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20780

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombino%20%28mawa%C6%99i%29

Bombino (mawaƙi)

Omara "Bombino" Moctar (a cikin Tifinagh ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1980) ɗan asalin Abzinawan Neja ne mai rera waƙoƙi da kuma kiɗa. Ana rera waƙarsa a cikin Tamasheq kuma galibi ana magance damuwar siyasa a Turag. Hakanan shine babban memba na Rukunin Bombino . Bombino batun fim ne na Agadez, Kida da Tawaye. Tarihin rayuwa Matasa da farkon kiɗa Bombino an haife shi ne a shekarar a Tidene, Nijar, sansanin Abzinawa kimanin kilomita arewa maso gabashin Agadez . Shi dan ƙabilar Ifoghas ne, wanda yake na tarayyar Kel Air Abzinawa. Bayan barkewar tawayen Buzaye a shekara ta , Bombino, tare da mahaifinsa da kakarsa, an tilasta su gudu zuwa makwabciya Algeria don aminci. A wannan lokacin, ziyartar dangi sun bar guitar, Bombino ya fara koya wa kansa yadda ake wasa. Daga baya ya yi karatu tare da shahararren makaɗa jita Abzinawa, Haja Bebe. Bebe ya nemi shi da ya shiga kungiyar sa inda ya sami lakabin "Bombino", wanda aka samo shi daga kalmar Italia "bambino", ma'ana 'karamin yaro'. Yayin da suke zaune a Aljeriya da Libya a shekarun samartakarsa, Bombino da abokansa sun kalli bidiyon Jimi Hendrix, Mark Knopfler da sauransu don koyon salonsu. Ya yi aiki a matsayin mawaƙa da makiyayi a cikin hamada kusa da Tripoli. Zuwa shekara ta , Bombino ya koma Agadez kuma ya fara rayuwa a matsayin ƙwararren mawaƙa. Rikodi da rikici a Nijar Mai shirya fina-finai Hisham Mayet ya yi nasarar bin diddigin Bombino da rukunin sa na ƙungiyar lantarki Bombino a cikin 2007 yayin wani bikin aure. Ana iya jin waɗannan rikodin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon wakoki da yawa a cikin salon 'bushewar jita ' a kan fitowar madaidaiciyar Mitar '2009, Rukunin Bombino - Guitars daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 . Daga baya a cikin 2007, rikice-rikice sun sake kunno kai a Nijar kuma daga ƙarshe ya rikide zuwa wani Tawayen Abzinawa . Gwamnati, da fatan dakile tawayen ta kowane fanni, ta hana guitar ta Abzinawa, saboda ana ganin kayan aikin wata alama ce ta tawaye. Bombino ya yi tsokaci a wata hira da aka yi da shi, "Ban gjiua tata a matsayin bindiga ba sai dai kamar guduma wacce da ita za a taimaka wajen gina gidan Abzinawa." Bugu da kari, an kashe wasu abokan waka Bombino biyu, wanda hakan ya tilasta shi yin gudun hijira a makwabciyar Burkina Faso . Ayyukan duniya, da komawa gida Daga nan Bombino ya shiga Tidawt, ƙungiyar mawaƙi Hasso Akotey ta ƙasar Nijar, wanda hakan ya haifar da karon farko a Arewacin Amurka yayin da aka kawo makada don nunawa a fasahar fasahar Abzinawa wacce Cantor Center for Visual Arts ta shirya . Yayin da yake wurin, saxophonist Tim Ries ya gayyace Tidawt a cikin sabon kundin wakokinsa na The Rolling Stones versions, Stone's World: The Rolling Stones Project Volume 2, inda suka yi wasa a cikin murfin " Hey Negrita ", wanda kuma ya ƙunshi mambobin ƙungiyar Keith Richards da Charlie Watts . Daga baya Bombino ya ce bai taba jin labarin Rolling Stones ba, ganin cewa mawakan farin dutse ba su da karfi a Afirka. A watan Janairun 2010, Bombino ya sami damar komawa gidansa a Agadez . Don murnar kawo ƙarshen rikicin, an shirya wani babban taron kade kade a masalacin babban masallacin Agadez, bayan samun alfarmar Sarkin Musulmi . Bombino da tawagarsa sun yi wa mutane sama da dubu wasa a waƙar, duk suna rawa kuma suna murnar ƙarshen gwagwarmayar su. Hakanan an yi rikodin bidiyon don shirin fim, Agadez, Kida da Tawaye . Yayin da Bombino ke zaman gudun hijira a Burkina Faso, mai shirya fim Ron Wyman, da jin kaset na kaset ɗin sa, sai ya yanke shawarar bin sahun sa. Wyman ya ƙarfafa Bombino don yin rikodin kiɗan sa da kyau. Bombino ya yarda, kuma su biyun, tare da taimakon Chris Decato, sun samar da faifai tare a cikin Agadez . Rikodin sun ƙare a cikin faifan sa Agadez, wanda aka fitar a watan Afrilu 2011. Agadez ya fara aiki ne a saman Shafin Duniyar iTunes. Nasarar Agadez ta jawo hankalin taurarin kiɗa da yawa zuwa Bombino gami da Dan Auerbach na ƙananan Maɓallan . A watan Yunin 2012, Auerbach ya fara samar da kundi na biyu na Bombino na kasa da kasa mai taken Nomad . Nonesuch Records ne ya saki Nomad a ranar 2 ga Afrilu, 2013 kuma ya fara aiki a lamba ta daya a kan iTunes World Chart da Billboard World Chart. A halin yanzu, yaƙi ya sake ɓarkewa a ƙasar ta Mali, kuma bayan ‘yan watanni bayan haka Bombino da Tinariwen sun yi wani wasan kwaikwayo a Paris, inda suka tabbatar da ra’ayin kidan nasu a matsayin na tawaye da gaske. Bombino ya fara rangadi a Amurka a watan Mayu 2013. Yawon shakatawa ya hada da bayyana a manyan bukukuwan kiɗa, ciki har da Bonnaroo da bikin The Newport Folk Festival . A cikin 2013, an kuma gayyaci Bombino don buɗe wa Robert Plant, Amadou & Mariam da Gogol Bordello . A ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2016, Bombino ya saki Azel . Wanda David Longstreth na Dirty Projectors ya kirkira, kundin ya kawo jita na Bombino yana wasa a gaba yayin da yake kasancewa mai gaskiya ga ƙauyukan sahara yayin da yake waƙa a cikin yaren mahaifinsa na Tamasheq. Pitchfork's Andy Beta ya lura sosai musamman cewa rikodin "yana ba da cikakkiyar maimaitawar ƙyamar shuɗi wanda yake ingantacce kuma mai buri." Don kundin faifan sauti na shida, Deran, Bombino da aka rubuta a Casablanca a Studio HIBA, gidan dautkar hoto mallakar sarkin Morocco. A watan Mayu 2018, gabanin fitowar kundin, bulogin kiɗan, Noisey, ya kira Bombino "'san wasan Jita na ™." Bayan haka, ranar da aka saki Deran, Bombino ya yi masa lakabi da "Sarkin Shred" ta New York Times, wani laƙabi wanda daga nan kafofin watsa labarai da yawa suka karɓe shi. Deran an sake shi bisa hukuma a ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2018, kuma an karbe shi tare da yaɗawa don yabo ga duka kidan sa da kuma karɓar al'adu da al'adun gargajiya. Jason Heller na NPR ya rubuta cewa wasan kwaikwayon Bombino akan kundin "yayi magana kuma yana numfashi cikin ƙarni da yawa." An zabi Deran a cikin rukunin Mafi Kyawun Kundin Kwallan Duniya a lambar yabo ta Grammy ta 61 na Shekaru. Bombino shine dan wasan Nijar na farko da aka zaba don kyautar Grammy. 2009 - Rukunin Bombino - Guita daga Agadez, juzu'i. 2 ( laukaka Frequencies ) 2010 - Agamgam 2004 (Reaktion) 2011 - Agadez ( Cumbancha ) 2013 - Nomad ( Nonesuch ) 2016 - Azel ( Partisan ) 2017 - " La Sombra " ta Mazaunin (baƙon aiki) 2018 - Deran ( Partisan ) 2020 - Rayuwa A Amsterdam ( Partisan ) Yanar gizon Bombino Bombino akan Cumbancha Agadez, gidan yanar gizo na Kiɗa da Tawaye Mawaƙan Nijar Mutanen Nijar Mutanen Afirka

30458

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20Haiti

Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti

Sare dazuzzuka a Haiti abu ne mai tsanani Kuma mai rikitarwa kuma sau da yawa rashin fahimtar matsalar muhalli . Mutanen Haiti suna noma kuma suna amfani da gawayi a matsayin tushen makamashi na gida. Dynamics da tasiri An fara saran gandun daji na Haiti cikin sauri a lokacin mulkin mallaka, wanda aka samu ta hanyar bautar da ’yan Afirka da aka yi garkuwa da su, kuma ya tsananta lokacin da aka fara amfani da kofi a shekara ta 1730. An share dazuzzukan dazuzzuka kuma bayan shekaru hamsin, kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na ƙasar mallaka na ƙarƙashin kofi. Kuma Tsarin shuka monoculture da tsabtace-namo tsakanin layuka na kofi, indigo, taba, da kuma rake sun cinye ƙasa mai gina jiki kuma ya haifar da zazzagewa cikin sauri. Bayan juyin juya halin Haiti, an tilasta wa gwamnati fitar da katako a cikin karni na 19 don biyan lamunin faranc miliyan 90 ga Faransa saboda ikirarin Faransa na asarar kadarorin, gami da yawan mutanen da aka yi bauta a da. Kuma Dole ne a yi kashi-kashi na katako sama da ƙarni don cika ainihin adadin da kuma riba. ba a ƙarƙashin mulkin mallaka ba, ƙasar ta kasance ba daidai ba a rarraba, kuma yawancin mutane an ba su damar zuwa gangaren gefe kawai tsakanin 200 da 600m sama da filayen albarkatu da kuma ƙasa da yankunan samar da kofi. Waɗannan ƙasan da ke gefen tuddai sun kasance masu saurin lalacewa musamman idan an share su don noma. Sararin dazuzzukan ya ta'azzara bayan guguwar Hazel ta nutsar da bishiyoyi a ko'ina cikin tsibirin a shekarar 1954. Tun daga kusan shekara ta 1954, masu ba da rancen kuɗi sun ƙara haɓaka aikinsu na katako don amsa buƙatun da Port-au-Prince ta ƙara na gawayi . Sake sare itatuwa ya kara tsananta, wanda ya riga ya zama matsala saboda ayyukan noma marasa inganci, saurin karuwar yawan jama'a, da Kuma karuwar gasa a kan filaye. Ba a yi amfani da dabarun da za su iya sa gandun daji ya yi amfani da man fetur kamar coppiing da pollaring ba. Zaizayar kasa Mafi girman tasirin sare dazuzzuka shine zaizayar kasa . Kimanin na saman kasa ana wankewa a kowace shekara, tare da zaizayar kasa kuma yana lalata sauran ababen more rayuwa kamar madatsun ruwa, tsarin ban ruwa, hanyoyi, da muhallin ruwa na gabar teku . Har ila yau, zaizayar kasa na rage yawan amfanin kasa, yana kara tabarbarewar fari, sannan kuma a karshe ya kai ga kwararowar hamada, wanda duk yana kara matsin lamba kan sauran filayen da bishiyoyi. Nufin gandun daji na Jamhuriyar Dominican Jami'an sojan Dominican sun ƙirƙiro sana'ar garwashi mai riba, kuma sun ɗauki ma'aikatan Haiti hayar gawayi a kan iyaka. Kuma Yawancin wannan gawayi ana nufin zuwa Puerto Rico da babban yankin Amurka, ko da yake kadan ya ketare kan iyaka zuwa Haiti. Wasu ƙididdiga sun ƙididdige yawan zirga-zirgar gawayi na tan 115 ba bisa ka'ida ba a kowane mako daga Jamhuriyar Dominican zuwa Haiti a cikin shekarata 2014, amma waɗannan ƙididdiga sun dogara ne akan binciken da bai cika ba kuma adadin yana da hamayya sosai. Jami’an kasar Dominican sun kiyasta cewa akalla manyan motoci 10 ne a kowane mako ke tsallakawa kan iyaka da gawayi. A ƙarshe rashin tabbas game da yawan gawayi da ke samo asali daga Jamhuriyar Dominican za a warware shi ta hanyar binciken samar da gawayi da amfani da shi a duk faɗin ƙasar wanda Bankin Duniya ya biya, kuma zai ƙare a ƙarshen shekarar 2018. Wannan binciken ya sanya masu kididdigar manyan motocin gawayi da na kwale-kwalen gawayi tare da duk wuraren shiga kan iyaka, a tsawon mako guda uku daban-daban a cikin shekara, sa'o'i 24 a rana. Za a fitar da kididdigar zuwa duk shekara. Kiyasin asarar gandun daji An ba da rahoto da yawa cewa a cikin shekarata 1923 sama da kashi 60% na ƙasar Haiti an yi dazuzzuka; Har yanzu ba a san tushen wannan ikirari ba amma ana iya danganta shi da mamayar ruwan Amurka a Haiti. A cikin shekarar 2006, an yi iƙirarin cewa ƙasar tana da ƙasa da kashi 2% na gandun daji . Ko da yake an yi saran gandun daji sosai, an ƙalubalanci wannan ƙiyasin da cewa ba daidai ba ne saboda bincike mara tushe. Duk da haka, ƙiyasin kashi 2% da ba a tabbatar da shi ba an yaɗa shi sosai a kafafen yada labarai da kuma maganganun da suka shafi ƙasar. Bincike mai zurfi na baya-bayan nan game da hotunan tauraron dan adam da nazarin muhalli game da rabe-raben gandun daji sun kammala cewa Haiti tana da kusan 30% murfin bishiyar . Tsarin muhalli da aka yi a cikin shekarata 2018 yana nuna cewa a cikin yanayin 'kasuwa-kamar yadda aka saba' na lalacewar itace, a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, biomass na itace a saman ƙasa a Haiti zai ragu da kusan 4% na hannun jari na yanzu, . Bincike na baya-bayan nan game da samar da gawayi da sha a Haiti yana ba da sabbin bayanai a matakin ƙasa. Ƙoƙarin muhalli Yawancin gwamnatocin Haiti sun biya aikin lebe ne kawai ga wajibcin sake dazuzzuka . Babban yunƙurin yin aiki ya fito ne daga ƙasashen waje. Shirin Bayar da Aikin Noma na USAID, Pwojè Pyebwa, shi ne babban shirin sake dazuzzukan Haiti a shekarun 1980. Ƙauye sun dasa bishiyoyi sama da miliyan 25 a ƙarƙashin Projè Pyebwa a cikin halittar farko. Daga baya kokarin ceto itatuwan Haiti ya mayar da hankali ne kan kara habaka shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka, da rage sharar da ake samu wajen hakar gawayi, da samar da ingantattun murhu, da shigo da itace a karkashin shirin samar da zaman lafiya na USAID. Domin yawancin mutanen Haiti sun dogara da itace da gawayi a matsayin tushen man fetur na farko, ana buƙatar hanyoyin makamashi don ceton dazuzzuka. Shirin Ayyukan Muhalli na shekaru 15, wanda aka ba shi izini a cikin shekarata 1999, ya ba da shawarar dakatar da sare dazuzzuka ta hanyar haɓaka madadin hanyoyin mai. Rikicin siyasa da rashin kudade sun takaita tasirin wannan yunƙurin na sake fasalin. Hukumomi da kamfanoni da dama da ke kera injinan girki mai amfani da hasken rana a matsayin madadin yin amfani da itace da gawayi sun yi aiki a Haiti don samar da hanyoyin magance fatara da man fetur, duk da cewa tasirinsu da matakin da ake amfani da su na da shakku. Duba wasu abubuwan Noma a Haiti Muhalli na Haiti Matsalolin muhalli a Haiti Ci gaba da karatu Jared Diamond, Rugujewa: Yadda Ƙungiyoyin ke Zaɓa don Kasawa ko Nasara, Littattafan Penguin, 2005 da 2011 . Dubi babi na 11 mai jigo "Tsibirin Daya, Mutane Biyu, Tarihi Biyu: Jamhuriyar Dominican da Haiti". Hanyoyin haɗi na waje sare itatuwa a Haiti Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24254

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte%20Osei

Charlotte Osei

Charlotte Kesson-Smith Osei (an haife ta 1 ga watan Fabrairun dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969) ita ce Kwamishinan Zabe na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, lauya ce 'yar ƙasar Ghana kuma tsohuwar shugabar hukumar zaɓe ta Ghana daga shekarar 2015 har zuwa lokacin da aka sallame ta a watan Yunin 2018 bisa dalilan rashin kuɗi. Wasu korafe -korafe guda biyu sun kalubalanci korar ta daga aiki a kotun koli ta Ghana. Ta zama mace ta farko da ta yi aiki a ofishin Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana tun lokacin da Ghana ta samu ‘yancin kai. Kafin nadin ta ita ce shugabar hukumar kula da ilimin farar hula ta kasa. A watan Mayun 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada ta don kasancewa cikin tawagar masu ba da shawara na kasa da kasa, don taimakawa wajen gudanar da zaben shugaban kasa na 2019 a Afghanistan. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a Najeriya. Mahaifiyarta, wacce ta kasance 'yar asalin Afirka ta Yammacin Afirka, ba Ghana ba ce kuma mahaifinta, wanda kuma ya kasance dan asalin Afirka ta Yamma, yana da mahaifi dan Ghana. Osei ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana da ke Cape Coast. Ta ci gaba zuwa Jami'ar Ghana inda ta sami LLB a 1992 da Makarantar Shari'a ta Ghana inda ta samu kuma ta kira mashaya a 1994. Ta kuma rike Jagorar Jagorancin Kasuwanci (MBL) daga Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, Pretoria , Master of Laws, (LLM), daga Jami'ar Sarauniya, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Osei ta kasance mataimakiyar koyarwa a Faculty of Law, Jami'ar Ghana, Legon a 1994 zuwa 1995. Ta yi aiki a matsayin lauya na Kamfanin Laryea da ke Accra daga 1994 zuwa 1997, sannan ta zama Babban Jami'in Shari'a a Bankin Kasuwanci na Ghana daga 1997 zuwa 2002. Ta kuma koyar da aikin ɗan lokaci a dokar kasuwanci a jami'ar daga 1997 zuwa 2003. Daga 2002 zuwa 2005, Osei ta yi aiki a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Unibank Ghana, sannan daga 2005 zuwa 2011 a matsayin wanda ta kafa kuma jagorar mashawarcin lauyoyin kasuwanci, Babban Lauyan. Ta kasance shugabar Hukumar Ilimi ta Jama'a ta Kasa daga 2011 zuwa 2015. A shekara ta 2015 an nada ta shugabar Hukumar Zabe ta Ghana kuma ita ce ta jagoranci a matsayin Jami'in Dake Neman Zaben Shugaban Kasa da na 'Yan Majalisun Ghana na 2016. A watan Mayun shekarar 2019, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nada Charlotte Osei a matsayin Kwamishinar Zabe ta Kasa da Kasa a Afganistan, wannan ya tabbatar. Dokar Shugaban kasa da Shugaban Afghanistan, Ashraf Ghani ya bayar. A matsayinta na Kwamishinar Zaɓe Mai Ƙuri'a ta ba Hukumar jagora a cikin shirye -shiryen da tsara duk ƙa'idodi da manufofi da suka shafi zaɓe, da goyan baya wajen yanke hukunci a cikin adalci, mai zaman kansa da doka don tabbatar da adalci na zaɓe a duk faɗin zaɓen. Jayayya da zargi A ranar 28 ga Yuni 2018, an cire Osei bayan kwamitin da Babban Jojin Kasa, Mai Shari’a Sophia Akuffo ya kafa domin binciken korafe -korafe da zargin cin hanci da rashawa da ake yi mata. An kafa kwamitin ne bisa tanadin da aka yi a ƙarƙashin sashi na 146 na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana, shawarwarin kwamitin sun buƙaci a cire Osei saboda rashin da'a kamar yadda doka ta 146 ta kundin tsarin mulkin ta tanada. Shugaban kasar Ghana, Nana Akufo-Addo bisa ga shawarwari da tanade-tanaden sashe na 156 na kundin tsarin mulkin Ghana ya ba da umurnin a sauke ta daga ofis. Tsohon Shugaban Hukumar Zabe ya karya dokokin sayayya wajen bayar da kwangila da dama kafin zaben na Ghana na 2016, rahoton da kwamitin da ya binciki ta ya nuna. Osei ta nuna cewa za ta mayar da martani kan zargin da aka yi mata daga baya. Ta jinkirta martanin nata saboda mutuwar kwatsam mataimakin shugaban kasar Ghana, Kwesi Amissah-Arthur. Dalilin korar ta na fuskantar kalubale a Kotun Koli ta Ghana saboda wasu rubuce -rubuce guda biyu da Fafali Nyonator da Abdul Malik Kweku Baako, editan jarida a Ghana suka shigar. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Kyautar Hall Volta ta 1991, Mafi kyawun Sakamakon Fasaha, Gwajin Jami'a na farko, Jami'ar Ghana Jakadan Amurka a kasar Ghana Robert P. Jackson ya ba Charlotte Osei lambar yabo ta ''Mata Masu Jajircewa''. PPP Skills & Competency Development, Cibiyar Sadarwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu, Arlington, VA, Amurka Basic & Advanced Securities, Securities Selling & Investment Advice, Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Ghana, Accra 1992 Associationungiyar Lauyoyin Ghana, Kyau, Gwajin LLB na Ƙarshe, Jami'ar Ghana “Citizenship, Customary Law and a Gendered Jurisprudence: A Socio-Legal Perspective.” by C. Kesson-Smith and W. Tettey in "Critical Perspectives on Politics and Socio-Economic Development in Ghana" (African social studies series), Brill Publishers, 25 Apr 2003, editors: Tettey, Wisdom J., Puplampu, Korbla P., Berman , Joshua

53927

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Beaumont%20%28Skater%29

Peter Beaumont (Skater)

Peter Beaumont (an haife shi a watan Yuli 24, 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙanƙara ne na Ingilishi, wanda ke fafatawa a duniya don Kanada. Tare da abokin aikinsa na wasan tsere, Nadiia Bashynska, shi ne wanda ya lashe lambar tagulla na Junior na Duniya sau biyu , 2022–23 Junior Grand Prix zakara, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta ISU Junior Grand Prix sau hudu, kuma zakaran Kanadiya na 2023 . Beaumont ya taba yin wasa don Burtaniya tare da abokin tarayya Mia Jowitt, kuma shine zakaran raye-raye na kankara na 2015. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Beaumont a Rotherham, Ingila . Aikin skating Farkon aiki Bayan ya fara koyon wasan kankara a shekara ta 2009, Beaumont ya yi gasa a cikin United Kingdom a matsayin duka biyun skater da kuma mai rawan kankara. A cikin ƴan wasa ɗaya, ya ci lambar azurfa a Gasar Novice ta Biritaniya ta 2015 . Haɗin gwiwarsa na raye-rayen kankara na farko shine tare da Mia Jowitt, kuma tare sun lashe kambin novice na Burtaniya na 2015, da lambar tagulla a Gasar Kananan Yara ta Biritaniya ta 2016. Jowitt/Beaumont sun ƙare haɗin gwiwa a cikin kakar 2016–17 . Beaumont ya koma horo a Toronto a karkashin kociyoyin Carol da Jon Lane da Juris Razgulajevs, bayan an sadu da su ta hanyar daya daga cikin masu horar da Birtaniya, Vivienne Dean. Ya fara wasan tsere tare da dan wasan Ukrainian-Kanada Nadiia Bashynska a cikin Janairu na 2017, wakiltar Kanada. Lokacin 2017–18: halarta na farko na Bashynska/Beaumont Bashynska da Beaumont sun fara fafatawa tare a cikin gida, inda suka ci lambar azurfa a 2018 Skate Canada Challenge's novice division. Wannan ya ba su damar zuwa Gasar Novice na Kanada ta 2022, inda suka ci lambar zinare. Bisa ga wannan, an ba su aikinsu na farko na kasa da kasa zuwa gasar novice ta ci gaba a gasar Egna Trophy a Val Gardena . Na uku bayan ɗan gajeren rawa, sun tashi zuwa na biyu gabaɗaya a cikin rawa na kyauta. Beaumont ya ce su biyun sun yi matukar godiya da damar da suka samu na yin tseren kankara a kasashen waje. Lokacin 2018-19: halarta na farko na JGP Tafiya zuwa matakin ƙarami, Bashynska/Beaumont sun kasance na biyar a Lake Placid Ice Dance International a New York. An sanya su don yin wasansu na Junior Grand Prix a 2018 JGP Slovakia a Bratislava . Sanya na tara a cikin raye-rayen raye-raye, sun kasance na biyar a cikin raye-rayen kyauta duk da cewa wani mai sauraro ya jefa abin wasa a kan kankara a tsakiyar shirin, yana buƙatar su daidaita inda za su. Sun kasance na tara gaba ɗaya. Na goma sha uku a Skate Canada Challenge, sun gama kakar wasa a gasar 2019 Kanad Junior Championships, inda suka kasance na goma. Lokacin 2019–20: Medal JGP na farko Bashynska/Beaumont ya koma Lake Placid Ice Dance International don fara kakar wasa, inda ya lashe lambar zinare. An sanya su zuwa abubuwan biyu a kan Junior Grand Prix, farawa daga 2019 JGP Rasha a Chelyabinsk . Sun tsara abubuwan da suka fi dacewa a cikin duk shirye-shiryen uku, sun ƙare na uku a cikin raye-rayen raye-raye, na biyar a cikin raye-rayen kyauta, da kuma ɗaukar lambar tagulla gabaɗaya. Bashysnka da Beaumont su ne kawai waɗanda ba na Rasha ba sun sami lambar yabo a kowane fanni a Chelyabinsk. Bashynska ya lura cewa taron da ya samu halartar taron na Rasha shi ne mafi yawan masu sauraro da suka taba yi a gabansa. Sun kasance na hudu a taronsu na biyu, 2019 JGP Croatia . Lashe lambobin azurfa a duka Skate Canada Challenge da Gasar Kananan Kananan 2020, Bashynska Beaumont an saka shi zuwa Bavarian Open tare da sauran manyan kungiyoyin rawa na Kanada guda uku don tantance wanda zai halarci Gasar Kananan Yara na Duniya na 2020 . Sun yi rashin kyau a wurin taron, inda suka kare a matsayi na tara gaba ɗaya kuma na ƙarshe a cikin ƙungiyoyin Kanada, kuma don haka kakarsu ta ƙare. 2020-21 kakar Tare da cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 da ke dagula gasa sosai, an soke duka ISU Junior Grand Prix da Gasar Kananan Yara na Duniya na 2021 . Hakazalika, gasar cikin gida ta mutum-mutumi ta iyakance, sakamakon wanda Bashynska/Beaumont ya fafata sau ɗaya kawai a lokacin kakar wasa, a ƙalubalen Skate Canada na kusan 2021. Sun ci lambar tagulla. Daga baya an soke Gasar Kananan Yara na 2021 . 2021-22 kakar: Duniya Junior tagulla Tare da sake dawowa Junior Grand Prix, Bashynska / Beaumont ya koma gasar kasa da kasa a 2021 JGP Russia a Krasnoyarsk . Sun kare a hudu, kasa da maki uku a baya a matsayi na uku. Bashynska ya ce sun gamsu da ayyukansu gaba daya, amma suna bukatar magance wasu batutuwan fasaha. Makonni daga baya a taronsu na biyu, 2021 JGP Austria a Linz, sun fara sanya na huɗu a cikin raye-rayen raye-raye. Na uku a cikin raye-rayen kyauta, sun tashi zuwa na uku gabaɗaya don lashe lambar tagulla ta JGP ta biyu. Beaumont ya ce shiga cikin raye-rayen kyauta "suna da tunanin cewa mun tashi sama a cikin matsayi a da kuma za mu iya sake yin hakan." Bashynska/Beaumont ya lashe lambar zinare a Kalubalen Skate Canada na 2021. Shiga Gasar Kananan Yara na 2022 a Ottawa, sun kasance na biyu a cikin shirye-shiryen biyu don ɗaukar lambar azurfa ta ƙasa ta biyu a jere. Sakamakon barkewar cutar, ba za a iya gudanar da Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya ta 2022 kamar yadda aka tsara a Sofia a farkon Maris ba, kuma sakamakon haka an sake shirya gasar Tallinn a tsakiyar Afrilu. Lamarin ya kara dagulawa lokacin da kasar Rasha ta mamaye kasar Bashynska ta haifuwa ta Ukraine. Shirin kyauta na Bashynska da Beaumont na kakar wasa ya kasance wasan kwaikwayo na waƙoƙin gargajiya na Rasha, ciki har da taken soja " Katyusha ", wanda Bashynska za ta ce daga baya "ya kasance kusa da ni" yayin da ta ji "yana haɗakar da ƙasashenmu biyu don nuna kome ba. amma soyayya." Dangane da mamayewar, ta ce "yanzu ba na jin zan iya gafartawa ko kuma sake kwatanta wadannan kasashen biyu. Ni dan Ukraini ne kuma koyaushe zan kasance." Ƙungiyar ta sake farfado da raye-rayen kyauta na lokutan da suka gabata zuwa " Caruso " da " Kuma Waltz Ya Ci gaba " don sauran kakar wasa. Sakamakon mamayar, kungiyar wasan kankara ta kasa da kasa ta haramta wa dukkan 'yan wasan Rasha da Belarus shiga gasar, lamarin da ya yi tasiri sosai a filin wasan yara kanana. Ana kallon kungiyoyin raye-rayen Arewacin Amurka a matsayin wadanda suka fi so su mamaye filin wasan, kodayake Bashynska/Beaumont ba a la'akari da su a cikin manyan 'yan takarar da ke shiga idan aka kwatanta da 'yan uwansu D'Alessandro / Waddell da Amurkawa Wolfkostin / Chen da Brown / Brown . A cikin raye-rayen raye-raye, sun sami maki 63.45, inda suka kare a matsayi na uku da maki 0.15 a bayan D'Alessandro/Waddell a matsayi na biyu, yayin da Browns suka kasance a matsayi na farko da 66.98. Wolfkostin/Chen ta kasance a matsayi na tara bayan ta fadi kan jerin gwanon ta. Beaumont ya ce " zuwan wannan gasar, ba mu da wani fata a matsayin kungiya. Mun so kawai mu ji daɗinsa kuma mu bar skating ɗinmu ya yi magana da kansa.” A cikin raye-rayen kyauta sun yi asarar maki lokacin da aka nuna matakin jujjuyawarsu a matsayin mataki na 1 kawai, inda suka sanya na biyar a wannan bangare, amma sun kasance a matsayi na uku gaba daya, maki 0.37 a gaban Wolfkostin/Chen. Sun lashe kyautar tagulla, inda suka ce sun yi matukar farin ciki da sakamakon. Lokacin 2022–23: JGP Zinare ta Karshe An fara shirya Bashynska da Beaumount don fara kakar ƙaramar su ta ƙarshe a tashar Armeniya akan da'irar Junior Grand Prix . Koyaya, lokacin da aka soke hakan sakamakon rikicin da aka yi a watan Satumba tsakanin Azabaijan da Armeniya, an sake tura su wurare dabam dabam. Madadin haka, taronsu na farko shine na farko na manyan Prixes na Junior na Poland guda biyu da aka gudanar a Gdańsk . Sun ci lambar zinare a can, inda suka kafa sabbin maki uku mafi kyau na mutum. Bashynska ya yi tsokaci game da jinkirin, yana mai cewa "mun yi sa'a sosai cewa muna zaburar da juna kowace rana. Don haka ko da muka sami labarin soke gasar, mun sami damar ingizawa kuma mu ci gaba da kai ga wannan gasa.” Gasar a karo na biyu na Yaren mutanen Poland a karshen mako, sun ci lambar zinare ta biyu, sun inganta raye-rayen raye-raye da jimillar maki da samun cancantar zuwa Gasar Junior Grand Prix . A wasan karshe na Junior Grand Prix a Torino, Bashynska/Beaumont sun gama na farko a raye-rayen raye-raye bayan da Mrázková / Mrázek na jamhuriyar Czech ta yi faɗuwa sau biyu a raye-rayen tango na Argentina . Sun kuma lashe raye-raye na kyauta, sun dauki lambar zinare kuma sun zama 'yan wasan Kanada na farko da suka sami lambar yabo a taron tun Tessa Virtue da Scott Moir a 2005 . Bashynska ya ce "muna burin yin nasara a fili, amma a zahiri cin nasara kamar 'Oh my gosh' ban san yadda zan kwatanta ba. Yana jin sallamawa." Dukansu sun lura cewa ana gudanar da gasar yara ta duniya a Calgary a karshen kakar wasa ta bana, inda suka ce suna fatan kokarin lashe wannan kambun a gida. Abokan horar da su Piper Gilles da Paul Poirier sun ci zinare a babban Grand Prix Final a rana guda. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 2001 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makgadikgadi%20Pan

Makgadikgadi Pan

Makgadikgadi Pan /məkɑdikɑdi / (lafazin Tswana [makʰadikʰadi], kwanon gishirin da ke tsakiyar busassun savanna na arewa maso gabashin Botswana, ɗayan manyan gidaje ne na gishiri a duniya. Kwanon ruhun shine abin da ya saura na babban tafkin Makgadikgadi, wanda ya taɓa rufe yankin da ya fi Switzerland girma, amma ya bushe dubun dubatan shekaru da suka gabata. Karatun baya-bayan nan game da DNA na mitochondrial na mutum ya nuna cewa Homo sapiens na zamani sun fara rayuwa a wannan yankin shekaru 200,000 da suka gabata, lokacin da yake da fadi da keɓaɓɓen yanki na tabkuna, koguna, dausayi, dazuzzuka da filayen ciyayi musamman masu kyau wurin zama ta hanyar cigaban dabbobi da wasu dabbobi masu shayarwa. Wuri da bayanin Da yake kwance a kudu maso gabas na Okavango Delta kuma kewaye da Hamadar Kalahari, Makgadikgadi a zahiri ba fanfo ɗaya ba ce, amma kwanuka da yawa tare da hamada mai yashi a tsakani, mafi girma shine Sua (Sowa), Nwetwe da Nxai Pans. Mafi girman kwanon rufi mutum kusan 1,900 sq mi (4,921.0 km2). Idan aka kwatanta, Salar de Uyuni a Bolivia gida ne mai gishiri daya na 4,100 sq mi (10,619.0 km2), ba safai yake da ruwa mai yawa ba, kuma galibi ana da'awar shine babban kwanon gishiri a duniya. Wani bushe, gishiri, yumɓu mai yumɓu a mafi yawancin shekara, kwanukan ruɓaɓɓen lokaci ana rufe su da ruwa da ciyawa, sannan mafaka ne ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi a wannan yanki mai tsananin bushewa na duniya. Yanayin yana da zafi da bushe, amma tare da ruwan sama na shekara shekara. Babban tushen ruwan shine Kogin Nata, wanda ake kira da Amanzanyama a Zimbabwe, inda yake hawa a Sandown kimanin mil 37 (kilomita 59.5) daga Bulawayo. Ana ba da ƙaramin ruwa ta Kogin Boteti daga Delta Okavango. Wadannan kwanon gishirin sun rufe 6,200 sq mi (16,057.9 km2) a cikin Kogin Kalahari kuma sun samar da gadon tsohuwar Tafkin Makgadikgadi, wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama da suka shude. Farfaɗar da kayan tarihi a cikin Makgadikgadi Pan ya bayyana kasancewar mutun mai tarihi ta hanyar wadatattun kayan aikin dutse; wasu daga cikin wadannan kayan aikin an basu kwanan wata da wuri don tabbatar da asalin su kamar yadda yake a gaban zamanin Homo sapiens. Makiyaya sun yi kiwon dabbobin kiwo a nan lokacin da ruwa ya wadata a farkon a cikin Holocene. Matsayi mafi ƙasƙanci a cikin kwamin shine Sua Pan tare da hawa ƙafa na 2,920. Ilimin kasa Kamar yadda tafkin Makgadikgadi na kakannin ya yi ta raguwa, sai ya bar gabar tekun, wadanda suka fi bayyana a yankin kudu maso yammacin tafkin. Yayin da tabkin ke taƙaita ƙananan ƙananan raƙuman ruwa da aka kafa tare da ƙananan raƙuman ruwa a hankali. Ana iya ganin tsaunukan rairayin bakin teku masu tsawo a ƙafa 3100 da ƙafa 3018 galibi a sauƙaƙe akan Gidikwe Ridge, yamma da Kogin Boteti. Ba a fahimci yadda ake tafiyar da ilimin ƙasa ba yadda ya kamata. Abun zato ne cewa akwai sassaucin sassauƙar ɓawon burodi, tare da rakiyar ɗimbin ɗimbin maganganu da lamuran haɗi; duk da haka, ba a gano manyan lamuran iyaka ba. Babban ginshiƙan tsarin ci gaba yana gudana arewa maso gabas-kudu maso yamma. Tsibirin Kubu da Tsibirin Kukome tsibirai ne masu tsattsauran ra'ayi "tsibirai" a cikin gidan gishirin Sua pan. Tsibirin Kubu yana yankin kudu maso yamma na yankin Sua Pan, ya ƙunshi bishiyoyi da yawa, kuma an kiyaye shi a matsayin abin tunawa na ƙasa. Pans din kansu dajin gishiri ne wanda rayuwarsu kawai ta tsiro-shuɗi mai shuɗi-koren algae. Duk da haka gefe gefen kwanon ruɓaɓɓen gishirin ne kuma gabaɗa waɗannan ana kewaya su ne da ciyawa sannan kuma a tsire-tsire a savanna. Mashahuran bishiyar baobab da aka samo a yankin suna matsayin alamun ƙasa. Ofayansu, mai suna James Chapman, ya yi aiki azaman ofishin aika wasiƙa mara izini don masu binciken ƙarni na 19. Kananan dabbobin daji na iya wanzuwa a nan a lokacin tsananin bushewar iska mai tsananin zafi da ruwan gishiri kawai, amma bayan ruwan sama kwanon rufin ya zama muhimmin mazauni na dabbobi masu ƙaura ciki har da namun dawa da kuma ɗayan manyan alfadarin dawa, da manyan dabbobin da ke cin abincinsu. su. lokacin damshi kuma yana kawo tsuntsayen masu kaura kamar su agwagwa, geese da manyan fararen pelicans. Gwanon yana gida ne daga ɗayan mutane biyu da suka fi girma a flamingos a kudancin Afirka, kuma a kan Soa pan ne kawai, wanda wani ɓangare ne na Makgadikgadi Pans. Sauran adadin kiwo a Etosha ne, a Arewacin Namibiya. Tsuntsayen da ke nan a lokacin rani su ne jimina, masu hada-hadar kirji (Charadrius pallidus) da na Kittlitz (Charadrius pecuarius). Yankin ciyawar da ke gefen gefen kwanon ya kasance gida ne na dabbobi masu rarrafe kamar kunkuru, lura da dutse (Varanus albigularis), macizai da ƙadangare gami da ƙarshen Makgadikgadi spiny agama (Agama hispida makgadikgadiensis). Ruwan gishirin yankin gida ne na crustacean Moina belli. Barazana da adanawa Kwanon gishirin ba shi da matsala sosai kuma sa hannun ɗan adam ya yi kadan don haka ba su cikin damuwa ba, ko da yake ana amfani da ƙasar da ke kewaye da kwanon don kiwo kuma an killace wasu yankuna, suna hana ƙaurawar dabbobin daji. Ayyukan kasuwanci na zamani don cire gishiri da tokar soda sun fara akan Sua Pan a cikin 1991, kuma akwai kuma shirin karkatar da ruwa daga Kogin Nata don ban ruwa, wanda zai haifar da mummunan lahani ga yanayin halittar kwanon gishirin. Wata barazanar ita ce ta amfani da kekuna hudu da motocin da ke kan hanya daga masu yawon bude ido, wanda ke dagula mazaunan kirar flamingos. Farauta ba bisa doka ba a wuraren shakatawa na kasa matsala ce ta ci gaba. Akwai wasu yankuna masu kariya a cikin Makgadikgadi da Nxai Pan National Park. Makgadikgadi Pans Game Reserve shi ne wurin da aka yi ƙaura da yawa daga kogin Boteti har zuwa Nwetwe Pan, yayin da Wuraren Nata da ke Sua Pan wuri ne na ganin rayuwar tsuntsaye da dabbobin daji. A cikin Nxai Pan baobabs wanda zane-zane ɗan Biritaniya mai suna Thomas Baines ya zana har yanzu ana gani. Ana iya shiga yankin tsakanin garuruwan Nata da Maun, ko kuma daga garin Gweta.

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Sallar Matafiyi (Qasaru)

An shar’anta wa matafiyi yin qasarun sallloli masu raka’a hudu (Azzahar, La’asar,Isha)zuwa raka’a biyu, haka kuma zai iya hada sallar azzahar da la’asar,manrgaribta da isha, saboda fadin Allah Madaukakin Sarki : (Idan kuka yi tafiya a bayan qasa to babu laifi a kanku ku rage (qasaru) sallah, in kuna jin tsoron kada wadanda suka kafirta su fitine ku, haqiqa kafirai maqiyanku ne masu bayyana qiyayya) suratul An nisa’i aya ta 101 Da abin da ya tabbata daga Anas Dan Malik Allah ya yarda da shi ya ce, “Mun fita tare da Manzon Allah (S.A.W) daga Madinah zuwa Makkah, ya kasance yana mana sallah raka’a bibbiyu, har muka dawo” Nasa’i ne ya rawaito shi. Abin Da Ake Nufi Da Tafiya ”Ita ce duk tafiyar da za a kirawo ta tafiya a al’adance,to wannan tafiya za a yi mata qasaru. Matsayin sallar qasaru An samu sabani tsakanin Malamai akan cewa sallar kasaru Ruksa ce wato mutum na da zabi akan ya yi ta ko kuma ya cika sallah. ko Azima wato dole mutum yayi ta bai da zabi. To anan Imamiyya da Hanafiyya sun tafi akan cewa Azima ce,wato in dai tafiya ta kama mutum, kuma ta cika sharuddan sallar kasaru, to dole kasarun zai yi. Amma a mazhabar malikiyya, shafi’iyya da Hanbaliyya sun tafi akan cewa sallar kasaru Ruksa ce, wato a tafiya a wajensu mutum na da zabi ko yayi kasarun ko ya cika. Amma duka mazahabobin sun yi ittifaki akan cewa sallah mai raka’a 4 ake ma kasaru wato sallar zuhur, asar da kuma isha’i, sallar magriba da kuma asuba su ba a yi masu Sharuɗɗan sallar qasaru Akwai sharudda wadanda sai sun kasance ne matafiyi zai iya yin sallar kasaru sune: 1. Sharadine tsawon tafiyar ya kai kilomita 45,zuwa ko dawowa ko kuma zuwa da dawowa amma nan da sharadin cewa kada zuwan ya kasa rabin tsawon tafiyar,misali kilomita 20 sai dai sama da haka,kamar zuwan ya kasance kilomita 25,amma fa nan ana nufin ga mas’alar zuwa da dawowa ne. 2. Sharadine ya kasance lokacin da mutum ya fita ya zamanto yayi niyyar yin wannan tsawon tafiya wato ta kilomita 45.Da ace misali yayi niyyar tafiya kasa da haka kamar ace kilomita 20 ne garin da zai je,to da yaje can sai kuma yayi niyyar zuwa wani gari misali ace garin kilomita 30 tsakaninsu,to anan duk zai dunga cika sallah ne,sai dai wajen dawowa zai yi sallar kasaru ne,in yayi niyyar keto wadannan kilomitoci duka. 3. Sharadine ya kasance mutum ya dawwama ga niyyarsa ta tsawon tafiyar.Da ace misali ya fita da nufin zai yi tafiya zuwa wani gari,kuma garin ya kai kilomita 45 ko sama da haka,to sai da ya kai tsakiyar tafiyar sai ya fasa,ko kuma ya kama taraddudi akan ya ci gaba da tafiyar ko ya dawo,to a wannan yana yi na taraddudi ko fasa tafiyar in zai yi sallah a lokacin cikawa zai yi ba kasaru ba. 4. 4-Sharadine ya zamo tafiyar a shari’ance ta kasance ta halal,amma da zai kasance tafiya ce wadda mutum zai je ya aikata zunubi misali ace zai je ya aikata wani aiki na fasikanci ko sata to a nan ba zai yi kasaru ba,cika sallah zai yi. 5. Sharadine kafin ya soma yin kasaru sai ya kai in da ake ce ma “Haddu Tarakkus” wato kamar bayan gari ta yadda mutum ya de na jin rugugin garin.Kamar yadda idan mutum zai yi tafiya wadda ta kai ma ayi kasaru,ba da ga gida zai soma yin kasarun ba,to haka nan cin abinci misali a lokacin watan Ramadan idan zai yi tafiya har sai ya kai wannan haddu tarakkus zai soma ci ba da gida ba,amma in ya dawo daga tafiya ne to wannan ba kome daga gida din. Haka nan idan mutum ya dawo daga tafiya sallar kasaru tana yenkewa ne idan ya kawo haddi-tarakkus,saboda haka da ace zai yi sallah a wannan waje cikawa zai yi. 6. Sharadine kada ya kasance daga cikin wadanda suke tafiya itace aikinsu kamar misali masu sana’ar tukin mota wato su basa kasaru,cika sallah zasu dunga yi. Dalilan dake yanke sallar qasaru Sallar kasaru tana yankewa a waje uku sune: 1. Mutum yabi ta garinsu,wato idan mutum na tafiya misali ya fito daga wani gari zashi wani gari to idan ya biyo ta garin da yake zaune,to a garin nasu kasaru ta yanke masa har sai ya bar garin ya ci gaba da tafiya. 2. Ko kuma yaje wani gari da niyyar zai kwana goma a garin to shima kasaru ta yenke masa. 3. Taraddudi a waje guda har tsawon kwana 30 Wadanda sallar qasaru bata hau kansu ba Akwai wadanda suke gasu matafiyane amma a shari’a zasu dunga cika sallah ne ba kasaru ba,daga cikinsu akwai mai yawon kasuwanci wato mutumin da yake kasuwanci daga wannan gari zuwa wancan gari. Daga cikinsu akwai masu sana’ar tukin mota ko jirgin sama ko na ruwa,amma anan ana nufin wadanda suke tafiya garuruwa. Daga cikinsu akwai ma’aikaci misali yana zaune a wani gari, amma kuma yana zuwa wani gari dabam aiki ,ko da ko zuwa aikin ba kullum yake zuwa ba,indai zai je aikin so daya a mako ko kwana goma. Daga cikin su akwai masu yin kiwo,wato kamar Fulani masu kiwo daga wannan waje zuwa wannan waje. To duka wadannan da aka ambata zasu dunga cika sallane a tafiye-tafiyensu,haka kuma idan a watan Ramadan ne zasu dunga yin azumi,ko da ma ba watan Ramadan ba suna iya yin azumi kamar na nafila da makamantansu. Sai dai wani tambihi anan shine da ace zasu yi tafiya wadda bata da alaka da irin wadannan ayyuka nasu to zasu yi kasaru ne a tafiyar,misali ma’akaci da yake zuwa wani gari aiki,sai ya zamanto yanzu zai je wani gari amma bata aikin ba misali ziyarace zai kai ga danginsa ko ga wasu,ko kuma mai tukin mota ace tafiyar da zai yi bata aikin tukin motar bace,ta wani abuce dabam to a irin wannan tafiye-tafiye kasaru zasu yi ba cikawa ba. Haka nan wani tambihi muhimmi anan shine wadannan mutane da shari’a ta sauke masu sallar kasar,to tafiyarsu ta farko da ta biyu duk kasaru zasu yi sai a tafiya ta ukku zasu soma cika sallah. Misali anan shine ma’aikacin da yanzu ne zai fara aikin zuwa wani gari domin aiki a can ko kuma mai tukin mota yanzu ne zai fara sana’ar tukin. to anan tafiyarsu ta farko da ta biyu ba zasu cika sallah ba wato kasaru zasu yi,sai a tafiya ta ukku daga nan wannan hukunci ya hau kansu na cika sallah. Hukuncin nafila a sallar qasaru Sallolin nafilfili na sallar Azahar da La’asar sun fadi kan matafiyi wato ba zai yi su ba,amma na sallar Magariba da Isha’i da kuma Asuba zai yi su,a takaice dai nafilfili na yini ne ba zai yi ba,amma nafilfili na dare kamar sallar Tahajjud duka zai iya yi.Domin ana son ko wace rana in dai mutum ba yana halin tafiya bane ya zamanto yana sallah raka’a 51,kuma lizimtar wadannan raka’oi 51 yana daga cikin alamomin mu’umini,kamar yadda yazo a hadisi daga Imam Hasan al-askari.

29660

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop-Zemlia%20%28fim%20na%202021%29

Stop-Zemlia (fim na 2021)

Fim din "Stop-Zemlia" ( Ukrainian: ) shirin soyayya ne na kasar Ukrainian 2021, zuwan zamani da fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo wanda darektan Ukraine Kateryna Gornostai ya ba da umarni kuma ta rubuta, kuma tare da Maria Fedorchenko, Arsenii Markov, Yana Isaienko da Oleksandr Ivanov. Fim ɗin fasalin yana nuna labarin matasa. Duk abubuwan da aka kwatanta almara ne, amma ƙungiyar ƙirƙira ta yi ƙoƙarin nuna su azaman haɓakawa. Mawallafin suna da jerin ayyuka lokacin da aka rubuta rubutun, amma sun sami halaye da zarar an sami 'yan wasan kwaikwayo. An fara fitar da fim ɗin a ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2021 a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya na Berlin, kuma ya karɓi Crystal Bear don Mafi kyawun Fim a gasar Generation 14plus. Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan sharhi daga masu suka. Daga baya fim ɗin ya bayyana a bikin 12th Odesa International Film Festival (OIFF) a ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2021, inda fim ɗin ya sami babbar lambar yabo ta bikin - Grand Prix. Hakanan Kateryna Gornostai ta zama wacce ta lashe Duke a cikin nadin Mafi kyawun Fim mai tsayi. Daraktar fim din, Kateryna Gornostai, ita ce ta bude gabatarwar inda ta bayyana cewa taken ‘Stop-Zemlia’ na da matukar muhimmanci ga nasarar fim din, kuma kungiyar na kokarin ganin an samu fassarar turanci mai kyau don bayyana abubuwan da aka makala. Kateryna ta shafe kusan shekara guda tana neman mutanen da za su taka jarumar da kuma ajin dalibai, sannan ta koyar da dabarun wasan kwaikwayon ga wasu zababbun dalibai. Masha ’yar shekara 16 tana karatu a makarantar sakandare ta gari a Kyiv. Abokanta na kusa Yana da kuma Senia suna taimaka mata kada ta ji baƙon abu da ware cikin ƙungiyar, suna rayuwa a hanyarsu ta cikin lokutan makaranta. Baya ga jarrabawa na gaba, an tilasta wa Masha barin yankin ta'aziyya ta hanyar soyayya da abokiyar karatunta Sasha. Ta fahimci cewa idan ba ta kuskura ta tambaya ba, ba za ta taba sanin ko soyayyarta ga saurayi ba ce. 'Yan wasan Maria Fedorchenko a matsayin Masha Chernykh Arsenii Markov a matsayin Senia Steshenko Yana Isaienko as Yana Bratiychuk Oleksandr Ivanov a matsayin Sasha Hanskyi Andrii Abalmazov as Andrii Klymyshyn Rubin Abukhatab a matsayin Rubin Zhuravlov Kamfanin Pluto Film na Jamus ya sami haƙƙin rarrabawar kasa da kasa don rarraba fim din Stop-Zemlia a cikin Fabrairu 2021. Canza Innocence ya sayi haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin na Amurka a cikin Maris 2021. Kamfanin Arthouse Traffic na Ukrainian ya riga ya sayi haƙƙin rarraba fim ɗin Ukrainian kafin hakan. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 2021, an fitar da fim ɗin ta hanyar samun damar dijital ta kan layi yayin bikin Fim na Duniya na 71st Berlin (aka Berlinale) Generation 14plus gasar. An gabatar da fim ɗin a zahiri a Berlinale a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni, 2021. A ranar 4 ga Nuwamba, 2021, za a fitar da fim ɗin a ƙayyadaddun gidajen kallo a Ukraine. Ofishin tallace-tallace Kasafin kudin fim ya kai hryvnia miliyan 25.72, kusan, €829,000. A halin yanzu, kashi 92 cikin 100 na kuɗaɗen tef ɗin ya fito ne daga ɗaukar nauyin hukumar fina-finai ta ƙasar Ukrain tare da ragowar kasafin kuɗin da aka rufe ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Ya samu kuɗi kuma ya ɗauki jimlar $143,434 a duk duniya. “Fim din yana cike da gamsarwa game da batutuwa daban-daban masu mahimmanci waɗanda suka burge mu a matsayinmu na matasa. Ƙaunar Platonic, ƙwaƙƙwalwa, haɗin kai da damuwa na tunani suna ƙarfafa tasirin fim ɗin a matsayin ingantaccen labari mai zuwa. Ta hanyar ƙirƙira dabarun hangen nesa, yana bayyana ta hanyar fasaha yadda tsararrakinmu ke mafarki, ji da gogewar rayuwa. An isar da sakon cewa wani bangare ne na rayuwa a fuskanci wasu firgici domin samun damar more rayuwa mafi kayatarwa na shekarun samartaka." - Sanarwa na alkalai na matasa, Berlinale. "Haƙiƙanin tunani da tunani yana da fifiko a cikin wannan fim ɗin in ba haka ba na dabi'a da kallo." - Katie Walsh, Los Angeles Times. "Ƙarfin Gornostai kuma yana bayyana a cikin wasanninta na girman kai na samari." - Elizabeth Weitzman, The Wrap. Duba kuma 55th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Jerin fina-finai masu alaƙa da LGBT na 2021 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fina-finan harsunan Ukraine

23322

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guguwar%20ruwa%20na%20TropicaBeryl%20%282012%29

Guguwar ruwa na TropicaBeryl (2012)

Guguwar Tropical Storm Beryl itace guguwa mafi karfi da aka taba shigarwa a wanda yasa kasa ta tsage a Amerika. Gabatarwar Beryl ta haifar da ruwan sama mai yawa a Cuba, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, zaftarewar laka da mutuwar mutane biyu. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya kuma ya shafi kudancin Florida da Bahamas. Bayan kafawa, Beryl ya samar da igiyar ruwa mai wahala a gabar tekun kudu maso gabashin Amurka, ya bar mutum guda daga Folly Beach, South Carolina . Bayan saukar sa zuwa Florida, guguwar ta samar da iska mai karfi wacce ta bar 38,000 mutane ba tare da iko ba. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya sauƙa yanayin fari tare da kashe gobara a kan hanyar guguwar. Wani itace da ya faɗi ya kashe wani mutum da ke tuƙi a Countyasar Orangeburg, ta Kudu Carolina . A arewa maso gabashin Arewacin Carolina, Beryl ya haifar da mahaukaciyar guguwa ta EF1 wacce ta lalata bishiyoyi kuma ta lalata gidaje da dama a kusa da garin Peletier . Gabaɗaya lalacewar ta zama ƙarami, an kiyasta ta $ 148,000. [nb 1] Tarihin Hasashe Asalin Beryl ya samo asali ne daga ne daga mashigar ruwa wacce ta ɓullo akan yankin Yucatán a watan Mayu 16. Ya yi gaba zuwa gabas zuwa Tekun Caribbean na arewa maso yammacin, yana haifar da yanki mai matsin lamba a watan Mayu 18. Kwanaki uku masu zuwa, ya kasance kusan tsayawa ba tare da ci gaba ba, har sai tsarin ya zama mafi ma'ana a watan Mayu 22 lokacin da ta fara motsawa zuwa arewa maso gabas. A watan Mayu 23, tsawan elongated yana da yanki na rarraba kayan aiki . Yayin wucewa ta tsibirin Cuban na Isla de la Juventud, an lura da wata cibiya mai yaduwa da isar da sako saboda tasirin iska mai karfi a duk yankin. Washegari, tsarin ya ratsa ta hanyar Florida Keys, da Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa (NHC) sun lura da yiwuwar ƙara samun kyakkyawan yanayi a cikin kwanaki biyu masu zuwa. Lowananan ya zama mafi ma'ana azaman ingantaccen tsarin girgije. Ya sake motsawa zuwa yammacin Tekun Atlantika a cikin awanni 24 masu zuwa, kuma gungun isar da sako ya fadada cikin Bahamas da Cuba don zagaye gefen kudu maso yamma na yaduwar. A watan Mayu 25, tsarin ya yi hulɗa tare da matsakaiciyar matsakaita zuwa babba, wanda ya haifar da cibiyar yin garambawul zuwa arewa maso gabas. Bayan tsarin ya sami iskar gale -force a kusa da cibiyar da isasshen tsari na isar da sako, NHC ta fara nasihohi kan Subtropical Storm Beryl a 0300 UTC a watan Mayu 26, yayin da guguwar ta kasance 305 mi (490 km) gabas da Charleston, South Carolina . Binciken bayan-lokaci ya nuna cewa Beryl ya haɓaka sa'o'i uku kafin. Bayan haduwar Beryl, akwai raƙuman ruwa a kan New England wanda da farko ya haifar da yanayin jagoranci mara kyau. Ana tsammanin ruwa mai dumi da busasshiyar iska don hana ƙaruwa mai mahimmancin gaske, kuma isar da ruwa ya kasance kaɗan zuwa watan Mayu 26. A wannan ranar, wani ginin dutse ya sa Beryl ya fara motsi a kudu maso yamma. A wannan lokacin, ƙananan matakan sun kasance suna tsaye a tsaye tare da cibiyar matakin sama. Yanayin da ke kusa da cibiyar guguwar ya zama abin ƙyama kuma tsarin ya fara wucewa sama da yanayin yanayin teku mai dumi, wanda ya ba da izinin haɓaka don ƙaruwa. A watan Mayu 27, guguwar ta fara canzawa zuwa guguwa mai zafi, wanda ta kammala ta 1800 UTC a wannan rana. Yayin da Beryl ya kusanci arewa maso gabashin Florida, sai ya zama mafi tsari, tare da ƙara yawan isar da sako a cikin makada a tsakiyar cibiyar. Late a watan Mayu 27, Hurricane Hunters sun lura da iska mai ƙarfi na , yana ba da shawarar iskar da za a ci gaba na 70 tsawon (110 km / h); wannan zai zama ƙarfin Beryl. Zai yiwu, duk da haka, cewa Beryl ya ɗan gajarta guguwa a farkon daren Mayu 27 dangane da saurin radar Doppler, kodayake bayanan basu da matsala bisa ga rahoton bayan-kakar. Da misalin 0410 UTC a watan Mayu 28 (bayan tsakar dare lokacin gida), guguwar ta sauko kusa da Jacksonville Beach, Florida, tare da iskar kusan bayan rauni kadan a kan hanyar ƙarshe. Bayan ya tashi zuwa gaɓar teku, Beryl da sauri ya raunana zuwa wani rami dake wurare masu zafi. Ya yi jinkiri saboda rauni mai rauni zuwa arewacin ta, kuma gab da gaban sanyi ya juya shi zuwa arewa da arewa maso gabas a watan Mayu 29. Duk da kasancewarsa cikin gari, Beryl ya ci gaba da isar da sako don zama guguwa mai zafi. Yayin da Beryl ya kusanci Tekun Atlantika a watan Mayu 30, yaduwar sa ya karu zuwa kudu da gabas ta tsakiya, kodayake kutsewar busasshiyar iska ya haifar da fasasshen bayyani akan hotunan tauraron dan adam. Dangane da rahotanni daga jiragen ruwa, an haɓaka Beryl zuwa guguwa mai zafi a watan Mayu 30 kusa da gabar tekun South Carolina. Gaban gabatowa ya sa guguwar ta hanzarta arewa maso gabas. Gudun zagayawa na Beryl ya zama mai tsayi kuma haɗin haɗinsa ya bazu zuwa arewa, yana ba da shawarar canzawa zuwa cikin mahaukaciyar iska mai iska . Zuwa ƙarshen Mayu 30, Beryl ya zama mai yawan aiki, wanda ya sa NHC ta daina nasiha. Guguwar ta ci gaba zuwa arewa maso gabas, daga baya ta juya zuwa gabas-kudu maso gabas. A Yuni 2, babban hadari mafi girma ya mamaye ragowar Beryl zuwa kudu maso gabashin Newfoundland . Shirye-shirye, tasiri, da kuma bayanai Lokacin da Beryl yasa kasa ta zube a Jacksonville Beach, Florida tare da , ya zama mafi tsananin guguwa mai zafi a faduwa a cikin Amurka a waje da lokacin guguwar Atlantika ta hukuma. Beryl kuma shine hadari na biyu na wurare masu zafi wanda ya fara kafin farkon kakar, wanda ya nuna kawai karo na biyar irin wannan tun lokacin da aka fara rikodin a 1851; sauran abubuwan da suka faru guda hudu sun kasance a shekarar 1887, 1908, 1951, 2016, da kuma 2020 . Cuba da Bahamas Kafin ya zama mahaukaciyar guguwa mai zafi, Beryl ya samar da ruwan sama mai karfi a kan Cuba, musamman Lardin Sancti Spíritus, inda ruwan samaa ya kai . Ruwan saman ya haifar da zaftarewar laka kuma ya tilasta sama da 8,500 mutane su kwashe gidajensu. Mutane biyu sun mutu bayan kokarin tsallaka koguna da suka mamaye ruwa. Ambaliyar ta lalata 1,109 gidaje kuma sun lalata 47 wasu. Kodayake ruwan sama ya mamaye wurare masu yawa na filayen amfanin gona, hazo ya kasance da amfani wajen sake cika tafkunan ruwa a yankunan da fari ya shafa a ƙasar. Hadarin hadari da ruwan sama mai karfi sun ratsa cikin The Bahamas kuma suka faɗi kusan na hazo a Freeport, Grand Bahama . Yankunan da ba sa ƙasa a cikin New Providence sun sami ambaliyar ruwa. Mazauna yankin sun ba da rahoton cewa wata mahaukaciyar guguwa ta taba sauka a garin Murphy, Abaco, ta fadi layin wuta da layukan tarho, ta juye motoci da lalata rufin wasu gine-gine uku. Ruwan sama daga tsarin ya kuma shafi Tsibirin Berry, Abaco, da Bimini, da ƙananan rukuni tsibirin da yawa. Kafin a sanya shi a matsayin kakkarfar guguwa mai zafi, wanda ya gabaci Beryl ya samar da ruwan sama mai karfi a Kudancin Florida, ya kai a filin jirgin saman Miami . Jimlar ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan ruwan sama da aka taba samu a cikin watan Mayu a tashar. Ruwan sama ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa a kan titi, musamman a cikin Sweetwater da Doral, direbobin da suka makale da kuma matafiya. Kwalejin Miami Dade an tilasta ta soke karatun safe a ranar 23 ga Mayu Lokacin da NHC ta bayar da shawarwarinsu na farko, hukumar ta kuma ba da gargadin hadari mai zafi daga layin gundumar Brevard / Volusia a Florida zuwa Edisto Beach, South Carolina. An ba da agogon guguwa mai zafi arewa zuwa bakin Kogin Santee a Kudancin Carolina. An bayar da dokar ta baci a Jacksonville, Florida, wanda ke haifar da ƙarshen farkon bikin jazz da abubuwan ranar Tunawa. Lokacin da Beryl ya koma bakin teku, filayen jirgin sama da ke kusa da Jacksonville ya soke duk jirage banda JetBlue Airways da Delta Air Lines . Wani matashi ya mutu a cikin babban teku dake Daytona Beach, Florida . Babban igiyar ruwa da igiyar ruwa sun sa masu ceton rai a yankin sun hana yin iyo a cikin tekun. Girman hadari mafi girma shine a bakin Tekun Fernandina Lokacin da guguwar ta tashi zuwa gaɓar teku, Beryl ya samar da iska mai ƙarfi a gefen tekun, inda ya kai 54 mph (87 km / h) a Huguenot Park a Jacksonville; kusa da Tsibirin Buck ya ba da rahoton guguwar iska mai ƙarfi na 72 mph (117 km / h). Iskar ta sa gadar Mathews da Bridge Bridge suka rufe. Layin wutar da aka katse ya bar kimanin 38,000 wuraren zama a Jacksonville ba tare da iko ba. A cikin Jacksonville, ambaliyar ruwan da ta shafi yankunan Hogans Creek, kuma raƙuman ruwa sun lalata katangar teku da wasu tashar jirgin ruwa. Ruwan sun shiga cikin gidan haya da motoci uku. Ruwan ambaliyar ruwa ya rufe wani yanki na Hanyar 129 ta Amurka a cikin Gundumar Suwannee . Lalacewa a cikin Jacksonville an kiyasta ta kai $ 20,000. Kudancin Jacksonville, yawon bude ido na Beryl ya haifar da guguwar EF0 na ɗan gajeren lokaci a Port Saint Lucie wanda ya haifar da ƙananan lalacewa ga gidaje biyu. An kiyasta barnar da mahaukaciyar guguwar ta kai dalar Amurka $ 20,000. An sake yin rahoton wata mahaukaciyar guguwa a Yankeetown. Saboda jinkirin motsi, Beryl ya sauke ruwan sama mai yawa a duk faɗin Florida, yana kan a cikin Wellborn . Kudancin Kudancin Wellborn, wani mai babur a gundumar Taylor County, Florida ya mutu lokacin da motar da aka dasa a babbar hanyar da ambaliyar ruwa ta buge shi da duka. Masu amsawa na farko sun lura cewa ya ɗauki mintuna 20 kafin su rufe mil goma saboda ganuwa babu. Gainesville ya ruwaito a ranar 28 ga Mayu, wanda ya karya tarihin ruwan sama da ya gabata. Filin jirgin saman Gundumar Hernando ya karya rikodin ruwan sama na yau da kullun a ranar 29 ga Mayu tare da jimlar , wanda kuma shi ne mafi girman ruwan sama na yau da kullun har zuwa yau a shekarar 2012. Ruwan sama ya kashe 80 kashi 25 gobarar daji a arewacin Florida. A cikin Levy County, bututun ruwa ya watse yayin da yake tafiya zuwa gabar teku. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya mamaye gidaje da dama a Citrus County, wanda ya yi sanadiyyar asarar kusan $ 108,000. Georgia, Kudancin Carolina, da Arewacin Carolina Sa’o’i kafin guguwar ta tashi zuwa gaɓar teku a ranar 27 ga watan Mayu, jami’ai a Tsibirin Cumberland, Georgia sun ba da umarnin cewa duk sansanin da ke sansanin ya fice daga tsibirin. Kodayake guguwar ta sauka a Florida, guguwarta ta mamaye wasu sassan St. Marys, Georgia . Ruwan sama a jihar ya kai a Woodbine . Ruwan sama na Beryl ya kasance mai alfanu wajen saukaka yanayin fari, duk da haifar da 'yar ambaliyar ruwa. Iskar guguwa tare da gabar tekun Georgia ta kai 55 mph (89 km / h) a Tsibirin Jekyll, da iskancin iska mai ƙarfi ya faɗaɗa zuwa jihar. Bishiyoyin da aka zana sun lalata gidaje biyu a gundumar McIntosh, da kuma a Orangeburg County, South Carolina, wani itace da ya faɗi ya kashe wani mutum da yake tuki a kan babbar hanyar jihar. Wannan ita ce kawai mutuwa kai tsaye saboda hadari; sauran suna da alaƙa kai tsaye. Mafi tsananin guguwar iska a South Carolina shine 46 mph (74 km / h) a cikin Fort Johnson, kodayake iska mai ƙarfi ta faru ne kawai daga bakin teku. Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya a jihar ya kai a cikin Jasper County . Babban igiyar ruwa a cikin tashar jirgin ruwa ta Charleston ya nutse wani jirgin ruwa, wanda ya tilastawa masu gadin gabar tekun ceto su. A cikin Folly Beach, South Carolina, mutum daya ya ɓace bayan yin iyo a cikin ruwa mai zurfin ruwa, amma ba a haɗa shi cikin adadin mutanen da suka mutu ba. Bayan Beryl ya fara hanzari zuwa arewa maso gabas, sai ya saukar da ruwan sama mai karfi a cikin Carolinas, wanda ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa kusa da Wilmington, North Carolina . Daga nesa zuwa arewa a cikin Peletier, guguwar ta haifar da guguwa ta EF1 a kan Ingantaccen Fujita wanda ya lalata 67 gidaje da lalata su 3 wasu. Danshi daga hadari ya bazu arewa zuwa Maryland dake West Virginia. Duba kuma Sauran hadari mai suna Beryl Jerin guguwa na lokacin-Atlantic Guguwar Tropical Stle Arlene Tananan Storm Andrea Guguwar Tropical Storm Ana Bonnie mai tsananin Tropical Guguwar Tropical Storm Bertha Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗin waje Taskar Ba da Shawara ta Tropical Storm Beryl Cyclone na Tropics Cyclone daga Atlantic Karshen shekara Atlantic na 201/ Pages with unreviewed translations

53091

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aliyu%20Cisse

Aliyu Cisse

Aliou Cissé (an haife shi A ranar 24 ga watan Maris shekarar 1976) kocin ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Senegal kuma tsohon ɗan wasa wanda shine manajan ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Senegal . Cissé sananne ne da kyaftin din tawagar Senegal da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekarar 2002 da kuma kasancewa kocin Senegal na farko da ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2022 bayan ya kai wasan karshe a shekarar 2019 . Bayan ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, daga baya ya taka leda a kungiyoyin Ingila Birmingham City da Portsmouth . Cissé ya kasance dan wasan tsakiya na tsaro wanda kuma, a wani lokaci, ya taka leda a tsakiya. Cissé ya kasance babban kocin Senegal tun a shekarar 2015, bayan da ya karbi ragamar horas da su na dan lokaci bayan korar Amara Traoré, a matsayin riko a shekarar 2012. Ya kuma kasance mataimakin kocin kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 daga 2012 zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ya zama babban koci daga 2013 zuwa 2015. Aikin kulob An haife shi a Ziguinchor, Senegal, Cissé ya koma Paris yana da shekaru tara inda ya girma tare da mafarkin wasa don Paris Saint-Germain . Ya fara aikinsa da Lille OSC kafin ya koma CS Sedan Ardennes sannan kuma Paris Saint Germain. Ya kuma ciyar da mafi yawan lokacin 2001–02 akan lamuni a Montpellier Herault SC . Bayan ya zama kyaftin din tawagar kasar Senegal zuwa wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2002, Cissé ya koma kulob din Birmingham City na Ingila a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2002-03, kakarsu ta farko a gasar Premier . Cissé ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a Arsenal a ranar farko ta kakar wasan bana, amma an kore shi. Kodayake an soke sallamar, ya ci gaba da karɓar katunan rawaya biyar a cikin wasanni shida, a ƙarshe yana tara katunan rawaya goma kafin Sabuwar Shekara. Duk da haka, kakarsa ta katse bayan da ya samu rauni a watan Fabrairu wanda ya sa ba zai buga sauran kakar wasa ta bana ba. Cissé ya dawo a ƙarshen horo na farko a Yuli shekarar 2003, wanda ya jagoranci manajan Steve Bruce ya sanya shi a cikin jerin canja wuri. Cissé ya dawo da kansa cikin hoton tawagar farko, amma dangantakarsa da Bruce ta ci gaba da yin tsami. Bayan Kirsimeti, Cissé ya buga wasanni uku kawai a waccan kakar. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana ya sanya hannu kan Portsmouth kan £300,000 kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu, duk da karfin canja wuri zuwa abokan hamayyar Premier Bolton Wanderers . Canja wurin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin da yawa da aka haɗa a cikin rahoton Stevens da aka fitar a watan Yunin shekarar 2007, wanda ya nuna damuwa game da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila. Game da Cissé, rahoton ya ce, "Agent Willie McKay ya yi aiki ga Portsmouth a cikin canja wurin Cissé da binciken ba a shirya don share waɗannan canje-canje a wannan mataki ba". Bayan shekaru biyu a Portsmouth, Cissé ya koma CS Sedan a watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 bayan ya yi gwajin makonni biyu. Daga nan ya sanya hannu a Nîmes Olympique ta Faransa daga CS Sedan a cikin Satumba shekarar 2008. Cissé ya buga wasanni bakwai a lokacin kakar a shekarar 2008 – 09 kafin ya yi ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa yana da shekaru 33. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Cissé ya zama din tawagar kasar Senegal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 2002 . Bayan da Faransa ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar daya ga watan, tawagar ta kai ga wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe inda Turkiyya ta yi rashin nasara da ci 1-0 . Cissé kuma yana cikin tawagar Senegal da ta zo ta biyu a gasar cin kofin Afrika a shekara ta 2002, amma yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi rashin nasara a bugun fanareti a wasan karshe a wasan da suka doke Kamaru . Aikin gudanarwa A farkon Watan Maris shekarar 2015, an nada Cissé bisa hukuma a matsayin babban kocin tawagar ' yan wasan Senegal . Tawagar ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba 2017, tare da ci 2-0 a waje da Afrika ta Kudu . A karshe dai Senegal ta yi waje da ita a matakin rukuni na gasar bayan ta zama tawaga ta farko a tarihin gasar kwallon kafa ta duniya da aka fitar saboda dokar tazarce . “Wannan daya ne daga cikin ka’idojin. Dole ne mu mutunta shi, "in ji Cissé. “Hakika, mun gwammace a kawar da mu wata hanya. Wannan rana ce ta bakin ciki a gare mu, amma mun san wadannan su ne ka’idoji.” Cissé ya horar da Senegal a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2019, inda ya taimakawa Senegal zuwa wasan karshe na farko tun shekarar 2002, gasar da Cissé da kansa ya halarta lokacin yana kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai Senegal ta sha kashi a wasan karshe da ci 1-0 a wasan karshe da Algeria, bayan da ta yi rashin nasara da ci daya a matakin rukuni, kuma ta rasa kofinta na farko a Afirka. A cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Senegal (FSF) ta tsawaita kwantiragin Cissé da ma’aikatansa har zuwa watan Agusta shekarar 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 2022, Cissé ya jagoranci Senegal zuwa ga nasara a gasar cin kofin Afirka na 2021 . A wasan karshe sun doke Masar da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti inda suka samu nasarar lashe kofinsu na farko, ta haka ne ya fanshi kansa bayan rashin nasara biyu da suka yi a baya. A gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022, ya jagoranci tawagar wasan kasar Senegal zuwa matakin knockout a karon farko tun yana dan wasa a shekarar 2002. Rayuwa ta sirri Cissé ya rasa wasu daga cikin danginsa a cikin MV gwagwalad Bala'in jirgin MV wanda ya afku a gabar tekun Gambiya a ranar 26 ga Satumba shekarar 2002. Domin girmama rayukan da aka rasa, Cissé ya halarci wasan sadaka tsakanin Senegal da Najeriya wanda ya tara kudi ga iyalan sama da 1,000 da aka ruwaito. Birmingham City, daya daga cikin tsoffin kulab dinsa, ya gwagwalad tattara kudi ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa kuma ya karrama Cissé ta hanyar nuna katafaren tutar gwagwalad Senegal a wasan da suka buga da Manchester City . Kididdigar sana'a Mai kunnawa Paris Saint-Germain Coupe de la Ligue ya zo na biyu: 1999-2000 UEFA Intertoto Cup : 2001 Gasar cin kofin Afrika ta biyu: 2002 Kocin Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka: 2021 CAF Kyaututtuka na Shekara: 2022 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Aliou Cissé – French league stats at Ligue 1 – also available in French Aliou Cissé at Soccerbase Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1976 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

51167

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20ECOWAS%20don%20Zuba%20Jari%20da%20Ci%20Gaba

Bankin ECOWAS don Zuba Jari da Ci Gaba

Bankin ECOWAS na Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID) babban bankin saka hannun jari ne na yanki da ci gaba, mallakar kasashe goma sha biyar na Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS) wato, Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambiya, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Nijar, Najeriya, Senegal, Saliyo da Togo. EBID ta himmatu ga tallafawa ayyukan ci gaba da shirye-shiryen da ke rufe shirye-shirye daban-daban daga ababen more rayuwa da abubuwan more rayuwa na asali, ci gaban karkara da muhalli, masana'antu, da bangarorin sabis na zamantakewa, ta hanyar masu zaman kansu da na jama'a. EBID ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar rance na dogon lokaci, matsakaici, da gajeren lokaci, shiga cikin daidaito, layin bashi, sake biyan kuɗi, ayyukan injiniyan kuɗi, da kuma ayyukan da suka shafi. EBID ta fito ne a matsayin ƙungiyar banki (ƙungiyar EBID) bayan canjin tsohon Asusun hadin gwiwa, biyan kuɗi da ci gaban Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (Asusun ECOWAS) a cikin 1999. An kafa Asusun ECOWAS a cikin 1975 a lokaci guda da tsohon Babban Sakatariyar Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (Hukumar ECOWES ta yanzu) kuma ta fara aiki a cikin 1979. EBID ta fara aiki a cikin 1999 a matsayin kamfani mai riƙewa tare da rassa biyu na musamman: Asusun Ci gaban Yankin ECOWAS (ERDF) don tallafawa bangaren jama'a; da Bankin Zuba Jari na Yankin ECOWAS (ERIB) don tallafawa kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. A shekara ta 2006, Hukumar ECOWAS ta Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati sun amince da sake tsara kungiyar EBID a cikin ƙungiya ɗaya tare da windows guda biyu: ɗaya don inganta kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ɗayan kuma, don haɓaka ɓangaren jama'a don fadada ayyukan Bankin zuwa ga masu ruwa da tsaki da ke da hannu a cikin ayyukan ci gaban tattalin arziki mai ɗorewa a matakan ƙasa da yanki. Bankin yana aiki a karkashin sabon tsari tun watan Janairun 2007. Hedikwatar Bankin tana cikin Lomé, Jamhuriyar Togo. Manufa da Manufofin Manufar EBID ita ce ta ba da gudummawa wajen kirkirar yanayin da zai iya inganta fitowar Afirka ta Yamma mai karfi da tattalin arziki, masana'antu da wadata wanda aka haɗa shi sosai a ciki, da kuma cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya don amfana da kuma amfani da damar da duniya ta bayar. Ta hanyar Dokokin Tarayyar Bankin yana da niyyar: Taimaka don cimma burin al'umma ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan ababen more rayuwa da suka shafi hadin kan yanki ko duk wani ayyukan ci gaba a bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu; da Taimaka wajen ci gaban al'umma ta hanyar tallafawa shirye-shirye na musamman. Yanayi don shiga tsakani Masu cin gajiyar shiga tsakani na EBID Kasashen membobin ECOWAS ko hukumomin su; Kamfanoni na jama'a, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da kamfanonin kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa na ECOWAS Member States; Cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi na cikin gida; Kungiyoyin kamfanoni daga kasashe membobin ECOWAS ko daga ƙasashen waje da ke son saka hannun jari a yankin ECOWES, a bangarorin da ke cikin wuraren shiga tsakani na EBID. Shirye-shiryen da Gudanarwa Kungiyoyin yanke shawara na EBID Kwamitin Gwamnoni Kwamitin Darakta Shugaban kasa Kwamitin Gwamnoni shine mafi girman yanke shawara kuma yana da ayyukan kulawa kan gudanarwa da gudanarwa na Bankin. Kwamitin Daraktoci yana da alhakin ayyukan Bankin gaba ɗaya. Shugaban kasa yana da alhakin gudanar da yau da kullun na EBID kuma an bayyana ikonsa a cikin Dokokin Bankin. Shugaban yana da taimakon Mataimakin Shugaban kasa guda biyu wato, Mataimakin shugaban kasa na kudi da ayyukan kamfanoni da Mataimakin Shugaba na Ayyuka. Yankunan shiga tsakani Ayyukan aiki na EBID an yi niyya ne don kafa tushe don ci gaba mai ɗorewa na Kasashen membobin al'umma ta hanyar tallafawa ayyukan yanki da na ƙasa (na jama'a da masu zaman kansu). Bankin yana aiki da farko a cikin yankuna masu zuwa: Aikin noma Hanyoyin Shiga tsakani EBID ta shiga tsakani ta hanyar: Kudin Long, Medium da Short-Term Kasancewa da Adalci Bayar da Lines of Credit da Putting in Place Yarjejeniyar Tsarin don Refincing Batutuwan da Tabbacin Lallafi, Biyan Kuɗi, Biyan da Sauran Tsaro Ayyukan Injiniya da Ayyuka Wasu Muhimman Ayyuka Bankin ECOWAS don Zuba Jari da Ci Gaban (EBID) mai hannun jari ne a Ecobank Transnational Inc. da ASKY Airlines. Sauran nasarorin da EBID suka samu sune: Shekaru da yawa na gogewa a cikin kudaden aikin a ciki da tsakanin Kasashen membobin ECOWAS; Babban abokin tarayya don shirye-shiryen haɗin kai na yanki da aiwatar da haɗin gwiwar bangarorin jama'a da masu zaman kansu a cikin Kasashen membobin; Mai gabatar da Asusun Makamashi na Afirka da Sabuntawa (ABREF) yanzu ABREC; Abokin hulɗa da Manajan Asusun Tabbatar da Masana'antu na Al'adu (CIGF). Haɗin gwiwa A cikin ikon kamfanoninsa, EBID tana aiki tare da kungiyoyin ci gaban kasa da na yanki da ke aiki a cikin ECOWAS. Hakazalika, tana aiki tare da wasu kungiyoyin kasa da kasa tare da irin wannan manufa da sauran cibiyoyin da ke da hannu a ci gaban yankin. EBID ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit da Cibiyar Ci gaban Fertilizer ta Duniya a cikin 2019 da 2020 bi da bi don cimma burin gama gari. EBID jas kuma ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Kasuwar Tattalin Arziki da Kudi ta Yammacin Afirka (WAEMU), Afreximbank, Banque Marocaine du Commerce Exterieur (BMCE), Tattalin arzikin OPEC don Ci gaban Duniya (OFID), Kamfanin Ci gaban Masana'antu (IDC), Bankin Larabawa don Ci gaban Tattalin arziki a Afirka (BADEA), Bankin Exim na Indiya, da Bankin Ci gaban Musulunci (IsDB). Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci a Afrika

31537

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Aikin%20Noma

Gurbacewar Aikin Noma

Gurɓacewar aikin noma na nufin "biotic" da "abiotic" da ke haifar da ayyukan noma waɗanda ke haifar da gurɓata yanayi ko lalata muhalli da muhallin halittu, da/ko haifar da rauni ga ɗan adam da muradun tattalin arzikinsu. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya fitowa daga maɓuɓɓuka iri-iri, kama daga gurɓatar ruwa mai tushe (daga wurin fitarwa ɗaya) zuwa ƙarin tarwatsewa, abubuwan da ke ƙasa, wanda kuma aka sani da Gurbataccen yanayi gurbacewar iska. Sau ɗaya a cikin mahalli waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya yin tasiri kai tsaye a cikin muhallin halittu, watau kashe namun daji ko gurɓata ruwan sha, kuma illolin da ke ƙasa kamar matattun yankunan da ambaliyar ruwa ke haifarwa sun ta'allaka ne a cikin manyan ruwaye. Ayyukan gudanar wa ko jahilcinsu, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin adadin da tasirin waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa. Dabarun gudanarwa sun hada da sarrafa dabbobi da gidaje zuwa yaduwar magungunan kashe qwari da takin zamani a ayyukan noma na duniya. Mummunan ayyukan gudanarwa sun haɗa da ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi da ba a sarrafa su ba da wuce gona da iri da noma da Taki da rashin dacewa da wuce kima ko kuma rashin lokacin amfani da magungunan kashe ƙwari. Gurɓatar aikin noma yana shafar ingancin ruwa sosai kuma ana iya samunsa a cikin tafkuna da koguna da wuraren dausayi da guraben ruwa da ruwan ƙasa. Abubuwan da ake gurɓata aikin gona sun haɗa da nama da abinci mai gina jiki da ƙwayoyin cuta da magungunan kashe qwari da ƙarfe da kuma gishiri. Noman dabbobi yana da tasiri mai girman gaske a kan gurɓataccen yanayi da ke shiga muhalli. Kwayoyin cuta da cututtukan da ke cikin taki na iya shiga cikin rafuka da ruwan karkashin ƙasa idan ba a kula da kiwo, adana taki a cikin ruwa da kuma sanya taki a gonaki yadda yakamata. Gurbacewar iska da noma ke haifarwa ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da kasa da kuma ayyukan noma na dabbobi sun yi tasiri sosai kan sauyin yanayi, kuma magance wadannan matsalolin shi ne babban bangare na rahoton musamman na IPCC kan sauyin yanayi da kasa. Kafofin Abiotic Maganin kashe ƙwari Ana amfani da maganin kashe ƙwari da na ciyawa ga kasar noma don magance ƙwari da ke kawo cikas ga noman amfanin gona. Rashin gurɓataccen ƙasa na iya faruwa lokacin da magungunan kashe qwari suka ci gaba da taru a cikin ƙasa, wanda zai iya canza tsarin ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙara haɓakar shuka na sinadarai, kuma yana da guba ga ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Matsakaicin abin da magungunan kashe qwari da na ciyawa suka dawwama ya dogara da sinadarai na musamman na mahallin, wanda ke yin tasiri ga sauye-sauyen yanayi da haifar da kaddara da sufuri a cikin ƙasa. Hakanan magungunan kashe qwari na iya taruwa a cikin dabbobin da ke cin gurɓatattun kwari da ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Bugu da kari, magungunan kashe qwari na iya yin illa ga ƙwari masu fa’ida, irin su masu yin pollinators, da kuma maqiyan ƙw wari (watƙu qwarin da ke farautar ƙwari ko qwari) fiye da yadda suke yi wa qwari da kansu. Leaching maganin kashe ƙwari Leaching na maganin kashe ƙwari yana faruwa ne lokacin da magungunan kashe ƙwari suka haɗu da ruwa kuma suna motsawa ta cikin ƙasa, a ƙarshe yana lalata ruwan ƙasa . Adadin leaching yana da alaƙa da takamaiman ƙasa da halayen magungunan kashe qwari da matakin ruwan sama da ban ruwa. Leaching yana yiwuwa ya faru idan ana amfani da maganin kashe kwari mai narkewa da ruwa, lokacin da ƙasa ke ƙoƙarin zama yashi a cikin rubutu; idan yawan ruwa ya faru ne bayan aikace-aikacen magungunan kashe qwari; idan ikon adsorption na maganin kashe kwari zuwa ƙasa ya yi ƙasa. Leaching ba wai kawai ya samo asali ne daga wuraren da aka yi wa magani ba, har ma daga wuraren da ake hada magungunan kashe ƙwari, wuraren wanke kayan inji, ko wuraren zubarwa. Ana amfani da takin zamani don samar da kayan amfanin gona da ƙarin tushen abubuwan gina jiki, irin su Nitrogen, Phosphorus, da Potassium, waɗanda ke haɓaka haɓakar shuka da haɓaka amfanin gona. Duk da yake suna da fa'ida don haɓaka tsiro, kuma suna iya tarwatsa tsarin sinadirai na halitta da na ma'adinai na biogeochemical da haifar da haɗari ga lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Nitrogen takin mai magani yana ba da tsire-tsire da nau'ikan nitrogen waɗanda ke samuwa a ilimin halitta don ɗaukar shuka; watau NO (nitrate) da NH (ammonium). Wannan yana ƙara yawan amfanin gona da yawan amfanin gona, amma kuma yana iya yin illa ga ruwan ƙasa da ruwan sama, da gurɓata yanayi, da kuma lalata lafiyar ƙasa. Ba duk abubuwan gina jiki da ake amfani da su ta taki ba ne amfanin gona ke ɗauka, sauran kuma suna taruwa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma a rasa a matsayin malala. Takin Nitrate sun fi yin hasarar takin ƙasa ta hanyar zubar da ruwa saboda yawan narkewar sa da kama da caji tsakanin ƙwayoyin halitta da barbashi na yumbu maras kyau. Yawan aikace-aikacen takin mai ɗauke da nitrogen a haɗe tare da yawan narkewar ruwa na nitrate yana haifar da haɓakar kwararar ruwa a cikin ruwan sama da kuma shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa. Matakan Nitrate sama da 10 mg/L (10 ppm) a cikin ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa na iya haifar da '' blue baby syndrome ' (samun methemoglobinemia) a jarirai da yiwuwar cutar thyroid da ciwon daji iri-iri. Ƙimar Nitrogen, wanda ke rufe nitrogen na yanayi (N 2 ) zuwa ƙarin nau'o'in halittu, da denitrification, wanda ke juyar da mahaɗan nitrogen da ke samuwa zuwa N 2 da N 2 O, sune biyu mafi mahimmancin matakai na rayuwa da ke da hannu a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen saboda sun kasance. mafi girman abubuwan shigar da abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen zuwa yanayin halittu. Suna ba da izinin nitrogen don gudana tsakanin yanayi, wanda ke kusa da 78% nitrogen) da biosphere. Sauran mahimman matakai a cikin sake zagayowar nitrogen sune nitrification da ammonification wanda ke ɓoye ammonium zuwa nitrate ko nitrite da kwayoyin halitta zuwa ammonia bi da bi. Saboda waɗannan matakai suna kiyaye adadin nitrogen cikin kwanciyar hankali a mafi yawan yanayin halittu, babban kwararar nitrogen daga zubar da ruwa na aikin gona na iya haifar da tsangwama. Sakamakon gama gari na wannan a cikin halittun ruwa shine eutrophication wanda hakan ke haifar da yanayin rashin ƙarfi da rashin ƙarfi - duka biyun suna da mutuƙar mutuwa da/ko lalata ga nau'ikan da yawa. Haɗin Nitrogen kuma yana iya sakin iskar NH 3 zuwa cikin sararin samaniya wanda daga nan za'a iya jujjuya su zuwa mahaɗan NO. Mafi yawan adadin mahadi na NO x a cikin yanayi na iya haifar da acidification na halittun ruwa da haifar da al'amurran numfashi iri-iri a cikin mutane. Hakanan hadi yana iya sakin N 2 O wanda shine iskar gas kuma yana iya sauƙaƙe lalata ozone (O 3 ) a cikin stratosphere. Ƙasar da ta karɓi takin nitrogen ma na iya lalacewa. Haɓaka abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen zai ƙara yawan amfanin gonaki na farko, kuma a ƙarshe, ayyukan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa za su ƙaru a sakamakon yawan abubuwan da ake samu na nitrogen daga takin mai magani da carbon mahaɗi ta hanyar ruɓaɓɓen halittu. Saboda karuwar lalacewa a cikin ƙasa, abubuwan da ke cikin kwayoyin halitta za su ƙare wanda ke haifar da ƙananan lafiyar ƙasa gaba ɗaya. Ɗayan madadin daidaitattun takin Nitrogen shine Ingantattun takin mai magani (EEF) . Akwai nau'ikan EEF da yawa amma gabaɗaya sun faɗi cikin rukuni biyu, jinkirin sakin takin ko takin mai hana nitrification. Ana lulluɓe takin da aka saki sannu a hankali a cikin polymer wanda ke jinkirta da jinkirta sakin Nitrogen cikin tsarin aikin gona. Masu hana nitrification sune takin mai magani wanda aka lullube a cikin wani fili na sulfur wanda yake da matuƙar hydrophobic, wannan yana taimakawa wajen rage sakin Nitrogen. EEFs suna ba da ƙarancin ƙarancin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa kuma suna iya rage ƙyallen nitrogen da haɓakar mahaɗan NO x, duk da haka wallafe-wallafen kimiyya ya nuna duka tasiri da rashin tasiri wajen rage gurɓataccen nitrogen. Mafi yawan nau'in takin phosphorus da ake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan noma shine phosphate (PO 4 3- ), kuma ana shafa shi a cikin sinadarai na roba da suka haɗa da PO 4 3- ko kuma a cikin nau'ikan halitta kamar taki da takin zamani. Phosphorus muhimmin sinadari ne a cikin dukkan kwayoyin halitta saboda irin rawar da yake takawa a cikin ayyukan tantanin halitta da ayyukan rayuwa kamar samar da acid nucleic da canja wurin makamashi na rayuwa. Koyaya, yawancin ƙwayoyin halitta, gami da amfanin gona na noma, suna buƙatar ƙaramin adadin phosphorus ne kawai saboda sun samo asali a cikin halittu masu ƙarancinsa. Ƙungiyoyin ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin ƙasa suna iya canza nau'ikan nau'ikan phosphorus zuwa nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu narkewa kamar su phosphate. Gabaɗaya ana ƙetare wannan matakin tare da takin gargajiya saboda ana amfani dashi azaman phosphate ko wasu nau'ikan shuka. Duk wani sinadarin phosphorus da tsire-tsire ba su dauka ba, to ana cusa shi zuwa ga barbashi na kasa wanda ke taimaka masa ya zauna. Saboda haka, yakan shiga cikin ruwan saman ne lokacin da ɓangarorin ƙasar da aka maƙalar da su suka lalace sakamakon hazo ko guguwa. Adadin da ke shiga cikin ruwan saman yana da ɗan ƙaranci idan aka kwatanta da adadin da ake amfani da shi a matsayin taki, amma saboda yana aiki azaman ƙayyadaddun sinadirai a mafi yawan mahalli, ko da ɗan ƙaramin adadin zai iya tarwatsa yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayin hawan jini na phosphorus biogeochemical. Ko da yake nitrogen na taka rawa a cikin algae masu cutarwa da furannin cyanobacteria waɗanda ke haifar da eutrophication, ana ɗaukar wuce gona da iri na phosphorus shine babban abin da ke ba da gudummawa saboda gaskiyar cewa phosphorus galibi shine mafi ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki, musamman a cikin ruwa mai daɗi. Baya ga raguwar matakan iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa na sama, algae da cyanobacteria blooms na iya samar da cyanotoxins masu cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da dabbobi da kuma yawancin halittun ruwa. Matsakaicin adadin cadmium a cikin takin mai ɗauke da phosphorus ya bambanta sosai kuma yana iya zama matsala. Misali, mono-ammonium phosphate taki na iya samun abun ciki cadmium mai ƙasa da 0.14 mg/kg ko sama da 50.9 mg/kg. Wannan shi ne saboda dutsen phosphate da ake amfani da su wajen kera su na iya ƙunsar da adadin da ya kai 188 mg/kg cadmium (misalan adibas akan Nauru da tsibirin Kirsimeti). Ci gaba da yin amfani da takin mai-cadmium na iya gurɓata ƙasa da tsirrai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta yi la'akari da iyaka ga abun ciki cadmium na takin phosphate. Masu samar da takin mai ɗauke da phosphorus yanzu suna zaɓar dutsen phosphate dangane da abun cikin cadmium. Dutsen Phosphate yana ɗauke da matakan fluoride masu yawa. A sakamakon haka, yawan amfani da takin phosphate ya haifar da ƙara yawan ƙwayar fluoride na ƙasa. An gano cewa gurɓataccen abinci daga taki ba shi da ɗan damuwa yayin da tsire-tsire ke tattara ɗan ƙaramin fluoride daga ƙasa; Babban abin damuwa shine yuwuwar gubar fluoride ga dabbobin da ke cinye ƙasa mai gurɓatacce. Hakanan abin damuwa shine tasirin fluoride akan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙasa. Abubuwan rediyoactive Abubuwan da ke cikin rediyoactive na takin sun bambanta da yawa kuma ya dogara da yawansu a cikin ma'adinan iyaye da kuma tsarin samar da taki. Matsakaicin adadin Uranium-238 na iya zuwa daga 7 zuwa 100 pCi/g a cikin dutsen phosphate kuma daga 1 zuwa 67 pCi/g a cikin takin phosphate. Inda ake amfani da takin phosphorus mai yawa na shekara-shekara, wannan na iya haifar da adadin uranium-238 a cikin ƙasa da magudanar ruwa wanda ya ninka sau da yawa fiye da yadda ake samu. Koyaya, tasirin waɗannan yana ƙaruwa akan haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam daga gurɓataccen abinci na radionuclide kaɗan ne (kasa da 0.05 mSv/y). Ƙwayoyin cuta Taki da biosolids sun ƙunshi yawancin sinadirai da dabbobi da mutane ke cinyewa ta hanyar abinci. Al'adar mayar da irin waɗannan abubuwan sharar gida zuwa ƙasar noma yana ba da damar sake sarrafa kayan abinci na ƙasa. Kalubalen shi ne cewa taki da biosolids ba wai kawai sun ƙunshi abubuwan gina jiki irin su carbon, nitrogen, da phosphorus ba, amma suna iya ƙunsar gurɓatattun abubuwa, gami da magunguna da samfuran kulawa na sirri (PPCPs). Akwai nau'i-nau'i iri-iri da yawa na PPCPs da mutane da dabbobi suke cinyewa, kuma kowannensu yana da sinadarai na musamman a cikin yanayin ƙasa da na ruwa. Don haka, ba duka aka tantance tasirin su akan ƙasa, ruwa, da ingancin iska ba. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta binciki tarkacen najasa daga masana'antar kula da ruwan sha a duk fadin Amurka don tantance matakan PPCPs daban-daban da ke akwai. Babban abubuwan shigar da ƙarafa masu nauyi (misali gubar, cadmium, arsenic, mercury) cikin tsarin aikin gona sune takin zamani, sharar gida kamar taki, da sharar kayan masana'antu. Takin da ba a saka ba musamman yana wakiltar hanya mai mahimmanci don karafa masu nauyi shiga ƙasa. Wasu dabarun noma, kamar ban ruwa, na iya haifar da tarin selenium (Se) da ke faruwa a cikin ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da tafkunan ruwa na ƙasa mai ɗauke da adadin selenium mai guba ga namun daji, dabbobi, da mutane. Ana kiran wannan tsari da "Kesterson Effect," mai suna da sunan Kesterson Reservoir a cikin kwarin San Joaquin (California, Amurka), wanda aka ayyana a matsayin juji mai guba a cikin 1987. Karfa masu nauyi da ke cikin muhalli na iya daukar su ta hanyar tsirrai, wanda hakan na iya haifar da illa ga lafiyar dan Adam a yayin da suka ci tsiron da abin ya shafa. Wasu karafa suna da mahimmanci don ci gaban shuka, duk da haka yawa na iya yin illa ga lafiyar shuka. Sharar gida na masana'antar ƙarafa, wanda galibi ana sake yin amfani da su zuwa takin zamani saboda yawan sinadarin zinc (mahimmanci ga ci gaban shuka), na iya haɗawa da karafa masu guba masu zuwa: gubar, arsenic, cadmium, chromium, da nickel . Mafi yawan abubuwa masu guba a cikin irin wannan taki sune mercury, gubar, da arsenic. Ana iya cire waɗannan ƙazantattun abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin samar da taki; duk da haka, wannan yana ƙara yawan farashin taki. Ana samun takin mai tsafta sosai, kuma wataƙila an fi saninta da takin mai narkewar ruwa mai ɗauke da shuɗi. Ana amfani da takin zamani irin waɗannan a kusa da gidaje, kamar Miracle-Gro . Ana amfani da waɗannan takin mai narkewa sosai a cikin kasuwancin gandun daji na shuka kuma ana samun su cikin manyan fakiti akan farashi mai ƙarancin farashi fiye da adadin dillali. Hakanan akwai wasu takin lambu masu rahusa mai rahusa wanda aka yi tare da kayan aikin tsafta, yana iyakance samarwa. Gudanar da ƙasa Zaizayar ƙasa da kuma lalata Noma na ba da gudummawa sosai ga zaizayar ƙasa da rarrabuwar ƙasa ta hanyar kulawa mai zurfi ko rashin ingantaccen tsarin ƙasa. An yi ƙiyasin cewa gurɓacewar filayen noma na haifar da raguwar haihuwa a kusan hekta miliyan 6 na kasa mai albarka a kowace shekara. Tarin da ake samu a cikin ruwa mai gudu yana shafar ingancin ruwa ta hanyoyi daban-daban. Lalacewa na iya rage ƙarfin jigilar ramuka, koguna, koguna, da tashoshi na kewayawa. Hakanan zai iya iyakance adadin hasken da ke shiga cikin ruwa, wanda ke shafar biota na ruwa. Sakamakon turbidity daga sedimentation zai iya tsoma baki tare da ciyar da halaye na kifi, rinjayar yawan kuzarin kawo cikas. Har ila yau, zubar da ruwa yana shafar sufuri da tara abubuwan gurɓataccen abu, ciki har da phosphorus da magungunan kashe ƙwari iri-iri. Tillage da watsin nitrous oxide Tsarin halittu na ƙasa na halitta yana haifar da fitar da iskar gas iri-iri, gami da nitrous oxide. Ayyukan sarrafa aikin gona na iya shafar matakan fitar da hayaki. Misali, an kuma nuna matakan noma suna shafar hayakin nitrous oxide. Madogarar halittu Greenhouse gas daga fecal sharar gida Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (FAO) ta yi hasashen cewa kashi 18% na iskar gas mai gurbata muhalli na zuwa ne kai tsaye ko a kaikaice daga dabbobin duniya. Har ila yau, wannan rahoto ya nuna cewa hayakin da dabbobi ke fitarwa ya zarce na bangaren sufuri. Yayin da a halin yanzu dabbobi ke taka rawa wajen samar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli, an yi kiyasin kiyasin kuskure ne. Yayin da hukumar ta FAO ta yi amfani da kima a rayuwar dabbobi (watau dukkan bangarorin da suka haɗa da hayaƙi mai fitar da amfanin gona don ciyarwa, sufuri zuwa yanka, da dai sauransu), ba su yi amfani da wannan kima ba a fannin sufuri. Wata majiya mai tushe da'awar cewa ƙiyasin FAO ya yi ƙasa da ƙasa, yana mai bayyana cewa masana'antar kiwo ta duniya na iya ɗaukar nauyin kusan kashi 51% na iskar gas da ke fitar da iska maimakon 18%. Masu suka sun ce bambancin kiyasi ya fito ne daga amfani da bayanan da hukumar ta FAO ta yi. Ko da kuwa, idan rahoton FAO na kashi 18 cikin 100 daidai ne, wannan har yanzu ya sa dabbobi su zama na biyu mafi girma na greenhouse-gas- gurɓata yanayi. Wani samfurin PNAS ya nuna cewa ko da an cire dabbobi gaba ɗaya daga noma da abinci na Amurka, za a rage hayakin GHG na Amurka da kashi 2.6% kawai (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma). Hakan ya faru ne saboda bukatar maye gurbin takin dabbobi da takin zamani da kuma maye gurbinsu da sauran kayan amfanin gonakin dabbobi, kuma a halin yanzu dabbobi suna amfani da kayan abinci da ba sa iya ci da kuma sarrafa fiber na mutum. Haka kuma, mutane za su sha wahala da ƙarancin ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki ko da yake za su sami ƙarin kuzarin kuzari, mai yuwuwa haifar da ƙiba mai yawa. Biopesticides sune magungunan kashe qwari da aka samo daga kayan halitta (dabbobi, shuke-shuke, microorganisms, wasu ma'adanai). A matsayin madadin magungunan kashe ƙwari na gargajiya, magungunan biopesticides na iya rage gurɓatar aikin gona gabaɗaya saboda suna da lafiya don iyawa, yawanci ba sa tasiri ga marasa ƙashin baya masu fa'ida ko vertebrates, kuma suna da ɗan gajeren lokaci. Wasu damuwa sun kasance cewa magungunan biopesticide na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan yawan nau'in nau'in da ba a kai ba, duk da haka. A {asar Amirka, EPA ne ke sarrafa magungunan biopesticide. Saboda magungunan biopesticide ba su da illa kuma suna da ƙarancin illar muhalli fiye da sauran magungunan kashe ƙwari, hukumar ba ta buƙatar adadin bayanai don yin rajistar amfani da su. An ba da izinin maganin ƙwayoyin cuta da yawa a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsarin Halitta na ƙasa, Ma'aikatar Aikin Noma ta Amurka, ƙa'idodi don samar da amfanin gona. Gabatarwar nau'ikan nau'in cin zarafi Haɓaka aikin noma na duniya ya haifar da jigilar kwari, ciyawa, da cututtuka cikin haɗari zuwa sashe na zamani. Idan sun kafa, sun zama nau'in cin zarafi da za su iya yin tasiri ga yawan al'ummar jinsuna da kuma yin barazana ga samar da noma. Misali, jigilar ƙudan zuma da ake kiwon kudan zuma a Turai da jigilar su zuwa Amurka da/ko Kanada don amfani da su azaman masu yin pollin na kasuwanci ya haifar da bullo da wani tsohon duniya parasites zuwa Sabuwar Duniya. Wannan gabatarwar na iya taka rawa a raguwar ƙudan zuma na kwanan nan a Arewacin Amurka. Hakanan nau'in da aka gabatar da aikin noma na iya haɗawa da nau'in asali wanda ke haifar da raguwar halittun halittu da kuma yin barazana ga samar da noma. Rikicin muhalli (yanayin muhalli) da ke da alaƙa da ayyukan noma da kansu na iya sauƙaƙe kafa waɗannan halittun da aka gabatar. gurɓacewar injuna, dabbobi da kiwo, da gurɓacewar amfanin gona ko iri kiwo suma na iya haifar da yaduwar ciyawa. Keɓewa (duba biosecurity ) hanya ɗaya ce da za a iya kayyade rigakafin yaduwar nau'ikan ɓarna a matakin manufofin. Keɓewa kayan aiki ne na doka wanda ke hana motsin abubuwan da suka kamu da su daga wuraren da nau'in ɓarna ke kasancewa zuwa wuraren da ba ya nan. Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya tana da ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa game da keɓewar ƙwari da cututtuka a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Aika Ma'aunin Tsafta da Tsaftar jiki. Ƙasashe ɗaya ɗaya galibi suna da nasu ƙa'idodin keɓe. A cikin Amurka, alal misali, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka / Sabis na Kula da Lafiyar Dabbobi da Tsirrai (USDA/APHIS) tana gudanar da keɓewar gida (a cikin Amurka) da na waje (kayan da ake shigowa da su daga wajen Amurka). Sufetoci ne ke aiwatar da waɗannan keɓewar a kan iyakokin jihohi da tashoshin shiga. Ikon Halittu Yin amfani da magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta, ko yin amfani da magudanar ruwa, parasitoids, parasites, da ƙwayoyin cuta don magance ƙwari na noma, yana da yuwuwar rage gurɓacewar aikin gona da ke da alaƙa da sauran dabarun magance kwari, kamar amfani da magungunan kashe qwari. An yi muhawara ko'ina game da fa'idar gabatar da wakilai masu kula da halittun da ba na asali ba. Da zarar an sake shi, gabatarwar wakili na biocontrol na iya zama wanda ba zai iya jurewa ba. Matsalolin muhalli masu yuwuwa na iya haɗawa da tarwatsawa daga wuraren noma zuwa muhallin halitta, da kuma canza wurin baƙi ko daidaitawa don amfani da nau'in ɗan ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, tsinkayar sakamakon hulɗar a cikin hadaddun yanayin muhalli da kuma yiwuwar tasirin muhalli kafin a saki na iya zama da wahala. Misali daya na shirin sarrafa kwayoyin halitta wanda ya haifar da lalacewar muhalli ya faru a Arewacin Amurka, inda aka gabatar da parasitoid na malam buɗe ido don sarrafa asu na gypsy da browntail asu. Wannan parasitoid yana da ikon yin amfani da nau'ikan masaukin malam buɗe ido da yawa, kuma wataƙila ya haifar da raguwa da ɓarna nau'ikan asu na asali na asali. Binciken ƙasa da ƙasa don yuwuwar wakilai masu sarrafa ƙwayoyin halitta ana taimakon su daga hukumomi irin su Cibiyar Kula da Halittu ta Turai, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona/ Sabis ta Binciken Aikin Noma ta Amurka (USDA/ARS), Cibiyar Kula da Halittu ta Commonwealth, da Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Kula da Halittu na Noxious. Tsire-tsire da Dabbobi. Domin hana gurɓacewar aikin gona, ana buƙatar keɓewa da kuma bincike mai zurfi kan yuwuwar ingancin kwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli kafin gabatarwa. Idan an amince da shi, ana ƙoƙarin yin mulkin mallaka da tarwatsa wakili na biocontrol a cikin saitunan aikin gona da suka dace. Ana ci gaba da kimanta ingancin su. Halittun Halittu (GMO) Lalacewar ƙwayoyin halitta da tasirin muhalli Duk da haka, amfanin gona na GMO na iya haifar da gurɓatar ƙwayoyin halittar nau'in tsiro na asali ta hanyar haɓakawa. Wannan zai iya haifar da ƙara yawan ciyawa na shuka ko kuma bacewar nau'in ƴaƴan itace. Bugu da ƙari, ƙwayar transgenic kanta na iya zama sako idan gyare-gyaren ya inganta dacewarsa a cikin yanayin da aka ba shi. Har ila yau, akwai damuwa cewa ƙwayoyin halitta marasa manufa, irin su pollinators da abokan gaba, na iya zama guba ta hanyar bazata na tsire-tsire masu samar da Bt. Wani bincike na baya-bayan nan da aka yi na gwada tasirin pollen masarar Bt da ke zubar da tsire-tsire a kusa da shukar madara a kan ciyar da tsutsa na malam buɗe ido ya gano cewa barazanar da al'ummar masarautar ta yi kaɗan. Amfani da shuke-shuken amfanin gona na GMO da aka ƙera don juriya na ciyawa kuma na iya ƙara yawan gurɓacewar noma a kaikaice da amfani da ciyawa . Misali, ƙaruwar amfani da maganin ciyawa a gonakin masara masu jure ciyawa a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka yana rage yawan ciyawa da ake samu ga tsutsa na malam buɗe ido . Dokokin sakin ƙwayoyin halitta da aka gyara sun bambanta dangane da nau'in ƙwayoyin halitta da kuma ƙasar da abin ya shafa. GMO a matsayin kayan aiki na rage gurɓatawa Duk da yake ana iya samun wasu damuwa game da amfani da samfuran GM, yana iya zama mafita ga wasu batutuwan gurɓataccen aikin noma na dabba. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin gurɓata yanayi, musamman ma bitamin da ma'adinai a cikin ƙasa, ya zo ne daga rashin ingantaccen tsarin narkewa a cikin dabbobi. Ta hanyar haɓaka haɓakar narkewar abinci, yana yiwuwa a rage duka farashin samar da dabbobi da lalacewar muhalli. Misali ɗaya mai nasara na wannan fasaha da yuwuwar aikace-aikacen sa shine Enviropig . Enviropig wani aladen Yorkshire ne da aka gyara ta hanyar gado wanda ke bayyana phytase a cikin sa. Hatsi, irin su masara da alkama, suna da phosphorus da ke daure a cikin wani nau'i na rashin narkewa da aka sani da phytic acid. Phosphorus, mai mahimmanci mai mahimmanci ga alade, an ƙara shi zuwa abinci, tun da ba za a iya rushe shi ba a cikin ƙwayar alade mai narkewa. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin sinadarin phosphorus da ake samu a cikin hatsi a ɗabi'a yana lalacewa a cikin najasa, kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen haɓaka matakan ƙasa. Phytase wani enzyme ne wanda zai iya rushe phytic acid in ba haka ba, yana sa shi samuwa ga alade. Ƙarfin Enviropig don narkar da phosphorus daga hatsi yana kawar da ɓarna na wannan nau'in phosphorus na halitta (raguwa 20-60%), yayin da yake kawar da buƙatar ƙarin kayan abinci a cikin abinci. Gudanar da dabbobi Gudanar da taki Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓatar iska, ƙasa da ruwa shine sharar dabbobi. A cewar wani rahoto na 2005 na USDA, fiye da tan miliyan 335 na sharar "bushe" (sharar da aka cire bayan an cire ruwa) ana samarwa a kowace shekara a gonaki a Amurka. Ayyukan ciyar da dabbobi suna samar da taki kusan sau 100 fiye da adadin sludge na ɗan adam da ake sarrafa su a masana'antar ruwan sharar gida na Amurka kowace shekara. Gurbacewar tushen tushen takin noma ya fi wahalar ganowa, sa ido da sarrafawa. Ana samun yawan adadin nitrate a cikin ruwan ƙasa kuma yana iya kaiwa 50 mg/lita (iyakar umarnin EU). A cikin ramuka da darussan kogi, gurɓataccen abinci daga takin mai magani yana haifar da eutrophication. Wannan ya fi muni a cikin hunturu, bayan noman kaka ya fito da karuwar nitrates; Ruwan sama na lokacin sanyi yana ƙaruwa da zubar da ruwa da leaching, kuma akwai ƙarancin girbin shuka. EPA ta ba da shawarar cewa gonar kiwo ɗaya mai shanu 2,500 tana samar da sharar gida mai yawa kamar birni mai kusan mazauna 411,000. Hukumar Bincike ta Amurka ta bayyana warin a matsayin mafi girman matsalar fitar da dabbobi a matakin gida. Tsarin dabbobi daban-daban sun ɗauki hanyoyin sarrafa sharar da yawa don magance yawan adadin sharar da ake samarwa kowace shekara. Amfanin maganin taki shine rage yawan taki da ake buƙata a kai da kuma shafa ga amfanin gona, da kuma rage takin ƙasa. Hakanan ana rage abubuwan gina jiki, ma'ana ana buƙatar ƙasan amfanin gona don taki da za a yada a kai. Hakanan maganin taki na iya rage haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam da haɗarin rayuwa ta hanyar rage adadin ƙwayoyin cuta da ke cikin taki. Taki ko slurry na dabba da ba a haɗa shi ba ya fi mayar da hankali sau ɗari fiye da najasar gida, kuma yana iya ɗaukar kwayar cutar hanji, Cryptosporidium , wanda ke da wuyar ganewa amma ana iya wucewa ga mutane. Silage barasa (daga fermented rigar ciyawa) ya ma fi karfi fiye da slurry, tare da low pH da sosai high nazarin halittu bukatar oxygen. Tare da ƙananan pH, silage barasa na iya zama mai lalacewa sosai; yana iya kai hari ga kayan aikin roba, yana haifar da lalacewa ga kayan ajiya, da haifar da zubewar haɗari. Duk waɗannan fa'idodin za a iya inganta su ta hanyar amfani da tsarin sarrafa taki mai dacewa akan gonakin da ya dace dangane da albarkatun da ke akwai. Maganin taki Takin zamani wani ingantaccen tsarin sarrafa taki ne wanda ya dogara da taki mai ƙarfi daga fakitin fakitin gado, ko daskararru daga mai raba taki. Akwai hanyoyi guda biyu na takin zamani, aiki da kuma m. Ana yin taki lokaci-lokaci yayin yin takin mai aiki, yayin da a cikin takin da ba a so ba. An gano takin da ke wucewa yana da ƙarancin iskar iskar gas na kore saboda rashin cikar bazuwar da ƙarancin iskar gas. Rabuwar ruwa mai ƙarfi Ana iya raba taki ta hanyar injiniya zuwa wani yanki mai ƙarfi da ruwa don sauƙin gudanarwa. Liquids (4-8% busassun ƙwayoyin halitta) za a iya amfani da su cikin sauƙi a cikin tsarin famfo don dacewa da yaduwa a kan amfanin gona da kuma m juzu'i (15-30% busassun al'amarin) za a iya amfani da matsayin rumfa kwanciya, yada a kan amfanin gona, taki ko fitarwa. Anaerobic narkewa da lagoons Narkewar anaerobic shine maganin ilimin halitta na sharar dabbobi ta hanyar amfani da ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin yankin da babu iska, wanda ke inganta rugujewar daskararrun ƙwayoyin halitta. Ana amfani da ruwan zafi don dumama sharar don ƙara yawan yawan iskar gas . Ruwan da ya rage yana da wadataccen abinci mai gina jiki kuma ana iya amfani da shi a gonaki a matsayin taki da iskar methane da za a iya konawa kai tsaye a kan murhun biogas ko a cikin injin janareta don samar da wutar lantarki da zafi. Methane yana da kusan sau 20 mafi ƙarfi a matsayin iskar gas fiye da carbon dioxide, wanda ke da mummunan tasirin muhalli idan ba a sarrafa shi da kyau ba. Maganin anaerobic na sharar gida shine hanya mafi kyau don sarrafa warin da ke tattare da sarrafa taki. Lagoons masu kula da ilimin halitta suma suna amfani da narkewar sinadarin anaerobic don rushe daskararru, amma a hankali. Lagoons ana kiyaye su a yanayin zafi sabanin dumama tankunan narkewa. Lagos na buƙatar manyan filayen ƙasa da babban adadin dilution don yin aiki yadda ya kamata, don haka ba sa aiki sosai a yawancin yanayi a arewacin Amurka. Lagoons kuma suna ba da fa'idar rage warin kuma ana samar da iskar gas don zafi da wutar lantarki. Nazarin ya nuna cewa GHG yana raguwa ta amfani da tsarin narkewar iska. Rage watsi da GHG da ƙididdigewa na iya taimakawa ramawar ƙarin farashin shigarwa na fasahohin iska mai tsabta da sauƙaƙe ɗaukar kayan fasahar muhalli don maye gurbin lagoons na anaerobic na yanzu. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

54895

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20Abdul%20Samad

Khalid Abdul Samad

Khalid bin Abdul Samad (Jawi; an haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1957) ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Yankin Tarayya a cikin gwamnatin Pakatan Harapan (PH) a ƙarƙashin tsohon Firayim Minista Mahathir Mohamad daga watan Yulin shekara ta 2018 zuwa faduwar gwamnatin PH a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2020 kuma memba na majalisar (MP) na Shah Alam daga watan Maris shekara ta 2008 zuwa Nuwamba shekara ta 2022. Shi memba ne, Daraktan Sadarwa kuma Shugaban Jiha na Kelantan na Jam'iyyar National Trust Party (AMANAH), wani bangare na jam'iyyar adawa ta PH kuma ya kasance memba na Jam'ummar Musulunci ta Malaysia (PAS), tsohuwar jam'iyyar tsohuwar jamono ta Pakatan Rakyat (PR) da Barisan Alternatif (BA). Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan'uwan Shahrir Abdul Samad, tsohon Minista kuma MP na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO), wani bangare na jam'iyyar Barisan Nasional (BN). Kafin PH da BN su kafa gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta tarayya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, suna adawa da siyasa saboda dukansu biyu suna cikin bangarorin siyasa masu adawa. Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Khalid a Kota Bharu, Kelantan a shekara ta 1957. Ya kammala karatu tare da digiri a fannin Injiniyan Fuel da Energy daga Jami'ar Leeds a 1979 sannan ya yi aiki ga Petronas. Ayyukan siyasa Ya kasance marubuci a The Malaysian Insider kuma sanannen memba na matsakaiciyar reshe na PAS kafin su rabu don samun AMANAH a cikin 2015. Khalid ya shiga PAS a 1983 kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya daga 1987 zuwa 1993. A shekara ta 1987, an tsare shi na tsawon watanni tara a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida (ISA) a lokacin Operation Lalang. Ya yi takara a matsayin dan takarar PAS a kujerun majalisa na Kuala Krai , Arau , Sri Gading da Shah Alam a cikin babban zabe kafin a ƙarshe ya lashe kujerar Shah Alam a babban zaben 2008 kuma ya riƙe shi a babban zaben 2013. A shekara ta 2010, Khalid ya shiga cikin muhawara tare da 'yan adawa (daga baya masu zaman kansu) memba na majalisar Zulkifli Nordin game da amfani da kalmar "Allah" ta wadanda ba Musulmai ba. Bayan Khalid ya bayyana cewa ya yi adawa da dokar Selangor da ta hana wadanda ba Musulmai ba amfani da kalmar "Allah", Zulkifli ya gabatar da rahoton 'yan sanda da ke zargin Khalid da tayar da kayar baya. Zulkifi, dan majalisa na Kedah, ya koma Selangor don yin takara a kujerar Shah Alam a kan Khalid a zaben 2013 a matsayin dan takarar Barisan Nasional (BN), amma Khalid ya doke shi wanda aka sake zabarsa tare da karuwar gefe. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2014, an tuhumi Khalid a karkashin Sashe na 4 na Dokar Tashin Tashin Tashi don zargin yin tambaya game da ikon zartarwa na Selangor Islamic Religious Department (Jais) dangane da kwace Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Malay da Iban. Khalid na daga cikin wasu 'yan siyasa masu adawa da yawa da kuma wadanda ba 'yan siyasa ba da aka kama a cikin 2014 Malaysian sedition dragnet . Khalid ya sake samun nasarar riƙe kujerar Shah Alam a babban zaben 2018 amma a karo na farko ga jam'iyyar Amanah kuma nan da nan aka zaba shi a matsayin sabon ministan gwamnatin tarayya na hadin gwiwar PH. A ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2022, darektan zaben AMANAH Asmuni Awi ya bayyana cewa Khalid zai tsaya takarar kujerar tarayya ta Titiwangsa a babban zaben 2022. Asmuni ya kuma yi sharhi cewa AMANAH tana cikin haɗari don neman Khalid don yin takara don wurin zama maimakon wurin zama na tarayya na Shah Alam wanda shine sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya kara da cewa ba yanke shawara mai sauƙi ba ne ya bar Shah Alam inda ya yi aiki a matsayin MP daga 2008 zuwa 2022 na wa'adi uku da shekaru 14.Ya rasa zaben ga Johari Abdul Ghani daga BN da UMNO da ƙarancin kuri'u 4,632 ta hanyar samun kuri'u 20,410. Rashin nasararsa ya kuma shirya hanyar da Johari ya dawo a matsayin dan majalisa na Titiwangsa kuma shine kawai nasarar zaben PH a Kuala Lumpur. Sakamakon zaben Rashin jituwa Shafin yanar gizon Kuala Lumpur City Plan (KLCP) 2020 na Ministan YB Khalid Abdul Samad a ƙarshen watan Oktoba da ya gabata, ya sadu da damuwa daga masu ruwa da tsaki da yawa. Shirin da aka buga ba shirin gida na 2008 ba ne ko kuma shirin da aka sake fasalin 2013 ba, amma sigar "2015" wacce ba ta wuce ta hanyoyin da ake buƙata ba, kamar yadda aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Dokar Shirye-shiryen Yankin Tarayya. Amfani da Dokar Samun Kasa a kan mazaunan Kampung Baru. An yi tanadin RM10 biliyan don sayen ƙasar Kampung Baru, ba tare da amincewar majalisar ministoci ba. An yi imanin cewa zai iya kare sha'awar mutane a cikin shari'ar Sungai Baru flats kuma ba ya barin mazauna su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya mara kyau tare da mai haɓaka a lokacin da yake ministan Yankin Tarayya. Hakazalika a cikin 2017, masu haɓakawa sun kusanci wanda ya riga shi don samun sa hannun mazauna, amma an ƙi shi saboda rikodin waƙa mai tambaya. Khalid ya shigar da kara a kan Mahamad Naser a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2017 yana mai da'awar cewa shi (Mahamad Naser) ya yi maganganu masu banƙyama a kansa a wani taro da Selangor Islamic Religious Department (JAIS) ta shirya a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2017 a Masallacin Tengku Ampuan Jemaah, Bukit Jelutong a Shah Alam. Khalid ya yi iƙirarin cewa Mahamad Naser, ya yi a cikin lacca mai taken, SalangDiscourse kan batutuwan yanzu da dokokin jihar Selangor: Koyarwa: Kalubale da Kundin Tsarin Mulki, "yana da sauran batutuwa, ya bayyana cewa shi (Khalid) ya yi tsayayya da RUU355, game da aiwatar da dokar Islama ciki har da hudud, kuma ya yi tsayar da kokarin karfafa Kotun Syariah. Babban Kotun a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 2019, ta yanke hukunci a madadin Khalid kuma ta umarci Mahamad Naser ya biya shi RM80,000. Kwamitin Kotun Tarayya mai mambobi uku wanda ya kunshi Alkalai Tan Sri Rohana Yusuf da Alkalai na Kotun Tarayyar Datuk Harmindar Singh Dhaliwal da Datuk Mohamad Zabidin Mohd Diah, a cikin kotun kan layi da ke gudana a yau, sun kori aikace-aikacen Khalid kuma sun umarce shi da ya biya RM30,000. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1957

52784

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS%20Dartmouth%20%281655%29

HMS Dartmouth (1655)

HMS Dartmouth karamin jirgin ruwa ne ko kuma jirgin ruwa na biyar, daya daga cikin shida da Majalisar Mulkin Ingila ta ba da umarnin a ranar 28 ga Disamba 1654, kuma aka gina a 1655. HMS Dartmouth yana ɗaya daga cikin adadin jiragen ruwa da aka gina don The Protectorate ta John Tippetts, Jagoran Shipwright a Portsmouth Dockyard daga 1650 zuwa 1668. Tippetts ya koyi kasuwancinsa yana aiki a Denmark, wanda ya yi amfani da dabarun gina jirgin ruwa na Holland; binciken binciken archaeological ya nuna an yi amfani da waɗannan don gina Dartmouth, kawai sanannen misalin Ingilishi na irin wannan jirgi. Dartmouth yana da tsayi a bene na 24, da kuma zurfin riƙe .Ton 260.7 na nauyin jirgin An gina asali don bindigogi 22, daga baya aka ƙara kayan aikinta zuwa bindigogi 36 (19 demi-cannon . Yaƙe-yaƙe na Anglo-Dutch Ranar Afrilu 1666, a cikin Yaƙin Anglo-Dutch na biyu, Dartmouth tare da babban (na hudu) na jirgin ruwa Sapphire da 12-gun Little Gift, kama wasu jiragen ruwa na Holland uku dauke da makamai a bakin tekun Ireland. A ranar 28 ga Mayu 1672, Dartmouth ya shiga cikin yakin Solebay, yakin farko na Yakin Anglo-Dutch na Uku . Barbary Pirates A cikin 1676-1677, Dartmouth yayi aiki a cikin Bahar Rum a kan Barbary Pirates . Ta kasance cikin tawagar Rear Admiral John Narborough, wanda ke yaki da 'yan fashin teku da ke Tripoli da kuma Algiers . Yaƙe-yaƙe na Williamite-Jacobite A ranar 1 ga Mayun 1689, Dartmouth, tare da makamai na bindigogin 36, ya shiga cikin yakin Bantry Bay, wanda rundunar jiragen ruwa na Faransa 24, ke rufe kayan aiki na sojojin Irish Jacobite a kudu maso yammacin Ireland., sun yi yaƙi da jiragen ruwan yaƙi na Ingila guda 19. Faransawa sun fi kyau a yakin, suna lalata jiragen ruwa na Ingila, amma sun kasa yin amfani da su. Daga baya waccan shekarar, Dartmouth, wanda Kyaftin John Leake ya umarta, ya shiga cikin agaji na Siege na Derry . Garin Derry (ko Londonderry), wanda ke kan Kogin Foyle kusa da bakinsa a kan Lough Foyle, magoya bayan James II na Ingila sun kewaye shi kuma 'yan Furotesta na Arewacin Irish suna goyon bayan Sarki William . A watan Mayu da Yuni 1689 Dartmouth ya raka ayari daga Ingila zuwa Ireland wanda ya kawo rundunar agaji, wanda Manjo-Janar Percy Kirke ya umarta, wanda aka nufa don Derry. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1689, ayarin motocin sun tashi daga Liverpool tare da jiragen ruwa na jigilar kayayyaki 24, tare da rakiyar mayaƙa uku, HMS Swallow, HMS <i id="mwaA">Bonaventure</i>, da HMS Dartmouth . Rundunar, dauke da bataliya hudu (kimanin maza 2000), sun isa Lough Foyle a farkon watan Yuni. Yayin da hanyar zuwa Derry daga Lough Foyle ta bakin kogin ke samun kariya da batura na bakin ruwa da kuma toshe shi da wani hatsabibin rafin, Kirke bai kuskura ya yi amfani da wannan hanyar ba don tunkarar garin. Koyaya, wani matsananciyar ƙoƙari na minti na ƙarshe ya yi nasara a ranar 28 ga Yuli. Dartmouth ya yi amfani da batura na bakin teku, yayin da jirgin ruwan 'yan kasuwa masu dauke da makamai Mountjoy ya yi taho-mu-gama da karya. Mountjoy da wani dan kasuwa mai dauke da makamai, Phoenix, sun tilasta hanyarsu ta wuce kariyar kuma sun sassauta kewayen. A cikin 1690, an yi amfani da Dartmouth a cikin ayyukan da ke yammacin gabar tekun Scotland da 'yan tawayen Jacobite . A ranar 9 ga Oktoba, an aika Dartmouth da wasu ƙananan jiragen ruwa guda biyu don shawo kan MacLeans na Duart su sanya hannu kan Labaran Amincewa ga William III da Maryamu II . Sun ci karo da guguwa mai nauyi yayin da suke cikin Sautin Mull, kuma sun tsaya don fitar da yanayi mara kyau. An koro Dartmouth a kan duwatsu kuma ya rushe, tare da asarar yawancin ma'aikatanta, ciki har da kwamandan ta, Edward Pottinger. Gano Balaguro A cikin 1973, masu ruwa da tsaki daga Bristol sun gano wani tarkace a arewacin bakin tekun Eilean Rudha an Ridire, tsibiri a cikin Sautin Mull . Kararrawar jirgin tagulla da aka gano ta tabbatar da tarkacen jirgin a matsayin Dartmouth . Wurin ya ɗauki shekaru uku na binciken archaeological. An gano bindigogin ƙarfe 20, kuma an gano wasu sassan jikin jirgin don bincikar su. An kuma gano wani zaɓi na soja na ƙarni na 17, na zirga-zirga, magunguna da kayan gida. Binciken archaeological ya goyi bayan bayanan gargajiya na rushewar jirgin, kuma ya bayyana cewa sassan ginin Dartmouth sun bambanta da hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su a lokacin. A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 1974, tarkacen jirgin yana ɗaya daga cikin na farko da aka sanya a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kariya . An sake fasalin shi a ranar 25 ga Yuni 1992. Shafin ya zama Yankin Kariyar Ruwa na Tarihi a cikin 2013. Rif Winfield, British Warships in the Age of Sail 1603-1714: Design, Construction, Careers and Fates. Seaforth Publishing, 2009. ISBN 978-1-84832-040-6. Advisory Committee on Historic Wrecks Report for 1999-2000 Kara karantawa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Dartmouth: Eilean Rubha An Ridire, Sound Of Mull. Canmore. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

38692

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osei%20Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu

Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu

Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu (wanda aka fi sani da Lawrence Addae kuma an haife shi a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1957) ɗan Ghana ne mai tsara birane kuma ɗan siyasa. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban masu rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana sannan kuma shi ne minista mai nadin harkokin majalisar a Ghana. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Osei a ranar 3 ga Fabrairu 1957. Ya fito ne daga Bremang-Afrancho, wani gari a Kumasi, yankin Ashanti. A shekarar 1982, ya sauke karatu a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah inda ya yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a Tsare-tsaren Birane. Aikin siyasa Osei memba ne na New Patriotic Party. Ya fara zama dan majalisa ne a watan Janairun 1997. Ya ci gaba da rike kujerarsa tun daga lokacin, inda ya wakilci mazabarsa a majalisar wakilai ta 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 da 7 na jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana. Shi ne shugaban kwamitin kasafin kudi na musamman, House, da kwamitocin kasuwanci. Shi ma memba ne a Ma'aikatar Kudi, Ma'adinai da Makamashi, Dokokin Tsaya, da Kwamitocin Zabe. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 1996 An fara zaben Osei a matsayin dan majalisa a lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996 kan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party mai wakiltar mazabar Suame a yankin Ashanti na Ghana. Ya samu kuri'u 47,455 daga cikin 64,394 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 57.40% inda Paul Yeboah dan jam'iyyar NDC ya samu kuri'u 10,828, Azong Alhassan dan jam'iyyar PNC ya samu kuri'u 3,219 da Habiba Atta 'yar CPP wacce ta samu kuri'u 2,892. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2004 An zabi Osei a matsayin dan majalisa na mazabar Suame na yankin Ashanti na Ghana a babban zaben Ghana na 2004. Ya yi nasara akan tikitin sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Mazabarsa wani bangare ne na kujeru 36 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu rinjayen kujeru 128 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 48,500 daga cikin 59,039 da aka jefa. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 82.1% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Agonno Sampson Young na Babban Taron Jama'a, Paul Richard Kofi Yeboah na National Democratic Congress da Frederick Antwi na Jam'iyyar Jama'ar Convention. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 934, 8,448 da 1,157 bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 1.6%, 14.3% da 2% bi da bi na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2008 A shekara ta 2008, ya ci zaben gama gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. Mazabarsa tana cikin kujeru 34 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 39 da sabuwar jam'iyyar Patriotic Party ta lashe a wancan zaben na yankin Ashanti. Sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa ta samu 'yan tsiraru na kujeru 109 na 'yan majalisa daga cikin kujeru 230. An zabe shi da kuri'u 45,235 daga cikin 57,765 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 78.31% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan David Osei Manu na National Democratic Congress, Ameyaw Aboagye Peter na Democratic People's Party da Frederick Antwi-Nsiah na Jam'iyyar Convention People's Party. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 9,742, 2,409 da 379 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Waɗannan sun yi daidai da 37.59%, 5.43% da 1.28% bi da bi na jimlar ƙuri'un da aka jefa. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2012 A shekarar 2012, ya ci zaben gama-gari a kan tikitin sabuwar jam’iyyar Patriotic Party na wannan mazaba. An zabe shi da kuri'u 60,829 daga cikin 76,852 da aka kada. Wannan yayi daidai da kashi 79.15% na jimlar ingantattun ƙuri'un da aka jefa. An zabe shi a kan Alidu Baba Dambasea na National Democratic Congress, Solomon Nkrumah Appia Kubi na jam'iyyar Progressive People's Party, Adam Mohammed na People's National Convention, Frederick Antwi-Nsiah na Convention People's Party, Mavis Afriyie na Democratic People's Party, Abena. Nyarko na National Democratic Party, Osei-Bempah Hayford da Paul Richard Kofi Yeboah duk 'yan takara masu zaman kansu. Wadannan sun samu kuri'u 10,589, 434, 376, 220, 71, 194, 3,752 da 387 bi da bi na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Wadannan sun yi daidai da 13.78%, 0.56%, 0.49%, 0.29%, 0.09%, 0.25%, 4.88% and 0.50% bi da bi na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Yayin da jam'iyyarsa ke adawa ya rike mukamin shugaban marasa rinjaye a majalisar dokokin Ghana daga 2013 zuwa 2017. Zaben 'Yan Majalisu 2020 Ya sake tsayawa takara a babban zaben Ghana na 2020 a matsayin dan takarar majalisar dokoki na Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic Party. Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu ya fafata da wasu hudu da suka hada da Dodoovi Francis na jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress, jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Sulemana Mohammed, All People Congress, Mohammed Mubarak da kuma dan takara mai zaman kansa. A karshen zaben, dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Suame Hon. Osei Kyei Mensah Bonsu ya sake lashe kujerar New Patriotic Party NPP da kuri'u 67,095 da ke wakiltar kashi 76.1%, dan takarar jam'iyyar National Democratic Congress NDC Dodoovi Francis ya samu kuri'u 9,312 da ke wakiltar kashi 10.6% na jimillar kuri'un da aka kada. Yayin da jam'iyyar Convention People's Party Sulemana Mohammed ke gudanar da zaben da kuri'u 299 wanda ke nufin ya samu kashi 0.3% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. All People Congress kuma na da kuri'u 213 wanda ya zama kashi 0.2% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. A karshe dan takara mai zaman kansa George Prempeh shi ma ya zo na biyu da kuri'u 11,217 wanda ya samu kashi 12.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada. Zaɓen Ƙungiyoyin Majalisun Ƙasa na Commonwealth (CPA). Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu, kwamitin zartarwa na kungiyar majalissar dokokin Commonwealth (CPA) ne ya zabe shi a matsayin sabon mataimakin shugaban riko. Osei Kyei-Mensah-Bonsu ya samu babban mukami ne bayan da ya samu nasara a zaben da ya sa ya doke Garry Brownlee na New Zealand, dan takararsa daya tilo. Haƙƙin sanya suna Kafin kammala ginin Ayuba 600 na majalisar, Mensah Bonsu ya ba da shawarar canza sunan babban ginin Ayuba 600. Ya ba da shawarar a sanya wa ginin sunan mai shari’a D. F. Annan na farko a majalisar dokokin Ghana ta hudu domin girmama irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban harkokin majalisar dokoki da dimokradiyya a Ghana. Ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa daya daga cikin sabbin tubalan guda biyu da aka gina a bayan babban Ayuba 600 a sawa sunan Peter Ala Adjetey, wanda ya gaji Justice Annan. Mambobin jam'iyyar Convention People's Party ne suka jagoranci adawa da waɗannan batutuwan suna, waɗanda suka yi imanin canza sunan Ayuba 600 zai shafe gudunmawar Kwame Nkrumah daga tarihin Ghana. Rayuwa ta sirri Osei yayi aure da ‘ya’ya takwas. Shi Kirista ne da ke yin ibada a Assemblies of God Church. Haihuwan 1957 Rayayyun mutane

30114

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20Oforiatta%20Ayim

Nana Oforiatta Ayim

Nana Oforiatta Ayim marubuciya ce ƴar ƙasar Ghana, masaniyar tarihi kuma mai shirya fina-finai. Nana Ofosuaa Oforiatta Ayim ta girma ne a Jamus, Ingila, da mahaifarta ta asali a Ghana. Ta yi karatun Rashanci da Siyasa a Jami'ar Bristol kuma ta ci gaba da kuma aiki a Sashen Harkokin Siyasa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a New York. Ta kammala digiri na biyu a fannin Tarihin Fasaha na Afirka a Jami'ar SOAS ta London. Oforiatta Ayim ta fito daga dangin siyasa a Ghana, Ofori-Attas, wanda ikonta ya kasance na gargajiya da na zamani. Kakanninta na haihuwa shine Nana Sir Ofori Atta I, sanannen sarkin Akyem Abuakwa wanda aka yaba da shi a matsayin Louis XIV na Afirka, kuma kakanta shi ne JB Danquah, malamin kuma dan siyasa wanda ya ba Ghana suna kuma ya fara siyasa. jam'iyyar da ta kawo 'yanci. Littafin tarihinta na farko The God Child an buga shi ne ta hanyar Bloomsbury Publishing a Burtaniya a cikin 2019, Amurka a 2020 da kuma Penguin Random House a Jamus a 2021. Marubuciya Ayesha Harruna Attah ta bayyana littafin a matsayin "faɗaɗa da kuma halarta na farko, jigogi na zane-zane, tarihi, adabi, fim, da kuma gado tare da zuwan Maya. A cikin New York Times, Tope Folarin ya rubuta cewa: "Wannan labari ne da ya damu da labaru; lalle ne, 'The God Child' za a iya bayyana shi a matsayin jerin jerin gajeren zane-zane, kowane sakamako akan nasa, kowannensu yana da alaƙa da sauran ... Kamar yadda na karanta wannan littafin, tare da dukkan tsalle-tsalle cikin lokaci da sarari, Wani lokacin na fahimci cewa akwai wani labari mai gudana a ƙarƙashin saman rubutun, wani labari mai ban mamaki wanda haruffan da nake karantawa game da rayuwa lokaci guda... Hijira ta Kojo da Maya daga baya ta kai su kasar Ghana, inda suke fatan samun kayan da suke bukata don kammala labarinsu, shekaru masu yawa. Labari wanda, kamar wannan, zai haskaka tarihin Ghana; labari ne wanda zai kawo cikas ga wani abu daga sassan rayuwar su." A cikin The Guardian, Sarah Ladipo Manyika ta rubuta cewa: "Zuwa yau, akwai wasu 'yan ayyukan almara da ke bincika kwarewar Afirka a tsakanin Turai da kawai adireshin hannu na kwarewar Afro-German, don haka littafin Ayim yana da mahimmanci wajen taimakawa cika wannan rata. Yayinda muke jin Maya tana tunani game da ra'ayin Goethe na Weltliteratur da kuma yin tunani game da yadda rashin wallafe-wallafen duniya a zahiri yake, littattafai kamar The God Child suna da damar haɓaka shi kuma, a cikin kalmomin Berger, kawo sabbin hanyoyin gani." Tarihin fasaha Yayin da take neman digiri na biyu a tarihin Afirka, ta fahimci dukkan sharuddan da manufofin da aka yi amfani da su wajen bayyana yadda ake nuna fasahar zane-zane ta kasar Ghana su ne na Yamma. Binciken da ta yi game da manufofin 'yan asalin ya sa ta kai ga Ayan, wani nau'i na ba da labari a Ghana; da Afahye, nune-nunen tarihi ko Gesamtkunstwerk samfurin. Ta fara haɗa su a rubuce a rubuce game da labarun al'adu, tarihi, da cibiyoyi a Afirka. Tana magana akai-akai kan sabbin ƙirar ilimi da kayan tarihi, kuma ta tsara hanya akan wannan don Makarantar Kungiyar Archiwararru ta Archiwararru. A cikin hirar da ta yi da mujallar Financial Times, Ayim ta ce: "Wani lokacin tana jin kamar komai yana faruwa a cikin kasashen waje. Wannan yana da mahimmanci kuma yana daga cikin mu. Amma yanzu muna buƙatar mayar da hankali kan ayyukan ci gaba a cikin nahiyarmu."Ita ce ta kafa Cibiyar Fasaha da Ilimi ta ANO a Accra, kuma ya ce "kamar mutane da yawa suna da hannu cikin ayyukan kirkira a Ghana da sauran sassan Afirka, yana jin kamar bai isa kawai mu samar ba, amma cewa dole ne mu samar da mahallin da abubuwan da ake samarwa." Har zuwa wannan, ta kirkiro wani littafin tarihin na Afirka. Jaridar New York Times ta rubuta cewa: "Encyclopaedia zai kunshi wani dandamali na yanar gizo wanda zai iya yin rubuce-rubuce game da al'adun Afirka da al'adun Afirka na gaba (farawa daga Ghana) kuma daga karshe za'a buga shi a cikin kundin 54, daya ga kowace kasa. Wani babban buri, Encyclopaedia na Al'adu yana da niyyar canza tsinkaye na nahiyar da kuma taimakawa rage takaicin masu samar da al'adun Afirka da ke nuna cewa an rasa tarihin tarihin su ko kuma an manta da su tsawon shekarun da suka gabata saboda ba su da ingantattun wuraren adana kayan tarihi." Ta kuma kirkiro da sabon nau'in Gidan Tarihi. A cikin The Guardian, Charlotte Jansen ta rubuta cewa: "Ayim ta ce ta fara yin tunani game da tsarin kayan gargajiya a Afirka yayin da take aiki a Gidan Tarihi na Burtaniya. Ta damu da yadda aka sami abubuwa daban-daban na Afirka a cikin kabad na nuni a Burtaniya tare da yadda ake amfani da su sosai a cikin bukukuwa a gida, sai ta fara tunanin yadda za a adana al'adun duniya kuma a gabatar da su ta hanyar da ta fi dacewa da al'adun cikin gida." Tana amfani da binciken da aka tattara ta hanyar Gidan Tarihi don taimakawa ƙirƙirar sabon nau'in kayan kayan gargajiya ga Gwamnatin Gana, ta rubuta a Jaridar Art, "girmamawa da yin la'akari da yawancin ruhohin al'ummominmu, yanayin mu, da abubuwanmu, duka a gida da wadanda za a dawo dasu. Tsarin da zai ba da damar bayar da labarai da musayar tare, da sauran sassan duniya, kan daidaitattun bayanai". Bayan ta kirkiro baje-kolin, da kuma gabatar da shirye-shiryen farko na masana'antar Ghana da dama, da suka hada da James Barnor, Felicia Ansah Abban da Ibrahim Mahama, ta dauki nauyin baje kolin 'Yancin Ghana a matsayin Pavilion na farko na Ghana a Venice Biennale na 2019. Rukunin ya kasance daga cikin abubuwan da Biennale ya fi tsammanin, kuma 'yan jarida da yawa sun sanya sunan rumfar a matsayin "nasara" da kuma haskaka Biennale, musamman don girmamawa ga al'adunsa na al'adu a cikin ƙasa da kuma kasashen waje. Jaridar Art Newspaper ta rubuta cewa "hankalin girman kai" ya mamaye rumfar. Charlotte Higgins na jaridar The Guardian ta rubuta cewa rumfar ta nuna alamar sauyi a ma'auni yayin da rumfunan Afirka suka fara fafatawa da tarihin mamaye rumfunan Turai a Biennale, tarihin da ke da alaƙa da mulkin mallaka. Nana Oforiatta Ayim ta zama mai shirya fina-finai bayan ta yi aiki tare da masanin tattalin arziki Thi Minh Ngo da mai shirya fina-finai Chris Marker kan sabon fassarar fim dinsa na 1954 Statues Also Die. Fina-finan nata ginshiƙi ne na almara, muqala na balaguro, da rubuce-rubuce kuma an nuna su a gidajen tarihi a duniya. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Nowhere Else But Here a The New Museum, Tied and True a Tate Modern, Jubilee a Kunsthall Stavanger, da Agbako a Gidan Tarihi na Lardin Los Angeles (LACMA). Kyaututtuka da karramawa Oforiatta Ayim ita ce mai karɓar lambar yabo ta fasaha da fasaha ta 2015 daga LACMA da kuma lambar yabo ta 2016 AIR, wanda "neman girmama da kuma bikin manyan masu fasaha na Afirka waɗanda suka himmatu wajen samar da ayyukan tsokana, sabbin abubuwa da ayyukan haɗa kai da zamantakewa". An nada ta daya daga cikin Apollo "40 under 40", a matsayin "daya daga cikin mafi hazaka da ƙwarin gwiwar samari waɗanda ke ciyar da duniyar fasaha a yau", Mawallafin Quartz Africa, don "neman sababbin hanyoyin da ka'idoji don magance yawancin Babban kalubalen da ake fuskanta a nahiyar, daya daga cikin 50 African Trailblazers ta The Africa Report, daya daga cikin 12 matan Afirka da suka kafa tarihi a 2016 da kuma daya daga cikin 100 mata 100 "gina kayayyakin more rayuwa, duka biyu a zahiri da kuma misali, ga al'ummomi masu zuwa a Afirka da kuma a cikin Diaspora" a cikin 2020 ta OkayAfrica. Ta kasance ma'aikaciyar Ziyarar Duniya ta Kudu a Jami'ar Oxford. kuma memba ne a majalisar ba da shawara ta jami'a. Ta sami lambar yabo ta Ghana Innovation Award a 2020 da kuma lambar yabo ta mace mafi kyawun shekara a Ghana a 2021. A 2022 an ba ta kyautar Dan David. Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

32749

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunji%20Olurin

Tunji Olurin

Adetunji Idowu Ishola Olurin mni ( Yoruba ; 3 Disamba 1944 - 20 Agusta 2021) tauraro ɗaya ne na Najeriya Janar a cikin sojojin ƙasa, wanda ya yi gwamnan soja na jihar Oyo da kuma filin kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG a Laberiya . daga 1992 zuwa 1993 lokacin yakin basasa na farko na Laberiya . Olurin ya yi ritaya daga aiki a shekarar 1993 kuma ya kasance memba a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a Najeriya . Ya yi mulki a jihar Ekiti daga ranar 8 ga Oktoba 2006 zuwa 27 ga Afrilu 2007. Haihuwa da ilimi An haifi Tunji Olurin a Ilaro ga Babban MAO Olurin, Agoron Ilaro, da Madam Abigail Fola Olurin. Ya yi karatu a Egbado College (yanzu Yewa College), kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ibadan (yanzu Ibadan Polytechnic) a shekarar 1966. Ya zama mai horaswa a jaridar Times Press da ke Apapa, Legas . A shekarar 1967 ya shiga makarantar horas da sojoji ta Najeriya (NDA), Kaduna, inda ya samu shaidar karatunsa na NDA. Ya halarci kwasa-kwasan sana'a da dama a lokacin aikinsa na soja. Ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a Makarantar Sojoji, Quetta, Pakistan, Kwalejin Command and Staff College Jaji Kaduna da Cibiyar Nazarin Siyasa da Dabaru ta ƙasa, Kuru, Jos . Aikin soja Olurin ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a shekarar 1967 a matsayin jami’in horo na musamman na 3rd Regular Course inda ya samu NDAACE (Nigerian Defence Academic of Education) sannan kuma ya samu muƙamin Laftanar na biyu a rundunar sojojin Najeriya a watan Maris 1970. Ya zama kwamandan Battalion Brigade a Kainji a cikin 1973 kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Mataimakin Quartermaster Janar na Kwalejin Tsaro ta Najeriya, Kaduna. Ya kasance mataimakin mai baiwa hukumar Najeriya shawara a ƙasar Indiya mai muƙamin manjo. Bayan ya halarci Kwalejin Ma'aikata a 1978, an tura shi zuwa aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Lebanon, inda ya jagoranci sojojin Najeriya a cikin Rundunar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Lebanon (UNIFIL). An jibge bataliyarsa tsakanin sojojin Falasɗinawa da na Isra'ila. A cikin 1981, a matsayin Janar na Hafsan Sojoji a hedkwatar Sojoji, ya tara rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta OAU a Chadi . Wannan runduna ta haɗa da sojojin Najeriya da Senegal da Kenya da kuma Zaire . Haka kuma a shekarar 1981, ya gudanar da ayyuka a Kano domin murƙushe ƴan tawaye ƙarƙashin jagorancin masu ra’ayin addini. A lokacin juyin mulkin Agusta 1985, lokacin da aka hamɓarar da Manjo Janar Muhammadu Buhari aka maye gurbin sa da Manjo Janar Ibrahim Babangida, Laftanar Kanal. Tunji Olurin ya kasance Kwamandan Runduna ta 1st Mechanized Brigade, Minna . Ya kasance "sane" amma ba "aiki" a juyin mulkin ba. Bayan juyin mulkin, an nada shi Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Oyo . A lokacin da yake gwamna, ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa. A 1987 ya kafa kwamiti wanda a 1988 ya ba da shawarar kafa abin da ya zama Jami'ar Fasaha ta Ladoke Akintola . A shekarar 1990, Olurin ya zama babban hafsan soji na 3 da ke Jos kuma memba a Majalisar Mulki ta Sojoji . Ya yi aiki a matsayin babban kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG a Laberiya daga Disamba 1992 zuwa Satumba 1993, lokacin da Birgediya Janar John Nanzip Shagaya ya sauke shi. Ya yi amfani da amintacciyar dangantakarsa da shugaban Najeriya Janar Ibrahim Babangida wajen samun karin sojoji domin gudanar da aikin, kuma ya zuwa watan Janairun 1993 yana da dakaru 16,000 a ƙarƙashin sa wanda 12,000 'yan Najeriya ne. Olurin ya ƙuduri aniyar tilastawa Charles Taylor shiga tsaron. Dabarunsa na ta'addanci sun yi nasara ta hanyar soji, wanda ya tilasta wa NPFL bude tattaunawa a watan Yulin 1993, ko da yake an zarge shi da nuna fifiko ga wasu ƙungiyoyin siyasar Laberiya. Daga baya aiki A ranar 9 ga Maris, 2002, an zaɓi Tunji Olurin a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar Yewa (YG), wanda aka kafa don bunƙasa Yewaland a jihar Ogun . A ranar 26 ga Satumba, 2006 Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Ekiti ta tsige gwamna, Ayodele Fayose da mataimakinsa Abiodun Christine Olujimi, bisa zargin aikata mugun aiki. A ranar 19 ga Oktoba, 2006, shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya ayyana dokar ta-baci a jihar Ekiti tare da dakatar da gwamna, mataimakin gwamna da majalisar dokokin jihar. Ya naɗa Tunji Olurin, a matsayin “Sole Administrator” a jihar Ekiti. Majalisar dokokin kasar ta amince da dokar ta-baci a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba. Jim kadan bayan nada Olurin ya rusa kananan hukumomin da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa ta EFCC ke bincike a kan zargin karkatar da kimanin naira biliyan 7.3. A watan Maris na 2007, Tunji Olurin ya umarci gidajen rediyo da talabijin na jihar Ekiti da kada su watsa shirye-shiryen ɗan takarar gwamnan jihar na jam'iyyar Action Congress (AC), Kayode Fayemi, yayin da ya ba da damar yaɗa labarai daga PDP. Olurin ya ci gaba da rike mukamin har sai da Tope Ademiluyi ya maye gurbinsa a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2007. Tuni dai ya ci gaba da mantawa da siyasa bayan ya sha kaye a zaben gwamnan jihar Ogun a shekarar 2011. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Olurin ya gabatar da jawabai kan wanzar da zaman lafiya a Kwalejin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, Kwalejin Yaki ta Ƙasa, da taron karawa juna sani na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Ghana, Najeriya, da Senegal. A shekarar 2006, Gwamna Gbenga Daniel na Jihar Ogun ya naɗa shi Chancellor na Jami’ar Ilimi ta Farko a Najeriya, TASUED. Olurin ya kasance wanda ya samu lambobin yabo da dama da suka haɗa da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da kuma Kwamandan Rundunar Humane Order of African Redemption (KCHOAR), lambar yabo mafi girma na ƙasar Laberiya. Ya kasance babban sarki mai daraja na Jamhuriyar Laberiya. Gwamnonin jihar Oyo Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

30688

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20kare%20Muhalli%20a%20New%20Jersey

Dokar kare Muhalli a New Jersey

Dokar muhalli a New Jersey ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na doka da na tsari don kare yanayi a cikin Jihar New Jersey . Irin waɗannan yunƙurin sun haɗa da dokoki da ƙa'idodi don rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, daidaita tsaftar ruwan sha, gyara gurɓatattun wurare, da kiyaye filaye daga cigaba, musamman a yankunan Pineland na kudancin New Jersey da tsaunuka a arewacin jihar. Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) ce ke aiwatar da dokokin muhalli a New Jersey. Kamar yadda yake da sauran jihohi a Amurka, New Jersey ba ta da tsarin dokokin muhalli na jaha gabaɗaya kafin tsakiyar karni na 20. Har ya zuwa lokacin, an fara aiwatar da al'amuran muhalli a matakin kananan hukumomi, Sannna Kuma ta hanyar dokokin da suka tsara yadda ake zubar da shara da najasa da kuma samar da ruwan sha ga mazauna birnin. Misali, yarjejeniyar 1874 na birnin Trenton ya ce:“Bai halatta ga wani mutum ko wani kamfani ya saka a cikin kowane magudanar ruwa, ko magudanar ruwa, ko rafi a cikin wannan birni, abubuwan da ke cikin kowane rumbun ruwa, na sirri, ko kowace irin kazanta da za ta iya cutar da lafiyar al’umma. birni." Gwamnatin birni ce za ta aiwatar da wannan doka, kuma tana da fa'ida sosai da za a iya amfani da ita don aiwatar da illar lafiyar jama'a daga gurɓacewar ruwa da ke da alaƙa da masana'anta. Koyaya, kamar yadda ake iya gani daga kalmomin doka, sannan kuma an yi niyya ne da farko don daidaita najasa. Misalin da ya yi kama da ka'idojin muhalli na zamani shine dokar shekarata 1927 da Union City ta amince da ita "hana fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga amfani da gawayi mai bituminous a cikin wasu kayan aikin kona mai da kuma sanya hukunci kan keta shi," wanda ke wakiltar yunƙurin farko. don magance gurbacewar iska a cikin birnin. New Jersey na daya daga cikin jihohi na farko da suka zartar da dokar da ta shafi gurbatar iska a sikeli. Dokar hana gurbacewar iska a shekarata ,” kamar yadda aka kafa ta tun farko, ta kafa hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi a ma’aikatar lafiya ta kuma umurci hukumar da ta kirkiro ka’idojin gurbacewar iska sannan ta baiwa sashen cikakken ikon aiwatar da dokar. "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" har yanzu ita ce babbar dokar gurɓacewar iska ta jihar, kodayake an yi mata kwaskwarima da faɗaɗawa sosai tun shekarar 1954 (duba ƙasa). Har ila yau, a cikin shekarata 1950s, jihar ta fara sha'awar ingancin ruwa da al'amurran samar da ruwa a fadin jihar, ta wuce "Dokar samar da ruwa ta New Jersey, 1958. A shekarun 1960s sun ga manyan gyare-gyare ga "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" da kuma farkon shirin kiyaye ƙasa a duk faɗin Jiha tare da aiwatar da "Dokar Samar da ƙasa ta New Jersey Green Acres na shekarata 1961." Wannan dokar ta ba da dala miliyan 60 don adana ƙasa tare da kafa shirin Green Acres a cikin jihar. 1960s kuma sun ga aiwatar da ka'idoji na farko a duk fadin jihar game da gine-gine a wuraren da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa: "Dokar Kula da Hadarin Ruwan Ruwa." Wannan doka daga baya za ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokokin jihar na amfani da filaye. Sai dai, a tsarinta na farko, wannan doka ta ba wa gwamnati izini kawai ta ware wani yanki da kasancewa cikin haɗarin ambaliya tare da sanar da ƙananan hukumomi da jama'a wannan gaskiyar. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarata 1970, an kafa NJDEP don ƙarfafa aiwatar da dokokin muhalli na jihohi, waɗanda aka ba wa hukumomin jihohi da yawa. Wannan, haɗe da haɓakar motsin muhalli a cikin 1970s a duk faɗin ƙasar Amurka, ya haifar da aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da tsare-tsare na muhalli a faɗin jihar kamar yadda suke a yau. Manyan Dokoki ta Taken Kula da gurbataccen iska NJDEP tana aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Jirgin Sama ta Tarayya ta 1963 ta hanyar Shirin Aiwatar da Jiha (SIP), hade da dokoki, ƙa'idodi, ƙa'idodin da ke amfani da wurare guda ɗaya a cikin jihar, da tanadin ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida kamar tsare-tsaren da NJDEP ta ƙera don magance takamaiman batu. Ana iya samun SIP na New Jersey a cikin Code of Dokokin Tarayya (CFR) a 40 CFR §52.1570. Wasu daga cikin manyan dokokin da ke cikin shirin sun haɗa da dokokin da ke tsara konewa a buɗe da kuma nau'in man fetur na abin hawa, dokokin da ke buƙatar gwajin hayakin mota, da dokokin da ke buƙatar wuraren da ke samar da adadin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu don neman izini daga NJDEP da bi. bukatun da aka kafa don izini. Kuma Dokar Tsabtace Tsaftar iska ta tsara Ma'aunin Ingantacciyar iska ta ƙasa don ƙaƙƙarfan kwayoyin halitta, sulfur dioxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, carbon monoxide, da gubar, kuma tana buƙatar kowace jiha ta ɗauki ƙa'idodi don cika ƙa'idodi. A cikin shekarata 2010s, New Jersey ta sami damar cika ka'idojin kowane gurɓataccen abu sai ozone. Babbar dokar kula da gurɓacewar iska ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska a shekarata ." Wannan doka ta riga ta fara aiwatar da dokar hana gurɓacewar iska ta tarayya amma an yi mata gyara sosai a shekarar 1967 don mayar da martani ga dokar tsaftar iska ta tarayya da gyare-gyare a 1965 da 1967. An shigar da tanade-tanaden "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar iska" a cikin SIP don aiwatar da Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace ta Tarayya. “Dokar hana gurbatar iska” ta kasance mai matukar muhimmanci a kanta, duk da haka, saboda tana ba hukumar NJDEP ikon bincikar wurare da kuma hukunta mutanen da ba su bi ka’idojin hana gurbatar iska ba. Kula da gurbataccen ruwa An baiwa NJDEP ikon aiwatar da dokar tsaftar ruwa ta tarayya. Dokokin farko na jihar game da gurbatar ruwa shine "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa." Dokar hana gurɓacewar ruwa ta hana fitar da duk wani gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan jihar ba tare da ingantaccen izini ba. NJDEP tana aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Gurbacewar Ruwa" ta hanyar Tsarin Kawar da Gurɓacewar Ruwa na New Jersey, tsarin ba da izini ga wuraren da ke fitar da sharar ruwa a cikin ruwan halitta a cikin jihar. Sannan Kuma A cewar gidan yanar gizon NJDEP, "[t] nau'ikan wuraren da aka tsara na iya kasancewa daga ƙananan masu amfani kamar sansani, makarantu, da wuraren sayayya zuwa manyan masana'antu da masu zubar da ruwa na birni." Amintaccen ruwan sha Babbar dokar ruwan sha ta New Jersey ita ce "Dokar Ruwan Sha Mai Aminci." Ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don ɗaukar matsakaicin matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa don gurɓata daban-daban da aka samu a cikin ruwan sha (misali gubar da tagulla). Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun fi bin ƙa'idodin da Dokar Ruwa Mai Aminci ta tarayya ta kafa. Koyaya, ka'idodin jihar NJDEP sun fi tsauri ga wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta karɓi matsakaicin matakin gurɓatawa ga wasu abubuwa (misali perfluorooctanoic acid da perfluorooctanesulfonic acid ) waɗanda gwamnatin tarayya ba ta karɓa ba. Bugu da kari, NJDEP ta amince da ka'idojin ruwan sha na "na biyu" don abubuwan da ke tasiri dandano, kamshi, da bayyanar ruwan sha. Kuma Waɗannan ƙa'idodin ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba amma suna aiki ne kawai azaman shawarwari ga masu aikin tsabtace ruwan sha. Gyaran wuraren da aka gurbata Babbar doka game da sarrafawa da tsaftace abubuwa masu haɗari ita ce "Dokar Kula da Zuba Jari." An kira "Dokar Kashe Kuɗi da Kulawa" a matsayin takwararta ta jiha ga dokar Superfund ta tarayya, kodayake ta riga ta fara dokar Superfund. "Dokar biyan diyya da sarrafawa" ta ba da izini ga NJDEP don tsaftace wuraren da ke kewaye da wuraren da aka gurbata da abubuwa masu haɗari, kuma, mafi mahimmanci, ta ba da izinin NJDEP don karɓar diyya na farashin gyara daga "duk mutumin da ya sallame shi. wani abu mai haɗari, ko kuma ta kowace hanya ne ke da alhakin" fitarwa. Har ila yau, tana riƙe mutanen da abin ya shafa "tabbataccen abin dogaro, tare da kuma daban-daban, ba tare da la'akari da laifi ba, kuma don duk farashin tsaftacewa da cirewa," wanda shine babban nau'i na abin alhaki. Misali, a cikin Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta Jiha v. Ventron Corp, Kotun Koli ta New Jersey ta yanke hukuncin cewa iyayen kamfanin na kamfanin gurbataccen yanayi, da kuma mutane masu zaman kansu da suka sayi wani yanki na gurbataccen kadarorin, suna da alhakin tsaftacewa. Inda aka yi niyyar aiwatar da "Dokar Kula da Matsalolin Zuba Jari" a cikin lamuran da aka yi kuskure ko kuma da gangan aka saki abubuwa masu haɗari a cikin muhallin da ke kewaye, musamman ruwan karkashin kasa, "Dokar Farfado da Yanar Gizon Masana'antu" (ISRA) ta shafi wuraren masana'antu waɗanda aka riga aka yi su. gurbata ta hanyar aiki na yau da kullun na wurin. An kafa ISRA a cikin shekarata 1993, tare da maye gurbin "Dokar Nauyin Tsabtace Muhalli" (ECRA) wanda ba a so da kuma cece-kuce. ISRA tana da manufa iri ɗaya da ECRA, duk da haka, ita ce ta ɗora wa mai gidan masana'antu alhakin tsaftace wurin. Don haka ISRA tana buƙatar wuraren masana'antu waɗanda ke amfani da abubuwa masu haɗari ko samar da samfuran haɗari don tsabtace wuraren su don gamsar da NJDEP, kuma a matsayin sharadi na siyar da kadarorin ko dakatar da samarwa a wurin. Kuma Domin ISRA ta sauƙaƙa kuma ta daidaita ƙa'idodin da ake dasu a ƙarƙashin ECRA, sanarwar sanya hannu kan dokar ta haɗa da jawabin Gwamna Jim Florio cewa "wannan sabuwar doka ana iya kiranta Dokar Farfado da Rukunan Masana'antu, amma ina so in yi la'akari da ita a matsayin Dokar Ƙirƙirar Sabbin Ayyuka. " Kiyaye daga ci gaba Shirin Green Acres, wanda aka fara kafa shi a cikin shekarata 1961, yana bawa jiha, gundumomi, da filayen sa-kai damar siyan filaye don adana dindindin a matsayin sarari. An gyara tsarin mulkin jihar a cikin 1996 kuma a cikin 2014 don ba da wani kaso na kudaden harajin kasuwancin jihar ga shirin Green Acres. Ya zuwa shekarar 2019, NJDEP ta ba da rahoton cewa shirin ya adana fili mai girman eka 650,000. Bugu da kari, New Jersey ta kafa wasu manyan dokoki guda biyu don sarrafa ci gaba a manyan yankuna biyu na jihar. Kuma Domin kudancin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariya ta Pinelands" tana tsara ci gaba a cikin National Reserve na Pinelands, kuma, a arewacin New Jersey, "Dokar Kariyar Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands" tana tsara ci gaba a yankin Highlands, wani yanki mai fadi a arewacin rabin arewa. na jihar da ke dauke da tsaunukan Appalachian da ke da matukar muhimmanci wajen samar da ruwan sha ga jihar. Majalisa ta ƙirƙira National Reserve na Pinelands a cikin shakarar 1978 ta hanyar aiwatar da "Dokar Parks da Recreation ta 1978" ta tarayya. A cikin wannan dokar, Majalisa ta amince da "masu muhalli, dabi'a, al'adu, nishaɗi, ilimi, noma, da fa'idodin kiwon lafiyar jama'a" na yankin Pinelands tare da ayyana shi a matsayin amfanin ƙasa don karewa da adana "waɗannan fa'idodin ga mazaunan baƙi zuwa yankin." Daga nan ne majalisar dokokin jihar ta kafa dokar “Pinelands Protection Act” domin aiwatar da manufofin dokar tarayya. Dokar "Pinelands Protection Act" ta kafa hukumar da aka fi sani da Pinelands Commission wanda ke da alhakin tsara tsarin ci gaba a yankin Pineland da kuma amincewa da tsare-tsaren ci gaba na kowace karamar hukuma a yankin. Babban manufar Hukumar Pinelands ita ce ta ba da sabon ci gaba zuwa wasu wuraren da ba su da kula da muhalli, da kuma guje wa ƙarancin ci gaba a kan babban yanki. An kafa dokar "Kare Ruwa da Tsare-tsare" a cikin shekarata 2004. Ba kamar Dokar Pinelands ba, doka ce kawai ta matakin jiha kuma baya aiwatar da dokar tarayya. Dokar "Highlands Act" ta kafa Majalisar Kula da Ruwa da Tsare-tsare ta Highlands, wacce ke da alhakin tsara shirin ci gaba a yankin. Har ila yau, dokar ta raba yankin Highland zuwa "tsarin kiyayewa," wanda ake bukata don dacewa da tsarin ci gaban majalisar, da kuma "yankin tsarawa," wanda bin tsarin ci gaban majalisar na son rai ne. Kuma A cikin wurin adanawa, yawancin manyan ci gaba suna buƙatar izini na musamman daga NJDEP kafin su ci gaba. Waɗannan izini gabaɗaya sun fi tsauri fiye da yadda za su kasance don ci gaba a wajen yankin Highlands. Binciken muhalli na Jiha Dokar Zartarwa ta New Jersey 215 A cikin shekarar 1989, Gwamna Thomas Kean (R) na wancan lokacin ya rattaba hannu kan odar zartarwa mai lamba 215 (EO 215), wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin New Jersey daidai da ayyukan manufofin muhalli na doka a wasu jihohi da kuma dokar NEPA ta tarayya . Manufar EO 215 ita ce "rage ko kawar da duk wani mummunan tasirin muhalli na ayyukan da gwamnati ta fara ko kuma ta ba da kuɗaɗen." Don haka, ana buƙatar duk hukumomin jihohi, sassan, da sauran hukumomin da suka ba da shawara ko ba da kuɗi 'manyan ayyuka' don shirya ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan rahoton muhalli masu zuwa: Ƙimar muhalli (EA) ita ce mafi ƙarancin fa'ida kuma mafi ƙarancin sifofin rahoton guda biyu. Ba kamar EIS ba, EA baya buƙatar ƙunsar nazarin hanyoyin da aka tsara zuwa babban aikin. Koyaya, bayanin aikin da kayan rakiyar (zane-zane, shuke-shuken rukunin yanar gizo, taswirori, da sauransu) za su kasance iri ɗaya a cikin abu. Ana buƙatar EA don abin da EO 215 ya kira aikin Level 1, inda ake sa ran ginin gine-gine ya wuce $ 1 miliyan. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ana iya maye gurbin Gano Babu Muhimman Tasiri ( FONSI ) bisa ga dokar NEPA ta tarayya da New Jersey EA. Bayanin tasirin muhalli (EIS) ya fi tsayi kuma ya fi girma. Dole ne EIS ya haɗa da jeri kuma ya bayyana madadin aikin da aka tsara. Ana buƙatar EIS don aikin mataki na 2, inda ake sa ran farashin gini ya zarce dala miliyan 5 kuma sawun filaye ya zarce kadada biyar. An ƙaddamar da rahotannin EA da EIS (ko FONSIs) zuwa Ma'aikatar Kariyar Muhalli ta New Jersey (NJDEP) . Sashen na bitar waɗannan rahotanni, yana fitar da bincike game da cikar su, kuma (idan ya cika) yana ba da shawarar matakin aiki. Hukumar da ke ba da shawara na iya ba da amsa ta hanyar karɓa ko jayayya da shawarwarin NJDEP. A ƙarshe, EO 215 zai buƙaci kwamishinonin NJDEP da hukumar da ke ba da shawara don cimma matsaya ta "aminci mai kyau" na duk wani ci gaba da rashin jituwa. Bukatun bitar muhalli na jihar New Jersey ba su da yawa a kwatankwacin waɗanda ke cikin New York da wasu jihohi, inda ƙayyadaddun nau'in aikin (da madaidaicin zurfin tsarin bitar) ya dogara ne akan ƙarin rarrabuwa na yuwuwar tasirin aikin, maimakon haka. fiye da sauƙi mai sauƙi ko ƙaƙƙarfan yanki na ƙasa wanda New Jersey ke aiki a ƙarƙashin EO 215. Bugu da ƙari, buƙatun bitar muhalli na New Jersey sun shafi ayyukan da hukumomin jiha suka qaddamar ko kuma ba da kuɗaɗe masu yawa, kuma ba ga ayyuka masu zaman kansu waɗanda kawai ke buƙatar matakin sanin yakamata na jiha ba, kamar bayar da izini na jiha ko na gida. Musamman ma, ya kamata masu haɓakawa su sani cewa wasu gundumomin New Jersey sun ƙaddamar da ƙarin, ƙarin ƙaƙƙarfan buƙatun bitar muhalli don ayyukan gida waɗanda suka wuce buƙatun jihar ƙarƙashin EO 215. Duba wasu abubuwan Dokar New Jersey Ma'aikatar Kare Muhalli ta New Jersey Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

53618

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahat%20Fateh%20Ali%20Khan

Rahat Fateh Ali Khan

Articles with hCards Rahat Fateh Ali Khan ( Punjabi and , furta [ɾəɦət̪ fətɛ(ɦ) əli xɑn] ; an haife shi 9 Disamba 1974) mawaƙi ɗan Pakistan ne, da farko na qawwali, nau'in kiɗan ibada na Sufi . Khan yana daya daga cikin manyan mawaka mafi girma da albashi a Pakistan . Kane ne ga Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, dan Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan kuma jikan mawakin Qawwali Fateh Ali Khan . Baya ga Qawwali, yana kuma yin kade-kade da wake-wake masu haske. Ya kuma shahara a matsayin mawakin sake kunnawa a fina-finan Hindi da kuma masana'antar fina-finan Pakistan . Rayuwar farko An haifi Rahat a cikin dangin Punjabi na Qawwals kuma mawaƙa na gargajiya a Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan . Shi ɗan Farrukh Fateh Ali Khan ne, jikan Fateh Ali Khan kuma ƙane ga fitacciyar mawakiyar Qawwali Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan . Rahat ya nuna sha'awar kiɗan tun yana ƙarami kuma an same shi yana waƙa tare da kawunsa da mahaifinsa, yana ɗan shekara uku. Tun yana dan shekara bakwai, kawunsa Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ya riga ya horar da shi fasahar rera Qawwali . Rahat ya yi a bainar jama'a a karon farko, lokacin yana da shekaru tara, a bikin cikar kakansa. Tun yana dan shekara sha biyar, ya kasance jigon kungiyar qawwali ta Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan kuma ya zagaya kasar Ingila tare da kawunsa a shekarar 1985. Ya kuma yi wakokin solo a wuraren kide-kide daban-daban, ban da cika matsayinsa a cikin kungiyar Quawalli . Ya fara fitowa a matsayin mawaƙin sake kunnawa a Bollywood tare da fim ɗin Paap , a cikin waƙar "Mann Ki Lagan".A cikin Afrilu 2012 Rahat ya yi yawon shakatawa a Birtaniya, yana yin wasa a Wembley Arena da Manchester Arena, yana wasa da masu sauraron da aka haɗu da fiye da mutane 20,000 da ƙirƙirar rikodin iyakar tikitin tallace-tallace. A cikin Afrilu 2012 Rahat ya yi yawon shakatawa a Birtaniya, yana yin wasa a Wembley Arena da Manchester Arena, yana wasa da masu sauraron da aka haɗu da fiye da mutane 20,000 da ƙirƙirar rikodin iyakar tikitin tallace-tallace. Waƙar "Zaroori Tha" daga kundi na Back 2 Love ya zama farkon ainihin bidiyon kiɗan da ba na fim ba daga yankin Indiya don haye ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 akan YouTube bayan shekaru biyu, da 200 miliyan views a cikin shekaru uku da fitowar ta. A ƙarshe ya kai ga kallon Biliyan 1. Hakanan yana yawon shakatawa tare da Leo Twins daga Nescafé Basement akai-akai. Sauti da haɗin gwiwa A cikin rawar da ke ƙarƙashinsa tare da kawunsa Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan, yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwar Eddie Vedder, na ƙungiyar rock na Amurka, Pearl Jam, Rahat ya ba da gudummawa ga sauti na fim din Hollywood na 1995, Dead Man Walking . A cikin 2002, ya yi aiki a kan sautin sauti na The Four Feathers tare da haɗin gwiwar mawaƙin Amurka na mawaƙa da kiɗan fim, James Horner . A cikin 2002, Rahat ta yi baƙo tare da The Derek Trucks Band a kan waƙar "Maki Madni" don kundin motocin motoci, Muryar Haɓaka . A cikin 2006, an nuna muryoyinsa akan sautin sauti na Mel Gibson 's Apocalypto . Ya yanke hukunci a wasan, Chhote Ustaad tare da Sonu Nigam . Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin alƙalai a wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Junoon, wanda aka fara a NDTV Imagine a 2008. Concert Nobel Peace Prize Rahat ya zama dan Pakistan na farko da ya yi waka a duk wani wasan wake-wake na Nobel, lokacin da aka gayyace shi zuwa wurin shagalin a bikin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel na 2014 . Ya yi qawwali na Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan wanda ba a mantawa da shi ba "Tumhe Dillagi" da "Mast Qalandar", sannan kuma ya rera "Aao Parhao" a can. Nunin kiɗan Coke Studio Rahat ta fito a cikin bugu biyar na nunin kida na Pakistan Coke Studio . Ya fara fitowa ne a kakar wasa ta 1, inda ya hada kai da mawaki Ali Azmat don wakar " Garaj Baras ". Daga nan ya yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Abida Parveen a kakar wasa ta 7 don " Chhaap Tilak Sab Chheeni ". A kakar wasa ta 9, ya rera " Afreen Afreen " tare da Momina Mustehsan wanda ya sami ra'ayi sama da miliyan 300 akan YouTube, wanda ya zama waƙar Pakistan ta farko da ta haye wannan alamar. Ya yi aiki tare da Amjad Sabri don " Aaj Rang Hai ", wanda shine wasan karshe na karshen, kafin kashe shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 2016. Ya fito a Coke Studio Pakistan (lokaci na 10) inda ya yi " Sayonee " tare da Ali Noor da lambar solo mai suna Rangreza. Sabon fitowar Rahat a Coke Studio yana cikin Coke Studio 2020 inda ya yi "Dil Tarpe" tare da Zara Madani. An cire MTV Rahat ta fito a cikin <i id="mwvg">MTV Unplugged</i> (Indiya) a cikin 2016. Kyaututtuka da zaɓe A shekarar 2018, diyar Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan ta ce ta yi niyyar daukar matakin shari'a kan cin zarafin mawakan da ke rera wakokin mahaifinta. Ga wannan Rahat ya amsa yana mai cewa shi ne magajin Nusrat kuma baya bukatar izinin kowa ya rera wakokinsa. A watan Janairun 2019, an zargi Khan da yin fasa-kwaurin kudaden kasashen waje kuma Hukumar tilastawa (ED) ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta gayyaci shi. Duba kuma Dildar Hussain Jerin mawakan Pakistan Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1974 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

2484

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaduna%20%28jiha%29

Kaduna (jiha)

Jihar Kaduna wace Ake mata kirari da (Cibiyar Ilimi), ta samu wannan sunan ne ganin Allah ya azurta ta da makarantu na Ilimi, Kaduna jiha ce dake a Arewacin Najeriya. Babbar cibiyar birnin Jihar na da suna Kaduna, wanda ta kasance birni ta 8 mafi girma daga cikin biranen ƙasar Najeriya. Kamar yadda yake dangane a ƙiyasin shekara ta 2006. An ƙirƙiri Jihar Kaduna shekara 7 bayan samun ƴancin kai, an ƙirƙire ta a shekarar 1967, da sunan Jihar Tsakiyar Arewa, wadda kuma ta haɗa da Jihar Katsina ta yanzu, Kaduna ta samu iyakar ta ne a shekarar 1987. Kaduna Ita ce jiha ta uku mafi girman ƙasa kuma ta haɗa da yawan mutane daga cikin sauran Jihohin Najeria, ana ma Jihar Kaduna laƙabi ko kirari da Cibiyan koyon Ilimi (Centre of Learning,) saboda ta kasance tana da manyan makarantu na gaba da sakandare masu muhimmanci, kamar su Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'ar Tsaro ta Najeriya da dai sauran su. Asalin suna Jihar Kaduna ta samo sunan ta Kaduna ne daga kalmar kada, jam'in kalmar Kadduna, sai aka cire harafin ''D" sai ya koma "Kaduna". A wani ƙaulin kuma, an ce kalmar ta Kaduna ta samo asali ne daga yaran Gwari, sun kasance Odna suna nufin "Kogi" kasancewar kaduna a zagaye take da rafuka. Tambarin Jihar Kaduna dai shi ne hoton Kada. A zance mafi inganci ba a san lokacin da mutane suka fara rayuwa ba a yankin Kaduna, amma akan iya tina garin a wasu ma'aunai na tarihi da suka shuɗe, kuma hakan ya faru ne kasancewar yawan ƙabilun da ke zaune a cikin garin, Haƙiƙa birnin ya kafu ne tun kafin zamanin Usman ɗan Fodiyo wato tun tale-tale can a shekarun baya, birnin Kaduna ya kasance cibiyar jamhuriyyar Arewa tun daga shekarar 1917, har zuwa shekarar 1967, tarihi ya nuna cewa an mallake kaduna ne ga masu mulkin mallaka na turawan ƙasar Birtaniya, babban kwamandan yaƙin mulkin mallaka Frederick Lugard ya kwace Kaduna a shekarar 1897, da shi da sauran yan koransa. Daga baya kuma suka yi hadin gwuiwa tsakanin Kudancin Najeriya da kuma arewacin Najeriya a shekarar 1914. Wasu daga cikin tsofaffin garuruwan Kaduna sun haɗa da Zariya, Kafanchan da kuma Nok, wanda waɗannan garuruwan tarihi ya kasa riskan farkon garuruwan da tarihinsu tun asali. Garin Zaria shi ne tsohon gari a duk faɗin yankin Kaduna, wanda ake tunanin an kafa garin ne a shekarar 1536, wanda a wannan lokacin garin baya da suna, amma daga bisani ana kiran garin da sunan wata shahararriyar sarauniya wato Amina (Sarauniya Amina). Sannan Kaduna ta kasance cibiyar addinin musulunci a yankin arewa, kuma daga ciki ne aka baiwa Katsina jiha. Kaduna birni ne na Hausawa ko dayake daga baya Kaduna ta kasance tana ɗaya daga cikin manyan biranen da sukafi tara kabilu daban-daban, a kalla akwai kabilu a cikin Kaduna da suka kusan 57. Jihar Kaduna a da ta hada manyan jahohi a cikinta irin su Katsina, kafin daga bisani aka cire su aka mayar da su Jihohi masu zaman kansu, a da Jihar Kaduna ita ce babban birnin tarayyar yankin arewacin najeriya a zamanin mulkin mallaka na turawa, kafin a bata babban birnin, da Zungeru a1903 zuwa1923) dake Lokoja a (1897 zuwa 1903) su ne manyan biranan. A shekarar 1923 zuwa 1966 aka bama Kaduna babban birnin tarayyar yankin arewacin najeriya. Jahar Kaduna ita ce ta huɗu 4 a jadawalin jihohin da suka fi fadin kasa a Najeriya, kuma sannan ita ce ta 3 a jihohin da suka fi kowane yawan mutane a Najeriya. Babban birnin Jihar Kaduna Shi ne Kaduna Kananan Hukumomi Jihar Kaduna tana da matuƙar faɗin gaske, wanda faɗin ƙasar ta ya kai kimanin kilomita 46,053 km2, Kaduna ita ce jiha ta Huɗu da ta fi kowacce jiha girman ƙasa, kuma tana da ƙananan hukumomi guda 23, kowacce ƙaramar hukuma ta na da shugaba da ƙananan garuruwa, ƙananan hukomomi su ne kamar haka: A jihar Kaduna, akwai masu mulki daban-daban da suka haɗa da sarakuna, zaɓaɓɓun shuwagabanni na mulkin dimukuradiya, a jihar ta Kaduna akwai Gwamna, Ƴan Majalisa, ƴan majalisar Dattijai, da kuma Sarakuna masu mulkin gargajiya. Shuwagabanni a ɓangaren dimukuradiya ana zaɓen su ne duk bayan shekaru Huɗu, su kuma sarakunan gargajiya suna gada ne a wajen iyaye da kakanni, kuma zasu iya yin mulki iya tsawon rayuwar su, amma gwamna yana da cikakken ikon da zai iya cire/nada kowane sarki a jihar sa. A jihar Kaduna, akwai gwamna da mataimakin gwamna, kuma wadannan su ne masu cikakken mulki a cikin jihar ta Kaduna, kuma zaben su ake yi a duk bayan shekaru hudu, wanda yanzu haka Mallam Nasir Ahmad el-Rufa'i shi ne gwamnan jihar Kaduna da kuma Hadiza Sabuwa Balarabe a matsayin mataimakiyar gwamnan jihar ta Kaduna. A tsarin mulkin dimokuraɗiyya akwai ƴan majalisun jiha masu kula da dokokin jihar da kuma tsarinta, sannan akwai sanatoci uku masu kula da yanki uku na Jihar Kaduna su ne; Suleiman Abdu Kwari, Danjuma Laah da kuma Uba Sani. Mulkin Gargajiya Akwai sarakuna da hakimai a kowanne karamar hukuma da kuma gunduma, amman da manyan sarakunan gargajiya su ne kamar haka; Sarkin Zazzau Shehu Idris, sarkin Birnin gwari, sarkin Nok da kuma sarkin Kafanchan, wadannan sarakunan suna da ka'idojin salan mulki ga iya mutanan su kadai, sannan gwamnan jahar yana da cikakken ikon da zai sauke su ya daura wanda yake so. Jahar Kaduna jaha ce mai tarin al’adu da ire-iren abinci daban-daban Kamar haka: Birom da dai sauran .Ire iren abinci: Tuwon masara da na dawa,da na gero da ɗan wake da dambu da fate da doya da dankalin Hausa da rogo da koko da dai sauran su. Addinai biyu sune manyan addinan jahar Kaduna, wato addinin Musulunci da kuma addinin kiristanci, kasancewar addinai ne manya akwai alaka mai tsami a tsakaninsu musamman a shekara ta 2000 zuwa ta 2001 an samu rikicin addini a jahar kaduna a bisa dalilin sharia'ar Musulunci da musulmai sukai kokarin assasawa amma sai aka samu rashin jituwa da kiristoci wai suna tsammanin in har shari'ar musulunci ta kafu, to suma zai shafesu shi yasa suka ki amincewa a dalilin haka rikici ya balle inda aka samu asarar rayuka da dimbin dukiya mai tarin yawa, bayan haka akasa Mutane 1000 suka rasa rayukansu. Bayan haka an kara samun rikicin addini a shekarar 2002 amma a halin yanzu akwai zamantakewa mai karfi tsakanin addinan guda biyu. File: sultan bello mosque by Anasskoko 03.jpg\masallacin da yamma Ilimin Zamani A fagen Ilmi kaduna ce cibiyar ilimi a arewacin Najeriya kaduna ce cibiyar makarantar horar da jami'an tsaro ta kasa wato Nigeria Defence Academy an kafaTa ne tun a shekarar 1964. Sai kuma babbar makarantar kimiyya da fasaha dake kaduna, wato Kaduna Polytechnic an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1968, sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello dake Zariya ita kuma ta kafu a shekarar 1962.Bayan haka akwai Jami'ar jahar Kaduna (kasu) da Nuhu bamalli polytechnic Zaria da college of education gidan waya da dai sauran manyan cibiyoyin ilimi. Lallai kaduna duniya ce ta ilmi wannan dalilin ne yasa kaduna tayi fice a jahohin Nigeria ta ko'ina ana barkowa daga sassa daban-daban na Najeriya ana wajajeu n neman ilimi a jahar ta kaduna domin ita jahar kaduna ta bambanta da sauran jahohin Arewacin Najeriya. Jadawalin manyan makarantu Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna Kwalejin Horar da Manyan Jami'an Soja Nigerian Defence Academy (NDA), Kaduna Jami'ar Greenfield University Kaduna Kwalejin share fagen shiga jami'a wato National Open University of Nigeria. Kaduna. Air Force Institute of Technology, Kaduna Kwalejin horar da malamai National Teachers Institute (NTI), Kaduna Kwalejin unguwar-zoma School of Midwifery Kaduna Kaduna Polytechnic , Kaduna Hukumar kula da ilimin addinin Musulunci da harshen Larabci Kaduna Business School. Ilimin Addini A cikin jahar kaduna ana karantar da ilimin addini matuka, cibiyar addini na bangaren Izala, shi'a, Ɗariƙar Tijjaniya da salafiyya duka suna cikin garin jahar kaduna. Gina gine Gina-ginan al'ada Gina-ginan zamani Kiwon Lafiya Jahar Kaduna ta na da manya asibitoci da kananan gurin kula da lafiya sama da dubu 10 a fadin jihar Akwai dandalin Murtala Mohammed Square inda ake wasanni da kuma motsa jiki, a ciki akwai Kaduna Polo Club da kuma Kaduna Golf Club kuma akwai sitadiyam mai suna Ahmadu Bello Stadiyam da Ranchers Bees Stadiyam Kafofin yada labarai (Talabijin) Nigerian Television Authority Kaduna (NTA) Kaduna State Media Corporation TV (KSTV) Desmims Independent Television (DITV) Liberty TV Kafofin yada labarai (Gidan Rediyo) A.M masu nisan zango sun hada da: 639 MW – Kada 1 (KSMC) 747 MW – Nagarta Radio 594 MW – FRCN (Hausa), Kaduna 1107 MW – FRCN (English), Kaduna F.M masu matsakaicin zango sun hada da: Brila FM Kada 2 FM, Kaduna (KSMC) Capital Sounds FM, Kaduna (KSMC) Liberty Radio (English) Kaduna Karama FM, Kaduna (FRCN) Freedom Radio FM, Kaduna Supreme FM, Kaduna (FRCN) Alheri Radio FM, Kaduna Invicta FM, Kaduna Liberty Radio (Hausa) Kaduna Ray Power FM Kaduna Vision FM Tattalin arziki Kaduna cibiya ce ta masana'antun arewa, kamar masana'antar karafa, masaka,matatar man fetur ta ƙasa, ginin tukwane, Kaduna garine wanda ake kasuwanci kasancewar yawan mutane da kuma cunkosa, akwai kasuwanni dayawa a cikin garin kaduna,galibi ma kusan kowanne anguwa a cikin babban birnin kaduna tana da kasuwan ta. A cikin kaduna akwai babban kampanin matatan mai, me suna kaduna Refining and Petrochemical Company (KRPC),wanda daya ne daga cikin manyan kampanonin matatan mai da'ake dasu a Najeriya Jahar tana da manyan kasuwanni kaman su kusuwan kasuwar sheikh Abubakar gumi,fanteka,kasuwar chechenia, kasuwan magani,kasuwar kawo, kasuwar bacci,kasuwan tudun wadan zaria. Babbar hanyar data ratsa ta cikin gari ana kiranta Ahmadu Bello way. Kaduna tanada babbar kasuwa wadda aka gina tun a shekarun 1990s bayan ta fuskanci mahaukaciyar gobara. Acikin garin kaduna akwai hanyoyin jiragen kasa wadda ake sufuri daga kaduna zuwa wasu sassan Najeriya. Jiragen kasa Akwai hanyoyin layin dogo na jiragen kasa wadanda aka gina tun a watan satumba shekarar alif 2009 mai nisan tazarar kilomita 1,435 mm (4ft 81/2) zuwa babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Jiragen sama bayan haka akwai filayen jiragen sama guda biyu wato Filin Jirgin Saman Jihar kaduna da kuma filin jirgin sama na chanchangi wato Chanchangi Airlines wadda ake sufuri daga jahar zuwa jaha ko daga Nigeria zuwa kasashen ketare. Sufurin motoci Jahar kaduna tana da hukumar dake kula da tafiye-tafiye a fannoni sifirin motoci, wacce ak kira da KSTA.'. Wuraren bude ido Lugard Hall Government Monument Bridge General Hassan park Man-made kaduna Nok Terra Cotta Nok Village Cultural kaduna National museum Jakaranda pottery kaduna souvenir Sanannun mutane mazauna kaduna Mohammed Namadi Sambo Shehu Sani tsohon sanata Ahmed Mohammed Makarfi Uba Sani sanata Abubakar Gumi Malamin Addinin musulunci Umar Farouk Abdulmutallab. Tijani Babangida Celestine Babayaro Michael Eneramo Fiona Fullerton Dahiru Sadi, Dan wasan kwallo Adam A Zango, jarumi a fina finan Hausa General hushishi sherhk Usman bauchi malamiN addini Col Sani Bello Mal Muntaqa Usman Bilbis, malamin addinin musulunci Hon Yusuf Hamisu Abubakar, mai rago Jihohin Nijeriya

43500

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinelo%20Okparanta

Chinelo Okparanta

Chinelo Okparanta ( (an haife ta a shekara ta 1981) marubuciyace yar Najeriya ce kuma yar gajeriyar labari . An haife ta a Fatakwalt, Najeriya, inda ta tashi har zuwa shekara 10, lokacin da ta yi hijira zuwa Amurka tare da danginta. An haifi Chinelo Okparanta a Port Harcourt, Najeriya, kuma tana da shekaru 10 ta yi hijira tare da danginta zuwa Amurka. Ta yi karatu a Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania ( Schreyer Honors College ), Jami'ar Rutgers da kuma Iowa Workshop Marubuta . Okparanta ta wallafa gajerun labarai ne a cikin wallafe-wallafen ciki har da Granta, The New Yorker, Tin House, The Kenyon Review, The Southern Review, TriQuarterly, Conjunctions, Subtropics da The Coffin Factory . Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana a cikin AGNI, Labari na Kyautar Labari, da Jami'ar Iowa, Shirin Rubuce-rubuce na Duniya . Okparanta ta gudanar da zumunci ko ziyarar farfesa a Jami'ar Iowa, Jami'ar Colgate, Jami'ar Purdue, Kwalejin City na New York, da Jami'ar Columbia . Ta kasance abokiyar farfesace na Turanci da Rubutun Ƙirƙira (Fiction) a Jami'ar Bucknell, inda ta kasance C. Graydon & Mary E. Rogers Faculty Research Fellow da Margaret Hollinshead Ley Farfesa a cikin Waƙa & Rubutun Ƙirƙirar har zuwa shekarar 2021. A halin yanzu ita abokiyar farfesa ce ta Ingilishi da kuma Darakta na Shiri a Rubutun Ƙirƙira a Kwalejin Swarthmore . Tarin ɗan gajeren labarin halinta na farko, Farin ciki, Kamar Ruwa (Littattafan Grant da Houghton Miffin Harcourt ), an daɗe ana jera su don lambar yabo ta 2013 Frank O'Connor International Short Story Award, ɗan wasan ƙarshe na 2014 New York Public Library Young Lions Fiction Award, ta kuma lashe lambar yabo ta shekarar 2014 Lambda Literary Award for Lesbian Fiction . An zabe ta a cikin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararru na shekarar 2014. Sauran girmamawa sun haɗa da lambar yabo ta shekarar 2013 Society of Midland Authors Award (na ƙarshe), da Kyautar Caine na shekarar 2013 a Rubutun Afirka (na ƙarshe), da ƙari. Gajeren labarinta na "Adalci" an ne a haɗa 2014 cikin PEN/O. Henry Prize Labarun, a cikin gajerun labarai guda 20 na wannan shekara. Farin ciki, Kamar Ruwa shine zaɓin Editoci don Bitar Littafin New York Times akan Satumba 20, 2013. An kuma jera tari tari a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafiya kyawun almara na Afirka na The Guardian na shekarar 2013, kuma a cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 2014 an sanar da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan ƙarshe na lambar yabo ta Etisalat na kasar Najeriya. Littafinta na farko,a ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala, an buga shine a cikin shekarar 2015. Mawallafin jaridar New York Times ya kira Okparanta "marubuciya mai kyau kuma madaidaiciya", da kuma The Guardian (Birtaniya) ya kwatanta littafin a matsayin "labari mai ban sha'awa game da bayyanar wata budurwa 'yar luwadi da girma a Najeriya a lokacin yakin basasar kasar Najeriya ... "a cikinsa". . . Okparanta da yaudara ya sasanta tsakanin labarin soyayya da labarin yaki.” A ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala shine Zaɓin Editocin Bita na Littafin New York Times da kuma wanda aka zaɓa don Kyautar Binciken Kirkus na shekarar 2015 a cikin Fiction. Ɗaya daga cikin "Mafiya kyawun Littattafai na shekarar 2015" na NPR, shi ma ya sanya BuzzFeed, a Jaridar Wall Street Journal, Miliyoyin, Bustle, Sanin Shelf, da Mawallafin Abincin rana "Mafiya kyawun" da "Mafi Tsammani" jerin, da sauransu. . An daɗe ana jera shina a cikin shekarar 2015 Center for Fiction First Novel Prize, wanda aka zaba kuma akaba lambar yabo tan shekarar 2016 NAACP Image Award for External Literary Work of Fiction, wanda aka zaba a shekarar 2016 Hurston-Wright Legacy Award a Fiction, dab dana karshe a shekarar 2016 Publishing Triangle Literary Awards ( Ferro-Grumley Award ), dan wasan kusa da na karshe na 2016 VCU Cabell First Novelist Award, da aka jera don 2016 Chautauqua Prize , kuma sun sami nasarar lashe lambar yabo ta Lambda Literary 2016 a cikin Babban Labarin Almara na Madigo. A ƙarƙashin Bishiyoyin Udala kuma sun sami lambar yabo ne ta shekarar 2016 Jessie Redmon Fauset a cikin Fiction kuma ya kasance zaɓi a shekarar 2017 Amelia Bloomer Project na Ƙungiyar Laburare ta kasar Amurka . Hakanan an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Adabin Dublin ta Duniya ta shekarar 2017. A cikin shekarar 2017 ne, Okparanta ta lashe lambar yabo ta Buga Triangle ta shekarar 2016 Betty Berzon Emerging Writer Award . Pulse Najeriya mai suna Karkashin Bishiyoyin Udala daya daga cikin Manyan Littattafan Najeriya guda 10 na shekar 2015. YNaija ta jera ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Littattafai Goma da suka fi shahara a shekarar 2015. Afridiaspora ya lissafa ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun litattafan kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2015. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekarar 2017, Granta ya zaɓi Okparanta don sau ɗaya a cikin shekaru goma Mafi kyawun jerin littafan kasar Amurkawa na matasa . Mawallafinta na "Trump a cikin Classroom" an haɗa shi a cikin tarihi na shekarar 2019 Sabbin 'ya'yan Afirka, editan Margaret Busby . Chinelo Okparanta ta samu karbuwa a matsayin zakara na masu rajin ra'ayin mazan jiya da marasa galihu a duk tsawon rayuwarta ta marubuciya, Helon Habila. Littattafan Okparanta guda uku, "Farin Ciki Kamar Ruwa," "Karƙashin Bishiyar Udala," da na baya-bayan nan, "Harry Sylvester Bird" sun ba da fifikon labarun al'ummar LGBTQ da mutane masu launi ta hanyar hangen nesa na cikin gida da hangen nesa na waje. by Christopher Mari, pp. 73–77 Gidan yanar gizon hukuma Boen Wang, "Almajirin jihar Penn Okparanta yana karanta gajerun labarai a Foster", Daily Collegian, Nuwamba 7, 2014. "'Kowa ya kamata ya zama ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ina tsammanin.' Hira Da Chinelo Okparanta" , Gajeren Labari Ranar Afirka, Maris 23, 2016. Sarah Ládípọ̀ Manyika, "Marubuciyar Ba'amurke Ba-Amurke Mai Taken Taboos" , OZY.com, Disamba 19, 2017. "Emmanuel Sigauke Interviews Chinelo Okparanta", Munyori Literary Journal, 2013 Ƙarƙashin bishiyar Udala, taƙaitawa, Mawallafa Mako-mako, 2015 Melissa Mordi, "Chinelo Okparanta - Ƙarfin Mata, Rubutu da Rubutun Mata" (tambayoyi), The Guardian (Nigeria), 11 Maris 2019. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1981 Articles with hAudio microformats

21343

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwalejin%20Maritime%20ta%20Najeriya

Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya

Kwalejin Maritime ta Najeriya cibiya ce ta mallakin gwamnatin tarayya a yankin Oron, jihar Akwa Ibom, Najeriya . Manufarta ita ce horar da jirgin ruwa da ma'aikatan ruwa. Ta kuma horas da wasu hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Nijeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikata sama da guda 65,000 a ayyukan ruwa. Koda yake ana Tambayoyi cewa, gameda yadda ake horarwa. Makarantar Koyon Maritime ta Najeriya a Oron na ɗaya daga cikin kwalejojin kimiyya na tarayya waɗanda Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta (asa (NUC) ta amince da su. Asalinsu ana kiransa Kwalejin Nautical of Nigeria, an kafa shi ne a shekara ta 1979 don ilmantarwa da horar da jami'an jirgin ruwa, kimantawa da ma'aikatan gudanarwa na gabar teku. Etsungiyar farko ta ɗalibai ta kuma kammala karatu a cikin shekara ta 1983. A cikin shekara ta 1988 an fadada aikin kwalejin don horar da dukkan matakai da rukunin ma'aikata ga dukkan bangarorin masana'antar jirgin ruwan Najeriya. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, makarantar ta horar da hafsoshin Sojan Ruwa guda 4,300 na Najeriya da kuma wasu ma’aikatan sama da guda 65,000 kan ayyukan ruwa. Makarantar tana da ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai masu aiki, tana taimaka wa membobin su ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna da taimakon juna, tare da inganta haɓaka ga ƙa'idodin horar da ɗalibai. Kungiyar gudanarwa ta makarantar koyon teku sune kamar haka: Commodore Duja Emmanuel Effedua (Rtd) - Rector. Mista Netson Peter M. - Ag. Magatakarda Dokta Kevin O. Okonna - Darakta, Kwararren Kwalejin Horar da Jirgin Ruwa. Injiniya. Ekwere Ekwere Williams - Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Injiniyan Ruwa Capt. Ramdoss Rajarathinam - Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Jirgin Sama. Mista Gabriel M. Eto - Ag. Darakta, Makarantar Nazarin Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa. Dr. (Mrs) Arit A. Mkpandiok - Ag. Darakta, Dabara, Bincike & Ci Gaban Dr. John A. Adeyanyu - Kodinetan harkokin Ilimi Okon O. Bassey - Ag. Bursar Injiniya. Olukayode Olusegun Olaleye - Ag. Darakta, Ayyuka da Ayyuka. Makarantar ta mallaki babban fili a gefen ruwa a Oron, kusa da hanyoyin Kuros Riba na Port of Calabar a Jihar Kuros Riba kuma kusan kilomita 200 daga Fatakwal, Jihar Ribas . A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003, Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya ba da umarnin cewa a fara aikin gina jirgin sama na kwalejin. A cikin watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2010 Nigeria Liquefied Natural Gas (NLNG) ta ce ta ba da gudummawar kayan aikin horas da tsaro na Naira miliyan 30 ga makarantar. Kayan aikin sun hada da kwale-kwalen mutum guda 50 da aka killace, jirgin ruwan ceto da aka kaddamar da mutum goma sha biyu. NLNG a baya ta ba da kayan aikin da suka haura sama da Naira miliyan 100, kuma tana amfani da ‘yan Nijeriya daga makarantar don kashi 60% na ma’aikatan ta. Koyaya, waɗanda suka kammala karatu a Makarantar Maritime ba su da damar zuwa jiragen ruwa masu zuwa cikin teku don su sami awowi a cikin tekun, wanda ake buƙata don cancantar ƙwarewar su. Buƙata da ƙarfi Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya (NIMASA) ta ce ana bukatar masu safarar jiragen ruwa dubu 50 don harkar jigilar jiragen ruwa a Najeriya don ganin sun cimma cikakkiyar damarta. , Najeriya na da kasa da dubu uku na teku. Game da 2,000 tasoshin da aka tsunduma a cabotage, ko na gida kasuwanci tsakanin Najeriya da tashoshin jiragen ruwa, tare da mafi yawa waje crews. Da yake sanar da shirin bude wata sabuwar makarantar kimiyya a Badagry, shugaban hukumar kula da harkokin jiragen ruwa ta Najeriya ya ce a shekara ta 2008 sama da dalibai guda 3,000 ne ke neman kowace shekara don shiga makarantar ta Oron amma kasa da 1,000 aka karba. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, shugaban makarantar ya bayyana cewa makarantar ta takurawa daliban da aka shigar saboda karancin ajujuwa da wuraren kwana. Ya musanta nuna son kai wajen karbar, kuma ya ce a hakika makarantar ta samar da sauki ga ‘yan takara daga jihohin da ke fama da matsalar samun damar shiga. A cikin watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2008 wata tawaga daga kungiyar masu mallakar jiragen ruwan na kasar Norway ta ziyarci makarantar tare da tattaunawa kan shirin bayar da horo na hadin gwiwa da makarantar. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008 Karamin Ministan Sufuri, Prince John Okechkwu Emeka, ya ce nan ba da jimawa ba za a inganta makarantar domin zama cibiyar bayar da digiri. Ya kuma yi kira da a kara yawan kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya. Makarantun suna ba da kwasa-kwasan daban-daban kamar haka: Marine Meteorology da Oceanography Fasaha Jirgin Ruwa / Jirgi Sufurin Jirgin Ruwa da Nazarin Kasuwanci. Injin lantarki / Injin lantarki. Injiniyan Ruwa. Kimiyyar Naval. Ingancin horo A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 makarantar ta fuskanci kakkausar suka daga darakta mai kula da tashar ta Legas. Ya ce hatta hukumar kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa da kare lafiyar Najeriya ta gano cewa makarantar ba ta cika ka'idojin kasa da kasa ba. Matsalolin sun hada da rashin isassun wuraren koyarwa don daukar adadin dalibai, da kuma rashin wadatar jiragen ruwa wadanda daliban za su iya kammala aikinsu na wa’adin shekara guda na teku. Daliban da ke neman ingantaccen horo dole ne su halarci Jami'ar Yankin Ruwa a Accra, Ghana . Kyaftin Thomas Kemewerighe, wanda ya kammala karatu a makarantar, ya ce Najeriya ba ta da mutanen da suka cancanci bayar da horo yadda ya kamata. Ya ce yawancin wadanda suka kammala karatun sun kare ne a matsayin "mahaya okada" (masu tuka motocin tasi). A watan Satumbar shekara ta 2009 gwamnati ta sanar da cewa wani aiki da Ma’aikatar Sufuri ta Tarayya ta gabatar, shirin na bunkasa ci gaban teku, zai tura kashin farko na dalibai 27 zuwa Makarantar Koyon Ilimin Maritime da Hora a Kasar Indiya don yin karatun Digiri a Kimiyya da Digiri a fannin injiniya a cikin batutuwan da suka shafi ruwa. Ba a yi la'akari da makarantar ba don wannan shirin ba. A shekara ta 2020, majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta bakin shugaban kwamitin kula da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa sun nuna damuwar su game da karfin ma’aikatan jirgin ruwan Najeriya saboda tafiyar jiragen ruwa da ilimi sune muhimman bangarorin ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasashen da suka dogara da shigowa da fitar da su ta cikin teku. Sauran batutuwa A watan Agusta na shekara ta 2009 kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam uku sun roki Shugaba Umaru Musa Yar'adua da ya binciki zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kudi a makarantar. Sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ɗalibai guda 43 sun mutu cikin yanayi mai gujewa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata. Duba kuma Jerin ilimin fasaha a Najeriya Jami'o'in Najeriya Jihar Akwa Ibom Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya Makarantun Gwamnati Makarantun Najeriya Ilimi a Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prempeh%20I

Prempeh I

Prempeh I (Otumfuo Nana Prempeh I, 18 ga Disamba 1870 - 12 ga Mayu 1931) shine sarki na goma sha uku na sarautar Asante na Masarautar Ashanti da Daular Asante Oyoko Abohyen. Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I ya yi mulki daga ranar 26 ga Maris, 1888 har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1931, kuma ya yi yaƙin Ashanti da Birtaniya a 1893. Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da iyali Asalin sarautar Sarki Asantehene Prempeh I shine Yarima Kwaku Dua III Asamu na Masarautar Ashanti. Mahaifiyar Prempeh I, Sarauniya Asantehemaa Yaa Akyaa, ita ce uwar sarauniyar masarautar Ashanti daga 1880 zuwa 1917. Ta hanyar aure na siyasa mai mahimmanci ta gina ikon soja don tabbatar da Stool na Zinare ga ɗanta Prince Prempeh. Al'arshi kuma a matsayin Sarkin Masarautar Ashanti A 1888 Yarima Prempeh ya hau gadon sarauta, yana amfani da sunan Kwaku Dua III. Sarautarsa ​​ta fuskanci matsaloli tun daga farkon mulkinsa. Ya fara kare Asante daga Biritaniya kuma lokacin da Biritaniya ta nemi Prempeh I ya karɓi wani yanki na masarautar sa ta Ashanti, ya ƙi shi kuma ya ba da amsa a cikin amsar cewa Burtaniya ta yi lissafi. Ya fara kamfen na ikon Asante. Turawan Burtaniya sun yi tayin ɗaukar Masarautar Ashanti a ƙarƙashin kariyar su, amma ya ƙi kowace buƙata. Masarautar Ashanti da Burtaniya A watan Disamba na 1895, turawan Burtaniya sun bar Cape Coast tare da rundunar balaguro. Ya isa Kumasi a cikin Janairu 1896 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Robert Baden-Powell. Asantehene ya umarci Ashanti da kada ya yi adawa da ci gaban Burtaniya, saboda yana tsoron ramuwar gayya daga Burtaniya idan balaguron ya zama tashin hankali. Jim kaɗan bayan haka, Gwamna William Maxwell ya isa Kumasi shima. Biritaniya ta hade yankunan Ashanti da Fanti, duk da cewa Burtaniya da Fante abokan juna ne a wannan lokacin, har yanzu suna yi. An sauke Asantehene Agyeman Prempeh tare da kama shi, sannan aka tura shi da sauran shugabannin Ashanti gudun hijira a cikin Seychelles. An rushe Ƙungiyar Asante. Burtaniya a hukumance ta ayyana jihar masarautar Ashanti da yankuna na gabar teku don zama masarautar Gold Coast. An sanya Ba'amurke mazaunin har abada a cikin garin Kumasi, kuma ba da daɗewa ba bayan an gina sansanin Burtaniya a can. Shekaru goma sha ɗaya bayan haka, Baden-Powell ya buga "Scouting for Boys". Daga ƙarshe an sake Prempeh, kuma daga baya ya zama Babban Scout na Gold Coast. Bataliyar Telegraph na Injiniyoyin Sarauta (wanda ya gabaci Royal Corps of Signals) ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a Gangamin Ashanti; Mutanen Bataliyar Telegraph sun yi fashin wata hanya ta layin sama daga Tekun zuwa Prahsu, mai nisan mil 72 ta cikin dajin. Daga nan sai wadannan runduna suka fice daga cikin dajin, suka tunkari Sarki Prempeh suka kuma amince da mika wuya ga sojojinsa. Yanzu an nuna kursiyin Sarki Prempeh a gidan adana kayan tarihi na Royal Signals a Blandford. A cikin 1900, roƙon cewa mutanen Ashanti su jujjuya "kujerar zinariya" - ainihin alamar Ashanti cikakken mulkin sarauta ga mutanen Ashanti. Masarautar Ashanti ba ta da juriya kuma ta zama membobi masu cin gashin kansu na Masarautar Burtaniya. Ashanti ya yi tawaye daga baya daga Burtaniya don yaƙin Yakin Zinariya (wanda kuma aka sani da Yaa Asantewaa War) a cikin 1900-01. A ƙarshe, turawan Ingila sun yi nasara; sun kori Asantewaa da sauran shugabannin Asante zuwa Seychelles don shiga cikin sarkin Asante Prempeh I. A cikin watan Janairun 1902, a ƙarshe Biritaniya ta sanya Asanteman a matsayin matsara. An dawo da Asanteman 'yancin kai a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1935. Prempeh Na shafe lokaci a cikin ƙauyensa akan Mahe daga maidowa gida, mafi girma a cikin Seychelles a Tekun Indiya, ƙauyen ya kasance babban katako, wanda aka rufe da bishiyar kwakwa, mangoro, 'ya'yan burodi da itatuwan lemu da kuma gida mai hawa biyu. Prempeh I villa, da sabbin gidaje 16 na katako da yashi yashi kuma an rufesu da mayafi na ƙarfe a Seychelles kuma an keɓe su ga manyan jiga-jigan Asante. Prempeh ya yi ƙoƙarin ilimantar da kan sa cikin Turanci da kuma tabbatar da cewa yaran sun sami ilimi. Sarki Asantehene Prempeh Na taɓa bayyana cewa, "Masarautata ta Ashanti ba za ta taɓa ba da kanta ga irin wannan manufar kariya ba; Mutanen Ashanti da Masarautar Ashanti dole ne su kasance ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta kamar ta dā, kuma a lokaci guda ku zama abokai da kowa. fararen mutane ". Bayan rasuwar Prempeh a ranar 12 ga Mayu 1931 magajinsa Prempeh II na Masarautar Ashanti ya gaje shi. An binne shi a Kumasi.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cin%20gayayyaki%20domin%20muhalli

Cin gayayyaki domin muhalli

Cin ganyayyaki domin muhalli shi ne aikin cin ganyayyaki lokacin da sha'awar ƙirƙirar abinci mai ɗorewa wanda ke guje wa mummunan tasirin muhalli na samar da nama . Dabbobi gaba ɗaya an ƙiyasta su ke da alhakin kusan kashi 18% na hayaƙin da ake fitarwa a duniya. Sakamakon haka, an ba da shawarar rage yawan amfani da nama, a tsakanin sauran, Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Canjin Yanayi a cikin rahotonsu na musamman na shekarata 2019 kuma a matsayin wani ɓangare na Gargadin Masana Kimiyya na Duniya na shekarata 2017. Ban da sauyin yanayi, damuwar muhalli game da samar da kayayyakin dabbobi na iya danganta da asarar rabe-raben halittu, gurbatar yanayi, sare itatuwa, rashin dorewa da amfani da ruwa da ƙasa. Tasirin muhalli na samfuran dabbobi Kashi hudu cikin biyar na hayakin noma yana fitowa ne daga bangaren kiwo. A cewar rahoton shekarar 2006 Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) rahoton Dabbobin Dogon Inuwa, noma na dabba yana ba da gudummawar "madaidaicin ma'auni" ga dumamar yanayi, gurɓataccen iska, lalata ƙasa, amfani da makamashi, sare gandun daji, da raguwar rayayyun halittu . Rahoton na FAO ya yi kiyasin cewa sashen kiwon dabbobi (ciki har da kiwon kaji) (wanda ke ba da daftarin ikon dabbobi, fata, ulu, madara, kwai, taki, magunguna, da sauransu, baya ga nama) ya ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na hayakin GHG a duniya da aka bayyana a matsayin 100. -shekara CO <sub id="mwSw">2</sub> daidai. Wannan ƙididdiga ta dogara ne akan nazarin sake zagayowar rayuwa, ciki har da samar da abinci, sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa, da dai sauransu, kuma sun yi amfani da GWP ( yuwuwar dumamar yanayi ) na 23 don methane da 296 don nitrous oxide, don canza fitar da waɗannan abubuwa. iskar gas zuwa shekaru 100 CO 2 daidai. Rahoton na FAO ya kammala da cewa "bangaren kiwo ya fito a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kasashe biyu ko uku da suka fi bayar da gudunmawa ga matsalolin muhalli mafi tsanani, a kowane ma'auni daga gida zuwa duniya". Rahoton ya nuna cewa gudunmawar da dabbobi ke bayarwa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli ya fi na bangaren sufurin duniya; An soki wannan ƙaddamarwa a cikishekarata n 2010 ta Frank Mitloehner na Jami'ar California, Davis, wanda ya lura cewa marubutan ba su yi irin wannan binciken na rayuwa ba don sufuri, yana haifar da gudunmawar dangi na noma na dabba. Wani bincike da Cibiyar Worldwatch ta gudanar a shekara ta 2009 ya bayar da hujjar cewa rahoton na FAO ya yi watsi da tasirin methane, amfani da kasa da numfashi, inda ya sanya dabbobi zuwa kashi 51% na jimillar hayakin da ake fitarwa a duniya. A cewar wata takarda ta shekarar 2002:Tsarin aikin noma na masana'antu yana cinye mai, ruwa, da ƙasa a cikin ƙimar da ba za ta dore ba. Yana ba da gudummawa ga nau'o'i masu yawa na lalata muhalli, ciki har da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, raguwar ƙasa, rage bambance-bambancen halittu, da kashe kifi. Noman nama yana ba da gudummawar da bai dace ba ga waɗannan matsalolin, a wani ɓangare saboda ciyar da hatsi ga dabbobi don samar da nama - maimakon ciyar da shi kai tsaye ga ɗan adam - yana haifar da asarar makamashi mai yawa, yana sa aikin noman dabbobi ya fi ƙarfin albarkatun fiye da sauran nau'ikan samar da abinci. . . . Wani aiki na sirri wanda zai iya yin tasiri mai zurfi akan waɗannan batutuwa shine rage cin nama . Don samar da fam 1 na naman sa abinci yana buƙatar kusan galan a ƙalla 2,400 na ruwa da fam 7 na hatsi . Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa matsakaicin Amurkawa na cinye kilo 97 na naman sa (da kuma fam 273 na nama a duk shekara) a kowace shekara, ko da rage girman nama a cikin irin wannan al'ada zai rage nauyi a kan albarkatunmu. Tasirin muhalli na samar da dabbobi ya bambanta da hanyar samarwa, kodayake "tasirin [gaba ɗaya] na samfuran dabbobi mafi ƙanƙanta ya wuce na kayan maye". Matsakaicin fitar da iskar gas a kowane abinci Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da aka buga a cikin mujallar Carbon Balance and Management ya gano hayakin methane na noma na dabbobi a duniya ya kai kashi 11% sama da kiyasin da aka yi a baya, bisa bayanai daga Kwamitin Tsare-tsare kan Sauyin Yanayi . Amfani da magungunan kashe qwari A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2022 daga Kariyar Dabbobi ta Duniya da Cibiyar Bambancin Halittu kusan fam miliyan 235 na magungunan kashe qwari ana amfani da su a kowace shekara don ciyar da dabbobi a cikin Amurka kaɗai, wanda ke barazana ga dubban nau'ikan ciyayi da dabbobi da ke cikin haɗari. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa, ya kamata masu amfani da su su rage cin kayayyakin da suke amfani da su na dabbobi, su kuma canza zuwa tsarin abinci mai gina jiki domin dakile ci gaban noman masana'antu da kare nau'in namun daji da ke cikin hadari. Amfanin ƙasa Wani takarda na shekarar 2003 da aka buga a cikin <i id="mwfw">Jarida na Amurka na Clinical Nutrition</i>, bayan da aka ƙididdige tasirin makamashi, ƙasa, da amfani da ruwa, ya kammala cewa abincin da ake amfani da nama yana buƙatar ƙarin albarkatu kuma ba su da dorewa fiye da abincin cin ganyayyaki na lacto-ovo . "Ruwan da ake buƙata don cin nama ya ninka sau biyu don cin ganyayyaki na lita 2,000 a rana". A cewar masana kimiyya na Jami'ar Cornell : "Dogara mai nauyi akan makamashin burbushin halittu yana nuna cewa tsarin abinci na Amurka, ko nama ne ko tushen shuka, ba ya dorewa". Koyaya, sun kuma rubuta: “Tsarin abinci na tushen nama yana buƙatar ƙarin kuzari, ƙasa, da albarkatun ruwa fiye da abincin lactoovogetarian. A cikin wannan ƙayyadadden ma'anar, abincin lactoovogetarian ya fi ɗorewa fiye da matsakaicin abincin naman Amurka." Daya daga cikin wadannan masana kimiyya na Cornell "ya kwatanta noman dabbobin da ake ciyar da hatsi a matsayin hanya mai tsada kuma mara dorewa don samar da furotin na dabba", amma Kuma "bambance-bambancen samar da nama daga kiwo da kiwo, ya kira kiwo da kiwo a matsayin mafi ma'ana ta amfani da fili." . Yin amfani da filaye mai yawa don noman nama da kiwo maimakon tsire-tsire da hatsi don abincin ɗan adam, a cewar masanin zamantakewa David Nibert, "babban sanadin rashin abinci mai gina jiki, yunwa, da yunwa a duniya." Lalacewar ƙasa Wani tasirin noma kuma shi ne kan gurɓacewar ƙasa. Shanu sun kasance sanannen sanadin zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar tattake ƙasa da kiwo . Yawancin amfanin gonakin duniya ana amfani da su wajen ciyar da dabbobi. Tare da kusan kashi 30 na ƙasar duniya da aka keɓe don kiwon dabbobi, ana buƙatar babban raguwa don ci gaba da haɓakar yawan jama'a. Kuma Ana sa ran neman nama zai ninka nan da shekarar 2050; a kasar Sin, alal misali, inda abinci na kayan lambu ya kasance da al'ada, buƙatar nama zai ci gaba da kasancewa mai girma a cikin cikakkiyar ma'auni, ko da yake ci gaban buƙatar zai ragu. Yayin da kasashe ke tasowa, samun kudin shiga na karuwa, kuma cin kayayyakin dabbobi yana da alaƙa da wadata. Wannan buƙatu mai girma ba ta dawwama. Ƙarfin ƙasa don sha ruwa ta hanyar kutsawa yana da mahimmanci don rage zubar da ruwa da zaizayar ƙasa. Kuma Masu bincike a Iowa sun ba da rahoton cewa ƙasa da ke ƙarƙashin ciyawar kiwo na shekara-shekara da dabbobi ke kiwo ta iya shan ruwa fiye da irin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin amfanin gona guda biyu na shekara: masara da waken soya. Asarar rayayyun halittu Rahoton kimantawa na duniya na shekara ta 2019 IBES akan Ayyukan Halittar Halittu da Muhalli ya gano cewa babban abin da ke haifar da hasarar rayayyun halittu shine amfani da ƙasa na ɗan adam, wanda ke hana sauran nau'ikan filayen da ake buƙata don rayuwa, tare da masana'antar nama suna taka rawa sosai a cikin wannan tsari. Ana amfani da kusan kashi 25% na ƙasar da ba ta da ƙanƙara don kiwon shanu. Sauran nazarin sun kuma yi gargadin cewa cin nama na kara bazuwar jama'a a duniya. Wani bincike na shekarata 2017 da Asusun Kula da namun daji na Duniya ya danganta kashi 60% na asarar rayayyun halittu ga ƙasar da ake buƙata don kiwon dubun dubatar dabbobin noma. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a watan Mayun shekarar 2018 ya bayyana cewa, yayin da namun daji ke raguwa tun farkon wayewar dan Adam, inda dabbobi masu shayarwa ke raguwa da kashi 83 cikin 100, yawan dabbobin da mutane ke kiwon su don ci sun karu. Dabbobi sune kashi 60% na halittu masu shayarwa a duniya, sannan mutane sai namomin daji . Dangane da tsuntsaye kuwa, kashi 70 cikin 100 na gida ne, kamar kaji, yayin da kashi 30 ne kawai na daji. Samar da dabba yana da babban tasiri akan gurɓataccen ruwa da amfani. A cewar Gidauniyar Ilimin Ruwa, tana daukar lita 2,464 na ruwa don samar da fam guda na naman sa a California, yayin da ake daukar galan na ruwa 25 kawai don samar da fam guda na alkama. Kiwon dabbobi masu yawa yana haifar da taki da fitsari mai yawa, wanda zai iya gurɓata albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar canza pH na ruwa, yana gurɓata iska, da fitar da iskar gas mai yawa wanda ke shafar dumamar yanayi kai tsaye. Yayin da ake kiwon yawancin dabbobi a cikin ƙananan wurare don rage farashi, wannan yana ƙara matsalar yawan sharar gida. Dabbobi a Amurka suna samar da fam tiriliyan 2.7 na taki a kowace shekara,Kuma duk wanda ya ninka fiye da abin da al'ummar Amurka ke samarwa har sau goma. Akwai batutuwan da suka shafi yadda ake zubar da sharar dabbobi, yayin da wasu ake amfani da su a matsayin taki yayin da wasu manoma ke yin takin ruwa da ke ajiye miliyoyin galan na sharar dabbobi wanda ke da matukar hadari da kuma illa ga muhalli. Dangantaka da wasu gardama Ko da yake motsa jiki akai-akai kan zoba, masu cin ganyayyaki na muhalli da masu cin ganyayyaki za a iya bambanta su da waɗanda suka fi dacewa da damuwa game da jindadin dabbobi (nau'in cin ganyayyaki iri ɗaya), lafiya, ko kuma waɗanda ke guje wa nama don ceton kuɗi ko don larura ( cin abinci na tattalin arziki ). Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cin ganyayyaki zai inganta samar da abinci a duniya, ko kuma magance yunwa . Wani bincike a kan Canjin yanayi ya kammala "idan ... matsakaicin abinci tsakanin manya na Burtaniya ya bi shawarwarin WHO, za a rage fitar da hayakin GHG da kashi 17%. Ana iya samun ƙarin raguwar hayaƙin GHG na kusan kashi 40% ta hanyar yin gyare-gyare na gaskiya ga abubuwan abinci don su ƙunshi ƴan samfuran dabbobi da kayan abinci da aka sarrafa da ƙarin 'ya'yan itace, kayan lambu da hatsi." Wani bincike a cikin The Lancet ya kiyasta cewa "raguwar kashi 30 cikin 100 na noman dabbobi" nan da shekara 2030 da ake bukata don saduwa da kwamitin kula da harkokin noma na Burtaniya zai haifar da raguwar kusan kashi 15% na cututtukan zuciya na ischemic . Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 da aka buga a PNAS ya tabbatar da cewa manoma a Amurka za su iya ciyar da mutane fiye da ninki biyu fiye da yadda suke yi a halin yanzu idan suka yi watsi da kiwon dabbobin noma don amfanin ɗan adam, maimakon haka su mai da hankali kan shuka tsire-tsire. Ga ƙasashen da suka ci gaba, rahoton CAST ya ƙiyasta matsakaicin kilo 2.6 na abincin hatsi a kowace fam na naman naman sa da ake samarwa. Ga ƙasashe masu tasowa, ƙididdigewa shine 0.3 fam kowace fam. (Ana ganin wasu alkaluman da ba su da kamanceceniya a wasu lokuta; Rahoton CAST ya tattauna hanyoyin gama gari na kurakurai da kuma sabani a tsakanin irin wadannan alkaluma. A cikin shekarata 2007, cin naman sa kowane mutum US shine fam 62.2 a kowace shekara, kuma Amurka kowane nama (jajayen nama da kifi da kaji) yawan amfani da shi ya kai fam 200.7 (tushen nauyi mara ƙashi). Zamantakewar duniya da zamani ya haifar da al'adun mabukaci na Yamma suna yaduwa zuwa ƙasashe kamar China da Indiya, gami da abinci mai yawan nama waɗanda ke maye gurbin abincin gargajiya na tushen tsire-tsire . Kusan 166 zuwa fiye da biliyan 200 na filaye da dabbobin ruwa ne al'ummar duniya sama da biliyan 7 ke cinyewa a duk shekara, Duk wanda masanin falsafa kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dabbobi Steven Best ya ce "ba shi da tabbas". Wani bincike da aka yi a shekarar 2018 da aka buga a Kimiyya ya bayyana cewa, cin naman nama zai karu da kusan kashi 76 cikin 100 nan da shekara ta 2050 sakamakon karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar wadata, wanda hakan zai kara fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli da kuma kara rage yawan halittu . Wani rahoto na shekarata 2018 a cikin yanayi ya gano cewa raguwa mai mahimmanci a cikin cin nama yana da mahimmanci don rage sauyin yanayi, musamman yayin da yawan jama'a ya haura zuwa biliyan 10 a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. A cewar wani rahoto na shekarar 2019 a cikin The Lancet, ana buƙatar rage cin naman duniya da kashi 50 cikin ɗari don magance sauyin yanayi. A cikin Nuwamba shekarata 2017, 15,364 masana kimiyya na duniya sun sanya hannu kan Gargaɗi ga Bil'adama suna kira, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, da rage yawan cin naman kowane mutum. Wani rahoto na shekara ta 2010 daga Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta kasa da kasa na kwamitin kula da albarkatun mai dorewa ya bayyana cewa:Ana sa ran tasirin aikin gona zai karu sosai saboda karuwar yawan jama'a da karuwar amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi. Ba kamar burbushin mai ba, yana da wahala a nemi mafita: dole ne mutane su ci abinci. Matsakaicin raguwar tasirin zai yiwu ne kawai tare da gagarumin canjin abinci na duniya, nesa da samfuran dabbobi. Rahoton kimantawa na duniya da aka ambata a baya kan bambancin halittu da ayyukan muhalli ya kuma ba da shawarar cewa za a buƙaci rage yawan cin nama don taimakawa wajen kiyaye bambancin halittu. Dangane da rahoton Yuli na shekarar 2019 na Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya, yawan al'ummar duniya zai karu zuwa kusan biliyan 10 a tsakiyar karni, tare da bukatar naman nama ya karu da kashi 88%. Rahoton ya nuna cewa Amurkawa da Turawa za su bukaci rage cin naman sa da kashi 40% da 22% bi da bi domin ciyar da mutane da yawa a lokaci guda kuma don gujewa bala'in muhalli. A watan Nuwamba na shekarata 2019, gargadi kan "gaggawa yanayi" daga masana kimiyya sama da 11,000 daga kasashe sama da 100 sun ce "cin abinci galibi na tushen shuka tare da rage yawan amfani da kayayyakin dabbobi a duniya, musamman ma naman dabbobi, na iya inganta lafiyar dan Adam da rage GHG sosai. fitar da hayaki (ciki har da methane a cikin "Mataki na Gudun Gudawa")." Gargadin ya kuma ce hakan zai 'yantar da filayen noma don noman shukar da mutane ke bukata maimakon abincin dabbobi, kuma tare da sakin wasu filayen kiwo don tallafawa hanyoyin magance yanayi. Wani bincike na shekarar 2020 da masu bincike daga Jami'ar Michigan da Tulane suka gudanar, wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Halittu ta ba da izini, ya tabbatar da cewa idan Amurka ta rage yawan naman da take ci da rabi, zai iya haifar da raguwar hayakin GHG mai alaƙa da abinci da kashi 35%, raguwar tan biliyan 1.6. Bill Mollison ya yi gardama a cikin Course ɗinsa na Ƙira cewa cin ganyayyaki yana ƙara ƙarar ƙasa. To Domin cire tsiron daga gona yana kawar da duk wani sinadari da yake samu a cikin kasa, yayin da cire dabba ya bar gonar. A ƙasar noma ta Amurka, ƙarancin zaizayar ƙasa yana da alaƙa da filin kiwo da ake amfani da shi don kiwo fiye da ƙasar da ake amfani da ita don noman amfanin gona. Har ila yau Robert Hart ya haɓaka aikin lambun daji, wanda tun daga lokacin an karɓi shi azaman nau'in ƙirar permaculture gama gari, azaman tsarin samar da abinci mai ɗorewa. A cewar wani binciken da aka buga a PNAS, hayakin GHG na Amurka zai ragu da kashi 2.6% (ko kashi 28% na hayakin GHG na noma) idan an cire dabbobi gaba daya daga noma da abinci na Amurka. Zato na wannan binciken duk da haka an yi suka sosai. A cikin wasiƙar da ta biyo baya marubutan sun mayar da martani ga sukar da kuma kare aikinsu. Hakanan ana ba da shawarar mafi daidaiton abinci ta ƙungiyoyi da yawa a matsayin madadin da ba shi da lahani ga muhalli ba tare da barin nama gaba ɗaya ba. Wannan yana nuna haɗin kai tsakanin ma'auni na abincin jagorar abinci na dala da dorewar muhalli sosai. Duba wasu abubuwan Bayanin bayani Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Eco-Cin: Cin abinci kamar Duniya yana da mahimmanci (yana yi! ) Cikakken tushe tare da nau'o'i da hanyoyin haɗi da yawa. Cin Nama da Dumamar Duniya jerin labaran da ke yin alaƙa mai mahimmanci tsakanin nama da sauyin yanayi Kalkuletattarar sawun muhalli Fage biyu abubuwan abinci ne. Dokta Ruth Fairchild na rahoton UWIC game da cin ganyayyaki da CO 2 -wai The Vegetarian Society UK - bayanai portal Vegan Society - Muhalli Tashi na eco-veganism . Labaran NBC . Yuli 4, 2019. Masu fafutuka na yanayi waɗanda ke watsi da cin nama ba daidai ba ne . Sabuwar Jamhuriyya, Agusta 31, 2020 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

53819

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulkin%20Soja

Mulkin Soja

mulkin soja gwamnati ce ƙarƙashin jagorancin shugabannin sojoji. Yanzu ana amfani da kalmar don yin nuni ga tsarin mulkin kama-karya dake kama da mulkin kama-karya na soja na oligarchic, kamar yadda aka bambanta da sauran nau'ikan mulkin kama-karya, musamman mai ƙarfi (mulkin mulkin kama-karya na soja); na'ura ( jam'iyyar kama-karya ta oligarchic ); da mulkin kama-karya ( mulkin kama-karya na jam’iyya). Junta ya kan hau karagar mulki sakamakon juyin mulki . Gwamnatin mulkin soja na iya ko dai ta dauki madafun iko a matsayin hukumar mulkin kasa, tare da ikon yin mulki ta hanyar doka, ko kuma tana iya yin amfani da iko ta hanyar amfani da iko (amma na yau da kullun) akan gwamnatin farar hula. Wadannan nau'o'i biyu na mulkin mulkin soja wani lokaci ana kiran su budaddiyar mulki da mulkin kamawa . Ƙa'idar ɓarna na iya ɗaukar nau'in ko dai na wayewa ko mulkin kai tsaye . Wayewa yana faruwa ne lokacin da mulkin soja ya ƙare a fili a fili na soja, amma ya ci gaba da mamaye shi. Misali, mulkin soja na iya kawo karshen dokar soji, barin kakin soja don neman farar hula, "mallaka" gwamnati tare da tsoffin jami'an soja, da yin amfani da jam'iyyun siyasa ko ƙungiyoyin jama'a. "Dokar kai tsaye" ta ƙunshi ƙoƙarin da gwamnatin mulkin soja ke yi na ɓoyayye, a bayan fage a kan ɗan tsana farar hula . Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye na sojoji na iya haɗawa da ko dai babban iko a kan gwamnati ko kuma kula da wasu yankuna masu kunkuntar, kamar batutuwan soja ko tsaro na ƙasa . A cikin karni na 20, ana yawan ganin sojojin soja a Latin Amurka, yawanci a cikin nau'i na "cikakkun hukumomi, manyan kamfanoni / ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru" wanda manyan hafsoshin soja na sassan soja daban-daban (sojoji, sojan ruwa, da sojojin sama ) ke jagoranta, kuma a wasu lokuta shugaban 'yan sanda na kasa ko wasu manyan jami'o'i. Masanin kimiyyar siyasa Samuel Finer, a rubuce a cikin 1988, ya lura cewa juntas a Latin Amurka sun kasance sun fi ƙanƙanta fiye da juntas a wasu wurare; mulkin soja na tsakiya yana da mambobi 11, yayin da juntas na Latin Amurka ke da uku ko hudu. An bambanta juyin mulkin soja na "kamfanoni" da juyin mulkin soja na "bangi". Na farko dai sojoji ne ke aiwatar da su a matsayin cibiya, karkashin jagorancin manyan kwamandojin da ke kan manyan mukamai na soja, na biyu kuma suna gudanar da wani bangare na rundunar ne kuma galibin manyan hafsoshi ne ke jagorantar su. Wani bincike na shekara ta 2014 da aka buga a mujallar Nazarin Kimiyyar Siyasa ta Shekara-shekara ya gano cewa gwamnatocin soja sun nuna hali daban da na farar hula na kama-karya da na sojan mulkin kama karya. Gungun manyan hafsoshi ne ke mulkin mulkin soja, yayin da wani mai mulkin kama-karya daya ke mulkin soja. Binciken ya gano cewa "masu karfi da gwamnatocin sojoji sun fi fuskantar take hakkin bil'adama da kuma shiga cikin yakin basasa fiye da mulkin kama-karya na farar hula"; "Jaruman soja sun fara yaƙe-yaƙe na duniya fiye da gwamnatocin soja ko masu mulkin kama-karya, watakila saboda suna da ƙarin dalilin tsoron gudun hijira, kurkuku, ko kisan gilla" da gwamnatocin soja da mulkin kama-karya na farar hula sun fi kusan ƙarewa a cikin tsarin mulkin demokraɗiyya, ya bambanta da mulkin sojan soja, wanda sau da yawa ya ƙare ta hanyar tawaye, tashin hankalin jama'a, ko kuma a cikin tawaye. Ƙarfi yana nuna mulkin soja na yanzu. – Ƙungiyar Kishin ƙasa don Karewa da Maidowa (2022-yanzu) - Majalisar Sojoji ta Rikon kwarya , Gudanar da Mulki (2022-yanzu) - Majalisar Koli na Sojoji - Dergi - Kwamitin sulhu da ci gaba na kasa (2021-yanzu) - Majalisar Fansa ta Jama'a - Majalisar kwamandan juyin juya halin Libiya - Kwamitin Ceto na Jama'a na kasa , Gudanar da Mulki (2021-yanzu) – Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (2023-zuwa yau) – mulkin soja (1966 – 1979 da 1983 – 1998) - Majalisar Sojoji ta Rikon kwarya , Majalisar Mulkin Rikon kwarya (2021-yanzu) – Juyin juya halin , Tsarin Sake Tsari na Ƙasa – ojojin Bolivia na 1970-1982 (1970–1971 and 1980–1982) – Mulkin Sojojin Brazil na 1930 da Sojojin Brazil na 1969 – Mulkin Soja na Chile – Sojojin Colombian - Jagoran Jama'a , Gwamnatin mulkin soja na ƙasar El Salvador) , Gwamnatin mulkin soja ta El Salvador – Juyin mulkin Guatemala na 1954 – Juyin mulkin Haiti na 1991 da kuma na 1994 – Juyin mulkin soja na Nicaragua – Juyin mulkin Peruvian da na 1968-1980 – Juyin mulkin soja da kama-karya na Uruguay - Mulkin soja a Venezuela – Shugabannin soji Ziaur Rahman da Hussaini Muhammad Ershad – Majalisar Soja – Eduard Shevardnadze Ya mulki kasar daga ranar 6 ga Janairu zuwa 10 ga Maris 1992. Majalisar Jiha ta maye gurbinsa. – Military government of Suharto, also called “New Order” that lasted for 32 years . – State Peace and Development Council , known as the State Law and Order Restoration Council from 1988 to 1997 and State Administration Council (2021–present) – Gwamnatin soja ta Ayub Khan - Yahya Khan , Muhammad Zia'ul-Haq , Pervez Musharraf – Majalisar koli ta sake gina kasa – Tanadi na ɗan lokaci akan Tawayen Kwaminisanci na Kuomintang bayan juyin juya halin gurguzu na kasar Sin na Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta kasar Sin – Majalisar kiyaye zaman lafiya ta kasa Majalisar Tsaron Ƙasa da Majalisar zaman lafiya da oda ta kasa – Kwamitin hadin kan kasa da Majalisar Tsaro ta Kasa (Turkiyya, 1980) Bulgaria - Juyin mulkin Bulgaria na 1934 – mulkin Girka na "Kwamitin Juyin Juya Hali" Poland – Majalisar Soja ta Ceto ta Kasa – Mulkin Soja na Ceton Kasa Fiji – Gwamnatin Mulkin Soja na Frank Bainimarama

52865

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asmau%20al-Assad

Asmau al-Assad

Asma Fawaz al-Assad (née Akhras; an haife ta a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975) ita ce Uwargidan Shugaban Siriya. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Landan ga iyayen Siriya, ta auri shugaban Siriya na 19 kuma na yanzu, Bashar al-Assad. Assad ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko a kimiyyar kwamfuta da wallafe-wallafen Faransanci. Tana da aiki a banki na saka hannun jari kuma an shirya ta don fara MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da ta auri Bashar al-Assad a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2000. Ta yi murabus daga aikinta na banki na saka hannun jari bayan bikin auren ma'auratan kuma ta kasance a Siriya, inda aka haifi 'ya'yansu uku. A matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban kasa, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen aiwatar da kungiyoyin gwamnati da ke da alaƙa da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a duk faɗin ƙasar a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin sake fasalin da aka dakatar saboda barkewar yakin basasar Siriya. Tare da mijinta Bashar, Asma an dauke ta daya daga cikin "manyan 'yan wasan tattalin arziki" a Siriya kuma tana kula da manyan bangarorin kasuwanci na Siriya, banki, sadarwa, dukiya da masana'antun teku. A sakamakon yakin basasar Siriya da ke gudana, rikici wanda ya fara a watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Assad yana ƙarƙashin takunkumin tattalin arziki da ya shafi manyan jami'an gwamnatin Siriya, yana mai da shi ba bisa ka'ida ba a Tarayyar Turai (EU) don samar mata da kayan aiki da taimakon kuɗi, don ta sami wasu kayayyaki, da kuma rage ikonta na tafiya a cikin EU. A Burtaniya, a halin yanzu tana cikin wani bincike na farko a cikin sashin laifukan yaki na 'yan sanda na Metropolitan tare da zarge-zargen da suka shafi "tsarin tsarin azabtarwa da kisan fararen hula, gami da amfani da makamai masu guba" da kuma tayar da ayyukan ta'addanci. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Assad Asma Fawaz Akhras a ranar 11 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1975 a Landan ga Fawaz Akheras, likitan zuciya a asibitin Cromwell, da matarsa Sahar Akhras (née Otri), diflomasiyya mai ritaya wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na farko a Ofishin Jakadancin Siriya a Landan. Iyayenta Musulmai ne na Sunni kuma 'yan asalin Siriya ne, daga birnin Homs . Ta girma a Acton, London, inda ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta Twyford Church of England sannan daga baya ta zama makarantar 'yan mata masu zaman kansu, Kwalejin Sarauniya, London. Ta kammala karatu daga King's College London a 1996 tare da digiri na farko na digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta. Ayyukan kudi Bayan kammala karatunta daga King's College London, ta fara aiki a matsayin mai sharhi kan tattalin arziki a Deutsche Bank Group a cikin sashen gudanar da kudade tare da abokan ciniki a Turai da Gabashin Asiya. A shekara ta 1998, ta shiga sashen banki na saka hannun jari na JP Morgan inda ta yi aiki a cikin ƙungiyar da ta ƙware a fannin kimiyyar halittu da kamfanonin magunguna. Ta yaba da kwarewarta ta banki tare da ba ta "tunani na nazari" da kuma ikon "[ fahimtar] bangaren kasuwanci na gudanar da kamfani". Tana gab da neman MBA a Jami'ar Harvard lokacin da, a hutu a gidan kawunta a Damascus a shekara ta 2000, ta sake saduwa da Bashar al-Assad, abokiyar iyali. Bayan rasuwar Hafez al-Assad a watan Yunin 2000, Bashar ya zama shugaban kasa. Asma ta koma Siriya a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2000 kuma ta auri Bashar a watan Disamba na wannan shekarar. Aure ya ba mutane da yawa mamaki tunda babu rahotanni na kafofin watsa labarai game da soyayya da soyayya kafin bikin. Mutane da yawa sun fassara ƙungiyar a matsayin sulhu da alamar ci gaba zuwa ga gwamnatin sake fasalin yayin da Asma ta girma a Ƙasar Ingila kuma tana wakiltar yawancin Sunni, ba kamar Alawite Bashar ba. Bayan bikin auren, Asma ta yi tafiya a ko'ina cikin Siriya zuwa ƙauyuka 100 a cikin 13 daga cikin gwamnatocin Siriya 14 don yin magana da Siriya da kuma koyon inda ya kamata ta jagoranci manufofinta na gaba. Ta ci gaba da kirkirar tarin kungiyoyi da ke aiki a karkashin bangaren agaji na gwamnati, wanda ake kira Syria Trust for Development; kungiyoyin sun hada da FIRDOS (ƙananan bashi na karkara), SHABAB (ƙwarewar kasuwanci ga matasa), BASMA (taimaka yara da ke fama da ciwon daji), RAWAFED (ci gaban al'adu), Kungiyar Siriya don nakasassu, da Cibiyar Binciken Ci gaban Siriya, da nufin yin niyya ga al'ummomin karkara, ci gaban tattalin arziki, 'yan ƙasa masu nakasa, da ci gaban al'adun yara da mata, bi da bi da bi. Mafi sanannun sune cibiyoyin MASSAR da ta kirkira, wuraren da ke aiki a matsayin cibiyoyin al'umma don yara su koyi zama ɗan ƙasa. Saboda wannan aikin, ta sami wuri a matsayin daya daga cikin Mujallar Gabas ta Tsakiya ta 411 "Larabci mafi tasiri a Duniya". Haɗin waje Vogue: A Rose in the Desert (article later withdrawn) at archive.today (archived 25 February 2011) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1975

32658

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Profumo

John Profumo

John Dennis Profumo, CBE, OBE (Mil.) ( / prə f ju m oʊ / prə-FEW -moh ; 30 Janairu 1915 - 9 Maris 2006) ɗan siyasar Biritaniya ne wanda aikinsa ya ƙare a 1963 bayan dangantaka ta jima'i da shi. Christine Keeler mai shekaru 19 a cikin 1961. Wannan abin kunya, wanda aka fi sani da Profumo affair, ya sa ya yi murabus daga gwamnatin Conservative ta Harold Macmillan . Bayan murabus din Profumo ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da agaji a Toynbee Hall, wata ƙungiyar agaji a Gabashin London, kuma ta zama babban mai tara kuɗaɗe. Waɗannan ayyukan agaji sun taimaka wajen dawo da martabarsa kuma an naɗa shi Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya (CBE) a cikin 1975. Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Profumo a Kensington, London, ɗan Albert Profumo, jami'in diflomasiyya kuma barista na zuriyar Italiya, wanda ya mutu a 1940. Ya halarci Makarantar Harrow da Kwalejin Brasenose, Oxford, inda ya karanta doka kuma ya kasance memba na Bullingdon Club . A farkon 1930s, "Jack" Profumo yana da dangantaka da wani samfurin Jamus, Gisela Winegard, wanda daga baya ya yi aiki don leƙen asirin Jamus a Paris. Takardun Sabis na Sirrin jihar Profumo kuma ya rubuta wa Winegard yayin da yake ɗan majalisa. A ranar 1 ga Yuli 1939, an ba shi izini a cikin Royal Armored Corps a matsayin laftanar na biyu, Ya taɓa zama memba na Jami'an Horar da Jami'an da kuma Sajan Cadet yayin da yake Harrow. Ya yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka tare da Northamptonshire Yeomanry a matsayin Kaftin ( manyan riƙo ), inda aka ambace shi a cikin aikewa. Ya sauka a Normandy a ranar D-Day kuma ya shiga mummunan faɗa don tabbatar da yankin na Faransa. Matsayinsa na ƙarshe a Sojan Burtaniya shine birigediya. A ranar 21 ga Disamba 1944, Manjo ( Laftanar Kanal na wucin gadi) an naɗa Profumo a matsayin jami'in Order of the British Empire (OBE, Military Division) "don girmamawa ga galant da fitaccen sabis a Italiya", musamman, don hidimarsa a kan Ma'aikatan filin Marshal Sir Harold Alexander da ke jagorantar Rukunin Sojoji na 15 . A cikin Nuwamba 1947, Muƙaddashin Kanar Profumo ya sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Star Medal ta Amurka "don amincewa da fitattun ayyuka a cikin hanyar Allies". Sana'ar siyasa A cikin 1940, yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a Soja, an zaɓi Profumo a cikin House of Commons a matsayin ɗan majalisa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya (MP) don Kettering a Northamptonshire a zaɓen fidda gwani a ranar 3 ga Maris . Jim kaɗan bayan haka ya kada ƙuri'ar adawa da gwamnatin Chamberlain a muhawarar da ta biyo bayan shan kayen da Birtaniyya ta yi a Narvik a Norway. Wannan rashin amincewa da Profumo ya yi ya fusata mai shari'ar gwamnati, David Margesson, wanda ya ce masa, "Zan iya gaya maka wannan, kai ɗan ƙaramin abin raini ne. A duk safiya da ka tashi har ƙarshen rayuwarka za ka ji kunyar abin da ka aikata a daren jiya." Profumo daga baya ya bayyana cewa Margesson "ba zai iya yin kuskure ba." Profumo ya kasance ɗan majalisa mafi ƙanƙanta kuma, a lokacin mutuwarsa, ya zama ɗan majalisa na ƙarshe da ya tsira a cikin 1940 House of Commons. A zaɓen 1945 Profumo ya sha kaye a Kettering ta ɗan takarar Labour, Dick Mitchison . Daga baya a cikin 1945, ya zama shugaban ma'aikata na Ofishin Jakadancin Burtaniya a Japan. A cikin 1950, ya bar Sojoji kuma, a babban zaɓe a watan Fabrairun 1950, an zaɓe shi don Stratford-on-Avon a Warwickshire, wurin zama mai aminci na Conservative. Profumo ɗan siyasa ne mai haɗin gwiwa tare da kyakkyawan tarihin yaƙi kuma, duk da fashewar da Margesson ya ambata, an yi masa ƙimma sosai a cikin Jam'iyyar Conservative. Waɗannan halaye sun taimaka masa ya ci gaba da samun ci gaba ta hanyar gwamnatin Conservative da ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarar 1951. An naɗa shi Sakataren Majalisa a Ma’aikatar Sufurin Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1952, Babban Sakataren Majalisar Dokoki a Ma’aikatar Sufuri da Jiragen Sama a watan Nuwamba 1953, Mataimakin Sakataren Majalisar Dokokin Mulkin Mallaka a Janairu 1957, Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati a Majalisar Ofishin Harkokin Waje a cikin Nuwamba 1958, da Ministan Harkokin Waje a cikin Janairu 1959. A cikin Yuli 1960, an naɗa shi Sakataren Yaki na Jiha (a wajen Majalisar Zartaswa) kuma an rantsar da shi a Majalisar Wakilai. A 1954, ya auri actress Valerie Hobson . Matsalar Profumo A cikin Yuli 1961, a wata ƙungiya a Cliveden, gidan Viscount Astor, John Profumo ya sadu da Christine Keeler, wani samfurin 19 mai shekaru 19 wanda ya fara jima'i. An yi gardama kan ainihin tsawon al'amarin tsakanin Profumo da Keeler, wanda ya ƙare ko dai a cikin watan Agustan 1961 bayan da jami'an tsaro suka gargaɗi Profumo game da haɗarin haɗuwa da da'irar Ward, ko kuma ci gaba da raguwar kuzari har zuwa Disamba 1961. Tun da Keeler ya yi jima'i tare da Yevgeny Ivanov, babban hafsan sojojin ruwa a Ofishin Jakadancin Soviet, al'amarin ya ɗauki nauyin tsaron ƙasa. A watan Disamba na 1962, wani harbi da ya faru a London wanda ya haɗa da wasu mutane biyu da ke da hannu tare da Keeler ya jagoranci 'yan jarida don bincikar Keeler, kuma ba da daɗewa ba 'yan jarida sun fahimci al'amuranta tare da Profumo da Ivanov. Amma al'adar Burtaniya na mutunta rayuwar sirri na 'yan siyasar Burtaniya, saboda tsoron ayyukan cin zarafi, an kiyaye shi har zuwa Maris 1963, lokacin da ɗan majalisar Labour George Wigg, ya yi iƙirarin cewa al'amuran tsaron ƙasa ne suka motsa shi, yana cin gajiyar damar majalisar ., wanda ya ba shi kariya daga duk wani mataki na shari'a, wanda aka ambata a cikin House of Commons zuwa jita-jita da ke danganta Profumo tare da Keeler. Profumo ya yi wata sanarwa ta sirri inda ya yarda cewa ya san Keeler amma ya musanta cewa akwai "rashin adalci" a cikin dangantakar su kuma ya yi barazanar kai ƙara idan jaridu suka yi iƙirarin akasin haka. Maganar Profumo ba ta hana jaridu buga labarun game da Keeler ba, kuma nan da nan ya bayyana ga Macmillan cewa matsayin Profumo bai dace ba. A ranar 5 ga Yuni 1963, an tilasta Profumo ya yarda cewa ya yi ƙarya ga House a watan Maris lokacin da ya ƙaryata game da wani al'amari da Keeler, wanda a lokacin ya kasance wani laifi da ba a gafartawa a cikin siyasar Birtaniya. Profumo ya yi murabus daga ofis kuma daga majalisar masu zaman kansu, kuma ya nemi kuma a naɗa shi a matsayin mai kula da ɗaruruwan don ya bar kujerarsa ta Commons. Kafin ya yi iƙirari a bainar jama’a, Profumo ya shaida wa matarsa, wadda ta tsaya masa. Ba a taɓa nuna cewa dangantakarsa da Keeler ta haifar da wani cin zarafi na tsaron ƙasa ba. Wannan abin kunya ya girgiza gwamnatin Conservative, kuma ana kyautata zaton na ɗaya daga cikin musabbabin shan kaye da jam'iyyar Labour ta yi a zaɓen 1964 . Macmillan ya riga ya wuce lokacin, bayan ya yi murabus a watan Oktoba 1963 bisa dalilan kiwon lafiya da Alec Douglas-Home ya gaje shi. Profumo ya ci gaba da yin shiru na jama'a game da lamarin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ko da lokacin fim ɗin Scandal na 1989 - wanda Ian McKellen ya buga shi - da kuma buga bayanan Keeler ya farfaɗo da sha'awar jama'a game da lamarin. Daniel Flynn ne ya nuna Profumo a cikin wasan kida na matakin Andrew Lloyd Webber Stephen Ward, wanda aka buɗe a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Aldwych akan 19 Disamba 2013. Ben Miles ne ya bayyana shi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na BBC na 2019/2020 Jarabawar Christine Keeler da Tim Steed a cikin jerin Netflix The Crown, inda Al'amarin Profumo wani bangare ne na shirin na kakar 2, episode 10. - "Mystery Man". Daga baya rayuwa Ba da daɗewa ba bayan murabus ɗinsa, an gayyaci Profumo don yin aiki a Toynbee Hall a matsayin mai ba da agaji ta Walter Birmingham, wanda ya kasance mai kula da wurin. Toynbee Hall sadaka ce da ke Gabashin Ƙarshen London, kuma Profumo ya ci gaba da yin aiki a wurin har tsawon rayuwarsa, ya zama babban mai tara kuɗi na Toynbee Hall, kuma yana amfani da dabarun siyasa da abokan huɗɗarsa don tara kuɗi masu yawa. Duk wannan aikin an yi shi ne a matsayin mai sa kai, tun da Profumo ya iya rayuwa a kan dukiyar da ya gada. Matarsa, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Valerie Hobson, ita ma ta sadaukar da kanta ga sadaka har mutuwarta a 1998. A ganin wasu, ayyukan agaji na Profumo ya fanshi sunansa. Abokinsa, mai fafutukar kawo sauyi na zamantakewa Lord Longford, ya ce "ya ji sha'awar [ga Profumo] fiye da [ga] duk mazajen da na sani a rayuwata". An naɗa Profumo a matsayin kwamandan Order of the British Empire (CBE, Civil Division) a cikin 1975 Birthday Honors, kuma ya sami karramawa a wani bikin Buckingham Palace daga Sarauniya Elizabeth II, yana nuna alamar komawa ga girmamawa. A shekarar 1995, tsohuwar Firayim Minista mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Margaret Thatcher ta gayyace shi zuwa liyafar bikin cikarta shekaru 70 da haihuwa, inda ya zauna kusa da Sarauniya. Yana bayyana lokaci-lokaci a bainar jama'a, musamman a shekarunsa na ƙarshe lokacin da ya yi amfani da keken guragu. Fitowarsa ta ƙarshe ita ce wurin taron tunawa da Sir Edward Heath a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 2005. Mutuwa da haraji A ranar 7 ga Maris 2006, Profumo ya sha fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a asibitin Chelsea na London da Westminster . Ya rasu bayan kwana biyu tare da iyalansa, yana da shekaru 91 a duniya. Bayan rasuwarsa, masu sharhi da dama sun ce kamata ya yi a riƙa tunawa da shi saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga al’umma bayan da ya faɗi daga ra’ayin siyasa dangane da badaƙalar 1963 da ta haifar da faɗuwar. An ƙona shi a Mortlake Crematorium ; An binne tokarsa kusa da na matarsa a rumfar iyali a Hersham. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50000

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Sudan

Fam na Sudan

Fam Sudan ( Larabci : ; gajarta: LS a cikin Latin, da Larabci, a tarihi kuma £ Sd ; ISO code : SDG ) kudin Jamhuriyar Sudan ne. An raba fam ɗin zuwa piastres 100 (ko qirsh da Larabci). Babban bankin kasar Sudan ne ke bayar da shi. Fam din ya fadi a karon farko tun shekarar 1997 bayan da Amurka ta kakabawa Sudan takunkumin tattalin arziki . Fam na Sudan ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa adadin da ba a taba gani ba, inda ya fado zuwa LS 53 akan dollar. Wannan lamarin da ya kawar da duk wasu matakan tattalin arziki, ya haifar da asara mai yawa a sakamakon illar da Sudan gaba daya ta ke fuskanta, bisa la'akari da matakin da gwamnatin kasar ta dauka, sakamakon wasu ayyukan da babban bankin kasar Sudan ya sanar, ya katse shi, lamarin da ya haifar da karanci mai tsanani. na liquidity. Fam Sudan ya fadi da dalar Amurka bayan da babban bankin kasar Sudan ya sanar da dage ajiyar kudaden da ake ajiyewa domin dakile hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta yi fama da karancin kudaden musanya na ketare, sakamakon asarar kashi uku cikin hudu na albarkatun mai da kashi 80% na albarkatun kasashen waje. Gwamnatin Sudan ta nakalto farashin dala a hukumance daga LS 6.09 zuwa LS 18.07 a cikin kasafin kudin 2018 da LS a ranar Maris 2021 ya kasance 375.11 Yuro. Fam na farko (SDP) Fam na farko da ya fara yawo a Sudan shi ne fam din Masar . Marigayi shuwagabannin karni na 19 Muhammad ibn Abdalla ( Mahdi ) da Abdallahi ibn Muhammad ( Khalifa ) duk sun fitar da tsabar kudi da ke yawo tare da kudin kasar Masar. Lokacin da mulkin Anglo-Masar ya ƙare a Sudan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1956, kuma Sudan ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in kudin Sudan (fam na Sudan), wanda ya maye gurbin fam na Masar daidai. An raba fam ɗin Masar zuwa 100 piastres (Larabci: , qirsh mufuradi, , Turanci: piastre, taƙaitaccen bayani: PT ). An rarraba piastre zuwa kashi 40, amma raguwa bayan sake fasalin kudin Masar na 1886 ya kafa PT, wanda aka fi sani da millim (wanda aka rage zuwa mm/mms a Sudan) ( , mufuradi: ). Saboda wannan gado, an raba fam na Sudan bayan 1956 zuwa 100 PT, kowanne an raba shi zuwa 10mms. A lokacin 1958-1978 an lissafta fam zuwa dalar Amurka akan dalar Amurka 2.87156 a kowace LS. 1. Bayan haka, fam ɗin ya sami raguwa a jere. An maye gurbin fam ɗin a cikin 1992 da dinari (SDD) a ƙimar SD 1 = LS 10. Yayin da dinari ke yawo a arewacin Sudan, a Kudancin Sudan, har yanzu ana yin shawarwarin farashin akan fam, yayin da a Rumbek da Yei, shilling na Kenya ya fi karbuwa a matsayin biyan. fam na biyu (SDG) Bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sudan da kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan, babban bankin kasar Sudan (CBOS) zai amince da shirin fitar da sabon kudi da zarar ya fara aiki a cikin wa'adin wucin gadi. Zane na sabon kudin zai nuna bambancin al'adun Sudan. Har sai an fitar da sabon kudi tare da amincewar Jam'iyyun bisa shawarwarin CBOS, za a amince da kudaden da ke yawo a Kudancin Sudan. . Fam na biyu ya fara gabatarwa a ranar 9 ko 10 ga Janairu 2007, kuma ya zama kawai kwangilar doka kamar na Yuli 1, 2007. Ya maye gurbin dinari a farashin LS 1 = SD 100 (ko 1 SDG = 1,000 SDP). Fam na uku A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2011 ne aka kafa bugu na uku na kudin fam din Sudan bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu daga Jamhuriyar Sudan. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2011, fam na Sudan ya daina zama na doka a Sudan ta Kudu. Don ƙarin tarihin da ke kewaye da kuɗi a yankin, duba kuɗin Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya An rage darajar laban Sudan ta Kudu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2021, tare da hukuma (alamar alama) farashin musaya da aka saita zuwa LS. 375.08 a kowace dalar Amurka (daga ƙayyadadden ƙimar LS 55), rufe gibin da ke tsakanin farashin canji na kasuwanci da bakar fata. Tsabar kudi Kudin gida a Sudan: batutuwan Mahdi da Khalifa da na Darfur A cikin 1885 Mahdi ya ba da tsabar azurfa 10 PT da 20 PT da zinariya 100 PT . Wadannan sun biyo bayan mas’alolin Khalifa a mazhabobi na 10 para, 1 PT, 2 PT , PT, 4 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT . An fara fitar da waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin azurfa a cikin 1885. A cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya da suka biyo baya, an sami rashin ƙarfi mai tsanani, wanda ya kai ga billon, sannan aka wanke tagulla da azurfa kuma a ƙarshe an ba da tsabar kudi tagulla. Tsabar kudin ya ƙare a 1897. A cikin 1908-1914, an ba da kuɗin gida a Darfur a yammacin Sudan. An fitar da wadannan ne a karkashin ikon Ali Dinar kuma sun yi kama da tsabar kudin Masar na zamani. Fam na farko A cikin 1956, an gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1mm, 2mms, 5mms da 10mms, 2 PT, 5 PT da 10 PT . An buge ƙungiyoyin millim a cikin tagulla, yayin da ƙungiyoyin piastre suke cikin kofin-nickel. 2mms, 5mms da 10mms an yi su da siffa mai siffa, kodayake an gabatar da zagaye 5mms a cikin 1971. An buga 1mm da 2mms na ƙarshe a cikin 1969, milimi 5 na ƙarshe a 1978. A 1983, Brass 1 PT, 2 PT da 5 PT, rage girman 10 PT da kofin nickel 20 An gabatar da PT . A cikin 1987, aluminum-bronze 1 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT, 20 PT, 25 PT da 50 PT da LS An gabatar da 1, tare da 25 PT da 50 PT kasancewar murabba'i da siffar octagonal, bi da bi. A cikin 1989, bakin karfe 25 PT da 50 PT da LS 1 aka bayar. Wannan shi ne tsarin gaba ɗaya, ban da waɗannan tsabar kudi akwai batutuwan da suka dace da masu tattarawa da maɓalli iri-iri. Dubi shahararrun kasidar tsabar kuɗi don cikakkun bayanai. Dinar Sudan Duba Dinar Sudan . Fam na biyu Coins a cikin darika 1 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT, 20 PT da 50 An gabatar da PT tare da tsabar kuɗin dinari da ke yawo. Babban bankin kasar Sudan ya bayyana cewa 5 PT tsabar kudi masu launin rawaya (watakila aluminum - tagulla ) da 10 PT launin azurfa ne (wanda aka yi da bakin karfe ). Na 20 PT da 50 PT tsabar kudi bi-metallic ne, tare da 20 PT yellow mai zobe tare da tsakiyar launin azurfa da 50 PT akasin haka. Takardun kuɗi Fam na farko A cikin Afrilu 1957, Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Sudan ta gabatar da bayanin kula na 25 PT, 50 PT, LS 1, LS 5 da LS 10. Bankin Sudan ya karbe ikon samar da bayanan kula a shekarar 1961. LS An gabatar da bayanin kula guda 20 a cikin 1981, sannan kuma ƙungiyoyin LS 50 a cikin 1984 da LS 100 a cikin 1988. Dinar Sudan Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1992, dinari na Sudan ya maye gurbin fam na Sudan na farko a adadin 1:10. Sabbin bayanin kula masu tambaya A shekara ta 2005, gidan rediyon jama'a na Amurka ya ba da rahoton cewa sojoji a kudancin Sudan suna buga takardun fam mai suna "Bank of New Sudan", amma babu irin wannan banki. Bugu da kari, lambobi na takardun banki suna da lambobi iri-iri. Halaccinsu yana da shakku. Fam na biyu Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2007, fam na Sudan na biyu ya maye gurbin dinari na Sudan a farashin 1:100. Wannan sabon kudin dai ya kasance ne bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka cimma a shekarar 2005 tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan domin kawo karshen yakin basasar da aka kwashe shekaru 21 ana yi a kasar. Mataimakin gwamnan jihar Badr-Eddin Mahmoud ya ce kudin buga sabon kudin ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 156. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na LS 1, LS 2, LS 5, LS 10, LS 20 da LS 50 aka bayar. Farashin LS An maye gurbin 1 bayanin kula da tsabar kudi a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2011. Fam na uku Bayanan banki na fam na uku suna kama da na fam na biyu amma tare da canje-canje a tsarin launi, cire wasu alamomin da ke da alaƙa da kudanci da kuma sake fasalin taswirar ƙasar bayan ballewar kudanci. Sabbin takardun kudi A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, Babban Bankin Sudan ya sanar da fam na Sudan na LS 100, LS 200 da LS Za a saki 500 a wannan watan yayin da kasar ke fama da matsananciyar matsalar tattalin arziki da karancin kudade. Wani sabon LS Babban Bankin Sudan ya kaddamar da takardar kudi 100 a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2019. Wani sabon LS Babban Bankin Sudan ya gabatar da takardar banki 200 Fam Sudan a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2019. Wani sabon LS An ba da takardar banki 500 mai kwanan wata Maris 2019 a cikin 2019 da LS An ba da takardar banki 1,000 mai kwanan wata Yuni 2019 a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2022 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sudan ta kaddamar da sabon fam Bayanan banki na Sudan (fam na Sudan) Bayanan banki na Sudan (dinar Sudan) Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

38883

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis%20Allotey

Francis Allotey

Articles with hCards Francis Kofi Ampenyin Allotey FGA OV (9 Agustan shekarar 1932 - 2 Nuwamba 2017 ) masanin lissafin lissafin, na kasar Ghana . Tare da Daniel Afedzi Akyeampong, ya zama dan Ghana na farko da ya sami digiri na uku a kimiyyar lissafi, wanda ya samu a sheakara ta 1966. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Allotey, a ranar 9 ga watan Agusta 1932 a garin Fante na Saltpond a tsakiyar Ghana ga Joseph Kofi Allotey, babban mai sayar dy, mai sana'ar sutura daga dangin Royal Dehyena kayayyaki da Alice Esi Nyena Allotea na Enyan Owomase da Ekumfi Edumafa, a cikin Yankin Tsakiyar Ghana. Mahaifinsa ya mallaki kantin sayar da littattafai . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, Allotey ya ciyar da lokacinsa na kyauta a kantin sayar da littattafai na mahaifinsa yana karanta tarihin rayuwar shahararrun masana kimiyya wanda ya sa ya sha'awar kimiyya. Ya girma a Roman Katolika . Ya yi karatun firamare a Makarantar Katolika ta St. Bayan kammala karatunsa na sakandare, ya halarci Kwalejin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Ghana da kuma Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Borough na London . Ya yi digiri na biyu da na uku daga Jami'ar Princeton, wanda aka ba shi a 1966 kuma a baya Diploma, na Kwalejin Imperial, wanda ya samu a shekara ta 1960. Masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan Pakistan Abdus Salam, wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel ya koyar da shi a matsayin dalibi a Kwalejin Imperial. A lokacinsa a Princeton, masana kimiyya da yawa irin su Robert Dicke, Val Fitch, Robert Oppenheimer, Paul AM Dirac da CN Yang sun ba shi jagoranci. An san shi da " Allotey Formalism " wanda ya taso daga aikinsa na kallon kallon X-ray mai laushi . Shi ne wanda ya karɓi kyautar yarima Philip Golden Award na Burtaniya a shekarar 1973 saboda aikinsa a wannan yanki. Mutumin da ya kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Kimiyya ta Afirka, a cikin 1974, ya zama cikakken farfesa na farko na Ghana a fannin lissafi kuma shugaban Sashen Lissafi sannan kuma shugaban tsangayar Kimiyya a Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Kwame Nkrumah . Ya kuma kasance shugaban cibiyar kula da kwamfutoci ta KNUST kafin ya hau mukaminsa na mataimakin shugaban jami’ar. Daga cikin abokan aikin Allotey akan tsangayar lissafi a KNUST akwai Atu Mensa Taylor (ya rasu a shekarar 1977), dan Ghana na uku da ya samu digirin digirgir a fannin lissafi. Taylor ya karbi DPhil nasa daga Oxford a karkashin masanin lissafi na Welsh, John Trevor Lewis, wanda kuma ya sami MA a can shekaru da yawa a baya. Allotey shi ne shugaban Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana kuma memba na kun,giyoyin kimiya na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Abdus Salam International Center for Theoretical Physics Scientific Council tun 1996. Ya kuma kasance shugaban cibiyar nazarin Physics ta Ghana kuma shi ne ya kafa kungiyar Physical Society ta Afrika. Ya taka rawar gani wajen ganin Ghana ta shiga kungiyar ta kasa da kasa ta kungiyar tsafta da aiyuka a fannin kimiyyar lissafi, wanda hakan ya sanya ta zama daya daga cikin kasashen Afirka na farko da suka shiga kungiyar. Ya yi aiki tare da IUPAP da ICTP don karfafa ilimin kimiyyar lissafi a kasashe masu tasowa ta hanyar bita da taro don wayar da kan jama'a a nahiyar. Allotey shi ne Shugaban Kwamitin Amintattu na Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra, Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Afirka, Ghana . Ya kasance ɗan'uwa mai daraja na Cibiyar Physics . Ya kasance mai girmamawa Fellow na Nigerian Mathematical Society da sauransu. Ya tuntubi cibiyoyi da yawa na duniya kamar UNESCO, IAEA da UNIDO . Ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa, babban taro na 7 na Intergovernmental Bureau of Informatics (IBI). Ya kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa wajen ci gaban ilimin na'ura mai kwakwalwa a Afirka tare da yin aiki kafada da kafada da kungiyoyi irin su IBM International da kuma International Federation for Information Processing. A shekara ta 2004, shi ne ɗan Afirka tilo a cikin fitattun masana kimiyyar lissafi da lissafi 100 a duniya da aka ambata a cikin wani littafi mai suna, " Dalibai ɗari na zama masanin kimiyya ." An kafa Makarantar Graduate na Farfesa Francis Allotey a cikin 2009 a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Accra . Cibiyar tana ba da digiri na biyu a cikin Gudanar da Kasuwanci da Injiniyan Software da shirye-shiryen digiri a Fasahar Sadarwa da Falsafa. Gwamnatin Ghana ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Millennium Excellence Award a shekara ta 2005, kuma ta sadaukar da tambarin aikawa da sakon karramawa. A cikin 2009 ya sami Order of Volta kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta Osagyefo Kwame Nkrumah African Genius Award a 2017. Ya taimaka wajen kafa Cibiyar Kimiyyar Lissafi ta Afirka a Ghana a 2012. Rayuwa ta sirri Allotey ya fara auren Edoris Enid Chandler daga Barbados, wanda ya hadu da shi a lokacin da suke karatu a Landan . Suna da yara biyu Francis Kojo Enu Allotey da Joseph Kobina Nyansa Allotey. Chandler ya mutu a watan Nuwamban shekarar 1981. Sannan ya sake yin aure da Ruby Asie Mirekuwa Akuamoah. Tare suka yi renon ’ya’yanta biyu, Cilinnie da Kay. Akuamoah ya mutu a watan Oktoba, 2011. Gabaɗaya, Allotey yana da ’ya’ya huɗu da jikoki 20. Mutuwa da jana'izar jiha Francis Allotey ya mutu saboda dalilai na halitta a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2017. Gwamnatin Ghana ta yi masa jana'izar jana'izar ne saboda irin gudunmawar da ya bayar wajen ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha a Ghana. An kama gawarsa a garinsu, Saltpond, yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje AIMS Ghana Allotey profile Haifaffun 1932

21619

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20military%20college

Nigerian military college

Nigerian military college An kafa NDA a watan Fabrairun a alif1964 a matsayin sake fasalin Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Soja ta Ingila (RMFTC), wacce aka sauya mata suna zuwa Kwalejin Horar da Sojoji ta Najeriya (NMTC) kan ’yancin kai. Cibiyar soja tana horas da hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya, Navy da Air Force. Ajin farko yana da ɗalibai 62 ne kawai, kuma masu horarwa galibi jami'ai ne a cikin Sojojin Indiya. Makarantar Kwalejin Tsaro ta kasa (NDA) ta bi tsarin kwatankwacin NDA a Khadakwasla, Pune, Indiya. Babban kwamandan NDA shi ne Birgediya M.R Verma na Sojan Indiya. NDA ta haɓaka zuwa ɗayan ma'aikatan horar da 'yan Najeriya kawai a cikin 1978.A cikin 1981 kanta ta fara horar da bangarorin biyu na sojojin kasashen waje. Matakin karatu A cikin 1985 makarantar ta fara ba da shirye-shiryen karatun digiri na farko ga Jami'an Sojoji A cikin Horarwa kuma yanzu haka a halin yanzu ana ba da karatun digiri na biyu don Msc da Ph.D ga duka sojoji da ɗaliban farar hula iri ɗaya. Babban aikin ya kasance horar da matasa jami'ai a cikin shekaru 5 na "Regular Combatant Course" wanda a ke horar da 'yan boko a fannin Soja, Ilimi da Hali don karantar da da'a da dabarun jagoranci bisa dacewa da kyawawan halaye na duniya, wanda ya kai ga samun lambar yabo ta digiri digiri da aikin shugaban kasa zuwa mukamin na laftan na biyu na rundunar sojan kasa ko makamancin haka a cikin Sojojin Ruwa da na Sojan Sama na daban. Har zuwa shekarar 2011 wannan kwas ɗin ya kasance na maza ne kawai, rukunin farko na mata ya fara horo a watan Satumban 2011. Zuwa shekarar 2019, jimlar ɗaliban ɗalibanta sun kai kimanin 2500. Babban kwamandan na yanzu shi ne Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro. Kafin nadin nasa, Yaro shi ne babban manajan darakta, Hukumar Kula da Lafiyar Sojojin Nijeriya ta Guarantee (NAWLG) Jerin Kwamandojin NDA Birgediya M.R. Varma 1964–1969 (dan kasar Indiya kuma Kwamanda na NDA na 1) Manjo Janar David Ejoor 1969–1971 (Kwamandan Nijeriya na 1) Manjo Janar Adeyinka Adebayo 1971 Manjo Janar E.O. Ekpo Maris 1971 - Fabrairu 1975 Brigadier Illiya Bisalla Fabrairu 1975 - Agusta 1975 Brigadier Gibson Jalo Agusta 1975 - Janairu 1978 Birgediya E.S Armah Janairu 1978 - Yuli 1978 Birgediya Joseph Garba Yuli 1978 - Yuli 1979 Birgediya Zamani Lekwot Yuli 1979 - 1982 Birgediya Abdullahi Shelleng 1982– Manjo Janar Paul Tarfa 1984–1985 Manjo Janar Peter Adomokai 1986 - 1988 Laftanar Janar Salihu Ibrahim 1988–1990 Laftanar Janar Garba Duba 1990–1992 Laftanar Janar Aliyu Mohammed Gusau 1992–1993 Laftanar Janar Mohammed Balarabe Haladu 1993 - 1994 Air Marshal Al-Amin Daggash 1994 - 1998 Manjo Janar Bashir Salihi Magashi 1998–1999 Manjo Janar TL Ashei 2000-2002 Manjo Janar Okon Edet Okon Manjo Janar Akpa Laftanar-Janar Abel Akale Manjo Janar Harris Dzarma Manjo Janar Mamuda Yerima Manjo Janar Emeka Onwuamaegbu Manjo Janar Muhammad Inuwa Idris (Disamba 2013 - Agusta 2015) Manjo Janar M.T. Ibrahim (Agusta 2015 - Oktoba 2017) Manjo Janar A Oyebade (Oktoba 2017 - Nuwamba 2019) Manjo Janar Jamilu Sarham (Nuwamba Nuwamba 2019 - Maris 2021) Manjo Janar Sagir Yaro (Maris 2021 - Yanzu) Tsoffin Dalibai Wasu sanannun tsofaffin ɗalibai sun haɗa da; Abdulrahman Bello Dambazau, tsohon Shugaban hafsan sojan kasa Alexander Ogomudia, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja Sani Abacha, tsohon shugaban mulkin soja a Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari, shugaban kasar Najeriya kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa na mulkin soja Azubuike Ihejirika, tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa Dangiwa Umar, tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kaduna Gideon Orkar, Afrilu 1990 shugaban juyin mulkin Tukur Yusuf Buratai, babban hafsan hafsoshin sojojin Najeriya Ibok-Ete Ekwe Ibas, Babban hafsan hafsoshin sojan ruwa, Navy Kayode Are, tsohon mai ba shugaban kasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro kuma Darakta Janar na Hukumar Tsaron Jiha Maxwell Khobe, tsohon kwamandan rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta ECOMOG kuma babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro, Saliyo Emeka Onwuamaegbu Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA Muhammad Inuwa Idris, Tsohon Kwamanda, NDA Oladipo Diya, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro Owoye Andrew Azazi, tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshin tsaro da hafsan hafsoshin soja Sultan Sa'adu Abubakar, Sultan of Sokoto Sambo Dasuki, mai ba da shawara kan harkokin tsaro na kasa Tunji Olurin, tsohon gwamnan mulkin soja na jihar Oyo Victor Malu,tsohon babban hafsan sojan kasa John Michael Ogidi, tsohon jami'in ECOMOG kuma Kwamandan Corps of Signals Hedkwatar Legas Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Https:www.nigeriandefenceacademy.edu.ng , an isa ga 2009-04-20 Ahmadu-Suka, Maryam. "Janar Jamilu ya karbi matsayin Kwamandan NDA na 29". Aminiya. Aminiya. Owolabi, Femi (11 ga Maris, 2021). "Sojoji sun nada Sagir Yaro a matsayin kwamandan NES". www.the cable.ng. "Girgiza a cikin soja". Kasar. An dawo da 19 ga Yuli, 2015.

22359

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babu%20Zaman%20Lafiya%20Ba%20Tare%20Da%20Adalci%20Ba

Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare Da Adalci Ba

Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba ( NPWJ ) ko Non C'è Pace Senza Giustizia (NPSG) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Italia, wacce Emma Bonino, ɗan siyasan Italiya, tsohon memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kuma memba na Majalisar Dattawa ta yanzu ya kafa a shekarata 1993. . NPWJ dogara ne a Roma, kuma shi ne memba na kwamitin NGO hadin gwiwa domin kotun kasa da kasa (CICC) ya kuma bijiro da batun kafa jam'iyya na Non violent Magance M Party, an NGO da Janar (category I) da shawara Status a United Nations ECOSOC . Manyan shirye-shiryen sun hada da batun hukunta manyan laifuka na duniya, yi wa mata kaciya, dimokiradiyya ta MENA, gami da kuma aikin Iraki. 'Yancin dan adam sun fi fuskantar barazana a yanayi na rikici, inda hatta kasashen duniya kan inganta matakan gajere da nufin dakatar da fadan, amma wanda ke haifar da karin rikici, cigaba da rashin hukunci da lalata dokar, sai dai idan sun bayar da alhakin laifuffukan. da kuma sasantawa ga wadanda abin ya shafa. Adalci, dimokiradiyya da bin doka da oda ginshikai ne na dorewar zaman lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da 'yanci na gari da' yancin ɗan'adam. Ayyukan NPWJ na asali tun daga shekarar 1993 an tsara su ne don inganta kafa Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuffuka ta dindindin a matsayin wani ɓangare na ingantaccen tsarin hukunta masu aikata laifuka na duniya don rigakafin, hanawa da gurfanar da laifuffukan yaƙi, laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama da kisan kare dangi . Shirin Shari'a na Kasa da Kasa NPWJ na shirin shari'ar manyan laifuka na kasa da kasa har yanzu yana mai da hankali ne a kan kokarin kasa da kasa da kasa don dawo da doka da samar da gaskiya da kwatowa ga wadanda suka aikata laifuka a karkashin dokar kasa da kasa, ta hanyar Kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa, ko kuma ta Kotun kasa da kasa ko Kotuna, na kasa gabatar da kara ko wasu hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi. Gurin su shi ne Babban manufar shirin kasa da kasa na hukunta masu aikata laifuka shine tabbatar da cewa duk wata hanyar da za'a bi, an tsara ta kuma ana aiwatar da ita ta yadda zata bada gudummawa wajan dawo da doka, tana biya bukatun masu ruwa da tsaki kuma tana biye da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Yayinda NPWJ ke cigaba da aiki zuwa ga gama-gari na Dokar ta ICC ta Rome ta hanyar inganta amincewarsa da aiwatar da dokoki masu inganci, abinda aka lura yawancin abin da ta fi mayar da hankali shi ne tabbatar da cewa an magance wadannan laifuka ta hanyar shari'ar kasa da ta kasa da kasa ko kuma hanyoyin aiwatar da lissafi, tare da ICC a matsayin mai kara kuzari, a matsayin waliyyi kuma makoma ta karshe. Shirin Kaciyar Mata Shirin kaciyar mata, wanda aka fara shi a shekara ta 2000, ya yi bayani ne kan daya daga cikin yaduwar da kuma tsari na take hakkin dan'adam na mutuncin kansa, wanda aka aikata ga miliyoyin mata da 'yan mata a duk duniya, wanda kuma ba a kalubalance shi a karkashin hujjar mutunta al'adun gida. Abinda dai ake so ko Babbar manufar shirin FGM ita ce samar da yanayin siyasa, shari'a da zamantakewar al'umma wacce ke kalubalantar halaye da halaye a kan kaciyar tare da inganta watsi da ita, ta fuskar ingantawa da kuma kare hakkokin mata da 'yan mata, gami da inganta amincewa da aiwatar da Yarjejeniyar Maputo kan Hakkokin Mata a Afirka. Shirin yana inganta dabarun masu rajin kare hakkin mata da masu aikata fannoni da ke aiki a kan kaciyar mata FGM da kuma inganta sauye-sauye na shari'a a matsayin kayan aiki mai tasiri na canjin halaye domin juya akalar al'adun zamantakewar jama'a game da FGM. Tsarin Dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka Shirin dimokiradiyya na Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2003, ya kuma magance yanayin inda akasari keɓaɓɓun ƙa'idodi na duniya lungu da sako sau da yawa a keɓe da sunan kwanciyar hankali na siyasa da zato rashin dacewar al'adu. Babban manufar shirin MENA Demokradiyya shi ne inganta dabi'un dimokiradiyya, cibiyoyin sassaucin ra'ayi da budewa gwamnati ta hanyar kirkirar hanyoyin siyasa na tuntuba wadanda ke amincewa da wadanda ba ‘yan jihar ba, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyin farar hula a matsayin halattaccen kuma takaddama mai dacewa don tattaunawa da cibiyoyin Jiha kan batutuwan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. Ana gudanar da wannan shirin ne a matakin kasa da kuma na shiyya, tare da hadin gwiwar gwamnatoci da dama, da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba da kuma abokan hulda, da nufin samar da shawarwari masu inganci da karko da hanyoyin tattaunawa kan sake fasalin dimokiradiyya. Aikin Iraq A cikin tsarin MENA Demokradiyya, aikin Iraki, wanda aka fara a shekarata 2006, yana ba da gudummawa ga tsarin mulki da tsarin kafa hukumomi a Iraki ta hanyar inganta tattaunawa tsakanin shugabannin daga dukkanin bangarorin siyasa kan batutuwan da suka fi dacewa da siyasa, gami da musamman abin da ya dace na nauyi da iko a matakai daban-daban na Jihohi, Gundumomi, Gwamnoni, Garuruwa da wajaje. Ta hanyar samar da dama don muhawara a bayyane da sanarwa, aikin Iraki na da nufin taimakawa hanawa ko warware rikice-rikicen tattaunawar da kuma gano mafita mai dorewa. Abubuwan fifiko don aiki don duk shirye-shiryen an zaɓi su bisa ga buƙatu kamar yadda aka ƙaddara a ƙasa, wanda ya haɗa da duk masu ruwa da tsaki a cikin ƙira da aiwatar da ayyuka. A cikin ayyukan bayar da shawarwari, NPWJ na wayar da kan jama'a da kuma inganta muhawara ta jama'a ta hanyar yakin neman zabe na siyasa da aiwatar da muhimman shirye-shirye, kamar taron kasa da kasa da na shiyya, wadanda galibi ake daukar nauyinsu tare da shirya su tare da Gwamnatin kasar da suke ciki, tare da karfafa kawance tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da sauran masu fada a ji a cikin al'umma, don samun damar mallakar masu ruwa da tsaki duk na siyasa da kuma sakamakon. NPWJ ta kuma dauki nauyin ba da taimako ta fuskar fasahar zamani, ta hanyar shigar da kwararrun masanan shari'a ga gwamnatoci don tsara dokoki da kuma taimakawa wajen tattaunawa a kan kayan kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa. A ƙarshe, NPWJ ta sami ƙwarewar filin musamman a cikin "taswirar tashe-tashen hankula" da manyan takardu game da keta dokokin jin kai na ƙasa da ƙasa a yankunan da rikice-rikice ya shafa da kuma aiwatar da shirye-shiryen sadarwar kai da kai tsakanin al'ummomin cikin rikice-rikice da yankunan da ke bayan rikici kan batutuwan shari'ar masu aikata laifuka ta ƙasa da ƙasa . Babu Zaman Lafiya Ba Tare da Adalci ba Kaciyar Mata

53832

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Agosto

Benjamin Agosto

Benjamin Alexandro “Ben” Agosto (an haife shi a watan Janairu 15, 1982) ɗan wasan kankara ɗan Amurka ne. Tare da abokin tarayya Tanith Belbin, Agosto shine wanda ya lashe lambar azurfa ta Olympics na 2006, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta duniya sau hudu, zakaran Nahiyoyi hudu na 2004–2006, da zakaran Amurka 2004–2008 . Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Benjamin Agosto Janairu 15, 1982, a Chicago, Illinois, kuma ya girma a Northbrook, Illinois . Shi ɗa ne ga mahaifin Puerto Rican kuma mahaifiyar Bayahudiya wacce danginta ke da tushe a Romania da Rasha . Agosto ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Makarantar Waldorf ta Chicago, sannan ya yi shekaru biyu a makarantar sakandare ta Glenbrook North, kuma ya kammala karatun digiri tare da girmamawa daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Michigan a watan Yuni 2000. Ya taka leda a makarantar jazz band. Agosto ya zauna a Detroit, Michigan, daga Yuni 1998 sannan Canton, Michigan, kafin ya koma Aston, Pennsylvania, a lokacin rani na 2008. Ya ƙaura zuwa Lacey, Washington, a cikin Satumba 2010 sannan zuwa Scottsdale, Arizona, a cikin 2014. Shekarun farko Agosto ya fara wasan kankara tun yana da shekaru shida, bayan ya karbi nau'ikan kankara guda biyu don ranar haihuwarsa, kuma ya fara rawan kankara tun yana dan shekara 12. A farkon aikinsa, Susie Wynne ne ya horar da shi. Ya yi wasa tare da Katie Hill daga 1995 zuwa 1998, yana fafatawa da ita akan matakan novice da ƙarami, gami da na duniya. Sun fice daga Sashen Midwestern. Lokacin da wannan haɗin gwiwa ya ƙare, Agosto ya tashi daga Chicago zuwa Michigan a 1998 don horar da Igor Shpilband . Haɗin gwiwa tare da Belbin A cikin 1998, kocin Agosto ya haɗa shi da Tanith Belbin na Kanada. A cikin lokacin 1999–2000, sun sami lambobin yabo biyu akan jerin ISU Junior Grand Prix kuma sun gama na 4 a Gasar JGP. Sun ci gaba da lashe kambun kananan yara na Amurka sannan suka dauki lambar tagulla a Gasar Kananan Yara ta Duniya ta 2000 . A cikin 2000–2001, Belbin/Agosto sun sake yin gasa a jerin JGP, suna ɗaukar zinare a duk abubuwan da suka faru guda uku ciki har da na ƙarshe. Sun fito a matakin manya a gasar Amurka ta 2001 kuma sun sami lambar azurfa, wanda ya ba su damar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na farko, inda suka zo na 17. Belbin/Agosto ya lashe kambun kasa na Amurka na 2004 kuma zai ci gaba da maimaita sau hudu. A Nationals a cikin 2005, shekara ta ƙarshe na tsarin 6.0, sun sami madaidaiciya madaidaiciya shida don gabatarwa a cikin rawa na kyauta. Daga cikin 30 6.0s da aka bayar a cikin rawan kankara a Amurkawa, Belbin/Agosto suna da 14 daga cikinsu. Adadin su na 6.0 a Gasar Amurka shine na biyu kawai ga Michelle Kwan . A cikin Fabrairu 2005, Belbin/Agosto sun shirya kuma suka yi a cikin nasu nunin fa'idar fa'idar wasan skating, Skate Aid for Tsunami Relief, wanda ya tara sama da $37,000 don ayyukan agaji na Red Cross. Belbin/Agosto ya lashe lambar azurfa a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2005 . Lambun azurfa da suka samu tare da sanya sauran tawagar Amurkawa sun ba Amurka maki uku a gasar Olympics a raye-rayen kankara, karo na farko da hakan ya faru tun 1984. Ta wata doka ta musamman ta Majalisar da ta wuce ranar 28 ga Disamba, 2005, wadda Shugaba Bush ya rattaba hannu a kan Sabuwar Shekara ta 2005, Belbin ta zama ' yar asalin Amurka, wanda ya sa ta sami damar shiga Amurka a wasannin Olympics na lokacin sanyi na 2006 . Belbin/Agosto ya ci gaba da lashe lambar azurfa ta Olympics a cikin rawan kankara a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2006. Su ne tawagar Amurka ta farko ta raye-rayen kankara tun shekara ta 1976, shekarar farko da aka fafata a gasar wasannin Olympics, ta lashe lambar yabo ta Olympics. Belbin/Agosto ya fara kakar 2006–2007 tare da raye-raye na kyauta da ake kira Wannan Nishaɗi ne amma ya isa Nationals tare da sabon shiri ga kiɗan Amelie. Sun ci zinare a Nationals, lambar azurfa a Nahiyoyi huɗu, da tagulla a Duniya. A cikin 2007-2008, sun lashe lambobin zinare a Skate America da Cup of China wanda ya ba su damar zuwa gasar Grand Prix na karshe, inda suka dauki lambar azurfa. Sun ci takensu na ƙasa na 5 sannan suka sanya na 4 a Gasar Duniya ta 2008 bayan faɗuwar da Belbin ta yi a raye-rayen dole. Belbin/Agosto sun kasance memba na zakarun na yau da kullun a balaguron kankara daga 2004 har COI ta fita kasuwanci bayan kakar 2007. baƙi a wani ɓangare na 2008 Taurari akan balaguron kankara. A cikin Afrilu 2008, Belbin / Agosto ya bar Igor Shpilband kuma ya fara aiki tare da ƙungiyar masu horar da aure na Natalia Linichuk da Gennadi Karponosov a Ice Works Skating Complex a Aston, Pennsylvania . Baya ga koyar da fasaha daban-daban, Linichuk ya shawarci Belbin ya sami nauyin kilo 10 kuma ya haɓaka wasu tsokoki don yin wasan tsere da sauri da ruwa. Wannan kuma ya ba wa Belbin ƙarin ƙarfi don riƙe muƙamanta da kyau, don haka ya sauƙaƙa ɗagawa ga Agosto. Belbin/Agosto ya fara kakar 2008-2009 a 2008 Skate America da 2008 Cup of China, ya lashe azurfa a duka gasa. Sun janye daga 2008 – 2009 ISU Grand Prix Final bayan raye-rayen asali saboda raunin baya ga Agosto. Sun fice daga gasar Amurka ta 2009 kafin a fara taron saboda raunin da Agosto ya samu. An nada su a cikin tawagar zuwa gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2009 . A Worlds, sun ci raye-raye na asali kuma sun sanya na biyu a cikin tilas da raye-raye na kyauta don lashe lambar azurfa gabaɗaya. Belbin/Agosto sun lashe gasar Grand Prix a cikin kakar 2009-10: Kofin 2009 na China da 2009 Skate America . Sun fice daga gasar Grand Prix Final saboda dalilai na likita. A Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2010, ba su iya kwato taken ƙasarsu ba, inda suka ƙare na biyu a bayan Meryl Davis da Charlie White . An zabi Belbin/Agosto don wakiltar Amurka a gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi ta 2010 . Sun kare a matsayi na 4 a gasar raye-rayen kankara . Ba su yi gasa ba a gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 . A kan Disamba 15, 2015, US Figure Skating sanar Belbin da Agosto za su kasance mambobi na US Figure Skating Hall of Fame Class na 2016. An gudanar da bikin ƙaddamarwa a ranar 22 ga Janairu, 2016, a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Amurka na 2016 . Haifaffun 1982 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

32528

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girmamawa

Girmamawa

Girmamawa, wanda kuma ake kira daraja, shine ji ko aiki mai kyau da ake nunawa ga wani ko wata ko wani abu da ake la'akari da shi mai mahimmanci ko daraja. Yana nuna sha'awar halaye masu kyau ko masu daraja. Hakanan tsari ne na girmama wani ta hanyar nuna kulawa, damuwa, ko la'akari da buƙatunsu ko yadda suke ji. Wasu mutane na iya samun girmamawar mutane ta wajen taimakama wasu ko kuma ta hanyar taka muhimmiyar rawa ta zamantakewa. A cikin al'adu da yawa, ana ɗaukar mutane a matsayin waɗanda suka cancanci girmamawa har sai sun tabbatar da akasin haka. Ladabi da ke nuna girmamawa na iya haɗawa da kalmomi masu sauƙi da kalmomi kamar " Na gode " a Yamma ko " Namaste " a cikin yankin Indiya, ko kuma alamun jiki masu sauƙi kamar ɗan baka, murmushi, ido kai tsaye, ko musafaha mai sauƙi ; duk da haka, waɗannan ayyukan na iya samun fassarori daban-daban, dangane da yanayin al'adu . Alamu da sauran hanyoyin nuna girmamawa Girmamawa shine jin sha'awa mai zurfi ga wani ko wani abu da aka samu ta hanyar iyawa, halayensa da nasarorinsa. Girmama kalma ce ko magana (sau da yawa karin magana ) da ke nuna girmamawa lokacin da aka yi amfani da ita wajen magana ko magana ga mutum ko dabba. Yawanci ana amfani da girmamawa ga mutane na biyu da na uku; amfani ga mutum na farko ba shi da yawa. Wasu harsuna suna da siffofi na mutum na farko na rashin girmamawa (kamar "bawanka mafi tawali'u" ko "wannan mutumin da bai cancanta ba") wanda tasirinsa shine haɓaka darajar dangi da aka baiwa mutum na biyu ko na uku. Alal misali, rashin mutuntawa ne kada a yi amfani da yare mai ladabi da ladabi sa’ad da ake magana da Jafananci tare da wanda ke da matsayi mafi girma a cikin jama’a. Ana iya amfani da "san" mai girma na Jafananci lokacin da ake magana da Ingilishi. A ƙasar Sin, ana ɗaukar mutum rashin mutunci a kira wani da sunansa sai dai idan an daɗe da sanin mutumin. A cikin abubuwan da suka shafi aiki, mutane suna magana da juna ta hanyar takensu. A gida, sau da yawa mutane suna ambaton juna da laƙabi ko ƙa'idodin dangi.Protocol Professionals, Inc. | Chinese Etiquette & Protocol</ref> A cikin al'adun ƙasar Sin, mutane kan yi wa abokansu magana a matsayin ƙanana da manya ko da sun kai ƴan watanni ko sama da haka. Lokacin da Sinawa suka nemi shekarun mutum, sukan yi haka don sanin yadda za su yi magana da mutumin. Karimcin jiki A cikin al'adun Musulunci a duniya, akwai hanyoyi da yawa na girmama mutane. Misali, ana bada shawarar sumbatar hannun iyaye, kakanni da malamai. Har ila yau, ya zo a cikin faxin Muhammad cewa, idan mutum ya kalli fuskokin iyaye da malamai da murmushi, ko shakka babu Allah zai saka masa da nasara da farin ciki. A Indiya, al'ada na cewa, saboda girmamawa, lokacin da ƙafar mutum ta bazata taɓa littafi ko wani abu da aka rubuta (la'akari da bayyanar Saraswati, allahn ilmi) ko ƙafar wani mutum, za a bi shi ta hanyar neman gafara. ta hanyar ishara da hannu guda ( Pranāma ) da hannun dama, inda mai laifin ya fara taɓa abin da yatsa sannan kuma a goshi da/ko ƙirji. Wannan kuma yana ƙididdige kuɗin kuɗi, wanda ake la'akari da shi azaman bayyanar allahn dukiya Lakshmi . Pranāma, ko taɓa ƙafafu a al'adun Indiya alama ce ta girmamawa. Misali, lokacin da yaro ke gaisawa da kakansa, yawanci za su taɓa hannayensu zuwa ƙafafun kakanninsu. A cikin al'adun Indiya, an yi imanin cewa ƙafafu sune tushen iko da ƙauna. A yawancin al'ummomin asalin Afirka/Yammacin Indiyawa da wasu al'ummomin da ba na Afirka ba/Indiya ta Yamma ba, ana iya nuna girmamawa ta hanyar taɓa hannu. Yawancin motsin rai ko ayyukan jiki da suka zama ruwan dare a Yamma ana iya ɗaukar su rashin mutunci a Japan. Misali, bai kamata mutum ya nuna wani kai tsaye ba. Lokacin gaishe da wani ko godiya, yana iya zama zagi idan mai ƙaramin matsayi bai yi ƙasa da wanda yake da matsayi ba. Tsawon lokaci da matakin baka ya dogara da abubuwa da yawa kamar shekaru da matsayi. Wasu alamun mutunta jiki sun shafi mata ne kawai. Idan mace ba ta sanya kayan kwalliya ko kwalliya ba, mai yiyuwa ne a dauke ta ba ta da sana’a ko kuma wasu su yi tunanin ba ta damu da lamarin ba. Al'adun ƙasar Sin Saɓanin al'adun Jafanawa, ba lallai ba ne a al'adun Sinawa a yi wa juna ruku'u a matsayin gaisuwa ko nuna rabuwar kai. An keɓe ruku'u gaba ɗaya a matsayin alamar girmamawa ga dattawa da kakanni. Lokacin ruku'u, suna sanya yatsin hannun dama a tafin hannun hagunsu a matakin ciki. Zurfin baka, girman da suke nunawa. A cikin al'adun ƙasar Sin, ba a cika shiga cikin cuɗanya ta jiki, musamman wajen yin kasuwanci, saboda ana iya ganin hakan a matsayin na yau da kullun, don haka rashin mutuntawa. Ana ganin rashin kunya mutum ya mari, kofa, ko sanya hannu a kafaɗun wani. Duk da haka, soyayya a cikin abokan taka na jima'i a Gabashin Asiya ya fi fitowa fili fiye da ƙasashen yamma. Sau da yawa za a ga abokan jima'i tare da hannayensu a kusa da juna, riƙe da hannu, da sauran alamun sha'awar jiki. Ba kasafai ake ganin ana amfani da alamun hannu da yawa a al'adun ƙasar Sin ba saboda ana ɗaukar hakan a matsayin wuce gona da iri.Sinawa wani lokaci ba sa murmushi ko musanya gaisuwa da baki. Yin murmushi ko abokan taka da wanda ba ka sani ba ana iya ɗaukarsa rashin mutunci da saɓani. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ganin matan ƙasar Sin suna rufe baki idan suna dariya. A al'adance, macen da ta yi dariya mai yawan gaske, ana ganin ba ta da hankali kuma ba ta da tarbiyya. A al'adance, ba a cika yin musabaha a al'adun ƙasar Sin ba. Duk da haka, a yanzu wannan al’amari ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a tsakanin mazaje, musamman wajen gaisawa da Turawa ko wasu baƙi. Yawancin mutanen yammacin duniya na iya ganin musafaha na China ya yi tsayi da yawa ko kuma ya yi rauni, amma wannan saboda raunin musafaha alama ce ta tawali'u da mutuntawa. Kowtowing, ko durƙusawa da ruku'u sosai har gaban goshin mutum yana taɓa ƙasa, ana yin su ne yayin ibada a gidajen ibada. Kowtowing wani karimci ne mai ƙarfi da aka tanada musamman don girmama matattu ko ba da girmamawa sosai a haikali. Yawancin ka'idojin ɗabi'a sun shafi matasa suna girmama tsofaffi. Kamar a cikin al'adu da yawa, ana sa ran ƴan ƙasar Sin ƙanana za su ba da fifiko ga tsofaffi, bari su fara magana, su zauna a bayansu kuma kada su saɓa musu. Wani lokaci idan tsoho ya shiga ɗaki, kowa ya tsaya. Ana yawan gabatar da mutane daga babba zuwa ƙarami. Sau da yawa, matasa za su bi hanyarsu don buɗe wa manyansu ƙofa kuma ba za su tsallaka ƙafafu a gabansu ba.. girman ku ana tsammanin za a yi muku da shi. Girmama a matsayin darajar al'adu Al'adun ƴan asalin Amurka A cikin al'ummomin ƴan asalin Amirka da yawa, mutuntawa yana aiki a matsayin muhimmiyar ra'ayi da aka ƙima a cikin al'adun ƴan asalin Amirka. Bugu da ƙari ga girma ko girma, ana kallon girmamawa a matsayin darajar ɗabi'a da ke koya wa ƴan asalin ƙasar al'adunsu. Ana ɗaukar wannan darajar ɗabi'a azaman tsari wanda ke yin tasiri a cikin al'umma kuma yana taimakawa mutane su haɓaka da shiga cikin al'ummar su. Ana koyar da darajar mutuntawa a lokacin ƙuruciya saboda tsarin da yaran ƴan asalin ke shiga da sanin al'ummar su wani muhimmin al'amari ne na al'ada. Girmamawa a matsayin nau'i na ɗabi'a da shiga yana da mahimmanci musamman a lokacin ƙuruciya kamar yadda ya zama tushen yadda yara zasu gudanar da kansu a cikin al'ummar su. Yara suna yin ayyukan da suka balaga kamar dafa abinci ga iyali, tsaftace wa da share gida, kula da takwarorinsu jarirai, da aikin amfanin gona. Yaran ƴan asalin ƙasar suna koyan kallon shigarsu cikin waɗannan ayyukan a matsayin wakilcin girmamawa. Ta wannan hanyar shiga cikin ayyukan girmamawa, yara ba kawai suna koyon al'adu ba amma har ma suna aiwatar da shi. Duba kuma Category: Alherin zamantakewa Da'a a Asiya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

51597

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihem%20Bensedrine

Sihem Bensedrine

Sihem Bensedrine () (an haife ta ranar 28 ga watan Oktoba, 1950) 'yar jarida 'yar Tunisiya ce kuma mai fafutukar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2005, an karrama ta da lambar yabo ta Oxfam Novib/PEN. Tarihin Rayuwa An haife ta a La Marsa, kusa da Tunis kuma ta tafi Faransa don yin karatu a Jami'ar Toulouse, inda ta sami digiri a fannin falsafa. A shekara ta 1980, ta zama mai ba da rahoto ga jaridar Le Phare mai zaman kanta. Lokacin da mujallar ta daina bugawa, ta zama shugabar siyasa a Maghreb, sannan a Réalités . Lokacin da Maghreb ya daina bugawa saboda tarzomar abinci a shekarar 1983, ta zama babban editan Gazette Touristique kuma ta kafa l'Hebdo Touristique. A lokaci guda kuma, tana kula da jaridar adawa El Mawkif. Ta kafa gidan buga littattafai na Arcs a shekarar 1988, amma ta yi fatara a shekarar 1992 saboda rikicin kare hakkin dan Adam. A shekara ta 1998, ta zama shugabar adabi na gidan wallafe-wallafen Noir sur Blanc. A shekara ta 1998, ta kafa Conseil National pour les Libertés en Tunisie (CNLT), wanda ta zama mai magana da yawun farko. Daga shekarar 1999, ita da kasuwancinta sun fuskanci 'yan sanda da yawa da ayyukan shari'a, da suka hada da kwace da lalata dukiya da kuma yakin cin mutuncin kanta da aka nuna mata a matsayin karuwa, saboda 'yancinta na 'yan jarida da ayyukan kare hakkin bil'adama. A cikin 2000, ta haɗu da haɗin gwiwar mujallar kan layi ta Kalima tare da Naziha Réjiba. A shekara ta 2001, Réjiba da Bensedrine sun kafa ƙungiyar Observatoire de la Liberté de la Presse, de L'Edition et de la Création (OLPEC), wacce ke haɓaka 'yancin ɗan jarida. A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2001, Bensedrine ya bayyana a kan "Le Grand Maghreb", Al Mustaquilla tashar talabijin, tushen a London. Ta fito fili tana sukar cin hanci da rashawa a Tunisia da gwamnatinta. A ranar 26 ga watan Yunin 2001, an kama ta a filin jirgin saman Tunis Carthage bayan wata hira da aka yi da gidan talabijin inda ta yi tir da cin zarafin bil adama, ciki har da yin amfani da tsari na azabtarwa da cin hanci da rashawa na shari'a. An zarge ta da yada "labaran karya da nufin kawo cikas ga zaman lafiyar jama'a", "lalata" da "rasa cibiyar shari'a". An dai samu rudani game da ko an kama ta ko a'a saboda ba a bi ka'idojin shari'a na Tunisiya ba. Daga baya mambobin kungiyar lauyoyin da ba su da iyaka sun tabbatar da cewa an kama ta kuma an bi hanyoyin da suka dace na doka. A ranar 10 ga watan Yuli, 2001, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta musamman don aikin jarida na kare hakkin ɗan adam a ƙarƙashin Barazana a Kyautar Watsa Labarai ta Amnesty International UK. Mijinta da diyarta sun sami kyautar a madadinta. A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta an sake Bensedrine saboda goyon baya da yawa, duka a Tunisia da kasashen waje, musamman a Faransa. Kamun Bensedrine yana da alaƙa da fitowar ta a gidan talabijin na Al Mustaquilla kuma gwamnatin Tunisiya ta ba da misali da bayyanarta a ranar 17 ga watan Yuni 2001 a matsayin shaida a cikin shari'ar batanci da suka bi a kan gidan talabijin na Al Mustaquilla. A shekara ta 2004, Bensedrine ta sami karramawa daga 'yan jarida na Kanada don faɗin 'Yanci tare da lambar yabo ta 'Yancin Jarida ta Duniya don karramawa da jajircewarta wajen karewa da haɓaka 'yancin ɗan jarida. A shekara ta 2005, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta Oxfam Novib/PEN. A shekara ta 2008, Bensedrine ta sami lambar yabo ta asusun zaman lafiya na Danish a matsayin amincewa da jajircewarta na jajircewa wajen tabbatar da dimokuradiyya da bin doka a kasarta ta haihuwa da kuma kokarinta na tsara hanyoyin sadarwa tsakanin masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama a kasashen Larabawa. A shekarar 2011 kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Alison Des Forges don karramata shekaru ashirin da ta yi tana aikin fallasa take hakkin dan Adam karkashin tsohon shugaban kasar Tunisiya Ben Ali. Kyautar "yana murna da bajintar daidaikun mutane da suka sanya rayuwarsu kan layi don kare mutunci da hakkokin wasu". Ta kuma ci lambar yabo ta IPI Free Media Pioneer Award. Rediyo Kalima na daga cikin gidajen rediyo guda 12 da suka samu shawarar Hukumar Kula da Watsa Labarai ta Kasa (NAICR) na a ba ta lasisi, amma har zuwa watan Satumba na ci gaba da jiran albarkar gwamnatin wucin gadi. Tun daga shekarar 2014, Ben Sidrine ta jagoranci Hukumar Gaskiya da Mutunci a Tunisiya, kwamitin tsarin mulki da ke da alhakin sauraron shaidu daga wadanda gwamnati ta amince da azabtarwa da cin hanci da rashawa tsakanin shekarun 1955 da 2011. Hukumar ta gudanar da zamanta na farko na jin ra’ayin jama’a a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba. Kyautar Ibn Rushd don 'Yancin Tunani na shekara ta 2011 a Berlin. A ƙarshen 1970s Bensedrine da sauran membobin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ta Tunisiya sun sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel tare a shekarar 2015. Duba kuma Tunisiya Monitoring Group Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Conseil National pour les Libertés en Tunisie at the Wayback Machine (archived October 26, 2009) Sihem Bensedrine Freedom Collection interview Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1950 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

44661

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makera%20Assada

Makera Assada

Makera Assada na daga cikin yankunan da suka kafa garin Sokoto a Najeriya. Yankin na unguwar Magajin Gari dake kudancin karamar hukumar Sokoto ta Arewa a jihar Sokoto, yana iyaka da Gidan Haki daga gabas, da Digyar Agyare a yamma, Mafara a arewa da Helele a kudu. A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Makerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery . An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Assada ya shahara sosai a yankin; mai kirki da son zumunci, ance yana cikin makusantan sarki har ma yakan karɓi bakoncin sultan a gidansa. Gidanshi kamar gidan baƙi ko guest house. Dalilin da ya sa aka ƙara Assada a matsayin ƙari ga Makera shi ne don bambanta shi da sauran wuraren da aka sani da masu sana'a. Sauran wuraren da aka yi sukuni sun haɗa da: Kofar-Rini yankin da ya kware wajen hada fararen ƙarfe wajen samar da ‘yan kunne da sarka. Akwai kuma Makera a garin Nupawa da ke samar da faranti da sauran kayan aikin noma. Amma a Makera Assada kowane nau'i na smi yana faruwa. Wannan ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Assada gidan Sarkin Makeran Sarkin Musulmi ne, ko kuma babban smith na Sarkin Musulmi. Asalin mutanen Makera Assada Asalin mutanen Makera Assada ba a bayyana ba. Babu wanda ya san ainihin ranar da za a sasanta. Amma an tabbatar da cewa mutanen sun zauna ne bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a karni na sha tara, lokacin da aka kafa Sakkwato. Zuwan bakin haure ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihi da ci gaban yankin. Wadannan bakin haure sun hada da ’yan bindiga daga Zamfara wadanda su ma Fulani ne karkashin jagorancin Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme. A lokacin da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo ya fara koyarwa da wa'azi a garinsu Degel, bayan wani lokaci ya fita yawon bude ido. Ziyarar da ya fara zuwa Kebbi daga nan ne ya samu tubabbun farko. Usman da mataimakansa, ciki har da kaninsa Abdullahi dan Fodiyo, suka tafi Zamfara inda suka zauna suna wa'azi na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wa’azinsa ya shafi mutane da yawa daga sassa dabam-dabam na yammacin Afirka. Ba da daɗewa ba masu sha'awar da wa'azinsa suka rinjaye su suka ci gaba da zama wani ɓangare na Jama'a, kamar yadda aka san mabiyansa. Mutanen sun hada da Fulani, kabilarsa, da Hausa tun lokacin da Shehu Usmanu ya yi wa'azi da harshen Hausa da Fulfulde . Jama'a da yawa sun zama nasa, kuma al'ummar ta ci gaba da samun daukaka a ciki da wajen kasar Hausa . Muhammad Andi da dan uwansa Ahmad Maigeme, tare da jama'arsu sun bar zamfara domin su hada kai da Shehun da ya yi hijira zuwa Gudu, watakila Jihadin da ake yi. Mallam Bello ya bayyana cewa “A lokacin da Muhammad Andi da jama’arsa suka bar Zamfara sun hadu da Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo a lokacin da ake Jihadi, har ma sun halarci gagarumin yakin Alkalawa. A cewar majiyar baka, Muhammad Andi da mutanen sa Fulani ne daga Zamfara. Babban aikin su shine maƙera. Wadannan mutane an zalunce su kafin su bar gidansu Zamfara, saboda imanin da suka yi da wa’azin Shehu. Sarakunan Hausawa sun ji tsoron kada talakawansu su yi musu tawaye. Ganin haka yasa sarakunan hausa suka firgita. Sun ga karuwar mabiyansa da rikon da Musulunci ya samu. Maza suka bukace su da cewa “idan ba ku wargaza wannan taron jama’a ba, ikonku zai kare; Za su lalatar da ƙasarku ta wurin sa dukan mutane su bar ku su tafi wurinsu.” Yana da kyau a lura cewa, lokacin da Sarki Nafata yake Sarkin Gobir, ya hana kowane mutum yin taron addini da wa’azi ga jama’a, sai Shehu kawai. Na biyu kuma ya shar’anta cewa wadanda suka gaji aqida daga ubanninsu ba za su yi aiki da shi ba, sannan kuma ya haramta sanya rawani da mata. An yi shelar wadannan hukunce-hukunce a kowace kasuwa a Gobir da kuma yankunan da ke makwabtaka da Adar da Zamfara wadanda ke karkashin mamayar Gobir. Da wadannan za mu ga cewa al’ummar Shehu Usmanu da sauran mabiya a wurare daban-daban musamman a kasar Hausa sun yi tarayya da su. Don haka mutanen Muhammad Andi da suke Zamfara ba su da wani abin da ya wuce yin hijira da bin Shehu a duk inda yake. A kan hijirarsu sarakunan Hausawa sun yi ƙoƙarin hana su bin Shehu. Domin tsira daga barazanar da suke yi, mutanen Andi sun koka da su, cewa su maƙera ne kawai, a kan hanyarsu ta kasuwanci. Yayin da kowanne ya bude kayansa, an gano cewa yana dauke da kayan aikin maƙera, don haka ya ba su damar wucewa. Wadannan mutane sun samu tarba daga Shehu da Jama’arsa, musamman saboda sana’arsu. Wannan jama'a sun kasance tare da Jama'ar Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo kuma sun halarci jihadin kasar Hausa. Mutanen Muhammad Andi sun ci gaba da sana'arsu a can ta hanyar kera kayan yaki da makamai ga masu jihadi. A lokacin yakin sun samar da takuba, mashi, kibau, bindigogin hannu, kwalkwali, garkuwa da sauran kayan da dawakai suke sawa. Bayan jihadin kasar Hausa bayan kirkiro daular Sokoto da Shehu Usmanu da dansa kuma kwamandan yaki Muhammad Bello suka yi, sun taru tare da mabiyansu, malamansu, abokansu, 'yan uwa da sauran mahalarta wannan jihadi. An ba wa waɗannan mutane wani yanki na fili don su zauna da mutanensu. Don haka Muhammad Andi ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka amfana, kasancewar shi ne ya fara zama a yanzu Makera Assada. Shehu ya umurci Muhammad Andi da ya zagaya ya nemo wurin da ya dace ya zauna, da ya samu wurin (Makera Assada) ya sanar da Shehu Usmanu dan Fodiyo, don haka Shehu ya albarkaci kasa. Majiya mai tushe ta bayyana cewa Shehu ya bukaci Muhammad Andi ya zauna a kusa da Hubbare amma Andi ya koka da cewa bisa ga sana’ar da suke yi na maƙera da kuma irin nau’in kiwon dabbobi, ya fi kyau su zauna nesa da tsakiyar garin. Bayan wasu shekaru kuma wani muhimmin hali ya isa sabuwar Makera tare da danginsa. Wannan mutumin da aka fi sani da Sharif Muhammad Al-gudana. Ya kasance tare da wasu mutane. Algudana da mutanensa Adarawa ne. Ana samun Adarawa a yankin Tamaske, Buza da Adar a cikin Tawa, Jamhuriyar Nijar . Ana kuma samun su a Illela cikin Sakkwato. Sakamakon jihadin Shehu dan Fodiyo a karni na 19, Sarkin Adar Mustaphata da dansa Muhammad Dan Almustapha da Ahmad Bida suka ziyarci Shehu Danfodiyo lokacin yana Gudu, amma Mustapha ya bar Ahmad Bida da Muhammad tare da Shehu. Hamidun wanda ya gaji sarautar Sarkin Adar a lokacin Jihadin Danfodiyo ya goyi bayan Gobirawa har zuwa 1809, lokacin da Sarkin Azbin Muhammad Gemma, wanda ya gaji Al-Bakri ya dauki Sarkin Adar Hamidun zuwa wurin Shehu a Sifawa, Sarkin Adar ya mika wuya. Ya rasu jim kadan bayan haka. An ce Ahmad Bida ya zauna a Dundaye a matsayin Sarkin Adar na Dundaye. Haka aka haifi daular Adarawa a Dundaye. Ibid Za mu iya gani a cikin labarin da ke sama cewa, a lokacin Jihadi Adarawa ya shiga cikinsa, bayan haka, wasu sun zauna a Dundaye, suka bazu a sassa daban-daban na Sakkwato don neman harkokin kasuwanci. Amma wasu daga cikinsu sun koma jamhuriyar Nijar karkashin Muhammad dan Al-Mustapha, wanda ya shirya ci gaba da zama a Adar da fatan ya sake komawa kan karagar mulki. Lokacin da wadannan mutane suka zauna a yankin, sun yi aikin fata. Sun samar da kayan fata iri-iri kamar takalmi, jakunkuna na fata, matashin kai na sarauta da dai sauransu, amma wadannan mutane ba su yi fice a harkar fata ba saboda yawancinsu sun rungumi sana’ar mai masaukin baki ne. Yayin da jama’a da dama suka ci gaba da zama a yankin, babban abin da ya shafi tattalin arzikin jama’a ya kasance sana’ar fataucin mutane, wanda ya mamaye yankin, inda jama’a suka tsunduma cikin ayyukan yi iri-iri. Al'ummar yankin sun dukufa wajen gudanar da duk wani nau'i na tulle da sauran ayyukan karfe. Duka ana yin su ne da yin ƙulle-ƙulle a yankin. Tun bayan kafuwar yankin bayan jihadin Shehu Usmanu ana yin sa ne. Al'ummar yankin dai sun kasance suna daukar baƙar fata a matsayin wani zama na wajibi ga kowane ɗan yankin. Suna daukar wadanda suka yi watsi da sana'ar kakansu a matsayin wani babban laifi. Aikin smith yana samar da kuɗin shiga ga mutanen yankin, saboda maƙerin yana samar da kayan aikin gida, kayan aikin noma, makamai da dai sauransu. A daya bangaren kuma wadanda suka kware wajen fasa karfe ko Makeran fari, suna samar da kayan ado ga mata, ta yadda suke samar da abin wuya, 'yan kunne, handring da sauransu. Masu sana'ar farar fata ba su da yawa a yankin don haka ana daukar maƙeri ko Makeran Baki a matsayin ubangidansu. Baya ga sana’o’in hannu, an yi la’akari da al’ummar Hausawa kan yadda suke shiga harkokin kasuwanci. Wasu mutanen yankin sun tsunduma cikin kasuwancin cikin gida (Kasuwanci). Wannan ya kasance musamman batun 'yan kasuwa masu karamin jari. Sun sayar da kayayyakin da ake nomawa a yankin a kauyuka da garuruwa. Noma ya kasance abin sha'awa ga yawancin al'ummar Afirka, wanda aka yi shi sosai a lokacin damina. A wannan yanki (Makera Assada), akwai mutanen da suke yin noma, wadannan mutane galibi suna da filayen noma ne a bakin kogi da ke yankin Dundaye da Kofar Kware, galibi suna noma a kananan hukumomi. A sauran bangaren tattalin arziki a yankin, akwai kuma mutanen da suka tsunduma cikin samar da tabarma. Babban abin da ke cikin wannan fannin masana'antu shine bishiyar dabino mai juji da roba. Wannan masana'antar ba ita ce keɓaɓɓiyar mace ko namiji ba. Maza da mata suna yin sana’ar tabarmi ko kafet, Wundaye da Tabarmi. Duk da haka kada mu manta da irin gudunmawar da matan wannan yanki suke bayarwa wajen ayyukan tattalin arziki. Wasu daga cikinsu suna shiga harkar tattalin arziki. Matsayin mata a matsayin wakilai na hukumar (Dillalai), kamar dai yadda mambobin kasuwar musayar hannun jari, tsofaffin matan suka tsunduma cikin hidimar wakilai (Dillalai). Domin kuwa manyan mata ne kawai aka bari su fita daga gidajensu. Haka kuma sun kasance suna tafiya gida-gida suna neman kayan da za su sayar. Misali, sun kasance suna yin ciniki mai yawa ta zaren da mata ke kerawa a gida. Sun kasance suna tattara waɗannan samfuran gida ko dai a matsayin wakili ko kuma ta hanyar sayayya kai tsaye. Su kuma wadannan matan sun tsunduma cikin siyar da sabbin kayan sawa da na zamani. Sun kuma sayar da kayan abinci a ciki da wajen gidajensu. Mutane na kowane rukuni na shekaru suna amfani da su don siyan waɗannan abubuwan. Matan sun sami riba mai yawa ga waɗannan mata masu sana'a da masu siyarwa. Ayyukan wakilan da aka ba da izini sun ƙarfafa saboda yanayi da halaye da dabi'un zamantakewa a Sakkwato. Don haka ya haramta wa matan aure hawa da sauka ko ta yaya musamman a kasuwanni. Don haka wakilan kasuwanci suna ba da mafi yawan abubuwan da ake buƙata don su. Wani fannin tattalin arziki da mata suka bayar da gudunmawar da ke da alaka da harkar noma, ita ce masana’antar abinci da abinci. Ayyukansu a cikin wannan masana'antar ba ta iyakance ga samar da abinci don amfanin iyali ba. Haka kuma sun sarrafa tare da dafa abinci iri-iri na siyarwa a wajen dangi. Daga cikin daskararrun abinci sun dafa Tuwo da shinkafa (Tuwon shinkafa), masara ko masara da dai sauransu, Masa zagaye na gari, Bula da dai sauransu. Shaye-shaye na safe irin su Kunu, Koko da Fura wanda ake yawan sha a lokacin rani da kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri, kamar Kosan Rogo, Wake Awara da dai sauransu. Wadannan duk mata ne a gida suka shirya su don cin abinci na iyali har ma da siyarwa. An yi noman gyada da yawa a kasar Hausa, matan yankin na amfani da gyada wajen samar da kayayyaki iri-iri domin amfanin iyali da kuma na siyarwa. An niƙa harsashi na ƙwaya misali an niƙa shi ya zama foda don yin bran (Dussa), wanda ake amfani da shi don ciyar da shanu da tumaki. An datse ƙwayar gyada kuma an fitar da mai. Ana amfani da wannan mai a zamanin da a matsayin mai (paraffin ko kananzir) da kuma abinci. An yi babban ɓangaren ƙwaya ɗin gyada ya zama wainar gyada, (Kuli Kuli) kuma an fi amfani da shi sosai musamman wajen yin azumin “Datu” da kuma matsayin biredi. Haka kuma akwai wasu matan yankin da suka kware wajen samar da miya ko “ Dadawa ” muhimmin sinadari na yin miya, miya na gida ya toshe nasarorin da ake samu a kasuwannin zamani kamar maggi cube, ko Ajini-moto. Yawancin mutanen musamman waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan sun dogara da miya na gida. Watakila wannan ne dalilin da ya sa kamfanin abinci da abubuwan sha na Najeriya ya yanke shawarar fitowa da sabon sunan miya na zamani mai suna Daddawa cubes. A cikin sana'ar saka, mata tare da maza kuma sun tsunduma cikin yin Kwaddo da Linzami. Waɗannan kayan ado ne da aka yi akan mazan da ke rufewa. Haka kuma an samu wasu da suka tsunduma cikin kera hula masu launi daban-daban (Kube). Daga cikin ayyukan fasaha na mata akwai zane a kan bedsheets (Zanen Gado) matashin kai da katifa. ƙwararrun mata a gidansu sun yi waɗannan. Akwai kuma samuwar karamar kasuwa wadda ke biyan bukatun jama'ar yankin nan take. Kasuwar da aka fi sani da Kasuwar Bayangida tana budewa da yamma har zuwa dare. Maƙera a Makera Assada Makera Assada tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a matsayin daya daga cikin cibiyoyin kasuwanci na garin Sakkwato, ta yi suna da sana’ar fataucin baki (Kira). Wani lokaci yana da wuya a yi tunanin a yau, zamanin da mutane ke amfani da muhallin da suke kewaye da su a matsayin tushen tsira kawai. A farkon wayewar Afirka an samo muhimman kayan aikin rayuwa ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin itace da na dutse. Waɗannan kayan aikin sun tabbatar da aiki sosai don farauta da noma, amma yayin da lokaci ya canza kuma ɗan adam ya sami ci gaba, ya zama dole a sami ingantacciyar hanyar rayuwa. Aikin ƙarfe na farko da aka sani ya wanzu a Turkiyya kuma shekarun karafa irin su zinariya, jan karfe, azurfa, gubar da baƙin ƙarfe ba su iya aiki ba sai kusan 400 BC. Wannan ci gaban ya ragu har zuwa kusan 1500 BC, tare da haɓaka tanderun da ke da ikon kera kayan aikin ƙarfe. Zamanin ƙarfe ya fara kuma ba da daɗewa ba fasahar maƙera ta yaɗu a yammacin Afirka. Baƙi ya fara ne da zamanin ƙarfe, lokacin da ɗan adam na farko ya fara kera kayan aiki daga ƙarfe. Zamanin Ƙarfe ya fara ne sa’ad da wani tsohon mutum ya lura cewa wani nau’in dutse yana samar da baƙin ƙarfe, sa’ad da garwashin wuta mai zafi ya tashi. A taƙaice, za mu iya cewa ƙera fasahar kera ɗanyen karfen da za a iya amfani da shi, ya daɗe. A Najeriya, mutanen NOK, sun nuna fasahar maƙera, wadda ta samo asali tun ƙarni na shida BC. Wadannan ma’aikatan karafa na Najeriya sun kirkiro wata fasahar da ta ba su karfin gwiwa a rayuwa, kuma za ta zama wata fasahar da za ta kawo sauyi a duniya. Clapperton ya rubuta a cikin 1824, yayi magana akan aikin ƙarfe a Sokoto har ma ya yi iƙirarin cewa duk maƙeran birni Nupes ne. Ko ta yaya, ƙimar Nupes a cikin masana'antar aikin ƙarfe yana yiwuwa Clapperton ya wuce gona da iri. Babu shakka kwararrun ma’aikatan karfe da dama sun zo Sakkwato ne saboda ci gabanta ta fuskar matsuguni ya ja hankalinsu. Sauran ƙwararrun ma’aikatan ƙarfe babu shakka sun shigo garin a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira (Al-kalawa), a matsayin bayi da aka aiko daga masarautu ko kuma ta neman ƙwararrun hannaye a Sakkwato ita kanta. A cikin surori da suka gabata mun ga zuwan Muhammad Andi da mutanensa daga Zamfara ya zama farkon fara sana’ar sana’a a Makera. Zamfara da dadewa an santa da taurin kai. Matsayin Maƙera a Sakkwato Kafin zuwan Turawa, Makera Assada na daya daga cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba a cikin garin Sakkwato. An lura da cewa galibin ci gaban da ya same ta ya samo asali ne sakamakon yawan shigar baki da kuma hakan ya taimaka wa garin Sakkwato baki daya. Smithing shine babban abin da ya hada kan al'ummar unguwar Magajin Gari. Hakan ya faru ne saboda ana buƙatar kayan da maƙera ya kera a cikin yankin da kewaye saboda yawancinsu suna noma. Mutanen Mafara dake makwabtaka da su sun kasance manoma da makiyaya. Mutanen Mafara sun kasance suna siyan kayan da aka ƙera na maƙeran, kamar kayan aikin noma, kayan gida, maɓalli da makulli, ƴan kunne da sauransu. Hakan na nuni da cewa a yayin da al’ummar garin Makera suka shagaltu da samar da kayayyakin da ake bukata ga mutanen makwabta, Mafara na taimaka musu wajen fitar da kayayyakinsu zuwa wurare daban-daban. Mutanen Mafara jikokin Muhammad Sambo ne, daya daga cikin makusantan Shehu, duk dan jihadi ne kuma malami. Akwai wani irin auratayya tsakanin mutanen Makera da Mafara da ke karfafa dangantakarsu. Ci gaban kasuwancin, ya kasance ne sakamakon tattalin arzikin da aka yi a farkon lokaci. Kamar yadda Makera Assada ya kware wajen samar da karafa akwai kuma jama’a a ciki da wajen Sakkwato wadanda suke sana’ar noma, mutuwa capentary, farauta da sauransu, don haka ana bukatar irin wannan karfe ta nau’ukan daban-daban. Mashi, kibau, takobi, wukake. Manoman na bukatar faratanya, ashana da garma. A cewar Ibrahim Gandi, daya daga cikin masu ba ni labari, ya bayyana cewa mafarauta da manoma daga lungu da sako na nesa suke zuwa su sayi kayan aiki daban-daban daga mutanen Makera. Al'ummar Makera da suka yi wa mayaka kafin mulkin mallaka sun yi aiki sosai, Sarkin Makera Buhari, ya bayyana cewa "Shehu Usmanu Danfodiyo, ya umarci dansa Muhammad Bello da ya fadada garin Sokoto". Yankin Assada na ci gaba da karbar bakin haure. Maƙerin yankin na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka kawo su. Don haka Muhammad Bello ya ba da umarnin cire daji da ke kusa da yankin har zuwa Kofar-Kware. Yawancin maƙeran suna fara aiki tun suna samari, ƙila su kai shekaru 6 ko 7. Za su koyi maƙeran, na tsawon shekaru goma ko fiye, sannan za su tashi su fara kantin nasu. Idan yaro ya koya wa ubangidansa, zai iya yin yawancin rayuwarsa a shago kafin ya sami damar zama ɗan tafiya. Al'ummar Assada na kokarin ganin sun cusa ilimin boko ga duk dan da aka haifa a yankin. daga baya lokacin da ilimin yamma ya fara samun tsari a yankin da farko maƙerin bai nuna sha'awa ba. Waɗanda suka ƙi yin fatauci ne kawai aka tura su makaranta. Wadannan nau'ikan samarin an sallame su ne don kada a gansu a kusa domin ganinsu zai bata wa iyayensu rai. Amma maƙeran sun fahimci mahimmancin ilimin turawa, sun sanya unguwanninsu, har ma da malalaci. Jama’a da dama sun ji dadin karatun kasashen yamma a yankin, saboda wasu daga cikinsu sun kara kusanci da gwamnati. Gwamnati na bukatar shawarar irin wadannan mutane kamar Shahararren Yahaya Danboko daya daga cikin manyan malaman jihar Sokoto. A cewar majiyoyin baka, Makera Assada an taba kiransa da Maƙerar Dutsi. Kalmar Makera sunan hausa ne na smithery . An san yankin da sana'ar baƙar fata, wanda ya zama babban abin mamaye yankin, don haka yankin ya zama sananne da Makera. Da zuwan Turawa Sakkwato, a duk lokacin da suke bukatar hidimar maƙera sai su tuntubi Sarkin Musulmi. Duk da haka Sarkin zai kira Sarkin Makera da Mazugi. Maƙeran Assada suna samar da ƙwarƙwarar ƙura don gidan yarin Sakkwato da mazaunin Turawa da sauran wurare. Wata muhimmiyar rawar da maƙeran Makera Assada suka taka ita ce lokacin jihadin Shehu Danfodiyo. Maƙerin baya ga shiga jihadi, suna kera makamai ga masu jihadi. An yi imanin cewa, da gwamnati ta dauki irin wannan aikin na cikin gida da gaske, da ba za ta kashe kudi da shigo da kayan amfanin gona da sauran kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje ba. Yin aikin ƙarfe ya sa noma, farauta da yaƙi ya fi dacewa. Iron ya ba da damar haɓaka girma a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikon tallafawa manyan masarautu, waɗanda suka bazu a yammacin Afirka. Tsarin baƙar fata a Assada Maƙera mutum ne wanda ya ƙirƙiro abubuwa daga ƙarfe ko ƙarfe ta hanyar “ƙirƙira” ƙarfen, ta hanyar yin amfani da kayan aiki don yin guduma, lanƙwasa, yanke da kuma siffata shi ta hanyar da ba ruwa ba. Yawancin lokaci karfen yana zafi har sai ya yi haske ja ko orange a matsayin wani ɓangare na aikin ƙirƙira. Maƙeran suna samar da abubuwa kamar ƙofofin ƙarfe, gasa, gasa, dogo, fitilu, kayan ɗaki, sassaka, kayan aikin noma, kayan ado da na addini, kayan dafa abinci da makamai. Maƙera suna aiki da tsofaffin tufafin wannan saboda yanayin aikin. Suna aiki duka a shagonsu (Bukkar Makera), har ma a kofar gidajensu (Zaure) suke yi kamar na Makera Assdada. Sai dai a wannan lokacin da akasarin aikin kan yi amfani da shi a kasuwa. Maƙera suna aiki da baƙin ƙarfe, yawanci baƙin ƙarfe. Kalmar smith ta samo asali ne daga kalmar 'smite' wanda ke nufin zafi. Don haka maƙeri shine mutum mai aiki ko buga baƙin ƙarfe. Tsawon ƙarnuka da suka wuce, maƙeran sun yi alfahari da cewa, nasu ɗaya ne daga cikin ƴan sana'o'in da ke ba su damar yin kayan aikin da ake amfani da su don sana'arsu. Lokaci da al'ada sun ba da wasu ingantattun kayan aikin yau da kullun waɗanda suka bambanta dalla-dalla kawai a duk duniya. Za zDuk abin da maƙeri yake buƙata shine wani abu don dumama ƙarfen, wani abu da zai riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi da shi, wani abu da zai buga ƙarfen a kai, da kuma wani abu da zai buga ƙarfe da shi. Kayan aikin da maƙera ke buƙatar haɗawa da su. Jujjuya ko Tukunya da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa, jabun murhu ce ta shagon maƙeran. Yana ba da hanyoyin kiyayewa da sarrafawa tare da taimakon Mazuzzugi. Ana amfani da Tongs (Awartaki) don riƙe ƙarfe mai zafi. Sun zo cikin kewayon siffofi da girma dabam. Abin ban sha'awa, yayin da ake buƙatar ƙwanƙwasa don ƙwaƙƙwaran maƙera, ana iya yin aiki da yawa ta hanyar riƙe ƙarshen sanyi da hannun hannu kawai. Karfe shi ne madaidaicin jagorar zafi, kuma karfen zafi na orange a gefe ɗaya zai yi sanyi don taɓa ƙafa ko makamancin haka. Anvil (makera) a mafi sauƙi shine babban toshe na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe. A tsawon lokaci an tsaftace wannan don samar da ƙaho mai zagaye don sauƙaƙe zane da lanƙwasa, fuska don zane da damuwa da lanƙwasa da kuma a kan daya ko fiye da ramuka don rike kayan aiki na musamman (swages ko hardies) da sauƙaƙe naushi. Sau da yawa Flat surface na anvil zai zama taurara karfe, da kuma jikin da aka yi daga baƙin ƙarfe mafi tsanani. Maƙeran guduma (amaleshi) suna da fuska ɗaya da alƙawarin. Kwakwalwa yawanci ko dai ball ne ko ƙwanƙwasa (giciye ko madaidaicin peen dangane da fuskantar jujjuya zuwa riƙo) kuma ana amfani dashi lokacin zana. Swage (magagari) wannan kayan aiki ne na siffatawa, swages ko dai kayan aikin tsaye ne kawai ko kuma sun dace da 'ramin hardie' akan fuskar macijiya. Maƙeran suna aiki ta hanyar dumama sassa na ƙarfe ko ƙarfe har sai ƙarfen ya zama mai laushi don ya zama siffa da kayan aikin hannu, kamar guduma da chisel. Don ƙona ƙwanƙwasa ko ƙirƙira, ana amfani da itace zuwa ga gawayi. Dabarun Maƙeran ƙila za a iya raba su kusan zuwa ƙirƙira (wani lokaci ana kiranta “sculpting”), walda, maganin zafi da ƙarewa. Har ila yau ana kiran ƙirƙira da sassaƙawa domin aikin gyaran ƙarfe ne. Wasu ayyuka ko dabaru da ake amfani da su wajen ƙirƙira sun haɗa da zane, raguwa, lanƙwasa, bacin rai da naushi. Za a iya yin zane tare da kayan aiki da hanyoyi daban-daban. Hanyoyi biyu na yau da kullun ta yin amfani da guduma da maƙarƙashiya kawai za su kasance suna guduma a kan ƙahon maƙarƙashiya, da kuma buge-buge a fuskar majiya ta yin amfani da guntun giciye na guduma. Wata hanyar yin zane ita ce ta yin amfani da kayan aiki mai suna Fuller (tsinke), ko kuma pen guduma don gaggauta zana daga wani kauri mai kauri. Ana kiran dabarar cikawa daga kayan aiki. Cikakkewa ya ƙunshi guduma jeri na indentations (tare da madaidaicin tudu) daidai da tsayin sashe na yanki da ake zana. Sakamakon sakamako zai zama kama da raƙuman ruwa tare da saman yanki. Lankwasawa ta hanyar dumama karfe zuwa zafi na orange yana ba da damar lankwasawa kamar dai karfe mai zafi yumbu ne ko sarafy taffy; yana ɗaukar mahimmanci amma ba ƙoƙarin Herculean ba. Ana iya yin lanƙwasa tare da guduma a kan ƙaho ko shekarun maƙarƙashiya, ko kuma ta hanyar shigar da aikin a cikin ɗayan ramukan da ke saman majiya da kuma karkatar da ƙarshen kyauta zuwa gefe ɗaya. Ana iya yin suturar lanƙwasa da ɗaurewa ko faɗaɗa su ta hanyar dunƙule su a kan sashin da ya dace da siffa. Tashin hankali shine tsarin sanya ƙarfe mai kauri a cikin wani girma ta hanyar ragewa a ɗayan. Ɗaya daga cikin nau'i shine ta hanyar dumama ƙarshen sanda kuma suna gudu a kan ta kamar yadda mutum zai fitar da ƙusa, sandunan ya yi guntu, kuma ɓangaren zafi yana fadada. Madadin guduma a ƙarshen zafi, shine sanya ƙarshen zafi a ƙarshen magudanar da guduma akan ƙarshen sanyi, ko kuma zubar da sandar, ƙarshen zafi ƙasa, a kan wani yanki na daidaitawa a matakin bene. Ana iya yin naushi don ƙirƙirar ƙirar ado, ko kuma a yi rami, alal misali, a shirye-shiryen yin kan guduma, maƙerin zai bugi rami a cikin sanda mai nauyi ko sanda don riƙon guduma. Duka bai iyakance ga baƙin ciki da ramuka ba. Hakanan ya haɗa da yankewa, tsagawa da tuƙi; Ana yin waɗannan da chisel. Tsarin hadawa ; Ana haɗa tsarin ƙirƙira na asali guda biyar sau da yawa don samarwa da kuma daidaita sifofin da suka dace don samfuran da aka gama. Misali, don kera shugaban hamma mai ƙwanƙwasa, maƙerin zai fara da sandar kusan diamita na fuskar guduma, za a buga ramin hannun kuma a buge shi (fadi ta hanyar saka ko wuce babban kayan aiki ta cikinsa), shugaban zai yi. a yanka (bushi, amma da ƙugiya), za a zana peen zuwa wani yanki kuma a yi ado da fuska ta hanyar tayar da hankali. Welding shi ne haɗa ƙarfe iri ɗaya ko makamancinsa wanda babu haɗin gwiwa ko ɗinki; guntun da za a yi walda sun zama guda ɗaya. Yanzu smith yana motsawa da manufa mai sauri. Ana ɗauko ƙarfen daga wuta a haɗa shi da sauri, guduma yana shafa ƴan famfo kaɗan don kawo fuskokin mating ɗin gabaɗaya sannan a matse ruwan sannan a sake komawa wuta. An fara walda tare da famfo, amma sau da yawa haɗin gwiwa yana da rauni kuma bai cika ba, don haka maƙerin zai sake buga haɗin gwiwa zuwa zafin walda kuma yayi aiki da walda tare da bugun haske don ' saita' weld kuma a ƙarshe ya yi ado da shi don siffa. Maganin zafi Baya ga haɓaka rashin lafiyarsa, wani dalili na dumama ƙarfe shine don dalilai na maganin zafi. Ƙarfe za a iya taurare, fushi, daidaitacce, annealed, yanayin taurara da kuma batun sauran tsari wanda ke canza tsarin crystalline na karfe don ba shi takamaiman halaye da ake buƙata don amfani daban-daban. Ƙarshe ; Dangane da abin da aka yi niyya na amfani da yanki, maƙerin zai iya gama shi ta hanyoyi da yawa. Jig mai sauƙi wanda smith zai iya amfani da ƴan lokuta kawai a cikin shagon yana iya samun ƙaramar kammala rap akan maƙarƙashiya don karya sikelin da goga tare da goga na waya. Ana iya amfani da fayiloli don kawo yanki zuwa siffa ta ƙarshe, cire burrs da kaifi, da kuma santsin saman. Nika duwatsun takarda mai ƙyalli da ƙafafun emery na iya ƙara siffa, santsi da goge saman. Ƙarshen sun haɗa amma ba'a iyakance ga fenti, varnish, bluing, aro, mai da kakin zuma ba. Koyaya, dan wasan mazugi (mazugi) mataimaki ne ga maƙerin. Ayyukansa shine yaɗa babban guduma a cikin manyan ayyukan ƙirƙira. Sarkin Makera ya ci gaba da cewa, “Idan aka yi wani aiki ko kuma Sarkin Musulmi yana bukatar hidimar maƙera, sai ya gayyaci Sarkin Makera kuma Mazugi ne zai bi shi da kayan aikin sa. Yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, saitin hinjiyoyin ƙofa ko ƙusoshin ƙusoshi shine abin da maƙerin ƙauyen ya yi. Shagon nasa shine kantin kayan masarufi na gida. Yana kuma iya gyara doguwar sarƙa ko ya sa ƙafafu a kan ƙafafun keken, ko kuma ya gyara gatari da ya tsinke sa’ad da ya bugi dutsen. Ko ƙauyen yana buƙatar takuba ko garma, maƙerin ya yi su. Domin ba tare da maƙerin ba, ƙauyen ba zai iya rayuwa ba Yayin da duk wannan masana'antar ƙarfe ta samo asali a kan lokaci, maƙerin ya zama laima ga ƙwararru da yawa. Maƙerin da ya yi wuƙaƙe da takuba, shi ne maƙeri. Maƙerin da ya yi ƙulli ya kasance maƙerin. Maƙerin da ya yi hidimar sulke mai sulke mai sulke ne. Maƙerin da ya kera gangunan bindiga da harsashi shi ne maƙerin bindiga. Maƙerin da ya yi wa dawakai sutura, ya kasance farrier. Maƙerin wanda ya yi wa mata ƴan kunne, sarƙoƙi da sauran kayan ado, farar fata ne. Maƙerin da ya ƙware wajen gyare-gyaren zinariya ya kasance maƙerin zinare. Don haka maƙeran sun mallaki duk waɗannan fasaha. Kimanta masana'antu Gandi ya bayyana sana’ar baƙar fata a matsayin babbar hanyar rayuwa ga mutanen Assada yana mai cewa duk wanda ya fito daga yankin dole ne ya zama maƙeri don haka haramun ne mutum ya yi watsi da sana’ar mahaifinsa da kakansa. A cikin kowane iyali na Makera Assada, dole ne a sami shaidar baƙar fata. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin sana’ar da kuma zamanin da, a tsakanin mutanen Assada. Masu sana'ar Makera Assada kullum suna cikin shagunansu da wuraren aiki. Yawancin maƙeran ba manoma ba ne, don haka ba sa zuwa gona amma suna da kyakkyawar alaƙa da manoman da ke buƙatar ayyukansu. Smithing wata sana'a ce ta daban da ke buƙatar fasaha da ƙarfin jiki. Maƙerin yau ya fi mai fassara na baya kuma mai fasaha idan kuna so maimakon abu na gaske. Don haka an katange shi da haramtattun abubuwa da yawa kuma yana buƙatar dogon lokaci na koyo. Maƙeran sun shahara da yin amfani da ƙarfe da wuta, ta yadda makamin ƙarfe ko wuta ba zai iya cutar da su ba. Maƙeran sun ba da taimako ga noma kuma sun ba da tushe na fasaha. Maƙeran suna ba da abubuwan da suka zama dole ta ayyukan zamantakewa da na yau da kullun. Tun bayan bullar maƙera zuwa yammacin Afirka a shekara ta 1500 kafin haihuwar Annabi Isa, ana jin tsoronsu a wasu al'ummomin yammacin Afirka saboda irin ƙarfin da suke da shi a fannin aikin ƙarfe, kamar yadda muka ambata a baya mafi yawan mashahuran maƙera, makamin ƙarfe da wuta ba za su iya cutar da su ba, ko da yake wasu suna ganin hakan. a matsayin wani nau'i na sihiri, amma a ko'ina cikin duniya Afirka ta Yamma suna girmama su don aikin majagaba na fasaha. Yayin da talakawa ke tsoron ikon maƙeri, ana sha'awar su sosai kuma suna da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa. Domin sana’ar ta yi fice sosai kuma tana da haxari, maƙera galibi ana neman garuruwa da ƙauyuka inda babu. Don haka yin gatari ko wuka ko kurayen murhu, kwano (baho) ko saitin lalurar ƙofa aikinsa ne. Yana kuma iya gyara makullin ƙofa ko gyara gatari da ya tsinke idan ya bugi dutse. Abin da ya shafi masu sana'ar Makera shi ne shigo da kayayyakin karafa daga kasashen waje, kayan masarufi masu arha da yawa yanzu haka ana sayarwa a kasuwannin cikin gida. Wukake, kayan aikin gida kamar guga, kwano, abin wuya, da sauransu. Za'a iya siyan kusoshi na ƙofa da hinges da sauran kayan amfani a duk inda ake so. A bisa ƙa'ida mutane sun dogara ga masana'antar gida, don samar da waɗannan kayayyaki. Waɗannan kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje sun fi arha kuma sun fi dacewa da manufar sa. Ko da yake, maƙeran Makera Assada sun kware a kowane irin aikin ƙarfe, amma ba su ba da fifiko ga kera bindigogin gida ba duk da cewa mafarauta na buƙatar su don farautar dabbobi. Hakan ya faru ne saboda haɗarin tsaro saboda gwamnati ta hana irin wannan samarwa. Wato a can ake kera makaman gida kamar takobi, mashi da sauransu. Baya ga gyare-gyaren ƙarfe don samar da abubuwa, wasu mutane suna yin maƙeran balaguro. Suna tafiya wurare da dama har zuwa Kano, Zariya, Funtuwa da ma bayan iyakokin Arewacin Najeriya, don sayen karafa da za a iya amfani da su, kamar barnar motoci da jiragen sama, guntun sandunan ƙarfe, kwantenan dakon mai da dai sauransu. A wannan karafa ana kawowa Makera Assada har sai lokacin da ake bukata duk wani kamfani ko mai son irin wannan sana'a ko karafa za a tura shi yankin Makera Assada. Bambance-bambancen sana'o'i a tsakanin Makera musamman a cikin sana'o'insu na kera yana nuna bajintar fasaharsu da ci gabansu. Wannan shaida ce a lokacin jihadi. A cikin 1839, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow a cikin sanannen waƙarsa, "The Village Blacksmith" ya yaba wa maƙerin, "Kingarsa yana jike da gumi na gaskiya. Yakan sami duk abin da zai iya, kuma yana kallon duniya gaba ɗaya, don ba ya bin kowa. Duba kuma Usman Dan Fodiyo Sokoto Caliphate Maƙeran yammacin Afirka Articles with hAudio microformats

33068

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Gurunsi

Mutanen Gurunsi

Gurunsi, ko Grunshi, ƙungiyoyin ƙabilu ne masu alaƙa da ke zaune a arewacin Ghana da kudanci da tsakiyar Burkina Faso. Tarihin mulkin mallaka da asali Al'adun baka na Gurunsi sun yi ittifaqin cewa sun samo asali ne daga yammacin Sudan da ke ratsa yankin Sahel. Duk da yake ba a san lokacin da hijirar ta faru ba, an yi imanin cewa Gurunsi sun kasance a wurin da kuma suke a yanzu kafin 1100 AD. Bayan karni na 15, lokacin da aka kafa jihohin Mossi a arewa, mahaya dawakan Mossi sukan kai hari yankunan Gurunsi domin bayi, amma al'ummar Gurunsi ba su taba samun galaba a kansu ba, sun kasance masu cin gashin kansu. A cewar likita Salif Titamba Lankoande, a cikin Noms de famille (Patronymes) au Burkina Faso, sunan Gurunsi ya fito ne daga yaren Djerma na Nijar kalmomin "Guru-si", wanda ke nufin "ƙarfe ba ya shiga". An ce a lokacin da Djerma ta mamaye yankunan Gurunsi a karshen ƙarni na 19, wani jagoran jihadi na Djerma mai suna Baba Ato Zato (wanda aka fi sani da cin hanci da rashawa da sunan sa na Hausa: Babatu) ya dauki bataliyar ’yan asalin kasar aikin soja. , wadanda bayan sun sha magungunan gargajiya, an ce ba sa iya kamuwa da iron. Sun kafa Masarautar Zabarima a cikin Gurunsiland, wadda ta kunshi arewacin Ghana da kudancin Burkina Faso. Mutanen da ke magana da harsunan Gur da yaruka masu alaƙa da Mossi a ƙarƙashin laima na Gurunsi sun kafa ƙauyen ƙauye waɗanda akasari aka tsara a matsayin mafakar tsaro daga mazaunin Koudougou yamma da arewa maso yammacin Ouagadougou a lokacin mulkin mallaka zuwa arewa maso gabashin Ghana a halin yanzu. . A tarihi, waɗannan ƙabilun sun kasance talakawan masarautun Mossi. Wannan yanki ya zama a karshen shekarun 1890 na wani bangare uku na gasar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa, Birtaniya, da Jamusawa, inda suke kokarin fatattakar shugabannin yaki na Djerma da kuma yakar al'ummar yankin masu fama da yaki wadanda suka yi tsayin daka don tabbatar da 'yancin cin gashin kansu, yayin da suke kokarin ganin sun yi nasara. yunƙurin mamaye yankuna da yawa gwargwadon iko tare da kashe abokan hamayyar 'yan mulkin mallaka. Kowanne daga cikin ukun ya yi ikirarin wani yanki na yankin da kauyukan Gurunsi suka mamaye, amma ba a kawo karshen gasar da ake yi tsakanin ‘yan mulkin mallaka ba sai a shekarar karshe ta karni na 19. Bayan kafa kariyar Yatenga da Ouagadougou , Faransa ta mamaye ƙasar Gurunsi a cikin 1897. Daga ƙarshe Jamusawa sun janye zuwa Togoland (Gana na zamani da Togo), kuma yarjejeniyar 1898 Anglo-Faransa ta kafa iyaka da Zinariya a hukumance. Coast (yanzu Ghana). Wannan bangare ya raba al'ummar Gurunsi tsakanin tsarin gudanarwa na Faransa da Biritaniya, tare da sauƙaƙe bambancin siyasa da al'adu na ƙananan ƙungiyoyi a kowane gefen iyaka. Ƙungiyoyin Gurunsi Ana amfani da kalmar Gurunsi azaman kalmar meta don komawa ga ƙungiyar mutane masu sassaucin ra'ayi. Ƙungiyoyin da aka ware a matsayin Gurunsi ba su da harshe ɗaya kuma suna da al'adu daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin manyan kabilun Gurunsi sun hada da Frafra, Nabt da Talensi a Ghana da kuma Ko, Lyele, Nuni da Sisaala a Burkina Faso. Ƙungiyoyin Kassena da Nankani suna zaune a Ghana da Burkina Faso. Fasaha da gine-gine An san mutanen Kassena da gidajen yumbu waɗanda maza suka gina kuma mata suka yi musu ado a waje tare da tsarin geometric. Littafi Mai Tsarki Bayili, Blaise. Religion, droit et pouvoir au Burkina Faso. Les Lyele du Burkina Faso. Paris: L'Harmattan, 1998. Duperray, Anne M. Les Gourounsi de Haute Volta. Conquête et colonisation, 1896-1933. Stuttgart: Steiner, 1984. Jacob, Jean-Pierre. Le sens des limites: maladie, sorcellerie, religion et pouvoir chez les Winye, Gourounsi du Burkina Faso. Neuchâtel: Faculté des lettres [Thèse de doctorat], 1988. Levtzion, Nehemia. Muslims and Chiefs in West Africa. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1968. Tauxier, Louis. Le noir du Soudan, pays mossi et gourounsi. Paris: Emile Larose, 1912. Tauxier, Louis. Nouvelles notes sur le Mossi et le Gourounsi. Paris: Emile Larose, 1924. Kabilu a Ghana Kabilu a Burkina faso

20496

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masarautar%20Dosso

Masarautar Dosso

Masarautar Dossa masarauta ce kafin zuwan turawa na mulkin mallaka wadda a yanzu take a yankin ƙasar Nijar yanzu wacce ta wanzu har zuwa wannan lokaci. Tarihin farko An yi imanin cewa mutanen Djerma ko Zabarmawa na Nijar sun yi ƙaura daga yankin Fulani dake kusa da Lac Debo, Mali a lokacin daular Songhai, kuma suka fara zama a Zarmaganda a ƙarni na 16. A cikin karni na 18, Djerma da yawa sun sake zama a kudu zuwa kwarin Kogin Neja, Fakara da Zigui a cikin yankin da ake kira Kudu maso Yamma a yanzu kusa da Niamey . Irƙirar wasu ƙananan al'ummomi, kowannensu ƙarƙashin jagorancin Djermakoy, waɗannan zaɓuɓɓuka ba da daɗewa ba suka sami matsin lamba daga arewa ta Abzinawa da Fula daga kudu maso gabas, da Kuma ma sauran ƙabilun yankin. Yayin da Djermakoy Aboubacar ya kafa jihar Dosso daga danginsa na Taguru a kusa da 1750, ta kasance ƙaramar tarin ƙauyuka a cikin kwarin Dallol Bosso har zuwa shekarar 1820s, lokacin da ta jagoranci yawancin juriya ga Halifancin Sokoto . Yayin da Dosso ya fada karkashin ikon Amir na Gando (wani yanki na Sakkwato) tsakanin shekarata 1849 da 1856, sai suka ci gaba da rike Djermakoy dinsu da kuma gabatar da mulki na wani babban yankin Djerma, kuma suka musulunta . A ƙarƙashin Djermakoy Kossom (r. 1856-65), Dosso ya haɗa dukkanin Djerma ta gabas, kuma ya bar karamar karamar kasa daga Tibbo da Beri a arewa, zuwa Gafiadey a kudu, da kuma Bankadey da Tombokware a gabas. Mulkin mallaka na Faransa Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun fara shiga yankin a cikin shekarar 1890s kuma sun tarar da Dosso yana kawance da al'umomin Fula da kananan jihohi kamar Kebbi da sauran jihohin Djerma, da Dendi, da Gourounsi (a cikin Burkina Faso ta zamani) jihohin Hausa zuwa gabas (a cikin yanzu Kudancin Nijar), kuma har yanzu tana fafutukar ƙwato yankin da ta riƙe a 1865. Zarmakoy Attikou (r.1897-1902) ya ɗauki taimakon soja da sojojin Faransa suka bayar a Karimama (yanzu Benin ), amma ya gano cewa bayan nasarar da sojoji suka yi da magabtansa a 1898, sojojin Faransa sun kasance a Dosso, inda zasu zauna har shekaru 60 masu zuwa. Attikou ya wakilta tattaunawar ga yariman sa Awta, kuma wannan makomar Zarmakoy ya cilla tauraron sa ga ikon Faransa. Duk da tashin hankali, Faransawa sun sami ɗaya daga cikin ƙawayensu kaɗan a yankin, kuma wannan ƙawancen larurar ta zo ta amfani Dosso kamar yadda ya cutar da su. Tare da taimakon Faransa, Zarmakoy Awta (r.1902-13) ya riƙe duk abin da ke Sashen Dosso na zamani, kuma tare da taimakonsa, Faransawan sun kawar da tawayen da jagorancin Marabout mai kwarjini a yankin Dosso Zarmakoy na Dosso an haɗa shi cikin tsarin Mulkin Mallaka na Faransa ta hanyar nau'ikan Dokar Kai tsaye wanda ba kasafai yake da girma da ci gaba a Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa ba . A mafi yawan wurare Faransawa sun kafa sarakuna a ƙauye ( Chef du Canton ) waɗanda Faransa ta fifita su a kan sarakunan gargajiya, don haka suka dogara gaba ɗaya da Faransanci. A Dosso, Faransanci ya ba Zarmakoy izinin ci gaba da faɗaɗa yankinsa kawai da faɗaɗa yankinsa da zaɓan nasa magaji, ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mulkin kafin mulkin mallaka, da tsayawa sama da nasa Chefs du Canton a matakin yanki. Faransawa sun dogara da Zarmakoy na Dosso, cewa a cikin 1923 sun ƙaura da babban birnin ƙasar na lokacin daga Nijar daga Zinder, gidan masarautar Damagaram mai mulkin mallaka zuwa wani ƙauye a yankin Dosso wanda zai zama Yamai . Yayin da 'yancin kai ya kusanto a cikin shekarun 1950, Nijar na ɗaya daga cikin yan tsirarun yankuna na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa ba tare da haɓaka rukunin siyasa ba. Zarmakoy na Dosso, a matsayin mai kula da yankin Djerma, ya zama mai ikon mallakar sarki na siyasa don tsari mai zuwa. Jam’iyyun siyasa sun yi fafutukar neman goyon bayan Zarmakoy da manyan shugabannin Hausawa na gabas kuma Zarmakoy na wancan lokacin, Issoufou Seydou, sun taka rawa a siyasar Nijar a lokacin ‘yanci. Zarmakoy Seydou shi ne wanda ya kafa PPN, sannan daga baya ya zama jam'iyyun UNIS, kuma ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kuma Ministan Shari'a daga Disamba 1958-Oktoba 1959. A yau masarautar Dosso na ci gaba da rike mukamai masu tasiri a duk fadin gwamnatin ta Nijar, tare da yawancin shugabannin da suka zo bayan samun ‘yanci daga Djerma. Har yanzu Dosso ya kasance wuri mai mahimmanci, tare da ɗimbin ɗaruruwan masu fada aji waɗanda suka dogara da taimakon Zarmakoy, yayin da masu mulkin gargajiya suka fi yarda da ayyukan zamani. Sarakunan tarihi c.1750 – ? Zarmakoy Aboubacar ? – ?; Zarmakoy Laouzo ? – ?; Zarmakoy Gounabi ? – ?; Zarmakoy Amirou 1856 – 1865; Zarmakoy Kassam / Kossom Baboukabiya 1865 – 1890; Zarmakoy Abdou Kyantou Baba 1890 – 1897; Zarmakoy Alfa Atta 1897 – 1902; Zarmakoy Attikou 1902 – 1913; Zarmakoy Aoûta / Awta 1913 – 1924; Zarmakoy Moussa 1924 – 1938; Zarmakoy Saidou 1938 – 1953; Zarmakoy Moumouni 1953 – 1962; Zarmakoy Hamani 1962 – 1998; Zarmakoy Abdou 1998 – 2000; Zarmakoy Issoufou 2000 – yanzu; Zarmakoy Maïdanda Saidou Hoton Djermokay na Dasso, 1936 . Sarakuna na Afrika

53087

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27an%20tsaro%20a%20Nijar

Jami'an tsaro a Nijar

Dokar tilasta bin doka a Nijar alhakin Ma'aikatar Tsaro ne duk da cewa Gendarmerie na Ƙasa da Ma'aikatu na Cikin Gida ta hanyar ƴan sanda na ƙasa da kuma National Guard, rundunar ƴan sanda. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1999 ya haifar da sake tsara kungiyar tilasta bin doka a Nijar. An cire 'yan sanda na kasa, masu tsaron kasa (sa'an nan kuma Sojojin Tsaro da Tsaro na Kasa (NFIS ko FNIS a Faransanci)) daga ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro kuma an sanya su ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatan Cikin Gida. Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta riƙe iko da Gendarmerie Nationale wanda ke da alhakin 'yan sanda na kasa a waje da birane. Tsarin tilasta bin doka na Nijar da tsarin shari'ar aikata laifuka na Nijar dukansu an tsara su ne bayan takwarorinsu a cikin tsarin Faransanci. Lambar tarho ta gaggawa ta 'yan sanda ita ce 17. 'Yan sanda na kasa Darakta Janar na 'yan sanda na kasa ne ke jagorantar' yan sanda na kasa wanda ke amsawa ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. 'Yan sanda na kasa suna da ayyuka da yawa: tsaron jama'a (yan sanda da tsaro, rigakafi), 'yan sanda na shari'a (bincike da gurfanar da kara), sa ido na yanki da sa ido gaba ɗaya (janar ko sa ido na musamman da kuma binciken gudanarwa). Daga cikin dukkan nauyin, tsaron jama'a shine mafi mahimmancin mayar da hankali ga 'yan sanda na kasa dangane da rabon albarkatu. Koyaya, a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ana ba da ƙarin albarkatun ga sa ido kan yanki yayin da barazanar ta'addanci a yankin ta karu tun bayan faduwar mulkin Libya da farkon rikici a arewacin Mali. Kowace daga cikin yankuna takwas na Nijar tana da ofishin tsaro na jama'a, wanda darektan ke da iko a kan dukkan 'yan sanda a yankin. Tsaron jama'a yana tabbatar da shi ta hanyar 'yan sanda a cikin birane kuma suna da alhakin kiyaye zaman lafiya na jama'a da kuma yaki da kananan laifuka (sata, hari, zamba, tashin hankali, da dai sauransu..Rashin amfani da shi 'Yan sanda na shari'a suna kula da manyan laifuka da laifuka masu tsari. Tsaro na Kasa na Nijar Tsohon da aka sani da Sojojin Tsaro da Tsaro na Kasa, Tsaro na Nijar na da alhakin tsaro a yankunan karkara inda 'yan sanda na kasa ba su nan. Babban kwamandan tsaron kasa ne ke kula da shi wanda ke ba da rahoto ga Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Wannan kungiya tana da alhakin: sa ido kan iyaka da yankuna na kasar, tsaron jama'a, kiyayewa da maido da tsari, kare gine-ginen jama'a da cibiyoyin, mutane da dukiyoyinsu, aiwatar da 'yan sanda na gudanarwa a yankunan karkara da makiyaya, gudanarwa da saka idanu kan kurkuku, ayyukan jin kai idan aka faru da bala'i na kasa ko rikici da kare muhalli. Har ila yau, tana da alhakin samar da tsaro ga hukumomin gudanarwa da wakilan diflomasiyya da na kwastomomi na Nijar a kasashen waje. Rundunar 'yan sanda ta kasa Babban Kwamandan 'yan sanda na kasa ne ke jagorantar Gendarmerie. Ba kamar 'yan sanda na kasa da masu tsaron kasa ba, 'yan sanda ta kasa tana karkashin ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Nijar. An raba shi tsakanin brigades na yanki da brigades masu motsi. Baya ga kare yankin da kiyaye tsarin jama'a, yana ba da adalci na soja da na soja ga sauran rundunonin sojoji kuma yana shiga cikin ayyukan shari'a da na sa ido na 'yan sanda. An dauke shi a matsayin dakarun ƙwararrun mutane saboda ƙa'idodinsa masu tsauri na ɗaukar dukkan sojoji. Saboda karuwar zirga-zirgar makamai da kwayoyi a kan iyaka, ayyukanta sun karu da yankunan iyaka. Rundunar 'yan sanda ta kasa, ba kamar Sojoji ko Tsaro na Kasa ba, ba ta taɓa shiga kai tsaye a cikin ƙoƙari na kwace ko sarrafa iko ta hanyar karfi. Tsayawa, kafin shari'a da shari'a Lokacin tsare 'yan sanda an iyakance shi zuwa awanni 48 ba tare da shaida ba. Koyaya, idan 'yan sanda sun kasa tattara isasshen shaida a cikin lokacin tsare, mai gabatar da kara yana da damar ba da karar ga wani jami'in da ke ƙarƙashin wani sa'o'i 48. Koyaya, don fara wannan tsari, mai gabatar da kara dole ne ya gabatar da hujjoji ga alƙali. Wanda ake tuhuma yana da 'yancin lauya nan da nan bayan an tsare shi, kuma ana samun belin don laifuka da ke ɗauke da hukuncin da bai kai shekaru 10 ba. Dokar gabaɗaya tana buƙatar cewa 'yan sanda da ke gudanar da bincike suna da takardar shaidar, wanda alƙali ke bayarwa. A karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Jiha, 'yan sanda na iya gudanar da bincike ba tare da takardar shaidar ba lokacin da suke da zargi mai karfi cewa gida yana kare masu laifi ko dukiya. Dokar al'ada a tilasta bin doka a Nijar Shugabannin gargajiya suna aiki a matsayin matsakanci da masu ba da shawara kuma suna da iko a cikin shari'o'in shari'ar al'ada da kuma matsayi a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa, inda aka sanya su a matsayin mataimakan jami'an gida. Kotuna na al'ada, waɗanda ke cikin manyan garuruwa da birane kawai, suna gwada shari'o'in da suka shafi saki ko gado. Suna karkashin jagorancin likitan shari'a tare da horo na asali wanda mai tantancewa da ke da masaniya a cikin al'adun al'umma ke ba da shawara. Ayyukan shari'a na shugabannin da kotuna na al'ada ba a tsara su ta hanyar doka ba, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma na iya daukaka kara ga yanke hukunci ga tsarin kotun. Rashin bin doka a Nijar Rashin sanin doka da rashin kudi an ambaci su a matsayin wasu dalilan gazawar tilasta bin doka a Nijar. Wadannan gazawar sun hada da mummunan koma baya a cikin tsarin shari'a saboda rashin albarkatu, tsare-tsare na dogon lokaci saboda jahilci game da doka da kuma hana haƙƙoƙi. Duk da iyakokin doka ga tsare-tsaren da aka yi kafin a yi shari'a, akwai rahotanni na tsare-tsare da aka yi wa shari'a kafin a yi wa sharia shekaru da yawa tare da hujjoji masu ma'ana saboda dalilai na tuhuma Kodayake kundin tsarin mulki ya kare 'yancin aikin jarida kuma cibiyoyin sun kare su gabaɗaya, an zargi jami'an tsaro da tsare' yan jarida da' yan siyasa na adawa a wasu lokuta saboda dalilai na siyasa. Zarge-zargen cin hanci da rashawa sun zama ruwan dare musamman a kan 'yan sanda da' yan sanda da wuraren dubawa a kan hanyoyin birane da kuma manyan hanyoyi. An tsara wuraren dubawa don bincika takardu, don karɓar haraji ko haraji na ciki akan kayayyaki da kuma aiwatar da dokoki da ka'idoji. A cikin dokar al'ada, mata galibi masu sa ido na kasashen waje suna tantance su kamar yadda ba su da matsayin doka daidai da maza a kotuna na gargajiya da na al'ada kuma ba sa jin daɗin samun damar yin gyaran doka. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Asusun zaman lafiya, Rahoton Gudanarwa ga cibiyoyin Najeriya, 2007. Gwamnatin Nijar: Rahoton Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka, 2004. Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Tsaron Jama'a da Rarraba mulki, Shugabancin Nijar, 2007. Sojojin Nijar Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

23807

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akin%20Omoboriowo

Akin Omoboriowo

Akinwole Michael Omoboriowo (An Haife shi ne a ranar 12 ga watan Janairun 1932 - 10 Afrilu 2012 ) ya kasance lauyan Najeriya kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Ondo, daga baya ya canza jam’iyyu ya tsaya takarar gwamna a 1983 a Jihar Ondo a lokacin Jamhuriya ta Biyu ta Najeriya . Da farko an ayyana shi a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara amma an yi jayayya kuma daga baya kotun daukaka kara ta soke shi kafin ya fara aiki. An zabi Omoboriowo a matsayin mataimakin gwamna a dandalin Unity Party of Nigeria (UPN), tare da Michael Adekunle Ajasin, wanda ya zama gwamna. Ya yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata ya zama dan takarar gwamna na UPN, tunda ya sami kuri'u da Ajasin ya samu a zaben fidda gwani, amma shugabannin UPN sun yi magudi a sakamakon. A lokacin da yake mataimakin gwamna, ya yi sabani da Gwamna Ajasin, wanda ya ki rantsar da shi a matsayin mukaddashin gwamna lokacin da Ajasin ba ya jihar. Omoboriowo ya sauya sheka zuwa Jam’iyyar National Party of Nigeria (NPN) inda ya fafata da tsohon maigidansa a zaben 1983. Wannan ya biyo bayan kin amincewa da ficewa daga takarar kujerar gwamna kamar yadda ake zargin a baya tsakanin Omoboriowo da Ajasin. Omoboriowo da wasu jiga -jigan jam'iyyar da suka hada da Cif SA Akerele na kin jinin jama'a, sun tafi NPN mai mulki a karkashinsa ya yi takarar kujerar gwamna. Lokacin da hukumar zabe ta tarayya ta ayyana Omoboriowo a matsayin wanda ya yi nasara a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta 1983, sanarwar ta haifar da tarzoma mai kisa. An bayar da rahoton cewa tarzomar ita ce mafi tashin hankali a tarihin yankin Yarbawa bayan samun 'yancin kai na biyu bayan tarzomar "Wet è". Rikicin, musamman wanda aka yi niyya ga jiga -jigan NPN da masu tausayawa sun yi asarar rayuka da dukiyoyin manyan mutane. An kubutar da Cif Omoboriowo da Akerele duk da cewa masu tayar da kayar baya sun lalata gidan Akerele (Akerele a lokacin ya gudu tare da iyalinsa zuwa jihar Kwara). A cikin wannan tarzomar, an kashe Cif Olaiya Fagbamigbe na masu buga Fagbemigbe da Hon. Kunle Agunbiade. Wani abin da ba a tabbatar da shi ba ya bayyana cewa an fille kan Agunbiade kuma an kai kan sa a faranti ga wasu shugabannin UPN. A tsakiyar rikicin siyasa, Omoboriowo ya sami goyon bayan majalisar dokokin jihar Ondo. Bayan murabus dinsa daga mukamin mataimakin gwamna, Cif Ajasin sau biyu ya gabatar da sunan Dakta NF Aina ga majalisar don tabbatar da shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Omoboriowo- bukatar da gidan ya yi watsi da ita akai-akai bisa ga hadin kai ga Omoboriowo. An yi jayayya da zabensa, kuma kotun daukaka kara ta soke shi kafin a rantsar da shi, tare da mayar da Ajasin kan mukaminsa. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1983 wanda ya kawo Janar Muhammadu Buhari kan karagar mulki, an daure shi, kamar yadda kusan duk tsoffin gwamnoni da mataimakansu, amma sai aka sake shi ba tare da caji ba a cikin kasa da kwanaki 30. Daga baya zai bayyana cewa Buhari yayi daidai da daure shi da sauran a lokacin. Omoboriowo ya kasance Awoist. Ya wallafa kuma ya buga littafi kan jigogi akan Awoism wanda ya sha suka mai tsanani daga wasu woan Awoists waɗanda suka ɗauki aikin a matsayin wani yunƙuri na ɗan ƙasa wanda bai yi nasara ba don tsotsar Baba Awo. Har yanzu, Baba Awo (kamar yadda ake kiran Obafemi Awolowo) yana son sa kuma yana ci gaba da duba shi. Tabbas, Omoboriowo ya yi ikirarin a cikin wata hira da Sun cewa Awolowo ya ce a cikin dukkan 'yan takara a zaɓen '79, shi (Omoboriowo) shi ne kawai wanda sha'awar kuɗi ba ta motsa shi ba. Ana tsammanin kodayake, alaƙar sa da Awolowo (aƙalla, a siyasance) ta yi ƙanƙanta bayan ficewar sa daga UPN. A cikin NPN, Omoboriowo ya sadu kuma ya haɗu da wasu jiga-jigan siyasar Najeriya wanda ɗaya daga cikinsu shine Dim Chukwuemeka Odimegwu-Ojukwu wanda ya kasance abokansa har rasuwar marigayin a ƙarshen 2011. Cif Omoboriowo ya yi ritaya daga siyasar bangaranci jim kadan bayan jamhuriya ta biyu amma ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawarsa ga fagen siyasar Najeriya. Ya kasance memba na taron tsarin mulki na 1996 kuma memba na Kwamitin Sulhu na Kasa na 1997/98 Daga baya ya zama Pro-chancellor kuma Shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na Jami'ar Ado Ekiti, A baya -bayan nan, ya kasance Shugaban Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki, Genesis Electricity da ke Abuja inda ya kasance na tsawon lokaci kafin ya mutu. A cikin wayewar rayuwarsa Omoboriowo ya sami kwanciyar hankali a cikin addini kuma ya zama mara kunya, mai ikirarin haifuwarsa Kirista. Ya sanya kusan kowane jumla tare da ambaton Allah kuma ya rayu a ƙarƙashin radar yana bautar Allah har ya mutu. A cikin hirar, ya ce "Ni Kirista ne mai tsaurin kai, ina yin ibada a Taron yabo na Christ a Abuja. Ina cikin cocin karshen zamani. " A farkon shekarar 2012, Akin Omoboriowo da matarsa sun koma jihar sa ta Ekiti. A watan Afrilun 2012, ya kamu da rashin lafiya kuma an kai shi asibitin Legas don kula da lafiyarsa. A can ne ya mutu a ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu 2012 duk da cewa labarin mutuwarsa bai ba da labari ba sai da rana mai zuwa. Wasu majiyoyi sun ce ya mutu ne sakamakon zub da jini na cikin gida a matsayin wahalar cutar sankara ta prostate da ya yi fama da ita. Iyalinsa ba su tabbatar da wannan bayanin ba. Ya rasu ya bar mata daya da ‘ya’ya biyar da kuma jikoki da yawa Bayan mutuwarsa, yawancin encomiums sun zuba daga kowane bangare. Mawallafin mujallar Ovation Magazine, Dele Momodu ya wallafa a shafinsa na twitter "giwa ta fado" yayin da shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Jonathan ya kira shi a matsayin "dan siyasa wanda bai ji tsoron tsayawa tsayin daka kan akidarsa ta siyasa" Yarbawa yan siyasa Lauyoyi yan Najeriya Matattun 2012 Haifaffun 1932 Pages with unreviewed translations

25565

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maimunah%20Mohd%20Sharif

Maimunah Mohd Sharif

Maimunah Mohd Sharif (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta shekarata alif 1961) Babbar Darakta ce ta kare muhalli a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN-Habitat). Ta fara aiki a watan Janairun shekarar 2018, inda ta zama mace ta farko a Asiya da ta zama Babbar Darakta na UN-Habitat. Daga watan Janairu shekarata 2019 zuwa watan Janairun shekarar 2020 ita ma ta kasance mukaddashin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nairobi (UNON). Tana rike da mukamin Mataimakiyar Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kuma tana zaune a Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Babban Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Babban Sakataren. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Babbar Darakta na UN-Habitat, Sharif ita ce Magajiyar Garin Penang, Malaysia. Kafin nadin ta a matsayin Magajin gari, ita ce Shugabar Majalisar Municipal ta Seberang Perai daga shekara ta 2011, mace ta farko da aka naɗa a wannan mukami. Farkon Rayuwa, Karatu da Iyali Sharif an haife ta kuma ta girma a Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia, 'yar Mohd Sharif bin Idu (uba) da Shariah binti Adam (uwa) ne, tana da 'yan uwa maza huɗu da 'yar uwa mace guda. Ta kuma yi karatun firamare a Sekolah Kebangsaan Sungai Dua, da karatun sakandare a Tunku Kurshiah Kuala Pilah, Negeri Sembilan. Ta halarci Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jami'ar Wales kuma ta kammala karatun digiri na farko tare a Nazarin Tsarin Gari. Ta kuma rike Babbar Jagora a Kimiyyar Nazarin Karatu daga Jami'ar Kimiyya ta Malaysia. Tana auren Adli Lai suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu. Sharif ta jagoranci wata tawaga wacce ta tsara da aiwatar da ayyukan sabunta birane a George Town, babban birnin tsibirin Penang na Malaysia. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2009, a matsayinta na Babbar Manaja, Malama Sharif ta kafa George Town World Heritage Incorporated tare da gudanar da Gidan Tarihi na George Town, wanda UNESCO ta rubuta a watan Yulin 2008. Daga shekara ta 2017 zuwa shekara ta 2018, ta yi aiki a matsayin Magajiyar Garin majalisar tsibirin Penang, Malaysia. Bayan nadin ta da babban sakataren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Antonio Guterres ya yi, babban zauren Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya zabi Maimunah Sharif a matsayin Babbar Darakta na Shirin Tsugunar da Mutane na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya UN-Habitat a ranar 22 ga Disambar shekara ta 2017. Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya António Guterres ne ya nada ta na tsawon shekaru hudu. Tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya A ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2018, Sharif ta karbi mukamin ta a hedkwatar UN-Habitat da ke Nairobi, Kenya. Ta gaji Joan Clos na Spain. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2019 Maimunah Mohd Sharif aka nada a matsayin mukaddashin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Nairobi bayan nadin wanda ya gabace ta, Hanna Tetteh, a matsayin Shugabar Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ga Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka a Addis Ababa. An maye gurbin ta da Zainab Bangura mai ci, wacce aka nada a ranar 30 ga Disambar shekara ta 2019. A matsayinta na Babban Darakta na UN-Habitat Sharif ta mayar da hankali kan yin garambawul da sake farfado da hukumar, hada kai don tallafawa na ciki da na waje don sake fasalin kungiyar da sabon Tsarin dabarun 2020–2023. Ƙoƙarin da ta yi na canza ƙungiyar zuwa ƙwaƙƙwaran jagora da ƙwaƙƙwaran ci gaba kan al'amuran birni ya samu karbuwa daga masu ruwa da tsaki. Shirye-shiryen da Sharif ya yi a matsayin Babban Darakta na UN-Habitat sun hada da amincewa da kudurin Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai lamba 73/539 wanda ya kafa sabon tsarin gudanar da mulki ga UN-Habitat kuma ya kuma fara aiwatar da ayyukan karfafa gwiwa na cikin gida. Sharif yana kula da fara aiwatar da wani tsari don ci gaban birane mai ɗorewa, wanda ya haɗu da ƙungiyoyi sama da 24 don dabarun Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan ɗorewar birane. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2019, Sharif ya jagoranci Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta farko a Nairobi. A karkashin taken, 'Innovation for Better Quality of Life in Cities and Communities', tare da jigon taken 'Hanzarta aiwatar da Sabon Agenda na Gari don Samun Nasarar Manufofin Ci Gaban', Majalisar ta tattaro ƙasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, na musamman na Majalisar UNinkin Duniya. hukumomi, kananan hukumomi da wadanda ba na Jiha ba, da suka hada da kungiyoyin farar hula, matasa da mata, kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da masana. Ta kafa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na UN-Habitat kuma ta zaɓi membobinta, ta sake dubawa kuma ta amince da Tsarin dabarun UN-Habitat 2020–2023, sannan ta sake nazarin ci gaba a aiwatar da Sabon Agenda (NUA), da sauran ayyuka. Sharif ya jagoranci zaman na tara da na goma na dandalin biranen duniya; a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia da Abu Dhabi, Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa , bi da bi. UN-Habitat ce ta shirya, Dandalin Biranen Duniya shine babban taron duniya kan birane. An kafa shi a cikin 2001 don tattaunawa da bincika saurin biranen birni da tasirin sa ga al'ummomi, birane, tattalin arziƙi, canjin yanayi da manufofin. Sharif ya shahara da kusanci da mutane game da tsarin birane kuma ta ce "mutanen da ke cikin birane ne ke sanya su wurare masu fa'ida. Matasa mata da maza suna tururuwa zuwa birane ba don abubuwan more rayuwa ba, amma don mutane da damar da ke cikin wannan birni. " Ta ba da muhimmiyar mahimmanci ga rashin haɗin kai a cikin birane kuma tana aiki don haɓaka matsayin mutane da al'ummomin da aka keɓe, kamar mata da matasa, waɗanda ta ce "a baya an bar su a baya a cikin shugabanci, ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukan haɗin gwiwa." . Har ila yau, ta kasance mai cikakken imani ga tunani mai kyau, tana mai cewa, "idan muka yi tunani mai kyau, kashi 50% na matsalolin sun warware kuma sun rage 50% don yin aiki" Nasarori da Kyaututtuka Cibiyar Masu Shiryawa ta Malaysia - Mai Shirya Shekara ta 2014. Habitat III a cikin Quito - 2016 Kyautar Ba da Gudummawar Yan Adam ta Duniya Littafin Rikodin Malaysia, Janairu 2018 - mace ta farko Asiya da aka nada a matsayin Babban Darakta na UN -Habitat. Sauran Ayyuka Sharif memba ne na Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, cibiyar jagoranci da aka ƙaddamar a cikin shekara ta 2015 wanda ya haɗu da masu yanke shawara mata da maza waɗanda suka ƙuduri aniyar warware shingen jinsi da sanya daidaiton jinsi ya zama gaskiya a fagen tasiri. Sharif ya himmatu don cimma daidaiton jinsi a UN-Habitat. Ta bayyana cewa "daidaiton jinsi da karfafawa mata lamura ne da ke kusa da zuciyata. Mata da 'yan mata sune' fuskar ɗan adam 'na birane kuma dole ne mu sami dama daidai wa kowa kuma mu more rayuwa mai inganci ". A halin yanzu tana ɗaya daga cikin Zakarun Gender guda biyar da ke zaune a Nairobi. Bayanin UN-Habitat Mata Marubuta Pages with unreviewed translations

48657

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-tarif

Eco-tarif

Eco-tarif, wanda kuma aka sani da jadawalin muhalli ko kuɗin fito na carbon, shingen kasuwanci ne da aka kafa don manufar rage gurɓata yanayi da inganta muhalli. Waɗannan shingen kasuwanci na iya ɗaukar nau'in harajin shigo da kaya ko fitarwa akan samfuran da ke da babban sawun carbon ko kuma ana shigo da su daga ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ƙa'idodin muhalli. Ƙaddamar da Tsarin Daidaita Iyakar Carbon EU zai zama jadawalin kuɗin fito na carbon. Ciniki na kasa da kasa da lalacewar muhalli An yi muhawara kan rawar da karuwar cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taka wajen kara gurbata muhalli. Yayin da wasu ci gaba da cewa yana ƙaruwa a cikin gurɓataccen gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ke haifar da lalacewar muhalli na gida da kuma bala'in duniya na gama gari suna da alaƙa da haɓakar kasuwancin ƙasa da ƙasa, wasu sun yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da 'yan ƙasa ke samun wadata za su kuma ba da shawarar samar da yanayi mai tsabta. A cewar wata takarda ta bankin duniya :Tun da mafi kyawun ciniki yana haɓaka samun kudin shiga, yana ba da gudummawa kai tsaye don haɓaka matakan gurɓatawa ta hanyar sikelin. Duk da haka, ta haka ne ke haifar da tsarin (da) sakamakon fasaha na karuwar kudaden shiga, dukansu biyu suna rage yawan gurɓataccen yanayi.Dean, Judith M & Lovely, Mary E , Trade Growth, Production Fragmentation, and China's Environment, Pgs. 3 & 5, National Bureau of Economic Research, Working Paper 13860, Cambridge, MA Masu goyon bayan aiwatar da harajin muhalli sun bayyana cewa, idan aka aiwatar da shi daidai, harajin zai iya kawo karshen dabi'ar manyan tsare-tsare na kasashen waje da kuma dawo da ingantacciyar manufofin tattalin arziki a cikin kasashen waje. Bugu da ƙari, za a daidaita ma'aunin muhalli tsakanin ƙasashen da ke kasuwanci a sakamakon jadawalin kuɗin muhalli. Daya daga cikin manyan batutuwan da ake tabowa yayin da ake tattaunawa kan farashin muhalli, shi ne batun rage ciniki. Hujjar da aka taso ita ce harajin kuɗin fito yana rage ciniki kuma ƙila a zahiri ba yana nufin ainihin tushen gurbatar yanayi ba. Suna masu cewa gurbacewar ba wai kawai ta samo asali ne daga kayan da ake shigowa da su daga kasashen waje ba, har ma da yawan gurbacewar da ake fama da su na faruwa ne a cikin iyakokin kasar, don haka ciniki zai illata kasuwanci ne kawai ba tare da magance tushen yadda ya kamata ba. Duba kuma Dokar Tsabtace Makamashi da Tsaro na Amurka Kudin carbon da rabo Harkokin tattalin arziki na muhalli Externality - A cikin tattalin arziki, farashi ko fa'ida da aka sanya Koren siyasa Tragedy of the commons – Son kai yana haifar da raguwar albarkatun da aka raba Bayanan kula Ciniki na Duniya da Canjin Yanayi: Tattalin Arziki, Shari'a, da Ra'ayin Ma'aikata, wallafe-wallafen Bankin Duniya, 2007, , , ; Mani, Muthukumara S., 1966, Ƙididdigar Muhalli akan Shigo da Gurɓatawa: Nazarin Ƙwarewa, Muhalli & Tattalin Arziki, Ƙungiyar fitattun Ƙwararru na 4 (Yuni 1996), Pgs. 391–411; Jean-Marie, Grether & Mathys, Nicole A. & Jaime, de Melo, 2006, Unraveling the World Wide Pollution Haven Effect, Jami'ar Lausanne, Ecole des HEC, DEEP - Cahiers de Recherches Economiques du Département d'Econometrie et d' Siyasar Tattalin Arziki (DEEP); Robison, David H., 1988, Gurbacewar Masana'antu: Tasiri kan Ma'auni na Trad, Jaridar Kanada na Tattalin Arziki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Kanada, Vol. 21, pg. 187–99, Fabrairu; Ghosh, S. & Yamarik, Steven 2006, Shin Shirye-shiryen Ciniki na Yanki na cutar da Muhalli?: Binciken Kasashe 162 a 1990, Tattalin Arziki da Ci gaban Ƙasashen Duniya, 2006 Vol. 6; Naghavi, Alireza, Shin R&D-Inducing Green Tariffs Sauya Dokokin Muhalli na Duniya? ; Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei, 2006–92; Tobey, James A, 1990, Tasirin Manufofin Muhalli na cikin gida akan Tsarin Kasuwancin Duniya: Gwajin Ƙwarewa, Kyklos, Buga Blackwell, Vol. 43 , shafi. 191–209; Baldwin, RE & Murray, Tracy, 1977, MFN Rage Tariff da Haɓaka Fa'idodin Ciniki na Ƙasa a ƙarƙashin GSP, Jaridar Tattalin Arziki, Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Royal, Vol. 87 , shafi na 30–46, Maris 1977 Hazilla, Michael & Kopp, Raymond J, 1990, Social Cost of Environmental Quality Regulations: A General Equilibrium Analysis, Jaridar Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa, Jami'ar Chicago Press, Vol. 98 , shafi. 853–73, Agusta 1990;

55232

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam%20Ballinger

Adam Ballinger

Adam Ballinger (an haife shi a cikin watan Yuni 12, 1979) ɗan Ba'amurke-Australian tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon kwando ne wanda ya kwashe tsawon rayuwarsa a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta Australiya, yana wasa lokutan 12 don ƙungiyoyi daban-daban kamar Victoria Giants, Wollongong Hawks, Adelaide 36ers da Melbourne Tigers. Ya kuma shafe lokaci a Puerto Rico, New Zealand da Isra'ila a lokacin hutun NBL na Australiya. Aikin koleji Ballinger ya himmatu ga Spartans na Jihar Michigan bayan babban aikin shiri a makarantar sakandaren Bluffton a Indiana, inda ya sami Honorable Mention All-American ya girmama babbar shekararsa. Shekararsa ta farko, ya yi jan riga bayan ya karya fibula. Ya koma buga wasanni 37 don zakaran Spartans na shekarar 2000 NCAA, gami da Wasan Gasar Zakarun Turai wanda ya zira ƙwallaye a ƙoƙarinsa na burin filin wasa. Ballinger ya buga wasanni 25 a cikin jajayen rigarsa ta biyu yayin da Spartans suka je Gasar Ƙarshe. Ballinger's ƙaramar shekarar ita ce yaƙin neman zaɓen da ya fi samun nasara yayin da ya sami lambar yabo ta ƙungiyar All-Big Ten kafofin watsa labarai da lambar yabo ta Mafi Ingantattun Playeran Wasan Jahar Michigan yayin da ya gama na uku a taron a sake dawowa. A cikin babban kakarsa ta shekarar 2002–02003, ya sami maki 5.5 a kowane wasa. Hakanan yana matsayi na 10 a tarihin MSU tare da tubalan aiki 53. A lokacin babban shekararsa a Jihar Michigan, Ballinger ya taka leda a wasan da za su ziyarci ƙungiyar NBL ta Australiya Canberra Cannons. Farawa daga Power gaba, yayin wasan abokin gaba kai tsaye na Ballinger shi ne sau da yawa mafi girman ɗan wasa a Jihar Michigan, NBA labari tare da Los Angeles Lakers da shekarar 2002 inductee a cikin Gidan Kwando na Fame (kuma ɗan asalin Lansing inda makarantar take), Earvin " Magic" Johnson wanda ya shiga Cannons don wasan su a Cibiyar Breslin . Cannons kuma sun nuna tsohon abokin wasan Spartan Mike Chappell wanda Canberra ta ɗauka a shekarar 2002. Ƙwarewar aiki Ballinger ya kasance ba a kwance shi ba a cikin daftarin NBA na 2003 . A cikin watan Agustan 2003, Ballinger ya sanya hannu tare da Giants Victoria na NBL na Ostiraliya don lokacin 2003–2004. Ya yi tasiri kai tsaye a farkon lokacin NBL na matsakaicin maki 15.7 a kowane wasa. Daga shekarar 2004 zuwa ta 2007, ya buga wa Wollongong Hawks, yana ci gaba da taka leda a 2005 NBL Grand Final a waccan kakar tare da tawagar. Abin takaici, Hawks sun gangara zuwa ga abokan hamayyarsu kuma suna kare zakaran gasar Sydney Kings ba tare da cin nasara ba. Bayan lokacin 2006 – 2007 NBL, ya shiga Gigantes de Carolina na Puerto Rico don lokacin 2007 BSN. Ballinger ya rattaba hannu tare da Adelaide 36ers don lokacin 2007 – 2008 NBL inda ya sami lambar yabo ta MVP na kulob guda huɗu a jere. Ya kare na hudu a NBL a shekarar 2008 da maki 22.5 a kowane wasa kuma ya kare na hudu a zaben MVP na gasar. Haɗin kai tare da kyaftin ɗin Adelaide na dogon lokaci Brett Maher da tsohon ɗan wasan NBA Luke Schenscher, Ballinger ya taimaka wa 2008 – 2009 36ers komawa wasan NBL a karon farko tun 2005 – 06 inda aka fitar da su a Gasar Ƙarshe ta New Zealand Breakers 101– 131 a Auckland. Ballinger an nada shi kyaftin ɗin kulob na Adelaide 36ers daga lokacin 2009 – 10 NBL. A cikin abin da ya kasance daya daga cikin mafi munin lokacin 36ers a rikodin yayin da kulob din ya lashe cokali na farko na katako ta hanyar kammalawa na karshe tare da rikodin nasara-10-18 wanda ya haifar da koci da tsohon dan wasan zakarun 36ers Scott Ninnis. Ballinger da kansa ya yi kakar wasa mai kyau, inda ya jagoranci 36ers wajen zura kwallo a raga, an hana harbe-harbe, ya kare a matsayi na biyu a wasan da kungiyar ta sake dawowa kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta MVP kulob din na uku a jere. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu, 2010, ya rattaba hannu tare da Ironi Nahariya na Isra'ila don sauran lokutan 2009–10 Ligat HaAl . Lokacin 2010–11 NBL ya kasance kusan kwafin kakar da ta gabata tare da Ballinger yana jagorantar ƙungiyar a kusan kowane nau'in m duk da 36ers sun ƙare da rikodin 9–19. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 15.3, 6.0 rebounds, 1.9 blocks da harbi 54.1% a kowane wasa kuma shi ne ya jagoranci 36ers kafin ya ji rauni a kafarsa a wasan karshe na gida na kakar wasa. Tare da tubalan sa na 1.9 a kowane wasa, Ballinger shine babban mai hana harbi a cikin NBL yayin 2010 – 11, bayan ya ƙi harbi 50 a cikin wasannin 26 da aka buga. Ballinger ya kasance babban dan wasan Adelaide a cikin 2010-11 kuma tsarinsa ya sa ya gama na uku a cikin 2011 NBL MVP zabe duk da 36ers sun kammala da 9-19 rikodin, lokaci guda a tarihin su kulob din ya kasa samun nasara a kalla wasanni 10. a lokacin NBL. Saboda ƙananan girman 2010-11 36ers squad, 205 An yi amfani da Ballinger mai tsayi cm a matsayin cibiyar farawa ta qungiyoyin har zuwa lokacin da ya kawo karshen raunin idon sawu a ranar 18 ga Maris, 2011. Ya yi, duk da haka, ya koma ga mafi yanayin ikonsa na gaba lokacin 6'11½" cm) doguwar abokin aikin Daniel Johnson yana kotu. Ballinger ya murmure daga raunin idon sawun sa ya kasance a hankali kuma ya buga mafi yawan lokacin 2011-12 NBL daga benci don 36ers waɗanda suka gama da mafi munin rikodi na 8–20 kuma suka ƙare a matsayi na ƙarshe kawai a karo na biyu a tarihin su. A ƙarshen 2011 – 12, Ballinger wakili ne na kyauta kuma a cikin Mayu 2012, ya sanya hannu tare da Melbourne Tigers don lokacin 2012 – 13 NBL . A ranar 3 ga Mayu, 2013, Ballinger ya sake sanya hannu tare da Tigers kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. A ranar 27 ga Yuni, 2014, ƙungiyar ta sake shi. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, 2014, Ballinger ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara guda tare da Wollongong Hawks, yana komawa kulob din na biyu. A ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2015, ya ba da sanarwar yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon kwando sakamakon ƙarshen lokacin 2014 – 15 NBL . A wasansa na karshe na NBL a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, ya fara ne a madadin Larry Davidson don yin rikodin maki 9 da sake dawowa 5 a cikin mintuna 33 na aiki, kamar yadda Hawks suka yi rashin nasara a hannun tsohon kulob din Ballinger, Adelaide 36ers. A ranar 19 ga watan Yuni 2015, Ballinger ya sanya hannu tare da Nunawading Specters don sauran lokacin 2015 SEABL a matsayin maye gurbin Simon Conn. Ayyukan kasa da kasa A cikin watan Yuli 2009, Ballinger ya zama ɗan Ostiraliya. An nada shi a cikin tawagar Boomers a shekarar 2009 kuma an yi masa gwaji don tawagar gasar Olympics ta London a shekarar 2012. Na sirri Ballinger da matarsa, Bianca, 'ya'ya uku tare; Kia, Leon da Fletcher. Farashin NBL Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na NBL Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Eurobasket.com bayanin martaba Ballinger zai yi ritaya a karshen kakar wasa NBL ƙididdiga Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1979 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24733

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masallacin%20Sultan%20Ahmed

Masallacin Sultan Ahmed

Masallacin Sultan Ahmed (Baturke: Sultan Ahmet Camii), wanda kuma aka sani da Masallacin Blue, masallaci ne na Masarautar da ke Istanbul, Turkiya. Masallaci mai aiki, yana kuma jan hankalin ɗimbin baƙi. An gina shi tsakanin 1609 zuwa 1616 a lokacin mulkin Ahmed I. Its Külliye ya ƙunshi kabarin Ahmed, madrasah da asibitin. Fale-falen fale-falen da aka yi da hannu yana ƙawata bangon ciki na masallacin, kuma da daddare ana yi wa masallacin wanka da shudi yayin da fitilu ke kan manyan rumfunan masallacin guda biyar, mininare shida da manyan gidaje takwas. Yana zaune kusa da Hagia Sophia, babban masallacin Istanbul har zuwa ginin Masallacin Blue da kuma wani shahararren wurin yawon bude ido. An saka Masallacin Blue a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na UNESCO a shekarar 1985 a karkashin sunan "Yankunan Tarihi na Istanbul". Bayan Zaman Lafiya na Zsitvatorok da babban rashi a cikin yaƙin da aka yi da Farisa a shekara ta 1603–18, Sultan Ahmed I ya yanke shawarar gina babban masallaci a Istanbul don sake ƙarfafa ikon Ottoman. Zai zama masallacin daular farko na sama da shekaru arba'in. Yayin da magabatansa suka biya masallatansu da ganimar yaƙi, Ahmed I ya sayi kuɗi daga Baitulmali, saboda bai samu nasarori masu ban mamaki ba. An fara ginin a 1609 kuma an kammala shi a 1616. Kasancewar an biya shi daga baitul malin jama'a maimakon daga ganimar yakin sarkin, kamar yadda aka saba, hakan ya haifar da fushin malamai, masanan shari'a. An gina masallacin a wurin fadar sarakunan Byzantine, a gaban Basilica Hagia Sophia (a wancan lokacin, babban masallacin masarautar da ke Istanbul) da hippodrome, wurin da ke da ma’ana ta alama kamar yadda ta mamaye sararin samaniyar birnin. daga kudu. Manyan sassan kudancin kudancin masallacin suna kan tushe, rumbunan tsohon Babban Fada. Gine -gine Masallacin Sultan Ahmed yana da manyan rumfuna guda biyar, ministoci guda shida, da kuma manyan kusoshi takwas. Wannan ƙira shine ƙarshen ƙarni biyu na ci gaban masallacin Ottoman. Ya ƙunshi abubuwa da yawa na Rumawa na makwabciyar Hagia Sophia tare da gine -ginen addinin Islama kuma ana ɗaukarsa babban masallaci na ƙarshe na zamanin gargajiya. Ginin gine -ginen, Sedefkâr Mehmed Ağa, ya kirkiri tunanin maigidansa Sinan, da nufin girman girma, girma da daukaka. An yi wa yankin na sama ado da yumbu mai ƙyalƙyali mai ƙyalli 20,000 a cikin nau'ikan tulip 60 daban-daban. Ƙananan labarun suna haskakawa ta tagogin gilashi 200. Masallacin yana gaban farfajiya tare da babban maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da yanki na musamman don alwala. Sarkar baƙin ƙarfe ta rataya a ƙofar kotun a gefen yamma. Sarkin Musulmi ne kaɗai aka ba izini ya hau cikin dokin masallaci, kuma zai buƙaci ya ƙasƙantar da kansa don kada ya buga sarkar, alama ce ta tabbatar da tawali'u na mai mulki a gaban Allah. Ta hanyar ayyukansa ya bar alamar yanke shawara a Istanbul. Filin da Masallacin Sultan Ahmed yake wanda aka fi sani da Sultanahmet. Ana iya ɗaukar wannan masallacin a matsayin ƙarshen aikinsa. Mehmed Agha, wanda shine ɗalibi na ƙarshe na Mimar Sinan, ya kammala aikin sa ta hanyar ƙara salo mai kyau, salon zane na gine -gine zuwa na babban malamin sa. A ƙananan matakansa kuma a kowane dutsen, an lulluɓe ciki na masallacin tare da fale -falen yumɓu na İznik na hannu sama da 20,000, wanda aka yi a İznik (tsohuwar Nicaea) a cikin ƙirar tulip sama da hamsin. Fale -falen fale -falen a ƙananan matakan al'ada ne a ƙira, yayin da a matakin gidan zane ƙirar su ta zama mai haske tare da wakilcin furanni, 'ya'yan itace da cypresses. An yi tiles ɗin a ƙarƙashin kulawar maigidan İznik. Farashin sarkin ya daidaita farashin da za a biya kowane tayal, yayin da farashin tayal gaba ɗaya ya ƙaru a kan lokaci. A sakamakon haka, ingancin tiles ɗin da ake amfani da su a cikin ginin ya ragu a hankali. Matakan sama na ciki suna mamaye launin shuɗi. Fiye da gilashin gilashi 200 masu ƙyalli masu ƙyalƙyali sun yarda da hasken halitta, a yau chandeliers ne ke taimakawa. A kan chandeliers, an sami ƙwai na jimina waɗanda aka yi nufin don guje wa saƙar gizo -gizo a cikin masallaci ta hanyar tunkuɗa gizo -gizo. Kayan ado sun haɗa da ayoyin Alƙur'ani, yawancinsu Seyyid Kasim Gubari ne ya yi su, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin babban mai kiran hoto a zamaninsa. An rufe benen da darduma, waɗanda amintattu ke ba da su kuma ana maye gurbinsu akai -akai yayin da suka tsufa. Manyan windows masu yawa suna ba da fa'ida mai fa'ida. An yi wa akwatunan a matakin bene ado da ɗamarar opus. Kowane exedra yana da tagogi biyar, wasu daga cikinsu makafi ne. Kowane rabin-dome yana da tagogi 14 da tsakiyar dome 28 (huɗu daga cikinsu makafi ne). Gilashi mai launi don tagogi kyauta ce ta Signoria na Venice ga sultan. Babban mahimmin abu a cikin masallacin shine mihrab, wanda aka yi shi da sifa mai ƙyalƙyali da sassaƙaƙƙen marmara, tare da madaidaicin stalactite da allon rubutu biyu a saman sa. An kewaye shi da tagogi da yawa. Ganuwar da ke kusa an rufe ta da fale -falen yumbu. A hannun dama na mihrab ɗin akwai minber, ko minbari da aka yi wa ado sosai, inda liman yake tsaye lokacin da yake gabatar da hudubarsa a lokacin sallar azahar ranar Juma'a ko a ranaku masu tsarki. An tsara masallacin ta yadda ko a lokacin da ya fi cunkoson jama'a, kowa a cikin masallacin zai iya gani da jin liman. Kiosk na masarautar yana a kusurwar kudu maso gabas. Ya ƙunshi dandamali, loggia da ƙananan ɗakuna biyu masu ritaya. Yana ba da damar shiga gidan sarauta a cikin babban ɗakin masallacin kudu maso gabas. Waɗannan ɗakunan da suka yi ritaya sun zama hedkwatar Grand Vizier yayin murƙushe Janissary Corps na tawaye a 1826. Gidajen sarauta (hünkâr mahfil) yana tallafawa ginshiƙai marmara goma. Yana da nasa mihrab, wanda a da ana yi masa ado da fure -fure da gilt tare da Alƙur'ani ɗari a kan lecterns masu ƙyalli da ƙyalli. Fitilu da yawa da ke cikin masallacin an taba rufe su da zinariya da duwatsu masu daraja. Daga cikin kwanonin gilashin mutum zai iya samun kwai jimina da ƙwallan lu'ulu'u. Duk waɗannan kayan adon an cire su ko aka sace su don gidajen tarihi. Manyan allunan da ke jikin bango an rubuta sunayen halifofi da ayoyin Alqur'ani. Asalinsu babban mashahurin mai kiran sunan Seyyid Kasim Gubari na Diyarbakır na karni na 17 amma an sake dawo dasu akai-akai. An fara sanar da cewa masallacin zai gudanar da wasu gyare -gyare a cikin shekarar 2016. An kammala ayyuka da dama na gyare -gyare a ko'ina cikin Istanbul kuma maido da Masallacin Blue shine zai zama aikin karshe. Ana sa ran gyare -gyaren zai faru sama da shekaru uku da rabi kuma za a kammala shi nan da 2020. Na waje An gina facin falon gaban farfajiya iri ɗaya kamar yadda aka gina na Masallacin Süleymaniye, sai dai ƙari na turrets a kusurwoyin kusurwa. Kotun tana da girmanta kamar masallacin kanta kuma tana kewaye da wani katafaren gidan wasan kwaikwayo (revak). Tana da wuraren alwala a bangarorin biyu. Maɓallin maɓalli mai kusurwa huɗu kaɗan ne dangane da farfajiyar. Babbar ƙofar ƙofar farfajiyar ta fice daga gine -gine daga gidan kayan gargajiya. Semi-dome ɗinsa yana da kyakkyawan tsarin tsayuwa, wanda ƙaramin dome mai tsini a saman dolobate ya yi. Ana amfani da makarantar firamare ta tarihi (Sıbyan Mektebi) a matsayin "Cibiyar Bayanai na Masallaci" wacce ke kusa da bangonta na waje a gefen Hagia Sophia. Anan ne suke ba maziyarta gabatarwar gabatarwa ta kyauta akan Masallacin Blue da Musulunci gaba ɗaya. Wani sarkar ƙarfe mai nauyi ya rataya a saman ƙofar kotun a gefen yamma. Sarki ne kawai aka ba izinin shiga harabar masallacin da doki. An sanya sarkar a can, don haka dole sarkin musulmi ya runtse kansa a duk lokacin da ya shiga kotun don gudun kada a buge shi. Wannan alama ce ta alama, don tabbatar da tawali'u na mai mulki a gaban allahntaka.. Masallacin Sultan Ahmed yana daya daga cikin masallatai biyar na Turkiyya da ke da minare guda shida (daya a Masallacin Sabancı na zamani a Adana, Masallacin Muğdat a Mersin, Masallacin Çamlıca da ke Üsküdar da Masallacin Kore a Arnavutköy). Dangane da tatsuniya, wani masanin gine -gine bai ji roƙon Sultan na "altın minareler" (minarets na zinariya) a matsayin "altı minare" (minina shida), a lokacin fasali na musamman na masallacin Ka'aba a Makka. Lokacin da aka soki zatorsa, sai Sarkin Musulmi ya ba da umarnin a gina minaret ta bakwai a masallacin Makka.. Ministoci guda hudu suna tsaye a kusurwar Masallacin Blue. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan busassun, minarets masu siffa da fensir suna da baranda uku (Ana kiran şerefe) tare da corbels stalactite, yayin da sauran biyun a ƙarshen ƙofar gida suna da baranda biyu kawai. Kafin muezzin ko mai kiran sallah ya hau kan madaidaiciyar matattakala sau biyar a rana don sanar da kiran sallah.. Ziyarar Paparoma Benedikt na 16 Paparoma Benedict na 16 ya ziyarci Masallacin Sultan Ahmed a ranar 30 ga Nuwamban 2006 yayin ziyarar da ya kai Turkiyya. Wannan ita ce ziyarar Paparoma ta biyu a tarihi zuwa wurin bautar Musulmi. Bayan cire takalminsa, Paparoma ya ɗan dakata na mintuna biyu gaba ɗaya, idanunsa a rufe cikin tunani mai zurfi, yana tsaye kusa da Mustafa Çağrıcı, Muftin Istanbul, da Emrullah Hatipoğlu, Limamin Masallacin Blue. Paparoma "ya gode wa Providence na Allah saboda wannan" kuma ya ce, "Bari duk masu bi su bayyana kansu tare da Allah ɗaya kuma su ba da shaida ga 'yan uwantaka ta gaskiya." Fafaroman ya lura cewa Turkiyya "za ta zama gadar abota da haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Gabas da Yamma", kuma ya gode wa jama'ar Turkiyya "saboda karamci da tausayawa" da suka nuna masa a duk zaman sa, yana mai cewa, "ya ji ana ƙaunarsa kuma an fahimce shi.". Duba kuma Hagia Sophia Masallacin Camlica Masallacin Shah Kara karantawa Sheila S. Blair, Jonathan M. Bloom – "The Art and Architecture of Islam, 1250–1800", Yale University Press, 1994; Turner, J. (ed.) – Grove Dictionary of Art – Oxford University Press, USA; New edition (January 2, 1996);

52874

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics

Tectonics

Tectonics ( from Latin tectonicus ; from Tsohon Girkanci tektonikós ) su ne hanyoyin da ke sarrafa tsari da kaddarorin ɓawon ƙasa da juyin halittarta cikin lokaci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tafiyar matakai na ginin dutse, girma da halayen masu ƙarfi, tsoffin cibiyoyi na nahiyoyi da aka sani da cratons, da kuma hanyoyin da ƙananan faranti waɗanda suka ƙunshi harsashi na duniya ke hulɗa da juna. Tectonics kuma suna ba da tsarin fahimtar girgizar ƙasa da bel ɗin volcanic waɗanda ke shafar yawancin al'ummar duniya kai tsaye. Nazarin Tectonic yana da mahimmanci a matsayin jagorori ga masana tattalin arzikin ƙasa masu neman burbushin mai da ma'adinan tama na ƙarfe da albarkatun ƙasa. Fahimtar ka'idodin tectonic yana da mahimmanci ga masu ilimin geomorphologists don bayyana yanayin zaizayar ƙasa da sauran fasalulluka na duniya. Babban nau'ikan tsarin tectonic Extensional tectonics Extensional tectonics yana hade da mikewa da bakin ciki na ɓawon burodi ko lithosphere . Ana samun irin wannan nau'in tectonics a iyakokin faranti daban-daban, a cikin ɓangarorin nahiyoyi, a lokacin da kuma bayan wani lokaci na karo na nahiyoyi da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ɓawon burodin da aka yi a kaikaice, a sakin lanƙwasa a cikin kurakuran yajin aiki, a cikin kwandon baya-basins, da kuma a ƙarshen nahiya na jeri na gefe mara iyaka inda Layer ke akwai. Tuba (contractional) tectonics Thrust tectonics yana da alaƙa da raguwa da kauri na ɓawon burodi, ko lithosphere. Ana samun irin wannan nau'in tectonics a yankuna na karo na nahiyoyi, a kan hana lanƙwasa cikin kurakuran yajin aiki, da kuma a gefen tekun na jeri mai wucewa inda wani Layer ke nan. Yajin-zamewa tectonics Tectonics-slip-slip yana da alaƙa da motsi na gefe na dangi na sassan ɓawon burodi ko lithosphere. Ana samun irin wannan nau'in tectonics tare da kurakuran canjin teku da na nahiyoyi waɗanda ke haɗa ɓangarori na tsaunukan tsakiyar teku . Slip-slip tectonics shima yana faruwa a ɓangarorin gefe a cikin tsawaitawa da tsarin kuskure . A cikin wuraren da ke da hatsaniya ta faranti, nakasar yajin zamewa tana faruwa a cikin farantin da ke kan hawa sama a cikin ɓangarorin da aka yi karo da juna kuma yana ɗaukar nakasar a cikin ƙasan gaba zuwa bel ɗin karo. Plate tectonics A cikin farantin tectonics, mafi girman ɓangaren duniya da aka sani da lithosphere ( ɓawon gashi da babba) yana aiki azaman Layer na inji guda ɗaya. Lithosphere ya kasu kashi daban-daban "faranti" waɗanda ke motsawa dangi da juna akan tushe, ƙarancin asthenosphere mai rauni a cikin wani tsari da ke haifar da ci gaba da asarar zafi daga cikin duniya. Akwai manyan nau'ikan iyakokin faranti guda uku: divergent, inda faranti ke motsawa baya da juna kuma an kafa sabon lithosphere a cikin tsarin shimfidar bene na teku ; canza, inda faranti suna zamewa da juna, kuma masu haɗuwa, inda faranti ke haɗuwa kuma ana "cinye" lithosphere ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa . Iyakoki masu jujjuyawa da canzawa sune ke da alhakin yawancin manyan girgizar asa na duniya ( M <sub id="mwUQ">w</sub> > 7 . Iyakoki masu jujjuyawa da mabanbanta suma sune wurin da galibin tsaunuka na duniya suke, kamar kewayen Zoben Wuta na Pacific . Yawancin nakasawa a cikin lithosphere yana da alaƙa da hulɗar tsakanin faranti a ko kusa da iyakokin faranti. Sauran fannonin karatun tectonic Gishiri tectonics Gishiri tectonics ya shafi tsarin geometries da tsarin nakasar da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar manyan kauri na gishirin dutse a cikin jerin duwatsu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin gishiri, wanda ba ya ƙaruwa tare da binnewa, da ƙarancin ƙarfinsa. Neotectonics shine nazarin motsi da nakasar ɓawon burodi na duniya ( tsarin yanayin ƙasa da tsarin geomorphological ) waɗanda suke a halin yanzu ko kwanan nan a lokacin yanayin ƙasa . Kalmar na iya nufin motsi da nakasu da kansu. Matsakaicin lokacin daidai ana kiransa da lokacin neotectonic . Saboda haka, lokacin da ya gabata ana kiransa da lokacin palaeotectonic . Tectonophysics shine nazarin tsarin tafiyar da jiki da ke da alaƙa da nakasar ɓawon burodi da alkyabba daga sikelin kowane nau'in ƙwayar ma'adinai har zuwa na faranti na tectonic. Seismetectonics shine nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin girgizar kasa, tectonics masu aiki, da kurakuran mutum a cikin yanki. Yana neman fahimtar waɗanne laifuffuka ne ke da alhakin ayyukan girgizar ƙasa a cikin wani yanki ta hanyar nazarin haɗaɗɗun tectonics na yanki, abubuwan da aka yi rikodin kayan aikin kwanan nan, asusun girgizar ƙasa na tarihi, da shaidar geomorphological. Ana iya amfani da wannan bayanin don ƙididdige haɗarin girgizar ƙasa na yanki. Tasirin tectonics Tasirin tectonics shine nazarin gyare-gyare na lithosphere ta hanyar babban tasirin tasirin abubuwan fashewa. Planetary tectonics Hakanan an yi amfani da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen nazarin fasahar tectonics a duniya wajen nazarin taurari da watanninsu. Duba kuma Glarus Thrust yana da wurin tarihi na UNESCO Mohorovičić katsewa Kara karantawa Edward A. Keller Tectonics masu aiki: Girgizar ƙasa, Haɗawa, da Gidan Wuta na Prentice; Bugu na 2, Stanley A. Schumm, Jean F. Dumont da John M. Holbrook Tectonics Active da Alluvial Rivers, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge; Sake bugawa, Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Asalin da Makanikai na Sojojin da ke da alhakin Motsin Tectonic Plate Aikin Paleomap Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

16072

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tope%20Alabi

Tope Alabi

Tope Alabi, wanda aka fi sani da Ore ti o common, kuma kamar yadda Agbo Jesu (an haife ta 27 ga Oktoba 1970) mawaƙin bishara ne a Nijeriya, mai tsara kiɗan fim kuma ' yar wasa . An haifi Tope Alabi a ranar 27 ga watan Oktoba 1970 a jihar Lagos, Nigeria ga Pa Joseph Akinyele Obayomi da Madam Agnes Kehinde Obayomi. Ita kadai ce 'ya mace cikin yaran uku a gidan. Tana da aure kuma tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Ayomiku da Deborah. Ta fito ne daga Yewa, Imeko na jihar Ogun, Najeriya. Rayuwar farko Tope ya kasance memba na kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Jesters International. Daga baya ta yi aiki tare da wasu shahararrun kungiyoyin tafiye-tafiye da kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo a Ibadan da Lagos . Ta yi fina-finai a fim irin na Yarbanci a Nijeriya . Daga baya Alabi ta koma cikin waƙoƙin bishara bayan ta sake zama Krista . Tope ta sami Takaddar Makaranta ta Afirka ta Yamma (WAEC) daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Oba Akinyele, Ibadan, 1986. Bayan haka, ta ci gaba zuwa Polytechnic Ibadan inda ta karanta Mass Communication kuma ta kammala, 1990. Tope Alabi ya bi diddigin karatun ta da mahimmanci da kwazo kamar yadda ya cancanta. Tsakanin 1982 da 1984 a lokacin da take makarantar sakandare, sha'awarta ta kide-kide da raye-raye ya sa ta shiga kungiyar "Jesters International" (Jacob, Papilolo & Aderupoko) a lokacin a garin Ibadan, a can ne faufau ta samu horo na farko da gogewa a wasan kwaikwayo. . Ta yi aiki da Hukumar Talabijin ta Najeriya (NTA) da ke Ibadan a matsayin wakiliya a karkashin kulawar Mista Yanju Adegbite, tsakanin 1990 & 1991. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Cibiyar yada tallace-tallace ta Center-spread, yankin Ilupeju da ke Legas a shekarar 1990. A 1992, bayan samun gogewar aiki iri-iri, Patricia Temitope Alabi ta dawo cikin sana'ar zane-zane yayin da ta shiga shahararriyar kungiyar "Alade Aromire Theartre" a 1994. A can, ta sami damar rarrabe kanta a matsayinta na mai hazaka da hazaka 'yar fim da mawaƙa. A rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na Alade Aromire, Tope Alabi ya iya sanin duk mahimman wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da sana'ar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta tsunduma cikin shirye-shiryen fina-finai daban-daban, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo kuma mafi mahimmanci mahimmancin sautin waƙoƙin wanda ta kasance yar fim a masana'antar finafinan Yarbawa a yau. Marubuta daban-daban, furodusoshi da daraktoci a masana'antar fina-finai ta Yarbawa sun gayyaci Tope Alabi don su rubuta tare da yin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin fina-finansu daban-daban, dole ta zama abin yabo a yanzu, kusan waƙoƙin sauti 350 waɗanda ta shirya don finafinan Yarbawa daban-daban. Zai zama abin lura don bayyana a nan cewa Tope Alabi shine sautin waƙoƙin sauti a cikin Masana'antar Fina-Finan Gida na Yarbawa ref> "Biography" . Tope Alabi . An dawo da 6 Disamba 2010 . A ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2019, 'yan Najeriya a shafin Twitter sun nada Tope Alabi sarauniyar Yarbanci. Wannan ya faru ne sakamakon wata gasa da United Bank of Africa ta yi a bikin cikar su shekaru 70 da kafuwa. Tope Alabi ya fitar da fayafayai da yawa da kuma waƙoƙi guda ɗaya. Tun farkon fara aikinta, ta fito a cikin yawancin waƙoƙin ministocin waƙoƙin waƙoƙin samari. Loveaunarta ga Allah ya sa mutane da yawa sun kusanci Allah. Kuna iya sauraron wasu daga cikin waƙoƙinta da aka harhada a cikin wannan rubutun. "Best Of Tope Alabi DJ Mixtape", Download All Tope Alabi Songs Ore ti o gama gari Iwe Eri Agbara Re NI Agbara Olorun Angeli MI Kokoro Igbala Kabiosi Agbelebu Alagbara Agbelebu Oruko Tuntun Omo Jesu Ee & Amin '' Ruhun Haske (TY Bello) 2019 Olorun Nbe Funmi (Iseoluwa) Eruretoba (TY Bello) Adonai (TY Bello) Awa Gbe Oga (TY Bello) Angeli (TY Bello) Babu Wani Kuma (TY Bello) Oba Mi De (TY Bello) Olowo Ina (TY Bello) Yaƙi (TY Bello) Hanyoyin haɗin waje Official website Ƴan Najeriya Rayayyun mutane

22600

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil%20Foden

Phil Foden

Philip Walter Foden (An haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar dubu biyu , ne a England sana'arsa kwallon kafa yana taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na Premier League a kulob din Manchester City da Ingila tawagar kasarsa. Foden ya sami nasarar shiga ƙwallon ƙafa a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha bakwai ,lokacin da ya ci kyautar( FIFA U-17), World Cup Golden Ball bayan nasarar da Ingila ta samu a gasar yan kasa da shekara , na Kofin Duniya. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a City a wannan shekarar kuma a watan Disamba ne aka zabi gwarzon dan wasa na BBC na Shekarar. Tun daga lokacin da Foden ya buga wasanni sama da , a kungiyar, inda ya samu nasarar girmamawa har sau takwas ciki har da zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya samu lambar yabo ta Premier. A cikin shekara ta 2019, ya ci Firimiya karo na biyu kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA, kuma shi ne dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a Ingila da ya fara wasa da zira kwallaye a wasannin zagayen gaba na gasar. A cikin shekara ta 2021, an lasafta shi a matsayin Premier Player of the Young of the Season da kuma PFA Young Player of the Year . Foden ya wakilci Ingila a matakan matasa da yawa, inda ya ci kwallaye , a wasanni , na matasa. An fara kiran sa zuwa babbar kungiyar a ranar , watan Agustan shekara ta , kuma ya buga wasan farko da Iceland , Satumbar a shekara ta , a nasarar da aka tashi ,a UEFA Nations League. Klub din Manchester City Farkon aiki An Haife shi a Stockport, Greater Manchester, Foden ya kasance mai goyon bayan ƙuruciya ga Manchester City. Ya shiga kulob din yana da shekara hudu kuma ya sanya hannu a kan karatunsa na Kwalejin a watan Yulin shekara ta , Yayi karatun kansa a Kwalejin St Bede, tare da biyan kuɗin karatunsa daga Manchester City. A ranar 6, ga watan Disambar shekara ta , babban kocin City Pep Guardiola ya sanya Foden a cikin jerin 'yan wasan da za su fafata a gasar zakarun Turai tare da Celtic ; ya kasance ba a maye gurbinsa ba a cikin wasan gidan . Lokacin 2017-18 A watan Yulin shekara ta , Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar Manchester City don ziyarar kulob din a shirye shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta Amurka, inda ya yi rawar gani a rashin nasarar da suka samu a hannun Manchester United sannan kuma ya fara wasan da ci a kan Real. Madrid . Bayan da ya buga wasanni da yawa a kan benci a farkon kakar wasannin( 2017zuwa2018), Foden ya fara buga wa Manchester City wasa a ranar ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta a wasan cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Feyenoord, yana zuwa a minti na don Yaya Touré . Ya zama ɗan saurayi ɗan Ingila na huɗu don ya bayyana a Gasar Zakarun Turai (shekaru 17 177). A ranar ga watan Disamba a shekara ta , Foden ya karya rikodin da Josh McEachran ya yi a baya don zama ƙaramin ɗan wasan Ingila, yana da shekaru 17 da kwanaki 192, don farawa a wasan UEFA Champions League, yana yin hakan a cikin rashin nasara , ga Shakhtar Donetsk Ya kuma zama ɗan wasa na farko da aka haifa a shekara ta ,don fara wasa a gasar. Ya fara buga wasan farko na Premier a matsayin canji a wasan da suka ci ,a kan Tottenham Hotspur a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta , ya bayyana a minti na 83rd don İlkay Gündoğan. Foden ya fito a matsayin mai maye gurbin Sergio Agüero a gasar cin kofin EFL na Karshe a ranar ga watan Fabrairu shekara a shekara ta , yana taimaka wa City tabbatar da nasarar a kan Arsenal a Wembley Stadium . Wadannan watan, sai ya gutsuttsura Kieran Richardson 's rikodin zama ƙarami English player don fara a wani knockout-wasa a gasar zakarun Turai, yin haka yana da shekaru shekaru da kwana a wani nasara a kan Basel . A ranar ga watan Mayu, ya zama ƙarami mafi ƙarancin ɗan wasa don karɓar lambar yabo ta Premier. Guinness World Records ta amince da shi saboda wannan bajinta a cikin fitowar littafin su na . 2018–19 kakar Foden yana cikin sahun farko na City don Gasar FA Community Shield a ranar ga watan Agusta shekara ta , yana buga duka minti tare da taimakawa kwallon farko ta Agüero a wasan da suka doke Chelsea da ci , a filin wasa na Wembley, wanda ya nuna na uku na Foden lambobin yabo na shekarar kalanda. A ranar ga watan Satumba shekara ta , ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez sannan daga baya ya ci babban burinsa na farko a cikin raunin rauni don tabbatar da nasarar City da ci ba tare da Oxford United ba a zagaye na uku na EFL Cup . Foden ne ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gida a filin wasa na Etihad, wanda ya ci wa City kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka doke Rotherham United da ci! 7-0) a zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar ga watan Janairun shekara ta , Kwana uku bayan haka, Foden ya sake kasancewa a kan takarda yayin da yake taimaka wa City doke Burton Albion da ci ,a wasan farko na wasan kusa da na karshe na EFL Cup. A ranar ga watan Maris shekara ta , Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai yayin wasa na biyu na zagayen kungiyoyi da Schalke, yayin da City ta ci (10-2 a jumulce). A yin haka, ya taimaka wa kulob din daidaita da rikodin don mafi girman rata a cikin matakin buga gasar. Burin nasa ya kuma gan shi ya zama mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa Man City kwallaye a gasar Zakarun Turai da kuma karamin dan wasan da ya ci wa Ingila kwallaye a wasannin fitar da gwani na gasar, yana da shekara da kwana , A farkon watan gobe, ya fara wasan farko a kungiyar a karawar da suka doke Cardiff City da ci , ya zama dan wasan Ingila mafi karancin shekaru da ya yi hakan tun daga Daniel Sturridge a shekara ta . Bayan kammala wasan, manajan City Pep Guardiola ya shaida wa manema labarai cewa yana sa ran Foden ya zama muhimmin dan wasan Manchester City "har shekaru goma masu zuwa". Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier ranar ga watan Afrilu shekara ta , a wasan da suka doke Tottenham , Bayan yin hakan, ya zama dan wasa na uku mafi karancin shekaru da ya ci wa kungiyar kwallo a Premier League, bayan Micah Richards da Sturridge. Man City ta kammala kaka a lokacin kammala dukkanin kofunan gida tare da Foden wanda ke da babban matsayi a cikin kungiyar. Lokacin 2019-20 Foden ya fara kakar wasannin (2019zuwa2020), ne tare da karrama shi na , inda ya ci Gasar FA Community Shield a kan Liverpool a Wembley Stadium a ranar ga watan Agusta shekara ta , ya zira kwallaye a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya yanke hukuncin wadanda suka yi nasara. Kwana shida bayan haka ya buga wasan farko a gasar Firimiya a bana yayin da Manchester City ta doke West Ham United da ci , a filin wasa na London. A ranar ,ga watan Oktoba shekara ta , Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, inda ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Dinamo Zagreb da ci , a ranar wasan na rukuni. Foden ya samar da babbar dama ta biyu a matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, sai a bayan Lionel Messi . Foden ya fara wasan Firimiya na farko a kakar bana, a ranar ga watan Disambar shekara ta , inda ya dauki wani taimako a kan Arsenal a filin wasa na Emirates a wasan da ci ga ‘yan kasar. A ranar , ga watan Maris shekara ta , Foden ya fara a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin EFL kuma ya nemi babbar girmamawa ta 6th da kuma kofi na 8th na aiki yayin da Man City ta ci , a kan Aston Villa . An kuma kira shi mutumin wasan, don haka ya zama mafi ƙarancin karɓar kyautar Alan Hardaker kwaf . A ranar , ga watan Yuni shekara ta , kwallon kafa na Firimiya ya dawo bayan annobar( COVID-19 ),ta sanya lokacin ci gaba. Foden yana kan raga yayin da City ta doke Arsenal da ci uku da nema a filin wasa na Etihad. Wasan da ya biyo baya Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Premier kuma ya ci kwallaye a jere a jere a karo na farko a matsayin Manchester City ta ci , a kan Burnley . A ranar ga watan Yulin shekara ta , Manchester City ta yi maraba da sabon zakara Liverpool a Etihad. Foden ya ci kwallo kuma ya taimaka a wasan yayin da City ta ci Gasar Premier ta shekara ta (2019zuwa20 20), ta kare a ranar , ga watan Yuli, tare da Foden da aka fara a wasan da ci , a kan Norwich, yana ganin Manchester City ta kammala kakar a matsayi na , Lokacin, duk da haka, an yi alama tare da tashi daga gunkin Foden David Silva, bayan shekaru , tare da kulob din. A cikin shekara ta , Foden ya bayyana "Horarwa ta fi sauri kuma tana da kyau tare da Silva, shi ne abin bautata da gaske. Ina kokarin kallon abin da yake yi kuma na koya daga gare shi kuma na yi kokarin aikata abubuwa iri daya An bai wa Foden damar maye gurbin Silva tare da Pep Guardiola yana cewa Manchester City "ta aminta" Phil Foden ya maye gurbinsa. Foden ya fara buga wasan zagaye na biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai a ranar ga watan Agusta shekara ta , a kan Real Madrid, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara kan (jimillar jimillar 4-2) da kuma ci gaba zuwa zagayen kwata fainal, inda Man City za ta rusuna daga gasar. Ya ƙare kakar tare da wasa da aka buga, rijistar kwallaye , da ƙwallaye a duk gasa. Lokacin 2020-21 Foden ya bude asusun ajiyarsa na kakar wasa a kan Wolves a ranar wasan , na gasar Premier, inda ya ci nasara a kan nasarar , a ranar ga watan Satumba ta , Ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a kakar (2020 zuwa20 21), a kan West Ham United a wasan da suka tashi , a filin wasa na London, a ranar , ga watan Oktoba a shekara ta , Ya rama daidai minti shida bayan da ya maye gurbin Sergio Aguero a rabin lokaci, ya juya da wayo don sauya giciye daga abokin wasansa João Cancelo . Foden ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar( 2020 zuwa 2021), a Girka akan Olympiacos, a ranar , ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta , kammala wayayyen daga cikin akwatin bayan raheem Sterling mai raɗaɗi. Wannan nasarar a gasar zakarun Turai ta tabbatar da ci gaban City har zuwa zagaye na kungiyoyi ? , a karo na a jere. A ranar! 7 ), ga watan Fabrairun a shekara ta , ya ci kwallo kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da suka doke Liverpool da ci ,a waje, don zama nasarar farko da tawagarsa ta samu a Anfield tun shkara ta . Foden ya sake zira kwallaye a Merseyside, yayin da Manchester City ta ci , a waje a Goodison Park a ranar , ga watan Fabrairu, inda ta kara jagora a saman teburin kuma hakan ya sa ta yi nasara sau , a jere a dukkan wasannin. Foden ya kasance a kan dukkanin kwallaye biyu a karawar da City ta doke Borussia Dortmund a gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, don tabbatar da ci gaban zuwa zagaye na hudu na gasar. A ranar , ga watan Afrilu shekara ta , Foden ya karbi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa kuma ya zira kwallaye a ragar Aston Villa a Villa Park, wanda ya ba Man City nasara , kuma daga baya ta tsawaita jagorancin ta, a saman teburin, da maki . Wannan shi ne burin Foden na , a dukkan gasa, a kakar shekara ta( 2020 zuwa20 21), kuma na , a Premier. Bayan kwana hudu kawai, Foden ya ci kofi na , tare da Manchester City yayin da suka doke Tottenham da ci( 1 da 0 )a wasan karshe na cin Kofin EFL, inda Foden ya buga cikakkun mintuna , Foden ya sake kafa tarihi tare da City, yayin da suka isa wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a karon farko bayan doke Paris Saint-Germain da ci 4-1 jimillar kwallaye biyu, Foden ya ba da taimako ga Riyad Mahrez a wasa na biyu. A ranar , ga watan Mayu Foden ya tabbatar da lashe gasar firimiya karo na uku a cikin shekaru hudu yayin da Leicester ta doke Manchester United da ci , Foden ya fara wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League a tarihin kulob din. Man City ta yi rashin nasara a wasan da aka buga da ci , rashin Foden na farko a wasan karshe a lokacin yana kan karagar aiki. An lasafta shi a cikin UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar kuma ya lashe Premier League Young Player of the Season yayin da aka zaba shi duka PFA Player of the Year da PFA Young Player of the Year, ya lashe kyautar ta ƙarshe. Ayyukan duniya A watan Mayu shekara ta , Foden ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 'yan kasa da shekara !17 ), na Uefa yayin da' yan wasan Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru suka sha kashi a fanareti a hannun Spain . A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, Foden ya sami karbuwa sosai daga 'yan jarida bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Kofin Duniya na( FIFA FIFA U-17 ),na shekara ta , shi ma a kan Spain, yayin da Ingila ta ci gasar. An kira shi a matsayin mafi kyawun dan wasan. Ya lashe kyautar( FIFA U-17 ), World Cup na Kwallon Kwallon Kafa a cikin shekara ta , inda ya kuma sami wadatar 'yan jarida da yawa da kuma mahimman labarai. A ranar , ga watan Mayu a shekara ta , Foden ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa , na Ingila don gasar shekar ta , UEFA European (Under-21), Championship kuma ya zira kwallaye mai ban sha'awa - na farko ga U21s - a wasan farko da ci a hannun Faransa a Cesena . Babban Team Farko da Euro 2020 A , ga watan Agusta shekara ta , Gareth Southgate mai suna Foden a Ingila m tawagar a karon farko. Ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa da Iceland a ranar , ga watan Satumbar a shekara , a wasan da aka tashi ,a waje a gasar UEFA Nations League . A ranar , ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta , Foden, tare da takwaransa na Ingila Mason Greenwood, an cire shi daga tawagar Ingila saboda karya ka'idojin keɓewar ƙungiyar ta hanyar kawo aƙalla baƙo ɗaya zuwa otal ɗin otal ɗin su a Iceland. Manchester City ta yi Allah wadai da ayyukan Foden. Foden ya ci wa Ingila kwallayensa na farko da na biyu a lokacin wasan UEFA Nations League da Iceland a Wembley Stadium a ranar , ga watan Nuwamba Nuwamba a shekara ta . A ranar , ga watan Yuni a shekara ta , Foden ya kasance cikin sunayen mutane , don sabon sake tsarawa UEFA Euro . Ya shiga cikin tawagar a wani lokaci daga baya saboda kasancewarsa a waccan shekarar UEFA Champions League Final . A ranar , ga watan Yuni, Foden ya bayyana cewa ya shafa gashin kansa gashi - yana kwatanta kwatankwacin tsohon dan wasan Ingila Paul Gascoigne wanda shima yayi irin wannan askin na Euro , Foden ya fada a wani taron manema labarai a wannan rana cewa "Cikakken al'ummar kasar sun san abin da yake nufi ga kasar da kuma abin da ya aikata, don haka ba zai zama mara kyau ba idan na yi kokarin kawo kadan daga cikin Gazza zuwa filin wasa." Salon wasa, ci gaba da kwatancen Foden yana da kafar-hagu, kuma yana iya taka leda a bayan-baya, ko kuma dan gefe a gefen dama, duk da cewa Pep Guardiola ya bayyana shi da cewa "ya fi dacewa da dan wasan tsakiya". A shekara ta , Guardiola ya bayyana shi a matsayin "dan wasa na musamman", yana mai cewa: "Yana da hadari idan aka ce kyawawan abubuwa game da matasa 'yan wasa saboda har yanzu suna kanana, kuma dole ne su ci gaba kuma dole ne su koyi abubuwa da yawa. . . Amma muna da karfin gwiwa da za mu taimaka masa, saboda mun yi imanin cewa shi saurayi ne wanda yake da kwazo, ko da kuwa ba shi da karfi, ba shi da tsayi. ” A cikin shekara ta , Louise Taylor na jaridar The Guardian ta bayyana Foden a matsayin "mai alfahari da takamaimai, mai mannewa kuma ya sami albarka tare da ƙwarewar ɓatattun abokan hamayya na baya". A cikin shekara ta , gogaggen marubucin wasan kwallon kafa Brian Glanville ya bayyana shi a matsayin "matashi mai hazaka da kwarewa", ya kara da cewa: "Matasan 'yan wasa masu kwarewa da kwarewar kirkira suna da bakin ciki a kasa." Rayuwar mutum Foden yana cikin dangantaka da Rebecca Cooke kuma yana da ɗa, Ronnie, an haife shi a watan Janairun shekara ta , Ma'auratan suna tsammanin ɗansu na biyu, 'ya mace wacce za ta zo ƙarshen lokacin bazara ko farkon kaka a shekara ta . Kididdigar aiki Na duniya Kamar yadda aka buga wasa watan Yuli a shekarar . Ingancin Ingila da aka jera a farko, shafi mai maki yana nuna ƙwallaye bayan kowace ƙwallon Foden. Manchester City Firimiya Lig : a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2020zuwa2021) Kofin FA : a shekara ta (2018zuwa2019) Kofin EFL : a shekara ta (2017zuwa2018, 2018zuwa2019, 2019zuwa2020, 2020zuwa2021) Garkuwan Community FA :a shekara ta ( 2018zuwa 2019) Gasar UEFA Champions League ta biyu: a shekara ta (2020zuwa2021) Ingila U17 FIFA U-17 World Cup : a shekara ta Uefa European European Under- Championship wacce ta zo ta biyu:a shekara ta UEFA ta zo ta biyu a gasar zakarun Turai :a shekara ta Kowane mutum Europeanungiyar UEFA ta Under na Turai na Gasar:a shekara ta FIFA U-17 Kofin Duniya na Zinare :a shekara ta Gwarzon Wasannin Matasan BBC na Shekara : a shekara ta Alan Hardaker kwaf :a shekara ta UEFA Champions League Squad na kakar: (2020zuwa2021) Matashin Firimiya na Premier na kakar : (2020zuwa2021) PFA Matashin Dan Wasa na Shekara:( 2020zuwa2021) Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗin waje Bayani a gidan yanar gizon Manchester City FC Bayani a shafin yanar gizon Hukumar Kwallon kafa 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila Pages with unreviewed translations

52917

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yazid%20Al%20Rajhi

Yazid Al Rajhi

Yazeed Mohamed Al-Rajhi (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 30 ga watan Satumba shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da daya 1981 a Riyadh) ɗan kasuwa ne na Saudiyya, ɗan kasuwa, kuma mashahurine a fannin kasuwanci. Ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'yan ɗan kasuwa Sheikh Muhammad bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi, asalinsa ya koma yankin Al-Qassim (Al-Bukayriyah), kuma asalinsa ya dawo zuwa kabilar Bani Zaid. An kuma haife shi kuma ya girma a Riyadh. Ya fara aikinsa tun yana ƙarami lokacin da mahaifinsa ya nada shi a shekarar 1998 a matsayin mai lura da Ofishin Gidajen Kasuwanci kuma daga baya ya zama babban manajansa a duk fadin Masarautar a shekara ta 2004, bayan haka ya hau zuwa manyan mukamai da yawa har sai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin sanannun 'yan kasuwa. A lokaci guda, Yazeed direban Rally ne kuma zakaran gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIA sau biyu a shekarun 2021 da 2022. zakara sau biyu a gasar zakarun gida, gasar zakarar Saudi Toyota a shekarun 2019 da 2022. Yazeed yana fafatawa a Gasar Rally ta Duniya da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na kasa da kasa tun 2007 kuma ya tsaya a ƙarshen 2018. Daga baya ya fara shiga cikin tarurruka na kasa da kasa, kuma karon farko a Dakar Rally ya kasance a shekarar 2015. A shekara ta 2007, Yazeed ya kafa ƙungiyar tseren kansa. An san shi da Al-Rajhi Racing Team kuma daga baya aka sake masa suna zuwa Yazeed Racing Team, inda ya fara gasar farko ba bisa ka'ida ba a gasar zakarun Gabas ta Tsakiya (MERC), 2007 Jordan Rally, don samun kwarewa don haka zai iya shiga gasar zakaruna daban-daban a nan gaba. Bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye na farko (matsayi na takwas) a Girka 2012 Acropolis Rally a kakar wasa ta 40 ta Gasar Rally ta Duniya (WRC). An ba shi suna Black Horse, Al Rajhi ya fara bugawa WRC a Rally Argentina ta shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas 2008 tare da Subaru Impreza WRX STI oIn 2008 Jordan Rally -a matsayin sauran bayyanarsa ta WRC ta shekara. Ya koma matakin farko a shekara ta 2010, ya kammala na 13 gabaɗaya a Jordan Rally a cikin Peugeot 207 S2000 . Ya kuma yi takara a Rally d'Italia Sardegna na wannan shekarar, zagaye na Intercontinental Rally Challenge, amma ya yi ritaya bayan ya rasa motar. A shekara ta 2011 ya yi takara a zagaye bakwai na WRC, amma ya yi ritaya daga shida daga cikinsu. Ya kuma taka rawar gani a gasar Tour de Corse ta shekarar 2011, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 14. Saudi ta lashe gasar Silk Way Rally a cikin shekarar 2018. A shekarar 2019 Al Rajhi ta lashe gasar zakarun Saudi Desert Rally Championship ta farko. Yazeed ya kasance a saman matsayi a Dakar 2020 tare da mafi kyawun kammalawa a matsayi na huɗu. Da yake motsawa zuwa sabuwar shekara, alamar wasan motsa jiki ta Saudiyya ta bar alamar tarihi a karo na biyu na Dakar Rally a Saudi Arabia bayan ta lashe matakai biyu a Dakar Ralli 2021 a cikin Toyota Hilux kuma ta zama Saudiyya da Larabawa na farko da suka ci nasara a gida a cikin aji kuma ƙaramin mai hamayya da ya lashe mataki daga Dakar a wannan shekarar. Yazeed Al Rajhi ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai 2021 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja] 2022 [FIA World Cup for Cross Country Baja] 2019 [Saudi Toyota Championship] 2022 [Saudi Toyota Championship] Ayyukan kasuwanci Yazeed Al-Rajhi ya fara aikin kasuwanci tun yana ƙarami Mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi ne ya nada shi, a matsayin mai lura da ofishinsa na mallakar kansa (gidan sarauta) An nada shi a matsayin Darakta na Ofishin Kasuwanci mai zaman kansa (Roal Estate) An nada shi a matsayin janar manajan dukkan ofisoshin Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi a duk fadin Masarautar Janar Manajan Kamfanin Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi na Kasuwanci da Aikin Gona, ban da gudanar da kadarorin mahaifinsa. [2010 - yanzu] Shugaba na Yazeed Al-Rajhi & Brothers Holding Company Shugabannin Kwamitin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Zuba Jari na Mohammed Abdul Aziz Al-Rajhi & Sons Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Yazeed Al-Rajhi & Brothers Holding Company memba na kwamitin aiki Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Al-Rajhi Steel Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Abincin Duniya memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jazan Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Zuba Jari na Kamfanin Manafea memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Kyaututtuka na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi memba na Janar Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Atomic Endowment na Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulaziz Al-Rajhi memba na Kwamitin Daraktoci na Ƙungiyar Tunawa da Alkur'ani Mai Tsarki a Gwamnatin Al Bukayriyah Yazeed Al Rajhi Takardun sirri Saudiyya ta farko da Unicef ta zaba a 2008 a matsayin jakadan Goodwill a Saudi Arabia da Gulf, na shekara guda Saudiyya ta farko da aka nada a matsayin jakadan 'Donate Life' a shekarar 2009 A shekara ta 2009 ya sami taken 'Gentleman' daga masu karatun mujallu na Rotana' A shekara ta 2008 ya zo a matsayi na uku a gasar Mobily da Riyadiah 'Mafi Girma a Saudi Arabia' An ba shi lakabin jakada don yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a Saudi Arabia Mafi kyawun mai fafatawa a zagaye na uku na Gasar Rally ta Duniya da ke faruwa a Jordon - 2010 Haɗin waje Shafin yanar gizon hukuma Haifaffun 1981 Rayayyun mutane

42147

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne%20Bonny

Anne Bonny

Anne Bonny (8 Maris 1697 - ta ɓace Afrilu 1721), wani lokacin Anne Bonney, ta kasance 'yar fashin teku ta Irish da ke aiki a cikin Caribbean, kuma daya daga cikin 'yan fashin mata a tarihi. Wani ɗan abin da aka sani game da rayuwarta ya fito ne daga littafin Kyaftin Charles Johnson na shekarar 1724 A General History of the Pyrates. An haifi Bonny a Ireland a shekara ta 1700 kuma ta koma Landan sannan kuma zuwa lardin Carolina a lokacin tana kimanin shekara 10. Kusan 1718 ta auri wani jirgin ruwa James Bonny, ya ɗauki sunansa na ƙarshe, kuma ya tafi tare da shi zuwa Nassau a cikin Bahamas, wuri mai tsarki na 'yan fashi. A can ne ta hadu da Calico Jack Rackham kuma ta zama abokin fashin teku kuma mai ƙauna. An kama ta tare da Rackham da Mary Read a cikin Oktoba 1720. An yanke wa duka ukun hukuncin kisa, amma Bonny da Read sun dakatar da hukuncin kisa saboda dukansu suna da juna biyu. Read ta mutu saboda zazzabi a kurkuku a watan Afrilu 1721 (watakila saboda rikitarwa daga ciki), amma ba a san makomar Bonny ba. Rayuwar farko Ana hasashen ranar haihuwar Bonny ya kai kusan 1700. An ce an haife ta a Old Head of Kinsale, a County Cork, Ireland. Ita diyar baiwa ce Mary Brennan da mai aikin Brennan, lauya William Cormac. An haife ta ga Mary Brennan saboda sakamakon rashin lafiyar matar Cormac an koma ta zuwa gidan surukarta wanda ke da nisan mil daga hanya. Yayin da matar William Cormac ba ta da lafiya kuma a wani gida, William ya zauna don duba gidan dangin inda ya yi jima'i da ɗaya daga cikin kuyangin, Mary Brennan, wadda ta haifi Anne Bonny. Ana ganin Anne Bonny a matsayin daya daga cikin halaltattun batutuwa daga William Cormac. Rubuce-rubucen hukuma da wasiƙu na zamani da suka shafi rayuwarta ba su da yawa, kuma mafi yawan ilimin zamani ya samo asali ne daga Charles Johnson's A General History of the Pyrates (tarin tarihin ɗan fashin teku, bugu na farko daidai ne, na biyu an ƙawata shi). Mahaifin Bonny William Cormac ya fara ƙaura zuwa Landan don ya rabu da dangin matarsa, kuma ya fara suturar Anne tun yana yaro yana kiranta da "Andy". Lokacin da matar Cormac ta gano William ya ɗauki 'yarsa shege kuma yana renon yaron ya zama magatakarda na lauya kuma yana tufatar da ita a matsayin yaro, ta daina ba shi alawus. Cormac sai ya koma lardin Carolina, yana tare da Anne da mahaifiyarta, tsohuwar budurwarsa. Mahaifin Bonny ya watsar da asalin "Mc" prefix na sunan danginsu don haɗawa cikin sauƙi cikin ɗan ƙasa na Charles Town. Da farko, dangin sun sami mummunan farawa a sabon gidansu, amma ilimin Cormac game da doka da ikon siye da siyar da kaya ba da daɗewa ba ya ba da kuɗin ginin gida kuma a ƙarshe wani shuka kusa da garin. Mahaifiyar Bonny ta mutu tana da shekara 12. Mahaifinta ya yi ƙoƙari ya kafa kansa a matsayin lauya amma bai yi kyau ba. Daga ƙarshe, ya shiga kasuwancin ƴan kasuwa mafi riba kuma ya tara dukiya mai yawa. Abokin Rackham Babu wani tarihin sakin Bonny, kuma wannan ya sa aka yi ta cece-kuce game da makomarta. Wani littafi ya lissafa binne wata “Ann Bonny” a ranar 29 ga Disamba 1733, a wannan gari a Jamaica inda aka yi mata shari’a. Charles Johnson ya rubuta a cikin A General History of the Robberies and Murders of the most notorious Pyrates, wanda aka buga a 1724: "An ci gaba da kasancewa a kurkuku, har zuwa lokacin da take kwance, kuma daga baya an jinkirta daga lokaci zuwa lokaci; amma abin da ya faru ita tunda ba za mu iya fada ba; wannan kadai muka sani, ba a kashe ta ba”. Wasu majiyoyi sun bayyana cewa ta yiwu ta koma Amurka bayan daurin da aka yi mata, ta mutu a South Carolina a cikin watan Afrilu 1782. A cikin shekarar 2020, an buɗe wani mutum-mutumi na Bonny da Read a Execution Dock a Wapping, London. A ƙarshe an shirya kawo mutum-mutumin zuwa tsibirin Burgh da ke kudancin Devon. Details the trials of Jack Rackam, Mary Read, Anne Bonny, and Charles Vane. Cordingly, David. "Bonny, Anne ", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004. Accessed 18 November 2006. Jarrells, Ralph E. . "Fiery Red Hair, Emerald Green Eyes and A Vicious Irish Temper", WordCrafts Press. 2019. ISBN 978-1-948679-64-0 Simon, Rebecca Alexandra . Pirate Queens: The Lives of Anne Bonny and Mary Read. Philadelphia: Pen & Sword Books Ltd.

18548

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinin%20Haida

Jinin Haida

Jinin Haida to muna farawa Da sunan Allah Mai rahma mai jinkai, tsira da amincin Allah su kara tabbata ga fiyayyan halittar Allah Annabin tsira Annabi Muhammad, da Iyalan shi da Sahabban shi baki ɗaya. Bayan haka ga wasu daga abinda ya shafi hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada wanda ake kira Jinin haida, yana da matukar muhimmanci sanin hukunce-hukuncen jinin al'ada, muhimmancin ba wai ya tsaya ga mata bane kadai a'a har da maza, domin abubuwa da yawa na ibada da na zamantakewa suna da alaka da jinin al'ada, misali mai jinin al'ada bata sallah ko azumi ko dawafi, wannan bangaran ibada kenan amma ta bangaren zamantakewa mai jinin al'ada ba'a sakinta idan Kuma aka yi sakin to ya tabbatar, ba kuma a saduwa da ita, sannan ga yadda Allah ya sanya idda da jinin al'ada, ta yadda idan aka saki mace sai ta ga tsarki uku (al'ada uku) kafin aka ce ta kammala iddah sannan ai maganar sabon aure, to idan tana al'ada bayan kowadanne watanni shida kenan sai bayan shekara ɗaya da rabi za'a fara maganar aure, shi ya sa muka ce sanin hukunce-hukuncen wannan jinin ba wai ya rataya ga mata bane kadai har da maza.. Menene Jinin Al'ada Jinin al'ada jini ne da yake fita da karan kansa daga gaban macan da a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha- Wannan shi ake nufi da jinin al'ada, da aka ce 'jinine da yake fita da kansa' kenan idan ya zamana ba da kansa ya fita ba kamar ace cinnaka ya cije ta a gaba ko kunama sai jinin ya balle mata to wannan bai zama jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce 'Ta gaba' kenan idan ya fita ta dubura ko ta hanci wannan bai zama jinin al'adaba. Da aka ce wacce a al'adance zata iya daukar ciki kenan idan ya fita daga wacce a al'adance ba zata iya ɗaukar ciki ba sabo da yarinta ko girma to wannan shi ma bai zama jinin al'ada ba. Amma da aka ce 'Ba tare da ya wuce kwanaki goma sha biyar ba, kenan idan ya wuce kwanaki sha biyar to bai zamo kuma jinin al'adaba. Waɗannan nau'uka da akace basu zama jinin al'ada ba kenan hukuncin jinin al'ada bai hau kansu ba za su yi sallah domin jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi magani, Allah ya Mafi Karancin sa Malamai sun ƙarawa juna sani kan mafi karancin jinin al'ada, mafi karancinsa shi ne ɗugo guda ɗaya kenan idan ya ɗiga sannan ya ɗauke, shi kenan ta yi al'ada kuma ta dauke. Mafi Yawansa Mafi yawan kwanakin jinin al'ada shi ne kwanaki goma sha-biyar kenan idan ya wuce haka to bai zama jinin al'ada ba muddin ba ciki take da shiba. Mata Dangane da Al'ada: anan mun sani mata suna da halaye biyar musamman idan muka yi la'akari da shekarunsu domin auna jinin da ya zo na al'adane ko bana al'ada ba ne, kamar haka: Kasa da shekara tara Idan jinin ya zo wa yarinyar da take kasa da shekara tara to malamai sun tabbatar da wannan ba jinin al'ada ba ne, jinin ciwo ne sai a nemi Tara Zuwa Sama Idan ya zamana jinin ya zo ne ga wacce ta cika shekara tara zuwa zamanta budurwa, to a irin wannan lokaci sai a tambayi kwararrun mata da likita domin a fayyace jinin na al'adane ko na ciwo. Kada mu sha'afa yanayin abinci da kuma yanayin zafi da sanyi da hutu da wahala suna tasiri. Budurci Zuwa Sheka 50 Idan jinin ya zo daga lokacin da ta zama budurwa zuwa shekaru hamsin kai tsaye malamai sun tabbatar da cewa wannan jinin na al'adane. Daga 50 - 69 Idan jini ya zo wa mace a tsakanin wadannan shekaru wato daga shekara hamsin zuwa sittin da tara to malamai suka ce za'a tambayi kwararrun mata da likitoci domin sanin wannan jinin na ciwone ko na al'ada. Daga 70 Idan jini ya zo bayan mace ta cika shekara saba'in zuwa sama to malamai suka ce wannan kai tsaye ba jinin al'ada bane. Ashe tantance shekarun haihuwa ba karamin abu bane domin tuni musulunci ya gina hukunce-hukunce a kansu, kuma ana gini ne a kan tsarin kalandar musulunci, wadannan bayanai na karkasuwar mata har zuwa gida biyar kamar yadda ya gabata haka malam Adawi ya kawo a cikin littafinsa 'Hashiyatul Adawi', Allah ya ji kansa da gafara. Ina daɗa jaddada cewa yanayin abinci da da abin sha da sanyi ko yanayin zafi suna tasiri matuka, dukkan abinda ba'a fahimta ba dangane da yana yin zuwan jinin ko daukewarsa yarinyace ko babba to kamata ya yi ayi tambaya cikin gaggawa lura da yadda muka yi bayai da cewa yana da alaka da hukunce-hukunce, kina yin jinkiri sai salloli su kubuce miki, kuma wannan yana nuna cewa mace da aka saka zata iya kammala idda akasa da watanni Idan yarinya ta ga jinin kuma jinin ya zama shi ne zuwansa na farko sannan ya tabbata cewa jinin al'adane to ta sani ta balaga, dukkanin hukunce-hukuncen musulunci sun hau kanta, idan ta yi salatin Annabi za'a rubuta mata lada idan kuma ta bari samari suna jagwalgwalata ita za'a rubutawa zunubi, ba wanda yace wai sai ta yi aure sannan za'a fara yi mata rubutu, kenan har azumi sai ta ranka wanda ta Tabbatuwar Jinin Al'ada Shifa abin da ya shafi jinin al'ada al'amari ne da Allah maɗaukakin sarki ya yi bayaninsa a cikin Alkur'ani mai girma, Allah yana cewa: Kuma suna tambayarka dangane da al'ada, Kace: Shiɗinnan cutane, ku nisanci (saduwa da) mata a lokacin al'ada, kada ku kusance su har sai sun yi tsarki (Jinin ya dauke) idan suka tsarkaka (suka yi wanka) to ku je musu ta inda Allah ya umarceku, Lalle Allah yana son masu yawan tuba kuma yana son masu tsarkaka. Bakara, ayata: 222. Haka kuma ma'aikin Allah –Tsira da amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi- yace; (Wannan) Wani abu ne da Allah ya dorawa mata 'ya'yan Adam. Ashe ba shaci-fadin da ake cewa ba ne ai sanadiyyar da yasa mata suke al'ada shi ne wannan ganyan bishiyar da Nana Hawwa'u ta ci a gidan aljanna, amma Annabi Adam mala'ikane ya rike masa makoshi (makogaro) sai ya amayar da abin shi ya sa maza basa yi. Wannan labarin bashi da kanshin gaskiya domin ayoyin Alkur'ani sun tabbatar da Annabi Adam ya ci itaciyar. Shi fa jinin al'ada kada amanta jini ne da yake fitowa daga can cikin mahaifa a lokuta sanannu, Allah madaukakin Sarki ya haliccishi domin ya zama abinci ga yaro a lokacin da yake cikin mahaifiyarsa domin inda zai yi tarayya da mahaifiiyar ta shi a abincin da take ci to da karfinta ya ragu sosai,sa Allah ya sanya shi ya zama abinci gareshi,shi ya sa da kyar ka ga mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) kuma tana al'ada. Idan kuma ta haihu sai Allah ya zamar da shi nono jaririn yana sha amatsayin abinci,shi yasa kadan ake samun matan da suke shayarwa kuma suna al'ada. Idan ya zamana mace bata da juna biyu (ciki) kuma bata shayarwa sai ya kasance ba inda zai je to shi ne sai ya taru a mahaifarta,shi ne mafi yawancin lokuta yake fita a kowanne wata cikin kwanuka shida ko bakwai, ya kan karu ko ya ragu akan hakan kamar yadda bayanai za su zo da izinin Allah- gwargadon yadda Allah ya tsara halittarsa. Karkasuwar Mata Mawallafin littafin Akhadari ya kasa mata zuwa kashi uku dangane da jinin al'ada, kashi na farko; ita ce wacce ta fara, kashi na biyu kuma; wacce ta saba, sannan sai kashi na uku; mai juna-biyu (wato mai ciki), ga bayanansu kamar haka: Wacce Ta Fara Ita wacce ta fara al'ada ya zama yinta na yanzu shi ne ganin al'adarta na farko a rayuwarta, to abin da yake kanta zata zuba ido ne ta ga kwanaki nawa zai dauka kafin ya yanke, ta yadda ba zai wuce kwanaki sha-biyar ba, idan ko ya wuce sha-biyar to abinda ya doru akan kwanaki sha-biyar bai zama al'ada ba, kenan mafi yawan kwanakin da zata saurara sune kwanaki sha-biyar, amma zai iya daukewa kafin hakan, abin nufi in ya wuce to ya zama (Istihadha) cuta sai a nemi magani, anan nake cewa iyaye su kara sa ido a kan 'ya'yayansu mata su dungu tuntubarsu suna fahimtar da su tun kafin lokacin ya yi domin kada lokaci ya yi yarinya ta ga jini ta fashe da kuka, ko makamantan haka, wata babbar mace ce amma bata san menene jinin al'ada ba ita dai kawai ta ce tana ganin jini a wani lokaci bayan wasu kwanaki kuma sai ta daina ganinshi. Wacce Ta Saba' Abinda ake nufi da wacce ta saba ita ce wacce ta gabatar da al'ada sau uku a adadin kwanaki guda, misali wacce ta yi al'adar farko a kwanaki biyar, da ta sake yi sai ya yi mata kwanaki biyar da ta yi na uku shi ma kwanaki biyar, to wannan sai muce sunanta wacce ta saba domin ta saba akan kwanaki sanannu. Amma idan ta yi al'adar karo na farko kwanaki uku karo na biyu kuma kwanaki biyar karo na uku kwanaki shida to ba za'a kira wannan wacce ta saba ba, domin ba ta da tsayayyun kwanaki. Ita wacce ta saba wato wacce take da sanannun kwanakin al'ada to wadannan kwanakin su ne kwanakin al'adarta, idan kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma ta dauke sai ta yi wanka ta ci gaba da gudanar da ibada da kuma sauran mu'amaloli na zamantakewar ma'aurata, amma idan kwanakin suka cika al'adar kuma bata daukeba sai ta kara kwanaki uku, haka zata dinga kara kwanaki uku har kwanaki shabiyar su cika, misali idan al'adarta kwanaki biyarne sai kuma jinin bai daukeba a kwanaki biyar din ba sai ta kara kwanaki uku na sauraron daukewar sun zama takwas kenan, idan ya dauke shi kenan sai wanka, idan kuma bai dauke ba sai ta kara uku akan wadancan takwasdin sun zama sha-daya idan bai daukeba sai ta kara uku sun zama sha hudu idan bai daukeba sai ta kara kwana daya, ya zama goma sha-biyar kenan, sai ta yi wankan kammala al'ada ko ya dauke ko bai daukeba domin kwanakin al'ada makurarsu shi ne kwana goma sha-biyar kuma sun cika, abin da ya ci gaba da zuwa ba sunan shi jinin al'ada ba sunanshi jinin cuta (Istihadha) sai a nemi magani, dukkanin waɗancan ƙare-ƙaren kwanaki da aka yi inda ace bayan ta ƙara kwana uku na saurare sai ya ɗauke a kwana na ɗaya cinkin ukun shi kenan sai ta yi wankan tsarki. Mu sani kamar yadda bayani ya gabata shi jinin al'ada bai wuce kwanaki goma sha- biyar ga wacce ta fara da wacce ta saba. Mai Juna-biyu (Mai ciki) Galibin mata masu juna biyu basa al'ada, sabo da haka da zarar mace tana da juna biyu (ciki) sai kuma ta ga al'ada to kada ta yi sakaci wurin tuntubar likita . Idan al'ada ta zowa mace mai junabiyu to idan cikin ya kai watanni uku zuwa biyar zata iya yin al'ada ta kwanaki sha-biyar zuwa ashirin, idan kuma cikin ya kai watanni shida to al'adar zata iya daukar kwanaki ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar, kada a sha'afa wurin tuntubar likita idan ana da juna biyu kuma aka ga jini. Tanbihi Na Daya: Idan mace jini yana mata wasa wato ya zo yau gobe sai kuma ya dauke bayan kwanaki uku sai kuma ya dawo to abinda zata yi anan shi ne, ta tsaya ta yi karatun ta natsu, sai ta lissafa kwanakin da jinin ya zo sune kwanakin al'ada sai kuma ta ware kwanakin da jinin bai zoba sune kwanakin tsarki domin da hakane zata cika kwanakinta na al'ada, misali kwanaki tara; sai ya zo a rana ta farko da ta biyu sai bai zoba a rana ta uku da ta hudu sai ya zo rana ta biyar amma bai zo ba a ta shida da ta bakwai sai ya zo a ta takwas da ta tara. To anan sai muce ta yi al'adar kwana biyar a cikin kwanaki goma, wannan matar ita ake kira (Al-Mulaffiqa) alarabcin mata masu al'ada. Idan ya zama an sami tazarar kwanaki takwas ko sha-biyar tsakanin daukewarsa da dawowarsa to na biyun zai zama sabon jini ne kenan, ba na da ne ya dawo ba. Alamar Daukewar Jinin Al'ada: idan jinin al'ada ya dauke akwai alama da shara'a ta sanya domin ya zama shi ne manuniya akan cewar al'adarki ta dauke, wadannan alamu sun kasu gida biyu kuma kowacce tana cin gashin kantane, sune kamar haka: Bushewar Gaba: Abinda ake nufi anan shine mace ta shigar da kyalle ko auduga cikin gabanta ta fito da shi busasshe ba wani jini a tare da shi, to da zarar ta ga haka to ta tabbata al'adarta ta dauke. Farar Kumfa: wannan wani ruwane fari mai laushi da yake zuwa karshan al'ada, idan mace ta ga irin haka a karshan al'adarta to ta sani ta kammala. Wadannan alamomi su suke nuna daukewar al'adar mace, idan mace bata taba ganin al'adaba sai a wannan karon sai ta fara ganin bushewar gaba to kai-tsaye ta samu tsarki ba sai ta jira farar kumfa ba, amma idan wacce ta saba gani ce sai ta ga bushewar gaba to malamai sukace zata zata dan saurara kadan domin jirar faran kumfa, amma jinkirin ba zai kai ga fitar zababban lokacin sallah ba. A dunkule dai kowanne daya daga cikin wadannan abubuwa guda biyu yana nuna samuwar tsarki ba lalle sai sun hadu alokaci guda ba, da zarar alamar ganin tsarki ta tabbata sai ta yi wankan tsarki domin ta ci gaba da ibada, domin idan bata yi wankaba ko da jinin ya dauke mijinta ba zai sadu da ita ba kuma ba zata yi sallah ba, da dai sauransu. Idan mace ta ga ruwa fatsi-fatsi ko diddiga-diddiga bayan daukewar jinin al'ada to kada ta damu ta ci gaba da harkokinta na ibada, dama matsalar idan ta ganshi a farkon jini ne, amma idan a karshen jini ne to wannan ba komai, Ummu Atiyyah medakin ma'aikin Allah (Tsira da amincin Allah su kara tabbata a gareshi) tace: ((Mun kasance bama lissafa (Ruwa) fatsi- fatsi da diddiga-diddiga bayan tsarki da cewa wani abu ne)). Abu Daud Hadisi Na: 307, Nasa'i, Hadisi Na: 368, Ibnu Majah Hadisi Na: 647, Darimi Hadisi Na: 865. Mace ta dinga duba samun tsarkinta a lokacin da zata kwanta bacci da kuma lokacin sallar asuba, amma ba a ce ta tashi cikin dareba domin ta duba. Idan mai al'ada ko mai biki (jinin haihuwa) ta ga tsarki kafin rana ta fadi to sallar azahar da la'asar sun hau kanta, hakanan kuma idan ta ga tsarki kafin hudowar alfiji to tabbas za ta yi sallar magariba da lisha. Abubuwan Da Basu Halatta Ga Mai- Anan za'a lissafa abubuwan da basu halatta mai al'ada ta yi su ba ko ayi mata ba, wadannan abubuwane guda goma: 1. Sallah: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi sallaba farilla ko nafila, idan kuma tayi ta yi ba'akarba ba sannan kuma ta yi laifi, sannan bayan ta kammala al'adar ba zata rama sallolinba. 2. Saki: Baya halatta matar da take al'ada a saketa, wannan ya sabawa karantarwar musulunci, saboda haka koda yana son ya saketa to ya bari sai ta kammala al'ada kafin ya sadu da ita sai ya saketa, kuma dai idan ya saketa tana jinin al'adar to sakin ya yi amma za'a tilasta shi ya mayar da ita idan sakin bai kai ukuba. 3. Dawafi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi dawafin Ka'abah, amma zata yi sauran dukkan abinda maniyyaci yake yi, kamar tsaiwar Arafah da kwanan mina dana muzdalifa da jifa da Labbaika, da daidai 4. Zama A Masallaci: mai al'adah ba zata zauna a cikin masallaciba, domin sauraron karatu ko karantarwa ko taro da dai 5. Azumi: Bai halatta mai al'ada ta yi azumi na farilla ko na nafila, idan ta yi kuma bai yiba, saboda haka zata lissafa azumin da ta sha bayan watan ya wuce sai ta ramasu. Ba'a ajiye azumi domin tsammanin gobe al'ada zata zo, amma dazaran ta zo to dazaran ba azumi, dazaran bata zoba to dazaran akwai azumi, ko da kin ji tafiyar jinin ajiki amma bai fitoba to biki fara al'adaba, sai ya fitane za'a fara lissafi. 6. Daukaa Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata dauka Alqur'ani kasantuwarsa littafi mai tsarki sannan kuma ita bata da tsarki, amma wannan baya hana idan ta ganshi zai fadi ta daukeshi ta gyara masa wuri. 7. Karatun Alkur'ani: mai al'ada bata karanta Alkur'ani, dudda cewa wadansu malamai suna ganin ya halatta ta karantashi da ka domin kada ta manta sabanin dauka. 8. Saduwa: Bai halattaba saduwa da mace tana al'ada, idan ta ki yadda da mijinta ya sadu da ita domin tana al'ada ba za'ace ta sabawa Allah ba asalima ta yi biyayyane ga reshi, bai halatta a sadu da mace tana al'adaba har sai al'adar ta dauke kuma ta yi wankan tsarki, kenan koda al'adar ta dauke amma batayi wankaba to bai halatta a sadu da itaba. Ya halatta miji ya taba duk inda yake so a jikin matarsa alokacin da take al'ada bayan ta yi kunzugu inbanda daga cikbiyarta zugwiwarta wannan kan bai halattaba har sai jinin ya dauke kuma tayi wanka, hakanan itama ya halatta ta taba ko ina a jikinsa duk da tana al'ada. 9. Tabbatar Da Rashin Tsarki: Al'ada tana tabbatar da wacce take da ita bata da tsarki. 10. Wajabta Wanka: Al'ada tana wajabta wanka, wato dukkan matar da ta yi al'ada kuma al'adar ta dauke to wankan tsarki ya wajaba akanta. Daga wadannan bayanan da suka gabata ya bayyana a fili cewa lalle jinin al'ada bakaramin hukunce-hukunce yake da shi ba, kuma lalle idan aka kyalleshi yadda ake sakaci tsakanin maza da mata akan abinda ya shafi wannan al'amari to lalle abin yanada ban tsoro. Allah ya datar damu yasa mu dace. Allah shine mafi sanin masu sani.

24308

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin%20Quartey-Papafio

Benjamin Quartey-Papafio

Benjamin William Quarteyquaye Quartey -Papafio, MRCS (Londan) (25 ga Yuni 1859 - 14 ga Satumba 1924) likita ne majagaba kuma ɗan siyasa a yankin Gold Coast - ɗan ƙasar Ghana na farko da ya fara samun digiri na likita (MD) kuma na farko da ya fara aiki a matsayin ɗariƙar ɗarika. -likitan horo. An haifi Benjamin Quartey-Papafio a cikin babban dangin Accra: Iyayensa sune Akwashotse Chief William Quartey-Papafio, wanda aka fi sani da Nii Kwatei-Kojo ko "Old Papafio", da Momo Omedru, 'yar kasuwa daga Gbese (Dutch Accra) da Amanokrom Akuapem . Quartey-Papafio ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar CMS da Kwalejin Fourah Bay da ke Freetown, Saliyo, kafin ya tafi karatu a Biritaniya. Samun B.A. digiri daga Jami'ar Durham, ya yi rajista a matsayin ɗalibin likitanci a Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Asibitin St Bartholomew a 1882 kafin ya koma Jami'ar Edinburgh. Ya sauke karatu daga Edinburgh tare da digiri M.B. da M.Ch. a 1886 kuma ya zama memba na Royal College na Surgeons. Brotheran'uwansa, Emmanuel William Kwate Quartey-Papafio manomi ne kuma ɗan kasuwa. Wani ɗan'uwa, Arthur Boi Quartey-Papafio ya yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandaren Wesleyan ta Accra, sannan ya tafi Kwalejin Fourah Bay kafin karanta doka a Kwalejin Christ, Cambridge kuma a cikin 1897, an kira shi zuwa Bar a Lincoln Inn, London. Ya buɗe dakunansa a Accra kuma ya yi rubutu sosai kan tarihin Accra da dokokin al'ada na mutanen Ga. Daga 1905 zuwa 1909, ya kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Accra kuma abokin haɗin gwiwa na Babban Taron Ƙasa na Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka. Ya kuma yi wa jaridar editan, Gold Coast Advocate. Sauran membobi biyu na dangin Quartey-Papafio, Clement W. Quartey-Papafio da Hugh Quartey-Papafio (yaran Emmanuel William Kwate Quartey-Papafio) suma sun zama lauyoyi kuma suna aiki sosai a Accra high. al'umma. Shi ne ɗan Afirka na farko da ya sami digirin likita a yankin Gold Coast Da yake komawa Gold Coast, ya kasance jami'in lafiya na Sabis na Gwamnatin Gold Coast daga 1888 zuwa 1905, kuma yana cikin aikin sirri. Quartey-Papafio yana da yara uku da Hannah Maria Ekua Duncan, na dangin Cape Coast/Elmina; a ranar 8 ga Oktoba 1896 a St Bartholomew-the-Great Church a Smithfield, London, ya auri Eliza Sabina Meyer, 'yar Richard Meyer na Accra, kuma ma'auratan suna da yara shida. Memba na Majalisar Garin Accra daga 1909 zuwa 1912, Quartey-Papafio memba ne na wakilin 1911 zuwa London wanda ya nuna rashin amincewa da Dokar Gandun Daji. Ya kasance mamba na Majalisar Dokoki ba tare da izini ba daga 1919 zuwa 1924. Ya kasance mai aikin Anglican. Mercy (Ffoulkes-Crabbe), Ruby (Quartey-Papafio) da Grace (Nelson) sun zama malamai a yankin Gold Coast. Sonansa, Percy, ya sami horo a matsayin likita amma ya kasa yin aikin saboda gazawar gani da ido ya haifar. Dr B. W. Quartey-Papafio, Nene Sir Emmanuel Mate Kole, KBE (Konor na Manya Krobo), Dr F. V. Nanka-Bruce, Hon. Sir Thomas Hutton-Mills, tare da Nana Sir Ofori Atta (Omanhene na Akim Abuakwa), Nana Amonoo, F. J. P. Brown na Cape Coast, J. Ephraim Casely-Hayford na Sekondi su ne gine-ginen kafa Kwalejin Achimota. Dr Ruby ta ba da umarni ga ƙoƙarce -ƙoƙarinta da sha'awarta ta zama masanin tattalin arziƙi kuma ƙwararriyar Uwargida a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan Mata ta Accra. Baya ga rubuce-rubucen fatalwa da kuma ba da taimako mai yawa ga marigayi Kwame Nkrumah da abokan hadin gwiwa/masu kishin kasa wajen tabbatar da 'yancin kan Ghana, rabe-raben jinkai na Mercy sun kuma sa aka nada ta a matsayin shugabar mata ta farko a Ghana a Makarantar' Yan Mata ta Gwamnati ta Cape Coast. Bayan samun babban haɗin gwiwa na Kwalejin Sarauniya ta Royal, ɗanta tilo Nana Ffoulkes Crabbe-Johnson ta ci gaba da rarrabuwar kawuna ta hanyar zama Farfesa na farko na Ghana kuma Shugaban Sashen a Anaesthesiolgy (Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami'ar Legas) a wata cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta waje da mata. Shugaban Kwalejin Kwararrun Likitoci na Yammacin Afirka. Mutuwan 1924

59938

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climatology

Climatology

Climatology (daga Girkanci , klima, "tudu"; da , -logia ) ko kimiyyar yanayi shine binciken kimiyya na yanayin duniya, yawanci ana bayyana shi azaman yanayin yanayi wanda ya wuce tsawon shekaru akalla 30. Sauyin yanayi ya shafi yanayin yanayi a cikin tsawaitawa zuwa wani lokaci mara iyaka; yanayi shine yanayin yanayi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci na dangi. Muhimman batutuwan bincike su ne nazarin sauyin yanayi, hanyoyin sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi na zamani. Wannan batu na nazari ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wani ɓangare na ilimin kimiyyar yanayi da yanki na labarin kasa, wanda ɗaya ne daga cikin ilimin kimiyyar duniya . Ilimin yanayi ya haɗa da wasu ɓangarori na nazarin teku da nazarin halittu . Babban hanyoyin da masana kimiyyar yanayi ke amfani da su su ne nazarin abubuwan lura da kuma tsara tsarin tafiyar da jiki wanda ke ƙayyade yanayi. Ana iya fassara hasashen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci dangane da ilimin abubuwan da ke faruwa na dogon lokaci, alal misali yanayin yanayin yanayi kamar El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), the North Atlantic oscillation (NAO). ), da Arctic oscillation (AO), da Pacific decadal oscillation (PDO), da kuma Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation (IPO). Ana amfani da nau'ikan yanayi don dalilai daban-daban tun daga nazarin yanayin yanayi da tsarin yanayi zuwa hasashen yanayi na gaba. Girkawa sun fara nazarin yanayin yanayi; a haƙiƙa kalmar yanayi ta samo asali ne daga kalmar Helenanci klima, ma'ana "tudu", tana nufin gangara ko karkata ga axis na duniya. Tabbataccen rubutu mafi tasiri game da yanayi shine On Airs, Ruwa da Wurare wanda Hippocrates ya rubuta game da 400 KZ . Wannan aikin ya yi tsokaci kan tasirin yanayi kan lafiyar ɗan adam da bambance-bambancen al'adu tsakanin Asiya da Turai. Wannan ra'ayin cewa sauyin yanayi ke sarrafa abin da al'umma suka yi fice dangane da yanayinsu, ko ƙayyadaddun yanayin yanayi, ya kasance mai tasiri cikin tarihi. Masanin kimiyyar kasar Sin Shen Kuo ya yi nuni da cewa, yanayin yanayi ya canza zuwa wani lokaci mai tsawo, bayan da ya lura da bambos da aka samu a karkashin kasa kusa da Yanzhou (Lardin Yan'an na zamani, lardin Shaanxi ), wani yanki mai bushewa da bai dace ba a lokacin. girma na bamboo. Ƙirƙirar ma'aunin zafi da sanyioi a lokacin juyin juya halin kimiyya ya ba da damar yin rikodin tsari, wanda ya fara tun daga 1640-1642 a Ingila. Masu binciken yanayi na farko sun hada da Edmund Halley, wanda ya buga taswirar iskar kasuwanci a 1686 bayan tafiya zuwa kudancin kudancin. Benjamin Franklin ya fara zana taswirar kogin Gulf don amfani da shi wajen aika wasiku daga Arewacin Amurka zuwa Turai. Francis Galton ya ƙirƙira kalmar anticyclone . Helmut Landsberg ya haɓaka yin amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin climatology. A farkon karni na 20, climatology an fi jaddada bayanin yanayin yanki. Wannan ma'anar yanayin yanayi galibi kimiyya ce mai amfani, tana ba manoma da sauran masu sha'awar kididdiga game da yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun da kuma yadda babbar dama ta kasance na abubuwan da suka faru. Don yin wannan, masana kimiyyar yanayi dole ne su ayyana yanayin yanayi na yau da kullun, ko matsakaicin yanayi da matsananciyar yanayi na tsawon shekaru 30. Yayin da masana kimiyya suka san sauyin yanayi da suka gabata kamar shekarun kankara, manufar sauyin yanayi kamar canzawa kawai a hankali yana da amfani don kwatanta yanayin yanayi. Wannan ya fara canzawa a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya, kuma yayin da tarihin kimiyyar canjin yanayi ya fara a baya, sauyin yanayi kawai ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan batutuwan binciken masana yanayi a cikin shekarun 1970 da kuma bayan haka. Filayen ƙasa Daban-daban batutuwa na climatology suna nazarin fannoni daban-daban na yanayi. Akwai rarrabuwa daban-daban na ƙananan batutuwa na climatology. alal misali tana gano ilimin yanayin yanayi, kimiyyar yanayi da kuma amfani da yanayin yanayi a matsayin rukuni uku na climatology, rarrabuwa dangane da sarƙaƙƙiya da manufar binciken. Kwararrun masana yanayin yanayi suna amfani da ƙwarewar su ga masana'antu daban-daban kamar masana'antu da noma . Paleoclimatology shine ƙoƙari na sake ginawa da fahimtar yanayin da suka gabata ta hanyar nazarin bayanan irin su kankara da zoben bishiyoyi ( dendroclimatology ). Paleotempestology yana amfani da waɗannan bayanan guda ɗaya don taimakawa tantance mitar guguwa sama da millenni. Ilimin yanayi na tarihi shine nazarin yanayi dangane da tarihin ɗan adam don haka ya fi damuwa da ƴan shekaru dubu da suka gabata. Yanayin yanayi na iyaka-Layer ya shafi musanya a cikin ruwa, makamashi da kuzari kusa da saman. Ƙarin da aka gano ƙananan batutuwa sune ilimin yanayi na jiki, climatology mai ƙarfi, climatology na hadari, climatology na yanki, bioclimatology, da kuma climatology na synoptic . Nazarin zagayowar ruwa a kan ma'auni na tsawon lokaci wani lokaci ana kiransa hydroclimatology, musamman lokacin nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi akan zagayowar ruwa. Nazarin yanayin yanayi na zamani ya ƙunshi bayanan yanayi da aka tara sama da shekaru masu yawa, kamar bayanan ruwan sama, yanayin zafi da yanayin yanayi. Ilimin yanayi da yanayinsa shima yana kunshe a cikin ƙididdiga, ko dai na ƙididdiga ko lissafi, waɗanda ke taimakawa ta haɗa abubuwan lura daban-daban da gwada yadda suka dace. Ana amfani da ƙirar ƙira don fahimtar abubuwan da suka gabata, na yanzu da yuwuwar yanayi na gaba. Binciken yanayin yana da wahala ta hanyar babban ma'auni, tsawon lokaci, da kuma hadaddun matakai waɗanda ke tafiyar da yanayin. Ana gudanar da yanayin ta hanyar ka'idodin zahiri waɗanda za a iya bayyana su azaman daidaitattun daidaito . Waɗannan ma'auni suna haɗe-haɗe kuma ba a kan layi ba, don haka ana samun kusan mafita ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin lambobi don ƙirƙirar samfuran yanayi na duniya . Wani lokaci ana yin ƙirƙira yanayin yanayi azaman tsari na stochastic amma ana karɓar wannan gabaɗaya azaman ƙimayar tafiyar matakai waɗanda in ba haka ba suna da wuyar tantancewa. Bayanan yanayi Tarin dogon rikodin canjin yanayi yana da mahimmanci don nazarin yanayi. Climatology yana hulɗa da jimillar bayanan da masana yanayi suka rubuta. Masana kimiyya suna amfani da duban yanayi kai tsaye da kaikaice, tun daga duniya suna kallon tauraron dan adam da kayan aikin kimiyya kamar cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya na ma'aunin zafi da sanyio, zuwa kankara na tarihi da aka ciro daga glaciers . Yayin da aunawa fasahar ke canzawa a kan lokaci, yawancin bayanan ba za a iya kwatanta su kai tsaye ba. Yayin da biranen ke da zafi fiye da wuraren da ke kewaye da su, ƙauyuka ya sa ya zama dole a koyaushe a daidaita bayanai don wannan tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane . Samfuran yanayi suna amfani da hanyoyin ƙididdigewa don kwaikwayi mu'amalar yanayi, tekuna, saman ƙasa, da kankara. Ana amfani da su don dalilai daban-daban tun daga nazarin yanayin yanayi da tsarin yanayi zuwa hasashen yanayi na gaba. Duk samfuran yanayi ma'auni, ko kusan ma'auni, makamashi mai shigowa a matsayin gajeriyar igiyar ruwa (ciki har da bayyane) radiation na lantarki zuwa ƙasa tare da makamashi mai fita kamar tsayin igiyar ruwa (infrared) electromagnetic radiation daga ƙasa. Duk wani rashin daidaituwa yana haifar da canjin matsakaicin zafin duniya. Yawancin samfuran yanayi sun haɗa da tasirin radiyo na iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide . Waɗannan samfuran suna hasashen yanayin haɓakar yanayin zafi na saman, da kuma saurin haɓakar zafin jiki a manyan latitudes. Samfuran na iya kasancewa daga ɗan sauki zuwa hadaddun: Samfurin canja wurin zafi mai sauƙi mai haskakawa wanda ke ɗaukar ƙasa a matsayin maki ɗaya da matsakaicin kuzari mai fita. Ana iya faɗaɗa wannan a tsaye (samfurin radiyo-convective), ko a kwance. Haɗaɗɗen yanayi – teku- ƙanƙara samfurin yanayin yanayi na duniya suna ɓata kuma suna warware cikakkun ma'auni don yawan adadin kuzari da canja wurin makamashi da musayar haske. Tsarin tsarin duniya ya ƙara haɗa da biosphere. Bugu da ƙari, ana samun su tare da ƙuduri daban-daban daga> 100 km da 1 km. Babban ƙudiri a cikin tsarin yanayin duniya na lissafin ƙididdigewa sosai kuma kaɗan ne kawai ake samun saitin bayanai na duniya. Misalai sune ICON ko bayanan da aka saukar da injiniyoyi kamar CHELSA (Yanayin yanayi a babban ƙuduri don wuraren saman ƙasa). Batutuwan bincike Batutuwa da suka yi nazarin Kungiyoyi uku: Canjin yanayi, Canji na Canji na Lokaci, kuma canje-canje na zamani na yanayin yanayi. Hanyoyin yanayi Abubuwa daban-daban suna shafar matsakaicin yanayin yanayi a wani wuri na musamman. Misali, tsakiyar-latitudes za su sami yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi mai faɗi yayin da yankuna masu zafi ke nuna ƙarancin yanayin zafi sama da shekara guda. Wani babban canjin yanayi shine nahiya: nisa zuwa manyan ruwayen ruwa kamar tekuna . Tekun ruwa suna aiki ne azaman hanyar daidaitawa, ta yadda ƙasar da ke kusa da ita ba ta da bambancin yanayin zafi tsakanin hunturu da bazara fiye da wuraren da ke da nisa daga gare ta. Yanayi yana mu'amala da sauran sassan tsarin yanayi, tare da iskoki da ke haifar da igiyoyin teku waɗanda ke ɗaukar zafi a duniya. Rarraba yanayi Rarraba hanya ce mai mahimmanci don sauƙaƙe matakai masu rikitarwa. An haɓaka rarrabuwar yanayi daban-daban a cikin ƙarni, tare da na farko a tsohuwar Girka . Yadda ake rarraba yanayi ya dogara da menene aikace-aikacen. Mai samar da makamashin iska zai buƙaci bayanai daban-daban (iska) a cikin rarrabuwa fiye da wanda ya fi sha'awar noma, wanda hazo da zafin jiki sun fi mahimmanci. Mafi yawan rarrabuwa da aka yi amfani da su, Tsarin yanayi na Köppen, an haɓaka shi a ƙarshen karni na sha tara kuma ya dogara ne akan ciyayi. Yana amfani da bayanan kowane wata game da zafin jiki da hazo . Sauyin yanayi Akwai nau'ikan sauye-sauye daban-daban: yanayin zafi mai maimaitawa ko wasu sauyin yanayi. Ana ƙididdige su da fihirisa daban-daban. Da yawa a cikin hanyar Dow Jones Industrial Average, wanda ya dogara da farashin hannun jari na kamfanoni na 30, ana amfani da shi don wakiltar sauye-sauye na farashin farashi a gaba ɗaya, ana amfani da alamun yanayi don wakiltar mahimman abubuwan yanayi. An ƙirƙiri fihirisar yanayi gabaɗaya tare da maƙasudin tagwaye na sauƙi da cikawa, kuma kowace fihirisa tana wakiltar matsayi da lokacin yanayin yanayin da yake wakilta. Ta hanyar dabi'arsu, fihirisa suna da sauƙi, kuma suna haɗa bayanai da yawa a cikin ƙayyadaddun bayanin yanayi ko teku waɗanda za a iya amfani da su don bayyana abubuwan da ke tasiri tsarin yanayin duniya. El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) wani lamari ne mai haɗe-haɗe na yanayin teku a cikin Tekun Pasifik da ke da alhakin yawancin canjin yanayin zafin duniya, kuma yana da zagayowar tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa bakwai. Arewacin Atlantic oscillation wani yanayi ne na sauye-sauye wanda aka fi ƙunsa zuwa ƙananan yanayi, troposphere . Tsarin yanayin da ke sama, stratosphere shima yana da ikon ƙirƙirar nasa sauye-sauye, mafi mahimmanci Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO), wanda ke da zagaye na kusan kwanaki 30 zuwa 60. Ƙwaƙwalwar Fasific na Interdecadal na iya haifar da canje-canje a cikin Tekun Pasifik da ƙananan yanayi akan ma'auni na lokaci goma. Canjin yanayi Sauyin yanayi yana faruwa ne lokacin da canje-canjen tsarin yanayi na duniya ya haifar da sabon yanayin yanayi wanda ya rage na tsawon lokaci. Wannan tsawon lokaci na iya zama ɗan gajeren lokaci kamar ƴan shekarun da suka gabata zuwa tsawon miliyoyin shekaru. Tsarin yanayi yana karɓar kusan dukkan ƙarfinsa daga rana. Tsarin yanayi kuma yana ba da makamashi zuwa sararin samaniya . Ma'auni na makamashi mai shigowa da mai fita, da nassi na makamashi ta hanyar tsarin yanayi, yana ƙayyade kasafin makamashi na duniya . Lokacin da makamashi mai shigowa ya fi makamashi mai fita, kasafin makamashi na duniya yana da kyau kuma tsarin yanayi yana dumama. Idan ƙarin makamashi ya fita, kasafin makamashi mara kyau kuma duniya tana samun sanyi. Canjin yanayi kuma yana rinjayar matsakaicin matakin teku. Sauye-sauyen yanayi na zamani yana faruwa ne ta hanyar fitar da iskar gas da ɗan adam ke fitarwa daga kona man fetur wanda ke ƙara ma'ana a yanayin zafi a duniya . Ƙara yawan zafin jiki abu ɗaya ne kawai na canjin yanayi na zamani, wanda kuma ya haɗa da canje-canjen da aka gani na hazo, waƙoƙin hadari da girgije. Yanayin zafi yana haifar da ƙarin canje-canje na tsarin yanayi, kamar narkewar dusar ƙanƙara, hawan matakin teku da sauye-sauye na flora da fauna.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jima

Jima

Jima Hanya ce da ake sarrafa fata a gyara ta don a yi wani amfani na daban da ita, ko kuma jima sana'a ce ta gyara fatar dabba ta hanyar ciccire gashin jikin fatar da sauran abubuwan da ba'a so. Jima a kasar Hausa ta kasu kashi biyu, akwai na gargajiya sannan kuma akwai ta zamani. Masu jiman zamani kuma sukan yi aikin fatu ta hanyoyin zamani don yin jakunkuna da takalma da rigar kujerun zama da kuma ita kanta fatar a kan gyarata don sayarwa ga sauran ƙasashe. Ana iya amfani da fatar kowacce dabba wajen jima a nan kasar Hausa, a nan kasar Hausa an fi amfani da fatun kada da jimina da macizai da fatun awaki da tumakai da sauransu. Jimar gargajiya ta kumshi mutanen da suke sarrafa fata su juya ta zuwa nau’i daban–daban wanda suke dunka layu da bante da rigar wuka (kube) da jakunkunan fata da linzami da takalmi da sirdin doki da sulke na fata. Yadda ake Jima Jima sana’a ce ta gyaran fata, wadda ake ciccire gashi da sauran abubuwan da ba a bukata daga jikin fata, a mayar da ita fes, domin yin wani abin amfani da ita. Masu yin wannan sana’a su ake kira Majema. Haka nan, gurin da ake yin wannan sana’ar ma a kan kira shi da sunan Majema. Asalin sana'ar Jima Sana’ar jima sana’a ce da aka same ta a wurin Larabawa, an samu wannan sana’a a kasar Hausa can lokutan baya da Larabawa ke zuwa fatauci. Daga cikin irin wadannan masu zuwa fataucin akwai malamai masu karatun Alqur’ani, cikinsu kuwa akwai wadanda ke sarrafa fata domin yin shimfida wadda ake kira buzu, da kuma yin jaka wadda ake kira gafaka domin adana Alqur’ani da sauran takardun karatu. Zuwan su kasar Hausa sai ya zama suna koyawa almajiransu irin wadannan sana’o’i bayan karatu da suke koya musu. Wannan shi ne asalin samuwar wannan sana’a ta jima a kasar Hausa. Kayan Aiki Kayan aikin Jima sun hada da: Majema: Shi ne asalin gurin da ake gudanar da sana’ar jima. A nan ake yi mata komai. Kwatarniya: Mazubi ce da masu sana’ar ginin tukunya suke yi. A cikinta ake wanke fata da kuma jikata domin cire gashi da sauran abubuwa. Bagaruwa: Sinadari ce da ake cire gashin fata da ita. Toka da Kanwa: Su ne sidaran farko da ke rukar da gashin fata domin a cire shi daga jikin fata cikin sauki. Kashin Kaji/Tattabaru: Shi ne sinadari na biyu da yake rudar da sauran ƙananan gashi a jikin fata domin a cire shi cikin sauƙi. Kartaji: Shi ne abin da ake tuje gashi da kuma nama daga jikin fata. Gwafa: Ana kafa ta domin daura igiyar shanya a jikinta. Igiya: Ita ake daura wa a jikin gwafa a shanya fata a kanta. Turmi: Kala biyu ne, akwai rabi wanda ake dora fata a jikinsa a tuje gashinta da kartaji. Sai kuma ainihin turmi wanda ake zuba fata a kirɓa ta a ciki idan za a tura (idan za a yi mata launi) ta. Taɓarya: Da ita ake kirɓa fata a cikin turmi. Turmin da ake yin Gurza, Katsi da kuma Karni Turmi da Taɓaryar Kirɓi Kayayyakin da Ake yi da Fata Abu ne mai wahala a ƙididdige abubuwan da ake yi da fata bayan an jeme ta. Kaɗan daga ciki akwai: 1. Sutura: Tun da can asali kuma har zuwa yau ɗin nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin sutura. Suturar da ake yi da fata akwai riga, takalmi, hula, da majanyi (Belt), da sauransu. Kayan Kwalliya: Akan yi abubuwa da suka shafi kwalliya kamar irin su abin maƙalla makulli (key holder). 2. Jakakkuna: Ana yin jakakkuna manya da ƙanana, irin na da da kuma na zamanin yanzu da muke ciki. Jakakkuna irin na da akwai gafaka (jaka ce da ake saka Alƙur’ani a ciki da sauran takardun karatu. Wannan na daga cikin tushen kawo wannan sana’a cikin Ƙasar Hausa), akwai burgami (jakar mafarauta), akwai zabira (jakar wanzamai), taiki (jaka ce mai kamar buhu da mutanen da ke amfani da ita wajen zuba kayayyaki kamar irin su hatsi da sauransu), sannan kuma akwai salka (ita ma jaka ce ta fata da ake zuba ruwa a ciki), da sauransu. 3. Kayan Yaƙi da Farauta: Haka nan ana amfani da fata wajen yin kayayyakin yaƙi da kuma farauta. Daga cikin irin waɗannan kayayyaki akwai: Warki (fata ce ake jeme ta iya tsawon dabbar, wacce mafarauta ke ratayawa a jiki domin samun kariya daga sara ko harbi. A wasu lokutan kuma akan bar ta da gashin nata sai dai a ɗame ta kawai. Sannan wasu sukan kira ta da buzu), sannan kuma akwai garkuwa (fata ce ta giwa da ake busar da ita sannan a ƙamar da ita ta yi tauri, mayaƙa sukan kare harbin kibiya ko mashi da ita), akwai kube (kusan wata irin nau’in jaka ce da ake saka takobi, adda, ko wuƙa a ciki. Wato gidan takobi, adda ko wuƙa), akwai kuma safi, da ake sakawa a ƙotar wuƙa, takobi ko adda domin basu kariya daga tsagewa. Kayan ƙira: Ana yin kayan ƙira kamar zuga-zugi da fata. Kayan Kiɗa: Da fata ake yin marufin mafiya yawan kayan kiɗan gargajiyar Hausa, kamar irin su ganga, dundufa, kotso, kalangu, da sauransu. 4. Guga: Wata aba ce da ake ɗebo ruwa da ita daga cikin rijiya. Kayan fatake: Kilago, fata ce gyararriya da fatake ko mayaƙa ke amfani da ita wajen yin tanti a sahara ko daji. 5. Kayan Shimfiɗa: Akwai buzu (fata ce akasari ta rago da malamai ke amfani da ita wajen yin shimfiɗa idan za su yi karatu ko salla), akwai kuma tabarma ta zamani (Carpet), akwai kuma rigar fulo, da sauransu. Ƙafar Guragu. Shanyar Fata Kamalalliyar Fata Amfanin Jima Amfanin jima yana da yawa. Daga ciki akwai: Samar da ayyukan yi. Haɓɓaka tattalin arziƙi. Samar da sutura. Yadda Ake Jima Ana yin sana’ar jima a mataki-mataki kamar haka: Jiƙon Gashi: Matakin jiƙo shi ne matakin farko da idan an kawo fata ake karkaɗe ta a wanke ta da ruwa domin cire abubuwan da ba a so da suka haɗa da ƙasa ko gishiri. Sanwa: A wannan mataki ana samun ruwa ne a zuba a kwatarniya sannan a zuba toka, da kanwa da kuma katsi (turɓayar gaurayen masu rini) a cikin ruwan sannan a zuba fatar a ciki. Wannan shi ne sanwa. Fata takan ɗauki tsawon kwanaki biyu a kan sanwa. A wannan mataki gashi yake laushi wanda ko da hannu ma ana iya cisge shi. Gurza: Gurza ita ce cire gashi daga jikin fata. A nan ana ɗora fata a kan turmi sai kuma a kawo kartaji a kankare gashin da ke jikinta. Kwaloko: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa haɗe da kashin kaji ko na tattabaru a cikin kwatarniya sannan a kawo fatar a zuba a ciki. Amfanin wannan shi ne cire ɗan sauran gashin da ya rage. Katsi: Shi ne cire ƙananan gashin da ya rage a jikin fata. Ana yin katsi ne ta hanyar ɗora fata a kan turmi sannan a kankare ta da kartaji. Tsomi/Cuɗa: Mataki ne da ake zuba ruwa a cikin kwatarniya sannan sai a samu bagaruwa a zuba a ciki, sai kuma a zuba fatar a ciki. Fata tana kwana ɗaya a wannan mataki. Karni: Shi ne cire naman da ke jikin fata. Bayan an cuɗe fata kuma sai a sake ɗora ta a kan turmi, a wannan karon kuma cikinta ake kankarewa domin fitar da sauran naman da masu fiɗa suka rage. Yadda Ake Karni Cuɗa/Daɗi: Cuɗa ita ce zuba ruwa da bagaruwa a cikin kwatarniya bayan an yi mata karni. Fata takan ɗauki kwana guda a cikin wannan ruwa. Wanki: Ana zuba fata a cikin zallan ruwa a wanke ta. Shanya: Mataki ne da ake ɗora fata a kan igiya domin ta bushe. Launi: A wannan mataki ne ake yi wa fata launin da ake so, wanda ka iya zama ja, shuɗi ko ruwan ɗorawa. A wannan mataki ana yi wa fata abubuwa kamar haka: Shafa mangyaɗa. Jiƙa fata da ruwa ta hanyar yayyafa ruwan a kan fatar. Kirɓi: Mataki ne na launi da ake saka fata a turmi bayan an jiƙa ta da ruwa a kirɓa ta. Sai kuma a zuba kayan turi a launa fatar a cikin kwatarniya. Sai kuma a matse fatar daga ruwan turi. Sai a sake shanya ta a kan igiya. Ja: Mataki ne da ake ɗame fata da sauran danshinta na turi. Ana take gefen fata da ƙafa sannan a ja ta a ɗame ta. Naɗi: Mataki ne da ake naɗe fatar a kifa biyu bayan an ɗame ta. Diddigin bayanan waje Alhassan A., Musa U.I., da Zarruƙ R.M. . Zaman Hausawa Don Makarantun Gaba da Firmare. Durumin Iya M.A. . Tasirin Kimiyya da Ƙere-Ƙeren Zamani a kan Sana'o'in Hausawa na Gargajiya. KABS Printing Services (NIG), Durumin Iya, Kano-Nigeria. Ƙwalli K.M. . Kano Jalla Babbar Hausa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a). Yakasai K. I. (Babu shekarar bugu). A San Mutum A Kan Cinikinsa (Babu sunan maɗaba'a). Madauci, Ibrahim. . Hausa customs. Isa, Yahaya., Daura, Bello. [Zaria]: Northern Nigerian Pub. Co. ISBN 978-169-097-6.OCLC 489903061.

32864

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seb%20Dance

Seb Dance

Seb Dance ɗan siyasa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour na Biritaniya wanda yayi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) na yankin London daga 2014 zuwa 2020 kuma tun daga Janairun 2022 yana aiki a matsayin Mataimakin magajin London don sufuri. Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jam'iyyar Labour ta Majalisar Turai lokacin Richard Corbett ya kasance jagora, kuma Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Muhalli, Lafiyar al'umma da kuma Tsaron Abinci daga 2019 zuwa 2020. Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban rikon kwarya na kungiyar Labour Movement for Europe, mai goyon bayan EU da ke da alaka da jam'iyyar Labour, bayan shugabar kungiyar da ta gabata, Anna Turley, ta yi murabus. Ƙuruciya da ta sirri An haife Dance a gundumar Landan na Wandsworth kuma an girma a cikin Gidan Gida na Surrey . Bayan karatunsa a Jami'ar Manchester, ya kasance jami'in sabbatical na gwamnati Daliban a Manchester, yana jagorantar yakin da kuma kula da halartar dalibai a cikin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Jami'ar Victoria ta Manchester da Jami'ar Manchester Cibiyar Kimiyya da Fasaha . Dance ya auri Spencer Livermore, Baron Livermore wanda abokin rayuwa ne na Jam'iyyar Labour ta Burtaniya. Aiki na baya Kafin zama MEP, Dance ya yi aiki ga ƙungiyar ci gaba na ActionAid UK, yayi aiki kan kamfen don sauye-sauyen tsari don rage talauci da yunwa a duniya. Ya yi aiki a kan wani dogon yaƙin yaƙi da guje wa haraji daga manyan kamfanoni na ƙasa da ƙasa. Kafin komawarsa ActionAid UK ya yi aiki da karamin kamfanin sadarwa da ke aiki tare da abokan ciniki a cikin jama'a, masu zaman kansu da na sa kai kan kamfen da dama. Kafin nan, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Ireland ta Arewa tsakanin 2007 da 2009, lokacin da sassan ƙarshe na ƙaddamarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Jumma'a mai kyau ta 1998 - 'yan sanda da ikon shari'ar aikata laifuka - ta Gwamnatin Labour. Majalisar Turai An zabi Dance a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai a 2014. Lokacin shigar da Majalisar Turai, an nada shi a Kwamitin Majalisar Turai kan Muhalli, Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Tsaron Abinci, wanda ke da alhakin yankuna da dama na manufofin da suka hada da gurbatar iska da ruwa, sarrafa sharar gida, da sauyin yanayi. Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kwamitin kuma ya jagoranci tarurrukan kwamitoci, tarukan hadin gwiwa da sauran kwamitoci irinsu AGRI, da kuma taron karawa juna sani na musamman kan dokar sha. Har ila yau, ya rike matsayi a kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Raya Kasashe (DEVE), yana sa ido kan alkawurran kashe kudi da fifikon kasafin ci gaban EU; Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Masana'antu, Bincike da Makamashi (ITRE), da kuma Kwamitin Majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan Noma da Raya Karkara (AGRI). An nada Dance a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na inuwa don sake duba Dokar Rufin Tufafi ta Kasa (NECD), wanda ke da nufin inganta matakan iska ta hanyar daidaita fitar da gurɓataccen iska. Wannan lamari ne mai mahimmanci musamman ga London, inda sama da mutane 3,000 ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara sakamakon kamuwa da rashin ingancin iska. Ya zama mai magana da yawun S&D akan ingancin iska bayan nadin da aka yi masa a matsayin mai Rapporteur na Shadow akan NECD. Dangane da badakalar fitar da hayakin Volkswagen, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta kada kuri'ar kafa wani kwamitin bincike da zai binciki badakalar, gwargwadon yadda jam'ian EU suka aiwatar da ilimin kasancewar manhajoji don takaita fasahohin rage fitar da hayaki a cikin masana'antar kera motoci. don ba da shawarwari ga cibiyoyi na EU da ƙasashe membobi kan yadda za a hana irin wannan badakala a nan gaba. An nada Rawar a matsayin Mai Gudanarwa na Ƙungiyoyin Ci gaba na Ƙungiyoyin Socialists da Democrats (S&D) a cikin Kwamitin Binciken Ma'auni na Ƙirar (EMIS). A cikin wannan rawar, ya jagoranci tawagar S&D MEPs a cikin kwamitin kuma shine mai magana da yawun kungiyar a kwamitin. A Majalisar 2014 kuwa, an nada Rawar a matsayin mai ba da rahoto ga Kwamitin DEVE don isar da Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci gaba na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (SDGs). Rahoton "Rahoton Rawa" ya bai wa Majalisar Tarayyar Turai tsarinsa na farko don isar da SDGs a duk fannonin ayyukan majalisar, da kuma rike sauran cibiyoyi na EU kan shirye-shiryensu na isar da SDGs. Dance ya kasance mai ba da rahoto a inuwa game da shawarwarin haɗakar da hanya don tinkarar alakar da ke tsakanin rikici da cinikin ma'adanai da ake hakowa daga yankunan da abin ya shafa. Ya goyi bayan Owen Smith a zaben shugabancin jam'iyyar Labour (Birtaniya) a shekarar 2016. A watan Fabrairun 2017 ne, ya ɗaga takarda da aka rubuta wa MEP na UKIP Nigel Farage, yana mai cewa "Ƙarya yake yi muku" lokacin da Farage ya yi jawabi a gaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai yana kare matakin kwanaki 90 na Donald Trump na hana baƙi daga kasashe bakwai shiga Amurka. . UKIP MEP Bill Etheridge saboda haka ya rubuta wa Antonio Tajani (Shugaban Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ) don yin korafi game da lamarin, yana mai cewa "habi ne mai banƙyama" da "abin tausayi". Daga baya rawa ya rubuta wa Tajani, yana mai cewa ya nemi afuwar hanyar, amma ba sakon ba. Rawa ta kasance mai goyan bayan EU da kuma buƙatun ƙungiyoyi masu yawa don yaƙar tsattsauran ra'ayi da chanjin yanayi, kuma ya kasance babban abokin adawar Brexit . A farkon wa'adinsa na biyu na shekara ta 2019 an zabe shi a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kwamitin ENVI. An nada shi Mataimakin Magajin Garin Landan don Sufuri, yayi aiki daga Janairu 2022 karkashin Magajin garin Sadiq Khan. Rayayyun mutane Yan Siyasan Birtaniya

36220

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhallin%20Canterbury

Muhallin Canterbury

Muhalli Canterbury, akai-akai ana taƙaita shi zuwa Ecan . shine sunan dake alakanta talla don Majalisar Yankin Canterbury . Majalisar yanki ce ta Canterbury, yanki mafi girma a Tsibirin Kudancin New Zealand. Yana daga cikin tsarin kananan hukumomi na New Zealand. Keɓancewar yanki da nauyi Yankin ikonsa ya ƙunshi duk magudanar ruwa a gabar gabas na Tsibirin Kudu daga Kogin Clarence, arewacin Kaikoura, zuwa Kogin Waitaki, a kuma Kudancin Canterbury. Yankin ya hada da filayen Canterbury, arewa da kudu Canterbury, manyan kogin Tsibirin Kudancin Tsibirin, (Kogin Waimakariri, kogin Rakaia da kogin Rangitata ) Basin Mackenzie da kogin Waitaki . Majalisar Yanki ta Canterbury tana da alhakin ayyuka iri-iri da suka haɗa da jigilar fasinja na jama'a, yanayin halittu na yanki, injiniyan kogi, sa ido kan muhalli da bincike, manufofin yanki da tsare-tsare da kuma yin la'akari da aikace-aikace don wasu izinin albarkatu - izinin amfani da ƙasa (ciki har da gadaje na ruwa), Izinin bakin teku, izinin ruwa, da kuma izinin fitarwa. Majalisar Yankin Canterbury tana da dabaru masu nauyi don iska, ruwa da sufuri. Christchurch sau da yawa yana da jujjuyawar yanayin zafi wanda ke kama gurɓataccen iska wanda ke haifar da kuma matsalar ingancin iska . Ecan ya kafa Tsarin Tsabtace Tsabtace Tsabtace a cikin shekarar 2002 kuma yana gudana har zuwa shekarata 2011 don taimakawa tare da tsabtace gida mai ƙonewa da ƙarin rufin gida. Magabata na ruhaniya na Majalisar Yankin Canterbury shine Majalisar Canterbury United Council wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1979, wacce ita ce hukumar yanki ta farko a New Zealand tun karshen larduna a shekarata 1876. Sai dai kuma an maye gurbin wannan majalisar hadaka da majalisar yankin a shekarar 1989 bayan sake fasalin kananan hukumomi . Babban ofishin Canterbury na Muhalli yana a 200 Tuam Street Christchurch a cikin ginin da ya dace da muhalli wanda aka tsara kuma an gina shi don ɗaukar ma'aikatan 500 na ma'aikatan Christchurch na majalisar yankin. An rushe tsohon ginin a cikin shekarar 2011 bayan girgizar kasa na Canterbury. Duk ma'aikatan sun koma cikin sabon ginin a ranar 18 ga Afrilun shekarar 2016. ECan kuma yana da ƙananan ofisoshi a Timaru, Ashburton, da Kaikoura . Tun daga halittarsa har zuwa watan Mayun shekarata 2010, zababbun kansiloli 14 ne ke gudanar da Majalisar Yankin Canterbury, wadanda aka zaba bisa tushen farko-farko daga mazabun yankuna takwas. Kansiloli A zaben kananan hukumomi na 2001, an yi amfani da mazabu tara: North Canterbury, Christchurch North, Christchurch East, Christchurch South, Christchurch West (duk membobi biyu kowanne), Selwyn-Banks Peninsula, Ashburton, South Canterbury, da Waitaki (duk memba daya kowanne) . An ayyana ’yan takarar daga mazabar Ashburton da Waitaki ba tare da adawa ba. Mambobin majalisa 14 sune: Robert Johnston Ross Little Ina Robertson Judy Waters Richard Budd Valerie Campbell ne adam wata Kerry Burke Diana Shand Neil Cherry (Christchurch West; yayi murabus a ƙarshen 2002 ko farkon 2003) Peter Yeoman (Christchurch West; ya mutu Oktoba 2002) Richard Johnson Angus McKay Mark Oldfield Bill Penno Alec Neill (Christchurch West; ya lashe zaben fidda gwani a watan Afrilu 2003) Nicky Wagner (Christchurch West; lashe zaben fidda gwani a watan Afrilu 2003) Yeoman ya mutu a watan Oktoban shekarata 2002. Cherry ya yi murabus a lokacin kuma ya mutu a watan Mayun shekarar 2003. Dukkansu sun fito ne daga mazabar Christchurch West kuma an kammala zaben fidda gwani da aka yi sakamakon mutuwar Yeoman ta yadda za a iya cike dukkan mukamai a lokaci guda. Alec Neill da Nicky Wagner ne suka lashe zaben a watan Afrilun shekarar 2003. Kansiloli A zaben kananan hukumomi na 2004, an yi amfani da mazabu tara: North Canterbury, Christchurch North, Christchurch East, Christchurch South, Christchurch West (duk membobi biyu kowanne), Banks Peninsula & Selwyn, Ashburton, South Canterbury, da Waitaki (duk memba daya kowanne). . Kerry Burke ( kujera; Christchurch ta Kudu) Robert Johnston (mataimakin kujera, North Canterbury) Mark Oldfield (South Canterbury) Angus McKay (Ashburton) Bill Woods (Bank Peninsula da Selwyn) Elizabeth Cunningham (Christchurch Gabas) Richard Budd (Christchurch Gabas) Judy Waters (Christchurch ta Arewa) Anne Carroll (Christchurch ta Arewa) Bob Kirk (Christchurch ta Kudu) Alec Neill (Christchurch West) Nicky Wagner (Christchurch West) Ross Little (Arewacin Canterbury) Kansiloli A zaben kananan hukumomi na 2007, an yi amfani da mazabu takwas: North Canterbury, Christchurch North, Christchurch East, Christchurch South, Christchurch West, South Canterbury (dukkan membobi biyu kowanne), Selwyn Banks Peninsula, da Rakaia (duka memba daya kowanne). A Rakaia, an mayar da kansila mai ci Alec Neill ba tare da hamayya ba. An zabi sabbin kansiloli hudu a kan dandamali na inganta ingantaccen sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da adawa da shirin Ruwa na Tsakiyar Tsakiya . Hudun su ne: David Sutherland da Rik Tindall, wadanda suka tsaya a matsayin "Ajiye Ruwanmu" 'yan takara, da kuma 'yan takara masu zaman kansu Jane Demeter da Eugenie Sage . Membobin da suka kasance majalisar yankin: Kerry Burke (shugaban har zuwa 24 Satumban shekarar 2009; Christchurch South) Alec Neill (Rakaia) Mark Oldfield (South Canterbury) Bronwen Murray (South Canterbury) Eugenie Sage (Selwyn-Banks Peninsula) Ross Little (Arewacin Canterbury) Jo Kane (Arewacin Canterbury) Carole Evans (Christchurch ta Arewa) Jane Demeter (Christchurch ta Arewa) Pat Harrow (Christchurch West) Alec Neill (Christchurch West) David Sutherland (Christchurch Gabas) Rik Tindall (Christchurch Gabas) Bob Kirk (Christchurch ta Kudu) A ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarata 2009, Alec Neill ya zama shugaba bayan shugaban da ya gabata, Sir Kerry Burke, ya sha kaye a wani kuduri na rashin amincewa ya amince da kuri'u takwas inda wasu 'yan majalisa shida suka nuna adawa da shi. Burke ya ci gaba da zama kansila na yanki An sake zaben Burke a matsayin shugaba a watan Oktoban shekarar 2007. An danganta kuri'un 'yan majalisar ne da farko tsakanin Burke da Alec Neill. Burke ya kasance zababben kansila tun a shekarar 1998 kuma ya kasance shugaba daga shekarata 2004. Kwamishinonin A cikin Maris na shekarar 2010, bayan wani bincike da rahoton Wyatt Creech, Gwamnatin ƙasa ta kori kansilolin Canterbury na Environment Canterbury kuma ta maye gurbinsu da kwamishinoni: Margaret Bazley (Shugaba) Hon. David Caygill (Mataimakin Shugaban) David Bedford Donald Couch (har zuwa 2014), wanda Elizabeth Cunningham ya maye gurbinsa Tom Lambie Farfesa Peter Skelton Rex Williams Kwamishinonin sun gudanar da taronsu na farko a ranar 6 ga Mayun shekarar 2010. Tun da farko gwamnatin kasar ta yi alkawarin komawa ga zababbiyar kansiloli da zaben kananan hukumomi a watan Oktoban 2013 . A cikin watan Satumba na shekarata 2012, an yi wa kwamishinoni gyaran fuska har zuwa lokacin zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na Oktoba 2016 . Donald Couch ya yi murabus a cikin Afrilun shekarar 2015 yayin da zai koma Kanada kuma a watan Agustan shekarar 2015, Elizabeth Cunningham ta maye gurbinsa. A cikin Maris din shekarar 2014, an fara bitar doka a cikin Ecan, kuma gwamnatin ƙasa ta fitar da wata takarda ta tattaunawa a cikin Maris 2015 wanda ke bayyana shawara game da makomar majalisar yankin, tare da bayyana fifikon gaurayawan tsari na zaɓaɓɓu bakwai da mambobi shida da aka nada. gwamnati . Nick Smith, a matsayin Ministan Muhalli, ya bayyana cewa "yana iya dacewa a yi la'akari da waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan fiye da 2019 ". Louise Upston, a matsayin Mataimakin Ministan Karamar Hukumar, ya ba da hujjar gauraye samfurin kamar yadda "zai iya samar da kwanciyar hankali ga Canterbury daga shekarata 2016". Tsohon dan majalisar gundumomi kuma yanzu dan majalisa Sage ya soki koma bayan gwamnati tare da hana 'yan Cantabrian 'yancin yanke shawarar kansu. Mawallafin Sam Mahon, wanda ke da karfi mai adawa da korar 'yan majalisa, ya ba da ra'ayinsa a matsayin shawara da ke gabatar da "kamar halin da ake ciki, wanda ke ba da fahimtar dimokuradiyya". Smith ya tabbatar da gauraye samfurin a cikin Yulin shekarar 2015, tare da kansiloli bakwai da za a zaba a shekarata 2016 tare da shida nada kwamishinonin, tare da komawa zuwa cikakken zabe majalisa a 2019. Mixed Government Board A zaben kananan hukumomi na shekarar 2016, gwamnati ta ba da damar a zabi mutane bakwai tare da nada kwamishinoni shida. Ga zaben kananan hukumomi, akwai mazabu hudu: Christchurch (membobi 4), North Canterbury, Mid-Canterbury, da Kudancin Canterbury (memba 1 kowanne). An ayyana Peter Scott ba tare da hamayya ba a Kudancin Canterbury. Biyu daga cikin kwamishinonin da ake da su sun yi ritaya (Bazley da Williams), tare da Bedford, Caygill, Cunningham, Lambie da Skelton da aka sake nada. Iaean Cranwell sabon kwamishina ne, tare da shi da Cunningham aka nada bisa shawarar Ngāi Tahu . Bedford ya zama shugaba amma ya yi murabus a shekarar 2017 saboda rashin lafiya. Steve Lowndes, wanda da farko mataimakin shugaba, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaba a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, tare da Peter Scott mataimakinsa. Kansiloli da kwamishinoni na 2016 zuwa 2019 sune kamar haka: David Bedford (shugaba kuma kwamishina, yayi murabus Satumba 2017) Steve Lowndes (mataimakin shugaban, Christchurch, zaba shugaban a watan Nuwamba 2017) Peter Scott (South Canterbury, zababben mataimakin shugaba a watan Nuwamba 2017) David Caygill (kwamishina) Iaean Cranwell (kwamishina) Rod Cullinane (Christchurch) Elizabeth Cunningham (kwamishina) Thomas Lambie (kwamishina) Claire McKay (Arewacin Canterbury) Lan Pham (Christchurch) Cynthia Roberts (Christchurch) Peter Skelton (kwamishina) John Sunckell (Mid-Canterbury) Kansiloli (2019-yanzu) A halin yanzu dai kwamitin da aka kafa biyo bayan zaben kananan hukumomi na shekarar 2019 shi ne: Jenny Hughey ( kujera) - Christchurch North East, The People's Choice Peter Scott (mataimakin kujera) - Canterbury ta Kudu, Mai zaman kanta Ian Mackenzie - Mid-Canterbury, Mai zaman kanta John Sunckell - Tsakiyar Canterbury, Mai zaman kanta Elizabeth McKenzie - Canterbury ta Kudu, Mai zaman kanta Vicky Southworth – Christchurch ta Kudu, Mai zaman kanta don Canji mai Kyau Phil Clearwater - Christchurch ta Kudu, Zaɓin Jama'a-Aiki Claire McKay – Canterbury ta Arewa, Mai zaman kanta Grant Edge - Arewacin Canterbury, Mai zaman kanta Megan Hands - Christchurch West, Mai zaman kanta Craig Pauling – Christchurch West, The People’s Choice Tane Apanui - Christchurch North East, Rail da Ruwa Lan Pham - Christchurch Central, Mai Zaman Lafiya Mai Zaman Kanta Nicole Marshall – Christchurch Central, Labour-The People's Choice Babban jami'in gudanarwa An nada Stefanie Rixecker a matsayin Babban Jami'in Gudanarwa a cikin Agustan shekarar 2020, yana karbar mukamin daga Bill Bayfield wanda ya karbi mukamin a watan Yuni 2011. Dr. Bryan Jenkins shine babban jami'in gudanarwa daga Yunin shekarar 2003. Wuraren shakatawa na yanki Majalisar tana gudanar da wuraren shakatawa guda hudu. Ashley Rakahuri Regional Park Arewacin Pegasus Bay Lake Tekapo Regional Park Waimakari River Regional Park Bayanin Siyasar Yanki Bayanin Siyasa na Yanki na Canterbury ya fara aiki a cikin shekarar 1998. A cikin shekarata 2006, an fara bita na shekara 10 na tilas na Bayanin Manufofin Yanki. Shirye-shiryen Yanki da Dokokin Kula da Ruwa Canterbury yana da tsare-tsaren yanki na 'aiki' masu zuwa. Tsarin Yanki na Albarkatun Kasa (NRRP) Tsarin Yanki na Majalisar Canterbury, Oktoba 1991. Tsare-tsare na yanki na wucin gadi don Yankin Nelson-Marlborough Shirin Yanki na Kogin Waimakari Shirin Yankin Kogin Opihi Tsare-tsaren Yankin Rarraba Ruwa na Waitaki Catchment Shirin Yanki na Albarkatun Kasa (PNRRP) ya ci gaba a matakai biyu. An sanar da babi na 1 zuwa na 3 (Babi na Ngai Tahu da ingancin iska) a bainar jama'a a watan Yuni shekarar 2002. An sanar da babi na 4-8 a bainar jama'a a cikin Yuli 2004. An yanke shawarar babi na 1 zuwa na 3 a watan Satumbar shekarata 2007 kuma an kai ƙarar wasu ɓangarori na wannan babban tsari dalla-dalla ga Kotun Muhalli. An fara sauraron babi na 4-8 a ƙarshen 2007 kuma ya ci gaba a cikin shekarata 2008. Babi na Tsare-tsaren Yanki na Albarkatun Ƙasa na Canterbury akan Ngai Tahu da albarkatun ƙasa, ingancin iska, ingancin ruwa, yawan ruwa, gadaje na tafkuna da koguna, wuraren dausayi da kiyaye ƙasa sun fara aiki daga 11 ga Yuni 2011, ya maye gurbin tsohuwar Majalisar Canterbury ta wucin gadi. Shirin Yanki (Oktoba 1991), wanda tarin dokoki ne da dokokin da suka rigaya kafin Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta shekarar 1991, kuma shine shirin aiwatar da mafi yawan yankin, sai dai mashigar Waitaki da yankin Kaikoura . Akwai kuma oda guda huɗu na kiyaye ruwa (WCOs) waɗanda ke aiki a Canterbury: Kogin Rakaia WCO, Lake Ellesmere (Te Waihora) WCO, Rangitata WCO da Kogin Ahuriri WCO. Izinin albarkatu Majalisar Yankin Canterbury tana ba da kulawa da kulawa da mafi yawan yarda da albarkatu a ƙarƙashin Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu ta 1991 na kowace majalissar yanki 16 a New Zealand. A cikin shekarar da ta ƙare 30 ga Yunin shekarar 2006, Environment Canterbury ta aiwatar da aikace-aikacen 3,381, fiye da ninki biyu na adadin da kowace hukuma ta yarda da shi (Muhalli Waikato yana da lamba mafi girma na gaba; 1,384 aikace-aikace a 2006). Ya zuwa Janairun shekarar 2005, Majalisar Yankin Canterbury ta ba da izinin albarkatu sama da 14,000. Ana iya duba sharuɗɗan yarda ɗaya akan layi ta amfani da lambar "CRC" mai lamba shida. A cikin Oktoban shekarata 2004, Majalisar Yanki ta Canterbury tana da 'bakin-baya' na aikace-aikacen da ba a sarrafa su ba saboda sanarwar aikace-aikacen ɗaukar ruwan ƙasa a cikin yankuna da aka keɓe na ruwan ƙasa. 'Bayanin bayanan' ko adadin aikace-aikacen yarda da ake sarrafa, ana yin rikodin kullun akan gidan yanar gizon Canterbury na Muhalli. Halin haɓaka ya bayyana ya ƙare a tsakiyar shekarar 2008, tare da lambobi waɗanda ba a sarrafa su sannu a hankali suna raguwa zuwa 2009. Haɓaka ƙaƙƙarfar aikace-aikace a cikin watan Yunin shekarata 2007 ya samo asali ne saboda bitar izinin albarkatu 400 da ake da su a yankin raba ruwan ƙasa na Rakaia-Selwyn. Majalisar Yankin Canterbury ta sami mafi ƙarancin kima da masu biyan kuɗin karkara suka bayar a cikin wani binciken da aka yi tsakanin manoma a kan ƙananan hukumomi. Makin ya yi la'akari da matakin kusancin majalisa, matakin son zuciya, samar da hanyoyi, ƙimar kuɗi, da aiwatar da RMA. A cikin Oktoba 2shekarar 009 Gwamnati ta sanar da sake duba Ecan a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 24A na Dokar Gudanar da Albarkatu . Dalilin da aka ambata shi ne jinkirin aiwatar da izinin albarkatun "yana riƙe yankin Canterbury baya". A cikin Maris 2din shekarata 010, bayan fitar da "Creech Report" gwamnati ta zabi ta nada kwamitin kwamishinoni don maye gurbin zababbun Kansilolin, kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Duba wasu abubuwan Lardunan New Zealand Hukumomin Yanki na New Zealand Gurbacewar ruwa a Canterbury Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Muhalli Canterbury Gidan yanar gizon Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida ta Majalisar Yankin Canterbury Canterbury Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo. Jerin Ma'aikatar Tsare-tsare don Jerin Muhalli na tsare-tsaren Majalisar Yankin Canterbury. NB Wannan jerin ba na zamani ba ne. Bayanan Bayanin Al'umma na Sashen Harkokin Cikin Gida Gidan Yanar Gizo na Kananan Hukumomi - bayanin martaba na al'umma. ("Rahoton Creech") Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

22661

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adebayo%20Salami

Adebayo Salami

Adebayo Ayoade Salami (an haife shine a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1951 - 7 ga watan Janairun 2021) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne wanda aka zaɓa matsayin sanata a mazabar Osun ta tsakiya na jihar Osun, Najeriya a farkon jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Najeriya. Ya fito takara ne a jam'iyyar Alliance for Democracy (AD) dandali. Ya koma aiki ne a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1999. Bayan ya hau kujerar sa a majalisar dattijai a watan Yunin 1999, daga nan aka nada shi kwamiti akan asusun gwamnati, na kwadago (mataimakin shugaban), wutar lantarki da ke karafa da albarkatun ruwa. A cikin muhawara a watan Mayun shekarar 2001 kan shigo da wake daga Burkina Faso, Bayo Salami yana cikin tsirarun mutane lokacin da ya bayar da hujjar cewa duk abin da za a yi don ciyar da 'yan Najeriya da sanya abinci mai araha ga mutane ya kamata a yi. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Adebayo Ayoade Salami ne a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1951 a gidansa da ke Osogbo. Mahaifin Adebayo shine Busari Oladiti Salami, Babban sufeton kula da tsafta ne wanda daga baya ya zama sananne a cikin masu dabarun sa Na siyasa Osogbo. Mahaifiyarsa, Rafatu Ayinke mace ce mai ƙwazo a lokacin ƙuruciyarta. Ta kasance yar kasuwa kuma yar kwangila a zamanin ECN (Hukumar Makamashi ta Najeriya) da NEPA (Hukumar Wutar Lantarki ta Kasa) baki daga. Ilimin Farko "Amusa," kamar yadda aka kira shi yana yaro, wanda shine asalin yaren Yarbawa na sunan Musulunci Hamzat, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Saint Michael, Ilobu a cikin Ƙaramar Hukumar Irepodun ta jihar Osun a yau . Domin karatun sakandare, matashi Amusa Adebayo Salami ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Ife-Olu, daga baya kuma, makarantar nahawu ta Akinorun Ikirun inda ya sami shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka a shekarar 1969. Sannan ya kira Adebayo, ya halarci Kwalejin Oduduwa da ke Ile-Ife don karatun Digiri sa’na Babbar Makaranta a tsakanin shekara ta 1970 zuwa 1971. Babban Ilimi Adebayo Salami ya karanci lissafin kudi ne,a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kwara, Ilorin tsakanin shekarar 1972 zuwa 1974, sannan ya sami OND (Difloma National Diploma). Ya kasance a shahararriyar Kwalejin Fasaha ta Yaba, Legas, don HND tsakanin shekarar 1976 zuwa 1978. Daga baya a farkon shekarun 2000 Adebayo ya sami digirinsa na Babbar Jagora na Kasuwanci ne daga Jami'ar Jihar Imo . National Service Service Corps An tattara Adebayo a matsayin memba na Kungiyar Matasa ta Kasa a shekarar 1978 kuma ya yi aikin tilas na shekara daya na bautar kasa a matsayin akawu a tsohuwar jihar Kaduna . Adebayo Salami a matsayin matashin akawu ya yi aiki a Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Gwamnatin Tarayya da ke Kaduna tsakanin shekarar 1978 zuwa 1979. Ya kasance mai aiki tuƙuru da tasiri yayin shekarar hidimarsa ta yadda kulawar National Freight ta ba shi aiki ta hanyar riƙe shi bayan shekarar hidimarsa. Ya yi aiki kuna a matsayin matashin akawu a wannan ofishin kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya zama babban akawu na kamfanin. Matashin mai burin, Adebayo, daga baya ya bar Kamfanin Sufurin Jiragen Sama na National Freight don kafa Aolat Nigeria Limited, injiniyan gine -gine da gine -gine a can Kaduna. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama ɗan kasuwa mai bunƙasa a cikin gari kuma abokai da abokan kasuwanci sun kira shi da suna "The Young Millionare". Aikin siyasa Shugaban Karamar Hukumar Olorunda Adebayo Salami ya fara gwada rigingimun siyasar Najeriya a shekarar 1990 lokacin da ya tsaya takarar Shugaban Karamar Hukumar, (karamar hukumar Olorunda) a zaben kananan hukumomi na ranar 8 ga Disamba, 1990 kuma ya ci nasara. Adebayo, wanda kuma yanzu aka fi sani da Bayo Salami, ya lashe wannan zaɓen a dandalin Babban Taron Jam'iyyar Republican . A cikin mafi rinjayen muhallin Social Democratic Party (SDP) wanda tsohuwar jihar Oyo ta kasance, Bayo ya zama ɗaya daga cikin Shugabannin Kananan Hukumomi guda uku da sabuwar Jihar Osun ta samu a shekarar 1991 akan kirkiro jihar. Sauran biyun sune kananan hukumomin Boripe da Ife-North. Sauran kananan hukumomin duk shugabannin SDP ne ke tafiyar da su. Kwadayin Gwamna Adebayo Salami ya lashe tikitin zama dan takarar gwamnan NRC na jihar Osun. Ya tsaya takarar gwamna a ranar 14 ga Disamban shekarar 1991 a jihar Osun amma ya sha da kyar a hannun Isiaka Adetunji Adeleke na SDP wanda ya zama Gwamna na farko na sabuwar jihar Osun da aka kafa a watan Janairun 1992. Bayo Salami daga wannan yunƙurin zaɓen ya zama sananne da suna a siyasar Osun. Idan ya yi rashin nasara sosai ga Isiaka Adeleke lokacin da yake cikin jam'iyyar NRC da ba ta da farin jini a yankin Kudu maso Yamma, zai iya yin abin da ya fi kyau idan ya shiga Kungiyar 'Yan Siyasa Masu Ci Gaba. Dabarun Bayo Salami ya auna zaɓin sa kuma ya haɗu tare a cikin 1998 tare da masu cigaba, jagorancin Marigayi Bola Ige . Aiki tukuru da biyayya ga wata manufa ya sa Salami ya shiga cikin zukatan shugabannin sabuwar kungiyar siyasarsa. An kuma ba shi tikitin takarar Sanata ta Osun ta Tsakiya don tsayawa takarar sanata. Majalisar Dattawa Adebayo ya lashe zaben a watan Janairun 1999 sannan ya zama sanatan Tarayyar Najeriya a watan Yunin 1999. Ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dokoki ta 4 . Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Kwadago na Majalisar Dattawa sannan daga baya ya zama shugaban Kwamitin Al'adu da yawon bude ido na Majalisar Dattawa. A lokuta daban -daban ya kasance memba ne a kwamitocin majalisar dattijai akan asusun gwamnati, mai da gas, tsaro, yawan jama'a, da babban birnin tarayya. Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress Sanata Adebayo Salami shi ma jigo ne na jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) mai wakiltar jihar Osun kafin rasuwarsa a watan Janairun 2021. Iyali da Addini Bayo Salami mutum ne na dangi kuma ya dauki lokaci mai yawa tare da danginsa na kusa da na kusa. Yana da mata biyu, Ayisat Abosede da Muslimat Folasade, da kuma yara 5 da manyan yara da yawa. Bayo Salami Musulmi ne mai ibada kuma ya ba da komai nasa wajen tallafawa Musulunci da yada shi. Yana da kuma tsauraran manufofinsa na "Mugunta ga kowa" wanda ya bi a duk rayuwarsa. Sanatan yana da abokai da yawa waɗanda suka yanke kan addini, kabila, siyasa, al'adu, da ƙabila. Mutanen Nijeriya Pages with unreviewed translations

50481

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winka%20Dubbeldam

Winka Dubbeldam

Winka Dubbeldam (an haife shi a shekara ta 1966)ɗan ƙasar Holland ne kuma ɗan asalin ƙasar Amurka.Bayan karatunta a cikin ƙirar gine-gine a Jami'ar Columbia,ta kafa nata kamfani,Archi-Tectonics (tare da ma'aikata 15 ),a cikin 1994 a Birnin New York.Amfani da ita ta haɗakar abubuwa masu ɗorewa, sabbin hanyoyin gini da ƙirƙira tare da yin amfani da fasahohin dijital ya saka mata da yabo da yawa don ayyukanta na gine-gine.Ta samu suna a matsayin jagaba a cikin zane-zanen gine-gine na zamani wanda kuma ya sanya ta zama" "masu yada labarai ta gidaj". Ita ce Farfesa kuma Shugabar gine-gine a Jami'ar Pennsylvania . Ita kuma ita ce Mai jarrabawar RIBA ta waje don Bartlett UCL London , Daraktan Ƙirƙiri na Venice Biennale Virtual Italian Pavillion [202.T. Ta Ted magna "Crowdfunding Urban Plannig" ya kasance a cikin TED Global a Edinburgh Scotland 2013. Aikinta na farko a cikin ƙirar gine-ginen gidan zama wanda aka baje kolin nunin a Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Zamani (MoMA),kuma mujallar <i id="mwHQ">Esquire</i> ta ba ta suna"Mafi Kyau da Haskaka"a cikin 2004. Hakanan an nuna ƙirarta a cikin Venice Biennale,MoMa,Storefront,da Aedes Berlina cikin 2019,da sauransu Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Dubbeldam a cikin 1966 a cikin Netherlands. Mahaifinta ya jagoranci wata kungiya ta Holland mai alaka da 'yan sanda da ayyukan kashe gobara. Bayan karatunta na farko a Netherlands ta yi karatun gine-gine a Cibiyar Ilimin Fasaha ta Fasaha,Rotterdam,a cikin 1990 kuma ta sami digiri na Master of Architecture.Daga nan ta koma New York a cikin 1990 don yin nazarin gine-gine a Jami'ar Columbia inda juyin dijital a gine-gine ya kasance a cikin yanayin juyin halitta.Ta sami Jagora na Architecture a ci gaban zanen gine-gine daga wannan jami'a a 1992. Daga 1992 zuwa 1994 ta yi aiki tare da Peter Eisenman akan ayyukan da ta kira "bincike".Daga nan ta kafa kamfanin nata a New York,Archi-Tectonics,a cikin 1994 kuma tun daga lokacin ta tsunduma cikin kera ayyukan kasuwanci da na zama. Dubbeldam, doguwa,gabaɗaya sanye da baƙaƙe,tana zaune a cikin gidanta mai baƙar fata (wanda ta ce "ɗan gwaji kaɗan ne"),tare da kayan ciki na baƙar fata da fari tare da inuwar purple. Wasu daga cikin mahimman ayyukan da Dubbeldam da kamfaninta na Archi-Tectonics ke gudanarwa sune:Ginin Greenwich da ginin V33 a birnin New York; kungiyar Ports1961 "kantin sayar da kayayyaki" a Paris,London da Shanghai;Hasumiyar Loft na Amurka a Philadelphia,ginin bene mai hawa 14 mai yanki,wanda aka kammala a cikin 2009,wanda ke da gidaje 40;wani tsari na " pro-bono " a Monrovia, Laberiya don gidan marayu na gidauniyar MacDella Cooper da kuma makaranta a Laberiya, da kuma wani aikin bincike-bincike na Downtown Bogota Laberiya da aka gina da kayan 'yan asali kamar bamboo da aka saka a cikin ganuwar da shingen kankare maras kyau;Yulin Design (gasar da ta ci) a kasar Sin; Hasumiyar Holon na "numfashi" da aka fara a birnin Paris kuma ya gabatar da "Augmented Reality" a Gallery R'Pure a New York; ginin GW497 tare da benaye 11 wanda ya mamaye yanki na tare da gaban bangon labulen gilashin da aka naɗe (bangon labulen gilashin igiyar ruwa kamar igiyar ruwa ) an ce shine farkon "tsararrun ƙira" ta hanyar ƙirar kwamfuta ta 3-D; Aikin Abu Dhabi Central Plaza wanda aka kammala a cikin 2009 tare da hasumiya mai hawa 50 da hasumiya na ofishi mai hawa 55; da Aida's House of Beauty da aka gina a cikin kunkuntar sarari a Manhattan tare da facade mai shuɗi mai faɗin yanki na tare da "almakashi-da-kumburi motif" a kan facade na salon. Kamfaninta ya lashe "Gasar Zane don Dorewawar Unguwa da Kasuwar Manoma" a Jihar Staten Island, New York. Haihuwan 1966 Rayayyun mutane

51542

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oumou%20Sangar%C3%A9

Oumou Sangaré

Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata Articles with hCards Oumou Sangaré (Bambara: An haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1968 a Bamako)mawaƙiya ce na Wassoulou na Mali wanda ya ta lashe kyautar Grammy, wani lokacin ana kiranta "The Songbird of Wassoulé". Wassoulou yanki ne na tarihi a kudancin Kogin Neja, inda kiɗa ya sauko daga tsohuwar waƙoƙin gargajiya, sau da yawa tare da calabash. Rayuwar farko An haifi Sangaré a cikin 1968 ga mawaƙa Aminata Diakité da Sidiki Sangaré, dukansu sun samo asali ne daga yankin Wassoulou. A cikin 1970, mahaifinta ya ɗauki mata ta biyu kuma ya ƙaura zuwa Abidjan ya bar Sangaré, mahaifiyarta da 'yan uwanta a Bamako. Ta fara rera waƙa a tituna don taimaka wa mahaifiyarta, ta bar makaranta tun tana ƙarama don yin hakan. Aikinta ya fara ne a shekara ta 1973, lokacin da take da shekaru biyar, ta ci gasar rera waka tsakanin yara a Bamako, inda ta ci gaba da yin waka a gaban dubban mutane a filin wasa na Omnisport.A 16, ta tafi yawon shakatawa tare da kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo Djoliba, yawon shakatawa a Faransa, Jamus, Netherlands, Caribbean, da sauran wurare Sakamakon liyafarta a rangadi, Sangaré ya koma Bamako kuma ya kafa ƙungiyar kiɗan ta. Sangaré ta yi rikodin kundi na farko, Moussoulou ("Mata"), tare da Amadou Ba Guindo, mashahurin maestro na kiɗan Mali. Kundin ya yi nasara sosai a Afirka, inda aka sayar da fiye da kwafi 200,000. Tare da taimakon Ali Farka Touré, Sangaré ya sanya hannu tare da lakabin Turanci na Duniya.Sun sake fitar da kundin Moussoulou. Tana da shekara 21, ta riga ta zama tauraro. Ana ɗaukar Oumou Sangaré jakadan Wassoulou;da kade-kade da raye-rayen gargajiya na yankin sun samu kwarin gwiwar wakokinta. Ita ce ta rubuta da tsara wakokinta, wadanda galibi sukan hada da sukar al’umma, musamman abin da ya shafi matsayin mata a cikin al’umma. Tun 1990 ta yi wasa a wasu wurare masu mahimmanci a duniya,irin su Melbourne Opera, Roskilde Festival, Gnaoua World Music Festival, WOMAD,Oslo World Music Festival, da kuma Opéra de la Monnaie. Yawancin waƙoƙin Sangaré sun shafi soyayya da aure, musamman 'yancin zaɓi a aure. Album dinta na 1989 Moussoulou ya kasance abin burgewa a yammacin Afirka wanda ba a taba ganin irinsa ba. A cikin 1995, ta zagaya tare da Baaba Maal, Femi Kuti, da Boukman Eksperyans. Sauran Albums sun haɗa da Ko Sira , Worotan , da kuma 2-CD compilation Oumou , duk wanda aka fitar akan Records na Duniya.Sangaré yana tallafawa al'amuran mata a duk duniya. An nada ta jakadiyar FAO a shekara ta 2003 kuma ta ci lambar yabo ta UNESCO a 2001 kuma an nada ta a matsayin kwamandan odar fasaha da wasiku ta Faransa a 1998. Sangaré tana nunawa a cikin Jifa Zuciyarka, wani takardun shaida na 2008 game da shahararren dan wasan banjo na Amurka Béla Fleck, da kuma bincikensa game da dangantakar da ba a sani ba tsakanin kayan aikinsa da al'adun kiɗa a Afirka. Sangaré ya ba da gudummawar vocals zuwa "Imagine"don kundi na 2010 Herbie Hancock The Imagine Project, wanda kuma ya nuna Seal, P!nk, Indiya.Arie, Jeff Beck,Konono Nº1 da sauransu. A cikin 2022,an jefa ta a matsayinta na farko na wasan kwaikwayo, inda ta taka kakar mai taken a fim ɗin Maïmouna Doucouré na Hawa. Rayuwar ta sirri, siyasa da kasuwanci Sangaré mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata ce, mai adawa da auren yara da auren mata fiye da daya. Sangaré kuma yana shiga cikin duniyar kasuwanci, gami da otal, noma, da motoci. Ta harba mota mai suna "Oum Sang", wanda wani kamfani na kasar Sin ya kera tare da sayar da shi tare da kamfaninta na Gonow Oum Sang. Ita ce ta mallaki otal mai daki 30 da ke Wassoulou a Bamako babban birnin kasar Mali, wurin da mawaka suke da shi, kuma wurin da ta saba yin kida.“ Na taimaka wajen gina otal din da kaina. Na yi hakan ne domin in nuna wa mata cewa zaku iya inganta rayuwar ku ta hanyar aiki. Kuma da yawa suna aiki a kwanakin nan, suna kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa don yin sabulu ko tufafi." Sangaré kuma ta kasance jakadiyar fatan alheri ga Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, amma ta ce ba ta son zama ‘yar siyasa: “Yayin da kake mai fasaha, za ka iya fadin abin da kake tunani; dan siyasa,ka bi umarni daga sama zuwa sama." Kanwa ce ga jarumi Omar Sangare. Kundin solo Musa Ko Sira [an sake shi a matsayin Bi Furu in Mali] "Worotan" , Nonesuch / Warner Music [an saki kamar Denw a Mali] Laban Omumu Seya Mogoya Acoustic Timbuktu Mai fasaha mai ba da gudummawa Jagoran Kiɗa na Duniya , Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya Jagoran Kiɗa na Yammacin Afirka , Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya Unwired: Afirka , Cibiyar Kiɗa ta Duniya Hali 4 Eva , The Lion King: The Gift Kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka IMC -UNESCO lambar yabo ta kasa da kasa (2001,rukunin masu yin wasan kwaikwayo,an ba su tare da Gidon Kremer) saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga "ingantawa da haɓaka kiɗan da kuma tabbatar da zaman lafiya,don fahimtar mutane da haɗin gwiwar duniya." A ranar 16 ga Oktoba, 2003,an nada Sangaré Jakada na alheri na Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO). A cikin 2010,kundin waƙar Sangaré Seya an zaɓi shi don Kyautar Grammy don Mafi kyawun Kundin Kiɗa na Duniya. A cikin 2011,Sangaré ya lashe Grammy don Mafi kyawun haɗin gwiwar Pop tare da Vocals,tare da Herbie Hancock, Pink,India Arie,Seal, Konono Nº1 da Jeff Beck,don 'Imagine'. A cikin Oktoba 2017, Sangaré ta lashe lambar yabo ta Artist a WOMEX 2017 don karrama waƙarta da kuma bayar da shawarwarin yancin mata. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1968

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20Korona%20a%20Cikin%20Sanannun%20Al%27adu

Cutar Korona a Cikin Sanannun Al'adu

Magana game da cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin sanannun al'adun sun fara ne yayin da cutar ke ci gaba da gudana. Duk da mummunan tasirin cutar ta COVID-19, ta haɗu da mutane ta hanyoyin nishaɗi waɗanda ke sauƙaƙe haɓaka da haɓaka al'adun pop. Fage da jigogi Cutar kwalara ta Korona (Covid-19) ta mamaye duniya a farkon watannin shekarar 2020, wanda ya haifar da rugujewar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, wanda ke gudana har zuwa November 2021. Baya ga ita kanta cutar, yawancin jama'a sun yi fama da kulle-kulle, karancin abinci da gajiyawar annoba . Wannan Kuma ya sanya zamanin annoba ya zama lokacin damuwa na musamman. Barkewar cutar ta kori wasu mutane don neman tsira cikin lumana a kafafen yada labarai, amma wasu zuwa ga annoba ta almara (watau aljanu apocalypses ) a matsayin wani nau'in tserewa. Jigogi sun haɗa da yaduwa, keɓewa da asarar sarrafawa. A cikin kafofin watsa labarai An saka cutar ta ɓarke a cikin labarun shirye-shiryen talabijin da ke gudana kafin ɓarkewar cutar kuma an mai da hankali kan sababbi, tare da sakamako masu gauraya. Da yake rubutu game da <i id="mwIw">Pandemonium na</i> BBC mai zuwa na gaba a ranar 16 ga Disamba 2020, New York Times ya tambaya, "Shin muna shirye mu yi dariya game da Covid-19? Ko kuma, akwai wani abu mai ban sha'awa, ko kuma a iya gane shi ta hanyar ban dariya, game da rayuwa a lokacin annoba, tare da dukan rashin jin daɗi da koma baya, ba tare da la'akari da al'adunsa ba (tafawa ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya ) da dokoki (masu rufe fuska, don Allah). " Fim da talabijin Abin tsoro Fim ɗin mai ban tsoro mai watsa shiri, fim ɗin allo na kwamfuta, an ƙirƙira shi kuma an sake shi yayin bala'in kuma ya ta'allaka ne kan halayen halayen allahntaka da aka kai wa hari bayan gudanar da bincike ta hanyar zuƙowa . Abin ban dariya A fim Borat M Moviefilm, wani mabiyi da 2006 mockumentary film Borat, aka saki a kan Amazon Prime Video a watan Oktoba 2020. Ya ƙunshi ɗan jaridar Kazakh ɗan jaridar Borat Sagdiyev ( Sacha Baron Cohen ) da ke yawo a cikin Amurka tare da yin hulɗa da Amurkawa yayin bala'in. Ƙarshen fim ɗin cikin raha ya nuna cewa gwamnatin Kazakhstan ce ta ƙirƙira COVID-19, wacce ta yi amfani da Borat don yada shi tare da fara cutar. Fim ɗin Locked Down, game da heist na kayan ado a lokacin bala'in, an sake shi akan HBO Max a ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2021, bayan an yi fim ɗin a cikin Satumba 2020 kuma ya saita bazarar da ta gabata. An samu gaurayawan sake dubawa. Wasan kwaikwayo/mai ban sha'awa Wasan Gone jerin gidan yanar gizo ne mai ban sha'awa na Indiyawa wanda Nikhil Bhat ya jagoranta, wanda aka harbe shi gabaɗaya a cikin iyakokin gidaje kuma an ba da umarni daga nesa yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Indiya . An fara shi a Voot a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2020. Nunin ya biyo bayan mutuwar wani majiyyaci na COVID-19 tare da layin da ke samun rikici a kowane bangare. Jerin wasan kwaikwayo na likitanci na Amurka The Good Doctor da Grey's Anatomy sun fara watsa shirye-shiryen su na 4 da kakar 17, bi da bi, a cikin Nuwamba 2020. Dukansu sun nuna tasirin COVID-19 akan haruffan da ke aiki a, da marasa lafiya na, asibitin da aka saita nunin - gami da maimaita haruffan da suka kamu da cutar. Jerin shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka 9-1-1 ya fara nuna lokacinsa 4 a cikin Janairu 2021. Lamarin buɗewa mai lamba 47, "Sabuwar Abun Al'ada" ta ƙunshi jerin labaran da ke tattare da cutar ta COVID-19 da tasirin sa ga duka masu maimaitawa da kuma daidaikun mutane na yau da kullun. Songbird, wani fim ne mai ban sha'awa na soyayya na Amurka wanda Adam Mason ya ba da umarni kuma Michael Bay ya shirya, wanda "COVID-23" ya sa duniya ta kasance cikin kulle-kulle tsawon shekaru hudu, wanda aka yi fim a Los Angeles a lokacin bala'in bala'in duniya tare da rugujewa. - samarwa. Amsar farko ba ta da kyau, tare da masu sukar suna jayayya cewa yana "Cirar Kuɗi a kan wahalar ɗan adam" da kuma "jifa mai mafarki mai ban tsoro a kan wutar masu ra'ayin makirci." An kwatanta shi a matsayin fim ɗin Amurka na farko da aka samo gabaɗaya daga cutar, an sake shi a ranar 11 ga Disamba, 2020 zuwa sake dubawa gabaɗaya. Aƙalla takwas daga cikin fina-finai 75 da aka sanar don 2021 Kudu ta Kudu maso Yamma sun haɗa da COVID-19. Putham Pudhu Kaalai ( transl. Wani sabon alfijir ) fim ne na anthology na Indiya na Tamil na 2020, wanda ya ƙunshi gajerun sassan fina-finai biyar. An harbe shi gabaɗaya yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Indiya kuma an saita shi a kan yanayin kulle-kulle na ƙasar na tsawon kwanaki 21 a cikin Maris 2020, gajerun fina-finai guda biyar suna magana game da bege, ƙauna, da sabon farawa yayin bala'in. Fim ɗin ya fito akan Amazon Prime Video akan 16 Oktoba 2020. Karthik Dial Seytha Yenn ( transl. Lambar da Karthik ya buga ) gajeriyar fim ce ta 2020 na Indiya ta Tamil wanda Gautham Menon ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Mabiyi ga Vinnaithandi Varuvaayaa , taurarin Silambarasan da Trisha suna sake dawo da rawar da suka taka a wannan fim. An yi fim ɗin da farko ta amfani da iPhone kuma an sake shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2020 akan YouTube . Hakan ya biyo bayan mai shirya fina-finai Karthik wanda ke gida yayin bala'in COVID-19 a Tamil Nadu ba tare da aiki ba yayin da aka rufe gidajen wasan kwaikwayo, yana shafar aikinsa na marubucin allo. Yayin da yake fuskantar shingen marubuci, ba da jimawa ba ya kira tsohuwar budurwarsa Jessie, wacce ta tsere sakamakon barkewar cutar a cikin birnin New York kuma tana cikin kulle-kulle a Kerala . Bayan kiran waya, Karthik ya ci gaba da rubutunsa kuma ya tsara Kamal & Kadambari - Labarin Soyayya. Coronavirus fim ne na yaren Telugu na Indiya wanda ke bincika rayuwar dangi mai matsakaicin matsayi a cikin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a Indiya . An saki fim ɗin a ranar 11 ga Disamba 2020. Eeswaran fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Indiya na Tamil na 2021 wanda Suseenthiran ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarni. Yana ba da labarin rikicin dangi a lokacin da kuma sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya. Fensir zuwa Jugular wasan kwaikwayo ne na Australiya na 2021 wanda Matthew Victor Pastor ya jagoranta. An saita yayin kulle-kullen COVID-19 a Melbourne shine kashi na biyu a cikin jerin fina-finai na 2020 wanda Matthew Victor Pastor ya jagoranta. An fara fim ɗin a bikin Fina- Finan Duniya na Moscow karo na 43 a cikin Afrilu 2021. Pablo Larrain ya haɗu da ɗan gajeren tarihin tarihin fim mai suna Na gida, wanda aka ƙirƙira lokacin — kuma yana ba da labarai game da lokacin kulle-kulle na COVID-19. An bukaci kowane daraktoci 17 da su shirya fim mai tsawon minti biyar zuwa bakwai, ta amfani da kayan aikin da aka samu a gida kawai, kuma ga jama'a. An ƙaddamar da aikin a cikin Maris kuma an sake shi bayan watanni uku kawai a watan Yuni, ta hanyar Netflix. Bidiyon kiɗa Bidiyon kiɗan hukuma na waƙar Phenom ta Thao &amp; the Get Down Stay Down an yi rikodin ta gabaɗaya ta hanyar "tsararriyar grid na app Zoom ," yayin da membobin ƙungiyar ke keɓe a gida. An bayyana shi a matsayin "mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗan da ya fito daga zamaninmu na keɓewa," ya ɗauki kwanaki takwas don kammalawa. Don faifan kiɗan na hukuma "Rasa Wani" ta masu fasaha Kygo, da Jamhuriyya ɗaya, sun yi amfani da manyan hotunan allo na kore da hotunan daji yayin da suke aiki nesa da juna saboda ƙuntatawa na COVID-19. Don bidiyon kiɗan Kygo “Yanci” mai nuna Zak Habila, an harbe shi dabam da gidajensu kuma ya mai da hankali kan rayuwarsu a ƙarƙashin umarnin gida. Aribum Anbum ( transl. Ilimi da Soyayya – fassara. Hikima da Ƙauna ) waƙar Indiya ce ta Tamil da aka saki ranar 23 ga Afrilu, 2020 ta Think Music India akan YouTube don amsa cutar ta COVID-19 a Indiya . Ghibran ne ya shirya waƙar da kuma waƙar Kamal Haasan . Mawaka 12 ne suka rera shi kuma mawaƙan suka naɗa daga gidajensu. Kalmomin waƙar suna magana ne game da bukatar yin amfani da zuciyarmu da basirarmu don yaƙi da rikicin. Bidiyon ya kuma ƙunshi hotunan yadda ɗimbin ƴan ci-rani ke gudun hijira daga biranen ƙasar. Jadawalin saki Sakamakon rufe gidajen kallon fina-finai, wasu fina-finai da aka yi niyya da farko don fitowar wasan kwaikwayo a maimakon haka sun fara fitowa akan ayyukan yawo. Disney's Mulan ya fara fitowa akan Disney + a cikin Satumba 2020, kuma an fitar da fim ɗin Warner Brothers Wonder Woman 1984 a ranar 25 ga Disamba akan HBO Max. Wasu fina-finai, kamar shigarwar James Bond Babu Lokacin Mutuwa, an dage su sama da shekara guda saboda cutar. Yayin da mutane suka juya zuwa kiɗa don sauƙaƙe motsin zuciyar da bala'in ya haifar, masu sauraron Spotify sun nuna cewa nau'ikan gargajiya, yanayi, da yara sun girma saboda COVID-19 yayin da ya kasance iri ɗaya ga Pop, Ƙasa, da Rawa. Daga cikin waɗannan nau'ikan na ƙarshe, duk da haka, ƙasar ta bayyana ita ce mafi ƙarfin juriya, tare da shaharar da ta karu da kashi 15.8%. Sauran misalan kiɗan da COVID-19 ya yi tasiri sun haɗa da: Markus J. Buehler a Massachusetts Cibiyar Harkokin Fasaha ta haifar da wata m ci daga wani sonification algorithm da kuma tsarin da cutar 'S (karu) gina jiki. Bayan kyakkyawan kyakkyawan sakamako na sakamakon bincike, yana iya bayar da wata hanyar gano yuwuwar wuraren dauri don maƙasudin warkewa kuma ta haka ne ke taimakawa tare da jiyya. Mawaƙan Australiya Tim Minchin da Briggs ne suka shirya waƙar HouseFyre — jagororin Firayim Minista Scott Morrison mai ban sha'awa a cikin watannin da suka gabata - yayin da suke keɓe a gidajensu. An yi fim ɗin faifan bidiyon daga wayoyinsu ta hannu, tare da kuɗin da aka samu daga siyar da waƙar da aka yi don tara kuɗi don masu fasaha na asali. Mawaƙin iMarkkeyz ya sake haɗa wani bidiyo na Instagram ta mai rapper Cardi B don fitar da waƙar "Coronavirus" a tsakiyar Maris. Ya kai lamba 1 akan ginshiƙi na iTunes na da na 9 a Amurka, kuma ana kiransa "farko na farko na abin da ɗan tarihi na gaba zai iya kira cutar annoba". Tsohon sojan Burtaniya Kyaftin Tom Moore ya tara fiye da $55 miliyan don Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Biritaniya (NHS) a tsakiyar barkewar cutar a makon da ya cika shekaru 100 da haihuwa tare da wani nau'in Ba za ku taɓa yin tafiya Shi kaɗai tare da mawaƙa Michael Ball da NHS Voices of Care Choir, ya zama ɗan wasa mafi tsufa da ya yi fice. sigogin kiɗan kuma suna da'awar lamba ɗaya ta Burtaniya. Littafin Laburare na Jama'a na New York ya buga kundi na "filayen sauti" - rikodin sauti na yanayi mai tayar da hankali na birni - Rasa Sauti na New York (ciki har da sautin zirga-zirgar sa'a mafi girma, wasan ƙwallon baseball, gidan cin abinci mai aiki, da na ɗakin karatu na ɗakin karatu). dakin karatun kansa). An sake shi a ranar 1 ga Mayu, an watsa shi a Spotify a cikin makon farko sama da sau 200,000 kuma magajin gari ya yaba wa jama'a. Opera ta kasa ta Finnish ta samar da opera Covid fan tutte, wanda aka fara a Helsinki a cikin Maris 2020. Wasan opera ta ɗauki makinta daga Mozart 's Così fan Tutte, tare da ainihin libertto ta Minna Lindgren tana tattaunawa game da tasirin cutar ta COVID-19 ta 2020 akan rayuwa a Finland . Wani daidaitawa da aka tsara don ba da aikin yi ga mawaƙa da kuma nishaɗantarwa ga abokan ciniki, shine farfaɗowar kide-kide na raye-raye da ake yi yayin hutu a cikin abincin gidan abinci, irin su Sydney Symphony Orchestra string trio wanda ke wasa don masu cin abinci lokacin da aka sake buɗe gidan abinci a Sydney Opera House. NPR 's "Morning Edition Song Project" yana gayyatar mawaƙa don ƙaddamar da waƙoƙin asali game da abubuwan da suka samu na musamman yayin bala'in COVID-19. Taurarin Pop Justin Bieber da Ariana Grande sun fitar da wata waka mai suna "Stuck With U", wadda ta kasance mai tara kudade ga gidauniyar yara masu amsawa ta farko. Bidiyon kiɗan da ke rakiyar ya ƙunshi mashahurai daban-daban a cikin hira ta bidiyo, tare da "squares na Grande da Bieber suna waƙa a ware a gidajensu da rajistar bidiyo daga magoya baya da shahararrun abokai, ciki har da Kylie da Kendall Jenner, Stephen da Ayesha Curry da Chance the Rapper tare da matarsa, Kristen Corley." Littafin Lockdown na Peter May, wanda aka rubuta a cikin 2005 kuma yana bayyana cutar ta duniya, an ƙi asali don bugawa don rashin gaskiya. Lokacin da wani fan ya nemi ya rubuta wani abu da ya shafi cutar ta COVID-19, marubucin ya ce ya yi tunani game da hakan na minti daya kafin ya “gane cewa na riga na yi shi.” An buga shi a watan Afrilu 2020. Marubucin almara mai ban tsoro da allahntaka Stephen King ya ba da baya ga saitin Billy Summers daga 2020 zuwa 2019, ta yadda haruffan su iya haduwa a fili kuma su hau jirgin ruwa. Paolo Giordano, masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan Italiya kuma marubucin da ya lashe lambar yabo na Premio Strega, ya buga tunaninsa game da barkewar kwayar cutar a cikin wata makala mai taken Yadda Contagion ke Aiki a cikin Maris 2020. An fassara shi cikin sauri zuwa fiye da harsuna 20. Italian virologist kuma marubucin Roberto Burioni buga [ Virus. Babban Kalubale ], jarrabawar yadda annoba ke tsara wayewa a cikin Maris 2020. Abubuwan da aka samu sun tafi wajen bincike kan kwayar cutar. Mawallafin Italiyanci Garzanti ya buga [ Komai zai yi kyau ], tarihin gajeriyar labarai ashirin da shida da kasidu game da keɓewa daga yawancin marubuta ciki har da marubuciyar yara Elisabetta Gnone . Riba daga siyar da littafin e-littafin ya tafi asibitin Paparoma John XXIII a Bergamo An yi wahayi zuwa da yawa idan aka kwatanta martanin COVID-19 a cikin Burtaniya da sitcom na Burtaniya Dad's Army, masanin tarihin Ingila kuma marubuci Niles Schilder ya rubuta rubuce-rubuce hudu don kungiyar Dad's Army Appreciation Society, uku daga cikinsu sun kalli yadda haruffan jerin za su yi aiki. tare da annoba. Yin zane-zane Madrid ta Teatro Real fito modified version of Verdi ta La Traviata inda COVID-19 jiki distancing hani da aka kafa a cikin samarwa. Masu wasan kwaikwayo sun fara kan mataki sanye da abin rufe fuska na tiyata, shirin yana nuna grid na layukan jajayen layukan da aka ɗora tsawon mita 2 a ƙasa, tare da ɗora dukkan motsin ƴan wasan don su rabu, kuma an zaɓi opera da kanta kamar yadda shirin ke ɗauke da tarin fuka . Tamas Detrich, darektan Stuttgart Ballet, ya ba da umarni takwas ayyukan rawa na zamani "wanda aka halicce su a cikin da kuma waɗannan yanayi masu wuyar gaske", uku daga cikinsu an gabatar da su a taron farko na kamfanin bayan rufewar Response 1. ƙwararrun ƴan rawa da kamfanoni, na gargajiya da na zamani, sun yi fim kuma sun buga sabbin ayyuka waɗanda suka amsa jigogi na keɓewa. Ko dai ta hanyar a cikin choreography kanta (misali Rhiannon Faith's Drowntown ), a cikin wurin (misali wuraren jama'a marasa amfani Taylor Stanley a wajen Cibiyar Lincoln, Choreography na Kyle Abraham ), ko fasahar yin fim (misali a Flying Home ta ƙungiyar rawa ta titi BirdGang ta hanyar "... yanzu duka-ma - sanannen yanki mai salo na zuƙowa"). Nunin da aka yi imanin shine farkon farkon wasan kwaikwayo a ko'ina cikin duniya tun lokacin da cutar ta fara wani salon wasan kwaikwayo ne na shahararren wasan kwaikwayon talabijin na yara Bluey mai suna Bluey's Big Play, The Stage Show. Bayan watanni na jinkiri, wasan kwaikwayo - wanda Kamfanin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Windmill ya kirkira daga wani asali na asali na mahaliccin Bluey Joe Brumm tare da sabon waƙa na mawaƙin Bluey, Joff Bush - ya fara halarta a Brisbane a ƙarshen Disamba 2020 a Cibiyar Watsa Labarai ta Queensland. Fasahar gani A watan Afrilu, mai zanen titi Banksy ya buga wani sabon yanki na fasahar bangon alamar kasuwancinsa - wannan lokacin yana cikin gidan wanka nasa, yana yin nuni da warewar da ake buƙata - tare da coronavirus a matsayin jigon da "beraye masu hauka" a matsayin batunsa. Ya buga hotunan ta a yanar gizo. A watan Yuli ya ci gaba da jigon berayen, tare da rubutaccen rubutu na berayen sanye da wasa da abin rufe fuska a cikin karusar London. Masu zane-zane a Burtaniya sun zana hotunan ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya na kasa kyauta, a matsayin hanyar gane gudummawar da suke bayarwa, da nufin gudanar da nune-nunen da zarar annobar ta lafa. Damien Hirst ya samar da nau'ikan sabon zane -zane guda biyu mai suna Butterfly Rainbow - daya azaman zazzagewa kyauta "don tayar da ruhohi", wani kuma wanda za'a siyar dashi a iyakanceccen bugu azaman mai tara kuɗi don Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Burtaniya. Sculptor Antony Gormley ya ƙirƙiri Hold yayin da yake cikin kulle-kulle-wani ɗan ƙaramin ɗan adam wanda aka yi da yumbu mai duhu, "ya kwantar da kansa tsakanin makamai masu rauni, murƙushe gwiwoyi da kafadu. Yatsu sun dunkule ciki" wanda ya bayyana a matsayin "kokarin yin wata manufa mai kama da yanayin da muke ciki". An "nuna shi akan layi" a White Cube gallery. Artist Sara Shakeel halitta jerin dijital images karfafa dace wanke hannuwa da kuma godiya ma'aikatan kiwon lafiya, da suke nuna duka biyu collaged da artist ta sa hannu kyalkyali da kuma lu'ulu'u ne. Mawaƙin Italiyanci Giovanni Guida ya ƙirƙira [Kuma za ku ji a warke daga duk cututtuka .. kuma zan kula da ku], a grattage hoto na Allah yakar cutar a wani abun da ke ciki referencing Michelangelo ta halittar Sun kuma Moon. Kafofin yada labaran Italiya sun bayyana aikin da cewa ya tafi "kwayoyin cuta". Mawaƙin ɗan ƙasar China Ai Weiwei ya ƙirƙiro "wani rukuni na farko" na mashin tiyata 10,000 tare da hotuna da aka buga a hannu na "kwayoyin sunflower, namomin tatsuniyoyi da ... ɗan yatsa na tsakiya". Za a siyar da kayan ta hanyar eBay tare da bayar da gudummawa ga Human Rights Watch, Refugees International da Médecins Sans Frontières. Fiye da raye -rayen ban dariya 70 sun shiga cikin Binciken Babban Na gode na 2020. Kowane tsiri ya ƙunshi alamomi shida na ma'aikata waɗanda ke da mahimmanci yayin bala'in. Don bugu na 2020 na bikin daukar hoto na shekara-shekara Cortona akan Motsawa [ Yana ] masu shirya sun ba da izini ga masu daukar hoto don nuni mai taken Aikin gani na COVID 19 — bikin fasahar Italiyanci na farko tun lokacin da aka fara gaggawar lafiya. An kuma samar da nunin gani da ido. Titin Artist Banksy ya tara sama da £3 don NHS, tare da samar da aikin da zai ci gaba da kasancewa a asibiti. Hoton yana da girman 1m x 1m, kuma an rataye shi tare da haɗin gwiwar shugabannin asibitin a cikin falo kusa da dakin gaggawa. Hoton ya nuna wani yaro rike da wani adadi na wata ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rufe fuska sanye da hula. An dauki wannan zanen baki da fari a matsayin "haraji na duniya" ga ma'aikata a Babban Asibitin Southampton . An yi amfani da zane-zane don tara kuɗi don asibiti. A lokacin annoba, Google Arts da Al'adu sun ƙirƙira gidajen tarihi dubu don mutane su "ziyartar" waɗannan gidajen tarihi kusan daga gida. Wadannan gidajen tarihi sun hada da Hammer Museum a LA, Anne Frank House, National Museum of Indonesia, Ghent Altarpiece a Belgium da dai sauransu. Google Arts da Al'adu sa baƙi su zama globetrotters kama-da-wane kuma su ga zane-zane da nune-nune daga gidajen tarihi sama da dubu 1200 a duniya. Hakanan yana ba da damar Zuƙowa ga mutane don bincika ayyukan fasaha dalla-dalla. Ghent Altarpiece a Belgium kuma ya haɗa da cikakkun bayanai game da ayyukan don sanya ƙwarewar koyo na baƙi kamar yadda ya kai ziyara cikin mutum. Google Arts & Al'adu. Mawallafin Francisca Lita Sáez ya ƙirƙiri zane-zane uku waɗanda ke nuna kwarewar likitoci yayin bala'in Covid-19 na Spain. Ayyukan zane-zane na acrylic da pastel duk suna nuna adawar mutanen da ba su da kariya da cutar ta Covid-19, wacce ke da wahalar sarrafawa. Haɗin gwaninta na likitoci da fasaha yana nuna alamar gani na girman asibiti da yaƙin ɗan adam don rayuwa. Ayyukan zane-zane guda uku sune Barazana, 2020, Yaƙi mara daidaituwa, 2020, da Dakatar da Cutar, 2020. Shafukan yanar gizo Cutar sankarau ta COVID-19 ta shafi tsarin gidan yanar gizon, ayyuka, da kuma yadda mutane ke hawan intanet. Shafukan yanar gizo kamar Brokerage, Live Hirarraki, da Shafukan Yawo na Bidiyo, Kasuwancin E-Ciniki, da Fasahar Kuɗi sun canza tsarin gidan yanar gizon su don dacewa da yanayin rashin tausayi da COVID-19 ya kawo wa al'ummarmu. Duk da wannan, wasu gidajen yanar gizo sun ga karuwar ra'ayoyin shafi da / ko tallace-tallace, yayin da wasu zaɓaɓɓun wasu a cikin takamaiman masana'antu ba su yi sa'a ba. Tallace-tallacen dijital Tun farkon barkewar cutar, yawancin kamfanonin yanar gizon dole ne su canza dabarun tallan dijital su don ko dai jawo ƙarin ziyartan shafi, umarni ko hana tallace-tallacen yaudara waɗanda za su iya rage amincin gidan yanar gizo da zirga-zirga. Don hana bayanan da ba su da tushe, Facebook ya cire tallan tallace-tallace sama da miliyan bakwai da aka jera a matsayin bayanan da ba daidai ba dangane da cutar ta COVID-19. Tare da sauran dabarun talla, masu tallan dijital sun ga ya dace don daidaita yanayin al'umma na hanyoyin da suka dace na mu'amala da wannan ƙwayar cuta. Ta yin hakan, sun canza saƙonsu ga jama'a ta haɗa da ayyukan nisantar da jama'a, zama a gida, tsabta, da kuma amfani da abin rufe fuska a cikin tallan su. Misali, NORAD, Rundunar Tsaron Jiragen Sama ta Arewacin Amurka, ta ce za ta ci gaba da bin diddigin Santa Claus a ranar 24 ga Disamba, 2020, duk da barkewar cutar. Don NORAD don kiyaye yara lafiya da sanin yakamata, sun 3D hotunan zane mai ban dariya na Santa Claus sanye da abin rufe fuska yayin hawa sleigh. Shafukan yanar gizo na kasuwancin e-commerce Wani ginshiƙi daga Bazaarvoice.com yana nuna haɓakar Shekara-shekara ("YoY") a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi na kowane wata da ƙididdiga na tsari daga 1 ga Janairu - Yuni 30, 2020, matsakaicin daga gidajen yanar gizo na e-commerce (ECOM) daban-daban 6,200. Kamar yadda aka gani daga ginshiƙi, kafin manyan keɓancewar jihar baki ɗaya, ECOM ya riga ya fara ganin haɓakar ra'ayoyin shafi da umarni daga Janairu - Maris, yana ƙaruwa 14% a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi da 19% cikin umarni. Lokacin da tsohon Shugaban Amurka Donald Trump ya ba da COVID-19 Gaggawa na Kasa a tsakiyar Maris, duka ra'ayoyin shafi da kididdigar oda sun karu zuwa 96% da 88%, bi da bi. Ilimin halin ɗan adam da ke faruwa a bayan wannan haɓakar amfani da ECOM shine tunda yawancin mutane a wannan lokacin suna cikin tsoron mutum-mutumi da madadin Brick-in-Mortar waɗanda har yanzu suke buɗe a lokacin. Manyan wuraren ECOM masu tasowa a cikin bala'in daga mafi girman haɓakar YoY zuwa aƙalla sune Toys da Wasanni, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Kayayyakin Wasanni, Hardware, Gida & Lambu, Nishaɗi, Kayayyakin Dabbobi, Kayan Lantarki, da Abinci/ Abin sha/Taba. Shafukan yanar gizo na ECOM masu tasowa sun haɗa da waɗanda ke siyar da samfuran da aka yi amfani da su a lokutan bala'i, kamar gidajen yanar gizon kaya. Shafukan yanar gizo na jaka da jaka sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin gidajen yanar gizo kawai don ganin an rage sama da kashi 10 cikin 100 a cikin ra'ayoyin shafi da kirga oda. Fasahar kudi Cutar ta COVID-19 ta yi sa'a, kamar ECOM, ta gabatar da iskar wutsiya zuwa amfani da gidan yanar gizo. Masu sharhi kan harkokin kudi sun yi hasashen cewa ga masu biyan kuɗi da yawa, hakan na iya haifar da sabbin halaye na siye waɗanda za su iya barin kamfanonin cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi da zarar rikicin ya ƙare. Shafukan yanar gizo na hanyar sadarwar katin kiredit kamar Visa.com, PayPal.com, da Mastercard.com sun ga kallon shafi da girman girman biyan kuɗi da aka matsa lamba ta hanyar rufe kasuwancin wucin gadi, haɓakar rashin aikin yi, da raguwar balaguron ƙasa. Saboda nisantar da jama'a da matsuguni na baya-bayan nan, waɗannan kamfanoni sun kuma ga mutane suna haɓaka kashe kuɗinsu akan layi, kamar yadda aka gani tare da haɓakar shaharar ECOM. Koyaya, don gidajen yanar gizo irin su Squareup.com, tare da ayyukan Brick-in-Mortar da yawa, rikicin ya yi musu mummunan tasiri. Shafukan dillalai Tare da mutane da yawa da aka kora, marasa aikin yi, rashin kuɗi, ko kuma sun gaji da lokaci mai yawa a hannunsu daga cutar ta COVID-19 da matsuguni, da yawa sun faɗa cikin kasuwancin dillali azaman sabon sha'awa ko aiki. Misali, Robinhood, wani dandali na saka hannun jari da aka kafa a cikin 2013, ya ba da damar rikicin don cin moriyarsu ta hanyar jawo miliyoyin mutane su zama wani bangare na dandalin su tun farkon barkewar cutar. Sun yi hakan ne ta hanyar tallata dandalin ciniki mai sauƙin amfani ga waɗanda za su so su zama masu saka hannun jari. Taɗi kai tsaye da gidajen yanar gizo masu yawo na bidiyo Makarantu da kasuwancin duniya sun canza tsarin kasuwancin su zuwa hanyar koyo da aiki ta kan layi. Sakamakon sabon ƙa'idar taɗi ta kan layi da hanyoyin yawo na bidiyo, gidajen yanar gizo irin su Zoom.us sun ga babban ci gaba a cikin ziyarar shafi da ƙarar mai amfani. Waɗannan gidajen yanar gizon sun ba abokan ciniki damar; tsoron kamuwa da cutar; hanyar sadarwa mara haɗari, koyo, da aiki. A kafofin sada zumunta Yawancin memes (musamman a cikin nau'ikan nishaɗin fasaha, waƙoƙi, da bidiyoyi) an ƙirƙira su, kuma an raba su tsakanin ɗimbin ɗimbin masu ƙirƙira abun ciki mai son daga cikin gidajensu a lokacin kadaici lokaci kanta. Yayin bala'in cutar, aikace-aikacen kafofin watsa labarun TikTok ya fi girma, yana ba da rance ga sabbin abubuwa da yawa a cikin al'adun gargajiya na dijital ciki har da wasannin bidiyo kamar Ketare dabbobi, Daga cikinmu da Tasirin Genshin, burodin ayaba, memes Tiger King memes., da keɓe masu ciwo. Karuwar shaharar TikTok ya haifar da haɓaka abubuwan kamanni a kan sauran dandamali na kafofin watsa labarun, kamar Instagram Reels da YouTube Shorts . Amfani da kafofin watsa labarun Kodayake amfani da kafofin watsa labarun ya ƙaru gabaɗaya, ayyukan aika aika ya ragu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar rashin samun ƙasa don rabawa ko ma jin laifi ko jin tsoron koma baya bayan halartar ayyuka marasa aminci. Masu amfani da yawa sun ji cewa bai dace a raba saƙon farin ciki ko na murna a cikin irin wannan yanayi mai daɗi ba. Don haka, karuwar ayyukan kafofin watsa labarun ya haifar da damuwa ga masu amfani da su, wanda ya sa su bar shafukan yanar gizon kafin su sake shiga. A farkon barkewar cutar, wani bincike da Gao J. Zheng ya gudanar ya nuna yadda matsalar rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ta yawaita, wanda ke da nasaba da yawaitar shiga shafukan sada zumunta. Lokacin da aka aiwatar da odar zaman-gida, matasa sun nuna rashin jin daɗi fiye da sauran rukunin shekaru saboda da yawa sun yi kuskuren tunanin ba sa cikin mutanen da ke cikin haɗarin. Kafofin watsa labarun sun kasance daya daga cikin abubuwan da suka haifar da irin wannan takaici. Misali, yawancin posts akan TikTok suna mai da hankali kan damuwar matasa saboda nisantar da jama'a da warewa. Irin waɗannan halaye marasa kyau sun yadu cikin sauri akan TikTok. Ba kamar TikTok ba, wanda yawancin masu amfani da shi matasa ne, gaba ɗaya halin cutar ta bambanta akan Twitter . Misali, wani bincike akan masu amfani da Twitter yayin bala'in yana nuna gabaɗayan ingantattun ra'ayoyi. Daga cikin masu amfani da Twitter, masu amfani da 48,157 sun bayyana ra'ayoyin masu kyau, yayin da 31,553 ba su da tsaka tsaki, da sauran tweets - wanda ya kai 12,936 - ya nuna mummunan motsin rai. Babban dalilin da ke bayan shaharar ra'ayi mai kyau shine yawancin mutane har yanzu suna godiya ga gwamnati da ma'aikatan lafiya duk da damuwar su. A cikin wasanni COVID-19 ya tilasta wa wahala da yanke shawara ta hanyar kuɗi akan masana'antar wasanni. Kusan duk wani babban taron wasanni a masana'antar taron-abun-zuwa an soke shi, an motsa shi, ko kuma a jinkirta shi a tsakiyar barkewar. A matsayin rashin jin daɗi na abubuwan da suka kunno kai daga rikicin, masu sha'awar wasanni sun kasance cikin damuwa yayin da wasu ƙungiyoyin da suka fi so aka tilasta su janye daga takamaiman gasa ko ma kakar wasa gaba ɗaya. Misali, a cikin Maris 2020, a lokacin Sweet 16, an tilasta wa Rams janye matsayinsu a gasar bayan 'yan wasa da yawa sun kama kwayar COVID-19. Jadawalin haɓaka kudaden shiga na 2019-2020 na YoY da aka jera akan Mujallar Forbes ya nuna cewa haɓakar kuɗin shiga na YoY ya ragu sosai don manyan wasannin motsa jiki saboda waɗannan sokewar. Jadawalin 2020 daga Mujallar Forbes yana nuna kwatancen haɓakar kudaden shiga na manyan wasannin wasanni daga 2019-2020. Don wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020, an hana masu kallo na kasashen waje daga halartar wasannin a Japan ba tare da dawo da kashi 100 ba. Bugu da ƙari, an ƙara yawan allurar rigakafin, kuma Major League Baseball ya ba da labarin don samar da wuraren rigakafin a cikin filayen wasan su. Alurar riga kafi na 'yan wasan ya kasance batun da'a, idan ya kasance bisa doka da ka'ida. NBA ta sanar da allurar rigakafin ba dole ba ne, amma 'yan wasan da aka yi wa allurar za su kasance masu sassauƙa. A cewar ESPN, NBA na barin ’yan wasan da aka yi wa alurar riga kafi kada su sanya abin rufe fuska a wuraren horarwa, tare da tafiye-tafiye na yanci. Kafin yin rigakafin, NBA na ci gaba da yin kumfa, inda ba a ba wa 'yan wasa damar barin ba. 'Yan wasan da ke cikin kumfa suna sanye da na'urori masu auna firikwensin don nisantar da jama'a. Ana buƙatar masu ba da rahoto waɗanda ke son shiga cikin kumfa don zazzabi da duban oxygen da gwajin COVID. An canza kujerun 'yan wasan NBA, kuma sun zama masu nisa a cikin jama'a. Ba tare da magoya bayansu ba, wasu tsofaffin kociyan NBA har yanzu suna sanye da abin rufe fuska yayin wasannin. Popovich, kocin mafi tsufa a cikin NBA, wanda ke da shekaru 77, ya ce "Ba na so in mutu", lokacin da aka tambaye shi game da sanya abin rufe fuska. Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayanai%20Marasa%20Tushe%20kan%20Annobar%20Covid%2019%20Daga%20Gomnatoci

Bayanai Marasa Tushe kan Annobar Covid 19 Daga Gomnatoci

A lokacin bala'in COVID-19 na duniya, mutane da yawa sun fara yada bayanan karya ko waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba. Wannan kuma ya haɗa da 'yan siyasa da sauran jami'an gwamnati daga gwamnatoci a kasashe da dama. Bayanan da ba daidai ba game da kwayar cutar sun hada da asalinta, yadda take yaduwa, da hanyoyin rigakafi da warkar da cutar . Wasu sun yi watsi da barazanar cutar, kuma sun yi maganganun karya game da matakan rigakafi, adadin mace-mace da gwaji a cikin ƙasashensu. Wasu sun ma yada COVID-19 maganin misinformation . Canje-canjen manufofin kuma ya haifar da rudani kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga yaduwar rashin fahimta. Misali, Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) da farko ta hana jama'a amfani da abin rufe fuska a farkon shekarar 2020, suna ba da shawara "Idan kuna da lafiya, kuna buƙatar sanya abin rufe fuska ne kawai idan kuna kula da mutumin da ake zargin 2019- nCoV kamuwa da cuta, "ko da yake WHO daga baya ta canza shawararsu don ƙarfafa jama'a sanya abin rufe fuskas. An zargi shugaban kasar Argentina Alberto Fernández da ministan lafiya Ginés García da yada labaran karya da suka shafi COVID-19 sau da yawa. A wata hira ta rediyo Fernández ya ba da shawarar shan ruwan dumi tunda "zafi na kashe kwayar cutar". Nazarin kimiyya ya tabbatar da cewa wannan bayanin karya ne. Fernández, yayin da yake mayar da martani ga sukar, daga baya ya ce: "Kwayar cuta ce, a cewar duk rahotannin kiwon lafiya a duniya, ta mutu a 26ºC. Argentina tana cikin yanayin yanayi inda zazzabi ya kusan 30ºC don haka zai yi wahala kwayar cutar ta tsira. ." Daga baya ya kara da cewa: “ Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta ba mu shawarar mu sha ruwan dumi tunda zafi yana kashe kwayar cutar”; duk da haka, WHO ba ta ba da shawarar hakan kwata-kwata ba. A cikin watan Yuni, a cikin wani taron manema labarai, gwamnan lardin Buenos Aires Axel Kicillof ya yi karya cewa Spain na cikin tsauraran matakan tsaro a wancan lokacin. Bayan 'yan sa'o'i kadan, ofishin jakadancin Spain a Argentina ya musanta hakan. Shugaban kasar Brazil Jair Bolsonaro ya fito fili ya yi yunkurin tilastawa gwamnatocin jihohi da na kananan hukumomi su janye matakan kebewar jama'a da suka fara ta hanyar kaddamar da wani kamfen na hana kulle-kulle mai suna " o Brasil não pode parar " (Brazil ba za ta iya tsayawa ba). Ta samu kakkausar suka daga kafafen yada labarai da jama'a, kuma alkalin kotun koli ya hana ta. Ko da bayan Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Brazil ta amince da amfani da CoronaVac da rigakafin Oxford – AstraZeneca COVID-19, Bolsonaro ya ce "wadannan allurar gwaji ne ba tare da wata shaidar kimiyya ba". Har ila yau Bolsonaro ya yi adawa da amfani da abin rufe fuska kuma ana yawan ganin sa a bainar jama'a ba tare da sanya abin rufe fuska ba. Duk da binciken da aka yi da ke nuna rashin tasirin chloroquine da hydroxychloroquine don magance COVID-19, shugaban na Brazil ya ci gaba da yin jigilar maganin a cikin sakonni da kuma gidajen yanar gizon kai tsaye a kan kafofin watsa labarun. Wasu manazarta sun lura cewa matsayin Bolsonaro ya yi kama da na tsohon shugaban Amurka Donald Trump, wanda a lokacin gwamnatinsa shi ma ya yi kokarin yin watsi da cutar sannan kuma ya tilasta wa jihohi yin watsi da nisantar da jama'a. Firayim Ministan Cambodia Hun Sen ya yi watsi da hadarin da ke tattare da kwayar cutar tare da neman jama'a da kada su sanya abin rufe fuska yayin wani taron manema labarai yayin da ake ci gaba da barkewar barkewar cutar a China. Shugaban Cuba Miguel Díaz Canel ya yi ikirarin a shafin Twitter cewa ana amfani da Interferon alfa-2b na Cuban don yin magani da kuma warkar da COVID-19 a China, yana danganta labarin da jaridar gwamnatin Granma ta rubuta . Ofishin jakadancin Sin da ke Cuba shi ma ya yi irin wannan iƙirari. Kafofin yada labarai na Latin Amurka da yawa ba da labarin, wanda kuma aka yada shi a kan kafofin watsa labarun, kuma a ƙarshe an fassara da'awar zuwa Portuguese da Faransanci. A gaskiya ma, wani kamfanin kasar Sin ne ya kera na'urar interferon, a kasar Sin, ta yin amfani da fasahar kasar Cuba, kuma tana karkashin gwaji na asibiti a kasar Sin a matsayin maganin da za a iya amfani da shi, amma ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba, kamar yadda ikirari ya nuna. Twitter ya dakatar da dubban asusun da ke da alaƙa da El Fagr, wata ƙungiyar kafofin watsa labaru da ke Masar "wanda ke karɓar umarni daga gwamnatin Masar" don "ƙarfafa saƙonnin da ke sukar Iran, Qatar da Turkiyya." A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 2020, da Istoniyanci ministan cikin gida Mart Helme ce a wani taron manema labarai gwamnati cewa kowa sanyi da aka sake masa suna a matsayin coronavirus da cewa a cikin matasa kome kamar cewa wanzu. Ya ba da shawarar sanya safa mai dumi da facin mastad da kuma yada kitsen azzakari a kirjin mutum a matsayin maganin cutar. Helme ya kuma ce kwayar cutar za ta wuce cikin 'yan kwanaki zuwa mako guda, kamar mura. Ma'aikatar AYUSH ta ba da shawarar maganin homeopathic Arsenicum album 30 a matsayin maganin rigakafi don COVID-19 . Da'awar ba tare da wani tushe na kimiyya ko hujja ba kuma an yi ta suka sosai. Yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi ta yi nasara a tsakanin al'ummar kimiyya cewa homeopathy wani ɗan ƙaramin kimiya ne, rashin ɗa'a da layin jiyya mara kyau. Karamin Ministan AYUSH Shripad Naik ya yi ikirarin cewa wani likitan Ayurveda ya warkar da Yarima Charles lokacin da ya gwada ingancin Covid-19 . Jami'an Burtaniya sun yi watsi da wannan ikirarin. Arvind Kejriwal, Babban Ministan Delhi, ya ce a cikin Mayu 2021 cewa akwai "sabon bambance-bambancen coronavirus da aka samu a Singapore" wanda "ana cewa yana da matukar hadari ga yara". Koyaya, babu wani sanannen bambancin ɗan Singapore na COVID-19; Wani rahoto na baya-bayan nan da ke tattaunawa game da barazanar COVID-19 ga yaran Singapore yana tattaunawa game da bambance-bambancen COVID-19 da aka fara gano a Indiya: B.1.617 . Yawancin shari'o'in COVID-19 na kwanan nan a cikin Singapore sun kasance na B.1.617. Kwararru irin su Gavin Smith, masanin ilimin juyin halitta a Singapore, da Chandrakanth Lahariya, masanin cututtukan dabbobi a Indiya, sun bayyana cewa sabon bambance-bambancen Singapore "ba shi yiwuwa" saboda matakin kararraki da yadawa a Singapore bai kai ga Mayu 2021 ba. Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time%20100

Time 100

Time 100 (sau da yawa akan kawata shi kamar haka TIME 100) jerengen jeri ne na fitattun mutane masu tasiri 100 a kowace shekara a duniya, wanda mujallar yada labarai ta taraiyar American Time ke tattarawa. An fara bugawa a cikin 1999 sakamakon muhawara a tsakanin masana ilimi na Amurka, 'yan siyasa, da' yan jaridu, yanzu jerin abubuwan da aka gabatar duk shekara ne. Bayyana akan jerin galibi ana ganin girmamawa ne, kuma Lokaci ya tabbatar da cewa an san masu shigo da fice don canza duniya, komai la’akari da sakamakon ayyukan su. Jerin sunayen masu fa'ida na ƙarshe waɗanda zaɓaɓɓen Lokaci ya zaɓa na musamman, tare da nadin suna fitowa ne daga tsofaffin ɗalibai na Lokaci 100 da kuma ma'aikatan marubutan ƙasa. Wanda ya lashe zaben mai karatu ne kawai, wanda aka gudanar kwanaki kafin a bayyana jerin sunayen mutane, manyan jama'a ne suka zaba. Ana gudanar da bikin tunawa da shekara-shekara a Manhattan, New York. Ka'idojin zaɓi A shekara ta 2004, Editocin Time sun gano "ababe uku mabanbanta na inganci" a lokacin da za'a zaba mutanen da za a jera.Babban edita Michael Elliott ya rubuta: Na farko, akwai wadanda suka zo matsayin su ta hanyar mallakar hannun mutane sosai; Shugaba George W. Bush shine babban misali. Sauran, duk da cewa ba a taɓa jin su ba a cikin jama'a, amma duk da haka suna da tasiri a kan manyan al'amuran zamaninmu. Tunanin Ali Husaini Sistani, da Ayatullah na Iraki ta 'yan Shi'ah . Wasu kuma suna shafan rayuwar mu ta hanyar halayensu na kirki. Ka yi la’akari da afuwar da Nelson Mandela ya yi na wadanda suka kama shi da kuma yardarsa ya yi watsi da shugabancin Afirka ta Kudu bayan wa’adi guda. Ga jerin 2007, editan manajan Richard Stengel ya fayyace cewa Lokaci 100 ya mayar da hankali ne akan manyan mutane masu rinjaye maimakon wadanda suka fi fice, ko manyan mutane, ko kuma manyan mutane. Ya ce: Tasirin da wuya a auna, kuma abin da muke nema shi ne mutanen da ra'ayoyinsu, wanda gurbi, wanda gwanintarsa, waɗanda bincikensu ya canza duniyar da muke rayuwa a ciki. Tasiri ba shi da ƙarfi game da ƙarfin ƙarfin ƙarfi fiye da taushi mai ƙarfi na tunani da misali. Ee, akwai shuwagabannin shugabanni da masu zartarwar da za su iya canza duniya ta hanyar amfani da wutar lantarki, amma mun fi sha'awar masu kirkirar kirki kamar Monty Jones, masanin kimiyyar Saliyo wanda ya bunkasa nau'in shinkafa wanda zai iya cutar da Afirka. Ko kuma jarumai kamar babban daraktan chess Garry Kasparov, wanda ke jagorantar yaƙin neman zaɓe don babban dimokiradiyya a Rasha. Ko Academy Award -winning actor George Clooney wanda ya leveraged ya celebrity kawo hankali ga bala'i a yankin Darfur . Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2004 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time100 a 2005 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2006 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2007 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2008 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a shekara ta 2009 A shekara ta 2009, wanda ya lashe zaben ta yanar gizo shine mai kafa 4chan Christopher Poole, wanda ya samu kuri'u 16,794,368. Lokaci ya yi da'awar cewa ƙungiyar su ta fasaha "sun gano kuma sun kashe ƙoƙarin da dama don ɓata ƙuri'ar". Koyaya, an nuna shi makonni kafin a kawo ƙarshen zaɓen cewa masu haɓaka suna da tasiri sosai sakamakon. Harafin farko na manyan sunayen 21 sun bayyana "marblecake kuma wasan ". Marblecake an batsa 4chan meme, kuma #marblecake shi ne sunan Internet Relay Chat tashar amfani da shi don sadarwa da wasu daga cikin mahalarta a magudi da zabe. Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a cikin 2010 A ta online gabatar, Lokaci ya gabatar da jerin kamar haka: "A cikin mu shekara-shekara Lokaci 100 batun, mun suna cikin mutanen da suka fi shafan duniya". An tsara jerin abubuwan gaba ɗaya tare da manyan jerin ƙananan :an ƙasa guda huɗu: Shugabanni, jarumawa, istsan wasa, da Tunani. Oprah Winfrey ta ci gaba da kasancewa cikin jerin abubuwanda take kasancewa cikin jerin lokuta 100, kuma tana daya daga cikin mata 31 da ke cikin jerin. Jerin ya hada sunayen mutane da yawa da ake tsammanin da kuma wasu abubuwan ban mamaki kamar su Scott Brown, wanda HuffPost ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya fara zuwa matakin farko a lokacin aikin sa. Sauran wadanda aka yi la’akari da zaben mamakin sun hada da Elton John, Ashton Kutcher, da Taylor Swift, a cewar jaridar Daily Mail . Jerin sun hada da Indiyawan 10, amma a cewar wata tashar watsa labarai a Indiya, Lokaci ya fuskanci sukar lokacin da suka kauracewa fitaccen jarumin fina-finan Bollywood Shah Rukh Khan daga cikin jerin, duk da cewa yana cikin 'tseren ". A cewar Rob Cain na Forbes, “Khan shi ne babba kuma babban abin girmamawa [a Indiya]”, kuma shahararren Khan da ke biye yana daya daga cikin mafi girma a Bollywood. Kamar wannan, wannan shawarar ta zo da mamaki ga masu karatu. Sanarwar jerin sunayen ta hanyar bikin baƙar fata ta blackan wasa a Cibiyar Gargadi ta lokaci a cikin New York City a ranar 4 ga Mayu, 2010. An buga jerin sunayen a washegari. Masu karatu na lokaci sun ba da gudummawa ga zaɓin ta hanyar jefa kuri'a na kan layi waɗanda sama da 200 suka kammala. Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2011 Time ya gabatar da jerin kamar haka: "Haɗu da mafi yawan mutane masu tasiri a duniya. Su ne masu fasaha da masu fafutuka, masu kawo canji da masu bincike, shugabannin kasashe, da shugabannin masana'antu. Tunaninsu ya haskaka tattaunawa da sabani kuma wani lokacin ma juyin juya hali. Barka da zuwa Lokaci na 100 na wannan shekara. " An yi wannan sanarwar ne tare da bikin baje kolin bakar fata a New York City a ranar 26 ga Afrilu, 2011. Wadanda aka karrama sun hada da wadanda suka halarci bikin a jerin gwanon a Jazz a cibiyar Lincoln don bikin. Masu karatu na lokaci sun ba da gudummawa ga zaɓin ta hanyar jefa kuri'a na kan layi waɗanda sama da 200 suka kammala. Jerin ya kunshi sanannun shugabanni irin su Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama da shugabar gwamnatin Jamus Angela Merkel, da kuma 'sababbin shiga' ga manema labarai na duniya. Jerin sunayen sun hada da adadi da yawa wadanda ke wakiltar lokacin bazarar Larabawa a Gabas ta Tsakiya, wadanda suka hada da 'yan tawaye, shugabannin siyasa, da kuma masu aiko da labarai. An kuma lissafa adadi na kafofin watsa labaru waɗanda basu da dangantaka da Tsarin Arab. Bugu da ƙari, Yarima William da Kate Middleton sun kasance cikin jerin sunayen yayin sati kafin bikin auren su. Jerin sunayen sun hada da Katsunobu Sakurai, magajin garin Minamisōma, Fukushima, wanda shi ne birni da girgizar kasa da tsunami ta tsunami ta shafa a shekara ta 2011 . Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2012 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a cikin 2013 Jerin mutanen da suka shiga cikin Time 100 a 2014 An bayyana a ranar 24 ga Afrilu, 2014, jerin sun nuna Beyoncé a murfin Amurka da Robert Redford, Jason Collins, da Mary Barra a cikin suttukan kasa da kasa. Jerin ya hada da mata 41, wadanda suka fi yawa a tarihin. An gudanar da bikin ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2014, a birnin New York. Daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2008, Time magazine bayar da daya daga Darko Mladenovic ta Ray crystal sculptures to kowane Lokaci 100 honoree. Swarovski ne ya samar da waɗannan zanen. Jayayya akan wadanda ba'a sanya su aciki Warewar Firayim Ministan Biritaniya na lokacin Tony Blair daga cikin jerin sunayen 2004 ya haifar da takaddama mai saukin kai. Editan editan lokaci Michael J. Elliott ya kare matakin da Blae ya dauka na cewa Blair Schröder da Jacques Chirac ba sa nan. Wannan jerin duniya ne. Babu wasu shugabannin siyasa na Yammacin Turai a kanta saboda ba su da ƙarfi ko iko a wannan lokacin ”. Kodayake George W. Bush ya kasance kan jerin mutane da yawa, amma rigima ta kunno kai lokacin da aka sauke shi daga cikin jerin a 2007 saboda nasarar Democratic a zaben majalissar na 2006 . Tsohon Sanata Rick Santorum (R – PA) na Fox News ya ce: Gaskiyar lamarin ita ce, shugaban Amurka, ban damu ba wanene a cikin waccan ofishin, shi ne ya fi kowa karfi a fuskar Duniya kuma yana da tasiri kan bangarori daban-daban na rayuwa, ba kawai a wannan kasar ba., amma a duniya. Kuma don mujallar Time don yin watsi da hakan kawai yana nuna muku yadda ake nuna son kai kuma, zan yi jayayya, suna ƙiyayya. Adi Ignatius, Time ' mataimakin manajan editan wanda jagoranci jerin a lokacin, ya bayyana cewa "wani shugaban Amurka yana da wani gina-in tasiri . . . Bush ya zazzage wasu daga waɗannan tasirin. Matsayinta game da Iraki ya kashe masa goyon baya a cikin jam’iyyarsa. . . . Zuwa wani matsayi, ya kai matsayin gurgu mai rauni " Jayayya akan wadanda ake sanyawa aciki Jerin ya kuma haifar da jayayya game da kutsawa cikin jama'a. A 2005, an yi sharhi mai sharhi Ann Coulter, wanda ya jagoranci Salon lura: Lokacin da mujallar Time mai suna Ann Coulter ta kasance cikin mutane "100 da suka fi yin fice" a makon da ya gabata, tare da manyan maganganu irin su Ariel Sharon, Bill Clinton, Nelson Mandela, Kim Jong-il, da Dalai Lama, zaɓin sun haifar da guffaws akan layi. Da yake tofa albarkacin bakinsa kan Fox News a makon da ya gabata, Editan zartarwa na Time Priscilla Painton ya nace cewa amfani da Coulter na "dariya" ya sa ta yi tasiri sosai, ta daina takaice cewa Coulter ita ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Jon Stewart . Amma hatta Bill O'Reilly na Fox ba sa sayen shi. Ya matse Painton: "Kuna ganin mutane, Amurkawa, suna sauraron Ann Coulter? Shin kuna ganin tana da tasiri a ra'ayin jama'a? " Mujallar Time ta kare Coulter a matsayin marubucin balle mai magana wanda sharhi mai jayayya ya shafi muhawara ta siyasa a cikin Coulter ta Amurka, ba ta yin ƙarin bayyanuwa a cikin jerin ba. A watan Fabrairun 2016, Lokaci ya haɗa da mawakiyar Burtaniya Evelyn Waugh a jerin "Mawallafin Mata 100 da Aka karanta a cikin Makarantun Kwaleji", suna haifar da hankalin kafofin watsa labarai da damuwa game da binciken gaskiya a cikin mujallar. Lokaci daga baya ya bayar da bita. A cikin hirar da BBC ta yi da Justin Webb, malamin Oxford din, Valentine Cunningham ya ce kuskuren "wani babban jahilci ne a bangaren mujallar Time ". Yin amfani da bincike na ilimi An ambaci Lokaci 100 a cikin bincike na ilimi da Craig Garthwaite da Tim Moore, masanan tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Maryland, College Park . Sakamakon Oprah Winfrey a wancan lokacin rike da rikodin mafi yawan lokuta akan Lokaci 100, masanan tattalin arziki sun yanke shawarar aunawa idan Winfrey yana da tasiri wanda ya isa ya yanke shawarar zaben shugaban Amurka ta hanyar nazarin tasirin Barack Obama na shugaban kasa. Masanin tattalin arziki ya rubuta kamar haka: Pages with unreviewed translations

49158

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yawon%20Bu%C9%97e%20Ido%20a%20Kamaru

Yawon Buɗe Ido a Kamaru

Yawon buɗe ido a Kamaru masana'anta ce mai girma amma ba ta da yawa. Tun daga shekarun 1970, gwamnatin Kamaru ta bunkasa masana'antar ta hanyar samar da ma'aikatar yawon buɗe ido da kuma karfafa zuba jari ta kamfanonin jiragen sama, otal-otal, da hukumomin balaguro. Gwamnati ta siffanta ƙasar a matsayin "Afirka miniature", tana haɓaka nau'ikan yanayi, al'adu, da yanayin ƙasa. Dabbobin namun daji na Kamaru suna bayyana masu safari da manyan mafarauta, kamar yadda Kamaru ke da manyan dabbobin Afirka: cheetahs, chimpanzees, giwaye, raƙuman ruwa, gorillas, hippopotami, da rhinoceroses. Abubuwan da ke kawo cikas a fannin yawon bude ido sun hada da rashin ingancin ababen hawa da kuma jami’an da ke da alaka da cin hanci da rashawa wadanda za su iya tursasa maziyartan karbar cin hanci. Ci gaba Shirye-shiryen gwamnati na kara yawan yawon bude ido a Kamaru sun fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1974 lokacin da Shugaba Ahmadou Ahidjo ya ba da umarni wanda ya kebe masana'antar yawon bude ido a gefe da suna da matsayi na musamman kuma ya kafa Janar Commissariat of Tourism. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni 1975, Ahidjo ya sake kafa hukumar a matsayin Babban Wakilin yawon bude ido, wanda manufarsa ita ce karfafa saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu ta kamfanonin jiragen sama, otal, da hukumomin balaguro. Tawagar ta buga littattafan yawon bude ido da kuma tallata Kamaru ta hanyar talla. Ahidjo da magajinsa, Paul Biya, sun ware da yawa game da gandun daji da kuma gandun daji kamar yadda za a kara yawon bude ido. Haɓaka zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, jirgin ƙasa, da hanyoyi zuwa shahararrun wuraren yawon buɗe ido ya kasance wani fifiko. Kayayyakin more rayuwa na yawon bude ido a Kamaru sun ci gaba da inganta. Kasar ta ba da otal 37 masu dakuna 599 a cikin shekarar 1960. Wannan ya haura zuwa otal 203 masu dakuna 3,229 a cikin 1976. A cikin shekarar 1980, ƙasar ta ba da ɗakunan otal 7,500. Koyaya, yawancin waɗannan ɗakunan suna cikin manyan biranen biyu, Douala da Yaoundé. A shekarar 1971, 'yan yawon bude ido 29,500 sun ziyarci Kamaru. Wannan adadin ya haura zuwa masu yawon bude ido 100,000 a shekarar 1975, da 130,000 a shekarar 1980. Yawancin masu ziyartar ƙasar sun fito ne daga Faransa, Ingila, da Kanada. Matafiya na kasuwanci sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi girman ɓangaren masu yawon bude ido na Kamaru. Masana'antar ta sami ci gaba sosai tun a shekarun 1990. Da farko dai Kamaru tana magana da Faransanci, amma larduna biyu, arewa maso yamma da lardunan Kudu maso Yamma, suna jin Ingilishi. Masu yawon bude ido na fuskantar cikas da dama a Kamaru. Ɗaukar hoto na da wahala, tun da yake ƴan ƙasar Kamaru suna yawan jin haushin baƙi daga ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukar hotunan abubuwan da baƙon ke ganin baƙon abu ko kuma na iya jefa Kamaru cikin mummunan yanayi. Gwamnati ta hana duk wani hoto na gine-gine da ma'aikatan gwamnati, filayen jirgin sama, gadoji, da kasuwanni. Ma’aikatar kula da masu yawon bude ido da jami’an kasar Kamaru ke yi ya samu kyautatuwa ganin yadda gwamnati ta jaddada matsayin yawon bude ido a matsayin hanyar samun kudaden shiga. Masu yawon bude ido sun taba fuskantar dogon bincike mai zurfi a lokacin da suka isa kasar, amma wannan ya zama mai wuya. Har ila yau, 'yan sanda ko masu garkuwa da mutane a wasu lokuta suna zargin 'yan yawon bude ido na kasashen waje da yin leken asiri ko gudanar da ayyukan sojan haya. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga masu yawon bude ido waɗanda ke ziyartar wuraren da ke kan manyan hanyoyin yawon buɗe ido ko waɗanda suka zaɓi wurin zama mai arha ko jigilar jama'a (misali, ƙananan bas) a kan manyan otal-otal da motocin haya. 'Yan sanda da masu garkuwa da mutane a shingen hanya na iya musgunawa baƙi na kasashen waje don cin hanci. Wuraren yawon bude ido Gwamnatin Kamaru tana tallata kasar a matsayin "Afirka a cikin miniature", tana mai tabbatar da cewa kasar tana ba da dukkan nau'ikan nau'ikan Afirka a yanayi, al'adu, da yanayin kasa a cikin iyakokinta. Sauran kalmomin yawon buɗe ido a wasu lokuta ana amfani da su sun haɗa da "melting pot Afirka" da "Afirka a cikin microcosm". Wuraren yawon buɗe ido na Kamaru suna cikin yankuna guda huɗu: bakin teku, manyan biranen, tsaunukan yamma, da arewa. Bakin tekun yana ba da manyan garuruwan shakatawa na bakin teku guda biyu: Limbe yana magana da Ingilishi tare da baki, yashi mai aman wuta; kuma Kribi birni ne na masu magana da yaren Faransanci mai rairayin bakin teku masu farin-yashi. Dutsen Kamaru da ke bakin teku shi ne dutse mafi tsayi a Afirka ta Tsakiya da Yammacin Afirka kuma ya jawo masu tafiya da masu hawa. Wurin tashi don hawan Dutsen Kamaru shine birnin Buea, inda za a iya hayar jagorori da hayar kayan aiki. Akwai bukkoki da dama masu rufin kwano don masu tuƙi da kwana a lokacin hawan dutsen. Yaoundé gida ne ga yawancin abubuwan tarihi na ƙasar Kamaru. Hakanan yana da gidajen tarihi da yawa. Tsaunukan Yamma suna ba da kyan gani na tsaunuka, magudanan ruwa da tafkuna, kuma tsayin daka yana ba da yanayi mai sanyi. Bamenda shi ne babban birni a tsaunukan yamma, kuma shi ne babban birnin lardin Arewa maso Yamma. An san wannan yanki da al'adu da sana'o'in gargajiya. Birnin Bafoussam ya shahara musamman saboda al'adun sassaka itace da kayan tarihi. Hasali ma, yankin yana samar da sana’o’in hannu fiye da kowane a Kamaru. Yamma kuma gida ne ga sarakunan gargajiya da abubuwan sha'awa, irin su Sultanate na Foumban. Kowane sarki yawanci yana da fadarsa ko fili wanda baƙi za su iya ziyarta don kuɗi. Arewacin Kamaru shine farkon zanen yawon bude ido na kasar. Yankin yana da wuraren ajiyar namun daji da yawa, gami da mafi girma kuma mafi kyawun gudu a Yammacin Afirka, Waza National Park. Waɗannan wuraren shakatawa suna ba da kallon dabbobi da Big-game hunting. Dabbobi a wannan yanki sun hada da cheetahs, giwaye, rakumi, hippopotami, da karkanda. Maroua yana ba da babbar kasuwar sana'a da gidajen tarihi. Lardunan Adamawa, Gabas, da Kudu suna ba da wani sabon salo na faɗaɗa masana'antar yawon buɗe ido, amma rashin kyawun yanayin sufuri ya sa masana'antar ƙaranci a waɗannan yankuna. Gandun daji a kudanci suna da ƙananan kayan aikin yawon buɗe ido, amma baƙi a wurin suna iya ganin chimpanzees, giwaye, gorilla, da sauran dabbobin daji. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ofishin yawon bude ido na Kamaru a Arewacin Amurka

30599

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce%20Bamford-Addo

Joyce Bamford-Addo

Joyce Adeline Bamford-Addo, (an haife ta a ranar 26 Maris 1937). Barista kuma alkaliya ce 'yar Ghana wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Ghana daga 2009 zuwa 2013. Matsayin shugaban majalisar ita ce ta uku mafi mahimmanci a Ghana. A baya ta kasance mai shari'a a kotun kolin Ghana. Bayan naɗa ta a bencin kotun koli, ta zama mace ta farko da ta zama mai shari'a a kotun kolin Ghana. Ta yi aiki a wannan rawar daga 1991 zuwa 2004 lokacin da ta yi ritaya. Haka kuma ita ce mace ta farko da ta taɓa zama shugabar majalisa a irin wannan matsayi a yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|yammacin Afirka.] Yaƙin neman zaɓenta na ƙarfafa mata an nuna shi a yawancin tarurruka da bita a gida da waje. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Joyce Bamford-Addo a cikin 1937 ga mahaifin Ingila da mahaifiyar Ghana daga Aburi, Joyce Bamford-Addo ta halarci Makarantar kwana ta St. Mary's Boarding of Our Lady of Apostles (OLA) Boarding School, tare da 'yar uwarta Cynthia, a Cape Coast don karatun farko. Daga baya ta halarci makarantar Holy Child, kuma a Cape Coast don karatun sakandarenta. Ta tafi kasar Ingila domin samun horon shari'a. Ta shiga Haikali na ciki don horarwa a ƙarƙashin tsarin horarwa da aka sani da Inns of court kuma an kira ta zuwa Bar na Ingilishi a cikin 1961. Sabis na shari'a Bamford-Addo ta koma Ghana bayan ta yi aiki a Burtaniya tsawon shekara guda. An kira ta zuwa Bar na Ghana a shekarar 1962. Ta fara aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Lauyan Jiha a shekarar 1963 kuma ta samu karin girma zuwa Lauyan Jiha, sannan ta kara masa girma zuwa Babbar Lauyan Jiha kafin ta zama Babban Lauyan Jiha. Ta tashi ta zama Babban Lauyan Jiha a shekarar 1973. An naɗa ta Daraktar kararrakin jama’a a shekarar 1976, inda ta rike na tsawon shekaru 10. Alkalin kotun kolin Ghana Jerry Rawlings kuma ya naɗa ta a matsayin Alkaliyar Kotun Koli a shekara ta 1991, inda ta zama mace ta farko mai shari'a a Kotun Koli ta Ghana.. Bayan ta yi aikin gwamnati na shekaru da yawa, ta yi ritaya da son rai daga Kotun Koli a watan Oktoba 2004. An yi zargin cewa ta yi ritaya ne saboda lokacin da aka yi watsi da ita ga karamar ta, Mai Shari’a George Kingsley Acquah, a naɗin Alkalin Alkalai. A cikin shekarar 1991, a lokacin ƙarshen mulkin Majalisar Tsaro ta ƙasa (PNDC), Bamford-Addo ta zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar ba da shawara ta Ghana na biyu, wanda aka kafa don tsara abin da ya zama kundin tsarin mulkin shekarar 1992. Kakakin Majalisa Bayan zaɓen shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisu na shekarar 2008, an zabe ta ba tare da hamayya ba a matsayin shugabar majalisar dokoki ta hudu ta jamhuriya ta hudu ta Ghana wacce ta karbi ragamar mulki daga hannun Ebenezer Sekyi-Hughes, wadda ta kasance mace ta farko da ta hau wannan matsayi, kuma mace ta biyu da ta zama shugabar wani ɓangare na gwamnati bayan an nada Georgina Theodora Wood shugabar alkalan kotun kolin Ghana. Zaben ya kuma sa ta zama mace mafi girma a tarihin siyasar Ghana inda ta wuce Georgina Theodora Woods. Ta shahara a duk faɗin Afirka da ma duniya baki ɗaya tare da sauran masu magana mata kamar Betty Boothroyd a Burtaniya da Nancy Pelosi ta Amurka a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi magana a ƙasashensu. Kyaututtuka da karramawa Cibiyar nazarin tarihin rayuwar Amurka ta ba Bamford-Addo lambar yabo ce mafi kyawun mace a wannan shekara a cikin 2000 saboda himma da himma da himma ga al'amuran mata da karfafa mata. Ana la'akari da ita a matsayin mace mai bin doka da doka a Ghana kuma abin kwazo da abin koyi gabaɗaya ga matan Ghana. Kungiyar ‘yan kasuwan mata ta Ghana (GAWE) ce ta karrama ta a taron baje kolin kasuwanci na mata ‘yan kasuwa da saka hannun jari a Global Women Entrepreneur Business Fair a Accra a 2011 tare da sauran mata na farko a Ghana mai rike da mukamai mai shari'a Georgina Theodora Wood, mace ta farko mai shari'a, Anna Bossman, mace ta farko mai rikon mukamin kwamishiniyar hukumar kare hakkin bil'adama da adalci (CHRAJ) da Elizabeth Mills-Robertson, mace ta farko mai rikon mukamin Sufeto Janar na 'Yan sanda (IGP). A cikin Oktoba 2011, Shugaba John Evans Atta Mills ya karrama ta tare da Abokin Order of Volta, mafi girma a cikin lambar yabo ta Volta, don jin daɗin hidimar da ta yi wa Ghana. Rayuwa ta sirri Bamford-Addo Kirista ce mai ibada kuma tana bauta a matsayin Roman Katolika. Duba kuma Speaker of the Parliament of Ghana List of judges of the Supreme Court of Ghana Supreme Court of Ghana Hanyoyin haɗin waje Profile on Parliament of Ghana website Haifaffun 1937 Rayayyun mutane Mutane daga Accra Ɗalibar Holy Child High School, Ghana

53403

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatoumata%20Diawara

Fatoumata Diawara

Fatoumata Diawara Bambara, An haife ta a shekara ta 1982) mawaki ne kuma marubuci ɗan ƙasar Mali a halin yanzu zaune a Faransa. Diawara ta fara aikinta a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo a wasan kwaikwayo da kuma a cikin fim, ciki har da , Sia, The Dream of the Python da . Daga baya ta ƙaddamar da sana'a a cikin kiɗa, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu fasaha da yawa tare da fitar da kundi guda uku da suka fara da na farko a 2011. Waƙar Diawara ta haɗa Wassoulou na al'ada da salon duniya. Rayuwar farko An haifi Diawara a shekara ta 1982 a ƙasar Ivory Coast ga iyayen ƙasar Mali. Tun tana matashiya, an mayar da ita ƙasarsu ta Bamako a ƙasar Mali don wata inna ta rene ta. Lokacin da ta kai shekaru goma sha takwas, Diawara ta koma Faransa don ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo. A takaice dai ta koma kasar Mali domin yin aikin fim, amma ta koma Paris don gudun kada danginta su yi mata Fim da wasan kwaikwayo Bayan ya koma Faransa, Diawara ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Cheick Oumar Sissoko na shekarar 1999, Fim ɗin Dani Kouyaté na shekarar 2001 Shahararren Fim ɗin Sia, le rêve du python, da kuma cikin shahararriyar ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta titi Royal de Luxe . Ta kuma taka rawar gani a mawakan Kirikou et Karaba . A lokaci guda tare da neman aikinta na kiɗa, Diawara ta ci gaba da ayyukanta na cinematic, tare da ayyuka masu yawa, bayyanuwa, da shigarwar kiɗa a cikin fina-finai masu yawa, ciki har da a cikin Timbuktu, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta César bakwai da lambar yabo ta Academy Award a shekarar 2014. Aikin kiɗa Diawara ta ɗauki Jita ta fara tsara kayanta, inda kuma ta rubuta waƙoƙin da ke haɗa al'adun Wassoulou na kudancin Mali tare da tasirin duniya. Ta ce ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara wasan guitar guitar solo a Mali. Diawara ta yi rikodin tare da tauraruwar Mali da na duniya kamar Cheick Tidiane Seck, Oumou Sangaré, AfroCubism, Dee Dee Bridgewater (a kan Red Earth: A Malian Journey ), da kuma Orchester Poly Rythmo de Cotonou . An saki EP Kanou ranar 9 ga Mayu, shekarar 2011. Ta rubuta kowace waƙa a cikin kundinta na farko Fatou daga Records na Duniya wanda aka saki a cikin Satumba shekarar 2011. ( Nonesuch Records ta fitar da Kanou EP a dijital a Arewacin Amurka a ranar 27 ga Satumba, shekarar 2011, da albam din Fatou a ranar 28 ga Agusta, shekarar 2012. ) A cikin Satumba shekarar 2012, Diawara ta kasance a cikin yakin da ake kira "Wakoki 30 / Kwanaki 30" don tallafawa Half Sky, aikin watsa labarai na dandamali da yawa wanda Nicholas Kristof da Sheryl WuDunn suka rubuta. Satumba shekarar 2012 kuma ta gan ta a cikin Jirgin Jirgin Afirka Express tare da Damon Albarn, Rokia Traoré, Baaba Maal, Amadou &amp; Mariam, Nicolas Jaar, da Noisettes, da sauransu da yawa. Nunin ya ƙare a wurin 4.5k a Kings Cross inda Fatoumata ta yi tare da Paul McCartney . Diawara ta shafe ƴan shekarun nan tana yawo a duniya, tare da rawar gani ga jama'a masu jin Turanci a bikin Glastonbury na shekarar 2013. Tare da yawancin gigs na Turai, jadawalinta ya kai ta Kudancin Amurka, Asiya da Ostiraliya, da kuma tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa Amurka, inda a cikin Satumba 2013 ta yi wani ɓangare na Shirin Duniya na Clinton tare da Tushen a New York. . Tun tsakiyar shekarar 2014 ta haɗu tare da Roberto Fonseca, tare da wasan kwaikwayo masu yawa da kuma kundin rayuwa na haɗin gwiwa, A Gida - Live a Marciac, tare da hanya. A cikin shekarar 2014 ta kuma yi tare da Mayra Andrade da Omara Portuondo . Fabrairu a shekarar 2015 ta ga wasan kwaikwayonta na farko kai tsaye a matsayin tauraruwar duniya da aka kafa a Mali, ƙasarta ta haihuwa, Festival sur le Niger a Ségou, inda ta sake raba dandalin tare da abokinta kuma mai ba da shawara, Oumou Sangaré.Bassekou Kouyate ayyukan gida na Mali da yawa. An nuna Diawara a cikin shekarar 2020 Gorillaz guda ɗaya " Désolé ", wanda daga baya ya bayyana akan kundinsu Song Machine, Season One: Strange Timez . Ta yi wasan kwaikwayo na Tiny Desk a cikin Fabrairu shekarar 2022. Daga baya waccan shekarar, ta buga kundi Maliba, wanda aka kirkira a matsayin sautin sauti don aikin Google Arts da Al'adu don tantance rubutun da aka gudanar a Timbuktu . The Economist ya kwatanta kundin a matsayin "aiki mai ban al'ajabi na kiyaye al'adu daga ɗaya daga cikin manyan sunaye a cikin kiɗan Afirka na zamani". An gane ta don "murya mai daɗi," Diawara tana rera waƙa da farko a cikin Bambara, yaren ƙasar Mali, kuma ya gina al'adar "waƙoƙin nasiha" daga al'adun yankin kakaninta Wassoulou . A cikin wakokinta, Diawara ta yi tsokaci kan batutuwa kamar radadin hijira; bukatar mutunta juna; gwagwarmayar matan Afirka; rayuwa a karkashin tsarin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na addini, da kuma aikin kaciyar mata . Wata waka da ta ba da misali da yadda ta mayar da hankali kan wadannan batutuwa ita ce "Mali-ko (Peace/La Paix)", waka da bidiyo na tsawon mintuna bakwai da ke sukar mamayar da 'yan tsagera suka yi wa Arewacin Mali tare da yin kira ga hadin kai don kawar da bacin rai ga tsirarun Abzinawa wadanda wasu ke zargi. domin tunkarar kutsen. Diawara ya ce game da waƙar, "" Ina buƙatar yin kururuwa da wannan waƙar, 'Tashi! Muna rasa Mali! Muna rasa al'adunmu, al'adunmu, asalinmu, tushenmu! ' . Ganewa da kyaututtuka Ta karɓi nadi biyu a lambar yabo na Grammy Annual na 61st na Kyautar Kundin Kiɗa na Duniya don kundinta na Fenfo da Mafi kyawun Rikodin Rawa na "Ultimatum" wanda a ciki aka nuna ta tare da ƙungiyar Ingilishi ta Bayyana . 1996: Taafe Fanga na Adama Drabo 1999: La Genèse na Cheick Oumar Sissoko : Dina 2002: Sia, le rêve du python na Dani Kouyaté : Sia 2008: Il va pleuvoir sur Conakry, na Cheick Fantamady Camara: Siré 2010: Ƙarfafawa, ta Eleonora Campanella 2010: Ni Brune ni blonde, na Abderrahmane Sissako 2011: Les Contes de la Nuit, na Michel Ocelot (murya) 2013: The Africa Express, na Renaud Barret da Florent de La Tulle: Kanta 2014: Timbuktu (Le chagrin des oiseaux), na Abderrahmane Sissako 2015: Morbayassa, na Cheick Fantamady Camara: Bella 2016: Mali Blues, na Lutz Gregor: Kanta 2019: Yao, na Philippe Godeau: Gloria Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo 1998: Antigone ta Sophocles ; wanda Jean-Louis Sagot Duvauroux ya daidaita, samar da Sotiguy Kouyaté 2002-2008: Royal de Luxe ; mahaliccin Jean-Luc Courcoult 2007–2008: Kirikou et Karaba : Karaba 2011: Fatou ( World Circuit / Nonesuch ) 2015: A Gida - Rayuwa a Marciac, Fatoumata Diawara & Roberto Fonseca ( Jazz Village ) 2018: Fenfo (Abin da za a Ce) ( Wagram Music / Shanachie Records ) 2022: Maliba ("Mali Magic" Soundtrack on Google Arts and Culture) (3ème Bureau/Wagram Music) 2023: London Ko (3ème Bureau/Wagram Music) Singles da EPs 2011: Kanou EP (World Circuit/Nonesuch) Haɗin kai 2009: An nuna a cikin kundin Léman na Blick Bassy 2010: Haɗin gwiwa da nunawa a cikin kundin Debademba na Debademba 2010: An nuna a cikin Imagine Project ta Herbie Hancock 2010: An fito da shi a cikin kundi na Jamm na Cheikh Lô 2010: An nuna a cikin waƙar "N'fletoun" daga kundin Djekpa La You na Dobet Gnahoré 2011: An nuna a cikin waƙar "C'est lui ou c'est moi" daga kundin Cotonou Club na Orchester Poly-Rythmo de Cotonou 2012: An nuna a cikin Roket Juice &amp; Moon ( Gaskiya Jon's - Album) 2012: An nuna a cikin waƙar "Bibissa" daga kundin Yo na Roberto Fonseca 2012: An nuna a cikin waƙar "Nothin' Can Ajiye Ya" daga kundi The Bravest Man In the Universe by Bobby Womack 2013: An nuna shi a cikin waƙar "Surma" daga kundin zane na Habasha na Mulatu Astatke 2014: Haɗin gwiwa kuma an nuna shi a cikin waƙar "Timbuktu Fasso" daga sautin Timbuktu ta Amine Bouhafa 2014: An nuna shi a cikin waƙar "Dukkan yana haɗuwa" ta Walter Hus daga sautin sauti don nuna fim N - Madness of Reason by Peter Krüger 2018: An nuna a cikin waƙar "Ultimatum" ta Bayyanawa 2019: An nuna a cikin waƙar "Kamaru" ta Bonaparte (mawaƙi) 2020: An nuna a cikin waƙar " Désolé " ta Gorillaz 2020: An nuna a cikin waƙar " Douha (Mali Mali) " ta Bayyanawa 2022: An nuna a cikin waƙar 'Tama' tare da Barbara Pravi Tare da Les Balayeurs du desert Ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa tare da Royal de Luxe ; An buga wakokin da dama a matsayin rakiyar wasan kwaikwayo na 'kattai na marionettes' na Royal de Luxe a duk faɗin duniya. 2005: Jules Verne Impact na Les Balayeurs du desert (apast – Album) ( Y Danse, Hamleti . . . ) 2007: La Pequeña na Les Balayeurs du desert (Atelier de l'événement – Album) (tare da farkon sigar Salimata ) Hira da Fatoumata Diawara yayin rangadin 2022 a Zaragoza. Spain Fatoumata Diawara: "Kida na hade ne da tushena wanda aka fassara daga hangen nesa na" Hanyoyin haɗi na waje BBC Radio 3 - World Routes, November 13, 2010, accessed June 8, 2011. "Field Report: Festival Sur le Niger 2015" by Tom Pryor , accessed November 11, 2015. Chabasseur, Eglantine. "Fatoumata Diawara Reinvented", RFI musique, April 8, 2009, accessed June 8, 2011. Cummings, Tim. “Oumou Sangare, Barbican Hall, London”, The Independent, April 28, 2009, accessed June 8, 2011. Denselow, Robin. "Orchestre Poly-Rythmo: Cotonou Club", The Guardian, March 24, 2011, accessed June 8, 2011. Forgan, Kat. "Staff Brenda Bilili". Songlines, July 2011, pp. 104–105. Phillips, Glyn. "AfroCubism", WorldMusic.co.uk, accessed June 8, 2011. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1982 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50318

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuela%20Dviri

Manuela Dviri

Manuela Dviri, (an haife ta a Vitali Norsa (Padova, sha uku ga juneru shekara ta dubu daya da dari ta da arba'in da tara), Tarihin Rayuwar ta Bayan ta tashi daga Padua zuwa Tel Aviv a Isra'ila a 1968, ta auri 'dan Isra'ila. Ta kammala karatun digiri a Jami'ar Bar-Ilan da digiri a cikin adabin Ingilishi da Faransanci kuma ta fara aikinta na ƙwararru a matsayin Malama a manyan makarantu, daga baya kuma, a cibiyar kula da yara masu tabin hankali. Daga baya ta yi aiki a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann a fannin huldar kasa da kasa. A ranar ashirin da shida ga Fabrairun a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas ne aka kashe danta Yonathan wanda ke aiki a cikin sojojin Isra'ila a wani rikici da kungiyar Hizbullah . A gare shi Manuela Dviri ta sadaukar da wasan kwaikwayon Ƙasar madara da zuma (shabbat), wanda Ottavia Piccolo ya shirya kuma Silvano Piccardi ya jagoranta. A yau ita 'yar jarida ce kuma marubuci kuma rayuwa ta raba tsakanin Italiya da Isra'ila. Yakin Labanon da Kamfen na "Uwa Hudu". Yayin da ake ci gaba da fama da rikici a kasar Labanon, a cikin makon makoki na mutuwar danta Yonathan (ashirin da shida ga Fabrairu, shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da takwas), Manuela Dviri ta nuna rashin amincewarta da manufofin gwamnati tare da gabatar da kalamanta na farko kan rashin amfani da wauta na yakin da aka gudanar. a wajen iyakokin kasar ta hanyar buga wasiku masu zafi guda uku na zanga-zangar da aka aika wa Firayim Minista na lokacin Benjamin Netanyahu . Bayan wasu 'yan watanni ya bar aikinsa a Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Weizmann don sadaukar da kansa gaba daya ga yakin neman zabe na rayuwa da kuma yaki da yaki, inda ya yi kira a bainar jama'a da a janye sojojin Isra'ila daga yankin Lebanon. Yaƙin neman zaɓe, wanda ake tunawa a Isra'ila a matsayin na "Uwar Uwa huɗu", ya ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban na zanga-zangar, ciki har da zaman kwanaki goma sha biyar a gaban gidan shugaban Isra'ila Ezer Weizman . Yakin da ake yi a kasar Lebanon ya samu nasara. A cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in, Ehud Barak, shugaban 'yan adawa, ya bayyana cewa, idan aka zabe shi, zai janye sojojin Isra'ila daga Lebanon, wanda zai yi a shekara mai zuwa. Waɗannan shekaru ne da ta shahara a cikin Isra’ila har ta kai ga shahararriyar jaridar Yediot Aharonot ta ba da rahotonta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 da suka yi fice a tarihin ƙasar Isra’ila. Ayyukan aikin jarida Bayan abubuwan da suka faru a Lebanon, Manuela Dviri ta fara aiki mai tsanani a matsayin ɗan jarida da marubuci. Ya rubuta don littattafan Isra'ila Maariv, Yediot Aharonot da Haaretz . A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu ya buga (a cikin Ibrananci) littafin labarun Beizà shel shokolad ( The cakulan kwai ) da labaru da wakoki a cikin tarin daban-daban. A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da daya ya fara haɗin gwiwa tare da Corriere della Sera inda ya buga "Diary daga Tel Aviv" kuma a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu tare da Vanity Fair wanda ya buga tambayoyi, labaru, rahotanni daga Isra'ila da kuma bayan . A cikin 2009 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin 'yan jaridar Italiya sittin da Mariano Sabatini ya yi hira da shi don buga Ci metto la firma! Rikicin Shahararrun 'Yan Jarida . Daga Rayuwa a Ƙasar Madara da Ruwan Zuma zuwa Duniya Ba tare da Mu ba Ayyukanta a filin wasan kwaikwayo ta fara a 2002, lokacin da ya sadu da Ottavia Piccolo da Silvano Piccardi . A buƙatarsu, tare da haɗin gwiwar Silvano Piccardi, ta rubuta wani wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Ƙasar madara da zuma, inda wata Bayahudiya Isra'ila ta yi magana kuma ta sha wahala tare da abokanta na Falasdinu kuma ta tuna da fatalwowi na baya. An samar da ƙasar madara da zuma daga 2003 zuwa 2005 ta La Contemporanea tare da fassarar Ottavia Piccolo tare da Enzo Curcuru da Silvano Piccardi ya jagoranci, tare da nasara tare da masu sauraro da masu sukar. A cikin 2004 an buga rayuwa a ƙasar madara da zuma, wani littafin mawaƙa wanda ya tattara, ban da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, da kuma shaidarsa na sirri da na ƴan uwansa masu fafutuka, Italiyanci da Isra'ilawa. A cikin 2003, an tattara labaran da ke cikin "Diary daga Tel Aviv" na Corriere della Sera a cikin littafin Yaƙi a Idanunku . A cikin 2009 an haɗa wasu rubutun nasa a cikin shirin da RAI Trade Diari del Novecento ya rarraba. Daga 2013 zuwa 2015 ya yi aiki a kan rubuta littafin A duniya ba tare da mu, wanda aka buga a Italiya a ranar 13 ga Janairu 2015 ta gidan buga littattafai na Piemme tare da gabatarwar Gad Lerner kuma an sake gyara shi a cikin 2017 tare da Mondadori . Bayan bincike mai zurfi a cikin ma'ajiyar tarihin iyalan Yahudawa a Turai da Isra'ila, kundin ya ba da labarin da ba a buga ba kuma na ban mamaki na Yahudawan Italiya a shekarun Shoa. "Saving Children" da sauran ayyukan jin kai Ayyukansa na zaman lafiya, wanda ba a taɓa katsewa ba, ya haɗa da, bayan janyewar daga Lebanon da farkon Intifada, da yawa shirye-shirye na aiki da ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da Palasdinawa. Ƙirƙirar ayyuka daban-daban na tsaka-tsaki (Isra'ila-Falasdinawa), wanda mafi mahimmanci shine "Ceto Yara" aikin da ke kula da yara Falasdinawa marasa lafiya waɗanda ba za a iya ba da su ba, saboda rashin kuɗi ko tsari, ta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Falasdinu. An fara shi a cikin Nuwamba shekara ta dubu biyu da uku, "Ceto Yara" shine sakamakon haɗin gwiwa tare da "Cibiyar Aminci ta Peres" tare da kungiyoyin likitocin Isra'ila da Falasdinu, likitocin Isra'ila da Falasdinu da kuma godiya ga gagarumin taimakon kuɗi na Italiyanci (wanda ya fito daga yankunan Italiyanci . ). Aikin ya yi nasarar kula da kula da yara Falasdinawa 10,000 ya zuwa yanzu, a asibitoci daban-daban na Isra'ila guda hudu . Manuela Dviri kuma ita ce mai tallata layin kayan ado na Isra'ila/Falasdinawa "Shalom Banot" (a cikin Ibrananci) ko "Salam Banat" (a cikin Larabci), ma'ana "aminci tsakanin mata" wanda matan Isra'ila ke kera riga tare da haɗin gwiwar matan Palasdinawa waɗanda suke. yi musu sutura. An sayar da riguna a Isra'ila, a cikin shagunan abokin tarayya na Isra'ila "Comme il faut", tare da babban nasara. A ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, 2014, yana cikin tawagar Isra'ila a taron zaman lafiya da aka gudanar a fadar Vatican tsakanin Paparoma Francis, Patriarch Bartholomew na Konstantinoful da shugabannin Falasdinu da Isra'ila Abu Mazen da Shimon Peres.

22062

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica%20Hellmann

Jessica Hellmann

Jessica Hellmann wata farfesa ce a fannin Ilimin Lafiyar Qasa da kuma darakta a Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli a Jami'ar Minnesota . An yarda da ita a matsayin "ɗayan manyan masu bincike kan al'adun duniya da sauyin yanayi". Hellmann ta kasance daya daga cikin na farko da ya gano cewa rayuwa tare da canjin yanayi "yana da matukar mahimmanci ga makomar bil'adama da kuma halittun duniya kamar yadda suke tafiyar hawainiya da dakatar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli". Lab nata yana amfani da tsarin lissafi, dabarun tsarin halittar mutum don gano tasirin canjin yanayi akan yanayin halittu da halittu. Jessica Hellmann kuma tana da mata, Larry LaTarte da 'ya mace, Ada LaTarte . Rayuwar farko da ilimi Hellmann asalinta Ba'indiyace da Detroit ne, Michigan . Hellmann ta ce ta zabi aiki ne a fannin ilimin halittu bayan ilham daga sansanin sararin samaniya, gonar kakanta da mahaifinta wanda ya yi aikin injiniyan injiniya a kamfanin General Motors . Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin ilmin halittu a jami’ar Michigan a shekara ta 1996. Ta yi karatun digiri na uku a fannin Biology daga Stanford . Mai ba ta shawara a fannin digirgir, kuma abar koyi, ita ce Paul R. Ehrlich . Ta kuma kasance abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Cibiyar Tsaro da Hadin Kai ta Duniya, inda ta yi iƙirarin cewa mahalli wani muhimmin ɓangare ne na tsaro. A Jami'ar Stanford, tana daga cikin Leopold Leadership Program . Hellmann ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin abokiyar karatun digiri na biyu a Sashen Nazarin dabbobi a Jami'ar British Columbia . Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Notre Dame a shekara ta 2003, inda ta yi aiki a matsayin memba a Sashen Kimiyyar Halittu. Ta karɓi Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation a shekara ta 2006. Ta yi bincike kan tasirin asarar muhalli da rarrabuwa kan rarraba kwari da shuke-shuke da suke karbar su. Ta mai da hankali kan nau'ikan itacen oak na Garry, da yadda za su iya yaɗuwa a cikin wani yanayi na gaba. Ta kafa ƙaramin dalibi na Notre Dame shine ci gaba. A cikin shekara ta 2011 an ba ta lambar zama ta zama daga Jami'ar Notre Dame Institute for Advanced Study. A shekara ta 2012, ta wallafa littafin "Inganta Karbuwa A Cikin Garin Chicago". Ta gabatar da Lakca ta shekara ta 2012 Reilly Forum, "Gyara duk duniya: abin da dan Adam zai iya kuma ya kamata ya yi don taimakawa yanayi rayuwa da ci gaba ta hanyar canjin yanayi". A cikin shekara ta 2013, Hellmann ta taimaka wa Cibiyar Haɓakawa ta Duniya ta ƙaura zuwa Jami'ar Notre Dame . A shekara ta 2015, ta zama Daraktan Bincike na shirin Notre Dame Global Adaptation Initiative (ND-GAIN), wanda ke auna barazanar kasada da kuma shiri don daidaitawa da barazanar yanayi ga kasashen duniya. Ta damu matuka game da yi mata lakabi da "mutumin malam buɗe ido", yayin da take nazarin su sosai a matsayin wakilcin yadda canjin yanayi ke shafar kwari gaba ɗaya. An bayyana ta a matsayin "murya mai tasiri game da sauyin yanayi da yanayin". A shekara ta 2015, Hellmann ta shiga Jami'ar Minnesota a matsayin darektan Cibiyar kan Muhalli ., inda ta gabatar da wani muhimmin jawabi, "Shin za mu iya tseratar da halittu masu yawa daga canjin yanayi?" Ita ce kuma Russell M. da Elizabeth M. Bennett Kujera a Kwarewa a Sashen Ilimin Lafiyar Jama'a, Juyin Halitta da Halayya. Ta buga littafinta na biyu, "A Review Of The Landscape Conservation Cooperatives " a shekara ta 2016. Ita ce mataimakiyar shugaban Hukumar Kula da Ruwa ta Jami'ar Minnesota. Ta ci gaba da haɗin gwiwa tare da ND-GAIN a matsayinta na babban memba mai bincike da kuma ba da shawara ga wasu masu bincike na ND-GAIN. Ta rinjayi gwamnatoci da hukumomi, tana ƙarfafa su don saka hannun jari ta hanyar sauyin yanayi . A cikin 2013 da 2014 ta yi rubuce-rubuce tare da theimar Canjin Yanayi ta Nationalasa. Tana cikin Kwamitin Daraktoci na Babban Filin Jirgin Sama, Majalisar Shawara kan Kimiyyar Kimiyyar Muhalli da Cibiyar Manufa da kuma kwamiti mai mulki na Tsarin Sararin Samaniya. Ta ba da gudummawa ga CNN, NPR, Fox News, The Telegraph da kuma Chicago Tribune . Ta rubuta don Tattaunawa (gidan yanar gizo) . A cikin 2017 an sanar da ita a matsayin Americanungiyar (asar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyyar Leshner Fellow. Hellman yana ba da gudummawa a kai a kai ga mujallolin kimiyya masu zuwa: Ci gaba na Makarantun Kimiyya na Kasa, Frontiers a cikin Lafiyar Qasa da Muhalli, BioScience da KASHE DAYA . Tana aiki a kwamitin edita na mujallar Aikace-aikacen Juyin Halitta kuma babban edita ce tare da Conservation Biology da Elementa. Ta hidima a kwamitoci domin th e Muhalli Society of America, cikin College Board, da kuma National Academy of Sciences . Ayyukan da aka zaɓa Wannan Abubuwan masu zuwa shahararrun labarai ne waɗanda Hellman ya rubuta sune kamar haka: 2019: "Zaɓaɓɓu amma ƙasashe daban-daban suna rage raunin yanayi da hayaƙin CO2" 2018: "Tallafi biyar na kudi don farfado da Yankin Yankin Tekun Mexico da Missasashen Basin Mississippi" 2018: "An bayyana motsin yanki mai matsakaiciyar matsakaiciyar yanayi tare da kwayoyin halittar mutum, tarin kayan tarihin, da kuma samfurin kwaikwaiyo" 2018: "Kwatanta tsarin tafiyar da mutane da ba mutane ba a karkashin canjin yanayi." 2017: "Misalan rarrabuwar kawuna a duk fadin kasa da yanayin halittar gado na wani yanki mai hade da malam buɗe ido wanda ke da alaƙa da yanayin ɗan tudu" 2017: "Al'umma sun shirya tsaf don wani sabon nau'in ilimin kimiyya - shine makarantar koyon ilimi?" 2016: "Canjin Yanayi a Yankin Birane: Cigaba, Ma'auni da Samun Natsuwa." 2016: "Rufi mai sanyi da sanyi don rage tasirin tsibirin zafi a cikin biranen Chicago: kimantawa tare da yanayin yanayin yanki" 2015: "Fahimta daga ilimin kimiyyar halittu na al'umma game da rawar da sakin makiya yake haifar da nasarar mamayewa: mahimmancin tasirin makiya na asali" 2013: "Ta amfani da taimakon mulkin mallaka don kiyaye halittu da kuma dawo da yanayin halittu karkashin canjin yanayi" 2011: "Sa hannun dan adam a gaba cikin halittu da muhimmiyar rawar halittar juyin halitta" Rayayyun mutane Masana Ilimi Mata Marubuta Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin ɗan adam Pages with unreviewed translations

36754

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos%E2%80%93Kano%20Standard%20Gauge%20Railway

Lagos–Kano Standard Gauge Railway

Titin jirgin kasa daga Legas zuwa Kano mai nisan daidaitaccen layin dogo ne da ake ginawa a Najeriya. Da zarar an kammala aikin layin dogo zai haɗa birnin Lagos mai tashar jiragen ruwa na Tekun Atlantika zuwa Kano kusa da kan iyakar kasar da Nijar inda zai wuce babban birnin tarayya Abuja. Titin jirgin kasa ya maye gurbin layin Western na Cape da Burtaniya ta gina a 1896-1927, wanda ke da ƙarancin ƙira kuma yana cikin lalacewa. An kammala sassa biyu na layin dogo kuma an fara jigilar fasinjoji. An bude sashin tsakanin Abuja da Kaduna a hukumance a watan Yulin 2016. An kaddamar da yankin tsakanin Legas da Ibadan a watan Yunin 2021. Bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Birtaniya, layin dogo a zamanin mulkin mallaka ya fada cikin wani yanayi na lalacewa. Yawan fasinja a layin dogo na Najeriya ya ragu daga miliyan 11 a shekarar 1964 zuwa miliyan 1.6 a shekarar 2003. Yawan zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ya kusan ruguje, inda ya fado daga tan miliyan 3 a shekarar 1964 zuwa kasa da tan 100,000 a shekarar 2000. A farkon shekarar 2013, an ɗauki sa'o'i 31 kafin jiragen kasa na fasinja su yi tafiya tsakanin Legas da Kano, a matsakaicin gudun 45 kacal. km/h. Duk da cewa an fara aikin gyaran layin dogo na Cape, ci gaban tattalin arziki a Najeriya ya sanya ma'aunin ma'auni ya zama abin so. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta bai wa kamfanin gine-ginen gine-gine na kasar Sin kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 8.3 don gina ma'aunin layin dogo daga Legas zuwa Kano. Sakamakon kasa samun kudaden gudanar da aikin baki daya, gwamnatin Najeriya ta yanke shawarar gina ma'aunin ma'auni a sassa da kuma gyara layin ma'auni a halin yanzu. Abuja – Kaduna Na 187 Yankin kilomita daga Abuja zuwa Kaduna ne aka fara ginawa. Abuja ba ta cikin hanyar layin dogo ta kasa, domin an gina ta ne a matsayin babban birni bayan Najeriya ta samu 'yancin kai daga Burtaniya. Kaduna wata muhimmiyar mahadar hanya ce ta hanyar layin dogo na Cape, inda layin reshe ya tashi daga Legas zuwa Nguru zuwa Kafanchan, a kan titin jirgin kasa na Fatakwal-Maiduguri. Aikin ginin bangaren Abuja-Kaduna ya lashe dala miliyan 876, wanda ya kunshi dala miliyan 500 na lamuni daga bankin Exim na kasar Sin da ma'auni daga gwamnatin Najeriya. Kamfanin gine-ginen gine-gine na kasar Sin (CCECC) ya fara aikin layin dogo a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2011, kuma ya fara shimfida hanya a shekarar 2013. Duk da haka, matsaloli daban-daban sun jinkirta kammala hanyar. ’Yan bata-gari ne ke satar kayayyakin jirgin kasa, lamarin da ya tilasta wa kamfanin CCECC gina katanga don kare hanyoyin. Faduwar darajar Naira ta Najeriya ya janyo gibin kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa wajen gudanar da aikin. An samu jinkiri wajen samun filin da ake buƙata don titin jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar siyan tilas . Duk da cewa CCECC ta sanya wa asibitin ‘ya’yan agaji da ke Abuja lamba domin rugujewa a shekarar 2014, amma gwamnati ba ta biya diyya ga asibitin ba sai Afrilu 2016. An kaddamar da layin dogo a hukumance a ranar 26 ga Yuli 2016. Lagos – Ibadan An ba da kwangilar dala biliyan 1.53 a cikin 2012 ga Kamfanin Gina Injiniya na China don gina sashin Legas-Ibadan km) na daidaitattun layin dogo ta 2016. Sai dai kuma aikin ya fuskanci tsaiko. A ƙarshe an yi bikin ƙaddamar da ƙasa a ranar 7 ga Maris 2017, kuma an shirya kammala aikin layin dogo a cikin Disamba 2018. An jinkirta aikin saboda ruwan sama mai yawa a cikin bazara na 2018, kuma dole ne gwamnatin Najeriya ta tura sojoji don kare ma'aikatan jirgin daga 'yan fashi da makami. Zaben Najeriya na shekarar 2019 ya kara dagule ginin, lokacin da kamfanin CCECC ya kwashe ma'aikatansa na kasar Sin domin yin taka tsantsan. An sami raguwar ci gaba a cikin 2020 ta hanyar nisantar da jama'a da ake buƙata don yaƙar cutar ta COVID-19, saboda ma'aikata 20 ne kawai ke halarta a wuraren gine-gine waɗanda aka taɓa gudanar da 200. Jiragen kasan fasinja sun fara ayyukan gwaji a ranar 7 ga Disamba 2020. Wole Soyinka, wanda ya samu lambar yabo ta Nobel ya zama fasinja akai-akai a cikin jirgin, yana mai cewa "aiki ne mai ban sha'awa da ake ci gaba da la'akari da wahalar aiwatar da wani abu a kasar nan." Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ne ya kaddamar da layin dogo a hukumance a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin 2021. Sauran sassan A ranar 15 ga watan Mayun 2018, Ministan Sufuri na Najeriya ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 6.68 da kamfanin gine-ginen gine-gine na kasar Sin don kammala sauran sassan layin dogo na Legas zuwa Kano. Ana sa ran ginin zai ɗauki shekaru 2-3 daga samun kuɗi. Ibadan-Osogbo-Ilorin (200 km) Osogbo – Ado Ekiti Ilorin-Minna (270 km) Minna – Abuja Kaduna-Kano (305 km) Haɗin gaba zuwa Warri A shekarar 1987, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba da kwangilar gina layin dogo na farko a kasar, wanda ya hada ma'adinan da ke Itakpe da kamfanin sarrafa karafa na Ajaokuta zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na Warri. Duk da haka, aikin ya tsaya cik kuma har yanzu ba a gama ba lokacin da aka bude layin Abuja zuwa Kaduna. Kamfanin CCECC ya dauki nauyin gina layin, kuma a ranar 29 ga Satumba, 2020, shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya kaddamar da shi a hukumance a wani biki na zahiri. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2019, gwamnati ta rattaba hannu kan wata kwangilar dala biliyan 3.9 da kamfanin gina layin dogo na kasar Sin mai iyaka na China Railway Construction Corporation Limited don tsawaita layin dogo daga Warri zuwa Abuja, wanda zai hada shi da layin dogo na Lagos-Kanos Standard Gauge. Kammala aikin layin dogo daga Abuja zuwa Kaduna a shekarar 2016 ya zo a wani muhimmin lokaci na zirga-zirgar kasa a yankin. Tun a shekarar 2009, babbar hanyar Abuja zuwa Kaduna ta fada cikin halin rashin bin doka da oda, yayin da ‘yan fashi da makami da masu garkuwa da mutane suka yi masa kawanya. Yawancin wadanda abin ya shafa dai manyan jami'an gwamnati ne, ciki har da babban kwamishinan Saliyo a Najeriya. Saboda tsoron kare lafiyarsu, matafiya sun yi tururuwa zuwa cikin jirgin. Tallafin yau da kullun ya karu da kashi 270% zuwa 3,700, kuma ana zargin jami'an layin dogo da kama su da laifin cin hancin tikiti. Sanata Mohammed Ali Ndume ya ruwaito cewa dole ne ya tsaya a cikin jirgin duk tsawon tafiyar, kuma Sanata James Manager ya ce, "Wanda yake son kashe kansa ne zai dauki hanya." A ranar 28 ga Maris, 2022, wasu ‘yan bindiga sun kai hari kan wani jirgin kasa da ke kan hanyar Abuja zuwa Kaduna. Akalla mutane 8 ne suka mutu sannan aka yi garkuwa da 65. Taswirar UN (yana nuna layin dogo) UNHCR Atlas Map Duba kuma Jirgin kasa a Najeriya Tashoshin jirgin kasa a Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

59716

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly%20Barzola

Kimberly Barzola

Kimberly Barzola mai zanen gurguzu kuma mai tsara harsuna da yawa daga Salem,Massachusetts. Aikin fasaha Acikin 2019, Barzola ya zana hoton bangon waya na nuna girmamawa ga aiki tuƙuru na manoma kofi na Latin Amurka a Chelsea,MA. Ta sami kyauta daga birnin Boston don haɗa mazauna zuwa yanayi da gina al'umma ta hanyar aikin zane-zane a Gabashin Boston, amatsayin wani ɓangare na jerin, Labarun Daga Lambun. A cikin 2020, Barzola ya zana bango a Gidan Tarihi na Punto wanda ke nuna Tupac Katari da Bartolina Sisa, ƴan juyin juya hali biyu na asali waɗan da sukayi yaƙi don neman yanci acikin ƙarni na 18 na Peru,inda dangin Barzola suka fito. Yin bugawa Acikin 2020, yanki na Barzola, Kawsachun Pachamama, an nuna shi acikin nunin fasfo na Anti-Imperialist na duniya. A cikin 2021, an ɗauki Barzola don yin zane-zane wanda ya ƙunshi kula da muhalli da adalci na zamantakewa don Taron Rayayyun Filaye a Jami'ar Boston. Buga nata na Taghreed al-Barawi ta nuna adawa a lokacin zanga-zangar a Gaza an buga shi a cikin The Palestine Poster Project Archives. Acikin Janairu 2022, kungiyar da ke Amurka ta The People's Forum ta buga baje kolin hadin gwiwa na kasa da kasa:Líneas Vitales/Vital Lines,wanda ya kawo zane-zane na masu fasahar Cuba da masu fasahar Amurka tare don nuna adawa da takunkumin Amurka kan Cuba.An nuna aikin Barzola, wanda ya haɗa da Che Guevara, da kuma zana wahayi daga makomar gurguzu. Barzola kuma ya haɗu tare da Ƙungiyar Jama'a tare da fasaha don tallafawa 'yantar da Haiti. A cikin Fabrairun 2022, an buga bugu na taimako na Barzola a cikin wata hira ta Tricontinental da Héctor Béjar. Anti-fascism da anti-soja A ranar 19 ga Agusta, 2017,kusan mutane 40,000 sun taru a Boston Common don adawa da masu kishin fata da masu fasikanci, suna gabatar da kansu a matsayin "Haɗin gwiwar Magana na Kyauta na Boston" Barzola shi ne ya shirya zanga-zangar kuma ya yi magana da jama'a game da mahimmancin kawo karshen ayyukan sojan Amurka a kasashen waje. Wani memba na AMSA, Barzola ya yi magana a yawancin zanga-zangar adawa da tsoma bakin soja. Tayi zanga-zangar kuma ta dauki hoton kasancewar tsohon Sakataren Gwamnati Henry Kissinger da Jeffrey Epstein a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts, tareda haɗin kai tare da MIT Students Against War. Hakkokin bakin haure Barzola sau da yawa yana tsara manufofi don tallafawa baƙi marasa izini. A cikin Nuwamba 2017, Barzola, mai shiryawa na T Riders Union, ya bada shawarar cigaba da zaɓi na biyan kuɗi don ƙananan kudin shiga da fasinjojin baƙi waɗanda matsayin shige da fice ya hana su yin amfani da asusun banki ko katin kuɗi. Ta shirya kamfen na Justice4Siham don nuna adawa da korar ICE na wata uwa daya da mai shirya al'umma, Siham Byah. 'Yancin Falasdinu A cikin Nuwamba 2015, an tsige Barzola daga gwamnatin ɗaliban Jami'ar Boston, tare da abokin aikinsu Marwa Sayed, saboda zargin sakaci da ayyukansu. Wasu dalibai sun yi adawa da wannan kudiri, sunyi imani ana azabtar da Barzola da Sayed saboda goyon bayansu da kuma shigar da dalibai don Adalci a Falasdinu. Adalci na haihuwa A watan Yuni 2022, biyo bayan hukuncin Kotun Koli na soke Roe v. Wade, Barzola da abokansa masu shirya tare da Cibiyar 'Yanci ta Boston, sun jagoranci taron dubban masu zanga-zangar ta hanyar titunan Boston zuwa Fadar Jihar Massachusetts . Da yake jawabi ga taron, Barzola ya bayyana cewa, “Za mu koma kan tushen wannan yunkuri ta hanyar fitowa kan tituna domin mun san cewa hanyar da ta ma ta samu mu fara da ita a shekarar 1973 ita ce ta hanyar hada kai .” . Albarkatu don Baƙar fata da masu launin ruwan kasa Bayan tsohuwar makarantar sakandare ta Barzola, Nathaniel Bowditch School, an rufe saboda "rashin yin aiki", ta rubuta wasiƙa tana sukar ƙarancin kuɗi ga makarantar, wanda galibi ke hidima ga ɗaliban da aka keɓe a matsayin '' Hispanic ''. Barzola ya yi yaƙi tare da I am Harriet Coalition, a ƙoƙarin ceton gidan Harriet Tubman, wanda ya kasance cibiyar al'umma kuma daya daga cikin sauran wakilan Black Black a Kudancin Kudancin . Daga baya aka rushe ginin kuma aka sayar da filin ga masu ginawa don samar da gidaje na alfarma .

2369

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegal

Senegal

Senegal ƙasa ce, wacce ta ke a yammacin Afirka. Senegal ta hada boda da Mauritaniya daga arewa, Mali daga gabas, Guinea daga kudu maso Arewacin ƙasar, sai kuma Guinea Bissau daga kudu-maso arewacin ƙasar. Ƙasar ta hada gaɓar teku da ƙasar Cape Verde. Ƙasar Senegal na da hanyoyin sama da na ruwa kuma ana kiran garin da 'mashigin Afrika' saboda garin na gefen gabar tekun North Atlantic ocean. Birnin Dakar shi ne babban birnin Senegal kuma ƙasar ta sama yancin kanta daga hannun Faransa a shekarar 1960.. Kasar Senegal tana cikin kungiyoyi na ECOWAS, African Union (AU) da sauran su. Yankin Senegal a yau ya kuma kasance sashe daga cikin sashen tsohuwar garin Ghana da masarautar Djobouti kuma ya kasance muhimmin cibiyar kasuwanci na trans-sahara route. Turawa suka fara mulkan ƙasan wanda Ingila ta fara, sai Faransa sai Portugal, sai kuma ƙasar Nadalands, daga baya Ƙasar faransa ta amsa mulkin a karshen karni na sha tara . Ƙasar Senegal ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa har zuwa shekara ta 1960, lokacinda suka samu 'yanci a sa'linda marubuci, mahikayanci, Leopoldo Seghor ke mulki. Ƙasar ta samu 'yanci a matsayin yankin ƙasar Mali kafin ta samu cikakken 'yanci. Ƙasar Senegal tana da tsarin mulki na "Semi-Presidential System". Wanda kuma shugaban ƙasa ke kula da harkokin siyasan ƙasa tare da taimakon prime minista wanda shugaban ƙasa ke zaba. Ƙasar Senegal na bin tsarin mulkin Faransa, da shari'ar musuluncin ƙasar Senegal. Ƙasar Senegal kaman sauran kasashen Afrika na karanchin ci-gaba musamman a harkokin kasuwanci na zamani da masana'antu musamman na sarrafe-sarrafe da ƙere-ƙere na zamani. Tattalin arzikin ƙasar Senegal ya hada da: i. Ma'adanun ƙasa: sun hada da ma'adanu da ake haqowa daga ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Ƙasar senegal suna da arziki kamar na kifi, gyada, phosphate, karfen ore, gwala-gwalai da kuma titanium. ii. Noma da Kiwo: wannan ya ƙunshi harkokin noma da kiwo don samar da abinci ga ƙasa da kuma ƙasashen ƙetare don samar da kuɗin shiga. Kayan noma da ƙasar Senegal ke samarwa sun hada da; gyaɗa, gero, masara, dawa, shinkafa, audiga, tumatir, kayan ganye, shanaye, kaji, aladu da kifaye. iii. Harkokin Kasuwanci (Shiga da Fitar hajoji) Harkokin shiga da fitar hajoji wato (import & export) a ƙasar sun hada da; kayan abinci, man-fetur, auduga da sauransu. Kayan da Senegal ke fitar wa sun hada da gyada, kifi, phosphates da sauransu. Kayan da suke shigar wa sun hada da; kayan abinci, lemunan sha, man-fetur da kayan amfanin yau da kullum. Abokan huldar kasuwancinsu sun hada da ƙasar Mali wanda ke da kaso 12.8% na adadin kasuwancin, Ƙasar Swizaland 9.7%, india 5.9%, kot d buwa 5.1%, Birnin Sin (China) 5.1%, UAE (Qatar) 4.1, Faransa 4.1% (a 2015). Wannan su ne ƙasashen da Senegal ke kaiwa haja. har zuwa yau ƙasan na shigo da kaya daga Faransa 17.9%, Chena 10%, Nijeriya 8.7%, Indiya 5.6%, Ƙasar Spaniya 4.9%, Nadalands 4.5% . v. Masarrafu/Masana'antu ƙasar senegal tana da masana'antu na sarrafa kayan noma da kifi, sarrafa hakakken phosphate, Hada taki, tace man-fetur Fannin tsaro Kimiya da Fasaha Sifirin Jirgin Sama Sifirin Jirgin Ƙasa Ƙidaya da akayi na shekara ta 2016 ya nuna cewa akwai adadin mutane miliyan 14.8 a Senegal.Sun ƙaru a shekara ta 2020 zuwa kimanin 16,515,000 wanda an kintata cewa zuwa shekara ta 2030 zasu kai adadin mutum 19,909,000. Akasarin tsawon rayuwa na maza yana kaiwa shekaru 65.8yrs, mata kuma sukan kai shekaru 68.1.Mafi yawanci 'yan Senegal suna yaren Wolof ne. Ƙasar Senegal kaman sauran ƙasashen afrika tana da yaruka daban daban, amma mahimmin yare na gama gari shine Faransanci, sauran suka hada da; yaren Wolof wanda suke da kaso 43% na mutanen ƙasan, Pular (wato Fulani da Peulh) da Tokulawa 23%, Sera 15%, Diyola (Jola) 3.7%, Mandingo (Madinka)3%, Soninke 1.1%, da kuma sauran yaruka wanda ke da kaso 19%. Akwai manyan Malamai a ƙasar Senegal irinsu Sheikh Ibrahim Niass. Senegal kaman kowace ƙasa tana da mutane masu addinai daban-daban kaman haka; musulunci wanda suka fi kowa yawa a kasan, kiristanci da addinan gargajiya. Mafi akasarin mutanen Senegal musulmai ne wanda suka kwashe kashi 95% na mutanen ƙasar. suna da Shahararren malamai kaman irin Shehu Ibrahim inyass khalifan Shehu Ahmadu Tijjani radiyallahu ta'ala anhu. Mabiya addinin kiristanci na da karancin mabiya a Senegal wanda suka kwashe kaso 4% na mutanen kasan. Addinan Gargajiya Mabiya addinan gargajiya kadan ne a ƙasar senegal wanda suka kwashe karamin kashi 1% na mutanen ƙasar. Ƙasashen Afirka

40914

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold%20War

Cold War

Cold War kalma ce da aka saba amfani da ita don yin nuni ga lokacin tashin hankali na geopolitical tsakanin Amurka da Tarayyar Soviet da abokansu, Western Bloc da Eastern Bloc. Ana amfani da kalmar Cold War ne domin babu wani kazamin fada kai tsaye tsakanin manyan kasashen biyu, amma kowannensu yana goyon bayan manyan rikice-rikicen yanki da ake kira proxy wars. Rikicin ya samo asali ne a kan gwagwarmayar akida da siyasa ta duniya don tasirin duniya daga wadannan manyan kasashe biyu, bayan kawancen wucin gadi da nasarar da suka samu a kan Jamus na Nazi da Japan a shekara ta A1945. Baya ga ci gaban makaman nukiliya da tura sojoji na al'ada, an bayyana gwagwarmayar mamayewa ta hanyar kai tsaye kamar yakin tunani, yakin farfaganda, leken asiri, takunkumi far-reaching embargoes, hamayya a abubuwan wasanni, da gasar fasaha kamar Space Race. Amurka ce ta jagoranci kungiyar Western Bloc da kuma wasu kasashe na duniya na farko wadanda galibi su ne masu sassaucin ra'ayi na dimokiradiyya amma suna da alaka da hanyar sadarwa ta kasashe masu mulki, wadanda galibinsu kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka ne . [upper-alpha 2] The Eastern Bloc ta kasance a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Tarayyar Soviet da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci, wanda ke da tasiri a duk Second world kuma an danganta shi da hanyar sadarwa na kasashe masu mulki. Gwamnatin Amurka ta goyi bayan gwamnatoci masu adawa da gurguzu da na tashe-tashen hankula a fadin duniya, yayin da gwamnatin Soviet ta ba da tallafi ga jam'iyyun left-wing parties da juyin juya hali a duniya. Kamar yadda kusan dukkan kasashen da suka yi mulkin mallaka suka samu ‘yancin kai a tsakanin shekara ta 1945 zuwa 1960, sun zama fagen fama na duniya na uku a yakin cacar baka. Kashi na farko na yakin cacar baka ya fara ne jim kadan bayan kawo karshen yakin duniya na biyu a shekara ta 1945. Amurka da kawayenta sun kirkiro kawancen soja na NATO a cikin shekarar 1949. a cikin fargabar harin Soviet kuma sun kira manufofinsu na duniya game da hana tasirin Soviet. Tarayyar Soviet ta kafa yarjejeniyar Warsaw a shekarar 1955. don mayar da martani ga NATO. Manyan rikice-rikice na wannan lokaci sun hada da shingen Berlin na shekarar 1948-1949, juyin juya halin kwaminisanci na kasar Sin na shekarar 1945-1949, yakin Koriya ta shekarar 1950-1953, juyin juya halin Hungary na shekarar 1956, Rikicin Suez na shekarar 1956, Rikicin. Shekarar 1961, na Berlin, Rikicin Berlin 6, Rikicin Cuban 6, Rikicin Berlin 6 da Makami mai linzami 19. Yaƙin Vietnam na shekarar 1964-1975. Amurka da USSR sun fafata don samun tasiri a Latin Amurka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da kasashen Afirka da Asiya da Oceania da suka mai da mulkin mallaka. Bayan rikicin makami mai linzami na Cuba, an fara wani sabon mataki wanda ya ga rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet tsakanin Sin da Tarayyar Soviet ta dagula dangantakar da ke tsakanin bangaren Kwaminisanci wanda ya kai ga jerin gwabza fada a kan iyaka, yayin da kasar Faransa, wTuraiamP Detente ya rushe a ƙarshen shekaru goma tare da farkon yakin Soviet-Afganistan a 1979. Farkon shekarun 1980. wani lokaci ne na tashin hankali. Amurka ta kara matsin lamba na diflomasiyya, soja, da tattalin arziki a kan Tarayyar Soviet, a daidai lokacin da ta riga ta yi fama da tabarbarewar tattalin arziki. A tsakiyar 1980s, sabon shugaban Soviet Mikhail Gorbachev ya gabatar da liberalizing gyare-gyare na glasnost ("budewa", c. 1985) da kuma perestroika ("sake tsarawa", 1987) kuma ya kawo karshen shigar Soviet a Afghanistan a shekarar 1989. Matsin lamba ga ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙaru a Gabashin Turai, kuma Gorbachev ya ƙi tallafa wa gwamnatocinsu ta hanyar soja. A shekara ta 1989, faɗuwar Iron curtain bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Pan-european da kuma juyin juya hali na lumana (ban da Romania da Afghanistan) sun hambarar da kusan dukkanin gwamnatocin gurguzu na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Ita kanta jam'iyyar gurguzu ta Tarayyar Soviet ta rasa iko a cikin kasar kuma an dakatar da ita bayan yunkurin juyin mulkin da aka yi a watan Agustan shekarar 1991. Wannan kuma ya haifar da rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a watan Disamba na shekarar 1991, da ayyana 'yancin kai na jamhuriyar da ke cikinta da kuma rugujewar gwamnatocin gurguzu a yawancin kasashen Afirka da Asiya. An bar Amurka a matsayin babbar kasa daya tilo a duniya. Yaƙin cacar baki da abubuwan da suka faru sun bar tarihi mai mahimmanci. Ana kiransa sau da yawa a cikin shahararrun al'adu, musamman tare da jigogi na leken asiri da kuma barazanar yakin nukiliya. Don tarihin mai zuwa, duba dangantakar kasa da kasa tun shekarar 1989. Asalin kalma A ƙarshen yakin duniya na biyu, marubucin Ingilishi George Orwell ya yi amfani da cold war, a matsayin jumla na gaba ɗaya, a cikin rubutunsa "You and the Atomic Bomb", wanda aka buga a 19 Oktoba 1945 a cikin jaridar Birtaniya Tribune. Da yake la'akari da duniyar da ke rayuwa a cikin inuwar barazanar yakin nukiliya, Orwell ya dubi tsinkayar James Burnham na duniya mai banƙyama, yana rubuta: A cikin The Observer na 10 Maris 1946, Orwell ya rubuta, "bayan taron Moscow a watan Disambar da ya gabata, Rasha ta fara yin 'yaƙin ruwan sanyi' a kan Burtaniya da Daular Burtaniya." Amfani na farko na kalmar don bayyana takamaiman rikicin geopolitical bayan yakin tsakanin Tarayyar Soviet da Amurka ya zo a cikin jawabin Bernard Baruch, mai ba da shawara mai tasiri ga shugabannin Demokradiyya, a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu 1947. Jawabin, wanda ɗan jarida Herbert Bayard Swope ya rubuta, ya yi shelar, "Kada a yaudare mu: muna a yau a tsakiyar cold war." Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

24253

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doggystyle

Doggystyle

Doggystyle Shine kundin studio na halarta na farko daga mawaƙin Amurka Snoop Doggy Dogg . An sake shi a ranar ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta ta Rikodin Row Records da Interscope Records . An yi rikodin kundin kuma an samar da shi bayan bayyanar Snoop akan kundi na farko na Dr. Dre The Chronic a shekara ta , wanda Snoop ya ba da gudummawa sosai. Salon Yammacin Kogin Yamma a cikin hip-hop wanda ya haɓaka daga kundin farko na Dre ya ci gaba akan Doggystyle . Masu suka sun yaba wa Snoop Doggy Dogg saboda waƙar "haƙiƙa" da yake gabatarwa a cikin faifan da kuma yadda yake rarrabe muryar sa. Duk da wasu sukar da aka yi wa kundin da farko lokacin da aka fitar da shi, Doggystyle ya sami yabo daga masu sukar kiɗa da yawa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mahimman albums na shekara ta (1990s) haka kuma ɗayan mahimman kundin kundin hip-hop da aka taɓa fitarwa. <ref. name="AcclaimedMusic">"Snoop Doggy Dogg - Doggystyle". AcclaimedMusic.net. Accessed May yer .</ref> Da yawa kamar The Chronic, sautunan sauti na Doggystyle sun taimaka gabatar da jigon hip-hop na G-Funk ga manyan masu sauraro, yana kawo gaba hip hop na West Coast a matsayin babban iko a farkon tsakiyar sherkara ta (1990s). . Doggystyle ya yi muhawara a lamba daya akan <i id="mwKQ">Billboard</i> yana siyar da kwafi a cikin satin farko na shi kadai a Amurka, wanda shine rikodin mawakin da ya yi muhawara da kundin hip-hop mafi sauri. An haɗa Doggystyle akan jerin mujallar The Source na guda dari Best Rap Albums; kazalika da jerin mujallar Rolling Stone na Mahimman Rikodi na guda chasain '90s. About.com ya sanya kundin a lamba ta sha bakwai na mafi girman kundin hip hop/rap na kowane lokaci. An tabbatar da kundin 4x Platinum ta Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Rikodi ta Amurka (RIAA). A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta , kundin ya sayar da kwafe miliyan bakwai a Amurka, kuma sama da kwafe miliyan sha daya a duk duniya. Bayan Fage A cikin shekara ta Snoop Doggy Dogg ya jawo hankalin masana'antar kiɗa ta hanyar ba da gudummawar sa akan Dr. Dre's The Chronic . Ana ganin wannan kundi ya “canza dukan sautin rap na West Coast” ta haɓaka abin da daga baya aka sani da sautin “G-funk ”. The Chronic ya faɗaɗa rap na gangsta tare da ƙazanta, waƙoƙin nuna adawa da mulkin mallaka da samfura masu yawa waɗanda aka ɗauka daga bayanan P-Funk na shekara ta . Snoop Doggy Dogg ya ba da gudummawa ga waƙoƙin solo guda ɗaya na Dre, " Deep Cover ", wanda ya haifar da babban buri a tsakanin hip hop don sakin kundin solo nasa. Doggystyle da The Chronic suna da alaƙa da juna musamman saboda kowannensu yana nuna Snoop Dogg kuma saboda duka suna ƙunshe da salon salon G-funk daga Dr. Dre. Saki biyu suna da alaƙa da yawan gudummawar murya daga masu fasahar Rikodin Ruwa, ciki har da Tha Dogg Pound, RBX, The Lady of Rage, yayin da dukansu ke ɗauke da ɗimbin yawa na kalmomin misogynistic da lalata a cikin waƙoƙin su. Bugu da kari, duk masu kida suna kallon kundayen biyun a matsayin farkon "G-funk classics", kuma an bayyana su da "hadewa a cinya". 'Doggystyle' ya kuma nuna alamar halarta ta farko na mawaƙin mutuwa Row, Nanci Fletcher - 'yar shahararriyar jazz Sam Fletcher. An soki Gangsta rap saboda matsanancin waƙoƙin sa, waɗanda galibi ake zargin su da haskaka rikicin gungun mutane da aikata baƙar fata. Mawakan Gangsta sun amsa cewa suna kwatanta ainihin abubuwan rayuwa a wurare kamar Compton, California, da Long Beach, California . Da yake bayanin Doggystyle a cikin shekara ta Snoop Doggy Dogg shima yana nuni ga haƙiƙanin kundin, da gwargwadon abin da ya dogara da ƙwarewar sa. Ya ce, "Ba zan iya yin rap game da abin da ban sani ba. Ba za ku taɓa jin na rapping game da ba digiri na farko. Abin da na sani ne kawai kuma wannan shine rayuwar titi. Duk rayuwa ce ta yau da kullun, gaskiya. ” Da yake bayyana niyyarsa, Snoop Doggy Dogg ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana jin shi abin koyi ne ga samari baƙi da yawa, kuma an tsara waƙoƙin nasa don danganta damuwarsu. Ya ce, "Ga kananan yara da ke girma a cikin ghettos," in ji shi, "yana da sauƙin shiga cikin abubuwan da ba daidai ba, musamman gangbanging da sayar da kwayoyi. Na ga yadda abin yake, kuma ban ɗaukaka shi ba, amma ban yi wa'azi ba. Ni na kawo musu maimakon su sa su je su binciki lamarin da kansu. ” Ya ci gaba da bayanin "mafarkin" da zai bi bayan yin faifan: "Zan yi kokarin kawar da tashin hankalin gungun. Zan kasance kan manufa don zaman lafiya. Na san ina da iko da yawa. Na san idan na ce, 'Kada ku kashe', niggas ba zai kashe ba. An yi rikodin Doggystyle a farkon a shekara ta a Studio Row Studios . An samar da shi a salo mai kama da The Chronic ; wasu masu suka sun kira shi "kwafin carbon". Snoop Doggy Dogg ya haɗu tare da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa biyu, guda sari biyu da sha uku da Tha Dogg Pound . Daz Dillinger, na karshen kungiyar, da ake zargi Dr. dre na shan tafin kafa fitarwa don samar da album da ake zargin cewa Warren G kuma kansa da gudummawar ma ga samar da aikin. Marubucin Marion “Suge” Knight wanda ya kafa tarihin Mutuwa Row Records ya bayyana a cikin shekara ta cewa, “Daz ya yi duka album ɗin”, kuma an sanya wa Dr. Dre bashi don kuɗi. Snoop Doggy Dogg ya ce Dokta Dre yana da ikon yin bugawa ba tare da taimakon masu haɗin gwiwa ba kuma ya magance matsalolin tare da Warren G da Daz, yana mai cewa "Sun yi ƙira, Dre ya samar da wannan rikodin". Ya tattauna waƙar "Ain't No Fun", inda ya ambaci cewa Daz da Warren G sun kawo wa Dr. Dre duka amma "Dre ya ɗauki wannan muthafucka zuwa mataki na gaba!" Bruce Williams, wanda ke da alaƙa da Dr. Dre, ya tattauna tsarin yin rikodi a lokacin Dre a Rikodin Rage Mutuwa, yana mai cewa: Williams ya ce ba a gama kidan ba kuma saboda buƙatar rikodin, masu rarraba sun dage cewa an kammala kundin, in ba haka ba za su soke umarnin kundin. Wannan ya haifar da Dokta Dre ya haɗa faifan ɗin kuma ya saka siket ɗin a cikin awanni wanda ya ba da damar fitar da kundin. Marubucin Rolling Stone Jonathan Gold ya bayyana yadda Dokta Dre ya samar da buguwa daga karce don kammala kayan aiki: "Dre na iya samun wani abu da yake so daga tsohuwar hular kwano, kaɗa shi kuma sannu a hankali ya maye gurbin kowane sashi tare da mafi kyawun sautin tom-tom, bugun- sautin drum yana ƙaunarta, har sai bugun yana da alaƙa iri ɗaya da ainihin abin da Hulk mai ban mamaki yake yiwa Bill Bixby ". Gold ya kuma bayyana yadda waƙar ta ci gaba tare da sauran mawaƙan da ke ƙara waƙar, yana mai cewa "Wani ɗan wasan bass ya yi yawo, ya buɗe kayan aikinsa kuma ya fitar da layi mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa biyu akan doke, sannan ya fita don kallon CNN, kodayake bayanansa biyu sun ci gaba looping cikin rashin iyaka. Mutumin da ke murmushi a cikin rigar rigar yana yin muguwar waƙar yatsa ɗaya akan tsohuwar Minimoog synthesizer wanda ya tsufa tun a shekara ta kuma Dre ya fashe a cikin wani irin hayaniyar surfadelic, sannan daga cikin samfuran Akai MPC60 da aka tanadar da su ya zo da ihu, rawanin kidan piano, fitar maniyyi daga rikodin Beastie na farko-'Bari in share makogwaro na'-kuma ramin da yawa yana faruwa, buguwa, numfashi, kusan yana da ƙarfi don gani. " . Yayin yin rikodin Doggystyle tare da Dr. Dre a watan Agustan shekara ta an kama Snoop Dogg dangane da mutuwar Phillip Woldermarian, memba na ƙungiyoyin kishiya wanda aka harbe kuma aka kashe a cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙungiya. A cewar tuhumar, mai gadin mawakin, McKinley Lee, ya harbi Woldermarian yayin da Snoop Dogg ke tuka motar; mawakin ya yi ikirarin kare kai ne, inda ya yi zargin cewa wanda aka azabtar yana bin sa. Ya shafe mafi yawan shekara ta yana shirya shari'ar wanda aka fara shari’a a ƙarshen shekara ta . An wanke shi daga dukkan tuhume -tuhume a watan Fabrairu shekara ta lokacin da ya fara aiki a kundi na biyu, Tha Doggfather . . Muhimmancin take Taken kundin yana yin nuni ga matsayin jima'i na yanayin kare kuma yana nufin sunan mawaƙin. Aikin zane, wanda mawaƙi Joe Cool ya yi, yana wakiltar jigogin da ke cikin kundin da salon aiwatar da waɗannan ra'ayoyin. Wasu masu sukar yi imani da kayan zane kwatanta wata mace kawai kamar wani rami a cika da mutum, wanda suka yi imani da bãyukansu ga narcissistic da sexist lyrical jigogi Snoop Dogg inuwõyi. A cikin wannan fassarar, fasahar murfin da waƙoƙin suna isar da abin da suke magana a kai a matsayin salon rayuwar '' gangsta '' mai son kai, kwayoyi, motoci, jima'i, da kuɗi . Aikin zane yana amfani da maganganu da yawa daga shekara ta George Clinton single “ Atomic Dog ”. Bayanai sun fito ne daga karnuka a saman katangar bulo akan murfin kundin, waɗanda ke cewa, "Me yasa zan ji kamar dat?" , "Me yasa zan bi karen?" da "Nuttin 'amma da dogg in me". Masu sharhi sun yaba da yadda Dre ke sarrafa kayan. Marubucin AllMusic Stephen Erlewine ya ce: "Dre ya fahimci cewa ba lokaci ba ne da za a tura iyakokin G-funk, kuma a maimakon haka ya yanke shawarar zurfafa shi ta hanyar kiɗa, ƙirƙirar abubuwan sauƙaƙewa waɗanda ke da fa'idodi fiye da yadda suke bayyana". Ya kara da cewa bugun da aka yi "abin birgewa ne, yana ci gaba da jan hankali bayan sauraro da yawa". Marubucin Rolling Stone Touré ya lura " The Chronic sannu a hankali, doke mai ƙarfi ya kasance wakilcin sonic na bacin rai kamar daidai kamar yadda Cobain ya ba da amsoshi; Doggystyle ya kasance mai raɗaɗi, tare da babban lokacinsa Isaac Hayes da Curtis Mayfield -wasu waƙoƙi". Ya ci gaba da cewa "Yawancin ƙugiyoyin Dre da kusan duk bugun sa sun ƙi jinkirtawa, kamar waƙoƙin da kansu suna jin tsoro, suna tsoron fallasawa, ba su da kwanciyar hankali don samun allo." Mujallar Nishaɗi mako-mako David Browne ya ambata cewa "Haɗin samfuran da kiɗan raye-raye akan sabon Dre, The Chronic, ya ba shi rubutu da zurfin, kuma yana ci gaba da bunƙasa ƙwanƙwasawa akan Doggystyle, yana saƙar ruwa tare tare da raɗaɗɗen mawaƙa da mawaƙa. samfurori masu banƙyama, labulen alamar sa mai ban tsoro-alamar kasuwanci ". Mujallar Source columinst ta rubuta: "Alamar G-funk na Dre na iya zama gama gari a yanzu, amma har yanzu ana samar da shi sosai". Masu suka sun yaba wa kalmomin Snoop Doggy Dogg, duk da cewa sun haifar da cece -kuce. An yaba masa don hakikanin gaskiya a cikin wakokinsa da kwararar jituwarsa. Stephen Erlewine na AllMusic ya yaba wa Snoop Doggy Dogg, yana mai cewa: "yana daya daga cikin manyan masu sautin muryar hip-hop tare da wannan rikodin" kuma "yana daukar lokacin sa, yana wasa da kwararar kalaman sa, yana ba da wakokin sa kusan kade-kade. Snoop wani abu ne na musamman, tare da jujjuyawar jumla mara misaltuwa, hoto mai tayar da hankali, da rarrabewa, kwararar jaraba ". Christopher John Farley na mujallar Time ya lura cewa "rawanin Snoop ba mai walƙiya ba ne, amma abin birgewa ne" kuma ya ce "Sautin muryar sa mai annashuwa shine cikakkiyar wasa don samar da babban nauyi na Dre. Muryar Snoop tana da isasshen isa don yin macizai a kusa da manyan bugun, ”in ji Farley a ranar gawatan Nuwamba,a shekara ta . Ra'ayoyin da aka gabatar ta hanyar waƙoƙin sun haɗa da ƙuruciyar Snoop Doggy Dogg, yayin da yake magana cikin yardar rai game da jima'i na yau da kullun, shan tabar wiwi da harbin membobin ƙungiyoyin kishiya. Mujallar Time ta lura cewa ra'ayoyin "sau da yawa ba su da ma'ana; a wasu lokutan sun kasance abin ƙyama" kuma "album ɗin zai fi ƙarfi idan irin wannan ɓacin rai game da rayuwar mai laifi, gami da taɓawar Snoop na bincike. wasu daga cikin wakokin murkushewa ". Kundin ya kuma kunshi wasan bindigogi, mu'amala da miyagun kwayoyi da kuma yin pimping. Jaridar New York Times ta ce an gabatar da ra'ayoyin wakokin ne cikin "munanan maganganu." Wasu masu sukar sun ce Snoop Doggy Dogg ya "damu da kasancewa 'G', ɗan fashi, mai karya doka wanda ke shan tabar wiwi da kisa ba tare da hukunci ba" kuma kalmomin sa suna nuna laifin baƙar fata a cikin biranen ciki. Waƙoƙin sun ƙunshi kalmomin lalata da yawa ga mata, tare da maganganu kamar "bitches" da "hoes" ana amfani da su ko'ina, wanda ke nuna jin daɗin jinsi da zalunci a tsakanin jama'ar Amurka. A cikin wasu waƙoƙi Snoop Doggy Dogg da Tha Dogg Pound sun yi magana game da jima'i tsakanin ƙungiyoyi, yana kwatanta ƙasƙantar da mata. Waƙoƙin Snoop Doggy Dogg sun nuna kwayoyi, barasa, jima'i, da kuɗi azaman hanyoyin tserewa daga zalunci, amma kuma suna nuna ƙarancin rayuwar "gangsta" da sakamakon bin wannan salon rayuwa. Waƙoƙin waƙoƙin tashin hankali, gami da kisan kai da halayyar tashin hankali, sun haifar da takaddama. C. DeLores Tucker na Jam'iyyar Siyasa ta Ƙasa ta Baƙaƙen Mata mai suna gangsta rap "ƙazamin ƙazamin ƙazamin kisa da fyade", wanda za a iya danganta shi da Doggystyle . . Abun ciki " Wanene Ni (Menene Sunana)? " Shi ne na farko da aka saki daga cikin kundin, ranar 30 gawatan Oktoba, shekara ta 1993. Ya hau kan lamba 8 a kan <i id="mw6A">Billboard</i> Hot 100 da Hot R &amp; B/Hip-Hop Singles &amp; Tracks charts, kuma ya kai lamba kwara daya 1 akan Hot Rap Singles . An san shi sosai a matsayin 'babban jagoran' kundin, kuma RIAA ta ba da tabbacin Zinariya a ranar 8 gawatan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1994. An tabbatar da shi Platinum daga baya a wannan shekarar. Ya kai na 20 a kan Chart Singles UK a shekara ta 1994 kuma ya sake shiga ginshiƙi a shekara ta 2004, ya kai na 100. Dangane da karɓar maraba da ƙarar tallace -tallace, shine mafi nasara Snoop har zuwa yau. "Gin da Juice" shine na biyu da aka saki ranar 15 gawata Janairu, shekara at 1994. Kamar waƙar da ta gabata, ta kasance bugawa a kan sigogi da yawa. Ya kai lamba 8 akan <i id="mw9A">Billboard</i> Hot 100, No. sha uku 13 akan Hot R &amp; B/Hip-Hop Singles &amp; Tracks, No. 1 on Hot Rap Singles, and No. 39 on the UK Singles Chart. RIAA ta tabbatar da shi Platinum a ranar 6 ga watan frilu, shekara ta 1994. An zabi wannan waƙar a Grammy Awards na 1995 don Mafi Kyawun Rap Solo Performance, amma ta ɓace ga " UNITY " ta Sarauniya Latifah. An saki "Doggy Dogg World" a matsayin Turawa kaɗai a cikin watan Yuni shekara ta 1994. Kodayake ba a saki ɗayan ba a hukumance a cikin Amurka, amma ta karɓi wasu wasan kwaikwayo na rediyo wanda ya haifar da matsayi na 19 akan Rhythmic Top 40 ginshiƙi. An samar da bidiyon kiɗan don guda ɗaya, wanda ya sami wasan TV na Amurka na Amurka kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Award ta shekara ta 1994 don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo. Ya kai lamba ta talatin da biyu 32 a kan Chart Singles UK. "Lodi Dodi" da "Murder Was the Case" ba 'yan wasa bane na hukuma, amma sun karɓi wasan rediyo kuma an tsara su a cikin Rhythmic Top 40 . An harbi bidiyon kiɗan na mintuna sha takwas 18 don waƙoƙin guda biyu, tare da rakiyar muryar Was Case . Bidiyon ya lashe kyautar Bidiyon Shekararshekara ta 1995 a The Source Hip-Hop Music Awards. An zabi "Gin da Juice" a Grammy Awards na 1995 don Mafi Kyawun Ayyukan Rap . Waƙar kari, "Gz Up, Hoes Down", an haɗa shi a cikin matsi na farko na kundi, amma ba a cikin sigogin baya ba saboda lamuran samfuri. Snoop Doggy Dogg ba zai iya samun haƙƙin amfani da bugun ba saboda kamfanin rikodin bai yarda ya biya kuɗin lasisi don amfani da samfuran ba. "Gz Up, Hoes Down" daga baya an sake shi akan tarin Rukunin Mutuwa " Shekaru 15 akan Rage Mutuwa ". An jera "Tha Next Episode" akan murfin, amma ba a haɗa shi cikin kowane matsi ba. Anyi la'akari da ainihin kayan da aka yi amfani da shi don Dokar 2000 Dre guda ɗaya " The Next Episode " amma ba ta da kama da waƙar ta baya. Ya kasance 4 mintuna da 36 daƙiƙa tsayi. Daga baya an sake sakin "Tha Next Episode" a kan Dr. Dre mixtape Pretox a ƙarƙashin sunan "Zaman Gidan Rediyon da Ba a Saɓa ba", amma 1:10 kawai. "Doggystyle" wanda ke nuna George Clinton ya kasance tsawon lokaci 5:26 daga zaman kundin kundi. Waƙar waƙa ce tare da muryoyin da ke mamaye waƙar kuma tana ba da samfuran "Oh I" ta Funkadelic daga kundin su The Electric Spanking of War Babies. Jewell & The Brides of Funkenstein an nuna su akan mawaƙa. An saki waƙar a kan Row Mutuwa: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1 daga cikin sauran waƙoƙin da Snoop Doggy Dogg ya yi rikodin lokacin da yake aiki a Row Mutuwa. Legacy da tasiri Waƙar hip-hop Doggystyle ana ganin yawancin masu hasashe na hip hop a matsayin "na gargajiya" da kundin "mahimmanci". An ba shi lada tare da ayyana mawaƙin hip -hop na Yammacin Kora; juyar da ƙarfafawa zuwa ƙarin karin waƙa, mai jan hankali, da bugun da aka jawo. About.com ya bayyana a lokacin lokacin da aka fitar da kundin, "Gangsta rap bai taɓa yin daɗi da daɗi ba." A album ne aka yaba domin kara kafa slurred "m drawl" cewa miƙa hadaya lyrical mawuyaci ga tsabta da rhythmic cadence a kan Doggystyle da kuma The kullum. Ana ɗaukar kundin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin G-funk na farko salon da yawancin mawaƙa suka yi kwafin su a shekarun baya. Al'adun hip-hop Wasu marubuta da wallafe-wallafe sun ba da shawarar cewa Doggystyle ya shafi al'adun Ba-Amurke da yawa. Wasu wallafe -wallafen sun ɗauki nau'in rap ɗin da alhakin matsalolin zamantakewa kamar cin zarafin jima'i da jima'i, wanda aka ɗora wa Snoop Doggy Dogg da sauran mawaƙa don kiran waƙoƙinsu masu rikitarwa "kiyaye shi da gaske." Matsalolin tashe -tashen hankulan jima'i da jima'i ana danganta su da waƙoƙin da ke ƙasƙantar da mata kamar "bitches" da "ho's," waɗanda wasu ke ganin sun yi tasiri ga baƙar fata maza. Snoop Doggy Dogg da sauran mawakan hip-hop, gami da NWA, musamman Eazy-E, Dr. Dre da Ice Cube (saboda nasarar da suka samu) da 2Pac, an dora alhakin su wajen haɓaka sigar rap na gangsta; nau'in da ya bayyana fushin ƙasan da ke cikin birni da kuma jin tsananin zalunci da tawaye, wanda aka samu ta hanyar ikon sadarwa ba tare da takunkumi ba, kuma ya ba da damar al'adar hip hop ta zama babban salon da ɗabi'a a ko'ina duniya. Mariah Carey ta ɗauki samfurin waƙar "Ain No No Fun (Idan Gidajen Ba Za Su Iya Ba)" a cikin kundi na 1999 Rainbow don remix of Heartbreaker wanda ya ƙunshi Missy Elliott da Da Brat . Marubutan Enculturation, Steven Best da Douglas Kellner, sun lura cewa Snoop Doggy Dogg da sauran masu yin fyade kawai suna yin Allah wadai da tashin hankali lokacin da aka kai musu hari, in ba haka ba "suna yin bikin, suna sanya shi a ciki, kuma suna rungumar shi azaman ɗabi'a da hanyoyin bayyana kai., ”wanda wasu ke ganin yana da tasiri a kan laifin bakar-fata. Sakin bidiyon kiɗan daga Doggystyle da The Chronic ya ba masu fasaha damar ƙara zane -zane na gani a cikin waƙoƙin su, wanda gabaɗaya ya haɗa da Dr.Dre da Snoop Doggy Dogg suna tuki a Kudancin Tsakiya, Los Angeles a cikin ƙaramin jirgi (abin hawa tare da saukar da dakatarwa). Wannan hoton "salon gangsta" ana tsammanin ya rinjayi samari baƙi maza don ƙoƙarin yin rayuwa iri ɗaya kuma T. Denean, marubucin Pimps Up, Ho's Down: Hip Hop's Hold on Young Black Women, cewa bidiyon suna nuna wakilcin ajin, tsere da Baƙin Namiji a cikin biranen Amurka na zamani. Aiki na gaba Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar Doggystyle mafi kyawun kundi na Snoop Dogg, ban da kasancewa mafi girman zane-zanensa da mafi kyawun siyar da album ɗin sa kamar yadda kundin waƙoƙin sa na gaba sun sami tabbaci sau biyu Platinum, Platinum ko Gold kodayake Da Game Yakamata a Siyar, Ba Za a Ba da Labarin ba wanda aka tabbatar da yin Platinum sau biyu. ita ce album ɗin sa na biyu mafi kyawun siyarwa kuma har ila yau shine ɗayan sa wanda aka tabbatar da Platinum da yawa. Ya bambanta da bin kundi kamar yadda aikinsa na baya ya nuna samarwa daga mutane da yawa, kamar The Neptunes, Timbaland da Daz Dillinger, tare da rage shigarwar daga Dr. Dre, wanda ke nuna sauyi daga samar da G-funk. Kundin bin diddigin Snoop Doggy Dogg, Tha Doggfather , bai ƙunshi Dr. Dre ba, yayin da ya bar Rikodin Ruwa. A sakamakon haka, DJ Pooh shine babban mai bugun kidan. Tha Doggfather ya bi hanyoyin rikodin G-funk kuma da farko ya siyar da kyau, amma ya sami bita iri-iri kuma ya kasa samar da babbar nasara. A cikin 1998, Snoop Dogg ya bar Row Mutuwa kuma ya shiga No Limit Records, yana canza sunan sa daga Snoop Doggy Dogg zuwa Snoop Dogg. A lokacin da yake kan lakabin, ya ci gaba da jigogi da yawa daga Doggystyle tare da bibiya zuwa waƙoƙin da suka gabata, kamar "Gin & Juice II" da " Snoop Dogg (Menene Sunana II) " . Albam ɗin ɗakin studio na gaba kamar su Paid tha Cost to Be da Boss da R&amp;G (Rhythm &amp; Gangsta): Babbar Jagora ta nuna mafi mahimmanci, jigon da aka saba da shi tare da sabbin sautuna, amma ya kasance "mai ƙarfi a ko'ina" kuma an nuna shi " yawan tituna da roƙon kasuwanci ". Waɗannan fitowar sun haɗa da mawaƙa guda uku da aka buga, " Kyakkyawa ", " Sauke shi Kamar Zafi " da " Alamomi ". An ba da lambar yabo ga Snoop Dogg don dawowa zuwa tushen sa na G-funk a cikin 2006, wanda aka kafa tare da kundin studio na takwas, Tha Blue Carpet Treatment . An lura da kundin don kasancewa "rikodin G-Funk mai wuya da ƙima". . Tarba mai mahimmanci An saki Doggystyle don yabon da ake yi. Marubucin Rolling Stone Touré ya ambaci " Doggystyle ya cika da abubuwan magana da na murya waɗanda suka cika babban tsammaninsa. Yana gudana ta hanyar 55 mintuna na magana akai kamar a layin zafi mai kashe kansa ". David Browne na Nishaɗin Mako-mako ya lura "Shi ne mafi ƙarancin, ɗan ƙaramin mahayi gangsta album har zuwa yau" kuma ya ci gaba da cewa " Doggystyle mummunan rikodi ne. An saita ta a ƙarshen duniya, babu gobe na abubuwan jin daɗi masu arha ". Stephen Thomas Erlewine na AllMusic ya bayyana " Doggystyle da The Chronic sun tsaya tare da alfahari a matsayin tagwayen filayen West Coast G-funk hip-hop na farkon '90s" mujallar Stylus da aka gabatar "The Chronic vs. Labarin Doggystyle ", kuma ya faɗi ƙaƙƙarfan magana na Doggystyle idan aka kwatanta da kundin Dre shine biyun biyun kuma cewa" wasu daga cikin waƙoƙin kundin sun shahara fiye da mara aure ". Mujallar Vibe ta bayyana cewa "Snoop ba ɗan gandun daji ba ne; wannan ba zai yiwu ba ga mai zane wannan ɗan wasa. A farkonsa, tare da waƙoƙin harbin bindiga na Dre suna yawaita kamar yadda cin hanci da rashawa ya ɓarke ”. Mujallar Source ta ba wa kundin fa'idar 4/5 mic. Ya ce Snoop Doggy Dogg ya fito a matsayin mawakin da ya rayu har zuwa duk abin da ya faru wanda ya fito daga aikinsa a kan The Chronic, kuma ya tattauna waƙoƙi a kan rikodin, yana mai cewa "Idan 'Kisan Kisa' 'bugun jini ne na kusa da hazaka, to 'Lodi Dodi' misali ne na cikakkiyar baiwa. " Mujallar NME ta kira gubar farko "babban abin da ya ci nasara ba tare da wahala ba" kuma ya ci gaba da ba da suna rikodin "kundin ma'auni". Kundin ya kuma sami wasu suka da suka. Erlewine na AllMusic ya ambaci faifan bai “yi mamaki ko bayar da wani abin da ba a kan The Chronic ” ba. Christopher John Farley ya lura cewa Snoop Doggy Dogg ba shi da ɗan bincike kan motsin zuciyar sa. David Browne ya yi magana game da "Ain't No Fun", yana mai cewa misali ne na yadda "waƙar fasaha, amma duk da haka mai raira waƙa, wannan kundin zai iya zama" kuma ya ci gaba da cewa "Yana da sauƙi a burge ɗan lokaci ɗaya kuma ya firgita na gaba" . Shahararren mai sukar dutsen Robert Christgau ya ba wa kundin fa'idar "dud", wanda ke nuna "mummunan rikodin wanda cikakkun bayanai ba sa cancanci ƙarin tunani. A matakin babba yana iya zama mai wuce gona da iri, abin takaici, ko mara daɗi. A ƙasa yana iya zama abin ƙyama. ” Dan ''' Kny Danny Kelly ya lura: "Rikodin Snoop Doggy Dogg ya fi ko aasa girmama 19-waƙa ga/raye-rayen raunin George At ' Atomic Dog ' . . . Yana karkata ya zama tabawa mara misaltuwa; a tad, bari mu kasance masu gaskiya, marasa ban sha'awa . . . Kuma hannun riga yana gasa tare da The Waterboys ' Dream Harder da Billy Joel 's Kogin Mafarki a matsayin mafi munin haɗe da sakin kwanan nan. " Duk da sukar da aka yi na farko, hasashe mai mahimmanci na kundin daga baya ya inganta, kamar yadda Doggystyle ya sami yabo da martaba da dama akan jerin '' mafi kyawun kundi ''. Yin bita na sake fitar da kundin ya haɓaka ƙimar Q daga taurari uku zuwa huɗu daga cikin biyar. Tom Doyle mai sharhi ya ce "Na gargajiya na zamani." Mujallar Source daga baya ta ba wa kundin ɗin ƙima mai girman mic-biyar. Bayanai game da yabo da aka danganta ga Doggystyle an daidaita su daga AcclaimedMusic.net. Ayyukan kasuwanci Doggystyle ya yi muhawara a lamba ta ɗaya a kan <i id="mwAmQ">Billboard</i> 200 na Amurka, wanda ke ba da ƙarfi ta hanyar siyar da kwafi na farko na kwafi na 806,000. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2015, faifan ya sayar da kwafe miliyan bakwai a Amurka, kuma sama da kofi miliyan goma sha ɗaya a duk duniya. Ƙungiyar Masu Rikodin Masana'antu ta Amurka ta ba da tabbacin platinum sau huɗu a ranar 31 gawatan Mayu, shekara ta 1994. Ita ce mafi kyawun kundi na Snoop Doggy Dogg; kundin wakokinsa masu zuwa sun sami tabbaci ɗaya ko biyu na platinum. Doggystyle ya fara bayyana a kan sigogin kiɗa a cikin shekara ta 1993, yana kan <i id="mwAnE">Billboard</i> shekara ta 200 da Top R &amp; B/Hip-Hop Albums a No. 1. Ya sake komawa a lamba ta ɗaya akan Billboard shekara ta 200 a cikin Janairu shekara ta 1994, lokacin da RIAA ta riga ta ba da tabbacin platinum sau uku. Rikodin ya yi nasara cikin sauƙi a Turai, ya kai lamba kwara sha takwas 18 a Sweden, lamba 21 a Jamus da No 35 a Austria. Har ila yau, ya kai matsayi na 25 a kan rukunin masana'antar Rikodi na New Zealand ginshiƙi. A ƙarshen 1994, kundin ya kasance A'a. 3 a kan Billboard Year-End Top Albums Chart da No. 1 a kan Billboard Year-End Top R & B/Hip-Hop Albums Chart. Ya sake shiga cikin sigogin a cikin 2003, yana kan saman Albums na Ireland 75 a lamba 70. , ta kwashe jimillar makonni 74 ba a jere ba a kan taswirar kundin Billboard 200. Jerin waƙa Duk wakokin da Dr. Dre ya shirya . Bayanan kula "Gz Up, Hoes Down" an haɗa shi ne kawai a kan matsi na farko na kundi. An cire shi daga baya saboda matsalolin tsabtace samfur. Daga baya an sake fitar da shi akan tarin Rikodin Rikodin Ruwa na shekara ta 2006, Shekaru shabiyar 15 akan Rage Mutuwa . A cikin US asali saki ta murfin baya "Gz Up, Hoes Down" an karyata jera bayan "Pampo Pampo" maimakon nan da nan kafin. Matsi na asali a Turai yana nuna sunayen waƙa ga duk masu shiga tsakani - sunayen waƙoƙin interlude da aka lissafa a sama an ɗauke su daga fitowar Turai. "W Balls" shine kawai tsaka -tsakin da aka jera akan asalin sakin Amurka. Duk tsaka -tsaki, gami da "W Balls" daga baya an cire su daga duk jerin waƙoƙi. Matsalolin asali na kundi, wanda ya ƙunshi "Gz Up, Hoes Down", ya lissafa waƙar waƙa mai taken, "Tha Next Episode", amma ba ya bayyana akan kowane latsa na kundin. Ƙananan rikodin waƙar daga baya ya ɓace akan layi wani lokaci a ƙarshen shekara ta 2000s. Yanke waƙoƙi "Gz Up, Hoes Down", an haɗa shi kawai akan matsi na asali na kundin. An ƙyale saboda matsalolin share samfura. "Tha Next Episode", wanda Dr. Dre ya samar kuma ya nuna shi, an jera shi akan jerin waƙoƙin da aka bayar ga masu siyar da kaya kafin sakin faifan, amma ba ya bayyana akan kowane matsi na kundin. Irin wannan kayan aikin (watau, ya yi amfani da samfurin iri ɗaya kamar babban waƙar sa) daga baya aka yi amfani da shi don waƙar Warren G "Runnin 'Wit No Breaks" daga kundi na farko na 1994, Regulate. . . G Funk Era Snoop Dogg da Dr. Dre daga baya sun yi rikodin waƙa mai taken " Kashi na gaba " don kundin studio na Dre na biyu, 2001, wanda ya sha bamban da na asali. "Doggystyle", wanda ke nuna Jewell da George Clinton ) an yi rikodin lokacin zaman kundin amma ba a sake shi ba har sai an saka shi a cikin kundi na tarin mutuwa Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1 "Tushen Duk Mugunta (Outro)", wanda ke nuna Teena Marie, an yi rikodin lokacin zaman kundin amma ba a sake shi ba har sai an saka shi a cikin kundi na tarin mutuwa Row: The Lost Sessions Vol. 1. Daga baya an sake yin kayan aikin sosai kuma an yi amfani da su don remix na " California Love ", ta 2Pac wanda ke nuna Dr.Dre . "Kowace Rana Daya", wanda ke nuna Kurupt, Jewell da Nate Dogg, an yi rikodin su yayin zaman kundin, ba a sake shi ba har sai an fitar da wani sabon salo a kan kundin tattara Tha Dogg Pound 2002''. Snoop Doggy Dogg – lead vocals Dr. Dre – producer, vocals Daz Dillinger – vocals, performer Sam Sneed - performer, inspiration Ulrich Wild – engineer Tha Dogg Pound – performer Warren G – performer The D.O.C. – performer The Lady of Rage – performer RBX – performer Kurupt – performer Nate Dogg – performer The Dramatics – performer Emanuel Dean – producer Chris "The Glove" Taylor – songwriter, mixing Suge Knight – executive producer Bernie Grundman – mastering Chi Modu – photography Nanci Fletcher – performer, vocals (featured and background) Dan Winters – photography Kimberly Holt – artwork Kimberly Brown – project coordinator Joe Cool – cover artwork Lasheena Denty - mai wasan kwaikwayo, muryoyi (fasali) Weekly charts Catalog charts Year-end charts Decade-end charts Takaddun shaida Tarihin saki Jerin kundin wakokin hip hop da ake ganin suna da tasiri Jerin kundin kundin lamba-ɗaya na 1993 (Amurka ) Jerin kundin kundin lamba na ɗaya na 1994 (Amurka ) Jerin kundin kundin R&amp;B na lamba-ɗaya na 1993 (Amurka ) Jerin kundin kundin R&amp;B na lamba-ɗaya na 1994 (Amurka ) Ƙarshen Shekarar Billboard Pages with unreviewed translations

20204

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Mamman%20Nami

Muhammad Mamman Nami

Muhammad Mamman Nami (an haife shi a 2 ga Fabrairu a shekarar 1968), akawuntan Najeriya ne, kwararre ne kan harkokin gudanarwa, mai kula da haraji kuma jami'in gwamnati. Shine Shugaban Gudanarwa na Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Tarayya ta FIRS a yanzu, hukumar da ke da alhakin tantancewa, tattarawa da kuma lissafin kuɗaɗen haraji da sauran kuɗaɗen shiga da ke shigowa Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya . Yana da kusan shekaru uku na kwarewar aiki a cikin (Auditing), Gudanar da Haraji da Ba da Shawara da Gudanar da Ayyuka ga abokan ciniki a Banki, Ayyukan Masana'antu da Ɓangarorin Jama'a da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Nami haifaffen kauyen Nami ne, da ke karamar hukumar Agaie a jihar Neja . Ya kuma halarci makarantar firamare ta Jipo LEA sannan daga nan ya zarce zuwa Makarantar Sakandaren Gwamnati, Suleja. Nami ya samu digiri na farko a fannin ilimin zamantakewar dan Adam a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano a 1991 da kuma digiri na biyu na Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya a shekarar 2014. Ya kasance abokin aiki na Kwalejin Kasuwanci na Najeriya, Cibiyar Nazarin Bayar da Bashi a Najeriya kuma Mataimakin Memba na Cibiyar Gudanarwar Nijeriya (Chartered) da ƙungiyar Akawuntotci ta Nijeriya . Nami ya fara aiki da (PKF International) a shekarar 1993 kuma ya hau kan muƙamin babban mai ba da shawara kan kula da haraji da kuma shawarwari. Ya shiga KEL ƙungiyar Kamfanoni a matsayin Babban Manaja daga shekarar 2004 zuwa 2006; kuma daga baya tare da Mainstream Energy Solutions Ltd a matsayin shugaban Kula da Aiki. A cikin shekarar 2018, ya kafa Manam Professional Services (Chartered Tax Practitioners and Business Advisers) da ke Kaduna, Abuja, da Neja . A shekarar 2017, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Nami a matsayin memba na kwamitin binciken kuɗi kan kuɗaɗen da aka kwato - wani kwamiti da aka kafa domin kwato ganima a Najeriya . Ya zuwa watan Satumban 2018, kwamitin ya ce ya gano kusan dala biliyan 2. Ya kuma kasance memba na ƙwararren Cibiyar Haraji ta Nijeriya, Forewararrun nswararrun andwararru da Professionwararrun Nigeriawararrun na Nijeriya, Cibiyar Recoverywararrun Recoverywararrun Recoverywararrun twararrun andan Nijeriya da Memberan Memberungiyar Instituteungiyar Gudanar da Gudanarwar Nijeriya (Chartered) da ofungiyar Akawu na ofasa ta Nijeriya. Muhammad Nami ya kuma yi aiki a kwamitoci da yawa na kwamitocin da kwamitocin binciken kudi na Hukumar. An nada shi a matsayin memba, Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan binciken kudaden da aka kwato a watan Nuwamba, 2017 da Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya yi . Shugaban FIRS Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya naɗa Nami a matsayin Shugaban zartarwa na Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Tarayya FIRS a shekarar 2019 bayan cikar wa’adin shekaru 5 na mulkin Babatunde Fowler . Lokacin da ya bayyana a gaban majalisar dattijai, Nami ya fadawa sanatocin cewa cancantar sa sun sanya shi "a cikin kyakkyawan yanayi". 1. https://www.tekedia.com/two-things-for-muhammad-nami-incoming-firs-chairman-in-nigeria/ 2. https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/world-50717879 3. https://lagosstate.gov.ng/blog/2020/02/18/executive-chairman-of-firs-mr-muhammad-mamman-nami-and-his-team-pay-a-courtesy-visit-to-governor-sanwo-olu-on-tuesday-february-18-2020/ 4. https://nairametrics.com/2019/12/09/meet-muhammad-m-nami-firs-board-new-chairman/ 5. https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/11-things-you-should-know-about-muhammad-nami-buharis-nominee-to-head-firs.html 6. https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/buhari-president-inaugurates-audit-committee-for-recovered-loot/t0bgwde 7. https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/11/presidential-audit-committee-recovers-n769bn/ 8. https://www.thecable.ng/breaking-buhari-fails-to-renew-fowlers-tenure-names-muhammad-nami-as-successor 9. https://www.pulse.ng/bi/politics/fowler-out-muhammad-nami-in-here-are-few-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-new-firs/ryjrxgq 10. http://saharareporters.com/2019/12/18/just-senate-confirms-muhammad-nami-nigerias-federal-inland-revenue-service-boss Ƴan siyasan Najeriya

24083

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gideon%20Moi

Gideon Moi

Gideon Kipsiele Moi (an haife shi ne ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba 1963), ya kasan ce ɗan siyasan Kenya ne wanda ya yi aiki a Majalisar Dattawan Kenya, mai wakiltar Baringo County, tun daga 2013. An zabe shi da gagarumin rinjaye na sama da kashi 80%, inda ya doke abokin hamayyarsa Jackson Kosgei Shi ne kuma Shugaban Kungiyar Hadin Kan Afirka ta Kenya (KANU), wanda ya shafe shekaru da dama yana mulki a Kenya. Shi ne ƙaramin ɗan shugaban Kenya na biyu, Daniel arap Moi, da Lena Moi. 'Yan uwansa sun hada da; Phillip Moi, Jonathan Moi (Afrilu 2019), John Mark Moi, Raymond Moi (MP for Rongai), Jennifer Jemutai Kositany, Doris Moi, June Moi. Rayuwar mutum WTC Gideon Moi yana da waɗannan 'yan'uwa maza da mata: Doris Moi, Jennifer Jemutai Kositany, June Moi, Raymond Moi, Jonathan Toroitich, Philip Moi, John Mark Moi. Moi ya auri Zahra Moi, wanda yake da 'ya'ya uku: Kimoi, Kigen da Lulu. Moi ya buga wasan polo ga kulob din Manyatta da ke Gilgil. Na musamman ga 'yan siyasar Kenya, Moi ya yi nasarar tsare sirrin rayuwarsa. A cikin 2020 Fabrairu, Gideon Moi, Ya rasa mahaifinsa, tsohon Shugaban Kenya, Daniel Arap Moi, A cikin 2004, Yuli, ya rasa Mahaifiyarsa Lena Moi wacce ta kasance matar tsohon shugaban Kenya Daniel Arap Moi, Burin shugaban kasa Moi shine jagoran jam'iyar siyasa ta KANU a Kenya. Dan tsohon shugaban kasar Kenya, wanda mahaifinsa ya shirya shi a matsayin dan takarar shugaban kasa. A babban zaben shekarar 2017, ya tara KANU don marawa Uhuru Kenyatta baya a wa’adi na biyu, duk da rashin jin dadin Moi na takarar wanda ya hada har da abokin siyasarsa, William Samoei Arap Ruto. Moi ya baiyana aniyarsa kuma ana sa ran zai tsaya takara a zaben shugaban kasar Kenya na 2022, wanda zai gwada karfin siyasarsa da karfin tattara kudi, ko daga dukiyarsa ko daga magoya bayansa. Duk da cewa ba a ganin sa yanzu a matsayin mashahuri kamar Ruto, yana da kyau a lura cewa babu wani taron masu sauraro na kasa tare da shi kai da gaba da Ruto. Ya ci gaba da aiki a matsayin sanata kuma Shugaban Kwamitin ICT na Majalisar Dattawa maimakon Sakataren Majalisar a gwamnatin Uhuru Kenyatta, wanda aka yi hasashe a watan Janairun 2018. Kwanan nan jam’iyyarsa ta kulla yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa da jam’iyya mai mulki don yin aiki tare a ciki da wajen majalisar. A watan Agusta na 2007, The Guardian ta ba da rahoton cewa rahoton Kroll , wanda Shugaba Mwai Kibaki ya ba da izini a 2004 don gano kadarorin mutanen da ake zargin sun wawure jihar, ya lissafa Gideon Moi. An ba da rahoton cewa Moi ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 550. An bayyana girman cin hanci da rashawa da dangi da abokan tsohon shugabanta, Daniel Arap Moi ke yi a Kenya a cikin wani rahoton sirri wanda ya yi zargin an sace sama da fam biliyan daya na kudin gwamnati a lokacin mulkinsa na shekaru 24. Gwamnatin Mista Moi, wacce ta kawo karshe a shekarar 2002, an dade ana daukar ta a matsayin daya daga cikin masu cin hanci da rashawa a Afirka, amma ba a taba fallasa irin wannan almundahana ba. Rahoton mai shafuka 110 na masu ba da shawara kan haɗarin ƙasashen duniya Kroll ya yi bayani dalla-dalla game da kadarorin da har yanzu ake zargin mallakar dangin Moi da mukarrabansu a cikin ƙasashe 28, gami da otal-otal da wuraren zama a Afirka ta Kudu da Amurka, gona mai hekta 10,000 a Australia, otal uku a London, gidan £ 4 miliyan a Surrey, da falon fam miliyan biyu a Knightsbridge. Ta yi ikirarin cewa dangin Moi sun wawure dala miliyan 400 ta hanyar hadaddun gidajen yanar gizo a Kenya, Geneva da Frankfurt. Har ila yau, sun yi zargin cewa su da wasu gungun abokan huldarsu suna da banki a Belgium wanda aka yi amfani da shi wajen satar kudi daga Kenya kuma ya bankado asusu na asusu na asirin banki, kamfanonin harsashi da amintattun da aka yi rajista a wuraren harajin, ciki har da Tsibirin Cayman. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'ya'yan Moi, Philip da Gideon, sun kai darajar £ 384m da £ 550m bi da bi.

40126

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art

Art

Art wani nau'i ne na ayyukan ɗan adam daban-daban, kuma samfurin da aka samo asali, wanda ya haɗa da ƙirƙira ko ƙwarewa mai ƙirƙira, mai bayyana ƙwarewar fasaha, kyakkyawa, ƙarfin tunani, ko ra'ayoyin ra'ayi. Babu wani ma'anar da aka yarda gaba ɗaya game da abin da ya ƙunshi fasaha, kuma fassararsa ta bambanta sosai cikin tarihi da al'adu. A cikin al'adar Yammacin Turai, rassan gargajiya guda uku na zane-zane na gani suna zanen, sassaka, da kuma gine-gine. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo, raye-raye, da sauran zane-zane, da wallafe-wallafe, kiɗa, fina-finai da sauran kafofin watsa labarai kamar kafofin watsa labarai, suna cikin ma'anar fasaha mai zurfi. Har zuwa karni na 17, fasaha tana nufin kowane fasaha ko ƙwarewa kuma ba a bambanta da fasaha ko kimiyya ba. A cikin amfani na zamani bayan karni na 17, inda la'akari na ado ke da mahimmanci, an raba zane-zane masu kyau kuma an bambanta su da ƙwarewar da aka samu gabaɗaya, kamar kayan ado ko zane-zane. Yanayin fasaha da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa, kamar kerawa da fassara, ana bincika su a cikin reshe na falsafar da aka sani da aesthetics. Sakamakon zane-zane ana nazarin su a fagagen ƙwararrun zargi na fasaha da tarihin fasaha. A cikin hangen nesa na tarihin fasaha, ayyukan fasaha sun wanzu kusan tsawon lokacin ɗan adam: daga farkon fasahar tarihi zuwa fasahar zamani; duk da haka, wasu masana suna ganin cewa ainihin manufar "ayyukan fasaha" ba su dace da kyau a wajen al'ummomin Yammacin zamani ba. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'anar fasaha ta farko tana da alaƙa da tsohuwar ma'anar Latin, wanda kusan ke fassara zuwa "ƙwarewa" ko "sana'a", kamar yadda ke da alaƙa da kalmomi kamar "mai sana'a". Kalmomin Turanci da aka samo daga wannan ma'anar sun haɗa da kayan tarihi, wucin gadi, kayan fasaha, fasahar likitanci, da fasahar soja. Duk da haka, akwai sauran amfani da kalmomin baki da yawa, duk suna da alaƙa da iliminta. Bayan lokaci, masana falsafa kamar Plato, Aristotle, Socrates da Kant, da sauransu, sun tambayi ma'anar fasaha. Tattaunawa da yawa a cikin Plato suna magance tambayoyi game da fasaha: Socrates ya ce waƙar mawaƙa ne suka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta, kuma ba ta da hankali. Ya yi magana da yarda da wannan, da sauran nau'o'in hauka na (buguwa, sha'awa, da mafarki) a cikin Phaedrus (265a–c), amma duk da haka a cikin <i id="mwcQ">Jamhuriyar</i> yana so ya haramta babban fasahar waƙa na Homer, da dariya kuma. A cikin Ion, Socrates bai ba da alamar rashin amincewa da Homer da ya bayyana a cikin Jamhuriyar ba. Tattaunawar Ion ta nuna cewa Homer's Iliad ya yi aiki a cikin tsohuwar duniyar Girka kamar yadda Littafi Mai-Tsarki yake yi a yau a duniyar Kirista ta zamani: a matsayin fasahar adabi da Allah ya hure wanda zai iya ba da jagorar ɗabi'a, idan da za a iya fassara shi da kyau. Game da fasahar wallafe-wallafen da fasahar kiɗa, Aristotle yayi la'akari da waƙar almara, tragedy, ban dariya, waƙar Dithyrambic da kiɗa don zama mimetic ko kwaikwayo na kwaikwayo, kowannensu ya bambanta a cikin kwaikwayo ta hanyar matsakaici, abu, da kuma hanya. Misali, waka tana kwaikwaya da kafafen yada labarai na raye-raye da juna, yayin da raye-raye ke kwaikwaya da kari kadai, kuma waka da harshe. Siffofin kuma sun bambanta a cikin abin koyi. Barkwanci, alal misali, kwaikwayo ne na ban mamaki na maza fiye da matsakaici; alhali tragedy yana kwaikwayi maza da ɗan kyau fiye da matsakaici. A ƙarshe, nau'ikan sun bambanta ta hanyar kwaikwayon su ta hanyar labari ko hali, ta hanyar canji ko canji, kuma ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo ko babu wasan kwaikwayo. Aristotle ya gaskanta cewa kwaikwayo dabi'a ce ga 'yan adam kuma ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fa'idodin ɗan adam akan dabbobi. Bugu da Ƙarin yanzu kuma takamaiman ma'anar kalmar fasaha azaman taƙaitaccen fasaha don ƙirƙira ko fasaha mai kyau ya bayyana a farkon ƙarni na 17. Kyakkyawan fasaha na nufin wata fasaha da ake amfani da ita don bayyana ƙirƙirar mai zane, ko don jawo hankalin masu sauraro, ko don jawo masu sauraro zuwa ga la'akari da ingantaccen aikin fasaha ko mafi kyawu. A cikin wannan ma'ana ta ƙarshe, kalmar fasaha na iya nufin abubuwa da yawa: (i) nazarin fasaha mai ƙirƙira, (ii) tsarin yin amfani da fasaha mai ƙirƙira, (iii) samfurin fasaha na ƙirƙira, ko (iv) gwanintar masu sauraro tare da fasahar kere kere. Ƙirƙirar fasaha (zane-zane a matsayin horo) tarin horo ne wanda ke samar da zane-zane (zane-zane a matsayin abubuwa) waɗanda ke tilasta su ta hanyar motsa jiki (art a matsayin aiki) da kuma isar da saƙo, yanayi, ko alamar alama don mai fahimta don fassara (art a matsayin abubuwa). kwarewa). Art wani abu ne da ke motsa tunanin mutum, motsin zuciyarsa, imani, ko ra'ayinsa ta hanyar hankali. Ana iya yin ayyukan fasaha a sarari don wannan dalili ko fassara bisa hotuna ko abubuwa. Ga wasu malamai, irin su Kant, kimiyyar kimiyya da fasaha za a iya bambanta ta hanyar ɗaukar kimiyya a matsayin wakiltar yanki na ilimi da fasaha a matsayin wakiltar yankin 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki. Sau da yawa, idan ana amfani da wannan fasaha ta hanyar gama gari ko kuma a aikace, mutane za su ɗauke ta a matsayin sana'a maimakon fasaha. Hakanan, idan ana amfani da wannan fasaha ta hanyar kasuwanci ko masana'antu, ana iya ɗaukar ta fasahar kasuwanci maimakon fasaha mai kyau. A gefe guda, sana'a da ƙira wani lokaci ana la'akari da amfani da fasaha. Wasu masu bin zane-zane sun yi iƙirarin cewa bambanci tsakanin fasaha mai kyau da fasaha mai amfani yana da alaƙa da ƙimar ƙimar da aka yi game da fasaha fiye da kowane takamaiman ma'anar. Koyaya, ko da fasaha mai kyau sau da yawa yana da maƙasudi fiye da tsantsar ƙirƙira da bayyana kai. Manufar ayyukan fasaha na iya zama don sadarwa ra'ayoyi, kamar a cikin fasaha na siyasa, ruhaniya, ko ilimin falsafa; don ƙirƙirar ma'anar kyakkyawa (duba kayan ado); don bincika yanayin tsinkaye; don jin daɗi; ko don haifar da motsin rai mai ƙarfi. Manufar ita ma tana iya zama kamar babu ita. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50408

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Tanzaniya

Sauyin yanayi a Tanzaniya

Sauyin yanayi a Tanzaniya, yana shafar yanayin yanayi na mazauna Tanzaniya. Yanayin zafi a Tanzaniya yana ƙaruwa tare da yuwuwar aukuwar ruwan sama mai ƙarfi (sakamakon ambaliya) da bushewar yanayi (sakamakon fari). Karancin ruwa ya zama matsala mai yawa kuma yawancin manyan ruwa sun sami raguwa sosai a matakan ruwa, ciki har da tafkin Victoria, tafkin Tanganyika Lake Jipe, da tafkin Rukwa. Bangaren noma na Tanzaniya, wanda ke daukar sama da rabin al'ummar kasar, yana da rauni musamman saboda manoman sun dogara ne kan noman ruwan sama. A daya hannun kuma, karuwar ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya ya haifar da ambaliyan ruwa a fadin yankin, wanda ya lalata ababen more rayuwa da rayuwa. Kaso da yawa na al'ummar Tanzaniya suna zaune a bakin tekun kuma sun dogara da kamun kifi da kiwo. Ana sa ran hawan teku da sauye-sauyen ingancin ruwa za su yi tasiri ga wadannan sassa da kuma zama kalubale ga kasar. Tanzaniya ta samar da Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Aiki (NAPAs) a cikin 2007 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi ta umarta. Hukumar ta NAPA ta bayyana sassan noma, ruwa, lafiya, da makamanci a matsayin sassan Tanzaniya da suka fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi. A cikin 2012, Tanzaniya ta samar da dabarun sauyin yanayi na ƙasa don mayar da martani ga karuwar damuwa game da mummunan tasirin sauyin yanayi da sauye-sauyen yanayi kan yanayin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da na zahiri na ƙasar. A cikin 2015, Tanzaniya ta ƙaddamar da gudummawar da aka ƙaddara ta ƙasa (INDC). Tasiri kan yanayin yanayi Tsakanin 1981 zuwa 2016 akwai wuraren bushewa a sassa na arewa maso gabas da yawancin kudancin Tanzaniya. Sabanin haka, matsakaicin yanayin jika ya faru a tsakiyar Tanzaniya da kuma yanayin jika mai ƙarfi a arewa maso yammacin ƙasar. Bayyanar yanayin dumamar yanayi yana bayyana a yanayin zafin shekara. A cikin shekarun 2090, ana hasashen dumamar yanayi tana cikin kewayon 1.6 zuwa 5.0 °C, kuma ana rarraba shi daidai a fadin kasar. Domin ruwan sama akwai yarjejeniya mai ƙarfi don raguwa a matsakaicin adadin kwanakin damina da kuma ƙaruwar yawan ruwan sama a kowace rana ta ruwan sama ('ƙarfin ruwan sama'). A hade waɗannan canje-canjen suna ba da shawarar ƙarin ruwan sama mai canzawa, tare da yiwuwar busassun busassun biyu (kamar fari ) da kuma yuwuwar haɗarin ruwan sama mai ƙarfi (sau da yawa yana hade da ambaliya ). Ana iya ganin tasirin sauyin yanayi na matsanancin fari, ambaliya, mutuwar dabbobi, gazawar amfanin gona da barkewar cututtuka (kamar kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro) akai-akai. Tasiri akan mutane Tasirin tattalin arziki Noma (ciki har da kiwo) shine babban yanki a cikin tattalin arzikin Tanzaniya, yana samar da rayuwa, samun kudin shiga da aikin yi. An kuma gano shi a matsayin bangaren da ya fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi . Ƙara yawan zafin jiki da 2 °C - 4 Akwai yuwuwar °C zai canza rarraba yankuna bakwai na agro-ecological na Tanzaniya. Wuraren da suke noman amfanin gona na shekara zai dace da amfanin gona na shekara. Canjin yanayi zai kasance yana haɓaka haɓaka tsiro da rage tsawon lokacin girma. Rashin lahani a fannin noma na iya haɗawa da raguwar noman amfanin gona na amfanin gona daban-daban wanda ya ta'azzara ta hanyar sauye-sauyen yanayi da rashin hasashen yanayi na yanayi, zaizayar ƙasa tushen albarkatun ƙasa da lalacewar muhalli. Wani bincike na 2011 ya gano cewa amfanin amfanin gona duka yana shafar dumama da haɓakar haɓaka. Ƙara yawan zafin jiki da 2 °C a lokacin noman da aka yi hasashen nan da shekarar 2050 zai iya rage yawan amfanin noman shinkafa, dawa da masara da kashi 7.6%, 8.8% da 13% a Tanzaniya. An samu karuwar yawan hazo da kashi 20 cikin 100 na hazo tsakanin yanayi don rage amfanin shinkafa, dawa da masara da 7.6%, 7.2% da 4.2% bi da bi nan da 2050. Misali tsananin fari da aka yi a Dodoma ya haifar da raguwar girbi da kashi 80%. Tasirin lafiya Akwai wasu cututtukan da ke da saurin yanayi a Tanzaniya waɗanda za su iya zama ruwan dare yayin fari da ambaliya. Cututtuka masu nasaba da ruwa kamar kwalara da zazzabin cizon sauro na iya karuwa a Tanzaniya saboda sauyin yanayi. A wasu sassan Tanzaniya, an danganta barkewar cutar kwalara da karuwar ruwan sama. An samu bullar cutar kwalara a arewa maso gabas da kudu maso gabas da tafkin Victoria da kuma yankunan gabar tekun Tanzaniya sakamakon yawan ruwan sama. Bincike ya kuma nuna cewa hadarin farko na kwalara ya karu da kashi 15% zuwa 19% na kowane 1 °C yana ƙaruwa. An kuma yi hasashen cewa a shekarar 2030 jimillar farashin kwalara da ke da nasaba da canjin yanayi zai kasance tsakanin kashi 0.32% zuwa 1.4% na GDP na kasar Tanzaniya. An san cewa cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta fi yawa a lokacin ruwan sama mai yawa da kuma yanayin zafi saboda yana sanya wuraren zama na sauro (kamar tafkuna, tafkuna, rijiyoyi ko ramuka, koguna, koguna da magudanan ruwa) wuraren kiwon da suka dace. Misali, wani bincike da aka gudanar a gundumar Lushoto ta kasar Tanzaniya, ya bayyana cewa cutar zazzabin cizon sauro ta yi kaurin suna a lokutan damina mai yawa kuma akwai alaka da karuwar zafi. Ragewa da daidaitawa Manufofi da dokoki don daidaitawa Tanzaniya ta samar da Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Aiki (NAPAs) a cikin 2007 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Mulki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Sauyin Yanayi ta umarta. Gabaɗayan hangen nesa na NAPA na Tanzaniya shi ne gano ayyukan daidaita sauyin yanayi cikin gaggawa da gaggawa waɗanda ke da ƙarfi don haifar da ci gaba mai dorewa na dogon lokaci a cikin canjin yanayi. Hukumar ta NAPA ta bayyana sassan noma, ruwa, lafiya, da makamashi a matsayin sassan Tanzaniya da suka fi fuskantar sauyin yanayi. Yadawa da fadada fasahar da ba ta da tsada, mai saukin kai kamar murhu mai kona itace, da kuma ci gaba da saka hannun jari a madadin hanyoyin makamashi kamar iska da hasken rana. Tanzaniya ta zayyana matakan daidaita fifiko a cikin NAPA, da dabaru daban-daban na sassan ƙasa da sakamakon bincike. Hukumar ta NAPA ta yi nasara wajen karfafa sauye-sauyen yanayi a cikin manufofin sashe a Tanzaniya; duk da haka, haɗin gwiwar tsakanin sassan da ke da mahimmanci don aiwatar da dabarun daidaitawa ya kasance mai iyaka saboda ƙalubalen hukumomi kamar rashin daidaiton wutar lantarki, ƙarancin kasafin kuɗi da kuma tsarin sashe mai tushe. Yawancin ayyukan da ake yi a Tanzaniya sun shafi aikin noma da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa (ruwa, ceton ruwa, tattara ruwan sama); duk da haka, makamashi da yawon shakatawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

50132

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lela%20Lee

Lela Lee

Lela Lee (an haife ta a Los Angeles, California ) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce Ba'amurkiya kuma mai zane-zane, marubuciyar shirye shiryen talabijin, kuma mahallaciyar wasan kwaikwayo mai raye-rayen Angry Little Asian Girl da kuma wasan ban dariya mai alaƙa Angry Little Girls. Aiki sana'a Lela Lee 'yar fim ce kuma har ila yau mai wasan kwaikwayo ce a talabijin,tare da rawa a cikin fim ɗin 1998 Yellow da fim ɗin 2002 Better Luck Tomorrow.Ta kasance jeri na yau da kullun a cikin jerin gajerun hanyoyin Sci Fi Channel Tremors, kuma tana da rawar baƙo akai-akai akan Scrubs na NBC.Lee ta fito baƙo a cikin kashi na farko na Season Four na HBO's Curb Your Haɗin kai,tana wasa da wata mata 'yar Asiya mai fushi,wacce ta kai hari ta zahiri da ta baki a kan tauraruwar Larry David bayan ta nuna Tang sunan Sinanci ne gama gari. Lee kuma tana cikin shirin"Animal Pragmatism" na Charmed a matsayin Tessa,dalibin kwaleji. Fusatattun ƴan matan da ƴar Asiya ta fusata Angry Little Girls an haɓaka su azaman halayen da ta haɓaka a cikin 1994 lokacin da take digiri na biyu a UC Berkeley.Ta haɓaka halin bayan halartar Spike da Mike's Sick and Twisted Festival of Animation tare da aboki. A wannan dare,Lee ta tsaya a zane tare da buga takarda da alamar Crayola,da kyamarar bidiyo kuma ta sanya kashi na farko "Yarinyar Asiya tayi Fushi,Ranar Farko na Makaranta." Shekaru uku bayan ƙirƙirar kashi na farko na Yarinyar 'Yar Asiya tayi Fushi,ta ƙirƙiri ƙarin huɗu, kuma ta aika da sassa biyar masu taken Angry Little Asian Girl, Five Angry Episodes zuwa bukukuwa inda masu sukar LA Times da LA Weekly suka yi nazari sosai. . Wadannan filaye,kamar na farko,suna amfani da munanan kalamai da hotuna masu ban tsoro don jawo hankali ga batutuwan da suka shafi mahadar Asiya da mace. Masu sauraro sun zo wurinta bayan an tantance su suna cewa ALAG ta yi magana da su kuma su ma sun sami irin wannan kwarewa a girma a Amurka.Lee sai ta yi batch na T-shirts bisa nunin. Lee ta faɗaɗa ALAG don haɗawa da sauran'yan mata na asali da halaye daban-daban. Ta dauki shekara biyu tana koya wa kanta yadda ake zana wasan ban dariya da littattafan da aka duba daga ɗakin karatu.Tare da sababbin haruffan da aka ƙirƙira,da sunan laima na"Angry Little Girls"Lee ta mayar da aikinta zuwa wasan ban dariya na mako-mako wanda ta buga da kanta akan yanar gizon ta www.angrylittlegirls.com. Lee ta ƙara haruffa na ƙabilu daban-daban da asalinsu don ƙara sha'awar jama'arta da kasuwanci. A shekara ta 2005,Harry N. Abrams ta buga littafin farko na tara 'yan mata Angry Little Girls tube. Bayan wannan,an buga wasu tarin jigogi na ban dariya na Lee ta tambarin mawallafin, Abrams Comic Arts. Rubutun ƙididdiga Yarinyar Asiya tayi Fushi - mahalicci, marubuci, mai gabatarwa. Ranar Farko na Makaranta - marubuci Dinner Party - marubuci Kwanan Kim - marubuci Ka'idodin Uwar Lee – marubuci Sistahood – marubuci Abincin Deborah – marubuci Occupy Placentia – marubuci Chuy, Chicken mara izini – marubuci Kim's Twinkie Defence – marubuci Rashin abinci mai sauri – marubuci Xyla's Therapy – marubuci Gudanar da fushi – marubuci Littafi Mai Tsarki ’Yan mata masu fushi Har yanzu Yara Kanana Suna Fushi Fushi Ƙananan Yan Mata a Soyayya Yara 'Yan Mata Masu Fushi: Ƙananan Littafin Soyayya Tatsuniyoyi don ƴan matan Fushi 'Yan Mata masu fushi: ƙaramin Kit don Abokai Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Fushi Ƙananan Yan Mata A fusace Yar Asiya Lela Lee 1998 A Fushi Yar Asiya Sharhin LA Times 1998 Hira da AsianWeek Tambayoyin IndieRag 2001 2001 Washington Post "Tsarin Barkwanci na Daban Daban" 2003 Hira da Cibiyar Asiya ta UCLA 2003 Seattle Times 'Little Girls' sun gabatar da manyan ra'ayoyi ba tare da manta da asalin fushi ba" Tambayoyi na 2004 akan Neman PBS na Amurkan Asiya 2004 Cincinnati Enquirer "Jakunkunan yarinya masu fushi suna ɗaukar hali" 2004 Sacramento Bee "Mad World" 2004 Matsar, Sannu Kitty: Sabbin haruffa suna ɗaukar mulkin kyawawan abubuwa" 2008 Lela Lee LA mako-mako 2013 LA Times "Yarinyar Asiya ta Fushi tana musayar ra'ayoyinta" Lela Lee YouTube Yarinyar Asiya Fushi Rayayyun mutane

22409

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Zamantakewar%20Jama%27a

Hakkin Zamantakewar Jama'a

An yarda da haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam, kuma an kafa haƙƙin taimakon zamantakewar al'umma ga waɗanda ba sa iya aiki saboda rashin lafiya, nakasa, haihuwa, rauni na aiki, rashin aikin yi ko tsufa. Tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma da jihohin da ke bayarwa sun hada da shirye-shiryen inshorar zamantakewar al'umma, wanda ke samar da fa'idojin ga ma'aikata da dangin su ta hanyar gudummawar aiki, da sauran su ko shirye-shiryen taimakon jin kai wanda ke samar da fa'idodin ba da gudummawa wanda aka tsara don samar da mafi karancin matakan tsaro ga zamantakewar mutane samun damar inshorar zamantakewa. Sanarwar Duniya Game Da 'Yancin Dan Adam Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan 'Adam ta amince da haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a a cikin labarai ashirin da biyu 22, wanda ke cewa:"Kowane mutum, a matsayin memba na al'umma, yana da 'yancin walwala kuma yana da Kuma hakkin a tabbatar da shi, ta hanyar kokarin kasa da hadin kan kasa da kasa bisa tsari da albarkatun kowace Jiha, na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu ba makawa dan mutuncinsa da kuma cigaban mutuntaka kyauta ba kosisi." Da kuma labarai na ashirin da biyar 25, wanda ke ba da haƙƙin samun daidaito na rayuwa, yana mai faɗi cewa:" Kowane mutum na da haƙƙin rayuwa daidai gwargwado don ƙoshin lafiyar sa da jin daɗin kansa da na danginsa, gami da abinci, tufafi, muhalli da kula da lafiya da kuma hidimomin zamantakewar da ake buƙata, da kuma haƙƙin tsaro na rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, nakasa, zawarawa, tsufa ko kuma wasu abubuwan rashin abin yi a cikin yanayin da ya fi karfinsa. Uwa da yara suna da hakkin a ba su kulawa ta musamman da taimako. Duk yara, walau an haife su a cikin aure ko ba su aure ba, suna da irin wannan kariya ta zamantakewar." Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu Mataki na 9 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, kuma Zamantakewa da Al'adu (ICESCR) ta amince da 'yancin kowa da kowa ga tsaron rayuwa, gami da inshorar zamantakewar jama'a." Hakkin tabbatar da walwala da jin dadin jama'a an kara amincewa da shi a cikin Mataki na 10, wanda ya ce, "ya kamata a bai wa iyaye mata kariya ta musamman a lokacin da ya dace kafin haihuwa da bayan haihuwa. A lokacin da irin wannan lokaci na aiki iyayensu ya kamata ace ke biya izinin ko tare da isasshen jindadin jama'a amfanin." kungiyoyin jihohi na ICESCR suna da alhakin girmamawa, kiyayewa da cika haƙƙin zamantakewar jama'a. A cikin Babban Magana ba 19 Akan Hakkin Tsaro na Jama'a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Yanci da Al'adu ya fayyace cewa 'yancin tabbatar da zamantakewar al'umma kamar yadda yake a cikin ICESCR take kunshi:''yancin samun dama da kuma kiyaye fa'idodi, walau a cikin kudi ko kuma iri, daga (a) rashin samun kudin shiga da ya shafi aiki sakamakon rashin lafiya, nakasa, haihuwa, raunin aiki, rashin aikin yi, tsufa, ko kuma mutuwar wani dangi; ( b) rashin samun damar kulawa da lafiya; (c) rashin isassun tallafi na iyali, musamman yara da manya masu dogaro da kai." An fahimci tsaro na zamantakewa ya ƙunshi rassa tara masu zuwa: isasshen sabis na kiwon lafiya, fa'idodin nakasa, amfanin tsufa, fa'idodin rashin aikin yi, inshorar rauni na aiki, tallafi na iyali da na yara, fa'idodin haihuwa, kariyar nakasa, da tanadi ga masu tsira da marayu. Bangarorin jihohi na ICESCR suna da aikin cika hakkin kula da zamantakewar al'umma ta hanyar daukar "matakan da suka dace, gami da aiwatar da tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma." Dole ne jam'ian jihohi su tabbatar da cewa, "tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar jama'a zai wadatar, ya kasance mai sauki ga kowa kuma zai rufe kasada da abubuwan da ke faruwa." Har ila yau, jami'an jihohi suna da wani nauyi na sauƙaƙa haƙƙin tabbatar da tsaro ta zamantakewar jama'a ta hanyar "yarda da wannan haƙƙin a cikin tsarin siyasa da na ƙasa, zai fi dacewa ta hanyar aiwatar da dokoki" da "yin amfani da dabarun zaman lafiyar ƙasa." Sauran abubuwan kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya Hakkin tabbatar da zaman lafiyar an kuma amince da shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar kawar da Duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariyar launin fata wanda a cikin labarin na biyar ya bukaci bangarorin Jihohi dole ne su hana tare da kawar da nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin dukkan nau'ikansa, da kuma tabbatar da hakkin kowa "ba tare da bambanci ba kamar launin fata, launi, ko asalin ƙasa ko ƙabila, zuwa daidaito a gaban doka, musamman cikin jin daɗin haƙƙin lafiyar jama'a, kula da lafiya, tsaro na zamantakewa da sabis na zamantakewar jama'a." Yarjejeniyar kan kawar da duk wasu nau'ikan nuna wariya ga mata ta kunshi 'yancin tabbatar da tsaro ga mata a cikin labarin na 11, inda ya bayyana cewa mata suna da "yancin walwala da jin dadin jama'a, musamman a batun ritaya, rashin aikin yi, rashin lafiya, rashin inganta rayuwa da tsufa da sauran rashin iya aiki, da kuma 'yancin biyan hutu." Yarjejeniyar kan Hakkokin Yaro ta sanya haƙƙin haƙƙin yara na zamantakewar al'umma a cikin labarin 26, yana mai faɗi cewa:" jam'iyun Jihohi za su amince wa kowane yaro haƙƙin cin gajiyar zamantakewar al'umma, gami da inshorar zamantakewar jama'a, kuma za su ɗauki matakan da suka dace don cimma cikakken haƙƙin wannan haƙƙin bisa ga dokar ƙasarsu. Amfanin, inda ya dace, a ba da, la'akari da albarkatu da yanayin yaro da kuma mutanen da ke da alhakin kula da yaron, da kuma duk wani abin da ya dace da aikace-aikacen don fa'idodin da aka yi ko a madadin yaron."Yarjejeniyar ta kara yin bayani kan hakkin yara na tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma a cikin doka ta 18 dangane da iyaye masu aiki, tana mai cewa, "Jihohin za su bayar da taimakon da ya dace ga iyaye da masu kula da harkokin shari'a wajen gudanar da ayyukan tarbiyyar yaransu kuma su tabbatar da ci gaban cibiyoyi, cibiyoyi da aiyuka don kula da yara." A cewar Yarjejeniyar "Bangarorin Jihohi za su dauki duk matakan da suka dace don tabbatar da cewa 'ya'yan iyayen da ke aiki suna da' yancin cin gajiyar ayyukan kula da yara da wuraren da suka cancanta." Mataki na 20 na Yarjejeniyar ya yi tanadi kan haƙƙin zamantakewar yara ba tare da iyaye ba, yana mai cewa "Yaro na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin daga muhallin danginsa, ko kuma wanda ba za a bar shi ya ci gaba da zama a wannan yanayin ba, suna da damar samun kariya ta musamman da Jiha ta bayar. " Kuma cewa "Statesungiyoyin Jihohi daidai da dokokin ƙasarsu zasu tabbatar da madadin kulawa da irin wannan yaron." Dangantaka da wasu hakkoki Hakkin tabbatar da walwala da jin dadin jama'a yana da alaqa da kuma dogaro da wasu hakkoki na tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, musamman 'yancin samun wadataccen tsarin rayuwa, gami da 'yancin cin abinci da ' yancin mallakar gidaje 'yancin yin aiki, da 'yancin kariya na iyali. Dangane da Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya labarin 26 na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa kan nuna wariya ya shafi hakkin tsaro na zamantakewa. A cikin Babban Sharhi daga 2000 Kwamitin ya nuna haƙƙin tabbatar da zamantakewar al'umma a matsayin yanki inda mata ke yawan fuskantar wariya. Gabaɗaya a duniya samun damar tsaro na zamantakewa yayi ƙasa kuma kashi 80 cikin ɗari na yawan mutanen duniya ba su da wata damar samun kowace irin kariya ta zamantakewar yau da kullun. 1. Weissbrodt, David S; de la Vega, Connie . International human rights law: an introduction. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-4032-0. 2. Weissbrodt, David S; de la Vega, Connie . International human rights law: an introduction. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-4032-0. 3. Weissbrodt, David S; de la Vega, Connie . International human rights law: an introduction. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 130. ISBN 978-0-8122-4032-0. 4. "International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights". Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights. 1966. Archived from the original on March 3, 2012. 5. Felice, William F. . The global new deal: economic and social human rights in world politics. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 122–123. ISBN 978-0-7425-6727-6. right to social security.

23017

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20shakatawa%20na%20Virunga

Filin shakatawa na Virunga

Filin shakatawa na Virunga shi ne wurin shakatawa na kasa a cikin kwarin Rbert na Albertine a gabashin Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 1925 kuma yana cikin farkon yankunan kariya a Afirka. A cikin tsawa, ya fara daga 680 m (2,230 ft) a kwarin Semliki zuwa 5,109 m (16,762 ft) a tsaunukan Rwenzori. Daga arewa zuwa kudu ya fadada kimanin kilomita 300 (mil mi 190), galibi kan iyakokin duniya da Uganda da Rwanda a gabas. Ya mamaye yanki na 8,090 km2 (3,120 sq mi). Akwai duwatsu masu aiki da duwatsu biyu a cikin wurin shakatawa, Dutsen Nyiragongo da Nyamuragira. Sun fasalta fasalin mahalli da namun daji da yawa. Fiye da nau'ikan faunal da na fure guda dubu 3 aka rubuta, wanda sama da 300 suna da alaƙa da Albertine Rift gami da gabashin gorilla (Gorilla beringei) da biri na zinariya (Cercopithecus kandti). A shekara ta 1979, an sanya gandun dajin a matsayin Wurin Tarihi na UNESCO saboda yawan wadatattun wuraren zama, kebantattun nau'o'in halittu da endemism, da kuma kariya daga mazaunin gorilla mai tsafta. An sanya shi a cikin Lissafin al'adun duniya a cikin Haɗari tun daga 1994 saboda rikice-rikicen jama'a da ƙaruwar kasancewar ɗan adam a yankin. An samu munanan hare-hare da dama daga kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye, kuma an kashe masu gadin wurin da yawa. A farkon 1920s, da yawa daga masu goyon bayan kungiyar kiyayewa ta Turai sun goyi bayan shawarar kirkirar wani yanki mai kariya a arewa maso gabashin Kongo ta Kongo, daga cikinsu akwai Victor van Straelen, Jean Massart da Jean-Marie Derscheid. Lokacin da aka kafa Filin shakatawa na Albert a watan Afrilu 1925 a matsayin filin shakatawa na farko a Afirka, an dauke shi a matsayin wurin da ya dace da kimiya da nufin yin nazari da kiyaye namun daji da kuma abin da ake kira da 'dadadden' mafarautan masu tara Afirka. A cikin 1926, Derscheid ya jagoranci aikin farko na Belgium zuwa zane-zane na Filin shakatawa na Albert, wanda ya kewaye yanki na 500 km2 (190 sq mi) a kusa da tsaunukan Dutsen Karisimbi da Dutsen Mikeno. Yankin da aka kiyaye ya faɗaɗa a cikin 1929 ta Filin shakatawa na Virunga, wanda ya ƙunshi tsaunukan Virunga, ɓangarorin yankin Rutshuru da filayen kudu na tafkin Edward. Girman sa na farko na 2,920.98 km2 (1,127.80 sq mi) an fadada shi mataki zuwa mataki a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. 'Yan asalin ƙasar sun rasa haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa na gargajiya a cikin wannan aikin, kuma an kore su daga yankin da aka kiyaye. Tsakanin ƙarshen 1930s da 1955, an tura kimanin mutane Rwandophone 85,000 zuwa Masisi da ke kusa da Arewacin Kivu. A cikin 1934, an kafa Institut des Parcs Nationaux du Congo Belge a matsayin hukumar kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a Kongo ta Beljiyam. Tsakanin farkon shekarun 1930s da 1961, masana kimiyya ne na ƙasar Belgium sun gudanar da balaguro da yawa zuwa Albert National Park, na biyu wanda Gaston-François de Witte ya jagoranta. Sun yi karatu kuma sun tattara samfurin dabbobin daji na Musée Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique; bincika ƙabilun da ke wannan yankin; yayi nazarin ayyukan aman wuta, da burbushin halittu. A ƙarshen 1950s, makiyayan Tutsi da shanunsu suka shiga wurin shakatawar, suna lalata mahalli na halitta har zuwa tsawan 3,000 m (9,800 ft), wanda ake tunanin zai iya yi wa gorillas ɗin dajin barazana. An sake fasalin dokokin ƙasa a cikin shekarun 1960 bayan Kongo ta Beljiyam ta sami yancin kai kamar Jamhuriyar Kongo, kuma ƙasar ta bayyana mallakar ƙasa, abin da ya cutar da mutanen yankin sosai. Farauta ba bisa doka ba a cikin yankunan kariya sun ƙaru. A shekarar 1969, aka hade wuraren shakatawa biyu karkashin sunan Filin shakatawa na Virunga, wanda aka ayyana shi a matsayin Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO a shekarar 1979. A cikin 1996, an sanya gandun dajin a matsayin rukunin Ramsar mai matukar muhimmanci ga kasashen duniya. A shekara ta 2011, an bai wa kamfanin Soco International na Burtaniya wani sassauci na hako ɗanyen mai a kewayensa da kuma manyan sassan filin shakatawa na ƙasar. Jami'an gwamnati sun goyi bayan ayyukan bincike na membobin kungiyar soco na kasa da kasa, yayin da gandun dajin ke adawa. A yayin da ake ci gaba da samun tashin hankali, an kaiwa babban mai gadin wurin, Emmanuel de Mérode, hari a watan Afrilu na 2014. Bayan zanga-zangar kasa da kasa, kamfanin ya daina binciko ayyukan kuma ya yarda ya daina fara irin wannan aiki a yankin da wuraren tarihi na Duniya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2016, an gina madatsun ruwa masu amfani da wutar lantarki guda hudu wadanda ke samar da wutar lantarki ga kananan kamfanoni kuma wadanda ke amfana da mutanen karkara sama da 200,000. Rikicin mai ɗauke da makamai Tun farkon 1990s, hargitsin siyasa ya mamaye yankin mai kariya a yankin Manyan Tabkuna na Afirka. Bayan kisan kiyashin Ruwanda, dubban 'yan gudun hijira sun tsere zuwa yankin Kivu, kuma kasancewar sojoji sun karu. Yaƙe-yaƙe na Kongo na Farko da na biyu sun ƙara dagula yankin. Masu sintiri na hana farauta a cikin wurin shakatawar, kuma an kashe ma’aikatan gandun dajin da namun daji. Kimanin 'yan gudun hijira 850,000 ne suka zauna a kewayen gandun dajin na kasar a shekarar 1994. Har zuwa kusan mutane 40,000 ke shiga wurin shakatawar a kowace rana domin neman itacen girki da abinci, kuma sun yi dazuka manyan wurare. A cikin 1994, Virunga National Park ya shiga cikin Jerin abubuwan tarihi na Duniya cikin Hadari. Bayan yakin Congo na biyu, an ci gaba da arangama tsakanin ma’aikatan shakatawa da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye; An kashe ma'aikatan shakatawa 80 tsakanin 1996 da 2003. Kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da dama dauke da makamai suna aiki a wurin shakatawar, ciki har da Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda da National Congress for Defence of People (FDLR). Latter ya mallaki sashen Mikeno na Gandun dajin na Virunga tsakanin Disamba 2006 da Janairun 2009. A shekarar 2005, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai (EC) ta ba da shawarar hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu tsakanin gwamnatin kasar da kungiyar Burtaniya da ba ta gwamnati ba da Asusun Kula da Afirka. Organizationungiyar ta ƙarshe tana da alhakin kula da shakatawa tun 2010; kimanin kashi 80% na farashin gudanarwa EC ke tallafawa. Yunkurin kare wurin shakatawa ya kasance mai karfin soja a cikin shekaru masu zuwa don hana kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu dauke da makamai da mafarauta aiki daga cikin wurin shakatawar. An bai wa ma'aikatan Park horo da kayan aiki masu inganci, kuma suna aiki tare da sojoji da jami'an tsaro na jihar. Wadannan dabarun, wadanda aka soki a matsayin "sanya karfin soji na kiyayewa", ana zargin sa da kara tashin hankali da fatarar da 'yan asalin yankin ke fuskanta. An tilasta wa al'ummomi, kamar Mbuti, wadanda a baya suka dogara da filayen da aka hada su a wurin shakatawa don abinci da matsuguni, ko kuma fuskantar barazanar kamawa ko kashe su daga masu gadin wurin da ke dauke da makamai. Ana zargin ƙara yawan militan ta'addancin kiyaye muhalli da rura wutar tattara makamai na mayaƙan. Mazauna a cikin gandun dajin, walau 'yan ƙasa ko' yan gudun hijira, sun dogara ga noma, farauta, kamun kifi, sare bishiyoyi da samar da gawayi don rayuwarsu, duk ayyukan da aka hana. Al’umar yankin ba su da inda za su juya don tsaro, kuma sun dogara ne da kariya ga kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, wadanda ake karbar kudaden daga ayyukan da aka hana. Dangane da rahoton 2010 na Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kashi 80% na gawayin da garin Goma ya cinye an samo shi ne daga wurin shakatawar, wanda ke wakiltar darajar dalar Amurka miliyan 28-30 a shekara. Dukkanin jami'an tsaron Jiha da irin wadannan kungiyoyin suma suna zuwa fashi da makami da kuma satar mutane don samun kudin shiga. Oƙarin kiyaye muhalli ya sami sakamako masu saɓani, misali lokacin da gonaki suka lalace a cikin Kibirizi, kuma aka tura sojoji da masu gadin wurin yin sintiri, mutane sun yi ƙaura sosai a cikin wurin shakatawar zuwa ƙasar da FDLR ke sarrafawa, inda za su iya yin hayar ƙananan filaye na ƙasar. Al'ummomin yankin sun inganta mummunan ra'ayi game da ma'aikatan gandun daji da sojoji. Rikici ya faru ne a shekarar 2015 lokacin da wata kungiyar Mai-Mai ta yankin Binza (arewacin Bwisha) ta yi yunƙurin dawo da ikon yankin, da nufin sake shigar da ayyukan kamun kifi tare da barin jama'a su koma, inda suka kashe wani mai gadin dajin da sojoji 11-15. An kashe masu gadi 5 a cikin watan Agustan 2017 a kusa da Lake Edward a wani harin 'yan bindiga. An kashe masu gadi 5 da direba a watan Afrilu 2018. Tun daga farkon rikicin, kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai sun kashe masu gadin shakatawa 175 har zuwa watan Afrilun 2018. A watan Mayun 2018, an kashe wani mai gadi a lokacin da yake kare 'yan yawon bude ido biyu da aka sace. Daga baya aka sake su ba tare da cutarwa ba. Sakamakon haka, wurin shakatawa ya kasance a rufe ga baƙi daga Yuni 2018 har zuwa Fabrairu 2019. A cikin watan Afrilu na 2020 aƙalla masu gadin shakatawa 12 ne wasu mayaƙa suka kashe wani ayarin fararen hula. Bugu da kari a cikin watan Janairun 2021, wasu mutane dauke da makamai sun kashe akalla masu gadi shida tare da jikkata wasu da dama a wani kwanton bauna a gandun dajin. A ranar 22 ga Fabrairu 2021 jakadan Italiya a DRC wanda ke tafiya tare da shirin Abincin na Duniya kimanin kilomita 15 daga arewacin Goma, Luca Attanasio, da kuma jami'in 'yan sanda na sojan Italiya Vittorio Iacovacci da direban Kwango Moustapha Milambo, sun mutu a cikin harbe-harben lokacin da wata kungiyar mayaka wacce sun sace ayarin motocinsu, kuma sun kawo su cikin dajin, masu gadin wurin sun gamu da su inda suka yi nasarar 'yantar da mutane hudu. Labarin kasa Filin shakatawa na Virunga yana cikin Congo - yankin kogin Nilu. Yankinsa na arewa ya mamaye wani yanki na tafkin Semliki, da kuma savanna da kuma gandun daji na Kyautar Albertine. A tsayi, wannan sashin ya fito ne daga 680 m (2,230 ft) a kwarin Puemba zuwa mafi ƙwanƙolin Dutsen Stanley a 5,109 m (16,762 ft) a tsakanin kilomita 30 (19 mi). Babban filin shakatawa na ƙasa ya ƙunshi kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na tafkin Edward har zuwa iyakar duniya da Uganda ta gabas. Kunkuntar corridor mai tsawon kilomita 3-5 (1.9-3.1 mi) daga gefen yamma da tabkin ya hada bangarorin arewaci da kudanci na filin shakatawa na kasa. Yankin kudu ya fadada zuwa gabar Tafkin Kivu kuma ya hada da tsaunukan Nyamulagira, Nyiragongo da Mikeno tare da gandun dajin tsaunuka a kan gangarensu. Yankin arewacin na Filin shakatawa na Virunga ya haɗu da Semuliki na Uganda da Filin shakatawa na Duwatsun Rwenzori, da ɓangaren tsakiya tare da Filin shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth. Bangaren kudu ya yi iyaka da Filin shakatawa na Volcanoes na Ruwanda. Yanayin da ke cikin Albertine Rift ya rinjayi motsi na Yankin Haɓakawa Tsakanin Tsakiya da El Niño - Kudancin Oscillation. Maris zuwa tsakiyar Mayu da Satumba zuwa Nuwamba sune manyan damuna. Ruwan sama na kusan wata-wata a cikin savanna a kewayen Tafkin Edward shine 30-40 mm (1.2-1.6 a cikin); wannan shine yanki mafi bushewa na shimfidar wuri. Yankin arewa yana karɓar ruwan sama na wata-wata wanda yakai 220 mm (8.7 in), kuma yankin kudu yakai 160 mm (6.3 in). Matsakaicin yanayin zafi a tsawan ƙasa ya bambanta daga 23-28°C (73-82°F), kuma a tsawan tsawa daga 16-24°C (61-75°F), da wuya ya sauka ƙasa da 14°C (57°F). Bambancin halittu Furen Filin shakatawa na Virunga ya kunshi nau'ikan shuka 2,077, gami da nau'ikan bishiyoyi 264 da kuma shuke-shuke 230 wadanda ke dauke da Kyautar Albertine. Filayen Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun mamaye yankunan dausayi da filaye tare da papyrus sedge (Cyperus papyrus), hadadden flatsedge (C. articulatus), reed gama gari (Phragmites mauritanica), sacaton ciyawa (Sporobolus consimilis), ambatch (Aeschynomene elaphroxylon), conkerberry ( Carissa spinarum), ƙaya mai ƙaiƙayi (Vachellia sieberiana) da 'ya'yan itace kowai (Coccinia grandis). An sami ragowar dicots kamar su caper na Afirka (Capparis tomentosa), jinsunan Maerua, cucurbits na daji da dare a cikin ƙwallan dusar ƙafa na giwayen Afirka (Loxodonta) waɗanda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa ga watsa iri a cikin ciyawar. Gandun dajin da ke tsakanin 1,800 da 2,800 m (5,900 da 9,200 ft) a yankin kudanci ya mamaye Ficalhoa laurifolia da Podocarpus milanjianus tare da har zuwa 25 m (82 ft) manyan bishiyoyi. Bamboo mai tsayi na Afirka (Yushania alpina) yana girma a tsawan 2,300-2,600 m (7,500-8,500 ft). Ciyawar da ke sama da mita 2,600 (kafa 8,500) ta kasance tare da babban itacen Afirka (Hagenia abyssinica) wanda ya kai har 3,000 m (9,800 ft). Bishiyar bishiyoyi (Erica arborea), heather da mosses sun rufe gangaren danshi har zuwa 3,700 m (12,100 ft) tsawo. Jinsunan Senecio da Lobelia suna girma a sararin samaniya kuma suna samun tsayi har zuwa 8 m (26 ft). Dabbobin Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun hada da dabbobi masu shayarwa guda 196, nau'in tsuntsaye 706, dabbobi masu rarrafe 109 da kuma 65 amphibians daga shekarar 2012. Dabbobi masu shayarwa Primates da ke cikin gandun dajin sun hada da gorilla (G. b. Beringei), chimpanzee na kowa (Pan troglodytes), biri mai zinare, biri mai wutsiya (Cercopithecus ascanius), biri biri na Dent (C. denti), biri mai shudi (C. mitis), biri na Hamlyn (C. hamlyni), biri na De Brazza (C. neglectus), redbus colobus na tsakiyar Afirka (Procolobus foai), mantled guereza (Colobus guereza), dabbar zaitun (Papio anubis) da mangabey mai kunshi mai ruwan toka (Lophocebus albigena). Giwar daji ta Afirka (Loxodonta africana), hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) da baffa na Afirka (Syncerus caffer) suna zaune a tsakiyar filin shakatawa na ƙasar. Okapi (Okapia johnstoni), blue duiker (Philantomba monticola), bay duiker (Cephalophus dorsalis), Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi), duiker mai goyon bayan rawaya (C. silvicultor), chevrotain (Hyemoschus aquaticus), jan kogin hog (Potamocer porcus), aardvark (Orycteropus afer) da bongo (Tragelaphus eurycerus) an rubuta su a yankin arewa a shekarar 2008. Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) da katuwar hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) suna cikin yankin kudu. Dukkanin saman (Damaliscus lunatus jimela) zuwa kudu na tafkin Edward a yankin Ishasha Flats, kuma suna tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Uganda. Sauran wadanda basu gabatar ba sun hada da kobub na kasar Uganda (Kobus kob thomasi), bututun ruwa (K. ellipsiprymnus), da kuma guguwar da aka saba (Phacochoerus africanus). Filin shakatawa na Virunga tare da kusa da Filin shakatawa na Sarauniya Elizabeth sun kafa ''ungiyar Kula da Zaki'. Ana ɗaukar yankin a matsayin zaki mai ƙarfi (Panthera leo) matattara, idan aka hana farauta kuma nau'ikan dabbobi suka farfaɗo. A bangaren arewacin filin shakatawa na kasar, damisa ta Afirka (P. pardus pardus), marsh mongoose (Atilax paludinosus), katuwar pangolin (Smutsia gigantea), pangolin bishiya (Phataginus tricuspis), porcupine da aka kafa (Hystrix cristata), Lord Derby's scaly-tailed (Anomalurus derbianus), Boehm's squirrel bush (Paraxerus boehmi), bishiyar yamma hyrax (Dendrohyrax dorsalis), Emin's pouched rat (Cricetomys emini) da kuma giwa giwa shrew (Rhynchocyon cirnei) an rubuta su yayin binciken a cikin 2008. Dabbobi masu rarrafe Kogin Semliki yana ba da mazauni don kada na Nile (Crocodylus niloticus). Da yawa an lura da su a arewacin tafkin Edwards a cikin 1988 a karon farko. Daga cikin tsuntsayen Kyautar Albertine, Rwenzori turaco, Rwenzori batis, Arbin ta ƙasa robin, ja-aledhe alethe, Kivu ƙasa thrush, collared apalis, dutse masked apalis, dusky crimson-reshe, Shelley ta crimsonwing, ja-fuskantar woodland warbler, stripe-breasted tit, tsuntsu mai shuɗi, shuɗar rana, Rwenzori mai ɗaukar hoto mai ruɓi biyu, kyakkyawan spurfowl da masaka mai saƙo a cikin yankin kudanci na Virunga National Park a yayin binciken a 2004. Tsuntsayen da ba su da wata cuta sun hada da gaggafa ta Wahlberg, goshawk na Afirka, shaƙatawa na Afirka, dakar dawa, da ungulu, da ungulu, da hadeda ibis, da farar hula mai launin toka, da fararen fata da fari da fari, da turaco mai baƙar fata, da tattabara zaitun na Afirka, kurciya da tattaba, kurciya mai launin shuɗi, ja mai ido, launin akuya mai ruwan goro, cukoo mai jan kirji, zaitun mai doguwar wutsiya, ƙwanƙolin doya mai ƙoshin lafiya, Klaas's cuckoo, Diederik cuckoo, coucal mai shuɗi, Narina trogon, farar hular itace mai farin kai, hankaka mai tsananin wuya, mai fararen wutsi mai farin ciki, mai farautar aljanna na Afirka, mai fararen ido mai fararen fata, mai farauta mai dusar kankara ta Afirka, mai farin fari mai launin shudi, mai tsaunin dutse, mai linzami mai yalwar fari, mai cin kirfa-mai cin kirji, launin toka mai ruwan toka, gidan cinikayya mai launin rawaya, tinkerbird ta yamma, tinkerbird mai tsamiya mai launin rawaya, katako mai kaduna, bishiyar bishiyar zaitun, fika-fikan baƙar fata, haɗiyar Angolan, Alpine swift, dutsen korebul, mai launin rawaya mai raɗaɗi, bulbul na gama-gari, robin mai farin-gani, ƙasan Archer, farin-browed robin-chat, dutse dutse, rufous thrush, African thrush, zaitun thrush, grassland pipit, kirfa bracken warbler, baki-fuska rufous warbler, dutse rawaya warbler, ruwan kasa woodland warbler, kore sandpiper, Chubb's cisticola, banded bandia, chestnut- apalis mai kumburi, camaroptera mai tallafi mai launin toka, crombec mai farin fari, ido mai duhu mai duhu, chinspot batis, tsaunin illadopsis, illadopsis mai ruwan toka, sunfara kan zaitun, sunbird na ruwan tagulla, kantunan malachite sunnantare, hadewar rana mai hade, kanwar fari mai canzawa, mai launin fari-fari , Mackinnon's shrike, Doherty's bushshrike, Lühder's bushshrike, arewa puffback, dutsen sooty boubou, wurare masu zafi boubou, kunkuntar-wutsiya tauraruwa, Sharpe's starling, baglafecht weaver, black bishop, fur-head negrofinch, c ommon waxbill, man shafawa mai kai mai duhu, mannikin tagulla, fari da fari mannikin, me ya sa pin-tailed me ya sa, citril na Afirka, mai ruwa mai kwararar ruwa da kuma ruwan sanyi mai yawa. Kungiyoyin kabilu Kungiyoyin kabilu da ke zaune a kewayen Filin shakatawa na Virunga sun hada da: Yada labarai Takaddun fim ɗin Virunga ya ba da rahoton aikin masu gadin gandun dajin na Virunga da ayyukan kamfanin mai na Burtaniya Soco International a cikin dajin. Hanyoyin haɗin waje

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakh%20Contemporary%20Arts%20Center

Dakh Contemporary Arts Center

Dakh Contemporary Arts Center gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne mai zaman kansa da wurin kade-kade a Kyiv, Ukraine, akan titin Velyka Vasylkivska kusa da tashar metro na Lybidska. An bude Gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1994 kuma darekta na farko shine Vladimir Ohloblin. Tun lokacin buɗewa, gidan wasan kwaikwayon ya kasance gida ga ƙungiyoyi masu yawa ciki har da DakhaBrakha, Dakh Daughters, NovaOpera, da CESHO. A yau, gidan wasan kwaikwayon yana jagorancin Vladislav Troitsky. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Dakh yana cikin gundumar Holosiivskyi akan dandalin Lybidska kusa da tashar metro na Lybidska. Gidan wasan kwaikwayo yana kan bene na kasa na bene mai hawa biyu. Ana yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin harshen Rashanci da na Ukraine. Vladislav Troitsky ne ya bude Cibiyar Arts na zamani "DAKH" a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba, 1994, wanda a lokacin bai danganta makomarsa da niyyar shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo da al'adu ba. Darakta na farko na DAKH Theatre shine Volodymyr Ogloblin . A cikin shekara ta 2004 an kafa ƙungiyar DahaBrakha ta kabilanci. Tun shekara ta 2007, CSM "DAKH" shine babban mai shirya bikin duniya na fasahar zamani GogolFest . A cikin 2012, ne aka kafa ƙungiyar Dakh Daughters . A cikin shekara ta 2016, an kafa ƙungiyar CESHO ta zamantakewa. "Kusan wasan kwaikwayo na Pirandello. Reanimation" Dangane da ayyukan Luigi Pirandello, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta "Pillow Man" Dangane da wasan da Martin McDonagh ya jagoranta Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito a ranar Fabrairu 22, 2009) "Medea Theatre" Dangane da wasan da KLIM ya jagoranta Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito a watan Fabrairu 21, 2009) “Invertebrate. Maraice ga mutanen da ba su da matsayi" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na I. Lausund Wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta (ya fito - Maris 13, 2008) "Psychosis 4.48" Dangane da wasan da Sarah Kane ta jagoranta Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito a - Janairu 2008) Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na Yu. Klavdiera ya jagoranci Vladislav Troitsky (wanda ya fito- Disamba 2007) "Love Nativity Scene, ko Ukrainian Decameron" Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na KLIM, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta "Aure", bisa wani wasan kwaikwayo na Nikolai Gogol - Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranci Mystical Ukraine Project - "Gabatarwa zuwa" Macbeth "(aiki mai ban mamaki). Tare da sa hannu na" DakhaBrakha "ethnochaos na kungiyar. Daraktan Vladislav Troitsky. Mystical Ukraine Project - kashi na biyu na "Shakespearean" sake zagayowar "Richard III. Gabatarwa "tare da sa hannu" DakhaBrakha "- ethnochaos na kungiyar darektan Vladislav Troitsky. Mystical Ukraine Project - kashi na uku na "Shakespearean" sake zagayowar "King Lear" tare da sa hannu na "DakhaBrakha" - ethnochaos na kungiyar darektan Vladislav Troitsky. Aikin Vladislav Troitsky bisa KLIM yana wasa "... Kwanaki bakwai tare da wawa..." ko surori marasa wanzuwa na littafin FM Dostoevsky "Idiot": rana daya "sad performance" akan wasan da KLIM yayi "no It… he… I…" darekta Vladislav Troitsky rana ta biyu "… Interpreter of the Apocalypse…." - bisa ga wasan KLIM, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta kwana uku "Fallen Angel" - bisa ga wasan KLIM "… I… SHE… SU… SHI… ko MALA'ikan faɗuwa" wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta rana ta hudu "... Bes-son-Nice..." bisa ga wasan KLIM "Bes-son-Nice. kuma akwai maraice kuma akwai safiya: rana ta hudu" wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta. rana ta takwas "… Idiot" dangane da wasan kwaikwayon sunan guda na KLIM, wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta. "MAFARKIN HANYA DA BATA" Daraktan Vladislav Troitsky tare da DakhaBrakha - ethno-hargitsi na kungiyar mawaka Dangane da wasan kwaikwayon Ani Gilling wanda Varvara ya jagoranta Dangane da wasan kwaikwayo na Marius von Mayenburg wanda Vladislav Troitsky ya jagoranta "Oedipus. GIDA KARE" Dangane ga wasan kwaikwayo: Sophocles " Oedipus Rex " (wanda Ivan Franko ya fassara) KLIM "Doghouse. Anti-utopia daga rayuwar darektan mafi yawan shiru - Vladislav Troitsky "KLIM Slow ART SET", bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na KLIM "Mafarkin Alice", bisa ga wasan KLIM "Paradoxes of Crime", bisa ga wasan KLIM "Anna Karenina", bisa ga wasan kwaikwayo na KLIM Vladislav Troitsky Tatiana Vasilenko Anatoly Cherkov Elena Lesnikova Alexei Ilyuchenko Victor Okhonko Natalia Perchishena Anna Kuzina Alexander Prischepa Elena Kushnireva Yuliana Lagodenko Lyudmila Pletnetska Artem Alex Pavlo Beketov Tatiana Nadel Oleg Zaitsev Alexander Snigurovsky Ana Rybak Tatiana Tereshchenko Pavlo Yurov Tatiana Troitskaya Irina Gorban Marko Galanevich Natalka Bida Dmitry Yaroshenko Igor Postolov Solomiya Melnyk Vladimir Minenko Ruslana Khazipova Nina Gorenetska Olena Tsibulska Iryna Kovalenko Victoria Litvinenko Roman Yasinovsky Daria Bondareva Dmitry Kostyuminsky Vasily Belous Oleksandra Oliynyk ne adam wata Anna Nikitina Vera Klymkovetska Tatiana Gavrilyuk Maria Volkova Lida Petrova Ina Breus Anna Khokhlova Anastasia Shevchenko Sergey Dovgolyuk Andriy Dushny Mykola Bondarchuk Alexey Ana Bukata Maxim Demsky Natalia Perchishena Andriy Palatny Anna Okhrimchuk Sergey Okhrimchuk Eugene Ball Semyon Brain 2016 - har yanzu Tatiana Troitskaya Elena Lesnikova Andriy Palatny Vera Klymkovetska Igor Dimov Semyon Kisly Vladimir Lutikov Vladimir Rudenko Alexandra Indik Alexander Martinenko Marusya Ionova, Marichka Shtyrbulova Katerina Petrashova Nadiya Golubtsova Igor Mytalnikov Vladislav Gogol Sonya Baskakova Mykola Stefanik Khrystyna Slobodyanyuk Gidajen wasan kwaikwayon Kyiv Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25971

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakin%20Hunayn

Yakin Hunayn

Yakin Hunayn (Larabci: , romanized: Ghazwat Hunayn) Annabi Muhammad da mabiyansa sun yi yaƙi da ƙabilar Bedouin na Hawazin da sashinsa Thaqif, a cikin 630 AZ, a kwarin Hunayn, akan hanya daga Makka zuwa At-Ta'if. Yaƙin ƙarshe ya ƙare cikin nasara ga musulmai, waɗanda suka ƙwace ganima mai yawa. An ambace shi a cikin Suratut-Tawbah na Alqur'ani, kuma yana daga cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da aka ambata da sunan a cikin Alkur'ani. Shirye -shirye Bayan Fage Hawazins sun kasance abokan gaban mutanen Makka na dogon lokaci. Suna arewa maso gabas na Makka kuma yankinsu ya zauna kusa da hanyar kasuwanci zuwa Al-Hirah a Iraki. Hawazins sun kasance masu kawance da Thaqifs, wani dan kabilar Hawazin wanda ya zauna a Ta’if, wani gari kudu maso gabas na Makka wanda hanyoyin kasuwancin sa ke bi ta yankin Hawazin. Kawancen ya yi yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa mai yiwuwa dangane da hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Ta'if da Makka. Idan aka ba da wannan tarihin sun ga Muhammad a matsayin wani shugaba Quraishi mai ƙarfi wanda kuma ya zo ya jagoranci jama'arsa. Suna tunanin a tsakaninsu cewa yaƙi da Musulmai na gab da gabatowa kuma cewa tsirarun Musulmai da ake zalunta a baya sun sami galaba akan abokan gabarsu na Larabawa da ba Musulmi ba, kuma wataƙila sun so su ci gajiyar rudanin da ake samu a Makka bayan Musulmi. kwace. Wasu kabilu sun fifita fada da shi da Musulmai. Gaban waɗannan sune kabilun Hawazin da Thaqif. A cewar malamin addinin Musuluncin Safiur Rahman Mubarakpuri "Sun dauka sun fi karfin shiga ko mika wuya ga irin wannan nasara". Don haka, sun sadu da Malik bin ‘Awf An-Nasri kuma sun ƙuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar Musulmi. Malik ya lallashe sauran kabilun yaƙi ya tattara su a gabansa. Hadin gwiwar kabilu da suka kunshi Nasr, Jusham, Sa’ad bin Bakr, Bani Hilal, Bani 'Amr bin Amir da Bani' Awf bin Amir sun hallara a Autas tare da Thaqif da Hawazin. A wannan rana Muhammadu yana da sojoji dubu goma sha biyu masu ɗauke da makamai ƙarƙashin mizaninsa. Dubu goma daga cikinsu sune waɗanda suka raka shi daga Madina kuma suka shiga yaƙin Makka, sauran dubu biyu kuma daga cikin Quraishawa ne, waɗanda suka musulunta kwanan nan. Umurnin wannan ƙungiya yana tare da Abu Sufyan. A wancan zamanin da kyar aka sami irin wannan runduna a ko'ina kuma wannan ƙarfin adadi na su ya zama sanadin faduwar su ta farko. Ya kasance saboda, sabanin abin da ya gabata, sun yi alfahari da yawan sojojinsu kuma sun yi watsi da dabarun soja da ka'idojin yaƙi. Lokacin da sojojin musulmai gami da sabbin wadanda suka tuba daga Makka suka ga dimbin maza sai suka ce: "Ba za mu ci nasara ba kwata -kwata, saboda sojojinmu sun fi na abokan gaba yawa. Ɗan leƙen asiri Hawazin da kawayensu, Thaqif, sun fara tattara rundunarsu lokacin da suka samu labari daga 'yan leken asirin cewa Muhammad da rundunarsa sun tashi daga Madina don fara kai hari a Makka. Da alama ƙungiyoyin sun yi fatan kai farmaki kan sojojin Musulmi yayin da suka kewaye Makka. Muhammadu, duk da haka, ya tona asirinsu ta hanyar 'yan leƙen asirinsa a sansanin Hawazin, kuma ya yi tattaki da Hawazin makonni biyu kacal bayan cin Makka da ƙarfin maza 12,000. Makonni hudu kacal suka shude tun lokacin da dakarun Musulmi suka bar Madina don cin Makka. Darasin yaƙin A daren Laraba, goma ga watan Shawwal, sojojin Musulmi sun isa Hunain. Malik bin ‘Awf, wanda a baya ya shiga cikin kwarin da daddare, ya ba da umarni ga rundunarsa ta mutum dubu huɗu da su buya a cikin kwarin su faɗo wa Musulmai a kan hanyoyi, ƙofar shiga, da kunkuntar wuraren buya. Umarninsa ga mutanensa shine su dinga jifan Musulmai a duk lokacin da suka gansu sannan su kai hari akan mutum ɗaya. Lokacin da Musulmai suka fara zango, kibiyoyi sun fara yi musu zafi sosai. Bataliyar abokan gaba sun fara kai wa Musulmai hari, wanda dole ne su ja da baya cikin rudani da rudani. An ba da rahoton cewa sojoji kaɗan ne suka rage a baya kuma suka yi fafatawa, ciki har da Ali bin Abu Talib, mai ɗaukar nauyin, Abbas bin Abdullah, Fadl ibn Abbas, Usamah, da Abu Sufyan bin al-Harith. Ibn Kathir ya rubuta cewa a cewar Ibn Ishaq, Jabir ibn Abdullah, wanda ya shaida wannan yaƙin, sojojin Musulmai sun firgita da wani harin bazata daga abokan gaba kuma maza da yawa sun tsere daga fagen daga. Sai dai wasu gungun Muhajirun sun tsaya kyam suna kare Annabi a filin daga. Wadannan mutane su ne Ali, Abdullah Ibn Masood, Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib, Abu Sufyan ibn al-Harith, Fadl ibn Abbas, Rabi' ibn al-Harith, Usama ibn Zayd da Ayman ibn Ubayd. An kashe Ayman bn Ubayd a ranar yana kare Annabi Muhammad. "Ku taho mutane! Ni Manzon Allah ne. Ni Muhammad dan Abdullahi ne." Sannan Muhammad ya ce, “Ya Allah, ka saukar da Taimakonka!”, Daga baya Musulmai suka koma fagen daga. Muhammadu, sannan ya ɗebo ɗan yatsan ƙasa, ya jefar da su a fuskokinsu yana cewa: "Fuskokinku su kunyata." Idanunsu sun cika da ƙura kuma abokan gaba sun fara ja da baya cikin tsananin rudani, a cewar malamin musulinci Safi-ur-Rahman Mubarakpuri. Bayan da aka ci abokan gaba. Kimanin maza saba'in na Thaqif kadai aka kashe, kuma Musulmai sun ƙwace dukan raƙuman da suke hawa, makamai da shanu. Ayar Alqur'ani ta 9:25 ita ma ta sauka a cikin wannan taron a cewar malaman musulmi: Wasu daga cikin abokan gaba sun gudu, kuma Muhammad ya bi su. Irin wannan bataliyar ta bi wasu abokan gaba, Rabi’a bin Rafi ‘ta riski Duraid bin As-Simmah wanda tsoho ne ya kashe shi. Durayd wani muhimmin kadara ne na sojojin arna saboda yawan gogewarsa a fagen fama da sanin dabarun yaƙi. Tabari Malamin Fiqhu Muslim ya ambaci haka kamar haka: Saboda Malik bn Awf al-Nasri ya kawo iyalai da garken Hawazin tare, Musulmai sun sami nasarar kwace ganima mai yawa. An kama fursunoni 6,000 kuma an kama raƙuma 24,000. Wasu Makiyaya sun gudu, sun kasu kashi biyu. Wata ƙungiya ta koma, ta haifar da Yaƙin Autas, yayin da babbar ƙungiyar ta sami mafaka a At-Ta'if, inda Muhammad ya kewaye su. William Montgomery Watt ya furta cewa Muhammad ya ɗauki matsayin gwarzon mutanen Makka ta hanyar fuskantar manyan abokan gabarsu na Makiyaya, Hawaziyya da Thaƙif na birnin Al-Ta'if. Majiyoyin Firamare na Musulunci An ambaci taron a cikin tarin Hadisin Ahlus -Sunnah Sahihul Bukhari kamar haka: Haka nan taron yana cikin Imam Maliks Al-Muwatta kamar haka:

39432

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segun%20Adebutu

Segun Adebutu

Articles with hCards Segun Adebutu hamshakin dan kasuwa ne dan Najeriya, masanin tattalin arziki kuma mai bayar da agaji. Yana da sha'awar kasuwanci a fannin mai da iskar gas, jigilar kaya, hakar ma'adinai, gine-gine, gidaje, noma da nishaɗi. Shi ne shugaba kuma shugaban kamfanin mai na Petrolex Oil and Gas, wanda a halin yanzu yake gina matatar mai ta biyu mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara. Adebutu kuma shine Shugaban Kamfanin Bluebridge Marine Ltd, Bluebridge Minerals, Oladiran Agro-Allied Company da Oladiran Engineering & Trade Ltd. Segun Adebutu shine wanda ya kafa Baseline Records Label, wanda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan kiɗa kamar Skales da Saeon. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa kamfanin Trade Nigeria Limited, kuma memba ne a hukumar Premier Lotto, kamfanin caca da ke Najeriya. Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma mai kudi na gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ta mai da hankali kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, saka hannun jarin al’umma, agaji, sana’o’in hannu ga mata da kananan yara masu rauni a cikin mawuyacin hali. An haifi Segun Adebutu ga dangin Kesington Adebukunola Adebutu, wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban Premier Lotto Nigeria Limited, wanda ya fito daga Iperu Remo, karamar hukumar Ikenne, da Caroline Oladunni, daga Odogbolu, dukkansu a jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya . Segun Adebutu, ya kammala karatunsa a fannin tattalin arziki a jami'ar Ibadan, kuma ya fara kasuwancin man fetur da iskar gas a shekarar 2004. Kasuwar Petrolex Oil and Gas Limited Bayan farawa da cinikin mai da iskar gas a shekara ta 2004, ayyukan Segun Adebutu sun girma daga ƙananan kasuwanci zuwa kamfani mai daraja ta duniya tare da sha'awar sufuri, ma'adinai, gine-gine, kayayyakin more rayuwa, gidaje, sadarwa, da nishaɗi. A cikin 2007, Segun Adebutu ya kafa Petrolex Oil & Gas Limited, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Kamfanin Petrolex. Tsawon shekaru goma, Adebutu a nutse kuma a zahiri ya raya kamfaninsa na makamashi, Petrolex Oil & Gas Limited, ya zama babban jigo a cikin sashe mai saurin canzawa. A cewar Segun Adebutu, ya fara cinikin kananan nau’ukan albarkatun man fetur, wadanda ke amfani da injinan wutar lantarki a gidaje da masana’antu a fadin Najeriya. Bayan fuskantar matsalar cunkoso da rabon kayayyaki a matakin farko, ya kammala da cewa akwai bukatar samar da kamfani don warware matsalolin da ake fuskanta. A wancan lokacin, Adana da Rarraba (S&D) ya zama kamar shine mafi kyawun yanki don haɓakawa, kuma mafi sauƙi ta fuskar babban jari. A lokacin, Segun Adebutu ya sami wurin da ya dace ya kafa cibiyar S&D a Ibafo, wanda ke kan iyaka tsakanin Ogun da Legas . Bayan kafa gidauniyar, ya fara mallakar gidaje ne a shekarar 2010, ya kuma fara gina gine-gine a shekarar 2013, har zuwa watan Disambar 2017, inda Segun Adebutu ya fito fili a lokacin da ya ja hankalin jama’a, ciki har da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, Farfesa Yemi Osibanjo, biyo bayan sanarwar da ya bayar. gina katafaren gidan man fetur mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar sahara a wani bangare na aikin sa na Mega Oil City a Najeriya. Gidan gonar tankin wurin ajiyar lita miliyan 300 ne tare da tankunan ajiya 20. A wancan lokacin, tana da ikon jujjuya lita miliyan 600 na albarkatun mai a kowane wata, wanda ke ba da damar adana kayayyaki da rarraba su yadda ya kamata kuma cikin inganci, don ingantattun ayyuka da kuma samun riba mai yawa. A lokacin kaddamar da aikin, an yi hasashen cewa, aikin gonakin tankunan zai zama gonakin ajiyar kayayyakin amfanin gona mafi girma a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara kuma zai samar da ayyukan yi sama da 10,000. Kamfanin ya karɓi kayan sa na farko a cikin Q2 na 2018. Mega Oil City Bayan kammala kashi na farko na birnin Mega Oil, sakamakon haka ya kasance wani kayayyakin more rayuwa da ya kai murabba'in kilomita 101, wanda ya zama cibiyar samar da man fetur mafi girma a Afirka, kusan kashi 10% na girman jihar Legas. Kashi na farko na aikin shine gonar tanka ta Ibefun a shekarar 2018, dalar Amurka $426 wurin ajiyar kayayyakin man fetur miliyan da karfin lita miliyan 300, wanda ya zama mafi girma kuma irinsa na farko a yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara. Har ila yau, Birnin yana da manyan gantiyoyi 30 da kuma wurin shakatawar tirela mai iya ɗaukar manyan motoci 4000. Hakanan ya rage gridlock a tashar jiragen ruwa na Apapa da kashi 60%. Rukunin masana'antu ya fara kashi na biyu na aikin, wanda aka yi niyya ya zama jarin dalar Amurka 5 biliyan biliyan a cikin tattalin arzikin jihar Ogun, kuma zai samar da matatar mai mai karfin bpd 250,000, tashar wutar lantarki mai karfin MW 100, kamfanin man petrochemical, masana'antar mai da kuma masana'antar sarrafa iskar gas. Adebutu ya ce, "Bisa ga burinmu na jajircewa, muna da shirin fadadawa wanda zai kara karfin ajiyar tankin zuwa lita biliyan 1.2 nan da 'yan shekaru." Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi girma a Afirka wajen samar da man fetur, amma ba ta da isasshen karfin tacewa da shigo da akalla kashi 70 na bukatunta. Wani alƙawarin da gwamnati ta yi na kawo ƙarshen sayayya a cikin shekaru biyu masu zuwa ta hanyar gina ƙwararrun gida, ya jawo hankalin masu zuba jari ciki har da hamshakin attajirin Afrika, Aliko Dangote, wanda ke gina matatar mai mai ganga 650,000 a rana. Adebutu ya koma Dangote a matsayin ‘yan Najeriya biyu kacal da ke gina matatun mai a halin yanzu. Kamfanoni da sauran ayyuka Segun Adebutu kuma shi ne Shugaban wasu kamfanoni na Petrolex, daga cikinsu akwai, Bluebridge Marine Services da Bluebridge Minerals. Akwai mai da hankali kan ma'adanai da bitumen bisa ga dokokin Najeriya na yanzu. A cikin 2014, Adebutu ya kafa gidauniyar Oladiran Olusegun Adebutu (OOA), kungiya mai zaman kanta da ba ta siyasa, wacce ta kafa kuma ta yi rajista da CAC a cikin 2014 kuma mai tushe a Kudu maso Yamma, Najeriya. Tun daga 2014, Gidauniyar OOA ta shiga cikin shirye-shiryen agaji wanda ya kama daga tallafin ilimi, tallafin kiwon lafiya, tallafin abinci mai gina jiki, tallafin jin daɗin rayuwa, tallafin nishaɗi, tsari da samar da ruwa mai tsafta. An kaddamar da shi a ranar Asabar, 22 ga Oktoba, 2016 a Abeokuta, Jihar Ogun, Kudu maso Yammacin Najeriya. Magoya bayan Gidauniyar da da yawa daga cikinsu sun halarci bikin kuma suka yi alkawarin tallafa wa gidauniyar sun hada da: Cif Olusegun Obasanjo (Tsohon Shugaban Najeriya); Dr. Sen. Grace Folashade Bent ; tsohon Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya, Hon Justice Salihu Modibo Alfa Balgore; F tsohon ministan matasa da al'adu, Alabo Tonye Graham Douglas; The OOA Foundation has implemented the Orphans and Vulnerable Children (OVC) Care and Support Programme as an umbrella programme that responds to the needs of orphans and vulnerable children through improved access to essential services and needs. One such initiative of the OVC Project is the Leave No Child Behind, a programme that operates in 53 primary schools with the goal of reducing educational disparities and barriers to access on basic education among school-age children of ages 3–15. As an additional element to this project, psychosocial care and support programmes prioritise psychosocial interventions that build on existing resources to place and maintain children in stable and affectionate environments through resources like mentorship programmes and community caregiver support. The immense impact of the OOA Foundation continues to families and helps individuals begin strong, independent and autonomous lives. Additional programmes include food and nutrition intervention to strengthen the capacity of families to protect and care for children through Household Economic Strengthening (HES); youth empowerment through addressing unemployment and offering work/study programmes through Social Mobility Enterprise; women's empowerment by addressing poverty amongst vulnerable women through HES; and raising awareness about sexual abuse prevention. To simply state that Petrolex and the OOA Foundation have helped the local community would be a grave understatement. To date, the programme has reached over 400 orphans and vulnerable children with improved access to education, healthcare, nutrition, psychosocial support and sanitation. Adebutu says, “Our vision is to reduce poverty among vulnerable children, youth and women in our host communities and our mission is to support orphans, vulnerable children, youth and women with increased access to quality education, primary health care, nutrition, social and economic strengthening through sustainable development activities.”Kungiyar tana aiki da farko kan karfafa tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, jarin al'umma, mata da yara da ke cikin mawuyacin hali a Najeriya. Ta hanyar ayyukan jin kai na gidauniyar, Adebutu da tawagarsa sun dauki yara marasa galihu sama da 400. Har ila yau, ita ce ke da alhakin ƙaddamar da ƙananan masana'antu sama da 500 da matasa ke jagoranta tare da kafa shirye-shiryen samar da kasuwanci na farko a jihohin Legas da Osun Bayanan tushe Adebutu ya kafa wani kamfani mai suna Baseline Records, inda ya sanya hannu kan mawakan Najeriya Skales da Saeon. A shekarar 2020, gidan rediyon sa, Baseline FM, ya fara aikin gwaji a Legas. Jaridar Premium Times ta Najeriya ta ruwaito cewa, karar da mai kamfanin Western Lotto, Buruji Kashamu ya shigar, ya janyo bincike kan abokin hamayyarsa Premier Lotto, mallakin mahaifin Segun, Kesington Adebutu, Buruji Kashamu tsohon dan siyasa ne, dan majalisar dattawan Najeriya, kuma dan gudun hijira a Amurka. An yi iƙirarin cewa Kashamu shine ainihin asalin "Alhaji", sarkin miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin littafin Piper Kerman, Orange Is the New Black: Shekarata a gidan yarin mata, wanda aka daidaita a cikin jerin buga wasan Netflix Orange shine Sabuwar Baƙar fata. . Jami’ai da dama a hukumar ta cacar baki sun zargi Mista Kashamu da haddasa binciken saboda yana so ya mamaye wani bangare na harkar caca a Najeriya . Biyo bayan karar da Hukumar Yaki da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Ta’annati (EFCC) ta shigar ta fara binciken Firimiya Lotto mahaifin Segun bisa laifin zamba. Segun Adebutu ya halarci tambayoyin a madadin kamfanin mahaifinsa a ranar 28 ga Janairu 2020. Tony Orilade, babban mai magana da yawun hukumar ta EFCC, bai yi gaggawar mayar da wata bukata ta neman karin bayani kan cikakkun bayanai na binciken ba. A takaice dai an yi watsi da binciken bayan wani karin haske daga kamfanin, kuma hukumar EFCC ta gano cewa ba ta da wani laifi a cikin harkokin Firimiya Lotto da Segun Adebutu. Har yanzu dai ba a san hakikanin gaskiyar zargin Mista Kashamu ba saboda har yanzu hukumar EFCC ba ta bayyana sakamakon nata ba. Haihuwan 1974 Rayayyun mutane Kamfanoni a Najeriya Jami'an Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

23937

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banditry

Banditry

Banditry wani nau'in laifi ne da aka shirya ta hanyar aikata laifuka da suka shafi barazana ko amfani da tashin hankali. Mutumin da ya shiga aikin 'yan fashi an san shi da ɗan fashi kuma da farko yana aikata laifuka kamar ƙwace, fashi, da kisan kai, ko dai a matsayin mutum ɗaya ko cikin ƙungiyoyi. Banditry ra'ayi ne mara ma'ana game da aikata laifi kuma a cikin amfani na zamani na iya zama daidai da ƙungiya-ƙungiya, ɓarayi,, da ɓarayi . Kalmar ɗan fashi (wanda aka gabatar da Ingilishi ta hanyar Italiyanci kusan 1590) ya samo asali ne daga farkon aikin shari'ar Jamus na haramtattun masu laifi, wanda ake kira *bannan ( haramcin Ingilishi). Kalmar doka a Daular Roman Mai Tsarki ita ce Acht ko Reichsacht, wanda aka fassara shi da " haramtacciyar sarauta ". A cikin Italiyanci na zamani kalmar daidai "bandito" a zahiri tana nufin haramtacce ko wanda aka hana. The New English Dictionary kan Historical Principles (Ned) ayyana "ɗan fashi" a 1885 a matsayin "wanda aka proscribed ko haramta . Saboda haka, a m matsananciyar marauder, a brigand : yawanci amfani da mambobi ne na shirya gangs wanda infest da duwatsu gundumomi na Italiya, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey ”. A cikin amfani na zamani kalmar na iya zama ma'anar "ɓarawo", saboda haka kalmar " ɗan fashi da makami ɗaya " don injin caca wanda zai iya barin mai caca ba tare da kuɗi ba. Dan fashi na zamantakewa "' Yan ta'adda na zamantakewa " kalma ce da ɗan tarihi Eric Hobsbawm ya ƙirƙira ta a cikin littafinsa na dubu daya da dari tara da hamsin da tara 1959 Primitive Rebels, nazarin shahararrun nau'ikan juriya wanda shima ya haɗa halayen da doka ta bayyana a matsayin haramtacce. Ya ci gaba da faɗaɗa filin a cikin Nazarin 'Yan fashi na dubu daya da dari tara da sittin da tara 1969. Rikicin barayi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari wanda ya faru a cikin al'ummomi da yawa a cikin tarihin da aka yi rikodin, kuma har yanzu akwai nau'ikan ɓarna na zamantakewa, kamar yadda ya nuna ta hanyar fashin teku da ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka . Daga baya masana kimiyyar zamantakewa sun kuma tattauna yadda ake amfani da kalmar don ƙarin nau'ikan laifuka na zamani, kamar ƙungiyoyin titi da tattalin arziƙin da ke da alaƙa da fataucin muggan kwayoyi . Lokacin Medieval Paparoma Sixtus na V ya kashe kimanin yan bindiga dubu biyar 5,000 a cikin shekaru biyar kafin mutuwarsa a dubu daya da dari biyar da casa'in 1590, amma akwai ƙarin dubu ashirin da bakwai 27,000 a cikin 'yanci a duk tsakiyar Italiya. Nazi Jamus A cikin Nazi Jamus, koyarwar Bandenbekämpfung ("yaƙin 'yan fashi") yana nufin cewa an nuna abokan adawar jam'iyyar Nazi a matsayin "' yan fashi" - masu laifi masu haɗari waɗanda ba su cancanci la'akari da su a matsayin mutane ba. Duk wani 'yan adawa da aka kamo yawancinsu na da matsakaicin karfi da kuma, hakan yaja da tare da kisan fararen hula da suke zaune a killatattun yankunan partisan. Kasar China Banditry (Dao, qiangdao) a cikin Ming China dubu daya da dari uku da sittin da takwas zuwa dubu daya da dari shida da arbain da hudu gwamnatin Ming ta ayyana shi a matsayin “'fashi da karfi' wanda hukuncin kisa ne”. Amma a cikin daular, mutane sun shiga aikin 'yan fashi don dalilai daban -daban kuma aikin ɗan fashi yana da ruwa kuma na ɗan lokaci. Dalilai da Dama Ming China galibi al'umma ce ta aikin gona kuma masu sa ido na zamani sun lura cewa yunwa da wahalar da ke biyo baya kan haifar da fashi. A cikin littafinsa na dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya 1991 Rashin Lafiya a ƙarƙashin Sama: Rikicin gama -gari a daular Ming, James W. Tong yana amfani da bayanai daga gazetteers na lardin da na lardin Ming da daular Qing don nazarin tsarin tashin hankali a lokacin daular Ming. Tong yayi nazarin cewa dole manoma su yi "zaɓin hankali" tsakanin tsira da mawuyacin yanayi da tsira ta hanyar ayyukan haram na 'yan fashi. Ya gano muhimman abubuwa da yawa a cikin lissafin manoma na ko su zama 'yan fashi ko a'a, kamar ikon gwamnati na hukunta' yan fashi. Tong ya kammala da cewa "ƙirar zaɓin sa mai hankali ya yi hasashen cewa za a sami ƙarin tawaye da 'yan fashi inda yuwuwar tsira da wahala ta kasance kaɗan amma yuwuwar rayuwa a matsayin mai ƙetare iyaka ce mafi girma." A sakamakon haka, Tong ya gano cewa 'yan fashi, kamar sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin gama gari, yana da yanayin sarari da na ɗan lokaci. Yan fashi sun mamaye ko'ina a lardunan kudancin (galibi Guangdong da Fujian) da rabi na daular dubu daya da dari biyar da shida zuwa dubu daya da dari shida da arba'in da hudu . Koyaya, Arewacin China da tsakiyar Ming suna da rabonsu na fashi. Bandan fashi da makami sun kasance babba da yaɗuwar ofan fashin da ke addabar hanyoyi a kusa da babban birnin Beijing da kewayenta, ana sarrafa su kuma ana kiransu da Babban Birnin. Xiangmazei ('yan fashin kibiya masu busawa) wani rukuni ne na' yan fashin da aka saka mai suna bayan aikinsu na harba kibiyoyi don fadakar da wadanda abin ya shafa. Itsan bindiga masu harba iska sun dami yankin Babban Birnin a cikin shekaru talatin na farko na ƙarni na sha shida. Sun yi irin wannan babbar barazanar cewa an ba su kulawa ta musamman ta 'yan sanda kuma rashin kama su a kan lokaci ya haifar da hukunci mai tsanani (ana iya samun ƙarin bayani kan tsarin shari'ar Ming a Tarihin shari'ar manyan laifuka) . Masanin tarihin Ming David M. Robinson ya gano wasu fitattun abubuwan da ke haifar da fashi a Yankin Babban Birnin. Yankin ya kasance talaucin aikin gona saboda ambaliyar ruwa akai -akai, don haka manoma ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Bugu da ƙari, tattalin arzikin Yankin ya ba da dama mai yawa na satar manyan hanyoyi. Baya ga bunkasuwar tattalin arzikin Beijing, Yankin ya kuma kunshi biranen kasuwanci da yawa; wadannan garuruwa ba wai kawai sun ja hankalin 'yan kasuwa ba har ma da' yan fashi. Har ila yau, Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa babba da yawa a Beijing sun koma yin fashi. Kamar yadda Shih-Shan Henry Tsai ya yi bayani, jefa kai kawai wata hanya ce ta kubuta daga talauci; kuma lokacin da gungun bābān ya kasa samun aikin yi a cikin gidan sarauta, sukan juya zuwa tashin hankalin jama'a. Yankin Babban Birnin kuma ya ƙunshi sojoji da yawa tare da tsarin Ming na sojoji na gado kuma babban ɓangaren 'yan fashi ainihin sojoji ne da aka girke a yankin. A shekara ta 1449, sojojin Mongoliya da ke aikin Ming sun kai hari da kwace yankin Beijing. Wani rahoto na 1489 ya tabbatar da cewa sojoji sun kai hari a lardin Henan. Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa "matsanancin matsin tattalin arziki" ya tilasta wa sojoji amfani da haramtattun hanyoyi don yin rayuwa. Hakanan, manufofi da yanayi a Yankin Babban Birnin sun ba da dama ga sojoji/'yan bindiga su guji hukuncin gwamnati. A lokacin daular Ming, an raba ikon soja da na farar hula. Wannan ya kasance abin damuwa musamman lokacin da sojoji ke zaune nesa da manyan su: lokacin da sojoji suka yi fashi, jami'an farar hula ba su da ikon kama su. Manufar jigilar garuruwan da ke kusa zuwa Beijing don horon shekara -shekara ya kuma samar da damar yin fashi da makami. Wani jami'i ya ba da rahoton cewa sojojin da ke tafiya ta Babban Canal daga garuruwan da ke kusa da su zuwa babban birnin sun yi fashi da kisa kan matafiya da 'yan kasuwa; a kasa, wadannan sojoji sun fada cikin 'yan fashi ma. Dabaru, ƙungiya, rayuwa, da haɗari Dabarar yan bindiga ta ƙunshi dabarun yaƙi don amfani da makamai iri-iri, daga baka da kibiyoyi zuwa takubba. Wata muhimmiyar fasaha kuma ita ce doki/dawakai, musamman a yankin Babban Birnin Arewa, inda 'yan fashi da makami suka fi yawa. Kamar yadda aka nuna a sama, da yawan yan fashi haƙiƙanin sojoji ne kuma suna da damar yin amfani da makamai. Wata fasaha ita ce iya tura tubalan hanyoyi don tsayawa da farautar matafiya. Da zarar sun mallaki kayayyaki da karfi, sai 'yan bindiga su sayar da su. Wani rahoton hukuma na 1485 ya bayyana cewa mutanen yankin, wataƙila wasu suna aiki a zaman shinge (duba Fences a Ming China ), sun sayi dabbobin da aka sata da kayayyaki daga 'yan fashin manyan hanyoyi a farashi mai rahusa. Robinson ya ci gaba da nuna cewa "[cibiyar sadarwa] mai tartsatsi don zubar da garuruwan da aka sace da aka haɗa" a cikin Babban Birnin zuwa lardunan da ke kusa. Aikinsa ko asalin ɗan fashi ya kasance na dindin. Wasu 'yan fashi a zahiri sun sami kwanciyar hankali har ma sun yi aure. Veritable Records of the Ming Daular Ming ya ba da labarin cewa babban ɗan fashin nan Zhang Mao yana zaune a cikin wani babban gida a garin Wenan. Hakazalika, abokan Zhang Liu Brothers da Tiger Yang suna da mata da yara. 'Yan ta'adda galibi suna yin aiki a ƙungiyoyi a ƙarƙashin shugabanni ɗaya ko fiye. Waɗannan shuwagabannin masu kwarjini ba ƙwararru ba ne kawai wajen faɗa da hawa amma kuma sun mallaki jari da jari. Daya daga cikin jagororin abin koyi shine Zhang Mao na Wenan. Ya tara dimbin mabiya kuma ta hanyar amfani da alaƙar sa da dukiyar sa, ya sami damar cin hanci da yin mu'amala da manyan fāda a kotun. Tabbas, gwamnatin Ming ta yi amfani da hannu mai ƙarfi don murƙushe 'yan fashi. Kwamandoji da 'yan sanda na cikin gida ne ke da alhakin cafke' yan fashi, amma sarakuna kan aika da naurar musamman don shawo kan matsalar 'yan fashi. Ning Gao yana daya daga cikin masu tace 1509, kuma ya yi amfani da munanan hanyoyi kamar nuna kawunan da aka yanke da sassan jiki don kashe 'yan fashin da ke akwai da kuma tsoratar da wadanda za su iya. Ban da tserewa zuwa filaye masu wahala, 'yan fashi masu ƙarfi sun yi amfani da haɗin gwiwar su da manyan mutane a babban birnin don tattauna lafiya. A wani lokaci, mashahurin marubuci Zhang Zhong ya taimaki ɗan'uwansa da aka rantsar Zhang Mao don tattaunawa da kwamandan da aka aika don farautar 'yan fashin. Koyaya, irin wannan tallafin bai bada garantin rigakafi ba. Wani jami'i mai tasiri da ƙuduri, wanda manyan masu fada aji ko fadawa ke ba da karfi, na iya yin babbar barazana ga rayuwar 'yan fashi. Ta hanyar kai farmaki mai kyau, Ning Gao, abokin hulɗar wani babban mashahurin Liu Jin, ya sami nasarar raunata kuma ya kama Zhang Mao, wanda daga nan aka kai shi Beijing aka kashe shi. Hanyoyin 'yan Fashi a nan Gaba Duk da cewa 'yan fashin sun fuskanci hukuncin kisa, har yanzu ana iya sanya su cikin tsarin mulki, suna aiki a matsayin' yan sanda na gida da sojoji na sirri da jami'ai ke aiki da su don samun tsari da murkushe 'yan fashi. Irin wannan canjin ba na dindindin bane kuma ana iya juyawa sau da yawa. Tiger Yang ya taɓa yin hidimar soja na sirri na Ning Gao da aka ambata kafin ya koma ɗan fashi; Hakazalika, lokacin da ake fuskantar rashin aikin yi, wasu daga cikin tsoffin 'yan fashi na Ning sun shiga cikin shugabannin' yan fashi Liu Brothers. Aikin bandit yan ta'adda sau da yawa yakan jagoranci shugabanni don tara ƙarin yan fashi da yan gudun hijira da tsara kananan ƙungiyoyin farauta cikin ƙungiyoyin tawaye. Misali ɗaya shine Gao Yingxiang, wanda ya fara zama ɗan fashi a Shaanxi kuma daga baya ya zama babban jagoran 'yan tawaye a ƙarshen Ming. Wani misalin zai kasance Deng Maoqi, ɗan fashi a Fujian wanda ya yi fashi a kan hanyoyi da ƙauyuka a ƙarshen 1440s. Gangan ƙungiyarsa ta yan ta'adda sun girma zuwa rundunar 'yan tawaye kuma Deng ya kai hari kan gwamnati a Fujian. 'Yan tawayen' yan ta'adda ba kowa bane a ƙarshen Ming. A cikin dubu daya da dari biyar da goma 1510 da 1511, ƙungiyoyin 'yan fashi da yawa a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Liu Brothers, Tiger Yang sun kai farmaki Shandong da Henan. Ayyukansu ba bisa ƙa'ida ba sun haifar da tawaye a bayyane ga Daular Ming yayin da suka mamaye biranen da ba a san su ba, suka kwace makamai na masarautar, faɗaɗa yankin aiki zuwa kudu, har ma sun ɗauki maganganu da suturar daular sarauta. Tawayen ya ɗauki Ming kusan shekaru biyu don murkushe. Hakazalika, ƙananan ƙungiyoyin 'yan fashi na cikin gida na iya ƙarasa shiga cikin manyan kungiyoyin' yan tawaye. Robinson ya yi nuni da cewa a bayyane 'yan fashi sun fahimci fa'idar tallafawa yan tawaye amma kuma za a iya kore su su shiga; a sakamakon haka, 'yan tawayen na 1510 sun ja hankalin' yan fashi da yawa na cikin gida yayin da suke tafiya daga wannan wuri zuwa wani. Yawon sace-sacen yan fashi yana daya daga cikin halayen da manoma suka saba gani na zalunci da wahala. A farkon Jamhuriyyar China, haɓakar rundunonin mayaƙan yaƙi a lokacin Yaƙin Mulki shima yana tare da ƙaruwa mai yawa na ayyukan 'yan fashi da ke amfani da rashin bin doka. Ya zuwa shekarar 1930, an kiyasta jimillar yawan ‘yan fashi miliyan 20. Duba kuma Bagaudae, 'yan fashi a kusa da Pyrenees a Daular Roma 'Yan fashi a Chile Hajduks, 'yan fashi a yankin Balkan 'Yan bindigar Sardiniya Dacoity, kalmar Hindi don fashi Fence, yana taimaka wa 'yan fashi sayar da kayan da aka sace.

50564

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bankin%20Raya%20Afirka%20ta%20Kudu

Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu

Bankin Raya Raya Kudancin Afirka ( DBSA ) cibiyar hada-hadar kudi ce ta gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu gaba daya. Bankin yana da niyyar "hanzarta ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki mai dorewa a cikin kungiyar raya kasashen kudancin Afirka (SADC) ta hanyar sanya jarin kudi da ba na kudi ba a bangarorin samar da ababen more rayuwa da tattalin arziki ". Tarihi, umarni da hangen nesa Bankin Raya Afirka ta Kudu bankin ci gaban Afirka ta Kudu ne wanda ya bayyana ainihin manufarsa ita ce inganta ci gaban tattalin arziki da ci gaban, inganta rayuwar mutane da haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa, kuɗi da ci gaba. Dokar DBSA ta mayar da hankali kan manufofin bankunan don taka rawar gani wajen isar da ababen more rayuwa a Afirka ta Kudu da sauran kasashen Afirka. Aikin Bankin ya mayar da hankali ne kan harkokin makamashi, ruwa, sufuri da kuma harkokin sadarwa, tare da mayar da hankali kan kiwon lafiya da ilimi . DBSA tana da hannu sosai a cikin dukkan matakai na sarkar darajar ci gaban ababen more rayuwa kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa a shirye-shiryen ayyukan samar da ababen more rayuwa, ba da tallafin ayyuka gami da aiwatar da ababen more rayuwa da bayarwa. Ƙarshen hangen nesa na DBSA shine a cimma wani yanki mai wadata da haɗin kai mai amfani da albarkatu, ci gaba ba tare da talauci da dogaro ba. Ta hanyar haɓaka ababen more rayuwa, Bankin yana ƙoƙarin ba da gudummawa ga hanyoyin rayuwar jama'a da tattalin arziki. Hakanan yana haɓaka amfani da ƙarancin albarkatu mai dorewa . Haɓaka haɗin gwiwar yanki ta hanyar samar da ababen more rayuwa shine mabuɗin a cikin ajandar ci gaban Afirka kuma DBSA tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tallafawa wannan manufa. Misali tana shiga cikin shirye-shirye kamar su Shirin Samar da Wutar Lantarki mai Zaman Kanta na Afirka ta Kudu (REIPPPP) da Shirin Ayyukan Ci gaban Kayayyakin Gida a Afirka (PIDA). Haɗin gwiwa shine babban mai ba da gudummawa ga DBSA kuma Bankin ya kafa wasu manyan hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyoyi na duniya da na yanki kamar Ƙungiyar Kuɗi ta Ƙasashen Duniya (IDFC), Cibiyar Albarkatun Kuɗi ta SADC (DFRC), Ƙungiyar Cibiyoyin Kuɗi na Ci Gaban Afirka (AADFI) da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (SDIP). Bankin yana da hannu sosai wajen sarrafawa da aiwatar da kudaden da ke tallafawa shirye-shirye da bunkasa ayyukan haɗin gwiwar yanki. Yana yin haka ne a madadin abokan tarayya na ƙasa da ƙasa. Misalan waɗannan sun haɗa da Cibiyar Ci Gaban Shirye-shiryen Ayyukan SADC (PPDF) da Shirin Zuba Jari na Afirka ta Kudu (IIPSA), wanda DBSA ke gudanarwa a madadin Tarayyar Turai . DBSA tana samun jagoranci ta hanyar manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa da dama, yanki da na gida, yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da yarjejeniyoyin cika aikinta. Yana biyan maƙasudai da maƙasudai na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ' Canza Duniyar mu: Tsarin 2030 don Ci gaba mai dorewa, an yarda da shi ga Cibiyar Muhalli ta Duniya da Asusun Kula da Yanayi na Green, kuma daidai da COP21, yana goyan bayan ƙirƙira kasuwanci da isarwa. sikelin zuwa tattalin arzikin kore mai tasowa. DBSA tana tallafawa gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu wajen yin amfani da ƙwarewa da iyawa don haɓaka aiwatar da shirye-shiryen samar da ababen more rayuwa a muhimman sassa na ilimi, kiwon lafiya da gidaje, da kuma shirye-shiryen samar da ababen more rayuwa na birni daban-daban. DBSA ta kasance tare da Faransa DFI, AFD tun 1994. Kamfanoni na gari DBSA tana ba da tallafi na tsare-tsare, kudade da aiwatarwa ga ƙananan hukumomi a sassan da suka haɗa da ruwa da tsaftar muhalli, wutar lantarki, hanyoyi da gidaje. Shirye-shiryen gunduma da ke tallafawa sun haɗa da Tshwane Rapid Transit da ba da kuɗin tallafin ƙauyen ɗaliban Jami'ar Fasaha ta Durban (DUT). Kayayyakin Tattalin Arziki Tattalin Arziki ko ƙaƙƙarfan ababen more rayuwa duk ababen more rayuwa ne da suka wajaba don tafiyar da al'ummar masana'antu na zamani. DBSA na da niyya don magance iya aiki da matsalolin ƙullun don haɓaka yuwuwar haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ta hanyar tallafawa sassa masu zuwa: Ruwa mai yawa Man fetur (mai / gas) Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da! Ka Xu Mai Tattaunawar Wutar Lantarki na Solar . Kayayyakin zamantakewa Kayan aiki na zamantakewa ko mai laushi duk cibiyoyin da ake buƙata don kula da yanayin tattalin arziki, kiwon lafiya, al'adu da zamantakewar al-umma ko yanki. DBSA tana da niyyar magance matsalolin da suka faru da kuma hanzarta isar da muhimman ayyukan zamantakewa don tallafawa yanayin rayuwa mai ɗorewa da inganta ingancin rayuwa a cikin al'ummomi ta hanyar tallafa wa tsarawa, tallafawar kuɗi da tallafin aiwatarwa ga ayyukan ababen more rayuwa wadanda ba na gari ba ciki har da: Ilimi mafi girma masaukin dalibi Tallafin aiwatar da ayyuka don ginawa da kula da gidaje, makarantu da wuraren kiwon lafiya Ayyukan da suka gabata sun haɗa da gyare-gyaren gaggawa da kulawa a wuraren kiwon lafiya a Limpopo, a Haɗin gwiwar Jama'a da Masu zaman kansu (PPP) da Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamar da Ƙaddamarwa Makarantu. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

13256

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malala%20Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai

Malala Yousafzai ( Urdu ; Pashto ; an haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Yuli shekara ta alif ɗari tara da casa'in da bakwai 1997A.C), wanda kuma aka fi sani da suna Malala, ta kasance yar gwagwarmayar Pakistan ce don ilimin mata kuma itace mace mafi karancin shekaru data samu lambar yabo ta Nobel. An san ta ne don bayar da kariya ga 'yancin ɗan adam, musamman ilimin mata da yara a cikin mahaifarta ta Swat Valley a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, arewa maso yammacin Pakistan, inda Taliban a koyaushe ta Kuma hana yara zuwa makaranta . Batun bayar da tallafin nasa ya zama wani yunkuri na kasa da kasa, kuma a cewar tsohon Firayim Minista Pakistan Shahid Khaqan Abbasi, ta kuma zama "shahararren dan kasa" na kasar. Yousafzai an haife ta ne a cikin dangin Pashtun a Mingora, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. Iyalinta sun zo ne don gudanar da jerin makarantu a yankin. Ta yin la'akari da Muhammad Ali Jinnah da Benazir Bhutto a matsayin misalai na mata, musamman tunanin mahaifinta da aikin dan adam ya karfafa mata gwuiwa. A farkon shekara ta 2009, lokacin tana shekara 11-12, ta rubuta wani shafin yanar gizo mai taken ga Urdu ta BBC wacce ke bayyana rayuwar ta a lokacin da ƙungiyar Taliban ta yi garkuwa da Swat . A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, ɗan jarida Adam B. Ellick ya yi wani ɗan jaridar New York Times game da rayuwarta yayin da rundunar sojan Pakistan ta sa baki a yankin. Ta tashi a cikin martaba, inda ta ba da tambayoyi a cikin bugu da talabijin, kuma mai fafutuka Desmond Tutu ne ya ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta duniya . A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2012, yayin da suke cikin wata bas a gundumar Swat, bayan sun gama yin jarrabawa, wani ɗan bindiga na Taliban ya harbe Yousafzai da wasu 'yan mata biyu a wani yunƙurin kisan gilla don ramuwar gayya; dan bindigar ya gudu daga wurin. Bullet din ya bugi Yousafzai a kai inda ta kasance a cikin mawuyacin hali a Cibiyar Rawalpindi na Cardiology, amma daga baya yanayin ta yayi sauki haryasa yadda za a tura ta zuwa asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth a Birmingham, UK. Yunkurin rayuwarta ya haifar da zubar da jini na kasa da kasa don Yousafzai. Deutsche Welle ta ba da rahoto a cikin watan Janairu shekarar 2013. cewa Yousafzai mai yiwuwa ta zama "shahararren matashiya a duniya". Makonni bayan yunƙurin kisan, ƙungiyar manyan malamai guda hamsin a Pakistan suka ba da fatwā a kan waɗanda suka yi ƙoƙarin kashe ta. Gwamnati, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da kungiyoyin mata sun musanta kungiyar Taliban a duniya. Jami'an kungiyar Taliban sun mayar da martani ga Allah wadai da kara yin Allah wadai da Yousafzai, tare da nuna tsare-tsaren wani yunƙurin kisan na biyu, wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wajibin addini. Bayanin su ya haifar da ƙarin la'antar ƙasashen duniya. Bayan murmurewarta, Yousafzai ta zama fitacciyar mai fafutukar neman ' yancin ilimi . An kafa ta ne a Birmingham, ta haɗu da Asusun Malala, ƙungiyar ba da riba tare da Shiza Shahid, kuma a cikin shekarar 2013. ta wallafa ni Am Malala, babbar kasuwa ce ta duniya. A shekarar 2012, ita ce ta karba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta farko ta kasar Pakistan da lambar yabo ta Sakharov ta 2013. A shekarar 2014, ita ce ta hadin-kai da lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta shekara ta 2014, tare da Kailash Satyarthi na Indiya. Tana da shekaru 17 a lokacin, ita ce mafi ƙaramar shekaru mafi kyautar lambar yabo ta Nobel. A shekara ta 2015, Yousafzai ya kasance batun aikin Jaridar Oscar wanda aka zaba mai suna He Named Me Malala . Labaran 2013, 2014 da 2015 na mujallar Time sun bayyana shi a matsayin daya daga cikin mutanen da suka fi tasiri a duniya. A shekara ta 2017, an ba ta kyautar zama 'yar asalin Kanada ta girmamawa kuma ta kasance mafi ƙaramin mutum da zai yi magana da Gidan Gidan Gidan Kanada . Yousafzai ya halarci Sakandaren Edgbaston a Ingila daga shekarar 2013. zuwa shekara ta 2017, kuma a halin yanzu yana karatun digiri na farko a Falsafa, Siyasa da kuma tattalin arziki a dakin Margaret Hall, Oxford . Farkon rayuwa An haifi Yousafzai ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1997 a gundumar Swat ta lardin Khyber Pakhtunkhwa na arewa maso yammacin Pakistan, a cikin dan karamin aji. Ita ce 'yar Ziauddin Yousafzai da Tor Pekai Yousafzai. Iyalinta Sunni Muslim ne na kabilar Pashtun . Iyalin ba su da isasshen kuɗi don haihuwar asibiti kuma a sakamakon haka, an haife Yousafzai a gida tare da taimakon maƙwabta. An ba ta sunanta na farko Malala (ma'ana "mai baƙin ciki") bayan Malalai na Maiwand, sanannen mawaƙi Pashtun kuma mace jarumi daga kudancin Afghanistan. Sunanta na ƙarshe, Yousafzai, na babban Pashtun ne wanda ke da rinjaye a cikin kwarin Swat na Pakistan, inda ta girma. A gidanta da ke Mingora, ta zauna tare da brothersan uwanta biyu, Khushal da Atal, iyayenta, Ziauddin da Toor Pekai, da kaji guda biyu. tana magana sosai da harshen Pashto, Urdu da Turanci, Yousafzai ta kasance tayi mafi yawan karatun ta ne daga mahaifinta, Ziauddin Yousafzai, wanda mawaki ne, malamin makaranta, kuma mai fafutukar neman ilimi, yana gudanar da jerin makarantu masu zaman kansu da aka sani da Khushal Public School. A cikin hirar, Yousafzai sau daya ta ce ta yi fatan ta zama likita, ko da yake daga baya mahaifinta ya karfafa mata gwiwar shiga siyasa. Ziauddin ya kira 'yarsa a matsayin wani abu na musamman, wanda ya ba ta damar bacci da daddare kuma ya yi magana game da siyasa bayan an tura' yan uwanta su kwana biyu. Yousafzai ta samu kwarin gwiwa ne daga Muhammad Ali Jinnah da Firayim Minista Benazir Bhutto, Yousafzai sun fara magana game da haƙƙin ilimi tun daga farkon Satumba na 2008, lokacin da mahaifinta ya kai ta Peshawar don yin magana a kulob ɗin ' yan jaridu na gida. "Me zai hana kungiyar Taliban kawar da hakkina na na ilimi?" Yousafzai ta tambayi masu sauraron ta a cikin jawabin da jaridu da tashoshin talabijin suka mamaye duk yankin. A shekara ta 2009, Yousafzai ya fara a matsayin ɗan farauta sannan kuma malamin ƙwararraki a Cibiyar Yaki da Peacean Jarida na Shirin Raunin Mwararrakin Pakistan na Open Minds Pakistan, wanda ke aiki a makarantu a yankin don taimakawa matasa su shiga tattaunawa mai ma'ana kan al'amuran zamantakewa ta hanyar kayan aikin na aikin jarida, muhawara ta jama'a da tattaunawa. A matsayina na mai tallata shafin BBC A karshen shekarar 2008, Aamer Ahmed Khan na shafin intanet na BBC Urdu tare da abokan aikinsa sun bullo da wata sabuwar hanya ta rufe tasirin kungiyar Taliban a Swat . Sun yanke shawarar nemar wata budurwa don sanya rubutu game da rayuwar ta a yanar gizo ba tare da sanya sunanta ba. Wakilinsu a Peshawar, Abdul Hai Kakar, ya kasance tare da wani malami da ke makarantar, Ziauddin Yousafzai, amma bai samu wata dalibar da ke son yin hakan ba, saboda iyalai sun dauke su da hadari sosai. A ƙarshe, Yousafzai ya ba da shawarar ɗiyarsa, Malala mai shekaru 11. A wannan lokacin, Mayakan Taliban karkashin jagorancin Maulana Fazlullah suna karbe kwarin Swat, hana talabijin, kide kide, karatun mata, da mata daga siyayya. An nuna gawarwakin 'yan sanda da aka fille a farfajiyar birni. Da farko, wata yarinya mai suna A'isha daga makarantar mahaifinta ta amince da rubuta takarda, amma daga baya iyayen yarinyar sun hana ta yin hakan saboda suna tsoron daukar fansa daga kungiyar Taliban. Onlyayan kaɗai shine Yousafzai, ɗan shekara huɗu da ƙarancin masu hidimar, kuma a aji na bakwai a lokacin. Editoci a BBC gaba daya sun yarda. "Mun dade muna tauye tashe-tashen hankula da siyasa a cikin Swat dalla-dalla amma ba mu da masaniya kan yadda talakawa ke rayuwa a karkashin kungiyar Taliban", in ji Mirza Waheed, tsohon Editan Editan BBC na Urdu. Saboda sun damu da amincin Yousafzai, editocin BBC sun dage kan cewa ta yi amfani da gurbataccen rubutun. An buga adireshin ta ne ta hanyar layi na "Gul Makai" (" masara masara " a cikin Urdu), sunan da aka karɓa daga halayya a cikin rubutun almara. A ranar 3 ga watan Janairu,shekarar 2009, Yousafzai ya fara shiga shafin yanar gizo na BBC Urdu. Ta na rubuta bayanan bayanan sannan ta mika wa ɗan jaridar da ke bincika da kuma yi musu imel. Blog din ya yi tunanin tunanin Yousafzai lokacin Yaƙin Swat na Farko, yayin da ake gudanar da ayyukan soji, ƙarancin girlsan mata sun nuna zuwa makaranta, kuma a ƙarshe, makarantarta ta ƙare. A Mingora, 'yan Taliban sun kafa doka cewa babu' yan matan da za su iya zuwa makaranta bayan 15 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2009. Tuni kungiyar ta rusa makarantun ‘yan mata sama da dari. A daren da aka fara amfani da dokar an cika makil da tashin manyan bindigogi, a tashin Yousafzai sau da yawa. Kashegari, Yousafzai ita ma ta karanta a karon farko labarai daga shafinta wanda aka buga a wata jaridar gida. Bayan bin dokar, kungiyar ta Taliban ta lalata wasu makarantun yankin. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2009, Yousafzai ya rubuta cewa: "Jarrabawarmu ta shekara-shekara ta fito ne bayan hutu amma hakan zai yiwu ne kawai idan kungiyar Taliban ta ba 'yan matan makaranta. An gaya mana cewa mu shirya wasu surori don jarrabawa amma bana jin karatuna. " A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2009, har yanzu makarantun 'yan mata sun kasance rufe. A cikin haɗin kai, makarantu masu zaman kansu na yara sun yanke shawarar ba za su buɗe ba har zuwa 9 ga Fabrairu, kuma sanarwa ta bayyana suna cewa. A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, Yousafzai da ɗan'uwanta sun koma garinsu na Mingora, inda tituna suka zama ba kowa, kuma an sami "saɓo mai zafi". "Mun je babban kanti don sayowa mahaifiyarmu kyauta amma an rufe, yayin da a baya ta kasance ta kasance har yanzu a bude. An kuma rufe sauran shagunan ", ta rubuta a cikin shafinta. An sace gidansu kuma an saci gidan talabijin din su. A ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, ana iya jin karar harbe-harben bindiga a titunan Mingora, amma mahaifin Yousafzai ya sake ta ta cewa: "Kada ku ji tsoro - wannan yana harbi ne don neman zaman lafiya." Mahaifinta ya karanta a cikin jaridar cewa gwamnati da 'yan bindigan za su rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya gobe. A daren ranar da ta gabata, lokacin da kungiyar Taliban ta ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar samar da zaman lafiya a cikin gidan rediyon FM nasu, an sake wani mummunar harbe-harben bindiga a waje. Yousafzai ya yi magana da 'yan Taliban game da al'amuran kasa na nuna Babban Maganar a ranar 18 ga Fabrairu. Kwana uku daga baya, na gida Taliban shugaban Maulana Fazlulla sanar a kan FM rediyo tashar cewa ya aka dage haramcin da mata ilimi, da kuma 'yan mata za su yarda su halarci makaranta har jarrabawa da aka gudanar a ranar 17 Maris, amma suka yi sa burqas . A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu, Yousafzai ya rubuta a shafin ta cewa ita da abokan karawarta "sun yi wasa da yawa a aji kuma muna jin daɗin rayuwarmu kamar yadda muke yi a da". Kasancewa aji na Yousafzai ya kasance yara 19 daga cikin 27 har zuwa 1 Maris, amma har yanzu kungiyar Taliban tana cikin yankin. Har ila yau ana ci gaba da fashewa, kuma aka kwashe kayayyakin taimako da aka tanada don mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. Bayan kwanaki biyu kacal, Yousafzai ya rubuta cewa akwai artabu tsakanin sojoji da Taliban, kuma za a iya jin karar harbe-harbe: “Mutane na sake fargabar cewa zaman lafiya na iya dorewa. Wasu mutane suna cewa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ba ta dindindin ba ce, karya ce kawai ta yin fada. ” A ranar 9 ga watan Maris, Yousafzai ya rubuta game da takarda ta kimiyya wanda ta yi aiki mai kyau, kuma ya kara da cewa Taliban ba ta binciken motocin kamar yadda suke yi a da. Blog ɗin ya ƙare a 12 watan Maris shekarar 2009. Bayan kammala kundin tarihin na BBC, wakilin New York Times, Adam B. Ellick ya kusanta da Yousafzai da mahaifinta game da yin fim din. A cikin watan Mayu, Sojojin Pakistan sun ƙaura zuwa yankin don karɓar iko a lokacin Yaƙin Swat na biyu . An kori Mingora kuma an bar dangin Yousafzai kuma suka rabu. Mahaifinta ya tafi Peshawar don yin zanga-zanga da zauren neman goyon baya, yayin da aka tura ta zuwa cikin gari don zama tare da dangi. "Da gaske na dame saboda bani da litattafai da zan karanta," An yi fim din Yousafzai a cikin shirin. A wannan watan, bayan da ya soki masu tayar da kayar baya a wani taron manema labarai, mahaifin Yousafzai ya sami barazanar kisa ta rediyon wani kwamandan kungiyar Taliban. Yousafzai mahaifinsa ya yi wahayi sosai a gwagwarmayar mahaifinta. A wannan bazara, a karon farko, ta yi alƙawarin zama ɗan siyasa kuma ba likita ba, kamar yadda ta taɓa fatan kasancewa. A farkon watan Yuli, sansanin yan gudun hijirar ya cika sosai. Firayim Minista ya yi sanarwar da aka dade ana jira yana mai cewa ba shi da wata matsala idan an koma rafin Swat. Sojojin Pakistan sun kori ‘yan kungiyar Taliban daga biranen da kuma cikin gari. Iyalin Yousafzai sun sake haduwa, kuma a ranar 24 ga watan Yuli, shekarar 2009 suka kama hanyar gida. Sun yi tsayawa ne farko - don ganawa da wasu gungun masu fafutukar ganin an gayyaci shugaban wakilin musamman na Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama a Afghanistan da Pakistan, Richard Holbrooke . Yousafzai ya roki Holbrooke da ya sa baki a lamarin, ya ce, "Jakadan da aka mutunta, idan zaku iya taimaka mana a iliminmu, don haka ku taimaka mana." Lokacin da dangin ta suka dawo gida, sun tarar ba ta lalace ba, kuma makarantar ta ba da matsala kawai. Bayan aiwatar da shirin, an yi wa Yousafzai hira a tashar ta Pashto -language ta AVT Khyber, da harshen Urdu ta Daily Aaj, da ta Toronto Star . Ta sake fitowa karo na biyu a kan Babban Maganar Babban Magana a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2009. An bayyana asalin ayyukanta na rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo a labaran daga Disamba 2009. Ta kuma fara bayyana a talabijin don tallata a bainar Jama'a game da ilimin mata. Daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010 ta kasance shugabar majalisar gundumar yara ta Gidauniyar Khpal Kor har zuwa shekarar 2009 da 2010. A shekarar 2011 Yousafzai ta sami horo tare da kungiyar ba da karfi ga 'yan mata ta gida, Aware Girls, wanda Gulalai Ismail ke jagoranta wanda horon ya hada da shawarwari kan hakkin mata da karfafawa juna gwiwa ta hanyar kwantar da hankula ta hanyar kawar da akasi ta hanyar ilimi. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2011, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, wani mai fafutukar kare hakkin Afirka ta Kudu, ya zabi Yousafzai a matsayin lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Duniya ta theungiyar Dutchungiyar Yaƙin Duniya na Yaren mutanen Holland na ƙungiyar KidsRights . Ita ce yarinyar 'yar Pakistan ta farko da aka zaba domin bayar da kyautar. Sanarwar ta ce, "Malala ta yi yunƙurin tashi tsaye don kanta da sauran matan kuma ta yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na ƙasa da na duniya don sanar da duniya cewa 'yan mata su ma suna da' yancin shiga makaranta." Wannan kyautar ta sami kyautar ta Micela Mycroft ta Afirka ta Kudu. Bayaninta na jama'a ya tashi sama lokacin da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta kasa da kasa ta Pakistan watanni biyu bayan haka a watan Disamba. A ranar 19 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2011, Firayim Minista Yousaf Raza Gillani ya ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta kasa. A yayin gabatar da karar ta, Yousafzai ta bayyana cewa ita ba memba ce ta kowace jam’iyya ba, amma tana fatan samun wata jam’iyya ta kasa da za ta bunkasa ilimi. Firayim Minista ya umarci hukumomi da su kafa harabar IT a Swat Degree College for Women bisa bukatar Yousafzai, sannan aka sake sunan makarantar sakandare saboda girmamawa. Zuwa shekarar 2012, Yousafzai na shirin tsara Gidauniyar Malala, wacce za ta taimaka wa yara mata marasa galihu shiga makaranta. A cikin 2012, Malala ta halarci Makarantar Harkokin Ciniki ta Marxist ta kasa da kasa. Kokarin kisan kai Yayin da Yousafzai ya zama sananne, haɗarin da ke fuskanta yana ƙaruwa. An buga barazanar kisa a cikin jaridu kuma ta zame a karkashin ƙofarta. A Facebook, inda ta kasance mai amfani da aiki, ta fara karɓar barazanar. A ƙarshe, wani mai magana da yawun Taliban ya ce an tilasta musu "su yi aiki." A ganawar da aka yi a lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2012, shugabannin kungiyar ta Taliban baki daya sun yarda a kashe ta. A ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012, wani dan bindiga dan Taliban ya harbe Yousafzai yayin da ta hau kan wata yarinya bayan ta yi jarrabawa a kwarin Swat na Pakistan. Yousafzai yana dan shekara 15 a lokacin. A cewar rahotanni, wani dan bindiga mai dauke da bindiga ya yi ihu: "Wanene a cikinku Malala? Yi magana, in ba haka ba zan harbe ku duka. ” Bayan an gano shi, an harbe Yousafzai da harsashi guda daya, wanda ya yi tafiyar inci 18 daga gefen idonta na hagu, ta hanyar wuyansa ya sauka a kafada. An kuma raunata wasu 'yan mata guda biyu a cikin harbi: Kainat Riaz da Shazia Ramzan, dukkansu sun aminta da kansu bayan harbe-harben, don yin magana da manema labarai tare da ba da cikakken bayani game da harin. Kiwon lafiya Bayan harbin, an kayar da Yousafzai zuwa asibitin sojoji a Peshawar, inda likitocin suka tilasta su fara aiki bayan kumburin da ya samu a sashin kwakwalwar ta, wanda harsashi ya lalata lokacin da ta shiga kanta. Bayan awanni biyar da aka yi, likitoci sun samu nasarar cire harsashin, wanda ya kwana a kafada kusa da igiyar kashin ta. Kashegari bayan harin, likitoci sun yi aikin tilas, wanda aka cire wani sashin kwananta don ba da damar kumburi. A ranar 11 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012, wani kwamiti na likitocin Pakistan da na Biritaniya sun yanke shawarar tura Yousafzai zuwa Kwalejin Sojojin Sama na Kimiyyar Zuciya a Rawalpindi . Mumtaz Khan, likita, ta ce tana da damar samun kashi 70 cikin dari na rayuwa. Ministan cikin gida Rehman Malik ya ce za a tura Yousafzai zuwa Jamus, inda za ta iya karbar magani mafi inganci, da zaran ta natsu ta yi balaguro. Ofungiyar likitoci za su yi tafiya tare da ita, kuma gwamnati za ta ɗauki nauyin maganin ta. Likitocin sun rage ragewar Yousafzai a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba, kuma ta motsa dukkan gabobin guda hudu. Bayar da gudummawar kula da Yousafzai ya zo daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Ranar 15 ga watan Oktoba, Yousafzai ya yi tafiya zuwa Ingila don neman magani, likitoci da danginsa sun yarda da shi. Jirgin saman nata ya sauka a Birmingham, England inda aka yi mata jinya a Asibitin Sarauniya Elizabeth, daya daga cikin kwarewar wannan asibitin shine kula da sojojin da suka jikkata a rikici. Dangane da rahotannin kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin, Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta bayyana cewa "[t] shi gwamnatin Pakistan tana biyan duk safarar sufuri, ƙaura, likita, masauki da tallafin abinci don Malala da ƙungiyarta." Yousafzai ta fita daga cikin kwayar cutar ta ne a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012, tana mai da martani da kyau a jiyya, kuma an ce tana da kyakkyawar damar murmurewa gaba daya ba tare da wata lahani ta kwakwalwa ba. Updatesaukakawar daga baya a 20 da 21 Oktoba sun bayyana cewa ta kasance mai kwanciyar hankali, amma har yanzu tana fama da kamuwa da cuta. Ya zuwa 8 ga watan Nuwamba, aka ɗauke ta hoto zaune a gado. A ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba, Yousafzai ta yi tiyata tsawon awa takwas da rabi, domin gyara farjin fuska . Ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013, an sallami Yousafzai daga asibiti don ci gaba da murmurewa a gidanta na wucin gadi na dangi a West Midlands, inda ta yi karatun likita na mako-mako. An yi aikin na tsawon awanni biyar a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu don sake gyara kwanyar ta kuma maido da jinta da kwayar halittar cochlear, bayan daga nan ne aka ba ta rahoton cewa tana cikin kwanciyar hankali. Yousafzai ya rubuta a watan Yulin shekarar 2014 cewa fuskarsa ta warke har zuwa kashi 96%. Yunkurin kisan ya karɓi ɗaukacin kafofin watsa labaru na duniya kuma ya haifar da watsuwar juyayi da fushi. An gudanar da zanga-zangar adawa da wannan harbi a biranen Pakistan da dama kwana guda bayan harin, kuma sama da mutane miliyan biyu suka sanya hannu kan takaddamar neman 'yancin Ilimi, wanda ya haifar da amincewa da na farkon Hakkin Ilimin Ilimi a Pakistan. Jami'an Pakistan sun bayar da kyautar rupee miliyan 10 ga bayanan da suka kai ga kama maharan. Da yake mayar da martani game da damuwar sa, mahaifinta Yousafzai ya ce: "Ba za mu bar kasarmu ba idan 'yata ta rayu ko ba ta kubuta ba. Muna da akidar da ke karfafa zaman lafiya. Taliban ba za ta iya dakatar da duk muryoyin masu zaman kansu ba ta hanyar amfani da harsasai. " Shugaban Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari ya bayyana harbin a matsayin hari kan "mutane masu wayewa". Sakatare-janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Ban Ki-moon ya kira shi "mummunan aiki da tsoratarwa". Shugaban Amurka Barack Obama ya gano wannan harin "abin zargi ne, abin kyama ne kuma abin ban tausayi", yayin da Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton ta ce Yousafzai "ya kasance mai karfin gwiwa wajen tsayar da 'yancin' yan mata" kuma cewa maharan sun "barazana waccan irin karfafawa ”. Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Biritaniya William Hague ya kira harbi "da ban tsoro" kuma ya "ba da mamaki ga Pakistan da duniya". dukda cewa harin anyi Pakistan, "some fringe Pakistani political parties and extremist outfits" have aired conspiracy theories, such as the shooting being staged by the American Central Intelligence Agency to provide an excuse for continuing drone attacks. The Pakistani Taliban and some other pro-Taliban elements branded Yousafzai an "American spy". United Nations petition On 15 October 2012, UN Special Envoy for Global Education Gordon Brown, the former British Prime Minister, visited Yousafzai while she was in the hospital, and launched a petition in her name and "in support of what Malala fought for". Using the slogan "I am Malala", the petition's main demand was that there be no child left out of school by 2015, with the hope that "girls like Malala everywhere will soon be going to school". Brown said he would hand the petition to President Zardari in Islamabad in November. Muna kira ga Pakistan da ta amince da wani shiri na isar da ilimi ga kowane yaro. Muna kira ga dukkan kasashe da su haramta nuna wariya ga 'yan mata. Muna kira ga kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da su tabbatar da cewa yara miliyan 61 na makarantu daga waje suna cikin ilimi a karshen shekarar 2015. Kashegari bayan harbin, Ministan cikin gida na Pakistan Rehman Malik ya bayyana cewa an gano dan bindigar Taliban wanda ya harbe Yousafzai. ‘Yan sanda sun bayyana Atta Ullah Khan, dan shekara 23, dalibin sakandaren digiri a fannin sunadarai, a matsayin dan bindigar a harin. ya ci gaba da kasancewa a manya, watakila a Afghanistan. Yousafzai ya sha yin Allah wadai da zaluncin Rohingya a Myanmar . A watan Yuni na shekarar 2015, Asusun na Malala ya fitar da wata sanarwa wacce Yousafzai ya bayar da hujjar cewa, 'yan kabilar Rohingya sun cancanci "zama' yan kasa a kasar da aka haife su kuma sun rayu tsawon tsararru" tare da "daidaitattun hakkoki da dama." Ta yi kira ga shugabannin duniya, musamman a Myanmar, da su "dakatar da zaluncin da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Rohingya Musulmai marasa rinjaye na Burma." A watan Satumbar shekarar 2017, lokacin da yake magana a Oxford, Yousafzai ya ce: "Wannan ya kamata ya zama batun batun 'yancin ɗan adam. Yakamata gwamnatoci suyi ma ta. Mutane suna gudun hijira, suna fuskantar tashin hankali. " Yousafzai ya kuma sanya wani sanarwa a shafinsa na Twitter yana mai kira ga Aung San Suu Kyi wacce ta samu lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel da ta yi Allah wadai da yadda mutanen Rohingya ke yi wa Myanmar. Suu Kyi ta nisanta kanta daga bangarorin da ke rikici, ko yin Allah wadai da cin zarafin da ake yiwa ‘yan kabilar Rohingya, lamarin da ke haifar da sukar da ake musu . A shekarar 2014, Yousafzai ta bayyana cewa, tana fatan dawowa Pakistan sakamakon karatun ta a Burtaniya, kuma Benazir Bhutto ya yi wahayi, ta ce za ta nemi Firayim Minista: "Idan zan iya taimakawa kasata ta hanyar shiga gwamnati ko zama Firayim Minista, Tabbas zan tashi cikin wannan aiki. " Ta maimaita wannan manufar a cikin 2015 da 2016. Koyaya, Yousafzai ya lura a cikin shekarar 2018 cewa burinta ya canza, yana mai cewa "yanzu da na hadu da shugabanni da firayim minista da yawa a duniya, da alama dai abubuwa ba su da sauƙi kuma akwai wasu hanyoyi da zan iya kawo canjin Ina so in gani". A cikin wata hira da David Letterman, don nunin Netflix ya nuna My Guest Needs Babu Gabatarwa, an tambayi Yousafzai: "Shin kun taɓa son riƙe matsayin siyasa?" ya amsa "Ni? A'a?" Tsohon Firayim Ministan Burtaniya Gordon Brown ya shirya fitowar Yousafzai a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yulin shekarar 2013. Brown ya kuma nemi cewa mai ba da shawara McKinsey Shiza Shahid, aboki na dangin Yousafzai, shugaban asusun bayar da agaji na Yousafzai, wanda ya sami goyon bayan Angelina Jolie . Mataimakin shugaban Google Megan Smith shi ma ya na zaune a kan kwamitin asusun. A cikin watan Nuwamba shekarar 2012, kamfanin ba da shawara Edelman ya fara aiki ga Yousafzai bisa ka'ida ta musamman, wanda a cewar kamfanin "ya shafi samar da aikin ofishi ga Malala". Ofishin yana aiki da mutane biyar, kuma mai magana da yawun Jamie Lundie ne ke shugabanta. McKinsey kuma ya ci gaba da ba da taimako ga Yousafzai. A ranar 12 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2013, ranar haihuwar Yousafzai ta 16, ta yi jawabi a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don yin kira ga kasashen duniya su sami ilimi. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ambaci taron "Ranar Malala". Yousafzai ya sa wando na Benazir Bhutto ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Wannan shine jawabinsa na farko na jama'a tun bayan harin, wanda ya jagoranci zaman matasa na farko na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da masu sauraron matasa sama da 500 masu fafutukar neman ilimi daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Yousafzai ya sami guraben haihuwa da yawa. Ban Ki-moon, wanda shi ma ya yi jawabi a wurin taron, ya bayyana shi a matsayin "gwarzonmu". Yousafzai ya kuma gabatar da zauren tare da "Ilimin da muke so", Yanke Matasan Matasa na neman ilimi wanda Matasa don Matasa suka rubuta, a cikin wani tsari wanda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Addinai ta Duniya ta ba da ilimi na farko, gaya wa masu sauraron sa. : Gwamnatin Pakistan ba ta ce uffan ba game da bayyanar da UN ta Yousafzai ta yi, a wani matsin lamba da ta yi a gaban manema labarai da kafofin watsa labarun Pakistan. An yi amfani da kalmomin daga jawaban don "Yi Magana", waƙar da Kate Whitley ta zartar ta rediyon BBC 3 da watsa shirye-shiryenta a Ranar Mata ta Duniya ta 2017. Lambar Nobel ta zaman lafiya A ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2014, Yousafzai ya ba da sanarwar a zaman mai cin gajiyar lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel ta shekarar 2014 don gwagwarmayar da ta yi na hana yara da matasa da kuma 'yancin dukkan yara na ilimi. Da yake ya samu kyautar tun yana dan shekara 17, Yousafzai shi ne ƙarami mafi kyautar Nobel. Yousafzai ya raba kyautar tare da Kailash Satyarthi, mai fafutukar kare hakkin yara daga Indiya. Ta shi ne na biyu a Pakistan da ya sami Nobel Prize bayan shekarar 1979 Physics yabon Abdus Salam . Bayan da aka ba ta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, akwai yabo, amma kuma wasu ba su yarda da shawarar ba. Wani lauya dan kasar Norway, Fredrik Heffermehl, ya yi tsokaci game da an ba shi lambar yabo ta Nobel: “Wannan ba don kyawawan mutane ne da suka yi kyawawan abubuwa ba kuma suna farin cikin karɓar su. Duk wannan bashi da amfani. Abin da Nobel ya ke so kyauta ce da ta inganta daminar duniya. ” Adán Cortés, a college student from Mexico City and asylum seeker, interrupted Yousafzai's Nobel Peace Prize award ceremony in protest for the 2014 Iguala mass kidnapping in Mexico, but was quickly taken away by security personnel. Yousafzai later sympathised, and acknowledged that problems are faced by young people all over the world, saying "there are problems in Mexico, there are problems even in America, even here in Norway, and it is really important that children raise their voices". In March 2018, Yousafzai was the subject of an interview with David Letterman for his Netflix show My Next Guest Needs No Introduction. Speaking about the Taliban, she opined that their misogyny comes from a superiority complex, and is reinforced by finding "excuses" in culture or literature, such as by misinterpreting teachings of Islam. On the topic of her attackers, Yousafzai comments that "I forgive them because that's the best revenge I can have". Pointing out that the person who attacked her was a young boy, she says that "He thought he was doing the right thing". Littafin tunawa da Yousafzai Na Malala: Labarin Yarinyar da Ta Tsayar da Ilimi kuma Jaridar Taliban ce, wacce aka rubuta tare da yar jaridar Birtaniyya Christina Lamb, wacce Little, Brown da Kamfanin Kamfanin Amurka suka buga tare da Weidenfeld &amp; Nicolson a Burtaniya. Wani mai sharhi ga Jaridar The Guardian ya kira littafin "mara tsoro" kuma ya ce "masu kiyayya da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya zasu yi kyau su karanta wannan littafin", kodayake ta soki "mai taurin kai, sanin-duk-muryar wakilin kasashen waje" wacce aka hada baki tare da Yousafzai na. Wani mai sharhi na jaridar Washington Post ya kira littafin "riveting" kuma ya rubuta "Zai yi wuya a iya hango labarin tarihi da ke tafiya sosai, baya ga rubutaccen tarihin Anne Frank." Nishaɗin Mako-mako yana ba da littafin "B +", yana rubuta "Muryar da ta ɗumama ƙarfin Malala na iya zama ɗan ƙaramin magana a nan, a cikin Ni Ni Malala, mai yiwuwa godiya ga abokiyar marubutan, amma saƙonsa mai ƙarfi ba shi da tushe." Yousafzai shi ne batun shirin fim na shekarar 2015 He Named Me Malala, wanda aka zaba domin bayar da lambar yabo ta Academy don Kyauta mafi kyawu . A cikin 2017, an ba da sanarwar wani fim din Hindi Giop Makha mai suna Gul Makai, tare da Reem Sameer Shaikh wanda ya nuna mata. Yousafzai authored a picture book, Malala's Magic Pencil, which was illustrated by Kerascoët and published on 17 October 2017. By March 2018, The Bookseller reported that the book had over 5,000 sales in the UK. In a review for The Guardian, Imogen Carter describes the book as "enchanting", opining that it "strikes just the right balance" between "heavy-handed" and "heartfelt", and is a "welcome addition to the frustratingly small range of children's books that feature BAME central characters". Rebecca Gurney of The Daily Californian gives the book a grade of 4.5 out of 5, calling it a "beautiful account of a terrifying but inspiring tale" and commenting "Though the story begins with fantasy, it ends starkly grounded in reality." A watan Maris shekarar 2018, an ba da sanarwar cewa littafin Yousafzai na gaba Muna Rukuni: Za a buga Labarun Gaske na Rayuwa 'Yan gudun hijira a ranar 4 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2018 ta Little, Brown da Kamfanin Matasa Masu Karatu. Littafin ya shafi 'yan gudun hijirar ne, kuma ya hada da labarai daga rayuwar Yousafzai tare da wadanda mutanen da ta sadu da su. Da yake magana game da littafin, Yousafzai ya ce "Abin da ke neman ɓacewa a cikin rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na yanzu shine bil'adama a bayan ƙididdiga" kuma "mutane suna zama' yan gudun hijira yayin da ba su da wani zaɓi. Wannan ba zabinku na farko bane. " Riba daga littafin zai tafi zuwa asusun ba da agaji na Yousafzai Malala. Ta ziyarci Ostiraliya tare da yin Allah wadai da manufofinta na mafaka kuma idan aka kwatanta manufofin shige da fice na Amurka da Turai bai dace da na matalautan kasashe da Pakistan ba. An saki littafin a ranar 8 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2019. Malala Yousafzai ta yi aure a ranar 15 ga watan Nuwambar shekara ta 2021, tana da shekara 24. Ta ce a da ta yiwa aure mummunar fahimta ne sai daga baya ta gane cewa ba haka ba ne. Dubi kuma Farida Afridi Bibi Aisha Muzoon Almellehan Humaira Bachal British Pakistanis Children's rights Sahar Gul Aitzaz Hasan Women's education in Pakistan Women's rights in 2014 Women's rights in Pakistan Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Malala: Wars Never End Wars", DAWN, 2013 interview with audio clips of Yousafzai Class Dismissed: Malala's Story, English-language documentary Profile: Malala Yousafzai, BBC News with links to related stories July 2013 United Nations speech in full (with 17 min. Al Jazeera video) Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adabi%20A%201935

Adabi A 1935

Wannan Mukalar ta ƙunshi bayani game da abubuwan da suka faru a Adabi da wallafe-wallafen Shekarar 1935 . Abubuwan da suka faru Janairu – Bangaren Littafin Yasunari Kawabata na farko da aka buga na ƙasar Dusar ƙanƙara (, Yukiguni ) sun bayyana a matsayin labarun adabin Jafananci. Maris 20–Mawallafin London Boriswood ya amsa laifinsa kuma an ci tarar shi a Kotun Assize ta Manchester saboda buga littafin "batsa", bugun 1934 mai rahusa na littafin James Hanley na 1931 yaro. Mayu 13 – TE Lawrence, da ya bar Birtaniya Royal Air Force a watan Maris, ya yi hatsari tare da Brough Superior motorcycle yayin da ya koma gidansa a Clouds Hill, Ingila, bayan buga littattafai ga abokinsa, AE "Jock" Chambers, da kuma aika. telegram yana gayyatar marubuci Henry Williamson zuwa abincin rana. Ya rasu bayan kwana shida. A ranar 29 ga Yuli aka fara buga Rukunin Hikima Bakwai a cikin bugu don yaɗawa gabaɗaya. 15 ga Yuni WH Auden ya kammala aure na dacewa da Erika Mann. Wasan kwaikwayo na aya ta TS Eliot Kisan Kisa a cikin Cathedral an riga an tsara shi, a Canterbury Cathedral, wurin da za a yi wasan. Yuli 30-Allen Lane ya kafa Penguin Books, a matsayin takarda na farko na kasuwa-kasuwa a Biritaniya. Agusta–dakin karatu na bude-iska wanda Laburaren Jama'a na New York ya kafa a Bryant Park . Agusta 27–The Federal Theatre Project aka kafa a Amurka. Satumba 5–An kafa Michael Joseph a matsayin mai shela a Landan. Nuwamba 2–Marubuci mai ban dariya John Buchan, 1st Baron Tweedsmuir, an rantsar da shi a matsayin Babban Gwamnan Kanada. Nuwamba 7 – Ƙungiyar Makafi ta Biritaniya da Ƙasashen waje ta gabatar da ɗakin karatu na littattafan magana don nakasassu. Nuwamba 26 – Scrooge, farkon fasalin-tsawon magana sigar fim ɗin Dickens ' A Christmas Carol an sake shi a Biritaniya. Sir Seymour Hicks ya sake mayar da taken rôle, wanda ya yi shekaru da yawa a kan mataki. kwanakin da ba a sani ba Mujallar laburare Die Bucherei a Jamus ta Nazi ta buga jagororin don cire littattafan da za a cire daga ɗakunan karatu da kuma lalata su: duk waɗanda marubutan Yahudawa suka rubuta, wallafe-wallafen Markisanci da masu fafutuka, da duk wani abu da ya shafi ƙasa. Bugu na farko na Marquis de Sade 's Kwanaki 120 na Saduma (Les 120 journées de Sodome), wanda aka rubuta a cikin 1785, a cikin bugu na masana a matsayin rubutun adabi, an kammala. Fredric Warburg da Roger Senhouse sun dawo da masu buga London Martin Secker daga mai karɓa, a matsayin Secker &amp; Warburg . Sababbin littattafai Nelson Algren – Somebody in Boots Mulk Raj Anand – Untouchable Enid Bagnold – National Velvet Jorge Luis Borges – A Universal History of Infamy (Historia universal de la infamia, collected short stories) Elizabeth Bowen – The House in Paris Pearl S. Buck – A House Divided John Bude – The Lake District Murder Edgar Rice Burroughs – Tarzan and the Leopard Men Dino Buzzati – Il segreto del Bosco Vecchio Erskine Caldwell – Journeyman Morley Callaghan – They Shall Inherit the Earth Elias Canetti – Die Blendung John Dickson Carr The Hollow Man (also The Three Coffins) The Red Widow Murders (as Carter Dickson) The Unicorn Murders (as Carter Dickson) Agatha Christie Three Act Tragedy Death in the Clouds Solomon Cleaver – Jean Val Jean Robert P. Tristram Coffin – Red Sky in the Morning Jack Conroy – A World to Win Freeman Wills Crofts – Crime at Guildford A. J. Cronin – The Stars Look Down H. L. Davis – Honey in the Horn Cecil Day-Lewis – A Question of Proof Franklin W. Dixon – The Hidden Harbor Mystery Lawrence Durrell – Pied Piper of Lovers E. R. Eddison – Mistress of Mistresses Susan Ertz Now We Set Out Woman Alive, But Now Dead James T. Farrell – Studs Lonigan – A Trilogy Rachel Field – Time Out of Mind Charles G. Finney – The Circus of Dr. Lao Anthony Gilbert – The Man Who Was Too Clever Graham Greene – England Made Me George Wylie Henderson – Ollie Miss Harold Heslop – Last Cage Down Georgette Heyer Death in the Stocks Regency Buck Christopher Isherwood – Mr Norris Changes Trains Pamela Hansford Johnson – This Bed Thy Centre Anna Kavan (writing as Helen Ferguson) – A Stranger Still Sinclair Lewis – It Can't Happen Here E.C.R. Lorac Death of an Author The Organ Speaks August Mälk – Õitsev Meri ("The Flowering Sea") André Malraux – Le Temps du mépris Ngaio Marsh Enter a Murderer The Nursing Home Murder John Masefield – The Box of Delights Gladys Mitchell – The Devil at Saxon Wall Naomi Mitchison – We Have Been Warned Alberto Moravia – Le ambizioni sbagliate R. K. Narayan – Swami and Friends John O'Hara – BUtterfield 8 George Orwell – A Clergyman's Daughter Ellery Queen The Spanish Cape Mystery The Lamp of God Charles Ferdinand Ramuz – When the Mountain Fell Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings – Golden Apples Ernest Raymond – We, The Accused Herbert Read – The Green Child George Santayana – The Last Puritan Dorothy L. Sayers – Gaudy Night Monica Shannon – Dobry Howard Spring – Rachel Rosing Eleanor Smith – Tzigane John Steinbeck – Tortilla Flat Rex Stout – The League of Frightened Men Cecil Street The Corpse in the Car Hendon's First Case Mystery at Olympia Alan Sullivan – The Great Divide Phoebe Atwood Taylor Deathblow Hill The Tinkling Symbol A. A. Thomson – The Exquisite Burden (autobiographical novel) B. Traven – The Treasure of the Sierra Madre S. S. Van Dine – The Garden Murder Case Henry Wade – Heir Presumptive Stanley G. Weinbaum – The Lotus Eaters Dennis Wheatley – The Eunuch of Stamboul Ethel Lina White – Wax P. G. Wodehouse – Blandings Castle and Elsewhere (short stories) Xiao Hong () – The Field of Life and Death (, Shēng sǐ chǎng) Eiji Yoshikawa () – Musashi (, Miyamoto Musashi) Francis Brett Young – White Ladies Yumeno Kyūsaku () – Dogra Magra ( Yara da matasa Enid Bagold - National Velvet Louise Andrews Kent - Ya tafi tare da Marco Polo: Labari na Venice da Cathay (na farko na bakwai a cikin jerin "Ya tafi tare") John Masefield - Akwatin Ni'ima Kate Seredy - Babban Jagora Laura Ingalls Wilder - Ƙananan Gida a kan Pirairi Wasan kwaikwayo JR Ackerley - Fursunonin Yaki Maxwell Anderson – Winterset TS Eliot - Kisan kai a cikin Cathedral Federico García Lorca – Doña Rosita the Spinster ( Doña Rosita la soltera ) Norman Ginsbury - Mataimakin Sarah Jean Giraudoux - Yaƙin Trojan ba zai faru ba (La Guerre de Troie n'aura pas lieu) Walter C. Hackett - Leken asiri NC Hunter - Duk haƙƙin mallaka Ronald Jeans - Mutumin da aka haɗa Anthony Kimmins - Chase the Ace Archibald MacLeish - tsoro Bernard Merivale - Sa'ar da ba a kiyaye ba Clifford Odets - Jiran Hagu Clifford Odets - farkawa kuma ku raira waƙa! fara Fabrairu 19, 1935 a Belasco Theatre, New York Lawrence Riley - Bayyanar Mutum Dodie Smith - Kira Ita Rana John Van Druten - Yawancin Wasan Emlyn Williams - Dole ne dare ya fadi Duba 1935 a cikin waƙa Labari akan Abinda ya faru a gaske Julian Bell, ed. – Ba Mu Yi Yaƙi ba: 1914–18 Kwarewar Ƙwararrun Yaƙi MC Bradbrook - Jigogi da Taro na Bala'in Elizabethan William Henry Chamberlin - zamanin Iron na Rasha Manuel Chaves Nogales – Juan Belmonte, matador de toros: su vida y sus hazañas (an fassara shi da Juan Belmonte, mai kashe bijimai ) George Dangerfield - Mutuwar Mutuwar Liberal Ingila Clarence Day - Rayuwa tare da Uba Dion Fortune - The Mystical Qabalah Ernest Hemingway - Green Hills na Afirka Anne Morrow Lindbergh - Arewa zuwa Gabas Merkantilt biografisk leksikon Kamus Biographical na Yaren mutanen Poland (Polski słownik biograficzny) Iris Origo - Allegra (biography na 'yar Byron ) Caroline Spurgeon - Hoton Shakespeare, da abin da yake gaya mana Nigel Tranter - Rundunar Sojoji da Gidajen Farko na Kudancin Scotland 1400-1650 J. Dover Wilson - Abin da ke faruwa a Hamlet Thomas Wright - Rayuwar Charles Dickens Janairu 2 - David McKee, marubucin yara na Ingilishi kuma mai zane * 8 ga Janairu – Lewis H. Lapham, mawallafin Amurka, ya kafa Lapham's Quarterly * 14 ga Janairu – Labhshankar Thakar, mawakin yaren Gujarati na Indiya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin labari (ya mutu 2016) * Janairu 18 - Jon Stallworthy, mawaƙin Ingilishi kuma mai sukar adabi (ya mutu 2014) * Janairu 27 – D.M. Thomas, marubucin Turanci, mawaƙi kuma mai fassara * Janairu 28 - David Lodge, marubucin Ingilishi kuma ilimi * Janairu 30 – Richard Brautigan, marubuci ɗan Amurka kuma mawaƙi (ya rasu a shekara ta 1984) * Janairu 31 - Kenzaburō Ōe (), marubucin marubucin Jafananci kuma marubuci * Fabrairu 18 - Janette Oke, marubucin Kanada * 22 ga Fabrairu – Danilo Kiš, marubuci dan Serbia (ya rasu a shekara ta 1989) * 23 ga Fabrairu – Tom Murphy, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Irish (ya mutu 2018) *Maris 13 ** Kofi Awoonor, mawaki kuma marubuci dan Ghana (an kashe shi 2013) ** David Nobbs, marubucin wasan barkwanci na Ingilishi (ya mutu 2015) * Maris 23 - Barry Cryer, marubucin barkwanci kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi (ya mutu 2022) * Maris 27 - Abelardo Castillo, marubuci ɗan ƙasar Argentina (ya mutu 2017) * Maris 31 – Judith Rossner, marubuciya Ba’amurke (ya mutu a shekara ta 2005) * 4 ga Afrilu - Michael Horovitz, mawaƙin Ingilishi kuma mai fassara (ya mutu 2021) Afrilu 6 - [J. P. Clark | John Pepper Clark]], mawaƙin Najeriya kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (ya mutu 2020) * Afrilu 14 - Erich von Däniken, marubucin Swiss akan paranormal * Afrilu 15 – Alan Plater, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin allo (ya mutu 2010) * Afrilu 26 – Patricia Reilly Giff, marubuciyar Ba’amurke kuma malami * Mayu 1 - Julian Mitchell, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Ingilishi kuma marubucin allo * Mayu 2 - Lynda Lee-Potter, marubucin rubutun Turanci (ya mutu 2004) * Mayu 9 – Roger Hargreaves, marubucin yara Ingilishi kuma mai zane (ya mutu 1988) * Mayu 29 – André Brink, marubucin marubucin Afirka ta Kudu (ya mutu 2015) * Yuni 2 – Carol Shields, marubuci haifaffen Amurka (ya mutu a shekara ta 2003) * Yuni 4 – Shiao Yi, marubucin wuxia ɗan Taiwan-Amurke (d. * Yuni 7 – Harry Crews, marubucin Ba’amurke kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo (ya rasu a shekara ta 2012) * Yuni 24 - Pete Hamill, ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubuci (ya mutu 2020) *June 25 ** Corinne Chevallier, marubucin tarihi kuma marubuci ɗan Aljeriya ** Larry Kramer, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke, marubuci, mai shirya fim kuma mai fafutukar LGBT (ya mutu 2020). ** Fran Ross, Ba'amurke ɗan satirist (ya mutu a shekara ta 1985) * 30 ga Yuni – Peter Achinstein, Ba’amurke masanin falsafa * Yuli 11 - Günther von Lojewski, ɗan jaridar Jamus, mai gabatar da talabijin da marubuci * Yuli 13 - Earl Lovelace, marubucin Trinidadian kuma marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * 1 ga Agusta - Mohinder Pratap Chand, mawaƙin Urdu, marubuci kuma mai ba da shawara kan harshe (ya mutu 2020) * 15 ga Agusta - Régine Deforges, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa, marubuci kuma mawallafi (ya mutu 2014) * Agusta 21 - Yuri Entin, mawaƙin Soviet da na Rasha, mawaƙa da marubucin wasan kwaikwayo * Agusta 22 – E. Annie Proulx, marubucin marubuci Ba’amurke * Satumba 5 – Ward Just, marubucin marubucin Ba’amurke (ya mutu 2019) * Satumba 10 – Mary Oliver, Mawaƙin Ba’amurke (ya mutu 2019) * Satumba 16 – Esther Vilar, marubuciyar Jamus-Argentina * Satumba 17 – Ken Kesey, marubuci ɗan Amurka (ya rasu a shekara ta 2001) * Oktoba 7 - Thomas Keneally, marubucin Australiya kuma marubuci mara almara *Nuwamba 7 ** Elvira Quintana, 'yar wasan Spain-Mexico, mawaƙa, kuma mawaƙi (ya mutu 1968) ** Willibrordus S. Rendra, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ɗan Indonesiya, mawaƙi, ɗan gwagwarmaya, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasa kuma darekta (ya rasu a shekara ta 2009) * Nuwamba 9 - Jerry Hopkins, ɗan jaridar Amurka kuma marubucin tarihin rayuwa (ya mutu 2018) *18 ga Nuwamba ** Sam Abrams, mawaƙin Amurka ** Rodney Hall, marubuci kuma mawaƙin Australiya * Nuwamba 22 - Hugh C. Rae (Jessica Stirling, da dai sauransu), marubucin Scotland (ya mutu 2014) * Disamba 5 - Yevgeny Titarenko, marubucin Soviet (ya mutu 2018) * 10 ga Disamba - Shūji Terayama (), marubucin Jafananci, marubuci kuma mai daukar hoto (ya rasu a shekara ta 1983) * Disamba 13 - Adélia Prado, marubuci ɗan Brazil kuma mawaƙi * kwanan wata da ba a sani ba - Bahaa Taher, marubucin Masar thumb|360x360px| OGidan jana'izar Panait Istrati . Bucharest, Afrilu 1935 Fabrairu 7 - Lewis Grassic Gibbon, marubucin marubucin Scotland (peritonitis, an haife shi 1901 ) Fabrairu 13 – Ioan Bianu, Ma'aikacin Laburare na Romania, Mawallafin Littattafai da Harshe (uremia, an haife shi 1856 ko 1857 ) Fabrairu 28 – Tsubouchi Shōyō (), marubucin Jafananci (an haife shi a shekara ta 1859 ) Afrilu 6 - Edwin Arlington Robinson, mawaƙin Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1869 ) Afrilu 11 – Anna Katharine Green, marubuciya laifuffuka na Amurka (an haife ta a shekara ta 1846 ) Afrilu 16 - Panait Istrati, marubucin marubucin Romania, ɗan gajeren labari marubuci kuma marubucin siyasa (cututtukan tarin fuka, an haife shi 1884 ) Mayu 19 - TE Lawrence (Lawrence na Arabiya), ɗan tarihi na Ingilishi kuma masanin tarihi (hadarin babur, an haife shi 1888 ) Yuni 29 – Hayashi Fubo, marubucin marubucin Jafananci (an haife shi a shekara ta 1900 ) Yuli 17 - George William Russell, ɗan ƙasar Irish, mawaƙi kuma mai zane (an haife shi 1867 ) Agusta 11 – Sir William Watson, mawaƙin Ingilishi (an haife shi a shekara ta 1858 ) Agusta 17 – Charlotte Perkins Gilman, marubucin marubucin Ba’amurke (an haife shi a shekara ta 1860 ) Agusta 30 - Henri Barbusse, Faransanci marubuci kuma ɗan jarida ( ciwon huhu, haifaffen 1873 ) Satumba 26 – Iván Persa, marubuci kuma firist na Slovene Hungarian (an haife shi a shekara ta 1861 ) Satumba 29 – Winifred Holtby, marubucin marubucin Ingilishi (Cutar Bright, haifaffen 1898 ) Oktoba 11 - Steele Rudd, marubucin ɗan gajeren labari na Australiya (an haife shi 1868 ) Nuwamba 4 - Ella Loraine Dorsey, marubucin Ba'amurke, ɗan jarida kuma mai fassara (an haife shi 1853 ) Nuwamba 28 - Mary R. Platt Hatch, marubucin Ba'amurke (an haife shi 1848 ) Nuwamba 29 – Mary G. Charlton Edholm, yar jarida Ba’amurke kuma mai kawo sauyi (an haife ta a shekara ta 1854 ) Nuwamba 30 - Fernando Pessoa, mawaƙin Portuguese, masanin falsafa kuma mai suka (cirrhosis, haifaffen 1888 ) Disamba 14 - Stanley G. Weinbaum, marubucin almarar kimiyya na Amurka (an haife shi 1902 ) Disamba 17 – Lizette Woodworth Reese, mawaƙin Amurka (an haife shi a shekara ta 1856) Disamba 21 - Kurt Tucholsky, ɗan jarida na Jamus kuma satirist (maganin ƙwayoyi, an haife shi 1890 ) Disamba 28 - Clarence Day, marubuci Ba'amurke (an haife shi 1874 ) <ref>(29 December 1935). Clarence Day, 61, Author, Is Dead, The New York Times James Tait Black Memorial Prize don almara: LH Myers, Tushen da Fure James Tait Black Memorial Prize don tarihin rayuwa: RW Chambers, Thomas More Medal Newbery don adabin yara : Monica Shannon, Dobry Nobel Prize a cikin wallafe-wallafe : ba a ba da shi ba Kyautar Pulitzer don wasan kwaikwayo : Zoë Akins, tsohuwar baiwa Pulitzer Prize for Poetry : Audrey Wurdemann, Bright Ambush Kyautar Pulitzer don Novel : Josephine Winslow Johnson, Yanzu a cikin Nuwamba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20garin%20Warsaw

Tsohon garin Warsaw

Tsohon Garin Warsaw (Yaren mutanen Poland: Stare Miasto kuma a zahiri kamar Starówka) shine mafi tsohon yanki na Warsaw, babban birnin Poland. Yana da iyaka da Wybrzeże Gdańskie (Gdańsk Boulevards), tare da bankin kogin Vistula, Grodzka, Mostowa da Titin Podwale. Yana daya daga cikin fitattun wuraren shaƙatawa na Warsaw. Zuciyar wurin ita ce Wurin Kasuwar Gari, mai wadatar gidajen abinci, wuraren shaguna da shaguna. Titunan da ke kewaye sun ƙunshi gine-gine na zamanin da kamar katangar birni, Cathedral na St. John da Barbican waɗanda ke haɗa Tsohuwar Gari da Warsaw Sabon Gari. An kafa Old Town a ƙarni na 13. Da farko an kewaye shi da shingen aikin ƙasa, kafin 1339 an yi masa katanga da bangon birnin bulo. Garin ya fara girma a kusa da ginin Dukes na Mazovia wanda daga baya ya zama Gidan Sarauta. Dandalin Kasuwa (Rynek Starego Miasta) an shimfida shi a wani lokaci a ƙarshen 13th ko farkon ƙarni na 14, tare da babban titin da ke haɗa katangar da Sabon Gari zuwa arewa. Har zuwa 1817 Babban abin da ya fi shahara a Tsohon Garin shi ne Gidan Gari da aka gina kafin 1429. A cikin 1701 Tylman Gamerski ya sake gina filin, kuma a cikin 1817 an ruguza Majalisar Gari. Tun daga ƙarni na 19, ɓangarorin hudu na Dandalin Kasuwa suna ɗauke da sunayen manyan sanduna hudu waɗanda suka taɓa rayuwa a ɓangarorin: Ignacy Zakrzewski (kudu), Hugo Kołłątaj (yamma), Jan Dekert (arewa) da Franciszek Barss (gabas). ). A farkon shekarun 1910, Warsaw Old Town shine gidan fitaccen marubucin Yiddish Alter Kacyzne, wanda daga baya ya kwatanta rayuwa a can a cikin littafinsa na 1929 "" (Shtarke un Shvache, "Ƙarfafa da Rauni"). Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin littafin, Tsohon Garin a wancan lokacin ƙauye ne mai zaman kansa, tare da iyalai matalauta - wasu Yahudawa, wasu Kirista - suna zaune cike da cunkoson jama'a a cikin guraren da aka rarrabu waɗanda a da suka kasance gidajen sarakuna. Sassan sa na bohemian ne, tare da masu zane-zane da masu zane-zane suna da gidajen kallo, yayin da wasu tituna suka kasance gidajen karuwai na gundumar Red-light. A cikin 1918 gidan sarauta ya sake zama wurin zama na manyan hukumomin Poland: Shugaban Poland da gwamnatinsa. A ƙarshen 1930s, a lokacin magajin garin Stefan Starzyński, hukumomin birni sun fara gyara Tsohuwar Garin tare da maido da shi zuwa matsayin da yake a da. Barbican da Tsohuwar Kasuwar Gari an maido da wani ɓangare. Duk da haka, an kawo ƙarshen wannan yunƙurin bayan ɓarkewar yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin mamayewar Poland , yawancin gundumar ta sami mummunar lalacewa ta hanyar Luftwaffe na Jamus, wanda ya kai hari ga wuraren zama na birni da wuraren tarihi a yakin tashin bam. Bayan Siege na Warsaw, an sake gina wasu sassa na Tsohon Garin, amma nan da nan bayan Tashin Warsaw (Agusta-Oktoba 1944) abin da aka bari a tsaye ya tashi da tsare-tsare da Sojojin Jamus. Wani mutum-mutumi na tunawa da Tashe-tashen hankula, "Ƙananan Tawaye," a yanzu yana tsaye a kan katangar birni na tsohon garin. Bayan yaƙin duniya na biyu, an sake gina tsohon garin sosai. A cikin ƙoƙari na anastylosis, an sake amfani da yawancin tubalin na asali. Duk da haka, sake ginawa ba koyaushe daidai yake ba kafin Warsaw, wani lokacin ana ba da ladabi ga wani lokaci na baya, yunƙurin ingantawa akan ainihin, ko kuma an yi facade na gaske don rufe wani gini na zamani. An zazzage tarkace don abubuwan ado da za a sake amfani da su, waɗanda aka sake shigar da su cikin wurarensu na asali. An yi amfani da vedute na karni na 18 na Bernardo Bellotto, da kuma zane-zane na ɗaliban gine-ginen kafin yaƙin duniya na biyu, a matsayin mahimman tushe a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa; duk da haka, zane-zanen Bellotto ba su da kariya gaba ɗaya daga lasisin fasaha da ƙawata, kuma a wasu lokuta ana tura wannan zuwa gine-ginen da aka sake ginawa. Wurin Kasuwancin Tsohon Gari (Rynek Starego Miasta), wanda ya koma ƙarshen ƙarni na 13, shine ainihin zuciyar tsohon garin, kuma har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18 ya kasance zuciyar duk Warsaw. Anan wakilan ƙungiyoyin ƙungiyoyi da ƴan kasuwa sun taru a cikin Gidan Gari (wanda aka gina kafin 1429, an rushe a 1817), kuma an gudanar da biki da kisa na lokaci-lokaci. Gidajen da ke kewaye da shi suna wakiltar salon Gothic har zuwa babbar wuta ta 1607, bayan haka an sake gina su a cikin salon ƙarshen-Renaissance. Dandalin Castle (plac Zamkowy) shine farkon baƙo na kallon tsohon Garin da aka sake ginawa, lokacin da yake gabatowa daga tsakiyar Warsaw na zamani. Abu ne mai ban sha'awa, wanda Zygmunt's Column ya mamaye, wanda ke sama da kyawawan gidajen Old Town. An kewaye tsakanin Tsohon Garin da Gidan Sarauta, Gidan Gidan Gidan yana cikin tarihi. Anan ne ƙofar da ke shiga cikin birnin mai suna Ƙofar Kraków (Brama Krakowska). An haɓaka shi a cikin karni na 14 kuma ya ci gaba da zama yanki na tsaro ga sarakuna. Dandalin yana cikin daukaka a ƙarni na 17 lokacin da Warsaw ya zama babban birnin ƙasar kuma a nan ne a shekara ta 1644 Sarki Władysław IV ya kafa ginshiƙi don ɗaukaka mahaifinsa Sigismund III Vasa, wanda aka fi sani da mayar da babban birnin Poland daga Krakow zuwa Warsaw. Warsaw. Gidan kayan tarihi na Warsaw ma yana can. Dandalin Canon (plac Kanonia), a bayan cocin St. John's Cathedral, ƙaramin murabba'i uku ne. Sunan ta ya fito ne daga gidajen tenement na ƙarni na 17 waɗanda na cikin canons na babin Warsaw. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan canons sun shahara sosai, kamar Stanisław Staszic wanda shi ne mawallafin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 3 ga Mayu, 1791. A da, makabarta ce ta parochial, wadda ta kasance wani mutum na Baroque na Uwargidanmu daga ƙarni na 18. A tsakiyar filin, akwai ƙararrawa ta tagulla na Warsaw, wanda Babban Ma'aji Jan Mikołaj Daniłowicz, wanda aka kafa a cikin 1646 don Cocin Jesuit a Jarosław. An jefa ƙararrawa a cikin 1646 ta Daniel Tym - mai tsara ginshiƙin Zygmunt. Inda dandalin Canon ya hadu da dandalin Royal wani wuri ne da aka rufe don Sarauniya Anna Jagiellon a ƙarshen ƙarni na 16 kuma ya tsawaita a cikin 1620s bayan da Michał Piekarski ya gaza a 1620 yunkurin kashe Sarki Sigismund III Vasa yayin da yake shiga Cathedral. Hakanan gidan mafi ƙanƙanta a Warsaw yana can. A cikin 1980, an sanya tsohon garin Warsaw a cikin jerin wuraren tarihi na duniya na UNESCO a matsayin "fitaccen misali na kusan-jimlar sake gina wani tarihin tarihi wanda ya shafi karni na 13 zuwa 20." Wurin kuma ɗaya ne daga cikin abubuwan tunawa da tarihi na ƙasar Poland (Pomnik historii), kamar yadda aka keɓe ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1994. Hukumar Tarihi ta ƙasar Poland ce ke kula da jerin sa. Ganuwar tsaro

22452

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kula%20Da%20Lafiya%20Ta%20Kasa%20Dan%20Wa%27inda%20Aka%20Azabtar

Kungiyar Kula Da Lafiya Ta Kasa Dan Wa'inda Aka Azabtar

Reungiyar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya don waɗanda aka azabtar (IRCT), ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta, ƙwararrun likitocin ƙasa da ƙasa waɗanda ke haɓakawa da goyan bayan sake ba da waɗanda aka azabtar da waɗanda ke aiki don rigakafin azabtarwa a duniya. Wanda aka kafa a cikin Denmark, (IRCT) ita ce laima don ƙungiyoyi sama da 160 masu rajin gyara azabtarwa a cikin ƙasashe 76 waɗanda ke kula da taimaka wa waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa da danginsu. Suna bayar da shawarar a gyara dukkan wadanda aka azabtar, wanda zai iya hada da samun adalci, fansa, da kuma kula da lafiya, halayyar dan adam da kuma kula da zamantakewar al'umma. (IRCT) na yin hakan ne ta hanyar karfafa karfin membobinsu, ba da damar ingantaccen yanayin siyasa ga wadanda ake azabtarwa, da samarwa da raba ilimi a kan batutuwan da suka shafi gyara wadanda aka azabtar. Masana a cibiyoyin gyaran (IRCT) da shirye-shirye suna ba da magani ga kimanin 100,000 waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa kowace shekara. Wadanda abin ya shafa suna samun tallafi na fannoni da yawa gami da likitanci da halayyar mutum da kuma taimakon shari'a. Manufar aikin gyara shine a baiwa wadanda suka tsira azaba su ci gaba da rayuwa kamar yadda ya kamata. A cikin shekarar 1988, (IRCT), tare da wanda ya kirkiro Inge Genefke, an ba su Kyautar Kyautar Rayuwa "don taimaka wa waɗanda rayukansu suka lalace ta hanyar azabtarwa don dawo da lafiyarsu da halayensu." Amsar magani ga matsalar azabtarwa ta fara ne a shekarar 1973 tare da ƙaddamar da kamfen da Amnesty International (AI) ta yi don taimakawa da kuma gano waɗanda aka azabtar. A wannan lokacin, abu kaɗan ne sananne game da hanyoyin azabtarwa ko sakamakon jiki ko halin ɗabi'a ga waɗanda aka azabtar. Kungiyar AI ta farko da ta fara wannan aikin an kafa ta a Denmark a cikin shekarata 1974 kuma ta ƙunshi likitocin sa kai guda huɗu. Wannan rukunin na daga cikin rukunin likitocin likitoci kimanin 4,000 daga kasashe 34 na duniya. Nan da nan ya bayyana cewa, banda yin rubuce-rubuce game da azabtarwa don amfani da su a cikin shari'a, yana da mahimmanci a gano hanyoyin da za a taimaka wajen bi da waɗanda aka azabtar da waɗanda aka azabtar. Wannan ya haifar da kafawa a cikin shekarata 1978 na rukuni na farko na rukunin likitocin kasa da kasa don magance farfado da wadanda aka azabtar, wanda ya gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na likitanci na kasa da kasa na farko kan take hakki, take hakkin Dan Adam - Azabtarwa da Kwararren Likita, a Athens, Girka . A cikin shekarar 1979, membobin kungiyar likitocin Denmark sun sami izini don shigar da bincika waɗanda aka azabtar a Asibitin Jami'ar Copenhagen, a Denmark. Shekaru uku bayan haka, a cikin shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Kula da Lafiya da Bincike don Waɗanda Aka azabtar (RCT) an kafa ta a Copenhagen ta Dokta Inge Genefke, MD, a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta tare da nata wuraren. Dangane da bukatar da ake da ita na neman tallafi da tallafi a duniya game da gyara wadanda aka azabtar da su, an kafa Majalisar Kula da Lafiya ta Duniya don wadanda aka azabtar a shekarar 1985, da farko a matsayin kungiyar kasa da kasa ta RCT, kuma, daga 1997, a matsayin kungiyar kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta . A cikin 2010, IRCT ta yi bikin cika shekaru 25 da kafuwa. (IRCT) ta na da mambobi sama da 160 a cikin ƙasashe 76. Ana iya samun jerin membobi akan rukunin yanar gizon su . Za'a iya raba aikin (IRCT) zuwa yankuna uku: da aka tsara Bayar da ayyukan gyara ga waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa Magance hukunci ga masu laifi da inganta adalci ga waɗanda suka tsira Wayar da kan jama'a tsakanin masu tsara manufofi da 'yan kasa Ganin hangen nesa na (IRCT) "duniya ce da ke girmamawa tare da karɓar nauyin haɗin gwiwa don kawar da azabtarwa". Manufar kungiyar ita ce inganta samar da magunguna na musamman da ayyukan gyara ga wadanda aka azabtar da kuma ba da gudummawa ga rigakafin azabtarwa a duniya. Don ci gaba da waɗannan manufofin, (IRCT) yana neman tushen ƙasa da ƙasa: da aka dogara akan su. cigaba da kiyaye wani shirin bayar da shawarwari wanda yake tarawa, aiwatarwa da kuma watsa bayanai game da azabtarwa da kuma sakamakon da kuma gyara azabtarwa don kafa kuɗin ƙasa don ayyukan gyara da shirye-shirye don rigakafin azabtarwa don inganta ilimi da horar da ƙwararrun masanan a cikin likitanci har ma da zamantakewa, shari'a da ɗabi'a na azabtarwa don karfafa kafa da kuma kula da ayyukan gyarawa kafa da fadada alaƙar hukumomi a ƙoƙarin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawar da al'adar azabtarwa don tallafawa duk wasu ayyukan da zasu iya taimakawa wajen rigakafin azabtarwa, kuma don inganta ilimi da amfani da Yarjejeniyar Istanbul don inganta damar yin amfani da waɗanda suka tsira daga azabtarwa zuwa ingantaccen magani-doka, ko bincike, na azabtarwa don amfani da shi a cikin shari'a. IRCT tana da matsayi na musamman na shawarwari tare da Majalisar Tattalin Arziki da Tattalin Arziki na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Sashin Watsa Labarun Jama'a na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, da matsayin shiga tare da Majalisar Turai . Antwararrun abokan haɗin gwiwar sun haɗa da (amma ba'a iyakance ga) Medicalungiyar Likitocin Duniya (WMA), Kungiyoyin Duniya na Lafiya ta Duniya (WCPT), Kungiyar Kwarru ya Duniya (WPA), Internationalungiyar Ma'aikatan Jinya ta Duniya (ICN), da Likitocin na Dan Adam Hakki (PHR) IRCT kuma tana aiki tare da hadin gwiwa da gwamnatoci, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, kungiyoyin kwararru kan kiwon lafiya da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci. TORTURE, mujallar kan gyara wadanda aka azabtar da su da kuma hana azabtarwa saboda halin da suka tsinci kan su. IRCT ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyi huɗu: Babban taron Majalisar, Kwamitin Zartarwa, da Babban Sakatariya. Babban taro Babban taron na (IRCT) yana haduwa duk bayan shekaru uku kuma ya ƙunshi cibiyoyin gyara da shirye-shirye a duk duniya. Babban taron yana samar da wani taro wanda wakilai na cibiyoyin gyara da shirye-shirye, da wasu da ke aiki a fannoni masu alaƙa, na iya sauƙaƙewa da turawa gaba ga aikin duniya game da azabtarwa. An gudanar da Babban Taron (IRCT) na farko a matsayin Rubutaccen Babban Taro a ranar 16 ga Yuni - 6 Yuli shekarata 2003. Duk cibiyoyin gyarawa da shirye-shirye waɗanda aka yarda da su tare da IRCT sun cancanci shiga Babban Taro, wurin da aka zaɓi Majalisar (IRCT). Adadin cibiyoyin gyarawa da shirye-shirye 94 da aka yarda da su sun halarci cikin shekarar 2003 (IRCT) Written General Assembly. Majalisar da kwamitin zartarwa Dangane da Ka’idoji na (IRCT), Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta zabi Majalisar (IRCT) kuma ta kunshi mambobi 30, 27 da ke wakiltar cibiyoyin gyarawa da shirye-shirye a duk duniya, da kuma kwararru uku masu zaman kansu. Majalisar ita ce babban tsarin tsara manufofi da daidaitaccen tsari na kungiyar (IRCT), kuma ya hada da mambobi bakwai na Kwamitin Zartarwa. Rabon kujeru ga Majalisar (IRCT) ta yanki kamar haka: Turai - kujeru 7 Asia - kujeru 4 Arewacin Amurka - Kujeru 2 Latin Amurka - kujeru 4 Sub Sahara Africa - kujeru 4 Gabas ta Tsakiya da Arewacin Afirka - kujeru 3 Pacific - kujeru 2 Masana masu zaman kansu - kujeru 3 Ofasar gidan babban sakatariyar (IRCT)(Denmark) - wurin zama 1. Babban sakatariya Babban sakatariyar majalissar, wanda ke zaune a Copenhagen, Denmark, ita ce ƙungiyar aiki ta (IRCT), da ke da alhakin kulawa da aiwatar da manufofi da shirye-shiryen (IRCT) don tallafawa sake farfaɗo da waɗanda aka azabtar da kuma hana rigima a duniya. Babban sakatariyar ta ƙunshi Ofishin Sakatare-Janar, kungiyar Gudanarwa da Kuɗi, kungiyar Sadarwa, kungiyar Membobinsu na kungiyar Kiwan lafiya, Lauyoyi da kungiyar Shari’a da Ofisoshin Liaison a Brussels da Geneva . Duba kuma Jerin membobin (IRCT) Ranar Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don Tallafa wa Wadanda Aka Ci Wa Azaba - 26 Yuni Azabtarwa (mujallar) Inge Genefke Yarjejeniyar Istanbul 'Yanci daga Azaba Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da Azabtarwa Zaɓin Proa'ida don Yarjejeniyar kan azabtarwa da sauran mugunta, harancin Mutum ko Degarfafawa ko Hukunci Ilimin halin dan Adam na azabtarwa Sirrin rayuwar kalmomi - fim na 2005 Kwamitin Rigakafin Azabtarwa Yarjejeniyar Turai don rigakafin azabtarwa da wulakanta mutum ko ladabtarwa ko hukunci Sanarwar Duniya game da 'Yancin Dan Adam Yanar Gizo na IRCT Duniya Ba tare da Azaba ba

40615

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Amurka

Tarihin Amurka

Tarihin ƙasashen da suka zama Amurka ya fara ne da zuwan mutane na farko cikin kasar Amurka kusan shekaru 15,000 kafin zuwa Yesu. An kafa al'adu da yawa na 'yan asalin kasar, kuma da yawa sun ga sauye-sauye musamman acikin karni na 16 daga yanki mafi yawan jama'a zuwa yanki mai sabon tsari na siyasa a wasu wuraren. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun fara mamaye yankin Amurka ne a ƙarshen karni na 15, duk da haka yawancin yankunan da za suka zamo Amurka an kafasu ne a karni na 1600. A cikin 1760s, yankuna goma sha uku na Burtaniya sun ƙunshi mutum miliyan 2.5 kuma an kafa su a yankin Tekun Atlantika gabas da tsaunin Appalachian. Bayan anci galabar kasar Faransa, gwamnatin Birtaniya ta sanya jerin haraji, ciki har da Dokar Stamp na 1765, inda aka ƙi amincewa da hujjar tsarin mulki na 'yan mulkin mallaka cewa sabon haraji yana buƙatar amincewarsu. Bijirewa waɗannan haraji, musamman ma Ƙungiyar Tea ta Boston a 1773, ya janyo Majalisar ta ba da dokokin azabtarwa da aka tsara don kawo ƙarshen mulkin kai. Rikici da makamai ya fbarke a Massachusetts a shekarar 1775. Ƙarfafawa ta hanyar ra'ayin bayyanannen kaddara, Amurka ta faɗaɗa zuwa Tekun Pacific. Yayin da al'ummarta ke da girma ta fuskar yanki, yawan mutanenta a 1790 sun kasamce miliyan hudu ne kacal. Neman ƙarin filaye mara tsada ga manoma yeoman da masu mulkar bayi ya haifar da faɗaɗa kasar daga yammaci. Faɗawar ga masu cinikin bayi ya ƙara janyo rudani kuma ya haifar da yaƙin siyasa da tsarin mulki, waɗanda aka warware ta hanyar sasantawa. An kawo karshen cinikayyar bayi a duk jihohin arewacin layin Mason-Dixon a shekara ta 1804, amma jihohi a kudu sun ci gaba da cinikin, don tallafawa nau'o'in noma masu girma da suka mamaye tattalin arzikin kudanci. Rarraba kasar bisa wadannan layukan ne ya zama babban batu na siyasa na shekaru 80 na farkon ci gaban Amurka. Yakin basasar da aka yi a lokacin zaben Abraham Lincoln a shekara ta 1860, ya faru ne a lokacin da jihohin kudancin kasar suka balle daga Tarayyar suka kafa kasarsu ta bautar da bayi, wato kasar Confederate of America. Cin galabar kasar ta Confederates da akayi a shekara ta 1865 ya kai ga kawar da bautar da bayi. A yunkurin sake gina yankin bayan yaƙin, an ba da haƙƙin doka da na zaɓe ga wanda hakan ya janyo an ’yantat bayin. Gwamnatin ƙasar ta kara ƙarfi sosai, kuma ta kara kaimi wajen kare haƙƙin ɗan adam. Duk da haka, lokacin da 'yan Democrat na kudancin kasar suka sake samun ikonsu na siyasa a Kudu a cikin shekarar 1877, ta hanyar dakatar da jefa kuri'a a majalisa, sun zartar da sabbin dokoki na Jim Crow Laws don fifita fararen fata, da kuma sabon kundin tsarin mulki wanda ya halatta nuna bambanci dangane da launin fata kuma ya hana yawancin Amirkawa na Afirka daga shiga cikin harkokin more rayuwa na jama'a. A karni na 20, kasar Amurka ta zamo kasa mafi karfi a duniya ta fuskar masana'antu a dalilin bunkasar harkokin kasuwanci da kuma masana'antu da kuma isowar ma'aikata 'yan gudun hijira da kuma manoma. Amurka da Tarayyar Sobiet sun zama masu adawa da juna bayan yakin duniya na biyu. A lokacin yakin Cold War, kasashen biyu sun fuskanci juna a kaikaice a tseren mallakar makamai, tseren mallakar tashohi a sararin samaniya, yakin farfaganda, da kuma yakin da ake yi da fadada gurguzu. A cikin 1960s, a wani babban ɓangare saboda hura wuta da ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin jama'a suka yi, an sake aiwatar da wani sauyi na zamantakewa wanda ya tilasta yancin jefa kuri'a da 'yancin yawo ga Amurkawa na Afirka. Yaƙin cacar bakin ya ƙare lokacin da Tarayyar Soviet ta wargaje a hukumance, ta bar Amurka a matsayin babbar ƙasa ɗaya tilo a duniya. Manufofin harkokin waje bayan yakin cacar baka sun fi mayar da hankali ne kan rikice-rikicen zamani da ake fama da su a Gabas ta Tsakiya, musamman dangane da harin 11 ga Satumba. A farkon karni na 21, Amurka ta fuskanci koma bayan tattalin arziki da kuma annobar COVID-19, wanda ya yi mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin kasar.

29997

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Makamashi

Dokokin Makamashi

Dokokin makamashi suna sarrafa amfani da harajin makamashi, duka masu sabuntawa da waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . Waɗannan dokokin sune manyan hukumomi (kamar shari'ar shari'a, ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi ) masu alaƙa da makamashi. Sabanin haka, manufar makamashi tana nufin manufofin da siyasar makamashi. Dokar makamashi ta haɗa da tanadin doka don mai, mai, da "harajin cirewa." Ayyukan dokar makamashi sun haɗa da kwangiloli don wurin zama, hakar, lasisi don saye da haƙƙin mallaka a cikin mai da gas duka a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kafin ganowa da bayan kama shi, da yanke hukunci game da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin. Dokokin kasa da kasa Akwai karuwar sha'awar ilimi game da dokar makamashi ta duniya, gami da ci gaba da tarurrukan ilimin shari'a, rubuce-rubucen, bita na shari'a, da darussan karatun digiri. A sa'i daya kuma, an samu karuwar sha'awa kan batutuwan da suka shafi makamashi da dangantakarsu da cinikayyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ƙungiyoyi masu alaƙa kamar ƙungiyar ciniki ta duniya. Ma'aikatar Wutar Lantarki da Sabunta Makamashi ta Masar ce ke kula da Makamashi na Masar a Masar , wacce ita ce ma'aikatar gwamnati mai kula da sarrafawa da tsara yadda ake samarwa da watsawa da rarraba wutar lantarki a Masar . Hedkwatarsa tana Alkahira . Ministan na yanzu kamar na shekara ta 2020 shine Mohamed Shaker . An kafa ma’aikatar ne a shekara ta 1964 tare da dokar shugaban kasa mai lamba 147. na Aswan, wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki, mallakar gwamnati ne kuma ta tsara shi; Gine-ginensa ya buƙaci cire haikalin Abu Simbel da Haikali na Dendur. Ghana tana da hukuma mai kula da makamashi, Hukumar Makamashi . Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta mallaki Kamfanin Mai na Kasa . Uganda ta amince da sabuwar dokar makamashin nukiliya, wadda take fatan "zata bunƙasa hadin gwiwar fasaha tsakanin kasar da hukumar kula da makamashin nukiliya ta kasa da kasa ," a cewar " babban jami'in hukumar " daga wannan kasa ta Afirka. Makamashi babban kasuwanci ne a Ostiraliya. Ƙungiyar Haɓaka Man Fetur da Haɓaka Man Fetur ta Australiya tana wakiltar kashi 98% na masu samar da mai da iskar gas a Ostiraliya . Kanada tana da babbar dokar makamashi, ta hanyar tarayya da larduna, musamman Alberta . Waɗannan sun haɗa da: Madadin Dokar Fuels (1995, c. 20) Dokar Makamashi Haɗin Kai (1980-81-82-83, c. 108) Dokar Gudanar da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-6) Dokar Kula da Makamashi (RS, 1985, c. E-8) Dokar Makamashin Nukiliya (RS, 1985, c. A-16) Dokar Ayyukan Man Fetur da Gas na Kanada (RS, 1985, c. O-7) Dokar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Kanada (1985, c. 36 (Supp. )) Dokar Hukumar Makamashi ta Kasa (RS, 1985, c. N-7) Dokar Binciken Wutar Lantarki da Gas (RS, 1985, c. E-4) Akwai wasu sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Kanada, tare da sabis na lokaci-lokaci looseleaf, monographs, da shawarwari tare da lauyoyin da suka kware a wannan aikin, akwai. Kotun kolin Kanada ta fitar da wasu dokar shari'ar makamashi ta Kanada. Dokokin makamashi na Kanada suna da yawa kuma suna da rikitarwa a babban bangare saboda albarkatun makamashi na gwamnati: Kanada da lardin Quebec suma sun mallaki manyan wuraren samar da wutar lantarki na madatsar ruwa, wadanda suka haifar da ba kawai wutar lantarki ba, har ma da cece-kuce. Tarayyar Turai Dokar makamashi ta Turai ta mai da hankali kan hanyoyin doka don gudanar da cikas na ɗan gajeren lokaci ga wadatar makamashin nahiyar, kamar dokar Jamus ta 1974 don tabbatar da samar da makamashi. Haɗin gwiwar aikin hydrogen na Turai aikin ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ne don haɗa ƙa'idodin Hukumar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (ECE) da ƙirƙirar tushen tsarin ECE na motocin hydrogen da mahimman abubuwan more rayuwa waɗanda ke maye gurbin dokokin ƙasa da ƙa'idodi . Manufar wannan aikin shine inganta amincin motocin hydrogen da daidaita tsarin ba su lasisi da amincewa. Ƙasashe biyar ne suka ƙirƙiro ƙungiyar makamashi ta EurObserv'ER . EU ta kuma ƙirƙiri Ƙungiyar Makamashi don faɗaɗa manufofin su zuwa kudu maso gabashin Turai. Austuraiu yana karɓar bakuncin Ranakun Makamashi Mai Dorewa na Duniya na shekara. Dokar sabunta makamashin Jamus ta tanadi yin amfani da makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa ta hanyar haraji da harajinta . Yana haɓaka haɓaka hanyoyin samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa ta hanyar tsarin kuɗin abinci. Yana daidaita adadin kuzarin da mai samarwa ke samarwa da kuma nau'in tushen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hakanan yana haifar da abin ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa ci gaban fasaha da farashi. Sakamakon ya kasance mai ban mamaki: a ranar 6 ga Yuni na shekara ta 2014, fiye da rabin makamashin al'umma da aka yi amfani da su a wannan ranar sun fito ne daga hasken rana. Duk da matakan da aka tsara suna ƙara ƙarin makamashi mai sabuntawa zuwa ga haɗawar makamashi, grid ɗin lantarki na Jamus ya zama abin dogaro, ba ƙasa ba. Gwamnatin Jamus ta ba da shawarar yin watsi da " shirinta na kawar da makamashin nukiliya don taimakawa wajen farfado da hauhawar farashin wutar lantarki da kuma kare muhalli, a cewar shawarwarin da wata tawagar makamashi ƙarƙashin ministan tattalin arziki Michael Glos ta tsara." Jam'iyyar Green Party ta Jamus ta yi adawa da makamashin nukiliya, da kuma karfin kasuwa na kayan aikin Jamus, tana mai cewa "karancin makamashi" an halicce shi ta hanyar wucin gadi. Akwai gagarumin sha'awar ilimi a cikin dokar makamashi ta Jamus. Akwai ginshiƙi mai taƙaita dokokin makamashi na Jamus. Italiya tana da albarkatun ƙasa kaɗan. rashin isasshen ma'adinan ƙarfe, gawayi, ko mai . Tabbataccen tanadin iskar gas, galibi a cikin kwarin Po da Adriatic na teku, sun zama mafi mahimmancin albarkatun ma'adinai na ƙasar. Fiye da kashi 80% na albarkatun makamashin kasar ana shigo da su ne daga kasashen waje. Bangaren makamashi ya dogara sosai kan shigo da kayayyaki daga ketare: a shekara ta 2006 kasar ta shigo da sama da kashi 86% na yawan makamashin da take amfani da shi. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, Italiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da makamashi mai sabuntawa a duniya, matsayi a matsayin mai samar da makamashin hasken rana mafi girma na biyar a cikin 2009 kuma na shida mafi girma na samar da wutar lantarki a cikin shekara ta 2008. A cikin shekara taikin 1987, bayan bala'in Chernobyl, yawancin 'yan Italiya sun amince da kuri'ar raba gardama na neman kawar da makamashin nukiliya. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani ta hanyar rufe tashoshin nukiliyar da ake da su tare da dakatar da shirin nukiliyar kasa gaba daya. Italiya kuma tana shigo da kusan kashi 16% na bukatar wutar lantarki daga Faransa akan 6.5 GWe, wanda ya sa ta zama babbar mai shigo da wutar lantarki a duniya. Saboda dogaro da tsadar albarkatun mai da shigo da kaya, Italiyanci suna biyan kusan kashi 45% fiye da matsakaicin EU na wutar lantarki . A shekara ta 2004, sabuwar dokar makamashi ta kawo yuwuwar hada gwiwa da kamfanonin kasashen waje don gina tashoshin nukiliya da shigo da wutar lantarki. A cikin 2005, kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Italiya, ENEL ya yi yarjejeniya da Electricite de France akan MWe 200 daga injin nukiliya a Faransa da yuwuwar ƙarin MWe 1,000 daga sabon gini. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, ENEL ta sami kashi 12.5% a cikin aikin da kuma shiga kai tsaye a cikin ƙira, gine-gine, da kuma sarrafa tsire-tsire. A wani yunƙurin kuma, ENEL ta kuma sayi kashi 66% na wutar lantarki ta Slovak da ke sarrafa injinan nukiliya guda shida. A wani bangare na wannan yarjejeniya, ENEL za ta biya gwamnatin Slovakia Yuro biliyan 1.6 don kammala tashar samar da makamashin nukiliya a Mochovce, wanda ke da babban adadin 942 MW . Tare da wadannan yarjejeniyoyi, Italiya ta yi nasarar samun damar yin amfani da makamashin nukiliya ba tare da sanya matatun mai a yankin Italiya ba. Ƙasar Lithuania tana da dokar makamashi, Energetikos teisė. A cikin Ukraine, ayyukan makamashi masu sabuntawa suna tallafawa ta hanyar tsarin jadawalin kuɗin fito . Dokar Ukraine "A kan madadin hanyoyin samar da makamashi" tana nufin madadin hanyoyin makamashi: hasken rana, iska, geothermal, hydrothermal, marine da hydrokinetic energy, hydroelectricity, biomass, landfill biogas da sauransu. Hukumar Kula da Makamashi da Makamashi ta Kasa ta Ukrainian da Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Jiha kan Inganta Makamashi da Ajiye Makamashi na Ukraine sune manyan hukumomin daidaita makamashin da ake sabunta su. Gwamnatin Ukraine ta yi gyare-gyare a madadin makamashi. Akwai buƙatar sabis na tanadin makamashi a cikin Ukraine. Ƙimar sa ya kai kusan Yuro biliyan 5 kawai a cikin gine-gine mallakar gwamnati. In Ukraine, renewable energy projects are supported by a feed-in tariff system. The law of Ukraine "On alternative sources of energy" Ukraine tana da wata hukuma ta daban don gudanar da Yankin Keɓewa na Chernobyl . Sauran kasashen Turai Albaniya na da kafa Cibiyar Man Fetur da Gas ta Albaniya. Akwai gagarumin ikon geothermal a Iceland ; kusan kashi 80% na makamashin da al'ummar kasar ke bukata, ana samun su ne ta hanyar samar da makamashin kasa, wanda duk mallakar gwamnati ne, ko kuma ta tsara su. A fasahance, Iraki ba ta da dokar makamashi, amma ana shirin aiwatar da dokar kusan shekaru biyar a farkon shekara ta 2012. Ma'aikatar mai ta Iraqi tana ba da kwangila ga kamfanoni kaɗan ne kawai . Ya zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2014, akwai kamfanonin mai guda 23 da aka kafa, amma kamfanonin banki guda 17 ne kawai a Iraki. Dokar Tushen Makamashi na Isra'ila, 5750-1989 ("Dokar Makamashi"), ta bayyana abin da ake ɗauka a matsayin "makamashi" da "tushen makamashi" kuma manufarsa ita ce tsara yadda ake amfani da makamashi yayin da ake tabbatar da ingantaccen amfani da shi. A karkashin dokar makamashi, majalisar dokokin Isra'ila ta gabatar da wasu hanyoyin auna ma'auni don daidaita ingancin amfani da makamashin. Bugu da ƙari, wace ƙungiya ce za ta cancanci bi da amfani da irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Bugu da ƙari kuma, a cikin Isra'ila akwai wasu ƙarin dokoki da suka shafi amfani da makamashi, kamar Dokar Bangaren Gas, 5762-2002 wanda ya ba da sharuɗɗan haɓakar yanayin iskar gas a Isra'ila, da kuma Wutar Lantarki. Dokar Sashin, 5756-1996, wacce ta kafa "Hukumar Amfani da Jama'a - Wutar Lantarki" wacce ke buga umarni da ka'idoji don amfani da sabbin hanyoyin wutar lantarki, gami da makamashin hasken rana da makamashin ruwa. Kafin girgizar kasa da tsunami na Maris 2011, da bala'o'in nukiliya da suka haifar da ita, Japan ta samar da kashi 30% na wutar lantarki daga injinan nukiliya kuma ta yi niyya don haɓaka wannan kaso zuwa 40%. Makamashin nukiliya shine fifikon dabarun ƙasa a Japan, amma an yi damuwa game da ƙarfin makaman nukiliya na Japan don jure ayyukan girgizar ƙasa. An rufe tashar nukiliyar Kashiwazaki-Kariwa gaba daya na tsawon watanni 21 bayan girgizar kasa a 2007. Girgizar kasa da tsunami na 2011 sun haifar da gazawar tsarin sanyaya a tashar makamashin nukiliya ta Fukushima I a ranar 11 ga Maris kuma an ayyana gaggawar nukiliya. An kwashe mazauna 140,000. Ba a fayyace adadin adadin kayan aikin rediyo da aka saki ba, yayin da rikicin ke ci gaba da gudana. A ranar 6 ga Mayun 2011, Firayim Minista Naoto Kan ya ba da umarnin rufe tashar nukiliyar Hamaoka saboda girgizar kasa mai karfin awo 8.0 ko sama da haka na iya afkuwa a yankin cikin shekaru 30 masu zuwa. Matsalolin daidaita tashar nukiliya ta Fukushima I sun taurare halayen makamashin nukiliya. Tun daga watan Yuni 2011, "fiye da kashi 80 na Jafanawa yanzu sun ce su ne anti-nukiliya da rashin amincewa da bayanan gwamnati game da radiation ". Ya zuwa watan Oktoba na 2011, an sami karancin wutar lantarki, amma Japan ta tsira daga lokacin bazara ba tare da an samu bakar duhu da aka yi hasashe ba. Wata takarda mai farar fata ta makamashi, wadda Majalisar Ministocin Japan ta amince da ita a watan Oktoban 2011, ta ce "amincin da jama'a ke da shi kan amincin makamashin nukiliyar ya lalace sosai" sakamakon bala'in Fukushima, tare da yin kira da a rage dogaro da al'ummar kasar kan makamashin nukiliya. An rufe da yawa daga cikin tashoshin nukiliya na Japan, ko kuma an dakatar da ayyukansu don duba lafiyarsu. Na ƙarshe na 54 reactors na Japan ( Tomari-3 ) ya tafi layi don kulawa a ranar 5 ga Mayu, 2012., ya bar Japan gaba ɗaya ba tare da samar da wutar lantarki ta nukiliya ba a karon farko tun 1970. Duk da zanga-zangar, a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2012 an sake kunna raka'a 3 na Kamfanin Wutar Nukiliya ta Ōi. Tun daga watan Satumbar 2012, raka'a na 3 da 4 ne kawai tashoshin makamashin nukiliyar Japan da ke aiki da su, duk da cewa birnin da lardin Osaka sun bukaci a rufe su. Shirin Haɗin gwiwar Makamashin Nukiliya na Amurka da Japan, yarjejeniya ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke da nufin tsara tsarin bincike na haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka fasahar makamashin nukiliya, wanda aka rattaba hannu kan Afrilu 18, 2007. An yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar ita ce ta farko da Amurka ta rattaba hannu don bunkasa fasahohin makamashin nukiliya tare da wata kasa, ko da yake Japan na da yarjejeniya da Australia, Canada, China, Faransa, da kuma Birtaniya . A karkashin shirin, Amurka da Japan kowannensu zai gudanar da bincike kan fasahar reactor mai sauri, fasahar zagayowar man fetur, na'urar kwamfyuta ta zamani da ƙirar ƙira, ƙanana da matsakaita reactors, kariya da kariya ta jiki; da sarrafa sharar nukiliya, wanda kwamitin hadin gwiwa zai gudanar da shi. Ci gaban yerjejeniyar ya kasance cikin rudani tun lokacin da Fukushima I ta yi hatsarin nukiliya. Kamfanin Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation (JOGMEC) kamfani ne na gwamnati wanda ke da hannu wajen binciken makamashin burbushin mai, da dai sauransu. A cikin 2013, ma'aikatanta na kamfanoni sun fara fitar da Methane clathrate daga ma'ajin ajiyar teku. l Malaysia tana sarrafa sashin makamashinta sosai. Daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa shekara ta 1992, Gwamnatin Sabah ta mallaki masana'antar iskar gas ta Sabah don gudanar da ayyukan albarkatun iskar gas na Sabah, wanda ke Labuan, Malaysia, wanda aka sanya don zama mai zaman kansa . An sayar da shukar methanol ga Petronas kuma tana aiki a yau azaman Petronas Methanol (Labuan) Sdn Bhd . An sayar da tashar wutar lantarki ga Sabah Electricity . Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabiya tana da wasu dokoki game da makamashi, musamman dokar mai da iskar gas. Saudiyya ita ce ƙasar da ta fi kowacce ƙasa samar da mai a duniya don haka dokarta ta makamashi na da matukar tasiri a kan samar da makamashi a duniya baki ɗaya. A karkashin dokar kasar Saudiyya, duk arzikinta na mai da iskar gas na gwamnati ne: “Dukkanin dukiyar da Allah Ya yi wa kasala, ko ta kasa ko ta kasa ko ta ruwa na ƙasa, a cikin ƙasa ko na ruwa da ke ƙarƙashin ikon gwamnati., sune dukiyar ƙasa kamar yadda doka ta ayyana. Shari’a ta bayyana hanyoyin da ake amfani da su, da kariya, da bunƙasa irin wannan dukiya domin amfanin ƙasa, tsaronta, da tattalin arzikinta.” Har ila yau, ana ba da izinin harajin makamashi musamman; Sashe na 20 na dokar asali ya ce, “Ana sanya haraji da kudade ne bisa adalci kuma sai lokacin da bukatar hakan ta taso. Ƙaddamarwa, gyara, sokewa, da keɓancewa kawai doka ta halatta." Ma'aikatu biyu na Masarautar Saudiyya ne ke da alhakin bangaren makamashi: Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da na Ruwa da Wutar Lantarki. Dokokin kasar kuma sun kafa wasu hukumomin da ke da wasu hurumin doka, amma ba su da ka'ida. Wadannan sun haɗa da Saudi Aramco, asali na hadin gwiwa tsakanin Masarautar da California-Arabian Standard Oil, amma yanzu gaba daya mallakar Masarautar, da Saudi Consolidated Electricity Companies. Najeriya ce ƙasa mafi yawan arzikin man fetur a nahiyar Afirka kuma ita ce ta 11 a duniya wajen samar da man fetur. Dokar makamashi a ƙasar ta shafi man fetur da iskar gas, da sauran hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Har ila yau, tana da doka da siyasa mai karfi a cikin makamashin da ake sabunta shi na samar da wutar lantarki a ƙasar. Haka kuma aikin samar da wutar lantarki a yankunan karkara ya samu gindin zama a dokar makamashi a ƙasar. Tsohuwar Dokar Man Fetur ta Turkiyya ta shafe shekaru 70 tana aiki har zuwa shekarar 2013, inda ta kafa sabuwar dokar man fetur mai lamba 6491. Daga cikin wasu tanade-tanade, yana tsawaita shekarun da aka halatta na izinin hakowa, da rage farashi, da kuma kawar da mulkin mallaka na jiha. Ƙasar Ingila Ƙasar Ingila ta fara shirin barin al'ummar Turai tun daga watan Janairun 2020. Wannan sashe ya shafi dokar Amurka, da kuma jihohin da suka fi yawan jama'a ko mafi yawan samar da makamashi. A cikin Amurka, ana sarrafa makamashi da yawa ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka, da kuma hukumomin gudanarwa na jihohi. Kowace jiha, Gwamnatin Tarayya, da Gundumar Columbia suna karɓar wasu harajin harajin abin hawa . Musamman, waɗannan harajin haraji ne akan man fetur, man dizal, da mai . Yayin da yawancin jihohi a yammacin Amurka suka dogara ga haraji mai yawa (haraji akan hakar ma'adinai), yawancin jihohi suna samun ɗan ƙaramin adadin kudaden shiga daga irin waɗannan hanyoyin. Duba kuma Sakamakon rikicin makamashi na 2000s Gabaɗayan batutuwan makamashi Tsarin makamashi Kiyaye makamashi Tattalin arzikin makamashi Kasuwannin makamashi da abubuwan haɓaka makamashi Karyawar ruwa Seismicity da aka jawo Jerin batutuwan makamashi Albarkatun makamashi na duniya da amfani Tarihin kasuwar mai ta duniya daga 2003 Musamman dokoki da manufofi Atomic Energy Basic Law Koyarwar hakkoki Cuius est solum eius est usque ad coelum et ad inferos Dokokin keken lantarki Manufar makamashi na Tarayyar Turai Yarjejeniyar Yarjejeniyar Makamashi Tauraron Makamashi Tsaron makamashi Tariff ɗin ciyarwa Amfanin man fetur da dizal da farashi Jerin hukumomin kula da makamashi Jerin kararrakin muhalli Manufar makamashin nukiliya Petrobangla - Bangladesh State Energy Corporation Tankunan tunani da ƙungiyoyi na ilimi Alliance don Ajiye Makamashi Cibiyar Makamashi, Man Fetur da Dokokin Ma'adinai Cibiyar Nazarin Muhalli Sabunta Makamashi da Haɗin gwiwar Haɓaka Ƙarfafa Makamashi Cibiyar Makamashi da Albarkatu Jami'ar Laval Jami'ar Wyoming Sabuntawa da madadin hanyoyin makamashi Madadin motsawa Tsabtace Makamashi Trends Tsabtace Tech Nation Ƙarfafa ƙarfin hasken rana Ingantacciyar amfani da makamashi Abin hawa lantarki Ƙarfin geothermal dumamar yanayi Green banki Hydro One Tushen wutar lantarki mai ɗan lokaci Taron Taro na Kasa da Kasa Kan Mai Jerin batutuwan makamashi masu sabuntawa ta ƙasa makamashin teku Tsarin ginin hasken rana mai wucewa Plug-in matasan Kasuwancin makamashi mai sabuntawa Zafi mai sabuntawa Hasken rana Zane mai dorewa The Clean Tech Revolution Kyaututtuka da ma'auni Ashden Awards ISO 14001 Jagoranci a Makamashi da Tsarin Muhalli (LEED) Ci gaba da karatu Klause Bosselmann, Ƙa'idar Dorewa (Burlington, VT: Ashland 2008) . GT Goodman, WD Rowe, Gudanar da Hadarin Makamashi (New York: Academic Press 1979) . An samo a Biblio Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Yanar Gizon Hukumar Kula da Makamashi ta Amurka Cibiyar Cibiyar Harkokin Makamashi ta yanar gizo Sashen Muhalli, Makamashi, da Albarkatun gidan yanar gizon Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Amurka Dokar makamashi a gidan yanar gizon Cornell Law School LLM a cikin Dokar Makamashi a Makarantar Law ta Vermont Jaridar Dokar Makamashi Journal of World Energy Law & Business, da takwarori-bita, da hukuma jarida na Association of International Petroleum Negotiators, buga ta Oxford University Press. Energy Law Net, gidan yanar gizo mai hulɗa don lauyoyin makamashi Yanar Gizo na Jami'ar Pace Energy & Climate Center Dokar makamashi ta Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com Jerin masana'antun makamashi na Amurka, daga gidan yanar gizon FindLaw.com Yanar Gizo na Masana'antar Makamashi a Yau Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

59655

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian%20High

Siberian High

Babban Siberiya (kuma Siberian Anticyclone; (Aziatsky antitsiklon )) tarin busasshiyar iskar sanyi ce mai tarin yawa wacce ke taruwa a yankin arewa maso gabashin Eurasia daga Satumba zuwa Afrilu.Yawancin lokaci yana kan tafkin Baikal.Ya kai girman girmansa da ƙarfin sa acikin hunturu lokacin da yawan zafin jiki na iska kusa da tsakiyar yankin matsa lamba yakan yi ƙasa da .Matsin yanayi sau da yawa yana sama da . Babban Siberiya shine mafi ƙarfi mai tsayi mai tsayi a arewaci kuma yana da alhakin duka mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki a Arewacin Hemisphere, na a ranar 15 ga Janairu 1885 a Verkhoyansk, kuma mafi girman matsa lamba, 1083.8 mbar (108.38 kPa, 32.01 inHg) a Agata, Krasnoyarsk Krai, a ranar 31 ga Disamba 1968, an taɓa yin rikodin. Babban Siberiya yana da alhakin tsananin sanyi na hunturu da yanayin bushewar ma'aikaci tare da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara da ƙarancin dusar ƙanƙara ko ƙanƙara a cikin Siberiya, Mongoliya, da China. Alokacin rani, Babban Siberiya an maye gurbinsa da ƙananan Asiya. Babban Siberiya yana rinjayar yanayin yanayi a mafi yawan sassan Arewacin Hemisphere: tasirinsa ya wuce zuwa yamma har zuwa Italiya,yana kawo yanayin daskarewa kuma acikin kudanci mai ɗumi,da kuma kudu maso gabas kamar Malaysia,inda muhimmin bangare ne na damina daga arewa maso gabas. Wani lokaci babban Siberiya mai ƙarfi yana iya kawo yanayin sanyi da ba a saba gani ba a cikin wurare masu zafi har zuwa kudu maso gabas kamar Philippines.Yana iya toshe ko rage girman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ya haifar da bushewar yanayi a duk faɗin yankin Asiya banda yankuna, kamar Hokuriku da Tekun Caspian na Iran waɗanda ke samun ruwan sama na orographic daga iskar da take haifarwa.Sakamakon babban kogin Siberiya,lokacin sanyi na bakin teku a babban birnin Pacific na Rasha Vladivostok yanada sanyi sosai dangane da latitude da kusancinsa da teku. Gaba ɗaya iskan Siberiya ya fi iskan Arctic sanyi,domin sabanin iskan Arctic dake kan kankarar tekun dake kewayen Pole ta Arewa,iskar Siberiya ta kanyi sanyin tundra mai sanyi na Siberiya, wanda ba ya hasko zafi kamar yadda kankarar Arctic keyi. Farawa da canzawa Gaba ɗaya, tsarin Siberian Babban matsin lamba ya fara haɓakawa a ƙarshen Agusta,yakai ƙololuwar sa acikin hunturu,kuma yana da ƙarfi har zuwa ƙarshen Afrilu.Asalin halittarsa a ƙarshen lokacin rani na Arctic yana faruwa ne sakamakon haɗuwar iskar rani da ake sanyayawa a cikin arewa maso gabashin Asiya yayin da kwanaki ke raguwa. Acikin aiwatar da samuwar Babban Siberiya, jirgin sama mai saukar ungulu yana canjawa wuri zuwa arewacin Eurasia ta hanyar sanyaya mai sanyi da saukowa advection,wanda acikin matsanancin yanayi yana haifar da"ƙananan sanyi"waɗanda ke fashewa a wurare masu zafi na Gabashin Asiya. Duk da tasirin da yake da shi a yanayin da yawancin al'ummar duniya ke fuskanta, binciken kimiyya na Babban Siberiya ya yi jinkirin zuwa, kodayake an lura da bambancin halayensa tun farkon shekarun 1960. Koyaya, binciken baya-bayan nan na lura da dumamar yanayi a kan Asiya ya nuna cewa rauni na Siberian High shine babban direban lokacin sanyi a kusan dukkanin ƙasashen Asiya masu zafi na cikin gida har ma da mafi yawan sassan Turai, tare da dangantaka mafi ƙarfi a kan. Filin Yammacin Siberiya da muhimmiyar alaƙa har zuwa yamma har zuwa Hungary da kudu maso gabas har zuwa Guangdong . Har ila yau, an gano hazo yana da alaƙa da ma'anar matsakaicin matsa lamba na Babban Siberiya a kusan dukkanin Gabashin Turai a lokacin lokacin sanyi, kuma ana samun irin wannan dangantaka a kudancin kasar Sin, yayin da akasin haka ya kasance a kan gabar Coromandel da Sri. Lanka . Sauran nazarin sun nuna cewa ƙarfin Siberian High yana nuna rashin daidaituwa tare da tsarin matsa lamba akan Arewacin Afirka. An lura da wani haɗin kai, haɗin kai mai rauni na Siberian High da Arctic oscillation lokacin da Antarctic oscillation (AAO) ya fi karfi. Saboda karuwar dusar ƙanƙara da murfin ƙanƙara yana haɓaka Babban Siberiya, Babban Siberiya ya kasance mafi tsananin ƙarfi kuma yana gaba da yamma a farkon Pleistocene na Tsakiyar Tsakiyar sakamakon faɗuwar glaciation na jeri na tsaunuka a tsakiyar Asiya ta Tsakiya. Rage girman girman Siberian a lokacin Holocene ya ba da damar mamaye gabas na yamma da aka wadatar da tururin ruwa, wanda ya haifar da haɓakar ƙarancin tsayin daji na tsakiyar Asiya. Duba kuma Siberian Express Arctic dipole anomaly Kalaman sanyi Arewacin Amurka High Polar vortex Aleutian Low Yanayin a asia

27463

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana%20Kagga

Nana Kagga

Nana Hill Kagga Macpherson (wanda kuma aka sani da 'Nana Kagga-Hill' ko kuma a matsayin 'Nana Hill' ko 'Nana Hill Kagga') ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Uganda, mai shirya fina-finai, mahaliccin abun ciki, marubucin rubutu, injiniyan mai kuma mai magana mai kuzari. Ta rubuta kuma ta jagoranci fim ɗin 2012 The Life kuma marubuci ne kuma mai gudanarwa na Beneath the Lies - The Series. Rayuwa da asali An haifi Kagga a Nairobi, Kenya ga iyayen Uganda, daya injiniya. Kagga dan Muganda ne kuma wani bangare ne na gidan sarauta na gargajiya na kabilar Baganda, 'Bambejja' (sarakunan sarakuna). Kagga ita ce ta uku cikin ’ya’ya shida na iyayenta duka. A lokacin haihuwarta, iyayenta suna gudun hijira a lokacin mulkin shugaba Idi Amin . Kagga ya girma da farko a Uganda a cikin iyali mai wadata. Baya ga mahaifinta da kakanta na wajen uwa, ƴan’uwanta huɗu kuma injiniyoyi ne. Kagga tana zaune a Kampala, Uganda tare da kuma 'ya'yanta 3. Tana iya Turanci da Luganda sosai . Kagga ta yi karatun Firamare a Makarantar Iyayen Kampala. Daga nan ta shiga makarantar sakandare ta Gayaza, ɗaya daga cikin manyan makarantun 'yan mata a Uganda, don matakin O-Level dinta. Daga nan ta yi matakin A-Level dinta a Makarantar Red Maids, Bristol, Makarantar Ƴan Mata mafi tsufa a Burtaniya. Daga nan Kagga ta shiga Jami'ar Birmingham, Birmingham, UK inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Injiniya. Kagga ƙwararren ɗalibi ne wanda ya yi fice a fannin Kimiyya, Fasaha da Wasanni. A lokacin hutun bazara, za ta koma Uganda kuma ta kasance mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen Jam Agenda akan WBS, wani shahararren gidan talabijin na Uganda. Bayan kammala karatun ta, Kagga ta koma Florida, Amurka, sannan ta koma New Mexico, Amurka. A New Mexico, ta yi aiki a Masana'antar Laguna a matsayin Injiniya Tsari a Laguna tana aiki akan kwangilolin Sojan Amurka. Hollywood (as Nana Hill) Kagga ta yanke shawarar matsawa don neman aikinta da gabatarwa a Los Angeles kuma ta sami nasara. An jefa Kagga a cikin fina-finai da dama da suka hada da Cowboys da Indiyawa, Ranar Kyau don zama Baƙar fata da sexy (Segment 'Reprise'), Ba haka ba ne kawai a cikin ku, Star Trek, CSI: NY - Boo, Life, Runway Stars. A gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Amurka, an jefa Kagga a matsayin Mercy a cikin wasan kwaikwayo, Butterflies of Uganda na Darren Dahms wanda aka zaɓa don bawa lambar yabo ta NAACP. Kagga ya bayyana a cikin bidiyon kiɗa da yawa ta P!nk, Amy Winehouse, Sting, Lenny Kravitz. Hakanan Kagga ya bayyana a cikin tallace-tallacen TV da yawa waɗanda suka haɗa da KFC, Coors Light, Pepsi, DSW, Microsoft, APPLE, Tylenol, DDOVE Yayin da yake cikin LA, Kagga shima ya mallaki kantin sayar da kayan girki da sake siyarwa akan Santa Monica Blvd mai suna A Vintage Affair. A Uganda Kagga ya koma Uganda a ƙarshen 2009 kuma ya kafa kasuwanci, Savannah MOON Ltd. Savannah MOON ƙarƙashin alama, Savannah MOON Productions hproduced wani cikakken tsawon sifa fim, The Life wanda aka nuna a kan M-NET, a TV Series a ƙarƙashin The Lies - The Series, wanda a halin yanzu ake nunawa a Urban. TV da dijital da MTN Uganda ke rarrabawa da shirin TV, Yadda Muke Gani . Savannah MOON ta kuma shirya wani gajeren fim mai suna The Last Breath tare da Makarantar Fina-Finai ta Kampala. Savannah MOON a halin yanzu yana aiki akan haɓaka ra'ayoyi da yawa da abun ciki ciki har da ɗaukar Lokaci, jerin shirye-shiryen TV mai zuwa. Kagga ya kirkiro wani shiri mai suna You are Limitless (YAL), wanda ke da nufin ƙarfafawa, jagora da ƙarfafa gwiwar ƴan Afirka, musamman matasa don cimma burinsu. Kagga yana aiki a matsayin Injiniyan Man Fetur na ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin mai da iskar gas da ke aiki a Uganda. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin alkalan Miss Uganda 2018. A matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo Gidan wasan kwaikwayo A matsayin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Nana Kagga Nana Kagga Facebook Profile Ƴan Fim Mutanen Uganda

6520

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leon%20Balogun

Leon Balogun

Leon Aderemi Balogun (an haife shi ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, 1988). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga zakarun gasar Premier ta Scotland Rangers da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya. Aikin kulob/ƙungiya Farkon aiki Ya buga wasansa na farko na Bundesliga a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2009 a Hannover 96 a wasan da suka yi da Hamburger SV. Bayan kwangilarsa da 2. Bundesliga kungiyar Fortuna Düsseldorf ya kare a lokacin rani na 2014, ya kasance ba tare da kulob ba tsawon watanni uku har sai da ya koma Darmstadt 98. Ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragi har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2014 zuwa 2015. Brighton & Hove Albion A ranar 22 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2018, Balogun ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu tare da kulob din Premier League Brighton &amp; Hove Albion. Balogun ya fara taka leda a kulob din Sussex yana zuwa a matsayin farkon wanda zai maye gurbinsa da Manchester United ya maye gurbin Lewis Dunk da ya ji rauni. Seagulls ta ci United 3–2 a filin wasa na Falmer. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ga Albion inda ta tashi 2-0 da abokan hamayyarta Crystal Palace a filin wasa na Falmer inda ya zura kwallo a cikin dakika 25 bayan da aka yi kasa a gwiwa a kan maye gurbin Pascal Groß sakamakon jan kati da Shane Duffy ya yi masa na bugun kai. Wasan ya ƙare 3-1 ga Albion don neman haƙƙin fahariya a cikin M23 derby. A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2019, Balogun ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar cin Kofin EFL a wasan da suka doke Bristol Rovers da ci 2–1. Wigan Athletic Balogun ya kulla yarjejeniya da Wigan Athletic a ranar 31 ga Janairu 2020 kan yarjejeniyar aro ta watanni shida. A ranar 25 ga Yuni 2020, ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ɗan gajeren lokaci na dindindin tare da Latics har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2019-20. Balogun ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Rangers na Scotland a ranar 24 ga Yuli, 2020 kan kwantiragin shekara guda, tare da zabin da kulob din ke da shi na tsawaita tsawon shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko ga Rangers mako guda bayan haka, a ranar 1 ga Agusta, a wasan Premier na Scotland da Aberdeen inda ya burge shi yayin cin nasara da ci 1-0. A cikin watan Fabrairu 2021, ya maye gurbinsa a dama bayan rauni ga kyaftin din kulob din James Tavernier da kuma dakatar da dan wasan ajiyar Nathan Patterson. Balogun ya taba taka leda a baya tun da farko a rayuwarsa lokacin yana Jamus. A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2021, Balogun ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekara guda tare da Rangers. Ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan rukuni na gasar Europa League da Brøndby IDAN. Ayyukan kasa An haifi Balogun a Germany, mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya ne, kuma mahaifiyarsa 'yar Jamus ce, Najeriya ta kira Balogun don buga wasan sada zumunta da Mexico a watan Maris shekarar 2014 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Joseph Yobo. Balogun dai ya shigo ne a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci, amma ya samu rauni bayan mintuna 20 a wani karo da aka yi da alamar da ke kan layi. Ya karye a ƙafarsa kuma an saita shi ba zai wuce watanni 2-3 ba bayan tiyata. Sai dai daga baya ya tabbatar wa manema labarai cewa raunin da ya samu bai bukaci a yi masa tiyata ba. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2015, ya buga wa Najeriya wasa na biyu a ci 1-0 da Uganda. Ya buga wa kasar wasansa na uku a ranar 13 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2015 lokacin da ya buga wasan da suka doke kasar Chadi da ci 2-0 a wasan farko na neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka na shekarar 2017. A watan Yunin shekarar 2018, an saka shi cikin ‘yan wasa 23 na karshe da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Balogun dai ya buga wasan ne a kowane minti daya cikin wasanni uku da Najeriya ta buga ciki har da ci 2-0 da Iceland, amma an fitar da su ne bayan da suka kare a mataki na 3 a rukuninsu. An saka Balogun a cikin tawagar Najeriya da za ta buga gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 2019. Fitowar sa na farko a gasar ya zo ne a wasa na biyu na rukuni na biyu da Najeriya ta buga da Guinea inda Najeriya ta samu nasara da ci 1-0 inda ta kai ga tsallakewa zuwa zagayen gaba. Balogun dai ya buga wasanni 4 a gasar inda Super Eagles ta kare a matsayin wadanda suka lashe kyautar tagulla. Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Balogun ne a Berlin, Jamus ta Yamma mahaifinsa ɗan Najeriya Bafarawa kuma Mahaifiyarsa Bajamushiyace. Balogun ya girma Roman Katolika kuma an tura shi makarantar Katolika tun yana ƙarami, amma ya ji haushin tarbiyarsa mai tsanani kuma ya zama wanda bai yarda da Allah a shekarunsa na girma ba. Duk da haka, a lokacin wahalhalu na farkon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa Balogun ya sake yin imani da Allah kuma yanzu Kirista ne mai ibada. Balogun yana jin Turanci da Jamusanci sosai, amma ba ya jin Yarbanci, yaren mahaifinsa yayin da iyayensa suka yi ƙoƙarin haɗa shi cikin al'adun Jamus. A watan Nuwamba 2019 Balogun ya ce akwai bukatar a ba da amsa baki daya daga 'yan wasa game da wariyar launin fata a kwallon kafa. Kididdigar sana'a Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne suka jera kwallayen da Najeriya ta ci a farko, ginshikin maki ya nuna maki bayan kowace kwallon Balogun. Gasar Firimiya ta Scotland: 2020-21 Gasar Cin Kofin Afirka Matsayi na uku: 2019 1. ^ "2018/19 Premier League squads confirmed" . Premier League. 3 September 2018. Retrieved 4 September 2018. 2. ^ "Leon Balogun: Overview" . ESPN. Retrieved 25 July 2020. 3. ^ "Leon Balogun: Overview" . Premier League. Retrieved 25 July 2020. 4. ^ "Petric als Blitzarbeiter" (in German). kicker.de. Archived from the original on 11 June 2009. Retrieved 3 April 2010. 5. ^ "Lilien verstärken sich mit Leon Balogun" [Lilien strengthens with Leon Balogun] (in German). SV Darmstadt 98. 2 October 2014. Archived from the original on 4 October 2014. Retrieved 12 March 6. ^ "Leon Balogun: Brighton sign Nigeria international on free transfer" . BBC Sport . 22 May 2018. 7. ^ "Brighton 3–2 Man Utd: Brighton score three first- half goals to stun visitors – BBC Sport" . BBC Sport . 19 August 2018. 8. ^ "Brighton 3–1 Crystal Palace: Ten-man Seagulls sweep Eagles aside – BBC Sport" . BBC Sport . 4 December 2018. 9. ^ "Bristol Rovers v Brighton & Hove Albion - BBC Sport" . BBC Sport. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 27 August 2019. 10. ^ "LATICS COMPLETE LOAN SIGNING OF BRIGHTON & HOVE ALBION DEFENDER LEON BALOGUN" . Wigan Athletic FC. 31 January 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2020. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Leon Balogun at Soccerbase Leon Balogun at fussballdaten.de (in German) 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Jamus Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Dogon

Mutanen Dogon

Dogon (ko Kaador, Kaado ) ƙabilu ne masu asali na tsakiyar yankin plateau na Mali, a Afirka ta Yamma, kudu da lanƙwasa Nijar, kusa da garin Bandiagara, da kuma Burkina Faso . Yawan mutanen ya kasance tsakanin 400,000 zuwa 800,000. Suna magana da yaren Dogon, waɗanda ake ganin sun zama wani reshe mai zaman kansa na dangin harsunan Nijar-Kongo, ma'ana ba su da kusanci da kowane yare. Dogon an fi saninsa da al'adun addininsu, raye-rayen maskinsu, sassaƙa katako, da kuma gine-ginensu. Tun ƙarni na ashirin, an sami sauye-sauye masu mahimmanci a cikin zamantakewar al'umma, al'adun kayan abu da imanin Dogon, a wani bangare saboda kasar Dogon na ɗaya daga cikin manyan wuraren shaƙatawa na Mali. Labarin ƙasa da tarihi Babban yankin Dogon yana bankin Bandiagara Escarpment, dutsen da ya kai 500 m (1,640.42 ft) babba, mai shimfiɗa kusan 150 kilomita (mil mil 90). A kudu maso gabashin dutsen, ana samun Yankin Séno-Gondo mai yashi, kuma arewa maso yammacin dutsen shi ne Bandiagara Highlands. A tarihance, an kafa ƙauyukan Dogon a yankin Bandiagara shekaru dubu da suka gabata saboda mutane gabaɗaya sun ƙi musulunta kuma sun koma daga yankunan da musulmai ke iko da su. Rashin tsaro na Dogon ta fuskar waɗannan matsin lamba na tarihi ya sa suka gano ƙauyukansu cikin mawuyacin matsayi tare da bangon shingen. Sauran abin da ya shafi zabin wurin matsuguninsu shi ne samun ruwa. Kogin Neja yana nan kusa kuma a cikin dutsen yashi, kuma akwai riɓe mai gudu a ƙasan dutsen a mafi ƙarancin yankin a lokacin damina. Daga cikin Dogon, an rubuta al'adun gargajiya da yawa dangane da asalinsu. Relaaya ya danganta da zuwansu daga Mande, wanda ke kudu maso yammacin shingen Bandiagara kusa da Bamako . Dangane da wannan al'adar ta baka, an kuma kafa garin Dogon na farko a cikin yankin kudu maso yamma na ragin a Kani-Na Nazarin kimiyyar binciken tarihi da ilimin kabilanci a cikin yankin Dogon sun kasance suna bayyana musamman game da sasantawa da tarihin muhalli, da kuma game da ayyukan zamantakewar jama'a da fasahohi a wannan yankin cikin dubunnan shekaru. Bayan lokaci, Dogon ya koma arewa tare da rakiyar, yana isa yankin Sanga a cikin karni na 15. Sauran tarihin baka sun sanya asalin Dogon zuwa yamma ta gefen kogin Niger, ko kuma labarin Dogon da ke zuwa daga gabas. Da alama Dogon na yau zuriyar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ne masu asali daban-daban waɗanda suka yi ƙaura don tserewa daga musuluncin . Sau da yawa yana da wahala a rarrabe tsakanin ayyukan kafin Musulunci da ayyukan da suka biyo baya. Amma shari'ar Musulunci classified da Dogon da kuma wasu kabilu na yankin ( Mossi, Gurma, Bobo, Busa da Yarbawa ) a matsayin kasancewa a cikin waɗanda ba Canon dar al-Harb kuma saboda haka adalci wasan domin bawa hare-hare shirya yan kasuwa. Yayin da bunƙasar birane ya ƙaru, bukatar bayi a duk yankin Yammacin Afirka ya karu. Abubuwan tarihi sun haɗa da kisan mazauna asalinsu ta hanyar maharan da bautar mata da yara. Kusan shekaru 1000, mutanen Dogon, tsohuwar ƙabilar Mali sun gamu da tsangwama ta fuskar addini da ƙabilanci-ta hanyar jihadi ta hanyar manyan musulmai. Wadannan tafiye-tafiyen jihadi sun kafa kansu don tilasta Dogon ya yi watsi da imanin addininsu na gargajiya don Musulunci. Irin waɗannan jihadin sun sa Dogon ya bar ƙauyukansu na asali kuma ya haura zuwa tsaunukan Bandiagara don ingantaccen tsaro da kuma guje wa tsanantawa-galibi suna gina gidajensu a cikin ƙananan hanyoyi da kwanciya. Dogon zane ya ƙunshi kayan zane-zane. Abun Dogon ya ta'allaka ne da ƙimomin addini, manufa, da 'yanci (Laude, 19). Ba a sanya siffofin Dogon don a gani a bainar jama'a, kuma galibi ana ɓoye su daga idanun jama'a a cikin gidajen iyalai, wurare masu tsarki, ko kuma a ajiye su tare da Hogon (Laude, 20). Mahimmancin sirri shine saboda ma'anar alama a bayan gutsuttsura da kuma hanyar da ake yin su. Jigogin da aka samo a ko'ina cikin gunkin Dogon sun haɗa da siffofi masu dauke da makamai, adadi masu gemu, mahayan dawakai, kujeru da caryatids, mata da yara, siffofin da ke rufe fuskokinsu, matan nika gero na mata, mata dauke da kaya a kawunansu, jakunana ke ɗauke da kofuna, makaɗa, karnuka . Alamun wasu abokan hulɗa da asali sun bayyana a cikin fasahar Dogon. Mutanen Dogon ba sune farkon mazaunan tsaunukan Bandiagara ba. Tasiri daga fasahar Tellem a bayyane yake a cikin fasahar Dogon saboda ƙirar zane-zanen ta (Laude, 24). Al'adu da addini Makaho dattijon Dogon, Ogotemmêli, ya koyar da manyan alamomin addinin Dogon ga masanin halayyar ɗan adam ɗan Faransa Marcel Griaule a watan Oktoban shekarar 1946. Griaule ya rayu tsakanin Dogon shekaru goma sha biyar kafin wannan taron tare da Ogotemmêli. Ogotemmêli ya koyar da Griaule labaran addini kamar yadda Ogotemmêli ya koya daga wurin mahaifinsa da kakansa; koyarwar baka wanda ya koya tsawon shekaru sama da ashirin. Abin da ya sa rikodin ya zama da mahimmanci ta fuskar tarihi shi ne cewa mutanen Dogon suna rayuwa cikin al'adarsu ta baka a lokacin da aka rubuta addininsu. Sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin mutanen ƙarshe a Afirka ta Yamma da suka rasa independenceancinsu kuma suka shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin Faransa. Mutanen Dogon wadanda Groulele da Germaine Dieterlen masanin halayyar ɗan adam na Faransa suka yi aiki tare a tsakanin shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 suna da tsarin alamomi wanda ya kai dubbai, gami da "tsarinsu na ilimin taurari da ma'auni na zamani, hanyoyin lissafi da ilimin ilimin lissafi da na ilimin lissafi, kamar yadda kazalika da tsari pharmacopoeia ". Addinin ya haɗa da ɓangarori da yawa na dabi'a waɗanda ake samu a wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka . Babban mahimman ruhaniya a cikin addinin sune tagwayen Nummo / Nommo . A cewar Ogotemmêli ta bayanin su, da Nummo, wanda shi ma ya koma ga maciji, sun halittar dabba mai kafafuwa da aka sau da yawa idan aka kwatanta da macizai, kadangaru, hawainiya, kuma lokaci-lokaci da dabbobi masu shayarwa sloths (saboda su zama m dabba ba a kanta da kuma ciwon m wuyansa) . An kuma bayyana su a matsayin kifaye masu iya tafiya a kan ƙasa; yayin da suke kan tudu, Nummo ya tsaya a tsaye kan wutsiyoyinsu. Fatar Nummos ta kasance kore da farko, amma, kamar hawainiya, wani lokacin yakan canza launuka. A wasu lokuta, ana cewa fatar tana da dukkan launuka na bakan gizo. Kauyukan Dogon An gina ƙauyuka tare da raƙuman ruwa da kuma kusa da tushen ruwa. A matsakaici, ƙauye ya ƙunshi kusan gidaje 44 waɗanda aka tsara a kusa da 'ginna', ko gidan shugaban al'umma. Kowane ƙauye ya ƙunshi tsatson asali guda ɗaya (lokaci-lokaci, jinsi da yawa suna yin ƙauye ɗaya) wanda aka bi ta layin maza. An gina gidaje kusa da juna, sau da yawa ana raba bango da benaye. Ƙauyukan Dogon suna da gine-gine daban-daban: Naman gidan maza : wurin ajiya na gero da sauran hatsi. Gina tare da rufin rufi. Wannan ginin yana da kariya sosai daga beraye. Adadin ɗakunan hatsi na maza nuni ne ga girma da wadatar guinna. Kayan mata : wurin ajiyar kayan mace, mijinta bashi da hanyar shiga. Gina tare da rufin rufi. Yana kama da ɗakin ajiya na maza amma ba shi da kariya daga ɓeraye. Anan, tana ajiye kayanta kamar su tufafi, kayan kwalliya, kudi da dan abinci. Mace tana da digiri na yancin kai na tattalin arziƙi, kuma abin da aka samu da abubuwan da suka shafi kayanta ana adana su a ma'ajiyarta. Misali tana iya yin auduga ko tukwane . Adadin ma'ajiyar mata alama ce ga yawan matan da ke zaune a cikin guinna. Tógu nà (wani nau'in harka ne ): gini ne kawai na maza. Sun huta anan da yawa a duk tsawon lokacin zafi na lokacin rani, suna tattauna lamura kuma suna ɗaukar mahimman shawarwari a cikin toguna . Ana yin rufin toguna ta hanyar yadudduka 8 na geron gero. Aasan gini ne wanda mutum baya iya tsayawa a tsaye. Wannan yana taimakawa tare da guje wa tashin hankali lokacin da tattaunawa ta yi zafi. Punulu (gida ne na mata masu haila): wannan gidan yana wajen ƙauyen. Mata ne suka gina shi kuma yana da ƙarancin inganci fiye da sauran gine-ginen ƙauyuka. Matan da suke yin al'adarsu ana daukar su a matsayin marasa tsabta kuma dole ne su bar gidan danginsu su zauna a cikin kwana biyar a wannan gidan. Suna amfani da kayan kicin ne kawai don amfani dasu anan. Suna kawo yaransu kanana. Wannan gidan matattara ce ta mata yayin yamma. Wannan bukkar kuma ana tsammanin tana da wasu alamun alama na haihuwa saboda gaskiyar cewa mazajen da ke aiki a filayen za su iya gani cikin sauƙi waɗanda suka san cewa mata ne kawai waɗanda suke cikin lokacinsu, kuma don haka ba su da ciki, za su iya kasancewa a can . Rukunin manazartai domin ƙarin bayani wajen bincike game da mutanen Dogon. Beaudoin, Gerard: Les Dogon du Mali Ed. BDT Développement. Bedaux, R. & J. D. van der Waals (eds.) Dogon: mythe en werkelijkheid in Mali [Dogon: myth and reality in Mali]. Leiden: National Museum of Ethnology. Griaule, M.: Dieu d'eau. Entretiens avec Ogotemmêli. Ed Fayard. (the original French work of Griaule (that was published in 1948) on his discussions with Ogotemmêli) – a translation of Morton, Robert (ed.) & Hollyman, Stephenie (photographs) & Walter E.A. van Beek (text) Dogon: Africa's people of the cliffs. New York: Abrams. Sékou Ogobara Dolo: La mère des masques. Un Dogon raconte. Eds. Seuil Wanono, Nadine & Renaudeau, Michel Les Dogon (photographs by Michel Renaudeau; text by Nadine Wanono). Paris: Éditions du Chêne-Hachette. Eds. Petit Futé. Mali 2005–2006 Hantgan, Abbie Dogon Languages and Linguistics An (sic) Comprehensive Annotated Bibliography Hochstetler, J. Lee, Durieux, J. A. & E. I. K. Durieux-Boon Sociolinguistic Survey of the Dogon Language Area. SIL International. online version Davis, Shawn R. “Dogon Funerals” in African Art; Summer 2002, Vol. 35 Issue 2. Bayanin kafa Ƙabilun Nijar Mutanen Nijar Mutanen Afirka Kabilu a Arewacin Afirka Pages with unreviewed translations

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abun%20Rufe%20Fuska%20Na%20Gargajiya

Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya

Abubuwan rufe fuska na gargajiya na Afirka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a wasu al'adu da bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka. Masks suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adu ko bukukuwa tare da dalilai daban-daban kamar tabbatar da gurbi mai kyau, magance bukatun kabilanci a lokutan zaman lafiya ko yaƙi, ko isar da kasancewar ruhaniya a cikin al'adar dake faraway ko bikin binnewa. Wasu abin rufe fuska suna wakiltar ruhin kakanni da suka mutu. Wasu suna wakiltar dabbobin totem, halittu masu mahimmanci ga wani dangi ko rukuni. A wasu al'adu, kamar wasu al'adun kuba na Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, abin rufe fuska na wakiltar takamaiman mutane a tatsuniyar kabilanci, kamar sarki ko kishiya ga mai mulki. An yi imanin wanda ya sa abin rufe fuska sau da yawa zai iya yin magana da wanda aka kwatanta da shi, ko kuma ya mallaki wanda ko abin da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta. Al'adu da abin rufe fuska wani muhimmin fasali ne na al'adun gargajiya na al'ummar wani yanki na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, misali tsakanin Sahara da hamadar Kalahari . Sannan kuma Yayin da kuma takamaiman abubuwan da ke tattare da abin rufe fuska na al'ada sun bambanta a cikin al'adu daban-daban, wasu halaye sun zama ruwan dare ga yawancin al'adun Afirka . Misali, abin rufe fuska yawanci yana da ma’ana ta ruhaniya da ta addini kuma ana amfani da su a cikin raye-rayen al’ada da al’amuran zamantakewa da na addini, kuma ana danganta matsayi na musamman ga masu fasaha da ke yin abin rufe fuska ga masu sanya su a cikin bukukuwa. Kuma A mafi yawan lokuta, yin abin rufe fuska wata fasaha ce da ake yadawa daga uba zuwa ɗa, tare da sanin ma'anar ma'anar da waɗannan masks ɗin ke bayarwa. Sannan Masks na Afirka sun zo cikin kowane launi daban-daban, kamar ja, baƙar fata, orange, da launin ruwan kasa. A yawancin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya, mutumin da ya sa abin rufe fuska a zahiri ya rasa ransa na ɗan adam kuma ya koma ruhun da abin rufe fuska yake wakilta. Wannan canji na mai abin rufe fuska zuwa ruhi yawanci yakan dogara ne da wasu ayyuka, kamar takamaiman nau'ikan kiɗa da raye-raye, ko kuma kayan ado na al'ada waɗanda ke ba da gudummawa ga zubar da ainihin ɗan adam mai rufe fuska. Don haka mai sanya abin rufe fuska ya zama wani nau'in matsakaici wanda ke ba da damar tattaunawa tsakanin al'umma da ruhohi (yawanci na matattu ko ruhohin da ke da alaƙa). Kuma raye-rayen da aka rufe fuska wani bangare ne na yawancin bukukuwan gargajiya na Afirka da ke da alaka da bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bukukuwan qaddamarwa, da kuma sauransu. Wasu daga cikin mafi sarkakiya da masana suka yi nazari a kansu, ana samun su a al’adun Nijeriya irin na Yarabawa da na Edo, al’adun da ke da kamanceceniya da ra’ayin wasan kwaikwayo na yammacin Turai. Tunda kowane abin rufe fuska yana da takamaiman ma'ana ta ruhaniya, yawancin al'adun sun ƙunshi masarukan gargajiya daban-daban. Addinin gargajiya na mutanen Dogon na Mali, alal misali, ya ƙunshi manyan ƙungiyoyin asiri guda uku ( Awa ko ƙungiyar matattu, Bini ko ƙungiyar sadarwa da ruhohi, da Lebe ko ɗabi'a); kowane ɗayan waɗannan yana da ruhohin ruhohi, wanda ya dace da nau'ikan masks guda 78 gabaɗaya. Kuma Sau da yawa yakan faru cewa ingancin zane-zane da rikitarwa na abin rufe fuska yana nuna mahimmancin dangi na ruhun da aka kwatanta a cikin tsarin imani na wasu mutane; alal misali, abin rufe fuska mafi sauƙi kamar su kple kple mutanen Baoulé na Cote d’Ivoire (ainihin da’irar da ke da ƙananan idanu, baki da ƙaho) suna da alaƙa da ƙananan ruhohi. Masks na ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan manyan fasahar Afirka waɗanda a bayyane suka yi tasiri ga fasahar Turai da Yammacin Turai gabaɗaya ; kuma a cikin karni na ashirin, ƙungiyoyin fasaha irin su cubism, fauvism da kuma expressionism sau da yawa sun ɗauki wahayi daga ɗimbin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka. Hakanan ana iya samun tasirin wannan gadon a cikin wasu al'adu kamar su Kudu- da Amurka ta tsakiya da abin rufe fuska na Carnival . Maudu'i da salo Masks na Afirka galibi ana yin su ne da siffar fuskar mutum ko wani lankwasa na dabba, duk da cewa ana yin su ta wani nau'i na musamman. Kuma Rashin hakikanin gaskiya a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka (da fasahar Afirka gabaɗaya) ya cancanta ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa yawancin al'adun Afirka sun bambanta ainihin batun a fili daga kamanninsa, na farko, maimakon na ƙarshe, sannan kasancewar ainihin batun wakilcin fasaha. Kuma An ba da misali mai matuƙar ƙaƙƙarfan abin rufe fuska na nwantantay na mutanen Bwa ( Burkina Faso ) waɗanda ke wakiltar ruhohin dajin; tun da ana ganin waɗannan ruhohin ba za su iya gani ba, mashin ɗin da ya dace suna da siffa bayan m, siffofi na geometric zalla. Abubuwa masu salo a cikin kamannin abin rufe fuska an tsara su ta al'adar kuma suna iya gano takamaiman al'umma ko kuma su ba da takamaiman ma'ana. Misali, mutanen Bwa da Buna na Burkina Faso duka suna da abin rufe fuska na shaho, tare da kuma siffar baki da ke nuna abin rufe fuska kamar Bwa ko Buna. Kuma A cikin duka biyun, an ƙawata fikafikan shaho da sifofi na geometric waɗanda ke da ma'anar ɗabi'a; Layukan da aka yi da gani suna wakiltar tafarki mai wuyar da kuma kakanni ke bi, yayin da sifofi da aka duba suna wakiltar mu'amalar abokan gaba (namiji-mace, daren dare, da sauransu) Ana samun halaye masu wakiltar ɗabi'u a cikin al'adu da yawa. Masks daga mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast, alal misali, idanunsu sun rufe rabin rabi, suna nuna halin zaman lafiya, kamun kai, da haƙuri. A Saliyo da sauran wurare, ƙananan idanu da baki suna wakiltar tawali'u, kuma faffadan gaban goshi mai faɗi yana wakiltar hikima. Kuma A Gabon, manyan haɓɓaka da baki suna wakiltar iko da ƙarfi. Grebo na Ivory Coast ya sassaƙa abin rufe fuska tare da zagaye idanu don wakiltar faɗakarwa da fushi, tare da madaidaiciyar hanci yana wakiltar rashin son ja da baya. Dabbobi batutuwa ne na gama gari a cikin abin rufe fuska na Afirka. Abin rufe fuska na dabba yana iya wakiltar ruhin dabbobi, ta yadda mai saka abin rufe fuska ya zama mai magana da dabbobi da kansu (misali don neman namomin daji su nisanci ƙauyen); kuma a yawancin lokuta, duk da haka, dabba ma (wani lokaci galibi) alama ce ta takamaiman kyawawan halaye. Sannan kuma Abubuwan dabbobi na yau da kullun sun haɗa da buffalo (yawanci yana wakiltar ƙarfi, kamar yadda yake a cikin al'adun Baoulé), kada, shaho, hyena, warthog da tururuwa . Antelopes suna da muhimmiyar rawa a yawancin al'adu na yankin Mali (misali a cikin al'adun Dogon da Bambara ) a matsayin wakilan noma . Dogon tururuwa masks ne sosai m, tare da gaba ɗaya siffar rectangular da yawa ƙaho (wakilta mai yawa girbi. Mashin bambara (wanda ake kira chiwara ) suna da dogayen ƙahoni da ke wakiltar bunƙasar gero, ƙafafu (suna wakiltar tushen), dogayen kunnuwa (waɗanda ke wakiltar waƙoƙin da mata masu aiki suka rera a lokacin girbi), da kuma layi mai siffa wanda ke wakiltar hanyar da aka bi. by Rana tsakanin solstices . Wani bangon bango na karni na 12/13 daga Old Dongola, babban birnin masarautar Nubian na Makuria, sannan kuma yana nuna abin rufe fuska na raye-raye da aka yi wa ado da harsashi na cowrie suna kwaikwayon wasu dabbobi masu dogon hanci da manyan kunnuwa. Bambance-bambancen gama gari akan jigon abin rufe fuska shine nau'in halayen dabbobi daban-daban a cikin abin rufe fuska guda ɗaya, wani lokacin tare da halayen ɗan adam. Sannan Haɗa nau'ikan dabbobi daban-daban tare wani lokaci hanya ce ta wakiltar wani sabon abu, kyawawan halaye na musamman ko babban matsayi. Alal misali, ƙungiyoyin asirin Poro na mutanen Senufo na Ivory Coast suna da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ke nuna kyakkyawan ikon al'umma ta hanyar haɗa alamomin "haɗari" daban-daban guda uku: ƙahonin tururuwa, haƙoran kada, da kuma ɓangarorin warthog. Wani sanannen misali shi ne na kifwebe masks na mutanen Songye ( Kongo basin ), waɗanda ke haɗa ratsi na zebra (ko okapi ), haƙoran kada, idanun hawainiya, bakin aardvark, bakin zakara, gashin mujiya da sauransu. Kyawun mata Wani batu na yau da kullun na abin rufe fuska na Afirka shine fuskar mace, yawanci bisa ƙayyadaddun al'ada na kyawawan mata . Kuma Makullin mata na mutanen Punu na Gabon, alal misali, suna da dogon gashin idanu masu lanƙwasa, idanu masu siffar almond, siraran haɓɓaka, da kayan ado na gargajiya a kumatunsu, domin duk waɗannan ana ɗaukarsu halaye masu kyau. Makullin mata na mutanen Baga suna da tabo na ado da nono. A yawancin lokuta, sanya abin rufe fuska da ke wakiltar kyawun mata an keɓe shi sosai ga maza. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun wakilcin kyawawan mata shine Idia mask na Benin . Kuma An yi imanin cewa Sarkin Benin Esigie ne ya ba da umarnin tunawa da mahaifiyarsa. Domin girmama mahaifiyarsa da ta mutu, sarki ya sanya abin rufe fuska a kugunsa a lokacin bukukuwa na musamman. Masks na matattu (mask na matattu) Da yake girmama kakanni da suka mutu wani muhimmin abu ne na yawancin al'adun gargajiya na Afirka, kuma ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa matattu kuma batun gama gari ne na abin rufe fuska. Masks da ke magana game da matattun kakanni ana yin su ne da siffar kwanyar mutum . Wani sanannen misali shi ne mwana pwo (a zahiri, "mace mace") na mutanen Chokwe ( Angola ), wanda ke haɗuwa da abubuwa masu magana da kyau na mace (daidaitaccen fuska mai kyau, ƙananan hanci da chin) da sauran suna nufin mutuwa ( dusar ƙanƙara na idanu, fashewar fata, da hawaye; yana wakiltar kakanin mace da ya mutu yana ƙarami, wanda aka girmama a cikin ayyukan ibada kamar kaciya da bukukuwan da ke da alaƙa da sabunta rayuwa. Kamar yadda ake danganta girmama matattu da haihuwa da kuma haifuwa, kuma yawancin abin rufe fuska na kakanni ma suna da alamun jima'i; abin rufe fuska na ndeemba na mutanen Yaka (Angola da DR Congo ), alal misali, kuma ana yin su ne bayan kwanyar da aka cika da hanci mai siffar fata. Wani nau'i na musamman na abin rufe fuska na kakanni sune waɗanda ke da alaƙa da sanannun mutane, tarihi ko almara. Mashin mwaash amboy na mutanen Kuba (DR Congo), alal misali, yana wakiltar almara wanda ya kafa Masarautar Kuba, Woot, yayin da mgady amwaash mask ke wakiltar matarsa Mweel. Kayan aiki da tsari Abubuwan da aka fi amfani da su don masks shine itace, ko da yake ana iya amfani da nau'i-nau'i iri-iri na sauran abubuwa, ciki har da dutse mai haske kamar steatite, karafa irin su jan karfe ko tagulla, nau'in masana'anta daban-daban, tukwane, da kuma sauransu. Ana fentin wasu abin rufe fuska (misali ta amfani da ocher ko wasu masu launin halitta). Kuma Za a iya amfani da abubuwa masu yawa na kayan ado a saman abin rufe fuska; misalan sun haɗa da gashin dabba, ƙaho, ko hakora, bawo na teku, tsaba, bambaro, harsashi kwai, da fuka-fukan. Sannan kuma Ana yawan amfani da gashin dabba ko bambaro don gashin abin rufe fuska ko gemu. Tsarin gaba ɗaya na abin rufe fuska ya bambanta dangane da yadda ake son sawa. Kuma Nau'in da aka fi sani da shi ya shafi fuskar mai sawa, kamar yawancin abin rufe fuska na yamma (misali, carnival). Wasu kuma ana sawa kamar hula a saman kan mai sawa; Misalai sun hada da na mutanen Ekhoi na Najeriya da na Bwa na Burkina Faso, da kuma shahararrun mashin chiwara na mutanen Bambara. Wasu abin rufe fuska (misali na al'ummar Sande na Laberiya da na Mende na Saliyo, waɗanda aka yi da kututturen bishiya) ana sawa kamar kwalkwali da ke rufe kai da fuska. Wasu al'adun Afirka suna da kayan ado masu kama da abin rufe fuska waɗanda ake sawa a ƙirji maimakon kan fuska; kuma sannan wannan ya hada da wadanda mutanen Makonde na Gabashin Afirka ke amfani da su wajen bukukuwan ndimu . Masks da aka samar da kasuwanci Kamar yadda Turawa ke amfani da abin rufe fuska na Afirka, ana sayar da su sosai kuma ana sayar da su a mafi yawan kasuwanni da shagunan yawon buɗe ido a Afirka (da kuma shagunan "ƙabilanci" a Yammacin duniya ). Kuma Sakamakon haka, fasahar yin abin rufe fuska ta gargajiya a hankali ta daina zama gata, al'adar da ke da alaƙa, kuma yawan samar da abin rufe fuska ya yaɗu. Duk da yake, a mafi yawan lokuta, masks na kasuwanci sune (mafi ko žasa da aminci) haifuwa na kayan masarufi na gargajiya, wannan haɗin yana raguwa a tsawon lokaci, kamar yadda dabaru na samar da taro ya sa ya fi wuya a gano ainihin asalin yanki da al'adu na masks da aka samu a ciki. wurare kamar shagunan curio da kasuwannin yawon bude ido. Misali, kasuwar Okahandja a Namibiya galibi tana sayar da abin rufe fuska da ake samarwa a Zimbabwe (saboda suna da rahusa da sauki fiye da abin rufe fuska na gida), kuma, bi da bi, kuma masu yin abin rufe fuska na Zimbabwe suna haifar da abin rufe fuska daga kusan ko'ina a Afirka maimakon daga nasu. nasu gadon gida. Duba wasu abubuwan Fasahar kabilanci Fasahar Afirka sassaken Afirka Zaman Picasso na Afirka FESTIMA, biki ne na bikin al'adun gargajiya Alamar Masks na Afirka The Art of the African Mask, Jami'ar Virginia Fuskokin Ruhu, Jami'ar Virginia Icons of Power, Jami'ar Virginia Hotunan Magabata, Jami'ar Virginia Hotunan Masu Mulki, Jami'ar Virginia Halayen jiki na Masks na Kabilanci na Afirka, Haihuwar Gidan Batsa na Afirka Bortolot, Alexander Ives, Idia: Uwar Sarauniya ta Farko ta Benin . A cikin Timeline of Art History . New York: Gidan Tarihi na Art, Oktoba 2003. An dawo da Maris 25, 2007. Lommel, Andreas Masks, Ma'anarsu da Aiki, Ferndale Editions, London, Orig. Atlantis Verlag Zurich 1970 - Gabatarwa, bayan Himmelheber Afrikanische Masken Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Farawa: ra'ayoyin asali a cikin sassaka na Afirka, kundin nunin nuni daga Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Tarihi (cikakken samuwa a kan layi kamar PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa a kan masks na Afirka. Ga ruhohi da sarakuna: fasahar Afirka daga tarin Paul da Ruth Tishman, kundin nuni Gidan kayan tarihi na Laburaren Fasaha (cikakken samuwa akan layi azaman PDF), wanda ya ƙunshi abubuwa akan abin rufe fuska na Afirka

31482

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atanda%20Fatai%20Williams

Atanda Fatai Williams

Chif Atanda Fatai Williams, SAN CFR, CON, GCFR (22 Oktoba 1918 - 10 Afrilu 2002) ya kasance tsohon Alkalin Alkalan kasar Najeriya. An haifi Williams a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoban 1918 a jihar Legas ta kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, da ne ga Issa Williams. Mahaifinsa ya fito daga dangin ciniki a Legas kuma Williams jikan Seidu Williams ne, ɗan kasuwan Legas. Mahaifinsa ya kasance mai bin Harkar Ahmadiyya a Musulunci. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Ahmadiyya, kusa da Aroloya, Legas, sannan ya wuce makarantar Methodist Boys High School da ke Victoria Island, Legas inda ya samu takardar shedar makarantar West Africa. A lokacin karatunsa na sakandare, ya shiga kungiyar zamantakewa mai suna Green Triangle kuma ya zama abokai da Remi Fani-Kayode, wanda mahaifinsa lauya ne da Ibikunle Akitoye. A wasu lokutan kungiyar na zuwa kotu a dandalin Tinubu domin kallon yadda lamarin ke gudana. Bayan ya samu takardar shaidar WASC, sai ya shiga aikin farar hula a matsayin magatakarda aji uku a sashin kula da lafiya. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ya yi amfani da shi kuma ya sami shiga Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Tafiyarsa zuwa Ingila ta kasance ne ta wani jirgin ruwa mai suna Elder Dempster Ship, MV Stentor, yayin da a tsakiyar Atlantic, jirgin ya yi hadari amma duk fasinjojin Najeriya sun tsira ta hanyar amfani da jiragen ruwa. Ya karanci shari'a a Jami'ar Cambridge da Temple ta Tsakiya inda ya horar da shi a matsayin lauya a 1948. Aikin shari'a Bayan ya dawo daga Landan, ya yi aiki a takaice tare da majalisar dokokin Remi Fani-Kayode da Rotimi Williams kafin ya kafa nasa kamfanin lauyoyi a 1948. Ya shiga sashin shari’a na jihar Legas a matsayin mai ba da shawara a fannin shari’a a shekarar 1950. A shekara ta 1955, an yanke shawara ta yadda aka ba gwamnatocin yanki damar kafa matsayin Alkalin Alkalai da kuma kafa wasu dokoki. Bayan haka, an kafa kwamiti a karkashin tsohon Alkalin Alkalai, John Verity don sake duba dokokin yankin. Williams ya nemi mukamin mataimakiyar kwamishina a hukumar ta bita. Daga baya aka nada shi mataimakin kwamishinan shari’a na yammacin Najeriya, mukamin da ya rike har sai da aka zabe shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan tsarin mulki, wakilan yammacin Najeriya zuwa taron tsarin mulki na Landan na shekarar 1957, bayan shekara daya, ya zama babban magatakarda na babbar kotun tarayya. Yammacin Najeriya. A shekarar 1960, ya zama alkali a yankin Yamma, bayan shekara guda, sai aka tura shi sashin shari'a na Benin a matsayin alkali. Wannan posting din ya samu sanyi daga wasu mazauna Benin da ke son a samu jihar ta Tsakiyar Yamma kuma zai fi dacewa da alkalin alkalan Benin. A watan Maris 1963 aka tura shi sashin shari’a na Ondo sannan a shekarar 1967 aka nada shi benci na kotun kolin Najeriya a matsayin mai shari’a. Ya yi aiki a kwamitocin shari’a daban-daban tsakanin 1971 zuwa 1979. A shekarar 1979 ya zama memba na Nigerian Body of Benchers, a wannan shekarar aka nada shi a matsayin Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya ya gaji Sir Darnley Alexander. Alkalin Alkalai Kafin bashi matsayin, Williams ya kasance alkali mafi girma a kotun koli tare da cire alkalai irinsu Udo Udoma da suka dauki mukamai a wajen Najeriya. Sai dai manyan alkalai uku da suka gabata, Adetokunbo Ademola, Taslim Elias da Darnley Alexander, ba su ne manyan alkalan kotun ba kafin a nada su. Zaɓin na Williams a cikin 1979 ya fara al'ada inda aka zaɓi babban alkalin Kotun Koli a matsayin Babban Mai Shari'a. Williams ya jagoranci Awolowo v. Shari’ar Shagari inda karar Cif Obafemi Awolowo ta kalubalanci ayyana Shehu Shagari a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa na zaben shugaban kasa na 11 ga watan Agustan 1979. Ya yanke hukuncin cewa Sheu Shagari ya samu kashi biyu bisa uku na kuri’un da aka kada, inda ya samu kuri’u miliyan 16.8 da kuri’u miliyan 11.9 a gaban Obafemi Awolowo wanda ya samu kuri’u miliyan 4.9. A cikin Abraham Adesanya da mataimakin shugaban Najeriya, kotu ta yi nazari kan batun Locus standi ta kafa wani hukunci da lauyoyin da dama ke sukarsa saboda hukuncin ya kafa misali na hana shiga kotuna ta hanyar masu kara sai dai idan ba su samu damar shiga kotuna ba. zai iya nuna sha'awar kansu game da lamarinsu. Dangane da irin gudunmawar da ya bayar ga sana'o'in shari'a, an ba shi lambobin yabo da yawa da kuma girmamawa na kasa irin su CFR, COR, GCFR. An auri Williams a Landan a shekara ta 1948 da Ms Irene Williams (née Loft). Suna da 'ya'ya uku: Babatunde, Alan da Oladele. An kashe daya daga cikin jikokinsa (Anthony Fatayi-Williams) a harin bam da aka kai a Landan a ranar 7 ga Yulin 2005. Alkalin alkalan Najeriya Alkalan Najeriya Tsaffin daliban Jami'ar Cambridge Alkalan Jihar Lagos Mutane daga jihar Lagos Haihuwan 1918 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

7156

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanuri

Kanuri

Kanuri /kənuri/ suna ne na wata kabila daga cikin manyan kabilun Arewacin Najeriya, wadanda kuma suka taka kafa daya daga cikin dauloli guda biyu mafiya girma a duk fadin Afirka ta yau. Mutane ne da suka samo asali daga Yemen (Abubakar, 2017; Ballo, 1974). Suna da matukar riko da al’adunsu na gargajiya, addini, karbar baki da kuma uwa-uba hidimtawa Alqur’ani da masu hulda da shi da suka shafi koyo, koyarwa, hadda, rubutawa da kuma masu karanta shi. Babban garin su; wato Maiduguri, ana yi masa kallon matsugunni ko kuma masaukin mahaddata da kuma makaranta Alqur’ani. Akwai wata kalma ko kuma lambar girmamawa da suke bai wa duk mutumin da ya kware matuka gaya wajen karanta Alqur’ani; Goni wanda da Hausa ake cewa Gwani. A wata tattaunawa da muka yi da wani matashi mai suna Ibrahim Hassan a ranar Talata 3 ga watan Julin shekarar 2019 a Tsangayar Goni Muhammad Sa’adu Ngamdu, ya shaida mana cewa, idan mutum ya je irin guraren zaman hira da matasa ke taruwa a garin Maiduguri, a mafiya yawa daga cikin irin wadannan guraren akan samu mutum daaya daga cikin matasa goma da yake haddacin Alqur’ani ne. Maganar da ya fada tare kuma da karfafa ta da cewa, “Kuma hadda cikakkiya ba kame-kame ba”. Daga cikin kyawawan al’adun Kanurai ababen ambato akwai girmama na gaba, zaman lafiya da kuma hakuri da juna. Cibiyar Zaman Lafiya; wato Home of Peace (Wikipedia, 2016; Sean, 2013; Naijaface, 2010), a Turance, ita ce inkiyar da ake yi wa jahar Borno wadda take ita ce babbar Jahar Kanurai. Manufar wannan rubutu da ka ke karantawa ita ce yin bayani bakin gwargwado game da suna, asali, da kuma wasu daga cikin kyawawan halayen mutanen da suke kiran kansu da suna Kanuri, Bahaushe kuma yake kiransu da sunan Barebari. Mun yi bakin kokari wajen ganin mun kawo wa mai karatu abin da ya inganta daga abin da za mu rubuta ta hanyar zurfafa bincike, tambayoyi da kuma ziyarar gani da ido; wato cil-da-cil, ganin Annabin tsohuwa. Muna fatan wannan rubutu ya zama fitilar da za ta haskaka zuciyar masu neman sanin hakikanin tarihin kabilar Kanurai. A sha karatu lafiya. Dakta Babagana Abubakar, ya kuma ce: “Sunan Kanuri hadadde ne daga wasu kalmomin Kanuri guda biyu; wato KA wadda ke da ma’ana ta sanda, da kuma NURI, mai ma’anar haske, wadda ita kuma tushenta shi ne Larabci, Nur”. Wadannan kalmomi, KA da NURI su aka hada suka zama Kanuri. Dalilin samuwar wannan suna, Kanuri, kamar yadda Dakta Babagana Abubakar ya ci gaba da bayyanawa, shi ne cewa a farkon lamari su Kanurai sun kasance mutane ne makiyaya masu rike da sanda, sannan kuma fuskarsu tana haske. Saboda haka a kokarinsu na bambance su daga cikin sauran kabilun gurin da suke suma makiyayan ne, sai wata kabila mai suna Sau suka rika kiransu da wannan suna Kanuri. Wato kenan idan abin mu kwatanta ne sai mu iya cewa, mutane masu kama da haske wadanda suke rike da sanda. Amma a tattaunawar mu da Abba Kura, wani matashi a Unguwar Bulunkutu Abuja, a cikin garin Maiduguri a ranar Juma’a 31 ga watan Mayu, 2019, ya bayyana mana cewa, asalin sunan Kanuri gauraye ne na kalmomin Larabci guda biyu; KAL da kuma NUR wadanda idan aka hade su suke zama KAN-NURI a bisa ka’idar Larabci, waɗanda kuma za a iya fassara su da kamar haske; kamar yadda muka ji daga kakaninmu. Daga baya kuma aka jirkita su suka koma Kanuri. Kenan Idan muka yi wa wannan suna fassara ta kwatance sai mu ce, mutane masu kama da haske. Kenan, akwai kusanci a tsakanin wadannan maganganu guda biyu; Babagana da kuma Abba Kura. Sai dai, Hausawa da kuma Yarabawa; amma na Ilori kawai, suna kiran su da sunaye Barebari da kuma Baruba. Abin da za a iya danganta shi da sunan da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Ballo , ya kira su da shi, cewa: “Wadannan Barbar din, ragowar Barbar din da suka rayu ne a tsakankanin kasashen Arewacin Afirka da kuma Habasha…” Wannan shi ne sunan da Bahaushe ya jirkita shi zuwa Barebari, shi kuma Bayaraben Ilori ya ce Baruba. Wannan kuma saboda kusancin su duka biyun ne da Sarkin Musulmi Muhammadu Ballo, albarkacin Jahadin Shehu danfodiye wanda Hausawa da Yarabawan duk abin ya shafe su. Wannan suna na Kanuri, shi ne sunan da kabilu da yawa suke kiran su da shi. Musamman ma Sau, Larabawa, Kotoko, Sudaniyawa, Turawa, Itofiyawa, Turkawa, Mandarawa, Marghi, Babur, Karekare, Ngizem da sauransu. Haka nan kuma ana kiran su da wasu sunayen mabambanta. Wasu kabilun Chadi da Sudan da suka haɗa da Najdi, Baggara da kuma Hejazi suna kiransu da suna Barnowaji; Fulani kuma suna kiran su da Kolejo. Magana mafi shahara ita ce cewa, Kanurai mutanen Yemen ne. Dakta Babagana Abubakar, ya fada a cikin mukallarsa ta Turanci, Kanuri Complete, wadda aka wallafa a shekarar 2017 a shafin Intanet na Mujallar kasa-da-kasa mai suna Research Gate, cewa: “Kanurai sun zo ne daga Zirin Yankin Larabawa (Arabian Peninsula) sannan suka zauna a wani guri mai tazarar kusan kilomita 640 daga arewacin Tafkin Chadi wanda daga baya ya zama kasaitacciyar daular Kanem-Bornu”. Sannan kuma Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Ballo , ya ce: “Wadannan Barebarin, ragowar Barebarin da suka rayu ne a tsakankanin kasashen Arewacin Afirka da kuma Habasha. Su ne wadanda Humayyar (Sunan kabila ne) suka kora daga Yemen…” Wanda kuma a karshen bayanin nasa ya kare da cewa: “…Sannan suka gangaro Kanem, suka zaune ta…” A cikin wata tattaunawa da muka yi da Dakta Shekarau Angyu, Masa-Ibi, Aku-Uka na Wukari, a ranar Asabar 19/08/2017, a fadarsa da ke Wukari, ya shaida mana cewa: “Asalinmu daga Yemen ne. Mun taho tare da ‘yan’uwanmu Kanurai muka rabu da su a Ngazargamau”. Rabe-Raben Kanuri A farkon lamari, Yaren Kanuri kala daya ne tal! Amma sannu a hankali sakamakon yanayin siyasar rayuwa da ta haddasa gaurayuwar Kanurai da wasu bakin yarurrukan kodai ta hanyar zuwansu garuruwan Kanurai ko kuma zuwan Kanurai wasu garurwan ya haifar da hayayyafar wannan yare inda har ta kai ga an samu bambamce-bambamcen wasu kalmomi ko kuma ma canjin yaren kaco-kaf. Daga cikin rabe-raben Kanuri akwai; Wuje, Gumati, Manga, Bodoi, Kanembu, Morr, Kwayam, Suwurti, Buduma da sauransu. Kanurai mutane ne Musulmi. Dakta Babagana Abubakar ya ce: a kaso dari din Kanurai Musulmi ne wadanda suka riki addinin Musulunci a matsayin tafarkin rayuwarsu sannan kuma Annabi Muhammadu samfurin su…” Gudunmawar Kanurai Wajen Yada Addinin Musulunci Gazali , ya bayyana Kanurai a matsayin mutanen da suka bayar da gagarumar gudunmawa wajen yada ilimin addinin Musulunci da harkar malunta a Afirka ta Yamma a matakin farko da kuma dukkan fadin Afirka baki daya. Sarkin Musulmi Muhammad Ballo , ya siffanta su a matsayin mutanen da Musulunci ya yi matukar yaduwa a duk fadin daularsu a tsakankani sarakunansu da waziransu da sauran jama’arsu, har ta kai ga yana fadin cewa: “Kai! Ba za ka taba samun jama’a a cikin wadannan garuruwan ba face sun himmatu da karatun Alqur’ani da tajawidinsa (Hukunce-hukuncen karatun Alqur’ani), haddace shi da kuma rubuta shi. Jama’ar ba su gushe haka nan ba har lokacin gudanar da wannan jahadin”. Dongane da wannan gaba, har ya zuwa yau din nan , akwai wasu unguwanni a cikin garin Maiduguri, kamar irin su Dikeciri da sauran su, wadanda duk gidan da ka shiga ba za ka rasa mahaddacin Alqur’ani guda daya ba, kamar yadda Ahmad Sa’ad Ngamdu ya shaida mana a cikin tattaunawar da muka yi da shi a ranar Lahadi 11/6/2019 a Abuja. Farfesa Adu Boahen , ya siffanta irin gudunmawar da Barebari suka bayar wajen yada ilimin addinin Musulunci a fadin Afirka da ma duniya baki daya ta yadda ya bayar da misali da mashahurin Malami Muhammadu Mugili wanda sarkin Kano Muhammadu Rumfa ya gayyata zuwa Kano domin koyar da ilimin addinin Musulunci, kuma ya bayar da gudunmawa wajen rubuta Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Masarautar Kano. Fitattun Mutane Kanurai Kanurai suna da fitattun mutane da suka riƙe manya-manyan mukaman da suka kai har matakin shugabannin kasashe a duniya tun kafin shigowar Turawa Yankin Bakake har zuwa zamanin shigowar Turawa musamman kafin samun ‘yancin-kan wasu daga cikin kasashen Afirka kamar irin su Najeriya da kuma bayan samun yancin kan a wasu kasashen kamar irin su Najeriya, Nijar da sauran su. Daga cikin irin wadannan mutane wadanda suka yi fice a Najeriya akwai Sir Kashim Ibrahim, gwamnan farko na Yankin Arewa, 1962 - 1966; Alhaji Zanna Dipcharima, Ministan Masana’antu a zamanin Sir Abubakar Tafawa balewa, sannan kuma Firimiyan Najeriya na wucin-gadi; Shettima Ali Monguno, Ministan Man Fetur na farko a Najeriya daga shekarar 1972 zuwa 1975 sannan kuma Babban Shugaban gungiyar kasashe Masu Arzikin Man Fetur wato OPEC daga 1972 zuwa 1973; Kamsalem, Sufeto Janar na ‘Yansandan Najeriya na biyu 1966 – 1975; Birgediya-Janar Abba Kyari, Gwamnan Jahar Tsakiyar Arewa 1967 - 1975; Babagana Kingibe, Ministan Harkokin kasashen Waje, 1993 – 1995 sannan kuma Sakataren Gwamnatin Najeriya, 2007 - 2008; Janar Sani Abacha, Shugaban Gwamnatin Sojan Najeriya, 1993 - 1998 da sauransu. Sannan kuma a cikin su akwai hamshakan masu kudi na dauri kamar irin su Alhaji Mai Deribe, Sheikh Abubakar Elmiskin, Alhaji Umar Na Alhaji Lawan, Alhaji Kuli Deribe, da sauran su. A Jamhuriyar Nijar Kuma, akwai mutane irin su Mamane Oumarou, tsohon firimiyan Nijar a shekarar 1983; Mamadou Tandja tsohon shugaban kasar Nijar, 1999 – 2010 da sauran su. Tsagen Fuska Kanurai suna da tsagar gado a fuskarsu. Wannan tsaga ta su kuwa guda tara ce da suke yin ɗaya a tsakiyar goshi wadda take farawa daga farkon goshi ta sama har zuwa karshen kasan doron hanci, sai guda biyu-biyu a kan kumatu, da kuma karin wasu guda biyu-biyu a karin dama da hagu na fuska, sannan kuma dukkan tsagogin nasu dogaye ne. Kalli Fuskar Marigayi Janar Abacha a matsayin misali. Guraren da Ake Samun Kanurai a Duniya Kanurai sun fi yawa a Arewacin Najeriya inda suke da Jahohi biyu; Borno da Yobe tare da zamowar garin Maiduguri a matsayin babban birninsu. Haka nan kuma akan same su a Yammacin Nijar, jahar Zinder; Kudu-Maso-Gabashin Chadi; Arewacin Kamaru. Sannan kuma akwai su ‘yan kadan a Kudancin Libiya; warwatse a Sudan da kuma Jamhuriyar Gabon. Bayan wadannan gurare kuma ana samun Kanurai a garuruwan Lafiyan Barebari, cikin jahar Nassarawa; garin Tofa, Kano duk a cikin jahar Kano; Zaria a jahar Kaduna; Gwaram, Dutse, Hadejia, Kirikasamma, Mallam Madori duk a cikin jahar Jigawa da kuma sauran guraren da kididdige su yake da wahala Rubutu mai gwabi Harshen Kanuri ko kawai Kanuri ko Barbarci ko kuma Barebari yare ne dake da asali a kasar Najeriya da ɓangaren wasu kasashe kamar Cadi, Kamaru, Jamhuriyyar Nijar, kasar Sudan da wasu garuruwa dake kudancin Libya da Misra. Mafi yawan al'umman Kanuri a Najeriya suke, kuma suna zaune ne a jihohin Borno, Yobe, Adamawa da sauran su. Akwai masu amfani da harshen sama da mutane miliyan biyar tun a binciken da aka gabatar a shekara ta alif 1987, amma ire-iren harshen Kanuri wato Manga Kanuri da Yerwa Kanuri (wanda ake kira da Beriberi, ana ganin jimillar masu magana da harsunan sunkai adadin miliyan biyar da dubu dari bakwai . Kalmomin Kanuri da Hausa da Turanci: Harsunan Nijeriya

35179

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fezzan

Fezzan

Fezzan ( UK : / f ɛ zɑn / fez-AHN, US : / f ɛ z æn , fə z æ n / fez-AN, fə- ZAN ; yarukan Berber ; ; Latin ) shi ne yankin kudu maso yammacin Libya na yau. Hamada ce, wanda tsaunuka suka rarraba ta, hawa, da kafaffun koramu (wadis) daga arewa, inda dausayi ke ba tsoffin birane da ƙauyuka damar wanzuwar rayuwa acikin hamadar Sahara da ke da wuyan rayuwa. Kalmar daga farko tana nufin ƙasar da ta wuce yankin bakin teku na Afirka, wacce ta hada da Nafusa da ke yammacin Libya ta zamani a kan Ouargla da Illizi. Kamar yadda waɗannan yankunan Berber suka kasance suna da alaƙa da yankunan Tripoli, Cirta ko Algiers, ana amfani da sunan har wayau wajen kiran yankunan arid dake kudancin Tripolitania . A cikin harsunan Berber, Fezzan (ko ifezzan ) na nufin "dutse mai karfi". Fezzan kuma na iya zama daga asalin sunan yankin a yaren Latin da Girkanci Phasania ko Phazania, wanda ke iya nufin "ƙasar tsuntsayen pheasants ". Yanayin kasa Koramar ash-Shati ta ratsa ta Fezzan daga arewa ( Wadi Al Shatii ) kuma daga yamma da Wadi Irawan. Wadannan yankuna guda biyu, tare da wasu sassan tsaunin Tibesti da ta tsallaka kan iyakar Chadi da kuma dausoyoyi a yankuna daban daban da iyakoki, su ne kadai sassan Fezzan da mutane ke iya rayuwa. Manyan tekuna kasa da aka fi sani da ergs na Idehan Ubari da Idehan Murzuq sun mamaye yawancin ƙasar Fezzan da ta rage. Daga karni na 5 (kafin zuwan Yesu) zuwa karni na 5 (bayan zuwan Yesu), Fezzan ya kasance gida ga mutanen Garamantes, wanda ke tafiyar da hanyoyin kasuwanci na Trans-Saharan a jere tsakanin Carthage da Daular Roma a Arewacin Afirka da jihohin Sahelian na yamma da tsakiyar Afirka. Septimus Flaccus janar na mutanen Roma a shekara ta 19 K.Z. da Suetonius Paulinus a shekara ta 50 AZ sun jagoranci yaƙi zuwa arewacin hamadar sahara, kuma mai bincike na Roma Julius Maternus ya yi tafiya ta yankin a farkon ƙarni na 1 (bayan zuwan Yesu). Paulinus ya isa har yankin Fezzan sannan ya wuce kudu. Da ƙarshen daular Romawa bayan rikicin kasuwanci ya gabato, yankin Fezzan ta fara mahimmancinta. Mafi yawan jama'ar ta sun ragu sosai saboda mamayewat hamadar Sahara a farkon zamanai na tsakiya. A cikin ƙarni na 13 da na 14, Fezzan ya zama wani ɓangare na daular Kanem inda Kanem-Bornu ta faɗaɗa har zuwa yankin Zella, Libya. Yaki da tayi da Daular Kanem–Bornu a farkon karni na sha shida ya kai ga kafuwar daular Awlad Muhammad, inda Murzuk ya zama babban birnin Fezzan. A shekara ta 1565 Muhammad ibn al-Muntasir ne ya mulke . Sarakunan Ottoman na Arewacin Afirka sun tabbatar da ikonsu a yankin a karni na 17. A zamanin Abdulhamid II an yi amfani da Fezzan a matsayin sansanin 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa ga Matasan Turkawa domin ita ce lardi mafi nisa daga Istanbul. Daga farkon 1911, Italiya ta mamaye yankin Fezzan. Duk da haka, ikon Italiya na yankin ya zamo mai wahala har zuwa akalla shekarar alif 1923, tare da hawan Benito Mussolini. Kabila larabawa masu bin tsarin addinin Sunusiya Sufaye sun bijirewa turawan Italiya a yunkurinsu na farko na mulkar yankn Kabilun Abzinawa na yankin sun sami kwanciyar hankali ne kawai ta hanyar fadada Turai jim kadan kafin yakin duniya na biyu, kuma wasu daga cikinsu sun hada kai da Sojojin Italiya a kamfe na Arewacin Afirka . Sojojin Free French sun mamaye Murzuk, babban garin Fezzan, a ranar 16 ga watan Janairun 1943, kuma suka ci gaba da gudanar da Fezzan tare da ma'aikatan da ke a Sabha, sun kafa sansanin Sojoji na Fezzan-Ghadames. An yi amfani da gwamnatin Faransa sun mulke yankin ta hannun manyan Fezzan na dangin Sayf Al Nasr. ƙabilun da suka ki yin shiru sune Ghat na yammacin Fezzan, da yankinta da ke kewayenta, zuwa Aljeriya da Faransa ke mulka. Duk da haka, lokacin da ikon sojojin Faransa tazo karshe a 1951, daukakin yankin Fezzan ya zama wani ɓangare na Masarautar Libya. Fezzan ta zamo tungar shugaban Libya Muammar Gaddafi a mafi yawancin yakin basasar Libya na 2011, ko da yake tun daga watan Yuli, dakarun adawa da Gaddafi sun fara samun galaba, inda suka kwace ikon birni mafi girma na yankin wato Sabha daga tsakiya zuwa karshen watan Satumba. Lambar sirri shine LF (.lf) "a madadin" Libya Fezzan (na "lokacin da ba a sani ba") ta Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya (ISO). Akwai rijiyoyin mai a Fezzan mai iya samar da kimanin barrel 400,000 na mai a kowace rana, amma kamfanonin mai suna kawo ma'aikatansu ne daga arewacin Libya. Kabilun yankin dai ba sa samun wani kudi daga cinikin man fetur, don haka suka koma yin safarar mai a sace daga yankin kudu da hamadar Sahara, wanda ke ciyar da matsalar bakin haure na Turai, kuma sana'ar ce ta dala biliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Fezzan gunduma ce a ƙarƙashin Turkawa Ottoman da Italiya, kuma lardi ( wilayah ) ko gwamnatin ( muhafazah ) na Tarayyar Libya (tare da Tripolitania da Cyrenaica ) har zuwa 1963. Tare da gabatar da sabon sashin gudanarwa na Libya a shekarar 1963, an soke Fezzan a matsayin sashin gudanarwa mai zaman kanta kuma aka raba ta zuwa muhafazat na Awbari da Sabha. A shekarar 1983, an soke waɗannan ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa don ƙananan gundumomi ko baladiyah. An sake tsara tsarin Baladiyat a shekarar 1987 kuma an maye gurbinsa da shi a shekarar 1995 da tsarin sha’abiya . Tsohon lardin Fezzan ta ƙunshi gundumomi ( sha'biyat ) na Wadi al Shatii, Wadi al Haya, Jufra, Ghadames, Murzuq, Sabha da Ghat (wasu taswirorin dake yankin Ghadames da makwabciyarta Tripolitania ). Babban birni mai tarihi, birni mafi girma, cibiyar siyasa da gudanarwa ita ce Sabha . Yawan jama'a Mazauna yankin sun hada da Berber, da Dawada, da Abzinawa makiyayan Tuareg daga kudu maso yammacin garin, da kuma Toubou daga kudu maso gabas. Al'ummar makiyaya kan ketara iyakokin kasashen Aljeriya, Chadi da Nijar cikin 'yanci. A arewa, Larabawa, Berber da Tuareg da Toubou suka zauna. Yayin da yake da kashi 30% na yankin ƙasar Libya, Fezzan na tallafawa kaɗan ne kawai daga cikin mutanenta. Manya-manyan garuruwa kamar Sabha suna rayuwa a yankunan ruwa na kusa a wadis na arewa da yamma. Yankin arewa maso gabashin yankin ya mamaye har da yankin Haruj, wani fili mai girman gaske kuma babu yawan jama'a . Yawan mutanen Fezzan sun karu cikin sauri tun daga tsakiyar karni na 20 tare da karuwar yawan al'ummar Libya gaba daya, kuma rabon lardin na al'ummar kasar ya karu da rabi. Tushen: An tattara daga bulletin na ƙidayoyin shekarun 1964, 1973, 1995, 2006. Duba kuma Jerin shugabannin mulkin mallaka na Fezzan Tambarin aikawasiku da tarihin gidan waya na Fezzan da Ghadames Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransanci da mazauna Jamus Museum Fezzan-Ghadames (Gwamnatin Faransa) Fazzan Basin Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Taswira daga Google yana nuna babban yanki na Fezzan da mahimman garuruwansa. Worldstatesmen.org's Tarihi da jerin sarakunan Fezzan. Tarihin Hostkingdom.net da jerin sarakunan Fezzan. Labarin Lexiorient.com akan Fezzan. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

25727

https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jifan%20Iblis

Jifan Iblis

Jifan Iblis (Larabci: ramy al-jamarāt, lit. "jamarat [wurin duwatsu]") wani bangare ne na aikin hajjin Musulunci na shekara-shekara zuwa birnin Makka mai alfarma a Saudi Arabia. A lokacin bukukuwan, mahajjatan Musulmai suna jifar duwatsu a bango uku (ginshiƙai na farko), waɗanda ake kira jamarāt, a cikin garin Mina da ke gabacin Makka. Yana daga cikin jerin ayyukan ibada da dole ne a yi su a aikin Hajji. Yana nuna alamar aikin hajji na Ibrahim (ko na Ibrahim), inda ya jejjefe ginshiƙai guda uku waɗanda ke wakiltar jarabar rashin biyayya ga Allah. A ranar Eid al-Adha (ranar 10 ga watan Dhu al-Hijjah), mahajjata dole ne su bugi Babban Jamarah ko Al-Jamrah Al-Aqaba da tsakuwa bakwai. Bayan an kammala jifan a ranar Idi, kowane mahajjaci dole ne ya aske gashin kansa. A kan kowane kwana biyu masu zuwa, dole ne su bugi dukkan bango uku da tsakuwa bakwai kowanne, daga gabas zuwa yamma. Don haka aƙalla ana buƙatar tsakuwa 49 don bukukuwan, fiye da haka idan wasu jifa sun ɓace. Wasu mahajjata suna zama a Mina na ƙarin rana, a wannan yanayin dole ne su sake jifar kowane bango sau bakwai. Dutsen da aka yi amfani da su wajen jifan al'ada ana taruwa ne a Muzdalifah, a kudu maso gabashin Mina, a daren kafin jifa na farko, amma kuma ana iya tattara shi a Mina. Sauya ginshiƙai Har zuwa 2004, jamarāt (guda ɗaya: jamrah) dogayen ginshiƙai ne. Bayan aikin Hajjin alib 2004, hukumomin Saudiyya sun maye gurbin ginshiƙan da bango mai tsawon mita 26 (ƙafa 85) don aminci; mutane da dama sun yi ta jifan tsakuwa a kan mutanen da ke gefe. Don ba da damar shiga jamarāt cikin sauƙi, an gina gada mai hawa ɗaya da ake kira Gadar Jamaraat a kusa da su, wanda ke ba mahajjata damar jifa da duwatsu daga matakin ƙasa ko daga gada. Ana kiran jamarāt (farawa daga gabas): jamrah ta farko (al-jamrah al-'ūlā), ko ƙaramar jamrah ( al-jamrah aṣ-ṣughrā), tsakiyar jamrah ( al-jamrah al-wusṭā), mafi girma jamrah ( al-jamrah al-kubrā), ko Jamrah na Aqaba ( jamrat al-aqaba). Kafin 2004, tazara tsakanin ƙaramar da tsakiyar jamarāt ita ce 135 m (443 ft); tsakanin tsakiyar da manyan jamarāt ya kai mita 225 (738 ft). Muhimmancin tarihi da ruhaniya Al-Azraqi ya yi bayanin yadda ibadar Ibrahim (Ibrāhīm) ta kasance a Makka kamar yadda masanin tarihin al-Azraqi ya bayyana:Lokacin da [Ibrahim] ya bar Mina aka sauko da shi zuwa (alfarmar da ake kira) al-Aqaba, Iblis ya bayyana gare shi a Dutsen Dutse na Kazanta. Sai Jibrilu (Jibril) ya ce masa: ka jajjefe shi! don haka Ibrahim ya jefe shi da duwatsu bakwai har ya bace masa. Sa'an nan ya bayyana a gare shi a Tsakiyar Tsaku-Tsibi. Jibrilu ya ce masa: ka jajjefe shi! don haka ya jefe shi da duwatsu bakwai har ya bace masa. Sa'an nan ya bayyana a gare shi a Littlean Dutsen Dutse. Jibrilu ya ce masa: ka jajjefe shi! don haka ya jefe shi da duwatsu bakwai kamar ƙananan duwatsu don jifa da majajjawa. Don haka Iblis ya janye daga gare shi.Duk jamarāt guda uku suna wakiltar shaidan: na farko kuma mafi girma yana wakiltar fitinar da ya yi wa Ibrahim kan yin hadaya da Ishmael (Isma'il); na biyun yana wakiltar fitinar matar Hajaratu (Hājar) ta sa ta hana shi; na uku yana wakiltar fitinar da ya yi wa Isma’il don guje wa yin hadaya. An tsawata masa a kowane lokaci, kuma jifa da duwatsu alama ce ta tsautawar. Jifan jamarāt kuma yana wakiltar kin mutuncin kan mutum (an-nafs al-'Amāra, a zahiri "mai mulkin cikin gida") da kuma yin watsi da ƙarancin son zuciya da buri. Kamar yadda wani malamin addinin Musulunci yake cewa: Abubuwan da suka faru Ana ɗaukar jifan Iblis a matsayin mafi haɗari na aikin hajji, kamar yadda motsin mutane ba zato ba tsammani akan ko kusa da gadar Jamaraat na iya sa a murƙushe mutane. A lokuta da dama, dubban mahalarta sun shaƙa ko aka tattake su har lahira. Wani muhimmin mataki wajen gudanar da taron jama'a shine maye gurbin ginshiƙan jamarāt ta bango don sauƙaƙe da hanzarta jifa. An kuma fadada gadar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don karbar adadin mahajjatan da ke yin aikin Hajji a kowace shekara. Yanayin cunkoson jama'a na da wahala musamman a ranar ƙarshe ta aikin Hajji, wanda shine ranar da mahajjata ke barin kwarin Mina su koma Makka don yin Tawaf na bankwana (dawafin ƙarshe na Ka'aba). Kamar yadda hadisi yazo mana, an yi jifa na Muhammad ne bayan sallar azahar. Malamai da yawa suna jin cewa ana iya yin al'ada kowane lokaci tsakanin tsakar rana da faɗuwar rana a wannan rana; duk da haka, ana koya wa Musulmai da yawa cewa ya kamata a yi ta nan da nan bayan sallar azahar. Wannan yana haifar da mutane suna yin sansani har zuwa tsakar rana kuma suna hanzarta fita don yin jifa. An ce wadannan dalilai guda biyu ne suka haddasa turmutsitsin a lokacin aikin Hajjin 2006 wanda ya kashe akalla mahajjata 346 tare da jikkata akalla 289. Wannan ya kasance duk da ƙoƙarin da mahukunta suka yi na sanar da mahajjata game da halaccin girgiza ziyarar su zuwa jamarat tare da umartar su da barin kayan su a tantunan su. Wani abin da ke kara rudani a cikin bala'in shi ne rashin hadin kai daga mahajjatan da ba sa barin yankin jamarāt ta hanyar da ta dace, don haka suke tsoma baki cikin motsin wasu da ke zuwa. Wani murkushewar ya faru a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2015, a Mina lokacin da aka kashe akalla mahajjata 2,411, sabon kididdigar Associated Press ya nuna, sau uku adadin mutuwar da masarautar ta amince da shi bayan watanni uku. Alkaluman AP sun tabbatar da murkushe ranar 24 ga Satumba a Mina a matsayin mafi muni a tarihin aikin hajji na shekara -shekara. Hakan ya faru ne makwanni kadan bayan rushewar kyankyaso a Makka. Hukumomi sun ce murkushe Mina da turmutsutsun ya faru ne lokacin da igiyar mahajjata biyu suka hadu a kan wata kunkuntar hanya, ta shaka ko tattake wadanda bala’in ya rutsa da su. Saudi Arabiya ta kashe biliyoyin daloli kan kula da cunkoson jama'a da matakan tsaro ga wadanda ke halartar aikin hajjin na kwanaki biyar na shekara-shekara, wanda ake bukata ga kowane musulmi mai karfin jiki sau daya a rayuwarsa, amma yawan mahalarta taron ya sa tabbatar da tsaronsu ke da wahala. Aikin hajjin a shekarar 2015 ya jawo mahajjata miliyan biyu, kodayake a shekarun baya -bayan nan ya jawo sama da miliyan uku ba tare da wani babban abin da ya faru ba. Koyaya, masana sun ce yawan taron yana iya haifar da rugujewar jama'a a cikin irin wannan yanayi. Edwin Galea na Jami'ar Greenwich ya ce: "Idan kuna tsara wani taron don kula da yawan taron, yana da haɗari." Ya yi nuni da cewa mutane 500,000 a awa daya da za su iya tsallake gadar Jamarat bayan da aka fadada ta a shekarar 2004 daidai yake da mafi yawan mutanen da ke da kwallon kafa sau daya a kowane minti 24 ko kuma yawan mutanen Jamus a cikin mako guda. Magani guda daya zai iya kasancewa shine yada aikin Hajji na tsawon lokaci.

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyduba%20Soumah

Seyduba Soumah

Seydouba Soumah (an haife shi 11 ga watan Yunin 1991), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Guinea wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Guinea . Aikin kulob Ajax Cape Town An haife shi a Conakry, Guinea, Soumah ya fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa yana wasa akan tituna, kafin ya koma Afirka ta Kudu kuma ya shiga tsarin matasa na Ajax Cape Town yana matashi. Da farko an tura shi lamuni na tsawon kakar wasa zuwa kungiyoyin First Division Ikapa Sporting da FC Cape Town , kafin ya koma kulob din iyayensa. A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2011, Soumah ya fara bugawa Ajax a gasar Premier League, yana fitowa daga benci a 3-0 nasara a kan Platinum Stars . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka doke Mpumalanga Black Aces da ci 2-1 a gida ranar 6 ga Maris. A cikin duka, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 10 a cikin kakar 2010-2011, yayin da kulob din ya ƙare a matsayin masu tsere. A cikin watan Satumbar 2011, Soumah ya koma National First Division gefen Jami'ar Pretoria . Ya sanya kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin kakar 2011-2012 . A cikin watan Janairun 2012, manajan Tuks Steve Barker ya bayyana cewa Soumah ya rabu da kulob din. A cikin watan Fabrairun 2012, Soumah ya isa Turai kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kulob din Slovak Nitra . Ya zira kwallaye biyu har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2011–2012 . A ranar 14 Satumbar 2012, Soumah ya sami katin ja a cikin rashin nasarar 3-1 na gida zuwa Spartak Trnava, tare da wasu abokan wasan biyu. Daga baya an ci shi tarar Yuro 3,400 da kuma dakatar da shi daga buga kwallon kafa na tsawon watanni shida saboda nuna batsa ga magoya bayansa, da cin zarafin ‘yan wasan abokin hamayyarsa da kuma yi wa alkalin wasa barazana a lokacin wasan. Slovan Bratislava A watan Disamba na 2012, an canja Soumah zuwa ƙungiyar Slovak ta Slovan Bratislava akan kuɗin Yuro 150,000. Ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin dogon lokaci kuma an ba shi riga mai lamba 20. Ta hanyar sauran kakar wasanni, Soumah ya yi bayyanuwa 13 kuma ya ci sau biyu . Ya kuma taimaka wa kulob din lashe kambi na biyu a jere a kakar wasa ta 2013–14, inda ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni 21. A watan Yulin 2014, Soumah ta yi bikin ta hanyar ɗaga kofin Super Cup na Slovak bayan Slovan ta doke MFK Košice 1-0. A cikin Yuli 2015, Soumah ya koma Qadsia ta Premier League a kan aro na tsawon kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallaye bakwai a raga don taimakawa kulob din lashe taken 2015–16 . Soumah kuma ya buga wasanni biyu a gasar cin kofin AFC ta 2015, inda ya zura kwallo daya. Bayan zaman aro a Qadsia, Soumah ya koma Slovan kuma a karshen watan Nuwamba 2016 ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2020. Zai zama babban wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar a kakar wasa ta 2016–17, tare da Filip Hlohovský, da kwallaye 20. Soumah kuma ya taimaka wa kulob din lashe gasar cin kofin Slovak, inda ya zira kwallaye na karshe na nasarar 3-0 a kan MFK Skalica a wasan karshe . Ya kammala kakar wasa a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar da kwallaye 25 a wasanni 39 da ya buga a duk gasa. Saboda rawar da ya taka, Soumah kuma ya kasance a cikin 11 mafi kyawun gasar. A kan 18 Yuli 2017, an sanar da cewa Soumah ya kammala canja wurinsa zuwa kulob din Serbia Partizan, wanda ya sa ya zama dan wasa mafi tsada a kulob din a kan € 1,650 miliyan. An gabatar da shi a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli, yana mai ba da kwangilar shekaru uku tare da karbar riga mai lamba 20. Kwanaki biyu bayan haka, Soumah ya fara bugawa Partizan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin rabin na biyu a wasan 6-1 na gida na ƙarshe akan Mačva Šabac . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 29 ga watan Yuli, inda ya taimaka wa kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a kan Javor Ivanjica da ci 2-1 a gida. A ranar 2 ga Agusta, Soumah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Olympiacos a wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na Uefa na uku, yayin da aka fitar da Partizan 5-3 a jimillar. Daga baya ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka doke Videoton a waje da ci 4-0 a wasa na biyu na zagaye na biyu na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta UEFA Europa, wanda ya taimaka wa kungiyar ta ci gaba zuwa matakin rukuni. A ranar 13 ga Disamba, Soumah ya tuba a bugun fanariti a 1-1 gida Draw tare da Red Star Belgrade . Wannan shi ne hukunci na farko da aka baiwa Partizan a gasar ta har abada bayan fiye da shekaru 22. Loan to Maccabi Haifa A watan Satumba na 2018, an ba Soumah aro ga kungiyar Premier ta Isra'ila Maccabi Haifa har zuwa karshen kakar wasa tare da zabin karin uku. Komawa zuwa Partizan Bayan ya kammala lamunin sa, Soumah ya koma Partizan a shekarar 2019 kuma ya shiga shekarar karshe ta kwantiraginsa. Ya zura kwallon a ragar Molde a wasan da suka doke Molde da ci 2-1 a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin Europa . Ayyukan kasa da kasa Soumah ya buga wasansa na farko a kasar Guinea a wasan sada zumunci da suka tashi 1-1 da Senegal a ranar 5 ga Fabrairun 2013. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a shekarar 2014 a gasar cin kofin duniya da Masar ta doke su da ci 4-2. A ranar 15 ga Nuwamba, 2014, Soumah ya ci hat-trick ɗin sa na farko a wasan da suka doke Togo da ci 4-1 a waje a wasan share fage na AFCON 2015 . Ya zura kwallaye biyu a raga a lokacin gasar, inda ya taimakawa kasarsa ta samu gurbin shiga gasar tare da samun gurbi a jerin 'yan wasa 23 na karshe. Ya bayyana a wasanni biyu yayin da Guinea ta tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni da canjaras uku amma Ghana ta yi waje da su a wasan kusa da na karshe. d 2022. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20Dawowa

Haƙƙin Dawowa

Haƙƙin dawowa wata ka'ida ce a cikin dokokin ƙasa da ƙasa da ke tabbatar da yancin kowa na komawa, ko sake shiga ƙasarsa ta radin kansa ko ta zama ɗan ƙasa . Haƙƙin dawowa wani ɓangare ne na babban ra'ayi na haƙƙin ɗan adam 'yancin motsi kuma yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin doka na ɗan ƙasa . Yayin da jihohi da yawa ke ba wa 'yan ƙasarsu ' yancin zama, 'yancin komawa ba'a iyakance ga ɗan ƙasa ko ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba. Yana ba wa marasa jiha da waɗanda aka haifa a wajen ƙasarsu damar dawowa a karon farko, muddun sun ci gaba da “hanyar haɗin gwiwa ta gaske kuma mai inganci.” An tsara haƙƙin a cikin yarjejeniyoyin zamani da yarjejeniyoyin zamani, musamman a cikin 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1966 International Covenation on Civil and Political Rights and the Fourth Geneva Convention 1948. Masana shari'a sun yi iƙirarin cewa ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin waɗannan ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya sun kai matsayin dokokin duniya na al'ada don haka haƙƙin komawa ya kasance kan waɗanda ba su sanya hannu kan waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin ba. Wakilan kungiyoyin ‘yan gudun hijira na yawan kiran ‘yancin komawa kasar domin tabbatar da cewa suna da ‘yancin komawa kasar da aka yi hijira. 'Yancin barin kowace ƙasa da komawa ƙasarsu ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma an kafa su bisa ka'idojin yanayi . Abubuwan da suka gabata Duk da yake ba a san haƙƙin komowa a sarari ba a zamanin da, ƙaura, da aka ƙi izinin komawa gida a sarari, hukunci ne na gama-gari na manyan laifuka. Marubuta tsoho sun tattauna batun sosai. Alal misali, Teles na Megara a cikin diatribe On Exile ya rubuta "Amma ba a yarda 'yan gudun hijira su koma gida ba, kuma wannan babban ƙuntatawa ne na 'yancinsu." A zamanin da, ana yawan korar ƙungiyoyin mutane ko kuma a tumɓuke su don garuruwansu da ƙasarsu ta asali, galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na cin nasara ko kuma a matsayin hukunci na tawaye. A wasu lokuta an bar su (ko ƙarfafa su) su dawo, yawanci lokacin da ma'auni na soja da na siyasa wanda ya sa gudun hijira ya canza. Duk da haka, a cikin waɗannan lokuta an ba wa al'ummar da aka yi hijira damar komawa, ba a taɓa gane cewa suna da haƙƙin komawa ba. Wani sanannen misali shi ne komawa Sihiyona, inda Sarki Cyrus Mai Girma ya ba Yahudawan da aka kora daga Yahuda zuwa Babila zaɓi na komawa ƙasar kakanninsu kuma su sake gina Urushalima . An rubuta a cikin Littafi Mai-Tsarki na Ibrananci ( Littafin Ezra da Littafin Nehemiya ) sau da yawa ana ambata wannan shari'ar a matsayin misali na Sihiyonawan zamani kuma ya ƙarfafa wasu ƙungiyoyin da ke neman su dawo nasu. A lokacin yakin Peloponnesia, Athens ta kori kuma ta warwatsa mazauna Melos, Aegina da sauran garuruwa (wasu daga cikinsu ana sayar da su zuwa bautar). Bayan nasarar Sparta, Spartan Janar Lysander a shekara ta 405 BC ya yi ƙoƙari na haɗe-haɗe don tattara waɗannan ƙaura da mayar da su garuruwansu na asali. Magna Carta Ana iya samun ƙaƙƙarfan doka ta farko da ke ba da tabbacin Haƙƙin Komawa a cikin Yarjejeniyar Ingilishi Magna Carta daga 1215: A nan gaba ya halatta kowane mutum ya fita ya koma mulkinmu ba tare da tsoro ba, ta kasa ko ruwa, yana kiyaye mubaya’arsa, sai dai lokacin yaki, na wani dan kankanin lokaci, domin amfanin al’umma baki daya. . Mutanen da aka daure ko kuma aka haramta su bisa ga dokar kasa, mutanen kasar da ke yaki da mu, da ’yan kasuwa – wadanda za a yi maganinsu kamar yadda aka ambata a sama – ba a cikin wannan tanadi. Tsarin Mulki na Faransa na 1791 Wani misali na farko na dokar ƙasa da ke gane Haƙƙin Komawa shine tsarin mulkin Faransa na 1791, wanda aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba 1790: ‘yancin kowa ya tafi, ko ya zauna, ko ya fita, ba tare da an dakatar da shi ko kama shi ba, sai dai a bisa tsarin da Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya tanada. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kawo karshen zalunci da kuma wariya da ake yi wa ’yan Huguenot (’ yan Furotesta na Faransa) da aka shafe shekaru aru-aru ana yi. A lokaci guda tare da sanya duka Furotesta a Faransa su zama cikakkun ƴan ƙasa, dokar da aka kafa a ranar 15 ga Disamba, 1790 ta bayyana cewa: Duk mutanen da aka haifa a wata ƙasa kuma suka sauko a kowane mataki na wani Bafaranshe namiji ko mace da aka yi hijira saboda dalilai na addini an ayyana su a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Faransa ( naturels français ) kuma za su amfana da haƙƙin da ke tattare da wannan ingancin idan sun dawo Faransa, kafa mazauninsu a can. kuma ku yi rantsuwar farar hula. Rushe Dokar Nantes da kuma korar Huguenots ya faru fiye da karni daya da suka gabata, kuma akwai ɗimbin ƴan gudun hijira na Huguenot a ƙasashe da yawa, inda sukan yi aure tare da al'ummar ƙasar da suka karbi bakuncin (duba Dokar Potsdam ). Don haka, dokar na iya ba wa ƴan Birtaniyya, Jamusawa, Afirka ta Kudu da sauran su zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa - duk da cewa kaɗan ne kawai suka amfana da ita.Wannan zaɓi ga samun zama ɗan ƙasar Faransa ya kasance a buɗe har zuwa 1945, lokacin da aka soke shi - tun bayan mamayar Faransa, Faransawa ba su son barin Jamusawa na asalin Huguenot su yi amfani da shi. Schleswig plebiscites, 1920 Bayan yakin Schleswig na biyu na shekara ta 1864, yankin Schleswig da Danish ke mulki a baya ya zama wani yanki na Imperial Jamus . Yawancin mazauna, waɗanda aka fi sani da " opants ", sun zaɓi ci gaba da zama ɗan ƙasar Danish kuma sun ƙi ɗaukar na Jamusanci. Sakamakon haka, hukumomin Prussian sun kore su daga yankin. Rabin karni bayan haka, bayan shan kashin da Jamus ta yi a yakin duniya na farko, an gudanar da wani taro a 1920 don sanin makomar yankin. Gwamnatin Denmark ta nemi Ƙungiyoyin Ƙarfafawa da su bar waɗannan ƴan ƙabilar Danih da aka kora da zuriyarsu su koma Schleswig su shiga cikin taron. An ba da wannan, kodayake yawancin waɗanda suka yi ƙaura sun yi ƙaura zuwa Amurka, kuma yawancin waɗannan ba su dawo ba. Fahimtar doka game da haƙƙi An ƙirƙira ƙa'idar haƙƙin dawowa a cikin ƙa'idodin ƙasa da ƙasa da yawa, gami da: Dokokin Hague (HR), labarin 20: 20. Bayan an kammala zaman lafiya, za a yi gaggawar mayar da fursunonin yaki zuwa gida. An yi jayayya cewa idan HR ya bukaci a mayar da fursunoni, to, "a bayyane yake" cewa fararen hula da aka raba a lokacin rikici dole ne a bar su su koma gida. Sanarwar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), labarin 13: 1. Kowane mutum na da hakkin yin tafiya da zama a cikin iyakokin kowace jiha. 2. Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya bar kowace kasa har da nasa, ya koma kasarsa. Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya Kan Haƙƙin Jama'a da Siyasa (ICCPR) labarin 12 : 4. Ba wanda za a tauye masa hakkin shiga kasarsa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Yarjejeniyar Geneva ta huɗu, labarin 49: 49. Canja wurin mutum ɗaya ko na jama'a na tilastawa, da kuma fitar da mutane masu kariya daga yankin da aka mamaye zuwa yankin ikon mallaka ko na kowace ƙasa, wanda aka mamaye ko a'a, an haramta, ba tare da la'akari da manufarsu ba. Duk da haka, ikon Mallaka na iya ɗaukar jimillar ko wani yanki na ƙaura daga wani yanki da aka bayar idan har tsaron jama'a ko dalilan soji suka buƙaci haka. . . . Mutanen da aka kwashe don haka za a mayar da su gidajensu da zarar an daina tashin hankali a yankin da ake magana. Yarjejeniya kan Kawar da Duk wani nau'i na Wariyar launin fata, labarin 5d(ii): 'Yancin barin kowace kasa, ciki har da nasa, da komawa kasarsa. Babban kotun shari'a ta kasa da kasa na shari'ar Nottebohm na shekara ta 1955 ana yawan yin misali da shi a matsayin karin ma'auni na abin da ya kamata "ƙasar mutum" ta kasance. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa akwai bukatar a samar da “gaskiya mai inganci” tsakanin mutum da kasar. Daga cikin sharuɗɗan da aka jera don irin wannan hanyar haɗin yanar gizon akwai "haɗin gwiwa mai dorewa", "al'ada", "kafa", "sha'awa" da "dangantakar iyali". An maye gurbin hukuncin shekara ta 1955 ta wasu gundumomi kwanan nan da hukunce-hukuncen kotu. Akwai rashin jituwa game da abin da "nasa" da "ƙasarsa" ke nufi a cikin ICCPR da UDHR. Bisa ga fassarar ikon kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekara ta 1999: Fannin "kasa nasa" ya fi ma'anar "ƙasar ƙasarsa". Ba a taƙaice ga ɗan ƙasa a zahiri ba, wato ƙasar da aka samu a lokacin haihuwa ko kuma ta hanyar ba da izini; ta ƙunshi, aƙalla, mutumin da, saboda alakarsa ta musamman da ko ikirari dangane da wata ƙasa, ba za a iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin baƙo kawai ba. Hakan zai kasance misali ga ‘yan kasar da aka kwace wa kasarsu ta hanyar keta dokokin kasa da kasa, da kuma mutanen da aka shigar da kasarsu a ciki ko kuma aka mayar da su zuwa wata kasa, wadanda aka ki amincewa da kasarsu. su. A cikin 2007, Majalisar Spain ta amince da Dokar 57/2007, Dokar Tunawa da Tarihi. Dokar ta 57/2007 ta tanadi zuriyar Mutanen Espanya da ke zaune a kasashen waje da suka bar Spain saboda zaluncin siyasa a lokacin yakin basasa da mulkin kama- karya na Franco — wato tsakanin 1936 da 1975 — don samun dan kasar Spain. Haƙƙin dawowa idan doka A ranar 12 ga Afrilun shekara ta, 2013, Majalisar Dokokin Portugal ta amince da wani matakin da ya ba zuriyar Yahudawa da aka kora daga Portugal a ƙarni na 16 damar zama ƴan ƙasar Portugal . An kori Yahudawa Sephardi daga Spain a cikin 1492. Duk da buƙatun gaba ɗaya don samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya bayan shekaru biyar na zama a Spain, ta dokar sarauta a ranar 20 ga Disambar shekara ta 1924, Yahudawa Sephardi na iya samun ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya tare da zama na shekaru biyu a Spain. Daga shekara ta 1924 har zuwa 2015 Yahudawa Sephardi da ke zaune a kasashen waje suma na iya neman gwamnatin Spain ta ba da izinin zama ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya, amma gwamnati ta ji daɗin yanke shawarar ko za ta ba da ɗan ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 24 ga Yuni, 2015, Majalisar Spain ta amince da dokar ta 12/2015, Dokar Ba da Ƙasa ga Yahudawa Sephardi, wadda ta ba wa Yahudawa Sephardi mazauna waje asalin ƙasar Spain kai tsaye, muddin za su iya tabbatar da cewa su zuriyar Yahudawan Sephardi ne da aka kora. a shekara ta 1492. A ƙarshe, bayan kama Anglo-Dutch na Gibraltar a cikin Agustan shekara ta 1704 a lokacin Yaƙin Ci Gaban Mutanen Espanya, Mutanen Espanya sun bar, suna ambaton amincin su ga Bourbons da kuma kafa kansu a cikin yankin da ke kewaye (wanda ya zama sananne a matsayin " Campo ). da Gibraltar "). Mutanen Espanya sun kafa cibiyoyi kama da waɗanda suke kula da su a Gibraltar, gami da ƙidayar jama'a da wuraren tarihi a cikin birnin San Roque, wanda shine birni "inda Gibraltar ke zaune a kai". Wasu daga cikin zuriyar jama'ar sun ba da shawarar 'yancin komawa don komawa Gibraltar, kodayake a halin yanzu gwamnatin Spain ba ta amsa buƙatunsu ba. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Wall Street Journal, War Echo: Poland ta kore shi a 1945, Jamusawa suna son Gidajen Komawa, Agusta 11, 2004 Bari Su Dawo - Yakin Gidan Jama'ar Chagos Dokar Komawa, 1950 —Gwamnatin Isra’ila Haƙƙin Komawa a Dokokin Duniya ta Eyal Benvenisti Matsalar ita ce yadda ake zama Isra'ila - Amon Rubenstein, Ha'aretz Shin Falasdinawa 'Yan Gudun Hijira Suna Da 'Yancin Komawa Isra'ila? by Ruth Lapidoth Dokar kasa da kasa da rikicin Larabawa da Isra'ila ta Julius Stone Haƙƙin Komawa Daga Salman Abu-Sittah 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinu da Haƙƙin Komawa: Binciken Dokokin Duniya na Gail J. Boling 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Falasdinawa da rashin wanzuwar 'yancin komawa, Ben-Dror Yemini Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam Haƙƙoƙin Mata Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki Ƴancin Mata a Najeriya Ƴancin muhalli Ƴancin Ɗan Adam Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jari-hujja

Jari-hujja

Jari-hujja tsarin tattalin arziki ne da ya ginu bisa kebantaccen ikon mallakar hanyoyin samar da ayyukansu don samun riba. Siffofin jari-hujja na tsakiya sun haɗa da tara jari, kasuwanni masu gasa, tsarin farashi, kadarori masu zaman kansu, sanin haƙƙin mallaka, musayar ra'ayi, da aikin albashi. A cikin tattalin arzikin kasuwa, yanke shawara da saka hannun jari ana ƙaddara ta masu mallakar dukiya, dukiya, ko ikon sarrafa babban jari ko ikon samarwa a kasuwannin jari da kasuwannin kuɗi-yayin da farashin da rarraba kayayyaki da sabis ke ƙayyade ta hanyar gasa a cikin kayayyaki da kasuwannin sabis. Masana tattalin arziki, masana tarihi, masana tattalin arziki na siyasa da masana ilimin zamantakewa sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin nazarin tsarin jari-hujja kuma sun gane nau'ikansa iri-iri a aikace. Wadannan sun hada da laissez-faire ko jari-hujja na kasuwa kyauta, anarcho-capitalism, jari-hujja na jiha da jari-hujja. Siffofin jari-hujja daban-daban suna da nau'o'in nau'i daban-daban na kasuwanni masu 'yanci, mallakar jama'a, cikas ga gasa ta kyauta da manufofin zamantakewar da jihohi suka amince da su. Matsayin gasa a kasuwanni da rawar shiga tsakani da tsari gami da iyakokin ikon mallakar jihohi sun bambanta a nau'ikan tsarin jari-hujja. Matsakaicin yadda kasuwanni daban-daban suke da 'yanci da kuma ka'idojin da ke bayyana kadarorin masu zaman kansu al'amura ne na siyasa da siyasa. Yawancin tattalin arziƙin jari-hujja da ake da su haɗaɗɗun tattalin arziƙi ne waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwa na kasuwanni masu 'yanci tare da shiga tsakani na jihohi kuma a wasu lokuta shirin tattalin arziki. Tattalin arzikin kasuwa ya wanzu a ƙarƙashin nau'ikan gwamnati da yawa kuma a lokuta daban-daban, wurare da al'adu daban-daban. Ƙungiyoyin jari-hujja na zamani sun bunƙasa a Yammacin Turai ta hanyar da ta kai ga juyin juya halin masana'antu. Tsarin jari-hujja tare da matakai daban-daban na shiga tsakani na gwamnati tun daga lokacin suka zama masu rinjaye a yammacin duniya kuma suna ci gaba da yaduwa. Haɓakar tattalin arziƙi wata dabi'a ce ta tattalin arzikin jari-hujja. Asalin kalma Kalmar "'yan jari hujja", ma'ana mai mallakar babban jari, ya bayyana a baya fiye da kalmar "jari-hujja" kuma kwanan wata zuwa tsakiyar karni na 17. "Capitalism" an samo shi daga capitale, wanda ya samo asali daga , kalmar late Latin bisa , ma'ana "kai" wanda kuma shine asalin "chattel" da "cattle" a ma'anar dukiya mai motsi (kawai daga baya kawai a koma ga dabbobi kawai). ya fito a cikin ƙarni na 12 zuwa 13 don yin nuni ga kuɗi, hannun jari, adadin kuɗi ko kuɗin da ke ɗauke da riba. A shekara ta 1283, an yi amfani da shi a cikin ma'anar babban kadarorin kamfani na kasuwanci kuma sau da yawa ana musanya shi da wasu kalmomi-dukiya, kuɗi, kuɗi, kaya, dukiya, kadara da sauransu. Hollantse (German) Mercurius yana amfani da "'yan jari-hujja" a cikin shekarun 1633 da 1654 don komawa ga masu mallakar jari. A cikin kalmar Faransanci, Étienne Clavier ya yi magana game da 'yan jari-hujja a cikin shekarar 1788, shekaru huɗu kafin yin amfani da Ingilishi na farko da Arthur Young yayi a cikin aikinsa Travels a Faransa . A cikin ka'idojin tattalin arziki na siyasa da haraji , David Ricardo ya yi nuni ga "dan jari hujja" sau da yawa. Mawaƙin Ingilishi Samuel Taylor Coleridge ya yi amfani da “ɗan jari hujja” a cikin aikinsa Table Talk . Pierre-Joseph Proudhon ya yi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na farko, Menene Dukiya? , don komawa ga masu babban jari. Benjamin Disraeli yayi amfani da kalmar a cikin aikinsa na 1845 Sybil. Fara amfani da kalmar "jari-hujja" a ma'anarta ta zamani an danganta shi ga Louis Blanc a cikin shekarar 1850 ("Abin da na kira 'jari-hujja' wato a ce rabon jari da wasu ke ware wasu) da kuma Pierre-Joseph Proudhon. a cikin shekarar 1861 ("Tsarin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa a cikin abin da babban jari, tushen samun kudin shiga, ba ya zama na wadanda suka yi aiki ta hanyar aikin su"). Karl Marx akai-akai yana magana akan " capital" da kuma "yanayin samar da jari hujja" a Das Capital . Marx bai yi amfani da tsarin jari-hujja ba amma a maimakon haka ya yi amfani da babban jari, tsarin jari-hujja da tsarin jari-hujja, wanda ke bayyana akai-akai. Saboda kalmar da masu sukar tsarin jari-hujja suka kirkiro kalmar, masanin tattalin arziki kuma masanin tarihi Robert Hessen ya bayyana cewa kalmar "jari-hujja" ita kanta kalma ce ta disparagement da kuskuren tattalin arziki. Bernard Harcourt ya yarda da bayanin cewa kalmar ba ta dace ba, ya kara da cewa a cikin kuskure yana nuna cewa akwai wani abu kamar "jari" wanda ke aiki a wasu hanyoyi kuma ana tafiyar da shi ta hanyar tabbatattun dokokin tattalin arziki na kansa. A cikin harshen Ingilishi, kalmar "jari-hujja" ta fara bayyana, bisa ga ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary (OED), a cikin shekarar 1854, a cikin novel The Newcomes by marubuci William Makepeace Thackeray, inda kalmar ke nufin "mallakar jari". Har ila yau, bisa ga OED, Carl Adolph Douai, Ba'amurke ɗan gurguzu da abolitionist, ya yi amfani da kalmar "hanyar jari-hujja" a cikin shekarar 1863. Webarchive template wayback links Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba

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https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20ingancin%20ruwa

Gurbacewar ingancin ruwa

Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi, wani lokacin ana kiransa "ƙaddamar da thermal", shine lalata ingancin ruwa ta kowane tsari da ke canza yanayin ruwan zafi . Gurbacewar yanayi shine tasowa ko faɗuwar zafin jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa. Rashin gurɓataccen yanayi, ba kamar gurɓatar sinadarai ba, yana haifar da canjin yanayin yanayin ruwa. Kuma Dalilin gama gari na gurɓacewar yanayi shi ne amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya ta masana'antun wutar lantarki da masana'antu. Guguwa a cikin birni - guguwa ruwan da ke fitarwa zuwa saman ruwa daga saman rufin gidaje, tituna da wuraren ajiye motoci - kuma tafkunan ruwa na iya zama tushen gurɓacewar yanayi. Hakanan ana iya haifar da gurɓacewar yanayi ta hanyar sakin ruwa mai tsananin sanyi daga gindin tafki zuwa koguna masu dumi. Lokacin da aka mayar da ruwan da aka yi amfani da shi azaman mai sanyaya zuwa yanayin yanayi a mafi girman zafin jiki, canjin zafin jiki ba zato ba tsammani yana rage isar da iskar oxygen kuma yana shafar tsarin muhalli . Kuma Kifi da sauran halittun da suka dace da kewayon zafin jiki za a iya kashe su ta hanyar canjin yanayin zafi na ruwa (ko dai saurin karuwa ko raguwa) wanda aka sani da " girgizar zafi". Ruwan sanyi mai dumi yana iya samun tasiri na dogon lokaci akan zafin ruwa, yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ruwa, gami da ruwa mai zurfi. Yanayin yanayi yana tasiri yadda waɗannan zafin jiki ke ƙaruwa ana rarraba su cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa. Sannan Ruwan daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi yana rage matakan iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya kashe kifin da canza tsarin sarkar abinci, rage bambancin halittu, da haɓaka mamayewar sabbin nau'ikan thermophilic . Tushen da sarrafa gurɓataccen yanayi Ruwan sharar masana'antu A Amurka kusan kashi 75 zuwa 80 cikin 100 na gurbacewar yanayin zafi ana samun su ne ta hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Sauran sun fito ne daga hanyoyin masana'antu irin su matatun mai, ɓangaren litattafan almara da injina na takarda, masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antun ƙarfe da masu aikin tuƙa . Za a iya sarrafa ruwan zafi daga waɗannan hanyoyin da: tafkuna masu sanyaya, jikunan ruwa da mutum ya ƙera don sanyaya ta hanyar evaporation, convection, da radiation Hasumiya mai sanyaya, waɗanda ke canja wurin sharar da zafi zuwa yanayi ta hanyar evaporation da/ko canja wurin zafi cogeneration, wani tsari inda ake sake yin amfani da zafin sharar gida don dalilai na dumama na gida da / ko masana'antu. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen zafi shine sau ɗaya ta hanyar sanyaya tsarin (OTC) waɗanda ba sa rage zafin jiki yadda ya kamata kamar tsarin da ke sama. Babban tashar wutar lantarki na iya janyewa da fitar da adadin galan miliyan 500 a kowace rana. Wadannan tsarin suna samar da ruwa mai zafi 10 ° C a matsakaici. Misali, tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta Potrero a San Francisco (an rufe a shekarata 2011), ta yi amfani da OTC kuma ta fitar da ruwa zuwa San Francisco Bay kusan 10. °C (20 °F) sama da yanayin yanayin zafi. Sama da wurare 1,200 a Amurka suna amfani da tsarin OTC tun daga shekarar 2014. Za a iya ɗaukar yanayin zafi ta hanyar dabarun gano nesa don ci gaba da lura da gurbatar tsirrai. Wannan yana taimakawa wajen ƙididdige takamaiman tasirin kowane tsire-tsire, sannan kuma yana ba da damar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idojin gurɓataccen yanayi. Canza wurin aiki daga sau ɗaya ta hanyar sanyaya zuwa tsarin rufaffiyar madauki na iya rage gurɓatar yanayin zafi da ake fitarwa sosai. Waɗannan tsarin suna sakin ruwa a yanayin zafi mafi kwatankwacin yanayin yanayi. Tafkunan ruwa Yayin da ruwa ke dagulewa a cikin madatsun ruwa da mutum ya yi, zafin jiki a kasa yana raguwa sosai. Kuma Ana gina madatsun ruwa da yawa don sakin wannan ruwan sanyi daga ƙasa zuwa tsarin halitta. Ana iya rage wannan ta hanyar zana madatsar ruwa don sakin ruwan zafi maimakon ruwan sanyi a kasan tafki. Ruwan ruwa na birni A lokacin dumin yanayi, zubar da ruwa a birane na iya yin tasiri mai mahimmanci na zafi a kan ƙananan rafuka. Yayin da ruwan guguwa ke wucewa a saman rufin rufin zafi, wuraren ajiye motoci, tituna da tituna yana ɗaukar wasu zafi, tasirin tsibirin zafi na birane . Sannan Kuma Wuraren kula da ruwa na guguwa wanda ke sha ruwa mai gudu ko kai shi cikin ruwan karkashin kasa, kamar tsarin bioretention da kwano na infiltration, kuma rage waɗannan tasirin thermal ta hanyar ƙyale ruwan ƙarin lokaci don sakin zafi mai yawa kafin shiga cikin yanayin ruwa. Waɗannan tsare-tsare masu alaƙa don gudanar da kwararar ruwa su ne ɓangarorin faɗaɗa tsarin ƙirar birane wanda aka fi sani da kayan aikin kore . Tafkunan da ake riƙewa ( tafkunan ruwa na guguwa) ba su da tasiri wajen rage yawan zafin ruwa, saboda ana iya dumama ruwan da rana kafin a watsar da shi zuwa magudanar ruwa. Tasirin ruwan dumi Maɗaukakin zafin jiki yawanci yana rage matakin narkar da iskar oxygen da na ruwa, saboda iskar gas ba sa narkewa a cikin ruwa masu zafi. Wannan na iya cutar da dabbobin ruwa kamar su kifi, amphibians da Kuma sauran halittun ruwa. Gurbacewar yanayi na iya ƙara yawan adadin dabbobin ruwa, a matsayin aikin enzyme, wanda ya haifar da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna cin abinci mai yawa a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci fiye da idan ba a canza yanayin su ba. Ƙara yawan adadin kuzari na iya haifar da ƙarancin albarkatu; mafi daidaita kwayoyin da ke motsawa a ciki na iya samun fa'ida akan kwayoyin da ba a amfani da su zuwa zafin zafi. Kuma Sakamakon haka, sarƙoƙin abinci na tsohon da sabbin mahalli na iya lalacewa. Wasu nau'in kifaye za su guje wa sassan rafi ko yankunan bakin teku kusa da magudanar zafi. Za a iya rage bambancin halittu a sakamakon haka. Babban zafin jiki yana iyakance watsawar iskar oxygen zuwa ruwa mai zurfi, yana ba da gudummawa ga yanayin anaerobic . Wannan na iya haifar da haɓaka matakan ƙwayoyin cuta yayin da ake samun wadataccen abinci. Sannan Kuma Yawancin nau'ikan ruwa za su kasa haifuwa a yanayin zafi mai tsayi. Masu kera na farko (misali shuke-shuke, cyanobacteria ) ruwan dumi yana shafar su saboda yawan zafin jiki na ruwa yana ƙara haɓakar shuka, Kuma yana haifar da ɗan gajeren rayuwa da yawan yawan jama'a . Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na iya canza ma'auni na girma na ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta, ciki har da adadin algae blooms wanda ke rage narkar da iskar oxygen. Canjin yanayin zafi ko da digiri ɗaya zuwa biyu na ma'aunin celcius na iya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin metabolism na kwayoyin halitta da sauran illolin ilimin halitta na salula .Kuma Babban canje-canje mara kyau na iya haɗawa da mayar da bangon tantanin da ba zai iya jujjuyawa ba zuwa ga dole osmosis, coagulation na sunadaran tantanin halitta, da kuma canza yanayin metabolism na enzyme . Waɗannan tasirin matakin salon salula na iya yin illa ga mace-mace da haifuwa . Babban ƙaruwa a cikin zafin jiki na iya haifar da ɓatawar enzymes masu tallafawa rayuwa ta hanyar rushe hydrogen - da haɗin disulphide a cikin tsarin quaternary na enzymes. Sannan Rage aikin enzyme a cikin halittun ruwa na iya haifar da matsaloli kamar rashin iya rushe lipids, wanda ke haifar da rashin abinci mai gina jiki . Ƙara yawan zafin jiki na ruwa yana iya ƙara narkewa da motsa jiki na karafa, wanda zai iya ƙara yawan karafa mai nauyi ta hanyar kwayoyin ruwa. Wannan na iya haifar da sakamako mai guba ga waɗannan nau'ikan, kazalika da haɓaka ƙarfe mai nauyi a cikin matakan trophic mafi girma a cikin sarkar abinci, haɓaka bayyanar ɗan adam ta hanyar cin abinci. A cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayi, ruwan dumi yana da ɗan illa mai lalacewa kuma yana iya haifar da ingantacciyar aiki na karɓar muhallin ruwa. Kuma Ana ganin wannan al'amari musamman a cikin ruwan yanayi. Wani matsanancin hali ya samo asali ne daga halayen tarawa na manatee, wanda sau da yawa yana amfani da wuraren fitar da wutar lantarki a lokacin hunturu. Hasashen sun nuna cewa yawan jama'ar manatee za su ragu bayan cire waɗannan fitar da su. Ruwan sanyi Sakin ruwan sanyi da ba a saba da shi ba daga tafkunan ruwa na iya canza kifaye da dabbobin rafuka da yawa, da rage yawan amfanin kogin. A Ostiraliya, inda koguna da yawa ke da tsarin yanayin zafin jiki, an kawar da nau'in kifin na asali, kuma dabbobin macroinvertebrate sun canza sosai. Sannan Yawan rayuwa na kifaye ya ragu zuwa kashi 75 cikin dari saboda sakin ruwan sanyi. Thermal girgiza Lokacin da tashar wutar lantarki ta fara buɗewa ko rufewa don gyarawa ko wasu dalilai, kifaye da sauran kwayoyin halitta waɗanda suka dace da yanayin zafi na musamman na iya kashe su ta hanyar canjin yanayin zafi na ruwa ba zato ba tsammani, ko Kuma dai karuwa ko raguwa, wanda aka sani da "Thermal shock". Tasirin biochemical Tasirin ɗumamar ruwa, sabanin tasirin sanyaya ruwa, an fi yin nazari akan tasirin biochemical .Kuma Yawancin wannan bincike ya shafi tasirin makamashin nukiliya na dogon lokaci a kan tabkuna bayan da aka kawar da tashar nukiliya. Gabaɗaya, akwai tallafi ga gurɓataccen yanayi wanda ke haifar da haɓakar yanayin ruwa. Lokacin da matattarar wutar lantarki ke aiki, ɗan gajeren lokaci zafin ruwa yana ƙaruwa da alaƙa da buƙatun lantarki, tare da Kuma ƙarin sakin ruwa mai sanyaya yayin watannin hunturu. Hakanan ana ganin ɗumamar ruwa yana ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin tsarin na dogon lokaci, koda bayan an cire tsire-tsire. Lokacin da ruwan dumi daga injin sanyaya fitar da wutar lantarki ya shigo cikin tsarin, sau da yawa yana haɗuwa yana haifar da haɓaka gabaɗayan zafin ruwa a cikin ruwa, gami da zurfin sanyaya ruwa. Musamman a cikin tafkuna da makamantansu na ruwa, sannan ƙaddamarwa yana haifar da tasiri daban-daban akan yanayin yanayi. A lokacin rani, ana ganin gurɓataccen yanayi don ƙara yawan zafin jiki mai zurfi fiye da ruwan saman, kodayake har yanzu ana samun rarrabuwa, yayin da a cikin hunturu yanayin zafi na ruwa yana ganin karuwa mai girma. Ana rage ƙaddamarwa a cikin watanni na hunturu saboda gurɓataccen yanayi, sau da yawa yana kawar da thermocline. Wani binciken da ke kallon tasirin tashar nukiliyar da aka cire a tafkin Stechlin, Jamus, ya gano karuwar 2.33 ° C ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin ruwa a lokacin hunturu da kuma karuwar 2.04 ° C a cikin ruwa mai zurfi a lokacin rani, tare da karuwa mai yawa a ko'ina cikin lokacin rani. ginshiƙin ruwa a duka hunturu da bazara. Bambance-bambancen yanayin zafi da ruwa saboda gurɓataccen yanayi yana da alaƙa da hawan sinadarai na phosphorus da nitrogen, kamar yadda sau da yawa raƙuman ruwa waɗanda ke karɓar fitar da sanyaya zuwa ketare za su juya zuwa eutrophiation . Kuma Ba a sami cikakkun bayanai kan wannan ba, saboda yana da wahala a bambanta tasiri daga sauran masana'antu da noma. Hakazalika da tasirin da ake gani a tsarin ruwa saboda dumamar yanayi na ruwa a wasu sassan duniya, an kuma ga gurbacewar yanayi na kara yanayin zafi a lokacin rani. Sannan Kuma Wannan zai iya haifar da yanayin zafi na saman ruwa wanda ke haifar da sakin iska mai dumi zuwa cikin yanayi, ƙara yawan zafin iska. Don haka ana iya kallonsa a matsayin mai taimakawa wajen dumamar yanayi. Yawancin illolin da ke tattare da muhalli za su kasance da sauye-sauyen yanayi su ma, yayin da yanayin zafin jikin ruwa ya tashi. Abubuwan sararin samaniya da yanayi na iya yin tasiri ga tsananin ɗumamar ruwa saboda gurɓacewar yanayi. Babban saurin iska yana haifar da ƙara tasirin gurɓataccen yanayi. Koguna da Kuma manyan jikunan ruwa suma suna rasa tasirin gurɓataccen yanayi yayin da suke ci gaba daga tushen. Koguna suna ba da matsala ta musamman tare da gurɓataccen yanayi. Yayin da yanayin zafi ya ƙaru zuwa sama, tashoshin wutar lantarki na ƙasa suna samun ruwan dumi. Kuma An ga shaidar wannan tasirin tare da kogin Mississippi, yayin da ake tilasta masu amfani da wutar lantarki su yi amfani da ruwan dumi a matsayin masu sanyaya su. Wannan yana rage ingancin tsire-tsire kuma yana tilasta tsire-tsire su yi amfani da ruwa mai yawa da kuma samar da karin gurɓataccen yanayi. Duba wasu abubuwan Ruwa sanyaya Gurbacewar ruwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba