lamurra na kyamar baki. 2020 NEA Awards An fara shirya kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2020 don Faɗuwar 2020 amma saboda cutar ta COVID19, an sake tsara lambobin yabo don 2021. Ƙungiyar gudanarwa Masu Gudanarwa na Yanzu: Tope Esan Cosmas Collins Azeem Jolasun Masu Gudanarwa da suka gabata: Linda Ofukeme (2006-2006) Joy Tongo (2006-2008) Belinda Nosegbe (2006-2008) Seun Tagh (2006-2009) Dolapo OA (2006-2009) Martin Fayomi (2006-2015) Manazarta Hanyoyin waje http://www.neaawards.com Nigerian music awards Nigerian awards 2006 establishments Awards established in

18578

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim%20Il-Sung

Kim Il-Sung

Kim Il Sung Hangul Kim Il Sŏng an haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar 1912 ya mutu a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1994) shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa na farko daga shekarar 1948 har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekarar ta alib 1994. Ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1994. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Arewa ta ba shi taken "Madawwami Shugaba" bayan mutuwarsa. Kim Il Sung ne ya ƙirƙiro ra'ayin siyasa na Juche. Ya gudu Koriya ta Arewa daban da Tarayyar Soviet da China Lokacin da ya mutu, dansa Kim Jong Il a shekarar (1941 da shekara ta 2011) ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa. Yana da wannan aikin har sai da ya mutu a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekarar 2011. Jikansa, Kim Jong Un (an haife shi a shekara ta alif 1983) shi ne shugaban Koriya ta Arewa. Brotheran'uwansa, Kim Yong Ju (an haife shi a shekara ta 1920), shi ma jami'in gwamnati ne. Sunan Kim Il Sung na nufin "wanda ya zama rana Akwai fiye da 300 da mutummutumai da Kim Il Sung a Korea ta Arewa. Kafa Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Koriya ta Koriya A cikin shekarar 1945, bayan da Tarayyar Soviet ta shelanta yaƙi da Japan, Amurka ta jefa bam a Japan a Hiroshima da Nagasaki, wanda hakan ya raunana Daular ta Japan. Sojojin Soviet sun shiga Japan-Korea kuma suka kame Pyongyang da ƙyar da wahala. Sun sanya Kim Il Sung a matsayin shugaban reshen Koriya ta Arewa na Kwaminisancin Koriya kuma suka ba shi tankokin Soviet na zamani, manyan motoci, makamai da bindigogin sojojin Koriya (KPA). An ayyana Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Koriya ta Arewa a ranar 8 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 1948 duk da turjewar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Shugaban Soviet Joseph Stalin ya naɗa Kim a matsayin shugaban sabuwar jihar. Yankin kudu na yankin Koriya ya ayyana kanta Jamhuriyar Koriya (Koriya ta Kudu) don ramuwar gayya. Hotunan Kim sun bayyana a Koriya ta Arewa tun daga shekarar 1949. Yaƙin Koriya Tarayyar Sobiyat ta amince da tsarin mulkin Kim a matsayin mallake Koriya baki daya, gami da kudu. An yarda da shi gaba ɗaya cewa Kim ya mamaye kudu ta hanyar shawarar kansa kuma Soviet ba ta yi tasiri a kansa ba. Kudancin ya cika da mamaki lokacin da sojojin Kim suka mamaye da sanyin safiyar 25 ga watan Yuni, shekarar 1950. KPA sun kame Seoul da yawancin kudu ban da Pusan a kudu maso gabas. Sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda galibi ke samun goyon bayan Amurka sun sauka a Koriya kuma suka fara tura KPA baya arewa. Da fari dai, sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun sami nasarar tura KPA baya ta 38th layi daya (layin kirki wanda ya raba Koreas yayin yakin). Sabuwar Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da farko ba ta son ra'ayin cewa Koriya za ta sake haɗuwa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Kim amma sun yarda lokacin da Kim ya gaya musu cewa Stalin ya amince da mamayewar. An sanya shi ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don jefa kuri'a kan ko sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya za su yi ƙoƙari su mallaki Koriya a ƙarƙashin mulkin dimokiradiyya. An zartar da shawarar tunda Tarayyar Soviet ba ta kasance yayin kaɗa kuri'ar. Idan da Soviet za su yi fatali da shawarar, da sojojin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba su sami damar kara dannawa zuwa Koriya ba. Daga karshe sojojin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun kame Pyongyang kuma an tilastawa gwamnatin Kim tserewa zuwa arewacin Kogin Yalu zuwa cikin China. Sojojin China sun haɗu kuma daga ƙarshe suka tsallaka Kogin Yalu suka yi yaƙi tare da KPA da Red Army akan sojojin Amurka, Birtaniyya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Daga ƙarshe sun cimma matsaya tun da babu ƙarfin da zai iya mallakar cikakken ikon mallakar yankin. An sanya hannu kan sulhu a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 1953 wanda ya kawo ƙarshen yaƙin shekaru uku kuma ya kafa ƙasashe biyu masu iko na Koriya ta Arewa da Koriya ta Kudu. Tunda ba a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba, koriyawan biyu a fagen fasaha suna cikin yanayin yaki da juna. Jagoran Koriya ta Arewa A cikin shekarun farko, Koriya ta Arewa ta sha gaban makwabciyarta ta kudu ta fuskar tattalin arziki; mai yiwuwa saboda taimakon Sobiyat da na China. Kim ya girka tsarin tattalin arzikin Soviet mai tsari kamar yadda aka tsara. Gwamnatin ta mallaki hanyoyin samarwa kuma an tsayar da farashin abinci maimakon a bar shi ya tashi ya faɗi kamar a tsarin kasuwa. Kim Il Sung bisa ƙa'ida ya zama shugaban Koriya ta Arewa tare da kafa tsarin mulki na DPRK a cikin 1972 wanda ya nuna shi a matsayin Shugaban jamhuriya. Kasantuwar Ta'addanci Don yin daidai da ranar haihuwar Kim Il Sung na shekara saba'in a cikin shekarar 1982, an gina wata doguwar hasumiya mai tsayin dalla 170m da ake kira Juche Tower An yi shi ne daga tubalin dutse 25,550; daya ga kowace rana ta rayuwar Kim. Doka ce ta doka don samun hotonsa, tare da ɗansa Kim Jong Il, rataye a cikin gidan mutum. An bawa kowa kyalle na musamman don yin turbaya da tsaftace hotunan. A cikin shekarar 1980s ajiyar alli ta haɓaka a bayan wuyan Kim Il Sung. Ya kumbura har zuwa girman lemu a mafi girma. Da sauri aka ƙaddara cewa aiki cire shi ba zai yiwu ba saboda kusancinsa da ƙashin bayansa. Bayan haka an hana 'yan jaridar Koriya ta Arewa ɗaukar hoto Kim Il Sung daga dama. A cikin shekarar 1997 tare da Kim Jong Il ya ƙarfafa ikonsa sosai bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi watsi da kalandar Miladiyya da ake amfani da ita a sauran duniya. Madadin haka suna amfani da kalandar Juche wacce ke farawa daga shekarar haihuwar Kim Il Sung shekarar (1912) kamar shekara 1. Misali, za a rubuta shekarar 2015 a matsayin Juche 104. Don lissafin kwanan wata a cikin shekarun Juche, a sauƙaƙe cire a shekarar 1911 daga shekarar da muke ciki. Ana rubuta kwanan wata a Koriya ta Arewa tare da Juche na farko; misali: 12 ga watan Afrilu, Juche 104 (2015). Daga baya yayi mulki A farkon 1990s, Koriya ta Arewa ta fara fuskantar yunwa, wanda ake wa laƙabi da 'Babban Yunwa''' A lokaci guda Tarayyar Sobiyat tana cikin mawuyacin canje-canje na tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma gami da fuskantar matsin tattalin arziki. Soviet, waɗanda suka ba DPRK abinci tare da waɗansu abubuwa tun ƙarshen 1940s, sun fara neman Koriya ta Arewa su biya su; kudin da DPRK basu mallaka ba. Tarayyar Sobiyar ta rushe a cikin 1991 kuma taimakon abinci kusan nan da nan ya tsaya. Kim Il Sung ta tsakiya shirya tsarin tattalin arziki, inda gwamnatin shirin tattalin arziki fitarwa a gaba, tabbatar da cewa ma inflexible don kauce wa tattalin arziki bala'i. A ranar 8th na Yuli 1994, Kim Il Sung ya kamu da ciwon zuciya kuma ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba, ya bar ƙasarsa cikin mummunan fatara, rashin abinci mai gina jiki da warewa. An ayyana lokacin makoki bayan ya mutu kuma bai ƙare a hukumance ba sai a 1997; shekara uku bayan mutuwa. Hisansa, mai jiran gado, Kim Jong Il ya gaje shi a matsayin babban shugaban Koriya ta Arewa. Kim Jong Il bai zama Shugaban ƙasa ba tunda aka baiwa Il-Sung taken girmamawa na 'Madawwami Shugaba''' Madadin haka aka nada shi Babban Sakatare na kwamitin tsakiya na kungiyar Ma'aikatan Koriya (shugaban jam'iyyar mai mulki). Don haka Koriya ta Arewa ita ce kasa daya tilo a duniya da mutum ya ke jagoranta ta hanyar fasaha. Farfagandar jihar ta nuna Kim Il Sung a matsayin ubangiji ga mutane kuma lokacin da ya mutu mutane da yawa sun ji ɓacewa, damuwa da rikicewa saboda da yawa sun gaskata cewa ba zai iya mutuwa ba. Juriya ga Japan A lokacin mamayar Japan a Koriya, Kim Il Sung ya kasance tare da ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawayen adawa da yawa. Manazarta Shugabanni Shugaban Kasa Mutane Mutanen Asiya Pages with unreviewed

45998

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry%20Okah

Henry Okah

Henry Okah (an haife shi a shekara ta 1965, jihar Legas, Najeriya shi ne shugaban ƴan daba na Najeriya na ƙungiyar ƴan ta'adan yankin Niger Delta (MEND), ya musanta jagorancin ƙungiyar. Dubawa MEND ta ɗauki alhakin kai hare-hare kan kamfanonin mai da ke aiki a yankin Niger Delta, ta hanyar amfani da zagon ƙasa, yaƙin neman zaɓe ko kuma sace ma'aikatan mai na ƙasashen waje. Burin ‘yan tawayen dai shi ne taɓarɓarewa sha’anin mai na ƙasashen waje a yankin Neja-Delta, waɗanda suka ce suna cin gajiyar al’ummar yankin. MEND ta sanar da kafa kungiyar a farkon shekarar 2006 tare da kai hare-hare da dama a kan ababen more rayuwa na man fetur na Najeriya waɗanda suka rage yawan amfanin yau da kullum da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin hudu, da kuma wani kamfen na zamani na kafafen yaɗa labarai da suka haɗa da sakonnin sakonnin imel don yin daidai da hare-haren. Ƙungiyar ta yi suna a kanun labarai a Najeriya lokacin da ta sanar da cewa za ta shiga tattaunawar zaman lafiya idan tsohon shugaban ƙasar Amurka Jimmy Carter ko jarumi George Clooney ya shiga tsakani. Ta kuma yi ikirarin cewa ƙungiyar na duba yiwuwar tsagaita buɗe wuta bayan ta samu "kara" daga shugaban Amurka Barack Obama, wanda ya musanta yin hakan tun da farko. An kama shi An kama Okah a Angola kuma aka mayar da shi Najeriya a watan Fabrairun 2008, kuma an tuhume shi da laifuffuka 62 da suka haɗa da cin amanar kasa, ta'addanci, mallakar makamai ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da safarar makamai, ya fuskanci hukuncin kisa. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne ke kan gaba ga mutanen yankin Delta da ba su da haƙƙi, wadanda suke ganin ba su amfana da man da ake haƙowa a karkashinsu yankin su. Lauyan Okah, Femi Falana, ya yi iƙirarin cewa gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi tayin siyan shi ta hanyar ba da izinin mallakar wasu tubalan mai, duk da ya ki. Shari’ar wadda aka fara tun a watan Afrilun 2008, an yi ta ne a asirce, domin Shugaba Umaru ‘Yar’aduwa ya ce zai yi illa ga tsaron ƙasa. Lauyoyin da ke kare Okah, sun ce shari’ar da aka rufe ta tauye masa haƙƙin sa ne don haka suka buƙaci babbar kotun da ta soke hukuncin. A martaninta, a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, 2008, ƙungiyar MEND ta kai hari kan bututun Royal Dutch Shell a yankin Delta, kuma ta yi iƙirarin kashe sojojin Najeriya 11. Yayin da gwamnatin Najeriyar ta musanta mutuwar, dai-dai lokacin ne farashin man fetur ya tashi da dala ɗaya a kasuwannin duniya cikin sa'o'i da harin. Wani saƙon imel daga MEND ya yi gargaɗin "hare-haren [su]… ramuwar gayya ce ga kama shi da ba dole ba." A watan Yulin 2009, lauyan Okah ya sanar da cewa ya amince da afuwar da gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi wa duk wani ɗan tawaye da ke son ajiye makamansa, a wani yunƙuri na kawo ƙarshen hare-haren da ake kai wa masana'antar mai ɗin. Babban jami'in MEND "Janar" Boyloaf ya yi iƙirarin cewa idan aka saki Okah to tabbas ƙungiyar za ta ajiye makamanta, kuma Jomo Gbomo, kakakin ƙungiyar ya goyi bayan matakin Okah tun da rashin lafiyarsa ta gaza. Sai dai wasu shugabannin MEND sun ce za su yi watsi da afuwar. A ranar 13 ga watan Yuli, 2009, Alƙali Mohammed Liman ya sanar da cewa an saki Okah, inda ya shaida masa da kansa "Bayan bitar abin da babban lauyan ya ce, ka zama mutum mai ƴanci a halin yanzu." Kama shi a karo na 2 An sake kama Okah a birnin Johannesburg na ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu, a ranar Asabar, 2 ga watan watan Oktoba, bayan harin ranar ‘yancin kai na Najeriya na 2010 wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar mutane 12. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai san komai ba game da waɗannan hare-haren bam-baman. Ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari A ranar Litinin 21 ga watan Junairu, wata kotu a ƙasar Afirka ta kudu ta samu Okah da laifuka 13 da suka haɗa da ta’addanci harin bam da ya hallaka mutane 12 a Abuja a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, 2010. Da yake yanke hukuncin, alkali Nels Claassen ya ce, "Na kai ga yanke shawarar cewa jihar ta tabbatar da laifin da ake zargin sa akai." An yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru 24 a gidan yari kuma a halin yanzu yana yin wannan hukuncin a gidan gyaran hali na Ebongweni da ke a garin Kokstad a Afirka ta Kudu. A duk lokacin da ake shari’ar ya ci gaba da cewa ba shi da laifi yana mai cewa shari’ar ta biyo bayan ƙin amincewa da kalaman shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan da kuma zargin da shugabanin Arewacin Najeriya ya yi na ranar ƴancin kai na ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba. Charles Okah ranar 7 ga watan Maris, 2018. Bayan shari’ar da kotu ta yi a ranar 7 ga watan Maris ɗin, an samu Charles Okah da laifin kitsa harin ranar ‘yancin kai kuma aka yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

20944

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20Breweries

Nigerian Breweries

Nigerian Breweries Plc, shine babban kamfani kuma mafi girma a kamfanin kera giya a Kasar Nijeriya. Tana hidimar kasuwar Najeriya da fitarwa zuwa wasu sassan Yammacin kasashen Afirka. Tarihi Kamfanin Breweries na Najeriya an kirkireshi a shekara ta 1946 kuma kwalban farko na kamfanin, STAR Lager, ya fito da layukan kwalbar kamfanin giyar ta Legas a watan Yunin shekara ta 1949. Yayin da kamfanin ya fadada zuwa wasu yankuna, ya kafa wasu kamfanonin yin burodi irin su Aba Brewery a shekarar 1957 da Kaduna Brewery a shekara ta 1963. Zuwa shekara ta 1971, kamfanin ya kasance ɗayan manyan masana'antu a cikin ƙasar dangane da saka hannun jari. A shekarata 1982, an kara wani kamfanin giya a cikin Ibadan A watan Satumba na shekarar 1993, kamfanin ya sayi kamfanin giya na biyar a Enugu, kuma a watan Oktoba na 2003, kamfanin giya na shida, wanda aka sanya a Ameke a Enugu. Kamfanin giya na Ama Brewery ya fara yin giya a ranar 22 ga Maris na shekara ta 2003 kuma a hectolita miliyan 3 shine mafi girma a giya a Nijeriya. Shekarun farko Frank Samuel na UAC ne ya gabatar da shawarar kirkirar kamfanin giya a Legas kafin yakin duniya na biyu Amma har sai lokacin da yaƙin ya ƙare sannan aka ɗauki matakai na zahiri don fara wannan aikin. Shugabannin kasuwanni a cikin yankin dukkansu kasuwanni ne da aka shigo dasu tare da babu giyar da ake samarwa a cikin gida. UAC ba shi da tarihin fasaha a cikin giya wanda ya jagoranci kamfanin don shiga yarjejeniyar fasaha tare da Heineken, aikin giya ya kuma kawo saka hannun jari daga wasu kamfanonin kasuwanci a Nijeriya da suka hada da John Holt, GBO, SCOA, CFAO da UTC waɗanda duk suka ɗauki wasu sa hannun jari a cikin sabon kamfanin. Ginin kamfanin giya ya fara a Iganmu, Lagos a 1947 kuma an kammala shi a 1949. Bayan kammalawa, babban cikas na NBL shine yadda sabuwar alama za ta sami karbuwa tsakanin masu shan giya a cikin kasar da kuma yadda za a mayar da ita alama ta zama giyar da aka fi so. Wani batun tashin hankali, shi ne yadda za a yi jigilar samfurin zuwa mabukata a duk faɗin ƙasar. Don samun karbuwa, NBL yayi amfani da binciken kasuwar masu amfani don fahimtar bukatun kasuwar kuma ya kirkiro dabarun talla a kusa da STAR Lager wanda yayi amfani da tallace-tallace don nuna hanyar haɗi tsakanin shan giya da zamani. Ofaya daga cikin jigogin talla shine a nuna giya ta STAR a matsayin ingantaccen samfurin da ake samarwa a cikin gida, wanda zai jawo hankalin masu saye su sayi wanda aka yi a cikin giyar Najeriya. Ya dauki nauyin kayan kwalliyar 'yar uwa, Lintas don samar da tallace-tallace kuma yana daya daga cikin kamfanoni na farko da suka yi amfani da fasahohin bincike na kasuwa da kuma tallata wani nau'ikan Najeriya ta hanyar amfani da waje, na bugawa da na talabijin. Tsakanin shekara ta 1950 da shekara ta 1960, yawan shan giya ya karu a Najeriya kuma NBL ya kara yawan kasuwar sa. Tauraru ta sami jagoranci a kasuwa a shekara ta 1960 wanda hakan ya haifar da bukatar gina wasu masana'antu a Najeriya. Don samun samfuran ga masu amfani, kamfanin ya ba da haƙƙin siyar da alamarsa don zaɓar masu rarrabawa da gina ɗakunan ajiya a manyan wurare a cikin ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 1970s, ta ƙirƙiri ƙungiyar tallace-tallace ta mota da ta ƙasa. Bugu da kari, NBL ta gabatar da ma'adanan da ba na giya ba da kuma abubuwan sha masu dadi a karkashin alamar Rainbow wadanda suka hada da, Krola, Tip Top Tonic Water da kuma ruwan soda na Sundowner. Hakanan ya gabatar da Gulder cikin kasuwa kuma ya sami haƙƙoƙin tallata Schweppes lemon zaki a ƙasar. A cikin shekara ta 1972, ta sayar da ikon amfani da abin sha na giya. To gain acceptability, NBL utilized consumer market research to underst 1980s da 1990s A cikin shekara ta 1980s, NBL sannu a hankali ya haɓaka rabon kasuwa na kasuwar giya a kan ƙananan ƙananan giya. A shekara ta 1988, cibiyoyin NBL suka shiga tsarin juyawa lokacin da gwamnati ta hana shigo da sha'ir da aka shigo da shi. Kamfanin ya yi amfani da taimakon fasaha na Heineken tare da tsarin sauya fasalin sannan kuma ya kafa gonar hatsi a cikin jihar Neja don samar da hatsin da ake samarwa a cikin kasar don kamfanonin giyar. Karni 21st A shekara ta 2010, NBL ta sami masana'antun giya daga Sona Group masu kera maltonic malt da kuma masu mallakar giyar Goldberg. Masana’antun sun hada da Sona Breweries a Ota da Kaduna da Life Breweries a Onitsha. A cikin shekara ta 2014, kamfanin ya haɗu da Consolidated Breweries, masu samar da fitarwa 33 da Williams Dark Ale. Kayayyaki Kamfanin yana da alamu, gami da: Star Lager (an ƙaddamar da shi a 1949) Pale Lager Gulder lager beer (1970) Pale Lager Karin Bayani (1992) 6.5% ABV Stoarin Stoari Heineken Lager (Yunin 1998) Babban Lager Sona Breweries (2011) Ciki har da Zinare, Tusk, Wilfort Dark Ale, da Maltonic maras maye Goldberg Lager (Oktoba 2011) Lager Nahiyar Duniya (Oktoba 2011) Star Lite Lager (Fabrairu 2014) Lale Lager Ace Passion Apple Spark (Disamba 2014) Lager na Fitarwa 33 (Janairu 2015) Williams Dark Ale (Janairu 2015) Turbo King Stout (Janairu 2015) Lagarin Lager (Janairu 2015) Breezer (Janairu 2015), a cikin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan kayan marmari mai ɗanɗano na 'ya'yan itace Tushen Ace (Afrilu 2015) Star Radler (Yuli 2015) Desperados (Disamba 2020) quanƙan quan Tequila-Lager Tsarin Ace (Satumba 2015) Star TripleX (Satumba 2015) Strongbow Cider (Nuwamba 2015) Shaye-shaye marasa barasa Maltina (1976), a cikin nau’uka uku, wadanda suka hada da Maltina Classic, Maltina Strawberry, da Maltina Abarba; Maltina Sip-it (2005), a cikin Tetrapak; Amstel Malta (1994). Fayrouz, a cikin pear, abarba da dandano mai ban sha'awa (2006) Abincin makamashi na Climax Malta Gold (Oktoba 2011) Lafiya (Janairu 2015) Maltex (Janairu 2015). Yawancin kayayyakin ana cushe su a cikin kwalaben da za'a iya mayar da su kuma duk samfuran yanzu suna nan a cikin gwangwani. Fayrouz, Maltina da Amstel Malta suma an samar dasu a cikin kwalaben PET Manyan ofisoshin kamfanin suna cikin Legas. Duba kuma Jerin giya da giya a Najeriya Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rahoton shekara-shekara na Nigerian Breweries Plc 2009 Shafin kamfanin Breweries na Najeriya Kamfanonin Najeriya Giya Gine-gine Haraji a najeriya Mashaya Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20%22Aeroland%22%20Adewale

Segun "Aeroland" Adewale

Otunba Segun Adewale, Listen wanda aka fi sani da Segun Aeroland, an haife shi a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1966, ɗan kasuwan Najeriya ne, mai taimakon jama'a kuma ɗan siyasa na asali. Ɗan asalin Ipoti EKiti da ke karamar hukumar Ijero ta jihar EKiti a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya kuma ɗan takarar Sanatan Legas ta yamma na jam’iyyar PDP a zaɓen sanata na 2015. Rayuwar farko An haifi Segun Adewale a cikin dangin Mista Mrs Michael Adewale na Ile Aremo Ile Ogegenijo kwatas a ranar 15 ga Mayu, 1966. Segun Adewale ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Adventist Day Seventh Day, Abule Oja, Legas tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1978. A cikin 1979, iyayensa sun yanke shawarar cewa ɗansu na farko dole ne ya koma Ekiti don ya sami damar gyara shi kuma ya kasance mai kyau a cikin ƙa'idodi, dabi'u da al'adun Ekiti; don haka aka shigar da shi makarantar sakandare ta Ipoti a wannan shekarar. A makarantar, shi ne ƙaramin ɗan wasa a cikin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa. Moreso, kishinsa na taimakon jama'a ya bayyana a irin wannan shekarun yayin da yake taimakon iyalai marasa galihu a Ipoti musamman a gine-gine da sauran ayyuka marasa galihu kyauta! Ko da yake bai kammala karatunsa na sakandare a Ekiti ba, ya girma sosai don ya fahimci ɗabi'u da al'adun gargajiya waɗanda aka fi sani da matsakaicin ɗan Ekiti. Daga karshe ya kammala karatunsa na Sakandare a kwalejin Oriwu dake Ikorodu a jihar Legas a shekarar 1983, inda kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta kwalejin. Segun Adewale ya halarci Jami'ar Ibadan tsakanin 1986 zuwa 1990, inda ya yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin kasa. Ya yi digirinsa na biyu a fannin harkokin gwamnati a Jami’ar Jihar Legas a shekarar 1995. Hakazalika ya sami Certificate a Gudanarwar Jirgin Sama da Ayyuka a cikin 2012 kuma ya sami takardar shaidar da ake buƙata a cikin Ayyukan Jirgin sama daga Cibiyar Kula da Jirgin Sama da Dispatcher (IFOD), Texas, Amurka a cikin 2013. Bayanan sana'a A cikin 1997, Segun Adewale ya kafa nasa kamfani, Aeroland Travel Limited, kula da tafiye-tafiye na kasuwanci, Kamfanin Air Charter da kuma Kamfanin horar da Jirgin Sama. Kamfanin ya lashe kyaututtuka sama da 20, ciki har da lambar yabo ta Delta Airlines Award for Excellence a 2013, Lufthansa Top Performer 2012, British Airways No. 1 Retail Agency a Najeriya. A halin yanzu shi ne Shugaban Kamfanin Aeroland Group, Manajan Darakta/Shugaba na Skyrace Nigeria Limited, Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattun Segun Adewale Foundation for Community Development. Shi kadai ne wakili daga Najeriya a cibiyar horarwa ta Virgin Atlantic/GTMC. Shi ne mataimakin shugaban kasa, National Association of Travel Agent of Nigeria (NANTA). Baya ga kusurwar kasuwanci, Segun Deacon ne a Word of Faith Ministry (aka Winners Chapel). Ya kuma rike Otunba Bobajiro na Egbeda Land, daga Alimosho, Legas. Sana'ar siyasa Segun Adewale ya fara siyasa tun a shekarar 1988, lokacin da ya tsaya takara kuma ya lashe zaɓen gwamnatin kungiyar dalibai ta jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya rike mukamin sakataren wasanni. A shekarar 2007, Segun Adewale ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokokin jihar Legas a kan tikitin jam’iyyar Labour, amma an cire sunansa daga katin zabe daf da zaɓen. Ya fice daga jam’iyyar Labour zuwa jam’iyyar AD na wasu watanni kafin ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar PDP a shekarar 2011 ya kuma tsaya takarar dan majalisar wakilai ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazaɓar Alimosho ta tarayya, amma Solomon Olamilekan Adeola ya sha kaye a zaɓen. na Action Congress OF Nigeria. Zaɓen dai ya fuskanci tashin hankali. A matsayinsa na mai ba da agaji, ya ba da gudummawa ga ayyukan al'umma sama da 40 waɗanda suka haɗa da ginin Mini-Bridge a Meiran, Isei-Oshun a cikin 2011 kuma ya ɗauki nauyin ɗalibai sama da 20 don samun cikakken tallafin karatu zuwa manyan makarantu daban-daban. Kyaututtuka da nasarori Kyautar Kyauta, Sashen Nazarin Geography, Jami'ar Ibadan, Kyautar Wasanni na 1989, Zauren Nnamdi Azikiwe, Jami'ar Ibadan, Kyautar Wasannin Wasanni na 1988, Chanchaga LGA Minna, Memba na Virgin Atlantic Platinum Member Mamban British Airways Platinum Alimosho gwarzon wasanni na shekara Nassoshi Ƴan siyasan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1966 Articles with hAudio

48827

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambaliyar%20Angola%2C%20Namibiya%20da%20Zambiya%20ta%202009

Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da Zambiya ta 2009

Ambaliyar Angola, Namibiya da kuma Zambiya ta 2009 annoba ce da ta fara a farkon watan Maris shekara ta 2009 kuma ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar aƙalla mutum 131 kuma ta shafi kusan mutane 445,000. Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafi yankuna bakwai na Namibiya, larduna uku na Zambia, yankuna biyu na Angola da kuma wani bangare na Botswana. Ruwan ya lalata gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa tare da raba akalla mutane 300,000 da muhallansu. An kafa dokar ta baci a arewacin Namibiya a yayin da ake fargabar barkewar cututtuka. Hukumomin Red Cross da gwamnatocin kasashen biyu sun dauke matakai game da annobar, kuma Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta raba tallafi. Dalilai Yankunan kan iyaka na Angola, Namibiya da Zambia sun mamaye kananan koguna da ke ambaliya akai-akai a lokacin damina daga Disamba zuwa Afrilu. Ambaliyar ruwa a shekarar 2008 ta kasance daga watan Fabrairu zuwa Maris kuma ta shafi mutane 250,000 a Namibiya inda mutane 42 suka rasa rayukansu. Ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta samo asali ne sakamakon ruwan sama mai yawa; An samu ruwan sama mai yawa a yankin tun daga watan Disamba fiye da yadda aka samu a duk lokacin damina na watanni biyar na bara. Sakamakon haka, ambaliyar ruwa a bana ta yi muni fiye da yadda aka saba fuskanta. An bayyana cewa ambaliyar ruwan na iya zama mafi muni a yankin tsawon shekaru arba'in. Cibiyar nazarin yanayi ta kasar Angola ta sanya dalilin ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya wanda ake sa ran zai ci gaba da kasancewa a kasar har zuwa watan Afrilu da zai fara tafiya kudu. Wani rahoto ya dora alhakin ci gaba da ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya kan illolin yanayi na La Niña Illoli Angola Ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa Angola a cikin larduna biyu: Cuando Cubango da Cunene Lardin da abin ya fi shafa shi ne Cunene, wanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai A cikin Cunene kadai mutane 125,000 ambaliyar ruwan ta shafa kuma 25,000 sun rasa muhallansu. A duk fadin kasar sama da mutane 30,000 ne ambaliyar ta raba da gidajensu. Akwai fargabar cewa ambaliyar za ta iya ta'azzara cututtukan da ake da su a yankin, musamman kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro An kuma bayar da rahoton bullar cutar kwalara guda uku a Ondjiva, babban birnin yankin Cunene, kuma jami'an yankin na sa ran adadin zai karu. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta ce kawo yanzu an samu asarar rayuka 19 sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa a Angola. Botswana Tsawon kogin Okavango ya shafi Botswana zuwa 8.62 m, zurfi mafi girma na biyu da aka rubuta kuma mafi girma tun 1969. Okavango ya ƙare a Botswana a cikin Okavango Delta kuma gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da sanarwar gargadi ga waɗanda ke zaune a gefen kogin su tashi zuwa tudu. Gwamnati ta kori iyalai 63 a cikin fargabar cewa ambaliyar ruwan za ta tsananta musamman a gundumar Chobe Sama da mutane 400 ne suka rasa matsugunansu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa kuma rundunar tsaron Botswana na kokarin taimakawa wadanda abin ya shafa. Namibiya Yankuna bakwai na Namibiya ambaliyar ta shafa: Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana, Oshikoto, Zambezi, Kavango da Kunene Yankunan da abin ya fi shafa sun hada da Omusati, Ohangwena, Oshana da Oshikoto wadanda ke kan kogin Cuvelai. A yankin Zambezi ruwan ambaliya ya kai wurare 20 km daga inda kogin ya saba gudana. Mutane 300,000 ne ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa a Namibiya wanda ya raba kusan mutane 276,000 da muhallansu. Ambaliyar ruwan ta lalata amfanin gona, gidaje, makarantu, cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya da kuma tituna a kasar wanda shugabanta, Hifikepunye Pohamba, ya ce zai iya fuskantar daya daga cikin bala'o'i mafi muni a tarihin rayuwa. Hanyoyin tsakuwa sun shafi musamman inda kusan kashi 85% na wadanda ke yankunan da abin ya shafa suka lalace tare da yankewa mutane taimako. An dai tafi da mutane da dabbobi kuma an samu wasu kadawa da 'yan doki da ke ninkaya a cikin ruwan da ke kai hare-hare tare da kashe mutane. An samu bullar cutar kwalara a yankin Kunene da ambaliyar ruwan ta kara ta’azzara ta hanyar mamaye kayayyakin tsaftar muhalli da kuma rage samar da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro kuma ta karu, inda mutane 2,000 suka kamu da cutar inda 25 daga cikinsu suka mutu. Gwamnatin Namibiya ta bayyana cewa kawo yanzu mutane 112 ne suka mutu sakamakon ambaliyar ruwa. Shugaba Pohamba ya bayyana cewa matsalar karancin abinci na iya biyo bayan ambaliyar ruwa kuma Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa noman amfanin gona a Namibia zai ragu da kashi 63 cikin 100 nan da shekara mai zuwa kuma mutane kusan 500,000 za su fuskanci matsalar karancin abinci. Farashin kayan abinci na gida ya riga ya tashi da kashi 37% saboda bala'in. Zambiya Zambiya ta fuskanci ambaliyar ruwa a Lardunan Yamma, Arewa maso Yamma da kuma Kudu Lalacewar ababen more rayuwa kadai ya kai sama da dala miliyan 5 kuma gundumomi guda daya, Shangombo, ya rage daga taimakon waje gaba daya. Ambaliyar ruwan ta shafi gidaje 20,000 tare da lalata gidaje 5,000 a Lardin Kudu kadai. Wani wuri Ko da yake wannan lamari na musamman na ambaliya ya fi muni fiye da yadda aka fuskanta a baya a Namibiya da Angola, an sami raguwar ambaliyar ruwa a wasu wurare a yankin, kamar a kogin Zambezi, kuma ana sa ran damina za ta wuce makonni hudu kacal. Ana sa ran madatsar ruwan Kariba da ke Zimbabwe da kuma madatsar ruwan Cahora Bassa a Mozambique za su kare kasashen da ke yankin Zambezi na kasa daga ambaliya da ruwan sama a kogin sama ya haifar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross tana kuma sa ido kan guguwar ruwan zafi mai tsanani Izilda wacce ke kan hanyar zuwa gabar tekun gabashin Mozambique kuma za ta iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a can. Martani Shugaba Pohamba ya kafa dokar ta baci a yankuna shida na arewacin kasar, kuma ya bukaci taimakon kasashen duniya. Asusun bayar da agaji na jihar Namibiya ya dukufa a yankin inda yake kai ruwa da abinci da tantuna da sauran kayayyaki zuwa yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ta yi kamari ta jirgin helikwafta da kwale-kwale. Sai dai kuma ana samun cikas sakamakon karancin jiragen sama da na kwale-kwale, kuma ana fama da karancin kudade. Hukumomin agaji na Red Cross a Angola da Namibiya sun mayar da martani kan bala'in. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Angola tana rarraba gidajen sauro, allunan tsaftace ruwa da kuma buhunan ruwa na Rehydration kuma kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta Namibia tana rarraba allunan chlorine tare da inganta tsafta a wuraren da abin ya shafa. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta kuma mayar da martani tare da kai tan biyar na kayayyakin kiwon lafiya da kuma samar da ruwan sha. Akwai fargabar cewa rikicin kudi na shekara ta 2007-2008 na iya takaita tasirin kungiyoyin agaji wadanda tuni suka yi kaurin suna a fadin Afirka. An kafa sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Oshana, Oshikoto, Ohangwena da Omusati a Namibia kuma a halin yanzu suna dauke da mutane kusan 4,500 duk da cewa an ce sun cika makil da rashin ruwan sha da tsaftar muhalli. Hukumar lafiya ta duniya ta aike da kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya da dama zuwa yankin domin horar da ma'aikatan gaggawa da kuma samar da kwararru kan rigakafin cututtuka. Ambaliyar ta zo dai-dai da ziyarar da Paparoma Benedict na 16 ya kai Angola, wanda ya bayyana goyon bayansa ga wadanda ambaliyar ta shafa tare da karfafa yunkurin sake gina kasar. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na kasar Namibia, NamPower, ya ba da gudummawar kayan abinci na Naira 50,000 ga wadanda suka rasa matsugunansu a yankunan da ke kusa da tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Ruacana wanda ya kai kashi 70% na bukatun wutar lantarkin kasar. Kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross da Red Crescent ta kasa da kasa ta kaddamar da neman dalar Amurka miliyan 1.3 don tallafawa ayyukan agaji don taimakawa mutane 20,000 a Namibiya. Duba kuma 2008-2009 Cutar kwalara ta Zimbabwe 2008 Ambaliyar Namibiya

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makarantar%20Koyan%20Lauya%20ta%20Najeriya

Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya

Makarantar Koyon Lauya ta Najeriya wata cibiya ce ta ilimi da Gwamnatin Nijeriya ta kafa a shekara ta 1962 don samar da ilimin shari'ar Najeriya ga lauyoyi da aka horar da su daga kasashen waje, da kuma samar da horo a aikace ga masu neman Doka a Najeriya. Har zuwa lokacin da aka kafa makarantar, masu aikin lauya a Najeriya sun sami horon da ake buƙata a Ingila kuma an kira su zuwa Barikin Ingilishi. Tsarin karatu Makarantar Shari'a tana ba da kwasa-kwasai a cikin shari'ar laifi da ta farar hula, kadarori da dokar kamfanoni, har ma da darasi kan ɗabi'a. Fiye da ɗalibai 70,000 suka kammala karatu daga Makarantar Koyon Lauya ta Nijeriya. Duk wanda ya sami digiri na jami'a a fannin shari'a kuma yake son yin aikin lauya a Najeriya dole ne ya halarci Makarantar Koyon Lauya ta Najeriya. Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Shari'a tana ba da takaddun shaida ga ɗaliban da suka ci jarrabawar Bar Part II, kuma ana kiran waɗannan ɗaliban zuwa Bar. Wurare An kafa harabarta a Legas a cikin shekara ta 1962, tana matsawa zuwa inda take a yanzu a shekara ta 1969. An mayar da hedikwatar makarantar koyon aikin lauya zuwa garin Bwari kusa da Abuja a shekarar 1997. A lokacin motsawa, har yanzu ana kan gina gidajen kwanan mutane da babban dakin taro.ref></ref> Garin ba shi da asibiti, babu waya da ayyukan banki, kuma makarantar tana gina nata rijiyar burtsatse don samar da ruwan sha. Filin karatun na Augustine Nnamani yana garin Agbani, jihar Enugu Wuri na huɗu yana cikin Bagauda, Jihar Kano. Akwai ƙarin cibiyoyi biyu yanzu waɗanda suka kawo shi gaba ɗaya cibiyoyin karatun 6. Daya a Yenegoa, jihar Bayelsa sannan kuma ta shida a Yola, jihar Adamawa. Tsoffin tsoffin ɗalibai Magnus Ngei Abe, Sanata mai wakiltar Ribas Kudu maso Gabas Abdullahi Adamu, gwamnan jihar Nasarawa Sanata Godswill Akpabio, gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom Issifu Omoro Tanko Amadu, alkalin kotun kolin Ghana Sullivan Chime, gwamnan jihar Enugu Solomon Dalung, Ministan matasa da wasanni Oladipo Diya, Babban hafsan hafsoshi Donald Duke, gwamnan jihar Cross River Kanayo O. Kanayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Alex Ekwueme, zababben Mataimakin Shugaban Najeriya na farko Abba Kyari, Shugaban Ma’aikatan Shugaban Kasa Muhammadu Buhari daga 2015 Simon Lalong, gwamnan jihar Filato Tahir Mamman, SAN kuma babban darakta-Janar na Makarantar Shari'a ta Nijeriya daga 2005 zuwa 2013 Richard Mofe-Damijo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Lai Mohammed, Ministan yada labarai Mary Odili, Mai Shari’a na Kotun Kolin Najeriya kuma tsohuwar Uwargidan Gwamnan Jihar Ribas Bianca Ojukwu, jakadiyar Najeriya a Sifen Chris Okewulonu, Shugaban Ma’aikata na Gwamnatin Jihar Imo Kenneth Okonkwo, ɗan wasa Umaru Shinkafi, Kwamishinan Harkokin Cikin Gida na Tarayya Gabriel Suswam, gwamnan jihar Benuwe Edwin Ume-Ezeoke, Shugaban Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu Labarai A watan Agusta na shekaea ta 2009, wani lauya mai suna Asbayir Abubakar ya yi kira da a rage kudaden da aka biya a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lauyoyi ta Najeriya domin a ba masu karamin karfi damar zama lauyan. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2009, Darakta-Janar na Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lauya ta Najeriya, Farfesa Tahir Mamman SAN, ya ce ba za a shigar da daliban da suka wuce ta fannin ilimin shari'a ba tare da izini ba. Ya ce Majalisar Ilimin Ilimin Shari'a za ta tura Farfesoshin doka da malamai masu kula da ilimin doka ba zuwa ga kwamitin ladabtarwa na Benungiyar Benchers ba Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ake kiran Farfesa Tahir Mamman SAN a matsayin Babban Darakta Janar wanda ya fi nasara tun kafuwar cibiyar. Mista OA Onadeko tsohon Mataimakin Darakta Janar na Harabar Legas ya yi aiki a matsayin Darakta Janar na Makarantar Koyon Lauyoyin Najeriya daga shekara ta 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2018. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2018 Prof. An nada Isa Chiroma a matsayin sabon Darakta Janar Makarantar Koyon Lauya ta Najeriya tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyi masu kwarjini da gaskiya a Najeriya. Duba kuma Lissafi na makarantun shari'a Manazarta Makarantun Najeriya Makarantu Makaranta Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Lauyoyi Makarantun

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramin%20hakar%20ma%27adinai

Ramin hakar ma'adinai

A cikin haƙar ma'adinan, shine kayayyakin da suka rage bayan aiwatar da aikin raba juzu'i mai mahimmanci daga juzu'in rashin tattalin arziki gangue na tama Wutsiyar wutsiya sun bambanta da nauyi mai yawa, wanda shine dutsen sharar gida ko wasu kayan da suka wuce tama ko ma'adinai kuma ana yin gudun hijira a lokacin hakar ma'adinai ba tare da sarrafa su ba. Ana iya yin hakar ma'adanai daga ma'adanin ta hanyoyi biyu: ma'adinin placer, wanda ke amfani da ruwa da nauyi don tattara ma'adanai masu mahimmanci, ko ma'adinan dutse mai wuya, wanda ya rushe dutsen da ke dauke da ma'adinin sannan kuma ya dogara da halayen sunadarai don mayar da hankali ga abin da ake nema. abu. A karshen, hakar ma'adanai daga ma'adinai na bukatar comminution, watau, nika tama cikin lafiya barbashi don sauƙaƙe hakar na manufa (s). Saboda wannan comminution, wutsiya sun ƙunshi slurry na lallausan barbashi, jere daga girman yashi zuwa ƴan micrometers. Yawancin wutsiya na ma'adanan ana samar da su daga injin niƙa a cikin nau'i na slurry, wanda shine cakuda ɓangarorin ma'adinai masu kyau da ruwa. Wutsiya na iya zama tushen haɗari na sinadarai masu guba kamar ƙarfe mai nauyi, sulfides da abun ciki na rediyo Waɗannan sinadarai suna da haɗari musamman idan aka adana su cikin ruwa a cikin tafkunan bayan dam ɗin wutsiya suna da haɗari ga manyan ɓarna ko ɗigogi daga madatsun ruwa, suna haifar da bala'o'in muhalli Saboda waɗannan da sauran abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli kamar zubar ruwa na ƙasa, hayaki mai guba da mutuwar tsuntsaye, tarin wutsiya da tafkuna galibi suna ƙarƙashin bincike na tsari. Akwai hanyoyi da yawa don dawo da kimar tattalin arziki, ƙunshi ko kuma rage tasirin wutsiya. Duk da haka, a duniya, waɗannan ayyukan ba su da kyau, wani lokacin take haƙƙin ɗan adam. Don rage haɗarin cutarwa, an kafa ƙa'idar matakin farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don sarrafa wutsiya 2020. Kalmomi Har ila yau ana kiran wutsiya nawa juji, zubar da ruwa, slimes, ƙi, ragowar leach, slickens, ko terra-cone (terrikon) Misalai Sulfide ma'adanai An bayyana kwararar wutsiyoyi daga hakar ma'adinan sulfidic a matsayin "mafi girman alhaki na muhalli na masana'antar hakar ma'adinai". Wadannan wutsiyoyi sun ƙunshi adadi mai yawa na pyrite (FeS 2 da Iron (II) sulfide (FeS), waɗanda aka ƙi daga abubuwan da ake nema na jan karfe da nickel, da kuma kwal. Ko da yake ba su da lahani a ƙarƙashin ƙasa, waɗannan ma'adanai suna amsawa ga iska a gaban ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, waɗanda idan ba a gudanar da su yadda ya kamata ba suna haifar da magudanar ruwa na acid Phosphate dutse ma'adinai Tsakanin tan miliyan 100 da miliyan 280 na sharar phosphogypsum an kiyasta ana samarwa duk shekara sakamakon sarrafa dutsen phosphate don samar da takin phosphate. Bugu da ƙari, rashin amfani kuma mai yawa, phosphogypsum yana da aikin rediyo saboda kasancewar uranium da thorium da ke faruwa ta halitta, da 'yar su isotopes Ya danganta da farashin da za a iya samu akan kasuwar uranium, hakar abun cikin uranium na iya zama mai fa'ida ta fuskar tattalin arziki ko da babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa, kamar rage cutar da ƙananan ƙarfe na rediyo ke yi ga muhalli. Aluminum Bauxite tailings samfurin sharar gida ne da aka samar a cikin samar da masana'antu na aluminum Yin tanadi don kusan tan miliyan 77 da ake samarwa a kowace shekara yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin masana'antar ma'adinai ta aluminum. Ilimin tattalin arziki Ayyukan hakar ma'adinai na farko sau da yawa ba su ɗauki isassun matakai don sanya wuraren wutsiya marasa lafiya bayan rufewa. Ma'adinai na zamani, musamman waɗanda ke cikin hukunce-hukuncen da ke da ingantattun ka'idojin hakar ma'adinai da kuma waɗanda kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai ke sarrafawa, galibi sun haɗa da gyarawa da kuma rufe wuraren da ya dace na wutsiya a cikin farashi da ayyukansu. Alal misali, lardin Quebec, Kanada, yana buƙatar ba kawai ƙaddamar da shirin rufewa kafin fara aikin hakar ma'adinai ba, har ma da ajiya na garantin kuɗi daidai da 100% na ƙimar gyarawa. Matsalolin wutsiya galibi sune mafi girman alhakin muhalli don aikin hakar ma'adinai. Wutsiyoyi na ma'adanan na iya samun darajar tattalin arziki a cikin rarrabuwar carbon saboda babban fili na ma'adinan da aka fallasa. Damuwar muhalli Ragon wutsiya zuwa tama na iya zuwa daga 90 zuwa 98% na wasu ma'adanai na jan karfe zuwa kashi 20-50% na sauran ma'adanai (marasa daraja). Ma'adinan da aka ƙi da kuma duwatsun da aka 'yantar da su ta hanyar hakar ma'adinai da sarrafawa suna da yuwuwar lalata muhalli ta hanyar sakin ƙarfe masu guba (arsenic da mercury sune manyan laifuffuka guda biyu), ta hanyar magudanar ruwa (yawanci ta hanyar ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta akan sulfide ores), ko kuma ta hanyar lalata namun daji na ruwa waɗanda dogara da ruwa mai tsabta (vs suspensions). Har ila yau, tafkunan wutsiya na iya zama tushen magudanar ruwa, wanda ke haifar da buƙatar kulawa ta dindindin da kuma kula da ruwan da ke wucewa ta hanyar dam din wutsiya; Kudin tsaftace ma'adinan ya kasance sau 10 fiye da kiyasin masana'antar hakar ma'adinai lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta shiga. Bala'i Babban hatsarin tafkunan wutsiya shine gazawar madatsun ruwa, tare da gazawar da aka fi sani da ita a Amurka shine gazawar dam ɗin kwal da aka yi a Kogin Yamma na Buffalo Creek na 1972, wanda ya kashe mutane 125; Sauran rugujewar sun hada da bala'in muhalli na Ok Tedi a New Guinea, wanda ya lalata kamun kifi na kogin Ok Tedi. A matsakaita, a duk duniya, ana samun babban haɗari guda ɗaya da ya shafi dam ɗin wutsiya kowace shekara. Sauran bala'o'in da suka haifar da gazawar dam din wutsiya sune, zubar Baia Mare cyanide na 2000 da kuma hadarin shukar Ajka alumina Haƙƙin ɗan adam Adadin wutsiya yakan kasance a yankunan karkara ko kusa da al'ummomin da aka ware, kamar al'ummomin ƴan asali Ma'auni na Masana'antu na Duniya akan Gudanar da Wutsiya ya ba da shawarar cewa "ana buƙatar tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam don ganowa da magance waɗanda suka fi fuskantar haɗari daga wurin wutsiya ko yuwuwar gazawarta." Hanyoyin ajiya A tarihi, ana zubar da wutsiya ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa, kamar a cikin ruwa mai gudana ko ƙasa Saboda damuwa game da waɗannan abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa da sauran batutuwa, tafkunan wutsiya sun fara amfani da su. Kalubalen ɗorewa a cikin sarrafa wutsiya da dutsen sharar gida shine zubar da kayan, kamar wanda ba shi da aiki ko, in ba haka ba, tsayayye kuma yana ƙunshe, don rage abubuwan shigar ruwa da makamashi da sawun sharar gida da kuma matsawa zuwa gano wasu amfani. Tailings madatsun ruwa da tafkuna An ɗaure su da tarkace (wani dam ɗin dam) waɗannan madatsun ruwa yawanci suna amfani da "kayan gida" ciki har da wutsiya da kansu, kuma ana iya ɗaukar madatsun ruwa A al'adance, zaɓin kawai don ajiyar wutsiya shine a magance slurry wutsiya. Wannan slurry rafi ne mai rarrafe na daskararrun wutsiya a cikin ruwa wanda aka aika zuwa wurin ajiyar wutsiya. Mai zanen wutsiya na zamani yana da kewayon samfuran wutsiya da za a zaɓa daga dangane da adadin ruwan da aka cire daga slurry kafin a fitar. Cire ruwa ba wai kawai zai iya haifar da tsarin ajiya mafi kyau a wasu lokuta (misali busassun tari, duba ƙasa) amma kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen dawo da ruwa wanda shine babban batu saboda yawancin ma'adanai suna cikin yankuna mara kyau. A cikin bayanin 1994 na tarkacen wutsiya, duk da haka, US EPA ta bayyana cewa hanyoyin dewatering na iya zama mai tsadar gaske sai dai a yanayi na musamman. Hakanan an yi amfani da ajiyar wutsiya a cikin ruwa. Tafkunan wutsiya wurare ne na wutsiya masu hakar ma'adinai da aka ƙi inda ake zubar da kayan da ke cikin ruwa a cikin tafki don ba da damar lalata (ma'ana rabuwa) na daskararru daga ruwa. Gabaɗaya ana kama tafkin da dam, kuma an san shi da wulakanci impoundments ko wutsiya madatsar ruwa. An kiyasta a cikin 2000 cewa akwai kusan 3,500 wutsiya masu aiki a cikin duniya. Ruwan da ke cikin tafki yana da ɗan fa'ida saboda yana rage wutsiya masu kyau daga jigilar iska zuwa wuraren da jama'a ke da yawa inda sinadarai masu guba za su iya yin haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam; duk da haka, yana da illa ga muhalli. Tafkunan wutsiya sau da yawa suna da ɗan haɗari saboda suna jawo hankalin namun daji kamar tsuntsayen ruwa ko caribou kamar yadda suke zama tafki na halitta, amma suna iya zama mai guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar waɗannan dabbobin. Ana amfani da tafkunan wutsiya don adana sharar da aka yi daga raba ma'adanai da duwatsu, ko slurry da ake samu daga hakar yashin kwalta. Wani lokaci ana haɗe wutsiya tare da wasu kayan kamar bentonite don samar da slurry mai kauri wanda ke jinkirta sakin ruwa mai tasiri ga muhalli. Akwai nau'i-nau'i daban-daban na wannan hanya, ciki har da ɓangarorin kwari, ƙwararrun zobe, ramuka na cikin rami, da kuma ramuka na musamman. Mafi na kowa shine tafki na kwari, wanda ke cin gajiyar yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi a cikin ƙasa. Ana iya gina manyan madatsun ruwa na ƙasa sannan a cika su da wutsiya. Ana iya cika ma'adinan ramin ramin da suka gaji da wutsiya. A kowane hali, dole ne a yi la'akari da kyau game da gurɓatar teburin ruwan da ke ƙasa, da sauran batutuwa. Dewatering wani muhimmin sashi ne na ajiyar tafki, yayin da ake ƙara wutsiya zuwa wurin ajiyar ruwa ana cire ruwa yawanci ta hanyar magudanar ruwa zuwa ginin hasumiyar da ba ta da kyau. Ana iya sake amfani da ruwan da aka cire a cikin tsarin sarrafawa. Da zarar an cika wurin ajiya kuma an kammala, za a iya rufe saman da ƙasa kuma a fara ci gaba. Duk da haka, sai dai idan ba a yi amfani da hanyar da ba za a iya juyewa ba, ruwan da ke kutsawa cikin wurin ajiyar dole ne a ci gaba da fitar da shi zuwa gaba. Manna wutsiya Manna wutsiya shine gyare-gyare ga hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su na zubar da wutsiya (ajiya ta tafki). Na al'ada wutsiya slurries sun hada da ƙananan kashi na daskararru da kuma ingantacciyar abun ciki na ruwa (yawanci daga 20% zuwa 60% daskararru don mafi yawan ma'adinan dutse) kuma lokacin da aka ajiye su a cikin tafki na wutsiya daskararrun da ruwaye sun rabu. A cikin liƙa wutsiya kashi dari na daskararru a cikin wutsiya slurry yana ƙaruwa ta hanyar yin amfani da masu kauri don samar da samfur inda mafi ƙarancin rabuwa na ruwa da daskararru ya faru kuma ana adana kayan a cikin wurin ajiya azaman manna (tare da daidaito kamar haka). man goge baki). Manna wutsiya yana da fa'ida cewa ana sake yin amfani da ruwa mai yawa a cikin masana'antar sarrafa sabili da haka tsarin ya fi dacewa da ruwa fiye da wutsiya na al'ada kuma akwai yuwuwar yuwuwar zubar da ruwa. Duk da haka farashin kauri gabaɗaya ya fi na tailings na al'ada kuma farashin famfo don manna kuma yawanci ya fi na tailings na al'ada saboda ana buƙatar famfunan ƙaura masu kyau don ɗaukar wutsiya daga masana'antar sarrafa zuwa wurin ajiya. Ana amfani da liƙa wutsiya a wurare da dama a duniya ciki har da Dam ɗin Rana a Yammacin Ostiraliya da Bulyanhulu Gold Minne a Tanzaniya. Dry tari Ba dole ba ne a adana wutsiya a cikin tafkuna ko a aika da shi azaman slurries cikin tekuna, koguna ko rafuka. Ana ci gaba da yin amfani da al'adar dewatering wutsiya ta amfani da matattara ko matattarar matsa lamba don haka za a iya tara wutsiya. Wannan yana ceton ruwa wanda zai iya rage tasirin muhalli dangane da raguwar yuwuwar ɗimbin ƙima, sararin samaniya da ake amfani da shi, yana barin wutsiyar cikin tsari mai ƙarfi da kwanciyar hankali kuma yana kawar da alhaki na dogon lokaci wanda tafkuna ke barin bayan an gama hakar ma'adinai. Duk da haka ko da yake akwai yuwuwar cancantar bushewar jelar da aka tattara, waɗannan tsarin galibi suna hana tsada saboda ƙarin kuɗin da ake kashewa don siye da shigar da na'urorin tacewa da haɓakar farashin aiki (yawanci haɗaɗɗen wutar lantarki da kayan masarufi kamar zanen tacewa) na irin waɗannan tsarin. Adana a cikin ayyukan karkashin kasa Yayin da zubar da cikin ramukan buɗaɗɗen buɗaɗɗen gabaɗaya aiki ne mai sauƙi, zubar da cikin ɓoye na ƙasa ya fi rikitarwa. Hanyar zamani ta yau da kullun ita ce haɗa wani adadin wutsiya tare da jigon sharar gida da siminti, ƙirƙirar samfurin da za a iya amfani da shi don dawo da ɓoyayyen ƙasa da tsayawa Kalma gama gari don wannan shine HDPF Babban Maƙallin Manna Cika. HDPF hanya ce mafi tsada ta zubar wutsiya fiye da ajiyar tafki, duk da haka yana da wasu fa'idodi da yawa ba kawai muhalli ba amma yana iya haɓaka kwanciyar hankali na tonowar ƙasa ta hanyar samar da hanyar da za a iya watsa damuwa ta ƙasa a cikin ɓoyayyiyi maimakon samun wuce kewaye da su wanda zai iya haifar da hakar ma'adinai haifar da girgizar kasa aukuwa irin wanda sha wahala a baya a Beaconsfield Mine Bala'i Wutsiyar kogin Yawancin lokaci ana kiransa RTD zubar da wutsiya na Riverine. A mafi yawan mahalli, ba aikin ingantaccen yanayi na musamman ba, an ga an yi amfani da shi sosai a baya, wanda ke haifar da irin wannan mummunar lalacewar muhalli kamar yadda Kamfanin Ma'adinan Dutsen Lyell da Railway Company ya yi a Tasmania zuwa Kogin King, ko guba daga ma'adinan Panguna a tsibirin Bougainville, wanda ya haifar da tarzoma mai girma a tsibirin, da kuma rufe ma'adinan na dindindin. Tun daga shekara ta 2005, ma'adanai uku ne kawai da kamfanonin kasa da kasa ke sarrafa su sun ci gaba da amfani da zubar da kogin: Ma'adinan Ok Tedi, ma'adinan Grasberg da ma'adinan Porgera, duk a New Guinea. Ana amfani da wannan hanyar a waɗannan lokuta saboda ayyukan girgizar ƙasa da haɗarin zaizayar ƙasa waɗanda ke sa sauran hanyoyin zubar da su ba su da amfani kuma suna da haɗari. Wutsiyoyi na karkashin ruwa An fi sani da STD (Submarine Tailings Disposal) ko DSTD (Deep Sea Tailings Dispoal). Za'a iya isar da Tailings ta amfani da bututun mai sannan a fitar da shi don a ƙarshe ya sauka cikin zurfin. Kusan, ba hanya ce mai kyau ba, saboda kusanci da zurfin ɗakunan ajiya yana da wuya. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da STD, zurfin fitarwa sau da yawa abin da za a yi la'akari da shi [wanda?] ba shi da zurfi, kuma lalacewar da ke cikin teku na iya haifar da shi saboda rufewa da samfurin tailings. Har ila yau yana da mahimmanci [bisa ga wanene?] don sarrafa yawanci da zafin jiki na samfurin tailings, don hana shi tafiya mai nisa, ko ma iyo zuwa farfajiya. Ana amfani da wannan hanya ta wurin hakar gwal a tsibirin Lihir Masana muhalli sun kalli yadda ake zubar da shara a matsayin mai lalacewa sosai, yayin da masu mallakar ke da'awar cewa ba shi da lahani. Physostabilisation Phytostabilisation wani nau'i ne na phytoremediation wanda ke amfani da tsire-tsire na hyperaccumulator don kwanciyar hankali na dogon lokaci da ƙulla wutsiya, ta hanyar lalata gurɓataccen ƙasa a cikin ƙasa kusa da tushen. Kasancewar shukar na iya rage gurbacewar iska, ko kuma saiwar shukar na iya hana zaizayar ruwa, da hana karafa ta hanyar talla ko tarawa, da samar da wani yanki a kusa da saiwar inda karafa za ta yi hazo da daidaitawa. Abubuwan gurɓatawa sun zama ƙasa da ƙasa kuma dabbobi, namun daji, da bayyanar ɗan adam yana raguwa. Wannan hanya na iya zama da amfani musamman a cikin busassun wurare, waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin iska da tarwatsa ruwa. Hanyoyi daban-daban Ana ci gaba da yin gagarumin ƙoƙari da bincike don ganowa da kuma inganta ingantattun hanyoyin zubar da wutsiya. Bincike a ma'adinan Zinariya na Porgera yana mai da hankali ne kan haɓaka hanyar haɗa samfuran wutsiya tare da dutsen sharar datti da laka don ƙirƙirar samfurin da za'a iya adanawa a saman a cikin juji mai kama da jeri. Wannan zai ba da damar daina zubar da kogi a halin yanzu. Babban aiki ya rage a yi. Koyaya, an sami nasarar aiwatar da zubar da ciki ta hanyar masu ƙira da yawa ciki har da AMEC a, alal misali, Ma'adinan Elkview a British Columbia. Gyara tafki ta hanyar ƙwayoyin cuta A lokacin da ake hako mai daga yashin mai, ana kuma samar da wutsiyoyi da suka kunshi ruwa, silt, yumbu da sauran abubuwan da suka kaushi. Wannan m zai zama balagagge lafiya wutsiya ta nauyi. Foght et al (1985) an kiyasta cewa akwai 10 3 anaerobic heterotrophs da 10 4 sulfate-rage prokaryotes a kowace millilita a cikin tafkin wutsiya, bisa ga al'ada mafi yuwuwar hanyoyin lamba. Fight ya kafa wani gwaji tare da tafkunan wutsiya guda biyu da kuma nazarin archaea, kwayoyin cuta, da iskar gas da aka fitar daga tafkunan wutsiya ya nuna cewa wadannan su ne methanogens Yayin da zurfin ya karu, moles na CH 4 da aka saki a zahiri sun ragu. Siddique (2006, 2007) ya furta cewa methanogens a cikin tafkin wutsiya suna rayuwa kuma suna haifuwa ta hanyar lalatawar anaerobic, wanda zai rage nauyin kwayoyin halitta daga naphtha zuwa aliphatic, hydrocarbons aromatic, carbon dioxide da methane. Wadannan archaea da kwayoyin cuta na iya lalata naphtha, wanda aka yi la'akari da shi azaman sharar gida yayin aikin tace mai. Duk waɗannan samfuran da aka lalata suna da amfani. Aliphatic, aromatic hydrocarbons da methane za a iya amfani da su azaman mai a rayuwar yau da kullun na ɗan adam. A wasu kalmomi, waɗannan methanogens suna haɓaka ƙimar amfani. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan methanogens suna canza tsarin tafkunan wutsiya kuma suna taimakawa zubar da ruwa don sake amfani da shi don sarrafa yashin mai. Saboda archaea da kwayoyin cuta suna daidaitawa kuma suna sakin kumfa a cikin wutsiya, ruwan rafi na iya shiga cikin ƙasa cikin sauƙi. Tun da suna haɓaka haɓakar wutsiya masu girma, ana ba da damar tafkunan wutsiya su daidaita daskararrun da sauri ta yadda za a iya dawo da wut ɗin a baya. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya amfani da ruwan da aka saki daga wutsiya a cikin hanyar tace man fetur. Rage bukatar ruwa kuma zai iya kare muhalli daga fari. Sake sarrafawa Yayin da dabarun hakar ma'adinai da farashin ma'adanai ke haɓaka, ba sabon abu ba ne don sake sarrafa wutsiya ta hanyar amfani da sabbin hanyoyin, ko kuma da kyau tare da tsoffin hanyoyin, don dawo da ƙarin ma'adanai. Babban juji na Kalgoorlie Boulder a Yammacin Ostiraliya an sake sarrafa su cikin riba a cikin 1990s ta KalTails Mining. An yi amfani da na'ura mai suna PET4K Processing Plant a kasashe daban-daban tsawon shekaru 20 da suka gabata don gyara gurbacewar wutsiya. Manufar kasa da kasa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da al'ummomin kasuwanci sun haɓaka ƙa'idar kula da wutsiya ta duniya a cikin 2020 bayan mummunar gazawar dam ɗin Brumadinho Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP), Majalisar Kasa da Kasa kan Ma'adinai da Karfe (ICMM) da Ka'idojin Zuba Jari mai Alhaki ne suka shirya shirin. Duba kuma Ciwon kwal slurry Noman ƙasa Tsarin rufe ma'adana Gyaran nawa Tushen lalacewa Yashi mai yashi wutsiya tafkuna Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

9539

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Rahman%20Al-Sudais

Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais

Abdur-Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz as-Sudais Wanda aka fi sani da Abdulrahman A-Sudais shi ne limamin Babban Masallacin Masjid al-Haram da ke Makkah, Saudi Arabia shugaban babban shugaban kasa kan lamuran Masallatai Tsarkaka guda biyu; sananne ne (mai karanta Alqur'ani kuma ya kasance lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai tsarki ta Al-ƙur'ani mai girma "Halayyar Musulunci ta Shekara" a shekarar ta dubu biyu da biyar, 2005. Al-Sudais ya kuma yi wa'azin adawar Musulunci ga "fashe-fashe bam da ta'addanci", kuma ya yi ƙira ga tattaunawa tsakanin addinai cikin lumana, amma kuma an yi kakkausar suka game da zagin waɗanda ba musulmi ba musamman ma yahudawa a wa'azin nasa. Ya yi tir da magani daga Palasdinawa da Isra'ilawa natsuwa, kuma da jihar na Isra'ila, da kuma ƙira don ƙarin taimakon da za a aika zuwa Palasdinawa. Har ila yau, an san shi don gano halayen mata da ba na Islama ba a matsayin wani ɓangare da ke da alhakin fari 2006 na hunturu a Saudi Arabia. A shekarar dubu biyu da sha shida, 2016, ya gabatar da muhimmiyar huduba ta aikin Hajji ga dimbin mahajjatan da suka taru a Arafat bayan Sallah. Rayuwa da aiki Al-Sudais ya fito ne daga dangin Anazzah, kuma ya haddace Alƙurani tun yana dan shekara 12. Ya girma a Riyadh, Al-Sudais yayi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Al Muthana Bin Harith, sannan daga baya Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Riyadh wacce daga ita ya kammala karatun ta a alif ɗari tara da saba'in da tara, (1979) miladiya.da kyakkyawan sakamako. Ya sami digiri a fannin Shari'a a babbar jami'ar dake Riyadh a 1983, Jagora a fannin addinin Musulunci daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Imam Muhammad bin Saud Islamic University a 1987 kuma ya sami digiri na uku. a cikin Shari’ar Musulunci daga Jami’ar Umm al-Qura a 1995 yayin da take aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa bayan ta yi aiki a Jami’ar Riyadh. Sudais ya fara limamanci a shekarar 1984, yana dan shekara 24, kuma ya gudanar da hudubarsa ta farko a Babban Masallacin da ke Makka a watan Yulin 1984, ban da wannan Sheikh Saud Al-Shuraim ya kasance abokin tarayya a Sallar Taraweeh daga shwkara ta 1994 har zuwa shekarar 2006, da kuma sake a 2014, 2019 da 2020. An yi musu lakabi da "Tagwayen Haram". A cikin 2005-2020, Sheikh Abdullah Awad Al Juhany da sauran limamai na Masjid al-Haram kamar Sheikh Yasser Al-Dossary da Sheikh Bander Baleela sun karɓi matsayin Al-Shuraim a matsayin limamin Rakat na farko na Khatm Al Quran (ofarshen thearshen Qur'ani) Sallar tarawihi. A shekarar 2005, kwamitin shirya gasar kur'ani mai tsarki ta kasa da kasa ta Dubai (DIHQA) ya sanya sunan Al-Sudais a matsayin kwamiti na 9 na "Mutumcin Addinin Musulunci na Shekara" don girmamawa ga kwazo da Al-Qur'ani da Musulunci. Lokacin da yake karbar lambar yabon nasa a Dubai, ya ce: "Sakon Musulunci da Musulmi shi ne ladabi, adalci, tsaro, kwanciyar hankali, juyayi, jituwa da kyautatawa." Daga shekarar dubu biyu da goma, 2010 zuwa shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012, ya ziyarci kasashen Indiya, Pakistan, Malaysia da kuma Burtaniya. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai daukar nauyin karawa juna sani a babbar Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Malaysia a shekarar dubu biyu da goma sha ɗaya 2011, inda ya yi magana game da wayewar Musulunci game da asalin kalubalen zamani. An nada shi a matsayin "Shugabancin Masallatai Masu Tsarki Guda Biyu a matsayin minista" ta dokar masarauta a ranar 8 ga Mayu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu 2012. Kuma memba ne na Makarantar Koyon Harshen Larabci a Makka. Abdul Razzaq al-Mahdi, Nabil Al-Awadi, Tariq Abdelhaleem, da Hani al-Sibai wadanda ke da alaka da Al-Qaeda, ban da wasu kamar Adnan al-Aroor, Abd Al-Aziz Al-Fawzan, Mohamad al-Arefe, Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh da sauransu suna cikin jerin sunayen da kungiyar ISIS ta fitar. Ra'ayoyi, maganganu, addu'o'i A shekarar dubu biyu da uku, 2003, Sudais ya bayyana cewa ya yi imanin cewa matasa na bukatar a koyar da su shari’ar Musulunci, ciki har da dokokin hana kashe kai da kuma hana kai hari ga wadanda ba Musulmi ba da ke zaune a kasashen Musulunci. Sudais ya kuma ce bai kamata samari na musulinci su "jefa alamar rashin yarda da Allah ba tare da nuna bambanci ba kuma kada su rudani tsakanin halattaccen jihadi da" ta'addancin mutane masu son zaman lafiya. Sudais ya ce babu wuri ga tsattsauran ra'ayi da bangaranci a cikin addinin Musulunci kuma Musulunci yana koyar da matsakaiciyar hanya. Ya ce maganin matsalolin da musulmai ke fuskanta a Falasdinu, Somaliya, Iraki, Kashmir da Afghanistan ya ta'allaka ne ga bin koyarwar addinin Islama ta hanyar wasika da kuma ruhi. Ya yi kira da a warware rikice-rikice ta hanyar tattaunawa da tattaunawa ta la’akari da fa’idodi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da za a iya samu ta hanyar warware wadannan rikice-rikice. Sudais ya kuma soki gwamnatin Lal Masjid a lokacin rikicin Masallacin Jaja na 2007 a Islamabad, Pakistan. Ya bukaci tsagerun da gwamnati da su amince da kudurin lumana ta hanyar tattaunawa sannan ya bukaci bangarorin biyu da su kare zaman lafiya. Sudais kuma an san shi da hudubarsa yana kira ga muminai su taimaka wa sauran Musulmai a yankunan da yaki ya daidaita. Ya yi magana da himma kan zaluncin Falasdinawa da Isra’ilawan baƙi da Isra’ilawa suke yi, kuma ya yi roƙon a ba su magunguna da abinci don a aika wa Falasɗinawa. Zunubi da fari A cikin huduba a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, 2006, Al-Sudais ya yi wa’azin cewa fari na faruwa ne sakamakon yawaitar zunubi a cikin al’ummar Saudiyya da kuma halayyar mata a masarautar wadanda ake zargin suna “bayyanawa, suna cudanya da maza, kuma suna ba ruwansu da hijabi. Addu'o'in neman zaman lafiya tsakanin addinai A watan Yunin 2004, Sudais ya jagoranci mabiya 10,000 cikin addu'o'in neman zaman lafiya da jituwa tsakanin addinai a London. Ministar Daidaitar Jinsi Fiona Mactaggart ta halarci wa'azin Sudais a Masallacin East London Prince Charles, wanda yake a Washington, ya dauki bangare da wani rubucen saƙo Birtaniya ta manyan Rabbi, Jonathan kori, ya aika da sakon goyan baya. Addu'o'in hallaka yahudawa A cikin hudubarsa ta 19 ga Afrilu, 2002, wanda aka watsa a ranar 1 ga Saudiyya, Al-Sudais ya kira yahudawan da "birai da aladu," da sauran masu cin karensu babu babbaka. Karanta tarihin kuma zaka san cewa yahudawan jiya sun kasance magabata mara kyau kuma yahudawan yau sune magaji mafi munin. Su ne masu kashe annabawa da ƙurar duniya. Allah ya jefe shi la'ana, kuma haushinka a kan su, kuma Muka sanya su birai da aladu, kuma ya bauta [sic] xagutu. Waɗannan su ne yahudawa, zuriyar zuriyar ma'ana, wayo, taurin kai, zalunci, mugunta, da rashawa. La'anannun Allah su bi su har zuwa ranar sakamako. Don haka, sun cancanci la'anar Allah, da mala'ikunSa, da kuma dukkan mutane. Ya yi addu'a ga Allah don ya "kawar da" yahudawan kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa Isra'ilawa suna da niyyar rusa masallacin al-Aqsa da gina haikalinsu a kan kurensa. Kira don yakar yaki da Shi'a A ranar 31 ga Maris din 2015, an yada faifan sauti na al-Sudais ta yanar gizo, tare da hoto dauke da rubutu dauke da cewa "Limamin babban masallacin na Makka ya yi kira da a yi fito na fito da 'yan Shi'a A cikin faifan al-Sudais ya yi kira da a yi fito-na-fito da Shi'a: Kiranmu ga iran DA babban murya ga Iran, shine yaki gameda mu yan sunnah DA my yaki shia, domin yakinmu da itan gaskiya ne kuma abun kidrcewa ne, kuma zamu kudurce yahudawa (wanda suke daukan kansu a matsayin kiristoci) narantse da Allah sunada ranarsu Manzon Allah (s.a.w) yace rumawa zasuci nasara.....rashin yardarmu da shia rafidanci bazai taba chanzawaba haka yaki dasu shima ......matukar suna bayan kasa. Dangane da wadannan kalaman na al-Sudais, babban editan kamfanin dillancin labarai na Iraki Ahmed Abdul Hussein, ya ce, "Ka tuna da ranar 3/31/2015, ranar da aka sanar da yakin Shi'a da Sunni. Zai wuce fiye da yakin basasa Rigima Anti-Semitism Bayan jawabinsa na 2002, an bayyana Al-Sudais a matsayin mai ƙyamar Semite don yin addu'ar a bayyane ga Allah don 'ƙare' Yahudawa, waɗanda ya kira "ƙazamar 'yan Adam… beran duniya… annabi masu kashe… aladu da birai kuma sakamakon haka an hana shi taro a Amurka kuma an hana shi shiga Kanada. Al-Sudais an lasafta shi a matsayin misali na -ungiyar Anti-Defamation ta Anti -Semitism a lokacin da ya kira la'ana a kan yahudawa kuma ya mai da su "ƙurar ƙasa" a cikin huɗubarsa. Ofishin Watsa Labarai na Duniya ya kuma ba da rahoton ƙiyayya ga wa'azin Sudais na Afrilu 2002. A cikin wata hira ta watan Mayu 2003 da NBC ta Tim Russert, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin waje ga yarima mai jiran gado na Saudiyya, Adel al-Jubeir, ya tabbatar da maganganun al-Sudais, ya yarda cewa "a fili ba daidai ba ne," kuma ya ce an tsawata masa, amma har yanzu an bashi izinin yin wa'azi. Ya kuma ce "idan da [Sudais] yana da zabi to ya janye wadannan kalmomin da ba zai fadi wadannan kalmomin ba." Al-Sudais bawai yahudawa kawai yake kaiwa hari ba, har ma da wasu da ba musulmai ba, kamar Hindu da kirista John Ware a cikin shirin BBC Panorama mai taken "Tambayar Shugabanci" daga 21 ga Agusta, 2005, ya ambaci Al-Sudais yana mai wulakanta Kiristocin a matsayin "masu bautar gumaka" kuma Hindu a matsayin "masu bautar gumaka." Ware ya nuna banbanci tsakanin wa'azin Sudais ga Saudis tare da jawabinsa ga masu sauraron Yammacin Turai. Majalisar musulmin Burtaniya ta yi tambaya kan gaskiyar maganganun da aka bayar a hirar, suna masu kiranta da "rubabbun abubuwa da gangan" kuma shirin gaba daya "rashin adalci ne kwarai da gaske." Majalisar ta bukaci a yi taka-tsan-tsan, yayin da take la'antar duk wani nau'i na maganganun nuna wariyar launin fata, ta bukaci a tabbatar da cewa hakika Al-Sudais ne ya yi wadannan kalaman. Bayan jerin mu'amala, da BBC 's Panorama edita, Mike Robinson, posted a mayar da martani ga kowane daga cikin Musulmi Council ta zargin, zargin da su na "marar tushe da kuma wildly m harin" da "mara kyau addini zargin." A watan Agusta na 2009, kwamitin wakilai na yahudawan Birtaniyya sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da ziyarar da Al-Sudais ya kai Burtaniya inda ya gabatar da jawabai a masallatai da dama tare da halartar wani taro tare da dan majalisar Tory Tony Baldry Daga baya Baldry ya kare shawarar da ya yanke na yin aiki tare da Al-Sudais, yana mai cewa "Da na rubuta rubutu kan abin da Musulmi mai matsakaicin ra'ayi zai fada, to da ya zama misali cikakke." Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

39513

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra%20Pa%C3%B1os

Sandra Paños

Sandra Paños García-Villamil (an haife ta a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba a shekarar, 1992) ƙwararriyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta ƙasar Sipaniya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Barcelona da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain. A halin yanzu Paños yana aiki a matsayin kyaftin na uku na Barcelona. A Barcelona, Paños ta lashe kofunan lig guda biyu, Copas de la Reina guda uku, da kuma gasar zakarun mata ta UEFA, wanda karshensa ya ci a kakar shekara ta 2020 ,uwa 2021 a matsayin wani bangare na gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na farko na Barcelona. Bangaren kasa da kasa, ta wakilci Spain a manyan gasa guda uku- Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA a shekarar, 2015, Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta shekarar, 2017 UEFA, da Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA na shekarar, 2019. Kai guda ɗaya, Paños ta sami rikodi na Zamora Trophies guda huɗu, kyautar da aka ba mai tsaron gida wanda ya zura mafi ƙarancin kwallaye a kakar wasannin Primera Division. Rayuwar farko An haifi Sandra Paños García-Villamil a ranar 4 ga Nuwamba shekara ta, 1992, ga Luis Ernesto Paños da Gemma García-Villamil. Paños ta fara taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida lokacin da babu kowa a raga a raga ga ƙungiyar ta futsal. Daga baya ta buga wasan kwallon kafa na 7-a-side kafin ta yi wasa a kulob dinta na farko, Sporting Plaza de Argel (wanda aka fi sani da Hércules), lokacin tana da shekaru 10. Mahaifinta ya taba bugawa Hércules wasa a cikin shekarar, 1980s. Aikin kulob Levante (2010–2015) A cikin shekara ta, 2010, Paños ta yi tsalle zuwa rukunin farko na Sipaniya lokacin da ta rattaba hannu kan Levante. Duk da tayi daga Atlético Madrid, ta zabi Levante saboda kusancin kungiyar da garinsu na Alicante. Bayan nasarar kakar wasan farko, ta sabunta kwantiraginta da kulob din a shekara ta, 2011 har zuwa 2012. A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar, 2015, Paños ta zira kwallo ta farko kuma kawai burinta na aikinta tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Espanyol. Barcelona (2015-yanzu) Tana da shekaru 22, Paños ta ƙaura daga Levante zuwa Barcelona bayan gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta shekarar, 2015, lokacin bazara da ƙungiyar Catalan ta ba da ƙwararrun mata. A kakar wasanta na farko na gasar zakarun Turai, Panos ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan UEFA Champions League na mata na kakar wasa, wanda shine dan wasan Barcelona na farko da ya taba yin hakan. Ita kuma ita ce wadda ta samu kyautar Zamora na farko. A cikin kakar shekara 2017 zuwa 2018, a Barcelona, ta sami nasarar cin Kofin Zamora na biyu saboda cin kwallaye 12 kacal a wasannin 26 na gasar. Paños ta raba ayyukan tsaron gida tare da Laura Ràfols har zuwa lokacin da Ràfols ya yi ritaya a cikin shekarar, 2018. Lokacin da ya biyo bayan tafiyar Ràfols, ta dauki matsayin kyaftin a karon farko a blaugrana kuma an nada shi kyaftin na uku na kulob din. A cikin shekara ta, 2019, an ba Paños lambar yabo ta Zamora Trophy ta uku, inda ta ba da mafi kyawun kwallaye 11 a cikin kakar wasannin shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019. Domin kakar shekara, 2019 zuwa 2020, an rage matsayinta na kyaftin zuwa kyaftin na hudu yayin da Alexia Putellas ta yi tsalle zuwa kyaftin na biyu. A cikin shekarar 2020, biyo bayan ƙarshen kakar gasar shekarar, 2019 zuwa 2020 saboda cutar ta COVID-19, an ba Paños lambar yabo ta Zamora Trophy ta huɗu, lambar rikodi. A wannan kakar, ta ci mafi kyawun kwallaye 0.26 a kowane wasa. A wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun mata ta UEFA, Paños ya ceci bugun fanariti daga Chloe Kelly ta Manchester City kuma ya yi nasara da ci 3-0. A cikin watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2021, Paños ta tsawaita kwantiragin Barcelona zuwa watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2024. Kwanaki bayan da ta sanar da tsawaita kwantiragin nata, ta fara wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai kuma ta yi nasara a kan Chelsea, yayin da kungiyar ta ci wasan da ci 4-0. An nada Paños a cikin Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA Champions League ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021, kuma daga baya ya lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021 Goalkeeper na gasar zakarun Turai. A karshen kakar wasanni ta shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021, ta zura kwallaye 12 mafi kyau a gasar. Paños ba ta cancanci lashe Kofin Zamora ba, yayin da ta sami rauni a cinya a watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2020 wanda ya hana ta buga wasa tsawon watanni uku, kuma ba ta kammala aƙalla wasanni 28 ba. Paños ta koma matsayinta na kyaftin na uku na Barcelona kafin kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2021 zuwa 2022, bayan kyaftin din na yau da kullun Vicky Losada ya koma Manchester City. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2021, an nada ta a matsayin wanda za a zaba don Ballon d'or na shekarar, 2021. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Paños ta buga wasanta na 200 a Barcelona a dukkan gasa yayin da kungiyarta ta ci Real Sociedad da ci 8-1. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Ita ce mai tsaron gida ta farko a shekara ta, 2009 U-17 yuro na shekara ta, 2010 da 2011 U-19 Yuro. A watan Satumba na shekarar, 2011, an kira ta zuwa babbar tawagar kasar Spain a karon farko, inda ta maye gurbin María José Pons da ta ji rauni. Bayan watanni biyar ta fara buga wasan sada zumunci da kasar Austriya. Ta kasance cikin 'yan wasan Spain a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata na FIFA a shekara ta, 2015, inda ta kasance mai tsaron gida na uku na Spain. Tun lokacin da Jorge Vilda ya karbi ragamar tawagar kasar a cikin shekarar, 2017, Paños ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullum tare da Spain. Ta fara kowanne daga cikin wasanni hudu da Spain ta buga a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai ta mata ta UEFA a shekara ta, 2017, inda ta jagoranci kungiyar a wasan karshe na rukunin D da Scotland. Spain ta tsallake zuwa zagayen kwata fainal amma an fitar da ita a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida da Austriya, wacce ta zura dukkanin bugun fenareti 5 da ta yi. Duk da cewa ta yi zagaye da Lola Gallardo a raga a lokacin wasannin motsa jiki na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2019, Paños ta fara dukkan wasanni hudu na Spain na gasar karshe. Spain ta tsallake zuwa zagayen gaba na gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata a karon farko a tarihinta, inda za ta kara da Amurka a zagaye na 16. Paños ta fuskanci bugun fanariti biyu, wanda Megan Rapinoe ta ci, kuma Amurka ce ta lashe wasan. 2–1. Rayuwa ta sirri Dan uwanta, Javi, shi ma dan kwallon kafa ne. Girmamawa Barcelona Primera División: 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22 Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA: 2020–21; Copa de la Reina: 2017, 2018, 2019-20, 2020-21, 2021-22 Supercopa de España Femenina: 2019-20, 2021-22 Copa Catalunya: 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019 Spain U17 Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Mata 'yan kasa da shekaru 17: 2010 Spain Kofin Algarve: 2017 Kofin Cyprus: 2018 Guda ɗaya Kofin Zamora: 2015-16, 2017-18, 2018-19, 2019-20 Ƙungiyar Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Mata na kakar wasa: 2015–16, 2017–18, 2018–19, 2019–20, 2020–21 Gwarzon Matan Gasar Cin Kofin Zakarun Turai: 2020–21 Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggystyle

Doggystyle

Doggystyle Shine kundin studio na halarta na farko daga mawaƙin Amurka Snoop Doggy Dogg An sake shi a ranar (23) ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta (1993) ta Rikodin Row Records da Interscope Records An yi rikodin kundin kuma an samar da shi bayan bayyanar Snoop akan kundi na farko na Dr. Dre The Chronic a shekara ta (1992), wanda Snoop ya ba da gudummawa sosai. Salon Yammacin Kogin Yamma a cikin hip-hop wanda ya haɓaka daga kundin farko na Dre ya ci gaba akan Doggystyle Masu suka sun yaba wa Snoop Doggy Dogg saboda waƙar "haƙiƙa" da yake gabatarwa a cikin faifan da kuma yadda yake rarrabe muryar sa. Duk da wasu sukar da aka yi wa kundin da farko lokacin da aka fitar da shi, Doggystyle ya sami yabo daga masu sukar kiɗa da yawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman albums na shekara ta (1990s) haka kuma ɗayan mahimman kundin kundin hip-hop da aka taɓa fitarwa. <ref. name="AcclaimedMusic">"Snoop Doggy Dogg Doggystyle". AcclaimedMusic.net. Accessed May (20) yer (2008).</ref> Da yawa kamar The Chronic, sautunan sauti na Doggystyle sun taimaka gabatar da jigon hip-hop na G-Funk ga manyan masu sauraro, yana kawo gaba hip hop na West Coast a matsayin babban iko a farkon tsakiyar sherkara ta (1990s). Doggystyle ya yi muhawara a lamba daya akan <i id="mwKQ">Billboard</i> (200) yana siyar da kwafi (806,858 a cikin satin farko na shi kadai a Amurka, wanda shine rikodin mawakin da ya yi muhawara da kundin hip-hop mafi sauri. An haɗa Doggystyle akan jerin mujallar The Source na guda dari( 100) Best Rap Albums; kazalika da jerin mujallar Rolling Stone na Mahimman Rikodi na guda chasain '90s. About.com ya sanya kundin a lamba ta sha bakwai 17 na mafi girman kundin hip hop/rap na kowane lokaci. An tabbatar da kundin 4x Platinum ta Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Rikodi ta Amurka (RIAA). A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta (201 5), kundin ya sayar da kwafe miliyan bakwai 7 a Amurka, kuma sama da kwafe miliyan sha daya (11) a duk duniya. Tunani Bayan Fage A cikin shekara ta (1992) Snoop Doggy Dogg ya jawo hankalin masana'antar kiɗa ta hanyar ba da gudummawar sa akan Dr. Dre's The Chronic Ana ganin wannan kundi ya “canza dukan sautin rap na West Coast” ta haɓaka abin da daga baya aka sani da sautin “G-funk The Chronic ya faɗaɗa rap na gangsta tare da ƙazanta, waƙoƙin nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka da samfura masu yawa waɗanda aka ɗauka daga bayanan P-Funk na shekara ta 1970 Snoop Doggy Dogg ya ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙin solo guda ɗaya na Dre, Deep Cover wanda ya haifar da babban buri a tsakanin hip hop don sakin kundin solo nasa. Doggystyle da The Chronic suna da alaƙa da juna musamman saboda kowannensu yana nuna Snoop Dogg kuma saboda duka suna ƙunshe da salon salon G-funk daga Dr. Dre. Saki biyu suna da alaƙa da yawan gudummawar murya daga masu fasahar Rikodin Ruwa, ciki har da Tha Dogg Pound, RBX, The Lady of Rage, yayin da dukansu ke ɗauke da ɗimbin yawa na kalmomin misogynistic da lalata a cikin waƙoƙin su. Bugu da kari, duk masu kida suna kallon kundayen biyun a matsayin farkon "G-funk classics", kuma an bayyana su da "hadewa a cinya". 'Doggystyle' ya kuma nuna alamar halarta ta farko na mawaƙin mutuwa Row, Nanci Fletcher 'yar shahararriyar jazz Sam Fletcher. An soki Gangsta rap saboda matsanancin waƙoƙin sa, waɗanda galibi ake zargin su da haskaka rikicin gungun mutane da aikata baƙar fata. Mawakan Gangsta sun amsa cewa suna kwatanta ainihin abubuwan rayuwa a wurare kamar Compton, California, da Long Beach, California Da yake bayanin Doggystyle a cikin shekara ta (1993) Snoop Doggy Dogg shima yana nuni ga haƙiƙanin kundin, da gwargwadon abin da ya dogara da ƙwarewar sa. Ya ce, "Ba zan iya yin rap game da abin da ban sani ba. Ba za ku taɓa jin na rapping game da ba digiri na farko. Abin da na sani ne kawai kuma wannan shine rayuwar titi. Duk rayuwa ce ta yau da kullun, gaskiya. Da yake bayyana niyyarsa, Snoop Doggy Dogg ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana jin shi abin koyi ne ga samari baƙi da yawa, kuma an tsara waƙoƙin nasa don danganta damuwarsu. Ya ce, "Ga kananan yara da ke girma a cikin ghettos," in ji shi, "yana da sauƙin shiga cikin abubuwan da ba daidai ba, musamman gangbanging da sayar da kwayoyi. Na ga yadda abin yake, kuma ban ɗaukaka shi ba, amma ban yi wa'azi ba. Ni na kawo musu maimakon su sa su je su binciki lamarin da kansu. Ya ci gaba da bayanin "mafarkin" da zai bi bayan yin faifan: "Zan yi kokarin kawar da tashin hankalin gungun. Zan kasance kan manufa don zaman lafiya. Na san ina da iko da yawa. Na san idan na ce, 'Kada ku kashe', niggas ba zai kashe ba. Rikodi An yi rikodin Doggystyle a farkon a shekara ta (1993) a Studio Row Studios An samar da shi a salo mai kama da The Chronic wasu masu suka sun kira shi "kwafin carbon". Snoop Doggy Dogg ya haɗu tare da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa biyu, guda sari biyu da sha uku (213) da Tha Dogg Pound Daz Dillinger, na karshen kungiyar, da ake zargi Dr. dre na shan tafin kafa fitarwa don samar da album da ake zargin cewa Warren G kuma kansa da gudummawar ma ga samar da aikin. Marubucin Marion “Suge” Knight wanda ya kafa tarihin Mutuwa Row Records ya bayyana a cikin shekara ta (2013) cewa, “Daz ya yi duka album ɗin”, kuma an sanya wa Dr. Dre bashi don kuɗi. Snoop Doggy Dogg ya ce Dokta Dre yana da ikon yin bugawa ba tare da taimakon masu haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ya magance matsalolin tare da Warren G da Daz, yana mai cewa "Sun yi ƙira, Dre ya samar da wannan rikodin". Ya tattauna waƙar "Ain't No Fun", inda ya ambaci cewa Daz da Warren G sun kawo wa Dr. Dre duka amma "Dre ya ɗauki wannan muthafucka zuwa mataki na gaba!" Bruce Williams, wanda ke da alaƙa da Dr. Dre, ya tattauna tsarin yin rikodi a lokacin Dre a Rikodin Rage Mutuwa, yana mai cewa: Williams ya ce ba a gama kidan ba kuma saboda buƙatar rikodin, masu rarraba sun dage cewa an kammala kundin, in ba haka ba za su soke umarnin kundin. Wannan ya haifar da Dokta Dre ya haɗa faifan ɗin kuma ya saka siket ɗin a cikin awanni (48) wanda ya ba da damar fitar da kundin. Marubucin Rolling Stone Jonathan Gold ya bayyana yadda Dokta Dre ya samar da buguwa daga karce don kammala kayan aiki: "Dre na iya samun wani abu da yake so daga tsohuwar hular kwano, kaɗa shi kuma sannu a hankali ya maye gurbin kowane sashi tare da mafi kyawun sautin tom-tom, bugun- sautin drum yana ƙaunarta, har sai bugun yana da alaƙa iri ɗaya da ainihin abin da Hulk mai ban mamaki yake yiwa Bill Bixby Gold ya kuma bayyana yadda waƙar ta ci gaba tare da sauran mawaƙan da ke ƙara waƙar, yana mai cewa "Wani ɗan wasan bass ya yi yawo, ya buɗe kayan aikinsa kuma ya fitar da layi mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa biyu akan doke, sannan ya fita don kallon CNN, kodayake bayanansa biyu sun ci gaba looping cikin rashin iyaka. Mutumin da ke murmushi a cikin rigar rigar yana yin muguwar waƙar yatsa ɗaya akan tsohuwar Minimoog synthesizer wanda ya tsufa tun a shekara ta (1982) kuma Dre ya fashe a cikin wani irin hayaniyar surfadelic, sannan daga cikin samfuran Akai MPC60 da aka tanadar da su ya zo da ihu, rawanin kidan piano, fitar maniyyi daga rikodin Beastie na farko-'Bari in share makogwaro na'-kuma ramin da yawa yana faruwa, buguwa, numfashi, kusan yana da ƙarfi don gani. Yayin yin rikodin Doggystyle tare da Dr. Dre a watan Agustan shekara ta (1993) an kama Snoop Dogg dangane da mutuwar Phillip Woldermarian, memba na ƙungiyoyin kishiya wanda aka harbe kuma aka kashe a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiya. A cewar tuhumar, mai gadin mawakin, McKinley Lee, ya harbi Woldermarian yayin da Snoop Dogg ke tuka motar; mawakin ya yi ikirarin kare kai ne, inda ya yi zargin cewa wanda aka azabtar yana bin sa. Ya shafe mafi yawan shekara ta (1995) yana shirya shari'ar wanda aka fara shari’a a ƙarshen shekara ta (1995). An wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume -tuhume a watan Fabrairu shekara ta (1996) lokacin da ya fara aiki a kundi na biyu, Tha Doggfather Muhimmancin take Taken kundin yana yin nuni ga matsayin jima'i na yanayin kare kuma yana nufin sunan mawaƙin. Aikin zane, wanda mawaƙi Joe Cool ya yi, yana wakiltar jigogin da ke cikin kundin da salon aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin. Wasu masu sukar yi imani da kayan zane kwatanta wata mace kawai kamar wani rami a cika da mutum, wanda suka yi imani da bãyukansu ga narcissistic da sexist lyrical jigogi Snoop Dogg inuwõyi. A cikin wannan fassarar, fasahar murfin da waƙoƙin suna isar da abin da suke magana a kai a matsayin salon rayuwar gangsta mai son kai, kwayoyi, motoci, jima'i, da kuɗi Aikin zane yana amfani da maganganu da yawa daga shekara ta( 1982) George Clinton single Atomic Dog Bayanai sun fito ne daga karnuka a saman katangar bulo akan murfin kundin, waɗanda ke cewa, "Me yasa zan ji kamar dat?" "Me yasa zan bi karen?" da "Nuttin 'amma da dogg in me". Kiɗa Production Masu sharhi sun yaba da yadda Dre ke sarrafa kayan. Marubucin AllMusic Stephen Erlewine ya ce: "Dre ya fahimci cewa ba lokaci ba ne da za a tura iyakokin G-funk, kuma a maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar zurfafa shi ta hanyar kiɗa, ƙirƙirar abubuwan sauƙaƙewa waɗanda ke da fa'idodi fiye da yadda suke bayyana". Ya kara da cewa bugun da aka yi "abin birgewa ne, yana ci gaba da jan hankali bayan sauraro da yawa". Marubucin Rolling Stone Touré ya lura The Chronic sannu a hankali, doke mai ƙarfi ya kasance wakilcin sonic na bacin rai kamar daidai kamar yadda Cobain ya ba da amsoshi; Doggystyle ya kasance mai raɗaɗi, tare da babban lokacinsa Isaac Hayes da Curtis Mayfield -wasu waƙoƙi". Ya ci gaba da cewa "Yawancin ƙugiyoyin Dre da kusan duk bugun sa sun ƙi jinkirtawa, kamar waƙoƙin da kansu suna jin tsoro, suna tsoron fallasawa, ba su da kwanciyar hankali don samun allo." Mujallar Nishaɗi mako-mako David Browne ya ambata cewa "Haɗin samfuran da kiɗan raye-raye akan sabon Dre, The Chronic, ya ba shi rubutu da zurfin, kuma yana ci gaba da bunƙasa ƙwanƙwasawa akan Doggystyle, yana saƙar ruwa tare tare da raɗaɗɗen mawaƙa da mawaƙa. samfurori masu banƙyama, labulen alamar sa mai ban tsoro-alamar kasuwanci Mujallar Source columinst ta rubuta: "Alamar G-funk na Dre na iya zama gama gari a yanzu, amma har yanzu ana samar da shi sosai". Rubutu Masu suka sun yaba wa kalmomin Snoop Doggy Dogg, duk da cewa sun haifar da cece -kuce. An yaba masa don hakikanin gaskiya a cikin wakokinsa da kwararar jituwarsa. Stephen Erlewine na AllMusic ya yaba wa Snoop Doggy Dogg, yana mai cewa: "yana daya daga cikin manyan masu sautin muryar hip-hop tare da wannan rikodin" kuma "yana daukar lokacin sa, yana wasa da kwararar kalaman sa, yana ba da wakokin sa kusan kade-kade. Snoop wani abu ne na musamman, tare da jujjuyawar jumla mara misaltuwa, hoto mai tayar da hankali, da rarrabewa, kwararar jaraba Christopher John Farley na mujallar Time ya lura cewa "rawanin Snoop ba mai walƙiya ba ne, amma abin birgewa ne" kuma ya ce "Sautin muryar sa mai annashuwa shine cikakkiyar wasa don samar da babban nauyi na Dre. Muryar Snoop tana da isasshen isa don yin macizai a kusa da manyan bugun, ”in ji Farley a ranar (29) gawatan Nuwamba,a shekara ta (1993). Ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar ta hanyar waƙoƙin sun haɗa da ƙuruciyar Snoop Doggy Dogg, yayin da yake magana cikin yardar rai game da jima'i na yau da kullun, shan tabar wiwi da harbin membobin ƙungiyoyin kishiya. Mujallar Time ta lura cewa ra'ayoyin "sau da yawa ba su da ma'ana; a wasu lokutan sun kasance abin ƙyama" kuma "album ɗin zai fi ƙarfi idan irin wannan ɓacin rai game da rayuwar mai laifi, gami da taɓawar Snoop na bincike. wasu daga cikin wakokin murkushewa Kundin ya kuma kunshi wasan bindigogi, mu'amala da miyagun kwayoyi da kuma yin pimping. Jaridar New York Times ta ce an gabatar da ra'ayoyin wakokin ne cikin "munanan maganganu." Wasu masu sukar sun ce Snoop Doggy Dogg ya "damu da kasancewa 'G', ɗan fashi, mai karya doka wanda ke shan tabar wiwi da kisa ba tare da hukunci ba" kuma kalmomin sa suna nuna laifin baƙar fata a cikin biranen ciki. Waƙoƙin sun ƙunshi kalmomin lalata da yawa ga mata, tare da maganganu kamar "bitches" da "hoes" ana amfani da su ko'ina, wanda ke nuna jin daɗin jinsi da zalunci a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka. A cikin wasu waƙoƙi Snoop Doggy Dogg da Tha Dogg Pound sun yi magana game da jima'i tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, yana kwatanta ƙasƙantar da mata. Waƙoƙin Snoop Doggy Dogg sun nuna kwayoyi, barasa, jima'i, da kuɗi azaman hanyoyin tserewa daga zalunci, amma kuma suna nuna ƙarancin rayuwar "gangsta" da sakamakon bin wannan salon rayuwa. Waƙoƙin waƙoƙin tashin hankali, gami da kisan kai da halayyar tashin hankali, sun haifar da takaddama. C. DeLores Tucker na Jam'iyyar Siyasa ta Ƙasa ta Baƙaƙen Mata mai suna gangsta rap "ƙazamin ƙazamin ƙazamin kisa da fyade", wanda za a iya danganta shi da Doggystyle Abun ciki Wanene Ni (Menene Sunana)? Shi ne na farko da aka saki daga cikin kundin, ranar 30 gawatan Oktoba, shekara ta 1993. Ya hau kan lamba 8 a kan <i id="mw6A">Billboard</i> Hot 100 da Hot R &amp; B/Hip-Hop Singles &amp; Tracks charts, kuma ya kai lamba kwara daya 1 akan Hot Rap Singles An san shi sosai a matsayin 'babban jagoran' kundin, kuma RIAA ta ba da tabbacin Zinariya a ranar 8 gawatan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1994. An tabbatar da shi Platinum daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ya kai na 20 a kan Chart Singles UK a shekara ta 1994 kuma ya sake shiga ginshiƙi a shekara ta 2004, ya kai na 100. Dangane da karɓar maraba da ƙarar tallace -tallace, shine mafi nasara Snoop har zuwa yau. "Gin da Juice" shine na biyu da aka saki ranar 15 gawata Janairu, shekara at 1994. Kamar waƙar da ta gabata, ta kasance bugawa a kan sigogi da yawa. Ya kai lamba 8 akan <i id="mw9A">Billboard</i> Hot 100, No. sha uku 13 akan Hot R &amp; B/Hip-Hop Singles &amp; Tracks, No. 1 on Hot Rap Singles, and No. 39 on the UK Singles Chart. RIAA ta tabbatar da shi Platinum a ranar 6 ga watan frilu, shekara ta 1994. An zabi wannan waƙar a Grammy Awards na 1995 don Mafi Kyawun Rap Solo Performance, amma ta ɓace ga UNITY ta Sarauniya Latifah. An saki "Doggy Dogg World" a matsayin Turawa kaɗai a cikin watan Yuni shekara ta 1994. Kodayake ba a saki ɗayan ba a hukumance a cikin Amurka, amma ta karɓi wasu wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo wanda ya haifar da matsayi na 19 akan Rhythmic Top 40 ginshiƙi. An samar da bidiyon kiɗan don guda ɗaya, wanda ya sami wasan TV na Amurka na Amurka kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Award ta shekara ta 1994 don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo. Ya kai lamba ta talatin da biyu 32 a kan Chart Singles UK. "Lodi Dodi" da "Murder Was the Case" ba 'yan wasa bane na hukuma, amma sun karɓi wasan rediyo kuma an tsara su a cikin Rhythmic Top 40 An harbi bidiyon kiɗan na mintuna sha takwas 18 don waƙoƙin guda biyu, tare da rakiyar muryar Was Case Bidiyon ya lashe kyautar Bidiyon Shekararshekara ta 1995 a The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards. An zabi "Gin da Juice" a Grammy Awards na 1995 don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Rap Waƙar kari, "Gz Up, Hoes Down", an haɗa shi a cikin matsi na farko na kundi, amma ba a cikin sigogin baya ba saboda lamuran samfuri. Snoop Doggy Dogg ba zai iya samun haƙƙin amfani da bugun ba saboda kamfanin rikodin bai yarda ya biya kuɗin lasisi don amfani da samfuran ba. "Gz Up, Hoes Down" daga baya an sake shi akan tarin Rukunin Mutuwa Shekaru 15 akan Rage Mutuwa An jera "Tha Next Episode" akan murfin, amma ba a haɗa shi cikin kowane matsi ba. Anyi la'akari da ainihin kayan da aka yi amfani da shi don Dokar 2000 Dre guda ɗaya The Next Episode amma ba ta da kama da waƙar ta baya. Ya kasance 4 mintuna da 36 daƙiƙa (4:36) tsayi. Daga baya an sake sakin "Tha Next Episode" a kan Dr. Dre mixtape Pretox a ƙarƙashin sunan "Zaman Gidan Rediyon da Ba a Saɓa ba", amma 1:10 kawai. "Doggystyle" wanda ke nuna George Clinton ya kasance tsawon lokaci 5:26 daga zaman kundin kundi. Waƙar waƙa ce tare da muryoyin da ke mamaye waƙar kuma tana ba da samfuran "Oh I" ta Funkadelic daga kundin su The Electric Spanking of War Babies. Jewell The Brides of Funkenstein an nuna su akan mawaƙa. An saki waƙar a kan Row Mutuwa: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1 daga cikin sauran waƙoƙin da Snoop Doggy Dogg ya yi rikodin lokacin da yake aiki a Row Mutuwa. Legacy da tasiri Waƙar hip-hop Doggystyle ana ganin yawancin masu hasashe na hip hop a matsayin "na gargajiya" da kundin "mahimmanci". An ba shi lada tare da ayyana mawaƙin hip -hop na Yammacin Kora; juyar da ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙarin karin waƙa, mai jan hankali, da bugun da aka jawo. About.com ya bayyana a lokacin lokacin da aka fitar da kundin, "Gangsta rap bai taɓa yin daɗi da daɗi ba." A album ne aka yaba domin kara kafa slurred "m drawl" cewa miƙa hadaya lyrical mawuyaci ga tsabta da rhythmic cadence a kan Doggystyle da kuma The kullum. Ana ɗaukar kundin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin G-funk na farko salon da yawancin mawaƙa suka yi kwafin su a shekarun baya. Al'adun hip-hop Wasu marubuta da wallafe-wallafe sun ba da shawarar cewa Doggystyle ya shafi al'adun Ba-Amurke da yawa. Wasu wallafe -wallafen sun ɗauki nau'in rap ɗin da alhakin matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin zarafin jima'i da jima'i, wanda aka ɗora wa Snoop Doggy Dogg da sauran mawaƙa don kiran waƙoƙinsu masu rikitarwa "kiyaye shi da gaske." Matsalolin tashe -tashen hankulan jima'i da jima'i ana danganta su da waƙoƙin da ke ƙasƙantar da mata kamar "bitches" da "ho's," waɗanda wasu ke ganin sun yi tasiri ga baƙar fata maza. Snoop Doggy Dogg da sauran mawakan hip-hop, gami da NWA, musamman Eazy-E, Dr. Dre da Ice Cube (saboda nasarar da suka samu) da 2Pac, an dora alhakin su wajen haɓaka sigar rap na gangsta; nau'in da ya bayyana fushin ƙasan da ke cikin birni da kuma jin tsananin zalunci da tawaye, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ikon sadarwa ba tare da takunkumi ba, kuma ya ba da damar al'adar hip hop ta zama babban salon da ɗabi'a a ko'ina duniya. Mariah Carey ta ɗauki samfurin waƙar "Ain No No Fun (Idan Gidajen Ba Za Su Iya Ba)" a cikin kundi na 1999 Rainbow don remix of Heartbreaker wanda ya ƙunshi Missy Elliott da Da Brat Marubutan Enculturation, Steven Best da Douglas Kellner, sun lura cewa Snoop Doggy Dogg da sauran masu yin fyade kawai suna yin Allah wadai da tashin hankali lokacin da aka kai musu hari, in ba haka ba "suna yin bikin, suna sanya shi a ciki, kuma suna rungumar shi azaman ɗabi'a da hanyoyin bayyana kai., ”wanda wasu ke ganin yana da tasiri a kan laifin bakar-fata. Sakin bidiyon kiɗan daga Doggystyle da The Chronic ya ba masu fasaha damar ƙara zane -zane na gani a cikin waƙoƙin su, wanda gabaɗaya ya haɗa da Dr.Dre da Snoop Doggy Dogg suna tuki a Kudancin Tsakiya, Los Angeles a cikin ƙaramin jirgi (abin hawa tare da saukar da dakatarwa). Wannan hoton "salon gangsta" ana tsammanin ya rinjayi samari baƙi maza don ƙoƙarin yin rayuwa iri ɗaya kuma T. Denean, marubucin Pimps Up, Ho's Down: Hip Hop's Hold on Young Black Women, cewa bidiyon suna nuna wakilcin ajin, tsere da Baƙin Namiji a cikin biranen Amurka na zamani. Aiki na gaba Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Doggystyle mafi kyawun kundi na Snoop Dogg, ban da kasancewa mafi girman zane-zanensa da mafi kyawun siyar da album ɗin sa kamar yadda kundin waƙoƙin sa na gaba sun sami tabbaci sau biyu Platinum, Platinum ko Gold kodayake Da Game Yakamata a Siyar, Ba Za a Ba da Labarin ba wanda aka tabbatar da yin Platinum sau biyu. ita ce album ɗin sa na biyu mafi kyawun siyarwa kuma har ila yau shine ɗayan sa wanda aka tabbatar da Platinum da yawa. Ya bambanta da bin kundi kamar yadda aikinsa na baya ya nuna samarwa daga mutane da yawa, kamar The Neptunes, Timbaland da Daz Dillinger, tare da rage shigarwar daga Dr. Dre, wanda ke nuna sauyi daga samar da G-funk. Kundin bin diddigin Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Doggfather (1996), bai ƙunshi Dr. Dre ba, yayin da ya bar Rikodin Ruwa. A sakamakon haka, DJ Pooh shine babban mai bugun kidan. Tha Doggfather ya bi hanyoyin rikodin G-funk kuma da farko ya siyar da kyau, amma ya sami bita iri-iri kuma ya kasa samar da babbar nasara. A cikin 1998, Snoop Dogg ya bar Row Mutuwa kuma ya shiga No Limit Records, yana canza sunan sa daga Snoop Doggy Dogg zuwa Snoop Dogg. A lokacin da yake kan lakabin, ya ci gaba da jigogi da yawa daga Doggystyle tare da bibiya zuwa waƙoƙin da suka gabata, kamar "Gin Juice II" (1998) da Snoop Dogg (Menene Sunana II) (2000). Albam ɗin ɗakin studio na gaba kamar su Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss (2002) da R&amp;G (Rhythm &amp; Gangsta): Babbar Jagora (2004) ta nuna mafi mahimmanci, jigon da aka saba da shi tare da sabbin sautuna, amma ya kasance "mai ƙarfi a ko'ina" kuma an nuna shi yawan tituna da roƙon kasuwanci Waɗannan fitowar sun haɗa da mawaƙa guda uku da aka buga, Kyakkyawa Sauke shi Kamar Zafi da Alamomi An ba da lambar yabo ga Snoop Dogg don dawowa zuwa tushen sa na G-funk a cikin 2006, wanda aka kafa tare da kundin studio na takwas, Tha Blue Carpet Treatment (2006). An lura da kundin don kasancewa "rikodin G-Funk mai wuya da ƙima". Tarba mai mahimmanci An saki Doggystyle don yabon da ake yi. Marubucin Rolling Stone Touré ya ambaci Doggystyle ya cika da abubuwan magana da na murya waɗanda suka cika babban tsammaninsa. Yana gudana ta hanyar 55 mintuna na magana akai kamar a layin zafi mai kashe kansa David Browne na Nishaɗin Mako-mako ya lura "Shi ne mafi ƙarancin, ɗan ƙaramin mahayi gangsta album har zuwa yau" kuma ya ci gaba da cewa Doggystyle mummunan rikodi ne. An saita ta a ƙarshen duniya, babu gobe na abubuwan jin daɗi masu arha Stephen Thomas Erlewine na AllMusic ya bayyana Doggystyle da The Chronic sun tsaya tare da alfahari a matsayin tagwayen filayen West Coast G-funk hip-hop na farkon '90s" mujallar Stylus da aka gabatar "The Chronic vs. Labarin Doggystyle kuma ya faɗi ƙaƙƙarfan magana na Doggystyle idan aka kwatanta da kundin Dre shine biyun biyun kuma cewa" wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin kundin sun shahara fiye da mara aure Mujallar Vibe ta bayyana cewa "Snoop ba ɗan gandun daji ba ne; wannan ba zai yiwu ba ga mai zane wannan ɗan wasa. A farkonsa, tare da waƙoƙin harbin bindiga na Dre suna yawaita kamar yadda cin hanci da rashawa ya ɓarke Mujallar Source ta ba wa kundin fa'idar 4/5 mic. Ya ce Snoop Doggy Dogg ya fito a matsayin mawakin da ya rayu har zuwa duk abin da ya faru wanda ya fito daga aikinsa a kan The Chronic, kuma ya tattauna waƙoƙi a kan rikodin, yana mai cewa "Idan 'Kisan Kisa' 'bugun jini ne na kusa da hazaka, to 'Lodi Dodi' misali ne na cikakkiyar baiwa. Mujallar NME ta kira gubar farko "babban abin da ya ci nasara ba tare da wahala ba" kuma ya ci gaba da ba da suna rikodin "kundin ma'auni". Kundin ya kuma sami wasu suka da suka. Erlewine na AllMusic ya ambaci faifan bai “yi mamaki ko bayar da wani abin da ba a kan The Chronic ba. Christopher John Farley ya lura cewa Snoop Doggy Dogg ba shi da ɗan bincike kan motsin zuciyar sa. David Browne ya yi magana game da "Ain't No Fun", yana mai cewa misali ne na yadda "waƙar fasaha, amma duk da haka mai raira waƙa, wannan kundin zai iya zama" kuma ya ci gaba da cewa "Yana da sauƙi a burge ɗan lokaci ɗaya kuma ya firgita na gaba" Shahararren mai sukar dutsen Robert Christgau ya ba wa kundin fa'idar "dud", wanda ke nuna "mummunan rikodin wanda cikakkun bayanai ba sa cancanci ƙarin tunani. A matakin babba yana iya zama mai wuce gona da iri, abin takaici, ko mara daɗi. A ƙasa yana iya zama abin ƙyama. Dan Kny Danny Kelly ya lura: "Rikodin Snoop Doggy Dogg ya fi ko aasa girmama 19-waƙa ga/raye-rayen raunin George At Atomic Dog Yana karkata ya zama tabawa mara misaltuwa; a tad, bari mu kasance masu gaskiya, marasa ban sha'awa Kuma hannun riga yana gasa tare da The Waterboys Dream Harder da Billy Joel 's Kogin Mafarki a matsayin mafi munin haɗe da sakin kwanan nan. Duk da sukar da aka yi na farko, hasashe mai mahimmanci na kundin daga baya ya inganta, kamar yadda Doggystyle ya sami yabo da martaba da dama akan jerin mafi kyawun kundi Yin bita na sake fitar da kundin ya haɓaka ƙimar Q daga taurari uku zuwa huɗu daga cikin biyar. Tom Doyle mai sharhi ya ce "Na gargajiya na zamani." Mujallar Source daga baya ta ba wa kundin ɗin ƙima mai girman mic-biyar. Amincewa Bayanai game da yabo da aka danganta ga Doggystyle an daidaita su daga AcclaimedMusic.net. Ayyukan kasuwanci Doggystyle ya yi muhawara a lamba ta ɗaya a kan <i id="mwAmQ">Billboard</i> 200 na Amurka, wanda ke ba da ƙarfi ta hanyar siyar da kwafi na farko na kwafi na 806,000. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2015, faifan ya sayar da kwafe miliyan bakwai a Amurka, kuma sama da kofi miliyan goma sha ɗaya a duk duniya. Ƙungiyar Masu Rikodin Masana'antu ta Amurka ta ba da tabbacin platinum sau huɗu a ranar 31 gawatan Mayu, shekara ta 1994. Ita ce mafi kyawun kundi na Snoop Doggy Dogg; kundin wakokinsa masu zuwa sun sami tabbaci ɗaya ko biyu na platinum. Doggystyle ya fara bayyana a kan sigogin kiɗa a cikin shekara ta 1993, yana kan <i id="mwAnE">Billboard</i> shekara ta 200 da Top R &amp; B/Hip-Hop Albums a No. 1. Ya sake komawa a lamba ta ɗaya akan Billboard shekara ta 200 a cikin Janairu shekara ta 1994, lokacin da RIAA ta riga ta ba da tabbacin platinum sau uku. Rikodin ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi a Turai, ya kai lamba kwara sha takwas 18 a Sweden, lamba 21 a Jamus da No 35 a Austria. Har ila yau, ya kai matsayi na 25 a kan rukunin masana'antar Rikodi na New Zealand ginshiƙi. A ƙarshen 1994, kundin ya kasance A'a. 3 a kan Billboard Year-End Top Albums Chart da No. 1 a kan Billboard Year-End Top R B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart. Ya sake shiga cikin sigogin a cikin 2003, yana kan saman Albums na Ireland 75 a lamba 70. ta kwashe jimillar makonni 74 ba a jere ba a kan taswirar kundin Billboard 200. Jerin waƙa Duk wakokin da Dr. Dre ya shirya Bayanan kula "Gz Up, Hoes Down" an haɗa shi ne kawai a kan matsi na farko na kundi. An cire shi daga baya saboda matsalolin tsabtace samfur. Daga baya an sake fitar da shi akan tarin Rikodin Rikodin Ruwa na shekara ta 2006, Shekaru shabiyar 15 akan Rage Mutuwa A cikin US asali saki ta murfin baya "Gz Up, Hoes Down" an karyata jera bayan "Pampo Pampo" maimakon nan da nan kafin. Matsi na asali a Turai yana nuna sunayen waƙa ga duk masu shiga tsakani sunayen waƙoƙin interlude da aka lissafa a sama an ɗauke su daga fitowar Turai. "W Balls" shine kawai tsaka -tsakin da aka jera akan asalin sakin Amurka. Duk tsaka -tsaki, gami da "W Balls" daga baya an cire su daga duk jerin waƙoƙi. Matsalolin asali na kundi, wanda ya ƙunshi "Gz Up, Hoes Down", ya lissafa waƙar waƙa mai taken, "Tha Next Episode", amma ba ya bayyana akan kowane latsa na kundin. Ƙananan rikodin waƙar daga baya ya ɓace akan layi wani lokaci a ƙarshen shekara ta 2000s. Yanke waƙoƙi "Gz Up, Hoes Down", an haɗa shi kawai akan matsi na asali na kundin. An ƙyale saboda matsalolin share samfura. "Tha Next Episode", wanda Dr. Dre ya samar kuma ya nuna shi, an jera shi akan jerin waƙoƙin da aka bayar ga masu siyar da kaya kafin sakin faifan, amma ba ya bayyana akan kowane matsi na kundin. Irin wannan kayan aikin (watau, ya yi amfani da samfurin iri ɗaya kamar babban waƙar sa) daga baya aka yi amfani da shi don waƙar Warren G "Runnin 'Wit No Breaks" daga kundi na farko na 1994, Regulate. G Funk Era Snoop Dogg da Dr. Dre daga baya sun yi rikodin waƙa mai taken Kashi na gaba don kundin studio na Dre na biyu, 2001, wanda ya sha bamban da na asali. "Doggystyle", wanda ke nuna Jewell da George Clinton an yi rikodin lokacin zaman kundin amma ba a sake shi ba har sai an saka shi a cikin kundi na tarin mutuwa Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1 "Tushen Duk Mugunta (Outro)", wanda ke nuna Teena Marie, an yi rikodin lokacin zaman kundin amma ba a sake shi ba har sai an saka shi a cikin kundi na tarin mutuwa Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1. Daga baya an sake yin kayan aikin sosai kuma an yi amfani da su don remix na California Love ta 2Pac wanda ke nuna Dr.Dre "Kowace Rana Daya", wanda ke nuna Kurupt, Jewell da Nate Dogg, an yi rikodin su yayin zaman kundin, ba a sake shi ba har sai an fitar da wani sabon salo a kan kundin tattara Tha Dogg Pound 2002''. Ma'aikata Snoop Doggy Dogg lead vocals Dr. Dre producer, vocals Daz Dillinger vocals, performer Sam Sneed performer, inspiration Ulrich Wild engineer Tha Dogg Pound performer Warren G performer The D.O.C. performer The Lady of Rage performer RBX performer Kurupt performer Nate Dogg performer The Dramatics performer Emanuel Dean producer Chris "The Glove" Taylor songwriter, mixing Suge Knight executive producer Bernie Grundman mastering Chi Modu photography Nanci Fletcher performer, vocals (featured and background) Dan Winters photography Kimberly Holt artwork Kimberly Brown project coordinator Joe Cool cover artwork Lasheena Denty mai wasan kwaikwayo, muryoyi (fasali) Charts Weekly charts Catalog charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Takaddun shaida Tarihin saki Jerin kundin wakokin hip hop da ake ganin suna da tasiri Jerin kundin kundin lamba-ɗaya na 1993 (Amurka Jerin kundin kundin lamba na ɗaya na 1994 (Amurka Jerin kundin kundin R&amp;B na lamba-ɗaya na 1993 (Amurka Jerin kundin kundin R&amp;B na lamba-ɗaya na 1994 (Amurka Ƙarshen Shekarar Billboard Manazarta Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia%20Sabur

Alia Sabur

Alia Sabur (an haifeta ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1989) ƙwararriyar masaniniyar Materials science ce ƴar Amurka. Tana riƙe da tarihin wacce ta zama Farfesa mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Sabur a birnin New York, New York. Mahaifiyarta, Julie Sabur (an haifi Kessler), ta yi aiki a matsayin mai kawo rahoto ga News12 Long Island har zuwa 1995. Ta auri Mohammed Sabur, ɗan ƙasar Pakistan, a 1980. Alia, an haifeta 22 ga watan Fabrairu, 1989, akwai alamun baiwa tattare da ita. Ta gwada "off the IQ scale," a cewar wani malami wanda ya gwada ta a matsayin 'yar aji ɗaya. A matsayinta na 'yar aji hudu, ta bar makarantar gwamnati kuma an shigar da ita Jami'ar Stony Brook tana da shekaru 10, daga baya ta kammala karatun summa cum laude tana da shekaru 14. Ta kuma sami kyautar baƙar bel a Tae Kwon Do tana ƴar shekara 9. Bayan Stony Brook, Sabur ta halarci Jami'ar Drexel, inda ta sami digiri na biyu (M.S.) a shekarar 2006. Alia ta kasance mai karɓar haɗin gwiwar Dean na 2007 daga Jami'ar Drexel. A cikin 2007 ta riƙe wani matsayi na ɗan lokaci a Jami'ar Southern University da ke New Orleans bayan Hurricane Katrina. Aikin lissafi A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu 2008, tana da shekaru 18 (kwana 3 kafin ranar 19 ga watan zagayowar ranar haihuwar ta), an naɗa ta a matsayin Farfesa ta ƙasa da ƙasa a fannin Cibiyar Bincike tare da Jami'ar Stony Brook ta Dept. of Advanced Technology Fusion a Jami'ar Konkuk a Seoul, South South Koriya .Matsayin ne, kwangilar shekara guda wanda ta zaɓi ba zata sabunta ba bayan karewar wa'adin farko. Littafin Guinness Book of Records ya sanya sunan Sabur a matsayin Farfesa mafi ƙarancin shekaru a duniya, inda ya maye gurbin Farfesa Colin Maclaurin na fannin lissafi a Jami'ar Aberdeen yana da shekaru 19. Ta fara aiki a sashen (Department of Advanced Technology Fusion) a Jami'ar Konkuk a watan Yuni 2008 kuma ta koma garinsu na New York a farkon shekara ta 2009, ba tare da sabunta kwangilarta ba. Deepwater Horizon oil spill A watan Yuni 2010 Sabur ta bayyana a gidajen telebijin na; CNN da Fox News' Hannity don kwatanta ra'ayinta, wanda kamfanin mai na Birtaniya, BP ya ɗauka a matsayin wani zaɓi don taimakawa wajen rage zubar da man fetur na Deepwater Horizon a yankin Gulf of Mexico. Rigima a Graduate school A cikin shekara ta 2008, Sabur ta shigar da ƙara a kan Jami'ar Drexel, tana mai da'awar cewa jami'ar ta aikata zamba da cin mutunci game da neman digiri na uku da ta ke yi. A cikin ƙarar, Sabur ta tuhumi Yury Gogotsi, tsohuwar Ph.D. mai ba da shawara, ta yi amfani da bincikenta ba daidai ba don neman tallafi, kuma da gangan ta hana ta digiri. An fara shari'ar a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta, 2010. “Amma a lokacin ne na ƙara ruguza duniyar kimiyya. Na ga munanan hali kuma na gane cewa wasu farfesoshi ba son cigaban kimiyya ne a gaban su ba. Na yi karo da mai ba da shawara wanda ke kula da digirin digir-gir (PhD) dina. Na yi imani mai ba ni shawara ya nemi tallafi da haƙƙin mallaka ta amfani da ra'ayoyina, kuma ya ɗauki bashi a gare su. Ya musanta haka kuma ya zarge ni da satar aikinsa. Duk da cewa jami'a ta wanke ni daga zargin sata, amma har yanzu ta ki ba ni digiri na.", in ji rahoton labarin mujjalar Financial Times. (subscription required) Wannan ita ce ƙara ta biyu da ta shafi dangin Sabur. A na baya bayan nan iyayen Alia Sabur sun kai ƙara a madadin ƴar su, inda suka yi zargin cewa hukumar ilimi ta Northport East Northport, da ‘ya’yanta, da kuma gundumar makarantar sun kasa baiwa ƴar su ayyukan da suka dace da ilimi wanda ya saba wa ilimin nakasassu Aiki. Shida daga cikin laifuka bakwai an yi watsi da su. Manazarta Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Archived na hukuma Takardar Bincike ta AZojomo Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1989 Mutanen Northport, New

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ini%20Edo

Ini Edo

Ini Edo An haife ta 23 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1982 ’yar fim ce ta Nijeriya. Ta fara harkar fim ne a shekara ta 2000, kuma ta fito a fina-finai sama da 100 tun bayan fitowarta. A cikin shekarar 2013, ta kasance alkalin Miss Black Africa UK Pageant.A shekarar 2014, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada Malama Edo a matsayin Wakiliyar Matasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Ini Edo Ibibio ne daga jihar Akwa Ibom a yankin kudu maso kudu na Najeriya, ba da nisa da Calabar ba. Mahaifiyarta malami ce, mahaifinta kuma dattijo ne a coci. Tana da kyakkyawar tarbiyya, na biyu cikin yara hudu, mata uku, namiji daya. Ta halarci Kwalejin Cornelius Connely da ke Uyo Ta kammala karatun ta ne a Jami’ar Uyo inda ta samu difloma a fannin wasan kwaikwayo. Ta kuma kammala karatun digiri na farko a Jami'ar Calabar inda ta karanta Turanci. A shekarar 2014 ta samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar National Open University of Nigeria Ayyuka Aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne a shekarar 2003. tare da fitowarsa a fim din Thick Madam. Wani furodusa ne ya gano ta a yayin binciken da ta halarta. Gwaninta ya zo a cikin shekarata 2004 lokacin da ta yi aiki a Duniya Baya Ta fito a fina-finai sama da 100; tana daya daga cikin ‘yan fim mata da suka yi nasara a Najeriya. Ta samu kyautar "Fitacciyar Jarumar Jaruma" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na 11 saboda rawar da ta taka a fim din "Yayin da kuke bacci" Rayuwar mutum A shekarar 2008, Ini Edo ta auri wani dan kasuwa mazaunin Amurka mai suna Philip Ehiagwina. Auren ya ƙare a watan Satumba na 2014 bayan shekaru shida.. Amincewa Ta kasance jakadar kamfanin GLO na tsawon shekaru goma tun daga 2006 zuwa 2016. A cikin 2010 an ambaci ta ta zama jakadiyar jakada ta Noble Hair. Ini Edo shine babban jakadan Slim Tea Nigeria.. A shekarar 2019 an sanya mata hannu a matsayin jakada don alamar @MrTaxi_NG.. Nadin siyasa Ini Edo an nada ta a matsayin mataimaki na musamman ga gwamnan jihar Akwa Ibom kan al’adu da yawon bude ido daga Udom Gabriel Emmanuel a shekarar 2016. Kyauta da gabatarwa Filmography Fatal Seduction The Greatest Sacrifice My Heart Your Home No Where to Run Stolen Tomorrow Sacrifice for Love Silence of the Gods Supremacy Too Late to Claim Total Control Traumatised War Game 11:45... Too Late The Bank Manager The Bet Cold War Crying Angel Desperate Need Emotional Blackmail I Want My Money Last Picnic Living in Tears Living Without You Men Do Cry My Precious Son One God One Nation Weekend getaway Pretty Angels Red Light Royal Package Security Risk Songs of Sorrow Stronghold Tears for Nancy Unforeseen Eyes of Love Faces of Beauty Indecent Girl Indulgence I Swear Legacy Love Crime Love Marriage Negative Influence Not Yours! The One I Trust Sisters On Fire Royalty Apart Never Let Go End of Do or Die Affair Darkness of Sorrows Final Sorrow Behind The Melody Memories of The Heart Royal Gift Dangerous Save The Last Dance Battle For Bride Caged Lovers In The Cupboard Hunted Love Anointed Queen A Dance For The Prince Bride's War Tears In The Palace Slip of Fate At All Cost Mad Sex The Princess of My Life Inale (2010) I'll Take My Chances (2011) Nkasi The Village Fighter Nkasi The Sprot Girl The Return of Nkasi Soul of a Maiden "Blood is Money" Citation (film)(2020) Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ini Edo on IMDb Edo Jihohin Nijeriya Yan Nigeria Yan

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%20Kare%20%C6%B3ancin%20Jama%27a

Masu Kare Ƴancin Jama'a

Masu Kare 'Yancin Jama'a (Tsohon Kwamitin Helsinki na Sweden ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta duniya da ke zaune a Stockholm, Sweden da ke kare haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da mai da hankali kan haƙƙin jama'a da siyasa Suna yin aiki tukuru don tallafawa masu kare hakkin dan adam na cikin gida ta hanyar samar musu da karfin iko, horo, da kudade, gami da tsaro da taimakon gaggawa ga masu kare hakkin dan adam da ke cikin hadari. and in East Horn of Africa. Founded in 1982 as the Swedish Helsinki Committee, the original focus of Civil Rights Defenders was to monitor and support the civil rights portion of the Helsinki Accords. In 2009, the organisation changed its name to Civil Rights Defenders and it now works in Sweden, Eastern Europe, Central Asia, Southeast Asia, the Western Balkans, Latin America, and in East Horn of Africa. Tarihi An kafa Masu Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam a Shekara ta 1982 a matsayin Kwamitin Helsinki na Sweden na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam Svenska Helsingforskommittén för mänskliga rättigheter don lura da bin dokokin kare hakkin dan adam na Dokar Karshe ta Helsinki, tare da kwamitocin Helsinki na 'Yancin Dan Adam a kasashe da yawa. Gerald Nagler, wanda kuma ya kirkiro ƙungiyar Helsinki ta Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam, shi ne ya kafa Kwamitin Helsinki na Sweden, sannan kuma ya kasance Shugaban kungiyar daga Shekara ta 1992 har zuwa shekara ta 2004. Robert Hårdh ya jagoranci kungiyar a matsayin Sakatare Janar daga shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2009 sannan kuma a matsayin Babban Darakta har zuwa Shekarar 2017. Bayan faduwar katangar Berlin, kungiyar ta kuma yi aiki don lura da kuma inganta yanayin hakkin dan adam a tsohuwar Yugoslavia a duk rikice-rikicen shekarar 1990. A shekara ta 2009, Kwamitin Helsinki na Sweden ya canza suna zuwa Masu Kare Hakkin Bil'adama, kuma ya fara aiki a cikin wasu yankuna na duniya tare da manufa ta farko don tallafawa ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin bil'adama na cikin ƙasashe masu danniya. Har ila yau yanzu suna aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin Sweden. Natalia Project Aikin Natalia tsari ne na fadakarwa ga masu kare hakkin dan adam da ke cikin hadari wanda ke taimakawa wajen tabbatar da rayuwar masu kare hakkin dan adam. An ƙaddamar da shi a cikin 2013, kuma an ba shi suna ne bayan Natalia Estemirova, wata mai rajin kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Rasha kuma ta karɓi Kyautar Samun Dama na Rayuwa wanda aka sace kuma aka kashe a shekara ta 2009 yayin da take aiki don rubuta abubuwan da suka shafi cin zarafin ɗan adam a Chechnya Na'urar tana amfani da wayar salula da fasahar kewaya tauraron dan adam don yada siginar kararrawa cewa mai dauke da shi na cikin hadari matuka. Igararrawar ƙararrawa tana watsa bayanai game da wurin mai ɗaukar hoto da bayanan kansa don ba da damar amsawa ta gida da ta duniya. Kowane ɗan takara na Natalia Project yana karɓar horo na tsaro kuma yana haɓaka yarjejeniya ta amsawa dangane da takamaiman yanayin su. Kwanakin Masu karewa da kuma kare hakkin Dan-adam na Gwarzon shekara Tun daga shekara ta 2013, Masu Kare Hakkin Bil'adama suka shirya taron 'Yancin Dan Adam na Ranar' Yan kare, wanda yanzu ake yi a Stockholm kowane shekara biyu. Taron an fi mayar da hankali ne kan gina karfin gwiwa ga masu kare hakkin dan adam daga kasashe masu danniya. Har ila yau, Masu Kare Hakkin Bil adama suna bayar da lambar yabo ta kare hakkin Dan-Adam na shekara ga mai kare hakkin dan adam. A cewar masu kare hakkin dan adam, ana ba da kyautar ga wani wanda "duk da hadarin da ke tattare da tsaron lafiyarsa, yana kokarin tabbatar da cewa an amince da kare hakkin jama'a da na siyasa. Ana gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da amfani da tashin hankali ba kuma a cikin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Wadanda suka karbi kyautar karramawa ta bana sune: 2013 Nataša Kandić, Cibiyar Kula da Dokokin Jin Kai, Sabiya 2014 Ales Bialiatski, Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Viasna, Belarus 2015 Nguyễn Ngọc Như Quỳnh (sunan alkalami: Me Nam, ko Uwar Naman kaza), Vietnamese Bloggers Network, Vietnam 2016 Intigam Aliyev, Kungiyar Ilimin Ilimin Shari'a, Azerbaijan 2017 Edmund Yakani, Communityarfafa Communityungiyar don Progressungiyar Ci Gaban, Sudan ta Kudu 2018 Murat Çelikkan, Hafıza Merkezi (Cibiyar Tunawa da Gaskiya ta Gaskiya), Turkiyya 2019 Márta Pardavi, Kwamitin Helsinki na Hungary, 2020 Naw Ohn Hla, a Karen dimokuradiyya himmar aiki, Myanmar Hanyoyin haɗin waje https://crd.org/ Manazarta Ƴancin ɗan adam Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kididdigar%20cikakken%20hanyoyin%20samun%20ku%C9%97in%20muhalli

Kididdigar cikakken hanyoyin samun kuɗin muhalli

Ƙididdigar cikakken kuɗin muhalli EFCA hanya ce ta lissafin farashi wanda ke gano farashi kai tsaye da kuma rarraba farashi kai tsaye ta hanyar tattarawa da gabatar da bayanai game da yiwuwar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki da fa'idodi ko fa'ida.a takaice, game da "Tsarin ya kasu Kashi uku "ga kowane zaɓi madadin. Har ila yau, an san shi da lissafin kuɗi na gaskiya TCA amma, kamar yadda ma'anar "gaskiya" da "cikakke" su ne ainihin ra'ayi, masana sunyi la'akari da kalmomi biyu masu kasancewa Na iya Zama matsala. Tun da farashin da fa'idodi yawanci ana la'akari da su dangane da muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da tasirin zamantakewa, cikakken ko ƙoƙarin farashi na gaske ana kiransa da "layin ƙasa sau uku". Yawancin ma'auni yanzu suna wanzu a wannan yanki ciki har da Sawun Muhalli, alamun yanayi, da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Ƙaddamar da Muhalli na gida don fuskantar layi sau uku ta amfani da ma'aunin ecoBudget. Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (ISO) tana da ƙa'idodi da yawa da aka yarda da su masu amfani a cikin FCA ko TCA ciki har da iskar gas, jerin ISO 26000 don alhakin zamantakewar kamfanoni da ke zuwa a shekarata 2010, da ma'auni na ISO 19011 don dubawa ciki har da duk waɗannan. Saboda wannan juyin halitta na kalmomi a cikin jama'a amfani da musamman, kalmar cikakken farashi a halin yanzu an fi amfani da ita wajen lissafin gudanarwa, misali kula da kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma kudi. Sannan Kuma Amfani da sharuɗɗan FCA ko TCA yawanci suna nuna ƙarancin ra'ayin mazan jiya na ayyukan gudanarwa na yanzu, da haɓaka haɓakawa ga GAAP don magance fitar da sharar gida ko shigar da albarkatu. Ra'ayoyi Cikakkun lissafin kuɗi ya ƙunshi mahimman ra'ayoyi da yawa waɗanda ke bambanta shi da daidaitattun dabarun lissafin kuɗi Kuma Jeri mai zuwa yana haskaka ainihin ƙa'idodin FCA. Yin lissafin kuɗi don: Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya (duba bayanin da ke ƙasa); Ƙirar ɓoye da abubuwan waje; Kudin sama da kai; Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba; Farashin bisa ga tsarin rayuwar samfurin. Farashin maimakon fitar da kaya Ƙididdigar kuɗi don samun ko amfani da albarkatu. Ƙididdiga shine ƙimar tsabar kuɗi na albarkatun kamar yadda ake amfani da shi. Misali, kuma ana yin fitar da abin hawa ne lokacin da aka sayi abin hawa, amma farashin abin hawa yana faruwa ne tsawon rayuwar sa (misali, shekaru goma). Sannan Dole ne a ware kudin abin hawa na wani lokaci domin duk shekara da aka yi amfani da shi yana taimakawa wajen rage darajar abin hawa. Boyayyen farashi Ana nuna ƙimar kayayyaki da ayyuka azaman farashi ko da ba a haɗa kuɗaɗen kuɗi ba. Sannan Wata al'umma na iya samun tallafi daga jiha, misali, don siyan kayan aiki. Wannan kayan aiki yana da daraja, duk da cewa al'umma ba su biya shi da tsabar kuɗi ba. Kuma Kayan aiki, saboda haka, yakamata a kimanta su a cikin binciken FCA. Tallafin gwamnati a masana'antar samar da makamashi da abinci yana rage farashin gaske ta hanyar farashin samfur mai arha. Wannan magudin farashin yana ƙarfafa ayyuka marasa dorewa kuma yana ƙara ɓoye ɓarna na waje da ke tattare da samar da mai da kuma aikin noma na zamani. Kudin sama da kai tsaye FCA tana lissafin duk kuɗaɗen kai da kai tsaye, gami da waɗanda aka raba tare da sauran hukumomin jama'a. Kudin sama da kai tsaye na iya haɗawa da sabis na doka, tallafin gudanarwa, sarrafa bayanai, lissafin kuɗi, sannan da siye. Kudin muhalli kamar farashin kai tsaye sun haɗa da cikakken kewayon farashi a duk tsawon rayuwar samfurin Kimanin Zagayowar Rayuwa wasu daga cikinsu ma ba sa nunawa a cikin layin ƙasan kamfanin. Hakanan yana ƙunshe da ƙayyadaddun kayan aiki, ƙayyadaddun kuɗin gudanarwa da sauransu. Abubuwan da suka gabata da na gaba Fitar kuɗin da ya gabata da na gaba sau da yawa ba sa bayyana akan kasafin kuɗi na shekara a ƙarƙashin tsarin lissafin kuɗi. Kudin da suka gabata (ko na gaba) sune farkon saka hannun jari masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da ayyuka kamar siyan motoci, kayan aiki, ko wurare. Filayen gaba (ko ƙarshen baya) kuɗi ne da ake kashewa don kammala ayyuka kamar rufe kayan aiki da kulawa bayan rufewa, ritayar kayan aiki, da fa'idodin lafiya da ritaya bayan aiki. Misalai Gudanar da sharar gida Jihar Florida tana amfani da kalmar lissafin cikakken farashi don sarrafa shara. A cikin wannan misalin, FCA wata hanya ce ta tsari don ganowa, tarawa, da bayar da rahoton ainihin farashin sarrafa shara Kuma Tana yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka gabata da kuma na gaba, ƙima (sabis da sabis na tallafi) farashi, da farashin aiki. Integrated m tsarin kula da sharar ya ƙunshi ayyuka da hanyoyi daban-daban na ƙazamin shara na birni (MSW). Ayyuka sune tubalan ginin tsarin, wanda zai iya haɗawa da tarin sharar gida, aiki da tashoshin canja wuri, jigilar kaya zuwa wuraren sarrafa sharar gida, sarrafa sharar gida da zubar da shara, da sayar da kayayyaki. Sannan Hanyoyi su ne kwatancen da MSW ke bi a cikin tsarin sarrafa tsattsauran ra'ayi (watau ma'anar tsara ta hanyar sarrafawa da kuma halin da ake ciki) kuma sun haɗa da sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa makamashi, da zubar da ƙasa Ana raba farashin wasu ayyuka tsakanin hanyoyi. Fahimtar farashin ayyukan MSW yakan zama dole don tattara farashi na gabaɗayan tsarin sharar gida, kuma yana taimaka wa gundumomi tantance ko za su samar da sabis da kanta ko kwangilar sa. Koyaya, a cikin la'akari da canje-canjen da suka shafi nawa MSW ya ƙare har ana sake yin fa'ida, takin, jujjuyawa zuwa makamashi, Kuma ko cika ƙasa, ya kamata manazarcin ya mai da hankali kan farashin hanyoyin daban-daban. Fahimtar cikakken farashi na kowane hanyar MSW muhimmin mataki ne na farko a cikin tattaunawa ko za a canza magudanar ruwa na MSW wata hanya dabam. Amfani Gano farashin sarrafa MSW Lokacin da gundumomi ke kula da ayyukan MSW ta hanyar kuɗin haraji na gabaɗaya, farashin gudanarwa na MSW na iya yin asara tsakanin sauran abubuwan kashewa. Tare da FCA, manajoji na iya samun ƙarin iko akan farashin MSW saboda sun san menene farashin. Duba cikin kololuwa da kwaruruka a cikin kashe kuɗi na MSW Yin amfani da dabaru irin su raguwa da amortization, FCA tana samar da ingantaccen hoto na farashi na shirye-shiryen MSW, ba tare da murdiya ba wanda zai iya haifar da mayar da hankali kawai akan kashe kuɗin kuɗi na shekara. Bayyana farashin MSW ga ƴan ƙasa a sarari FCA tana taimaka muku tattarawa da tattara bayanan da ake buƙata don bayyana wa ƴan ƙasa abin da ainihin sarrafa shara ke kashewa. Ko da yake wasu mutane na iya tunanin cewa sarrafa sharar gida kyauta ne (saboda ba a biya su ta musamman don ayyukan MSW ba), wasu na iya ƙima darajar sa. FCA na iya haifar da lambobin "layi na ƙasa" waɗanda ke magana kai tsaye ga mazauna. Bugu da ƙari, sannan kuma jami'an jama'a na iya amfani da sakamakon FCA don amsa takamaiman matsalolin jama'a. Ɗauki hanya mai kama da kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW Ta hanyar mai da hankali kan farashi, FCA tana haɓaka mafi kyawun tsarin kasuwanci ga gudanarwar MSW. Masu amfani da kaya da ayyuka suna ƙara tsammanin ƙima, kuma wanda ke nufin daidaitattun daidaito tsakanin inganci da farashin sabis. FCA na iya taimakawa wajen gano dama don daidaita ayyuka, kawar da rashin aiki, da sauƙaƙe ƙoƙarin ceton farashi ta hanyar ingantaccen tsari da yanke shawara. Haɓaka matsayi mai ƙarfi a cikin yin shawarwari tare da masu siyarwa Lokacin la'akari da keɓantawar sabis na MSW, ƙwararrun manajojin sharar gida na iya amfani da FCA don koyon abin da farashinsa (ko farashi) don yin aikin. Kuma A sakamakon haka, FCA mafi kyawun matsayi na hukumomin jama'a don yin shawarwari da yanke shawara. FCA kuma na iya taimaka wa al'ummomi masu gudanar da ayyukan jama'a su tantance ko farashinsu yana da gogayya da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. Ƙimar haɗakar da ta dace na ayyukan MSW FCA tana ba manajoji ikon kimanta farashin kowane kashi na tsarin sharar su, kamar sake yin amfani da su, takin zamani, sharar-zuwa-makamashi, da kuma share ƙasa. FCA na iya taimaka wa manajoji su guje wa kura-kurai na gama gari a cikin tunani game da sarrafa sharar gida, musamman ga kuskuren kula da farashin da aka kauce masa azaman kudaden shiga. Kyakkyawan tsarin MSW Kamar yadda ƙarin al'ummomi ke amfani da FCA kuma suna ba da rahoton sakamakon, manajoji za su iya "ma'auni" ayyukansu zuwa al'ummomi iri ɗaya ko ƙa'idodi. Wannan kwatancen na iya ba da shawarar zaɓuɓɓuka don "sake aikin injiniya" ayyuka na yanzu. Bugu da ƙari, lokacin da birane, gundumomi, da garuruwa suka san abin da ake kashewa don sarrafa MSW da kansa, kuma za su iya gano duk wani tanadi da zai iya fitowa daga aiki tare. Abinci da Noma A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sami kulawa mai yawa don Cikakkun Kuɗi na Ƙididdiga (FCA) ko Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya (TCA) a fagen abinci da aikin gona. A cikin shekarata 2013 da 2016, Amintaccen Abinci mai Dorewa ya shirya tarurruka biyu kan Ƙididdigar Kuɗi na Gaskiya a Abinci da Noma, a Burtaniya da Amurka bi da bi. FAO ta buga karatu guda biyu a cikin shekarar 2014 da 2015 tare da TCA-bincike na tasirin asarar abinci ("Food wastage sawun: cikakken kididdigar ƙididdiga" da kuma wani TCA-bincike na jimlar tasirin samar da abinci na duniya akan Babban Jarida. ("Tasirin Babban Jari na Halitta a Aikin Noma" A cikin rahoton farko, FAO ta zo ga ƙarshe cewa ɓoyayyun ɓoyayyun ɓarnawar abinci a kan jarin halitta ya kai dala biliyan 700 a duk shekara yayin da ɓoyayyun tasirin zamantakewa ya kai dala biliyan 900. A cikin rahoton na biyu, hukumar ta FAO ta yi kiyasin lalacewar muhallin da ake noman abinci a duniya ya kai dala biliyan 2330 a kowace shekara. Dalilai na reno An gano dalilai daban-daban na ɗaukar FCA/TCA. Mafi mahimmancin abin da ke da alaƙa ya haɗa da hasashen kasuwa ko matsalolin ƙa'ida da ke da alaƙa da yin watsi da cikakken sakamako na gabaɗayan tsari ko taron da aka lissafa. Kuma A cikin tattalin arzikin kore, wannan shine babban abin damuwa da tushe ga sukar matakan kamar GDP Bangaren jama'a sun yi niyyar matsawa zuwa matakai na dogon lokaci don gujewa zargin nuna son kai ga wasu hanyoyin warware matsalolin da ke da alama suna da ma'ana ta kudi ko tattalin arziki a cikin gajeren lokaci, amma ba na dogon lokaci ba. Masu yanke shawara na kamfani wani lokaci suna kiran matakan FCA/TCA don yanke shawarar ko za a fara tunowa, gudanar da aikin kula da samfur na son rai (nau'i na tunawa a ƙarshen rayuwar amfanin samfur). Kuma Ana iya ƙarfafa wannan a matsayin shinge ga abubuwan da ke faruwa a nan gaba waɗanda sharar da samfur ta shafa. Na'urori masu tasowa na FCA, irin su Mataki na Halitta, mayar da hankali kan waɗannan. A cewar Ray Anderson, wanda ya kafa wani nau'i na FCA TCA a Interface Carpet, ya yi amfani da shi don yin watsi da yanke shawara da ke kara yawan Sawun Ecological da kuma mayar da hankali ga kamfanin a fili a kan dabarun tallace-tallace mai dorewa. Ilimin halittu na birni da yanayin masana'antu suna fuskantar FCA da gaske ɗaukar ginin da aka gina a matsayin nau'in halittu don rage sharar kansa. Duba wasu abubuwan Lissafin muhalli Gyaran farashin muhalli Asusun riba da asarar muhalli Abubuwan waje Ma'anar Ci gaba na Gaskiya Farashin dama Lamunin gurɓatawa Jimlar farashin mallaka Kudin rayuwa gabaɗaya Bayanan kula Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%20Barla

Asma Barla

Asma Barlas (an Haife ta 10 Maris 1950) marubuciya Ba’amurkiya kuma mai ilimantarwa. Kwarewarta sun haɗa da kamanceceniya da siyasar duniya, Musulunci da tafsirin Kur'ani,da karatun mata. Kuruciya da ilimi An haifi Barlas a Pakistan a shekara ta 1950. Ta sami digiri na farko na fasaha a cikin adabin Ingilishi da falsafa daga Kwalejin Kinnaird da digiri na biyu a aikin jarida daga Jami'ar Punjab.Ta kuma yi digiri na biyu da kuma Ph.D.a cikin karatun kasa da kasa daga Jami'ar Denver Aiki Barlas na ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka shigar da su hidimar ƙasashen waje a 1976. Bayan shekaru shida, an kore ta bisa umarnin Janar Zia ul Haq Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin mataimakiyar editan jaridar 'yan adawa The Muslim kafin ta sami mafakar siyasa a Amurka a 1983. Barlas ta shiga sashin siyasa na Kwalejin Ithaca a 1991. Ita ce shugabar cibiyar nazarin al'adu, launin fata,da kabilanci tsawon shekaru 12. Ta rike Spinoza Chair a Falsafa a Jami'ar Amsterdam a 2008. Bincike Barlas ta mayar da hankali ne kan yadda musulmi ke samar da ilimin addini, musamman tafsirin kur'ani na magabata, batun da ta yi nazari a cikin littafinta mai suna "Muminar Mata" In Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an Ta yi watsi da ayyana ra'ayinta da tafsirin Musulunci a matsayin Musulunci na mata"sai dai idan an bayyana wannan kalmar a matsayin "lalacewar daidaiton jinsi da adalci na zamantakewa wanda ya samo fahimtarsa da wajibcinsa daga Alkur'ani da neman aiki da hakkoki da kuma aiki da hakki.adalci ga dukkan bil'adama a cikin jimillar wanzuwarsu a cikin ci gaban jama'a da masu zaman kansu." A cikin littafinta na farko, Democracy, Nationalism and Communalism: The Colonial Legacy in South Asia, Barlas ta bincika dangantakar soja a siyasar Pakistan da mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya. Ayyuka Littattafai Musulunci, Musulmai, da Amurka: Rubuce-rubuce kan Addini da Siyasa (Indiya, Global Media Publications, 2004) “Mata Muminai” A Musulunci: Tafsirin Alqur’ani Marasa Karatu (Jami’ar Texas Press, 2002). Dimokuradiyya, Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa, da Ƙungiya: Gadon Mulkin Mallaka a Kudancin Asiya (Westview Press, 1995) Fuskantar Daular Kur'ani (Jami'ar Texas Press, 2018) (mai zuwa) (wanda aka rubuta tare da Raeburn Finn) "Mata Muminai" A cikin Musulunci: Fassarar Kur'ani marasa karantawa (Bugu na Bita. Jami'ar Texas Press, Fabrairu 2019) Kasidu "Fara farfaɗo da Addinin Musulunci: Gabas/s, Yamma/s, da Zaman tare," a cikin Abdul Aziz Said da Meena Sharify-Funk (eds. Musulunci na Zamani: Mai Ragewa, Ba Tsaya ba (Routledge, 2006). "Mata da Karatun Kur'ani na Mata," a cikin Jane Dammen McAuliffe (ed. Cambridge Companion zuwa Kur'ani (Jami'ar Cambridge, 2006). "Daidaita Duniya: Mata Musulmai, Tauhidi, da Mata," a cikin Fera Simone (ed. A Fannin Sauyawa: Mata Musulmai A Zamanin Duniya (NY: Feminist Press, 2005). "Harmeneutics of the Qur'an Amina Wadud Mata Masu Sake Karatun Littattafai," in Suha Taji-Faruqi (ed. Malaman Musulunci na Zamani da Alqur'ani: Hanyar Zamani da Na Zamani na Zamani (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004). Fateema Mernissi Ziba Mir-Hosseini Azizah Y. al-Hibri Amina Wadu Musulunci mata Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizo na sirri Kwalejin Ithaca College: Asma Barlas Bio of Asma Barlas "Hakki ne akan kowane musulmi ya yi wa kansa tafsirin Alqur'ani" (Hira). Musulmai ne kawai za su iya canza labarin al'umma a cikin Guardian, Agusta 2009 Labarin Musulunci da na mata a cikin jarida, Afrilu 2009 Hira: "Alkur'ani Ba Ya Goyon Bayan Daular Mulki" Tattaunawar Naufil Shahrukh, wanda aka buga a ABC, The Nation, Pakistan, Fabrairu 2005 Zuwa ga ra'ayin mata na Musulunci Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

5183

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawan%20Jama%27a%2C%20Yana%20da%20Muhimmanci

Yawan Jama'a, Yana da Muhimmanci

Yawan Jama'a, Yana da Muhimmanci Yawan Al'amurra (turanci Population Matters), da aka sani da Sadaka Zuwa Ga Wani Dace Girman Yawan (turanci Optimum Population Trust), shi ne United Kingdom sadaqa, tunani tank, da bayar da shawarwari rukuni bayyana "yawan damuwa" game da muhimman tasirin yawan ƙarin girma a kan dogon lokaci dawamamme, ingancin rayuwar da Natural yanayi, musamman albarkatunmu, canjin yanayin, da rabe-raben halittu. Bayan Fage "Yawan Jama'a, Yana da Muhimmanci" zai gudanar da bincike a kan "sauyin yanayi", "makamashi da bukatun", "rabe-raben halittu", da sauran abubuwan muhalli dangane da "yawan lambobin". A kamfen na karfafawa daga cikin size mu yawan da gradual rage don ci matakai. A 2009, "Yawan Jama'a, Yana da Muhimmanci" wallafa wani binciken asserting cewa maganin hana haihuwa aka ba da mafi arha, wajen magance hanyar canjin yanayin. Kungiyar ya furta cewa, da tsaka-tsaki manufofin su ne: ingantattun tanadin da tsarin iyali da jima'i ilimi, mafi ilimi da kuma 'yancin mata, kuma ma'aurata wani aikin "da biyu ko m" yara. Yawan damuwa A ra'ayi na "yawan damuwa" aka gabatar a matsayin da: "a game da kulawa ga mutanen da bukatar da kuma tabbatar da ganin cewa albarkatun suna samuwa ga haɗu da waɗanda bukatun, yanzu, da kuma foreseeable nan gaba." "Idan mutum yawan na duniya ya ci gaba da ƙara a halin yanzu da kudi, a can zai zama wani dakin ko dai daji rai ko daji wurare Amma na yi imani cewa daga baya jima ko mutum zai koya na rage yawaitar mutane da. Sa'an nan kuma zai kasance yafi damuwa da ganiya maimakon m, quality, maimakon yawa, kuma za su mai da bukatar a kansa ga lamba da jeji da kuma namun halitta." Peter Scott kafa na World Wide Fund for Nature 1909 1989 Kamfen da kuma tunanin Sun yi alkawalin biyu ko m A "yawan, yana da muhimmanci" '"sun yi alkawalin biyu ko m" himma ne na son rai jingina su da "biyu ko m" yara. yana da "babbar muhalli yanke shawara za ka taba yi". Four dalilai suna kawo sunayensu domin zabar zuwa da karami iyali: "Gender ãdalci Quality rai Quality of wa iyaye Quality na yarantaka. Tarihin Kungiyar da ke sa rubutu ta Birtaniya magabata: A "Malthusian League" (1877); A "Simon Population Trust" (1957); A "kiyayewa Society" (1966) da kuma "Population damuwa" (1974). A ganiya Population Trust aka kafa a 1991 by Dauda Willey da sauransu. "An impelled da aiki da gazawar da gwamnatoci Birtaniya amsa jerin shawarwari game da yawan jama'a da kuma ƙarin girma dawamamme." Kuma sun kasance a raga da tattara, da kuma nazarin disseminate bayani game da masu girma dabam na duniya da kuma na kasa da kuma yawan mahaɗi a wannan zuwa nazarin dauke capacities da kuma mazaunan 'ingancin rayuwa domin ya goyi bayan manufofin yanke shawara. Kungiyar tattalin bincike da kuma lobbied a kan al'amurra shafi yawan ƙarin girma, ciki har da jindadin, ilimi, aikin likita wadata, yawan tsufa, shige da fice da kuma yanayi. Har ila yau, lobbied na cin gaba da muhalli campaigners a kan bukatar kunsa yawan al'amurra a cikin tunaninmu. Kungiyar da aka sanya a kan halin kyautatawa 9 May 2006. Sunan "Population Matters" da aka soma a cikin Fabrairu 2011 m bin sake duba zabi, ta hanyar gudanar da bincike gare members, patrons da kuma jama'a. Hanyoyin waje Official website Roger Martin on BBC "Hard-talk" Labarai Letter zuwa Sabuwar masana kimiya daga David Willey (Subscription kawai) Guardian article: Jama'a kama Independent article: yawaitar mutane shi ne babban barazana ga duniya tangarahu article: Birtaniya iya jure wa jama'a, ya ce binciken New Statesman article: Planet yi obalodi Times article: Dauda ya zama majiɓinci, Attenborough na ganiya Population Trust Times article: Samun manyan iyalai ne 'Eco-aikata laifukan' The InterAcademy Panel Statement on Population Girmancin wasu Ten Million Club: overpopulationawareness.org worldpopulationday.org

13681

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella%20Obasanjo

Stella Obasanjo

Stella Obasanjo (An haife ta14 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1945 ta mutu 23 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2005) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Najeriya daga shekara ta alif 1999 har zuwa rasuwarta. ta kasan ce matar tsohon shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo, duk da cewa ba ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban kasa ba a shekarar 1976, lokacin da Obasanjo ya fara shugabancin mulkin soja. Ta mutu yayin da ake kan yi mata tiyata na zaɓewar liposuction a ƙasar waje. Stella Obasanjo ta kasance mai fafutukar siyasa a cikin 'yancin kanta, tana goyon bayan irin abubuwa kamar' yantar da mata, matasa a matsayinsu na shugabannin gobe, da kuma farfado da Najeriya mai fama da yaki. Bayan Fage Stella Obasanjo ta fito ne daga Iruekpen, Esan West, jihar Edo Mahaifinta, Dr. Christopher Abebe, shi ne shugaban Kamfanin Nahiyar Afirka (UAC) wanda ya zama shugaba daga cikin 'yan asalin Afirka a UAC na farko na UAC Nigeria Mahaifiyarta, Therasa, ta kammala karatun ta a Kwalejin Pitman, London. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Stella Abebe ta fara karatunta ne a Uwargidanmu ta Primary School. Ta yi rajista a Kwalejin St. Theresa, inda ta samu takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a shekarar 1964 tare da aji na daya. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta sami takardar shaidar makarantar sakandare. An shigar da ita a Jami’ar Ife (yanzu Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo Ile-Ife, don yin karatun digiri a harshen Ingilishi, inda ta halarci daga shekarar 1967 zuwa 1969. A shekarar 1969, ta koma Burtaniya don kammala karatun ta, a wannan karon, cikin inshora, a London da Edinburgh, Scotland, daga shekarar 1970 zuwa shekarar 1974. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> Ta kammala karatun nata tare da takardar sheda a matsayin sakatariyar sirri daga Kwalejin Pitman a shekarar 1976. Ta dawo Najeriya ne a 1976 kuma jim kadan bayan ta auri Janar Obasanjo, wacce ta zama Shugaban Kasa kuma Kwamandan Sojojin Rundunar Sojojin Najeriya bayan kisan Janar Murtala Mohammed. Sa'ad da ta zama Najeriya ta First Lady a shekarar 1999, bayan da zaben mijinta a matsayin shugaban kasa, Obasanjo ya kafa Child Care Trust, domin kula da galihu, kuma ko naƙasasshe yara. <span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2009)">Lissafi da ake bukata</span> A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa na Najeriya, ta shiga cikin Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Mace, kuma a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2003, ta baiyana a matsayin ranar Tunawa da Yarda da Zaman Juna a Kasa Masu aiko da rahotanni sun ce Orobosa Omo-Ojo, mai buga littafin nan na Midwest Herald a Legas, an kama shi ne bisa umarnin Stella Obasanjo a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2005 kuma aka kai shi gidan yarin Akure Labarin wanda aka ba shi ya sa labarin wanda satin da ya gabata game da ita, ya yi taken "Greedy Stella". Mutuwa Stella Obasanjo died a few weeks before her 60th birthday from complications of cosmetic surgery at a private health clinic in Puerto Banús, Marbella, Spain, on 23 October 2005. The surgeon, identified only as "AM" in court, was sentenced to one year of imprisonment in September 2009 on a charge of "causing homicide through negligence", disqualified from medicine for a period of three years and ordered to pay €120,000 (approximately US$176,000) in compensation to Stella Obasanjo's son. Prosecutors had requested a two-year jail term and five-year disqualification. A request for compensation for the Nigerian government was also rejected. The physician had misplaced a tube designed for a liposuction procedure into Obasanjo's abdominal cavity. She sustained a punctured colon and lacerated liver and died two days after the surgery. The doctor did not immediately answer his mobile phone when called after performing the operation and reportedly left Obasanjo for four hours. Had she been hospitalised in time, it is thought she might have survived her injuries. Manazarta Haifaffun 1945 Mutuwan

43326

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Musa

Ahmad Musa

Ahmad Musa (an haife shi ne a ranar 14 ga watan October a shekara ta 1992), kwararren dan kwallon Nigeria ne wanda yake buga gaba da gefen hagu a filin kasar Turkish super lig a club din Sivasspor kuma shine Captain din Club din kasar Nageriya Musa ya zama dan Nageriya na farko da yaci kwallo sama da daya a gasar kofin duniya ta FIFA, hakan ya samo asali ne bayan cin kasar Argentina kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2014 Musa kuma shine dan Nageriya na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyu a gasar kofin duniya ta FIFA bayan yaci Iceland kwallaye har sau biyu a matakin grup na shekarar, 2018, yana da fitowa 107, ya kasance dan kwallo dan nageriya dayafi kowa tun watan Nuwanba 201, Musa mamba ne na kungiyar kwallo ta Al-Nassr wadda ta ci gasar kwallo ta Saudiya da Saudi Super Cup duka a shekarar, 2019. Aiki a Club Kaiminsa a Nageriya A shekara ta, 2008 musa ya shiga club JUTH F.C inda ya buga wasanni 18 yaci kwallaye hudu a shekarar biyu daya buga wasanni, An bada shi bashi ga kungiyar kwallo ta kano pillars a shekarrar, 2008 zuwa 2010. Musa ya zama dan wasa mafi anfani ni a kulub din. Musa ya rike tarihin zura kwallaye mafi yawa da aka taba ci a kakar wasa daya a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya har zuwa watan Nuwamba a shekarar, 2011, lokacin Jude Aneke na Kaduna United F.C. ya kafa sabon tarihi na kwallaye 20. VVV-Venlo VVV-Venlo Gyara Musa an canja shi zuwa kulob din VVV-Venlo na Holland a lokacin rani na shekarar, 2010, amma an ci gaba da tafiya saboda yana da shekaru 17 kawai don haka bai cancanci samun ITC ba bisa ga dokokin FIFA na yanzu. Ya cancanci a hukumance ya buga wa VVV-Venlo a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2010 lokacin da a ƙarshe ya cika shekara 18. Kasa da mako guda da isowarsa kulob din, Musa ya fara buga wa kungiyar VVV-Venlo karawa da FC Groningen a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba. Ya fara wasan da VVV-Venlo, an yi masa keta a minti na 50 kuma ya samu bugun fanariti Goal.com ta ƙididdige shi a cikin manyan taurarin ƙwallon ƙafa 100 masu zafi a duniya don kallo a cikin shekarar, 2011, Lolade Adewuyi na Goal.com ya sanya shi cikin jerin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Najeriya Goma na shekarar, 2010 kuma an haɗa shi cikin Jerin IFFHS na mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 140 a duniya. A ranar 8 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2011, Ahmed Musa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta AIT (na kasa). An gudanar da bikin ne a otal din shugaban kasa dake Fatakwal a jihar Ribas. Taron ya samu halartar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC na bana, dan Ghana Asamoah Gyan da manyan jami'an hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ciki har da shugaban kasar Aminu Maigari. A watan Afrilu, darektan kwallon kafa na Venlo Mario Captien ya ce wakilan Tottenham Hotspur sun ziyarci kulob din game da dan wasan, kuma dan wasan Ajax Tijani Babangida ya ce Ajax na son Musa amma za a yanke hukuncin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta, 2011, Musa ya buga takalmin gyare-gyare don nutsar da Feyenoord 3–2 kuma ya kawo karshen duk wani fargabar faduwa ta atomatik daga Eredivisie. A watan Agustan shekarar, 2011, bayan da ya dawo daga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 a shekarar, 2011 a Colombia, Musa ya fara bayyanarsa a kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2011 zuwa 2012 a gida da AFC Ajax kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. A watan Satumba shugaban VVV-Venlo Hai Berden ya bayyana a Eredivisie Live cewa VVV-Venlo ya ki amincewa da tayin Yuro miliyan 10 a minti na karshe na Musa daga Bundesliga. Ba a bayyana sunan kulob din na Bundesliga ba. CSKA Moscow A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta, 2012, Musa ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar CSKA Moscow ta Rasha kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2014 ya zira kwallo ta ta'aziyyar minti na 82 a 5-1 UEFA Champions League a waje da AS. Roma. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2015, Musa ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu da CSKA har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019. Ya gama kakar gasar Premier ta Rasha ta shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016 a matsayin 5th mafi yawan zura kwallaye, ya zama ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai kawai masu shekaru ashirin da uku ko sama da haka don isa adadi biyu don zira kwallaye a cikin kowane yanayi biyu da suka gabata a cikin manyan gasa bakwai na Turai. Leicester City A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2016, Musa ya koma Leicester City kan rikodin kulob din fam miliyan 16.6. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko a kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na shekarar, 2016 wanda aka tashi da ci 4-2. Ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2016 a ranar bude kulob din da ci 2–1 a hannun Hull City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Crystal Palace da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2016. zuwa watan Janairun shekara ta, 2017, Musa har yanzu bai yi rajistar mai taimakawa kulob din ba, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar kusan 0.5 key Passes, 0.3 Crosse da 1.2 nasara dribbles a kowane wasa. Koma CSKA Moscow a haya A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta, 2018, Musa ya koma CSKA Moscow a matsayin aro na sauran kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018. A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 2018, Musa ya koma Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. A cikin watan Oktoba a shekara ta, 2020, Al Nassr ya ba da sanarwar cewa Musa zai tafi. An ruwaito cewa ana sa ran kulob din West Bromwich Albion na Premier zai kammala siyan Ahmed Musa a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta watan Janairu na kakar shekarar, 2020 zuwa 2021. Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane Haifaffun

15946

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joke%20Silva

Joke Silva

Joke Silva, MFR (an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekara ta 1961) ’yar fim ce ta Nijeriya, darekta, kuma’ yar kasuwa. Dalibar da ta kammala karatu a Jami’ar Legas da kuma Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art da ke Landan, ta fara harkar fim ne a farkon shekarar 1990. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta sami babban matsayi, wanda suka fito tare da Colin Firth da Nia Long a fim din Burtaniya da Kanada Kanar Sirrin Mata. A shekara ta 2006, ta lashe "Gwarzuwar Jaruma a Matsayi na Gwarzo" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na biyu saboda rawar da ta taka a gadon mata, da kuma "Gwarzuwar Jaruma a Matsayin Tallafawa" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Fina-Finan a na hiyar Afirka a shekarar 2008 don rawar da ta taka kaka a Farin Ruwa. Silva ya auri jarumi Olu Jacobs. Ma'auratan sun kafa kuma suna aiki da Lufodo Group, wani kamfanin dillancin labarai wanda ya kunshi samar da fina-finai, kadarorin rarrabawa da kuma Lufodo Academy of Performing Arts. Silva shine Daraktan Nazarin a karshen. Ita ce kuma babbar manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwar Jami'ar Jihar Kwara A ranar 29 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2014, Silva samu amincewa a matsayin wani mamba na Order of tarayyar, daya daga Najeriya ta National Daraja, a taron kasa da kasa Center a Abuja. Rayuwar Farko An haifi Silva a cikin Lagos cikin dangin Amaro mai yara huɗu. Mahaifiyarta, Adebimbola Silva, likita ne na farko, ta mutu a watan Yulin shekarar 2015. Mahaifinta lauya ne. Ta halarci kwalejin Holy Child a Legas. A jami'a tana daga cikin kungiyar al'adu wadanda suka hada da marubuciya Bode Osanyin da mawakiya Stella Monye. Silva ta dauki shekara guda daga karatunta, a lokacin ne ta fara aiki a matsayin 'yar fim. Daga nan Silva ya koma Ingila, yana karatun wasan kwaikwayo a Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art a London. Da farko iyayenta sun yi adawa da shawarar Silva na shiga gidan wasan kwaikwayo amma ba da daɗewa ba suka fara tallafa mata, suna farin cikin nasarar da ta samu na aikinta. A lokacin tafiyarta sannu a hankali, ta koma makaranta, tana karatun Turanci a Jami’ar Legas Ayyuka Silva ta yi fice a fina-finai da yawa da shirye-shiryen talabijin a cikin yarukan Ingilishi da Yarbanci. Daya daga cikin matsayinta na farko ita ce a fim din Turanci na shekara ta 1990 Mind Bending A shekarar 1993 ta bayyana a Owulorojo, bi da keta a shekara ta 1995. A cikin shekarar 1998 ta alamar tauraro gaban Colin Firth da Nia Long a Birtaniya-Kanad film Asirin dariya na mata, a cikin abin da ta bayyana Nene. Marubuciya Finola Kerrigan ta lura fiye da yadda Silva ya yi fice a matsayin fitacciyar 'yar fim a masana'antar fim ta Nijeriya bayan ambaton rawar da ta taka. [10] A cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ta fara fitowa a gaban Bimbo Akintola a cikin Ci gaba da Imani Daga baya Akintola ya ambaci Silva, wanda take kira da "Aunty Joke", a matsayin babban tasirin aiki, inda ta kara da cewa, "Silva ta yi abubuwa da yawa, amma ba ma game da abubuwan da ta yi ba ne, game da abubuwan da ba ta ankara ba ne cewa tayi Hakanan a cikin shekara ta 2002, Silva ya shirya tare kuma ya fito a cikin The Kingmaker tare da Olu Jacobs [12] Wannan ya biyo bayan matsayi a cikin hotuna kamar Matar Miji (2003), Shylock (2004), da kuma Aikin da Ya Zo Ya Taɓa (2004). Nasara mai mahimmanci (2006-present) A shekarar 2006, an ba Silva lambar yabo "Kyakkyawar 'Yar wasa a Gaban Matsayi" a bikin ba da lambar yabo ta Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka karo na 2 saboda rawar da ta taka a gadon mata Daga baya a waccan shekarar, Silva ya yi rawar gani a gaban Genevieve Nnaji a wasan kwaikwayo na Mildred Okwo na Kwanaki 30, wanda ya sami takara 10 a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka a shekara ta 2008. Ta kuma ruwaito labarin Jeta Amata 'Anglo-Nigerian' na The Amazing Grace, [18] wanda aka harba a Calabar. Masu sharhi sun yaba fim din, kuma an zabi shi ne don bayar da lambar yabo ta African Movie Academy Awards 11. Labarin ya lura da "muryar kamar waka, [wacce] ke ba da hankali ga ayyukan". A cikin shekarar 2007, Silva ta fara wasa a gaban Kate Henshaw-Nuttal, Michael Okon da Fred Essien a cikin Ndubuisi Okoh's Don Soyayya da Riƙe. Silva ta sami kyautuka mafi kyawu a matsayin Jaruma a cikin shekarar 2008 saboda “yadda take nuna tsohuwar kaka” a cikin White Water (2007), duk da cewa ba ta halarci bikin ba don karɓar lambar yabo da kanta. A cikin wata hira ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2008, Silva ta yi da'awar cewa "duk lokacin da ta yi wasa da mugayen halaye a cikin fim, za ta yi addu'a kuma ta yi amfani da Yesu a matsayin 'shinge'. Silva kuma shine mai karɓar lambar yabo ta EMOTAN daga African Independent Television (AIT) da SOLIDRA Award don Kayayyakin Kayayyakin. A cikin shekarar 2011, Silva ta fito tare da Nse Ikpe Etim, Wale Ojo da Lydia Forson a cikin Kunle Afolayan 's Swap mai ban dariya ta Waya Swap. Wanda masu suka suka yaba, kuma daya daga cikin finafinan da ake jira a shekarar, ya samu takara har sau hudu a Gwarzon Kwalejin Fim na Afirka karo na 8, gami da gabatarwa ga Fim din Najeriyar Mafi Kyawu Hakanan ya sami lambar yabo don Nasarori a cikin Designirƙirar Samarwa. A cikin shekara ta 2013, Silva ta hau fage don bayyana a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Thespian Family Theater da Production wanda yake nuna "Mad King na Ijudiya" a zauren Agip na Muson Centre na Legas a lokacin Kirsimeti. An nuna nunin biyu a 3 maraice da 6 a ranar 21, 22, 28 da 29 ga Disamba, wanda Vanguard ta bayyana a matsayin "tatsuniyoyin almara na gargajiya, raye-raye da kade-kade na gargajiya wadanda ke daukar masu sauraro zuwa wani kauye na Afirka". Ambasada na fatan alheri na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2012, Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya nada Joke Silva a matsayin jakadiya ta fatan alheri. Dangane da manufofin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na neman fitattun mutane a fannonin fasaha, kide-kide, fina-finai, wasanni da wallafe-wallafe don taimaka wa yakin neman zabensu, rawar da Silva ta taka a kan shigar ta cikin yaki da fataucin mutane a Najeriya. Aikin yaki da fataucin mutane na daga cikin kamfen din "Ni Ba Na da Kima", wanda shi ma ya samu tallafi daga hukumomin Najeriya. Nadin Silva ya kasance na tsawon shekaru uku. Rayuwar mutum Silva ya auri fitaccen jarumi Olu Jacobs kuma yana da yara biyu. Ma'auratan sun hadu a shekarar 1981 a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa, Lagos yayin bikin cika shekaru 21 da samun 'yancin kai. Silva ita ce Daraktar Nazari a Makarantar Koyon Aikin Lufodo, yayin da mijinta ke shugabancin makarantar. Kwalejin Lufodo tana ɗaya daga cikin kadarorin da ma'auratan suka mallaka a matsayin ɓangare na rukunin Lufodo, gami da Lufodo Production, Lufodo Consult, da Lufodo Distribution. Silva ya sami kulawa ga Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) a gidan wasan kwaikwayo, Fim, Documentary da Shayari da Gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012, sannan kuma shi ne babban manajan darakta na Malete Film Village, tare da haɗin gwiwa da Jami'ar Jihar Kwara. Baya ga aikinta na 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, Silva mai taimakon jama'a ne kuma mai matukar goyon bayan kwato' yancin mata da karfafa mata, tana bayar da gudummawa ga iliminsu, horo da ci gaban su. A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2014, an girmama Silva a matsayin memba na Umurnin Tarayyar, ɗayan girmamawa ta ƙasa a Nijeriya, a Cibiyar Taro ta Duniya a Abuja. A watan Satumbar shekarar 2016, an bayyana ta a matsayin jakadiyar alama ta AIICO Pension Managers Limited (APML). Filmography da aka zaba Dariyar Mata (1999) Bikin arshe (2004) Kwanaki 30 (2006) Eewo Orisa (2007) Sirrin Diamonds a cikin Sky (2018) Otal din Royal Hibiscus (2017) Duba kuma Jerin mutanen Yarbawa Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗin waje Joke Silva on IMDb Joke Silva at the TCM Movie Database Mata Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Senegal

Sauyin yanayi a Senegal

Canjin yanayi a Senegal zai sami tasiri mai yawa a fannoni da yawa na rayuwa a Venezuela. Canjin yanayi zai haifar da ƙaruwar matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yammacin Afirka da tsakanin 1.5 da 4 C (3 F da 7 °F) a tsakiyar karni, dangi ga shekarar 1986 zuwa 2005. Tsakiya na ruwan sama ya na nuna raguwar ruwan kasa gaba ɗaya da ke ƙaruwa a cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a kan Shahel. Ana sa ran matakin teku zai tashi da sauri a Yammacin Afirka fiye da matsakaicin duniya. Kodayake Senegal a halin yanzu ba babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga hayakin gas na duniya ba, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu rauni ga canjin yanayi. Babban fari yana shafar noma, kuma yana haifar da rashin tsaro na abinci da aiki Fiye da kashi 70% na yawan jama'a suna aiki a bangaren noma. Ana sa ran hauhawar matakin teku da kuma haifar da rushewar bakin teku zai haifar da mummunar lalacewar kayan aikin bakin tekun kuma ya kawar da yawancin mutanen da ke zaune a yankunan bakin osimiri. Canjin yanayi kuma yana da damar kara lalacewar ƙasa wanda zai iya kara yawan hamada a gabashin Senegal, wanda ke haifar da faɗaɗ a Sahara. Manufofin daidaita canjin yanayi da tsare-tsaren suna da mahimmanci don taimakawa Senegal shiryawa da daidaitawa. A shekara ta 2006, Senegal ta gabatar da Shirin Ayyuka na Kasa (NAPA) ga Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Canjin Yanayi NAPA ta gano albarkatun ruwa, noma, da yankunan bakin teku a matsayin bangarorin da suka fi fama da rauni a kasar. A cikin shekara ta 2015, Senegal ta fitar da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara a cikin ƙasa (INDC's) wanda ya nuna cewa za a bi da canjin yanayi a matsayin fifiko na ƙasa. Rashin iskar gas Senegal a halin yanzu ba babbar mai ba da gudummawa ga hayakin gas na duniya ba. Kasar tana ba da gudummawa ƙasa da tan ɗaya na CO2 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara (idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na sama da ton 6 ga kowace mutum, kuma ta sanya 150 a cikin jerin ƙasashe ta hanyar fitar da CO2. Koyaya, tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe masu saukin kamuwa da canjin yanayi. Amfani da makamashi Yawancin makamashi a Senegal ana samar da su ne daga man fetur, galibi dizal da gas. Wani karamin bangare na makamashi na Senegal ya fito ne daga makaman sabuntawa, kamar madatsar ruwan Manantali a Mali da sabon gonar iska a Thiès. Samar da man fetur A tarihi, Senegal ba babbar mai samar da man fetur ba ce amma muhimman abubuwan da aka gano a cikin iskar gas, sun haifar da karuwar samarwa. Tasirin yanayi Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi Ana sa ran sauyin yanayi zai shafi Yammacin Afirka wanda ya haifar da hauhawar yanayin zafi, raguwar ruwan sama, karuwar hadari da karuwa na teku. Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a yammacin Afirka ana sa ran zai karu da tsakanin 1.5 da 4 C (34.7 da 39.2 F) a tsakiyar karni, dangi da 1986 zuwa 2005. Tsinkaya na ruwan sama yana nuna raguwar ruwan kasa gaba ɗaya da karuwa a cikin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a kan Sahel. Hawan matakin teku Ana sa ran matakin teku zai tashi da sauri a Yammacin Afirka sannan matsakaicin duniya. Ma'adanai na ruwa Babban albarkatun ruwa a Senegal sun dogara da ruwan sama. Rashin ruwan sama da karuwar canji saboda canjin yanayi zai iya rage yawan caji na ruwa. Manyan cibiyoyin jama'a sun riga sun fahimci shigar ruwan gishiri a cikin ruwa da ƙasa mai noma. Hawan matakin teku da raguwar ruwan sama zai kara matsalolin salinity. Yayin da ƙarin ruwan gishiri ya faru, wannan zai yi barazanar kifin kifi a kasar. Tsarin halittu Haɗin karuwar zafin jiki da raguwar ruwan sama zai iya ƙara hamada a gabashin Senegal, wanda zai haifar da fadada Sahara. Tasirin da aka yi wa mutane Tasirin Tattalin Arziki Aikin noma Kamar a wasu sassan Yammacin Afirka, ana sa ran matsanancin yanayi da ake tsammani ciki har da fari mai tsanani a yankin Sahel zai yi tasiri sosai ga tsaro na abinci da amfanin gona. Canjin yanayi na iya haifar da raguwar amfanin gona, gami da sorghum da millet, yana sanya matsin lamba a kan hanyoyin rayuwa na karkara tunda aikin gona yana daukar kusan 70% na yawan mutanen Senegal. Misali, wasu tsinkaye sun nuna cewa tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa 2009 akwai raguwar 10 -20% a cikin millet da raguwa 5 15% a sakamakon amfanin sorghum saboda canjin yanayi. Canjin sauyin yanayi don millet da sorghum sun haɗa da zaɓuɓɓuka kamar ƙara haƙuri na amfanin gona zuwa yanayin zafi mai girma a lokacin fure da ƙara buƙatun lokacin zafi. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin kiwon dabbobi, waɗanda suka haɗa da kusan mutane miliyan 2.5 a yankin Sahel, za su sami mummunar tasiri, saboda bambancin yanayi zai haifar da karuwar kiwo, matsin lamba akan samar da ruwa, da kuma tasirin da ya biyo baya akan tattalin arzikin al-ummomi na kifi. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2017, matsin lamba a kan ƙasashe ya haifar da karuwar buƙatun abinci na dabbobi, wanda ya sa farashin ya tashi kuma manoma su sayar da manyan garken su. Tasirin gidaje Ana sa ran hauhawar matakin teku zai kawar da yawancin mutanen Senegal. Kusan kashi 70% na yawan jama'a suna zaune a yankunan bakin teku. Gwamnati ta riga ta motsa al'ummomi a yankunan da ke da haɗarin ambaliyar ruwa. Bugu da ƙari kusan 90% na masana'antu a Senegal suna cikin wannan yankin bakin teku. Abubuwan da suka faru na matsanancin yanayi da ambaliyar ruwa na bakin teku na iya sanya waɗannan manyan cibiyoyin tattalin arziki cikin haɗari. Ragewa da daidaitawa Manufofin da dokoki A shekara ta 2006, Senegal ta fara Shirin Gudanar da Ayyuka na Kasa (NAPA) a matsayin wani ɓangare na mafi girma don ƙirƙirar Shirye-shiryen Gudana na Ƙasa. An nada kwamitin kasa kan canjin yanayi ta hanyar digiri na shugaban kasa don tallafawa shirin. Bugu da ƙari, akwai Asusun Yanayi wanda kayan aiki ne na kudaden yanayi. Haɗin kai na kasa da kasa A cikin shekara ta 2015, Senegal ta fitar da gudummawar da aka ƙayyade ta ƙasa (NDC) wanda ya nuna cewa za a bi da canjin yanayi a matsayin fifiko na ƙasa. Jama'a da al'adu Yunkurin fafutuka A lokaci guda da waɗannan manufofi ke wurin, akwai shaidar cewa ba a cika su ba. Misali, wani labarin a cikin The Nation da ya mayar da hankali kan adalci na yanayi ya bayyana yadda aka gina shirin wutar lantarki a Bargny, Senegal, shafin da gwamnati ta gano a matsayin wurin ƙaura ga al'ummomin da suka ƙauka ta hanyar hauhawar matakin teku. Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21427

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Fur

Mutanen Fur

Fur Fur fòòrà, Larabci Fūr ƙabila ce wacce galibi ke zaune a yammacin Sudan Sun fi karkata ne a yankin Darfur, inda su ne mafiya yawan kabilu. Suna magana da yaren Fur, wanda ke cikin dangin Nilo-Saharan Bayani Fur ɗin su ne mafi yawan ƙabilu a yankin Darfur na yammacin Sudan Hakanan wasu lokuta ana kiran su da suna Fora, Fordunga, Furawi, Konjara, ko Kungara. Mutane ne masu aikin gona kuma suna iya yin kiwon shanu. Wasu dangin Fur wadanda suka tara garken shanu sun bunkasa salon makiyaya kamar na makwabtansu makiyaya, Larabawan Baqqara (Baggara) A al'adance, Fur ɗin nan na kiwon shanu yanzu ana ɗaukarsa Baqqara ne. Fur din sunaye ne musulmai mabiya Sunni wadanda ke bin mazhabar Maliki ta shari'ar Musulunci Su ne a yammacin kasar Sudan mutane da suke binsa sedentary herding da kuma aikin gona, yafi namo gero Al'ummarsu ta gargajiya ce wacce dattawan ƙauye ke mulki. Suna magana da Fur, wani yare ne na Sahara, kuma musulmai ne, sun karɓi addinin ne bayan mamayar yankin da masarautar Kanem-Bornu ta yi a lokacin Tsararru Wasu daga cikinsu sun zo yin magana da Larabci a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Suna Sunan Darfur ya fito ne daga sunan wannan ƙabilar kuma yana nufin "gidan Fur". Mafi yawan sanannun gwamnonin Darfur kamar su Deriage da Tegani Seisei membobin Fur ne. Fur ɗin ya kafa masarautar Darfur mai tarihi wacce take mulkin Darfur har zuwa 1916 (duba Tarihin Darfur Abdul Wahid al Nur, jagora a cikin Fur, kafa ƙungiyar 'Yancin Sudan da Sojoji. Wani shugaba na Fur, shine Ahmed Abdelshafi (Toba). Ƙasar gargajiyar Fur ita ce yankin tsaunuka kewaye da Jebel Sî da Jebel Marra Wadi Salih da Zaligi; a yau, duk da haka kuma galibinsu suna zaune ne a ƙasan ƙasar yamma da kudu maso yamma na wannan yankin, tsakanin 11-14 N da 23-26 E. Wasu Somean Fur suna zaune a ƙetaren Chadi, yawancinsu 'yan gudun hijira ne Rayuwar Furs ta haifar da rikici da Baggara mai kiwo, makiyaya masu kiwo na yankin, game da samun ruwa da wurin kiwo, musamman a tsaunukan tsakiyar Jebel Marra na Darfur inda za a sami mafi kyaun kasar noma. Wannan shi ne tushen rikice-rikicen kabilanci tsawon shekaru, har ya zuwa rikicin Darfur wanda ya fara a 2003. Da yawa daga cikin kabilun Fur an kashe su a yakin ƙabilanci yayin da kabilun Mahria da Terjem suka raba kasar da suka ci da yaki daga Fur ɗin, a cewar wani rahoto na New York Times na ranar 3 ga Satumbar 2007 inda ya ambaci jami'an Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da waɗanda suka tsira daga Fur. Harshe Fur ɗin suna magana da yaren Fur, wanda dangin Nilo-Saharan ne. Suna kuma yin magana da Larabci a matsayin harshen yare. Babu rubutaccen rubutu ko alamar alama don yaren Fur. Kwanan nan suna amfani da haruffan larabci ko Latin don sanya yaren a rubuce. Yawancin mutanen Fur suna magana da kyau Fur kamar harshensu na asali. Gaisuwa ta gama gari sun haɗa da: Avilakoa Barka da Safiya Avilakonu Barka da yamma Sau da yawa ana amfani da ganga mai nauyi yayin yin jawabai da sauran adiresoshin jama'a. Zane-zane Hannun fasaha Mutanen Fur suna yin abin hannunsu da kayan aikin hannu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da talak, wanda ake amfani da shi don tsabtace tukwane talak yana kama da soso); birish, wanda shine shimfiɗar zama; da gada, wanda farantin katako ne ko kwano da ake amfani da shi don mahimman lokuta. Kiɗa, labarai da nishaɗi Daga cikin mutanen Fur, ana ba da labarai don kiyaye yara daga ƙetaren duniya. An tsara waɗannan labaran ne don sa yara kusa da gida. A wasu labaran ana gaya wa yara cewa idan sun fita da safe za su mutu da zafin rana, kuma da daddare sai a ce musu idan sun fita wata dabba da ake kira nyama za ta cinye su. Kiɗan Fur yana da matukar shahara a cikin al'adunsu. Babban kayan kiɗan ne ganguna. Ana yin kiɗan tare da amo mai nauyin gaske wanda ke tare da bikin su. Wasu shahararrun mawaƙqn Fur su ne; Abdalla Kioka da Marium Amo. Gine-gine Wani nau'in gine-gine na yau da kullun a cikin gidaje da gine-gine ana kiran sa laka. Suna haƙa yumɓu daga ƙasa, su fasa shi, su gauraya shi da ruwa, suyi aiki sosai, sannan kuma su haɗa wasu abubuwa kamar bambaro. Yakin zai lulluɓe yayin da yake a jike, an matse shi a kan ma'aunin da aka yi da itace, ko kuma a jefa shi a cikin wasu molts na girma dabam dabam. Lokacin da laka ta bushe a cikin sifar da aka sassaka, aikin ya cika. Ana amfani da wannan fasahar ga mafi yawan gine-gine a Yammacin Sudan kamar gidajen gona, rumbuna, bangon waje, fadoji, har ma da masallatai. Laka tana da kyau wajen ɗaukar zafi, wanda ke da amfani ga dare lokacin sanyi. Koyaya, saboda ƙarancin juriyarsa ga iska da ruwan sama, akwai buƙata koyaushe don gyara gine-gine. Sabili da haka, ginin laka ba shi da amfani saboda taɓarɓarewarta, da canje-canje na al'adu da tasirin ƙasashen waje. Tufafi da fasahar jiki Akwai kamceceniyar tufafin mutanen Fur da na Sudan. Suna saka kaya irin na ƴan Sudan kamar Jalabiya. Jalabiya wata nau'in sutura ce dake rufe dukkan jiki daga sama har ƙasa. Tsarin zamantakewa A cikin tsarin zamantakewar mutanen Fur, ba su da mahimmancin girmama dukiyar su. Shugaban talaka da attajiri jagora na iya zama shugaba. Kwarewar mutum ya ta'allaka ne da ilimin Alqurani Namiji ba ma zai iya yin aure ba idan bai san Alqur'ani ba. Ana yin karatun Alqurani tare da taimakon allon hannu mai kama da abin da aka sani da lohh da kuma zanen katako da ake kira kalam. Ilimin ɗan kabilar Fur na Al-Qur'ani shine yake tantance matsayin su akan matakan shugabancin ƙabilar. Misali, dan kabila dole ne ya san kusan duka littafin don samun matsayi a matsayin sarki. Hakanan mutanen Fur suna da sana'o'in kansu na nishaɗi. Waɗannan sun haɗa da wasannin raye-raye kamar “ALLE” (duka-eh) da kayan wasa kamar Burajei. Burajei wani ƙaramin abin wasa ne mai kama da 'yar tsana da aka yi daga bayan raƙumi Ana ɗaure shi da igiya kuma ana sakar da ƙaya. Halin jama'a Yayin saduwa da juna, mace da miji suna da halaye na girmamawa daban-daban. Mace dole ne ta durƙusa a gaban namiji kuma namiji dole ne ya rage saurinsa. Hakanan jinsi daban-daban na iya rawa tare amma an hana su taɓa ko zama tare da juna sai dai idan dangi ne. Maza da mata yawanci suna yin aure a lokacin ƙuruciyarsu zuwa farkon shekarunsu na ashirin. Ango da matar za su sadu da juna kuma su san game da su, abubuwan da suka yi da sauran mahimman halayen. Idan komai ya tafi daidai zasu ci gaba da zaman aure. Matsayin maza da mata Mutanen suna da sunan iyali. Suna aiki don kawo kuɗi ga dangi kuma suna da alhakin duk mahimman shawarwari masu alaƙa da dangi, kamar kuɗi da aure. Matan suna samun ruwa, suna shirya abinci suna kuma tabbatar da tsaftar gida. 'Ya'ya mata kan taimaka wa iyayensu mata, su shayar da shanu su zauna a gida. 'Ya'yan baya da garken shanu tare da shanun gida. Idan ɗayan waɗannan ɓarna biyu ɗin sun yi daidai da irin hukuncin da dattijan ya musu. Hakanan, rashin girmamawa ne kallon balagagge a idanun. Cin abinci Sudan sananniya ce sosai saboda kofi na Guhwah da aka yi amfani da shi daga jebena, tukunyar Sudan ta musamman. Ana soyayyen wake na kofi a cikin wannan tukunyar akan gawayi, sannan a niƙa shi da albasa da sauran kayan ƙanshi. Filaye suna steeped a cikin ruwan zafi da kuma kofi yana bauta a kankanin kofuna bayan ƙagauta shi ta hanyar wani ciyawa sieve Tea ko chai shima yana da matukar shahara kuma ana amfani dashi a ƙananan gilashi ba tare da madara ba. Wasu abubuwan sha da ake morewa a wuraren da ba na musulinci ba sune Aragi, wata tsayayyiyar ruhu da aka yi daga dabino, merissa, nau'in giya da tedj, ko ruwan inabi, da aka yi da dabino ko zuma. Kayan abinci na Sudan ya bambanta da al'adunsa, musamman a kudu, amma yana da wasu halaye na musamman. Gero da wawa medamas, abinci mai ɗanɗano na wake wake, sune shahararren abincin karin kumallo a arewa. Ana cin naman rago da kaza, amma naman alade haramun ne ga al'ummar Musulmi. Alkama da dawawan dawa shine abincin da ake ci. Gurasar sun haɗa da Arabi khubz, da kisra, irin na fure mai kama da omelet wanda wani bangare ne na abincin dare na Sudan. Maschi, naman sa da na tumatir, shima iri ne. 'Ya'yan itacen suna ɓoye don kayan zaki kuma abin da aka fi so shi ne caramel. A kudanci, ana ba da abincin dare a kan tebur gajere. Zai yiwu a sami abinci guda biyar ko shida don tsoma su tare da manyan burodi na waina. Wadannan abincin suna tare da salatin da shata, gaurayayyen kayan yaji mai zafi wanda aka yi amfani da shi a ƙananan abinci. Bayan cin abinci, ana ba da kayan zaki, sannan shayi. A wasu lokuta na musamman ana iya kunna turare. Tsarin ibada na da muhimmanci a Sudan. Tattalin arziƙi Mutanen Fur suna da iyali iri-iri. Porundia, ko dangin nukiliya, nau'ine na yau da kullun. Suna da yara 2 ko fiye. A cikin dangin Fur na al'ada za'a kula da iyayen ango da matar har su mutu. A cikin auren Fur, mahaifin ango ya je wurin mahaifin amarya ya nemi izinin ɗansa ya yi aure. Mahaifin amarya baya ba da amsa nan take, amma sai ya nemi ra'ayin ƙauyen. Idan kowa ya yarda, mahaifin amarya ya karba. Duk garin sun hallara domin sanarwa daurin auren, kuma an fara shirye-shirye. Sannan za'a fara aure a gidan ango. Liman yana karanta kalmomi daga Alqurani Ango da amarya sun rike hannu a wannan lokacin. Bayan bikin aure, dangi da baƙi suna cin abincin rana, sannan su fara raye raye mai suna firalubia. Daga nan sai a kai amarya da ango gidan amarya kuma a basu abinci yayin da kowa ke cewa barka da warhaka (mabrouk a larabci). Cibiyoyi Addinin Islama shine babban addini a tsakanin mutanen Fur, kodayake wasu har yanzu suna yin addininsu. Makarantun da ake kira (Kalwa) a wannan yankin suna koyar da Al-Qur'ani Karatun suna farawa daga shekaru 6-7 kuma suna ci gaba da koyon Al-Qur'ani (duk da cewa ba gaba ɗaya suke a makaranta ba) har ƙarshen rayuwarsu. Hakanan ana yin karatun al'ada ma yau da kullum a cikin waɗannan makarantun. Babban sana'a anan shine noma. Mutanen Fur sune kyawawan manoma. Suna girma da girbin alkama, ganye, kayan yaji, da sauransu. Arziƙi bashi da mahimmanci ga mutanen Fur. Ilminsa kawai na Alqur'ani ne kawai yake tantance girmansa. Tarihi Mutanen Fur sun fito ne daga kudancin Afirka, musamman Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya zuwa arewa maso yammacin Sudan, inda suka zauna a Darfur. Suna da sultanates 36. Har ila yau Fur din yana daya daga cikin mutanen farko daga wasu kabilun kasar da aka zaba don gina katangar bango da masallacin da ke kewaye da Ka'aba Haka kuma, sun sami nasarar isar da sakonnin taimako na kowace shekara zuwa Makka. Halin siyasa Har zuwa 1916, masarautar Fur tana karkashin wata masarauta ce mai zaman kanta kuma tana da ma'anar siyasa ga al'ummomin Chadi. Kodayake daular da ke mulki kafin wannan lokacin, da kuma talakawa, sun daɗe suna Musulmi amma ba a ba su larabawa ba Yanzu sun shiga cikin tsarin siyasar Sudan. Fur ɗin ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga karni na 17. Bayan sake neman Burtaniya a cikin 1899, Birtaniyyayan ta amince da sake kafa Fur Sultanate, wanda Ali Dinar ya dauka lokacin da ƙungiyar Mahdisiyya ta ruguje. Tawayen Mahdisiyya sun ci gaba da ɓarkewa a Sudan har zuwa 1916. An yanke shawarar faduwar Darfur ne lokacin da Ali Dinar ya bayyana biyayya ga Daular Usmaniyya a yakin duniya na daya Turawan Burtaniya sun dakatar da Fur Sultanate a cikin 1916 bayan Dinar ya mutu a yaƙi. A yakin duniya na ɗaya Darfur yayi wani yunkuri na neman ‘yencin kai ta hanyar hada kai da Turkiyya don yakar Turawan Ingila. Turawan ingila sun mamaye yankin Darfur a shekarar 1916, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya kasance wani ɓangare na kasar Sudan. Tun daga shekarun 1970, yankin na Darfur ya sha fama da sakamakon yakin arewacin larabawa da aka gurfanar a kudu kan kabilun Kudancin da ke son ballewa daga Sudan. Yaƙi ne ya zama silar farko a fewan shekarun da suka gabata na yankin Darfur. Yaƙin basasa ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 20 har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20. Wani sabon rikici ya barke a 2003, wanda ya hada da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa da ake kira Janjaweed suna kaiwa kauyukan mutanen Afirka hari ta wani kauye a wani yakin ta'addanci, wanda rahotanni ke cewa sojojin Sudan suna goyon baya. Halittar jini Nazarin alamun alamomin gargajiya ta Tay da Saha (1988) sun gano cewa Fur din suna da kusanci sosai da Hawazma na Sudan. Dukansu alƙarya da gene mitoci tsaka-tsaki tsakanin waɗanda na Afro-Asiatic -speaking Beja, Gaalin kuma Gulf Arab alƙarya da waɗanda na gida Nilo-Saharan Nuba da Nilotes A cewar Hassan et al. (2008), kusan 59.4% na Fur sune masu ɗaukar Epb1b haplogroup na uba. Daga cikin waɗannan, kashi 68.4% suna ɗaukar ƙaramin ƙaramar V32. Kusan 6.3% kuma suna cikin ƙungiyar Jp Wannan yana nuni ne ga mahimmin kywayar halittar uba daga maƙwabtan Afro-Asiatic -speaking. Sauran mutanen Fur sune masu jigilar jigilar A3b2 (31.3%), wanda maimakon haka ya zama ruwan dare tsakanin Nilotes. Ta ɓangaren mahaifa, Fur din gaba daya na cikin kasashen Afrika ne wadanda suka hada da macrohaplogroup L a cewar Hassan (2010). Daga cikin waɗannan maganganun mtDNA, layin L0a1 (15.3%) da L1c (11.5%) sun fi yawa. Wannan gabaɗaya yana nuna cewa shigarwar kwayar halitta cikin yawancin kakannin Fur ba ta da asali, wanda ke faruwa da farko ta hanyar maza masu magana da harshen Afro-Asiatic maimakon mata. Manazarta Mutanen Chadi Mutanen Afirka Al'umma Al'ummomi Larabawan Chadi Larabawa Kabila Kabilun Larabawa Pages with unreviewed

30085

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy%20Barley

Ivy Barley

Articles with hCards Ivy Barley 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Ghana, manajan shirye-shirye, mai fafutuka kuma mahaliccin abun ciki. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Developers in Vogue, kungiyar da ke share fagen samar da karin matan Afirka samun damammaki a masana'antar kere-kere. A cikin Janairu 2022, GhanaWeb ya fito da Sha'ir a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 3 'Mata a cikin Tech' 'yan Ghana suna samun ci gaba a fagen haɗin gwiwar duniya. A cikin 2017 da 2019, an jera sha'ir a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Manyan Matasa 50 Mafi Tasiri a Ghana ta Avance Media. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife Barley a garin Accra na kasar Ghana, inda ta shafe mafi yawan yarinta. Ta yi karatun sakandare a Aburi Girls Senior High School, bayan ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin Kimiyyar Aiki a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah. Bayan kammala karatunta na farko, ta sami digiri na biyu (MPhil.) a fannin ilimin lissafi a jami'a guda kuma ta kammala a 2017. Aiki Barley a halin yanzu tana aiki a matsayin Manajan Shirye-shiryen Fasaha akan ƙungiyar Buɗaɗɗen Ilimin Ilmi (OEA) a Microsoft, wanda buɗaɗɗen shiri ne wanda ke haɗin gwiwa tare da tsarin ilimi a duk faɗin duniya don haɓaka ƙwarewar bayanan zamani. OEA cikakken tsarin haɗin gwiwar bayanai ne mai buɗewa da tsarin nazari don sashin ilimi da aka gina akan Azure Synapse tare da Azure Data Lake Storage azaman kashin baya na ajiya, Azure Active Directory yana ba da ikon amfani da tushen rawar, da Azure Purview don gano bayanai da gudanar da mulki. Kafin ta shiga Microsoft a cikin 2020, Barley ta fara da haɓaka masu haɓakawa a cikin Vogue a matsayin Shugaba. Saboda sha'awarta na tallafawa matan Afirka a fannin fasaha, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan fasahar dijital da ilimi a Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ), inda ta kasance mai kula da ƙira gabaɗaya, tsari da aiwatar da ayyukan fasaha na dijital kamar. horar da mata a sassa na yau da kullun na Ghana don taimaka musu su yi amfani da fasaha don haɓaka kasuwancinsu da haɓaka haɓakarsu ta amfani da kayan aikin dijital da shirin eSkills4Girls don haɓaka sana'o'in fasaha a tsakanin mata da 'yan matan Afirka. A watan Disamba 2018, re:publica ta zo Afirka a karon farko, kuma ta kasance mai kula da tsarawa, aiwatarwa da kuma daidaita mata daban-daban a ayyukan fasaha a madadin GIZ a lokacin re:publica Accra. Barley ta kasance wani ɓangare na Global Shaper Community a Accra, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin ƙungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki a Taron Tattalin Arziki na Duniya tsakanin 2017 da 2019 da Yunus da Matasa Fellow. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar koyarwa a fannin lissafi, kididdiga, Physics da shirye-shiryen kwamfuta a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka da ke Ghana da kuma Mataimakiyar Bincike da Koyarwa a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah, inda ta taimaka da Nazarin Regression, Kididdigar Lissafi, Hannun Ƙididdiga. don Haɓaka Tsari da Ƙididdigar Halittu. Dan kasuwan zamantakewa Barley ita ce wacce ta kafa Developers in Vogue, kungiyar da ke ba da horo, jagoranci da kuma sanya ayyukan yi ga matan Afirka a fannin fasaha. An gane tasirin Developers in Vogue akan dandamali na kasa da kasa ciki har da IFC Sustainability Exchange: Invest for Tomorrow, Taron Women20 a Berlin, Jamus wanda Chancellor Angela Merkel ta halarta da ITU International Girls in ICT Day. Har ila yau, an nuna tasirin Ivy a Developers in Vogue a cikin kafofin watsa labaru daban-daban da littattafai ciki har da littafin Mata in Tech na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaban Tarayyar Jamus don ƙarfafa mata da 'yan mata da yawa don shiga cikin STEM da kuma littafin Founding Women don haskakawa. Matan Afirka waɗanda ke bijirewa ƙima don haɓaka kasuwancin da suka yi nasara a fasaha. Tasiri kan Dabarun Dijital Barley tana amfani da dandamali na dijital musamman kafofin watsa labarun, blog ɗinta da wasiƙarta don raba gogewa da haɓaka mata a cikin fasaha. A kan Twitter, ta dauki bakuncin tattaunawar sauti ta hanyar Twitter Spaces da ake kira #SpaceswithIvy inda ta kawo masu magana don raba abubuwan da suka faru, fahimta, albarkatun da dama a cikin masana'antar fasaha. A cikin Janairu 2022, Sha'ir ya ba da sanarwar #100DaysChallenge ga al'ummar fasaha a Afirka don koyan sabbin fasahohin fasaha da raba tafiyarsu a fili akan Twitter. Mutane suna koyon ƙirar UI/UX, injiniyan bayanai, sarrafa samfur, rubutun fasaha, da haɓaka software da sauransu a cikin kwanaki 100. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Disamba 2021 Nasara na Kalubale na Microsoft Global Hackathon 2021 Nuwamba 2021 Wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Tech Entrepreneur Kyautar Ƙirƙirar Mata ta Afirka da Dandalin Kasuwanci (AWIEF) Maris 2020 Ta Don Kyaututtukan Tasirin Jama'a Disamba 2019 Mafi Tasirin Matasa Dan Ghana a Kimiyya da Fasaha Disamba 2019 Manyan Matasan Ghana 50 Mafi Tasiri Nuwamba 2019 F-LANE na Ƙarshe ta Cibiyar Vodafone na Jama'a da Sadarwa Nuwamba 2017 Kwese GoGettaz Gasar Karshe Afrilu 2017 Nasara, gasar eSkills4Girls a Berlin, Jamus Manazarta Rayayyun

45056

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dino%20Visser

Dino Visser

Dino Ben Visser (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yulin, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da tara 1989), ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida a ƙungiyar National League North ta Hereford Ya fara aikinsa da Platinum Stars a ƙasarsa ta haihuwa Afrika ta Kudu, inda ya fara buga gasar Premier a watan Maris na shekarar 2011. An yi la'akari da Visser a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun matasa masu sa ido daga Afirka ta Kudu na ɗan lokaci. Visser ya taka leda a Bloemfontein Celtic, Black Leopards da Polokwane City kuma ya sami lambar yabo lokacin da Bloemfontein Celtic ya lashe Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012 Ya kasance mai tsaron gida na farko na yau da kullum a Santos a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016-2017. Duk da wannan, kulob ɗin da aka relegated daga National First Division Ya koma saman-flight tare da tsohon kulob ɗin Platinum Stars na gaba kakar a matsayin na yau da kullum na farkon-zaɓi Goalkeeper kuma ya kasance kamar yadda irin wannan lokacin da Platinum Stars da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna zuwa Cape Umoya United A cikin watan Yunin 2019, Visser ya yanke shawarar komawa Ingila kuma a ƙarshe ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci a Exeter City Bayan ƙarewar kwantiraginsa ya bar ƙungiyar a maimakon haka ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar gajeriyar lokaci da Crewe Alexandra a watan Maris ɗin 2020. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da Port Vale watanni biyar bayan haka, amma ya bar ƙungiyar bayan ya shafe rabin na biyu na kakar shekarar 2020-2021 yana jin rauni. Ya sanya hannu tare da Hereford a cikin watan Satumbar 2022. Sana'a Afirka ta Kudu Visser ya fara aikinsa tare da Platinum Stars, inda babban kocin Steve Komphela ya bayyana shi da abokinsa Allan Thomas a matsayin "masu tsaron gida masu kyau, masu tasowa masu tasowa". A cikin shekarar 2010, Visser ya buga wa Platinum Stars a wasan sada zumunci da Ingila, a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen su don gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2010 Visser ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Owen Da Gama a ranar 5 ga Maris ɗin 2011, yana mai tsafta da kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasa a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da SuperSport United a filin wasa na Royal Bafokeng a gasar Premier League., tare da mai kula da yau da kullum Tapuwa Kapini dakatar. Wannan zai zama kawai bayyanarsa ga "Dikwena" duk da haka saboda ya ki sanya hannu kan sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekaru uku da kulob ɗin kuma a maimakon haka ya zaɓi ya zama wakili na kyauta a lokacin rani. Ya koma Bloemfontein Celtic kuma ya kasance wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan ƙarshe na Telkom Knockout na shekarar 2012, yayin da Celtic ta doke Mamelodi Sundowns da ci 3-0 a filin wasa na Moses Mabhida An ba da shi aro ga Black Leopards na National First Division na kakar 2013–2014 Ya buga wasanni 16 don taimakawa Kosta Papić 's "Lidoda Duvha" don yin rikodin kammala matsayi na biyu, kodayake sun rasa haɓaka yayin da suka ci gaba da shan kashi a hannun Polokwane City a cikin wasannin motsa jiki; Visser ya shiga wasan ne a minti na 31 wanda ya maye gurbin Jacob Mokhasi, inda Leopards tuni suka zura ƙwallaye biyu a raga, kuma ƙwazon da ya yi sun makara wajen murza wasan. Daga nan Visser ya sanya hannu tare da Polokwane City kuma ya fara a matsayin zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin kocin Boebie Solomons na kakar shekarar 2014-2015 yayin da ɗan wasan Botswana Modiri Marumo ke jiran izinin aiki. Ya buga wa kulob ɗin wasanni 11 ne kawai bayan ya samu sabani da tsarin mallakar kulob ɗin, wanda ya fito ya musanta jita-jitar cewa an sake shi a tsakiyar kakar wasa ta shekarar 2015-2016 Visser ya shiga Santos a cikin watan Agustan 2016. Ya buga wasanni 24 a lokacin kakar shekarar 2016–2017, kodayake "Ƙungiyar Jama'a" za ta koma rukunin SAFA na biyu a matsayi na ƙarshe. Ya koma Platinum Stars a cikin watan Agustan 2017, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, don yin gogayya da Mwenya Chibwe, Steven Hoffman da Mbongeni Mzimela domin neman gurbi a farkon Peter Butler Taurari sun ƙare a mataki na biyu a gasar Premier ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma aka yi waje da su; Visser ya nuna jimlar sau 21, gami da wasa a duk wasannin da aka buga. The Platinum Stars mahaluži da aka sayar da kuma sake masa suna Cape Umoya United, wanda aka yi nufin gabatarwa ƙarƙashin shugaban kocin Roger De Sá Ya fito sau 24 a cikin kamfen na shekarar 2018–2019, kodayake "Masu Ruhi" suna iya sarrafa matakin matsayi na goma kawai. Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

6633

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses%20Simon

Moses Simon

Moses Daddy-Ajala Simon (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995A.c) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar Nantes ta Ligue 1 da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Jos, mahaifinsa yayi aikin sojan Najeriya kafin ya yi ritaya. Simon ya fito ne daga fitacciyar makarantar GBS Academy, makarantar horar da kwallon kafa a Najeriya wacce ta samar da irin su Ahmed Musa. An danganta shi da kulob din Premier League na Najeriya Kaduna United, saboda kwararrun ƙungiyoyi da yawa a duniya suma sun yi sha'awar siyan shi. A ranar 10 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2013, an sanar da cewa Simon ya rattaba hannu a kan wata yarjejeniya ta riga-kafi tare da kulob din AFC Ajax na Holland don shiga cikin horo na pre-season, wanda a baya an danganta shi da Liverpool FC da Tottenham Hotspur. Ya fara bayyanarsa na farko a Ajax a ranar 13 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2013 a wasan sada zumunta na pre-season da De Graafschap, ya zo a matsayin dan wasa mai maye gurbin wani kuma ya zira kwallaye na uku da na karshe a cikin minti na 64th na wasan, a cikin nasara 3-0. Ya kara bayyanar/fitowa a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli, inda ya buga wa kungiyar ajiya ta Jong Ajax a wasan sada zumunta na share fage da Voorschoten '97, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka ci 5-0 a gida. A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2013, an sanar da cewa Ajax ba za ta sanya hannu kan matashin dan Najeriya ba, daga karshe ta yi watsi da shi daga jerin sunayen 'yan wasan na pre-season. Bayan sanarwar an fara tattaunawa tare da AS Trenčín; Ajax kulob din abokin tarayya a Slovakia, wanda tsohon dan wasan Ajax Tschen La Ling ya mallaka. AS Trenčín A ranar 13 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014, Simon ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku a kungiyar Slovak AS Trenčín. Zai haɗu da ɗan ƙasarsa Kingsley Madu. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar liga a kunnen doki 1-1 da MFK Košice wanda ya fara daga hannun dama tare da Gino van Kessel wanda ya kasance aro daga Ajax. Ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya a lokacin kamfen na Trenčín's 2014–15 UEFA Europa League, lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a zagaye na biyu na farko na gasar, a wasan gida da Vojvodina Novi Sad daga Serbia (wanda aka buga a filin wasa a Dubnica, Slovakia). Simon ya zura kwallaye uku a wasansa na farko a wasan da suka ci 4-0 a gida. AS Trenčín daga karshe za ta yi waje da ita a zagaye na gaba, inda ta yi canjaras a gida, kuma ta doke Hull City da ci 2-1. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarar 2014 wasanni na ESPN sun shirya rahoton bincike kan Moses Simon kuma rahoton ya danganta winger tare da komawa Liverpool, Tottenham Hotspur, Hull City tare da yiwuwar komawa Ajax. Lamarin ya samo asali ne zuwa yakin neman zabe tsakanin kulob din Dutch SC Heerenveen da KAA Gent, tare da kwangilar tabbatar da winger na tsawon shekaru uku. Gent A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2015, an sanar da cewa KAA Gent ta rattaba hannu kan Moses Simon kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ya buga wasansa na farko a Gent a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2015 a cikin nasara da ci 3–1 da Royal Mouscron-Péruwelz a wasan gasar. bayyanarsa ta biyu ta faru bayan kwanaki hudu a cikin gida 1-0 da Sporting Lokeren a gasar cin kofin Belgium, inda aka kori Simon a dakika 30 bayan ya shiga filin. A wasansa na uku na gasar, kuma da Sporting Lokeren, Simon ya zura kwallo a raga bayan da aka ba shi kyautar dan wasan mako na Belgium. Nan da nan ya zama babban dan wasa a tsarin kocin Hein Vanhaezebrouck kuma ya taimaka wa Gent lashe gasar cin kofin kasa ta farko a watan Mayu shekarar 2015. Watanni biyu bayan haka, Simon ya taimaka wa Laurent Depoitre ya ci nasara a raga a gasar cin kofin Belgium na shekarar 2015 da kungiyar ta lashe kofin Club Brugge. Levante A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Simon ya koma kungiyar Levante ta La Liga a kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar. A watan Maris na shekarar dubu 2019 ya ce ya yi farin ciki da taka leda a kungiyar. Nantes A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta shekarar dubu 2019, an ba da Simon aron zuwa kulob din Ligue 1 FC Nantes. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Nantes ya jawo zabin siye a lamunin Simon. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kungiyar. Simon ya kasance muhimmin bangare na kungiyar Nantes tsawon lokacin da ya ke can, inda ya ci wa PSG nasara a karshen kakar wasa ta shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021 yayin da Nantes ta tsallake rijiya da baya. A kakar wasa ta shekarar 2021 zuwa 2022 duk da haka, Nantes ta kasance mafi kyawu, kuma Simon a kololuwar sa, ya zura kwallo a minti na 90 da ci RC Lens da ci 3-2, kuma ya taimaka a wasan Nantes da suka firgita da ci 3-1 a kan PSG. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Simon ya samu kiran farko da kociyan Najeriya Daniel Amokachi ya yi a watan Maris din shekarar 2015 kuma ya fara buga wasan ne a ranar 25 ga watan a wasan sada zumunta da Uganda, inda ya maye gurbin Anthony Ujah bayan mintuna 59 a wasan. Simon ne ya ci wa Najeriya kwallonsa ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da suka yi da Nijar a ranar 8 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2015, ta biyu kuma da ci 2-0. Najeriya ce ta zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 35 na wucin gadi a gasar Olympics ta bazara ta shekarar 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2018, an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2018 a Rasha Duk da haka, bai shiga 23 na karshe ba saboda rauni. An saka shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 23 da kasar za ta wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka ta shekarar 2019 Kididdigar sana'a Kulob Ƙasashen Duniya Manufar kasa da kasa Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 15 Janairu 2022. Ciki Najeriya ta farko, ginshiƙin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon Simon. Girmamawa Gent Belgian Pro League 2014–15 Belgium Super Cup 2015 Nantes Kofin Faransa 2021-22 Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya Rayayyun

19720

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimbo%20Daramola

Bimbo Daramola

Abimbola Oluwafemi Daramola (An haife shi ne a ranar Tara 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1967), Abimbola ya kuma kasance dan asalin kasar Najeriya ne kuma masanin kimiyya,kuma dan majalisar Wakilan Najeriya ne wanda ke wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta Arewa, Jihar Ekiti,Kudu Maso Yammaci,kuma yafito ne daga jinsin yarbawa,Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2011.Dan jam'iyyar siyasan APC ne (All Progressive Congress). Rayuwar farko An haifi Bimbo Daramola a Ado Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti ta Francis Adebayo Daramola, wani tsohon shugaban (Magajin) na Oye karamar a lokacin karamar hukumar Oye na karkashin Jihar Ondo, daga bisani aka kirkiri Jihar Ekiti a shekarar 1996 wanda kuma gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Nijeriya a lokacin karkashin jagorancin marigayi Janar Sani Abacha. Ilimi Daramola ya fara karatun firamare a Emmanuel Anglican Primary School, Ado-Ekiti da St. Joseph Primary School,Aramoko-Ekiti a shekarar 1973.Yayi karatun sakandare a Christ School Ado Ekiti,wanda Archdeacon Henry Dallimore ya kafa.Yayi karatun ilimin Geology a shekarar 1984 a jami'ar jihar Ondo ta lokacin, wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa jami'ar Ado Ekiti,yanzu kuma ta zama jami'ar jihar Ekiti. Ya kammala karatunsa a 1989 sannan daga baya aka tura shi jihar Kaduna, Arewa maso Yammacin Najeriya,inda ya shiga aikin bautar kasa na tsawon shekara daya a Ruwayar Ruwa (Nig) Ltd.Ya sami digiri na biyu a kan Kasuwanci,a Jami'ar Ilorin a shekarar 1995. Ayyuka Binciken Ruwa (Nig) Ta ɗauki Bimbo Daramola aiki na dindindin tsawon watanni hudu a shirin NYSC a Kaduna. Ya yi murabus daga hukumar ruwa (Nig) Ltd, a shekarar 1993, kuma ya dau alkawarin aiki a Bankin savannah. Bayan Bankin Savannah,Daramola ya kafa Rucie Communications kuma ya zama Mataimakin Manajan Darakta. Kamfanin ya samar da shirin fim, mai taken Daga Kurkuku zuwa Fadar Shugaban Kasa, wanda ya kawo tarihin rayuwa,lokuta da ayyukan tsohon Shugaban Kasa Olusegun Obasanjo.Daramola shine babban jami'in kamfanin The Bridge Concepts Nigeria Limited Siyasa A shekarar 1998,Daramola ya haɗu da kungiyar Bola Ahmed Tinubu Campaign Organisation wacce a lokacin ita ce ke da alhakin hada kan Asiwaju Bola Tinubu wanda ke takarar kujerar gwamnan jihar Legas a karkashin kungiyar Alliance for Democracy don yin amfani da wayar hannu hukumar lissafi don kamfen dinta. Ya kuma ɗauki rundunarsa mobile talla tsari ga yakin tawagar sa'an nan tukuna-to-a-zabe shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo wanda shi ne shugaban takarar na jam'iyyar PDP. Kungiyar ta amince da shawarar sa kuma "ta hanyar haɗuwa, "ya zama memba na PDP".A shekarar 2011, Action Congress of Nigeria ta tsayar da shi don ya tsaya takarar kujerar mazabarsa, Ekiti ta Arewa 1 (Oye-Ikole Local Govt. Yankuna) Mazabar Tarayya, wacce ya ci.A yanzu haka shine babban dan takarar neman tikitin takarar gwamna a jihar Ekiti na shekarar 2018 karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar APC a matsayin Matasa, Mai jama'a da kuma masoyya dabban daban a fadin kasar Nijeriya. Ayyukan dokoki Daramola ya karɓi rantsuwar zama dan majalisar wakilai, mai wakiltar mazabar Oye Ikole Ekiti-ta Arewa mai wakiltar mazabar tarayya ta 1 a jihar Ekiti, a ranar Litinin, 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2011 yayin kaddamar da majalisar wakilai ta bakwai. Shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai kan Burin Bunkasar Millennium, kuma mamba ne a cikin kwamitocin Majalisar Wakilai kamar su: Soji, Banki Kuɗi, kungiyoyin Jama'a da kungiyoyin Ba da Tallafi, da kuma sashen Waje. Daramola ya gabatar da kudiri mai taken Barazana ta Cikin Gida da Bukatar Kafa Sashen Tsaron Cikin Gida, don magance matsalar tsaro da ke addabar Najeriya, kamar yadda kungiyar Boko Haram ke kawowa. Daramola ya gabatar da kudiri don bincikar ikirarin da Kamfanin Gudanar da kadara na Nijeriya ya yi na cewa Naira biliyan 140.9 (kimanin dalar Amurka biliyan daya), wanda kamfanin Zenon Petroleum da Gas Limited da kuma kamfanin Forte Oil Plc ke bin su sakamakon badakalar tallafin man fetur. Kwamitin wucin gadi, karkashin jagorancin Femi Gbajabiamila don tabbatar da ikirarin biyan kudin. aka kafa Majalisar Wakilai ce ta nada Daramola ya shugabanci kwamitin wucin gadi da zai binciko yadda aka raba filaye ga kamfanoni da daidaikun mutane a Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) da kuma yiwuwar shari’ar zamba cikin tsarin daga shekarar 2010 zuwa yau. Ƙudirorin da Daramola ya gabatar a majalisa Sharhi kan al'amuran kasa Cire tallafin man fetur A yayin muhawarar kasa game da cire tallafin mai wanda a karshe ya haifar da zanga-zangar mamaye Najeriya, Daramola yana daya daga cikin ‘yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya da aka gayyata zuwa ganawa da Dr. Goodluck Jonathan, Shugaban Najeriya. A karshen taron, Daramola ya ce "Mista Shugaban kasa bai ishe ni ko sauran abokan aikina na Majalisar Wakilai ba. Ba na son yin hoto kan abin da ya faru a can amma ina gaya muku cewa faux pax ne. Ba na tsammanin ya cimma wata manufa. Ba na tsammanin ya ciyar da labarin gaba. Ina iya cewa dalilan nasa ba su yi kira ga mambobin majalisar wakilai ba. Kusa da faduwar babbar kasuwancin Najeriya Daramola ya kasance memba na kwamiti na biyu na wucin gadi wanda Majalisar Wakilai ta ba da umarnin gudanar da bincike kan kusan rugujewar Babban Kasuwar. An bayyana shi a matsayin wanda "ke da halin rashin daidaito" Ya gaya wa Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Nijeriya, (CBN), Kingsley Moghalu wanda ke kokarin wanke CBN daga rikicin kudi da ya dabaibaye fannin hadahadar kudi na Najeriya, da ya karbi laifin "gazawar dokokin hukumomi". “Cin zarafin ya faru kai tsaye a karkashin agogonku. Ya kasance saboda ba ku yi aikinku ba. Laifin ku ne; gazawa ce daga hukumomi". CBN, ta hannun Moghalu a baya ya zargi lalacewar kasuwar babban birnin Najeriya da cin zarafin bankuna.

2264

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack%20Obama

Barack Obama

Barack Obama (An haife shi a ranar 4 gatan Agustan, shekara ta alif dari tara da sittin 1961) Miladiyya. dan siyasar kasar Amurka ne, wadda ya kasance shugaban kasa kasa na 44th a jerin shuwagabannin gamayyar Amurka. Kuma membe a jam'iyyar Democratic Party, Obama shine ba'afirke-Amurkan na farko daya zzama shugaban kasa a Amurka. Abaya Obama ya taba zama sanata dake wakiltar Illinois state daga shekarar 1997-2004 a Honolulu, Hawaii. Bayan kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Columbia a shekara ta 1983, yayi aiki a matsayin mai shirya al'umma a Chicago. A cikin shekarar 1988, yayi rajista a Makarantar Shari'a ta Harvard, inda ya kasance shugaban baƙar fata na farko na Dokar Harvard Law. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya zama lauyan kare hakkin jama'a da kuma ilimi, yana koyar da dokar tsarin mulki a Jami'ar Chicago Law School daga shekara ta( 1992 zuwa shekara ta (2004). Da ya koma siyasa mai zaɓe, ya wakilci gundumar( 13 a majalisar dattijai ta Illinois daga shekarar 1997 zuwa 2004, lokacin daya tsaya takarar Majalisar Dattawan Amurka. Obama ya sami kulawar ƙasa a cikin shekara ta( 2004) tareda lashe zaɓen farko na Majalisar Dattawa, babban jawabinsa na Babban Taron Dimokraɗiyya na watan Yuli, da zaɓensa na watan Nuwamba a Majalisar Dattawa. A cikin shekara ta (2008), shekara guda bayan fara kamfen ɗin sa, kuma bayan babban kamfen nakusa da Hillary Clinton, Jam'iyyar Democrat ta tsayar dashi takarar shugaban ƙasa. An zabi Obama akan dan takarar Republican John McCain a babban zaben kuma an rantsar dashi tare da abokin takararsa, Joe Biden, a ranar ashirin 20 ga watan Janairun 2009. Bayan watanni tara, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel ta zaman lafiya ta shekara( 2009). Barrack Obama ya rattaba hannu kan wasu muhimman takardu na doka a cikin shekaru biyu na farko a ofis. Babban sauye-sauyen sun haɗa da: Dokar Kulawa Mai Kyau (ACA ko "Obamacare"), ko da yake ba tare da zaɓin inshorar lafiyar jama'a ba; Dokar Dodd Frank Wall Street Reform da Dokar Kariyar Masu Amfani da kuma Kada Ku Tambayi, KadaKu Fada Dokar Kashewa na shekarar 2010. Dokar Maidowa da Inshorar Baƙin Amurka na shekara ta( 2009) da Taimakon Haraji, Inshorar rashin aikin yi, da Dokar Samar da Ayyuka na shekara ta( 2010) sunyi aiki azaman matsalolin tattalin arziƙi a tsakanin Babban koma bayan tattalin arziki Bayan doguwar muhawara kan iyakan bashin kasa, ya sanya hannu kan Kulada Kasafin Kudi da Ayyukan Taimakon Masu biyan Haraji na Amurka. A cikin manufofin ketare, ya haɓaka matakan sojojin Amurka a Afganistan, yarage makaman nukiliya tare da Amurka- Rasha Sabuwar START yarjejeniya, kuma ya kawo ƙarshen shiga soja a Yaƙin Iraqi. Yabada umarnin shiga soja a Libya don aiwatar da kudurin Kwamitin Sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekarar 1973, wanda yabada gudummawar kifar da Muammar Gaddafi. Yakuma bada umarnin aikin soji wanda yayi sanadiyar kashe Osama bin Laden. Bayan ya sake lashe zabe ta hanyar kayar da abokin hamayyarsa na Republican Mitt Romney, an rantsar da Obama a wa'adi na biyu a shekarar 2013. A cikin wannan lokacin, ya inganta haɓakawa ga Amurkawa LGBT. Gwamnatinsa ta gabatar da taƙaitaccen bayani wanda ya buƙaci Kotun Koli ta soke haramcin auren jinsi kamar yadda ya sabawa doka (Amurka v. Windsor da Obergefell v. Hodges An halatta auren jinsi daya a duk fadin kasar a shekarar 2015 bayan da Kotu ta yanke hukuncin haka 'a Obergefell Yabada shawarar sarrafa bindiga don mayar da martani kan harbin Makarantar Sakandare ta Sandy Hook, wanda ke nuna goyon baya ga hanakai hari kan makarantu, kuma ya bada manyan ayyuka na zartarwa game da dumamar yanayi da shige da fice. A cikin manufofin kasashen waje, ya bada umarnin shiga ayyukan soji a Iraki da Siriya don mayar da martani ga nasarorin da ISIL ta samu bayan ficewarta daga Iraki a shekara ta( 2011), ya'inganta tada haifar da Yarjejeniyar Paris ta shekara ta (2015) kan canjin yanayi na duniya, ya jagoranci kuma a ƙarshe ya nemi afuwa game da mummunan harin da aka kai asibitin Kunduz., ya ci gaba da aiwatar da kawo karshen ayyukan fada da Amurka a Afganistan a cikin shekara ta (2016), ya fara sanya takunkumi kan Rasha bayan mamayar da akayi a Ukraine sannan kuma bayan katsalandan a zaben Amurka na shekara ta (2016), ya karya yarjejeniyar hadin gwiwa ta Yarjejeniyar Nukiliya tare da Iran, kuma ya daidai ta alakar Amurka da Cuba Obama ya gabatar da alkalai uku ga Kotun Koli Sonia Sotomayor da Elena Kagan an tabbatar da su a matsayin alkalai, yayin da Merrick Garland ya fuskanci cikas daga bangaren majalisar dattijai mai rinjaye na Republican karkashin jagorancin Mitch McConnell, wanda bai taba yin sauraro ko kada kuri'akan nadinba. Obama ya bar ofis a cikin Janairu shekara ta( 2017 )kuma yaci gaba da zama a Washington, DC A lokacin wa’adin mulkin Obama a matsayin shugaban kasa, martabar Amurka a kasashen waje, da kuma tattalin arzikin Amurka, ya inganta sosai. Gaba daya ana ganin shugabancin Obama da kyau, kuma kimanta shugabancinsa tsakanin masana tarihi, masana kimiyyar siyasa, da sauran jama'a akai-akai suna sanya shi a cikin manyan shugabannin Amurka. Tun lokacin daya bar ofis, Obama ya cigaba da aiki cikin siyasar Demokraɗiyya, gami da bayyana a Babban Taron Demokraɗiyya na shekara ta (2020) A ƙarshen watan Agusta a shekara ta( 1961 yan makonni bayan an haife shi, Barack da mahaifiyarsa sun koma Jami'ar Washington a Seattle, inda suka zauna na shekara guda. A wannan lokacin, mahaifin Barack ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin tattalin arziki a Hawaii, ya kammala a watan Yunin( 1962 Ya tafi don halartar makarantar digiri na biyu akan malanta a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya sami MA a fannin tattalin arziki. Iyayen Obama sun sake aure a watan Maris shekara ta (1964). Obama Sr ya dawo Kenya a shekara ta (1964), inda yayi aure a karo na uku kuma ya yi aiki da gwamnatin Kenya a matsayin Babban Manazarcin Tattalin Arziki a Ma’aikatar Kudi. Ya ziyarci ɗansa a Hawaii sau ɗaya kawai, a Kirsimeti a shekara ta (1971), kafin a kashe shi a cikin hatsarin mota a shekara ta (1982), lokacin Obama yana ɗan shekara( 21). Da yake tunawa da ƙuruciyarsa, Obama ya ce: "Mahaifina bai yi kama da mutanen da ke kusa da ni ba cewa yana da baki kamar farar fata, mahaifiyata farar fatace kamar madara da ƙyar tayi rajista a cikin tunanina." Ya bayyana irin gwagwarmayar da yayi tun yana matashi don daidaita tunanin jama'a game da al'adun da yaƙunsa. Ilimi [[File:Barry_Soetoro_school_record.jpg|thumb| Rikodin makarantar Barack Obama a St. Francis na Makarantar Elementary Catholic ta Assisi. An yi wa Obama rajista a matsayin "Barry Soetoro" (lamba 1), kuma an yi kuskuren rubuta shi a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Indonesiya (lamba 3) da Musulmi (lamba 4). Manazarta Shugabannin

50595

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Aljeriya

'Yancin Addini a Aljeriya

'Yancin addini a Aljeriya Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Aljeriya ne ya tsara shi, wanda ya ayyana Musulunci a matsayin addinin kasa (Sashe na 2) amma kuma ya bayyana cewa "'yancin akida da ra'ayi ba shi da wani laifi" (Sashe na 36); ta haramta wariya, Mataki na ashirin da tara ya ce “Dukkan ‘yan kasa daidai suke a gaban doka. Ba za a nuna wariya ba saboda haihuwa, launin fata, sex, ra'ayi ko wani yanayi na mutum ko zamantakewa ko yanayi." A aikace, gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan, tare da wasu keɓantacce. Dubawa Gwamnati na bin tsarin haƙƙin addini, a cikin ƙayyadaddun lokuta, gudanar da ayyukan addini da waɗanda ba musulmi ba a babban birni ke buɗewa ga jama'a. Kananan mabiya addinin kirista da kananan yahudawa gaba daya suna gudanar da addininsu ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba, ko da yake an sha samun lokuta da dama da gwamnatin Aljeriya ta rufe wuraren ibadar da ba musulmi ba, a baya-bayan nan daga shekarar 2017-2019 a lokacin da aka tilastawa rufe majami'u Kiristoci goma sha takwas. Dokar ba ta amince da auren mata musulmi da mazan da ba musulmi ba; amma duk da haka ta amince da auren musulmi maza da mata wadanda ba musulmi ba. A shari’a, yara suna bin addinin ubanninsu, ko da an haife su a kasashen waje kuma ’yan kasarsu (wanda ba musulmi ba) ne. A cikin Musulunci Gwamnatin Aljeriya na nada limamai a masallatai tare da ba da jagoranci ga baki daya kan wa'azi. Sai dai a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi tsokaci an samu rahotannin cewa mabiya sun maye gurbin limamai da gwamnati ta nada da wadanda ra'ayinsu ya yi daidai da ra'ayin malaman gida. Gwamnati na sanya ido kan ayyukan da ake yi a masallatai saboda yiwuwar laifukan da suka shafi tsaro, tare da hana amfani da masallatai a matsayin wuraren taron jama'a a waje da lokutan sallah na yau da kullun, tare da kira ga limamai zuwa ma'aikatar kula da harkokin addini don "daukar ladabtarwa" lokacin da aka ba da izini. Gyaran dokar Penal Code a shekara ta 2001 ya kafa tsauraran hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da tara da kuma hukuncin gidan yari ga duk wanda ba limamin da gwamnati ta nada wanda ya yi wa'azi a masallaci ba. Ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta hada kai da limamai a wasu yankuna domin rage tsatsauran ra’ayin addini, biyo bayan rahotannin da ke cewa ‘yan Salafiyya sun yi kira da a kaurace wa salloli na musamman, da raba masallatai tsakanin mabiya Salafiyya da wadanda ba ‘yan Salafiyya ba, da ‘yancin jagorantar darussan addini da riko da addini. taron karawa juna sani. An kafa hukunci mai tsauri ga kowane mutum, gami da limamai da gwamnati ta keɓe, idan irin waɗannan mutanen sun yi "saɓanin yanayin masallacin" ko kuma suka yi "mai yiwuwa su ɓata haɗin kan jama'a". Canje-canjen ba su fayyace ayyukan da za su zama irin waɗannan ayyukan ba. A bisa doka, an ba wa Gwamnati damar tantance wa’azin addini kafin a gabatar da su a bainar jama’a. Koyaya, a aikace gwamnati gabaɗaya tana bitar wa'azi bayan gaskiyar lamarin. Ba a yi amfani da haƙƙin gwamnati na sake dubawa a tsakanin waɗanda ba na Musulunci ba. A shekara ta 2003, gwamnati ta sanya takunkumi ga limamai da dama saboda wa'azi masu tayar da hankali da suka biyo bayan girgizar kasa na ranar 21 ga watan Mayu da kuma tafsirin Kur'ani "mai yiwuwa ya bata hadin kan jama'a". Ma'aikatar kula da harkokin addini ta bayar da wasu tallafi na kudi ga masallatai kuma a tsawon lokacin da wannan rahoto ya yi tsokaci ya yi kokarin fadada ikonta kan horar da limamai ta wata cibiyar koyar da ilimin addinin musulunci da gwamnati ke gudanarwa. A ƙarshen lokacin da wannan rahoto ya ƙunshi, babu wata makaranta da aka kafa da gaske. Ga wadanda ba musulmi ba Mutanen da ba su da alaƙa da addini sun kasance suna da yawa musamman a cikin Kabylie (yankin da ake magana da Kabyle inda gabaɗaya ake jure su kuma wani lokaci ana tallafa musu; musamman, Matoub Lounes ana kallonsa a matsayin jarumai a tsakanin Kabyles, duk da (ko saboda) rashin addini. A mafi yawancin yankunan kasar, wadanda basu da addini ba sun kasance suna da hankali. Galibin al'amuran da suka shafi cin zarafi da barazanar tsaro ga wadanda ba musulmi ba, sun fito ne daga kungiyar Islamic Armed Armed Islam, kungiyar da ke yaki da gwamnatin kasar da ta kuduri aniyar kawar da kasar daga wadanda ba su da alaka da ta'addancin Musulunci. Koyaya, yawancin jama'a suna bin ƙa'idodin Musulunci na haƙuri a cikin imani na addini. Shugabannin addini da na siyasa masu matsakaicin ra'ayin Islama sun soki ayyukan tarzoma a bainar jama'a da ake yi da sunan Musulunci. An ba wa ƙungiyoyin mishan izinin gudanar da ayyukan jin kai ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba muddin suna da hankali kuma ba sa yin tuba a fili. Idan suka yi, wani lokaci ana kama su, wani lokaci kuma a bar su su kadai. Yawancin “coci-coci na gida” da gwamnati ke ba da izinin bautar Kirista a ciki, ko da yake an sami manyan laifuka na laifuffuka na ayyukan addini na gida. A baya-bayan nan dai Kiristocin Aljeriya suna fuskantar babbar barazana ga ’yancinsu na yin ibada tare da fuskantar tauye hakkin ‘yancinsu, ciki har da rufe wuraren ibada da aka ci gaba da yi har zuwa shekarar 2019. Gabaɗaya, gwamnatin Aljeriya ta tilastawa rufe majami'u 18 tsakanin watan Nuwamba, 2017 da watan Oktoba, 2019. Hukumar da ke kula da 'yancin addini ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta sanya Aljeriya a cikin rahotonta na shekara ta 2019 na masu tauye 'yancin addini a duniya, inda ta yi nuni da wasu matsaloli na shari'a ga 'yancin gudanar da addini, musamman abubuwan da suka faru na cin zarafin 'ya'yan Cocin Furotesta na Aljeriya., da kuma danniya da wasu tsirarun kungiyoyin musulmi suka fuskanta. Rahoton na USCIRF ya biyo bayan rahotanni daga Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka game da zaluncin addini da ake gani a ko'ina cikin Aljeriya, kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ta sanya Aljeriya a cikin jerin masu sa ido na musamman. Cin abinci a bainar jama'a a cikin watan Ramadan (musamman ga mutanen da suke "kamar musulmi") ya halatta amma yana jawo kiyayyar jama'a a mafi yawan yankunan, sai dai wasu yankunan Kabylie; yawancin gidajen abinci suna rufe a lokacin Ramadan. "Cin zarafin Annabi" duk da haka, laifi ne. Idan aka tuhume shi, wanda ake tuhuma zai fuskanci daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari da kuma tarar mai girma (sha'anin Abdelkarim Siaghi Mayu 2011). Gabaɗaya waɗanda ba ƴan ƙasa ba waɗanda ke yin imani da wanin Musulunci suna da matuƙar haƙuri a cikin al'umma; duk da haka, 'yan kasa da suka yi watsi da Musulunci gaba daya iyalansu suna kyamarsu, kuma makwabtansu suna kyamarsu. Gabaɗaya gwamnati ba ta shiga cikin irin waɗannan rigingimu. Masu sauya sheka kuma suna fallasa kansu ga hadarin hare-haren masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Ra'ayin Ƙasashen Duniya A shekarar 2022, Freedom House ta ƙididdige 'yancin addini na Algeria a matsayin 1 cikin 4, lura da cewa membobin tsirarun addinai, gami da Cocin Furotesta na Aljeriya da membobin al'ummomin Amazigh da Ahmadi, suna fama da tsanantawa da tsangwama. Ƙungiyoyin addinai za su iya taruwa kawai don yin ibada a wuraren da jihar ta amince. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan USCIRF ta ba da rahoton cewa yanayin 'yancin addini a Aljeriya yana ci gaba da tabarbarewa kuma gwamnati na ƙara aiwatar da dokokin sabo da hana ibada. A shekarar 2022, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta sanya Aljeriya a cikin Jerin Kallonta na Musamman (SWL), bin shawarar USCIRF. Duba kuma Lambar Iyali ta Aljeriya Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

42631

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alissa%20Healy

Alissa Healy

Alyssa Jean Healy (an Haife ta 24 ga watan Maris ɗin 1990), ƴar wasan kurket ce ta Australiya wacce ke taka leda a ƙungiyar mata ta Ostiraliya da New South Wales a wasan kurket na gida, da kuma Sydney Sixers a cikin WBBL Ta yi wasanta na farko a duniya a watan Fabrairun 2010. Mace mai hannun dama kuma mai tsaron wicket, ita 'yar Greg Healy ce, wacce ke cikin tawagar Queensland, yayin da kawunta Ian Healy ya kasance mai tsaron gora na Gwajin Ostiraliya kuma ya riƙe tarihin duniya na korar Gwajin. Healy ta fara yin fice ne a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 lokacin da ta zama yarinya ta farko da ta fara wasa tsakanin maza a gasar makarantu masu zaman kansu a New South Wales Ta hau matsayi na rukunin shekarun jihar kuma ta fara zama na farko ga babbar kungiyar New South Wales a kakar 2007 2008. Ta buga mafi yawan lokutan wasanninta na farko a matsayin ƙwararrun batir saboda kasancewar Leonie Coleman kuma mai tsaron wicket na Ostiraliya a ɓangaren jihar. Coleman ya bar New South Wales a farkon kakar 2009 2010 kuma Healy ta ɗauki aikin safar hannu na cikakken lokaci ga jiharta. A lokacin wannan kakar, ta rubuta mafi girman maki na 89 ba a cikin sauri fiye da wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ba, kuma ta yi mafi yawan korar duk wani mai tsaron gida a gasar kurket ta Mata ta ƙasa Bayan raunin da kyaftin ɗin Australiya da mai tsaron raga Jodie Fields ya samu, an ba Healy wasanta na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin jerin 2010 Rose Bowl da New Zealand Ta taka leda a cikin biyar na farko Day Internationals (ODI) da biyar Twenty20 (T20) na kasa da kasa, amma an jefar da ita don ODI uku na ƙarshe yayin wasan New Zealand na jerin. Healy ta buga kowane wasa na 2010 World Twenty20 yayin da Ostiraliya ta lashe gasar bayan fafatawar da ba a doke ta ba. A watan Oktoban 2018, an saka sunan Healy a cikin 'yan wasan Australia na gasar mata ta duniya Twenty20 ta 2018 ICC a yammacin Indies, ta kammala a matsayin jagorar gasar da ke jagorantar gasar da gudu 225 kuma ta lashe 'yan wasan gasar. A cikin watan Disambar 2018, Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya (ICC) ta sanya mata suna T20I Player of the Year. A cikin watan Satumbar 2019, yayin jerin gwanon Ostiraliya da Sri Lanka, Healy ta buga wasanta na 100 na WT20I. A cikin wannan jerin, Healy ta kafa sabon rikodin don mafi girman maki na mutum a cikin wasan T20I na Mata, tare da 148 ba a fita ba A cikin watan Janairun 2020, an sanya sunan ta a cikin tawagar Ostiraliya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta ICC ta 2020 a Ostiraliya. Healy ta kare ta biyu mafi yawan zura kwallaye a gasar da gudu 236. A wasan karshe, ta zura kwallaye 75 a ragar India kwallaye 39 don taimakawa Australia ta lashe kambunta na biyar kuma ta lashe dan wasan da ya fi fice a wasan. A cikin watan Satumbar 2020, a wasa na biyu na WT20I da New Zealand, Healy ta ɗauki sallamarta ta 92 a matsayin mai tsaron ragar wicket Sakamakon haka, ta tsallake rikodi na MS Dhoni na korar mutum 91, inda ta kafa sabon tarihi na yawan korar da aka yi a matsayin mai tsaron raga, namiji ko mace, a gasar kurket ta duniya Twenty20. Shekarun farko An haife ta a gabar tekun Gold Coast, Queensland, Healy diyar Greg ce, wacce memba ce a cikin tawagar Queensland, yayin da kanin Greg Ian ya kasance mai tsaron ragar gwajin gwanjo na Ostiraliya tun daga karshen 1980s har zuwa 1999 kuma shi ne ya fi kowa riko a duniya. Gwajin korar. Wani kawu, Ken, ya buga wa Queensland wasa. Duk da gadon iyali, da kuma kallon kawun nata yana wakiltar Ostireliya, ta ce ba ta zama mai sha'awar wasan cricket ba har sai da ta ƙaura daga Queensland zuwa Sydney tun tana yarinya kuma wata kawarta ce ta tura ta shiga wasan. Ta halarci makarantar sakandare a MLC School daga baya Barker College Zaɓenta yana da shekaru 16 a ƙarshen shekarar 2006 a matsayin mai tsaron ragar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Barker College First XI, karo na farko da aka zaɓi yarinya don yin wasa a tsakanin yara maza a gasar cricket ta manyan makarantu masu zaman kansu a New South Wales, ta jawo sharhin manema labarai daban-daban. kafofin. Hakan ya faru ne bayan wani da ba a bayyana sunansa ba, wanda ake kyautata zaton tsohon dalibi ne, ya yada sakon imel mai taken "Ajiye Cricket Yanzu" a cikin jama'ar makarantar inda ya kai hari kan zabin a matsayin "abin kunya" tare da yin kira da a ware jinsi na kungiyar wasan kurket. Masanin wasanni na Kwalejin Barker ya la'anci marubucin da ba a bayyana sunansa ba a matsayin "marasa hankali" kuma ya kiyaye cewa zaɓin Healy ya dogara ne akan cancanta. Ian Healy da Alex Blackwell, dan wasan cricketer na kungiyar mata ta Australiya da tsohon dalibin Barker, kuma sun kare zabin kuma sun soki marubucin imel. An kuma soki mai imel ɗin, kuma Alyssa Healy ta yaba, ta masu sharhi kan zamantakewa a jaridu.A cikin 2010, ta yi tunani "Zan sake yin duka. Na ji daɗin buga wasan kurket na makaranta tare da yaran kuma tabbas hakan ya taimaka mini in ɗaga gwaninta da ƙarfafa dabarata." Ita da takwararta ta Ostiraliya Ellyse Perry sun ba da shawara ga 'yan mata a bainar jama'a game da maza. Sannan ta buga wasanni shida don XI na Biyu a cikin mako guda, galibi a matsayin babban batir, wani lokacin buɗewa kuma azaman mai tsaron gida. New South Wales ta lashe dukkan wasannin sai dai wanda aka yi watsi da shi saboda rashin kyawun yanayi. Ta zira kwallaye 120 a cikin 40.00, ta ɗauki kama shida kuma ta yi kututturewa uku, kuma an sake kiranta zuwa babbar ƙungiyar bayan mako guda a cikin kayan kirtani na biyu. A wasanninta uku na farko da ta dawo, an sanya Healy a cikin tsaka-tsaki kuma ba a buƙatar ta jemage ko ci gaba da wickets. A wasan karshe na gasar, ta zira kwallaye 59 daga kwallaye 55 a cikin kawancen gudu 89 a cikin sauri fiye da wasan kwallon da Lisa Sthalekar da Victoria New South Wales ta yi nasara da ci uku-uku duk da rashin nasarar da Healy ta yi da bugun fanareti uku da suka biyo baya a matakin rufe gasar. A wasan karshe da kungiyar ta yi a mako mai zuwa, Healy ya yi 11 daga kwallaye 22 kafin a kare shi, amma New South Wales ta ci nasara da ci shida da fiye da 15 don neman taken. Healy ta kawo karshen gasar ta kwana daya da gudu 79 a 26.33. An nada ta cikin jerin masu karfi 30 na Ostiraliya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cricket ta mata na 2009, amma ba ta cikin tawagar karshe na 15. A farkon lokacin 2007 08, ta yi babban wasanta na farko don New South Wales Breakers a gasar cikin gida ta kwana ɗaya ta Australiya An yi amfani da ita azaman ƙwararren batter a cikin babban tsari, kamar yadda Leonie Coleman, mai tsaron ragar wicket a cikin tawagar Australiya, kuma ta taka leda a New South Wales. Ta fara wasanta na farko da South Australia kuma ba ta yi nasarar fara wasan ba, inda ta zira kwallaye 24 kawai a cikin innings biyar na farko. Bayan wata daya a matakin babban jami'a, ta tsallake rijiya da baya tare da yin nasara a wasa a babban wasanta na shida. Bayan Queensland ta yi 170, Healy ta shigo da maki a 5/99 bayan 32 overs, tare da wuce 18. Ta haɓaka ƙimar gudu, inda ta zira kwallaye 41 ba daga ƙwallaye 50 ba, tare da huɗu huɗu, tana kiwon wutsiyar wutsiya tare da jagorantar jiharta zuwa cin nasara biyu-wicket tare da kwallaye 17 don adanawa. New South Wales ta kai wasan karshe kuma an ba ta kambun ne saboda ta zo na daya a wasannin share fage bayan ruwan sama ya share wasan da aka yi. Healy ya ƙare kakar tare da gudu 78 a 11.14. Ta kuma taka leda a wasanni Twenty20 guda biyu. Ta ci biyu kuma ta yi tagumi a wasan farko, kuma ba ta yi bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a karshen ba. New South Wales ta yi nasara a duka biyun. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, an zabe ta ga kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 23 ta Australia don buga wasa da manyan kungiyoyin Ingila da Australia. Ta ci 45, 1 da 41 ba a buga wasanni uku ba. A cikin wasa na uku, ta haɗu don haɗin gwiwa na biyu na wicket na 52 tare da Elyse Villani, ta buge iyakoki shida a cikin kwallaye 62 kuma ta jagoranci tawagarta zuwa nasara takwas-wicket a kan tawagar Australia. Wasa a matsayin ƙwararren batter, ita ma ta ɗauki kama uku. Sabuwar kakar 2008 09 ta fara haka, tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 suna wasa da Australia da Indiya Wasan farko, da Indiya, an wanke shi kuma Healy ya yi agwagwa [sifili] da 9 a sauran wasannin. Wasa-wasa ta yi, ba ta yi kama ba. Healy ya sake taka leda a matsayin batter, tare da Coleman ya haye a bayan kututturen. A wasanni hudu na farko na sabuwar kakar wasannin cikin gida, ta yi bajinta sau daya kacal, inda ta ci tara. A cikin wadannan matches an sanya ta a cikin ƙananan tsari kuma ba ta kwano. An jefar da ita bayan wadannan wasanni hudu. Har ila yau Healy ta buga wasanni biyu Twenty20 a jiharta a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ta ci 35 daga kwallaye 27 da South Australia da kuma 16 daga kwallaye 21 da Victoria. Ita ce 'yar New South Wales ta biyu da ta fi cin kwallaye a dukkan wasannin biyu; na farko ya ci nasara amma na biyu ya sha kashi. Mai tsaron wicket na cikakken lokaci Manazarta Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

62080

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulaiman%20Ninam%20Shah

Sulaiman Ninam Shah

Tun Sulaiman bin Ninam Shah (2 ga watan Janairun 1920 5 ga watan Yulin 2003) ɗan kasuwa ne kuma tsohon ɗan siyasa na Malaysian Ya kuma kasance tsohon memba na Majalisar Jihar Johore na Muar Coastal (1954-1959) da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Johor na Parit Jawa (1959-1964), tsohon Dewan Negara">Sanata (1979-1985) da Mataimakin Shugaban 6 na Dewan Negara (1982-1985). Yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) kuma tsohon shugaban dindindin na UMNO (1976-2003). Iyali An haifi Sulaiman a Kampung Sarang Buaya, Muar, Johor ga cakuda Musulmi na Indiya da Malay. Ya auri Rose Othman a 1946 kuma ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya maza shida da mata uku masu suna, Datin Faridah, Datuk Kadar Shah, Mohd Shah, Othman, Zainal Abiddin, Mariam, Hassan, Mohd Nathir da Intaan Rogayah. Rayuwar Farko Sulaiman ya fara aikinsa a matsayin dan sanda a Johor a 1939. Shekaru uku bayan haka lokacin da Malaya ke ƙarƙashin mamayar Japan, an inganta shi a matsayin Jami'in Motocin 'yan sanda kuma daga baya a matsayin Mataimakin Superintendent na' yan sanda (ASP) don aiki a matsayin Shugaban' yan sanda na gundumar Muar har zuwa mika wuya ga Japan a 1945. A lokaci guda, Sulaiman ya fara shiga kasuwanci ta hanyar bude jaridu, mujallu da kantin littattafai a Muar. Sulaiman a cikin shekara mai zuwa ya sami nasarar samun kwangila don samar da kayan abinci ga Asibitin Muar. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ya fara kamfani na hadin gwiwa wanda ya buɗe gidan man dabino a Segamat. Daga baya an zabi Sulaiman a matsayin shugaban da kuma darektan kamfanoni irin su Budget Rent-A-Car, Laksamana Tour, Top Coach Builder, Malacca-Singapore Ekspress, Pelaburan Johor Bhd., T T Properties, Menara Landmark da kuma Bank Rakyat. Siyasa Sulaiman ya shiga siyasa tun lokacin da aka kafa UMNO a 1946. A babban zaben Malaya na farko a shekara ta 1954 kafin samun 'Yancin kai, ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar Jam'iyyar Alliance kuma ya lashe kujerar Muar Coastal don zama memba na Majalisar Jihar Johore A babban zaben Malayan na biyu a shekarar 1959, ya sake tsayawa takara a karkashin jam'iyyar Alliance kuma ya sami nasarar kayar da dan takarar Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Pan-Malayan (PMIP) tare da kuri'u 7,020 mafi rinjaye don zama Dan majalisa na jihar Johor don kujerar Parit Jawa. Koyaya, yana da yanayin zuciya wanda ya sa ya janye daga sake tsayawa takara a Babban zaben 1964. Ya ci gaba da matsayinsa na Mataimakin Shugaban Sashen Muar na UMNO har zuwa 1967. A shekara mai zuwa an zaba shi a matsayin Babban Shugaban UMNO Malaysia a 1976 kafin a zabe shi a 1978. Ya rike mukamin har zuwa mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2003. An kuma nada Sulaiman a matsayin Sanata a Dewan Negara na wa'adi biyu daga 1979 zuwa 1985 wanda aka zabe shi a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban kasa a karo na biyu. A ranar 22 ga Yuni, 2002, da karfe 5:50 na yamma, yayin da taron UMNO ke gab da kammalawarsa, Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad ba zato ba tsammani ya sanar da murabus dinsa daga mukamin shugaban UMNO da Firayim Ministan, wanda ya haifar da martani mai karfi daga duk wanda ke wurin. Sulaiman, wanda ke jagorantar taron, ya tashi tsaye ya yi magana a cikin ƙoƙari na neman kowa ya kasance cikin kwanciyar hankali. Daga baya, Sulaiman ya sanar da hutun minti 10 don taron. Mutuwa A watan Yunin shekara ta 2003, Sulaiman bai iya shugabanci taron 54 na UMNO ba saboda matsalolin kiwon lafiya. Wannan taron ya kasance na karshe kafin Firayim Minista da Shugaban UMNO Mahathir Mohamad ya yi ritaya. Sulaiman ya nuna takaici da bakin ciki game da rashin iya halarta. Mahathir daga baya ya yi addu'o'i don warkewa cikin sauri a lokacin taron. A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2003, Sulaiman, mai shekaru 83, ya mutu daga cutar sankarar jini, a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Pantai, Kuala Lumpur An binne shi a Kabari na Musulmi na 6th Mile, Jalan Bakri, Bukit Bakri, Muar, Johor Bayan ya ziyarci gidan makoki don ya ba da ta'aziyya, Mahathir ya nuna godiya sosai ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga UMNO da al'umma. Darajar Malaysia Aboki na Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1976) Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) Tan Sri (1984) Kwamandan Order for the Defender the Realm Tan Sri (1994) Babban Kwamandan Order and Loyalty of the Crown of Malaysian (SSM) Tun (2001) Aboki na Order of the Defender of the Realm (JMN) (1976) Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (PSM) Tan Sri (1984) Kwamandan Order of the Defender of the Realm (PMN) Tan Sri (1994)ref></ref> Babban Kwamandan Order of Loyalty to the Crown of Malaysia (SSM) Tun (2001) Knight Babban Kwamandan Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) Dato' (1970) Knight Babban Aboki na Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail of Johor, Dato'-1976) Sultan Ibrahim Medal (PIS) Star of Sultan Ismail (BSI) Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Crown of Johor (SPMJ) Dato' (1970) Knight Grand Companion na Order of Loyalty of Sultan Ismail na Johor (SSIJ) Dato' (1976) Medal na Sultan Ibrahim (PIS) Tauraron Sultan Ismail (BSI) Wuraren da aka sanya masa suna An sanya wa wurare da yawa suna bayan shi, ciki har da: Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah, Muar, Johor. (makarantar sakandare da ta kasance SMK Jalan Junid wacce aka sake masa suna don girmama Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah) Taman Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah (yanki kusa da Jalan Junid, Parit Sakai, Muar, Johor) Jalan Sulaiman Ninam Shah 1 Jalan Sulaiman Ninan Shah 6 (tituna na Taman Bunga Mawar, Muar, Johor) Dewan Tun Sulaiman Ninam Shah (wani zauren da ke da manufa da yawa na Bangunan UMNO Muar, 123, Jalan Meriam, Taman Sri Tanjung, Muar, Johor) Manazarta Matattun 2003 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

19318

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artiglio

Artiglio

Artiglio ("Talon") wani steamship amfani da wani salvage jirgin da shipping kamfanin SO. RI. MA. (Society for Maritime Recovery) na Genoa, wanda aka kafa a 1926 ta Commendatore Giovanni Quaglia A lokacin rashinta a cikin 1930, Artiglio shi ne jirgi mai ceto na zamani a duniya. Tarihi An gina Artiglio a Glasgow a cikin shekarar 1906. Da farko an sanya masa suna Macbeth sannan daga baya aka kira shi Ideale. A da flagship na karamin rundunar wanda ya hada da Rostro, Raffio da Arpione, outfitted a twenties da kuma amfani ga dawo da sunken jiragen ruwa ya fi a lokacin yakin duniya na farko da kuma bayan da yakin duniya na biyu, da kuma crewed da wani rukuni na gogaggen iri iri Jirgin ruwan sanye yake da kayan aiki na zamani da kuma na gaba a lokacin, godiya ga kwazon mai gidanta wanda ya sayi rigar ruwa ta farko ta zamani da aiki, da kuma kirkirar Alberto Gianni, wanda aka san shi da ƙirƙirar "torretta butoscopica", wurin bincike. ana amfani dasu don dawo dasu a zurfin zurfi, sannan har yanzu yana da haɗari ga masu yawa tare da kayan aikin gargajiya. Musamman Artiglio ya sami kulawa sosai a cikin labaran duniya yayin da aka aika shi, a madadin Lloyd na Landan, zuwa Tekun Atlantika da ke gefen Brest, Faransa, don neman jirgin ruwan teku, ya tashi da tutar Burtaniya, ɗauke da kaya masu daraja waɗanda suka ƙunshi tsabar kuɗi da zinare na zinariya don bankunan Indiya, sannan har yanzu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya. Biyo bayan gazawar abubuwa da yawa daga wasu manyan kamfanoni na Ingilishi da Yaren mutanen Holland, an ba da kwangilar bincike da farfadowa ga SO. RI. MA. na Genoa. Shugaban da ke karkatar da ruwa Alberto Gianni shi ne ke jagorantar ayyukan. An gano tarkacen jirgin na Masar a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1930 a zurfin -130m amma mummunan yanayin hunturu ya tilasta dage farfadowar zuwa bazara mai zuwa. A halin yanzu, an aika Artiglio zuwa tsibirin Belle Île, a arewa maso yammacin Faransa, don dawo da jirgin Florence H, wanda ya nitse a cikin 1917, ɗauke da tarin abubuwa masu fashewa, a gaban tashar jirgin da ke hana hanyar wucewa. A lokacin rushewar Florence H., an yi kuskuren ɗauka cewa fashewar, nutsar da fiye da shekaru 13, ba ta da amsa. A ranar 8 ga Disamba 1930, sakamakon cajin rusau, yawan biya a cikin jirgin shima ya fashe. Artiglio, wanda aka kafa ta kuskuren kuskure na kimantawa a wata tazarar da ba ta isa ba, fashewar ta lalata kuma ta nitse a cikin Bay of Biscay tsakanin Belle Île da Houat, Morbihan, Faransa. Ma’aikatan jirgin 12 suka mutu a cikin hatsarin, hada da Alberto Gianni iri iri, Aristide Franceschi, da Alberto Bargellini, dukkansu daga Viareggio, da kwamandan jirgin, Kyaftin Bertolotto di Camogli. Wadanda suka tsira sun sami ceto daga Rostro Artiglio na II Don dawo da dukiyar Masar, Commendatore Quaglia da sauri ya sanya jirgi na biyu, wanda asalinsa aka ba shi suna Maurétanie, kuma aka sake masa suna da Artiglio II ya kasance, duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba ake kira "Artiglio". Tare da wannan jirgin, wanda aka gyara da kuma dawo dashi ta ma'aikatan SO. RI. MA., Galibi sanye take da kayan da aka kwato daga Artiglio, saboda abubuwan kirkira da tsarawar da Alberto Gianni ya bari, kuma a gaban manyan hadayu a ɓangaren ma'aikata a cikin ruwan guguwa da ke gabar Brest, duk dukiyar Masar. a ƙarshe an dawo da su, galibi sun yi tsabar kudi, sanduna da zinare gwal gami da sanduna na azurfa da yawa. Saukewarwar ya faru ne a zurfin da ake ganin ba zai yiwu a kai shi a lokacin ba daga wasu masu ruwa da tsaki, wadanda suka yi amfani da shahararriyar "torretta butoscopica" da Gianni ta kirkira, ya sauka zuwa -130 mita, don jagorantar aikin guga da ake sarrafawa a cikin Artiglio. Wannan taron ya kawo babbar daraja ga Italiya, nasarar da shugabannin ƙasashe da gwamnatocin lokacin suke yabawa a duk duniya. An aika da sakon taya murna daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da daga George V Sarkin Ingila Benito Mussolini sannan ministan sadarwa na wancan lokacin Costanzo Ciano Giovanni Quaglia Commendatore Giovanni Quaglia, mutum ne mai matukar hazakar kasuwanci da hangen nesa, ya kasance mai share fagen duk ayyukan zurfin jiragen ruwa na zamani da kuma ayyukan sake ruwa. Godiya gareshi, duk kamfanonin mai da sojojin ruwa na duniya suma an tanada musu ababen hawa da kayan aiki masu bin falsafar aiki ta Artiglio da SO. RI. MA. wanda ya kafa kuma ya jagoranta, kamfani wanda ya kammala ayyukan ceto da yawa na teku, kuma wanda godiya ga ci gaban nasarorin da aka ɗauka shine mafi kyau da gasa a matakin duniya. Ya kuma kasance mai mallakar Italiya na farko da ya kafa rundunar jiragen ruwa na dakon mai Abin takaici, an kuma dauke shi a matsayin mutumin da ba shi da katutu kuma ba ya girmama alkawurra tare da masu yawa da ma'aikatan da suka sami daraja da kuɗi, ba tare da ba da lambobin yabo da yin alkawarin biyan diyya ba. Tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatin Fascist ya sami nasarar gujewa bukatun kungiyar ta kungiyar hadin kan teku. David Scott A kan Artiglio ne dan jaridar kuma marubuci David Scott ya rayu, wakili na musamman na The Times na London, wanda ya aika da labarai ta hanyar rediyo nan da nan. A ranar nutsar da shi yana cikin ƙasa, amma ya kasance a lokacin kamfen don kwato dukiyar Masar, duk matakan da ya bayyana dalla-dalla. Ya kasance kusa da ƙungiya kuma daga baya ya rubuta littattafai da yawa akan abubuwan da suka shafi kamfanin SO. RI. MA. hakan yana da nasarorin ƙasa da ƙasa, don haka ya taimaka ƙirƙirar labarin tarko na diversasar Italiya. Littattafan da ya rubuta suna da mahimmin abin duba ga masu sha’awa da masana tarihi, saboda suna da yawa kuma suna ba da cikakkun bayanai game da abubuwan tarihin da suka shafi duniyar Turawan Italiya a wancan lokacin. Viareggio Don tunawa da jirgin da masu ba da labarin daga garin Viareggio, an kafa Gidauniyar Artiglio Turai a Viareggio. Tana ba da lambar yabo ta Artiglio ta Duniya ga waɗanda suka bambanta kansu a cikin duniyar ruwa da nazari da kariya ga yanayin ruwan. Hakanan akwai makarantar sakandare a Viareggio, Istituto Tecnico Nautico Artiglio (Nautical State School "Artiglio"), wanda ke shirya ɗalibai don aiki a cikin inungiyar Sojan Ruwa da kuma masu ginin jirgi Tun daga 1966, garin ya sarrafa "kulob din subacqueo Artiglio" Kulob din ruwa na Artiglio"). Gidan kayan gargajiya na teku yana da babban sashi wanda aka keɓe don ayyukan masu bautar Viareggio da kayan aikin ruwa waɗanda mambobin ƙungiyar suka samar. Duba kuma Diungiyar Ruwa ta Tarihi Jirgin Ruwa Ruwa cikin ruwa Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jirgin Ruwa na Italiya a Galley Head Sunan P O Liner 'Misira' ana kiransa "rashi mai yuwuwa" SS Misira na 1897 Tarihin Misira akan Deepimage.co.uk kwatancin kwatankwacin tsira na SS Egypt

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido%20da%20Fonseca%20Galv%C3%A3o

Cândido da Fonseca Galvão

Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,wanda kuma aka sani da Dom Obá II D'África Lençóis,1845-1890),wani jami'in sojan Brazil ne kuma mai daraja.Jikan Obá Abiodun na Daular Oyo, ya rike mukamin Omoba a tsakanin kabilar Yarbawa na Afirka ta Yamma.Mahaifin Galvão,Benvindo,ya sami 'yanci a ranar da ba a sani ba a farkon rabin karni na sha tara.Bayan da ya sami 'yancin kai,ya nemi ya yi amfani da damar da ake yi na tseren lu'u-lu'u na Lençóis a arewa maso gabashin Brazil.Shaidu sun nuna cewa ya zo ne a shekara ta 1845,duk da cewa babu takardar shaidar haihuwa da za a tabbatar,an kiyasta an haifi dansa Cândido da Fonseca Galvão jim kadan bayan haka. Yakin Neman Shiga Galvão ya shiga aikin sojan Brazil a shekara ta 1865 a matsayin mai 'yanci don yakar kasarsa a yakin da ke tafe da Paraguay da ke tattare da rikicin yanki.Duk da haka Galvão bai yi rajista shi kaɗai ba,ya zo ne a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar ’yan’uwanta 30 da ya amince su shiga yaƙi tare da shi.Ko da yake babu wani daftarin aiki na dole a jihar Brazil,yakin ya ba da damar daina zama arha aiki ga tsoffin bayi,kuma da yawa sun yi amfani.Galvão ya nuna alamun basirar jagoranci a farkon watanni na kafa sojojin Brazil,wannan ingancin ya ba shi girma zuwa Sajan a ranar 1 ga Mayu,1865.Daga nan ne zai jagoranci tawagar sa kai 230 zuwa babban birnin lardin.An shigar da tawagar Lençóis bisa ƙa'ida zuwa cikin Ƙungiyar Sa-kai ta III,ƙarƙashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Domingos Mundim Pestana na National Guard,kafin a nada shi a hukumance na 24th Corps Volunteer Corps.Masu sa kai na 24 sun kasance bataliya ta Zuavo,wadanda suka yi amfani da dabaru da kakin suttura daga rundunonin Zouave na sojojin Faransa na Afirka.Bahian Zuavos sun kasance abin kallo a cikin sojojin Brazil,galibi an san su da kwalayen rigar rigar su da bakar jami'ansu. Tare da kammala yakin su,a farkon lokacin rani na 1865,kamfanin na uku na Zouaves ya koma kwata daga Quartel da Palma zuwa Arsenal da Marinha,amma ba tare da mai ba da izini ba,saboda mataimakin shugaban kasa ya kori wanda ke kan karagar mulki. sakamakon yunkurin wasan wuta.Wannan ya bar guraben aiki,kuma yayin da yaƙi ya kunno kai,Mataimakin Shugaban Ƙasa ya zaɓi Cândido da Fonseca Galvão don cike aikin Sublieutenant na Kamfanin Bahia na 3 na Zouaves. Ranar 17 ga Yuni,1865,gawawwakin sun yi tattaki zuwa fadar babban Bishop don samun albarka daga shugaban lardin kafin su tashi zuwa kudu kan jirgin ruwa na Turanci Saladin.An karbe su bayan kwanaki 6 a Guanabara Bay, tsakiyar daular Brazil.A cikin watan da aka keɓe sojojin a Campo Da Aclamação, Galvão ya fara ganawa da sarki Pedro II,kafin su fara tafiya na wata 9 zuwa yankin abokan gaba. Yakin Tuiuti Mayu 24,1866,yaƙi mafi girma a tarihin Kudancin Amirka ya faru tsakanin sojojin kawance na Brazil,Argentina,da Uruguay da kuma sojojin Paraguay,dake Tuiuti,Paraguay.Sojojin kawance sun tsaya tsayin daka 32,000 kuma sojojin Paraguay sun kai adadin kusan 30,200. Yakin dai ya dauki tsawon sa'o'i 5 ne kawai ana gwabza fada a kusa da sansani wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar kusan mutane 9,000 a hade daga bangarorin biyu.Gawarwakin masu sa kai na Sublieutenant Galvão sun rasa maza 152 kadai.Dakarun kawancen dai sun samu nasara,amma saboda tsananin hasarar da suka yi,sun kasa cin gajiyar nasarar da suka samu,kuma sun kasance a wuri guda tsawon shekaru biyu,suna fakewa da kananan fadace-fadace. Matsayin mutum ɗaya a cikin yaƙi ba a rubuta shi ba kaɗan ba,amma akwai bayanan Melo Moraes Filho na zamani da ke magana game da maganganun da masu sa kai na Zouaves suka yi game da Galvão,"Imanin Yarima a ofishinsa yana da tsafta kuma abin yabo ne",kuma "a duk yaƙe-yaƙen da aka yi yaƙi da su.sojojin mai mulkin kama-karya López,ya kasance koyaushe a cikin masu gadi, yana faɗa da ƙarfin hali da ƙarfin hali. Tun daga watan Agusta 31,1866,kuma yakin duk ya yanke shawara,Sublieutenant Galvão ya ɓace daga yakin saboda raunin da ya sha a hannun damansa.Makonni biyu bayan haka,an wargaza rundunar ta 24 kuma an tura 'yan sojojin da suka rage zuwa wasu sassan don kammala yakin har zuwa mutuwar Solano López. Zuwan gida Bayan Cândido da Fonseca Galvão ya koma Rio de Janeiro,an umarce shi ya koma lardin Bahia na haihuwa.Wannan ya fara fafutukar ganin al’umma su san irin kokarin da ya yi da kuma cancantar hidimar da ya yi a yakin,ya kuma bude kafar sadarwa tsakaninsa da sarki,“Na zo muku a yau a matsayin mai addu’a wanda bai samu ko daya daga cikin ribar da aka ba shi ba.wadanda,kamar kansa,sun ba da ayyukansu don kare ƙaunatacciyar Ƙasar Gida;Na zo ne cikin kaskantar da kai da rokon Mai Martaba da ya ba wa wannan maudu’in daraja ta daraja da kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta yakin neman zabe”. Hanya mai wahala ta biyo baya don samun karramawa saboda gaskiyar cewa ofishin Adjutant General's ya buƙata,ƙarƙashin Order of the Day No.52,takardar shaida 'cikakkun ayyukan da suka dace da aka yi yayin yakin Paraguay'. Galvão bai iya ba da wannan takardar shaidar ba,saboda 'gidan da yake zaune a garin Lençóis ya kama wuta kuma ya kone kurmus tare da dukkan abubuwan da ke cikinsa'.An warware takun saka bayan shekara guda ta hanyar Order of the Day No. 880,wanda aka bayar a ranar 30 ga Satumba,1872,wanda ya bayyana,"An ba da fifikon darajan soja ga tsohon mai ba da izini na Kamfanin 3rd na Bahian Zouaves,Cândido da Fonseca Galvão,don sanin ayyukansa a lokacin yaƙin da ake yi da yaƙin. Paraguay'. A cikin shekaru da suka biyo baya Galvão ya nemi diyya ta gaskiya kuma ya yi hamayya da rashin adalci da shi da abokan yaƙin yaƙi suka yi masa sa’ad da suka isa gida. Kamar sauran mutane da yawa,Galvão ya yi ƙoƙari ya koma cikin rayuwar farar hula,kuma shaida a cikin lokacin yakin basasa nan da nan ya nuna cewa mai maye gurbin ya yi fama da shan barasa da rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa,wanda a ƙarshe ya haifar da kama mutane da yawa,na farko da aka rubuta a watan Mayu 1876.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick%20Tiot%C3%A9

Cheick Tioté

Cheick Ismaël Tioté French pronunciation: ʃɛik ismaɛl tjote] an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1986 zuwa 5 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2017), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ivory Coast wanda ya taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida Bayan buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa a kungiyar FC Bibo a garinsu na Yamoussoukro, ya fara taka leda a shekara ta, 2005 tare da kulob din Anderlecht na Belgium na farko A cikin shekarar, 2008, bayan lamuni a Roda JC, ya shiga kulob din Eredivisie FC Twente, ya lashe taken a kakar wasa ta biyu. A watan Agustan shekara ta, 2010, ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Premier League na Newcastle United a Ingila kan kudi £3.5 miliyan. Tioté ya buga wa Newcastle wasanni 156 sama da shekaru shida da rabi, inda ya ci kwallo daya. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekarar, 2017, ya shiga China League One club Beijing Enterprises Group Ya rasu ne sakamakon bugun zuciya a watan Yunin shekarar, 2017, yayin wani horo, yana da shekaru 30. Tioté ya buga wa tawagar kwallon kafar Ivory Coast sau 55 daga shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2015, inda ya zura kwallo daya. Ya wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA guda biyu da kuma gasar cin kofin Afrika hudu, inda ya lashe gasar shekarar, 2015 na karshen. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Yamoussoukro, Tioté ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ba tare da takalmi ba tun yana ɗan shekara 10, bai mallaki takalman takalma ba har sai yana da shekaru 15. Ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na matasa don karamar kungiyar FC Bibo ta Ivory Coast. A cikin hira da Maraice Chronicle, Tioté ya ce yana da 'yan'uwa maza da mata tara. Ya girma a Abidjan, ya daina karatun sa tun yana ƙarami. Ya ce "Kwallon kafa ya kasance abu mafi girma a gare ni Na san abin da nake so in yi kuma na tabbata cewa wannan zai zama rayuwata. Amma na yi aiki kuma na yi aiki kuma na yi aiki da shi kuma saboda wannan aiki tuƙuru ne ya sa na yi nasarar yin hakan.” Aikin kulob Anderlecht A cikin shekarar, 2005, kulob din Anderlecht na Belgium ya leko shi kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku da kulob din. Bayan ya shafe watanni a ajiyar kulob din, ya fara buga wa Anderlecht wasa a gasar cin kofin Belgium da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Geel bayan Tioté ya rasa hukuncinsa A watan mai zuwa, Tioté ya fara buga gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA, inda ya fara fara wasa a Matchday 6 Group Stage, a cikin asarar 1-0 da Real Betis Sai a ranar 18 ga watan Maris ɗin shekarar, 2006 ne ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa, inda ya ci gaba da zama a madadinsa, a wasan da suka doke Beveren da ci 4-0. Bayan yin wani bayyanar gasar, Tioté ya ci gaba da buga wasanni hudu a duk gasa a kakar shekarar, 2005 zuwa 2006. Kaka mai zuwa ta ga Tioté ya buga wasanni uku a duk gasa, saboda ya shafe mafi yawan kakar wasa tare da rauni. A cikin kakar shekarar, 2007 zuwa 2008, ya buga wasa aro don Roda JC akan yarjejeniyar lamuni na tsawon lokaci, inda ya taka leda tare da dan kasarsa Sekou Cissé Bayan fara wasansa na farko a Roda JC na farko, a cikin nasara 5–3 akan VVV-Venlo a ranar 2 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta, 2007, ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, a cikin rashin nasara 3–1 da Feyenoord Tun lokacin da ya yi tasiri a Roda JC, ya zama mai sha'awar kulob din a can. A ranar 27 ga watan Disambar shekara ta, 2007 ya zira kwallaye na biyu na Roda JC, a cikin nasara 1-0 akan Heerenveen A ranar 4 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2008, duk da haka, an kori Tioté a cikin minti na 33rd, a cikin asarar 2-0 da NEC, wanda ya zama bayyanarsa na ƙarshe. Bayan dakatar da wasa biyu na sauran kakar wasa, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni talatin kuma ya ci sau biyu a duk gasa. Twente A ƙarshen kakar wasa, Roda JC ya nuna sha'awar shiga Tioté, tare da Cercle Brugge A ƙarshe, a ranar 12 ga watan Yunin shekara ta, 2008, Tioté ya sanya hannu kan kungiyar Twente ta Eredivisie ta Holland don kuɗin da aka ruwaito kusan 750,000, sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru huɗu, tare da zaɓi na wani shekara. Lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, Tioté ya ce yana shakkar samun kwallon kafa na farko a Anderlecht ya kamata ya zauna. Tioté ya fara taka leda a kulob din a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 2008, a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA, a cikin rashin nasara da ci 2-0 da Arsenal Makonni daga baya, a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 2008, ya fara wasansa na farko a gasar, inda ya fara wasansa na farko, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Roda JC a wasan farko na kakar wasa. Duk da haka, a wasan da suka yi da Feyenoord a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekarar, 2009, an kore shi bayan wani laifi na biyu, wanda ya sa Twente ta sha kashi 1-0. Bayan dawo wa kungiyar ta farko daga dakatarwa, Tioté ya buga dukkan wasan a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin KNVB da Heerenveen, amma ya sha kashi a bugun fenareti bayan wasan ya buga mintuna 120, inda aka tashi 2-2. Duk da haka, Tioté ya kafa kansa a cikin tawagar farko a kakar wasa ta farko, yayin da ya buga wasanni arba'in da daya a duk gasa. Gabanin kakar wasa ta biyu a kulob din, an danganta Tioté daga Twente, inda kungiyoyin Faransa suka nuna sha'awar sayo shi. Bayan ya zauna a kulob din a duk lokacin bazara, Tioté ya ci gaba da kasancewa kungiyar farko ta yau da kullun kuma an kori shi a ranar 20 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta, 2009, a cikin nasara da ci 3-2 a kan Utrecht bayan wani laifi na biyu. A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, shekarar, 2010, Tioté ya zira kwallonsa ta farko ga Twente, a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Heerenveen. Bayan karbar katin rawaya yayin rashin nasara da ci 1-0 da AZ Alkmaar a ranar 13 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta, 2010, Tioté ya dakatar da wasa daya saboda wannan. Tioté ya dawo daga dakatarwar a wasan karshe na kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin na biyu, a wasan da suka doke NAC Breda da ci 2-0 don lashe kofin gasar farko na kulob din. Ya kuma taka leda a gasar zakarun Turai da kuma gasar zakarun Turai, yayin da ya buga wasanni arba'in da biyu kuma ya ci sau daya a duk gasa. A cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi a Twente, ya samu sunansa na kasancewarsa ƙwararren ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsayin daka tare da kishin tsallakewa, inda ya buga wasanni hamsin da takwas a gasar ya zura kwallo ɗaya tare da taimakawa goma sha huɗu. Bayan wasan da ya yi a gasar cin kofin duniya, Tioté ya kara jawo hankalin ƙungiyoyi, ciki har da Birmingham City, amma sabon kocin da aka nada Michel Preud'homme ya dage kan ajiye shi a kulob din. A cikin shekarar, 2010 zuwa 2011 kakar, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni biyu, kafin ya shiga Newcastle United Newcastle United A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta, 2010, Tioté ya koma Newcastle United ta Premier League kan farashin £3.5 miliyan, bayan an ba shi izinin aiki Lokacin da ya shiga kulob din, Tioté ya yi magana da jaridar gida, Evening Chronicle, game da tafiyar, yana mai cewa: "Yana da matukar farin ciki a gare ni in shiga wani shahararren kulob kamar Newcastle United." An ba shi riga mai lamba 24. Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 18 ga watan Satumba da Everton a Goodison Park Ya kammala dukkan faci 64 da ya yi, ya yi tsaka-tsaki biyu, sannan ya kammala duk kokarin da ya yi guda biyar, kuma harbin da ya yi kawai ya yi. Tioté da sauri ya zama wanda aka fi so tsakanin magoya baya. A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2011, an kore shi a wasan zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA da Newcastle da Stevenage Newcastle ta yi yunkurin daukaka karar hukuncin, amma FA ta yanke shawarar amincewa da shi, kuma an dakatar da Tioté na wasanni uku. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairu, Tioté ya zira kwallonsa ta farko, kuma abin da zai zama burinsa kawai ga kulob din, wasan volley mai nisan yadi 25 don bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka tashi 4-4 da Arsenal, bayan Newcastle ta tashi 4-0 a hutun rabin lokaci. A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2011, Newcastle ta sanar da cewa Tioté ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru shida da rabi don nuna himmarsa ga kulob din, ya ajiye shi a Newcastle har zuwa shekarar, 2017. Da ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwantiraginsa, Tioté ya ce: “Kwarewar taka leda a gasar Premier ta fi yadda nake fata. Wannan babban kulob ne kuma magoya bayansa sun yi hazaka Ban taba sanin goyon bayansa ba." Duk da koma bayan dakatarwar da aka yi masa, ya buga wasanni 28 kuma ya zura kwallo daya a dukkan wasannin da ya buga. A cikin shekara ta, 2011 zuwa 2012 kakar, Tioté ya fara kakar wasa da kyau ga kulob din lokacin da ya kafa raga biyu a cikin wasanni biyu tsakanin 17 da 24 a watan Satumba shekara ta, 2011, da Aston Villa da Blackburn Rovers, wanda ya haifar da zane da nasara bi da bi. Koyaya, yayin nasarar 1-0 akan Wigan Athletic a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, ya sami karyewar hanci da gwiwa wanda ya sa ya yi jinyar watanni biyu. Ya dawo ranar 17 ga Disamba, yana wasa mintuna 82 kafin a sauya shi a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Swansea City Bayan kammala gasar cin kofin Afrika, Tioté ya koma tawagar farko, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin kwallayen, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Wolverhampton Wanderers a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2012. Yayin da kakar shekara ta, 2011 zuwa 2012 ta ci gaba, ya ci gaba da yin bayyanuwa 24 a duk gasa. Bayan yanayi biyu a Newcastle, Tioté ya karbi katunan rawaya 25 daga wasannin 50 na gasar, dawowar katin rawaya daya a kowane wasanni biyu, amma kawai ya karɓi kashe guda ɗaya, da abokan hamayyar Sunderland An kore shi a wasan da Newcastle ta tashi 1–1 a filin wasa na Haske a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2012, saboda rashin nasara akan Steven Fletcher A wasan da suka doke Queens Park Rangers da ci 1-0 a ranar 22 ga Disamba, Tioté ya samu katin gargadi, inda ya dauki katin gargadi na biyar a kakar wasa ta bana, wanda hakan ya sa aka dakatar da shi wasa daya. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarar, 2012 zuwa 2013 kakar, Tioté ya sha wahala, saboda ƙaddamar da kasa da kasa a lokuta biyu da rauni. Duk da haka, ya ci gaba da buga wasanni 31 a duk gasa a kakar shekara ta, 2012 zuwa 2013. A cikin 2013-14 kakar, Tioté ya zama kyaftin din Newcastle a karon farko, ya maye gurbin Fabricio Coloccini da Yohan Cabaye, duka biyu sun yi nasara da rauni, kuma sun yi kyau a wasan 2-2 akan 19 Oktoba 2013. Bayan wasan, kocin Alan Pardew ya yaba rawar da ya taka a matsayin kyaftin, wanda ya so ya zama kyaftin din wani wasa. A ranar 12 ga Janairu, 2014, kuma tare da Newcastle 1-0 a gida da Manchester City, Tioté ya yi watsi da kwallon da aka hana shi, lokacin da alkalin wasa Mike Jones ya yanke hukuncin cewa Yoan Goufran ya toshe ra'ayin mai tsaron gida daga waje, kuma masana sun soki lamarin. yanke shawarar ƙin yarda da burin. Daga baya wannan watan, Cabaye ya bar kulob din don shiga Paris Saint-Germain, don haka ya rushe haɗin gwiwa mai nasara tsakanin mutanen biyu. Sakamakon haka, siffarsa ta sha wahala, tare da maye gurbin Dan Gosling bai kai matsayin da aka fi so ba. Duk da haka, Tioté an bai wa kyaftin din hannu idan babu Coloccini, wanda ya ji rauni a gwiwa a kan West Bromwich Albion A ƙarshen kakar shekarar 2013 zuwa 2014, Tioté ya buga wasanni 36 a duk gasa. Raunin hamstring yana nufin cewa Tioté ya fara kakar wasa ta gaba fiye da abokan wasansa; zai kasance a watan Satumba ne a karshe ya fara bayyanarsa, a karawar da Hull City, inda ya kafa daya daga cikin kwallayen, a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. Zai ci gaba da buga wasanni goma sha ɗaya a gasar, kafin ya ci gaba da taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2015 Ya samu rauni a gwiwarsa, kuma dole ne a yi masa tiyata, wanda hakan ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba. Wannan ya zo wa dan wasan rauni; Ya bayyana wa manema labarai na Ivory Coast cewa yana son barin Newcastle. A baya an danganta shi da Arsenal da Manchester United, kuma ya yarda cewa an yi tuntuɓar sa daga Arsenal da wani kulob na Rasha da ba a bayyana sunansa ba. A cikin kakar shekarar, 2015 zuwa 2016, Tioté ya buga wasanni 20 na gasar, da farko a karkashin Steve McClaren, sannan a karkashin Rafael Benítez Duk da haka, ba zai iya maye gurbin Moussa Sissoko da Georginio Wijnaldum na tsakiya ba, kuma sau da yawa ya taka leda a wuraren da bai dace da shi ba. Lokacin rani na gaba ya ga Tioté yana da alaƙa da ƙaura zuwa Turkiyya da China, amma babu abin da ya samu. Benítez ya yanke shawarar ci gaba da rike shi a matsayin dan wasan kungiyar, kuma ya kara faduwa kasa da Jonjo Shelvey, Jack Colback da Isaac Hayden duk sun fara gabansa. Ya kara buga wasanni uku a kulob din sau daya a gasar, a wasan da suka yi 1-1 da Aston Villa, da kuma sau biyu a gasar cin kofin FA, a zagaye na uku da suka yi da Birmingham City Kamfanin Beijing Enterprises Group A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2017, Tioté ya shiga rukunin kamfanoni na Beijing League One na China kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. Tioté ya fara halartan rukunin kamfanoni na Beijing, a wasan farko na kakar wasa, inda ya buga wasan gaba daya, a ci 2-1 da Qingdao Huanghai Ya bayyana a wasanni 11 cikin 12 na kungiyar har zuwa wasansa na karshe a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni da Baoding Yingli ETS da ci 4–2. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2009, An kira Tioté a karon farko ta Ivory Coast, amma bai taka leda ba. Bayan an sake kiran shi a watan Mayu, ya buga wasansa na farko a duniya ranar 12 ga watan Agusta a wasan sada zumunci da Tunisia An zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasan Ivory Coast da za su taka leda a gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekara ta, 2010 kuma an ba shi lambar 9. Ya fara ne a cikin dukkan wasannin Les Éléphants guda uku kafin Algeria ta kawar da su kwata-kwata. Har ila yau Tioté ya fara kowanne daga cikin wasannin da Ivory Coast ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a Afirka ta Kudu a shekara ta, 2010, amma kungiyar ba ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na biyu ba. A lokacin daya daga cikin wasan da Brazil, Tioté ya shiga cikin kalubale tare da Elano wanda ya gan shi yana fama da rauni kuma ya yi jinkiri a sauran gasar. A ranar 13 ga watan Janairun shekara ta, 2012, an kori Tioté jan kati saboda "kalubalen hauka" a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2012 da Tunisia ta buga. Duk da haka, ya kasance a cikin farawa line-up for Ivory Coast ta bude biyu rukuni matches da biyu Semi final da kuma na karshe, a cikin abin da ya zira kwallaye na farko da tawagar a bugun fanariti shan kashi a hannun Zambia Bayan kammala gasar, Tioté ya bayyana cewa ya ba abokinsa lambar yabo ne saboda rashin nasara. A gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar, 2013, Tioté ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a duniya a minti na 50 da ci 2-1 a wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a hannun Najeriya A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar, 2014, Tioté ya nuna a cikin dukkanin wasanni uku a cikin rukuni. A ranar 13 ga watan Yuni, an gudanar da bikin tunawa da Tioté a nan birnin Beijing, wanda ya samu halartar takwarorinsa na rukunin kamfanoni na Beijing da Papiss Cissé, wanda ya yi wasa tare da shi a Newcastle. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuni, an mayar da gawarsa zuwa Ivory Coast don yin jana'iza na sirri, a cikin takaddamar da ke tsakanin danginsa da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ivory Coast game da inda aka binne shi. An yi jana'izar soja a Abidjan a ranar 18 ga watan Yuni, wanda ya samu halartar takwarorinsa na kasa da 'yan siyasa ciki har da Firayim Minista Amadou Gon Coulibaly Kungiyar Kamfanoni ta Beijing ta yi ritaya daga rigar Tioté mai lamba 24 a ranar 24 ga watan Yuni. Girmamawa Saukewa 2009-10 Super Cup na Dutch 2010 Gasar cin kofin Afrika 2015 Manazarta 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Côte d'Ivoire Haihuwan 1986 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyson%20Kidd

Tyson Kidd

Dio odorie Jameas, “TJ” Wilson an haife shi a watan Yuli, 11, 198 ƙwararren ɗan kokawa, ne mai ritaya wanda aka fi sani da sunan zobe Tyson Kidd A halin yanzu an sanya hannu a WWE, inda yake aiki a matsayin furodusa Wanda ya kammala karatun digiri na karshe na Hart Dungeon, Wilson ya yi kokawa a duniya a fannoni da dama kamar Stampede Wrestling tsakanin shekarar 1995 da 2007, inda ya ci gasar Stampede International Tag Team Championship a lokuta biyu tare da Bruce Hart da Juggernaut, Stampede British Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyin Nauyi na Commonwealth, da Stampede North America Championship a lokuta biyu. Kafin shiga tare da WWE, Wilson ya yi takara a Prairie Wrestling Alliance, New Japan Pro-Wrestling, All Star Wrestling, da AWA Superstars na Wrestling A cikin watan Nuwamba 2006, Wilson sanya hannu a kwangilar ci gaba tare da World Wrestling Entertainment, kuma an sanya shi zuwa daban-daban WWE ta ci gaban ƙasa, kamar Deep South Wrestling (DSW), da Florida Championship Wrestling (FCW). Kafin ya fara halarta na farko a cikin babban jerin gwano a cikin 2009, Wilson ya kafa daular Hart tare da David Hart Smith da Natalya, inda ya lashe Gasar Unified Tag Team Championship, tare da Smith a cikin Afrilu 2010. Ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 2017 saboda raunin kashin baya Rayuwar farko An haifi Wilson a ranar 11 ga watan Yuli, 1980, a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada, ɗan Cheryl Wilson. Shi dan kasar Ingila, ne ta hanyar kakanninsa. Kwararren sana'ar kokawa Horo da Kokawa (1995-2007) Wilson ya horar da shi a Stu Hart 's Dungeon a Calgary, Alberta, Kanada. Wilson ya ci gaba da horar da wasan kokawa a karkashin kulawar Tokyo Joe, wanda daga baya ya taimaka masa ya yi rajista a New J,g (NJPW) da kuma Ingila. Ya yi kokawa a wasansa na farko a Stampede Wrestling, a Calgary yana da shekaru goma sha biyar a 1995. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha shida, ya yi kokawa a wasan farko na gidan wasan kwaikwayo na World Wrestling a Calgary, tare da Andrew Picarnic da Teddy Hart da Harry Smith A shekara mai zuwa, Wilson ya fara horo tare da Bret Hart A matsayin wani ɓangare na Stampede Wrestling, Wilson ana yi masa lakabi da Kid Stampede Ya gudanar da gasarsa ta farko a cikin haɓakawa a cikin Fabrairu 2004, lokacin da Wilson ya zama sabon abokin haɗin gwiwar tag na Bruce Hart kuma mai riƙe da Gasar Kokawa ta Duniya ta Stampede Wrestling don maye gurbin Teddy Hart wanda ya ji rauni. Ya ci gasar Stampede British Commonwealth Mid-Heavyweight Championship a ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 2004 ta hanyar doke Duke Durrango. A cikin Oktoba 2005, Wilson da Durrango sun kasance masu yin lissafin Stampede Wrestling. Ranar 15 ga Satumba, 2006, Wilson ya ci Apocalypse don kama Stampede North American Heavyweight Championship a wasan da ya faru a rabin lokaci na Calgary Stampeders vs. Winnipeg Blue Bombers wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Kanada a filin wasa na McMahon Ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2006, Wilson ya maye gurbin rabin rabi na Tag Team Champions Pete Wilson, wanda ya ji rauni, kuma ya zama abokin tarayya na Juggernaut. Wilson yana da wasansa na ƙarshe na Stampede a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2007, inda abokin hamayyarsa Apocalypse ya doke shi. Ya dawo a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu, 2007, don wasansa na ƙarshe tare da haɓakawa, yana kare Gasar Tagungiyar Tag ta Duniya, da A-Team Michael Avery da Dusty Adonis). Shi da Juggernaut sun yi nasara a wasan, duk da haka, bayan haka, Wilson ya ba da Gasar ga A-Team, yayin da yake barin kuma ya kasa kare gasar. Har ila yau, ya kasance da hannu sosai tare da horar da ƙananan taurari na haɓakawa a wani sansanin da ake kira BJ's Gym. Matsayi daban-daban (2002-2006) Kamar yadda Stampede Kid, ya kammala yawon shakatawa da yawa na Japan, yana fafatawa a New Japan Pro-Wrestling, Ya fafata a wasan tag na mutum shida a watan Nuwamba inda ya hada kai da GOKU-DO da Super Crazy kuma ya sha kashi a hannun Heat, Masahito Kakihara da Masayuki Naruse Nasarar farko ta zo ne bayan 'yan kwanaki, lokacin da ya haɗu tare da Super Crazy don kayar da El Samurai da Jushin Thunder Liger, kuma ya gama rangadinsa a ƙarshen Disamba. Ya dawo a cikin Maris 2003, kuma galibi ya haɗu tare da Dodon Amurka Tsakanin watannin Mayu da Yuni ya fafata a cikin mafi kyawun Super Juniors, yawanci ya yi rashin nasara a wasanninsa duk da haka ya doke El Samurai da Jado, wanda ya ba shi maki hudu gaba daya. Ya dawo a 2004 don wani yawon shakatawa na tsawon wata guda. A cikin 2005, ya shiga cikin Mafi kyawun Super Juniors, kuma ya sake rasa yawancin wasanninsa, amma ya doke Jado da Minoru Tanaka don samun maki huɗu gabaɗaya. Na karshe a ranar 16 ga Yuni, 2005 inda ya hada kai da Hirooki Goto inda suka sha kashi a hannun Akiya Anzawa da El Samurai. A cikin shekara ta 2005 ya fara yawon shakatawa na Turai kuma galibi ya yi kokawa don kokawa ta All Star, Ya doke Five Star Flash a wasansa na farko a ASW. Ya halarci Gasar Dare Daya kuma Douglas Williams, ya fitar da shi daga gasar. Yayin da yake nahiyar turai ya yi kokawa a ko'ina cikin kasar Ingila amma kuma ya yi kokawa a wasu kasashe kamar Jamus da Netherlands Ya dauki GSW Breakthrough Champion Murat Bosporus, don gasar kuma ya sha kashi. Wilson ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a Kanada a AWA Superstars of Wrestling Ya hada kai da Harry Smith don shiga gasar cin kofin Grapple inda suka doke Cadillac Caliss da WildCard a wasan karshe. A cikin 2006 ya doke Harry Smith don gasar AWA Pinnacle Heavyweight Championship kuma ya rike ta tsawon watanni biyar kafin ya rasa ta a hannun Laramie Lexow. Duniyar Wrestling Entertainment/WWE Yankuna masu tasowa (2006-2008) Wilson ya sanya hannu tare da Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya, a cikin Nuwamba 2006 bayan ya karɓi bita mai ban sha'awa daga tsohon mai horar da WWE Bill DeMott Ya koma WWE yankin ci gaba Deep South Wrestling (DSW) a cikin Fabrairu 2007 tare da abokin sa hannu da budurwa Nattie Neidhart Lokacin da DSW da WWE suka rabu, Wilson ya ƙaura zuwa Tampa, Florida don horar da su a cikin WWE na ci gaba a gasar Kokawa ta Florida A ƙarshen 2007, ya yi aiki tare da Harry Smith, Nattie Neidhart, Teddy Hart, da Ted DiBiase Jr. a matsayin Gidauniyar Hart na gaba A ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2007, ya ci gasar FCW Southern Heavyweight Championship ta hanyar doke Afa Jr. a wasan tsani Ya rasa shi ga Ted DiBiase Jr. a ranar 18 ga Disamba. A tsakiyar 2008, ya sake fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Smith, kuma Natalya (Nattie Neidhart) ya sarrafa su biyun. A ranar 30 ga Oktoba, sun ci FCW Florida Tag Team Championship, amma sun rasa ta ga Tyler Reks da Johnny Curtis a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2008 a taping talabijin na FCW. Daular Hart (2009-2010) Wilson ya fara wasansa na farko a gidan talabijin na,, WWE a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 200, shirin ECW wanda budurwar budurwa Natalya ke gudanarwa, a ƙarƙashin sunan Tyson Kidd, ta doke ɗan kokawa na gida, Bao Nguyen, kuma ya kafa kansa a matsayin diddige Kodayake Natalya tana sarrafa Kidd akan ECW, har yanzu tana matsayin memba na alamar SmackDown har zuwa Afrilu 15, 2009, lokacin da aka tsara ta zuwa ECW a matsayin wani ɓangare na 2009 Supplement Draft don shiga Kidd. A ranar 28 ga Afrilu bugu na ECW, Kidd ya ci Fit Finlay, a ranar 5 ga Mayu na ECW, Kidd ya sha kashi a hannun Evan Bourne ,A ranar 12 ga Mayu ECW, DH Smith ya katse wasan Kidd tare da Finlay, yanzu yana amfani da sunan David Hart Smith, wanda ya kai hari ga Finlay don taimakawa Kidd. Kidd, Smith da Neidhart sun kafa The Hart Trilogy, wanda daga baya aka canza zuwa Daular Hart a kan Mayu 26 ECW A bugu na Mayu 26 na ECW, Kidd, Jack Swagger David Hart Smith sun doke Tommy Dreamer Christian a wasan nakasassu 3 akan 2. A bugu na Yuni 2 na ECW, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Kirista. A ranar 9 ga Yuni na ECW, Daular Hart ta ci Kirista da Jack Swagger. A bugu na Yuni 23 na ECW, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Evan Bourne a wasan karshe na Kidd a matsayin wani bangare na jerin sunayen ECW A ranar 29 ga Yuni, an sayar da Daular Hart zuwa alamar SmackDown Sun fara rikici da Cryme Tyme a watan Yuli kuma rikicin ya ƙare a watan Oktoba. A Bragging Rights pay-per-view a watan Oktoba, Kidd da Smith sun yi takara a cikin wasa bakwai-on-bakwai tare da Chris Jericho, Kane, Finlay, Matt Hardy da R-Gaskiya a matsayin Team SmackDown don kayar da Team Raw Daular Hart ta sami wasa mai taken Unified WWE Tag Team Championship a kan Disamba 25 SmackDown da D-Generation X, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Sun fara rikici tare da Matt Hardy da Babban Khali a kan Janairu 22, 2010 SmackDown Rikicin ya ƙare tare da kowace ƙungiya ta cinikin nasara da juna. Daular Hart ta juya fuska a WrestleMania XXVI, yana taimaka wa Bret Hart a lokacin wasansa da Vince McMahon, kuma a daren da ya biyo baya a Raw sun ci nasara da Unified WWE Tag Team Champions ShoMiz Big Show da The Miz a cikin wasan da ba na lakabi ba bayan The Miz zagi Hart. Sun sami Gasar Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwaƙwalwa na Ƙadda ta yi ta hanyar kayar da ShoMiz a wasan gauntlet na tag (wanda ya hada da tawagar John Morrison da R-Truth da tawagar Montel Vontavious Porter da Mark Henry A 2010 WWE Draft a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, Daular Hart, tare da Natalya da Hart, sun ci ShoMiz don lashe Gasar Tagungiyar Tagungiyar Haɗin Kai, lokacin da Kidd ya ba da Miz Miz ga Sharpshooter Washegari, duk membobi uku na Daular Hart an ƙaura zuwa alamar Raw a matsayin wani ɓangare na Ƙarin Daftarin A ranar 10 ga Mayu Raw, ya doke The Miz don samun Bret Hart a wasa don Gasar Amurka ta Miz ta WWE, kuma mako mai zuwa Daular Hart ta taimaka wa Hart don lashe gasar. A Over the Limit, sun riƙe Haɗin kai WWE Tag Team Championship da Chris Jericho da The Miz. Dare mai zuwa, a ranar 24 ga Mayu, Raw, an kai musu hari ta hanyar fafatawar biyu na The Usos (Jimmy Uso da Jey Uso) da Tamina Snuka bayan wasa, wanda ya haifar da jayayya tsakanin 'yan wasan biyu. A Fatal 4-Way, sun doke The Usos da Tamina a wasa shida-mutum mix tag tawagar wasa a lokacin da Natalya pinned Tamina, da Smith da Kidd doke The Usos a Money a Bank don rike gasar. A daren gasar zakarun Turai, Daular Hart ta rasa WWE Tag Team Championship zuwa Cody Rhodes da Drew McIntyre a cikin Tag Team Turmoil wasa wanda ya hada da Usos, Vladimir Kozlov da Santino Marella da tawagar Evan Bourne da Mark Henry Bayan wani yunƙuri na sake samun gasar, inda Kidd ya ture ma'auni yayin tafiyar ƙungiyarsu ta Hart Attack biyu, Kidd da DH Smith sun fara samun sabani da juna. Wannan ya ƙare a kan Nuwamba 15 episode na Raw, lokacin da Kidd ya sake komawa diddige, bayan ya ƙi yin alama kuma ya kai hari ga Smith a lokacin wasa na WWE Tag Team Championship da Nexus Justin Gabriel da Heath Slater A mako mai zuwa, Kidd ya fuskanci John Morrison a wasan share fage na King of the Ring, amma bai yi nasara ba. A kan Disamba 2 WWE Superstars, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara ga Smith a cikin wasan guda ɗaya. Bayan haka, Smith ya ba da musafaha, amma Kidd ya mari Smith a maimakon haka. A Raw na gaba, Kidd ya ci Smith a cikin sakewa, a lokacin da ya kasance tare da mai gadi, daga baya ya bayyana a matsayin Jackson Andrews Andrews ya daina fitowa a matsayin mai tsaron lafiyar Kidd bayan Mark Henry ya yi nasa na ƙarshe, Slam Mafi ƙarfi a Duniya, akan Andrews a lokacin Raw 27 ga watan Disamba. NXT (2011-2012) A Royal Rumble, Kidd ya kasance dan takara a wasan Rumble inda John Cena ya kawar da shi. A WrestleMania XXVII, Kidd ya kasance mai fafatawa a cikin wani wasa mai duhu na mutum ashirin da uku wanda Babban Khali ya lashe. A ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011, Kidd ya koma alamar SmackDown a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙarin daftarin 2011 Ya dawo wasansa na farko don alamar a ranar 6 ga Mayu SmackDown, amma ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Sin Cara A ranar 12 ga Mayu Superstars, Kidd debuted Michael Hayes a matsayin manaja yayin da ya ci Trent Barreta Ƙawancen su ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci duk da haka, kamar yadda a kan Superstars masu zuwa, Hayes ya buge Kidd bayan Kidd ya rasa Yoshi Tatsu. Armando Estrada da Matt Striker sun gudanar da Kidd a ranar 26 ga Mayu da Yuni 2 na shirye- shiryen Superstars bi da bi, kuma Kidd ya ci Barreta a lokuta biyun. A kan Yuni 9 Superstars, Kidd ya bayyana tare da mai sarrafa na hudu a cikin makonni masu yawa, Vickie Guerrero amma ya rasa Yoshi Tatsu. A kan Superstars na gaba, Kidd ya karbi wani manajan a JTG, amma ya sake rasa, wannan lokacin zuwa Kane Kidd shine Lucky Cannon 's Pro akan NXT Redemption An kawar da Cannon a kan Yuni 14 NXT, Rookie na uku ya shafe. Mako guda bayan haka, Kidd ya aske gashin sa hannun sa. Kidd sa'an nan feuded da Yoshi Tatsu a kan NXT, wanda ya samo asali daga wata gardama ta bayan fage lokacin da Kidd ya karya siffar wasan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Tatsu na kansa kuma ya sace ƙafar wani. A lokacin jerin matches na su, ma'auratan sun yi nasara, kuma Tatsu ya yi ikirarin mayar da ƙafar siffa ta sata ta hanyar lashe abin wuya a kan Pole a kan Yuli 26 NXT Bayan wasan, Kidd ya kai hari ga kafar dama ta Tatsu; mako guda bayan haka, Kidd ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu sauran Yoshi Tatsu a WWE. Tatsu ya dawo fiye da wata guda a kan Satumba 6 NXT don kayar da Kidd kuma ya kawo karshen rikici. A kan SmackDown na Oktoba 14, Kidd ya kasance a cikin mafi girma a cikin Battle Royal a tarihi, wanda mai nasara zai sami lakabin lakabi, amma ya kasa samun nasarar. A cikin Janairu 2012, Kidd ya fara juyowar fuska a karon farko tun 2010. Bayan kayar da Trent Barreta sau biyu akan NXT, Kidd ya ba da shawarar cewa su sanya ƙungiyar tare. A ƙarshen Fabrairu 2012, Kidd ya fara jayayya da Michael McGillicutty bayan McGillicutty ya yi ba'a game da rashin gadonsa na kokawa. Kidd sannan ya yi rashin nasara a hannun McGillicutty a ranar 29 ga Fabrairu NXT Bayan McGillicutty ya zagi Kidd ta hanyar iƙirarin cewa Kidd ba zai taɓa zama gaskiya ba Hart Kidd ya sami rematch a kan Maris 21 NXT, inda ya ci McGillicutty har ma da maki a nasara daya. Kidd da McGillicutty sun fuskanci wasa na uku a kan Afrilu 11 NXT, wanda ya haifar da Kidd nasara akan McGillicutty. Kidd ya karfafa rinjayen 'yan uwansa a cikin NXT ta hanyar doke Johnny Curtis na farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, sannan ya doke McGillicutty da Derrick Bateman a wasan barazana sau uku a ranar 16 ga Mayu. Ƙwallon ƙafa na (2012-2014) A kan Maris 29 Superstars, Kidd ya fuskanci Justin Gabriel amma ya yi rashin nasara a wasan, bayan haka Duo ya nuna girmamawa ga juna kuma sun yarda su kafa ƙungiyar tag don kalubalanci Primo &amp; Epico don gasar WWE Tag Team Championship a cikin duhu Triple Threat tag tawagar wasan WrestleMania XXVIII, kuma ya haɗa da Usos, Sai dai ba su yi nasara ba yayin da Primo Epico suka yi nasarar cin wasan tare da rike kambunsu. A yayin wasan, Gabriel ya kara kaimi tare da murza masa gwiwar gwiwarsa, lamarin da ya sa ba ya taka leda na tsawon makonni. A Over the Limit Pay-per-view, Kidd ya shiga cikin yaƙin mutum 20 na sarauta tare da wanda ya yi nasara ya sami zaɓi na wasan Amurka ko Intercontinental Championship amma David Otunga ya kawar da shi. Kidd ya sake haɗuwa da Jibra'ilu a kan Yuni 6 NXT Redemption, inda suka ci nasara da duo na Johnny Curtis da Heath Slater. Tyson ya kuma doke PAC a fadar da ke Las Vegas. A No Way Out Pay-per-view, Kidd da Gabriel sun ci nasara da The Prime Time Players Titus O'Neil da Darren Young a lamba daya contender Fatal Four-Way tag tawagar wasan, kuma ya shafi Primo Epico da The Usos. A kan Yuni 29 SmackDown, Kidd ya ci Jack Swagger don samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya mai nauyi a wasan tsani na Bankin. Dan wasan cancantar Tensai daga nan ya fara rikici da Kidd bayan Kidd ya lika shi a cikin dakika 19 a ranar 2 ga Yuli Raw, wanda ya jagoranci Tensai ya kai hari ga Kidd a harin bayan wasa. A Kudi a cikin Bankin, Dolp Ziggler ya lashe wasan tsani na Kidd. A ranar 30 ga Yuli Raw, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara a hannun Tensai, amma bayan Tensai ya ci gaba da kai wa Kidd hari bayan wasan, alkalin wasa ya sauya shawararsa kuma ya bai wa Kidd nasara. A daren farko na gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 16 ga Satumba, Kidd yana cikin #1 Contender Battle Royal don harbi a gasar cin kofin Amurka inda Tensai ya kawar da shi. Kidd da Gabriel sa'an nan kuma sun fafata a cikin jerin wasannin tag a kan Superstars da Curt Hawkins da Tyler Reks, suna cin nasara kowane wasa. A karon farko na Babban Event a ranar 3 ga Oktoba, Kidd da Gabriel, wanda yanzu ake kira International Airstrike ba bisa ka'ida ba, sun sha kashi a hannun Santino Marella da Zack Ryder a zagayen kusa da na karshe na gasar don yanke hukunci na daya daga cikin masu neman shiga gasar zakarun kungiyar. A ranar 31 ga Oktoba NXT, Kidd ya yi rashin nasara ya kalubalanci Antonio Cesaro don gasar WWE ta Amurka A Survivor Series pay-per-view, Kidd ya yi nasara a wasan 10 na kawar da tag wasan tare da Justin Gabriel, Rey Mysterio, Sin Cara, da Brodus Clay da Titus O'Neil, Darren Young, Primo, Epico, da Tensai; tare da Kidd pinning O'Neil da Epico. A cikin Janairu 2013, Kidd yaga meniscus na gwiwa kuma an kiyasta yana buƙatar hutun watanni 6-12 don murmurewa. Duk da raunin da ya samu, Kidd ya bayyana a bikin Bret Hart Appreciation Night na Mayu 27. A ƙarƙashin abin rufe fuska don ɓoye ainihin sa, ya koma talabijin a kan Oktoba 11 SmackDown a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyar tag na Los Locales tare da El Local (Ricardo Rodriguez) tare da asarar Los Matadores Wani Kidd wanda ba a rufe shi ya koma Raw a ranar Nuwamba 4, tare da matarsa Natalya tare da nasara akan Fandango da Summer Rae Duk da haka, Kidd nan da nan ya ci gaba da rasa matches zuwa Fandango, Jack Swagger da tsohon abokin tarayya Justin Gabriel a kan Babban taron da Superstars na sauran 2013. A Wrestlemania XXX, Kidd ya kasance a cikin André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal wanda Cesaro ya lashe. Bayan dawowarsa daga rauni, Kidd ya fara bayyana akai-akai akan NXT, wanda yanzu shine reshe na ci gaba na WWE. Ya fara cin nasara a cikin NXT a cikin Disamba 2013 ciki har da nasara akan Leo Kruger da Mason Ryan A ranar 1 ga Mayu na NXT, Kidd ya ci Bo Dallas A kan May 8, 2014 episode na NXT, Kidd ya shiga cikin yakin basasa na 20-man don harbin gasar NXT Championship, tare da shi yana shiga cikin taye uku. A sakamakon haka, Kidd ya fuskanci sauran masu nasara biyu, Tyler Breeze da Sami Zayn a cikin wasa uku-barazana a kan gaba na NXT, inda Kidd ya ci nasara don zama 1 dan takara don wasa a NXT TakeOver A TakeOver, Kidd ya kasa lashe taken da Adrian Neville A cikin watan Yuni 12 na NXT, Kidd ya fuskanci Adrian Neville a cikin sake dawowa don taken NXT amma ya kasa cin nasara a matsayin bayan da ya ba da hankali daga Natalya. A ranar 19 ga Yuni na NXT, Kidd ya haɗu tare da Sami Zayn don kalubalanci hawan hawan zuwa NXT Tag Team Championship, sun yi rashin nasara a wasan lokacin da Kidd ya fita a kan Zayn a tsakiyar wasan, yana juya diddige a cikin tsari na farko. tun 2012. A NXT TakeOver: Fatal 4-Way, Kidd ya fafata a wasan Fatal 4-Way don gasar NXT, wanda Adrian Neville ya samu nasarar rike shi. Haɗin kai tare da Cesaro (2014-2015) Daga ƙarshen Satumba 2014, Kidd ya fara cin nasara mafi yawan matches masu mahimmanci, yayin da Natalya ke gefensa, ya ci nasara akan Babban Event da Superstars a kan irin su Kofi Kingston, Jack Swagger, R-Gaskiya, da Sin Cara An sami tashin hankali tsakanin Kidd da Natalya, saboda Kidd a wasu lokuta ya yi watsi da matarsa, kuma a wasu lokuta yana amfani da Natalya a matsayin garkuwar ɗan adam ko kuma tsammanin ta yi kutse ba bisa ka'ida ba a wasanninsa. A kan Nuwamba 3 episode na Raw, Kidd ya sake amfani da Natalya don cin nasara wata nasara, wannan lokacin ta hanyar kirgawa a wasan da ba na take ba da Sheamus na Amurka. A cikin watan Nuwamba 14 na SmackDown, Kidd ya sami damar samun dama ga WWE Intercontinental Championship a wasan kawar da Cesaro da kuma mai tsaron gida Dolph Ziggler, duk da haka bai yi nasara ba. Kidd ya fara ƙungiyar tag tare da Cesaro a ranar 1 ga Disamba na Raw kuma an kawar da su daga wasan gauntlet don taken taken da Usos ya harba. Sun sami nasara a kan Los Matadores, kuma sun ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Adam Rose a cikin rikici da Sabuwar Rana Big E, Kofi Kingston, da Xavier Woods a cikin Janairu. A kan Royal Rumble pre-show, Kidd da Cesaro sun ci Sabuwar Rana. Daga baya a wannan dare, Kidd ya shiga wasan Rumble a lamba 12, duk da haka Daniel Bryan ya kawar da shi. A Fastlane a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, Kidd da Cesaro sun ci Usos don kama WWE Tag Team Championship, taken da bai yi kusan shekaru 5 ba. Sun ci gaba da rike kambunsu a karawar da suka yi a daren jiya a Raw bayan Natalya ta haifar da rashin cancantar. Kidd da Cesaro sun yi nasarar rike kambunsu a gasar WrestleMania 31 da suka gabata a wasan da ya hada da wasu kungiyoyi uku. Kidd kuma ya yi takara a cikin André the Giant memorial Battle Royal, amma Mark Henry ya kawar da shi. A cikin Afrilu, Kidd da Cesaro sun yi mulki a kan Sabuwar Rana, inda aka yi sau biyu; Kidd da Cesaro sun zama fuskar jarirai ta hanyar nuna ruhin fada, yayin da Sabuwar Rana ta juya diddige ta hanyar amfani da dabarar da ba ta dace ba yayin wasansu. A Extreme Dokokin, Kidd da Cesaro sun rasa WWE Tag Team Championship zuwa Sabuwar Rana (Big E da Kofi Kingston), suna kawo karshen mulkin su a makonni tara. Sun kasa sake samun gasar zakarun Turai a ranar 30 ga Afrilu na SmackDown, da kuma a Payback a cikin 2-out-of-3 falls match, tare da Xavier Woods yana tsoma baki a cikin wasanni biyu. A Elimination Chamber, Kidd da Cesaro sun fafata a wasan farko na tag Team Elimination Chamber wasan amma sun kasa lashe taken. Wannan ya zama wasansa na ƙarshe na WWE a talabijin. Rauni mai ƙarewar aiki da rawar mai samarwa (2015-yanzu) A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2015, Kidd ya sami rauni na kashin baya daga Samoa Joe 's "Muscle Buster" na kammala aikin motsa jiki yayin wasan duhu akan Raw Makonni da yawa bayan haka, WWE ya bayyana cewa ba zai yi aiki ba fiye da shekara guda. a shafinsa na twitter cewa kashi 5% na mutane ne kawai ke tsira daga raunin da ya samu kuma yana da 16 screws, screws hudu, da kuma sanda a wuyansa. Da yake magana game da raunin, dan jarida Dave Meltzer ya ce "Ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Tyson Kidd ya zo kamar yadda ya yi", kuma ya lura cewa yawancin mutanen da suka tsira daga raunin sun ƙare har zuwa quadriplegic, kwatanta shi da raunin Christopher Reeve A Yuni 29, 2017, Kidd an hayar a matsayin cikakken ma'aikaci don WWE a matsayin mai samarwa, don haka ya ƙare aikinsa na zobe. WWE ta motsa Kidd zuwa sashin tsofaffin ɗalibai na gidan yanar gizon su. Rayuwa ta sirri Wilson ya yi abokantaka da Teddy Hart da Harry Smith yana da shekaru goma; ta hanyar su, ya zama kusa da sauran dangin Hart kokawa, waɗanda ya zauna tare da su shekaru da yawa. A cikin watan Yuni 2013, Wilson ya auri ɗan gidan Hart kuma ɗan ƙwararren ɗan kokawa Natalya, wanda ya kasance tare da zama tun Nuwamba 2001. An nuna dangantakar su da bikin aure a kan WWE ta gaskiya jerin talabijin Total Divas Wilson da abokin aikinsa Claudio Castagnoli (wanda aka fi sani da Cesaro) ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa WWE ta hada su da asali ba tare da shigar da su ba, sun danna kansu kuma daga baya sun zama abokai na gaske na rayuwa. Gasar da nasarori AWA Pinnacle Wrestling Gasar Nauyin Nauyin AWA Pinnacle (lokaci 1) Gasar Nauyin Nauyin AWA Washington (Sau 1) Wrestling na Florida Championship FCW Florida Tag Championship Championship lokaci 1 tare da DH Smith Gasar Nauyin Nauyin Kudancin FCW sau 2 Babban kokawar Kanada GCW National Championship (lokaci 1) Wrestling Major League Gasar Carnival GTC (2004) tare da Harry Smith Prairie Wrestling Alliance Gasar PWA (sau biyu) PWA Tag Team Championship (lokaci 1) tare da Harry Smith An kwatanta Pro Wrestling Matsayi na 53 daga cikin manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2015 Kokawar Stampede Gasar Tsakiyar Nauyi Tsakanin Nauyi na Ƙasar Commonwealth na Burtaniya lokaci 1 Stampede International Tag Team Championship sau 2 tare da Bruce Hart (1) da Juggernaut (1) Stampede Gasar Nauyin Nauyin Arewacin Amurka sau 2 Duniyar Wrestling Entertainment/WWE Gasar Ƙungiyar Tag ta Duniya lokaci 1, ƙarshe tare da David Hart Smith WWE Tag Team Championship sau 2 tare da David Hart Smith (1) da Cesaro (1) Ƙwallon Ƙarƙashin Ƙarfafa (2009) tare da Ƙungiyar SmackDown Chris Jericho, Kane, Matt Hardy, R-Gaskiya, Finlay da David Hart Smith Jaridar Wrestling Observer Mafrancin ƙarancin (2012) Zauren kokawa ta Kanada Darasi na 2016 Duba kuma Dungeon Hart Daular Hart Hart Foundation Tyson Kidd da Cesaro manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Tyson Kidd on WWE.com T.J. Wilson at IMDb Tyson Kidd's profile at Cagematch.net, Wrestlingdata.com, Internet Wrestling Database Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

51860

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nili%20Rachel%20Scharf%20Gold

Nili Rachel Scharf Gold

Nili Rachel Scharf Gold (an haife ta a shekara ta 1948)farfesa ce Ba'am tourke Ba'amurke ce ta harshen Ibrananci na zamani da wallafe-wallafe a cikin Sashen Harsunan Gabas da Wayewa a Jami'ar Pennsylvania.Ɗaukar matakan tsaka-tsaki don nazarin wallafe-wallafen Ibrananci na zamani,ta zana a cikin bincikenta game da hanyoyin da za a bi daga psychoanalysis, tarihin birane,nazarin kasashen waje da ƙaura,da kuma nazarin ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya da na kowa.Ta buga litattafai masu kyaututtuka a kan mawaƙin Ibrananci na Isra'ila,Yehuda Amichai,da kuma al'adun al'adu,zamantakewa,da gine-gine na birnin Haifa.Ta haɓaka wayar da kan al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin taro game da,da kuma karatun jama'a da laccoci ta,yawancin marubutan Isra'ila da masu shirya fina-finai. Asalin, ilimi,da aiki An haifi Nili Rachel Scharf Gold a Haifeta, Isra'ila,a cikin 1948,ga iyaye masu jin Jamusanci. Ta sami digiri na BA a cikin adabin Ibrananci da Ilimi daga Jami'ar Hebrew ta Urushalima.Ta zo Amurka a cikin 1972 kuma ta sami digiri na MA da PhD a Cibiyar Nazarin Tauhidi ta Yahudawa (JTSA) da ke birnin New York.A karkashin kulawar Avraham Holtz,ta rubuta karatun digirinta a kan ka'idodin fasaha masu tasowa,ko kuma wakoki,na ayyukan marigayi Yehuda Amichai (1924-2000). Daga 1979 zuwa 1998,ta koyar a Jami'ar Columbia,a cikin Gabas ta Tsakiya da Harsuna da Al'adu na Asiya.A lokacin shekarar ilimi ta 1998–99,ta kasance Mataimakin Farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Harshen Ibrananci a Makarantar Tiyoloji ta Yahudawa ta Amurka.Ta shiga jami'ar Pennsylvania a 2000. Scholarship and publications Littafin farko na Zinariya ya bayyana a cikin Ibrananci a cikin 1994.Mai suna,Lo Kabrosh ("Ba Kamar Cypress"),wannan littafi yayi la'akari da sauye-sauyen hotuna da sifofi a cikin waƙar Yehuda Amichai.Wannan littafin ya sami lambar yabo don Mafi kyawun Littafin Farko a Adabin Ibrananci daga Ma'aikatar Kimiyya da Al'adu ta ƙasar Isra'ila. Da take rubutu a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya rubuta cewa wannan littafin "ya buɗe sabbin kwatance a cikin nazarin Amichai." Littafi na biyu na Gold,wanda ya fito a cikin Turanci a cikin 2008,mai suna, Yehuda Amichai:The Making of Israel's National Poet,kuma ya bibiyi ci gaban wallafe-wallafen Amichai tun yana ƙuruciyarsa a Würzburg, Jamus, bayan ƙauran danginsa zuwa Falasdinu na tilas a. 1936,kuma daga baya,bayan 1948,a Isra'ila lokacin da ya girma a matsayin mawaƙin Ibrananci.A cikin haka ta yi la'akari da tasirin da Jamusanci ke da shi akan waƙarsa ta Ibrananci.Wannan littafi,wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation ta 2007 da kuma tallafin bugawa na Amurka-Isra'ila Cooperative Enterprise (AICE) na 2008,ya bayyana a cikin bugu na Ibrananci da aka sake dubawa a cikin 2018. Rubuta a cikin Lexikon heksherim lesifrut yisre'elit ("Lexicon of Hebrew Literature"),mai sukar wallafe-wallafe Maayan Harel ya kwatanta littafin Gold a matsayin aikin "biography of poetic". Littafi na uku na Zinariya,Haifa:Birnin Matakan ya bayyana a cikin 2017,kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta Lucius Littauer Foundation Publishing Award da 2017 Schusterman Center for Israel Studies Publication Grant.Wannan littafi ya bibiyi tarihin Haifa da mutanenta tun daga karshen mulkin Ottoman a farkon shekarun karni na ashirin,ta hanyar wa'adin mulkin Burtaniya a Falasdinu,da kuma bayan kafuwar Isra'ila a shekara ta 1948.Zinariya ta tsara labarinta a kusa da alamomin gine-gine guda biyar a unguwar Hadar HaCarmel,inda Yahudawa da Larabawa daban-daban na birnin suka zauna kuma suka haɗu.Matsakaicin tsaka-tsaki,haɗaɗɗen adabi,gine-gine da tarihin siyasa,gami da abubuwan tunawa,Haifa: City of Steps yana amfani da tarihin wannan birni don haskaka tarihin al'adun gama gari na mazauna cikin ƙarni na canji. Gold has published articles in a wide range of journals, including Prooftexts, the Jewish Quarterly Review, Hebrew Studies, Middle Eastern Literatures, and more. Her publications reflect her work on the role of Mother Tongue in literature written in an acquired language, as illustrated in the poetry of Natan Zach; her analyses of the avant-garde Israeli author Yoel Hoffmann; and her attention to the works of Hebrew women writers, such as Lea Goldberg, Dahlia Ravikovitch, and Judith Katzir. Haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani a cikin Amurka Zinariya ta taka rawa wajen haɓaka ayyukan Ibrananci na zamani a cikin fassarar turanci.A Jami'ar Pennsylvania,ta shirya a cikin 2004 taron kasa da kasa wanda ke nuna aikin marubucin Isra'ila Amos Oz,wanda ya halarta kuma yayi magana. Ta shirya irin wannan taron kasa da kasa don murnar aikin Aharon Appelfeld a 2011. A cikin 2019,ta karbi bakuncin mai shirya fina-finan Isra'ila Amos Gitai,wanda ya tattauna fim ɗinsa na Ibrananci Tramway a Urushalima. Daga cikin sauran marubuta da masu shirya fina-finai da ta karbi bakuncin akwai Sami Michael,Amir Guttfreund,Meir Wiezeltier, Dahlia Ravikovitch, Yitzhak Gormezano Goren,da Judith Katsir.Ta ci gaba da wannan sha'awar don haɓaka al'adun Ibrananci na zamani ta hanyar fassara, da kuma shiga cikin nazarin adabi a cikin azuzuwan Jami'ar Pennsylvania, inda ta koyar da adabin Ibrananci a cikin fassarar Ingilishi dangane da takwarorinsa na Larabci,Farisa, da Turkiyya. Inganta fina-finan Gabas ta Tsakiya a Amurka Tun daga shekara ta 2010,Zinariya ta haɓaka cinema ta Gabas ta Tsakiya a Philadelphia ta hanyar shirya bikin Fina-Finan Gabas ta Tsakiya na shekara-shekara tare da tallafi daga Cibiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta Penn da sauran sassan harabar da shirye-shirye.Wannan biki ya nuna fina-finai daga kasashen Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, kamar Iran,Aljeriya,Masar, Falasdinu,Turkiyya, da Maroko. Tare da wannan jerin,Zinariya kuma ya gayyaci masu yin fina-finai na Isra'ila da dama,irin su Avi Nesher da Amos Gitai,don yin magana a kan harabar. Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun

42388

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacine%20Brahimi

Yacine Brahimi

Yacine Nasreddine Brahimi (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta,1990), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda kuma kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Al-Gharafa ta Qatar da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Aljeriya .Yana taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari da winger kuma an kwatanta shi da "mai hazaka ta fasaha" Yacine kuma sananne ne don "Brahimi Moments" (a cikin Portuguese, "Momentos Brahimi"). Brahimi ya fara aikinsa a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a yankin Île-de-Faransa, bayan ya yi horo a ASB Montreuil da CO Vincennois. A cikin shekarar 2003, an zaɓi shi don halartar makarantar Clairefontaine Brahimi ya shafe shekaru uku a makarantar kuma, bayan barinsa, ya sanya hannu tare da Rennes Yayin da yake makarantar horar da matasa na kulob ɗin, ya samu lambobin yabo na kulob da dama. Bayan ya zama ƙwararre, Brahimi an ba shi rancen zuwa kulob na biyu na Clermont Foot Yayin da yake a Clermont, ya sami nasarar mutum na shekarar, 2009 zuwa 2010 kakar Bayan ya shafe kakar wasan da ta gabata a can aro, ya koma kulob din La Liga Granada CF a shekarar, 2013, sannan ya koma Porto kan Yuro 6.5. miliyan daya bayan shekara. Dan kasar Algeriya Brahimi tsohon matashin dan wasan kasar Faransa ne wanda ya wakilci kasar a dukkan matakan matasa. A cikin shekarar 2009, ya taka leda a tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 da suka kai wasan kusa da na ƙarshe a gasar cin kofin Turai ta shekarar, 2009 UEFA European Under-19 A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2013, Brahimi ya sauya sheƙa na ƙasa da ƙasa zuwa Algeriya kuma ya fara buga mata wasa wata daya bayan haka, ya kuma taka leda a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekara ta, 2014 zuwa 2015,da 2017 zuwa 2019 da kuma 2021 na Afirka, inda ya lashe gasar shekarar, 2019. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haifi Brahimi a birnin Paris ga iyayen Aljeriya kuma ya girma a gabashin gabashin Paris a Montreuil a Seine-Saint-Denis Yayin girma, sau da yawa ya yi koyi da Zinedine Zidane yayin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa tare da abokai. Brahimi ya fara buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne a ƙungiyar sa ta ASB Montreuil. Bayan shekaru hudu a can, ya shiga CO Vincennois, wanda aka sani don samar da dan wasan Ligue 1 Blaise Matuidi, a kusa da Vincennes Shekaru biyu bayan haka, an zaɓi Brahimi don halartar mashahurin makarantar Clairefontaine a shekarar, 2003 don ci gaba da ci gabansa. Yayin horo a Clairefontaine a cikin mako, yana buga wasa akai-akai a Vincennois a karshen mako. A cikin shekararsa ta ƙarshe a Clairefontaine, Brahimi ya shafe shekara guda a Camp des Loges, cibiyar horar da matasa na Paris Saint-Germain, horo tare da abokin wasan matasa na kasa da kasa Mamadou Sakho Duk da cewa kungiyoyin Faransa da na Turai da dama sun yi masa shari'a, biyo bayan zamansa a Clairefontaine, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar mai neman (matasa) tare da Rennes A cikin OOktobar shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya ambaci zabar Rennes a matsayin wurin da zai nufa saboda darajar ilimin kulob din, yana mai cewa, "A Rennes, makarantar tana ba da mahimmanci ga aikin makaranta", kuma, "Wannan garanti ne ga iyayena. Sun shawarce ni da in zaɓi Stade Rennes. Ta wannan hanyar, zan iya ci gaba da horar da ƙwallon ƙafa yayin shirya Baccalauréat na." Rennes Brahimi ya shiga Rennes kuma cikin sauri ya zama wani ɓangare na ƙwararrun ƙungiyar matasa. Ya shiga Damien Le Tallec (kanin Anthony Le Tallec Yann M'Vila, Yohann Lasimant, Kévin Théophile-Catherine da Samuel Souprayen a matsayin mafi kyawun kulob din. Haɗin M'Vila, Brahimi, Camara da Le Tallec (dukansu ƴan aji na shekarar, 1990) sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen nasarar ƙungiyar matasan su. Tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 16, 'yan hudun sun lashe gasar Tournoi Carisport, gasar kasa da ke cin karo da manyan jami'o'i a Faransa akai-akai da juna. Bayan shekaru biyu tare da ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da 18, Brahimi ya lashe gasar zakarun 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 18 na kakar shekarar, 2006 zuwa 2007. A cikin shekarar, 2008, makarantar matasa ta sami babbar daraja bayan ta lashe Coupe Gambardella Taken shi ne kofin Gambardella na Rennes na uku kuma na farko tun shekarar, 2003 lokacin da irin su Yoann Gourcuff da Sylvain Marveaux ke taka leda a gasar. Bayan kakar shekara ta 2007zuwa 2008, a ranar 23 ga Yuni, Brahimi ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun ƙwararrunsa na farko da ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru uku har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta, 2011. Ko da yake yana kan kwantiragin kwararren, Brahimi ba a sanya lamba a babbar kungiyar ba, a maimakon haka ya taka leda a kungiyar ta Championnat de France amateur team a rukuni na hudu ya bayyana a wasanni 22 kuma ya zira kwallaye uku, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta zama ta daya a cikin kwararrun kungiyoyin a rukuninsu., ta haka ne suka cancanci shiga gasar, inda suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Lyon a wasan kusa da na karshe. Clermont (rance) Bayan nasarar cin nasara na kasa da kasa tare da Faransa, Rennes ya yanke shawarar zai zama mafi kyau a aika matashin dan wasan a kan aro don karɓar lokacin wasan da ake bukata. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta, 2009, kulob din ya sanar da cewa Brahimi zai koma kulob din Ligue 2 Clermont Foot a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar shekara ta, 2009 zuwa 2010 Brahimi ya isa kulob din ne bayan gasar cin kofin kwallon kafa ta Turai ta shekara ta, 2009 UEFA European Under-19, tare da dan wasan aro daga Juventus Carlo Vecchione, kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 28. Ya buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a ranar buɗe wasa na kakar wasa yana bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a 2-1 da Arles-Avignon ya sha kashi. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba inda ya koma fanareti a wasan da kulob din ya doke Angers da ci 3–2. Burin Brahimi na farko a budaddiyar wasa ya faru ne a ranar 4 ga watan Disamba a Clermont da ci 3-1 da Bastia Makonni biyu bayan haka, ya sake zura kwallo a raga, inda ya sake canza wani hukunci a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Guingamp A ranar 23 ga watan Maris a shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya zura kwallo ta farko a wasan da Clermont ta doke Ajaccio da ci 3-0. Bayan kwana uku, ya zira kwallaye a raga kuma ya ba da taimako a cikin nasara 3-1 a kan Istres Bayan wata daya, Brahimi ya canza hukuncinsa na uku na kakar wasa a nasarar da suka yi da Dijon da ci 3–2. Nasarar ta motsa Clermont zuwa matsayi na 4 a matakin gasar da maki uku kacal daga wurin ci gaba. A mako mai zuwa, Brahimi ya ci gaba da nuna bajintar da ya ci wa Le Havre Sai dai wasan ya kare ne da ci 2-1 a hannun Clermont. Wannan ne karon farko da kungiyar ta sha kashi a wasa inda Brahimi ya zura kwallo a raga. Kwanaki uku bayan haka Brahimi ya zura kwallonsa takwas na kamfen a wasan da suka yi nasara da Guingamp da ci 3-1. Nasarar ta haifar da wasan share fage a ranar wasan karshe na kakar wasa yayin da Clermont mai matsayi na hudu ya fuskanci Arles-Avignon mai matsayi na uku tare da samun nasarar zuwa gasar Ligue 1. Abin takaici ga Clermont, kulob din ya kasa samun ci gaba zuwa Ligue 1 a karon farko a tarihin kulob din yayin da aka yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0. Brahimi ya buga minti 89 a wasan inda ya karbi katin gargadi a cikin wasan. Komawa zuwa Rennes Bayan kakar wasa, a ranar 15 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2010, Manajan Rennes Frédéric Antonetti ya tabbatar da cewa Brahimi zai koma kungiyar, duk da sha'awar Arsenal da Real Madrid, kuma za a dogara da shi sosai don kakar shekara ta, 2010 zuwa 2011 mai yiwuwa ya zama mai maye gurbin wasan Jérôme Leroy da ya tsufa A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya fara buga wa kungiyar Rennes wasa a gasar bude gasar da kulob din ya yi da Lille Ya fara wasan kuma ya buga minti 71 a tashi 1-1. Washegari, Rennes ya sanar da cewa Brahimi ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kungiyar. Sabuwar yarjejeniyar ita ce ta ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa watan Yuni shekara ta, 2014. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2010, Brahimi ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a nasara da ci 3–0 akan Nancy Domin wani yanki na kakar bazara, mai yin wasan ya yi fama da bushe-bushe ba ya zura kwallo a raga ko ba da taimako. Sakamakon haka, Brahimi ya fara juyawa a ciki da waje. Bayan hutun hunturu, Brahimi ya dawo ya zira kwallaye tare da bayar da taimako a wasan da kungiyar ta doke Cannes na kasa da ci 7-0 a Coupe de France Mako daya bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Arles-Avignon da ci 4-0. A ranar 5 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2011, Brahimi ya zira kwallo a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Paris Saint-Germain. Kwallon da aka ci daga nesa ita ce kwallo daya tilo da aka ci a wasan yayin da nasarar ta sa Rennes ya yi daidai da maki da PSG a matsayi na biyu. Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yacine Brahimi French league stats at LFP also available in French Yacine Brahimi at L'Équipe Football (in French) Yacine Brahimi at ESPN FC 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Aljeriya Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan

50487

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana%20Claxton

Dana Claxton

Articles with hCards Dana Claxton(an haife shi a shekarar 1959)ɗan fim ne na Hunkpapa Lakota,mai daukar hoto,kuma mai fasaha.Ayyukanta suna duban ra'ayi,mahallin tarihi,da nazarin jinsi na ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka,musamman na ƙasashen farko.A cikin 2007,an ba ta lambar yabo ta Eiteljorg Fellowship don Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka. Fage Gado da farkon rayuwa Iyalin Claxton zuriyar mabiyan Sitting Bull ne waɗanda suka tsere wa tsanantawa da Sojojin Amurka suka yi musu a 1876 bayan Yaƙin Little Bighorn,sun nufi Kanada.Girma a Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan,ita ce ƙarami na 'yan'uwa hudu.Wurin ajiyar danginta,Wood Mountain Lakota First Nation,yana kudu maso yammacin Saskatchewan. Koyarwa da samar da bidiyo kuma ya koyar a Jami'ar Emily Carr na Art da Design a Vancouver.A shekara ta 2003 ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Talabijin ta Duniya a Jami'ar Regina inda ta koyar a makarantar aikin jarida.A cikin 2010 ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar Jami'ar Simon Fraser Ruth Wynn Woodward a Nazarin Mata. Ta yi aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Kanada da na farko da yawa,kamar Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Kanada,Kamfanin Watsa Labarun Kanada,da sauransu.Ta yi aiki a matsayin darekta da mai tsarawa don sassan 52 na shirin Kanada Wakanheja,shirin yara na farko na al'ummai da kuma 26 na ArtZone, zane-zane ga matasa.Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin furodusa kuma mai ba da labari don Labarun Farko-VTV,wani shiri game da al'ummar Aboriginal na Vancouver. Rayuwa ta yanzu Lokacin da ba ƙirƙirar fasaha ba,Claxton yana aiki akan tattaunawar kwamiti, azaman juror fasaha,mai tsarawa,da kuma mai ba da shawara ga matasa da masu fasaha masu tasowa.Claxton yana zaune a Vancouver,British Columbia kuma memba ne a Jami'ar British Columbia. A baya ta yi karatun wasan kwaikwayo a HB Studioa birnin New York. Sana'ar fasaha Abin da na sani a matsayina na macen Lakota,a matsayina na ƴar Kanada,ɗan Kanada mai gauraye na jini,sannan kuma dangantakara da duniyar halitta da ta allahntaka.Don haka ɗaukar wannan duka tarin abubuwan gogewa,duk yana shiga cikin zane-zane,ina tsammanin a nan ne zane-zane ya shigo don na yi rayuwa mai nau'i-nau'i.Kuma duk waɗannan gogewa ne ke shiga cikin aikin. Dana Claxton,20071Claxton ta haɗu da nata ra'ayi na duniya tare da al'amurran 'yan asali daga baya da yanzu.Ta bincika damuwa game da mulkin mallaka,hoton jikin mutum, kyakkyawa,siyasa,ruhi da kuma hoton mutanen asali da kuma yadda aka sanya shi cikin shahararrun al'adu.Ta hanyar bidiyo,daukar hoto da ayyukan ra'ayi Claxton yayi ƙoƙari don haɗa abubuwan al'adu da muhalli a cikin wuraren zamani Bidiyo Ƙirƙirar bidiyo na Claxton sun fara ne a farkon 1990s Gwaji da bidiyo a cikin ayyuka irin su Grant Her Restitution(1991) da kuma Ina son sanin dalilin da ya sa (1994)inda ta binciko tasirin mulkin mallaka a kan matan Kanada.Ci gaba da haɓaka burin fasaha na fasaha, farawa a cikin 1996 tare da The Red Paper,Claxton ya ci gaba da ƙoƙarin "kawo ruhu a cikin sararin samaniya".Ta hanyar haɗa abubuwa masu tsarki da na zamani tana haɗa abubuwa na gargajiya da alamomin ruhin Lakota a cikin sarari da kewaye na zamani. Her numerous video projects have been shown in more than 15 countries. Hotuna A cikin jerin Kan Hanyar Jaja(2006), Claxton ya tattara hotuna guda biyar don kallon mace da sutura.Ta cikin jerin Claxton yana nuna samfurin sanye da kayan gargajiya a hankali yana cire labaran tufafi don bayyanar da kaya mai ban sha'awa,yana kawo tambayoyin jima'i da nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi. Paint Up(2009)yana fasalta hotunan Joseph Paul,dan wasan rawa na Salish Black Face da Pow-wow dan wasan da ke zaune a Musqueam Indian Reserve Kusa, manyan hotuna masu launi na Bulus tare da fentin fuskarsa,an kwatanta waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin "hotuna masu ban sha'awa,masu ban mamaki da sanyi,suna jefa ƙalubale ga ra'ayin maras kyau,na ruhaniya,ra'ayin jari-hujja na rayuwa ta zamani." Sabbin ayyuka irin su Mustang Suite suna kallon ma'ana da stereotypes bayan Indiyawa,musamman hangen nesa na Black Elk na Doki Dance.Ƙungiyar manyan C-prints,mustang yana wakiltar 'yanci da motsi, kuma ba lallai ba ne a nuna shi a matsayin doki.Daddy's Gotta Sabon Ride ya nuna wani ɗan asalin ƙasar sanye da baƙar kwat da wando da fenti a fuska, yana tsaye kusa da wani jan Ford Mustang.Jaririn Girls Gotta Mustang yana da 'yan mata tagwaye sanye da jajayen riguna da mukluks akan kekuna. Wani kuma a cikin jerin,Mama Tana da Yarinyar Doki…Mai Suna Tarihi Kuma Ya Sake 'Yancinta, ya nuna wata mata mai magani hannunta a miƙe kuma wata mata 'yar Caucasian tana rawa kamar yar doki. Hoton na nufin tallafa wa matan ƴan asalin ƙasar da ke son sakin kansu daga ɗaurin tarihi,musamman wanda ke cike da ra'ayoyin jima'i.aSauran hotunan da ke cikin jerin manyan tunani ne a kan al'ummar ƴan asalin a cikin duniyar zamani. Claxton ya kuma mai da hankali kan Harkar Indiyawan Amurka wanda ke nuna hotunan bakar-da-fari na takardun gwamnati da aka fallasa game da kungiyar kare hakkin jama'a a wasu lokuta.An tattara takaddun lokacin da Claxton ya rayu a birnin New York a ƙarshen 1980s da farkon 1990s,daga ɗakin karatu na Jama'a na New York Takardun rahoton sun kasance da yawa baƙaƙen kalmomi,sanannun wasu takaddun gwamnati daga FBI da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa. An nuna hoton Claxton a cikin littafin #NotYourPrincess Voices of Native American Women (2017),wanda Lisa Charleyboy da Mary Beth Leatherdale suka gyara.An haɗa shi a cikin zane-zane ta kan hanyar Red Road,Claxton ya furta cewa"[yana] game da canji, ruhaniya, da kuma ƙaddarar 'yan asalin [mata]." Lokacin da aka tambaye shi"abin da ake nufi da zama mace ta NDN,"Claxton ya ce "ku kula da danginku da al'ummarku tare da karimci,ƙarfin hali,hikima,da ƙarfin zuciya." Manyan ayyuka Kashin Buffalo China A cikin Buffalo Bone China Claxton ya haɗu da fasahar wasan kwaikwayo,an samo abubuwa da bidiyo don rarraba tasirin ga al'ummomin ƙasashen farko saboda manufofin Biritaniya ta mulkin mallaka game da bison Amurka.An yanka Bison aka daka kashinsu aka fitar da su Ingila don yin china kashi. A cikin wasan kwaikwayon Claxton ya farfasa guntun china kuma ya yi daure guda hudu,yana sanya daurin a cikin da'irar alfarma yayin da bidiyon bauna ke wasa a bango.“Jin asarar bauna,kashin bayan ruhi da abinci na Plains,mai zane yana amfani da mallet na roba don lalata faranti da kwano.Karyewar china yana nufin yin amfani da kasusuwan baffa wajen yin kasusuwan kasusuwa a lokacin da ake amfani da su da kuma lalata bauna." .Claxton ya karya kashin Burtaniya ne kawai China. An baje kolin Buffalo Bone China a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na MacKenzie a Kanada daga 23 ga Mayu 2009 zuwa 13 ga Satumba 2009,da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Vancouver daga 27 ga Oktoba 2018 zuwa 3 ga Fabrairu 2019. Sitting Bull da Moose Jaw Sioux An ƙirƙira a cikin 2003 kuma an nuna shi a 17th Biennale na Sydney,Sitting Bull da Moose Jaw Sioux ya haɗu da shimfidar wurare,tambayoyi da hotuna don bincika kafa sansanin Moose Jaw,sansanin da Sitting Bull ya kafa bayan hijira daga Amurka.bayan yakin Little Bighorn. Wannan yanki,wanda Moose Jaw Art Gallery ya ba da izini,ya ƙunshi hotunan bidiyo guda huɗu,hotuna da kuma tambayoyi daga sansanonin mazaunan asali,da kuma hotunan shafin. Kyauta A cikin 2019,Gidauniyar Hnatyshyn ta ba Claxton lambar yabo ta su don ƙwaƙƙwaran nasara ta wani ɗan wasan Kanada na tsakiyar sana'a.A cikin 2019 Claxton ya sami lambar yabo ta Mata ta YWCA a cikin nau'in Arts,Al'adu da Zane.Claxton ya lashe lambar yabo ta Gwamna Janar na 2020 don Nasarar Fasaha a cikin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin. Sanannun tarin yawa Canada Council Art Bank Colby College Museum of Art Vancouver Art Gallery Winnipeg Art Gallery nune-nunen Lokaci da Tide Flow Wide, 2023, Colby College Museum of Art Fringing the Cube, 2018 19, Vancouver Art Gallery Solo show, 2010, Biennale na Sydney Kayayyakin Ƙasar, 2009, Gidan Tarihi na CN Gorman Sabon Aiki, 2009, Jami'ar Lethbridge Steeling the Gaze, 2009, National Gallery na Kanada Solo show, 2007, Montreal Biennale Eiteljorg Fellowship don Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Amirka, 2007, Gidan Tarihi na Eiteljorg Solo show, 2006, Biennale d'art contemporain du Havre Solo show, 2005, Art Star Biennale Taro: Zane-zane na Aboriginal daga Tarin Gallery ɗin Fasaha na Winnipeg, 2004, Gidan Tarihi na Guangdong Topography, 1996, Vancouver Art Gallery Nassoshi Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dana Claxton, Buffalo Bone China on Tribe Inc. Dana Claxton: Tarihi mai ban tsoro a cikin Art na Kanada Dana Claxton: Daga Wasika zuwa kururuwa a cikin fasahar Kanada Dana Claxton da Ikon Neman Daga Vancouver Sun Hatsari a Aljanna wani nuni da Claxton ya shirya Takarda Red daga Gidan Gallery ɗin Fasaha na Vancouver bidiyo ta Lori Blondeau Dana Claxton Mustang Suite ta Dana Claxton Aikin Magunguna na Dana Claxton Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1959 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba

21497

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Oron

Mutanen Oron

Mutanen Oron kabilu ne da ke a farko a kudancin Najeriya da Kamaru, a yankin Riverine na Akwa Ibom da Cross River Mutanen Oron wanda kuma aka fi sani da tsohuwar mayaƙa suna yin magana da yaren Oro wanda dangin Cross River ne na yaren Benuwe-Congo Kakanninsu suna da dangantaka da mutanen Efik a jihar Kuros Riba, Ibeno, Gabashin Obolo na Akwa Ibom da mutanen Andoni Ƙungiyar Oron, wanda aka fi sani da Oro Ukpabang ko Akpakip Oro ko Oro Ukpabang Okpo ta itsan asalin ƙasar, sun haɗu ne da dangi tara da aka fi sani da Afaha Su ne: Afaha Okpo, Afaha Ukwong, Ebughu, Afaha Ibighi, Effiat, Afaha Ubodung, Etta, Afaha Oki-uso, da Afaha Idua (Iluhe). Sake fasalin tsarin mulki na Jihohi da Ƙirƙirar Ƙananan Hukumomi a Najeriya ya ga Oron ana rarrabuwarta a siyasance zuwa jihohi biyu na Najeriya, wadanda suka hada da Kuros Riba da jihar Akwa Ibom Tare da Ƙananan Hukumomi Oron guda biyar a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom wato Urue-Offong Oruko, Oron, Akwa Ibom, Mbo, Akwa Ibom, Udung Uko da Okobo, Akwa Ibom tare da ƙaramar hukumar Bakassi a jihar Cross River. Tarihi Turawan farko da suka fara sanin mutanen Oron a matsayin mutanen Tom Shott kuma suna kiran mutanen Oron Nation a matsayin wuri kamar Tom Shotts Town. Oron sun wanzu a lokacin mulkin mallaka a Najeriya kuma ya kasance wani yanki ne na lardin da ake kira ƙasar Kudu maso Gabas 'Yan asalin wannan yankin suna magana da yaren wanda aka fi sani da Oron. Yawancin mutanen Oron suma suna magana da fahimtar yaren Efik sosai. Hakanan Oron yana da kamanceceniya da mutanen Ibibio da mutanen Annang, saboda haka sadarwarsu cikin Ibibio da yarukan Annang suna da ƙwarewa sosai. Tarihi ya nuna cewa a shekara ta 2370 BC Oron wanda aka fi sani da {Ƙasar Oron} an riga an riga an daidaita shi a wurin da yanzu ake kira Jihar Akwa Ibom ta Nijeriya a gabar Yammacin sashen Afirka, Hanyar Tekun Akwa Ibom zuwa Tekun Gini na Tekun Atlantika Kudu, bayan Ruwan Tsufana (ambaliyar Nuhu). Al'umma kamar yadda yake a wancan lokacin har zuwa wannan lokacin har yanzu suna amfani da yarensu na yare wanda asalinsu ya samo asali tun shekaru 2370 BC. Ƙungiyoyin jama'a da Bantus suka mamaye, cikin yawancin Al'ummomi ba ya nufin cewa mutanen Oron sun ƙaura daga Bantus, Kamaru ko Falasɗinawa. Babu tufafin Bantus ko wani kwatankwacin al'adu ko'ina yana nuna yaren Oron ko sunaye. Babu ɗayan al'adun al'ummar Oron ko sunaye da aka samo daga Bantu ko kowane yare a wani matsayin baƙi. Oron mutane ne na musamman, masu gwagwarmaya a yanayi a duk inda aka same su, tare da yabo 'Oron Ukpabang Okpo'. Fata mutumin Oron baya nuna wasu ƙabilu ko baƙin haure a wasu ƙauyuka na settleasar Oron. Fatarsu ba ta zama daidai ba kamar ta Falasdinawa ko Isra’ilawa haka kuma ba su da duhu kamar mutanen dutsen Kamaru daga lokacin da aka sami Oasar Oron; bayan halittar duniya, tun ma kafin mulkin mallaka ya wanzu, lokacin da Nijeriya da Kamaru ba su wanzu a matsayin kasa daya ba. Labarin gargajiya na Oron yana ba da labarin "Abang" wanda ya kasance jarumi mai ƙarfi kuma Babban mai kokawa da fasahar da ake kira Mbok Gwagwarmayar da aka fi sani da (Mbok) ta samo asali ne daga Abang kuma daga baya ya zama sananne ga sabuwar duniya ta bayin Afirka. Abang jarumi da ƙungiyarsa sun yi fahariya da fatattakar fataken bayi a yankin. Wata rana, an ba shi iko kuma an kama shi tare da wasu 'yan ƙungiyarsa kuma an kai su Israila ta yau, wanda ke lokacin ƙasar Masar. Wannan shi ne dalilin da ya sa ya zama ba kawai daidaituwa ba cewa kawai al'ummomi biyu a duniya tare da wurare masu suna "Oron" su ne Isra'ila da Nijeriya. Daga baya, ya tsere daga Misira a lokacin bikin Moslem tare da Kogin Nilu tare da 'yan maza kaɗan. Ya tashi zuwa Sudan, ya yi tafiya zuwa Tafkin Chadi kuma ya zauna a yankin da ake kira yanzu Jihar Jigawa, Najeriya. Abang ya sanyawa wannan yanki suna Oron wanda aka rubuta kuma aka kira shi da 'Oronny' daidai da hijirar sautunan Oros. Da yake bai ji daɗin Islama ba, sai ya tsere zuwa wani wuri da ake kira Usahadit a cikin Kamaru a yau. Can, Abang ya haifi Do, Do ya haifi Doni, Doni ya haifi Oro da Obolo. Wannan shine dalilin da yasa yawancin sunayen Kamaru kamar Akan, Ekang, Abang, Etong, Osung, da Etang a Oron a yau. Daga cikin Oroniyawa, akwai maganar cewa mafi nisan duniya shi ne Usahadit wanda ke cikin Kamaru. Bai san cewa an riga an kafa wasu mutane a wannan ƙasar ba kuma saboda takaddama kan ƙasar noma, daga baya ƙungiyar ta koma gida zuwa asalin ƙasar su ta Ƙasar Oron. Wannan dawowar ta Abang ce ta sanya wasu masana tarihi suka yarda cewa Oron Nation yana daya daga cikin kabilun Falasdinawa da na Bantu da suka yi kaura daga wani wuri a kusa da Isra'ila ta hanyar Masar (Arewacin Afirka) zuwa Arewacin Gabashin Afirka ta Habasha (Abyssinia) zuwa Afirka ta Tsakiya (a kusa da Jamhuriyar Congo da Jamhuriyar Demokiradiyyar Kwango ta yau) kuma ta yankin Kudancin Kamaru har zuwa yankin Neja Delta da ke Kudancin-Kudancin Najeriya a yanzu. Bayan dawowar su, Doni ya koma ya kafa Andoni a yanzu a cikin jihar Ribas yayin da Obolo ya kafa yau Obolo ta Gabas ta jihar Akwa Ibom. Mutanen Oron sun mallaki gaskiyar cewa Ibeno, waɗanda ke zaune a tsakanin Ekids suna raba irin wannan tarihin kakanninsu tare da su. Wata taƙaddama ta ce dangantakar Oron da Ekid an ce ta yi tsami lokacin da Eket karkashin mulkin Birgediya Janar UJ Esuene ya bayyana kuma ya yarda a kira shi karamin rukuni na al'ummar Ibibio don samun dacewa da siyasa. An kuma ce UJ Esuene ya hana mutanen Oron damar bude tashar farko ta Exxon Mobile a yankunan Mbo da Effiat Oron na Oron. Wani taƙaddama da aka saba da ita wacce ke bayanin yadda dangantaka ta yi tsami tsakanin Oron da Eket shi ne zargin da ake yi wa Janar Esuene wanda ya ba da umarnin jefa bama-bamai a Urue Oruko, wani yanki da ke tsakiyar garin Oron inda aka kashe wasu ɗaruruwan mutanen Oron (galibi ‘yan kasuwa da mata). a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a karshen shekarun 1960. An lura da wannan taron na rashin sa'a a Oron wanda shine mafi munin tarihi a tarihin Yaƙin basasar Najeriya. Yawan jama'a Garin Oron shine gari na uku mafi girma a cikin jihar Akwa Ibom bayan Uyo da Eket Tana da mutane marasa kyau sama da mutane 250,000 da ke zaune a cikin birni, waɗanda a al'adance masunta ne, 'yan kasuwa ne da mashahurai, tare da yawan baƙin haure da ke shigowa cikin garin a kowace rana tare da mutane sama da 400,000 da ke zaune a ƙasan Oron Nation Harshe Mutanen Oron suna magana da yaren Oro da mutanen Oroni suka fi sani da "Örö", amma ana kiransa da yawa "Oron", lafazin fushin rubutu da furuci. Yawancin mutanen Oron suma sun ƙware a yaren Efik. Örö yana da kamanceceniya da yawa da mutanen Ibibio da na Annang, saboda haka yawancin Oronians zasu iya sadarwa cikin gwaninta cikin yarukan Ibibio da Annang. Sashin sauti na Oron ya ƙunshi wasula bakwai na baka í, e, a, o, u, baƙaƙen magana huɗu b, kp, d, t, k, baƙaƙen hanci guda uku m, ŋ, n, baƙaƙe uku fric s, h, baƙaƙen wasalin wasali biyu w, y da baƙi ɗaya na gefe l Baƙin bakin baƙon abu ne mai ban mamaki na Oro kuma ba a samun shi a yawancin yawancin maƙwabta. Harshen Oron bashi da wata alaƙa ko siffofin aiki don bayyana ayyukan wucewa 'an karbe shi' ya zama 'sun karbe shi'. Aƙarshe, za'a iya lura da cewa tsarin dangin hukuncin Oron mai sauki shine batun-fi'ili-abu. Manazarta Al'ada Al'umma Al'ummomi Al'ummomin Nijeriya Al'adun ƙasashen Pages with unreviewed

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval%20Group

Naval Group

Rukunin Naval (wanda a da ake kira Direction des Constructions Navales ko DCNS babban dan kwangila ne na kare hakkin dan adam na duniya da na Faransa da kuma wani rukunin masana'antu da suka kware a dandalin tsaro na ruwa da kuma makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa. Kungiyar tana aiki kusa da mutane 16,000 a kasashe 18. Kamfanin mallakar wani bangare ne daga kamfanin Agence des participations de l'État, wani kamfani ne mai zaman kansa wanda kasar Faransa ta mallaki kaso 62.49%, Thales yana da 35% yayin da ma'aikata ke da kaso 1.64%. Ragowar 0.87% mallakin magaji ne na tashar jiragen ruwa na Faransa da kuma Direction des Constructions et Armes Navales (DCAN), wanda ya zama DCN Direction des Constructions Navales a 1991, DCNS a 2007 da Naval Group tun daga 2017. Tarihi Rukunin Naval yana da kayan tarihi kusan shekaru 400. An gina manyan filayen jirgi a Faransa a Brest (1631), Nantes-Indret (1771), Lorient (1778) kuma, daga baya, a Cherbourg (1813). Wasu kuma su bi. Tun farkon 1926, abin da muka sani a matsayin Rukunin Naval a yau ya riga ya mallaki duk abubuwan da ƙungiyar ta mallaka yanzu a cikin ƙasar Faransa. Haihuwar tashoshin jiragen ruwa A shekarar 1624, Cardinal Richelieu, wanda shi ne Louis na XII na Firayim Ministan Faransa a lokacin, ya kirkiro da manufofin sojan ruwa wanda ya tanadi ci gaban tashoshin jiragen ruwa don bai wa Faransa isasshen ikon teku don ta yi takara da ta Ingila. An aiwatar da wannan manufar daga 1631, tare da ƙirƙirar jiragen ruwa na Ponant a cikin Atlantika da kuma jiragen ruwa na Levant a cikin Bahar Rum, da Brest dockyards da kuma fadada ƙauyukan Toulon, waɗanda aka kirkira ƙarƙashin Henri IV Manufa ta ci gaba da manufar ta Colbert, Ministan Sojan Ruwa na Louis XIV, wanda ya kirkiro manyan mashigar ruwa da yawa. Ya tsawaita shingaye a Toulon, ya ba da umarnin a tona ragunan a Brest kuma ya kafa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Rochefort. Hisansa, Seignelay, wanda ya gaje shi a 1683, ya bi sawun sa. Networkungiyar jiragen ruwan Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa ta kara ƙarfi a ƙarni na 18. A cikin 1750, Marquis de Montalembert ya canza tsohuwar masana'antar takarda ta zama masana'antar ƙirƙira ƙira a Ruelle-sur-Touvre A cikin 1777, Antoine de Sartine, Ministan Navy na XVI, ya buɗe mahaɗa igwa kusa da filayen jiragen ruwa a Indret. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara aikin inganta tashar jirgin ruwa a Cherbourg, wanda aka kammala a 1813. A cikin 1778, jiragen ruwan na Lorient sun yi nasarar cin nasarar kamfanin La Compagnie des Indes du port de L'Orient An rufe tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Rochefort a cikin 1926. A cikin 1937, an buɗe kafa a Saint-Tropez a kan tsohon rukunin kamfanin Schneider, wanda ya ƙware a cikin torpedoes. A wannan lokacin, yawancin rukunonin rukunin Faransa na Rukunin Naval sun riga sun wanzu, kuma ba su sake ba tun daga lokacin. Masana'antu da kere-kere na kere kere A cikin karni na 19, jiragen ruwa na ruwa sun sami canji yayin da aka maye gurbin jiragen ruwan da jiragen ruwa. Shafukan sun kasance na masana'antu kuma sannu-sannu kwararru. A cikin 1865, tashoshin jiragen ruwa a Brest sun zama sojoji na musamman, tare da rufe tashar Penfeld zuwa jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci. A cikin 1898, bayan da suka ƙware a ginin jirgi tare da keɓaɓɓun abubuwa maimakon jirgi, filayen jirgi a Cherbourg an ɗora su ne kawai tare da gina jiragen ruwa na ƙasan ruwa. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1927, wata doka ta ba da cikakken bayani game da misalan filayen jiragen ruwa daban-daban: Brest da Lorient an ɗora musu alhakin gina manyan jiragen ruwa, Cherbourg tare da kera jiragen ruwa, yayin da Toulon, Bizerte da Saigon suka ɗauki nauyin kula da rundunar. Wannan fahimtar matsayin na tashar jiragen ruwan ya kasance tare da sabbin fasahohin kere-kere da na soji da kuma kera jiragen ruwa a wani matakin da ya dace, kan asalin tseren makamai da mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1858, Gloire, jirgi na farko da ke zuwa teku a duniya ya tashi daga ƙofar ruwa a Toulon. Shekarun 1860 sun ga isowar jiragen ruwa na farko na jirgin ruwa da na ruwa, tare da ƙaddamar da Plongeur a 1863. Matsalolin fasaha da wannan jirgin ruwan da aka fara amfani da shi da farko ya fuskanta ya nuna cewa ya kasance samfurin ne maimakon jirgin yakin aiki. Amma hakan ya bude hanyar gina Gymnote a shekarar 1886 da Le Narval a 1899, wadanda sune jiragen ruwa na farko a jirgin ruwa wadanda suka fara aiki a tarihi. Hakanan an ƙaddamar da samar da jiragen ruwa masu nauyi a cikin 1910s. An gina jiragen ruwa da yawa kafin farkon Yaƙin Duniya na ,aya, kuma rundunar ta sami ƙarfi ta hanyar Richelieu mai nauyin 35,000 a cikin 1939. Sake tsara ayyukan A cikin 1946, nazari game da tashoshin jiragen ruwa na Faransa sun kammala aikin mallakar shafukan yanar gizo daban-daban da aka sanar a cikin dokar 1927. An dorawa Brest aikin samarwa da gyara manyan jiragen ruwa, Lorient tare da gina kananan jiragen ruwa masu matsakaici, Cherbourg tare da jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa da Toulon tare da gyara da kula da jiragen. Daga cikin wuraren da ke cikin teku, Indret ya karɓi ayyukan tura jirgin ruwa, Ruelle gina bindigogi, manyan sassa da kayan lantarki, Saint-Tropez samar da torpedoes da Guérigny ginin sarƙoƙin jiragen ruwa da anka. Shafuka guda biyar suna kasashen waje: Mers el-Kébir, Bizerte, Dakar, Diego-Suarez da Papeete Har zuwa 1961, rundunar sojan ruwan Faransa ta gyara da kuma gyara jirgin kanta, ta hanyar Directions des Constructions et Armes Navales (DCAN) a cikin mashigar ruwa. Injiniyoyin da ke aiki a cikin DCAN sun kasance jami'ai ne a bangaren injiniyan sojojin ruwan Faransa. A wannan lokacin, mashigar ruwa ta balle daga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, inda suka samar da dama don fadada ayyukansu a cikin shekarun 1970s. DCAN guda ɗaya ta rufe duk manyan yankuna da ƙofar ruwa na ƙetare, suna ba da rahoto ga Direction Technique des Constructions Navales (DTCN). Hakanan, DTCN ya kasance mai ba da amsa ga Délégation Ministérielle pour l'Armement (DMA), wanda Michel Debré ya kafa A cikin 1977, la DMA ya zama Délégation Générale de l'Armement (DGA). Manufar wannan garambawul ita ce ta sanya duk wata rundunar soja da ke aiki karkashin ikon gwamnati ta tsara dukkanin karfin rundunonin soji da karfinsu. A cikin 1958, ƙaddamar da hukuma ta Janar de Gaulle na shirin nukiliyar sojan Faransa da manufofin hanawa ya haifar da sake fasalin masana'antar tsaro da fasahar tsaro. Aikin Cœlacanthe ya tattaro DTCN da Faransancin Alternative Energies da Atomic Energy Commission, kuma a cikin 1971, Redoutable, jirgin ruwan makami mai linzami na farko da Faransa ta harba, ya fara aiki. Canzawa zuwa kamfani Yanayin tattalin arziƙin ƙasa da mulkin mallaka a cikin 1970s ya jagoranci DCAN don shiga cikin sababbin kasuwanni. Asarar jiragen ruwan na ƙetare na ƙasashen waje sun haɗu da rage yawan buƙatun Sojojin Ruwa na Faransa don jiragen ruwa da ƙara wahala wajen samun kuɗi. Wannan yanayin ya kara saurin tafiya bayan karshen yakin cacar baka, duk da yawan ayyukan DCAN, wanda a yanzu ya hada da kiyaye hanyar sadarwar wutar lantarki da share ma'adinai daga bakin teku. Wasu rukunin yanar gizo kuma sun kware a ayyukan farar hula: Brest ya gina manyan motoci, Guérigny ya kera injunan noma kuma Toulon ya samar da jiragen ruwa na farar hula (yachts, liners). Amma, duba bayan littattafan umarni, yanayin jama'a ne na DCAN wanda a hankali aka fara tambayarsa, kuma aka dauke shi a matsayin cikas na gudanarwa ga ci gaban tasirin tashar jiragen ruwa ta Faransa. Wannan canjin ya faru a matakai da yawa. A cikin 1991, an yiwa DCAN bikin DCN (Direction des Construction Navales). A cikin wannan shekarar, an ƙirƙiri DCN International. Manufar wannan PLC shine inganta ayyukan DCN akan sikelin duniya da kuma sauƙaƙe fitar da kayan sa zuwa ƙasashen waje. A cikin 1992, ayyukan DCN na jihar suna haɗe da sashen Shirye-shiryen Naval (SPN), wanda shine hukumar da ke ba da kwangilar jiragen ruwa na sojojin ruwan Faransa. Tun daga wannan lokacin, DCN tana da alhakin ayyukan masana'antu ne kawai, yayin da ta kasance wani ɓangare na DGA. Wannan canjin matsayin ya baiwa DCN International damar samarwa da DCN tallafi na kasuwanci da kuma na shari'a wajen bunkasa kasuwancin ta na duniya tun karshen shekarun 1990s. Dabarar ci gaban da DCN International ta bi ta haifar da sanya hannu kan manyan kwangiloli da yawa. A cikin 1994, Agosta -klass guda uku zuwa Pakistan, kuma, a cikin 1997, Scorpène-class An gina jiragen ruwa don jiragen ruwa don Chile. An kuma ci kwangila a shekarar 2000 don samar da Formidable -klass guda shida frigates zuwa Singapore. A cikin 2007, an sanya hannu kan kwangila tare da Malesiya don jiragen ruwa na Scorpène biyu, ta hannun reshen Armaris. DCN ta kuma sami kwangila a fannin hako mai daga waje. A cikin 1997, shafin Brest ya sabunta dandamalin Sedco 707 kuma yanzu yana gina SFX nau'ikan matatun mai. A cikin 1999, DCN ta zama hukuma tare da hukumar ƙasa (SCN), tana ba da rahoto kai tsaye ga Ma'aikatar Tsaro. A ƙarshe, a cikin 2001, gwamnatin Faransa ta yanke shawarar canza DCN zuwa cikakken kamfani mai zaman kansa mai ikon mallakar kamfanoni. Canjin matsayi ya fara aiki a cikin 2003. DCN ta zama kawai DCN, wacce ta daina tsayawa don Direction des Constructions Navales Ci gaba da ci gaba da ƙungiyar DCNS A cikin 2007, DCN ta sami reshen ayyukan sojan ruwan Faransa na Thales, Armaris, tsohon reshen da aka raba daidai tsakanin DCN da Thales, da MOPA2, kamfanin da ke kula da aikin don kera jirgi na biyu. Don ƙarfafa sabon asalinsa, ƙungiyar da aka samu sunan ta DCNS. Thales sun sami kaso 25% a cikin babban rukunin ƙungiyar. A cikin 2011, Thales ya haɓaka rabonsa na babban birnin DCNS zuwa 35%. Ginin keɓaɓɓen frigata mai aiki FREMM ya fara a 2007. A shekarar 2008, wani jirgi mara matuki ya sauka a kan jirgin ruwa a teku a karon farko a tarihi. A cikin 2013, ƙungiyar ta kafa DCNS Research don haɓaka ayyukanta na bincike. An kafa DCNS Indiya a cikin 2008, saboda kwangila biyu da aka sanya hannu a cikin 2005 da 2008 don isar da jiragen ruwa na zamani guda shida na Scorpène. Hakazalika, a cikin 2013, an buɗe wani yanki na yin jirgin ruwa a cikin Brazil. Ungiyar ta ƙirƙiri Jami'ar DCNS a cikin 2013 don isar da horo na ciki da waje. A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2017, DCNS ya canza suna zuwa Kungiyar Naval Ayyuka Ayyukan Naval na Rukuni na iya kasu kashi biyu a manyan fannoni biyu: tsaron sojan ruwa, babban kasuwancin kungiyar (jiragen ruwa, jiragen ruwa, gudanar da shirye-shiryen gudanar da karfi), da samar da makamashi da abubuwan ci gaban ruwa (makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa, makamashin nukiliya na farar hula, gina jiragen ruwa tushe da kuma tashoshin wutar lantarki). Kariyar jirgin ruwa Rukunin Rukunin Naval ya tsara, haɓakawa da sarrafa shirye-shiryen aiki na tsarin ruwa da na ruwa, da kuma tsarin haɗin gwiwa da abubuwan more rayuwa. A matsayina na mai gudanar da aiki da kuma hada karfi da karfe, Rukunin Sojan Ruwa ya tsoma baki tare da dukkanin darajojin, daga shirin shirin dabaru, zuwa tsara, gini da kuma gudanar da shirye-shiryen aiki. Worksungiyar tana aiki tare da sojojin ruwan Faransa da sauran sojojin ruwa, don samfuran al'ada, kuma tare da izinin gwamnatin Faransa. Hakanan yana ba da ƙwarewar soja ga Sojan Sama na Faransa don tsara keɓaɓɓiyar kewayawa da tsarin yaƙi, da kuma gyara jirgin sama. Tsarin jiragen ruwa na ruwa Frigates masu yawa-manufa: FREMM -girgin frigates Frigates masu yawa-manufa: Tsarin Jirgin Ruwa na ƙarni na biyu don Royal Navy na Royal, bisa ga Gowind-class corvette Air frigates: Horizon-class frigates Matsakaici-tannage tasoshin: Gowind-class corvettes Masu jigila: French aircraft carrier Charles de Gaulle Masu Mistral helikofta Mistral -class LHD Gina jiragen sama marasa matuka ga sojojin ruwa Jirgin ruwa na ruwa da makamai na karkashin ruwa Jirgin ruwa na ruwa na Scorpène aji, Andrasta aji da Attack aji Jirgin ruwan Nukiliya: jirgin ruwan nukiliya mai linzami na jirgin nukiliya Triomphant aji da Redoutable aji Jirgin ruwan Nukiliya: Rubis aji da Barracuda aji Ka'idojin haɗin gwiwa: jerin Sous-Marin Experimental (SMX) na kamfanin sun bincika ra'ayoyin ci gaba game da yaƙin jirgin ruwa. Inaya daga cikin jerin SMX-25 an tsara shi don isa cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo cikin hanzari ta hanyar saurin saman sama sannan kuma yayi aiki azaman ruwan karkashin ruwa. F21 manyan motoci masu nauyi MU90 motocin nauyi masu nauyi Hanyoyin samar da makamashi da na ruwa Kungiyar ta hada kai da EDF da CEA da AREVA wajen gina tashoshin wutar lantarki na EPR da kuma kula da tashoshin samar da makamashin nukiliya. Rukunin Sojan Ruwa kuma yana gina tsire-tsire da wutar lantarki mai amfani da lantarki da kuma tasoshin jiragen ruwa. Designedungiyar ta tsara tashoshin wutar lantarki a Mayotte, La Réunion da Saint-Pierre-et-Miquelon. Tun shekara ta 2008, suna ta nazarin wata ma'anar ƙaramar tashar nukiliya (50 zuwa 250 MWe) mai suna Flexblue Rukunin Naval yana saka hannun jari a cikin fasahohin ruwa guda uku masu sabuntawa: injinan ruwa na yanzu, jujjuyawar wutar lantarki a cikin teku, da kuma iska mai yawo a iska. Tun lokacin da ta sami ikon kamfanin Irish na OpenHydro a cikin 2013, Naungiyar Naval ta sami ci gaba daga ɓangaren bincike da haɓaka zuwa masana'antar masana'antu. Nauyin kamfanoni kungiyar Naval tana aiki da shirye-shirye da yawa don haɓaka horo da haɗakar ƙwararru. Hasungiyar ta sanya hannu kan Pacte PME, wanda ke haɓaka dangantaka tsakanin manyan kamfanoni da ƙananan masana'antu da kuma kafa haɗin gwiwa tare da manyan jami'o'i da cibiyoyin ilimi. Tsakanin 2006 da 2013, DCNS ta shirya Trophée Poséidon don ɗalibai a makarantun injiniya, wanda ya ba da lada ga ayyukan ɗalibai a fannonin kirkire-kirkire da yanayin teku. Tsakanin 2008 da 2014, Naungiyar Naval ta kuma gudanar da shirin haɗakarwa na kwararru don duka mutanen da ke da ƙwarewar fasaha da kuma mutane ba tare da kowane ƙwarewa ba, wanda ake kira Filières du Talent A cikin 2010, wannan shirin ya sami lada ta Trophée national 2010 de l'entreprise citoyenne Hakanan DCNS ta kasance cikin duniyar yachting shekaru da yawa ta hanyar musayar fasahohin ta kuma ta hanyar tallafawa da ayyukan nasiha. kungiyar ƙawancen Grand-Prix de l École Navale ne, wani regatta da aka gudanar kusa da yankin tsibirin Crozon tun shekara ta 2001. Hakanan ya kasance abokin haɗin gwiwa na Pôle France Voile a Brest tun shekara ta 2007, kuma yana aiki don ƙwarewar ƙwararrun tsoffin 'yan wasa da matan wasanni. A cikin 2008, DCNS ta gina ƙwallon ƙafa guda ɗaya DCNS 1000, jirgin ruwan da aka tsara don tsere-zagaye na duniya, wanda aka nuna a cikin fim ɗin 2013 En Solitaire, na Christophe Offenstein, wanda François Cluzet ya fito A yau, Rukunin Naval ya kuma raba ƙwarewar fasaharsa a cikin kayan haɗi don ƙwanƙwasawa da kuma cikin tsarin kewayawa ta hanyar gina gwajin gwaji 'L' Hydroptère, kuma ta haɗu da ƙungiyar Areva Challenge da ta halarci Kofin Amurka a 2007. Industrialungiyar masana'antar Naval Group a Toulon ta kasance abokiyar haɗin gwiwar kulob din rugby na Toulon tun daga 2005. Kungiya kungiyar Naval kamfani ne mai iyakantaccen kamfani wanda ƙasar Faransa ke riƙe da hannun jarin 62.49%. A Thales kungiyoyin riko 35% na babban birnin kasar, da kuma sauran 2,51% ana yi har na kamfanin ma'aikata hannun jari A ƙarshen 2016, Naungiyar Sojan Ruwa ta ɗauki mutane 12,771 aiki, fiye da rabi daga cikinsu ma'aikata ne masu zaman kansu, yayin da ɗayan rabin ma'aikatan gwamnati ne. Isungiyar tana cikin ƙasashe 18 kuma ta shiga ƙawance da yawa a wajen Faransa ta hanyar rassa da haɗin gwiwa. Gudanarwa Shugaba da Shugaba: Hervé Guillou Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Ci Gaban: Marie-Pierre de Bailliencourt Mataimakin Shugaban Kasa, Kudi, Doka Sayayya: Frank Le Rebeller Bayanin kudi Shafuka A Faransa Rukunin Naval yana aiki da shafuka 10 a Faransa. Kowane rukunin yanar gizo yana da ƙwarewa a cikin wani aikin na musamman. Bagneux: tsarin bayanai da sa ido Brest: ayyuka, shirye-shiryen aiki na jiragen ruwa da na ruwa, kiyaye kayayyakin masarufin tashar jiragen ruwa na Navy, makamashin ruwa mai sabuntawa. Gidan yanar gizon yana cikin ƙauyukan Brest, a yankin Froutven da kan Île Longue Mai ruwa da tsaki ne a Pôle Mer Bretagne Cherbourg: samar da jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa Toulon-Ollioules: tsarin bayanai da sa ido Lorient: tsarin tsaro na ruwa Nantes-Indret da Tekun Teknocampus: jiragen ruwa na karkashin ruwa, bincike da ci gaba, tursasa makaman nukiliya. Co-wanda ya kafa cibiyar ingantaccen EMC Paris: babban ofishin kungiyar Ruelle-sur-Touvre: jiragen ruwa na ruwa, na atomatik tsarin, simulators, horo Saint-Tropez: makamai na karkashin ruwa (torpedoes) Toulon: aiyuka, kiyaye jiragen ruwa da jigilar jirgin sama na Charles de Gaulle Duniya Rukunin Naval yana da ofisoshi a Australia, Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Chile, United Arab Emirates, Girka, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Norway da Pakistan. Hakanan ana wakiltar ƙungiyar a duk faɗin duniya ta hanyar rassa da haɗin gwiwa, waɗanda suke mallakar su gaba ɗaya ko aiki tare da wasu kamfanoni. Turai-Gabas ta Tsakiya Faransa: Sirehna, wani kamfani ne na 100%: hydrodynamics naval, hanyoyin kewaya jiragen ruwa da saukar da mafita ga jiragen ruwa, kasa ko jiragen sama da jirage Sabis ɗin Kula da Yanayi, ƙungiya ce ta kashi 49%, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Veolia Environnement: kayayyakin more rayuwa da yawa Kership, ƙawancen haɗin gwiwa na kashi 45%, tare da Piriou: jiragen ruwa masu matsakaicin nauyi na ƙasar Faransa Ireland: OpenHydro, wani kamfani ne na 62% mallakar Naval Energies: injin turbin na yanzu Saudi Arabiya: Tallafin DCNS, kamfani na 100% mallakar: taimako ga Naungiyar valungiyar Naval Group na shirye shiryen aiki Asiya-Fasifik Indiya: Rukunin Naval Group India, kamfani na 100% mallakar: tallafi don ayyukan fasaha da bincike a cikin filayen jirgin ruwan ruwa na cikin gida Malaysia: DCNS Malaysia, kamfani na 100% mallakar: taimako ga Rukunin Naval a cikin ayyukan cikin gida Kamfanin Naus na Boustead DCNS, kamfani na 40% mallakar, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da Boustead: shirye-shiryen aiki na jiragen ruwa Singapore: DCNS Far East, wani kamfani ne na 100%: kayan aiki da kulawa don tsarin jiragen ruwa da na iska da na teku Ostiraliya Rukunin Naval Group Australia, kamfani na 100% mallakar: an ba da kwangilar SEA1000 a cikin 2016 azaman DCNS Ostiraliya ta Gwamnatin Australiya Wanda ke da alhakin zana jiragen ruwa na Goma goma sha biyu masu zuwa na Royal Australian Navy Amurka Brazil: Rukunin Naval do Brasil, wani kamfani ne na 100%: ofishin tallace-tallace na kungiyar a Brazil Prosin, wani kamfani ne na 100% mallakar Naval Group do Brasil: Hakkin injiniyan injiniyan ruwa a cikin Brazil Itaguaí Construções Navais, wata ƙungiya ce ta kashi 41%, tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin Brazil gina jiragen ruwa a ƙarƙashin wani ɓangare na kwangilar da DCNS ya sanya hannu tare da Sojojin Ruwa na Brazil Kanada: DCNS Technologies Canada Inc, wani kamfani ne na 100%: ofishin tallace-tallace na ƙungiyar a Kanada Rigima DCN DCNS suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a "ɗayan manyan rikice-rikicen siyasa da na kuɗi na Faransa na ƙarni na ƙarshe [wanda ya bar] tafarkin mutuwar mutane takwas da ba a bayyana ba, kusan dala biliyan biliyan cikin ɓatattun kuɗaɗe da zarge-zargen damuwa na haɗin gwiwar gwamnati" wanda aka haɗa da sayar da jiragen ruwan yaki ga Taiwan a cikin 1990s. Baya ga batutuwan da suka shafi sayar da jiragen ruwa ga Taiwan da aka ambata a sama, masu shigar da kara na Faransa sun fara binciken laifuka da yawa na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin 2010 da ya shafi tallace-tallace daban-daban na karkashin ruwa, tare da yiwuwar cin hanci da rashawa da kuma cin hanci ga manyan jami'ai a Faransa. Musamman abubuwan da masu shigar da kara suka nuna shine sayar da jiragen ruwa masu saukar ungulu samfurin Scorpène ga kasashe kamar India da Malaysia. Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Suaram ce ta sanya binciken a Malaysia saboda ya shafi Firayim Minista Najib Tun Razak lokacin da yake ministan tsaro da kuma abokinsa Abdul Razak Baginda wanda ake zargin an biya kamfaninsa Primekar wata babbar hukuma yayin sayen wasu biyu. Jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa na Scorpène. Masu binciken Faransa suna da sha'awar gaskiyar cewa an kirkiro Perimekar 'yan watanni kaɗan kafin a sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tare da gwamnatin Malaysia da DCNS kuma Firayim Minista ba shi da wani tarihi na yin hidimar jiragen ruwa kuma ba shi da ikon kuɗi don tallafawa kwangilar. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa wani kamfani a Hong Kong da ake kira Terasasi Ltd wanda daraktocin su ne Razak Baginda da mahaifinsa, ya sayar da takaddun bayanan tsaron ruwan Malesiya ga DCNS. Har ila yau, a karkashin binciken akwai zargin karbar kudi da kuma kisan Shaariibuugiin Altantuyaa, mai fassara wanda ya yi aiki kan yarjejeniyar. A ranar 15 ga Disambar 2015, kotunan Faransa suka tuhumi Bernard Baiocco, tsohon shugaban Thales International Asia saboda biyan diyya ga Abdul Razak Baginda. A lokaci guda ana tuhumar daraktan kamfanin kera jirgin DCN International da amfani da kadarorin kamfanoni ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba. A ranar 24 ga watan Agustan 2016, Kafafen yada labarai na Australiya ne suka ruwaito cewa an sami kwararar rahoto mai shafi 22,000 game da jirgin ruwan karkashin ruwa mai nasaba da Scorpène da a halin yanzu Indiya ke ginawa a wani bangare na yarjejeniyar dala biliyan 3.5. Zargin da ake zargin kwararar bayanan sirri game da Scorpène an yi ikirarin cewa yana dauke ne da bayanai game da boye, na'urori masu auna sigina, karar karar jirgin karkashin ruwa a zurfin teku daban-daban, bayanan acoustic, da sauransu. Sojojin Ruwa na Indiya sun zarga da laifin kwararar bayanan kan wasu kafofin na kasashen waje da ba a ambata suna ba, mai yiwuwa daga satar bayanan sirri.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enugu%20%28birni%29

Enugu (birni)

Enugu (Igbonci/Inyamuranci Énugwú) birni ne, da ke a jihar Enugu, a ƙasar Najeriya. Shi ne babban birnin jihar Enugu. Bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a a shekarar 2006, jimilar mutane 722,664. An gina birnin Enugu a shekara ta 1912. Enugu ta samo asalin sunan ta ne daga kalmomin Inyamuranci guda biyu; Énú ma'ana "saman tsauni" dangane da cewa birnin na bisa tsauni. An sanya wa garin sunan dangane da "Enugwu Ngwuo" inda aka fara samun gawayin coal. Enugwu Ngwuo na ɗaya daga cikin kauyuka goma da suka haɗu suka samar da kabilar Ngwuo, wanda akan kira sun Ngwuako wanda ya kirkiro kabilar tun iyaye da kakanni. Ngwuako ya sanya dansa "Udeneogu" ya tsaya a saman tsaunin (Enu-Ugwu) don kare mutanen kabilar daga makiya. Kalmar Enugwu Ama Udeneogu, na nufin Enugwu garin Udeneogu). Mutanen na rayuwa a saman dutsen sannan su noma filayen dake jikin tsaunukan. Ngwuo tana da iyaka da kabilar Oshie daga kudu, kabilar Ojebeogene daga arewa, sai kuma Nkanu daga gabas. Gano gawayin coal a filayen noma dake jikin Enugwu Ngwuo ya jawo hankalin mutane daga sassa daban daban don neman hanyar cigaban rayuwa kamar yadda aka nuna a taswira, hakan ya jawo samun sabuwar tsarin gwamnati wanda akafi sanida Gwamnatin Enugwu Ngwo, wanda itace muhimmiyar silar wayewar yankin na farko wanda aka sanida da Enugu a yau. Ci gaban ta fara daga kasar Ngwuo wacce akafi sanida Enugwu Ngwuo har zuwa lokacin da garin ta zama birni aka cire kalmar "Ngwuo" daga sunanta, a dalilin hakan karamar alkarya ta Ngwuo tayi silar samar da babban birni a yau, sannan tayi ta bunkasa ta mamaye yankunan birnin Nkanu kamar Nike da Akunino har zuwa Neke da Emene. Tun Karni na 17, mutanen Nike (wani kashi na yaren Igbo) ke zaune a wurin. Acikin 1900 Turawan Mulkin mallaka na daular Burtaniya ta kirkiri yankin Kariyar turawa na Kudancin Najeriya. Gano gawayi da turawa suka yi yayi sanadiyar samar da titin jirgin kasa na Eastern Line don daukan gawayin daga yankin zuwa tashar jirgin ruwa na Port Harcourt, birnin da aka kirkira saboda haka mai nisan kilomita 243 (151 mi) daga kudancin garin da ake kira da "Enugu Coal Camp". An sauya sunan garin zuwa Enugu kuma ta bunkasa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin tsirarun birane da aka kira ta hanyar cudanya da turawa. Zuwa 1958, Enugu tana da mahaka gawayin coal fiye da mutum 8000. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, babu sauran ayyukan hakar gawayi coal a yankin. Enugu ta zama babban birnin Yankin Gabashin Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin Najeriya a 1960; sauyi da aka samu na canje-cajen yankuna a shekara ta 1967, 1976 da kuma 1991 yayi sanadin garin ta zamo babban birnin Jihar Enugu na yanzu. A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu 1967, an kaddamar da Enugu a matsayin babban birnin yankin Tarayyar Biafra, a dalilin hakan Enugu ta zamo babban birnin Kasar Inyamurai. Bayan da sojojin Najeriya suka kwace birnin Enugu, an mayar da Umuahia na zamo babban birnin Biafra. Masana'antu a birnin sun hada da kasuwanni da kuma kamfanonin lemun kwalba. Har wayau, Enugu na daya daga cikin yankin masu bada umurni a kamfanonin shirya fina-finai na Najeriya wacce akeyi wa lakabi da "Nollywood". Muhimmin filin jirgin sama na Enugu shine Akanu Ibiam International Airport. Tarihi Tairihin Fari Mazaunin Enugu na farko shi kauyen Nike na Ogui, wacce take wanzuwa tun zamanin cinikayyar bayi na "Atlantic Slave Trade". Nike da yaren inyamuranci na nufin "da karfi ko iko". Ta sanadiyyar kasuwancin bayi ne mutanen Nike suka mallaki mafi akasarin yankin, wanda mafi yawanci ba'a taba zama da su ba. Mutanen Nike na amfani da bayi a matsayin dabarun yaki, sukan sanya bayi a gefe-gefen garin ta yadda zai yi wuyan gaske makiya su isa ga haifaffun garin. Mutanen Nike sun hada gwiwa da mutanen Aro inda suka samar da kungiya da ake kira Aro Confederacy (1690–1901) wacce ta kasance kungiyar inyamurai masu gudanar da harkokin cinikayyar bayi a yankin Enugu. Tare da mutanen Aro da suke zuwa cinikayya daga Arochukwu akwai kuma hausawa da suke zuwa daga arewa. Hausawa suka kawo dawakai ga inyamurai wanda ake amfani dasu wajen tsubbace-tsubnace. Dukkansu; Hausawa da mutanen aro sukan shigo su fita cikin yankin da ake kira Enugu a yau kuma ana daukansu matsayin baki. Masana'antu A shekarar 1901, kamfe na turawa don kai hari ga mutanen Aro don bude sabon yankin soji da mulkin mallakan turawa ya soma. Yakin tsakanin turawa da mutanen Aro ya fara a ranar 1 ga watan December 1901 har zuwa 24 ga watan March 1902 lokacin da akaci galabar mutanen Aro na yankin. Zamanin tarayyar Aro ya kare kuma aka hade sauran yankunan Aro acikin yankunan kula da kariyan turawan mulkin mallakan Kudancin Najeriya na 1900. Turawa sun fara isa yankin Enugu a 1903 a lokacin da mai binciken ilimin kasa dan Burtaniya da Australia Albert Ernest Kitson ya jagoranci bincike a yankin kudancin Najeriya don bincike musamman akan tattalin arzikin kasa da a karkashin jagoranci da kulawar kungiyar Imperial Institute, London. An gano gawayin coal a 1903 a kauyen Enugwu Ngwo, zuwa 1913 kuma a yakunan Udi da Okoga an gano gawayi adadin da zai isa amfani wajen kasuwanci. Zuwa 1914, turawa sun riga sun hade yankunan arewaci da kudanci Njeriya don samar da yankin mallakan turawa na Najeriya. A shekarar 1915, Turawa sun fara magana da 'yan asalin mutanen Enugu na yanzu danagane da bayar da ita don gina titin jirgin kasa na "Eastern Line" masana'antar hako gawayin coal. Gidajen farko-farko da aka fara ginawa a yankin sun hada da tsofaffin gidajen turɓaya na gargajiyar Igbo W. J. Leck da wasu turawa suka zauna daga saman tsaunin. Akwai kuma wani mazauni da Alfred ya zauna wanda ake kira Ugwu Alfred ma'ana a inyamuranci "Tsaunin Alfred" wanda Alfred Inoma ya zauna (shine shugaban leburorin da suka zo daga Onitsha) yana nan a kusa da tsaunin. Bayan turawa sun amsa filin, Frederick Lugard gwamna jenar na Najeriya a lokacin, ya sanya wa ma wajen hakar gawayin "Enugu Coal Camp", don bambance ta da Enugwu Ngwo, wacce ke kallon birnin daga wani tudu dake yammacin Enugu. An fara aikin hakar gawayin coal na farko ne a ma'aikatar hake-hake na Udi a shekara ta 1915 wacce aka rufe ta bayan shekaru biyu kuma aka musanya ta da mahakar kwarin Iva Valley. Enugu ta zamo muhimmiyar ma'akatar hakan gawayi kuma itace daya isassa a duk fadin Afurka ta Yamma. An gina titin jirgin kasa na Eastern Line wanda ta hada Enugu da Port Harcourt a 1916 don fitar da coal daga Enugu zuwa tashoshin jiragen da aka gina saboda hakan. Enugu ta zamo daya daga cikin daidaikun biranen da aka samar dangane da cudanya da turawa a fadin Afurka ta kudu. Zuwa 1916, gwamnatin mulkin mallakan turawa ta gyara gine sashin da aka keba mata na musamman don zama. Yankin da aka kebawa gwamnati wato (GRA) sun zama mazaunan turawa wanda ke arewacin rafin Ogbete: haka zalika akwaii wuri na musamman da aka gyara don mutanen gari daga kudancin rafin. Yankunan Enugu da aka gina suka kasu kashi biyu kuma, kuma zuwa 1917 garin ya samu zama birni. A yankin Afurka kuwa, sai karuwar jama'a ake samu musamman ma'aikata da suke zaune a kebabben wajajen tsaunin Udi kusa da a'aikatar gawayin da kuma Kwarin Iva. A cikin shekara ta 1938, Enugu ta zamo cibiyar gudanarwa na Yankin Gabas (Eastern Region). Adadin ma'aikatan da ke hakar coal ya kai 6000 (yawanci daga ma'aikatra Udi) a 1948 zuwa 8,000 a 1958. Adadin yawan mutanen Enugu ya karu matuka musamman saboda ma'katun ta; adadin mutanen garin sun kai 62,000 a 1952. Hake-hake a Enugu kan zama tashin hankali musamman al'amarin da ya faru a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamban 1949, lokacin da 'yan sandan turawan mulkin mallaka suka harbe ma'ikata 21 zuwa barzahu, kuma suka raunana akalla mutum 51. Wannan kisan kiyashin ake kira da "Harbe-harben Kwarin Iva" ("The Iva Valley Shooting" a turance) wanda 'yan kishin kasa "Zikist" musamman daga yakunan Gabashin Najeriya suka turara. Zikizanci ("Zikisim") kungiyace na bujurewa da 'yan kishin kasa karkashin jagorancin Nnamdi Azikiwe, wanda ya kasance fitaccen dan kishin kasa daga jam'iyyar National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC). Wannan harbi ya samo asali ne daga lokacin da ma'aikata suka nuna rashin jin dadinsu game da cewa ma'akatar hakan gawayin sun cinye masu ladan ayyukansu, kafafen labarai na kasa ta yada jita-jitan. Da yawa daga ciki mutanen Zikist sunyi amfani da wannan harbe-harbe don amfanin kansu na siyasa don su kuma ture gwamnatin turawa wajen Najeriya. An wallafa cikakken bayani kan al'amarin a wajen tunawa da daya daga cikin turawan da suka zauna a yankin' wato James Stewart Smith. Samun "Yancin kai, yaki, da bayan hakan Enugu ta zamo babban birni a 1956 da Umaru Altine a matsayin magajin gari (mayor). Bayan shekaru hudu da hakan, Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai a 1960. A ranar 27 May 1967 ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta raba yankunan Yammain, Arewacin da Gabacin Najeriya zuwa jihohi 12, kuma Enugu ta zamo babban birnin jihohin Gabacin Najeriya ta tsakiya wato "East Central State". A ranar 30 Mayun 1967, an kaddamar da Enugu a matsayin babban birnin Tarayyar Biafra wanda aka samar daga jihohin Gabas ta tsakiya, Cross River da kuma jihar Rivers. Ojukwu yayi sanarwan a matsayin shugabn yankin Gabacin wanda daga baya akai ta kai masu hare-hare aka kashe wasu da dama aka raunata wasu, daga bisani kuma Inyamurai sukai ta juyin mulkin yayinda hakan yasa suka kashe wasu daga cikin manyan-manyan shuwagabannin arewa. Asalin 'yan adawan Inyamurai sune Hausa da Fulani dake arewacin Najeriya. Yakin da Hausawa suka jagoranta don kwato yankin daga hannun Inyamurai yasa Inyamurai da ke sauran Yammacin da Arewacin Najeriya sun koma gida zuwa Gabashin Najeriya kuma Enugu ta zamo babban masaukinsu. Gidan rediyon Biafra wato "Voice of Biafra" (wanda a da akafi sani da "Eastern Nigerian Broadcasting Service") tana nan a Enugu; daga wannan gidan rediyo ne shugaban Biafra Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu yake yada maganganu da karerayi ga 'yan Najeriya da kuma mutanen Biafra. A dalilin wannan yakin, Enugu ta fuskanci karancin mutanen da ba 'yan asalin harshen ba. A ranar 4 October 1967, Gwamnatin Najeriya ta tashi boma-bomai a gabar yankin kafin kwato ta bayan 'yan makonni, daga bayan haka ne babban birnin Biafran ta koma Umuahia. Shekaru da dama bayan maido Enugu cikin jihohin Najeriya, har wayau ana kiranta da "Babban Birnin Inyamurai". Enugu ta komo matsayinta na babban birnin Yankunan Gabas ta Tsakiyar Najeriya a shekakra ta 1970 bayan an warware rikicin tarayyar Biafra. A ranar 3 February 1976 aka maida yankin zuwa jihohi biyu Imo da Anambra; a lokacin akwai jihohi 19 a Najeriya, sai Enugu ta zamo babban birnin Anambra. A ranar 27 August 1991, a lokacin mulkin soja na Ibrahim Babangida aka raba jihar Anambra zuwa jihohi biyu; jihar Enugu da jihar Anambra. Birnin Enugu ta zauna matsayinta na babban birnin sabon jihar da aka samar, a yayin da Awka ta zamo babban birnin sabon jihar Anambra. Labarin Kasa Saman doron-kasa Duk da cewa sunanta saman tsauni da Inyumuranci, Enugu tana gabar kwari ba a saman tsauni ba. Enugu tana zaune a kwarin ruwan rafin Cross River da kuma Benue trough kuma tana da mafi kyawun gawayin coal na zamani. Tsohon dutsen Precambrian ya mamaye yankin. Alamun gawayin ajikin duwatsu kan kai kaurin mita 1 ko 2 (3.3 ko 6.6 ft). Tsaunukan Enugu kan kai tsawon mita 1,000m (3,300 ft). Daga cikin al'amuran kasar Enugu sun hada da tafkin Nike (Lake) inda aka gina Nike Lake Hotel. Akwai kuma rafuka guda shida wanda sune mafi girma a birnin kuma sun hada da Ekulu, Asata, Ogbete, Aria, Idaw da kogin Nyaba. Kogin Ekulu shine ruwa mafi girma a birnin garin kuma yana da muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan amfanin yau da kullum a birnin. Yanayi Enugu tana da yanayi na tropical rain forest zone da alamun yanayi na savannah. Birnin na da kasafin yanayi na tropical savanna climate (Köppen: Aw). Yanayin sararin samaniya a birnin na da gumi da laima da lokuta mafi laima tsakanin watan March zuwa Nuwamba. Matsakaicin yanayi na zafi/sanyi na duka jihar Enugu na tsakanin 26.7 °C (80.1 °F). Kamar kowacce yanki na Afurka ta yamma, yanayin na damuna da rani ne ke wanzuwa a birnin. Adadin matsakaicin ruwan sama a Enugu kan kai milimita 2,000ml (79 in). Wanda ke zuwa yana dauke har zuwa cikin damuna lokacin da zai karfi. Har wayau akwai lokaci na sanyi a garin, mai zuwa da kura wanda ke kwashe makonni a tsakanin watannin December zuwa Junairu. Kaman sauran yankunan Najeriya, Enugu nada zafi kusan ilahirin shekara. Sassan Birni da kuma Gine-Gine Gini mafi tsawo a babban birnin Enugu shine ginin bankin African Continental Bank (ACB) mai bene hawa shida. An ginawa bankin African Continental Bank Limited ne a karshen shekarun 1950s wanda Nnamdi Azikiwe ya kirkira bayan ya zama shugaban kasa na farko bayan sa,um 'yancin kasar a watan October 1960. Anyi bikin bude ginin a ranar 30 Aprelu, 1959. Sauran gine-gine masu tsawo sun hada da Hotel Presidential wanda aka bude a watan August 1963 na da bene hawa bakwai da dakuna 100 kuma yana nan a unguwar Independence Layout. A tsakiyar Enugu akwai ginin Michael Okpara Square, wanda aka gina don tunawa da tsohon shugaban Yankin Gabashin Najeriya Michael Okpara. Sannan akwai ginin Gidan Gwamnatin Enugu a birnin, da Gidan Majalisar dokoki na jihar da kuma gidajen shari'ar garin. Wuraren aikin hake-haken gawayin coal na Enugu sun gefen gari, wanda mafi yawancinsu an kulle su yanzu. Ma'aikatar hako gawayin na kwarin Iva na nan kusa da birnin Ngwo da kuma saman tsaunin Enugu. Ana zuwa kwarin Iva valley ta titi da ya hada Enugu da Ngwo. Sauran mahakar suna nan a Ogbete da kuma Coal Camp layouts; wanda suna wajen garin kuma a kusa da Iva Valley. Zane-zanen gine-ginen Enugu a farkon lamari ya kasance na turawa ne, a dalilin hakan yawancin tsarin gine-ginen Enugu tsari ne irin na turawa. Anyi amfani da salon ginin turawa da tsarin gidajen Victoria wanda turawa da ma'aikatan gwamnatin turawa 'yan Najeriya ke zama musamman a karni na 20. Misalin ire-iren wannan gine-gine sune kaman a ginin cocuka musamman cocin Holy Ghost Cathedral da ke gilasai masu alaman Greco-Roman da an gani anga tsarin turawa. Gwamnati Birnin Enugu tana da kananan hukumomi uku karkashin ta; Enugu East, Enugu North da kuma Enugu South. Duka wadannan kananan hukumomi na da nata majalisar, da 'yan majalisa, da chairman da suke kula da harkokin ilimi da na lafiya a kananan hukumomin. Enugu ta kudu ta kasu kashi biyu, birni da kauye kuma kowacce ana zabar mata chairman dinta daban. Ciyamomin kananan hukumomin sun hada da; Paul Ogbe na birnin Enugu ta kudu, Theresa Egbo na kauyen Enugu ta Kudu, Emma Onoh na Enugu ta Arewa, da kuma Christopher Ugwu a matsayin ciyaman na karamar hukumar Enugu ta Gabas; duka wadannan ciyamomi na wakiltan kananan hukumominsu a majalisar dokoki na jihar. Ma'aikatun Ministry of Lands, Survey and Town Planning (a mataki na jiha) da kuma Local Planning Authority (a matakin karamar hukuma) ke da alhakin kula da gudanar da harkokin filayen a jihar. Enugu ta kasu zuwa Enugu ta Arewa/Kudu wanda Chukwuegbo Ofor ke wakailta and Enugu ta gabas wanda Gilbert Nnaji ke wakilta;dukkansu 'yan jam'iyyar PDP ne kamar gwamnansu Ifeanyichukwu Ugwuanyi wanda ake yiwa lakabi da (GBURU-GBURU). Jama'a Dangane da kidaya na shekara ta 2006, sashin birnin Enugu na mutane kimanin 722,664. Mafi akasarin mutanen Enugu kiristoci ne, kaman dao sauran garuruwan kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. Mafi yawan mutanen Enugu na amfani da harshen Turanci da kuma harshen su na gado wato Igbonci. Igbo shine asalin harshen Enugu. ana amfani da turancin Najeriya wato pidgin a garin saboda rabe-rabe harsunan Najeriya da Igbo a birni. Enugu tana cikin harsunan Igbo daga arewacin yankin tare da sauran yankuna kaman Owo, Nike, Agbani, da kuma birane kamar Awka da Nsukka. Asalin mutanen Enugu sune mutanen Enugwu-Ngwo dake zaune a yankin tsaunin kusa da tsaunukan Milliken daga yamma. Bayan Inyamurai dake zaune a birnin, akwai sauran yaruka kamar Yarbawa wanda ke da jama'a da dama a garin da kuma saura kaman Hausa, Kanuri, Ijaw, da kuma Fulani. Laifuka Laifuka sun karu a Enugu tun daga 2009 musamman garkuwa da mutane da kuma fashi da makami a musamman watannin Satumba zuwa December. Gwamnatin jihar Enugu ta mika takadda zuwa majalisar dokoki na jihar acikin watan Febreru shekara ta 2009 da ta kaddamar da garkuwa da mutane a matsayin babban laifi a jihar. An kwamushe akalla mutum 1,088 acikin watannun Satumba da kuma December; mutum 270 aka kwamushe a watan Satumba, 303 a watan Octoba, 295 a watan Nuwamba da kuma mutum 220 a December. Masu laifi 477 aka kama da zargin laifin garkuwa da mutane. Suna amsa kudade miliyoyi na kudin Najeriya don musayar abunda suke garkuwa dashi. An sanya kudade kimanin miliyan ₦500 million (3.3 million a Dalar Amurka dangane da chanjin kudi a 26 ga watan June 2010) don musayar sekataren gwamnan Enugu wato Dan Nwomeh, daga baya suka rage zuwa milyan 200, zuwa miliyan 50 har dai daga karshe suke sakeshi ba tare da an biya komai ba; yawancin laifukan Enugu sun hada da garkuwa da mutane. Al'adu Enugu tana da nata al'adun na gargajiya dangane da saura makwaban ta. A bukukuwa na al'ada biyu a Enugu; bikin "Mmanwu festival" da kuma na "New yam festival". Bikin Mmanwu festival na faruwa ne acikin watan Nuwamba kuma ana amfani da dodanni (masquerade) wanda kowanne yana da nashi sunan. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a filin wasan kwallo kafa na the Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, kuma ya hada da tattakin dodanni tare da waƙoƙi wanda kungiyar "Enugu Council of Arts and Culture" ke dauka nauyi. Biki na biyu a muhimmanci a jihar Enugu shine bikin "New yam festival" wanda aka fi sani da iwa ji, kuma ana kadda at da bikin ne a tsakanin watan in Augusta da October daidai lokacin girban sabon doya. Doya na daga cikin muhimmanci abu daga al'adan inyamurai. Wasu bukukuwan da aka ƙirƙira daga baya sun hada da; "Enugu Festival of Arts" wanda kungiyar Enugu Council of Arts and Festivals suke shiryawa. An ƙirƙira ƙungiyar ne a shekara ta 1986, kuma ta nunka sa yanayin bikin shagulan musamman ta hanyar canza mata wurin taro daga Ƙauyuka zuwa birni Baƙi dake halartar bikin na samun Daman dandana kayan abincin inyamurai da gargajiya kamar Okpa "Okpa Enugu", Abacha abincin gargajiya ne da ake yi da rogo "African salad" fiofio da makama ta su kamar Nkwobi, farfesu. Wuraren bude idanu na tarihi a Enugu basu da yawa sai dai gwamnati sun inganta wasu kamar tsauni Udi wanda ana iya ganin ko ina na birnin daga zaman sa, takin Nike lake Resort dake wajen gari, karin Iva Valley da makamantansu. Wuraren shakatawa a birnin sun hada da "Murtala Muhammad Part". Tsaffin ma'akatun haƙo gawayi coal wato Onyeama da Okpara duk a bude suke ga masubziyara. Sauran Wurare sun hada da Institute of Management and Technology (IMT) Sculptural Garden and Art Gallery, the Eastern Region Parliamentary Building, the Old Government Lodge,[86] and Enugu Golf course. Enugu Zoo wato gidan na mun daji na Enugu shi a wani wajen bude idanu ne a birnin. National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) ke kula da gidan na mun dajin. Akwai kuma "Bona Gallery" a birnin. Nishaɗi Waƙa Enugu tayi fice a fannin wakokin "Highlife music" a 1950s. Salon wakokin Enugu ya wanzu har zuwa yankunan Kudancin Cameroun inda Inyamurai ke da tasiri a yankuna kamar Limbe, Tiko da Douala. Wasu daga cikin fitattun mawaka 'yan asalin Enugu sun hada da; Sonny Okosun mawakin da aka haifa a Enugu kuma yayi wakar sa na farko a birnin a shekara ta 1965, Celestine Ukwu da Michael Ejeagha, 2Face Idibia, rapper Phyno, William Onyeabor, Flavour N'abania da makamantansu. Midiya da littattafai Jaridu da ake wallafawa kuma ake saidawa a Enugu sun hada da Daily Star, Evening Star, The Renaissance da kuma New Renaissance. Daya daga cikin tsaffin gidan jarida itace jaridal Eastern Sentinel wanda kungiyar Nnamdi Azikiwe's ta kirkira a 1955 amma ta rushe a 1960. Wasu daga cikin gidajen telabijin da na rediyo dake Enugu sun hada da reshen gidan telabiin na "Nigerian Television Authority (NTA Enugu)", reshen gidan rediyon Najeriya wato "Federal Radio Corporation of Nigeria (FRCN)" wacce ke watsa labaranta da harsunan turanci, Igbo, Efik, Ijaw da kuma harshen Tiv. Akwai kuma gidan telebijin na Enugu watau "Enugu State Broadcasting Service Television (ESBS-TV)" gidan telebijin ne na jiha da ke watsa shirye-shiryen sa'oi 18 a karshen mako. Mafi akasarin fina-finan Najeriya anfi daukan su ne a Lagos da Enugu. A cikin shekara ta 2007 ne Enugu ta kaddamar da bikin shirin fina-finai na Enugu International Film Festival. Wasu daga cikin sanannun marubutan Najeriya sun kasance haifaffun Enugu ne kamar su; Chinua Achebe, marubucin littafin Things Fall Apartyayi rayuwa a Enugu a shekara ta 1958, shekaran da aka wallafa littafin. Ya dawo birnin ne tare da iyalansa bayan yayi kaura daga Lagos zuwa birnin daga bisani ya hadu da abokinsa marubuci Christopher Okigbo inda suka sama da gidan wallafa littattafai na Citadel Press, daga cikin jigogin sun hada da How the Dog was Domesticated and How the Leopard Got His Claws. Akwai kuma marubuciyar littafin Half of a Yellow Sun Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, wacce ta lashe kyautar Orange Prize for Fiction a shekara ta 2007, an haife ta a Enugu a 1977 kuma ta tashi a Nsukka. Wasanni Kungiyar wasan kwallon kafa na Enugu Rangers kungiyace ta kwararrun 'yan wasa masu buga kofin Najeriya (NIgerian Premier League) kuma suna nan a filin wasan kwallon kafa na Nnamdi Azikiwe Stadium, wanda aka sanya wa sunan a maimakon shugaba kasa na farko a Najeriya. Tsaffin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Enugu rangers sun hada da Jay-Jay Okocha da Taribo West. Filin itace cibiyar wasan I na daukakin yankin Gabashin Najeriya kafin yakin basasa Najeriya. An buga wasannin duniya na 'yan wasan ƙasa da shekarau 17 a shekara ta 2009 wato FIFA U-17 World Cup (24 October 15 November) a Enugu da Sauran jihohi biyar na Najeriya. A dalili wannan gasa aka gyara filin wasa ni zuwa na zamani. Tattalin arziki Kamar yadda ake mata iƙirari da 'birnin gawayi' (coal city) Enugu har zuwa karni na 20 ta dogara ne matuka akan haƙo ma'adanan gawayin coal a tsaunukan Udi wanda hakan ya jawo habakar birnin. Cibiyar haƙo coal na Najeriya wato (Nigerian Coal Corporation) na nan a Enugu tun da aka kirkiri ƙungiyar acikin shekara ta 1950 don kula da harkokin haƙan gawayin a birnin. Dangane da samar da titi jirgin kasa na "Eastern Line", Enugu ta samu hanya zuwa gaɓar tekun Port Harcourt daga kudu sai kuma da jihar Kaduna daga arewaci birnin. Yaƙin basasan Najeriya ya jawo koma baya matuka musamman ta fuskar aikin haƙo ma'adanan Coal a dalilin lalacewa wuri da kayan aiki. Zuwa shekara ta 2005, gawayin ya rage daraja haka za lika aikin haƙo shi. Wasu daga cikin ma'adanan da ake samu a birnin Enugu sun hada da baƙin ƙarfe (iron ore), farar-ƙasa (limestone), farar laka (fine clay), Marmara (marble), da kuma silica sand. A Enugu, yawanci kayan amfani ana saida su a kasuwannin gargajiya ko kuma bisa hanya, yawancin masu saide-saide akan hanyoyin Najeriya yara ne ƙanana. Akwai muhimmanci kasuwannin uku a birnin Enugu; Ogbete Market, Awkunanaw Market da kuma New Market. Kasuwar "New Market" market kasuwa ce ta saida garin kwaki. Ita kuma kasuwa Ogbete kasuwace da 'yan kasuwa daga yankuna makwaban birnin ke zuwa kamar like Onitsha, Aguleri, Abakaliki da Aba kuma ba'a saida kayan abinci a wannan kasuwa sai dai kayan kamfani kamar lemun kwalba, giya da makamantansu. Sanan akwai kamfani hada mota ƙirar Marasandi a kasuwar da kuma wajen hada abubuwa kaman tiles, Ruffin asbestos,man fetur da kuma magunguna. Har na tsawon lokaci filin jirgin sama na Sosoliso Airlines na da reshensu na sufuri a Akanu Ibiam International Airport dake Enugu. Yankin tayi fice a fuskar damar da man kadan ya a duk fadi duniya, amma haƙan ya samu cikas tun a yakin basasan Najeriya a dalilin kayan aikin sun lalace da makamantan haka. Sauran kayan amfani na sayarwa da Enugu ke sa marwa sun haɗa da cocoa, gyaɗa, man-gyaɗa da dai Sauran su. Amma a yau, birnin Enugu da Sauran yankuna Najeriya da aka sani ada suna sanar da kayan abinci ga sassa duniya a yanzu suma sun dogara akan shigowa da kayan abinci daga waje. Ilimi Enugu tana da muhimmanci jam'oin ilimi guda uku "Enugu State University of Science Technology (ESUT)"; Jami'ar Najeriya wato University of Nigeria,sashin Nsukka (UNN) da sashin birnin Enugu (UNEC); da kuma Institute of Management Technology (IMT). Saura sun hada da the Federal Cooperative College, Oji River (FCCO). Godfrey Okoye University, Caritas University, Renaissance University, Coal City university, Novena University, Esut Business School. Akwai kuma kwalejin "Saviour Institute of Science and Technology", polytechnic da kuma Bigard Memorial Seminary. Daga cikin makaranta sakandare akwai College of the Immaculate Conception (CIC) built in 1940, Holy Rosary College (HRC) wanda aka gina a 1943, Colliery Comprehensive Secondary school, Queen's Secondary School, Federal Government College, Royal Crown Academy, Nsukka sai kuma sakandare dake cikin Jami'ar Najeriya. Kiwon lafiya Wuraren kiwon lafiya a Enugu sun hada da ESUT (Enugu State University of Science and Technology) Teaching Hospital; University of Nigeria, Enugu, Teaching Hospital; Park Lane General Hospital in the GRA; PMC (Peenok Medical Center) located on Ziks Avenue in Uwani; Hansa Clinic on Awolowo Street in Uwani; Niger Foundation Hospital da asibitin Diagnostic Centreda kuma abitin Ntasi Obi Ndi no n'Afufu Hospital organization wacce ke unguwar Enuguabor Street in the Trans-Ekulu layout da dai sauransu. Wasu daga cikin asibitoci na musamman sun hada da asibitin mahaukata da kuma asibitin 'kashi wato Psychiatric Hospital Enugu da the National Orthopaedic Hospital Enugu (NOHE) Mafi akasarin asibitocin Enugu na 'yan kasuwa ne. Asibitin UNTH da kuma asibitin kashi wato National Orthopaedic na daga cikin asibitocin gwamnati a birnin. Asibitin gwamnatin da yafi kowanne bunkusa a Enugu shine asibitin "Park Lane Hospital" Sufuri Enugu na kan karamar hanyar jirgin kasa na Eastern Line wanda ya wuce har birnin Port Harcourt; tashar jirgin kasan kuwa na nan daura da filin wasan kwallon kafa na National stadium kuma dangane da asalinta da ma'aikatar hako gawayi a birnin tana nan a Unguwar Ogui. Motocin bus da tasi sune muhimman hanyoyin zurga-zurga a birnin. A da acaba (okada) na daya daga cikin hanyoyin sufurin har zuwa lokacinda gwamnatin jihar ta hana sufuri ta hanyar okada a watan Aprelun, 2009. Mafi akasarin masu shiga da fita birnin suna bi ne ta tashar Ogbete Motor Park. Acikin shekara ta 2009, gwwamnatin Enugu ta kawo salon sufuri ta hanyar tasi don rage talauci da rashin aikin yi a birnin. Tasi 200 kirar Nissan Sunny da kuma suzuki guda 200 bankin Pro-Credit Micro Finance Bank ta raba bashi ga maras aikin yi a birnin a bisa yarjejeniya kan zasu biya a hankali har su mallaki motocin. A ranar 13 March 2009 ne gwamnatin birnin ta raba manyan motocu 20 wanda ke daukan mutane akalla 82 don sufuri tsakanin birnin Enugu. Muhimmin filin jirgin sama a birnin shine filin jirgin sama na Akanu Ibiam International Airport wanda ake iya zuwa a tasi da kuma manyan motocin haya. An fara gyaran filin a ranar 30 Nuwamban, 2009 don fadada filin jirgin wajen daukan manyan jirage. Tsarin aikin ya hada da kara mita 600m (2,000 ft) ga filin gudun jirgin dake da tsawon mitoci 2,400-metre (7,900 ft) don yakai tsawon kilomita 3km (1.9 mi); kuma za'a kara masa fadi daga mita 45 zuwa mita 60m (148 to 197 ft). An kiyasta kudin aikin zai kai miliyan ₦4.13bn wato mliyan 27.3 na dalar Amurka (a cikin shekara ta 26 June 2010). An bude babban titin A3 na kan hanyar Enugu zuwa Port Harcourt da wuce ta Aba zuwa sauran birane a cikin shekarun 1970s. Titin na A3 ta mike ta arewa zuwa Jos ta hanyar Makurdi. Akwai kuma manyan tituna guda biyu, Babban titin A232 daga birnin Benin City, Asaba da Onitsha zuwa Enugu ta Gabas, da kuma titin A343 daga Abakaliki zuwa Enugu ta yamma, wamda suka sa Enugu ta zamo mahadar yankunan. Manazarta Biranen

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihar%20Bono

Jihar Bono

TBono state Jihar Bono (ko Bonoman jiha ce ta kasuwanci wanda al'ummar Bono suka kafa, tana nan a kudancin Ghana na yanzu. Bonoman ta kasance daulace ta Akan na tsakiyar zamani a yanzu Bono, Bono ta Gabas da yankin Ahafo bi da bi da sunan Bono da Ahafo da Gabashin Ivory Coast. An yarda cewa itace asalin ƙungiyoyin mutanen Akan da suka yi hijira daga jihar a lokuta daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sababbin jihohin Akan don neman zinariya. Kasuwancin zinare, wanda ya fara bunƙasa a Bonoman a farkon karni na 12, itace mafarin karfin mulkin Akan da dukiya a yankin, tun daga tsakiyar zamanai. Asali Asalin mutanen Akan na Bonoman an ce sun kasance can daga arewacin yankin da a yanzu ake kira Sahel ko kuma daular Ghana a lokacin da 'yan asalin Bono suka so su ci gaba da kasancewa da tsarin gargajiya na Bono na kakanninsu da ruhi, wadanda mutanen Akan suka bijire kuma suka yi yaƙi da Musulunci, sun yi hijira zuwa kudancin Sahara, a Ghana ta yau. Cibiyoyin ciniki da jiha ke amfani da su Bono Mansa Bono Mansa (ma'ana "A jihar Bono")) wani lokaci ana kiransa Bono Manso ko Mansu ya kasance yanki ne na kasuwanci a cikin tsakiyar Bonoman, kuma babban cibiyar kasuwanci a yankin da ke yankin Bono Gabas na yanzu. Wanda ke kudu da kogin Black Volta a tsakanin yankin savanna da gandun daji, garin na karbar ayari daga Djenné da Timbuktu a matsayin wani ɓangare na kasuwancin Trans-Saharan Kayayyakin da aka yi ciniki sun hada da goro, gishiri, fata, da zinariya Zinariya ita ce mafi mahimmancin kasuwanci na yankin, wanda ya fara a tsakiyar karni na 14. Begho Begho (kuma Bighu ko Bitu ana kiransa Bew da Nsokɔ ta Akan) wani gari ne na kasuwanci na tsakiya da ke kudu da Black Volta a tsakanin yankin daji da savanna arewa-maso-yammacin Brong-Ahafo. Garin, kamar dai Bono-Manso, yana da matuƙar mahimmanci a matsayin wani cibiya da ayarin arewa daga Masarautar Mali ke yawan zuwa tun kimanin shekara ta 1100 miladiyya. Kayayyakin da ake cinikayya sun hada da hauren giwa, gishiri, fata, gwal, kwaya kola, yadi, da kuma gami da tagulla Tone-tonen kasa sun janyo shimfiɗar gine-gine da aka yi tun daga tsakanin alif 1350 zuwa 1750 AD, da kuma tukwane iri-iri, bututun shan taba, da kuma shaidar narkewar ƙarfe. Tare da yuwuwar yawan jama'a sama da 10 000, Begho na ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen kudancin Afirka ta yamma a lokacin zuwan Turawan Fotugal a shekara ta 1471. Sarkin Mali ya mamaye Bighu a tsakiyar karni na goma sha shida a matsayin "gazawar Bighu Juula na cigaba da samar da gwala-gwalai," a cewar Bakewell. "Sakamakon mamayar Bighu da alama cewa sarkin Mali ya samu damar zuwa wani bangare na cinikin zinari na Akan wanda Wangara ya iya sarrafa shi." Bakewell ya kuma lura, "wurin da aka yi watsi da garin Bighu, ko Bitu, a Ghana ta yau yana kusa da ƙauyen Hani na yanzu.": 18,30-31 Bonduku Bonduku ta kasance wata cibiyar kasuwanci ce a daular Bonoman. Ta janyo kafuwar jihar Gyaman wanda kuma ake rubuta ta da Masarautar Jamang wacce ta shahara musamman wajen samar da auduga. Jihar ta wanzu tsakanin shekarun 1450 zuwa 1895 kuma tana cikin ƙasar Ghana da Cote d'Ivoire a yanzu. Tsarin garuruwan Bonoman Dangane da tone-tonen ƙasa, labaran baka na gargajiya, Effah-Gyamfi (1985) ya ƙaddamar da matakan birane daban-daban guda uku. A cewarsa, a farkon zangon (karni na goma sha uku zuwa na sha biyar) tsakiyar biranen ba su da yawa, kuma garuruwan na da dubban jama’a, ba duka a cikin birane suke ba. An yi gine-gine da wattle da aka yi da dauri An samo tukunyar fenti na wannan lokacin an rarraba a cikin radius na 3.3 km. A kashi na biyu, karni na 16 zuwa na 17, manyan biranen sun fi girma, wadanda suka hada da gidaje da aka rarraba a ko'ina da cibiyar kasuwar gama-gari. Akwai alamu da dama dake nuna kasuwanci tsakanin wurare masu nisa,, irin su ƙwanƙolin gilashin da aka shigo da su da tukwane masu murfi da akayi da mica, sun samo asali daga wannan lokacin. Rushewar Bonoman Rushewar jihar Bono ya faru ne a lokacin da wasu al’ummar Akan suka taso, musamman yadda wasu ’yan kabilar Akan suka fice daga jihar Bono. A nan ne yawancin yarukan Akan na Ivory Coast suka yi ƙaura zuwa yammacin Ghana. Abubuwa da yawa sun raunana wannan jihar, ciki har da rikice-rikice tsakanin shugabanni, rikice-rikice saboda haraji, da kuma samun damar kai tsaye zuwa gabar tekun Gold Coast kai tsaye, inda kasuwanci ke taimakawa yawancin jihohin Akan wajen samun iko. Tasiri kan Al'adun Akan Al'adun Akan daban-daban sun samo asali ne daga jihar Bono, ciki har da laima da ake amfani da su wa sarakuna, takuba na al'umma, kujerun zama, masu sarrafa zinari, maƙera, saƙan tufafi na Kente, alamun adinkra masu ban sha'awa da awon zinari. Manazarta Kara karantawa Effah-Gyamfi, Kwaku (1979), Traditional history of the Bono State Legon: Institute of African Studies, University of Ghana. Meyerowitz, Eva L.R. (1949), "Bono-Mansu, the earliest centre of civilisation in the Gold Coast", Proceedings of the III International West African Conference, 118–120. Mutanen Akan Akanda national