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52781	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/A5	A5	A5 da bambance-bambancen karatu na iya komawa zuwa: Kimiyya da lissafi A5 tsarin tsari a cikin biochemistry A5, gajarta ga androgen Androstenediol Annexin A5, furotin na salula na mutum Lambar ATC A05 Bile da maganin hanta, rukuni na rukuni na Tsarin Rarraba Magungunan Magungunan Halittu. British NVC Community A5 (Ceratophyllum demersum community), al'ummar tsibiran Tsibirin Biritaniya Subfamily A5, rukunin masu karɓa kamar Rhodopsin Noradrenergic cell A5, ƙungiyar noradrenergic cell dake cikin Pons A5 pod, sunan da aka ba wa ƙungiyar orcas (Orcinus orca) da aka samu a bakin tekun British Columbia, Kanada. A5, damuwa a karyewar abu kamar yadda aka auna tare da gwajin lodi akan jikin silinda mai tsayin sau 5 diamita. A 5, ƙungiyar musanya akan abubuwa biyar Apple A5, da Apple mobile microprocessor ARM Cortex-A5, ARM aikace-aikace processor Wasanni da nishaɗi A5 (rarrabuwa), rarrabuwa na wasanni na yanke A5 (hawan hawa) A5, mai kera kayan hawan kayan taimako - Fuskar Arewa ta mamaye A05, Réti Buɗe Encyclopaedia na lambar buɗewar Chess A-5, sunan gajeriyar hannu gama gari don Browning Auto-5 harbin bindiga Gibson A-5 mandolin, a Gibson mandolin Tippmann A-5, Alamar huhu ta atomatik don wasan ƙwallon fenti A5, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Atlanta Arrows A5, motar tseren tseren Formula One ta Burtaniya ta 1982 Audi A5, a 2007-present Jamus m mota zartarwa Chery A5, 2006-2010 na Sinanci m sedan Soueast A5, 2019-present Chinese sedan Sehol A5, 2019-present Chinese sedan sedan, tsohon JAC Jiayue A5 Sauran amfani a sufuri Hanyar A5, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa Hall-Scott A-5, injin da ke ba da ƙarfin jirgin sama na H-2 na 1916 Prussian A 5, wani jirgin kasa na Jamus 1913 Hanyar A5 (WMATA), hanyar bas da Hukumar Kula da Wutar Lantarki ta Birnin Washington ke gudanarwa Airlinair, ta lambar IATA Bhutan, ta lambar rajistar jirgin sama ICON A5, wani jirgin sama amphibious na Amurka Pennsylvania Railroad class A5s, wani locomotive na Amurka Finnish Steam Locomotive Class A5 LNER Class A5, aji na 4-6-2T locomotives Jirgin sama A-5, wani nau'in fitarwa na Nanchang Q-5, wani jirgin saman yaki na kasar Sin da aka gina. Curtiss Falcon ko A-5 Falcon, wani jirgin saman kai hari da Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Curtiss ya kera Mitsubishi A5M, jirgin yakin Japan na 1930 A-5 Vigilante, wani jirgin saman dakon bama-bamai da aka kera don Sojojin ruwa na Amurka Focke-Wulf A 5, wani jirgin yakin duniya na Jamus Focke-Wulf Sturzkampfgeschwader 1, daga tarihin Geschwaderkennung code tare da Luftwaffe a yakin duniya na biyu Sauran amfani a cikin soja USS A-5 (SS-6) or USS Pike (SS-6), a 1903 United States Navy Plunger-class submarine HMS A5, an A-class submarine of the Royal Navy Aggregate 5, a German rocket design, scaled down precursor to the V-2, in World War II A 5, a Swedish regiment designation, see list of Swedish artillery regiments A5, the staff designation for air force headquarters staff concerned with plans or strategy In the United Kingdom, the Joint Force Air Component Headquarters A5 - Air Strategy and GAT branch A5 Juggernaut, an armored fighting vehicle in the Star Wars fictional universe Sauran amfani Girman takarda A5, girman takarda na duniya ISO 216 (148 × 210 mm) A5, mafi girman darajar naman sa wagyu na Japan A cikin Tsarin Gari da ƙasa a cikin Burtaniya, A5 shine lambar izini don amfani da takamaiman filaye ko wuraren zama don ɗaukar kaya. Duba kuma A5/1, A5/2 da A5/3, sifofin da ake amfani da su a cikin wayoyin hannu AV (rashin fahimta) Alpha 5 (ƙasa) ( All pages with titles beginning with A5 All pages with titles containing A5
19914	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wurare%20Mafiya%20Tsarki%20a%20Musulunci	Wurare Mafiya Tsarki a Musulunci	Wurare Mafiya Tsarki a Musulunci sune waɗanda aka ambata ko akayi maganar su a cikin Alqur'ani, cewa suna ɗauke da alfarma mai muhimmanci a Musulunci. Makka da Madina a Ƙasar Saudi Arabiya su ne birane biyu mafiya tsada a cikin Islama, an yi tarayya a tsakanin dukkan mazhabobi. A cikin hadishin Islama, da Kaaba a cikin Makka ke zama waje mafi tsarki sai mai biye mata shine Masallacin Annabi a Madina, da kuma Al-Aqsa a Urushalima. Akwai wurare masu tsarki waɗanda suke a cikin Makka ; Mina, Arafat, da Muzdalifah . Anfi ittifaƙi akan cewa wuraren ibada mafiya tsarki a Musulunci guda huɗu ne ciki harda masallacin Umayyah dake a Damascus, sannan da babban masallacin Kairouan a Kairouan, da Sanctuary Ibrahim a Hebron, Bukhara, Eyüp a Kasar Istanbul, da Harar . Hejaz wani yanki ne a yankin Larabawa inda Makka da Madina suke. A nan ne aka haifi Muhammadu kuma ya girma. Makka birni ne mafi tsada a cikin Islama, kasancewar gida ne na Kaaba ('Cube') da Masjid Al-Ḥarām (Masallacin Harami ). Musulmai ne kawai aka yarda su shiga wannan wurin. Yankin Makka, wanda ya hada da Dutsen Arafah, Mina da Muzdalifah, yana da muhimmanci ga Ḥajj (' Hajji '). A matsayinsa na daya daga cikin Rukunnan Musulunci guda biyar, kowane baligi Musulmi wanda yake da iko dole ne yayi aikin Hajji a kalla sau daya a rayuwarsa. hajji na daga cikin manya-manyan tarukan musulmai a duk duniya, na biyu kawai zuwa aikin hajji a masallatan Husayn bn Ali da dan uwansa Abbas a Karbala, Iraki, tare da halartar mutane miliyan 3 a shekara ta 2012. Masallacin Annabi yana cikin Madina, yana mai da garin ya zama wuri mafi tsada na biyu a Musulunci, bayan Makka. Madina ita ce mazaunin Annabi Muhammadu (S.A.W) na ƙarshe, kuma inda kabarinsa yake ( kabarinsa ). Baya ga Masallacin Annabi, garin yana da masallatan Qubā ' da al-Qiblatayn (" Qiblah Biyun "). Levant ( Ash-Shaam ) Babban Siriya ( Ash-Shām ) yanki ne da ya faro daga Kasar Siriya a arewa zuwa kasar Isra'ila a kudu. Ya hada da garuruwan Urushalima da Hebron. Dangane da hadisai na sunni da na Shi'a, Al-Masjid Al-Aqṣā ("Wurin da ya yana cikin Urushalima. Masallacin yana da kima da daukacin al’ummar musulmai, saboda tarihinsa a matsayin wurin bautar wanda yake hade da rayuwar annabawa masu yawa na Baibul, irin su Ibrahim (wanda kuma yake da alaka da haramin Makka), Dawud ( David ), Sulaimon ( Solomon ), Ilyas ( Iliya ) da ibnsā ibn Maryam ( Jesus, dan Maryama ), da kuma matsayinsu na musamman. Masallacin ya kunshi a girma, tare da damar saukarwa a yankin masu ibada 5,000. Masallacin shi ne shugabanci na farko na addu’a a rayuwar Muhammadu, gabanin Ka’aba a Makka, kuma an yi imanin cewa an dauki Muhammad din ne ta hanyar banmamaki, wannan shi ne Buraq, don ziyartar Masallacin Al-Aqsa, inda ya yi addu’a, sannan kuma a lokacin ɗauka zuwa sama, a cikin dare ɗaya a shekara ta 620 CE wanda aka fi sani da Al-Isrā wal-Mirāj ("The Night-Journey and the Hawan Yesu zuwa sama"). Bayani a kansa ya kasance a cikin surat Al-Ma'idah , Al-Isra ' , Al-Anbiya da Saba' : a cikin Kur'ani . Ga marubutan Islama waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga ilimin adabi na Fada'il, suna yabon kyawawan wurare masu tsarki (a wannan yanayin: na Kudus), duba al-Wasiti . Wasu Musulmai suna ganin Dimashƙ, musamman Masallacin Umayyad a cikin Old City, a matsayin wuri mafi tsarki na huɗu a cikin Islama. Wasaya daga cikin kwafin Alƙur'ani huɗu da aka ba izini an ajiye su a nan, kuma an yi imanin cewa kan Yahya bn Zakariyya (Yahaya Maibaftisma, ɗan Zakariya ) yana cikin wurin bautar. Ofaya daga cikin minarets ɗin an sadaukar da shi ga Yesu, kuma an yi imanin zai dawo wurinta don yin hukunci a duniya, kuma ya taimaka wa wani mutum da ake kira Al- Mahdi . An yi amannar cewa bayan an gama duniya za a ci gaba da addu’o’i tsawon shekaru arba’in a cikin masallacin, kuma ana ganin cewa addu’o’in a masallacin daidai yake da wanda ake yi a Kudus. Hebron birni ne na Falasɗinu a kudu maso Yammacin Gabar, kudu da Kudus, wanda Musulmai da yawa suka ɗauka a matsayin birni na biyar mafi tsarki a cikin Islama. Sunayen larabci , Khalil Ar-Rahman ("Abokin Mai Rahama") da Al-Khalil ("Abokin (Allah)"), sun samo asali ne daga gaskatawa cewa ita ce garin da Ibrahim ya zauna. A cikin garin akwai hurumin Ibrahim, wurin binnewa na gargajiya na Manyan Iyaye da Litattafai, da Masallacin Ibrahimi da aka gina a saman kabarin don girmama annabin. Musulmai sun yi imani cewa Muhammad ya ziyarci Hebron a tafiyarsa ta dare daga Makka zuwa Urushalima don tsayawa kusa da kabarin don girmama shi. A cikin masallacin a cikin karamin gurbi akwai sawun hagu, wanda aka yi imanin daga Muhammad ne. Tsibirin Sina'i Kungiyar Sinai tana da alaƙa da Haruna da Musa, waɗanda suma ana ɗaukarsu Annabawa. Musamman, nassoshi da yawa game da Dutsen Sinai sun wanzu a cikin Alqurani, inda ake kiranta īr Sīnā, īr Sīnīn, da a -Ṭūr da al-Jabal duka ma'anar "Dutsen"). Amma ga Wād Ṭuwā ( Kwarin Tuwa), ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin muƙaddas ( mai alfarma ), kuma wani sashi ana kiransa Al-Buqah Al-Mubārakah ("The Wuri Mai Albarka "). A Eyüp gundumar a Turkish birnin Istanbul an dauke ta huɗu holiest site da wasu kafofin. Abu Ayyub al-Ansari (Eyüp Ensari), aboki kuma mai ɗauke da matsayin Muhammad, an ce za a binne shi a Masallacin Sultan na Eyüp . Muminai Ottoman sun dauki wannan shafin a matsayin na uku mafi tsarki a duniya, bayan Makka da Madina. Sultan / Khalifofin Daular Usmaniyya sun amince da taken su a wani biki a masallacin Ey ,p, saboda wannan wurin ya fi kowane wuri a cikin babban birni tsarki, kasancewar kabarin sahabban annabi ya samar da "kyauta ta alheri" daga mafi kusa da Muhammadu . Eyüp, wanda ya mutu a harin da bai yi nasara ba a kan Constantinople, ya ba da tunatarwa cewa Ottomans sun yi nasara inda sojojin Islama na farko, ƙarƙashin sahabin annabi, ya gaza. A cewar UNESCO, ana kallon Harar a gabashin Habasha 'birni mai tsarki na hudu na Islama' tare da masallatai guda 82, uku daga cikinsu sun fara ne daga karni na 10 da kuma wuraren bautar gumaka guda 102. Babban masallaci a Kairouan ( Tunisia ) shine Babban Masallacin Sidi-Uqba (Uqba ibn Nafi '). An ce mahajjata bakwai a wannan masallacin ana ɗaukarsu dai-dai da aikin hajji ɗaya a Makka. Bayan kafuwarta, Kairouan ya zama cibiyar koyon addinin Musulunci da Alkur'ani a Arewacin Afirka . Wata kasida daga Farfesa Kwesi Prah bayyana yadda a zamanin da, aka ɗauki Kairouan birni na huɗu mafi tsada a cikin Islama bayan Makka, Madina da Kudus. A yau, da yawa suna ɗaukar garin a matsayin na huɗu mafi tsarki a addinin Islama. Duba kuma Mafi kyawun wurare a musulinci na Sunni Mafi kyawun wurare a cikin Shia Islama Mafi kyawun wurare a cikin Sufi Islam Haram (site) Jerin masallatai Jerin manyan masallatai Jerin masallatai Gabas ta Tsakiya Kusa da Gabas Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kudus a cikin Alkur'ani Al Quds fil Quran (cikin Harshen Larabci) Charting biranen Addinin Islama - jerin abubuwan da suka fi kauracewa duniya Musulman Misra Pages with unreviewed translations
28883	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordan%20Ayew	Jordan Ayew	Jordan Pierre Ayew (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1991) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Ghana wanda ke buga gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon Premier League ta Crystal Palace da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ghana. Dan tsohon kyaftin din Ghana Abedi Pele ne kuma dan uwan abokan wasansa André da Ibrahim Ayew. Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya Ayew ya koma Marseille a kakar 2006. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar ƙwararrun shekaru uku tare da Marseille a cikin 2009. Jordan Ayew ya fara buga wasansa na farko a babban kungiyar a ranar 16 ga watan Disamba 2009 a wasan gasar, inda ya zira kwallo a ragar Lorient. Marseille ta ci wasan da ci 2-1. Ayew ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Nice a Stade Vélodrome a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2011 a wasan da ya ga babban dan uwansa André Ayew ya ci hat-trick. A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba 2011, Jordan da André duka sun fara wasan gasar zakarun Turai na UEFA a karon farko da Giants Premier League. A ranar 6 ga watan Janairu 2014, ya shiga Ligue 1 abokan hamayyarsu Sochaux a kan aro da yarjejeniyar har zuwa karshen 2013-14 kakar. A ranar 28 ga watan Yuli 2014, Ayew ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da Lorient. Ayew ya bayyana salo da ingancin wasan da Lorient ta gabatar shine dalilin da ya sa aka yanke hukuncin. Aston Villa A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2015, Ayew ya koma Aston Villa kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba, wanda aka ruwaito yana cikin yankin £8. miliyan. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a ranar 24 ga Oktoba 2015 a kan kulob din kaninsa, Swansea City, a minti na 62. A karshen kakar wasa ta 2015-16 ya koma Aston Villa, inda ta samu maki 17 kacal, amma Ayew ya kawo karshen kakar wasan a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye, duk da cewa ya ci kwallaye bakwai kacal. Swansea City A ranar 31 ga Janairu 2017, Jordan Ayew ya shiga Swansea City har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2019-20 don musanya dan wasan Welsh na kasa da kasa Neil Taylor, da kudin Swansea wanda zai iya tashi zuwa £5. miliyan idan ba a bayyana sharuɗɗan nan gaba ba. Babban ɗan ƙasar Jordan ɗan wasan Swansea City ne a lokacin kakar 2015–16 kuma daga baya ya haɗa shi a cikin canja wurin hunturu na 2018. Crystal Palace A ranar ƙarshe canja wurin 2018, Ayew Crystal Palace a kan aro domin kakar 2018-19. kakar 2019-20 A ranar 25 ga Yuli 2019, Ayew ya yi tafiyar dindindin tare da canja wurin £2.5m daga Swansea City kan kwantiragin shekaru uku. Ayew ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana a ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2019 a kan Manchester United a Old Trafford, inda ya zura kwallon farko a farkon rabin wasan, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Jeffrey Schlupp yayin da Crystal Palace ta samu nasara mai cike da tarihi da ci 2-1. A shekarar 2019, Ayew ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara a wasan a karshen lokacin da Crystal Palace ta zo daga baya ta doke West Ham da ci 2-1. Ita ce kwallo ta 21 da Ayew ya ci a gasar Premier inda aka zura 20 a karo na biyu -mafi girman irin wannan rabon kowane dan wasa da ya zura kwallaye 20+ a tarihin gasar. A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, ya zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallo a raga a Crystal Palace da kwallaye 9, kuma ya lashe kyautar dan wasan Crystal Palace na kakar wasa da kuma Goal of the season. Ayyukan kasa Ayew ya fara buga wa Ghana babban wasa ne a ranar 5 ga Satumbar 2010, a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar AFCON 3-0 2012 da Swaziland, a filin wasa na Somhlolo na kasa a Lobamba, Swaziland. A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2012, Ayew ya zira kwallayen sa na farko da na biyu na duniya a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya na 2014 da Lesotho, a filin wasa na Kumasi Sports a Kumasi, Ghana. A cikin Disamba 2011, Ayew ya kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 25 na wucin gadi na Ghana don gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2012, kuma a cikin Janairu 2012 an zabe shi a cikin 'yan wasa 23 na gasar. A watan Yuni 2014, an sanya shi a cikin tawagar Ghana don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2014. A wasan farko da Ghana ta buga kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014 a Brazil ranar 9 ga watan Yunin 2014, Ayew ya zo ne a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Majeed Waris wanda ya samu rauni a wasan da ci 4-0 a South Koriya. Jordan Ayew yana cikin tawagar Ghana a gasar cin kofin Afrika na 2015 da aka yi a Equatorial Guinea wanda ya samu lambar azurfa sakamakon rashin nasara a hannun Ivory Coast a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda suka lashe gasar cin kofin Afrika, wanda ya gudana a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu. Fabrairu 2015. Ya kasance yana cikin tawagar Ghana a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta 2021 da aka fitar a matakin rukuni na gasar. Rayuwa ta sirri Ayew dan Maha Ayew da Abedi Pele. Kakansa na wajen uwa, Alhaji AA Khadir, dan kasar Lebanon ne. Mahaifinsa, kawunsa Kwame da Sola, da ƴan 'uwansa André da Ibrahim duk ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na yanzu ko kuma tsoffin ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa da kuma kanwarsa, Imani. Ayew musulmi ne na gaske. Yana auren Denise Acquah kuma suna da yara biyu. Kididdigar sana'a Ƙasashen Duniya Maki da sakamako ne aka jera yawan kwallayen Ghana a farkon, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna ci bayan kowace ƙwallon Ayew. Ligue 1 : 2009-10 Coupe de la Ligue : 2009-10, 2010-11, 2011-12 Trophée des Champions : 2010, 2011 Gwarzon dan wasan Crystal Palace : 2019-20 Gwarzon dan wasan Ghana : 2020 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Jordan Ayew a OM.net Jordan Ayew Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
60431	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daidaitaccen%20zafin%20jiki%20da%20matsa%20lamba	Daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba	Matsakaicin zafin jiki da matsa lamba ( STP ) sune nau'ikan ma'auni daban-daban na yanayi don ma'aunin gwaji da za a kafa don ba da damar yin kwatance tsakanin saitin bayanai daban-daban. Mafi yawan ma'auni da aka fi amfani da su sune na Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya ta Tsabtace da Aiwatar da Chemistry (IUPAC) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST), ko da yake waɗannan ba ƙa'idodi ba ne a duniya. Wasu ƙungiyoyi sun kafa ma'anoni daban-daban na madadin ma'anar ma'auni don daidaitattun yanayin su. A cikin masana'antu da kasuwanci, daidaitattun yanayi don zafin jiki da matsa lamba sau da yawa ya zama dole don ayyana daidaitattun yanayin tunani don bayyana adadin iskar gas da ruwa da yawa da ke da alaƙa kamar ƙimar yawan kwararar iska (yawan gas ɗin ya bambanta sosai tare da zafin jiki da matsa lamba). ): daidaitattun mitoci masu kubik a sakan daya (Sm 3 /s), da na al’ada mai kubik a sakan daya (Nm 3 /s). Duk da haka, yawancin wallafe-wallafen fasaha (littattafai, mujallu, tallace-tallace na kayan aiki da injuna) kawai suna bayyana "ma'auni" ba tare da fayyace su ba; sau da yawa musanya kalmar da tsofaffi "yanayin al'ada", ko "NC". A lokuta na musamman wannan na iya haifar da rudani da kurakurai. Kyakkyawan aiki koyaushe yana haɗawa da yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba. Idan ba a bayyana ba, ana tsammanin wasu yanayin yanayin ɗakin, kusa da matsa lamba 1, 293 K (20 °C), da zafi 0%. A cikin ilmin sunadarai, IUPAC ta canza ma'anarta na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba a cikin 1982: Har zuwa 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 1 ( 101.325 kPa) Tun daga 1982, an bayyana STP azaman zazzabi na 273.15 Ku (0 °C, 32 °F) da cikakken matsi na daidai 10 5 Ba (100 kpa, 1 bar ). NIST yana amfani da zafin jiki na 20 ° C (293.15 Ku, 68 °F) da cikakken matsi na 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). Hakanan ana kiran wannan ma'aunin zafin jiki na al'ada da matsa lamba (wanda aka rage shi azaman NTP ). Duk da haka, yawan zafin jiki da matsa lamba da NIST ke amfani da shi don gwaje-gwajen thermodynamic shine 298.15 K (25 ° C, 77 ° F ) da 1 mashaya (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST kuma yana amfani da "15 °C (59 °F)" don biyan diyya na yanayin zafi na samfuran mai da aka tace, duk da cewa waɗannan dabi'u biyu ba su dace da juna ba. Matsayin ma'auni na ISO 13443 don iskar gas da makamantansu sune da 101.325 kPa; da bambanci, Cibiyar Man Fetur ta Amurka ta ɗauki Amfanin da ya gabata Kafin 1918, ƙwararru da masana kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke amfani da tsarin awo na raka'a sun ayyana daidaitattun yanayin yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba don bayyana adadin gas a matsayin da . A cikin waɗannan shekarun guda ɗaya, mafi yawan amfani da daidaitattun yanayin magana ga mutanen da ke amfani da tsarin mulkin mallaka ko na Amurka shine . da 14.696 psi (1 atm) saboda kusan masana'antun man fetur da iskar gas ne ke amfani da shi a duk duniya. Ma'anar da ke sama ba su kasance mafi yawan amfani da su ba a kowane tsarin raka'a. Amfani na yanzu Yawancin ma'anoni daban-daban na daidaitattun yanayi a halin yanzu ƙungiyoyi suna amfani da su a duk faɗin duniya. Teburin da ke ƙasa ya lissafa kaɗan daga cikinsu, amma akwai ƙari. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi sun yi amfani da wasu ma'auni a baya. Misali, IUPAC tana da, tun 1982, ta ayyana ma'auni na ma'ana kamar 0 °C da 100 kPa (1 bar), sabanin tsohon mizaninsa na 0 °C da 101.325 kPa (1 atm). Sabuwar darajar ita ce ma'anar matsa lamba na yanayi a tsayin kusan mita 112, wanda ya fi kusa da matsakaicin matsakaicin duniya na mazaunin ɗan adam (194 m). Kamfanonin iskar gas a Turai, Australia, da Kudancin Amurka sun karɓi 15 °C (59 °F) da 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi. Har ila yau, Ƙungiyar Ƙasa ta Duniya don Daidaitawa (ISO), Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) da Cibiyar Ƙididdiga da Fasaha ta Ƙasa (NIST) kowanne yana da ma'anar ma'anar ma'auni fiye da ɗaya a cikin ma'auni da ka'idoji daban-daban. Matsayin Duniya A cikin motsin jiragen sama da na ruwa " International Standard Atmosphere " (ISA) shine ƙayyadaddun matsi, zafin jiki, yawa, da saurin sauti a kowane tsayi. Matsayin Matsayi na Duniya shine wakilcin yanayin yanayi a tsakiyar latitudes. A cikin Amurka wannan bayanin an ƙayyadadden yanayin yanayin US Standard Atmosphere wanda yayi daidai da "International Standard Atmosphere" a kowane tsayi har zuwa ƙafa 65,000 sama da matakin teku. Daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje Saboda yawancin ma'anoni na daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba sun bambanta da zafin jiki sosai daga daidaitaccen yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje (misali 0 °C da ~ 25 °C), sau da yawa ana yin la'akari da "misali yanayin dakin gwaje-gwaje" (waɗanda aka zaɓa da gangan don bambanta da kalmar "misali yanayin zafin jiki da matsa lamba", duk da ma'anarsa kusa da ainihi idan aka fassara shi a zahiri). Duk da haka, abin da yake "misali" zafin dakin gwaje-gwaje da matsin lamba babu makawa yana da nasaba da yanayin ƙasa, ganin cewa sassa daban-daban na duniya sun bambanta ta yanayi, tsayi da kuma yanayin amfani da zafi / sanyaya a wuraren aiki. Misali, makarantu a New South Wales, Ostiraliya suna amfani da 25 °C da 100 kPa don daidaitattun yanayin dakin gwaje. ASTM International ta buga Standard ASTM E41-Terminology da ke da alaƙa da kwandishan da ɗaruruwan yanayi na musamman don takamaiman kayan da hanyoyin gwaji . Sauran ƙungiyoyin ma'auni kuma suna da ƙa'idodin ƙa'idodin gwaji na musamman. Molar ƙarar gas Yana da mahimmanci a nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba lokacin da ake bayyana ƙarar molar iskar gas kamar yadda yake da lokacin bayyana ƙarar iskar gas ko ƙimar kwararar juzu'i. Bayyana ƙarar molar gas ba tare da nuna yanayin yanayin zafi da matsa lamba ba yana da ma'ana kaɗan kuma yana iya haifar da rudani. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar iskar gas a kusa da STP kuma a matsa lamba na yanayi tare da daidaito wanda yawanci ya isa ta amfani da ingantacciyar dokar iskar gas . Za'a iya ƙididdige ƙarar molar kowane iskar gas a daidaitattun daidaitattun yanayi kamar yadda aka nuna a ƙasa: Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 100.000 = 22.711 dm3/mol at 0 °C and 100 kPa Vm = 8.3145 × 288.15 / 101.325 = 23.645 dm3/mol at 15 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 101.325 = 24.466 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 101.325 kPa Vm = 8.3145 × 298.15 / 100.000 = 24.790 dm3/mol at 25 °C and 100 kPa Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.696 = 379.48 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.696 psi (or about 0.8366 ft3/gram mole) Vm = 10.7316 × 519.67 / 14.730 = 378.61 ft3/lbmol at 60 °F and 14.73 psi Littattafan fasaha na iya zama da ruɗani saboda yawancin marubuta sun kasa yin bayani ko suna amfani da daidaitaccen iskar gas ɗin R, ko takamaiman madaidaicin iskar gas . Dangantakar da ke tsakanin madaukai biyu shine R s = R / m, inda m shine yawan kwayoyin kwayoyin gas. Ƙididdiga na US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) yana amfani da 8.31432 m 3 ·Pa/(mol·K) a matsayin darajar R . Duk da haka, USSA, 1976 ta gane cewa wannan darajar ba ta dace da ƙimar Avogadro akai-akai da kuma Boltzmann akai-akai . Duba kuma Environmental chamber ISO 1 – standard reference temperature for geometric product specifications Reference atmospheric model Room temperature Standard sea-level conditions Standard state
18229	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie%20Chaplin	Charlie Chaplin	Sir Charles Spencer " Charlie " Chaplin KBE (16 Afrilu 1889 - 25 Disamba 1977) ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya, mai wasan barkwanci, ɗan fim, marubucin allo, edita, mawaƙi, kuma marubuci . Ya kasance sananne sosai a cikin fina-finai marasa sauti (inda babu magana ko sauti). Ya yi aiki, ya jagoranci, ya rubuta, kuma ya samar da mafi yawansu. Charlie Chaplin ya kasance ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kusan shekaru 70. Ya fara aiki tun yana da shekaru 5, kuma ya yi aiki har ya kai shekaru 80. Halin da Charlie Chaplin ya fi takawa ana kiransa "The little Tramp. "Tramp" mutum ne mai kyawawan halaye, wanda yake sanye da sutura, da manyan wando, da takalmi, da gashin baki, da kuma bakar hula. Chaplin yana girma An haifi Charles Spencer Chaplin a ranar 16 ga Afrilu 1889 a London, England, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . Chaplin ya taso a mara kyau na ƙuruciya; mahaifiyarsa, Hannah Hill Chaplin, mawakiya ce, ’yar fim, kuma’ yar kidan kuru, ta kwashe tsawon rayuwarta a ciki da wajen asibitocin tabin hankali. Mahaifinsa, Charles Spencer Chaplin Sr. ya kasance mawaƙi mai nasara har ya fara sha. Bayan iyayensa sun rabu, Charlie da dan uwansa, Sidney, sun kwashe yawancin yarintarsu a gidajen marayu, inda galibi suke fama da yunwa kuma ana doke su idan ba su da kyau. Ya fara fara wasan kwaikwayo yana da shekara biyar. Ya yi aiki a zauren kiɗa a cikin 1894, yana tsaye ga mahaifiyarsa. Lokacin da Charlie ke yaro, an kwantar da shi a asibiti na makonni da yawa daga mummunan rashin lafiya. Da daddare, mahaifiyarsa za ta zauna taga taga abin da ke faruwa a waje. Muhimmin aikinsa na farko ya zo ne lokacin da ya shiga Lads na takwas. A cikin 1900, ɗan'uwansa Sydney ya taimaka masa ya sami matsayin kyanwa mai ban dariya a cikin kayan wasan Cinderella . A cikin 1903 yana cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna "Jim: A Romance of Cockayne". Chaplin ya kasance a cikin Casey's 'Court Circus' iri-iri. Shekarar mai zuwa, ya zama sananne a cikin kamfanin Fred Karno na 'Fun Factory' kamfanin ban dariya. Yunƙurin kashe shi An shirya yunƙurin kashe Chaplin shirin da yayi sanadiyyar rasa ran Firayim Ministan Japan Inukai Tsuyoshi . Ranar 15 ga Mayu 1932, Firayim Minista Inukai Tsuyoshi wasu matasa hafsoshin sojan ruwa goma sha ɗaya suka harbe Firayim Minista (akasarinsu sun cika shekara ashirin kenan) a gidan firaminista. Tsarin kisan kai na asali ya hada da kisan Chaplin wanda ya isa Japan a ranar 14 ga Mayu 1932, a wurin liyafar Chaplin, wanda Firayim Minista Inukai ya shirya. Lokacin da aka kashe Firayim Ministan, dansa Inukai Takeru yana kallon wasan kokawa na sumo da Charlie Chaplin, wanda watakila ya ceci rayukansu duka. Lambobin yabo Chaplin ya lashe Oscars biyu na musamman. An zabi Chaplin da farko a matsayin "Best Actor" da "Best Comedy Directing". Amma kuma, a maimakon haka, sai aka ba shi lambar yabo ta musamman "don iya aiki da fasaha a fagen aiki, rubutu, ba da umarni da kuma samarwa" Kyautar ta biyu ta musamman ta Chaplin ta zo ne shekaru 44 bayan haka, a cikin 1972 . Lokacin samun wannan lambar yabo, Chaplin yana da tsayi mafi tsayi (mutane suna tsaye suna tafawa) a cikin tarihin Award Academy. A cikin 1976 an bashi BAFTA Academy Fellowship Award, kyautar nasara ta rayuwa. Chaplin ya zama ɗan wasa na farko da ya fito a bangon Lokaci a shekarar 1925. Tatsuniyoyi suna cewa, Chaplin ya taɓa shiga gasar Charlie Chaplin mai kama da juna. Chaplin ya sha kashi a gasar. 1914: Making a Living 1916: The Floorwalker 1916: The Fireman 1916: The Vagabond 1916: One A.M. 1916: The Count 1916: The Pawnshop 1916: Behind the Screen 1916: The Rink 1917: Easy Street 1917: The Cure 1917: The Immigrant 1917: The Adventurer 1918: A Dog's Life 1918: The Bond 1918: Shoulder Arms 1919: Sunnyside 1919: A Day's Pleasure 1921: The Kid 1921: The Idle Class 1922: Pay Day 1923: The Pilgrim 1925: The Gold Rush 1928: The Circus 1931: City Lights 1936: Modern Times 1940: The Great Dictator 1947: Monsieur Verdoux 1952: Limelight 1957: A King in New York Zama Jarumi A ranar 9 Maris 1975, Sarauniya Elizabeth Ta yiwa Charlie Chaplin kyara a Ingila. Chaplin ya mutu a ranar Kirsimeti a ranar 25 Disamba 1977, a Vevey, Vaud, Switzerland . Ya mutu sakamakon bugun jini a cikin barcinsa, yana da shekara 88. A ranar 1 ga Maris, 1978, wasu tsirarun mutanen Switzerland suka sace gawarsa. Suna ƙoƙarin neman kuɗi daga dangin Chaplin. Wannan shirin bai yi aiki ba. An kama masu laifin, kuma an gano gawar Charlie makonni 11 bayan haka a kusa da Tafkin Geneva . An binne shi a ƙarƙashin kankare don hana faruwar hakan. Shafuka masu alaƙa Jerin jerin wasiƙa na Jamusanci Sauran yanar gizo by Association Chaplin Charlie Chaplin at the TCM Movie Database Charlie Chaplin at AllMovie Ƴan fim Masu daukan hoto
22355	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yan%20Gudun%20Hijira%20Na%20Duniya	Yan Gudun Hijira Na Duniya	dan Gudun Hijira na Duniya ( RI ) gungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai ba da agaji da ke ba da shawara don ingantaccen tallafi ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu (gami da' yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu) da kuma mutane marasa kasa. Ba ta yarda da duk wani tallafi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ko na gwamnati ba. Shawarwarin 'yan gudun hijira na kasa da kasa ya magance bukatun albarkatu da sauye-sauye na manufofin gwamnati da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wadanda ke inganta yanayin' yan gudun hijira da mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu. Wasu sanannun membobin kwamitin sun hada da Sarauniya Noor da Matt Dillon da kuma membobin da suka gabata kamar George Soros, Richard Holbrooke, da Sam Waterston. gungiyar ta kasance a Washington, DC RI kuma tana da blog dalla-dalla game da ayyukanta na kwanan nan. Ofishin Jakadancin 'Yan Gudun Hijira na kasa da kasa suna ba da shawara don ceton rai da kariya ga mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu da inganta hanyoyin magance rikice-rikicen' yan gudun hijira. Sue Morton ne ya kafa kungiyar 'yan gudun hijira ta kasa da kasa a shekarata 1979 a matsayin kungiyar' yan kasa don kare 'yan gudun hijirar Indochinese. Sue Morton ya zauna a Tokyo da Singapore kuma a cikin shekarar farko mai muhimmanci ta 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya. A Washington, DC, Dianne L. Lawson, wanda ya kafa Directoran Gudun Hijira na inasashe a cikin Amurka (Washington, DC), kuma yanq kula da ayyukan jama'a na farko da ugean Gudun Hijira na Duniya suka yi, talla mai cikakken shafi a cikin Washington Bugu da kari, a 19 ga Yulin shekarar 1979, inda Refan Gudun Hijira na neman kasashen Duniya suka bukaci gwamnatocin kasashe masu zartarwa da na isan doka na Gwamnatin Amurka su yi aiki don ceton Vietnam da Kambodiya (Kampucheans) a cikin teku. A ranar da tallan ya bayyana a Washington Post, Morton da Lawson sun kasance wani bangare na zaman lafiya, tafiya a kan fitilu, karkashin jagorancin Sanata Paul Simon (D-IL) da mawaka Joan Baez, daga taron tunawa da Lincoln zuwa gefen arewacin Fadar White House. A karshen wannan tattakin, taron ya rera "Amazing Grace" kuma, ga mamakin taron, Shugaba Jimmy Carter ya fito daga kofofin Fadar White House kuma ya ba da sanarwar cewa kawai ya umarci Jirgin Ruwa na 7 na Amurka da ya karbo dukkan 'yan gudun hijira a kwale-kwalen da ke tsere daga Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya don 'yanci. Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa da Kasa, wacce masu aikin sa kai kadai ke amfani da ita a farkon ta, ta hadaka hayar ma'aikatan da aka biya su tare da fadada ikon ta a kudu maso gabashin Asiya a cikin shekarata 1990 kuma ta yi kira da a ba da kariya ga' yan gudun hijirar Liberia a Guinea da Kuwaiti a hamadar Iraki da Jordan. A yau, Kungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Kasa da Kasa ta gudanar da aiyyukan filaye 15 don gano bukatun mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu don ayyukan yau da kullun kamar abinci, ruwa, kiwon lafiya, gidaje, samun ilimi da kariya daga cutarwa. Dangane da binciken da suka yi a cikin gaggawa na gaggawa, suna ba da shawara ga masu tsara manufofi da kungiyoyin agaji don inganta rayuwar mutanen da suka rasa muhallansu a duniya kuma suna rokon fa'idodin ci gaba na ci gaba da ba da taimakon Amurka don taimakon ƙasashen waje. A halin yanzu kungiyar ta mayar da hankali kan ayyukansu kan rikice-rikicen hijira a ciki da kewayen Colombia, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Congo, Mali, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan ta Kudu, da Syria . Ungiyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya ba ta yarda da duk wata gwamnati ko Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da damar masu ba da shawara su kasance masu zaman kansu ba. Madadin haka, RI tana ba da gudummawa daga mutane, tushe, da hukumomi. Wannan yana ba su damar yin magana da yardar kaina, ja layi a kan manufofin da ke aiki da kyau da kuma inda ayyukan duniya ya gaza. Eric P. Schwartz, shugaban kasa na yanzu; ya taba zama Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnatin Amurka na Yawan Jama’a, ‘Yan Gudun Hijira, da Hijira. Michel Gabaudan, shugaban kasa daga watan Satumbar 2010 har zuwa Yunin 2017; wanda ya taba aiki a Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na 'Yan Gudun Hijira na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin Wakilin Yanki na Amurka da yankin Caribbean kuma yanzu haka shi ne Wakilin Yankin Yammacin Yammacin Turai. Dan Glickman, ya yi shugabanci ne kawai na watanni uku, daga 1 ga Afrilu, a shekarata 2010, har zuwa Yunin shekarata 2010, lokacin da ya yi murabus; tsohon Sakataren Noma na Amurka, Wakilin Amurka, Shugaban / Shugaba na otionungiyar Motsa Hoto ta Amurka . Kenneth Bacon, ya zama shugaban kasa a shekarata 2001 kuma ya jagoranci kungiyar har sai da ya mutu a watan Agusta na shekarata 2009. Yvette Pierpaoli, wakilin Turai, a shekarata 1992-1999; an kashe shi a hatsarin mota a Albania a shekarata 1999. Lionel Rosenblatt, tsohon mai kula da harkokin 'Yan Gudun Hijira a Ofishin Jakadancin Amurka da ke Bangkok, Thailand. Yayi aiki a matsayin Shugaban kasa a shekarata 1990-2001 sannan Shugaba mai ci bayan haka. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ofisoshin jakadanci
17922	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arewa%2024	Arewa 24	AREWA24 Tashar talabijin ce ta tauraron dan adam ta Najeriya wacce ake samu a DSTV, GOtv, Startimes,da canal+ wanda ke nuna salon rayuwar Yankin Arewacin Najeriya. Tashar tana daga cikin tashoshi na farko na harshen hausa. Tashar talabijin ta Arewa 24 tana yaɗa shirye-shiryenta ga masu kallo sama da mutum miliyan 40 a Najeriya da Yammacin Afirka, a cewar tashar wadda ke bikin shekara bakwai da kafuwa. Tashar wadda ke da babban ofishi a Jihar Kano da ke arewacin Najeriya, a ranar Litinin 28 ga watan Yunin 2022, ta cika shekara takwas cur da kafuwa. Arewa 24 tasha ce da ke yaɗa shirye-shiryen da suka shafi rayuwar Hausawa ta yau da kullum cikin harshen Hausa - saɓanin kafofi irinsu BBC Hausa da ke yaɗa labarai kawai. Wata sanarwa daga tashar ta ce an kafa ta ne "domin cike wagegen giɓi" a arewacin Najeriya.(Ihayatu (talk) 22:20, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)).(Ihayatu (talk) 22:20, 30 Mayu 2023 (UTC)) AREWA24 mallakar Equal Access ce kuma tana daukar nauyin shirye-shiryen al'adu da ilimantarwa ga mutanen arewacin Najeriya a cikin harshen hausa. Cibiyar sadarwar tashar ita ce Nilesat. An kirkiro AREWA24 ne a shekara ta 2013 domin cike gurbi a cikin shirye shiryen nishadi da kuma salon rayuwa na harshen hausa. Kaddamarwar ta ci kusan dala miliyan bakwai kuma Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ce ta dauki nauyinta. Tashar ita ce tashar talabijin ta farko da ake gabatar da shirye-shiryenta 24/7 da harshen Hausa wacce ta samo asali daga gina zaman lafiya da nishadi. A cewar shafin yanar gizon Equal Access International, tashar na nufin fadada al'adun Arewacin Najeriya, tare da samar da alfahari da al'adu. A shekara ta 2017, AREWA24 ta yi aiki tare da Eutelsat Communication don bunkasa damarta a matsayin tashar talabijin ta kyauta a yankin Kudu da Saharar Afirka don masu jin Hausa. A shekara ta 2018, tashar ta kara waka da wasanni a cikin harshen hausa. A wannan shekarar, AREWA24 ta kulla sabuwar kawance da kungiyar Girl Effect don tallafawa nasarar 'yan mata a arewacin Najeriya. Tashar ta kuma hada hannu da finafinan Kannywood da ke Kano, Najeriya. Bikin Cikar Arewa24 Shekara 7 da Kafuwa Tashar talabijin ta Arewa 24 tana yaɗa shirye-shiryenta ga masu kallo miliyan 40 a Najeriya da Yammacin Afirka, a cewar tashar wadda ke bikin shekara bakwai da kafuwa. Tashar wadda ke da babban ofishi a Jihar Kano da ke arewacin Najeriya, a yau Litinin 28 ga watan Yunin 2021, ta cika shekara bakwai cur da kafuwa. Arewa 24 tasha ce da ke yaɗa shirye-shiryen da suka shafi rayuwar Hausawa ta yau da kullum cikin harshen Hausa – saɓanin kafofi irinsu BBC Hausa da ke yaɗa labarai kawai. Wata sanarwa daga tashar ta ce an kafa ta ne “domin cike wagegen giɓi” a arewacin Najeriya. “An kafa tashar Arewa 24 a shekarar 2014 domin cike wawakeken giɓin da ake da shi a fagen shirye-shiryen nishaɗi da tsarin rayuwa da ake shiryawa da harshen Hausa, waɗanda ke nuni da abubuwan da ake alfahari da su a rayuwar Arewacin Najeriya da al’adu da kaɗe-kaɗe da fina-finai da fasaha da girke-girke da kuma wasanni.” Shugaban Arewa 24, Jacob Arback ya ce: “Mutane da dama ba su fahimci cewa akwai mutane masu magana da harshen Hausa sama da milyan 80 a Arewacin Najeriya da kuma yankin Sahel ba, kuma yankin na cike da matasa masu basira a ko’ina. “Sai dai abin da na fi alfahari da shi, shi ne yadda hukumar gudanarwa da ma’aikatanmu suka tattaru daga bangarori na rayuwa daban-daban da addinai da ƙabilu da kuma yankunan Najeriya daban-daban.” Tashar na da ɗumbin mabiya a shafukan sada zumunta da suka haɗa da Facebook da Twitter (124.5K) da Instagram (1.7k). SHIRYEN-SHIRYEN DA SUKE WAKANA A YANZU Gari ya waye Dadin Kowa Zango na 3 Kwana Casa'in Zango na 6 Fina-finan Kannywood H Hip Hop Zafafa 10 Akushi Da Rufi Ubongo Kids Akili & Me Mata A Yau Kaddarar Rayuwa Lafiya Jari Labarin (Shiri Mai dogon zongo) Rayuwar matasa Dandalin taurari Ado da kwalliya Shahararrun wakoki Al'adun mu Gidan badamasi Manyan mata Shirin Gari ya waye Shirin GARI YA WAYE, shiri ne na musamman na Gidan AREWA24 da ke kawo muku a kowacce safiya, shirin yana duba ne ga dukkanin rayuwar Arewacin Najeriya; Al’adu da Wasanni da Matasa da al’amuran dake faruwa yau da gobe na Fasaha da Wasannin Kwaikwayo da Kiwon Lafiya da Motsa Jiki, Zamantakewa, Harkokin Kasuwanci, Nishadantarwa da Jaruman ‘Yanwasa da ma wasun su, Shirye-shiryen Gari ya waye sun hada da Tattaunawa akan muhimman batutuwa da Rahotanni da suka saba zuwa a cikin shirin. Shirin Akushi da rufi Shirin Akushi Da Rufi wanda Kwararriyar Mai shirya Abinci kuma mai gabatarwa Fatima Rabi’u Gwadabe, ta ke kawo muku girke-girken Arewacin Nijeriya iri daban-daban da za’a iya gudanarwa a kowanne Dakin Girki. Kowanne shiri yana zuwa mukune da sabon salon girki na musamman daga Arewaci wanda ake gabatarwa cikin sauki da tsari kuma mataki-mataki, dadin dadawa, za’a koyi fasahar girke-girke na gargajiya. Sa’annan, masu kallo zasu san muhimmancin amfani da kayayyakin gina jiki da kuma Sinadaran girki na musamman. Dadin Kowa Wasan kwaikwayo na asali mai farin jini da AREWA24 ta shirya, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo, inda ya kawo labarin Dadin Kowa, wani kirkirarren gari wanda jaruman cikinsa suke nuni da irin rayuwar al’ummar dake arewacin Najeriya ta zahiri. Da irin wannan labaran ne masu kallo suke ganin kansu a wannan matsayi da irin burikansu da kalubalensu da kuma kwatanta irin dabi’un su wajen fadi tashinsu wajen yanke shawara game da sana’arsu da iyalansu da kudadensu ko kuma rikici. Dadin Kowa shine ya cinye gasar Afirka Magic na 2016. Fina-Finan Hausa Nigerian television shows Hausa-language mass media Pages with unreviewed translations
59128	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volvo%20XC40	Volvo XC40	Volvo XC60 shine ƙaramin giciyen alatu SUV wanda kamfanin kera motoci na Sweden Volvo Cars ke ƙera kuma ya tallata shi tun 2008. XC60 wani ɓangare ne na Volvo's 60 Series na motoci, tare da S60, S60 Cross Country, V60, da V60 Cross Country . Tsarin ƙarni na farko ya gabatar da sabon salo don samfuran 60 Series. Tare da sauran jerin layi, an sabunta XC60 na farko a cikin 2013. Hakazalika, samfurin ƙarni na biyu, wanda aka saki a cikin 2017, shine na farko a cikin jerin. An sanya wa motar suna Car of the Year Japan don 2017-2018. Manufar XC60 An bayyana manufar XC60 a 2007 Detroit Auto Show . Ya haɗa da rufin gilashi da wani sabon salo na grille. Samfurin ya gabatar da sabbin abubuwan salo na Volvo, waɗanda a hankali aka aiwatar da su a cikin kewayon ƙirar. Tunanin XC60 kuma ya haɗa da sabon tsarin motsi, bootlid na lantarki, da ƙafafu 20-inch. ƙarni na farko An bayyana motar samar da kayan aiki a 2008 Geneva Motor Show . An fara tallace-tallace a Turai a cikin kwata na uku na 2008 kuma a Arewacin Amurka a farkon 2009 a matsayin samfurin 2010. XC60 ta kasance motar siyar da Volvo mafi kyawun siyarwa tun 2009. Kerarre ta reshen Volvo Car Gent a Ghent, Belgium, ƙarni na farko XC60 ya dogara ne akan dandalin Volvo's P3 da fasahar hannun jari na XC60 tare da Land Rover Freelander na 2007. A lokacin ci gaba, duka Land Rover da Volvo mallakar Ford ne kuma an raba ci gaba tsakanin rassan biyu. Yawancin aikin injiniya da kunna wannan CUV Volvo ne ya yi a Sweden, kodayake an haɓaka ƙarfin waje a Land Rover a Ingila. A cikin Afrilu 2010, bambance-bambancen R-Design na XC60 ya sami samuwa, yana nuna kayan jikin da ya dace da launi, ƙaƙƙarfan chassis da damping, da sauran na musamman na waje/na ciki. A cikin Fabrairu 2013, Volvo ya ƙaddamar da sabon sigar XC60, wanda za a sake shi don shekarar ƙirar 2014. Sabuntawa na waje sune na kwaskwarima da farko, tare da canje-canje ga grille da fitilun tuƙi na gaba, asarar baƙar fata tare da ƙananan ƙofa, da ƙananan canje-canje ga tukwici da fitilun wutsiya. Sabuntawar cikin gida sun haɗa da sabbin kayan aiki da dashboard ɗin dashboard, da akwai mai canza filafili akan ƙirar T6, da gabatarwar nunin allo mai inci 7. An ƙaddamar da ra'ayi na toshe-in na Volvo XC60 a 2012 North American International Auto Show . Jirgin sama ya haɗu da turbocharged 4-cylinder yana tuki ƙafafun gaba tare da Motar lantarki tana tuka ƙafafun baya, yana ba da wutar lantarki mafi girman abin da aka haɗa na . A cewar Volvo, XC60 Plug-in Hybrid yana da kewayon wutar lantarki har zuwa don tattalin arzikin man fetur daidai da da jimlar kewayon . An kiyasta tattalin arzikin mai a lokacin da yake aiki akan injin mai a . Lokacin caji shine sa'o'i 3.5 daga kanti 220 V da 7.5 hours daga tashar 110 V. Ba a taɓa sakin samfurin don samarwa ba. XC60 ya haɗa da fasalulluka na aminci na Volvo na al'ada ciki har da tsarin kariyar whiplash, tsarin kariya na tasiri na gefe, sarrafa kwanciyar hankali na jujjuya, kwanciyar hankali mai ƙarfi da sarrafa juzu'i, jakunkunan iska na labule, kula da gangaren tudu (AWD kawai), gargaɗin karo tare da tallafin birki, bi-xenon mai aiki. fitilu (na zaɓi a kan wasu ƙira), da ƙirar gaba, gefe, da tsarin baya. Har ila yau, XC60 ya gabatar da sabon fasalin fasaha wanda Volvo ya sanya wa suna lafiyar birni . An bayyana tsarin a matsayin tsarin tallafin direba tare da manufar hana ko rage hadurran ababen hawa a ƙasa ; yana yin haka ta hanyar amfani da firikwensin saurin rufewa wanda ke taimakawa tantance ko yuwuwar karo. Ya danganta da saurin, idan akwai yuwuwar yin karo, na'urar kwamfuta ta Volvo ko dai zata shirya motar don yin birki ko kuma ta birki ta atomatik don gujewa ko rage cin karo na baya . A cikin 2011, Cibiyar Bayar da Bayanai ta Babbar Hanya ta ƙididdige Safety na City don 27% ƙarancin abin da ake zargi da lalata dukiya, 51% ƙarancin raunin raunin jiki, da 22% ƙarancin da'awar karo ga XC60 idan aka kwatanta da sauran SUVs masu tsada. XC60 yana da ƙarancin da'awar inshora idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan Volvo waɗanda ba su da fasalin Tsaron Birni. Yuro NCAP ya kimanta XC60 a cikin 2008, yana ba shi 5 na taurari 5 don balagagge mai kariya. XC60 ya zira maki 16 na maki 16 a gwajin gaba da 16 na 16 a gwajin gefe. Motar ta sami maki 2 na 2 da ake samu a gwajin sandar sanda da ƙarin maki 3 don tunasarwar bel ɗin kujera. XC60 ta karɓi jimillar maki 37 na maki 37 don haka taurari biyar a cikin ƙimar Yuro NCAP. XC60 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin motoci uku kawai don karɓar 37 daga cikin 37 da ake da su a ƙarƙashin ƙimar ƙimar Yuro NCAP a lokacin. Cibiyar Inshora don Tsaron Babbar Hanya ta ba Volvo XC60 lambar yabo ta Babban Safety Pick+. An ba XC60 mafi girman ƙimar IIHS na "mai kyau" a gaba, gefe, baya da gwaje-gwajen ƙarfin rufin kuma yana da Lantarki Kwanciyar Hankali azaman kayan aiki na yau da kullun don karɓar lambar yabo. CS1 maint: archived copy as title
34105	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human%20rights%20in%20Burundi	Human rights in Burundi	Ƙasar Burundi dai ana mulkinta ne a matsayin jamhuriyar dimokuraɗiyya mai wakiltar shugaban ƙasa, mai yawan jama'a kimanin 10,557,259. Ƙasar dai ta daɗe tana fama da tashe-tashen hankulan al'umma da rikicin ƙabilanci tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Hutu da 'yan tsiraru 'yan ƙabilar Tutsi, inda yaƙin basasa a jere da ya kawo cikas ga ci gaban ƙasan,tun bayan da ƙasar Burundi ta mayar da mulkin mallaka a matsayin ƙasar Belgium a shekara ta 1962. Rikicin baya-bayan nan ya ɓarke ne a shekara ta 1993 tare da kashe zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasar Burundi na farko Melchior Ndadaye, kuma ya kai ga cin zarafi bil adama da kuma rashin hukunta shi. Dangane da Yarjejeniyar Arusha na watan Agusta, shekara ta 2000, an yi sulhu tsakanin Ƙungiyoyin 'yan tawaye National Council for Defence of Democracy-Forces for Defence of Democracy (CNDD-FDD) da National Forces of Liberation (FNL), da sabon Ƙundin Tsarin Mulki. an karɓe shi ta hanyar kuri'ar raba gardama ta kasa a shekara ta 2005. Ƙundin Tsarin Mulki ya kafa cibiyoyin fahimi na ƙasa, waɗanda suka haɗa da Zartarwa, Shari'a, da Majalisu, da nufin haɓaka tsarin doka da ingantaccen tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam. A shekara ta 2010, jam'iyyar CNDD-FDD mai ci ta lashe zaɓukan ƙananan hukumomi karo na biyu, duk da zargin tursasawa, zamba, tada tarzoma na siyasa, da tauye 'yancin yin takara da faɗin albarkacin baki a daidai lokacin zaɓe. Don haka, an sanya ayar tambaya kan sahihancin waɗannan sabbin cibiyoyi na Jiha bisa la’akari da kura-kurai da danne zaɓuka. Babban ƙalubalen da ke fuskantar ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama a Burundi na ci gaba da samo asali ne daga ci gaba da taɓarɓarewar harkokin siyasa, da kuma dagewar da ake yi na nuna wariya ga dokokin al'ada ba tare da wani tsarin shari'a ba. Yancin kai Tun bayan da Burundi ta samu ‘yancin kai, ana zarginta da laifin cin zarafi bil adama. Rahoton Transparency International na shekara ta 2010, ya bayyana Burundi a matsayin ƙasa mafi cin hanci da rashawa a gabashin Afirka. Kayayyakin Shari'a na Duniya da Burundi ta Amince Burundi ta amince kuma ta amince da wasu muhimman ka'idojin kare hakkin bil'adama, ciki har da yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa (ICCPR), yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da 'yancin al'adu (ICESCR), Yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Jama'a (ACHPR)., Yarjejeniya kan Rigakafin da Hukuncin Laifukan Kisan Kisa (CPPCG), da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa (Yarjejeniyar Yaki da azabtarwa da sauran Mummunan Jiyya ko Hukunci - CATCIDTP). Mataki na 13-19 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasar Burundi ya kunshi wadannan hakkoki. Bayan shawarwarin wani bita na lokaci-lokaci na duniya (UPR) a cikin 2008, Burundi ta amince da Yarjejeniya ta Duniya don Kare Dukan Mutane daga Bacewa (ICCPED), Yarjejeniyar Zaɓan ga Yarjejeniyar Kawar da Duk nau'ikan Wariya ga Mata (OP- CEDAW), da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar Yaƙi da Azaba da sauran Mummunan Jiyya ko Hukunci (OPCAT). A yayin taron jam'iyyar UPR, wani kwamitin da ya kunshi tawagogi 41, sun yaba da amincewar da Burundi ta yi na yawan ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Kasa (NIHRC) A shekara ta 2000, an kafa hukumar kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam ta gwamnati, wanda bisa shawarar 2008 Universal Periodic Review (UPR) ta zama Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam mai zaman kanta a cikin 2009. Duk da haka, har yanzu hukumar ba ta sami karbuwa daga Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Cibiyoyin Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama na Ƙasashen Duniya ba, don haka ba ta da wani muhimmin mahimmanci na bin ƙa'idodin Paris. Matsayinsa na yanzu a matsayin ƙungiyar bincike da bayar da rahoto bai cika ba. A cikin rahoton 2011, Human Rights Watch ta yi kira ga gwamnati da ta karfafa goyon bayanta ga NIHRC. Matsayin hukumar ta kasa ya zama mai matukar muhimmanci tun bayan da aka kawo karshen wa'adin kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar a watan Satumban 2011. Hakan dai ya zo daidai da karuwar kashe-kashen da ake yi na siyasa da kuma rashin hukunta su a fadin kasar. Sai dai gwamnatin Burundi ta jajirce wajen ba da isassun tallafin kudi ga hukumar, don haka ikonta na gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam ya taka rawa sosai. Zaben 2010 Duk da bunkasuwar siyasar jam'iyyu da yawa a Burundi (wani hali da ba a saba gani ba a yankin), Amnesty International ta lura a cikin wani rahoto na shekara ta 2011 cewa jam'iyyun siyasa na amfani da dabarun danniya da nufin hana wasu jam'iyyu samun nasarar zabe. Wannan al'adar ta sa zaɓen 2010 ya kasance mai wahala musamman. Yayin da aka rufe rumfunan zabe a watan Yuni, an bayar da rahoton cewa, "an gudanar da zaben ne don nuna adawa da yadda hare-haren gurneti na yau da kullum ke barazana ga sake mayar da kasar cikin rikicin cikin gida", kuma an tauye 'yancin siyasa sosai. Kungiyar mai zaman kanta ta Burundi Episcopale et Paix ta tattara bayanai da dama na cin zarafi a lokacin zaben, ciki har da yakin neman zabe kafin lokacin yakin neman zabe da doka ta amince da shi, kisan gilla, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, fadan baki, zamba, takurawa 'yancin yin taro, cin hanci da rashawa., da kuma daukar aiki da kora bisa alaka ta siyasa. Akalla jam'iyyun siyasa shida ne suka aikata laifuka, amma an ambaci jam'iyyar CNDD-FDD a matsayin mafi yawan alhaki. A sakamakon zaben (wanda jam'iyyar CNDD-FDD mai ci da shugaba Pierre Nkurunziza suka yi nasara bayan da 'yan adawa suka fice), gwamnati ta yi kisan gilla kan tsohuwar kungiyar 'yan tawaye, da babbar abokiyar hamayyarta Hutu FNL. Yayin da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba da yancin fadin albarkacin baki, Freedom House ta lura da lokuta da dama a lokacin zabe da kuma bayan zaben inda aka yiwa ‘yan jarida hari da sukar gwamnati. Wannan ya hada da kama, barazana, tsarewa, da duka. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 2011 an ba Burundi matsayin 'Ba 'Yanci' ta ƙungiyar masu zaman kansu. A watan Maris din shekarar 2019, an kama wasu kananan yara mata bakwai da laifin yin murmurewa a kan hoton fuskar Shugaba Nkurunziza a cikin littattafan makarantarsu. An saki hudu daga cikinsu, wanda mafi karancin shekaru 13, amma sauran ukun an gurfanar da su a hukumance a ranar 18 ga watan Maris da laifin zagin shugaban kasa wanda ke da hukuncin daurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari. Bita na lokaci-lokaci na Duniya (UPR) Kungiyar Aiki akan UPR, bisa ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (HRC), ta gudanar da bitarta kan Burundi a watan Disambar 2009. An shirya UPR na gaba don 2014. A cikin rahoton kungiyar Aiki, an soki dokar hukunta manyan laifuka ta Burundi saboda wasu kurakurai. Kungiyar Aiki ta bayyana bangarori da dama na damuwa game da ci gaban 'yancin ɗan adam, ciki har da: Yin amfani da azabtarwa na yau da kullum; Rikicin jima'i da yaduwa; Kisan gilla; Kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Rashin wuraren tsare mutane; Rashin hukunta masu yi wa fyade; Amfani da fyade a matsayin makamin yaki; Hukuncin shari'a kan laifukan fyade; Al’adar aure tsakanin wanda aka yi wa fyade da wanda aka yi wa fyade; Rashin 'yancin kai na shari'a; Rashin tsarin adalci na yara; Rashin isasshen tsarin kulawa a wuraren da ake tsare da shi; kuma Ƙaddamar da takunkumin laifi a cikin Code na luwadi. Rahoton ya kuma yi nazari kan muhimman wuraren da ake damuwa da su dalla-dalla. Haƙƙin rayuwa Ko da yake an tabbatar da shi a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, yakin basasa na 1993-2005 ya haifar da cin zarafi mai yawa na 'yancin rayuwa. Babban abin da ya haifar da wannan cin zarafi shine yaɗuwar bindigogi a tsakanin jama'a. Rahoton Human Rights Watch na 2011 ya nuna cewa jami'an gwamnati sun raba makamai ga fararen hula da ke da alaƙa da CNDD-FDD kuma jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da horo na soja ga fararen hula. Bugu da ƙari, ra'ayoyin daidaikun mutane game da adalci sun haifar da keɓance lokuta na lalata. Kungiyar Aiki ta bayyana jinkirin shari'a a matsayin babban abin da ke tunzura mutane su dauki adalci a hannunsu. Hasashen gwamnati da na 'yan sanda sun ba da gudummawa ga fahimtar cewa cibiyoyin gwamnati ba za su iya ba da kariya ba, kuma dole ne 'yan ƙasa su ɗauki alhakin kare lafiyarsu. Burundi ba ta amince da yarjejeniya ta zabi ta biyu ga yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa ba, ko da yake ta nuna sha'awarta na yin gyara ga kundin laifuffuka har zuwa yanzu ta soke hukuncin kisa. Haramcin azabtarwa Ƙungiyar Ayyuka ta lura cewa a cikin 2006, Burundi ta gabatar da rahoto ga Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya game da azabtarwa. A martanin da ya mayar, kwamitin na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana damuwarsa kan yadda dokar kasar Burundi ba ta bayyana ba dangane da matsayin azabtarwa a cikin littattafan dokokin kasar, ya kuma ba da shawarar gwamnati ta mayar da hankali kan aiwatar da dokar ta CATCIDTP a cikin gida tare da samar da ma'anar azabtarwa ta doka. Kwamitin ya kuma nuna damuwa game da rashin tanadi a cikin kundin laifuffuka da suka shafi kariya yayin da suke hannun 'yan sanda, da kuma samun damar samun taimakon doka. Ƙungiyar Aiki ta sake nanata waɗannan saƙonnin, amma ta nuna raguwa gaba ɗaya a cikin rahoton azabtarwa da aka ruwaito tun 2007. Haƙƙin daidaiton jinsi Kungiyar Working Group ta lura cewa gwamnatin Burundi ta dauki matakin Ƙirƙirar da ɗaukar manufofin jinsi na ƙasa; Ƙirƙirar tsarin aiki don aiwatar da shi; Haɗa nau'in jinsi a cikin dukkan ma'aikatun gwamnati; kuma Daukar matakan kafa majalisar kula da jinsi ta kasa. Sai dai rahoton ya bayyana cewa, duk da wannan kokarin a matakin gwamnati, tsarin jinsi bai samu cikakkiyar karbuwa daga al'ummar Burundi ba. Bambance-bambancen ya bayyana kansa musamman a matakin aikin gwamnati; Mata ba su da yawa a duk matakan yanke shawara a gwamnati. Ƙungiyar Aiki don haka ta ba da shawarar a tsawaita manufofin jinsi na ƙasa don ɗaukar sauye-sauye iri-iri masu daidaita dokokin gado, haraji, zina, siyar da kadarorin iyali, lambobin aiki, da daidaita shekarun aure. Rikicin 1993-2005 ya ƙara tsananta cin zarafi dangane da jinsi. Hakkin yaro Rahoton ya yi nuni da cewa halin da kananan yara ke ciki a Burundi na kara tabarbarewa. An dai bayyana tashe-tashen hankula da talauci da yawaitar cutar kanjamau a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da halin da yaran Burundi ke ciki. (Binciken Unicef a 2010 ya gano kashi 68% na gidaje a Burundi suna fama da talauci, kuma kashi 17% na yara marayu saboda AIDS ). Duk da cewa gwamnati ta nace cewa ba ta daukar sojoji ‘yan kasa da shekaru 18, rahoton ya kuma nuna damuwar da ake da shi na daukar yara aikin soja. Ƙungiyoyin matasa masu bangaranci na ƙara ƙara daɗaɗɗen siyasa, suna nuna damuwa cewa za a iya amfani da matasa a cikin sauƙi don aiwatar da ayyukan tashin hankali. Rahoton ya kuma yi nuni da rashin tsarin shari’ar kananan yara. Riƙe yara a cikin ɗaki ɗaya da manya da aka yanke musu hukunci ya sa su zama masu saurin cin zarafi. Cin zarafin jima'i Kungiyar Aiki ta bayyana al'amarin cin zarafin jima'i, musamman ga mata da yara a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke damun su. Duk da haka, an sami karancin bayanai da suka shafi yawan cin zarafi da ake yi a fadin kasar; wannan ya kasance wani ɓangare saboda ƙiyayyar al'adu, ma'ana wasu lokuta ba a ba da rahoton ba kuma a maimakon haka an yanke hukunci a cikin dangi. cewa akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin wuraren tsananin ayyukan soja da manyan abubuwan da ke faruwa na cin zarafi na jima'i. Bugu da ƙari, Amnesty International ta yi iƙirarin fyade, ban da katse jiki, an yi amfani da ita a lokacin rikicin 1993-2005 a matsayin 'dabarun yaƙi' Hakkokin wadanda abin ya shafa Saboda yawaitar tashe-tashen hankula a Burundi tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai, kasar ta ga dimbin ‘yan gudun hijirar Burundi da ke gudun hijira zuwa kasashe makwabta (mafi rinjayen Tanzania, Ruwanda, da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango ). Yawancin ’yan kasar da aka dawo da su gida tun rikicin 1993 sun gano dukiyoyinsu ko dai an riga an mamaye su ko kuma jihar ta nema. Wannan ya haifar da matsaloli tare da fatara da rashin gida. Rahoton ya yi nuni da cikar kotuna da shari’o’in rigingimun filaye; sakamakon jinkirin shari'a da ke haifar da rikici tsakanin bangarori. Da nufin sasanta wadannan rigingimu, gwamnati ta kafa hukumar kula da filaye da sauran kaddarori wadda ta nemi magance wadannan matsalolin filaye da kuma gyara wadanda abin ya shafa. Duk da haka, rahoton 2008 na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya lura cewa Hukumar tana da iyakacin iko kuma 'ba ta iya magance rikice-rikice cikin lokacin da aka sa ran'. Har ila yau, soke haƙƙin waɗanda aka azabtar kuma an ciyar da su kai tsaye zuwa haƙƙin gidaje . Rikicin 1993 ya lalata ƙauyuka masu yawa, wanda ya haifar da gagarumin ƙalubale na jin kai. Manufar gidaje ta gwamnati ta biya bukatun wasu, amma ba yawancin 'yan Burundi marasa galihu ba. 'Yancin yin adalci Kodayake Kundin Tsarin Mulki ya ba da tabbacin yancin yin shari'a na gaskiya, amfani da wannan haƙƙin yana sau da yawa lalacewa ta hanyar rashin isassun albarkatun bil'adama, kudi, kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Amnesty International ta lura a cikin mika wuya ga kungiyar aiki cewa cin hanci da rashawa, rashin kayan aiki da horo, da tsoma baki a fannin shari'a. Saboda haka, adadin shari'o'i da yawa ba a ba da rahoto ba. A mika wuya ga kungiyar aiki, kotun kasa da kasa ta bukaci Burundi da ta “hana, a matsayin wani muhimmin al'amari, daga tsare mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba...da kuma tabbatar da cewa an tsare mutanen da aka kama ko aka tsare bisa zargin aikata laifuka a hukumance. wuraren tsarewa'. An sha samun kashe-kashe da dama ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin rikicin na Burundi . Yanayin gidan yari a Burundi yana da muni. Ingantacciyar abinci, sutura, tsafta da kula da lafiya ba za a iya samun kuɗaɗen kuɗin da ya dace ta ƙarancin kasafin kuɗinsu ba. Su ma gidajen yarin sun cika makil. A watan Nuwambar 2018 an tsare mutane 10,987 a hukumance a gidajen yarin Burundi, wadanda aka tsara kawai don rike 4,195. Ma'aikatan kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi imanin cewa yawancin fursunonin ba sa samun taimakon doka, wadanda ake tuhuma suna tsare a gidan yari na dogon lokaci ba tare da shari'a ba kuma dole ne a bullo da hanyoyin da za a bi wajen yanke hukunci a gidan yari. Martanin Majalisar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam (HRC) ga UPR A cikin wani rahoto da aka bayar a cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2009, HRC ta amince da duk shawarwarin da Ƙungiyar Aiki ta bayar game da Burundi. Musamman ma majalisar ta yaba da bullo da wani sabon kundin tsarin shari'a wanda ya haramta laifukan yaki, laifuffukan cin zarafin bil'adama, kisan kare dangi, azabtarwa, fyade da cin zarafi ta hanyar jima'i, tare da tabbatar da hakkin yara. Haka kuma ya karfafa ci gaban hukumar NIHRC. Martanin ƙasa ga UPR Ko da yake an gabatar da gyare-gyaren da aka ambata a cikin littattafan doka a cikin 2009, a cikin wannan bitar, gwamnati ta haramta dangantakar jinsi ɗaya a hukumance. Tuni dai kungiyar kare hakkin 'yan luwadi ta kasar Burundi ta bayar da rahoton korar 'yan luwadi na tilas. Duk da haka, an lura cewa ƙin luwaɗi a Burundi ba shi da ƙarfi kamar yadda ake yi a wasu ƙasashen Afirka, inda hukuncin luwadi shine kisa. International Bridges to Justice ta bayar da rahoton cewa yanayin gidan yarin ya kasance mara kyau, kuma sama da kashi 60% na fursunonin fursunoni ne wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yi musu shari'a. An sami ɗan ci gaba a fannin inganta ayyukan kare jama'a da ayyukan ba da agajin doka. A sakamakon zaben 2010, Human Rights Watch ta bayar da rahoton cewa Hukumar Leken Asiri ta kasa ta yi gallazawa 'yan adawar da aka kama bisa wasu tuhume-tuhume da suka hada da 'barazana tsaron kasa' da kuma 'sa hannu cikin makamai'. kungiyoyin'. Wani rahoto na watan Satumba na shekarar 2010 da Cibiyar Raya Duniya ta buga ya nuna cewa Burundi ta samu ci gaba a cikin guda daya kawai daga cikin muradun karni na 15 da ta cimma. Sauran 'yancin ɗan adam Kundin tsarin mulkin ya tanadi batutuwa kamar ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yan jarida; duk da haka, gabaɗaya gwamnati ba ta mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a aikace. A cikin watan Afrilun 2009, an kama mutane 782 ba bisa ka'ida ba yayin rikicin siyasa tsakanin bangarorin siyasa da sojoji. Jami’an tsaron gwamnati na ci gaba da cin zarafin bil’adama da dama, da suka hada da kashe-kashe, fyade, da lakada wa fararen hula da fursunoni duka ba tare da hukunta su ba. Matsalolin haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma sun haɗa da cin zarafi na banga da daidaita maki; fyade ga maza da maza; matsananci, barazanar rai da yanayin gidan yari; Tsawaita tsare kafin haihuwa da kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba ; rashin dogaro na shari'a da inganci, da fasadi na shari'a; tsarewa da daure fursunonin zamantakewa da fursunonin siyasa; da kuma hani kan ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki, taro, da hulxa, musamman ga jam’iyyun siyasa. Rikicin cikin gida da jima'i da nuna wariya ga maza sun kasance matsaloli. Luwadi har yanzu ba a yarda da jama'ar Burundi, da gwamnatinsu ba. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na Burundi sun sha sukar gwamnatin Burundi da suka hada da Kwamitin Kare 'Yan Jarida, Human Rights Watch, da Front Line saboda yawan kame da shari'ar dan jarida Jean-Claude Kavumbagu kan batutuwan da suka shafi sa. bayar da rahoto. Amnesty International ta bayyana shi a matsayin fursuna kuma ta yi kira da a sake shi ba tare da wani sharadi ba. A ranar 13 ga Mayu, 2011, an wanke Kavumbagu daga laifin cin amanar kasa, amma an same shi da laifin buga wata kasida "mai yiwuwa ta bata sunan kasa ko tattalin arziki". An yanke masa hukuncin daurin watanni takwas kuma an sake shi na tsawon lokaci. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch da kwamitin kare 'yan jarida sun nuna rashin amincewarsu da hukuncin, inda ta sake jaddada imaninta cewa "ya kamata Burundi ta yi fatali da laifukan da ake yi wa manema labarai tare da barin 'yan jarida su yi magana da rubuce-rubuce cikin 'yanci ba tare da tsoron tsangwama ko kamawa ba". A farkon shekarar 2018, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta wallafa wasu takardu kan yadda jami'an tsaron Burundi da 'yan jam'iyyar da ke mulki Immbonerakure suka yi wa 'yan adawa fyade da kuma kashe wadanda ake zargin 'yan adawa ne a cikin watan Mayu. An gudanar da zaben raba gardama na kundin tsarin mulki a ranar 17 ga Mayu. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2020, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara manyan zarge-zargen cin zarafi yayin zaben shugaban kasa, na 'yan majalisa da na tarayya na Burundi a ranar 20 ga Mayu. An dai lalata zabukan ta hanyar tarzoma, kame ‘yan adawa da suka hada da ‘yan takara, da kuma murkushe ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki. A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2020, Amnesty International ta bukaci a saki dan kare hakkin bil'adama dan kasar Burundi Germain Rukuki, wanda a halin yanzu yake zaman gidan yari na tsawon shekaru 32 saboda kawai kare hakkin bil'adama. A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2022, Human Rights Watch ta buga wani rahoto cewa cin zarafin ɗan adam da membobin Imbonerakure suka yi ya ta'azzara sosai tun lokacin da Évariste Ndayishimiye ya zama shugaban ƙasa a 2020, musamman a yankin arewa maso yammacin ƙasar. Halin tarihi Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Burundi tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1 Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Burundi game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka. Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Burundi Fataucin mutane a Burundi Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Burundi Hakkin LGBT a Burundi Siyasar Burundi Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. 2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. 3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 na gaba ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rahoton Shekara-shekara na 2012 , ta Amnesty International 'Yanci a Duniya Rahoton 2012 , ta Freedom House Rahoton Duniya na 2012, ta Human Rights Watch Tsarin Mulki na Burundi (Faransa) Rahoton ƙasa da aka ƙaddamar ga Ƙungiyar Aiki akan Bita na Zamani na Duniya Takaitacciyar Ƙungiya ta Aiki akan Bita na Zamani na Duniya wanda Hukumar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta shirya Gabatar da ICJ zuwa Binciken Lokaci na Duniya kan Burundi Shirin IBJ a Burundi Rahoton Shekara-shekara na Transparency International 2010 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
24054	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yannis%20Hamilakis	Yannis Hamilakis	Yannis Hamilakis ( , pronounced [Ʝanis xamilacis] ; an haife shi a shekara ta 1966) masanin ilimin tarihi na Girka ne kuma marubuci wanda shine Joukowsky Family Professor of Archeology and Professor of Modern Greek Studies a Jami'ar Brown. Ya ƙware a ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi na Aegean prehistoric da kuma tarihin kayan tarihi, gami da kishin ƙasa da ililimi ɗan Adam. Abubuwan bincikensa sun haɗa da kishin ƙasa, postcolonialism, da karatun ƙaura. Hamilakis ya girma a Sitia, wani gari a Karita. Ya karɓi BA a Tarihi da Archaeology daga Jami'ar Crete a shekara ta 1988, sannan MSc da PhD daga Jami'ar Sheffield. Daga shekara ta 2000-2016, ya kasance Farfesa na Archaeology a Jami'ar Southampton. Daga shekara ta 2012–2013, Hamilakis ya kasance memba na Cibiyar Princeton don Nazarin Nazari. Ya kuma kasance Abokin Aiki a Makarantar Nazarin Al'adu ta Amurka, Athens; Jami'ar Princeton; Jami'ar Cincinnati; da Cibiyar Bincike ta Getty, Los Angeles. Hamilakis ya buga takardu kan batutuwa iri -iri a cikin ilmin kimiya na kayan tarihi da bayansa. Aikinsa na baya-bayan nan ya haɗa da tono wani wurin faɗa na tsakiyar Neolithic a tsakiyar Girka, inda kuma yake ɗaukar nauyin ayyukan fasaha iri-iri, gami da shirin wasan kwaikwayo na kayan tarihi. Babban mashahurin mai ba da shawara ne na haɗa al'adun gargajiya, fasaha, da haɗin gwiwar al'umma a cikin aikin archaeological, don sha'awar "aikin archaeological siyasa da aikin ilimi, wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga adalci na zamantakewa." Ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce kan siyasar koyar da tarbiyya da kokarinsa na haifar da “tarbiyyar kan iyaka” a cikin koyarwarsa. Hamilakis ya shiga cikin ramuka da yawa a Girka, gami da zama darakta a ayyukan filin a Koutroulou Magoula da Kalaureia. Hamilakis yana zaune a kan allon edita na Binciken shekara-shekara na Anthropology, Journal of Contemporary Archeology, the Classical Receptions Journal, Journal of Mediterranean Archeology, the Year of the British School at Athens, the Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Archaeologies: The Journal of the World Archaeological Congress, Research in Archaeological Education, Current Swedish Archeology, Forum Kritische Archäologie, Journal of Modern Greek Studies and the WAC Research Handbooks in Archaeology. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen da ba na ilimi ba ciki har da The Nation da Binciken Littattafai na London. Hamilakis shine marubucin labarai sama da guda Dari da talatin 130 kuma ya rubuta, gyara, ko hada littattafai goma sha ɗaya, gami da ƙarar shekara ta 2007 mai taken The Nation da Ruins: Archeology, Antiquity and National imagination in Modern Greece wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Edmund Keeley shekara ta 2009. wanda Ƙungiyar Nazarin Girkanci ta Zamani ta bayar, kuma an saka shi cikin waɗanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Runciman shekara ta 2007. Litattafan da aka zaɓa A matsayin marubuci: Ƙasa da Rushewarta: Tarihin Tarihi, Tarihi da Tunanin Ƙasa a Girka ta Zamani, Oxford University Press, 2007. Archaeologies da Sense: Kwarewar Dan Adam, Memory, da Tasiri, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge, shekara ta 2013. ISBN 9780521837286. Hamilakis, Y. da Ifantidis, F.shekara ta 2016. Kamara Kalaureia: Hoton Archaeological-ethnography \| Oxford: Archaeopress. (wanda Nektarios Kalantzis ya fassara). (wanda Nikos Kourkoulos ya fassara). A matsayin edita: Rainbird, P. da Hamilakis, Y. (eds) shekara ta 2001 Tambayoyin Tattaunawa: Archeology a Higher Education . Oxford: BAR/Archaeopress. Pp.guda Dari SD ashirin 120 . Tsoffin Mai Amfani: Metahistories na Girka, Littattafan Lexington, shekara ta 2003. ISBN 0-7391-0384-9 . Labyrinth Ya sake Zuwa: Tunanin Minoan Archeology, Oxbow, shekara ta 2002. ISBN 1-84217-061-9. Tunani ta Jiki: Archaeologies na Corporeality, Kluwer/Plenum, 2002. ISBN 0306466481. Kotjabopoulou, E., Hamilakis, Halstead, P., Gamble, C., da Elefanti, V. (eds). Shekara ta 2003. Zooarchaeology a Girka: Ci gaban kwanan nan. London: BSA. . Hamilakis, Y. da Duke, P. (eds) 2007. Archaeology da Capitalism: Daga Da'a zuwa Siyasa. Walnut Creek, CA: Jaridar Teku ta Hagu. Hamilakis, Y. da Labanyi, J. (eds) 2008. Tunawa da Mantawa a Yankin Kudancin Turai. Fitowar Jarida, Tarihi da Ƙwaƙwalwa (juzu'i na 20, fitowa ta 2). Carabott, P., Hamilakis, Y. da E. Papargyriou, E. (eds)shekara ta 2015. Graeca Kamara: Hoto, Labarai, Kayan Aiki. London: Ashgate. Hamilakis, Y. da Jones A. (eds) 2017 Archaeology and Assemblage (fitowar ta musamman ta Jaridar Cambridge Archaeological Journal vol. Guda Ashirin da bakwai 27 . Hamilakis, Y. (ed.).shekara ta zuwa 2017z uwa shekara ta Archaeologies na Tilastawa da Ba da izini na Hijira (Musamman, batun jigon Jaridar Tarihin Archaeology, guda 3 . Hamilakis, Y. da Momigliano, N. (eds) shekara ta 2010. Haifaffun 1966 Rayayyun Mutane
30510	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhalli%20a%20Mongolia	Muhalli a Mongolia	Akwai batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da yawa a Mongoliya waɗanda ke cutar da lafiyar ɗan adam da muhalli. Wadannan matsalolin sun taso a wani bangare saboda dalilai na halitta, amma suna karuwa saboda ayyukan ɗan adam. Daya daga cikin wadannan batutuwa shi ne sauyin yanayi wanda zai haifar da karuwar kwararowar hamada da bala'o'i da gurbacewar kasa . Wani kuma shi ne sare dazuzzuka, wanda ke ci gaba da yaduwa saboda rashin kulawar mutane, kwari, cututtuka, da gobara. Ƙasar Mongolian tana ƙara zama ƙazama ta hanyar kwararowar hamada, tsarin da ke ƙara ta'azzara saboda rashin amfani da ƙasa . Sannan Kuma Bugu da ƙari, ƙarin nau'ikan nau'ikan suna ɓacewa kuma suna cikin haɗarin bacewa. Haka kuma, musamman a cibiyoyin jama'a, Mongolians suna magance gurɓacewar iska da ruwa da masana'antu ke haifarwa. Canjin yanayi Sauyin yanayi ya yi barazana ga hanyoyin rayuwa ga makiyayan gargajiya na gargajiya, saboda abin da ke haifar da rugujewar duds, wanda aka fi sani da yanayin yanayi ko bala'o'i . Guguwar hunturu, lokacin fari, da matsanancin zafi sun zama ruwan dare. Jagoranci har zuwa Shekarata 2000, akwai kusan 20 matsananci aukuwa a kowace shekara, amma tun shekarar 2000, wannan adadin ya ninka zuwa 40 aukuwa a kowace shekara. Tsakanin shekarar 2008 da 2010 Mongoliya ta fuskanci munanan al'amura 153, waɗanda galibinsu ƙaƙƙarfan iska ne, guguwa, da ambaliya daga gudu. Tun daga Shekarata 1940, matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara mai hikima a Mongoliya ya karu da aƙalla 1.8 °C. Ana ɗaukar wannan canjin yanayin zafi yana da alhakin haɓakar ƙazamar ƙasar ciyawa, kuma a sakamakon haka, raguwar samar da kwayoyin halitta. Kuma Ana sa ran hamadar Gobi zata ratsa arewa da misalin karfe 6-7 km / shekara, wanda ake sa ran zai kara iyakance wuraren kiwo . Wani sakamakon waɗannan sauye-sauyen yanayi ana sa ran zai zama hazo da ke faruwa a cikin fashe mai yawa kuma ƙasa ba za ta iya cinyewa ba. Sannan Kuma Hakanan yanayin zafi mai tasowa zai narke manyan glaciers, lalata permafrost, kuma zai haifar da ƙarin haɓaka daga tsire-tsire. sare itatuwa Mongoliya na da karancin albarkatun dazuzzuka, kuma saboda tsananin yanayinta, cigaban dazuzzukan nata ya ragu. Duk da haka, dazuzzuka suna taimakawa wajen kula da yanayin ruwa, hana lalata ƙasa, adana permafrost, da sarrafa iskar gas da sauran hayaki masu cutarwa. Koyaya, waɗannan ƙayyadaddun albarkatun gandun daji suna raguwa saboda sare itace, gobara, kwari, da cututtuka. A shekara ta 2000, fiye da hekta miliyan 1.2 na ƙasar dazuzzuka ne kwari suka mamaye. Sakamakon yaduwar kwari, sama da hekta 300,000 na gandun daji sun kasa yin girma. Gobara ta ga karuwa akai-akai saboda rashin kulawar mutanen da suka shiga dajin (kamar ta hanyar harbin sansani da Kuma suka tsere, ayyukan soja, injinan noma), yana kara tabarbarewar gandun daji. A shekara ta 2008, gobarar daji 178 ta faru, wanda ya shafi hekta 927,990 na steppe kuma ya yi asarar biliyan 17.6 a tugrik. An kuma yanke bishiyun don amfani da su azaman mai, wanda ya kai mita 1.3 na itace a duk shekara. Sannan Bugu da ƙari, ƙarancin fasahar katako na masana'antar katako da rashin inganci ya haifar da kashi 60% na katakon da ake amfani da su don riba. Sakamakon duk waɗannan abubuwan shine cewa daga shekarata 1980-2000, 10% na gandun daji a Mongolia ya ɓace. Wannan saran gandun daji ya haifar da raguwar matakan ruwan karkashin kasa, da ambaliyar ruwa, da kwararowar hamada. Doka guda uku na tsakiya wajen magance wannan batu sune "Dokar dazuzzuka," "Dokar Kare Dazuzzuka da Gobarar Steppe," da "Dokar Kula da Kudaden Girbin katako da itace." Tare, waɗannan dokokin sun tabbatar da cewa kashi 70 ko fiye na kuɗin da aka samu daga girbin katako dole ne a yi amfani da su don kare gandun daji da maidowa. Waɗannan dokokin an ƙara su da wasu ƙa'idodi da kudurori na kare gandun daji. Duk da wannan, kamar na shekarar 2004, yawan dazuzzuka ya rataye a ƙasa da 15%. Mongoliya tana da ma'aunin daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarata 2018 yana nufin maki 9.36/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 6 a duniya cikin kasashe 172. An ayyana hamada a matsayin tsarin ƙasa mai albarka ta zama hamada, kuma ana siffanta shi da asarar murfin ciyayi, ƙaruwar yankin yashi, da bushewa daga wuraren dausayi. Akalla kashi 90% na wuraren kiwo na Mongoliya sun fuskanci kwararowar hamada. Tsakanin shekarar 1996 da 2009 har zuwa kashi uku na koguna sun bushe ko kuma yanayin fari ya shafe su. An gano cewa kwararowar hamada ta fi yawa (kimanin kashi 87 cikin dari na al'amuran dan Adam ne ke haifar da su maimakon abubuwan halitta). Waɗannan abubuwan da ke haifar da ɗan adam sun haɗa da wuce gona da iri na dabbobi, zaizayar ƙasan gona, konewa, da sauyin yanayi . A Mongolia, sama da kashi 70% na wuraren kiwo yanzu sun lalace, kuma yawan ci gaban ciyayi ya ragu da kashi 5. Daga shekarun 2007 zuwa 2010 yankin dajin ya ragu da kadada 383,600. Gwamnatin Mongolian ta kirkiro wani kwamiti na kasa don Yaki da Hamada da Cibiyar Kasa don Yakar Hamada. Kuma A tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2001, gwamnati ta kashe dala miliyan 24.6 kan ayyukan yaki da hamada har guda 14 a Mongoliya. Asarar halittu masu rai Mongoliya tana goyan bayan ɗimbin halittu na halitta, saboda keɓantacce kuma galibin yanayin muhallinta. Yana da wasu daga cikin yawan jinsunan da suka gabata na ƙarshen duniya, kuma yana da nau'ikan da yawa waɗanda kawai za'a iya samu a ciki. Sannna kuma Duk da haka, ɗimbin halittun Mongoliya na fuskantar barazana saboda karuwar yawan jama'arta da kuma buƙatar albarkatun ƙasa . Wadannan matsi suna haifar da ayyuka kamar noma, hakar ma'adinai, da kuma farauta a wuraren da ba a samu matsala a baya ba. Ana farauta da girbe namun daji ta hanyoyi daban-daban, ciki har da yin amfani da nama da kayayyakin dabbobi kai tsaye, da sayar da wadannan dabbobin. Kuma Akwai babban girbi na gazelles da kifi don amfanin kasuwanci. Wani abin al’ajabi kuma shi ne girbin dabbobin da ba kasafai ba kuma masu kima daga mafarautan kasashen waje wadanda ke da lasisi na musamman. Gwamnatin Mongoliya ta dauki matakai don magance matsalar asarar halittu . Ya zuwa shekara ta 2002, akwai yankuna 11 masu kariya a Mongoliya. Gwamnati ta kuma zartar da dokar Mongolian kan Kariyar Muhalli a shekarata wacce ta hada da horar da muhalli, biyan diyya ga lalacewar muhalli, karfafa tattalin arziki don kare muhalli, da sa hannun kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu a cikin kariya. Sauran manyan dokoki sun haɗa da Dokar Mongolian akan Farauta wadda ta tsara kariya da amfani da dabbobin farauta yadda ya kamata, Dokar Mongolian akan Tsire-tsire wadda ta tsara kariya da maido da tsire-tsire, da Dokar Ruwa , wanda yana kare ajiyar ruwa da inganci. Gurbacewar iska Gurbacewar iska ta cikin gida Gurbacewar iska a cikin gida matsala ce a Mongoliya, saboda kona kwal da biomass a matsayin mai a cikin gidaje, da rashin samun iska mai kyau. Saboda tsananin sanyi na Mongoliya (wanda ke da matsakaicin yanayin zafi daga Nuwamba zuwa Maris) da kuma yawan sanyin dare, Mongoliya na buƙatar makamashi mai yawa don dumama baya ga makamashin da ake buƙata don dafa abinci. Kuma A cikin gers (gidajen Mongoliya na gargajiya), gawayi shine mafi yawan amfani da man fetur, da kuma kona gawayi da sauran kwayoyin halitta (kamar itace, ragowar amfanin gona da dai sauransu) a cikin murhu mai sauƙi yana haifar da iska a cikin wuraren zama yana da matakan girma. na carbon monoxide da particulate kwayoyin halitta . Gurbacewar iska ta birni Gurbacewar iska matsala ce a biranen Mongoliya, musamman a Ulaanbaatar, birni mafi girma kuma mafi yawan jama'a a Mongoliya. Gurbacewar yanayi a Ulaanbaatar ta fito ne daga hayakin motoci, da Kuma wutar lantarki, gers, da sauran ayyukan masana'antu . Daga shekarar 1995-2002, adadin motoci a Ulaanbaatar ya ninka fiye da ninki biyu. Kusan kashi 80% na motocin da ke cikin birni ba sa cika ka'idojin hayaki ko ingancin mai. Wannan yana haifar da motoci suna ƙara ton 70 na gurɓataccen iska a duk shekara. Babban haɓakar motoci a cikin birni ya yi daidai da karuwar matakan nitrogen dioxide. A lokacin sanyi, ana samun karuwar amfani da makamashi don dalilai na dumama, kuma sakamakon haka ya karu da gurɓataccen iska. Sannna kuma A lokacin lokacin sanyi, kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarkin diesel guda uku a Ulaanbaatar suna fitar da gurbatacciyar iska mai murabba'in mita miliyan 4.5. Hakanan akwai masana'antar wutar lantarki da yawa a Ulaanbatar . Sama da tukunyar jirgi 250 suna ƙone tan 400,000 na kwal kowace shekara, kuma gers da gidaje masu dumama hannu suna ƙone fiye da mita 200,000 na itacen mai kowace shekara. Abubuwan da aka dakatar, (wanda ke haifar da guguwar ƙura da gurɓataccen yanayi) an nuna cewa suna girma a cikin watannin hunturu. Matsakaicin matsakaici na yau da kullun a cikin iska zai iya bambanta daga sau biyu zuwa uku sama da ma'aunin duniya. An nuna ƙayyadaddun abubuwan tattarawa suna da alaƙa da mutuwa da wuri. A cikin lokutan sanyi, abubuwan da ke cikin yanayi na carbon monoxide ya ninka adadin da aka halatta sau 2-4 kuma an ba da rahoton cewa cututtukan numfashi (kamar tarin fuka da sauran cututtukan huhu) sun fi girma a lokacin hunturu ma. Gurbacewar ruwa Masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Mongoliya tana da alaƙa da al'amuran gurɓataccen ruwa. Bayan rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet a shekara ta 1991, gwamnatin Mongoliya ta ƙaddamar da manufofin da suka ba masana'antar hakar ma'adinai damar yin aiki da ƙa'idodi kaɗan, don manufar haɓakar tattalin arziki. Sabuwar Dokar Ma'adinai ta 1997 , wacce aka kafa bayan da haƙƙin tsakiya na Democratic Union ta hau kan karagar mulki a shekarata 1996, ta yi aiki don 'yantar da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta hanyar raunana hani don samun lasisin hakar ma'adinai da ba da izinin mallakar ƙasashen waje na kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai. Daga baya, hakar ma'adinai, musamman ma'adinin zinare wanda ke da kashi 60% na masana'antu, ya sami ci gaba sosai. Daga 1991-2001 samar da zinariya ya karu sau 17. Duk da haka, wannan ci gaban ya haifar da matsalolin muhalli, daya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa . Ma'adinan ma'adinai na cyanide, sulfuric acid, da sauran guba galibi ana samun su a cikin magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa. Rashin ingantaccen amfani da ruwa mai yawa don hako zinari ya haifar da ƙara gurɓata yanayi da bushewar rafuka. Kuma An gano hakar ma'adinai a matsayin musabbabin gurbatar koguna da koguna 28. Bugu da ƙari, jihar tana da tsarin sa ido kan rukunin yanar gizo mai rauni. A matsayin koma baya ga illar hakar ma'adinai akan ingancin ruwa, kungiyar Ongi River Movement ta kafa a shekarata 2001. Manufarta ita ce ta kare kogin Ongi da hana kara lalacewa. Kungiyar ta shiga cikin ayyukan tuntuba tare da samun nasarar dakatar da lasisin hakar ma'adinai 36 cikin 37 da aka bayar a bakin kogin Ongi. A shekarar 2006 kungiyar ta Ongi River Movement ta shiga tare da sauran kogin a cikin 2006 don kafa kungiyar kare gida da ruwa. HWPC ta wargaje a shekara ta 2008 saboda rashin jituwar cikin gida, amma kungiyar ta kafa tarihi na yadda masu fafutuka na cikin gida za su iya haifar da sauyi na kasa a Mongoliya. Sannan Daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka taso bayan HWPC ita ce hadaddiyar kungiyar koguna da tafkunan Mongolian. Wannan kungiya ta taka rawar gani wajen samun nasarar zartar da dokar da ta haramta hakar ma'adanai a bakin koguna. Haka kuma ana iya danganta gurɓacewar ruwa da zubar da sharar mutum da masana'antu da ba a kula da su ba. A duk shekara sama da mitoci cubic miliyan 120 na sharar da ake zubarwa ba tare da magani ba. Duba wasu abubuwan Injin konewa na ciki na hydrogen Tashar wutar lantarki ta Biomass Tsaftace fasahar kwal da kama carbon BioDME : ƙarancin gurɓataccen mai don injinan diesel Fitar da bututun hayaki da masu fashewa : na iya rage fitar da PM Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
42377	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdulrazak%20Hamdallah	Abdulrazak Hamdallah	Abderrazak Hamdallah ( ; an haife shine a ranar 17 ga watan Disambar shekarata alif 1990), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Professional League Al-Ittihad da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Morocco . Ana yi masa lakabi da The Executioner saboda iya zura kwallo a raga. Ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru yana wasa a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Olympics de Safi a Maroko, daga baya ya koma Aalesunds a Norway. Bayan kakar wasa guda tare da su, ya shiga kulob ɗin Guangzhou R&F na kasar Sin. A cikin shekarar alif 2015, ya koma El Jaish, inda ya lashe gasar cin kofin Qatar ta shekarar 2016 . Ba da da ewa daga baya ya sanya hannu tare da Qatari club Al-Rayyan . Ya ji dangane da Al-Rayyan kuma ya shiga Saudi Al Nassr . A kakar wasa ta bana,a shekarar alif 2018 zuwa shekarata 2019 Saudi Professional League ya zira tarihin zira kwallaye 34 a kakar wasa daya, kuma shi ne ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya a shekarar kalandar ta shekarar 2019 da kwallaye 57 gaba daya. Ya lashe gasar a shekarar 2018-2019 Saudi Professional League da Super Cup sau biyu. Hamdallah ya wakilci kasarsa a gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2013 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2022 . Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Safi, Morocco, Hamdallah shine auta a cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na iyali. Hamadallah ya yi magana game da yarinta, yana mai cewa:Na fara wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a titi tare da sauran yaran garin da aka haife ni, Safi. Sa’ad da nake matashi, na shiga wani kulob a garin. Ina wasa kusan kowace rana bayan makaranta da kuma duk karshen mako. Yayana koyaushe yana goyon bayana. Ya ƙarfafa ni in yi aiki tuƙuru. Aikin kulob Hamdallah ya samu tsarin wasan kwallon kafa na farko a kulob din Nejm Shabab Safi, kafin ya koma kungiyar ta farko, Olympic Club de Safi, inda ya fara sana'arsa tun daga 2010–2011 Botola, a lokacin da ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar zakarun Morocco. Ya samu nasarar zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da Difa' Hassani El Jadidi . Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar Olympic Club de Safi a farkon bayyanarsa a gasar cin kofin Al'arshi ta Morocco da kungiyar Raja CA, wasan ya kare da ci 3-2. 2011-2012 Botola ya nuna ainihin farkon Hamdallah a matakin zira kwallaye, yayin da ya gama kakar wasa ta hanyar zira kwallaye 15, yana mamaye jere na biyu, kwallaye biyu a gaban sabon dan wasan Chadi Karl Max Barthélémy . A cikin kakar 2012-2013, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye 15 a kashi biyu bisa uku na farko na gasar kafin ya shiga, a watan Maris 2013, don kwarewa tare da kulob din Ålesund na Norway. Ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga kungiyar da Wydad de Fès . Darajar kudin da Hamdallah ya yi wa Olesund Club ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan daya. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairun 2013, an tabbatar da cewa Hamdallah ya shiga Tippeliga club Aalesund . Kudin canja wuri ya kasance a cikin yanki na €1 miliyan ko 7.4 miliyan Norwegian Krone da dan wasan sun sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku, kwantiraginsa na farko a Turai. Kudin canja wuri shi ne mafi girman da Aalesund ya biya kan dan wasa. Hamdallah ya yi magana a karon farko da ya isa kasar Norway, inda ya ce: “Abin da ya faru ke da wuya, domin na isa kasar da ke da sanyi sosai, amma ta hanyar son rai na shawo kan duk wani cikas. Ni ne dan wasa na farko daga gasar Morocco da ya zo Norway, kuma sanya hannu na ya ba da hankali sosai a jaridu. A ƙarshe, na iya rufe bakin masu sukana ta hanyar kammala a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fi zira kwallaye a gasar." Hamdallah ya fara buga wasansa ne a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2013 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka ci Sandnes Ulf a waje da ci 1-0 sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar, a wasan da suka doke Sarpsborg 08 da ci 2-0 a ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2013. Daga nan kuma a ranar 13 ga Mayun 2013, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko ga Aalesund a wasan da suka doke Lillestrøm SK da ci 7–1, wanda ya taimaka wa kulob din zuwa matsayi na biyu bayan wasanni tara. Bayan ya zura kwallaye goma a kakar wasa ta bana, Hamadallah ya ci hat-trick dinsa na biyu a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Viking da ci 3–1 a ranar 25 ga Oktobar 2013. A kakar wasansa na farko da kungiyar, Hamdallah ya zura kwallaye 15 a wasanni 27 da ya buga kuma an saka shi cikin Gwarzon dan wasan na bana. Har ila yau, ya bar Hamdallah a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a kulob din, kodayake shi ne na biyu a gasar bayan Frode Johnsen . Guangzhou R&F A watan Fabrairun 2014, Hamdallah ya koma kungiyar Guangzhou R&F ta kasar Sin . Bayan tafiya, Sven-Göran Eriksson zai horar da Hamdallah akan farashin rikodi na €4.5 miliyan ko 33,3 krone Norwegian miliyan. Tashinsa daga Aalesund ya bar kulob din sosai, saboda yadda ya zura kwallo a raga, abin da kulob ɗin ya sha fama da shi bayan da Hamdallah ya bar Norway zuwa China. Bayan ya buga wasanni biyu a farkon kakar wasa, Hamdallah ya zira ƙwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta bana, a wasan da suka doke Shanghai Shenxin da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Maris 2014. A wasa na gaba da Hangzhou Greentown, ya ci wani hat-trick a ci 6–2. Ya sake zira kwallo a wasa na gaba da Henan Jianye, wanda ya ci sau biyu a ci 4-0. Bayan shafe mako guda yana jin rauni a kafa, Hamdallah ya zura kwallon da ta yi nasara, a wasan da suka doke Guangzhou Evergrande 1-0. A kakar wasansa ta farko a Guangzhou R&F, Hamdallah ya buga wasanni ashirin da biyu kuma ya ci sau ashirin da biyu. Duk da fara mai kyau a wasanni hudu na farko da zura kwallaye uku a karawar da suka yi da Hangzhou Greentown, Shanghai SIPG da Guizhou Renhe . Hamdallah shi ma ya zura kwallo a ragar Gamba Osaka a wasan rukuni-rukuni na AFC Champions League . Sai dai Hamdallah ya samu rauni a kafa sannan ya ci gaba da fama da rauni. Ba wannan kadai ba, halinsa ya haifar da hayaniya daga manaja Cosmin Contra kuma su biyun sun fadi. An sanar a ranar 3 ga Yuli 2015 cewa Hamdallah zai bar kulob din. Kungiyoyin Qatari A ranar 24 ga Yuli 2015, Hamdallah ya shiga El Jaish a cikin Qatar Stars League kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da zaɓi na tsawaita shekara ta uku. A wani bangare na yunkurin, Aalesund ya karbi kashi 25 cikin dari na kudin canja wuri da aka biya zuwa Guangzhou. Hamdallah dai bai buga rabin kakar wasa ta 2016 ba saboda rauni a gwiwarsa. Kwallaye da ya ci ya ragu a kakar wasa ta bana saboda rashin rabin wasanni a kakar wasa ta bana. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2016, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a wasan kusa da na karshe a nasara da ci 3–2 da Al Sadd SC . Sun doke Al-Duhail SC a wasan karshe. A ranar 20 ga Janairu 2017, Hamdallah ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar har zuwa 2019 tare da Al-Rayyan SC .A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya ƙare kwangilarsa da Al-Rayyan . Al Nassar A ranar 23 ga Agusta 2018, Hamdallah ya shiga Al Nassr a cikin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Saudiyya . Ya buga wasansa na farko da Al Qadsiah FC kuma ya taimaka sau biyu. A wasansa na biyu, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar da kungiyar Al Taawoun FC . Ya zuwa Afrilu 2019 ya zira kwallaye 100 na gasar, rikodin tun lokacin da gasar ta zama ƙwararrun a 2007. Duk da mummunan farawar da ya yi sakamakon raunin da ya samu a idon sawun a baya Hamadallah ya iya kawo karshen kakarsa ta farko a gasar kwararru ta Saudiyya a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye bayan ya zura kwallaye 68 a raga. A cikin 2018-19 Season ya lashe gasar lig tare da tawagarsa. Ya zira kwallaye 34 a raga tare da abokin wasansa Nordin Amrabat . Ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe da Al Batin . A ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2019, Hamdallah ya ci hat-trick a kan Al Jandal SC a zagaye na 64 a gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 . Bayan kwanaki 10, ya zura kwallo a ragar Al Ansar FC . Ya sake zura kwallo a ragar Al-Fayha FC a zagaye na 16. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2019, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin rashin nasara da ci 4–2 a wasan kusa da na karshe da Al Ittihad na gasar cin kofin Sarki na 2019 . A karshen shekarar 2019, Hamdallah ya samu nasarar doke tauraruwa da dama kamar su Robert Lewandowski da Lionel Messi a matsayin wanda ya fi zura kwallaye a duniya bayan ya ci kwallaye 57. A ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2020, Hamdallah ya zira kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Al Taawoun FC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2019 . A ranar 30 ga Janairu, 2021, Hamdallah ya zira kwallaye a ci 3-0 a kan Al Hilal SFC don lashe Kofin Super Cup na 2020 . A 2020 AFC Champions League, Hamdallah ya yi tasiri sosai a tawagarsa. Ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 2–2 da Al Sadd SC kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a ci 2-0 da Sepahan SC . A zagayen kwata fainal ya zura kwallo daya tilo a cikin nasara da ci 1–0 da Al Taawoun FC . Sun yi rashin nasara a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe bayan bugun fanareti da Persepolis FC . A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba, Al Nassr FC ta soke kwangilarta da Hamdallah a hukumance. Hamdallah ya buga wasansa na karshe a kungiyar a ci 1-0 da Ettifaq FC . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Abderrazak Hamdallah on Instagram Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1990 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
52867	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asma%20Jahangir	Asma Jahangir	Asma Jilani Jahangir (; 27 ga watan Janairun 1952 - 11 ga watan Fabrairun 2018) lauya ce ta kare hakkin dan adam kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan Adam ta Pakistan wacce ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan . An san Jahangir da taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin ƙungiyar lauyoyi kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin addini ko imani kuma a matsayin mai amincewa a Ƙungiyar Crisis ta Duniya. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Lahore, Jahangir ta yi karatu a Convent of Jesus and Maryamu kafin ta sami B.A. daga Kinnaird da LLB daga Kwalejin Shari'a ta Jami'ar Punjab a 1978 kuma ta shiga ɗakin Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi . A shekara ta 1980, an kira ta zuwa Babban Kotun Lahore, da kuma Kotun Koli a shekara ta 1982. A cikin shekarun 1980s, Jahangir ya zama mai fafutukar dimokuradiyya kuma an daure shi a 1983 saboda shiga cikin Movement for the Restoration of Democracy a kan mulkin soja na Zia-ul-Haq . A shekara ta 1986, ta koma Geneva, kuma ta zama mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar kare yara ta kasa da kasa kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1988 lokacin da ta koma Pakistan. A shekara ta 1987, Jahangir ya kafa Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Pakistan kuma ya zama Sakatare Janar. A shekara ta 1993, an ɗaukaka ta a matsayin shugabar hukumar. An sake sanya ta a tsare a gida a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 bayan sanya dokar ta baci. Bayan ta yi aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar lauyoyi, ta zama mace ta farko a Pakistan da ta yi aiki da Shugabar Kotun Koli, ta jagoranci taron don girmama Barrister Ijaz Hussain Batalvi wanda Akhtar Aly Kureshy Convenier Ijaz Hussein Batalwi Foundation ta shirya. Ta kasance shugabar kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Kudancin Asiya kuma ta kasance mataimakiyar shugaban kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta kasa da kasa. Jahangir ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'yancin addini daga watan Agustan shekara ta 2004 zuwa Yuli shekara ta 2010, gami da yin aiki a kwamitin Majalisar Dinkinobho don bincike kan take hakkin dan adam na Sri Lanka da kuma aikin gano gaskiyar Majalisar Dinkin duniya a kan ƙauyukan Isra'ila. A shekara ta 2016, an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na musamman na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Yanayin 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran, inda ta kasance har zuwa mutuwarta a watan Fabrairun 2018. Jahangir ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da Kyautar Rayuwa ta Hakki ta 2014 (tare da Edward Snowden) don "kāri, karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam a Pakistan kuma mafi yawa, sau da yawa a cikin mawuyacin hali da rikitarwa kuma a cikin babban haɗari na mutum", Kyautar 'Yanci ta 2010 Freedom, Hilal-i-Imtiaz, Kyautar Sitara-Imsaytiaz, Ramon Mag a 2005, 1995 Kyautar Martin Ennals don Masu Kare Hakkin Dan Adam, da Kyautar UNESCO / Bilbao don Inganta Al'adu. Faransa ta ba ta lambar yabo ta Legion of Honour, kuma a cikin 2016 Jami'ar Pennsylvania Law School ta ba ta digiri na girmamawa. Rubuce-rubucen ta sun haɗa da Dokar Hudood: Sanction na Allah? da Yara na Ƙananan Allah . An ba Jahangir lambar yabo ta Nishan-e-Imtiaz a ranar 23 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, mafi girman matsayi na hidima ga jihar, da kuma ayyukan diflomasiyya na kasa da kasa ta Mamnoon Hussain. Rayuwa ta farko An haifi Asma Jahangir a cikin iyali mai arziki da siyasa mai suna Kakazai Pashtun tare da tarihin gwagwarmaya da aikin kare hakkin dan adam. Mahaifinta, Malik Ghulam Jilani, ma'aikacin gwamnati ne wanda ya shiga siyasa bayan ya yi ritaya kuma ya shafe shekaru a kurkuku da kuma tsare-tsare a gida saboda adawa da mulkin kama-karya na soja. An daure Malik a lokuta da yawa saboda ra'ayoyinsa na gaskiya, wanda ya haɗa da zargin gwamnatin Pakistan da kisan kare dangi a lokacin aikin soja a yanzu Bangladesh (tsohon Gabashin Pakistan). Mahaifiyarta, Begum Sabiha Jilani , ta yi karatu a wata kwalejin da ake kira Forman Christian College da ke Lahore, a lokacin da 'yan mata Musulmai suka sami ilimi mafi girma. Sabiha ta kuma yi yaƙi da tsarin gargajiya, ta fara kasuwancin tufafinta har sai an kwace ƙasar iyalinta a 1967 sakamakon ra'ayoyin mijinta da tsare shi. Jahangir kanta ta shiga cikin zanga-zangar adawa da mulkin soja tun tana ƙarama da kuma adawa da tsare mahaifinta da shugaban kasar Benazir Bhutto, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto ya yi a shekarar 1972. Ta sami digiri na BA daga Kwalejin Kinnaird, Lahore da kuma digiri na shari'a a 1978, da kuma digiri ya Bachelor of Laws (LLB) daga Jami'ar Punjab . Ta kuma sami digiri na girmamawa daga Jami'ar St. Gallen a Switzerland, Jami'ar Queens, Kanada, Jami'an Simon Fraser, Kanada da Jami'ar Cornell, Amurka. Asma Jilani ta auri Tahir Jahangir. Suna da ɗa da 'ya'ya mata biyu, Munizae Jahangir, ɗan jarida da Sulema Jahangir , wanda shi ma lauya ne. Haɗin waje Mutuwan 2018 Haifaffun 1952
24092	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Musawi	Al-Musawi	Al-Musawi (kalman , pronounced [ɪl'mu: səwi ] ) sunan mahaifi ne wanda wataƙila yana nuna cewa mutum ya fito ne daga babban gida mai mutunci da asalin ƙasa wanda ya fito daga Muhammad ta hannun Al Imam Musa al-Kadhim ibn Jafar a matsayin Sadiq (limamin Shi'a guda bakwai 7). Ana kiran membobin wannan dangi ta sigar anglicised sunan su Hashemites . Suna kullum ba da honorific suna Sayyid kafin su sunan farko. Fassarar ainihin kalman Larabci Sayyid Sir a Turanci . Duk da cewa babu rubutattun bayanai ko nazarin halittu da aka yi akan wannan dangi, tarihin furuci ya yi iƙirarin cewa sunan yana nuna cewa wannan mutumin asalin zuriyar annabin Musulunci ne Muhammad: Jikan annabi Musa al-Kadhim na bakwai. Hakanan wasu ūan Muwaisawa suna ɗaukar sunan Kazmi na ƙarshe. Masawa da yawa sun yi hijira daga Makka da Madina Saudiya zuwa wani karamin kauye da kakansu Musa Al-Kadhim ya gina a Bagadaza Iraki . Manyan 'yan uwa suna cikin Iraki, kuma su ma suna cikin wasu ƙasashe kamar Lebanon, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE, Saudi Arabia, da sauran ƙasashen Larabawa, amma yanzu sun bazu zuwa ƙasashen yamma da yawa. Iyalan Al Musawi dangi ne na Larabawa masu tasiri saboda suna da alaƙa da Annabi Muhammadu. Zuriyar su ne kai tsaye daga Musa Al-Kadhim wanda ɗan Imam Ja'afar al-Sadik ɗan Imam Muhammad Al-Baƙir ɗan Imam Ali Zayn al-Abidin ɗan Imam Hussain ɗan Imam Ali Bin Abi Talib da dan Fatimah ‘yar Muhammadu . Ana kiran membobin gidan Al-Mūsawi da taken Sayed a zahiri yana nufin Mista ko Sir . A matsayin take mai daraja, yana nuna mazan da aka karɓa a matsayin zuriyar Muhammadu kai tsaye. Mambobi galibi musulmai ne na Shi’a da aka samu a Iraki, Iran da sauran wurare a duniya Tushen dangin Al-Mūsawi sun fito ne daga Babban kabilar Banu Hashim, dangin Quraishawa, wanda ya sanya su Adnani Larabawa ko Larabawan Arewa waɗanda suka samo asali daga Ibrahim ta hannun ɗansa Isma'il a Mesopotamiya, yanzu Iraki, a tsohon garin Ur, kusa da Nasariyah, a Kudancin Iraki. Fitattun membobi Abul-Hasan Muhammad bn Al-Hussein Al-Musawi "ash-Sharif al-Radhi" shekara ta ( 930 zuwa shekara ta 977 ) malamin musulmi ne kuma mawaki wanda aka haifa a Bagadaza. Littafinsa da ya shahara shi ne Nahj al-Balaghah wanda ya tattara tarin maganganun Imam Ali da jawabansa. Hazrat Ishaan shekara ta (1563 zuwa shekara ta 1642) an haife shi a Bukhara . Ya kasance magaji kuma zuriyar Shah Bahauddin Naqshband Bukhari kuma fitaccen Faqih kuma wali a Daular Moghul . Har ila yau, ya kasance mafi girman ikon ilimi a Kashmir da Lahore . Shi da zuriyarsa wakilan suna ne na Imam Musa al-Kadhim . A cikin kasashen GCC Sayed Ala Sayed Mohammad Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi]]: Kwararren likitan tiyata ne na Kuwait da Maxillofacial kuma tsohon malamin jami'a. Babban dan Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed AlMusawi tsohon mamba na gwamnatin Kuwaiti, yana da titin a cikin Kuwaiti mai suna (Titin Sayed Ahmed Sayed Abed Al Mousawi) Don haka ya mai da shi daya daga cikin mutanen da suka mai da Kuwait kasar ta zama a yau. Link: https://www.pressreader.com/kuwait/arab-times/20151125/282406988262655 Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi-shekara ta (1812-zuwa shekara ta 1895) sanannen malamin Kuwait ne wanda ya koyar da Mubarak Babban Sarkin Kuwait. Ya bude makaranta a babban masallacin Kuwait . Mohammed Mehdi al -Qazwini - mashahurin malamin addini, ya ba da shawarar bangon Kuwait na uku a shekara ta 1920. Muhammad Hassan Al -Musawi -shekara ta (1912 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1995) ya kasance daya daga cikin fitattun malamai masu fafutukar neman ilimi a Kuwaiti. Jikan Sayyid Sulaimaan Rabi 'Al-Musawi ne. An zabe shi a matsayin shugaban makarantar Jafari a Kuwait kuma ya gabatar da Makarantar Turanci da Larabci da Nahawu. Ya yi aiki daga shekara ta 1942 zuwa shekara ta 1973 inda ya sami taken "Malamin Zamani". Ya ci gaba da sake tsara manhajojin darussa daban-daban da suka haɗa da Kimiyya da PE, ya gabatar da tsarin jarabawar Hadin Kai, Lambobin Kuɗi, Rahoton Makaranta (Rubututtuka), waɗanda har yanzu ana amfani da su a duk makarantun gwamnati a Kuwait. Lokacin da ya yi rashin lafiya kuma aka yi masa tayin tura shi kasashen waje don neman magani, ya ki cewa "Ba na son in mutu a wata kasa mai ban mamaki." Muhammad Baqir al -Muhri shekara ta (1948 zuwa shekara ta 2015) yana daya daga cikin fitattun malamai a tarihin Kuwait. Ya kasance mataimaki na kusan marja'a guda sha biyar 15, wanda ya kafa Majalisar Dangantakar Musulunci da Kirista, wanda ya kafa Kungiyar Malaman Musulmai a Kuwait, Limamin Masallacin Imam Ali a Kuwait, dan siyasa kuma marubucin jarida, kuma marubucin Falsafa da sirrin littafin Hajji. Dhiyaa Al -Musawi - marubuci kuma malami a Bahrain. Hussain Al-Musawi- dan kwallon Kuwait kuma daya daga cikin manyan 'yan wasan Al-Arabi SC. A Iraki Nasrallah al-Haeri- masanin addini kuma mawaƙi, ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin tattaunawar musulinci a cikin zamanin Ottoman. Madhiha Hassan al -Mosuwi - ma'aikaciyar agaji ga gwamnatin Iraki wanda wasu mutane suka fara kiran "Uwar Teresa na Bagadaza" Husain al-Radi- babban sakataren jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Iraki, an kashe shi bayan azabtarwa a Qasr Al-Nihaya a shekara ta 1963 (Radi dan asalin Musawi ne) Musa al -Musawi - wanda aka sani da rubuta rubuce -rubucen bita da kulli kan Musulunci Ibrahim al -Jaafari - dan siyasa wanda ya kasance Firayim Ministan Iraki a gwamnatin rikon kwaryar Iraqi daga shekara ta 2005 zuwa shekara ta 2006, bayan zaben Janairu shekara ta 2005. Ya kasance Ministan Harkokin Waje daga shekara ta 2014 zuwz shekara ta 2018. Hassan al -Qazwini - wanda ya kafa kuma jagoran Cibiyar Musulunci ta Amurka a Dearborn Heights, Michigan, mai wakiltar reshen Musulunci na Twelver Shi'a. In Lebanon Abbas al -Musawi - shekara ta (1952 - 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1992) fitaccen Malamin Musulmi ne. Husayn Al-Musawi-ɗan ƙasar Lebanon ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Amal Islamic Amal da aka rushe yanzu a shekara ta 1982. Ibrahim Mousawi - ɗan jaridar Lebanon ne kuma jami'in hulɗa da kafofin watsa labarai. In Iran Ruhollah Khomeini - (Satumba shekara ta 1902 -zuwa 3 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1989) ya kasance jagoran addinin Iran kuma masani, ɗan siyasa, kuma jagoran juyin juya halin Iran na shekara ta 1979. (Khomaini dan asalin Mūsawi ne, ya fito daga daular Safawiyya. Abu al-Qasim al-Khoei- daya daga cikin fitattun malaman addinin Shi'a na karni na ashirin 20. Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri malamin Shi'a ne 'yan sha-biyu na Iran, ya kasance tsohon wakilin Wali-Faqih a lardin Khuzestan + Ahwaz Imam na Juma'a. Abdorrahim Musavi - shine Babban Hafsan Hafsoshin Sojojin Iran. Mujtaba Musavi Lari - Malamin Addinin Shi'a ne na 'yan -sha -biyu. Ali Mousavi - dan wasan kwallon kafa na Iran Ƙasashen Indiya Imam Awliya Hazrat Ishaan - Babban Waliyya a Sunni Islam Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Monuddin Hadi Naqshband - Son da magajin Hazrat Ishaan Sayyid ul Sadaat Hazrat Sayyid Mir Jan - Zuriyar kuma magajin Hazrat Ishaan Sayyid ul Sadaat Sayyid Mahmud Agha - Dan uwa kuma magajin Sayyid Mir Jan Hamid Hussain Musavi - babban malamin zamaninsa a Indiya. Iyalan Al-Mosawi Gardēzī Sadaat Al Gharawi Sharif al-Ulama Al Hussaini Wasu daga cikin dangin Almazidi Sharaf Al Din Duba kuma Daular Safavid
26463	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e%20-ya%C6%99e%20Ridda	Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda	Yaƙe -yaƙe na Ridda (Larabci: ), ko Yaƙe -yaƙe Ridda, jerin yaƙe -yaƙe ne da Khalifa Abubakar ya ƙaddamar a kan kabilun Larabawa masu tawaye a lokacin 632 da 633, bayan rasuwar Annabi Muhammad. 'Yan tawaye da yawa sun bi ko dai Musaylimah, Tulayha, Sajjah ko Aswad Ansi, dukkansu sun yi da'awar annabawa ne. Wasu 'yan tawayen sun ce sun mika wuya ga Muhammadu a matsayin annabin Allah, amma ba su da wani abu ga Abubakar. An ci nasara da kabilun 'yan tawaye kuma an tilasta musu komawa cikin ikon halifanci. Cikakken sake gina abubuwan da ke faruwa yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar rikice -rikice da rikice -rikicen da ake samu a tushen asali. A tsakiyar watan Mayu na 632, Muhammad, wanda yanzu ba shi da lafiya, ya ba da umarnin babban shiri don yaƙi da Daular Byzantine domin ɗaukar fansar shahidai na Yakin Mu'tah. Musulmai 3000 ne zasu shiga cikin ta. Usama bn Zaid, saurayi kuma ɗan Zaidu bn Harithah wanda aka kashe a yaƙi a Mu'utah, an naɗa shi kwamandan wannan runduna don ya rama mutuwar mahaifinsa. Koyaya, Muhammadu ya mutu a watan Yuni 632 kuma Abubakar ya zama Khalifa ta wasu tsirarun mutane da masu mahawara a Saqifah. A ranar farko ta halifancinsa, Abubakar ya umarci rundunar Usama da su shirya tafiya. Abu Bakr ya kasance cikin matsanancin matsin lamba game da wannan balaguron saboda tashin tawaye da ridda a duk ƙasar Arabiya, amma ya ƙuduri aniya. Kafin tafiyarsa, Usama ya aika Umar zuwa ga Abubakar kuma an ce ya fada: Sai dai Abubakar ya ki. An motsa shi zuwa wannan shawarar aƙalla wani ɓangare ta muradinsa na aiwatar da shirin soja na Muhammadu da bai cika ba. A ranar 26 ga Yuni, 632, sojojin Usama suka yi sansani suka tashi. Bayan barin Madina, Usama ya yi tattaki zuwa Tabuk. Yawancin kabilun da ke wannan yankin sun yi tsayayya da shi ƙwarai, amma ya ci su. Usama ya kai farmaki nesa ba kusa ba a yankin Arewacin Larabawa, ya fara da Quza'a, sannan ya nufi Dawmatu l-Jandal (Al Jawf na zamani, Saudi Arabia). Sakamakon sakamakon ayyukansa kai tsaye, kabilun 'yan tawaye da yawa sun sake mika mulkin Mediniya kuma sun yi iƙirarin cewa sun sake karɓar Musulunci. Quza'a ta ci gaba da tawaye kuma ba ta tuba, amma daga baya Amr bn al-As ya kai musu farmaki tare da tilasta musu sake mika wuya. Usama ya yi tattaki zuwa Mu'utah, inda ya kai hari kan Larabawan Kiristoci na kabilun Banu Kalb da Ghassanids a wani karamin yaki. Sannan ya koma Madina, tare da shi da yawan fursunoni da dukiya mai yawa, wanda daga cikinsu ya ƙunshi ganimar yaƙi da sashin haraji na kabilun da suka sake cin nasara. Sojojin Musulunci sun ci gaba da zama a Madina tsawon kwanaki 40. Tsaro na Madina Yawan 'yan tawayen da ke kusa da Madina yana cikin yankuna biyu: Abraq, mil 72 zuwa arewa maso gabas, da Dhu Qissa, mil 24 zuwa gabas. Waɗannan abubuwan sun ƙunshi kabilun Banu Ghatafan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Abubakar ya aike da wakilai zuwa ga dukkan kabilun abokan gaba, inda ya yi kira gare su da su kasance masu biyayya ga Musulunci da ci gaba da bayar da Zakka. Mako daya ko biyu bayan tafiyar sojojin Usama, kabilun ‘yan tawaye sun kewaye Madina, da sanin cewa akwai rundunonin fada a cikin garin. A halin yanzu, Tulayha, mai kiran kansa annabi, ya ƙarfafa 'yan tawayen a Dhu Qissa. A cikin sati na uku na watan Yulin 632, sojojin ridda sun tashi daga Dhu Qissa zuwa Dhu Hussa, daga inda suka shirya kai farmaki kan Madina. Abubakar ya sami bayanan motsin 'yan tawaye, kuma nan da nan ya shirya don kare Madina. Ibn Kathir ya rubuta cewa nan da nan Abubakar ya kafa sabuwar ƙungiyar tsaro ta al-Ḥaras wa al-Shurṭa don kare Madina. An nada tsofaffin sahabbai kamar Ali ibn Abi Talib, Talha ibn Ubaidullah da Zubair ibn al-Awam a matsayin kwamandojin wadannan raka'a. Dakarun Haras wa l Shurta sun hau raƙumansu zuwa kan tudun Madina da daddare, inda suka tare dakarun farmakin kawancen ridda, har sai abokan gaba suka koma Dhu Qisha. Yakin Zhu Hissa Kashegari, Abu Bakr ya yi tattaki tare da babban runduna daga Madina ya nufi Dhu Hussa. Da yake raƙuman sojan da ke hawa duk suna tare da rundunar Usama, zai iya tattara rakumi kawai a matsayin hawa. Waɗannan rakuman rakuman, waɗanda ba a horar da su don yaƙi ba, sun kulle lokacin da Hibal, kwamandan ridda a Zhu Hussa, ya kai hari ba zato ba tsammani daga tsaunuka; a sakamakon haka, Musulmai ba za su iya sarrafa Rakuman da ba su da horo ba kuma sun yanke shawarar komawa Madina, kuma 'yan ridda sun sake kwato wuraren da suka rasa' yan kwanaki da suka gabata. A Madina, Abubakar ya sake shirya rundunar don yaƙi kuma ya kai hari ga masu ridda a cikin dare, ya ba su mamaki. 'Yan ridda sun ja da baya daga Dhu Hussa zuwa Dhu Qissa. Kabilun da suka yi ridda sun koma Abraq, inda aka tara ƙarin dangin Ghatfan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Abubakar ya bar ragowar runduna karkashin jagorancin An-Numan ibn Muqarrin a Dhu Qissa sannan ya dawo tare da babban rundunarsa zuwa Madina. Yakin Abraq A ranar 4 ga Agustan 632, rundunar Usama ta koma Madina. Abubakar ya umarci Usama da ya huta ya sake tura mutanensa wurin don gudanar da ayyuka nan gaba. A halin yanzu, a sati na biyu na watan Agustan 632, Abubakar ya tura rundunarsa zuwa Zhu Qissa. Haɗin ragowar rundunonin An-Numan ibn Muqarrin da nasa, sai Abubakar ya koma Abraq, inda 'yan tawayen da suka ja da baya suka taru. Washegari da safe, Abubakar ya jagoranci rundunarsa zuwa Dhu Qissa, tare da shi kansa Abubakar ya jagoranci cibiyar, yayin da Al-Nu'uman ibn Muqrin ke hawa a gefen dama, Abdullah ibn Muqrin a gefen hagu, da Suwaid ibn Muqrin matsayi a baya. Dakarun Madina sun yi nasarar fatattakar kabilun 'yan tawaye, inda suka kame Dhu Qissa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 632. Sauran' yan tawayen sun koma Buzakha, inda Tulayha ya tashi tare da sojojinsa daga Samira. Dabarun Abubakar A cikin mako na huɗu na watan Agustan 632, Abubakar ya koma Zhu Qissa tare da duk rundunonin yaƙi. A can ya tsara dabarar sa, a cikin abin da daga baya za a kira Yaƙin Ridda, don magance maƙiya daban -daban waɗanda suka mamaye sauran Arabia. Yaƙe -yaƙen da ya yi kwanan nan kan munanan ridda a Zhu Qissa da Abraq sun kasance a cikin yanayin ayyukan kariya don kare Madina da kuma hana ƙarin farmakin abokan gaba. Waɗannan ayyukan sun ba Abubakar damar samun tushe daga inda zai iya yaƙar babban yaƙin da ke gaba, don haka ya sami lokaci don shiri da ƙaddamar da manyan rundunoninsa. Dole ne Abubakar ya yi yaƙi ba ɗaya ba amma abokan gaba da yawa: Tulayha a Buzakha, Malik bin Nuwaira a Butah, da Musaylima a Yamamah. Dole ne ya magance ridda mai yawa a gabas da kudancin Larabawa: a Bahrain, a Oman, a Mahra, a Hadhramaut da Yemen. An yi ridda a yankin kudu da gabashin Makka da Quza'a a arewacin Arabiya. Abubakar ya kafa runduna zuwa rukunoni da dama, wanda Khalid ibn Walid ya ba da umarni mafi karfi kuma aka ba shi aikin yakar mafi karfin sojojin 'yan tawaye. An ba wa wasu gungun wuraren muhimman wurare na biyu waɗanda za su mamaye ƙananan kabilun ridda masu ƙarancin haɗari, kuma an tura su bayan Khalid, sakamakon sakamakon ayyukansa. Shirin Abu Bakr shi ne ya fara share yankin yammacin Arabiya (yankin da ke kusa da Madina), sannan ya tunkari Malik bin Nuwaira, daga karshe ya mai da hankali kan maƙiyi mafi haɗari da ƙarfi: annabin Musaylima mai kiran kansa. Ƙungiyar soja Halifa ya rarraba karfin da ake da shi a tsakanin manyan runduna 11, kowanne a karkashin kwamandansa, kuma yana dauke da mizaninsa. An rarraba ikon da ake samu tsakanin waɗannan rukunin, kuma yayin da aka ba wasu kwamandojin ayyukan gaggawa, wasu kuma an ba su ayyukan da za a ƙaddamar daga baya. Kwamandojin da manufofin da aka ba su sune: Khalid Ibn Walid: Ya yi gaba da Tulaiha bin Khuwailad Al-Asdee () daga Qabilar Asad () a Buzaakhah (), sannan Banu Sulaim. Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl: Ganawa da Musaylima a Yamamah amma ba don shiga ba har sai an sami ƙarin runduna. Amr ibn al-As: Kabilun ridda na Quza'a da Wadi'a a yankin Tabuk da Daumat-ul-Jandal. Shurahbil ibn Hasana: Ku bi Ikrimah ku jira umarnin Halifa. Khalid bin Saeed: Wasu kabilun da suka yi ridda a kan iyakar Sham. Turaifa bin Hajiz: Kabilun Hawazin da Bani Sulaim da suka yi ridda a yankin gabashin Madina da Makka. Ala bin Al Hadhrami: Masu ridda a Bahrain. Huzaifa bin Mihsan: Masu ridda a Oman. Arfaja bin Harthama .: Masu ridda a Mahra. Muhajir bin Abi Umayyah: Masu ridda a Yemen, sai Kinda a Hadhramaut. Suwaid bin Muqaran: Masu ridda a yankin gabar teku a arewacin Yemen. Da zaran an kammala aikin yi wa kasa hidima, Khalid ya fita, don Ikrimah da Amr bn al-As su biyo baya kadan. Halifan ya hana sauran gungun kuma ya tura makonni da ma watanni bayan haka, bisa ga ci gaban ayyukan Khalid a kan babban maƙiyan adawa. Kafin gawarwaki daban -daban su bar Zhu Qissa, duk da haka, Abubakar ya aike da wakilai zuwa ga dukkan kabilun da suka yi ridda a yunƙurin ƙarshe na jawo su su miƙa wuya. Tsakiyar Arabia Musaylima, mai kiran kansa annabi, ya jagoranci ridda da tawaye a tsakiyar Arabia a yankin Yamamah mai haihuwa. Mafi rinjaye ya goyi bayan ƙabilar Banu Hanifa mai ƙarfi. A Buzakha da ke tsakiyar tsakiyar Larabawa, wani mai kiran kansa annabi, Tulayha, sarkin kabilar Banu Asad, shi ne ya jagoranci tawayen Madina da taimakon kabilun Banu Ghatafan, Hawazin, da Tayy. Bayan samun bayanan shirye -shiryen Musulmi, Tulayha shi ma ya shirya yaƙi, kuma ƙungiyoyin kabilun da ke ƙawance sun ƙara ƙarfafa shi. Kafin ya tura Khalid a kan Tulayha, Abubakar ya nemi ya rage ƙarfin na ƙarshen. Babu abin da za a iya yi game da kabilun Bani Assad da Banu Ghatafan, waɗanda suka tsaya kyam a bayan Tulayha, amma Tayy ba su da tsayin daka wajen goyon bayan Tulayha, kuma babbansu, Adi ibn Hatim, Musulmi ne mai ibada. Abu Bakr ne ya nada Adi don tattaunawa da dattawan kabilun don janye tawagarsu daga rundunar Tulayha. Tattaunawar ta yi nasara, Adi ya zo da mahayan dawakai 500 na kabilarsa don ƙarfafa sojojin Khalid. Daga baya Khalid ya yi yaƙi da wata kabila mai ridda, Jadila. Anan kuma Adi ibn Hatim ya miƙa hidimominsa don shawo kan ƙabilar su miƙa kai ba tare da zubar da jini ba. Bani Jadila yayi sallama, sannan jarumansu 1000 suka shiga rundunar Khalid. Khalid, yanzu ya fi ƙarfin lokacin da ya bar Zhu Qissa, ya nufi Buzakha. A can, a tsakiyar watan Satumba na 632 AZ, ya ci Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha. Ragowar sojojin Tulayha sun koma Ghamra, mil 20 daga Buzakha, kuma an ci su a Yakin Ghamra a sati na uku na Satumba. Kabilu da dama sun mika wuya ga Halifa bayan nasarorin da Khalid ya samu. Da yake tafiya kudu daga Buzakha, Khalid ya isa Naqra a watan Oktoba, da runduna yanzu 6000 mai karfi, kuma ya ci nasara akan kabilar Banu Saleem masu tawaye a yakin Naqra. A cikin sati na uku na watan Oktoba, Khalid ya ci nasara a kan wata yar sarauniya, Salma, a yakin Zafar. Bayan haka ya koma Najd a kan kabilar Banu Tamim masu tawaye da Sheikh Malik ibn Nuwayrah. A Najd, da samun labarin manyan nasarorin da Khalid ya samu a kan masu ridda a Buzakha, yawancin dangin Banu Tamim sun yi gaggawar ziyartar Khalid, amma Bani Yarbu ', reshen Bani Tamim, a ƙarƙashin babbansu, Malik ibn Nuwayrah, ya tsaya. Malik ya kasance shugaban wasu banbanci: jarumi, wanda aka san shi da karamci, kuma shahararren mawaƙi. Jaruntaka, karimci, da waƙoƙi sune halaye uku da aka fi jin daɗinsu a tsakanin Larabawa. A lokacin Muhammadu, an naɗa shi a matsayin mai karɓar haraji ga ƙabilar Banu Tamim. Da zaran Malik ya ji labarin rasuwar Muhammadu, sai ya mayar wa mutanen kabilunsa dukkan harajin, ya ce, "Yanzu kai ne mai dukiyarka." Yawancin malamai sun yarda cewa yana bin ƙa'idodin Larabawa na zamaninsa wanda za su iya daina yin mubaya'a ga wata ƙabila bayan mutuwar Sheikhinta. Sojojin Khalid ne suka tare mahayan nasa a garin Buttah. Khalid ya tambaye su game da yarjejeniyar da suka rattabawa hannu tare da mai kiran kanta annabiya Sajjah; sun amsa cewa don ramuwar gayya ne kawai a kan abokan gabansu. Lokacin da Khalid ya isa Najd bai sami sojoji masu adawa ba. Ya aika da mahayan dawakansa zuwa ƙauyukan da ke kusa kuma ya umarce su da su kira Azaan (kiran sallah) ga kowane ɓangaren da suka haɗu. Zirrar bin Azwar, jagoran tawagar, ya cafke iyalan Malik, yana mai cewa ba su amsa kiran sallah ba. Malik ya guji hulɗa kai tsaye da sojojin Khalid kuma ya umarci mabiyansa da su watse, kuma da alama shi da danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa hamada. Ya ki bayar da zakka, ya banbanta tsakanin sallah da zakka. Koyaya, an zargi Malik da tawaye ga jihar Madina. Hakanan za a tuhume shi saboda shiga kawance da Sajjah a kan Khalifanci. An kama Malik tare da na danginsa. Khalid ya tambayi Malik game da laifukan da ya aikata, ya amsa, "maigidanku ya faɗi haka, maigidanku ya faɗi haka", yana nufin Muhammad. Khalid ya ayyana Malik dan tawaye ne kuma ya ba da umarnin kashe shi. Ikrimah ibn Abi-Jahl, daya daga cikin kwamandojin masu yi wa kasa hidima, an umurce shi da ya tuntubi Musaylima a Yamamah, amma kada ya shiga har sai Khalid ya shiga tare da shi. Manufar Abu Bakr na bai wa Ikrimah wannan aikin shi ne ya daure Musaylima a Yamamah, ta yadda ya 'yantar da Khalid don ya yi hulɗa da kabilun ridda na arewa ta tsakiya Arabiya ba tare da tsangwama ba. A halin da ake ciki, Abubakar ya aika da gawar Shurhabil don ƙarfafa Ikrimah a Yamamah. Ikrimah, duk da haka, a farkon watan Satumba na 632, ya kai hari kan sojojin Musaylima kafin ƙarfafawa ta iso, kuma aka ci su. Ya ba da rahoton abin da ya aikata ga Abubakar, wanda duk ya ji haushi kuma ya fusata da saurin Ikrimah da rashin biyayyarsa, ya umarce shi da ya ci gaba da ƙarfinsa zuwa Oman don taimakawa Hudaifa; da zarar Hudaifa ya kammala aikinsa, zai yi tattaki zuwa Mahra don taimakawa Arfaja, daga baya ya tafi Yemen don taimakawa Muhajir. A halin da ake ciki, Abubakar ya aika da umarni ga Khalid don yin yaƙi da Musaylima. Gawar Shurhabil, wadda aka jibge a Yamamah, ita ce za ta karfafa gawar Khalid. Baya ga wannan Abu Bakr ya tara sabbin rundunonin Ansar da Muhajireen a Madina wadanda suka shiga gawar Khalid a Butah kafin rundunar hadin gwiwa ta tashi zuwa Yamamah. Kodayake Abu Bakr ya umarci Shurhabil da kada ya shiga rundunar Musaylima har zuwa lokacin Khalid, Shurhabil ya shiga rundunar Musaylima ta wata hanya kuma an ci shi ma. Khalid ya haɗu da ragowar gawar Shurhabil a farkon watan Disamba na 632. Hadin gwiwar Musulmai, wanda yanzu 13,000 suke da karfi, a karshe sun ci sojojin Musaylima a yakin Yamama, wanda aka yi a mako na uku na Disamba. Garin Yamamah mai garu ya mika kansa cikin lumana a cikin wancan makon. Khalid ya kafa hedkwatarsa a Yamamah, daga inda ya aika ginshiƙai a ko'ina cikin filin Aqraba don mamaye yankin kusa da Yamamah. Bayan haka, duk tsakiyar Arabiya sun miƙa wuya ga Madina. Abin da ya rage na ridda a yankunan Arabia da ba su da mahimmanci na Musulmai sun kawar da su a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka tsara cikin watanni biyar. A tsakiyar watan Satumba na 632, Abu Bakr ya aike da gawar Hudaifa bin Mihsan don magance ridda a Oman, inda babbar kabilar Azd ta yi tawaye a karkashin babbansu Laqeet bin Malik, wanda aka fi sani da "Dhu'l-Taj" ("Mai Girma Daya"). A cewar wasu rahotanni, ya kuma yi da'awar Annabci. Hudaifa ya shiga Oman, amma ba shi da isasshen ƙarfi don yaƙar Dhu'l-Taj, ya nemi ƙarfafawa daga Halifa, wanda ya aiko Ikrimah daga Yamamah don taimaka masa a ƙarshen Satumba. Sojojin haɗin gwiwar sun ci Dhu'l-Taj a yaƙin da aka yi a Dibba, ɗaya daga cikin garuruwan Dhu'l-Taj, a watan Nuwamba. Shi kansa Dhu'l-Taj an kashe shi a yakin. An nada Hudaifa gwamnan Oman, kuma ya himmatu game da sake kafa doka da oda. Ikrimah, ba shi da wani alhakin gudanarwa na gida, ya yi amfani da gawarsa don mamaye yankin da ke kusa da Daba, kuma, a cikin wasu ƙananan ayyuka, ya yi nasarar karya juriya na waɗanda Azd waɗanda suka ci gaba da bijirewa ikon Madina. Arewancin Arabiya Wani lokaci a watan Oktoba na 632, an tura gawar Amr zuwa iyakar Siriya don cin nasara ga kabilun da suka yi ridda-mafi mahimmanci, Quza'a da Wadi'a (wani ɓangare na Bani Kalb)-a yankin kusa da Tabuk da Daumat- ul-Jandal (Al-Jawf). Amr bai sami damar doke kabilun cikin biyayya ba har sai Shurhabil ya haɗu da shi a cikin Janairu bayan Yaƙin Yamamah. Yaman ita ce lardin farko da ta yi tawaye ga ikon Musulunci lokacin da kabilar Ans suka tashi da makamai karkashin jagorancin shugabansu kuma mai kiran kansa annabi Al-Aswad Al-Ansi, Black One. Al-Abna 'ne ke iko da Yemen a lokacin, wata ƙungiya ta fito daga sansanin Farisa na Sanaa. Lokacin da Badhan ya mutu, ɗansa Shahr ya zama gwamnan Yemen amma Al-Aswad ya kashe shi. Fayruz al-Daylami, wanda shi ma memba ne na abna ', wanda Muhammad ya aiko shi, daga baya Fairoz ya zama gwamnan Yaman a San'a daga baya ya kashe Al-Aswad. Tawaye na biyu na Yemen Wani lokacin a lokacin mulkin Umar mutanen Yemen sun sake yin tawaye. wannan karon karkashin jagorancin wani mutum mai suna Ghayth ibn Abd Yaghuth. Manufar masu ridda ita ce fitar da Musulmai daga Yaman ta hanyar kashe Fairoz da wasu manyan shugabannin Musulmai. Ko ta yaya Fairoz ya tsere ya nemi mafaka a cikin tsaunuka a watan Yuni ko Yuli na 632. Tsawon watanni shida masu zuwa Fairoz ya ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin mafakarsa, lokacin da dubunnan Musulman Yemen suka haɗa shi. Lokacin da ya ji ƙarfinsa, Fairoz ya yi tattaki zuwa San'a ya ci Qais, wanda ya ja da baya tare da ragowar mutanen arewa maso gabas zuwa Abyan, inda dukkansu suka mika wuya sannan daga baya halifa ya yi musu afuwa. A gefe guda kuma, Sayyiduna Uthman bn Abi al-As ya aika da runduna daga Ta'if akan 'yan tawayen daga kabilun Azd da Bajila a Yemen. Daga baya kuma ya ba da gudummawar runduna ashirin daga birnin a ƙarƙashin jagorancin ɗan'uwansa don taimakawa ayyukan yaƙin Madina a Yemen. Abubakar ya ajiye Uthman a matsayinsa kamar yadda halifansa halifa Umar ya yi. Daga Oman, bisa umarnin Abubakar, Ikrimah ya nufi Mahra don shiga Arfaja bin Harthama. Da yake Arfaja bai iso ba tukuna, Ikrimah maimakon ta jira shi, sai ya tunkari 'yan tawayen yankin da kansa. A Jairut, Ikrimah ya sadu da rundunonin 'yan tawaye guda biyu suna shirin yaƙi. Anan ya lallashe masu rauni su rungumi addinin musulunci sannan ya haɗa kai da su don kayar da abokan adawar su. Da ya sake kafa Musulunci a Mahra, Ikrimah ya tafi da gawarsa zuwa Abyan, inda ya huta da mutanensa yana jiran ci gaba. Bayan yakin Yamamah, Abubakar ya aika da gawar Ala bin Al Hadhrami akan 'yan tawayen Bahrain. Ala ya isa Bahrain don nemo sojojin ridda da suka taru a Hajr sun shiga cikin karfi. Ala ya kai hari na bazata wata dare kuma ya ƙwace birnin. 'Yan tawayen sun koma yankunan da ke gabar teku, inda suka kara tsayawa amma aka ci su da karfi. Yawancin su sun mika wuya kuma sun koma addinin Musulunci. An kammala wannan aikin a kusan ƙarshen Janairu 633. Ƙarshen babban tawayen ridda shine na ƙabila mai ƙarfi ta Kindah, wacce ke zaune a yankin Najran, Hadhramaut, da gabashin Yemen. Ba su shiga cikin tawaye ba har zuwa Janairu 633. Ziyad bin Lubaid, gwamnan Hadhramaut Musulmi, ya yi musu farmaki kuma ya kai wa Riyaz hari, bayan nan gaba dayan Kinda suka shiga tawaye karkashin al-Ash'ath ibn Qays kuma suka shirya yaki. Koyaya, ƙarfin rundunonin biyu, watau ridda da Musulmi, ya kasance daidai gwargwado ta yadda babu wani ɓangaren da ya ji zai iya fara tashin hankali mai tsanani. Ziyad ya jira karfafawa kafin ya kai hari kan 'yan tawayen. Ƙarfafawa suna kan hanya. al-Muhajir ibn Abi Umayya, na karshe daga cikin kwamandojin bautar da Abubakar ya aika, ya ci nasara kan wasu kabilun 'yan tawaye a Najran, kudu maso gabashin Arabiya, kuma Abubakar ya umarce shi da ya yi tattaki zuwa Hadhramaut ya shiga Ziyad a kan Kindah. Halifa ya kuma umarci Ikrimah, wanda ke Abyan, da ya shiga rundunar Ziyad da Muhajir. A karshen watan Janairun 633 sojojin Muhajir da Ziyad sun hadu a Zafar, babban birnin Hadhramaut, a karkashin umurnin tsohon, kuma sun ci al-Ash'ath, wanda ya koma garin Nujair mai garu. Kawai bayan wannan yaƙin kuma gawar Ikrimah ta iso. Ƙungiyoyin Musulmai guda uku, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhajir, sun ci gaba zuwa Nujair kuma sun kewaye birnin mai garu. An kama Nujair wani lokaci a tsakiyar watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 633. Tare da shan kashi na Kindah a Nujair na karshe daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin yan ridda sun rushe. Arabiya ta kasance lafiya ga Musulunci. An yi yaƙin neman zaɓe kuma an kammala shi a shekara ta 11 bayan Hijira. Shekara ta 12 Hijiriyya ta wayi gari a ranar 18 ga Maris, 633, inda Larabawa suka hade a karkashin ikon Halifa a Madina. Wannan yakin shine babban nasarar Abubakar da siyasa da soji, kuma ya kasance cikakkiyar nasara. Da rushewar tawayen, yanzu Abubakar ya yanke shawarar fadada daular. Ba a sani ba ko aniyarsa ta daɗa faɗaɗa faɗaɗa faɗaɗa, ko farmakin riga-kafi don tabbatar da yankin tsaro tsakanin daular Islama da masarautar Sassanid mai ƙarfi da daular Byzantine. Wannan shi ne ya kafa mataki na mamayar da Farisa ta yi wa Musulunci. An aika Khalid zuwa Farisa da runduna mai kunshe da masu aikin sa kai 18,000, kuma ya ci lardin Farisa mafi arziki: Iraki. Bayan haka, Abu Bakr ya aika da rundunarsa don su mamaye ƙasar Siriya ta Rum, muhimmin lardin daular Byzantine. Kara karantawa Fred McGraw Donner: The Early Islamic Conquests. Princeton University Press, 1986.ISBN 0691053278 Meir J. Kister: The struggle against Musaylima and the conquest of Yamama. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 27 Ella Landau-Tasseron: The Participation of Tayyi in the Ridda. In: Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 5
14466	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nii%20Amaa%20Ollennu	Nii Amaa Ollennu	Raphael Nii Amaa Ollennu, (21 ga Mayu 1906 - 22 Disamban shekarar 1986) ya kasance masanin shari’a da alkali wanda ya zama Alkalin Kotun Koli na Ghana daga 1962 zuwa 1966, mukaddashin Shugaban Ghana a Jamhuriya ta Biyu daga 7 ga watan Agusta 1970 zuwa 31 ga Agustan shekara ta 1970 da Shugaban Majalisar Ghana na daga 1969 zuwa 1972. Rayuwar farko da ilimi Ollennu an haife shi a Labadi, Accra a cikin shekarar 1906 kuma na mutanen Ga ne. Iyayensa sune Wilfred Kuma Ollennu da Salomey Anerkai Mandin Abbey. Ollennu ya halarci makarantar kwana ta tsakiya, makarantar Salem a Osu. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Accra High School. Wani ɓangare na karatunsa na farko shi ne a Kwalejin Horar da bywararrun Presbyterian da ke Akropong a Yankin Gabashin Ghana, inda ya yi karatun koyarwa da ilimin addini. Ya tafi Ingila don yin karatun fikihu a Masallacin Tsakiya, Landan kuma an kira shi zuwa mashaya a 1940 bayan ya ɗauki watanni 18 don kammala karatun shekara uku wanda ya wuce tare da bambanci - ya sami yabo daga Majalisar Sarauniya. Aikin doka Mutum na farko a cikin danginsa da ya cancanci zama lauya, an yi masa rajista a matsayin Raphael Nii Amaa Ollennu a cikin Gold Coast (a yanzu Ghana) ya yi rajista a 1940. Daga baya ya zama alƙalin puisne a cikin shekarar 1955, ya hau kan mukamai ya zama alkalin Kotun Koli kuma a ranar 1 ga Satumba 1962, aka ɗaukaka shi zuwa Alkalin Kotun Ghanaoli na Ghana. Ya kuma wallafa littattafai a kan batutuwa daban-daban na shari'a kuma ya kasance mai iko ne kan tsarin mallakar Afirka ta gargajiya. Ya kuma kasance yana aiki tare da Babban Majalisar Hadin gwiwar Duniya na Ikklesiyoyin Gyara. Ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Kwalejin Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana daga 1969 zuwa 1972. Nii Amaa Ollennu na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Accra a Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast a farkon shekarun 1950. A shekarar 1950, ya kafa National Democratic Party, ya zama shugabanta. A zaben majalisar dokoki na Gold Coast da aka yi a 1951, jam’iyyar ta kasa cin kowane kujeru, kuma a shekara mai zuwa, ya jagorance ta zuwa Jam’iyyar Ghana Congress Party. Don haka Ollennu ya kasance dan adawa tare da Busia da Danquah ga Jam'iyyar Nkrumah ta Jam'iyyar Mutane. Shugaban rikon kwarya na Ghana A lokacin jamhuriya ta biyu, Ollennu ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Ghana daga Oktoban shekarata 1969 zuwa Janairun 1972. Ya kuma zama shugaban riko na Ghana a ranar 7 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1970. A hukumance ya kasance shugaban Kwamitin Shugaban Kasa. Ya karbi mulki ne daga shugaban sojoji na baya, Laftana Janar. Afrifa kuma ya mika shi a ranar 31 ga Agustan shekara ta 1970 ga Edward Akufo-Addo wanda aka zaba a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta 1970 ta kwalejin zaɓe. Ya samu kuri'u 123 yayin da Edward Asafu Adjaye ya samu 35. Wannan bikin shugabanci ne yayin da firaminista, Kofi Abrefa Busia ke rike da ikon zartarwa. A lokacin Jamhuriya ta biyu ta Ghana, Ollennu ya zama shugaban majalisar dokokin kasar ta Ghana. Rayuwar mutum Nii Amaa Ollennu tayi aure sau hudu. Matarsa ta farko ita ce Emily Jiagge ta Keta a Yankin Volta wanda kakansa shi ne Togbui Tamakloe, Shugaban Uti. Yana da yara biyu tare da ita: Amerley Ollennu, tun lokacin da jakadan shwk 2017 a Denmark da Boni-Ashitey Ollennu, wani lauya a London. Sannan ya auri Charlotte Amy Sawyerr (née Mettle), diyar Rev. John Josiah Mettle da Mrs. Marian Anohuma Mettle (née Harvey). Suna da 'ya'ya biyu tare: Noni-Ashitey (Fio) da Ashitei. Mettle tana da wasu yara biyar daga wani aure. Ta mutu a 2016, tana da shekaru 103. Sannan ya auri Afua Frema Kofi Abrefa Busia, Sarauniyar Wenchi kuma 'yar uwa ga KA Busia. Nii Amaa Ollennu ta kasance kani ga dan uwan Quao, ciki har da Nathan Quao , wani jami'in diflomasiyya, masanin ilmi da kuma ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda ya zama mai ba da shawara ga shugaban ƙasa ga Shugabannin Ghana da yawa. 'Ya'yan Quaos sun hada da Amon Nikoi , masanin tattalin arziki da diflomasiyya, Gwamnan Bankin Ghana daga 1973 zuwa 1977 da Ministan Kudi daga 1979 zuwa 1981 ban da' yan'uwan, Nicholas T. Clerk , tsohon Rector na GIMPA da George C. Clerk , masanin tsirrai. Ashitey Trebi-Ollennu, injiniyan kere-kere na NASA, dan uwan Ollennu ne. Nii Amaa Ollennu ya mutu a watan Disamba 1986. Duba kuma Shugaban majalisar dokokin Ghana Jerin alkalan kotun koli ta Ghana Kotun Koli ta Ghana
51327	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne%20Bier	Susanne Bier	Susanne Bier [ su s a nə ] fina-finan Danish ce, an haife ta a Copenhagen, Denmark a cikin sha biyar ga Afrilu a shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da shittin . Tarihin Rayuwar ta Samuwar da farko Susanne Bier ta yi karatun zane-zane a makarantar Bezalel da ke Urushalima, sannan ta yi karatun gine-gine a Landan, kafin ta shiga Makarantar Fina-finai ta Denmark . A shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da tamanin da bakwai, fim dinsa na digiri na De saliges ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko a Filmschoolfest Munich (cikin) a Jamus da Yayin da take yin faifan bidiyo da tallace-tallace, ta ci gaba da aikinta na fim. Ta jagoranci fim ɗinta na farko a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da daya, Freud Leaves Home, wanda Peter Stormare ya bayyana. Ta canza nau'ikan wasan ban dariya na dangi ( Al'amuran Iyali a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da hudu) zuwa mai ban sha'awa ( Sekten a cikin shekara ta dubu daya da dari tara da casa'in da bakwai). Ƙaddamar da Ƙasashen Duniya (2000s) A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da hudu , tare da Brothers, wanda ta rubuta kuma ta ba da umarni, ta sami karɓuwa a duniya. Lalle ne, an fitar da wannan fim ɗin sosai a Turai kuma ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa a lokacin bukukuwa, kuma an shirya wani remake na Amurka, har yanzu mai suna Brothers, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da tara, wanda Jim Sheridan ya jagoranta tare da Tobey Maguire, Jake Gyllenhaal da Natalie Portman . A cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da shida, darektan ya ƙara yawan sanannunta tare da Bayan Bikin aure, wanda aka saki a shekara ta dubu biyu da bakwai a Amurka kuma an zabi shi don Oscar don mafi kyawun fina-finai na waje . Tsayawa da tsayin daka, a cikin shekata dubu biyu da takwas ta harbe Tunawa da Ƙonanmu, tare da simintin Hollywood. : Halle Berry da Benicio del Toro . Sam Mendes ya shirya fim ɗin fasalin. Masu suka sun yi maraba da wannan fasalin amma ofishin akwatin ya kasance abin takaici . Har ila yau, a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da takwas, a lokacin 61 Cannes Film Festival, ta kasance memba na Cinéfondation da gajeren fina-finai juri, wanda darektan Hou Hsiao-hsien ya jagoranta. Ta koma Denmark don yin fim dinta na gaba : a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha daya an saki melodrama Revenge, wanda ya ba shi kyautar Golden Globe don mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasashen waje da kuma Oscar don mafi kyawun fina-finai na kasashen waje . A wannan shekarar, ta kasance wani ɓangare na juri na 6 Rome International Film Festival, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mawallafin Italiyanci Ennio Morricone . Darakta yanzu ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan Hollywood. Ayyukan Hollywood (shekara ta dubu biyu da goma) A shekarar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyu ta gan ta ta bayyana ban mamaki mai ban dariya Soyayya ita ce kawai abin da kuke buƙata, wanda ta kewaye Pierce Brosnan tare da simintin Danish gaba ɗaya. A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha uku, ta kasance a kan juri na bikin fina-finai na Berlin e, wanda darekta Wong Kar-wai ya kasance shugaban kasa, yayin da yake gwada hannunta a wasan kwaikwayo na Danish A karo na biyu, wanda wani dan wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya zama tauraron duniya, Nikolaj Coster - Waldau . Reviews wannan lokacin gauraye ne . Ayyukanta na gaba shine melodrama na Amurka Serena, wanda aka shirya don saki a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu. Daraktan ya maye gurbin Darren Aronofsky, wanda ya ƙi aikin. Jennifer Lawrence ya maye gurbin Angelina Jolie, yana fuskantar Bradley Cooper . Amma masu sukar Arewacin Amurka ne suka shirya fim ɗin, kuma sun yi ƙoƙari don rarrabawa a duniya . Tsakanin Satumba da Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu, ita ce shugabar juri na bikin fina-finai na Zurich 10 . Bayan wata daya, an sanar da ita a matsayin memba na juri na fina-finai na fim na 14 Marrakech International Film Festival, wanda Isabelle Huppert ya jagoranta. Daga karshe dai ba za ta kasance ba. A cikin Oktoba shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha biyar, tana cikin juri na kasa da kasa na bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Tokyo ashirin da takwas, karkashin jagorancin darektan Amurka Bryan Singer . Bayan wadannan gazawar guda biyu, darektan ya jagoranci karamin jerin The Night Manager, wanda wasu 'yan wasan Burtaniya biyu ke dauke da su. : Hugh Laurie da Tom Hiddleston . Reviews suna da kyau lokacin da aka watsar da dukkan sassa shida a cikin shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha shida kuma suka farfado. Shekarar shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwastana nuna alamar fitowar fim ɗinta na uku na Amurka, Akwatin Bird mai ban sha'awa mai ban sha'awa, wanda Sandra Bullock ke sawa, kuma an sake shi na musamman akan Netflix . John Malkovich da rap Machine Gun Kelly sun zagaya simintin. Binciken yana da gamsarwa kuma fim ɗin fasalin shine babban nasara a cikin tarihin dandamali na buƙatun bidiyo . A cikin Satumba ashekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha takwas, Ta shugabanci juri na Venice Virtual Reality sashe a Venice Film Festival na 75 Venice . Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
29903	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanar%20muhalli	Magudanar muhalli	Magudanar muhalli suna bayyana adadi, lokaci, da ingancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don dorewar ruwa mai kyau da tsabta da muhallin halittu da rayuwar ɗan adam da jin daɗin rayuwa waɗanda suka dogara da waɗannan yanayin. A cikin mahallin Indiya kogin da ake buƙata don buƙatun al'adu da na ruhaniya yana ɗaukar mahimmanci. Ta hanyar aiwatar da kwararar muhalli, masu kula da ruwa suna ƙoƙari don cimma tsarin gudana, ko tsari, wanda ke ba da amfanin ɗan adam da kiyaye mahimman hanyoyin da ake buƙata don tallafawa yanayin yanayin kogin lafiya. Magudanar muhalli ba lallai ba ne ace ya buƙaci maido da dabi'un dabi'un da za su iya faruwa ba tare da ci gaban ɗan adam ba, amfani, da karkatar da su amma, a maimakon haka, an yi niyya ne don samar da fa'ida mai fa'ida da fa'ida daga koguna fiye da kulawa da aka mai da hankali kan samar da ruwa. makamashi, nishaɗi, ko sarrafa ambaliya. Koguna sassa ne na tsarin haɗin gwiwar da suka haɗa da filayen ambaliya da magudanan ruwa. Gaba ɗaya waɗannan tsarin suna ba da babban fa'idodi. Duk da haka, ana ƙara samun canjin kogunan duniya ta hanyar gina madatsun ruwa, karkatar da ruwa, da magudanan ruwa. Fiye da rabin manyan koguna na duniya ne aka datse su, adadi da ke ci gaba da karuwa. Kusan madatsun ruwa kimanin 1,000 ne ake shirin ginawa ko kuma ana gina su a Kudancin Amurka, kuma ana shirin gina sabbin madatsun ruwa guda 50 a kogin Yangtze na kasar Sin kadai. Dams da sauran gine-ginen kogin suna canza yanayin kwararowar ruwa kuma saboda haka suna shafar ingancin ruwa, zafin jiki, motsin ruwa da jibgewa, kifaye da namun daji, da kuma rayuwar mutanen da suka dogara da ingantaccen yanayin kogin. Magudanar muhalli na neman kula da waɗannan ayyukan kogin yayin da a lokaci guda ke ba da fa'idodin gargajiya na waje. Juyin Halittu na kwararar muhalli da kuma ganewa Tun daga farkon karni na 20 zuwa shekarata 1960, kula da ruwa a cikin kasashen da suka ci gaba sun fi mayar da hankali kan kara yawan kariyar ambaliyar ruwa, samar da ruwa, da samar da wutar lantarki. A cikin shekarun 1970s, tasirin muhalli da tattalin arziƙin waɗannan ayyukan ya sa masana kimiyya su nemi hanyoyin da za a gyara ayyukan dam don kula da wasu nau'in kifin. Farkon abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai shi ne tantance mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don adana nau'in ɗaiɗaikun ɗaiɗai, kamar kifi, a cikin kogi. Wasu daga cikin Matsalolin muhalli sun samo asali ne daga wannan ra'ayi na "mafi ƙarancin magudanar ruwa" da kuma, daga baya, "gudanar ruwa", wanda ya jaddada buƙatar kiyaye ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa. A cikin shekarun 1990, masana kimiyya sun fahimci cewa tsarin halittu da zamantakewar da koguna ke tallafawa suna da wahala sosai don a taƙaice su da ƙaramin buƙatun ruwa guda ɗaya. Tun daga shekarun 1990s, maidowa da kuma kula da matsugunan muhalli masu fa'ida sun sami ƙarin tallafi, kamar yadda ƙarfin masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi ke da ikon ayyana waɗannan kwararar ruwa don kiyaye cikakkiyar nau'ikan nau'ikan kogi, matakai da ayyuka. Bugu da ƙari kuma, aiwatarwa ya samo asali ne daga sake aikin madatsar ruwa zuwa haɗin kai ga duk wani nau'i na kula da ruwa, ciki har da ruwa na kasa da ruwa da kuma dawowa, da kuma amfani da ƙasa da kuma kula da ruwa na guguwa. Ilimin kimiyya don tallafawa ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun kwararar muhalli na yanki da gudanarwa shima ya ci gaba. A wani bincike na duniya na kwararru kan ruwa da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2003 don auna hasashen kwararar muhalli, kashi 88% na 272 da suka amsa sun amince da cewa manufar tana da matukar muhimmanci ga dorewar sarrafa albarkatun ruwa da kuma biyan bukatun mutane na dogon lokaci. A cikin shekarata 2007, sama da ma'aikata 750 daga ƙasashe sama da 50 ne suka amince da sanarwar Brisbane akan kwararar muhalli. Sanarwar ta sanar da yin alkawarin yin aiki tare don kare da dawo da koguna da tafkunan duniya. A shekara ta 2010, manyan ƙasashe da yawa a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da manufofin kwararar muhalli, kodayake aiwatar da su ya kasance ƙalubale. Ɗaya daga cikin ƙoƙarin da ake yi a halin yanzu don maido da kwararar mahalli shine Tsarin Ruwa mai Dorewa, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin The Nature Conservancy (TNC) da US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE), wanda shi ne babban manajan ruwa a Amurka. Tun daga shekarata 2002, TNC da USACE suna aiki don ayyana da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli ta hanyar canza ayyukan madatsun ruwa na USACE a cikin koguna 8 a cikin jihohi 12. Sake aikin madatsar ruwa don sakin matsugunan muhalli, tare da dawo da ambaliya, a wasu lokutan ya kara yawan ruwan da ake samu don samar da wutar lantarki tare da rage hadarin ambaliya. Kogin Bill Williams na Arizona, wanda ke gudana daga kogin Alamo Dam, ɗaya ne daga cikin kogunan da aka nuna a cikin Aikin koguna masu dorewa. Bayan tattaunawa game da gyara ayyukan madatsar ruwa tun farkon shekarun 1990, masu ruwa da tsaki na cikin gida sun fara aiki tare da TNC da USACE a cikin shekarata 2005 bisa bincike don gano takamaiman dabaru don inganta lafiyar muhalli da nau'ikan halittu na rafin rafi daga madatsar ruwa. Masana kimiyya sun tattara mafi kyawun bayanan da ake samu kuma sun yi aiki tare don ayyana kwararar muhalli don kogin Bill Williams . Duk da yake ba za a iya aiwatar da duk abubuwan da aka ba da shawarar kwararar muhalli nan da nan ba, USACE ta canza ayyukanta na Dam na Alamo don haɗa ƙarin ƙananan kwararar ruwa da ambaliyar ruwa. Ci gaba da sa ido yana ɗaukar sakamakon sakamakon muhalli kamar sake sabunta gandun daji na willow-cottonwood, murkushe tamarisk masu cin zarafi da waɗanda ba na asali ba, maido da ƙarin yawan halittu na madatsun ruwa na beaver da wuraren zama masu alaƙa, canje-canje a cikin yawan kwari na ruwa, da haɓaka ruwan ƙasa . yi caji . Manya Daga cikin Injiniyoyin USACE na ci gaba da tuntubar masana kimiyya akai-akai kuma suna amfani da sakamakon sa ido don kara inganta ayyukan dam. Wani shari'ar da masu ruwa da tsaki suka samar da shawarwarin kwararar muhalli shine aikin samar da wutar lantarki na Honduras ' Patuca III . Kogin Patuca, kogi na biyu mafi tsayi a Amurka ta tsakiya, ya tallafawa yawan kifin, da ciyar da amfanin gona, kuma ya ba da damar kewayawa ga al'ummomin ƴan asali da yawa, gami da Indiyawan Tawahka, Pech, da Miskito, na ɗaruruwan shekaru. Don kare lafiyar muhalli na mafi girma dajin dajin da ba a daɗe ba a arewacin Amazon da mazaunanta, TNC da Empresa Nacional de Energía Eléctrica (ENEE, hukumar da ke da alhakin aikin) sun amince da yin nazari da ƙayyade kwararar ruwa masu mahimmanci don kiyaye lafiyar ɗan adam da na halitta. al'ummomin da ke gefen kogin. Saboda karancin bayanai da ake da su, an samar da sabbin dabaru don kimanta bukatu masu kwarara bisa gogewa da lura da mutanen yankin da suka dogara da wannan kusan tsaftataccen ruwan kogin. Hanyoyi, kayan aiki, da samfura Fiye da hanyoyi guda 200 ana amfani da su a duk duniya don tsara magudanar ruwa da ake buƙata don kula da koguna masu lafiya. Koyaya, kaɗan daga cikin waɗannan suna da cikakkun bayanai kuma cikakke, suna lissafin yanayin yanayi da bambancin kwararar ruwa na shekara-shekara da ake buƙata don tallafawa duk sabis na tsarin halittu waɗanda koguna masu lafiya suke bayarwa. Irin waɗannan ingantattun hanyoyin sun haɗa da DRIFT (Amsa na ƙasa don Canjin Canjin Ruwa), BBM (Tsarin Tsarin Ginin Ginin), da "Tsarin Savannah" don ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun yanayin muhalli, da ELOHA (Iyakokin Muhalli na Canjin Hydrologic) don tsarawa da sarrafa albarkatun ruwa na yanki. Hanyar "mafi kyau", ko mafi kusantar, hanyoyin, don yanayin da aka ba da shi ya dogara da adadin albarkatun da bayanai da ake samuwa, batutuwa mafi mahimmanci, da matakin tabbacin da ake bukata. Don sauƙaƙe takaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun muhalli, ƙira da kayan aikin kwamfuta da yawa sun ƙirƙira ta ƙungiyoyi kamar USACE's Hydrologic Engineering Center Archived don kama buƙatun kwarara da aka ayyana a cikin saitin bita (misali, HEC-RPT ) ko don kimanta abubuwan da ke tattare da aiwatar da kwararar muhalli (misali, HEC-ResSim , HEC-RAS , da HEC-EFM ). Bugu da ƙari, an ƙirƙira ƙirar 2D daga ƙirar tashin hankali na 3D dangane da Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy zuwa mafi dacewa da ƙira babban sikelin muhalli. Wannan samfurin ya dogara ne akan jinkirin ɗimbin ɗabi'a na rikice-rikice na Smagorinsky babban rufewar eddy maimakon ace matsakaicin matsakaicin matsakaicin kwarara. Sauran hanyoyin tantance kwararar muhalli da aka gwada da kuma gwadawa sun haɗa da DRIFT (King et al. A shekarata 2003), kuma wanda kwanan nan aka yi amfani da shi a rikicin Kishenganga HPP tsakanin Pakistan da Indiya a Kotun Ƙarƙashin Ƙasa ta Duniya. A Indiya A Indiya, bukatuwar kwararar muhalli ta samo asali daga daruruwan manyan madatsun ruwa da ake shiryawa a cikin kogin Himalayan don samar da wutar lantarki. Rikicin madatsun ruwa da aka tsara a fadin Lohit, Kogin Dibang a cikin kogin Brahmaputra, kogin Alaknanda da kogin Bhagirathi a cikin Ganga basin da Teesta a Sikkim alal misali, za su ƙare a cikin kogunan da ke gudana ta hanyar ramuka da hannun jari na alkalami maimakon kogin. tashoshi. Akwai wasu shawarwarin da hukumomi daban-daban suka bayar (Kotu, Kotuna, Kwamitin Tattalin Arziki na Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka (Indiya) ) game da sakin hanyoyin lantarki daga madatsun ruwa. Koyaya, waɗannan shawarwarin ba su taɓa samun goyan baya daga maƙasudai masu ƙarfi ba game da dalilin da yasa ake buƙatar wasu sakin e-flow. Duba wasu abubuwan Ruwan da ke shigowa Rashin ruwa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
30898	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roslyne%20Akombe	Roslyne Akombe	Roselyn Kwamboka Akombe (an haife ta a shekara ta 1976) tsohuwar kwamishiniyar Kenya ce ta Hukumar Zaɓe da Kan Iyakoki (IEBC) ta Kenya. Ta shahara a kafafen yada labarai na kasar Kenya bayan ta bayyana a gaban hukumar da ke tattaunawa da wadanda za su nada a hukumar, ta kuma ce a shirye ta ke ta karbi sabon mukaminta na kwamishina, duk da cewa hakan na nufin za a rage ma ta albashi da kashi 70 cikin 100 daga aikinta na baya. a matsayin Mataimakin Sakatare a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. Ta ce wannan sadaukarwa ce da ta ke a shirye ta yi wa kasarta. Ta shahara a duniya bayan ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishina a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017 a cikin rikicin siyasa a Kenya. Jim kadan bayan murabus din nata, ta tashi daga kasar saboda fargabar rayuwarta a cikin yanayin siyasar da ake ciki. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife ta a cikin 1976, a gundumar Nyamira ta yau, a cikin lardin Nyanza a lokacin, Kenya. Ta girma ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na cikin gida. Ta sami digiri na farko, Digiri na Ilimi, daga Jami'ar Nairobi.Daga baya, ta sami digiri na biyu na Kimiyya a Harkokin Duniya, daga Jami'ar Rutgers, ta Amurka, sannan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Falsafa, a cikin wannan fanni, kuma daga Jami'ar Rutgers. An dauki Akombe a matsayin babban mai ba da shawara ga Mataimakin Sakatare-Janar kan harkokin siyasa a hedikwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke birnin New York. Aikin a IEBC A watan Janairun 2017, aka nada ta a matsayin kwamishina a hukumar ta IEBC, lamarin da ya bai wa jama’a mamaki lokacin da jama’a suka fahimci cewa za ta rage albashin kashi 70 cikin 100 daga tsohuwar aikinta ta yin aiki da hukumar. Ta bayyana cewa wannan lamari ne na kishin kasa ga kasarta kuma tana da burin taimakawa kasar ta gudanar da sahihin zabe da kuma fatan taka rawa a cikinsa. Kafofin yada labarai sun kuma bayar da rahoton cewa, "An ba ta hutu na musamman ba tare da albashi ba don yin aiki a hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta Kenya," kuma "za ta ba da goyon baya na fasaha ga hukumar a shirye-shiryen zaben 2017 da kuma goyon bayan kokarin hanawa. rikicin bayan zabe a Kenya." Ta yi aiki tare da IEBC Akombe ba zata karɓi kowane albashi a matsayin ma'aikacin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.Matsakaicin albashin Akombe a matsayinsa na kwamishinan IEBC an kiyasta shi akan KES 800,000 (kimanin dalar Amurka 8000) a wata. Bayan aikinta a IEBC, nan take Roselyn ta zama fuskar hukumar, kuma ta halarci taron manema labarai da yawa da aka baiwa jama'a. Hasali ma, ita ce ke da alhakin fitar da da yawa daga cikin wadannan tarukan manema labarai, inda ake ganin ta a matsayin mai iya magana da santsi. Hakan ya sa mutane da yawa suke ganin ita ce mataimakiyar shugabar hukumar, duk da cewa ita kwamishina ce kawai. A cewar jaridar Daily Nation ta Kenya, Akombe "wata matasa ce, mai magana da kai tsaye kuma kwamishina mara kunya tare da manyan kunci wanda ya bayyana abubuwa da murmushi." Ayyukanta a hukumar sun hada da horas da jami'ai, yin jawabi ga taron manema labarai, bayar da rahoto ga shugaba da babban jami'in hukumar da kuma daukar wasu ayyuka don tabbatar da gaskiya da adalci a zaben Kenya. Rigimar murabus A ranar 18 ga watan Oktoban 2017, Akombe ta yi murabus daga mukaminta na kwamishiniyar hukumar ta IEBC a lokacin da kasar ke cikin rikici bayan da kotun koli ta soke zaben Kenya na 2017. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2017, Kotun Koli ta Kenya ta yanke hukuncin da ta bayyana sakamakon zaben shugaban kasa na ranar 8 ga watan Agustan 2017. Kotun ta ce hukumar ta IEBC ta gaza cika sharuddan da kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya na gudanar da sahihin zabe tare da bayar da umarnin sake gudanar da zaben cikin kwanaki 60. Sakamakon haka, IEBC ta shirya gudanar da sabon zabe tare da sanar da sabon ranar zabe a matsayin ranar 17 ga Oktoba, 2017, sannan ta tura shi zuwa 26 ga Oktoba 2017. Sai dai jam'iyyar adawa ta National Super Alliance (NASA), karkashin jagorancin Raila Amolo Odinga ta yi tur da matsin lamba kan hukumar, tana mai cewa ba za ta iya gudanar da zabe kamar yadda aka tsara a halin yanzu ba. Wannan ra'ayi ya samu goyon bayan dukkanin 'yan siyasa masu alaka da dan takarar NASA, Raila Amolo Odinga, ciki har da abokin takararsa Kalonzo Musyoka. Hasali ma, hakan ya kai ga kauracewa zaman da daukacin ‘yan majalisar dokoki da na majalisar dattawa suka yi tare da cewa ba su amince da shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin zababben shugaban kasa ba. Sai dai kuma, Uhuru Kenyatta da dukkan 'yan siyasa masu alaka da jam'iyyarsa ta Jubilee Party sun yi adawa da wannan ra'ayi, suna masu cewa Raila ba shi da hurumin jagorantar IEBC kan ayyukanta. Bambancin da ke tsakanin wadannan jiga-jigan biyu ya haifar da abin da wasu ke kira da rikicin siyasa a Kenya. Kokarin ci gaba da kasancewa tsaka mai wuya, IEBC ta yi kokarin gudanar da tarurruka tsakanin 'yan adawa da gwamnati ba tare da cimma wata nasara ba. A kwanakin da suka biyo bayan hukuncin kotun, Raila da jam'iyyarsa ta NASA sukan bayar da wa'adi, wanda ta kira a matsayin mafi karanci da ba za a iya ragewa ba idan ba tare da wanda ba za a iya gudanar da sahihin zabe a Kenya ba. Yayin da IEBC ta fito yana cewa ba za ta iya cika wadannan ka’idoji ba, Raila Odinga ya bai wa kasar da al’ummar duniya mamaki da cewa ya janye daga takarar shugabancin kasar da aka maimaita saboda hukumar ba ta da ikon bai wa ‘yan kasar Kenya zabe mai inganci da gaskiya. Wannan ya haifar da rikicin siyasa a Kenya yayin da Raila da jam'iyyarsa suka tayar da hankali na soke zaben da aka yi a ranar 26 ga Oktoban 2017, yayin da Uhuru da jam'iyyarsa suka matsa kaimi a sake zaben. Dangane da wannan rugujewar siyasar da aka yi, ya bayyana cewa ’yan iska da ma’aikata daga jam’iyyar Jubilee Party da NASA ne suka kutsa cikin hukumar kuma an yi mata magudi. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, Akombe ta tabbatar da wannan jita-jita lokacin da ta yi murabus a cikin takardar murabus din ta da aka buga a yanar gizo. Tasiri kan maimaita zaben shugaban kasar Kenya na 2017 Murabus din da Kwamishinan ya yi ya jawo hankulan kafafen yada labarai. An ci gaba da sabon zaben duk da cewa Raila Odinga daya daga cikin manyan 'yan takara ya janye daga zaben kuma ya bukaci magoya bayansa da kada su shiga kada kuri'a. An ayyana Uhuru Kenyatta a matsayin shugaban kasa tare da rantsar da shi, kuma ‘yan sanda sun kashe masu zanga-zangar a wurare daban-daban na kasar.
26682	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid%20ibn%20al-Walid	Khalid ibn al-Walid	Khalid ibn al-Walid ibn al-Mughira al-Makhzumi (Larabci: , romanized: Khālid ibn al-Walīd ibn al-Mughīra al-Makhzūmī; ya rasu 642) ya kasance kwamandan Musulmin Larabawa a cikin hidimar Annabin Musulunci Muhammad da halifofin Abubakar (r. 632-634) da Umar (r. 634-644) wadanda suka taka rawar gani a yakin Ridda da aka yi da kabilun ‘yan tawaye a Arabiya a shekarar alif632–633 da farkon nasarar da Musulmi suka yi na Iraqi Iraqi Sasanian. a shekarar 633-634 da Byzantine Syria a shekarar alif 634-638. Wani mai doki na dangin Makhzum na ƙabilar Kuraishawa, wanda ya yi hamayya da Muhammad, Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen fatattakar Musulmai a yakin Uhudu a shekarar 625. Bayan musuluntarsa a shekarar 627 ko shekarar 629, Muhammad ya mai da shi kwamanda, wanda ya bashi lakabin Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah). Khalid ya shirya ficewar sojojin musulmi lafiya lokacin balaguron balaguro zuwa Mu'ta a kan kawancen Larabawa na Rumawa a cikin shekarar 629 kuma ya jagoranci sojojin Badawiyya na sojojin Musulmi a lokacin kwace Makka da yakin Hunayn a c. 630. Bayan rasuwar Muhammadu, an naɗa Khalid don murƙushe ko mamaye kabilun Larabawa a Najd da Yamama (duka yankuna biyu a tsakiyar Larabawa) waɗanda ke adawa da sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi, ta kayar da shugabannin 'yan tawaye Tulayha a Yaƙin Buzakha a shekara 632 da Musaylima a Yakin Aqraba a shekarar 633. Daga baya Khalid ya yi gaba da manyan kabilun Larabawa na Kiristanci da garuruwan Farisa na Sasanian na kwarin Euphrates a Iraki. Abu Bakr ya sake tura shi ya jagoranci rundunar Musulmi a Siriya kuma ya jagoranci mutanensa zuwa can a wani tafiya da ba a saba yi ba a kan dogon hamadar Siriya mara ruwa, wanda ya inganta martabarsa a matsayin mai dabarun soji. Sakamakon nasarorin da aka samu a kan Rumawa a Ajnadayn , Fahl , Damascus da Yarmouk , Musulmai a ƙarƙashin Khalid sun ci yawancin Siriya. Daga baya Umar ya sauke shi daga babban mukamin Umar saboda dalilai da dama da kafofin gargajiya na Musulunci da na zamani suka kawo. Khalid ya ci gaba da hidima a matsayin babban magajin magajinsa Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah a cikin sigogin Homs da Aleppo da Yakin Qinnasrin, duk a cikin shekarar 637-638, wanda gaba ɗaya ya haifar da koma baya daga Siriya na sojojin daular Byzantine a ƙarƙashin Sarki Heraclius. Umar ya kori Khalid daga kujerar gwamnan Qinnasrin daga baya kuma ya rasu a Madina ko Homs a shekarar 642. Gabaɗaya masana tarihi suna ɗaukar Khalid a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun janar -janar na Islama na farko kuma ana tunawa da shi a duk ƙasashen Larabawa har zuwa yau. Addinin Musulunci ya yaba wa Khalid don dabarun fagen fama da ingantaccen jagoranci na yaƙin musulmin farko, amma ya zarge shi da halaka ƙabilun Larabawa waɗanda suka karɓi Musulunci, wato membobin Banu Jadhima a lokacin rayuwar Muhammad da Malik ibn Nuwayra a lokacin yaƙin Ridda. , da kuma rashin da'a da na kasafin kuɗi a Siriya. Shahararsa ta soja ta tayar da hankalin wasu masu tsoron Allah, wadanda suka musulunta na farko, ciki har da Umar, wadanda ke fargabar hakan zai iya zama dabi'ar mutumci. Asali da farkon aikin soja Mahaifin Khalid shi ne al-Walid ibn al-Mughira, mai sasanta rigingimun cikin gida a Makka a Hejaz (yammacin Arabiya). Masana tarihi Ibn Hisham (d. 833), Ibn Habib (d. 859) da Ibn Durayd (d. 837) sun bayyana Al-Walid a matsayin "mai izgili" ga annabin musulunci Muhammad da aka ambata a cikin surorin Makka (surori) na Kur'ani. Ya kasance daga cikin Banu Makhzum, babban dangin kabilar Quraishawa da makka kafin jahiliyyar Musulunci. Ana yaba Makhzum don gabatar da kasuwancin Makka zuwa kasuwannin waje, musamman Yemen da Abisiniya (Habasha), kuma ya sami suna a tsakanin Kuraishawa saboda basirarsu, martabarsu da dukiyarsu. Darajarsu ta kasance ta jagorancin kakan mahaifin Khalid al-Mughira ibn Abd Allah. An san kawun mahaifin Khalid Hisham da "ubangijin makka" kuma Kuraishawa sun yi amfani da ranar mutuwarsa a matsayin farkon kalandar su. Masanin tarihin Muhammad Abdulhayy Shaban ya bayyana Khalid a matsayin "mutum mai matsayi mai girma" a cikin danginsa da makka gaba ɗaya. Mahaifiyar Khalid ita ce al-Asma bint al-Harith ibn Hazn, wanda aka fi sani da Lubaba al-Sughra ("Lubaba Ƙarami", don bambanta ta da babban 'yar uwarta Lubaba al-Kubra) na kabilar Banu Hilal. Lubaba al-Sughra ya musulunta game da c. 622 da ƙanwar mahaifiyarta Maymuna ta zama matar Muhammadu. Ta hanyar dangin mahaifiyarsa Khalid ya zama sananne sosai game da salon rayuwar Badawiyya (Balarabe mai kiwo). Adawar farko ga Muhammadu Makhzum sun yi adawa da Muhammad sosai, kuma babban jagoran dangin Amr ibn Hisham (Abu Jahl), dan uwan Khalid na farko, ya shirya kauracewa dangin Muhammad, Banu Hashim na Quraishawa, a c. 616–618. Makhzum karkashin Abu Jahl ya ba da umarni a yaki annabin musulunci, wanda ya yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina a 622, har sai da aka fatattake su a yakin Badar a shekarar 624. Kimanin ashirin da biyar daga cikin kakannin mahaifin Khalid, ciki har da Abu Jahl, da yawa an kashe wasu dangi a cikin wannan alkawari. A shekara mai zuwa Khalid da dan uwansa Ikrima, dan Abu Jahl, bi da bi sun umarci gefen dama da na hagu na sojan doki a cikin sojojin Makka wanda ya fuskanci Muhammad a yakin Uhud a arewacin Madina. A cewar masanin tarihi Donald Routledge Hill, maimakon kaddamar da farmaki na gaba a kan layin Musulmai a kan gangaren Dutsen Uhudu, "Khalid ya yi amfani da dabarun sauti" na zagawa da dutsen da tsallake gefen Musulmi. Ya ci gaba ta rafin Wadi Qanat da ke yammacin Uhud har sai da maharba Musulmi suka duba shi a kudancin kwarin a Dutsen Ruma. Musulmai sun sami fa'idar farko a cikin yaƙin, amma bayan yawancin maharba na musulmi sun yi watsi da matsayinsu don shiga cikin farmakin sansanin 'yan Makka, Khaled ya tuhumci sakamakon fashewar da aka samu a lamuran tsaron musulmi na baya. A cikin farmakin da ya biyo baya, an kashe Musulmai da dama. Labarin yaƙin ya bayyana Khalid yana hawa cikin filin, yana kashe musulmai da mashinsa. Shaban ya yaba wa “hazikin soja” na Khalid don nasarar da Kuraishawa suka samu a Uhudu, wanda kawai ƙabilar ta ci Muhammadu. A cikin 628 Muhammad da mabiyansa sun nufi Makka don yin umra (ƙaramin aikin hajji a Makka) kuma Quraishawa sun aika da mahayan dawakai 200 don su katse shi bayan jin labarin tafiyarsa. Khalid ya kasance a kan mahayan dawakan kuma Muhammad ya guji fuskantar sa ta hanyar ɗaukar wata hanyar da ba ta saba ba kuma mai wahala, a ƙarshe ya isa Hudaibiyya a gefen Makka. Lokacin da ya fahimci canjin Muhammad na hanya, Khalid ya koma Makka. An cimma sulhu tsakanin Musulmi da Kuraishawa a cikin yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya a watan Maris. Juyowa zuwa Musulunci da hidima a ƙarƙashin Muhammadu A shekara ta 6 bayan hijira (kimanin 627) ko 8 bayan hijira (shekara ta 629) Khalid ya musulunta a gaban Muhammadu tare da Quraishawa Amr bn al-As; masanin tarihin zamani Michael Lecker yayi sharhi cewa asusun da Khalid da Amr suka tuba a 8 AH sun kasance "watakila sun fi amintattu". Masanin tarihin Akram Diya Umari ya ce Khalid da Amr sun musulunta kuma sun koma Madina bayan yarjejeniyar Hudaibiyya, a bayyane bayan Kuraishawa sun yi watsi da bukatar mika sabbin musulmai zuwa Makka. Bayan musuluntar sa, Khalid "ya fara sadaukar da duk manyan baiwarsa ta soji don tallafawa sabuwar ƙasar Musulmi", a cewar ɗan tarihi Hugh N. Kennedy. Khalid ya shiga cikin balaguron zuwa Mu'ta a cikin Jordan na zamani wanda Muhammad ya ba da umarni a watan Satumba na 629. Dalilin kai farmakin na iya kasancewa ya mallaki ganima ne sakamakon rugujewar sojojin Farisa daga Siriya bayan shan kashi da Daular Byzantine ta yi. a watan Yuli. Sojojin Rumawa da suka kunshi galibin kabilun Larabawa karkashin jagorancin kwamandan Byzantine Theodore kuma an kashe manyan kwamandojin Musulmai da dama. Khalid ya dauki umurnin sojojin bayan mutuwar kwamandojin da aka nada kuma, tare da wahala, ya sa ido kan ficewar Musulmai cikin aminci. Muhammadu ya saka wa Khalid ta hanyar ba shi laƙabin girmamawa Sayf Allah (Takobin Allah). A watan Disambar 629/Janairu 630 Khalid ya shiga cikin kame Muhammad da Makka, bayan haka mafi yawan Kuraishawa sun musulunta. A cikin wannan haɗin gwiwa Khalid ya jagoranci ƙungiyar makiyaya da ake kira muhajirat al-arab (masu hijira daga Bedouin). Ya jagoranci daya daga cikin manyan turawa guda biyu zuwa cikin birni kuma a yaƙin da ya biyo baya da Kuraishawa, an kashe mutum uku daga cikin mutanensa yayin da aka kashe Quraishawa goma sha biyu, a cewar masanin tarihin Muhammad Ibn Ishaq na ƙarni na 8. A yaƙin Hunayn daga baya a waccan shekarar, lokacin da Musulmai, sakamakon kwararar waɗanda Quraishawa suka tuba, suka ci nasara akan Thaqif-abokan hamayyar gargajiya na Quraishawa na Ta'if-da abokansu na Hawazin, Khalid ya umarci Badouin Banu Sulaym. cikin addinin Musulunci. Daga nan aka naɗa Khalid ya rusa gunkin al-Uzza, ɗaya daga cikin allahiya da ake bautawa a addinin Larabawa kafin Jahiliyya, a yankin Nakhla tsakanin Makka da Ta'if. Daga baya aka tura Khalid don gayyatar Banu Jadhima a cikin Yalamlam, kimanin kilomita 80 (50 mi) kudu da Makka, amma majiyar gargajiya ta Musulunci ta ce ya kai hari kan kabilar ba bisa ka’ida ba. A sigar Ibn Ishaq, Khalid ya lallashe 'yan kabilar Jadhima da su kwance damara da rungumar addinin Islama, wanda ya biyo baya ta hanyar kashe wasu kabilun don ɗaukar fansa kan kisan da Jadhima ta yi wa kawunsa Fakih ibn al-Mughira da ke soyayya tun kafin Khalid ya musulunta. A cikin labarin Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani (d. 1449), Khalid bai fahimci yarda da ƙabilanci na imani a matsayin ƙin yarda ko ƙin musulinci ba saboda rashin sanin sautin Jadhima kuma sakamakon haka ya far musu. A cikin juyi biyu Muhammadu ya bayyana kansa ba shi da laifi daga aikin Khalid amma bai sallame shi ko hukunta shi ba. A cewar masanin tarihi W. Montgomery Watt, asusun gargajiya game da abin da ya faru Jadhima "yana da ƙima fiye da ɓatancin Khālid, kuma yana ba da ƙaramin tabbataccen tarihin tarihi". Daga baya a shekara ta 630, yayin da Muhammad yake Tabuka, ya aika Khalid ya kama garin Dumat al-Jandal da ke kasuwar oasis. Khalid ya samu mika wuya ya kuma sanya hukunci mai tsanani a kan mazauna garin, daya daga cikin sarakunansa, Kindite Ukaydir bn Abd al-Malik al-Sakuni, Khalid ne ya umurce shi da ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar cin gashin kai da Muhammad a Madina. A cikin watan Yuni 631 Muhammad ya aika Khalid shugaban mutane 480 don ya gayyaci kabilar Balharith gauraye Kirista da mushrikai na Najran su karbi Musulunci. Kabilar ta musulunta, Khalid ya koyar da su kur’ani da shari’o’in Musulunci kafin ya koma Madina tare da tawagar Balharith. Kwamanda a yakin Ridda Bayan mutuwar Muhammadu a cikin watan Yuni 632, yawancin kabilun Larabawa, in ban da waɗanda ke kewayen Madina, sun daina mubaya'a ga ƙasar Musulmi ta asali ko kuma ba su kulla wata alaƙa da Madina ba. Abokin Muhammad na farko kuma na kud da kud, Abubakar, ya zama shugaban al'ummar musulmi, ya kuma tura mafi yawan sojojin musulmi karkashin Usama bn Zaid a yaki da kasar Sham ta Rumawa, duk da barazanar da kabilun makiyaya suka yi wa garuruwan musulmi na Hijaz da suka yi watsi da ikon musulmi. . Abubakar ya hada runduna ya fatattaki gungun kabilar Ghatafan a Dhu al-Qassa a cikin Hijaz. Bayan da aka yi watsi da barazanar da aka yi wa Madina, Abubakar ya aika Khalid ya yaqi qabilun ‘yan tawaye a Najd (tsakiyar yankin Larabawa). Daga cikin manyan yankunan Larabawa guda shida da aka yi fama da shi a lokacin yakin Ridda (yakukuwan da suka yi ridda da ‘yan ridda), biyu sun kasance a birnin Najd: tawaye na kabilar Asad, Tayy da Ghatafan karkashin Tulayha da tawayen kabilar Tamim karkashin jagorancin. Saja; shugabannin biyu sun yi iƙirarin su annabawa ne. Lecker ya ce an tura Khalid ne kafin dawowar sojojin Usama, yayin da Watt ya ce an aika Khalid ne a shugaban wata babbar runduna bayan dawowar Usama. Khalid shi ne mutum na uku da Abubakar ya nada domin ya jagoranci yakin bayan zabinsa guda biyu na farko, Kuraishawa Zaid bn al-Khattab da Abu Huzaifa bn Utba, suka ki amincewa da wannan aiki. Sojojinsa sun kunshi farkon wadanda suka musulunta, wato Muhajirun (masu hijira daga Makka zuwa Madina) da Ansar ('yan asalin Madina). A duk tsawon yakin, Khalid ya nuna 'yancin kai na aiki kuma bai bi ka'idojin halifa sosai ba. A cikin maganar Shaban, "kawai ya yi nasara a kan duk wanda yake can a ci shi". Yakin Buzakha Tun farko Khalid ya mayar da hankali ne a kan danne Tulayha. A shekara ta 632 Khalid ya fafata da dakarun Tulayha a yakin Buzakha, inda Tayyi ya koma musulmi a farkon yakin. Yayin da Tulayha ya bayyana a dab da fatattakar bangaren Banu Fazara na Ghatafan karkashin shugabansu Uyayna ibn Hisn ya fice daga filin, wanda ya tilasta wa Tulayha ya gudu zuwa Sham. Daga baya kabilarsa Asad ta mika wuya ga Khalid, sai kuma Banu Amir mai tsaka-tsaki har ya zuwa yanzu, wanda ya kasance yana jiran sakamakon rikicin kafin ya ba da mubaya'arsa ga kowane bangare. Kisan Malik bn Nuwayra Bayan Buzakha, Khalid ya ci gaba da fafatawa da shugaban ‘yan tawayen Tamimi Malik ibn Nuwayra wanda ke da hedikwata a al-Bitah, a yankin Qassim na yau. Muhammadu mai karbar sadaka (haraji) ne ya nada Malik a kan danginsa ta Tamim, Banu Yarbu, amma ya daina tura wannan harajin zuwa Madina bayan rasuwar Muhammadu. Don haka Abubakar ya yanke shawarar a kashe shi a hannun Khalid. Na baya-bayan nan ya fuskanci rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin rundunarsa dangane da wannan yakin, inda tun farko Ansar suka tsaya a baya, inda suka yi nuni da umarnin Abubakar da kada su kara yin kamfen har sai sun samu umarni kai tsaye daga halifa. Khalid ya yi da’awar cewa irin wannan umarni nasa ne a matsayinsa na kwamandan da halifa ya nada, amma bai tilastawa Ansar shiga ba, ya ci gaba da tafiya tare da dakaru daga Muhajirun da Badawiyya suka fice daga Buzakha da sakamakonsa; A karshe Ansar suka koma Khalid bayan sun gama tattaunawa cikin gida. Bisa labarin da aka fi sani a majiyoyin gargajiya na musulmi, sojojin Khalid sun ci karo da Malik da goma sha daya daga cikin danginsa na Yarbu a shekara ta 632. Yarbu ba su yi turjiya ba, suka shelanta addininsu na musulinci aka raka su zuwa sansanin Khalid. Khalid ya sa aka kashe su gaba dayansu saboda rashin amincewar wani dan Ansaru, wanda ya kasance cikin masu garkuwa da ‘yan kabilar, kuma ya yi hujjar cewa fursunoni ba za su taba cin karo da su ba saboda wasiyyarsu ta musulmi. Bayan haka Khalid ya auri matar Malik Ummu Tamim bint al-Minhal. Da labarin abin da Khalid ya yi ya isa Madina, babban hadimin Abubakar Umar bn Khattab ya matsa lamba kan a hukunta Khalid ko a sauke shi daga mukaminsa, amma Abubakar ya gafarta masa. Kamar yadda wani masanin tarihi Sayf bn Umar na karni na 8 ya ce, Malik ma ya kasance yana ba da hadin kai da Sajah, 'yar gidansa 'yar 'Yarbu, kuma musulmi sun ci karo da karamar jam'iyyarsa bayan da 'yan kabilar Tamim suka fatattake su. Masanin tarihin zamani Wilferd Madelung ya yi rangwame ga sigar Sayf, yana mai cewa Umar da sauran musulmi ba za su nuna rashin amincewarsu da kisan da Khalid ya yi wa Malik ba da a ce wannan ya bar Musulunci, yayin da Watt ya dauki bayanan da suka shafi Tamim a lokacin Ridda gaba daya a matsayin “batsa ... saboda makiyan khalid b. al-Walid sun karkatar da labaran su bata masa baki”. A ra’ayin ’yar tarihi mai suna Ella Landau-Tasseron, “gaskiya da ke tattare da aiki da mutuwar Malik za ta kasance a binne a ƙarƙashin tarin al’adu masu karo da juna. Kawar da Musaylima da cin Yamama Bayan da aka samu koma baya a rikicinta da kungiyoyin Tamim masu gaba da juna, Sajah ta bi sahun babban mai adawa da musulmi: Musaylima, shugaban kabilar Banu Hanifa mai zaman kansa a Yamama, yankin gabas na noma na Najd. Musaylima ya yi da'awar annabci tun kafin hijirar Muhammadu daga Makka, kuma roƙon da ya yi wa Muhammadu ya yarda da junansa Muhammadu bai yi watsi da shi ba. Bayan Muhammadu ya rasu, goyon bayan Musaylima ya karu a Yamama, wanda kimar dabararsa ba wai kawai da yawan gonakin alkama da dabino ba, har ma da wurin da yake hade da Madina zuwa yankunan Bahray da Oman a gabashin Arabiya. Abubakar ya aike Shurahbil bn Hasana da Ikrima dan Khalid dan uwan Khalid da wata runduna don karfafawa gwamnan musulmi a Yamama, dan kabilar Musaylima Thumama ibn Uthal. A cewar masanin tarihin zamani Meir Jacob Kister, mai yiyuwa ne barazanar da wannan runduna ta sanya Musaylima ya kulla kawance da Sajah. Sojojin Musaylima sun fatattaki Ikrima sannan Abubakar ya umurce shi da ya murkushe tawaye a Oman da Mahra (a tsakiyar kudancin Larabawa) yayin da Shurahbil zai ci gaba da zama a Yamama yana jiran babbar rundunar Khalid. Bayan nasarar da ya samu a kan Badawiyyan Najd, Khalid ya nufi Yamama tare da gargadin bajintar da Hanifa ke da shi na soja da kuma umarnin Abubakar da ya yi mugun nufi ga kabilar idan ya yi nasara. Masanin tarihi na tsakiyar zamanin Ibn Hubaysh al-Asadi ya riki cewa sojojin Khalid da Musaylima sun kai 4,500 da 4,000, inda Kister ya yi watsi da alkaluman da suka fi girma da mafi yawan majiyoyin gargajiya suka ambata a matsayin wuce gona da iri. Hare-hare uku na farko da Khalid ya yi wa Musaylima a Aqraba an buge su. Karfin mayaka Musaylima, da fifikon takubbansu, da kuma gazawar rundunonin Badawiyya a cikin sahun Khalid, duk dalilai ne da musulmi suka yi nuni da su kan gazawarsu na farko. Ansarite Thabit bn Qays ya ba da shawarar a ware Badawiyyawa daga yakin, Khalid ya tafi. A farmaki na hudu akan Hanifa, Muhajirun karkashin Khalid da Ansar karkashin Thabit sun kashe wani Laftanar Musaylima, wanda daga baya ya gudu da wani bangare na sojojinsa. Musulman suka bi Hanifa zuwa wani katon lambu da Musaylima ya ke yi na gaba da musulmi. Musulman ne suka mamaye unguwar, aka kashe Musaylima, aka kashe ko aka raunata akasarin Hanifiwa. Wurin ya zama sananne da 'gonar mutuwa' saboda yawan asarar da bangarorin biyu suka yi. Tun farkon yakin Khalid ya sanya wani Banifiye da aka kama Mujja’a bn al-Murara, domin ya tantance irin karfi, da’a da kuma manufar Hanifa a cikin kagararsu Yamama bayan kashe Musaylima. Mujja’a ya sa mata da ‘ya’yan kabilar su suturta su kuma su fito a matsayin maza a budodin katangar a cikin wata dabara don kara musu karfin gwiwa tare da Khalid; Ya gaya ma Khalid cewa har yanzu Hanifa na kirga mayaka masu yawa da suka kuduri aniyar ci gaba da yakar musulmi. Wannan tantancewar tare da gajiyar da sojojinsa suka yi, ya tilasta wa Khalid amincewa da shawarar da Mujja’a ya bayar na tsagaita wuta da Hanifa, duk kuwa da umurnin da Abubakar ya bayar na ci gaba da ja da baya da kuma kashe fursunonin Hanafiwa. Sharuɗɗan Khalid da Hanifa sun haɗa da musuluntar ƙabilar da kuma miƙa makamansu da makamansu da tarin zinare da azurfa. Abu Bakr ya amince da yarjejeniyar, ko da yake ya kasance mai adawa da rangwamen Khalid kuma ya yi gargadin cewa Hanifa za ta kasance da aminci ga Musaylima. Yarjejeniyar ta kara tsarkakewa da auren Khalid da ‘yar Mujja’a. A cewar Lecker, dabarar Mujja’a ta yiwu al’adar Musulunci ce ta kirkiro “domin kare manufofin Khalid saboda yarjejeniyar da aka kulla... ta jawo wa musulmi babbar asara”. An bai wa Khalid gonakin noma da gonaki a kowane kauye da aka sanya a cikin yarjejeniyar da Hanifa, yayin da kauyukan da aka kebe daga yarjejeniyar suna fuskantar hukuncin ladabtarwa. Daga cikin wadannan kauyuka har da garin Musaylima al-Haddar da Mar'at, wadanda aka kori ko bautar da mazaunansu tare da 'yan kabilar Tamim. Majiyoyin al'ada sun sanya ƙarshen murkushe ƙabilun Larabawa na yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda kafin Maris 633, kodayake masanin tarihin Yamma Leone Caetani ya dage cewa yaƙin ya ci gaba har zuwa 634. Ƙoƙarin yakin musulmi, wanda Khalid ya taka muhimmiyar rawa, ya tabbatar da ikon Madina. a kan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙabilun Larabawa, waɗanda suka nemi tauye ikon Musulunci a yankin, da maido da martabar daular musulmi. A cewar Lecker, Khalid da sauran janar-janar Kuraishawa “sun sami gogewa mai tamani [a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe na Ridda] wajen tara runduna masu yawa na kabilanci a nesa mai nisa” kuma “sun amfana daga makusantan Kuraishawa [sic] da siyasar ƙabilanci a duk ƙasar Larabawa. Kamfe a Iraki Tare da Yamama sulhu, Khalid ya yi tafiya zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sasaniya a Iraki (ƙananan Mesopotamiya). Watakila mafi yawan Muhajirun sun janye zuwa Madina kafin Khalid ya fara yakin neman zabensa, don haka ya sake tsara rundunarsa. A cewar masanin tarihi Khalil Athamina, ragowar sojojinsa sun kunshi Larabawa makiyaya daga kewayen Madina wadanda aka nada shugabanninsu domin maye gurbin mukaman kwamandan da sahabbai (sahabban Muhammad) suka bari. Masanin tarihi Fred Donner yana ganin cewa har yanzu Muhajirun da Ansar sun kasance jigon rundunarsa, tare da ɗimbin kaso na Larabawa makiyaya mai yiwuwa daga kabilun Muzayna, Tayy, Tamim, Asad da Ghatafan. Kwamandojin rundunonin da Khalid ya nada su ne Adi ibn Hatim na Tayyi da Asim bn Amr na Tamim. Ya isa yankin kudancin Iraqi tare da mayaka kimanin 1,000 a karshen bazara ko farkon lokacin rani na 633. Tafiya zuwa Siriya Siege na Damascus Yaƙin Yarmuk Ana daukar Khalid "daya daga cikin hazaka na farkon Musulunci" na Donner. A cikin kima na Kennedy, Khalid ya kasance "hazikin kwamandan soja maras tausayi, amma wanda musulmin kirki ba zai taba jin dadi da shi ba". Ya lura cewa zamanin da “Hadisin Larabci suna ba wa Khalid girman kai a matsayin kwamandan da ya ba da jagoranci mafi inganci, ko da bayan Umar ya kore shi daga babban kwamandan mulki” kuma “sunansa na babban Janar ya dade tun daga tsararraki da tituna. sunansa a duk fadin kasashen Larabawa”. A yayin da ake fahimtar nasarorin da ya samu a soja, majiyoyin gargajiya sun gabatar da kima iri-iri na Khalid saboda tunkarar sa da Muhammadu a Uhud, da sunan da ya yi na zalunci ko rashin daidaito a kan kabilun Larabawa a lokacin yakin Ridda da kuma shaharar da ya yi na soja wanda ya dagula masu addini na farko zuwa ga addinin Musulunci. Musulunci. A cewar masanin tarihi Richard Blackburn, duk da kokarin da majiyoyin gargajiya na Musulunci suka yi na bata sunan Khalid, sunansa ya bunkasa a matsayin "babban jarumin Musulunci" a zamanin Muhammad da Abubakar da kuma yakin Sham. Masanin tarihin nan Carole Hillenbrand ya kira Khalid "wanda ya fi kowa shahara a cikin dukkanin janar-janar musulmin larabawa", Humphreys ya siffanta shi da "watakila shi ne fitaccen janar na larabawa mai hazaka a yakin Riddah [sic] da yakin farko na [Musulmi]. Musulmi ‘yan Sunna suna kallon Khalid a matsayin gwarzon yaki a wajen musulmi ‘yan Sunna, yayin da da yawa daga cikin musulmi ‘yan Shi’a ke kallonsa a matsayin mai laifin yaki saboda kisan da ya yi wa Malik bn Nuwayra da kuma auren matar da ya mutu ba tare da bata lokaci ba, wanda ya saba wa zamanin da musulunci ya saba yi. Mausoleum a cikin Homs Tun daga lokacin Ayyubid a Siriya , Homs ya sami suna a matsayin gidan da ake zaton kabari da masallacin Khalid. Balarabe matafiyi na karni na 12 Ibn Jubayr (wanda ya rasu a shekara ta 1217) ya lura cewa kabarin yana dauke da kaburburan Khalid da dansa Abd al-Rahman. Al’adar Musulmi tun daga lokacin ta sanya kabarin Khalid a cikin garin. Sarkin Ayyubid na farko Saladin (r. 1171–1193) ya canza ginin kuma a cikin karni na 13. Sarkin Mamluk sultan Baybars (r. 1260–1277) ya yi ƙoƙarin danganta nasarorin da ya samu na soja da na Khalid ta hanyar sanya wani rubutu da aka sassaƙa a makabartar Khalid da ke Homs a shekara ta 1266. A ziyararsa ta ƙarni na 17 a makabartar, malamin musulmi. Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi ya yarda cewa an binne Khalid a can amma kuma ya lura da wata al'adar Musulunci ta dabam cewa kabarin na jikan Mu'awiya Khalid bn Yazid ne (d. 704). Masallacin na yanzu ya kasance a 1908 lokacin da hukumomin Ottoman suka sake gina ginin.
18969	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anwar%20al-Awlaki	Anwar al-Awlaki	Anwar al-Awlaki (kuma rattaba kalma al-Aulaqi, al-Awlaqi; Anwar al-'Awlaqī ; Afrilu 21/22, 1971 - Satumban Shekarar 30, 2011) ɗan Yemeni- Amerikaimam . Ya kuma kasance sanannen mai ɗaukar ma'aikata kuma mai ba da ƙwarin gwiwa mai wakiltar al-Qaeda . Al-Awlaki ya zama ba’amurke na farko da wani jirgi mara matuki na Amurka ya yi niyya da kashe shi ba tare da haƙƙin shari’a ba. Shugaba Barack Obama ne ya ba da umarnin yin yajin aikin. A ranar 29 ga Janairun shekarar 2017, 'yar al-Awlaki mai shekaru 8, Nawar Al-Awlaki, an kashe shi a wani harin kwamandan Amurka a Yemen wanda Shugaba Donald Trump ya ba da umarnin. An san shi da " bin Laden na Intanet" don yin jawabai na nuna al-Qaeda a kan intanet. Bayan nema daga Majalisar Dokokin Amurka, a cikin Nuwamban shekarata 2010, Google ya cire yawancin bidiyon al-Awlaki daga shafukansa na intanet. A cewar The New York Times, maganganun da al-Awlaki ya yi a bainar jama'a da kuma faya-fayen bidiyo sun fi tasiri wajen karfafa ayyukan ta'addanci bayan kisan nasa fiye da kafin mutuwarsa. Rayuwar farko An haifi Al-Awlaki a Las Cruces, New Mexico, a shekarar 1971 ga iyaye daga Yemen, yayin da mahaifinsa, Nasser al-Awlaki, ke yin aikin digiri a jami'o'in Amurka. Mahaifinsa Malami ne na Fulbright. wanda ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin gona a Jami'ar Jihar New Mexico a shekarar 1971, ya sami digiri na uku a Jami'ar Nebraska, kuma ya yi aiki a Jami'ar Minnesota daga 1975 zuwa 1977. Nasser al-Awlaki ya zama Ministan Noma a gwamnatin Ali Abdullah Saleh. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jami’ar Sana’a. Praministan Yemen daga 2007 zuwa 2011, Ali Mohammed Mujur, dangi ne. Iyalin sun koma Yemen a shekarar 1978, lokacin al-Awlaki yana ɗan shekara bakwai. Ya zauna a can tsawon shekaru 11, kuma ya yi karatu a Makarantar Azal ta zamani. A cikin shekarar 1991, al-Awlaki ya koma Amurka don halartar kwaleji. Ya yi karatun B.S. a Civil Engineering daga Jami'ar Jihar Colorado , inda ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar ɗaliban Musulmai. Ya halarci jami’ar kan bizar dalibin kasashen waje da tallafin karatu daga gwamnati daga Yemen, yana mai cewa an haife shi a wannan kasar, a cewar wani tsohon wakilin tsaron Amurka. A cikin shekarar 1993, yayin da yake ɗalibin kwaleji a cikin shirin injiniyan farar hula na jihar Colorado, al-Awlaki ya ziyarci Afganistan bayan mamayar Soviet. Ya ɗan jima yana horo tare da mujahidai waɗanda ke yaƙin Soviet. Talaucin kasar da yunwa ya sa shi bakin ciki, kuma "da ba zai tafi tare da al-Qaeda ba," a cewar abokai daga jihar Colorado, wadanda suka ce tafiyarsa ta shafe shi sosai. Mullah Mohammed Omar bai kafa kungiyar Taliban ba sai a 1994. Lokacin da Al-Awlaki ya koma harabar jami'a, ya nuna sha'awar addini da siyasa. Al-Awlaki ya yi karatun Shugabancin Ilimi a Jami’ar Jihar San Diego, amma bai kammala digirinsa ba. Ya kuma yi aiki a kan digirin digirgir a Ci gaban Albarkatun Dan Adam a Makarantar Ilimi da Ci gaban Dan Adam ta Jami'ar George Washington daga Janairu zuwa Disamban shekarata 2001. A ranar 30 ga Satumban shekarar 2011, an kashe al-Awlaki a wani hari da jiragen yakin Amurka suka kai a Al Jawf Governorate, Yemen, a cewar majiyoyin Amurka, Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman, karkashin jagorancin CIA. Wani ganau ya ce kungiyar ta tsaya cin abincin karin kumallo yayin tafiya zuwa Ma'rib Governorate. Mazauna cikin motar sun hango jirgi mara matuki kuma sun yi ƙoƙarin tserewa a cikin motar kafin a harba makamai masu linzami na wuta Ma'aikatar tsaron Yemen ta sanar da cewa an kashe al-Awlaki. Haka kuma an kashe Samir Khan, Ba'amurke wanda aka haifa a Saudi Arabiya, wanda ake tunanin yana bayan mujallar yanar gizo ta Ingilishi Inspire. Seth Jones, wanda a matsayinsa na masanin kimiyyar siyasa ya ƙware a al-Qaida, yana ganin cewa ci gaba da dacewa da al-Awlaki ya kasance saboda ƙwarewarsa cikin yaren Ingilishi har ma da kwarjininsa, yana mai tabbatar da cewa "yana da aura mai ɗauke da makamai da rashin amincewa, da murmushi mai sauƙi da annashuwa, murya mai kaifin baki.Ya tsaya tsayin ƙafa shida, tsayin inch ɗaya, nauyin kilo 160, kuma yana da gemun baki mai kauri, hanci mai kaifi, da tabarau na waya. Ya yi magana a sarari, kusan muryar hypnotic." Bidiyoyin Awlaki da rubuce -rubucensa sun ci gaba da shahara a yanar gizo, inda ake ci gaba da samun su cikin sauƙi. Wadanda suka kalli kuma har yanzu suna kallon bidiyonsa dan jarida Scott Shane ya kiyasta adadin su a cikin daruruwan dubbai, yayin da mahaifinsa Dokta Nasser Awlaqi ke cewa "an sayar da kaset na wa'azi na Anwar Awlaqi miliyan biyar a Yammacin Turai." Kuma ta haka ne, ko da bayan mutuwarsa, Awlaki ya ci gaba da ba da himma ga masu bautar sa don kai hare -haren ta’addanci, da suka haɗa da harin Boston na Marathon na 2013, harin San Bernardino na 2015, da harbin gidan rawa na Orlando na 2016. Dangane da Tsarin Tsattsauran ra'ayi (CEP), Awlaki ya yi tasiri 88 "masu tsattsauran ra'ayi," 54 a Amurka da 34 a Turai. Saboda "aikinsa ya yi wahayi zuwa ga makirci da hare-hare marasa iyaka," CEP ta yi kira "a YouTube da sauran dandamali don dakatar da Mr. Abubuwan Awlaki, gami da farkon laccocinsa." Tarbiyyar Musulunci Ilimin addinin Islama na Al-Awlaki ya kasance na yau da kullun ne, kuma ya ƙunshi watanni na tsaka-tsaki tare da malamai daban-daban suna karantawa da yin tunani game da ayyukan ilimin addinin Musulunci. Wasu malaman musulmai sun ce ba su fahimci shahararen al-Awlaki ba, saboda yayin da yake magana da Ingilishi sosai kuma saboda haka zai iya isa ga masu sauraron da ba na Larabci ba, bai sami horo da karatu na Musulunci ba. Ayyukan rubutu 44 Ways to Support Jihad: Essay (Janairu 2009). A ciki, al-Awlaki ya bayyana cewa "ƙin kuffar shine babban jigon aqidar sojan mu" kuma ya zama tilas dukkan musulmai su shiga jihadi, ko ta hanyar aikata ayyukan da kansu ko tallafawa wasu masu yin hakan. Ya ce dole ne dukkan musulmai su kasance cikin koshin lafiya don su kasance cikin shiri don rikici. A cewar jami’an na Amurka, ana daukar ta a matsayin babban rubutu ga membobin al-Qaeda. Al-Awlaki wrote for Jihad Recollections, wallafe-wallafen kan layi na Ingilishi wanda Media Al-Fursan ta buga. Allah is Preparing Us for Victory – gajeren littafi . Lectures on the book Constants on the Path of Jihad by Yusef al-Ayeri— ya shafi jihadi mara jagora. A cikin 2009, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta sami bidiyon 1,910 da aka sanya a YouTube. An kalli ɗayansu sau 164,420. The Battle of Hearts and Minds The Dust Will Never Settle Down Dreams & Interpretations The Hereafter—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Life of Muhammad: Makkan Period—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Life of Muhammad: Medinan Period—Lecture in 2 Parts—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Lives of the Prophets (AS)—16 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Abu Bakr as-Siddiq (RA): His Life & Times—15 CDs—Al Basheer Productions Umar ibn al-Khattāb (RA): His Life & Times—18 CDs—Al Basheer Productions 25 Promises from Allah to the Believer—2 CDs—Noor Productions Companions of the Ditch & Lessons from the Life of Musa (AS)—2 CDs—Noor Productions Remembrance of Allah & the Greatest Ayah—2 CDs—Noor Productions Stories from Hadith—4 CDs—Center for Islamic Information and Education ("CIIE") Hellfire & The Day of Judgment—CD—CIIE Quest for Truth: The Story of Salman Al-Farsi (RA)—CD—CIIE Trials & Lessons for Muslim Minorities—CD—CIIE Young Ayesha (RA) & Mothers of the Believers (RA)—CD—CIIE Understanding the Quran—CD—CIIE Lessons from the Companions (RA) Living as a Minority—CD—CIIE Virtues of the Sahabah— jerin laccar bidiyo da Gidauniyar al-Wasatiyyah ta inganta Ƴan Ta'adda
26647	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayd%20ibn%20Harithah	Zayd ibn Harithah	Zayd ibn Harithah (Larabci: , Zayd ibn Ḥārithah) (c. 588-629 AZ), shi ne farkon Musulmin, sahabah kuma dan Annabin Musulunci, Muhammad. An yi masa kallon mutum na hudu da ya karbi Musulunci, bayan matar Muhammad Khadija, dan'uwan Muhammad Ali, da kuma na kusa da Muhammad Abu Bakr, Zaid ya kasance bawa a gidan Khadija na tsawon shekaru da dama, amma daga baya Muhammad ya 'yanta kuma ya dauki Zayd a matsayin nasa bisa doka dan kansa. Zayd kwamanda ne a farkon sojojin musulmi kuma ya jagoranci balaguron farko na soja a zamanin Muhammad. Zayd ya jagoranci balaguronsa na ƙarshe a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 A.Z., kuma ya tashi ya kai hari birnin Bosra na Rumawa. Sai dai sojojin Rumawa sun tare sojojin musulmi sannan aka kashe Zaid a yakin Mu'tah. Zaid ya auri wasu fitattun mata guda biyu na gidan Muhammad, ciki har da kawunsa Zainab da kuyangar mahaifiyarsa Ummu Ayman. An ce Zayd ya girmi Muhammad da shekaru goma, yana nuna shekarar haihuwar c. 581. An kuma ce yana da shekara 55 (watau) a wafatinsa a shekara ta 629, wanda ke nuni da ranar haihuwarsa 576. An haife shi a cikin reshen Udhra na kabilar Kalb a Najd, tsakiyar Larabawa. Ya yi da'awar zuriya ta goma sha biyu daga Udhra bn Zaid al-Lat bn Rufayda bn Thawr bn Kalb ibn Wabara. Mahaifiyar Zayd, Suda bint Thaalaba, ta fito ne daga reshen Maan na kabilar Tayy. Lokacin da Zaid ya kasance "Yaro karami na shekarun da zai iya zama bawa": ya raka mahaifiyarsa ziyarar danginta. Yayinda suke zaune tare da kabilar Ma’an, mahaya dawakai daga kabilar Qayn suka far wa tantunansu suka yi garkuwa da Zaidu. Suka kai shi kasuwa a Ukkaz suka sayar da shi a matsayin bawa a kan dinari 400. Iyalan Zayd sun neme shi, amma ba su yi nasara ba. Ana jingina makoki ga mahaifinsa Harithah bn Sharahil (BaSharahil):Ina yi wa Zayd kuka, ban san me ya same shi ba. Shin yana raye, ana tsammaninsa, ko kuwa Mutuwa ta riske shi?. "Wallahi na roke ka har yanzu ban gane ba." Tuni ne ko dutse ne ya kawo karshen ku? "Da ma na sani: Shin za ku dawo?" A duniyar nan sai da dawowar ku nake buri. "Rana ta tuna da shi lokacin da gari ya waye, yana tayar da tunaninsa yayinda magriba ta fadi." Lokacin da iska ke kadawa, sai su tada tunani kamar kura. Ya kai tsawon raina da tsoro gareshi! Bauta a Makka Wani dan kasuwan Makka, Hakim bn Hizam ne ya siyo Zaidu, wanda ya ba yaron a matsayin kyauta ga innarsa Khadijah bint Khuwaylid. Ya kasance a hannunta har ranar da ta auri Muhammad, lokacin da ta ba wa angonta kyautar kuyanga. Muhammad ya shaku da Zayd sosai, wanda ya kira al-Ḥabīb (Larabci: , lit. 'Masoyi'). Bayan wasu shekaru, wasu 'yan kabilar Zayd ya faru sun isa Makka a kan aikin hajji. Suka ci karo da Zaidu suka gane juna, ya ce su kai sako gida.Ga sakon daga gare ni zuwa ga mutane na, cewa na yi nisa, ina kusa da dakin Allah inda ake zuwa aikin hajji kuma zan zauna nan. Bakin cikin da ya yi matukar damunku ya kwaranye, kada ku yi ta karakainar nema na a bayan kasa. Ina zaune tare da mafificiyar zuriya; ba a yi zurya da ta kai ya ta su tun daga iyayensu da 'ya'yansu. Da samun wannan sakon, nan da nan mahaifin Zaidu da kawunsa suka tashi zuwa Makka. Sun sami Muhammad a dakin Ka'aba, suka yi masa alkawarin duk wani fansa idan zai mayar musu da Zaidu. Muhammad ya amsa da cewa a bar Zayd ya zabi makomarsa, amma idan yana son komawa ga iyalansa, Muhammad zai bayar da shi, ba tare da karbar fansa a madadinsa ba. Sai suka kira Zayd, wanda cikin sauki ya gane mahaifinsa da kawunsa, amma ya gaya musu cewa ba ya son barin Muhammad, “domin na ga wani abu a cikin wannan mutumi, kuma ni ba irin mutumin da zan iya zabar kowa ba ne sabaninsa." A nan ne Muhammadu ya kai Zayd ga matakalar Ka'aba, inda aka amince da wannan yarjejeniyar a bisa shari'a kuma aka shaida, ya kuma yi wa jama'a bushara da cewa: "Ku shaida cewa Zaid ya zama dana, tare da hakkokin juna na gado." Da ganin haka, mahaifin Zayd da kawunsa “sun gamsu,” suka koma gida ba tare da shi ba. A daidai da al'adar Larabci na tallafi a lokacin, Zayd daga baya aka san shi da "Zayd ibn Muhammad" kuma ya kasance 'yantacce, dauke a cikin zamantakewa da kuma shari'a a matsayin dan Muhammad. A wani kwanan wata da ba a sani ba kafin 610, Zayd ya raka Muhammad zuwa Ta'if, inda ya kasance al'adar sadaukar da nama ga gumaka. Kusa da Baldah a hanyarsu ta komawa Makka, sai suka gamu da Zaidu bn Amr, suka miqa masa wani dafaffen naman da Zaidu yake xauke da su a cikin jakarsu. Zaid bn Amr, mai tauhidi mai faxi, ya ce: “Ba ni cin wani abu da kuke yanka da sunan gumakanku na dutse, ba ni cin kome sai abubuwan da aka ambaci sunan Allah a kansu a lokacin yanka. Bayan wannan haduwar, in ji Muhammad, “Ban taba shafa wani gunki nasu ba, ban kuma yi musu yanka ba, har sai da Allah ya girmama ni da manzancinsa." Lokacin da Muhammadu ya ba da labari a shekara ta 610 cewa ya sami wahayi daga mala'ika Jibril, Zayd na ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara musulunta. Yayinda Khadijah ta kasance Musulma ta farko a cikin al'ummar Muhammadu, Makwabciyarta Lubaba bint al-Harith ce ta bi ta, 'ya'yanta mata hudu, da farkon wadanda suka musulunta, Ali, Zayd. da Abubakar. A shekara ta 622, Zaid ya shiga cikin sauran musulmi a Hijira zuwa Madina. Da zarar ya sauka a sabon garin, Muhammadu ya bukaci kowane musulmi da ya "dauki dan'uwa a cikin Addini" domin kowanne ya samu abokin tarayya a cikin al'umma. Zayd ya kasance tare da kawun Muhammad Hamza. Don haka, Hamza ya aminta da wa’adinsa na ƙarshe ga Zayd kafin rasuwarsa a shekara ta 625. Bayan 'yan watanni, Muhammad da Abubakar sun aika da Zaid ya koma Makka don ya raka iyalansu zuwa Madina. Taron dawowar ya kumshi matar Muhammad Sawda, da ‘ya’yansa mata Ummu Kulthum da Fatimah, da bawansa Abu Rafi, da matar Zaidu, Baraka da dansu Usama, da matar Abubakar Ummu Rumman, da ‘ya’yansa Asma, Abdullahi da Aisha, da jagora mai suna Abdullahi bn Urayqit, kuma dan'uwan Abubakar Talhah shi ma ya yanke shawarar ya raka su. Aure da Yara Zaid ya yi aure akalla sau shida. Durrah (Fakhita) bint Abi Lahab, 'yar' uwan Muhammadu. Sun rabu; Ba a san kwanakin ba, amma ’yan’uwan Durrah biyu sun rabu da ’ya’yan Muhammadu mata biyu a shekara ta 613. Ummu Ayman (Barakah), 'yar Muhammadu 'yantacce kuma mahaifiyar Ayman ibn Ubayd. Sun yi aure “bayan Musulunci” kuma an haifi ɗansu a shekara ta 612. Hind bint Al-Awwam, 'yar yayar Khadijah. Humayma bint Sayfi (Umm Mubashshir), matar Al-Baraa ibn Maarur, shugaba a Madina. Al-Baraa ya mutu a watan Agusta ko Satumba 622, don haka, auren Zaid ya kasance a cikin ko bayan 623. Zainab bint Jahsh, kani ga Muhammad. Sun yi aure a cikin 625 kuma sun sake su a ƙarshen 626. Ummu Kulthum bint Uqba ‘yar uwar halifa Usman ce ta wajen uwa. Muhammadu ne ya ba da umarnin auren a shekara ta 628, amma daga baya sun rabu. Zaid ya haifi 'ya'ya uku. Usama, ɗan Barakah, wanda yake da zuriyarsa, amma adadinsu bai wuce ashirin ba a kowane tsara. Zayd bin Ummu Kulthum, wanda ya rasu yana karami. Ruqayya diyar Ummu Kulthum, wadda ta rasu a karkashin kulawar Uthman. Auren Zainab bint Jahsh A wajajen 625 Muhammad ya ba da shawarar cewa 'yar'uwarsa, Zaynab bint Jahsh, ta auri Zayd. Da farko ta ki a kan cewa ita Baquraisha ce. An yi nuni da cewa bambance-bambancen zamantakewar Zainab da na Zaidu ne ya sa Muhammadu ya so a daura auren. Annabi yana sane da cewa tsayuwar mutum ce a gaban Allah take da muhimmanci, maimakon matsayinsa a wajen mutane... aurensu zai nuna cewa ba su ne kakanninsu ba, a a. Tsayuwarsu a wurin Allah abin ya kasance. Akasin haka, Montgomery Watt ya yi nuni da cewa Zayd na da daraja a wurin Muhammadu. Da kyar ta yi tunanin bai isa ba. Ita mace ce mai buri, duk da haka, mai yiwuwa ta riga ta yi fatan auren Muhammad, ko kuma ta so ta auri wanda Muhammadu ba ya son danginsa su kasance da kusanci da juna. Lokacin da Muhammadu ya sanar da wata sabuwar ayar Kur'ani,33:36, Zainab ta yarda ta auri Zaid. Saki daga Zainab Auren bai wuce shekara biyu ba. A cewar masana tarihi na karni na 9 Ibn Sa'd da al-Tabari, Muhammad ya kai ziyara gidan Zaid. Labulen fatar gashin da ke a Kofar gidan Zaid ya fice a gefe, da gangan zainab ta fito sanye da kayan aikinta kawai. Zaynab ta tashi ta yi kwalliya, tana yi wa Muhammad nasiha cewa zaid baya gida amma yabar gidan. Sai dai bai shiga ba. Ya ce a ransa: “Godiya ta tabbata ga Allah wanda Yake juya zukata”. sannan ya fita. Zaid ya dawo gida, Zainab ta ba shi labarin abinda ya faru. Zaid ya je wurin Muhammad, yana cewa: “Annabi, na ji labarin ziyararka. Watakila kana sha'awar Zainab, don haka zan sake ta." Muhammad ya amsa masa da cewa, a a ka ji tsoron Allah ka rike matarka. Bayan haka ne aka samu rikici tsakanin ma'auratan, kuma Zainab ta rufe Zaid daga dakin. Zaid ya saki Zainab a watan Disamba 626. Sai dai mafi yawan malaman musulmi sun yi watsi da wannan labari musamman saboda rashin samun wani isnadi na ruwaya da rashinsa gaba daya daga wani ingantaccen hadisi. Wasu masu tafsiri sun ga cewa ba zato ba tsammani Muhammad zai fahimci kyawun Zainab wata rana bayan ya san ta tsawon rayuwarta; da kyawunta ne ya sa Muhammad ya aure ta, da da kansa ya aurar da ita tun farko maimakon ya shirya aurenta da Zaidu. A cewar mai fassara Fishbein Zaynab, wanda dan'uwan Muhammadu ne, ya yi aure ta tsarin Muhammadu ga bawa Muhammad da 'ya'yanta Zayd b. Harithah, wanda ya rayu a gidan Muhammadu kuma ya zo a matsayin ɗan renonsa - don haka a kai a kai ana kiransa da Zayd, ɗan Muhammad. Ko auren zaid da zainab ya kasance azzalumi tun farko hasashe ne, duk da cewa labarin ya tabbatar da cewa Zaidu bai hakura ba ya saki matarsa ya bar ta ta auri Muhammad. An bayyana Muhammad a matsayin wanda ba ya son cigaba da daurin auren saboda kura-kuran da ake yi game da ko auren tsohuwar matar ɗan da aka ɗauke shi ya keta haddi na aure. Al'adar Larabawa sun gane dangantakar dangi ba bisa ga alaƙar jini ba: reno (jinin mace ɗaya) ɗaya ce irin wannan dangantakar; Tambayar ko reno ya shiga cikin wannan nau'in dole ne ya kasance babu tabbas a tsakanin musulmi. Ba a yi auren ba sai bayan an saukar da Alkur’ani mai girma, wanda ya ba wa muminai izinin auren matan ‘ya’yansu da suka saki. Canja dokokin riko a Musulunci Bayan wadannan abubuwan da suka faru, an daina gane tsarin karbe Larabawa na gargajiya a Musulunci; aka maye gurbinsa da kafala. An rubuta ayoyi uku na Alkur'ani game da haka. Al-Tabari ya ce, an saukar da Q33:40 ne saboda “Munafukai sun sanya wannan batu na zancensu, kuma suka zargi Annabi, suka ce: “Muhammad ya hana [aure] da [tsohon] matan ‘ya’yansa, amma ya auri [tsohon] matar dansa Zayd." Zaid ya koma zama sananne da asalin sunansa na Zayd ibn Harithah kuma yanzu ba a ɗauke shi a matsayin ɗan Muhammad na shari'a ba bayan wahayin Q33:5. Ibn Saad ya nuna cewa Q33:37 wani umarni ne na musamman ga Muhammadu da Zainab da su yi aure kuma ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aurensu ya wajaba. Balaguron soji Zaid ya kasance “daya daga cikin mashahuran maharba daga cikin Sahabban Annabi.” Ya yi yaki a Uhud, Trench da Khaibar, kuma ya kasance a wajen yakin Hudaibiyya. Lokacin da Muhammad ya kai hari Al-Muraysi, ya bar Zayd a baya a matsayin gwamna a Madina. Zaid ya jagoranci balaguron soji guda bakwai. Al-Qarada a watan Nuwamba 624. Ya kama ayarin kayayyaki, amma mafi yawan ‘yan kasuwar Makka suka tsere. Juma'a a watan Satumba 627. Al-'Is a Oktoba 627. At-Taraf, wani hari a yankin Nakhl "a kan hanyar zuwa Iraki": Wadi al-Qura. Zayd ya kai hari a yankin a watan Nuwamba 627, amma kabilar Fazara sun kai hari, inda suka kashe wasu daga cikin musulmi, yayinda aka dauke Zayd daga filin wasa. Zaid ya lashi takobin daukar fansa kuma, bayan ya warke daga raunin da ya samu a watan Janairun 628, ya koma Wadi al-Qura da wata babbar runduna. Wannan karon ya ci Fazari. Hisma, ko Khushayn, a kan kabilar Judham a watan Oktoba 628. Yakin Mu'uta a watan Satumba 629, inda aka kashe Zaid. A’isha ta ce: “Manzon Allah bai taba tura Zaidu bn Haritha cikin runduna ba tare da ya nada shi a matsayin shugabanta ba, ko da kuwa ya zauna bayan ya nada shi”. Rasuwa a Yakin Mu'uta da bayansa Zaid ibn Harithah ya jagoranci ziyararsa ta ƙarshe a watan Satumba na shekara ta 629 M.Z. Rundunar musulmi mai mutane 3,000 ta tashi don kai farmaki a birnin Basra na Rumawa. Duk da haka, sojojin Rumawa na "Girkawa 100,000 tare da mutane 100,000 daga Lakhm da Judham da Al-Qayn da Bahra' da Bali" suka tare su a wani kauye mai suna 'Mu'tah'. Zaid ya riqe ma’auni a wajen yaqin, har sai da mashi ya buge shi sai ya zubar da jini har ya mutu. Sauran shugabannin biyu, Ja’afar bn Abi Talib da ‘Abd Allāh bn Rawahah, su ma an kashe su, aka tarwatsa sojojin musulmi. Da jin labarin mutuwar Zayd, Muhammad ya tafi wurin iyali. ‘Yar Zaidu ta yi kuka a gaban Manzon Allah, sai Manzon Allah ya yi kuka, Sa’ad bn Ubada ya ce: “Manzon Allah mene ne wannan? Sai ya amsa da cewa, wannan ita ce kwadayin masoyi ga masoyi. Kara karantawa Powers, David, Zayd, the little-known story of Muhammad's adopted son, Pennsylvania University Press, 2014 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Mecca, Oxford University Press, 1953 Watt, Montgomery, Muhammad at Medina, Oxford University Press, 1956 Lings, Martin. The life of Muhammad from the earliest sources.
13444	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abida%20Parveen	Abida Parveen	Abida Parveen (An haifeta ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1954), yar kasar Pakistan ce, yar darika ce, kuma mawaƙiya. Ita ce kuma take yin zane da gano sabbin hanyoyin kasuwanci. Abida Praveen tana ɗaya daga cikin mawaƙan da ake biyan su kuɗi sosai a Pakistan. Kiɗanta da kida sun sami kyaututtaka masu yawa, kuma ana kiranta da suna 'Sarauniyar Sufi music'. Farkon rayuwa An haife ta kuma ta girma a Larkana cikin dangin Sindhi Sufi, mahaifinta Ustad Ghulam Haider ya koyar da shi (kada ya rikita batun mawaki Master Ghulam Haider) wanda ya kasance shahararren mawaki kuma malamin waka. Tana wasa da sassan jikin Jabu, Keyboard da Sitar . Parveen ya fara yin wasa a farkon 1970s kuma ya zama sananne a cikin duniya a cikin shekarun 1990s. Tun a shekarar 1993, Parveen ta yi balaguro a duniya, tare da yin bajinta ta farko ta kasa da kasa a Buena Park, California. Ta yi a cikin Ikklisiya kuma sau da yawa. Parveen ya kuma bayyana a cikin shahararrun fina-finai na Pakistan din Coke Studio sannan ya kasance alkali a fagen wasan Kudu-maso-kudu na wasan Sur Kshetra tare da Runa Laila da Asha Bhosle wanda Ayesha Takia ke karbar bakuncin. Ta fito a cikin fina-finai na gargajiya na Indiya da na Pakistan da suka hada da Pakistan Idol, Chhote Ustaad da Muryar Indiya ta STAR . Kasancewa da kwarewar Sufi tana daga cikin Musulmai 500 masu tasiri na duniya. Tare da ikon haifar da baƙin ciki a cikin masu sauraro Parveen ita ce "Jakadan Sufi na Duniya Mystic Sufi ". Tun a 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, tana rera waka ga wakar Pepsi a cikin watan Ramadana sannan kuma ta hada gwiwa da Atif Aslam sau daya a ciki. Ana kiran Parveen a matsayin ɗayan manyan mawaƙa na duniya. Ta waka yafi ghazals, Thumri, Khyal, qawwali, Raga (Raga), Sufi dutse, Classical, Semi-na gargajiya music kuma ta forte, Kafis, wani solo Genre tare da feat. Irfan kuma harmonium, ta amfani da wani sharhin na songs by Sufi kasida. Parveen na waka a Urdu, Sindhi, Saraiki, Punjabi, Larabci da Persian . Ta kuma rera wata shahararren waƙar a cikin harshen Nepali mai suna "Ukali Orali Haruma" ta mawaƙin Nepali Tara Devi a cikin wani kide a Kathmandu, Nepal wanda Govinda ya halarta. A shekarar 2017, SAARC ta nada ta a matsayin 'Jakadan Zaman Lafiya'. Parveen sananniya ce ta waƙoƙinta a cikin babbar murya Yaar ko Humne daga kundin Raqs-e-Bismil da Tere Ishq Nachaya wanda shine fassarar wakoki na Bulleh Shah. Pakistan 's biyu mafi girma farar hula lambar yabo da Hilal-e-Imtiaz da aka saukar gare Abida Parveen da shugaban kasar Pakistan domin 2012. Farkon rayuwa Parveen an haife ta a mohalla Ali Goharabad a Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan. Ta fara horar da kade-kade tun daga mahaifinta, Ustad Ghulam Haider, wacce take kira da Baba Sain da Gawwaya. Yana da nasa makarantar kiɗa inda Parveen ta sami wahayi na sadaukarwa daga. Ita da mahaifinta koyaushe suna yin a wuraren bautar Sufi Saints. Kyautar Parveen ta tilasta mahaifinta ya zaɓi ta a matsayin magajin musika a kan hisa twoansa biyu. Ta girma, ta halarci makarantar kade-kade na mahaifinta, inda aka aza harsashinta a kida. Daga baya Ustad Salamat Ali Khan na Sham Chaurasia gharana shima ya koyar da ita kuma ya kula da ita. Parveen koyaushe tana tuna cewa ba a tilasta mata yin wannan sana'ar ba kuma ta rera ta kalam ta farko lokacin da take ɗan shekara 3. Parveen ta riga ta fara yin wasan kwaikwayon a Dargahs da Urs a farkon 1970s, amma a 1973, akan Radio Pakistan, ta sami nasarar farko ta farko tare da waƙar Sindhi Tuhinje zulfan jay band kamand widha. A shekarar 1977 aka gabatar da ita a matsayin wata mawakiya a hukumance a Rediyon Pakistan . Tun daga wannan lokacin, Parveen ta tashi zuwa matsayi kuma a yanzu ana ɗaukarta ɗayan fitattun masu fasaha na Pakistan. Ta yi kwaikwayon wakokin Sufi tare da sabon asali, wanda ke nuna alamar farkon wannan tafiya a Sultana Siddiqui 's Awaz-o-Andaz a 1980. Parveen tana balaguron ƙasa ne, sau da yawa ana yin wasanni a wuraren sayarwa. Hazrat Amir Khusrau Society of Art and Al'adu, wanda ya ba da LP na waƙoƙin ta a shekarar 1988. Ta 1989 yi a London ta Wembley Conference Center aka watsa shirye-shirye a kan BBC . Parveen ta bayyana dalilanta na yin tafiye tafiye na kasa da kasa don yada yaduwar Sufism, zaman lafiya da sakon Allah. Ta yin hakan, ta kuma inganta al'adar Pakistan. A cikin shekarun 1990s, Parveen ta ba da lasisi na ghazoals din ta na Bollywood, tunda 'dan uwanta na ruhaniya', Khan, suka yi rikodin wakoki don Bollywood . Kwanan baya Abida ta yi a babban bikin Sindh Festival wanda Bilawal Bhutto Zardari ya shirya a Thatta. Abida ta fito fili ta musamman a fitaccen fim din Lollywood mai suna "Zindagi" wanda aka yi wa lakanin Sultan Rahi, Arif Lohar, Attaullah Khan Esakhelvi wacce ta jagoranci fitacciyar jigon ta Sufi Sachal Sarmast 'mahi yar di gharoli bhar di'. A cikin 2007, Parveen ya haɗu tare da Shehzad Roy a kan waƙa mai taken Zindagi, wanda aka sadaukar don matsalolin zamantakewar yara. A wannan shekarar da ta yi a shekara-shekara Oslo mela a Norway . A shekara ta 2010, Parveen ta yi a gidan Sarauniya ta Royal Albert Hall, tare da mawaƙa kuma 'yar wasan Bollywood Sonu Nigam. A shekara ta 2010, Parveen ta yi a Taron Wasan Sufi na Sufi na Asiya a cikin New York City. A shekarar 2010, ta yi wasan ne a dandalin Union Square, Manhattan, a cikin bikin Fati na Sufi na farko a birnin New York Parveen tana yin wasan shekara-shekara a fina-finan Indiya, Muzaffar Ali ' Jahan-e-Khusrau bikin inda ake ganin ta zama babban mai yin fina-finai. A shekara ta 2010, ta yanke hukunci a kan Nunin TV na Indo-Pak na Sur Kshetra Show. Ta yi a cikin Manyan Wasan Kasa da Kasa na Manchester, 2013 a Hallwater Hall . Abida ta hada gwiwa da shi a Manchester a cikin 2013 tare da mawaki John Tavener don shirya fim din 'Mahamatar' don fim din Werner Herzog game da aikin hajji. Ta yi wannan a cikin bikin Holland a 2014 a Stopera, Amsterdam. Praveen ita ce babbar 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Dhaka ta kasa da kasa ta Fest, ta 2015 a Bangladesh inda ita ma ta samu lambar yabo. A cikin bikin Sindh Litreture, 2016, ta yi babban bikin tare da yanke kintinkiri a yayin bikin rantsar da ita tare da shugabar SLF. A cikin shekarar ce, ta yi bikin Sufi na 2 na kasa da kasa a Karachi . A shekara ta 2016, ta yi aiki tare da darektan Mawakan Indiya Salim – Sulaiman da mawaka a Toronto (Kanada) don waƙa ta musamman da ake kira "Noor e Illahi" wacce aka saki a ranar Eid. A cikin shekarar 2017, a ranar sabuwar shekara Hauwa ta saki Abida 'Mulk e Khuda' waƙar kishin ƙasa wanda ke nuna wuraren yanayi da shimfidar wurare na Pakistan. Ta yi a wasan karshe na Alchemy Festival, 2017 a Southbank Center, London. A wannan shekarar ne Abida feat ya fitar da bidiyon kiɗa na soyayya mai suna "Ahat Si". Saima Ajram. Ayyukanta sun hada da bikin Faiz na Kasa da shekara-shekara a bikin tunawa da Faiz Ahmad Faiz . Bayyana a Coke Studio Parveen ta fara yin a wasanni a duniya tun daga Pakistan show <i id="mwxg">Coke Studio</i> a 2010. Ta rera waƙoƙi uku: "Ramooz-e-Ishq", "Nigah-e-Darwaishaan", da "Soz-e-Ishq" a cikin jerin 1 (Dalili), 3 (Hasashe), da 5 (Ganewa), bi da bi 3. Parveen ta ce ta yaba da shirin saboda tana ba da yanayin Dargahi. Ta yi sharhi: "Wannan aikin wanda Rohail Hyatt ya fara hakika yana da girma kuma ina so in kasance cikin sa na dogon lokaci. Waƙar da ke fitowa daga wannan aikin ta isa ga zuciya da ruhu kuma koyaushe tana yaba waƙar ta hanya ba tare da ɓoye saƙon gaskiya na kalams ba. Wannan dandamali yana ginu ne akan waɗancan sakonnin dattawan Sufi. " An sake gayyatar ta a cikin lokaci 7 a 2014. Ta rera waka "Mein Sufi Hoon" tare da Rais Khan kuma suka yi "dost" a zaman solo. Ta kuma yi "Chaap Tilak" (Wani shahararren waka na Sufi wanda mawakin Sufi Amir Khusro ya gabatar ) a cikin kaho tare da Rahat Fateh Ali Khan . Abida shima wani bangare ne na lokacin 9. Waƙar ta farko tare da sauran masu fasaha a cikin kakar, "Ae Rah Haq K Shaheedo" an sadaukar da ita ga shahidai. Bayan wannan sai ta rera waka tare da Ali Sethi mai taken "Aaqa", a sa'ilin da ake kira "Maula-i-Kull". "Da alama Pakistan ta yanke ƙauna daga waje. Amma an gina shi kuma yana gudana akan addu'o'in sarakunan Sufi, masananmu . Mutane talakawa, masu arziki - dukkanmu bayin Allah ne ... Na yi sa'a. Masu sauraro Allahna ne. " "Al'adarina - al'adunmu - yana da wadata a ruhaniya da ƙauna." "Waƙoƙin suna tsarkake ran ɗan adam, ɗan adam yana da hannu sosai har ya bar Allah. Waƙoƙin suna kawo mu kusa da Allah, kusa da Madaukaki, domin a tsarkake ran ɗan adam da wadatar zuci. ” Abida ta sami digiri na biyu daga Sindh sannan kuma ta koyi Urdu, Sindhi da Farsi musamman. Aure da Iyali A 1975, Abida ta auri Ghulam Hussain Sheikh, babban mai gabatar da shiri a Rediyon Pakistan, wanda ya yi ritaya daga aikinsa a shekarun 1980s don gudanarwa da kuma ba da jagoranci ga aikin Parveen. Bayan da ya mutu sakamakon bugun zuciya a jirgin sama na duniya a farkon shekarun 2000, 'yarsu Maryam ta dauki wannan matsayin. Akwai wata ma'ana cewa aikin Parveen ya dauki hanyar kasuwanci mafi yawa sakamakon hakan. Ma'auratan suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu Pereha Ikram da Marium Hussain, da kuma ɗa Sarang Latif wanda darektan kiɗa ne. Dukkan yaran guda uku suna aiki a matsayin masu ba da shawara. Iyalinta sun fahimci bukatarta na riyaz (wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na yau da kullun) da kuma sararin samaniya da ake buƙata don yin wannan ɗabi'ar. Abida Parveen Gallery Hakanan Parveen tana sha'awar fasahar zane-zane. Ita ce ta mallaki Abida Parveen Gallery wacce ke dauke da kayan adon kayan ado, zane-zane, CDs na kade-kade, sashen bada kyautuka da suttura da kayanta kuma 'ya'yanta mata ke sarrafa ta. Hakanan tana da ɗakunan shirye-shiryen kiɗa na kanta a ciki. Tsarin tufafi Parveen tana da nau'ikan suturar suttura wacce ta ƙirƙira kanta don sauƙi da ta'aziyya. Tana sanye da tsummoki mai tsayi da aka sanya ta a saman kai da mayafi. Kullum tana tare da ajrak, sindhi duppatta, wanda ta ce ta fito ne daga dargah (mausoleum) na Sufi saint Shah Abdul Latif Bhittai kuma mayafin ta cike da. Parveen ta ɗauki Bayyat kuma ta zama almajiri Najeeb Sultan, maigidanta na ruhaniya. Parveen ta kamu da ciwon zuciya yayin wasan kwaikwayon a Lahore a ranar 28 Nuwamba 2010. Angiography da angioplasty an yi mata. Ta sake dawo da lafiyarta jim kadan. Kyaututtuka da karbuwa Pride of Performance Award da shugaban kasar Pakistan. Latif Award (sau biyu) Kyautar Graungiyar Malama Sindh. Kyautar talabijin ta Pakistan Sachal Sarmast Daraja Sitara-e-Imtiaz Award ta Shugaba Pervez Musharaff Hilal-e-Imtiaz Award ta Shugaba Asif Ali Zardari. Kyautar Nasara na Rayuwa a Kaladharmi Begum Akhtar Academy of Ghazal a Indiya . An girmama shi a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan PTV na Pakistan na 16th-PTV. Wanda aka zaba don Mafi Kyawun Sauti na Sauti (OST) don Yaar Ko Hamne Jabaja Dekha a lambar yabo ta 12th Lux . Wonder Woman na shekara . Kyautar 'Yan fim na 1 na ARY don Mafi Sifikan Sake kunnawa don fim din Ishq Khuda . Gold Crown a kan shekaru 40 na ɗaukaka a cikin masana'antar kiɗa ta indungiyar Mawaƙa Sindhi a Larkana . Jami’in diflomasiyyar Pakistan Javed Malik ya gabatar da lambar yabo ta Jakada a Dubai . An ƙaddara shi a Kyautar PTV 17th a cikin 'Legends'. Hum 3 na Kyaututtukan yabo don inganci a kiɗa. An ba ta kyautar a cikin Dhaka ta Kasa ta Kasa ta Fida ta 2015. Fitacciyar 'yar siyasa Sharmila Farooqi ce ta ba ta a cikin Sufi na 2 na Kasa da Kasa, 2016 a Karachi. Kyautar 'yar Kyauta 15th mafi kyawun mawaƙa (fim) a cikin 2016. Saima Ajram, wata mai gabatarwa a sashin rediyon Asiya ta BBC, ta gabatar da lambar yabo ta rayuwa a gidanta a shekarar 2016. PISA Rayuwa Nasarar PISA - 2020. Duk da cewa Parveen babbar mawakiya ce, amma ba ta taɓa sanya muryarta ga fina-finai ba. An yi amfani da waƙoƙin da aka riga aka yi rekodin su a cikin fina-finai, duk da haka. Yanzu ta yarda ta ba da muryarta ga fina-finai kan dagewa kan magoya bayanta da kuma Farooq Mengal. Parveen ya bayyana ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin tambayoyi da talabijin na safiya nuna saboda halayenta na kunya. Parveen ta ce ta ci gaba da samun tayin daga masu shirya fina -finai na Bollywood watau Subhash Ghai da Yash Chopra amma ta ci gaba da raguwa da su kamar yadda ta tsintar da kanta a cikin Sufism kuma lokaci ya yi da za a yada Sakon Allahntaka. Ta samu kyautuka daga wurin Shah Rukh Khan ga Ra.One kuma daraktan kiɗa ARRehman ya yi mata wasu waƙoƙi. Haɗin waje Abida Parveen on IMDb Pages with unreviewed translations Jaruman Finafinan Indiya
13442	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saloma	Saloma	Biduanita Negara Puan Sri Datin Amar Dr. Salmah binti Isma'il ( Jawi : Janairu ), KMN (22 Janairun shekarar 1935 - 25 Afrilu 1983), sananniyar sunanta Saloma, wata 'yar wasan Singafo -Malaysia ce, yar wasan fina-finai, mawakiya yar jagora wanda ta shahara sosai a ƙarshen shekarun 1950. Saloma Anfi saninta ne saboda iyawar sautin waƙoƙinta, wanda aka nuna a matsayin "lemak merdu", (cikakke, maras nauyi amma mai daɗin murya). An kuma sanya hannu tare da kuma rikodin waƙoƙin EMI kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ta saki yawancin EP kamar Dendang Saloma , Bunga Negara da Aslirama . Wasu daga cikin fitattun wakokinta duk tsawon rayuwarta sun hada da '' Selamat Pengantin Baru 'da' Bila Larut Malam ' Saloma kuma tana cikin yin hidimomi yayin da ta aiwatar da fina-finai da yawa kamar su Azimat da Kaki Kuda . Wasu daga cikin ayyukanta wadanda za a iya tunawa a matsayin yar wasan kwaikwayo sun kasance a cikin Seniman Bujang Lapok kamar Cik Salmah, Ragam P.Ramlee da Ahmad Albab a matsayin Mastura. An baiwa Saloma lakabin Biduanita Pertama Negara ( Son farko na Sungbird na farko) a shekarar 1978 saboda gudummawar da ta bayar ga masana'antar kade-kade a Malesiya da taken Puan Sri a 1990, a matsayin matar Tan Sri Datuk Amar Dr. P. Ramlee . Iyali da farkon rayuwa An haife Saloma a ranar 22 ga Janairun shekarar 1934 a Pasir Panjang, Singapore a matsayin Salmah binti Ismail ga Isma'il Osman da Umi Kalsom Mahbon. Tana da 'yan uwa bakwai kuma ita ce ta uku a cikin danginsu. Tana da wata 'yar uwa, Siti Mariam binti Ismail, wacce yar wasan kwaikwayo ce, ƙaramin mahaifiyarta, Aminah Ismail (sunan Mimi Loma) da Jasmaniah Ismail, wanda kuma mawaƙi ne. Saloma ta zama mata ta uku na dan wasan fina-finai, darekta, marubucin waƙa, mawaki, kuma mai gabatarwa Tan Sri Datuk Amar P. Ramlee bayan aurensu a shekarar 1961. A lokacin ƙuruciyarta, Saloma ta ji daɗin kiɗa. Kusan yawanci za ta faɗi tunaninta na zama mawaƙa tare da ƙanwarta, Mariani. Tun yana dan shekara biyar, Saloma tuni ya rera waka tare da makadarorin titi. Daga can, sha'awarta ta zama mawaƙa ta ƙara ƙaruwa. Daga baya iyayen Saloma suka sake shi. Daga baya, Mariani da ita sun bi mahaifinsu zuwa Tanjung Karang, Selangor a Tanah Melayu (yanzu Malaysia). Dukansu biyun suna rayuwa tare da mahaifin su da matar mahaifiyarsu. A lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na II, sun kasance taimaka wa mahaifinsu a cikin filayen paddy. Rashin jure yanayin da aka sauya, dukkan su sun gudu zuwa Singapore ba tare da mahaifinsu ba. Bayan wannan, Saloma da 'yar uwarta Mariani sun zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu da kuma uwar kakansu, wani mutum mai suna Maman Yusoff. Mama Yusoff mawaƙi ce tare da wata karamar keroncong da ake kira The Singapore Boys da aka ƙulla da ita don yin wasa a wani kulob mai suna The New World Cabaret. Kamar yadda Saloma ta yi magana koyaushe game da kasancewa mawaƙa, ƙanin mahaifinta ya kawo ta zuwa cabaret wata rana kuma ta gabatar da ita ga masu sauraro. Daga nan sai aka neme ta da ta yi wakar " kwana bakwai kacal " ta Georgia Gibbs . Salon salonta da muryarta sun burge masu sauraron wurin. Ta ci gaba da wasu waƙoƙi daban-daban kuma wannan shine farkon aikinta na mawaƙa. Ta kasance 13 years old. Saloma muryar ta fara wasa a cikin rediyo na gida lokacin da babanta ya kawo ta domin ganin kade-kade da ake yi a gidan rediyon Malaya. Mawaki Rokiah Hanafi, wanda kuma aka sani da Rokiah Wandah, an shirya shi ya rera wakoki da dama tare da kungiyar mawaka, amma bai bayyana a wannan ranar ba. Mama Yusoff ta yanke shawarar lallashin Saloma don gwada rera wakokin da Rokiah ya kamata su rera. An kuma yi sa'a, abin da ta yi ya kasance nasara. Bayan haka, ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa daga ƙungiyar kade-kade ta ko'ina cikin Singapore don zama babban mawaƙa. Daya daga cikin wakokinta da ta rera a Radio Malaya ita ake kira "Sang Rang Bulan". An yi wakar ne a cikin fim din "Rachun Dunia" (Poison of this World) kuma wani mawaki na yankin mai suna Rubiah ya rubuta shi. A cikin 1950, Saloma ya ƙaunaci gwarzon fim ɗin da ake kira 'Aloha' bayan ya kalli fim ɗin a karon farko. P. Ramlee ya buga wasan. A lokacin, Saloma yana ɗan shekara 15 ne da watanni 11. Loveaunar da ke gare shi ke ƙaruwa kowace rana kuma Saloma ta yi rantsuwa cewa za ta auri ɗan wasan a wata rana. A lokacin hana fim, P.Ramlee ya kasance yana yawo daga gidansa zuwa ɗakin studio. A tsakiyar hanyar, dole ne ya bi ta gidan Saloma a Dutsen Emily . Duk lokacin da ya ratsa gida, wani dan kasar China yana siyar da ciyayi zai ruga zuwa gidan Saloma don ya ba ta labarin kasancewar gwarzon da yake kauna. Saloma zai yi wa P. Ramlee dariya ta hanyar kiran "Banjo" (halin da ya taka a fim) sannan ya ɓoye lokacin da ya juya don ganin wanda ya kira shi. A farkon shekarun 1950s, burin ta na zama mawaƙa bai tafi yadda ta ga dama ba. Madadin haka, ta fara ayyukanta a matsayin 'yar fim, wanda Nusantara Film ya bayar. Fim dinta na farko mai taken Pelangi (Rainbow), wanda ya sami kyakkyawan ra'ayoyi tsakanin masu sauraro. Bayan haka, ta sami wasu 'yan kyauta daga fim din Nusantara don yin fim a wasu fina-finai. A wannan lokacin, ta yi wasu fina-finai biyu, sunanta 'Perkahwinan Rahsia' (Sirrin Biki) da 'Norma'. A watan Janairun 1952, an ba ta ƙaramin matsayi a matsayin mawaƙa a cikin wani fim mai suna 'Chinta Murni' (Soyayyar Gaskiya) wanda Nusantara Film, wanda Aman Ramlie ya jagoranta ko kuma aka fi sani da AR Tompel. A lokacin, fim ne na huɗu. A watan Afrilun 1952, 'yan watanni bayan sakin Chinta Murni, masu sha'awar fina-finai na Malaysia sun firgita da labarin da suka ba da sanarwar aurenta da Aman Ramlie. A waccan lokacin, Aman Ramlie sanannen darekta ce kuma mawaki kuma yayin da ta fara samun karbuwa a fim din 'Norma'. Auren nasu ya kai wata biyar kuma sun sake a watan Satumbar 1952 lokacin da Saloma take da juna biyu. A cewar 'yar uwarta, Mariam, an dawo da ita gidansu a Dutsen Emily don ta zauna tare da mahaifiyarsu. Bayan fim ɗinta na ƙarshe tare da Kamfanin Nusantara Film Company, mai taken Sesal Tak Sudah (Lasting Regret), nan da nan Saloma ta ƙare kwangilar da ta yi da kamfanin. Dalilin da aka bayar shine saboda tana buƙatar hutu saboda ciki da kuma ƙin yin aiki da tsohon mijinta. A ƙarshen 1952 har zuwa 1953, Saloma ta ƙare aikinta na mai gabatarwa. A 1953, ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya, Armali Bin Aman Ramlie. Sake kunnowa: 1954-1960 Bayan dawowa daga tafiyarta zuwa Sarawak da Brunei a ranar 23 Yuli 1954, Kamfanin Pathe ya ba Saloma don yin rikodin muryarta. Syed Hamid ya sami goyan baya sosai, wanda aka fi sani da S.Hamid, wanda ya yi suna a lokacin. Sun san juna bayan sun yi fim a cikin Sesal Tak Sudah . Waƙar da ake wa lakabi da "Pandang Kasih" (Duba Kauna), wacce Rahmat Ali ta tsara da kuma kalaman Ismadi, salon rawa ne yayin da waƙar "Jika Tak Berjumpa" (Idan Ba Mu Haɗu) ta fito daga waƙoƙin larabci wanda a lokacin retoshi daga S.Hussein Bagushir da waƙoƙin Wan Chu. Dukkanin waƙoƙin suna tare da Orkes Al Aishu Wal Meleh, wanda S.Omar Bagushir ke jagoranta. Saloma ta farko solo da kuma wakarta na farko da akayi rikodi akan vinyl wanda Kamfanin Pathe (aka kirga PTH 143) shine "Pandang Kasih" yayin da wakar "Jika Tak Berjumpa" ita ce na farkonta tare da S.Hamid. A shekarar 1955, Sloma Jalan Ampas ta gabatar da Saloma don yin rawar gani. Fim dinta na farko tare da Studio Jalan Ampas an yi mata taken EMat Isteri (Mata hudu). Wannan fim ɗin na ƙarshe da BS Rajhans ya jagoranta. Fim din kuma ya hadar da Daeng Haris, Normadiah, Latifah Omar da 'yar'uwar Salmah, Mariam (kamar Mariani). A wannan shekarar, Salomah ya kuma yi rubuce-rubuce da dama da suka hada da "Burong Punggok" (The Owl). A watan Fabrairu na 1956, an ba ta damar maye gurbin actress Siput Sarawak a cikin fim din Adekku (My Younger Sibling). Akwai jita-jita da ke cewa Siput Sarawak ta daina aiki bayan yawancin rikodin wuraren fim. Bayan nasarar da ta samu a matsayinta na mawaƙa kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo, ɗakunan 'yan uwan Shaw Brothers sun yanke shawarar ba ta ƙarin suna na kasuwanci. Ta samu sunan fim din nata ne sakamakon fim din 'Salome' wanda take yiwa fim din Rita Hayworth . A wannan shekarar, Saloma ya shiga cikin Panca Sitara, ƙungiyar P. Ramlee ke jagoranta. Nasarar a duniya: 1961-191968 Saloma ta fara waka ne tun tana yar shekara bakwai kuma kwararriyar mawakiya ce a lokacin da take matashi. Waƙoƙin ta sun fi dacewa a cikin salon Ella Fitzgerald da Doris Day . Duk da yake ta zama mai wasan kwaikwayo daga baya, ta ce koyaushe ta fi son waka da aiki. A matsayinta na mawaƙa, ta yi karin haske game da baiwarta tare da Orkes Fajar Murni, wacce Yusof Osman ke jagoranta, a farkon shekaran aikinta. Ta kuma kasance tare da wata kungiyar wasan kwaikwayo, Panca Sitara, a cikin shekarun 1960s. "EP" Albums na Saloma Dendang Saloma Dendang Saloma Album II Dendang Saloma Album III Bunga Negara Saloma (Damak) Lagu-2 Sukaramai Kasar Sin Di Nyanyikan Oleh Saloma Saloma Dan Ahmad Daud Sekalung Sakura Dari Saloma Saloma (Pulau Menghijau) Gadis Langkawi Sudah Kawin Kah Belom / Kenangan Di Padang Kota (Saloma dan Ahmad Daud) Guita Berbunyi / Bintang Hati (Daripada Filem "Do-Re-Mi") Saloma (Menanti Kanda) Saloma (Aku Dia dan Lagu) Saloma (Entah Di Mana) Saloma (Chinchin Ku Ini) Saloma (Jangan Chemburu) Saloma (Aslirama) Wasu fina-finai da ba za a manta ba da Saloma suka yi: Rashin lafiya da mutuwa Bayan mutuwar mijinta, P. Ramlee, a 1973, Saloma ta cika da tsananin bakin ciki da bacin rai wanda ya addabi lafiyar ta. Hakan ya sa ta kamu da cututtuka da yawa wanda hakan ya sa ta rame da rashin lafiya. An shigar da ita zuwa Asibitin Assunta, Petaling Jaya, Selangor kafin rasuwarta a ranar 25 Afrilu 1983 tana da shekaru 48 sakamakon lalacewar hanta da ke da nasaba da cutuka . An binne ta a makabartar Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur tsakanin kabarin tsohon mijinta Aman Ramlie da mijinta P. Ramlee. . A shekarar 1978, gwamnatin Malaysia ta bata kyauta a Kecapi Awards a matsayin Biduanita Negara (National Songbird). Har wa yau, mawaƙiya marigayiya, Sharifah Aini, ita kaɗai ce kaɗai mawaƙa wacce ta sami wannan lambar girmamawa. Saloma Bistro da Gidan Abinci a Jalan Ampang, an buɗe Kuala Lumpur a 2003 kuma an ba shi suna bayan Saloma saboda girmamawa ga gudummawar da take bayarwa ga masana'antar nishaɗi ta Malaysia. Bugu da ƙari, Saloma Link, mai ƙafa a ƙafa kusa da kabarinta, an kuma sanya mata suna. Yayin bikinta, Saloma kuma ana kiranta da 'Marilyn Monroe na Asiya', saboda iyawar ta na jawo hankalin maza kamar na Hollywood Marilyn Monroe . A cikin 2014, wani fim na kasha na biyu mai taken Saloma Sashe na 1: Mencuri Guruh da Saloma Kashi na 2: Pandang Kaseh ya yi da Nabila Huda wanda ya taka rawar Saloma. Fim ɗin ya kasance akan Astro Farko na ɗan lokaci kaɗan. Daga baya, an watsa fim din a Astro Mustika HD, Astro Citra da sauran tashoshin da suka shafi fim din a Gidan Talabijin na Astro. Haɗin waje Saloma sings Pesta Muda Mudi, from Nasib Do Re Mi Saloma sings Di Mana Kan Ku Cari Ganti Saloma Bistro & gidan cin abinci gidan wasan kwaikwayo Bayanin Saloma, sinemamalaysia.com.my (Bahasa Malaysia) Mutuwan 1983
29876	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwararar%20ruwa	Kwararar ruwa	Rushewar saman (wanda kuma aka sani da kwararar ƙasa ) shi ne kwararar ruwa da ke faruwa a saman ƙasa lokacin da yawan ruwan sama, ruwan narkewa, ko wasu hanyoyin, ba zai iya shiga cikin ƙasa cikin sauri ba. Wannan na iya faruwa ne lokacin da ƙasa ta cika da ruwa gwargwadon ƙarfinta, kuma ruwan sama ya zo da sauri fiye da yadda ƙasa za ta iya sha . Sau da yawa zubar ruwan saman yana faruwa ne saboda. wuraren da ba su da kyau (kamar rufin da pavement ) ba sa barin ruwa ya jiƙa cikin ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, zubar da ruwa na iya faruwa ko dai ta hanyar tsarin halitta ko na mutum. Zubar da ruwan sama babban sashi ne na zagayowar ruwa . Ita ce wakili na farko na zaizayar ƙasa ta ruwa. Yankin ƙasar da ke samar da magudanar ruwa wanda ke malalawa zuwa wuri guda ana kiransa magudanar ruwa . Guduwar da ke faruwa a saman ƙasa kafin isa tashar na iya zama tushen gurɓatawar da ba ta dace ba, Dan haka kuma saboda tana iya ɗaukar gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu da mutum ya yi ko kuma nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi (kamar ganyaye mai ruɓe). Abubuwan da mutum ya kera a cikin ruwa sun haɗa da man fetur, magungunan kashe qwari, takin zamani da sauransu. Baya ga haifar da zaizayar ruwa da Kuma gurbacewar ruwa, kwararar ruwa a cikin birane shine babban dalilin ambaliya a birane, wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewar dukiya, da daskarewa da gyale a cikin ginshiki, da ambaliyar ruwa. Ana bayyana kwararar ruwan saman a matsayin hazo (ruwan sama, dusar ƙanƙara, guguwa, ko ƙanƙara ) wanda ke kaiwa ga kogin ƙasa ba tare da ya taɓa wucewa ƙasa da ƙasa ba. Ya bambanta da zubar da ruwa kai tsaye, wanda ke kaiwa ga kogunan saman kasa nan da nan bayan ruwan sama ko narkewar dusar ƙanƙara kuma ya keɓance kwararar ruwan da ke haifar da narkar da dusar ƙanƙara ko glaciers. Dusar ƙanƙara suna narke ne kawai a wuraren sanyi da ya isa ya zama na dindindin. Yawanci dusar ƙanƙara tana narkewa a cikin bazara kuma glacier yana narkewa a lokacin rani, yana haifar da maxima maxima a cikin kogunan da suka shafa. Ƙayyadaddun adadin narkar da dusar ƙanƙara ko dusar ƙanƙara shine yanayin zafin iska da tsawon lokacin hasken rana. A yankuna masu tsayin tsaunuka, Kuma ƙoramu kan tashi a cikin ranakun rana kuma suna faɗowa kan gajimare saboda irin wannan dalili. A wuraren da babu dusar ƙanƙara, ruwan sama zai fito daga ruwan sama. Duk da haka, ba duk ruwan sama ba ne zai haifar da zubar da ruwa saboda adanawa daga ƙasa na iya ɗaukar ruwan sama mai haske. A kan daɗaɗɗen ƙasa na ƙasar Ostiraliya da Kudancin Afirka, tushen furotin tare da manyan hanyoyin sadarwar tushen gashin su na iya ɗaukar ruwan sama mai yawa don hana kwararar ruwa ko da a lokacin yawan ruwan sama. A cikin waɗannan yankuna, har ma a kan ƙasan yumbu mai fashe ƙasa da ƙasa, ana buƙatar yawan ruwan sama da yuwuwar ƙanƙara don haifar da zubar da ruwa daga sama, wanda ke haifar da gyare-gyare na musamman zuwa magudanan ruwa masu canzawa (yawanci ephemeral). Kutsawa wuce gona da iri Hakan na faruwa ne a lokacin da yawan ruwan sama a saman sama ya zarce adadin da ruwa ke iya kutsawa cikin kasa, kuma an riga an cika duk wani ajiyar bakin ciki. Wannan kuma ana kiransa Hortonian overland flow (bayan Robert E. Horton ), ko kwararar ƙasa mara kyau. Wannan ya fi faruwa a wasu yankunan da ba su da ɓarke da ɓarke, inda ruwan sama ya yi yawa kuma ana rage ƙarfin shigar ƙasa saboda rufe saman ƙasa, ko kuma a cikin biranen da shingen shinge na hana ruwa shiga. Lokacin da ƙasa ta cika kuma aka cika ajiyar baƙin ciki, kuma ruwan sama ya ci gaba da faɗuwa, ruwan sama zai haifar da zubar da jini nan da nan. Matsayin damshin ƙasa na farko shine abu ɗaya da ke shafar lokaci har sai ƙasa ta cika. Wannan guguwar ana kiranta saturation wuce gona da iri, cikakkar kwararar kan kasa, ko ruwan Dunne. Danshin kasa na gaba Ƙasa tana riƙe da ɗanɗano kaɗan bayan ruwan sama . Wannan saura danshin ruwa yana rinjayar iyawar shigar ƙasa. Sannan A yayin taron ruwan sama na gaba, ƙarfin shigar da ƙasa zai sa ƙasa ta cika da ƙima daban-daban. Mafi girman matakin danshin ƙasa na farko, da sauri ƙasa ta zama cikakke. Da zarar ƙasa ta cika, zubar ruwa yana faruwa. Don haka, zubar da ruwa yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sarrafa danshi na ƙasa bayan guguwa mai matsakaici da ƙarancin ƙarfi. Komawar da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa Bayan ruwa ya kutsa cikin ƙasa a kan wani yanki mai hawa sama na tudu, ruwan zai iya gudana a kaikaice ta cikin ƙasa, kuma ya fitar (fitowa daga cikin ƙasa) kusa da tashar. Wannan shi ake kira kwararar dawowar karkashin kasa ko kuma kwarara . Yayin da yake gudana, za'a iya rage yawan zubar da ruwa ta hanyoyi da yawa: karamin sashi na iya ƙafewa ; Ana iya adana ruwa na ɗan lokaci a cikin ɓacin rai na microtopographic; kuma wani yanki nasa yana iya kutsawa yayin da yake gudana a kan kasa. Duk sauran ruwan saman da ya rage daga ƙarshe yana gudana zuwa cikin ruwa mai karɓa kamar kogi, tafki, bakin ruwa ko teku . Tasirin dan Adam Urbanization yana ƙara zubar da ruwa ta hanyar samar da ƙarin wuraren da ba su da kyau kamar shinge da gine-gine waɗanda ba sa ƙyale ruwa ya gangara ta cikin ƙasa zuwa maɓuɓɓugar ruwa . A maimakon haka sai a tilasta shi kai tsaye cikin rafuka ko magudanar ruwa na guguwa, inda zaizayar kasa da siltation na iya zama manyan matsaloli, ko da ambaliya ba. Kuma Yawan zubar da ruwa yana rage yawan ruwan da ke karkashin kasa, ta yadda za a rage yawan ruwan da ake fama da shi da kuma kara tsananta fari, musamman ga manoman noma da sauran wadanda suka dogara da rijiyoyin ruwa . Lokacin da gurɓataccen ɗan adam ya narke ko dakatar da shi a cikin ruwa mai gudu, tasirin ɗan adam yana faɗaɗa don haifar da gurɓataccen ruwa . Wannan gurɓataccen nauyi na iya isa ga ruwa daban-daban kamar rafuka, koguna, tafkuna, tudu da kuma tekuna tare da sakamakon sauye-sauyen sinadarai na ruwa ga waɗannan tsarin ruwa da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da su. Wani rahoto na shekarata 2008 na Majalisar Binciken Ƙasa ta Amurka ya gano ruwan guguwar birni a matsayin babban tushen matsalolin ingancin ruwa a cikin Amurka Yayin da mutane ke ci gaba da canza yanayin yanayi ta hanyar haɓakar iskar gas zuwa sararin samaniya, ana sa ran yanayin hazo zai canza yayin da ƙarfin sararin samaniya na tururin ruwa ke ƙaruwa. Wannan zai haifar da sakamako kai tsaye akan adadin zubar da ruwa. Sakamakon zubar da ruwa Yazawa da kuma sakawa Zubar da ruwan sama na iya haifar da zazzagewar saman duniya; Za'a iya ajiye kayan da ya lalace nesa da nisa. Akwai manyan nau'ikan zaizayar ƙasa guda huɗu: zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa, zaizayar ƙasa da zaizayar gully . Yazawar ruwan sama shine sakamakon karo na inji na ɗigon ruwan sama tare da saman ƙasa: barbashi ƙasa waɗanda tasirin ya wargaza sannan su motsa tare da zubar da ruwa. Rushewar takarda shine jigilar ruwa ta kan ƙasa ta ruwa ba tare da ƙayyadaddun tashoshi ba. Ƙunƙarar saman ƙasa yana iya haifar da zubar da ruwa ya tattara cikin kunkuntar hanyoyin ɓuɓɓuga: kamar yadda waɗannan ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tashoshi suna da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tashoshi waɗanda aka kafa da suna rills . Waɗannan tashoshi na iya zama ƙanana kamar faɗin santimita ɗaya ko girma kamar mita da yawa. Idan zubar da ruwa ya ci gaba da toka kuma ya kara girma, za su iya girma a karshe su zama gullies . Yazawar guly na iya jigilar abubuwa da yawa da suka lalace Duk a cikin kankanin lokaci wato a ƙurataccen lokaci Rage yawan amfanin gona yakan haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, kuma ana nazarin waɗannan tasirin a fagen kiyaye ƙasa . Barbashin ƙasa da ke ɗauke da ruwa ya bambanta da girman daga kimanin .001 millimeter zuwa kimanin milimita 1.0 a diamita. Manyan ɓangarorin suna daidaita kan ɗan gajeren nisa na sufuri, yayin da ƙananan ƙwayoyin za a iya ɗaukar su ta nisa mai nisa an dakatar da su a cikin ginshiƙi na ruwa . Rushewar ƙasa maras nauyi wanda ke ɗauke da ƙananan ɓangarorin yana haifar da turɓaya kuma yana rage watsa haske, wanda ke rushe yanayin yanayin ruwa . Duk sassan ƙasashe sun zama marasa amfani ta hanyar zaizayar ƙasa. A kan babban tudun ƙasar Madagaska, kusan kashi goma na ƙasar ƙasar, kusan dukkan faɗin ƙasar ba ta da ciyayi, tare da ɓangarorin gully mai ƙazantawa yawanci fiye da zurfin mita 50 da faɗin kilomita ɗaya. Juyawa noma tsarin noma ne wanda wani lokaci yakan haɗa hanyar yanke yankan rago da ƙonawa a wasu yankuna na duniya. Zaizayar kasa yana haifar da asarar ƙasa mai albarka kuma yana rage yawan amfanin gonarta da Kuma ingancin amfanin gona. Noman masana'antu na zamani wani babban abin da ke haifar da zaizayar kasa. Fiye da kashi uku na Masara Belt ta Amurka gaba ɗaya ta yi asarar samanta . Sauya ayyukan noma zai rage zaizayar ƙasa daga filayen noma na Amurka da fiye da kusan kashi 70 cikin ɗari. Tasirin muhalli Muhimman batutuwan muhalli masu alaƙa da kwararar ruwa sune tasirin ruwa, ruwan ƙasa da ƙasa ta hanyar jigilar gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa waɗannan tsarin. A ƙarshe waɗannan sakamakon suna fassara zuwa haɗarin lafiyar ɗan adam, rikicewar yanayin muhalli da tasirin kyawawan abubuwa ga albarkatun ruwa. Wasu daga cikin gurɓatattun abubuwan da ke haifar da babban tasiri ga ruwan saman da ke tasowa daga zubar da ruwa sune abubuwan da ake amfani da su na man fetur, maganin ciyawa da takin mai magani. An yi nazari kan yawan adadin kuzari ta hanyar fitar da magungunan kashe qwari da sauran gurɓatattun abubuwa tun daga shekarata 1960, kuma farkon tuntuɓar magungunan kashe qwari da ruwa an san yana haɓaka phytotoxicity . A cikin yanayin ruwan saman, tasirin yana fassara zuwa gurɓataccen ruwa, tun da koguna da koguna sun sami zubar da ruwa mai ɗauke da sinadarai daban-daban ko laka. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da ruwan sama a matsayin samar da ruwan sha, za a iya lalata su game da haɗarin lafiya da ƙayatattun ruwan sha (wato, wari, launi da tasirin turbidity ). gurɓataccen ruwan saman ƙasa yana haɗarin canza tsarin rayuwa na nau'in ruwan da suke ɗaukar nauyi; Dukkanin waɗannan sauye-sauye na iya haifar da mutuwa, kamar kifin kisa, ko canza ma'auni na yawan jama'a. Sai Dai Sauran takamaiman tasirin su ne kan dabbar dabbar dabba, haifuwa, kwai da yuwuwar tsutsa, tsirar yara da yawan amfanin shuka. Wasu bincike sun nuna kwararar magungunan kashe qwari, irin su DDT, na Kuma iya canza jinsin nau'in kifi ta hanyar dabi'a, wanda ke canza namiji zuwa kifin mace. Rushewar ruwa da ke faruwa a cikin dazuzzuka na iya samar da tafkuna masu tarin yawa na ma'adinai na nitrogen da phosphorus wanda ke haifar da eutrophiation . Ruwan da ke gudana a cikin gandun daji na coniferous shima yana wadatar da acid humic kuma yana iya haifar da ƙasƙantar da jikin ruwa Bugu da ƙari, tsayin tsayi da tsibiran matasa a cikin wurare masu zafi da na wurare masu zafi na iya fuskantar ƙimar zaizayar ƙasa kuma suna ba da gudummawar manyan abubuwan jan hankali ga tekun bakin teku. . Irin wannan ƙasa da aka samu ta hanyar sinadarai na sinadarai, carbon, da gurɓatawa na iya yin tasiri mai yawa akan zagayowar nazarin halittu na Duk duniya da yanayin ruwa da na bakin teku. Dangane da ruwan karkashin kasa, babban lamarin shi ne gurbatar ruwan sha, idan an shafe magudanar ruwa don amfanin dan Adam. Game da gurɓacewar ƙasa, ruwan da ke gudana zai iya samun mahimman hanyoyi guda biyu na damuwa. Na farko, ruwa mai gudu zai iya fitar da gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma ya ɗauke su a matsayin gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa matsugunan ruwa masu mahimmanci. Na biyu, zubar da ruwa na iya sanya gurɓataccen abu a kan ƙasa mai tsabta, haifar da lafiya ko sakamakon muhalli. Batun noma Sauran abubuwan da suka shafi aikin gona sun haɗa da jigilar sinadarai na noma (nitrates, phosphates, magungunan kashe qwari, maganin ciyawa, da sauran makamantan su) ta hanyar zubar da ruwa. Wannan sakamakon yana faruwa ne lokacin da amfani da sinadarai ya wuce kima ko rashin lokacin da ya dace dangane da hazo mai yawa. Sakamakon gurɓataccen ruwan da ya biyo baya yana wakiltar ba wai kawai ɓarna na sinadarai na noma ba ne, har ma da barazanar muhalli ga yanayin ƙasa. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da bambaro don kare ƙasa daga zaizawar ƙasa da ci gaban ciyawa. Koyaya, girbi waɗannan amfanin gona na iya haifar da haɓakar zaizayar ƙasa. Batun Tattalin Arziki. Gudun gudu na saman yana haifar da babban adadin tasirin tattalin arziki. Pine bambaro hanyoyi ne masu tasiri masu tsada don mu'amala da gushewar ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, za a iya sake amfani da runfunan da ke ƙasa ta hanyar haɓakar giwaye. A ƙasar Najeriya ana daukar ciyawa ta giwa hanya ce ta tattalin arziki wacce za a iya rage gudu da zaizayar kasa. Har ila yau, kasar Sin ta samu gagarumin tasiri daga kwararar ruwa zuwa ga mafi yawan amfanin gonakinsu na tattalin arziki kamar kayan lambu. Don haka, an san sun aiwatar da tsarin da ke rage asarar abubuwan gina jiki (nitrogen da phosphorus) a cikin ƙasa. Ambaliyar ruwa Ambaliyar ruwa tana faruwa ne lokacin da magudanar ruwa ta kasa isar da adadin ruwan da ke gudana a ƙasa. Mitar abin da wannan ke faruwa ana bayyana shi ta lokacin dawowa . Ambaliyar ruwa wani tsari ne na dabi'a, wanda ke kula da tsarin halittu da tsari, amma kuma ana iya canza shi ta hanyar sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa kamar injiniyan kogi. Ambaliyar ruwa na iya zama da amfani ga al'umma ko kuma ta yi barna. Noma da ke gefen kogin Nilu sun yi amfani da ambaliyar ruwa na yanayi wanda ke tanadin abubuwan gina jiki masu amfani ga amfanin gona. Duk da haka, yayin da adadi da lalurar ƙauyuka ke ƙaruwa, ambaliya na ƙara zama haɗari na halitta. A cikin birane, kwararar ruwa daga saman ƙasa shine farkon abin da ke haifar da ambaliya na birane, wanda aka sani da maimaitawa da kuma tasiri mai tsada ga al'ummomi. Mummunan illar da ke tattare da asarar rayuka, hasarar dukiya, gurbacewar ruwan sha, haka Kuma asarar amfanin gona, da tarwatsa jama'a da rashin matsuguni na wucin gadi. Ambaliyar ruwa na daga cikin bala'o'in da suka fi yin barna. An kuma san yin amfani da ƙarin ban ruwa a matsayin wata muhimmiyar hanya wadda amfanin gona irin su masara za su iya riƙe takin nitrogen a cikin ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da haɓaka samar da ruwan amfanin gona. Ragewa da magani Rage illolin da ke haifar da zubar da jini na iya ɗaukar nau'i da yawa: Irƙirar haɓaka amfani da ƙasa da nufin rage abubuwan da ba su da kyau a cikin birane Gudanar da zaizayar ƙasa ga gonaki da wuraren gine- gine Kula da ambaliyar ruwa da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin, kamar kayan aikin kore Amfani da sinadarai da sarrafa sarrafawa a cikin aikin gona, kiyaye shimfidar wuri, amfani da masana'antu, da sauransu. Land use controls. Many world regulatory agencies have encouraged research on methods of minimizing total surface runoff by avoiding unnecessary hardscape. Many municipalities have produced guidelines and codes (zoning and related ordinances) for land developers that encourage minimum width sidewalks, use of pavers set in earth for driveways and walkways and other design techniques to allow maximum water infiltration in urban settings. An example of a local program specifying design requirements, construction practices and maintenance requirements for buildings and properties is in Santa Monica, California. Kula da zaizayar kasa ya bayyana tun zamanin da lokacin da manoma suka fahimci mahimmancin noman kwane-kwane don kare albarkatun ƙasa. Tun daga shekarata 1950 waɗannan hanyoyin noma sun ƙara haɓaka. A cikin shekarun 1960 wasu gwamnatocin jahohi da na kananan hukumomi sun fara mai da hankali kan kokarinsu wajen rage kwararar gine-gine ta hanyar bukatar magina su aiwatar da matakan hana zaizayar kasa da nakasa ( ESCs ). Wannan ya haɗa da irin waɗannan fasahohin kamar: yin amfani da bas ɗin bambaro da shinge don rage gudu a kan gangara, shigar da shinge na silt, gina shirye-shirye na watanni waɗanda ba su da ƙarancin ruwan sama da raguwa da tsawon wuraren da aka fallasa. Lardin Montgomery, Maryland ta aiwatar da shirin kula da tsatsauran ra'ayi na karamar hukuma a cikin shekarar 1965, kuma wannan ya biyo bayan shirin a duk faɗin jihar Maryland a cikin shekarata 1970. Shirye-shiryen shawo kan ambaliyar ruwa tun farkon rabin farkon karni na ashirin ya zama mai ƙima a cikin hasashen kololuwar tsarin kogi . An samar da dabarun ci gaba don rage kololuwar ruwa da kuma rage saurin tashoshi. Wasu fasahohin da aka saba amfani da su sune: samar da riƙon tafkuna (wanda ake kira dakunan ajiyar ruwa ko daidaita tafkuna ) don hana kololuwar kogi, yin amfani da na'urorin watsa makamashi a cikin tashoshi don rage saurin magudanan ruwa da sarrafa amfani da ƙasa don rage kwararar ruwa. Amfani da sinadarai da kulawa. Bayan aiwatar da dokar kiyaye albarkatu da dawo da albarkatun Amurka (RCRA) a cikin shekarata 1976, daga baya kuma Dokar Ingancin Ruwa ta 1987, jihohi da biranen sun ƙara yin taka tsan-tsan wajen sarrafa ƙunshe da adanar sinadarai masu guba, don haka hana fitar da zubewa. Hanyoyin da aka saba amfani da su sune: buƙatu don ninki biyu na tankunan ajiya na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, rajistar amfani da kayan haɗari, raguwar adadin magungunan kashe qwari da aka yarda da shi da ƙarin tsauraran ƙa'idodin takin zamani da ciyawa a cikin kiyaye shimfidar wuri. A yawancin masana'antu, ana buƙatar gyaran sharar gida, don rage gudu daga gurɓataccen ruwa zuwa magudanar ruwa ko ruwan sama. Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta Amurka (CWA) ta buƙaci ƙananan hukumomi a cikin birane (kamar yadda Ofishin Kidayar Jama'a ta ayyana) su sami izinin fitar da ruwan sama don tsarin magudanar ruwa. Mahimmanci wannan yana nufin cewa yankin dole ne ya yi aiki da shirin kula da ruwan guguwa don duk kwararar ruwan sama da ke shiga tsarin magudanar ruwa na daban na birni (" MS4 "). Dokokin EPA da na jihohi da wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa sun zayyana abubuwan asali guda shida waɗanda kowane shiri na gida ya ƙunshi: Ilimin jama'a (sanar da mutane, gidaje, kasuwanci game da hanyoyin gujewa gurɓacewar ruwa) Shiga jama'a (tallafawa jama'a shiga cikin aiwatar da shirye-shiryen gida) Gano fitar da ba bisa ka'ida ba & kawarwa (cire magudanar ruwa ko wasu hanyoyin haɗin ruwan da ba na guguwa ba zuwa MS4 ) Gudanar da zubar da ruwa na wurin gini (watau zaizayar ƙasa da sarrafa laka) Bayan gini (watau dindindin) sarrafa ruwan guguwa Rigakafin gurɓatawa (misali ingantattun sarrafa sinadarai, gami da sarrafa man fetur da mai, takin zamani, magungunan kashe qwari da injinan titi ) da matakan “kyakkyawan kula da gida” (misali kula da tsarin). Sauran masu mallakar kadarori waɗanda ke gudanar da tsarin magudanar ruwa mai kama da gundumomi, kamar tsarin babbar hanyar jiha, jami'o'i, sansanonin soja da gidajen yari, suma suna ƙarƙashin buƙatun izinin na MS4. Aunawa da ƙirar lissafi Ana nazarin runoff ta amfani da ƙirar lissafi a haɗe tare da hanyoyi daban-daban na samfurin ingancin ruwa . Ana iya yin ma'auni ta amfani da ci gaba da sarrafa kayan aikin bincike na ingancin ruwa mai sarrafa kansa wanda aka yi niyya akan gurɓatattun abubuwa kamar ƙayyadaddun sinadarai na Organic ko inorganic, pH, turbidity da dai sauransu ko aka yi niyya akan alamomi na biyu kamar narkar da iskar oxygen . Hakanan za'a iya yin ma'auni a cikin tsari ta hanyar cire samfurin ruwa guda ɗaya da gudanar da kowane adadin sinadarai ko gwaje-gwaje na zahiri akan wannan samfurin. A cikin shekarata 1950s ko kuma samfuran jigilar ruwa na farko sun bayyana don ƙididdige yawan zubar da ruwa, musamman don hasashen ambaliyar ruwa. Tun daga farkon shekarun 1970s an ƙirƙira samfuran kwamfuta don nazarin jigilar kwararar ruwa da ke ɗauke da gurɓataccen ruwa, waɗanda ke yin la'akari da adadin narkar da sinadarai daban-daban, kutsawa cikin ƙasa da babban nauyin gurɓataccen ruwa da aka kai ga ruwa . Ɗaya daga cikin samfuran farko da ke magance rushewar sinadarai a cikin guguwa da kuma abin hawa an haɓaka shi a farkon 1970s ƙarƙashin kwangilar Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA). Wannan ƙirar kwamfuta ta samar da ginshiƙi na yawancin binciken ragewa wanda ya haifar da dabarun amfani da ƙasa da sarrafa sinadarai. Ƙwarai, masu aikin ruwa na guguwa sun fahimci buƙatar ƙirar Monte Carlo don daidaita tsarin tafiyar da ruwa saboda bambance-bambancen yanayi a cikin sauye-sauye masu yawa waɗanda ke shafar inganci da yawan zubar da ruwa. Amfanin nazarin Monte Carlo ba shine don rage rashin tabbas a cikin kididdigar shigarwa ba, amma don wakiltar haɗuwa daban-daban na masu canji waɗanda ke ƙayyade haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Ɗaya daga cikin misalan irin wannan nau'in samfurin ruwan guguwa shine stochastic empirical loading da dilution model ( SELDM ) shine samfurin ingancin ruwan hadari . An ƙirƙira SELDM don canza haɗaɗɗun bayanan kimiyya zuwa bayanai masu ma'ana game da haɗarin mummunan tasirin kwararar ruwa a kan karɓar ruwa, yuwuwar buƙatar matakan ragewa, da yuwuwar tasirin irin waɗannan matakan gudanarwa don rage waɗannan haɗarin. SELDM yana ba da hanya don kimanta bayanai cikin sauri waɗanda ke da wahala ko kuma ba za a iya samu ba saboda yana ƙirƙira ma'amala tsakanin masu canjin yanayi (tare da rabe-raben yuwuwar mabambanta) wanda ke haifar da yawan ƙima waɗanda ke wakiltar yiwuwar sakamako na dogon lokaci daga matakan gudu da kuma Na yuwuwar tasirin matakan raguwa daban-daban. Har ila yau, SELDM yana ba da hanyoyin yin bincike mai zurfi cikin hanzari don tantance tasirin zato daban-daban game da haɗarin balaguron ingancin ruwa. Other computer models have been developed (such as the DSSAM Model) that allow surface runoff to be tracked through a river course as reactive water pollutants. In this case the surface runoff may be considered to be a line source of water pollution to the receiving waters. Duba wasu abubuwan Agricultural wastewater – Agricultural nutrient runoff Ambaliyar ruwa Flood forecasting Hydrological model Nationwide Urban Runoff Program Bincike na Amurka Nonpoint source pollution – Rain garden Runoff curve number Runoff model (reservoir) Soil conservation – Soil contamination – Stormwater – Trophic state index – Urban flooding – Water pollution – Hanyoyin haɗi na waje USDA NRCS Littafin Jagoran Injiniya na Kasa, Dangantakar Zubar da Mataki, Ch. 14 NutrientNet, kayan aiki na sinadarai na kan layi wanda Cibiyar Albarkatun Duniya ta haɓaka, wanda aka tsara don magance matsalolin ingancin ruwa da ke da alaƙa da zubar da ruwa da sauran gurɓataccen ruwa. Duba kuma gidan yanar gizon PA NutrientNet wanda aka ƙera don shirin ciniki na sinadirai na Pennsylvania. Bioretention a matsayin ƙananan tasiri ci gaban hanyar magance zubar da ruwa Samfuran Ruwan Guguwar Ruwa na USGS Ƙwararren Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
58545	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelo%20Soliman	Angelo Soliman	Angelo Soliman,an haife shi Mmadi Make, (c. 1721 – 1796)ɗan Austriya Freemason ne.Ya sami matsayi a cikin al'ummar Viennese da Freemasonry . Watakila Soliman dan kabilar Magumi ne na kabilar Kanuri .,Mmadi Make,yana da alaƙa da ajin sarauta a jihar Borno a Najeriya ta zamani.An kai shi fursuna tun yana yaro kuma ya isa Marseilles a matsayin bawa.An sayar da shi zuwa gidan wani maci na Messinan,wanda ya kula da iliminsa.Domin yana ƙaunar wani bawa a gidan,Angelina,ya ɗauki sunan ‘Angelo’ kuma ya zaɓi ya amince da ranar 11 ga Satumba,ranar baftisma a matsayin ranar haihuwarsa.Bayan buƙatun da aka maimaita, an ba shi kyauta a 1734 ga Prince Georg Christian,Prince von Lobkowitz,gwamnan daular Sicily.Ya zama abokin Yarima kuma abokin tafiya, tare da raka shi a yakin neman zabe a duk fadin Turai kuma an ce ya ceci rayuwarsa a wani lokaci,wani muhimmin al'amari da ke da alhakin hawansa zamantakewa.Bayan mutuwar Yarima Lobkowitz,an kai Soliman cikin gidan Vienna na Joseph Wenzel I,Yariman Liechtenstein, daga ƙarshe ya tashi zuwa babban bawa. Daga baya,ya zama mai koyar da sarauta na magajin Yarima, Aloys I.A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu,1768, ya auri mace mai martaba Magdalena Christiani,matashiya gwauruwa kuma 'yar'uwar Janar na Faransa François Etienne de Kellermann,Duke na Valmy,marshal na Napoleon Bonaparte. </br>Wani mutum mai al'ada,Soliman yana da mutuƙar mutuntawa a cikin ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun Vienna kuma an ƙidaya shi a matsayin aboki mai daraja ta Sarkin Austriya Joseph II da Count Franz Moritz von Lacy da kuma Prince Gian Gastone de' Medici.Soliman ya halarci daurin auren Sarki Joseph II da Gimbiya Isabella ta Parma a matsayin bakuwar Sarki. A cikin 1783,ya shiga gidan Masonic Lodge "True Concord" (Zur Wahren Eintracht),wanda membobinsu sun haɗa da yawancin masu fasaha da masana Vienna na lokacin,daga cikinsu akwai mawaƙa Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart da Joseph Haydn da mawallafin Hungarian Ferenc Kazinczy .Bayanan Lodge sun nuna cewa Soliman da Mozart sun hadu a lokuta da dama.Wataƙila halin Bassa Selim a cikin wasan opera na Mozart Satar daga Seraglio ya dogara ne akan Soliman. zama Babban Jagora na wannan masaukin,Soliman ya taimaka canza al'ada ta haɗa da abubuwan ilimi.Wannan sabon alkiblar Masonic ya yi tasiri cikin sauri ga ayyukan Freemasonic a cikin Turai.Har yanzu ana yin bikin Soliman a cikin bukukuwan Masonic a matsayin "Uban Tunanin Masonic Tsabta",tare da fassara sunansa da "Angelus Solimanus". A lokacin rayuwarsa an dauki Soliman a matsayin abin koyi ga "mai yuwuwar hadewa" na 'yan Afirka a Turai,amma bayan mutuwarsa hotonsa ya kasance ƙarƙashin cin mutunci da cin mutunci ta hanyar wariyar launin fata na Kimiyya,kuma jikinsa ya kasance a cikin wani nau'i na musamman,kamar dai an yi watsi da shi.dabba ko don gwaji. Wigger da Klein sun bambanta bangarori hudu na Soliman - "sarauta Moor ", "Moor Moor", "physiognomic Moor" da "mummified Moor". Nadi biyu na farko suna magana ne game da shekaru kafin mutuwarsa. Kalmar "Moor Moor" ta bayyana Soliman a cikin mahallin bautar Moors a kotunan Turai,inda launin fatarsu ke nuna ƙasƙantarsu kuma suka zama alamomin matsayi da ke nuna iko da dukiyar masu su. Tun daga zuriyarsa da al'adunsa na asali,Soliman ya ƙasƙantar da shi zuwa "alamar gabas ta gabas ta Ubangijinsa"wanda ba a yarda ya yi rayuwa mai son rai ba.Sunan "Moor Moor" ya bayyana Soliman a matsayin tsohon kotu Moor wanda hawansa kan matakin zamantakewa saboda aurensa da wata mace mai girman kai ya sa ya sami damar 'yantar da shi. A wannan lokacin Soliman ya zama memba na Freemasons kuma a matsayin masaukin Grand Master tabbas an dauke shi daidai da ’yan uwansa Mason duk da cewa ya ci gaba da fuskantar kaurin kabilanci da son zuciya. Mumification bayan mutuwa Ƙarƙashin bayyanar haɗin kai ya lulluɓe kyakkyawar makomar Soliman.Ko da yake ya ci gaba da tafiya cikin kwanciyar hankali a cikin manyan al'umma,kyakkyawan yanayin da aka ba shi bai taɓa ɓacewa ba kuma tsawon rayuwarsa ya rikide zuwa yanayin launin fata. Halayen da aka yi amfani da su wajen rarraba Soliman a matsayin "Mor Physognomic Moor" an tsara su ta hanyar masana ilimin ƙabilun Viennese a lokacin rayuwarsa,waɗanda aka tsara ta hanyar ka'idoji da zato game da "jinin Afirka".Ba zai iya tserewa ra'ayin harajin da ya mai da hankali kan halaye na launin fata ba, watau,launin fata,nau'in gashi, girman leɓe da siffar hanci.Matsayinsa na zamantakewa ko kasancewarsa a cikin Freemasons ba zai iya hana cin zarafinsa ba,wanda zai kai ga matsayinsa na ƙarshe a matsayin "mummified Moor".
53254	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Binagwaho	Agnes Binagwaho	Articles with hCards Agnes Binagwaho likitan yara ce ƴar kasar Rwanda kuma wanda ta kafa kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya . A shekarar 1996, ta koma ƙasar Rwanda inda ta ba da kulawar asibiti a bangaren gwamnati sannan ta rike mukamai da dama da suka haɗa da mukamin babban sakatare na ma'aikatar lafiya ta Rwanda daga Oktoba 2008 zuwa Mayu 2011 da kuma ministar lafiya daga Mayu 2011 har zuwa Yuli. 2016. Ta kasance farfesa a aikin isar da lafiya ta duniya tun daga 2016 kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara tun 2017 a Jami'ar Global Health Equity. Tana zaune a Kigali . Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi inagwaho a Nyamagabe, lardin Kudancin kasar Rwanda. Lokacin da ta kai shekara uku, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Belgium inda mahaifinta ke kammala digirinsa na likita. Ta kammala digirin ta na likitanci (MD) a fannin likitanci gabaɗaya a Université libre de Bruxelles daga 1976 zuwa 1984 sannan ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimin yara (MA) a Université de Bretagne Occidentale daga 1989 zuwa 1993. A 2010, an ba ta Likitan girmamawa. na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Dartmouth a Amurka. A cikin 2014, ta zama mutum na farko da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) daga Kwalejin Magunguna da Kimiyyar Lafiya a Jami'ar Rwanda. Kundin karatunta na PhD mai suna, “Hakkin Yara na Lafiya a Fannin Cutar Kanjamau: Al’amarin Ruwanda” .a Binagwaho ya sami Certificate of Tropical Medicine daga Cibiyar Magungunan Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium, tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1985. A Université de Bretagne Occidentale, ta kammala uku takaddun shaida: Certificate in Axiology (General Emergency) ; Takaddun u a cikin Gaggawa na Yara ; da Takaddun shaida a cikin Kulawa da Jiyya na Marasa lafiya na HIV . Ta koma Rwanda a watan Yulin 1996, shekaru biyu bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi a 1994. Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta 1997, ta kammala shirin horarwa kan rigakafin cutar kanjamau da binciken sa ido a Kigali ta gidauniyar AIDS ta Duniya, wacce Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar New Mexico ta shirya. Daga Nuwamba 2009 zuwa Afrilu 2010, ta kammala takaddun shaida a Lafiya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam - Girma da Dabaru tare da InWent - Capacity Building International (Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH) An kuma ba ta takardar shedar binciken binciken zamantakewa da halayyar halayya ta Amurka. Ƙungiya ta Citi Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative. Binagwaho ta fara aikinta na asibiti a Belgium da Faransa, inda ta kammala karatun likitancinta. Ta kware a fannin ilimin yara, bayan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin yara, ta kware a fannin likitancin gaggawa ga manya da yara, da kuma maganin cutar kanjamau da yara da manya. Ta yi aiki tuƙuru a fannin ilimin ɗan adam kuma, lokacin da ta koma Rwanda a 1996, ta yi aikin asibiti a asibitocin gwamnati. Binagwaho ta kasance memba ta Asusun Global Fund's Rwanda Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) daga 2002 zuwa 2008. Daga 2006 zuwa 2009, ta jagoranci jagorancin Haɗin gwiwa Learning Initiative akan Yara da HIV/AIDS (JLICA), ƙawance mai zaman kanta na masu bincike, masu aiwatarwa, masu tsara manufofi, masu fafutuka, da mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin aiwatar da babban matakin aiwatar da manufofin agaji na Rwanda daga 2006 zuwa 2008. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na Shirin Tallafawa Ƙasashe da yawa akan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na SSR/HIV/AIDS da Ƙungiyar Shawarwari na Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Royal Tropical a Amsterdam, Netherlands, daga 2004 zuwa 2009. Daga 2001 har zuwa 2005, Binagwaho ya kuma rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Task Force of Millennium Development Goals Project for HIV/AIDS and Samun Mahimman Magunguna, karkashin jagorancin Jeffrey Sachs na Sakatare . Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . J A cikin 2004, ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Lafiya don Mujallar Time . Ta zauna a kan allon edita na Public Library of Science . Ta kuma yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Kula da Bibiyar Ƙidaya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Margaret Biggs (CIDA) da Margaret Chan (WHO) da kuma bayar da rahoto ga Babban Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sakatare-Janar Ban Ki-moon . Haka kuma ta kasance memba na Shirin Haɗin kai don Lafiyar Mata da Yara a wannan shekarar a matsayinta na Memba na Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Innovation. Binagwaho ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ruwanda daga Oktoba 2008 zuwa Mayu 2011 da kuma matsayin Babban Sakatare na Hukumar Kula da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ruwanda daga 2002 zuwa 2008. A lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Zartaswa na Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ruwanda daga 2002 zuwa 2008, ta kuma kasance shugabar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ruwanda na Shirin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Shugabancin Amirka na Taimakawa Kanjamau (PEPFAR). Bugu da kari, ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan Bankin Duniya na MAP a Ruwanda. Binagwaho ya rike mukamin ministan lafiya na kasar Rwanda daga watan Mayun 2011 zuwa Yuli 2016. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2016, bayan shafe shekaru biyar tana aiki, shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame ya sauke ta daga ayyukanta. Daga 2013 zuwa 2015, ta kasance memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya don Lancet Global Health Journal. Ta kasance memban Kwamitin Kafa na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ci Gaba a Afirka, da ke Kisumu, Kenya. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Abokan Asusun Duniya na Afirka, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Ƙaddamar da rigakafin cutar AIDS ta duniya. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Dabarun Duniya don Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Lafiya ta Duniya a Kwalejin Imperial ta London Bugu da ƙari, ta yi hidima ga Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na 3 ( DCP3 ). Prof. Binagwaho shi ne tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya . Daga baya aiki Tun daga 2008, Binagwaho ta kasance babban malami a Sashen Lafiya na Duniya da Magungunan Jama'a a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Ita kuma farfesa ce a aikin isar da lafiya a duniya kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara a Jami'ar Global Health Equity a Ruwanda sannan kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin likitancin yara a Makarantar Magunguna ta Geisel da ke Dartmouth. A halin yanzu, Farfesa Binagwaho yana aiki a matsayin malami mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Harvard . Sauran ayyukan A cikin 2019, Binagwaho ya shiga kwamitin amintattu na Gidauniyar Rockefeller kuma ya zama memba a hukumar ba da shawara ga Wellcome Trust Global Monitor. A cikin 2022, ta zama memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya don Tasirin Tasirin Tattalin Arziki akan Amincewa da Bincike na Kimiyya, memba na al'ummar amintattu na Gidauniyar Cummings kuma memba na kwamitin Cibiyar Bincike kan Mata ta Duniya. Tun daga shekarar 2010, Binagwaho ya kasance memba na kungiyar Task Force ta Duniya kan Fadada Samun Kula da Ciwon daji da Kula da Ciwon daji a kasashe masu tasowa. Binagwaho memba ne na kwamitin kimiyya na haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwa don shirye-shiryen rigakafin annoba/Ma'aikatar kimiyya da fasaha ta kasar Sin. Binagwaho memba ce a Kungiyar Dabarun Turai kan Lafiya ta Afirka kuma tana aiki a Cibiyar Shugabancin Mata a Gidauniyar Turai ta Afirka. Ita mamba ce a Dandalin Innovation na Kimiyya na Ruwanda. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun hanyoyi na Commonwealth. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Shirin Bincike a bayyane. Tun daga shekarar 2021, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Afirka. Har ila yau, kwanan nan ta shiga kwamitin Kimiyya da ke shirya 5th Edition na Forum Galien Afrique. Binagwaho kuma yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya da Dabarun (SSAC) don Ƙungiyar Binciken Bayanai na COVID-19 na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Task Force na COVID-19 na T20. Tun daga shekarar 2021, ita mamba ce a Kwamitin Afirka kan COVID-19 na Tarayyar Afirka . Kwanan nan, Farfesa Binagwaho ya shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Gudanar da Bincike na Stanford don Tallafawa Canjin Yanayi da Al'umma na Ayyukan Lafiya. Binagwaho memba ne na kwamitin edita na Lafiya da Ƴancin Dan Adam da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanar da Lafiya . Har ila yau, tana aiki a ƙungiyar edita na Annals of Global Health da kuma a kan kwamitin edita na International Journal of Health Policy and Management . Tun daga 2017, Binagwaho ya kasance a cikin kwamitin edita na mujallar binciken kiwon lafiya ta Gabashin Afirka kuma memba na kwamitin edita na Bulletin na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya . Binagwaho ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka, Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta ƙasa a Amurka. Kwanan nan, a karkashin inuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Magunguna da Injiniya ta kasa ta zama mamba a dandalin Duniya kan Ƙirƙirar Ilimin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Lafiya. Hakanan ta kasance ɗan'uwa ga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya (TWAS) don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ci gaban Manufofin TWAS da Ayyukan Gaba (PDFA) na shekara ta 2021-2022. Bincike da gwagwarmaya Nazari da wallafe-wallafen Binagwaho na nufin inganta hanyoyin rigakafi, kulawa da maganin cutar kanjamau da sauran cututtuka. Binagwaho ta yi ta magana akai-akai game da gagarumin rawar da bincike ya taka wajen inganta lafiya a kasarta. Dissertation dinta na PhD ya mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin damar da aka rasa ga yaran da ke fama da cutar kanjamau don cika hakkinsu na kiwon lafiya. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin ministar lafiya, Binagwaho ta kaddamar da tattaunawa ta yanar gizo ta hanyar Twitter kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya da kuma bangaren kiwon lafiyar kasar Rwanda. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin minista, masu amfani da shafin Twitter daga sassa daban-daban na kasar Rwanda da ma duniya baki daya sun bi ta a tattaunawar mako biyu ta hanyar amfani da #MinisterLitinin. A watan Disambar 2011, ta yi haɗin gwiwa da wani kamfanin ICT na Ruwanda-Amurka mai suna Nyaruka don baiwa 'yan Rwanda da ba su da damar shiga Intanet damar ba da gudummawar tambayoyinsu da tsokaci ga tattaunawar #MinisterLitinin ta hanyar SMS. A cikin 2013, Binagwaho ya gabatar da jerin laccoci na Jami'ar College London Lancet.A cikin 2015, ita ce mai girma David E. Barmes Global Health Lecturer ta hanyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da lacca, "David E. Barmes Lecture Global Health Lecture: Medical Research and Capacity Building for Development: The Kwarewar Ruwanda." A cikin 2015, ta sami lambobin yabo guda biyu: Kyautar 2015 Roux ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya (IHME) don amfani da bayanan Nazarin Burden Cututtuka na Duniya don rage mace-macen jarirai a Rwanda, da Ronald McDonald. Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Yara. An nada ta a cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Matan Afirka na 2020 da na 2021. Kwanan nan, ta sami lambar yabo ta L'ORÉAL-UNESCO ga mata a fannin kimiyyar kasa da kasa a matsayin babbar gudummawar da ta bayar wajen inganta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Ruwanda. A matsayinta na shugabar taron farko kan lafiyar jama'a a Afirka, an ba ta lambar yabo da nasarar "Jagorancin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya". Kwanan nan, an zabe ta a cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Ilimin Apolitical a cikin Gwamnati a cikin yankin manufofin "Fara daga Covid-19 - Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya" kuma an san ta a cikin "Muryar Murya a Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'ar Afirka" a gare ta. bayar da shawarwari don daidaiton lafiyar duniya da adalci na zamantakewa . Binagwaho ya wallafa labarai sama da 240 da surori na littattafai da aka bita. Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
29926	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illar%20Hamada%20a%20Lebanon	Illar Hamada a Lebanon	An ayyana hamada a matsayin “saurin guguwar tsiro da asarar ƙasa a kan iyakokin hamada da kuma a yankunan da ba su da ruwa, yawanci yakan Na haifar da haɗuwar fari da yawan cin ciyayi da sauran ciyayi da mutane ke yi.” Akwai kuskuren da aka saba cewa kwararowar hamada na yaduwa daga cikin sahara. ce lalacewar ƙasa na iya faruwa a nesa da hamada, kuma kasancewar hamada ba ta da wani tasiri ga kwararowar hamada. Wani kuskure kuma shi ne cewa fari na haifar da kwararowar hamada. Wannan gaskiya ne kawai idan an ci zarafin ƙasar kafin fari, kuma ana ci gaba da amfani da shi a lokacin rani. Idan aka kula da ƙasar da kyau, ƙasar za ta farfaɗo daga fari da zarar an sake yin ruwan sama. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da kwararowar hamada shi ne rashin kula da ƙasa, wanda ke haifar da lalacewa . Ƙasa mai lafiya tana ɗauke da kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke samuwa lokacin da kayan da suka lalace suka koma ƙasa mai ɗauke da sinadarai kamar carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur. Hanyoyin noman da ba su da kwanciyar hankali su ma suna haifar da kwararowar hamada. Yin amfani da takin zamani fiye da kima, rashin juyar da amfanin gona, da rashin aikin noman rani na cire ƙasa daga sinadarai. Lokacin da saman saman ƙasa ya ƙare daga kwayoyin halittarsa, ko dai ya zama sako-sako da yawa ko kuma ya cika, wanda zai iya haifar da zazzagewa. Yin kiwo babbar matsala ce kuma wata sanadin kwararowar hamada. Ciyawa na da mahimmanci wajen toshe ƙasan ƙasa a yankin busasshiyar ƙasa. Lokacin da aka bar dabbobi su yi kiwo da yawa a kan busasshiyar ƙasa, sai su fallasa ƙasar ga runduna masu lalata kamar hadari da iska. Wuraren da abin ya shafa A cewar bankin duniya, Lebanon tana da kashi 13.85% na filayen noma a kasar. Wannan shi ne mafi girma tun shekara ta 2000, kuma adadin yana ƙaruwa. Lamba na baya-bayan nan, daga shekarata 2010, shine 11.14%. Yawan amfanin gona na dindindin a Lebanon shima ya ragu daga 13.69% zuwa 12.32% tsakanin shekarar 2009 da 2010. A cewar wani bincike da shirin National Work to Fight Desert, sama da kashi 60 cikin 100 na kasar Lebanon na fuskantar hadarin kwararowar hamada. Hamadar kasar Lebanon ta bazu kilomita 60 kuma ta fara ne daga bakin birnin Baalbek sannan ta kare a kan iyakar Syria. Galibin bincike kan kwararowar hamada a kasar Labanon sun yi ittifakin cewa yankin arewacin Bekaa shi ne yankin da wannan lamari ya fi shafa. Daya daga cikin manyan dalilan da ke haifar da kwararowar Hamada shi ne bunkasar biranen da ke kan filayen noma. An kawar da dazuzzuka tare da gina hanyoyi ba tare da la'akari da tasirin da zai yi ga al'umma da muhalli ba, wanda ya haifar da lalacewa mai tsanani. Bugu da kari, wannan yanki ya sha fama da matsanancin karancin ruwan sama. Arewacin Bekaa yana da matsakaicin matsakaicin milimita 450 na ruwan sama a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, kuma wasu yankuna a Hermel sun sami ƙasa da . Duk da cewa an yi ayyukan yawon shakatawa a Hermel wanda ke taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da muhalli ga mazauna, yawancin filayen sun zama marasa amfani kuma ayyukan gyaran filin zai bar babban lissafin ga masu mallakar filaye. Hamada na rage samar da abinci, wanda ke sa kasar ta koma ga shigo da abinci daga kasashen waje. Kuma Wannan taimakon da ake samu daga kasashen waje zai iya haifar da karancin noma a kasar, wanda hakan ya sa ake samun tsadar noma a cikin gida. Ana la'akarin noma na Lebanon yana da mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki. Noma a Lebanon tushen abinci ne kamar yadda ake fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje da suka hada da 'ya'yan itatuwa, kayan marmari, kwai, hatsi, sukari, da kayayyakin kiwo. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, an yi asarar dala miliyan kimanin 280 sakamakon kudi ga bangaren noma. Wannan ya haɗa da noman amfanin gona, kamun kifi, gandun daji, da kiwo. Manyan matsalolin da ke fuskantar noman noma sun sa al'ummar karkara a Labanon ke rayuwa cikin talauci. Wadannan matsalolin sun hada da karancin jarin noma, rashin manufofin noma, tsadar kayan noma, da rashin kishin noma na musamman. Bangaren noma a Lebanon ya kai kashi 5% na GDPn kasar kuma yana daukar kusan kashi 8% na ma'aikata. Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na bukatun abinci na Lebanon ana samun gamsuwa ta hanyar shigo da kaya. Bangaren noma na Lebanon ba shi da ci gaba kuma ba a sarrafa shi sosai, kuma kashi 55% na yankunan da ake amfani da su ne kawai ake amfani da su, galibi ba tare da fa'ida ba. Har ila yau, fannin noma na fama da karancin kudi kuma yana samun kasa da kashi 1% na kasafin kudin kasar. An kiyasta jimilar abincin da aka shigo da shi a shekarar 2009 ya kai dalar Amurka biliyan 2.216, wato kashi 13% na jimillar kayayyakin da kasar ke shigowa da su. Manyan abinci Har guda 10 da ake shigowa da su kasar Lebanon sune kamar haka: Tasirin tattalin arziki Tare da karuwar kwararowar hamada a kasar Labanon yana samun karuwar talauci. Hamada babbar barazana ce ga ayyukan tattalin arziki a Lebanon, kuma kusan kashi 35 na iyalai a Lebanon suna rayuwa a kasa da kangin talauci. Saboda haka, iyalai da yawa sun ƙaura daga ƙasar zuwa birni. Galibin wadannan mutane kananan manoma ne, ’yan kwadago, masunta, makiyayan dabbobi, da kuma mata shugabannin gidaje. A cikin 2006 talauci shine mafi girma a Arewacin Lebanon , sannan Kudancin Lebanon , Bekaa , Dutsen Lebanon , da Nabatiyeh . Arewacin kasar yana da kashi 21% na al'ummar Lebanon, amma kashi 46% na matalauta da kuma kusan kashi 38% na daukacin al'ummar kasar. A Bekaa, yankin kasar Lebanon da kwararowar hamada ta fi shafa, mazauna yankin sun kai dalar Amurka kimanin 50 a wata. Rashin aikin yi Tun bayan yakin basasar kasar Labanon, kasar na fuskantar matsananciyar matsalar tattalin arziki saboda lalata masana'antu da ababen more rayuwa na kasar. Har ila yau fannin noma ya yi rauni saboda galibin mazauna karkarar Lebanon sun yi hijira zuwa birnin. Kusan Miliyoyin ma'aikata 'yan kasashen waje suna tafiya zuwa Lebanon kowace shekara kuma suna ba da ayyukansu a farashi mai sauƙi don yin gogayya da ma'aikatan Lebanon. Samar da aiki ya zarce buƙatu saboda wannan, Hakan tasa yana haifar da hauhawar rashin aikin yi. Har ila yau, 'yan kasar Labanon suna samun wasu ayyukan yi, kamar noma, ba su da kyau saboda rashin albashi. Yaki da kwararowar hamada Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kokarin yaki da kwararowar hamada a kasar Lebanon. Sun kafa cibiyoyin kula da aikin jinya na Green Houses domin kara yawan amfanin noma a kasar nan. A cewar hukumar ta UNDP, kungiyar hadin gwiwar na kokarin kara cudanya tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban da samar da hanyar rayuwa guda daya a tsakanin su da ke amfanar manoma. Hakan tasa galibi Manoma za su iya kawo irinsu zuwa gidan gona inda ake kula da su da girma a cikin yanayi mai kyau. Lokacin da manoma suka dawo da iri, sakamakon yana da inganci sosai, kuma waɗannan manoma za su iya sayar da waɗannan amfanin gona da farashi mai kyau kuma su ƙara yawan amfanin gona. Wannan karuwar samar da kayayyaki yana haifar da karuwar kudaden shiga da ayyukan yi wanda ke taimakawa wajen inganta tattalin arzikin kasar Lebanon. Don taimakawa wajen wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin kwararowar hamada tare da gabatar da ayyukansu na gida, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Lebanon da sashinta na yaki da hamada, tare da hadin gwiwar UNDP, sun shirya wata tafiya zuwa kauyukan biyu na Bekaa Arewa maso Gabas. Tun a watan Maris na shekarata 2004 CDP ke gudanar da aikin gwajin yawon buɗe ido na farko a yankin Deir al-Ahmar-Yammouneh. Aikin noma-yawon shakatawa yana da maƙasudai tro: samar da ƙarin kudin shiga ga al'ummomin gida da kuma kiyaye muhalli. An kafa ta ne tare da haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar masu tafiye-tafiye ta Esprit-Monade da ƙungiyar mata ta Deir al-Ahmar gonakin noma-yawon shakatawa a Lebanon suna ba da tafiye-tafiye don ba da damar mutum ya kalli girma, girbi, da sarrafa kayan abinci na cikin gida na Lebanon. . Manoma galibi za su ba da damar zama a gida tare da darussan aikin gona.
15055	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gbemisola%20Ruqayyah%20Saraki	Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki	Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki a yanzu ita ce Karamar Ministar Sufuri ta Tarayyar Nijeriya, wacce Shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari ya nada a ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekarar, 2019 kuma ta kasance tsohuwar sanata wacce aka zaba da ta wakilci yankin Kwara ta Tsakiya a shekarar, 2003 a karkashin jamiyyar Peoples Democratic Party. An zabe ta a cikin Majalisar Wakilai a shekara ta, 1999 mai wakiltar Mazabar Tarayya na Ilorin ta Yamma dake Jihar Kwara . Ta kasance 'yar uwa ga tsohon Shugaban Majalisar Dattawan Tarayyar Nijeriya wato Bukola Saraki . Saraki ya halarci jami’ar Sussex a kasar Ingila inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin tattalin arziki . Ta yi bautar kasa a bankin Najeriya na Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Lagos . Ta yi aiki da Bankin Societe Generale (Najeriya) tare da mukamin Shugaban Kasuwar Kudi sannan daga baya ta zama Shugabar Asusun Gidaje. Daga shekara ta, 1994 zuwa 1999, ta kasance Babban Darakta na Ashmount Insurance Brokers, Lagos. Mahaifinta shine Abubakar Olusola Saraki, wanda ya kasance babban sanata a jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta biyu a shekara ta, 1979zuwa1983 kuma mahaifin siyasa a jihar Kwara. Dan uwanta, Abubakar Bukola Saraki ya kasance gwamnan jihar Kwara, Najeriya daga ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta, 2003 zuwa 2011 kuma ya kasance Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa ta 8 na Najeriya . Tun daga yarinta, Allah ya albarkace ta da samun damar kai tsaye ga mutane daga kowane fanni da kuma batutuwan da suka shafe su. Wannan fallasawar da wuri da misalin iyaye za ta ci gaba don yanke shawarar yanke shawarar shiga fagen siyasa da sanar da dabarun tawali'u, jin kai da haƙuri da ke ƙaunarta ga membobinta da abokan aikinta har zuwa yau. A farkon rayuwarta ta ɗauki abubuwan da suka wuce rayukan mutane kawai kuma ta haɓaka sha'awar yin alamun kirki. Daga wata gidauniyar ilimi wacce ta ga yadda ta tsallaka duniya da numfashi ta hanyar neman lada a fagen ilimi zuwa manyan masana a bangaren kamfanoni masu zaman kansu a matsayinta na ma'aikaciyar banki kuma kwararriya a fannin inshora, Gbemi ta zana wa kanta wata sana'ar a matsayin mai fasaha. a Najeriya. Harkar siyasa An zabi Saraki a matsayin dan majalisar wakilai a shekarar, 1999 a karkashin inuwar jam’iyyar All People Party (APP). Ta gudu a karkashin laima na jam'iyyar PDP, (PDP) ga majalisar dattijai a shekara ta, 2003 da kuma lashe kujerar, wakiltar mazabar Tsakiya District of Jihar Kwara. Ta sake tsayawa takara a shekara ta kuma ta sake cin nasara, inda ta zama Sanata a tarayyar Najeriya na tsawon shekaru takwas a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2011). A shekarar ta tsaya takarar gwamnan jihar Kwara a karkashin jam’iyyar ACPN, inda ta fadi a zaben a hannun dan takarar PDP Abdul Fatah Ahmed . A matsayinta na dan majalisa a shekara ta (2003 zuwa 2011) ta kasance mamba a kwamitoci da yawa. A zaman majalisar dattijai a shekara ta, (2007 zuwa 2011) Saraki ya shugabanci kwamitin majalisar kan tsara kasa, magance talauci da kuma tattalin arziki. Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje. Kuma a dabi'ance, bayan samun ci gaba a Majalisar Dokoki ta kasa, GRS ta zama 'yar Majalisar Dokokin Najeriya mafi kyawu, tare da mafi yawan kudurorin da aka gabatar kuma kowace mace ta amince da ita a tarihin siyasar Najeriya. Ta gina sana'arta ta musamman a siyasance bisa muhimmiyar tasiri ga rayuwar mutanenta da kuma jiharta ta Kwara. Ta shugabanci kwamitoci daban-daban kuma ta kara fadada fahimtar abubuwan da ke tattare da shugabanci da kuma alakar da ke tsakanin jagoranci a matsayin wani bangare na gina ingantacciyar kasa. Daga cikin wasu, ta kasance mamba a cikin kwamitocin majalisar masu zuwa: 1. Kwamitocin majalisar kan harkokin jiragen sama; 2. Gidan Balaguro na Kasashen Waje; 3. Kasafin Kudi da Ofishin Bincike; 4. Ruwan Ruwa; 5. Keɓancewa; 6. Ayyuka na Musamman; 7. Sufuri. Baya ga kasancewa shugabar kwamitocin da muka ambata, ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Harkokin Kasashen Waje kuma ta kasance cikin wadannan kwamitocin: 1. Media da Jama'a; 2. Harkokin Mata da ci gaban Matasa; 3. Muhalli da Lafiyar Qasa; da Asusun Jama'a. 4. Kwamitocin Majalisar Dattawa kan Kasuwanci; 5. Dokoki da Kasuwanci, Harkokin 'Yan Sanda; 6. Harkokin Gwamnati da Jirgin Sama. Ta kuma kasance memba a Majalisar ECOWAS mai dawowa. Kwarewar dokoki a majalisar da majalisar dattijai, shugabanci da membobin mambobin kwamitocin daban-daban da kuma kwarewar rayuwa mai yawa sun baiwa GRS damar samar da kyakkyawar fahimta kan mahimman batutuwan da ke fuskantar Najeriya. Ita jagora ce mai hangen nesa wacce ke aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba don inganta kimar kasar mu a muhimman fannoni kamar talauci, rashawa, ci gaban tattalin arziki, ilimi, makamashi, kiwon lafiya, noma, albarkatun ruwa da karfafawa mata da matasa. Sanata Gbemi Saraki ya kasance mai albarka tare da kwarewa mai ban mamaki, ƙarfin hali da ƙwarewar aiki kamar yadda aka nuna ta rikodin rikodin doka. Wannan Sanatan mai aiki tukuru ya gabatar da wadannan kudade ga Majalisar Dattawa tun a shekarar, 2003: 1. Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa (Kafa) ta shekarar, 2004 2. Kamfanin Bunkasa Yawon Bude Ido na Najeriya (Kwaskwarima) Bill ta shekarar, 2004 3. Hatsunan kariya (Amfani da Dole) Bill ashekara ta, 2004 4. Majalisar Taimakawa Shari'a (Kwaskwarima) Bill na shekarar, 2004 5. Samun guraben aiki (Bugawa) Billb na shekarar, 2005 6. Bayyanar da Shawarwarin Jama'a Bill a shekara ta, 2005 7. Samun illswarewa da Asusun Amintaccen Ci Gaban na shekara ta, 2007 8. Asusun Harajin 'Yan Sanda a shekarar, 2007 9. Dokar Tsaron Gaggawa 2007 10. Dokar Yaki da Ta’addanci ta shekarar, 2008 11. Dokar Dokar Ba da Lamuni ta Gida 12. Dokar Kwaskwarimar Dokar Aiki ta shekarar, 2009 Saraki ya kasance dan majalisar ECOWAS mai dawowa. Saraki ya sauya sheka zuwa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) a shekarar, 2015. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2016, Shugaba Muhammed Buhari ya nada Saraki a matsayin Shugaban Jami’iyya kuma Shugaban Jami’ar Tarayya, Otuoke, Jihar Bayelsa . https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/07/female-ministers-profile/%7Ctitle=Sanarwar Ministan Mata \| kwanan wata = 2019-07-26 \| shafin yanar gizon = Vanguard News \| language = en-US \| damar-kwanan 2019-08-01}} </ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2017, an kuma nada Saraki a matsayin daya daga cikin mambobi 16 da za su sake tattaunawa kan yarjejeniyar a shekara ta, 2009 da Kungiyar Ma’aikatan Jami’o’i (ASUU) A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2019, Shugaba Muhammadu Buhari ya nada ta a matsayin Karamar Ministar Sufuri . Gbemi Saraki kwararre ne kuma mai ba da shawara game da sa hannun matasa da kuma shiga cikin ci gaban zamantakewa. Duba kuma Jerin mutanen hausa Ƴan Najeriya Mutane daga Kwara Haihuwan 1965 Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed translations
27174	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%20Still%20Hide%20to%20Smoke	I Still Hide to Smoke	Har Yanzu Ina Boye Don Shan taba ( , Hausa;A shekaruna har yanzu ina ɓoye don shan taba) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci-Girkanci-Algeriya na 2016 wanda Rayhana Obermeyer ya jagoranci. An fara fim ɗin a 2016 Tallinn Black Nights Film Festival. Fatima mace ce mai ƙarfi wacce ke aiki a matsayin masseuse a wani hamam a birnin Algiers. Shekarar ta 1995 ce, kuma halin da ake ciki a babban birnin kasar yana cikin tashin hankali, yayin da ake aiwatar da dokokin da ke taƙaita ƴancin mata. Amma hammam wuri ne mai aminci don mirgina taba ko magana, nesa da idon maza. Mata daga wurare daban-daban sun taru a wurin, suna magana game da rayuwarsu. A hanyarta ta zuwa aiki wata rana Fatima ta ga wani harin ta'addanci. A cikin hammam, maimakon jin kwanciyar hankali, yanayi yana da wutar lantarki kuma yana da wuya ta kula da tsari. Lamarin ya tabarbare lokacin da Meriem ta isa hamam." Meriem tana da shekara 16 kuma tana da ciki, kuma tana neman mafaka. Ba da daɗewa ba, ɗan'uwanta Muhammad ya zo, don "tsarkake" darajarsa da jini. Ƴan wasa Hiam Abbass a matsayin Fatima Biyouna a matsayin Aïcha Fadila Belkebla a matsayin Samia Nassima Benchicou a matsayin Zahia Nadia Kaci a matsayin Keltum Sarah Layssac a matsayin Nadia Lina Soualem a matsayin Meriem Maymouna a matsayin Louisa Faroudja Amazit a matsayin Madame Mouni Fethi Galleze a matsayin Mohamed Fim ɗin an daidaita shi ne daga wasan kwaikwayon Obermeyer mai suna iri ɗaya, daga 2009. Obermeyer ya fara fito da ra'ayin wasan kwaikwayo da fim ne a farkon shekarun 1990, biyo bayan gagarumar nasarar da ƙungiyar kare hakkin Islama ta FIS ta yi a zaɓen "ƴanci da dimokuradiyya" na farko a Aljeriya. Da FIS ta hau mulki, jam’iyyar ta kafa dokoki masu tsaurin ra’ayi a kan mata, da suka hada da ka’idojin tufafi, da kuma wariya tsakanin maza da mata a wuraren taruwar jama’a (makarantu, asibitoci, layukan shaguna, da tashoshin mota). A cewar Rayhana, kamar yadda aka fi sani da daraktan fim ɗin, fim din ya shafi sha’awar mace a duniyar namiji. Rayhana, wacce ita ma ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce, marubuciyar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubucin allo, 'yar mata ce da ke amfani da fasaharta don nuna rashin amincewa da rashin adalci. Saboda furucinta ya sa aka hana fim dinta fitowa a ƙasar ta ta Algeria. “Fim dina haramun ne a kasata, domin ina magana ne a kan matan da suke fadin albarkacin bakinsu. . . Duk wanda ya sanya wando ko riga mai rabin hannun riga to shi karuwa ne.” Ta ce macen da ta sha taba ana daukarta da munanan dabi'u. "Amma shan taba na kowa ne, namiji ko mace." Ita kanta Rayhana ta tsere daga Algeria a shekara ta 2000, bayan hare-haren ta'addanci da aka kashe abokanta da dama. Ɗaukar fim ɗin Sakamakon tsiraicin da aka yi a fim ɗin, shirin ba zai iya amfani da hamam a Aljeriya ko Turkiyya ba. Maimakon haka, sun zaɓi yin fim a cikin hamam a Tasalonika, Girka. Fim ɗin ya samu yabo na duniya, kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na duniya a duniya. A cewar jaridar Hollywood Reporter Jordan Mintzer, Smoke wani "lalata ce mai kama da gaske na mata suna samun jinkiri a kamfanin juna a lokaci guda, kuma a wani wuri, inda ba su da damar da za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu a cikin 'yanci." Amal Awad, da take bitar fim din na SBS na Australia, ta kira shi "labari mai ban sha'awa" da "Wannan tunatarwa ce game da dalilin da yasa muke kallon labarai". Ci gaba da karatu Vincent Thabourey, "A mon âge je me cache encore pour fumer", Positif, Vol. 675, Mayu 2017, Paris, Institut Lumière / Actes Sud, p. 53, . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje I Still Hide to Smoke at Rotten Tomatoes Sinima a Afrika
52738	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blaaz	Blaaz	Nabil Franck Assani (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1988), wanda aka fi sani da sunansa na mataki Blaaz, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na hip hop na Benin daga Kano, Najeriya . Rayuwa ta farko da farawar aiki A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha ɗaya, Blaaz ya yi sha'awar kiɗa. A farkon shekara ta 2006 ya kuma fara rap a matsayin mawaki mai sauƙi. Amma wannan ba ya sha'awar mahaifiyarsa da farko saboda ba ta son ɗanta ya yi aiki a cikin kiɗa. Kwarewarsa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa Ya bayyana a karo na farko a cikin kundin Fool Faya a cikin 2007. A cikin wannan shekarar Blaaz ya bayyana tare da Cyano-gêne a kan "Hard lyrical" wanda ya biyo bayan "Alerte Rouge" wanda ya yi nasara sosai har Cotonou City Crew ya yanke shawarar yin aiki tare da shi. Kyakkyawan haɗin gwiwa ne wanda bai taɓa daina haɓaka mai zane ba wanda ya fara ta hanyar lura da shi ta hanyar " Ou est ma monnaie " na ƙungiyar CCC . A mixtape wanda kuma shi ne mafi sauke song na lokutan. Nasarar wannan ɗayan kuma ta kawo Blaaz a cikin 2008 tare da sakin ɗayan " Aller Retour " wanda kuma shine ɗayan da ya sanar da sakin kundi na farko mai suna Ghetto Blaazter a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2008. Mafi kyawun waƙa na 2008 tare da guda Aller Retour yana mai da shi ɗaya daga cikin kafofin watsa labarai da yawa a Benin. Ana buƙatar Blaaz a ko'ina a Benin da yankin da ke cikin gida don kide-kide da sauransu.... Daga 2008 har zuwa ƙarshen shekara ta 2010 mun same shi a cikin mixtape W.A.R. Abubuwa sun canza tare da lokaci kuma Blaaz ya yi tafiya zuwa Gabon don sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tare da lakabin gabonese Eben Entertainment a cikin 2011. Tare da Eben, ya nuna dawowarsa da Ya kuma kasance a kan mixtape na Eben Family 3 na ƙungiyar Eben Entertainment da aka sanar don 2012. Tare da Nouvelle Donne Music, rapper din Benin ya sanya hannu kan waƙarsa ta farko "Ne me laisse pas tomber ". Ya kuma ɗauki lakabin kansa: -Made-Men a cikin wannan shekarar 2012, wanda ya ba shi damar ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na uku a bayan ƙungiyar CCC rukunin mafi kyawun mai zane ko ƙungiyar shekara ta mujallar UMA a cikin 2013 · . Blaaz zai yi wani Bayanan da aka yi 2008: Ghetto Blaazter Masu zaman kansu 2007 : Hard lyrical (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2007 : Alerte Rouge (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2007 : Où est ma monnaie (feat le groupe CCC) 2008 : Aller retour 2008 : Buddah Love 2008 : Le temps mort 2008 : Ghetto Life (feat Bomo & Koba) 2008 : Wayi (feat 3 Game & Dibi Dobo) 2008 : Tectonick 2008 : Intronisation (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2008 : MC’s qui débarquent (feat DAC & DRBX) 2008 : Si le rap (feat B-syd) 2009 : Allez Retour 2 (feat Young J) 2009 : Je swag (feat Enigma) 2009 : Aller Retour remix (feat Koba) 2009 : Avec toi (feat Caren) 2009 : Rien à perdre (feat Big Snow) 2009 : One life (feat Amir) 2009 :Ghetto Blaazter (feat Diamant Noir) 2009 : 2400 (feat Alter Ego & Dibi Dobo) 2009 : Money Maker (feat Rim-k & DAC) 2009 : J'ai plus le temps d'aimer (feat Nasty Nesta) 2009 : Et si (feat Jupiter) 2010 : J'ai la dalle (feat DAC) 2010 : Je vise la lune 2010 : Champagne 2010 : Number One (feat Cyano-Gêne) 2010 : Garçon Choco (feat 3e Monarchie) 2010 : Alerte à la France 2010 : Fight 2011 : Armés jusko MIC (feat Diamant Noir) 2011 : Connexion Cotonou Dakar Ouaga (feat Yeleen & Nix) 2011 : On es fatigué 2011 : sèches tes larmes (feat L.Y Styll) 2011 : Soirée pop champagne (feat Nasty Nesta) 2011 : Ofe Kpami remix (feat Inox) 2011 : Le fou 2011 : Freshman (feat Koba) 2011 : Fais péter le son (feat Mutant & R-man) 2011 : Anthologie 2011 : Number 1 (feat Bpm) 2011 : Métisse (feat Koba) 2012 : Dans le club (feat Double G) 2012 : Champions (feat Nephtali & Koba ) 2012 : We won't stop (feat Koba & MD) 2012 : Rappelez (feat Wilf Enighma) 2012 : Je veux (feat Bpm ) 2012 : Do it easy (feat Amron) 2012 : Tu me connais 2012 : Haylay 2012 : Tic Tac (feat Nephtali) 2012 : A chaque son (feat King's) 2012 : Parce que je viens de loin 2012 : Cotonou Malabo 2012 : We go hard (feat Koba) 2012 : Amen 2012 : Porte bonheur (feat King's) 2012 : Le pacte 2013 : Ton Corps (feat Sayan) 2013 : Sos (feat Koba ) 2013 : Last men standing (feat Enighma & Nasty Nesta ) 2013 : C'est chaud (feat 3e monarchie) 2013 : Do it big (feat Hypnoz) 2013 : Désolé (feat Koba) 2013 : Your time (feat Rim-K & Anna) 2013 : Juste s'amuser (feat Niyi) 2013 : Evolue (feat Hypnoz) 2013 : Alien 2013 : Sex U (feat Sam Seed) 2013 : Haut les mains (feat Willy Baby) 2013 : Calmement 2013 : Ne me laisse pas tomber 2013 : CTN Boss (feat Rest'n, Cyano-Gene, Enighma, Mutant, Logozo, & S@m) 2013 : Step du fou (feat 3K) 2013 : Validé (feat BIG C ) 2014 : (Intro) (feat Salam Aleykoum) 2014 : Donne lui 2014 : Alicia (feat Kardio & Fanicko) 2014 : Danse le Azonto (feat Kayno) 2014 : Mêle-toi de ta vie (feat Bpm & Fanicko) 2014 : Je vais vous tuer tous 2014 : La raison de la colère (feat Method Volkaniq) 2014 : Gbe é ton lè (Remix) (feat Ctn Heroes) 2014 : Repose En Paix 2014 : Spiritual Waist (feat Mandee Marcus) 2014 : Oh My God (feat Kardio & Niyi Kosiberu) 2014 : Même Pas Honte (feat Fanicko) 2014 : Jvvtt (remix) (feat Lepac) 2014 : Frais depuis toujours (feat Double Face) 2014 : Baby Tomato (feat Lace) 2008 : W.A.R 2011 : Eben Family 3 2013 : Compte à Rebours 2014 : Recto Verso Yawon shakatawa da kide-kide Blaaz était présent sur scène au Concert MTN HKH 2014 Festival MTN Hip Hop Kankpé 2014 Blaaz du retour au Gabon KYAUTA BLAAZ & SELF MADE MEN "KYAUTA A REBOURS" Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988
6159	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kano	Kano	Kano ( Ajami : ) shi ne babban birnin Jihar Kano, kuma shi ne gari mai Jerin yawan hadakar mutane masu yawa a jahohin Najeriya mafi yawan al'ummar da ke Arewa maso yammacin ƙasar Najeriya dake yammacin Afrika. Garin ya kasance babban wurin da al'umma ke rayuwa na tsawon dubban shekaru da suka wuce. Shi ne birni na biyu mafi yawan jama'a, yana da yawan jama'a a cikin iyakokin Birnin, tare da sama da ƴan ƙasa miliyan huɗu a cikin 5,700km. Yankin gargajiya ne na tsohuwar daular Dabo mai ƙarni biyu wadanda tun a ƙarni na suka kasance sarakunan gargajiya na cikin gari har zuwa yankin Kano lokacin da garin ya mamaye daular Biritaniya wato kasar Ingila. Majalisar Masarautar Kano ita ce cibiyar masarautar yanzu a cikin iyakokin biranen Kano, kuma karkashin ikon Gwamnatin Jihar Kano . Garin yana karkashin kudu da Sahara, kuma yana daya daga cikin masarautu bakwai na zamani a cikin kasar Hausa kuma manyan mazauna garin su ne aru-aru kafin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, Kano ta kasance mai cikakkiyar iko da yawan Larabawa, Kanuri, Baburawa da Fulani kuma ta kasance haka tare da harshen Hausa da ake magana da shi a matsayin harshen yare da masu magana da miliyan saba'in a yankin. Addinin Islama ya isa garin a karni na goma sha daya, ko kuma a farkon ta hanyar kasuwancin Sahara kuma sakamakon haka ya zama mai wadata kuma cibiyar kasuwanci ta yankin ta Arewacin Najeriya, kuma har yanzu ana danganta ta a matsayin " cibiyar kasuwanci " a arewacin najeriya. Da lakabin da ake mata, "Kano ko da me kazo An fika". Bayanin Asali Kano ta samo asali ne daga garin Dala, Dutsen Dala/bayan tsauni kuma ana kiran ta haka har zuwa karshen karni na goma sha biyar da farkon karni na goma sha shida ga majiyoyin Borno . Kafa da daular Bagauda A cikin karni na , Dutsen Dala, wani tsauni ne da yake a Kano, ya kasance wurin farauta da tara jama'ar da ke aikin bakin karfe ( al'adun Nok ); ba a sani ba ko wadannan Hausawa ne ko kuwa masu magana da yarukan Nijar – Congo. Tarihin Kano ya nuna cewa Barbushe, jarumi ne na tsaunin Dala kuma mace mai bautar ruhi da aka sani da suna Tsumburbura, Barbushe ta fito ne daga tsatson gidan mafarautan (maparauta) wadanda suka fara zama a garin ( Elizabeth Isichei ta lura cewa bayanin Barbushe ya yi kama da juna ga mutanen Sao). Duk da yake a baya akwai kananan sarakuna a yankin, kamar yadda yake a Tarihin Kano, Bagauda dan Bawo da jikan jarumin almara mai suna Bayajidda, ya zama sarkin Kano na farko a shekara ta 999, yana mulki har zuwa shekara ta alif da sittin da Uku 1063. Jikansa Gijimasu , sarki na uku, ya fara gina ganuwar garin (badala / ganuwa) a kasan Dutsen Dala. Sunansa, Tsaraki , sarki na biyar, ya kammala su a zamanin mulkinsa. Tsakiyar Zamani: yaduwar Musulunci da kasuwanci A karni na goma sha biyu 12 Ali Yaji mai matsayin Sarkin Kano ya yi mubaya'a daga barin tsafin Tsumburbura, ya musulunta kuma ya yi daular Sarauta wanda zai kasance har zuwa faduwarta a karni na 19. Mulkin Yaji ya biyo bayan zamanin faɗaɗawa wanda ya ga Kano ta zama babban birni na daular Habe ta karya. A shekarar alif dari hudu da sittin da uku,1463 Muhammad Rumfa (ya yi zamani a shekara ta 1463, zuwa shekarar ta 1499) ya hau gadon sarauta. A lokacin mulkinsa, matsin lamba daga siyasa da ya tashi daga Daular Songhai ya tilasta shi ya dauki Auwa, diyar Askiyah Mai Girma a matsayin matar sa. Ta kasance daga baya ta zama mace ta farko a garin Kano. Rumfa sarki ne attajiri da ban nishaɗi. Kayan sawa na alfarma da takalmin gashin jimina masu tsada sun kasance ruwan dare tsakanin jami'an gwamnati. An kuma fara amfani da kakaki a lokacin mulkinsa. Dukiyarsa tana bin bashin kasuwancin Kano a wannan lokacin. Babu shakka Kano ta samu daukaka sosai a matsayinta na muhimmiyar cibiyar kasuwanci ta kasuwancin Sahara a tsakiyar zamanai a lokacin mulkinsa. Bayanin Leo Africanus game da Kano ya yi amannar na zamanin Rumfa ne. Ya bayyana mazauna yankin a matsayin "attajirai 'yan kasuwa kuma kwararrun masu fasaha" sannan ya yaba da dokin sojojin Sarkin Musulmi. Ya kuma lura da yalwar shinkafa, masara, auduga da 'ya'yan itatuwa (citrus). Rumfa ya gyara birni, ta fadada Sahelian Gidan Rumfa (Fadar Sarki), kuma ya taka rawa wajen kara musuluntar da mutanen garin, kamar yadda ya bukaci mashahuran mazauna garin su tuba. Tarihin Kano ya danganta duka "sabbin abubuwa" guda goma sha biyu zuwa Rumfa. A cikin littafin Tarihin Kano, Sarki na talatin da bakwai ( Sarkin Kano ) shi ne Mohammed Sharef . Magajinsa, Kumbari dan Sharefa , ya shiga manyan yakukuwa tare da Sakkwato a matsayin hamayya ta dogon lokaci. Mulkin Fulani: karkashin daular Suleiman da Dabo A farkon karni na 19, shugaban Fulani na musulunci Usman dan Fodio ya jagoranci jihadi da ya shafi yawancin yankin tsakiyar Sudan wanda ya rusa masarautar Habe, wanda ya haifar da bayyanar Khalifanci na Sakkwato . A shekara ta 1805 Sarkin Yabe na Fulanin ya ci Sarkin Kano na karshe, kuma Kano ta zama Masarautar Khalifanci. Kano ta riga ta kasance mafi girma da ci gaba a daular. Heinrich Barth ya kira Kano babbar masarautar tsakiyar Afirka; ya kasance masanin Bajamushe ne wanda ya kwashe shekaru da dama a arewacin Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1850 kuma ya kiyasta yawan bayi a Kano ya kai a kalla 50%, mafi yawansu suna zaune ne a kauyukan bayi. Wannan shine bayan manyan gungiyoyin bayi na ƙarshe, tare da yawan kaso mai yawa na bautar bayi tun bayan da aka yanke cinikin bayi na Atlantika. Garin ya sha fama da fari da yunwa daga 1807 zuwa shekara ya 1810, a cikin 1830s, 1847, 1855, 1863, 1873, 1884, kuma daga shekara ta 1889 zuwa 1890. Daga shekarata 1893 har zuwa 1895, masu neman sarauta biyu sun yi yakin basasa, ko Basasa , tarre da taimakon bayin masarauta, Yusufu ya ci nasara a kan dan'uwansa Tukur kuma ya dauki matsayin sarki. Mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya, mulkin bayan fage, da 'yanci A watan Maris na shekara ta 1903 bayan wata 'yar gwagwarmaya, Turawan Mulkin Mallaka suka mamaye ganuwar Kano, nan take ta maye gurbin Lokoja a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwar Arewacin Najeriya . An maye gurbinsa a matsayin cibiyar gwamnati ta Zungeru sannan daga baya Kaduna kuma kawai ta sake dawo da mahimmancin mulki tare da kirkirar jihar Kano bayan independence ('yancin kai) na kasar Najeriya. Daga shekara ta 1913 zuwa 1914, yayin da kasuwancin gyada ke kara fadada, Kano ta yi fama da babban fari, wanda ya haifar da yunwa. Sauran lokutan yunwa a lokacin mulkin Birtaniyya sun faru a shekara ta 1908, 1920, 1927, 1943, 1951, 1956, da 1958. Zuwa 1922, dan kasuwar gyada Alhassan Dantata ya zama hamshakin attajiri a Masarautar Kano, ya zarta sauran 'yan kasuwa Umaru Sharubutu Koki da Maikano Agogo. A watan Mayun shekara ta 1953, wani fadan kabilanci da ya soma saboda kudancin jaridu na rahin bada rahoto a kan yanayin da bambancin ra'ayi a tsakanin arewaci da kudancin yan siyasa a majalisar wakilai . Dubun-dubatar ‘yan Najeriya 'yan asalin kudu sun mutu sakamakon wani rikici da ya haifar da siyasa. Ado Bayero ya zama sarkin Kano a shekaran 1963. Gwamnatin soja ta Tarayya ce ta kirkiro jihar Kano a shekarar 1967 daga Arewacin Najeriya na wancan lokacin. An yabawa kwamishinan ‘yan sanda na soja na farko, Audu Bako da gina kakkarfan tushe don ci gaban zamantakewar zamani. Ya fara ayyukan ci gaba da yawa kamr irin su hanyoyi da ingantaccen ruwan sha na birane. Shi kansa manomi ne mai son tallafi da samar da madatsun ruwa. Godiya ga manufofin sa Kano ta samar da duk nau'ikan da ake samarwa da fitar da shi zuwa jihohin makwabta. Gwamnan farar hula na farko shi ne Abubakar Rimi . A cikin watan Disamba na shekarar 1980, mai wa’azi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Mohammed Marwa Maitatsine ya jagoranci tarzoma . Jami'an tsaro sun kashe shi, amma daga baya mabiyansa suka fara tayar da kayar baya a wasu biranen arewacin. Bayan gabatar da tsarin shari'ar musulunci a jihar Kano a farkon shekara ta 2000, da yawa Kiristoci sun bar garin. An kashe mutane 100 a cikin tarzoma kan batun shari’a a lokacin watan Oktoba na shekarar 2001. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2007, rikicin siyasa ya barke a garin bayan Jam’iyyar Democratic Party (PDP) ta zargi All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP) da murde zaben kananan hukumomin da aka yi a ranar 17 ga watan Nuwamba. (ANPP ta yi nasara a kananan hukumomi 36 daga cikin 44 na jihar. ) Daruruwan matasa sun fito kan tituna, sama da mutane 300 aka kame aqalla mutane 25 aka kashe. Gine-ginen da aka cinnama wuta sun hada da ofishin ‘yan sanda na sharia, da cibiyar addinin Islama, da sakatariyar karamar hukuma. An girke sojojin tarayya guda 280 a kewayen birnin. A watan Janairun shekarar 2012, wasu jerin hare-haren bam sun kashe mutane 162. An kai hari kan ofisoshin 'yan sanda hudu, hedkwatar Hukumar Tsaro ta Jiha, ofisoshin fasfo da cibiyoyin shige da fice. Mayakan Jihadi da ake kira Boko Haram sun dauki alhakin hakan. Bayan tashin bama-bamai, an sanya Kano a cikin dokar hana fita. Rikicin Boko Haram ya ci gaba da kisan mutane a watan Maris din shekarar 2013, Nuwambar 2014 da Fabrairun 2015 . A ranar 6 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sarki Ado Bayero wanda ya yi sarauta a matsayin Sarkin Kano tsawon shekaru fiye da hamsin ya mutu, kuma rikicin sarauta ya barke tsakanin dangin masarautar. A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2014, Sanusi Lamido Sanusi jikan tsohon Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I ya zama sabon Sarkin Kano. Haduwarsa ta haifar da zanga-zanga mai yawa daga magoya bayan Sanusi Ado Bayero na Chiroman Kano (Yariman Masarauta) kuma da ga marigayi Sarki Ado Bayero, tare da zargin cewa Gwamna Rabiu Kwankwaso ya tsoma baki cikin tsarin sarauta. A shekarar 2019, Gwamna Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ya raba masarautar Kano zuwa sabbin masarautu hudu; Bichi, Rano, Gaya da Karaye. Wannan matakin da ba a taba ganin irinsa ba ya soki dattawa. A dokar dai, daga cikin kananan hukumomi 44 da ke jihar, Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano zai jagoranci kananan hukumomi 10 kawai; tare da sauran sassan da aka sassaka tsakanin sabbin masarautu. A ranar 9 ga watan Maris din shekarar 2020, Gwamna Abdullahi Ganduje ne ya dare karagar mulkin Sanusi. Ba tare da bata lokaci ba aka tasa keyar sarkin zuwa karkashin tsaro mai karfi zuwa wani gida cikin al'ajabi, jihar Nasarawa. Sai da babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja ta shiga tsakani don ba da umarnin a sake shi daga tsare a Nasarawa. Labarin kasa Birnin Kano yana kudu da hamadar Sahara a cikin yankin Savanna na Sudan wanda ya fadi kudu da Sahel . Garin yana kusa da inda kogunan Kano da Challawa da suke kwararowa daga kudu maso yamma suka hadu suka zama Kogin Hadejia, wanda daga karshe ya malala zuwa Tafkin Chadi zuwa gabas. Kano tana da sama da matakin teku . Kano tana da yanayin savanna na wurare masu zafi . Birni yana da kusan kimanin na hazo a kowace shekara, yawancinsu suna faduwa ne daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Kamar mafi yawan Nijeriya, Kano tana da zafi sosai a mafi yawancin shekara, tana yin sama a cikin watan Afrilu. Daga Disamba zuwa Fabrairu, garin ba shi da zafi sosai, tare da yanayin daren lokacin watannin Disamba, Janairu da Fabrairu suna da matsakaicin yanayin zafi na . Kano na da yankuna shida: Tsohon Birni - Bompai, - Fagge , Sabon Gari, Quasar Siriya , da Nassarawa . Tattalin arziki Tarihin tattalin arzikin Kano ya samo asali ne tun daga zamanin biranen na farko lokacin da garin ya kasance mafi kudu maso kudu na shahararrun hanyoyin kasuwanci tsakanin Sahara . Kano tana da kyakkyawar alaka da birane da yawa a Arewacin Afirka da wasu biranen a kudancin Turai. A shekara ta 1851, birnin Kano ya samar da takalmi miliyan 10 da fatun tan miliyan 5 kowace shekara don fitarwa, tare da wasu kayayyaki da suka hada da kayan yadi, fata da hatsi. Kano ta hadu da kasuwancin Trans-Atlantic a cikin shekarar 1911 lokacin da hanyar jirgin kasa ta isa Kano. Kano babbar cibiya ce ta samarwa da kuma fitar da kayayyakin amfanin gona kamar fatu, fata, gyada, da auduga . Birnin yana kula da tattalin arzikinsa ta hanyar kasuwancin tun a karni na 21 tare da samar da mutum mafi arziki a Afirka - Aliko Dangote - wanda babban mahaifin sa Alhassan Dantata shi ne mafi arziki a Yammacin Afirka a tsakiyar karni na 20. Tsawon shekarun da suka gabata, manufofin gwamnati da ba su dace ba da kuma samar da wutar lantarki nan da can ya kawo cikas ga masana'antu da masana'antu, ta yadda tattalin arzikin Kano ya dogara ne kacokam kan kasuwanci, tallace-tallace da aiyuka. Akwai shirye-shiryen kafa filin shakatawa na fasahar bayanai a cikin gari. A al'adance Kano tana da mahaɗan dawakai kuma ana bayyana wannan yayin bikin Durbar na shekara-shekara don nuni da kuma yin bukukuwa biyu na Musulmai na shekara Eid al Fitr (don nuna ƙarshen Watan Ramadan mai alfarma ) da Eid al-Adha (don bikin aikin Hajji) Harami Mai Tsarki). Ana fara bikin ne da kwararrun mahaya daga fadar masarauta da masu kishin alfarma tare da mawaƙa, maharba, da da'iran gargajiya a cikin jerin gwanon arziki da launuka masu kayatarwa ta cikin garin akan hanyar zuwa gidan sarki. Da zarar sun taru a kusa da fadar, mahayan dawakan sun shiga kungiyoyinsu, kowane a karkashin tutar shugaban gundumar (hakimai) ko kuma wani mai martaba daga fadar sarki (masarauta), su karba bi da bi su caji sarki, suna tafe da kafa daya a gaban manyan mutane da ke zaune don ba su girmamawa da biyayya. A lokacin bikin, sarki ya yi kyakykyawar bayyana a (https://www.majalisarmu.com/hawan-sallah-a-kano/ launuka daban-daban sanye da ado) da adon sarki. A karon farko cikin shekaru 200, an soke bikin dawaki na durban a shekarar 2012 saboda mummunan yanayin rashin lafiyar sarkin kano. Wasu masu sharhi na nuna cewa sokewar ya hada da kasancewar karuwar munanan hare-haren kungiyar Boko Haram a yankin arewacin Najeriya a wancan lokacin. Gine-ginen kano tsawon shekaru sun sama ga banbance banbance, musamman daga na gargajiya zuwa na zamani. Birnin babban yanki ne na gine-ginen Sudano-Sahelian, yana haɓaka tsarin Tubali na cikin gida wanda ya bayyana a masallatai, bango, mahaɗan gama gari, da ƙofofi. Fassara fasalin gine-gine ya kasance kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi sosai a cikin gine-ginen Kano, tare da garin yana dauke da ƙwararrun masu fasaha. Tambarin kasa Tsohon Birni Ganuwa ta mamaye, yawancin ƙofofin zuwa Old City suna rayuwa. Tsohon garin yana dauke da babbar Kasuwar Kurmi, wacce aka san ta da sana'arta, yayin da tsofaffin ramin rini-har yanzu ana amfani da su - suna nan kusa. A cikin Tsohon garin akwai Fadar Sarki, Babban Masallaci, da Gidan Tarihi na Gidan Makama. Wuraren Bauta Daga cikin wuraren ibadar, galibi masallatan musulmai ne. Hakanan akwai majami'u na Krista don ɗariku da yawa da suka hada da : Cocin na Najeriya ( Anglican Communion ); Roman Catholic Diocese na Kano ( Cocin Katolika ); Yarjejeniyar Baptist ta Nijeriya ( Baptist World Alliance ); Cocin Presbyterian na Nijeriya ( Commungiyar Hadin Gwiwar Ikklisiya ta Duniya ); Majami’un majami’ar Pentikostal da suka hada da; Majalisun Allah, Cocin Living Faith Church a Duniya ; Ikilisiyar Krista ta Allah da aka Karɓa An Gina Tsoffin Ganuwan Kano a matsayin katangar kariya tare da gina harsashin da Sarki Gijimasu ya kafa (r. 1095–1134), wato sarki na uku na Masarautar Kano a cikin Tarihin Kano . A tsakiyar karni na 14 a zamanin Zamnagawa, an kammala katangar kafin a kara fadada ta a karni na 16. A cewar masana tarihi, Janar-Janar na Mulkin Mallaka da Kariyar Najeriya, Fredrick Lugard, ya rubuta a cikin rahoton 1903 game da Ganuwar Kano cewa "bai taɓa ganin kamarsa a Afirka ba" bayan kama tsohon garin Kano tare Sojojin Burtaniya. Tsoffin gidajen sarauta da wuraren zama Yawancin tsofaffin gidajen masarauta suna rayu har zuwa yau, galibi a cikin tsohon birni da kewaye. Irin wadannan gidaje masu zaman kansu sun hada da Gidan Chiroma, Filin Chiranchi, da sauransu. Manyan fadoji, sun hada da Gidan Rumfa, Gidan Makama, da kuma lokacin sanyi na sarki. Jami'ar Bayero ta Kano ita ce tsohuwar jami'a mafi tsufa a garin. Isa Kaita ne ya fara kafa jami'ar a shekarar 1962. Ta zama jami'ar jihar a cikin 1975, kuma har yanzu tana da muhimmiyar cibiyar koyarwa a yau. Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jihar Kano an kafa ta ne a shekarar 1975. Kano tana da tashar jirgin kasa mai dauke da jiragen kasa zuwa Legas da aka bi ta Kaduna, yayin da Filin jirgin saman Malam Aminu Kano yake kusa da nan. Challawa Gorge Dam wanda ke kusa da shi ya wadatar da garin, wanda ake la'akari da shi a matsayin tushen tushen wutar lantarki. Kasancewar Kano tana arewacin mahadar jirgin kasa a Kaduna, tana da damar yin daidai da tashar jirgin ruwa a Lagos da Fatakwal . Kamfanin jirgin sama Kabo Air yana da babban ofishinsa a cikin birni. Har ila yau, Kano ita ce hedkwatar kamfanin jiragen sama na Azman, da Max Air da kuma wasu kamfanonin tafiye-tafiye marasa daidaito. Bayan hutu na shekaru masu yawa, an gyara layin dogo daga Kano zuwa Legas zuwa a 2013. Jirgin kasa na jirgin kasa zuwa Lagos yana daukar awanni 30 kuma ya yi daidai da dalar Amurka 12, kwata kwata na kwatankwacin kudin bas. A shekarar 2014, ana fara aikin gina sabon layin dogo, layin ma'auni na zamani daga Legas . Daga shekarar 2006 zuwa 2015, tare da tallafin mai da tsadar mai, manyan titunan mota, gadoji na sama da sauran kayayyakin sufuri gwamnatin jihar ce ta gina su. Mafi shaharar wadannan sune gadar gadar sama ta Jubilee a Kofar Nassarawa, babbar hanyar Kofar Kabuga da kuma manyan tituna-layi 6 a cikin garin. Kwanan nan, Mataimakin Shugaban Kasar Najeriya Yemi Osibanjo ya kasance a Kano domin kaddamar da gadar gadar Alhassan da ke kan titin Murtala Muhammad Way da Tijjani Hashim da ke Kofar Ruwa. A shekarar 2017, Ma’aikatar Ayyukan Gidaje & Sufuri ta Jihar Kano ta sanar da hanyar jirgin kasa mai tsawon kilomita 74, mai layi hudu. tare da kwangilar dalar Amurka biliyan 1.8 da aka sanya hannu tare da kamfanin gine-ginen Railway na kasar Sin . Sanannun mutane Sani Abacha, tsohon Shugaban kasar Najeriya Pamela Abalu, 'yar kasuwar Ba-Amurke kuma jagorar zane. Lawan Musa Abdullahi, lauya kuma dan siyasa Aliko Dangote, dan kasuwa Alhassan Dantata, dan kasuwa Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, Gwamnan jihar Kano na yanzu Rabiu Kwankwaso, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan jihar Kano Har ila yau Tsohon Ministan Tsaro da Albarkatun Ruwa Engr Murtala Mohammed, Tsohon Shugaban Kasashe, Tarayyar Najeriya Isyaku Rabiu, dan kasuwa Muhammadu Abubakar Rimi tsohon gwamnan jihar Kano. Sanusi Lamido Sanusi, ma’aikacin banki Ibrahim Shekarau, dan siyasa, Tsohon Gwamnan Jihar Kano Kuma Tsohon Ministan Ilimi, a halin yanzu Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya mai wakiltar Kano ta Tsakiya Abdullah al-Thani, tabbatacce ne na Libya Alhassan Yusuf, dan kwallon kafa, a yanzu haka yana buga wa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta IFK Göteborg ta kasar Sweden Ado Abdullahi Bayero, tsohon Sarkin kano me Rasuwa Duba kuma Majalisar Masarautar Kano Biranen Najeriya Wurare masu masu yawan jama'a a jihar Kano Manyan Birane a Najeriya Tsari a Wikidata Mukalai masu dauke da haruffan Larabci Pages with unreviewed translations
59833	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20yanayin%20duniya	Yanayin yanayin duniya	A kimiyyar duniya, yanayin wuraren duniya (GST; wani lokacin ana kiransa yanayin zafin duniya na ma'ana, GMST, ko matsakaicin yanayin wuraren duniya ) ana ƙididdige su ta hanyar kididdige yanayin zafi/sanyi na saman teku da kuma zafi/sanyin iska akan ƙasa. Lokutan sanyayar yanayi da dumamar yanayi sun canza a tarihin duniya. Jerin ingantattun ma'aunin zafin duniya ya fara a cikin 1850-1880 lokaci. Ta hanyar 1940, matsakaicin zafin jiki na shekara-shekara ya karu, amma ya kasance mai inganci tsakanin 1940 zuwa 1975. Tun daga 1975, ya karu da kusan 0.15 °C zuwa 0.20 °C a kowace shekara goma, zuwa akalla 1.1 °C (1.9 °F) sama da matakan 1880. Matakan teku sun tashi da faɗuwa sosai a cikin tarihin shekaru biliyan 4.6 na duniya. Duk da haka, hawan matakin tekun duniya na baya-bayan nan, sakamakon karuwar yanayin yanayin duniya, ya karu fiye da matsakaicin adadin shekaru dubu biyu zuwa uku da suka gabata. Ci gaba ko haɓaka wannan yanayin zai haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a gabar tekun duniya. A cikin 1860s, masanin kimiyyar lissafi John Tyndall ya gane tasirin yanayi na duniya kuma ya ba da shawarar cewa ƴan canje-canje a cikin yanayin yanayi zai iya haifar da bambancin yanayi. A cikin 1896, wata takarda ta seminal ta masanin kimiyyar Sweden Svante Arrhenius ya fara annabta cewa canje-canje a cikin matakan carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi na iya canza yanayin zafin jiki ta hanyar tasirin greenhouse. Canje-canje a yanayin zafi na duniya a cikin karnin da ya gabata ya ba da shaida kan illar karuwar iskar gas. Lokacin da tsarin yanayi ya fuskanci irin waɗannan canje-canje, sauyin yanayi ya biyo baya. Auna GST (zazzabi na saman duniya) yana ɗaya daga cikin layukan shaidu da yawa da ke goyan bayan ijma'in kimiyya kan sauyin yanayi, wanda shine cewa ɗan adam yana haifar da ɗumamar tsarin yanayin duniya . Ruwan dumama Tare da karuwar zafin duniya, tekun ya mamaye yawancin wannan ƙarin zafi, tare da saman mita 700 na teku yana nuna ɗumamar 0.22 C °F) tun 1969. Fadada ruwan dumi, tare da narkakken zanen kankara, yana haifar da hawan teku. Rarraba yawan zafi a cikin tekun ba daidai ba ne, tare da ɗumamar teku mafi girma a yankin kudancin teku kuma yana ba da gudummawa ga narkewar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na shimfidar kankara na Antarctic. Haka kuma ɗumamar ruwan teku yana da alaƙa da ɓarkewar rumbun kankara da ƙanƙarar teku, waɗanda dukkansu suna da ƙarin tasiri ga irin tsarin yanayin duniya. A ƙarshe, ɗumamar teku tana barazana ga yanayin ruwa da rayuwar ɗan adam. Alal misali, ruwan dumi na yin illa ga lafiyar murjani, wanda hakan ke jefa al’ummomin tekun da ke dogaro da murjani don matsugunni da abinci. A ƙarshe, mutanen da suka dogara da kamun kifi na ruwa don rayuwarsu da ayyukansu na iya fuskantar mummunan tasirin ɗumamar teku. Rage zanen kankara Gilashin kankara na Antarctic da Greenland sun ragu sosai a cikin taro. A cewar NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, ya nuna cewa Greenland ya yi asarar kimanin tan biliyan 286 na kankara a kowacce shekara. Fadada ruwan dumi da narkakken zanen kankara yana haifar da hawan teku. Kankara tana canzawa a ko'ina a duniya. Tun 1912, sanannen dusar ƙanƙara na Dutsen Kilimanjaro ya narke fiye da 80%. Gilashin kankara da ke yankin Garhwal Himalayas na Indiya suna ja da baya da sauri wanda masu bincike suka yi imanin cewa nan da shekara ta 2035, mafi yawan yankunan tsakiya da gabashin Himalayas za su bace. Tsawon rabin karni, kewayon sa ya ragu da kusan 10% a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata. NASA ta maimaita karatun altimeter na Laser ya nuna cewa gefen takardar kankara na Greenland yana raguwa. Yanzu, ƙanƙarar ruwan bazara a arewacin helkwatar ta karye kwanaki 9 kafin shekaru 150 da suka gabata, yayin da daskarewar kaka ke da kwanaki 10 bayan haka. Narkewar ƙasa mai daskarewa ya haifar da raguwar ƙasa a sassan Alaska zuwa sama da . Daga Arctic zuwa Peru, daga Switzerland zuwa glacier equatorial a Manjaya, Indonesia, manyan filayen kankara, manyan kankara, da kankara na teku suna bacewa, cikin sauri. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi kuma ƙanƙara ta narke, ƙarin ruwa yana gudana zuwa cikin teku daga glaciers da kankara, kuma ruwan teku yana dumi kuma yana fadada girma. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC), wannan hadin gwiwar tasirin ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukaka matsakaitan tekun duniya da a cikin shekaru 100 da suka gabata. Ruwan narkewar ruwan Greenland na iya yin tasiri sosai ga kwararowar magudanar ruwa mai girma, waɗanda ake kira Atlantic meridional turning circulation ko AMOC. Mai kama da babban bel ɗin jigilar kaya, AMOC yana taimakawa jigilar ruwan zafi daga yankuna masu zafi zuwa Arctic. Muhimmiyar rawar da take takawa wajen rarraba zafi a duniya shi ma ya sa ya yi tasiri sosai kan yanayin yanayin duniya - Ruwan zafi na AMOC ya samo asali ne saboda yanayin sanyin yanayi a wurare kamar yammacin Turai. Yayin da ruwa mai dadi ke zubowa cikin teku daga dusar kankarar da ke narke a Greenland, hakan na iya rage kwararar ruwa. A sa'i daya kuma, bincike ya nuna cewa narkewar kankara daga Antarctica na iya kawo cikas ga tsarin tekun Kudu. Saboda yawan ruwan da ake da shi ya yi ƙasa da na ruwan gishiri, ruwa mai yawa na narkewa bazai iya haɗuwa da sauran teku ba, amma ya zama wani nau'i na kayan da aka haɗa zuwa saman ruwa. Wannan ruwan sanyi yana kama zafi a ƙarƙashinsa kuma yana haifar da yadudduka masu zurfi don yin zafi. Wannan yana ƙara yawan zafin jiki na teku, wanda ya sa ya rage ikon ɗaukar CO daga yanayi. Sakamakon haka, ƙarin CO zai kasance a cikin yanayi, wanda zai haifar da karuwar dumamar yanayi. Tasirin Greenhouse Turin ruwa Mafi yawan iskar gas (GHG), amma mahimmanci, yana iya zama martani ga yanayin. Yayin da yanayin duniya ke dumama, tururin ruwa zai karu, amma yuwuwar gajimare da hazo za su karu, wanda ya zama wasu muhimman hanyoyin mayar da martani ga tasirin greenhouse. Misali, hanyar mayar da martani tana da yuwuwar haɓakawa ko rage ɗumama wa, ya danganta da wuri, tsayi, da zafin gajimare. Carbon dioxide ( CO ) Carbon dioxide ƙaramin abu ne amma mai matuƙar mahimmanci na yanayi. Ana fitar da ita ta hanyoyin yanayi kamar numfashi da fashewar aman wuta, da kuma ta hanyar ayyukan mutane kamar sare bishiyoyi, canjin amfani da kasa, da kona man fetur . Tun farkon juyin juya halin masana'antu, yanayin na ɗan adam CO taro ya karu da 47%. Wannan shine mafi mahimmanci na dogon lokaci "tilasta" canjin yanayi. Ana fitar da methane a lokacin samarwa da jigilar gawayi, iskar gas, da mai. Haka nan hayakin methane ya samo asali ne daga ruɓewar datti daga dabbobi da sauran ayyukan noma da tarkacen shara na birni. HNitrous oxide Nitrous oxide yana da tasiri sau 300 fiye da carbon dioxide, kuma yana rage ma'aunin ozone. Tun da yake kuma yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci, rage tsawon rayuwarsa na iya yin tasiri cikin sauri da kuma tasiri ga dumamar yanayi. Duk da haka, babban tushen nitrous oxide shine noma, musamman takin ƙasa da takin dabbobi, wanda ke sa ya fi ƙarfin sarrafawa. Permafrost ƙasa ce mai daskarewa wacce ta ƙunshi tsohuwar ƙasa, sediments, da kwayoyin halitta na tsirrai da dabbobi. Ya ƙunshi kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na yankin arewa. Yayin da yankin Arctic ke da zafi kamar sau biyu kamar na sauran kasashen duniya, dumamar yanayi ta fara narke, sannan kuma kayayyakin da suka dade suna shiga cikin iskar oxygen, wanda hakan ya sa iskar da suke fitarwa ke kara ta'azzara dumamar yanayi. Ko da yake aikin nitrous oxide shine ya rage Layer ozone, ba a haɗa shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Montreal kan Abubuwan da ke Rage Ozone Layer, yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da aka tsara don mayar da ozone Layer ta hanyar kawar da wasu abubuwa. Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Ana iya amfani da mahadi na roba waɗanda ke da masana'antu gabaɗaya a aikace-aikace iri-iri, amma saboda ikonsu na taimakawa wajen lalata Layer ozone, samar da su da sakin su cikin yanayi a halin yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar yarjejeniyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa. Yayin da CFC da HCFC ke lalata ozone, su ma suna kama zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi, wanda ke haifar da ɗumamar yanayi da sauyin yanayi da yanayi. HFC, wadda aka kirkiro ta asali don maye gurbin CFC da HCFC, ita ma tana sha kuma tana ɗaukar radiation infrared ko zafi a cikin ƙananan yanayi na duniya. A karshen wannan karnin, ana sa ran karin wadannan da sauran iskar gas za su kara yawan zafin duniya da maki zuwa . Hydrofluorocarbons, CFCs da HFCs an kiyasta su na da kashi 11.5% na tasirin iskar gas na yau akan sauyin yanayi da sauyin yanayi. Duba kuma Rikodin yanayin zafi na duniya Rikodin zafin kayan aiki Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
29808	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kira%20Muratova	Kira Muratova	Articles with hCards Kira Georgievna Muratova ( ; 'yar Roma ce; Ukraine ; née Korotkova, 5 Nuwamba 1934 - 6 Yuni 2018 ) ɗan Soviet ne - Ukrainian daraktan fim ɗin da ya ci lambar yabo, marubucin allo kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na zuriyar Romanian/Yahudanci, sananne ga salon shugabanci nata da ba a saba gani ba. Fina-finan Muratova sun yi ta yin katsalandan a cikin Tarayyar Soviet, duk da haka Muratova ya sami nasarar fitowa a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan mutane a cikin fina-finan Rasha na zamani kuma ya sami damar gina aikin fim mai nasara daga 1960s gaba. Muratova, tare da Nikita Mikhalkov, Vadim Abdrashitov, Aleksandr Sokurov, Aleksei Jamus, da Aleksei Balabanov ana ganin su ne manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Rasha waɗanda suka fuskanci rugujewar Tarayyar Soviet duk da haka sun sami nasarar ci gaba da aikinsu na fim daga farkon shekarun 1990 zuwa gaba. An kwatanta ayyukanta a matsayin mai yiyuwa 'daya daga cikin fitattun fitattun fina-finai na fina-finai na duniya.' Muratova ta shafe yawancin ayyukanta na fasaha a Odessa, inda ya kirkiro mafi yawan fina-finanta a Odesa Film Studios . Tarihin Rayuwa Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Kira Korotkova a cikin shekara ta 1934 a Soroca, Romania ( Moldova a yau) ga mahaifin Rasha da mahaifiyar Romania (an asalin Bayahude Bessarabian ). Iyayenta duka ƴan gurguzu ne kuma membobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci . Mahaifinta, Yuri Korotkov, ya shiga cikin gwagwarmayar gwagwarmayar fascist a yakin duniya na biyu, sojojin Romania sun kama su kuma suka harbe bayan tambayoyi. Bayan yakin, Kira ta zauna a Bucharest tare da mahaifiyarta, likitan mata, wanda ya bi aikin gwamnati a cikin Socialist Romania . A 1959, Kira ta kammala karatun ta daga Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography a Moscow, qware a cikin shiryarwa. Bayan kammala karatun Korotkova ya sami matsayi na darekta tare da Odessa Film Studio a Odessa, tashar tashar jiragen ruwa a Bahar Black kusa da 'yar asalinta Bessarabia . Ta ba da umarnin fim ɗin ƙwararrunta na farko a cikin 1961 kuma ta yi aiki tare da ɗakin studio har sai da rikici ya sa ta koma Leningrad a 1978. A can ta yi fim daya tare da Lenfilm Studio, amma daga baya ya koma Odessa. Fina-finan Muratova sun kasance ƙarƙashin zargi akai-akai ga jami'an Soviet saboda yaren fim ɗinta na wauta wanda bai bi ka'idodin gurguzanci ba. Masanin fina-finai Isa Willinger ya kwatanta tsarin fim na Muratova da Soviet Avant-garde, musamman ga Eisenstein na abubuwan jan hankali. Sau da yawa an dakatar da Muratova daga yin aiki a matsayin darekta na tsawon shekaru a kowane lokaci. Kira ta auri 'yar'uwarta darektan studiyo na Odessa wato Oleksandr Muratov a farkon shekarun 1960 kuma ta hada fina-finai da yawa tare da shi. Ma'auratan suna da 'yar, Marianna, amma nan da nan suka sake aure kuma Muratov ya koma Kiev inda ya fara aiki tare da Dovzhenko Film Studios . Kira Muratova ta kiyaye sunan tsohon mijinta duk da aurenta da mai zane na Leningrad kuma mai tsarawa Evgeny Golubenko. Bayan zamanin Soviet A cikin 1990s, lokaci mai mahimmanci yazo wa Muratova a lokacin da ta daukar sabon fim bayan kowane shekaru biyu ko uku, sau da yawa tana aiki tare da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ma'aikatan jirgin. Aikinta The Asthenic Syndrome an kwatanta shi a matsayin 'babban aikin banza' kuma shine kawai fim ɗin da aka dakatar (saboda tsiraici na maza da mata) a lokacin Tarayyar Soviet perestroika . Sauran fina-finan nata da aka fitar a wannan lokacin sun hada da misali, The Sentimental Policeman , Passions , Three Stories da kuma gajeren wasiƙa zuwa Amurka. 'Yan wasan kwaikwayo biyu Muratova take fito dasu acikin shirye-shirye su ne Renata Litvinova da Natalya Buzko . Muratova ta fina-finan yawanci productions na Ukraine ko co-productions tsakanin Ukraine da kuma Rasha, ko da yaushe a cikin Rasha harshen, ko da yake Muratova iya magana da Ukrainian kuma bai ƙin Ukrainianization na Ukrainian cinema. Muratova ya goyi bayan masu zanga-zangar Euromaidan da juyin juya halin Ukrainian na 2014 masu zuwa. An gabatar da fina-finan Muratova a Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya a Berlin , Cannes, Moscow, Rome, Venice da dai sauransu. Kusa da Aleksandr Sokurov, An dauki Muratova a matsayin darektan fina-finai na harshen Rashanci na zamani. Ana iya ganin ayyukanta a matsayin postmodern, yin amfani da eclecticism, parody, gyare-gyare na dakatarwa, rugujewar labari da ƙwaƙƙwaran gani da sauti, da 'ɗaucin ɓacin rai da ke nuna tashin hankali, rashin ƙauna, al'umma mara kyau. A cikin fim dinta, Labari Uku, ta bincika 'mugunta an ɓoye a cikin wani kyakkyawan harsashi marar laifi, kuma gawawwakin sun zama wani ɓangare na kayan ado.' Ta kasance mai sha'awar Sergei Parajanov kuma ta mayar da hankali kan 'ornamentalism' an kwatanta shi da nasa kuma ya kasance mai adawa da gaskiya, tare da 'maimaitawa yana ba da siffar kowane yiwuwar', tare da fim ɗin ta na ƙarshe, Maɗaukaki Gida mai kyau game da cinema kanta ba ta ƙare ba. kamar a ce 'spool of cinema ta ci gaba da zare da ƙwanƙwasa, zare da ƙwanƙwasa'. Nadi da kyaututtuka Sai kawai a lokacin gasar Perestroyka ne Muratova ta sami karbuwa ga jama'a da kuma lambar yabo ta farko. A cikin 1988, bikin fina-finai na mata na duniya Créteil (Faransa) ya nuna na farko game da ayyukanta. Fim ɗinta Daga cikin Grey Stones an nuna shi a cikin sashin Un Certain Regard a 1988 Cannes Film Festival . A cikin shekara ta 1990, Fim ɗinta na Asthenic Syndrome ya lashe kyautar Silver Bear Jury Grand Prix a Berlinale . A cikin 1994, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Leopard of Honor don rayuwarta oeuvre a Locarno International Film Festival (Switzerland) kuma a cikin 2000, an ba ta kyautar Andrzej Wajda Freedom Award. A cikin 1997, an shigar da fim ɗinta Labaru Uku a cikin Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Berlin na 47 . Fim ɗinta na shekara ta2002 Chekhov's Motifs an shigar dashi cikin bikin fina-finai na duniya na Moscow na 24th na Moscow An nuna fim ɗinta The Tuner a bikin Fim na Venice a 2004. Fina-finan nata sun sami lambar yabo ta "Nika" ta Rasha a 1991, 1995, 2005, 2007, 2009 da 2013. A cikin 2005, an nuna wani bita a Cibiyar Lincoln a Birnin New York. A cikin 2013, an nuna cikakken kallon fina-finanta a bikin Fim na Duniya na Rotterdam . Order of Prince Yaroslav mai hikima Order of Friendly Mutane Artist na Ukraine 1993 Shevchenko National Prize An yi watsi da ayyukanta a bisa kuskure a cikin darussan Nazarin Fim ko kuma a cikin tattaunawa kan 'manyan masu shirya fina-finai na kowane lokaci' a cewar mai sukar fina-finai na kwanan nan, Bianca Garner. A kan wani yunƙuri na majiɓincin fasaha Yuri Komelkov, Atlant UMC ya buga wani kundi a kan aikin Kira Muratova. A cikin wannan kundin, marubucin hotuna, Konstantin Donin, ya tsare kansa a cikin firam ɗin fim ɗin, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da rahoto na allo na fim ɗin Biyu-in-one . A cikin shekara ta 2005, IB Tauris ya buga wani bincike kan rayuwa da aikin Muratova a cikin jerin Sahabbai na KINOfiles Filmmakers. Duba kuma Jerin sunayen daraktoci mata Fim din mata Sinima na Rasha Cinema na Ukraine Donin [. A.]. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Kira Muratova Kira Muratova fan site (Rasha) - fina-finai, biography, labarai, tambayoyi, articles, photo gallery Hira da Muratova 2006 Nika Takaitacciyar Biyu cikin Daya Hotunan Muratova Kira Muratova da Ƙaunar Ƙaunar Kwaminisanci Kira Muratova Mutuwar 2018 Haihuwan 1934 Mutane daga Soroca Studiyon fina-finai na Odessa Darektocin fim na kasar Russi Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
42389	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musa%20Marega	Musa Marega	Moussa Marega (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun ,shakara ta 1991), ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na biyu a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Saudi Professional League Al Hilal . An haife shi a Permatang pauh, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Maleshiya. Ya fara aikinsa a Faransa, ba tare da wasa ba fiye da Championnat National . Bayan shekara ɗaya da Esperance a Tunisiya, ya koma Marítimo na Primeira Liga a shekarar 2015. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya sanya hannu kan Porto . bayan shekara 2016-2017 akan lamuni a Vitória de Guimarães, ya zama na yau da kullun a bangaren Porto kuma ya lashe kofunan gasar biyu a cikin shekaru hudu. A cikin shekarar 2021, ya rattaba hannu da kulob din Al-Hilal na Saudi Arabiya, inda ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai ta AFC a shekararsa ta farko. Marega ya fara buga wasansa na farko a kasar Mali a shekarar 2015, kuma yana cikin tawagarsu a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 2017 da shekarar 2019 . Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haife shi a Les Ulis, Essonne, ga iyayen Mali, Marega ya fara aikinsa a Évry FC, kafin ya koma Vendée Poiré-sur-Vie Football of the Championnat National a shekarar 2012, da kuma abokan wasan kungiyar Amiens shekara guda bayan haka. Ya ciyar da rabin na biyu na 2014 a ES Tunis, amma ba zai iya yin bayyanar guda ɗaya ba saboda matsalolin tsarin mulki. Daga baya ya koma Marítimo a gasar Premier ta Portugal a cikin Janairun 2015. A cikin Nuwambar 2015, an kore shi a cikin rashin nasara 1-0 a Amarante tare da katunan rawaya biyu sannan aka nuna shi a benci; an dakatar da shi daga horo da kungiyar a sakamakon haka. Dukansu Golan Marega da Marítimo José Sá sun kasance a kan hanyar zuwa Sporting CP a watan Janairun 2016, amma FC Porto ta rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin har zuwa shekarar 2020; An kayyade batun siyan Marega kan Yuro miliyan 40. Ya buga wasanni 13 a yakin neman zabensa na farko a Estádio do Dragão - galibi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa - kuma ya zira kwallaye daya a wasan da suka doke Gil Vicente da ci 2-0 a gasar Taça da Liga a ranar 2 ga Maris. Ayyukansa marasa kyau na farko sun jawo suka daga wasu magoya bayan Porto, kuma ya dauki horo daga abokinsa kan yadda zai zama mai juriya a hankali. A ranar 20 ga watan Yulin 2016, An ba Marega aro ga Vitória de Guimarães don kakar mai zuwa . Ya buga wasansa na farko bayan wata daya a wasan da suka doke tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Marítimo, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu, kuma a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ya zura dukkan kwallaye ukun a wasan da suka doke Rio Ave da ci 10. kwallaye daga wasanni 8. A ranar 4 Nuwamba, ya karbi jan kati kai tsaye a farkon rabin sa'a na 2-1 nasara a gida a kan Nacional don buga Nuno Sequeira, yana karbar dakatarwar wasanni uku. A lokacin da ya koma Porto, Marega ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan farko na 2017-2018 kakar, 4-0 nasara a gida a kan Estoril, a matsayin canji na farko na Tiquinho . Ya kasance wani bangare na harin da 'yan wasan Afirka uku suka yi, tare da Vincent Aboubakar na Kamaru da Yacine Brahimi na Aljeriya. Ya zura kwallaye 14 a raga a cikin wasanni 14 da aka fara, kuma an ba da rahoton cewa ya fara jan hankalin kungiyoyin Premier Manchester United da Chelsea a watan Janairun 2018. Porto ta lashe gasar a karon farko cikin shekaru biyar kuma Marega ne ya fi zura kwallaye (na uku gaba daya bayan Jonas da Bas Dost ) da kwallaye 22. A cikin Nuwamba 2018, an ba Marega Dragão de Ouro (Golden Dragon) a matsayin mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Porto na shekarar kalanda. Da yake bai zira kwallo a baya ba a wasan Turai, Marega ya zira kwallo a wasanni shida a jere a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2018 – 19 UEFA, wanda ya fara da ci 1 – 0 a kan Galatasaray, kuma ya ƙare da daya a cikin 3 – 1 nasara a kan Roma, wanda ya sanya Porto a cikin kwata-final a karon farko cikin shekaru hudu. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 2020, bayan ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara a kan komawar sa Vitória, Marega ya ba da yatsa na tsakiya ga magoya bayan gida da suka yi masa wariyar launin fata. An ci gaba da cin mutuncin bayan faruwar wannan lamari, inda ya mayar da martani, ya fice daga wasan, daga bisani aka sauya shi. Jaridun Portugal sun yaba da martanin da ya yi game da cin zarafi, inda jaridar A Bola ta ba Marega cikakkiyar kima 10 a kimar 'yan wasa. Ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Sporting a gida da ci 2-0 a ranar 15 ga Yuli a waccan shekarar, yayin da kungiyarsa ta lashe kambun saura wasanni biyu a buga. A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2021, ya zira kwallo a ragar Juventus da ci 2–1 a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 2020–21 zagaye na 16. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1991 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
42382	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad%20Zidan	Muhammad Zidan	Mohamed Abdallah Muhammad Zidan (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekara ta 1981), wanda aka fi sani da Mohamed Zidan, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Masar mai ritaya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Aikin kulob Farkon aiki An haifi Mohamed Zidan a Port Said, Masar, ga dangin Masar. Aikinsa ya fara ne a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba ga kulob ɗin El Masry na garinsu a shekarar 1998. Al-Masry ya ajiye Zidan ne saboda rashin iya wucewa da ya kai iyalinsa zuwa Denmark. A cikin shekararsa ta farko a Denmark, yayin da yake atisaye da B93 kan kwantiragi, ya buga wasanni kaɗan a kulob ɗin Danish-Turkish FC Anatolien, yanzu Kokkedal BK, a Nivå a Arewacin Zealand. Kulob ɗin Danish Superliga Akademisk Boldklub (AB) ne ya leko Zidan a lokacin da yake juggling ƙwallo a wurin shakatawa na Danish a shekarar 1999. A cikin watan Yunin 2003, ya koma fafatawa a gasar FC Midtjylland (FCM), kamar yadda AB ya fuskanci matsalar kudi. A FCM, ya zama babban mai zura ƙwallaye a gasar a kakar 2003–04, kuma an ba shi kyautar Rookie na shekara, ya zama dan wasa na shekara a kakar wasa ta gaba. Gabaɗaya, ya zira kwallaye 30 a wasanni 47 da ya buga wa FC Midtjylland, musamman ma kwallaye tara a cikin wasanni uku na farko na sabon filin wasa na FCM da aka gina SAS Arena, ya sanya filin wasan da ake kira "Zidan Arena". Werder Bremen da Mainz 05 Ayyukan Zidan a gasar Danish League ya haifar da manyan kungiyoyin Turai da dama suna sha'awar sayen dan wasan. A cikin hutun hunturu na kakar 2004-2005, ƙungiyar Jamus Werder Bremen ta ba shi aro don ragowar 2004-2005, tare da zaɓi don siye a lokacin rani. A lokacin rani na shekarar 2005 Werder ya saye shi akan farashin da aka yi imanin ya kai kusan Yuro miliyan 3.5. A ranar 31 ga Agustan 2005, an ba da Zidan aro zuwa Mainz don kakar 2005–2006 . Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye tara a wasanni 26, bakwai a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Mainz. A cikin wasannin sada zumunci na 2006-2007 pre-season, ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Werder Bremen, yana farawa shida daga cikin wasanni bakwai da ya buga kuma ya zira kwallaye hudu. Kwallon da Zidan ya yi a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar DFB-Ligapokal ta 2006 da Hamburger SV a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2006, ciki har da zura kwallo a raga a minti na 50, ya ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa tare da tabbatar wa kulob dinsa damar zuwa gasar cin kofin. Duk da haka, bayan raunin raunin da ya faru, Zidan yana kan samun ƙarshen lokacin wasa. Bayan watanni na hasashe, bayan ƙarancin lokacin wasa da raunin da ya faru, Werder Bremen ya sanar a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2007 cewa Zidan za a canja shi zuwa Mainz a kan rahoton kuɗi na Euro miliyan 2.8, wanda ya sa ya zama mafi girma da aka taɓa saya a tarihin kulob din. Ya rasu a ranar 17 ga Janairu, 2007. Ya zira kwallaye shida a wasanni 5 na farko tare da sabon kulob dinsa, wanda ya jagoranci kungiyar daga karshe, zuwa matsayi na 10 a ranar 1 ga Maris 2007 da maki 27. Kwararren dan kasar Masar ya kuma samu kashi 50% na kuri'un da mujallar Kicker ta fitar, kuma ya samu lakabin "Dan wasan watan" a watan Fabrairu a Jamus, yayin da Mainz ya zama "Team of the Month" a gasar Bundesliga ta Jamus. Magoya bayan Mainz na son Zidan tun lokacin da ya yi lamuni da jar rigar da ya yi nasarar ba su basira da basirarsa da burinsa. Mafi shaharar baje kolin hazaka shi ne wasan da suka yi da Bayern Munich a lokacin kakar 2005–06. Zidan ya samu kyautar gwarzon dan wasa lokacin da ya zura kwallo a ragar Philipp Lahm kuma ya ci Oliver Kahn . Yayin da aka ba Mainz aro, Zidan ya zura kwallo a ragar kulob din da aka yi masa kwangilar, Werder Bremen, cikin dakika 14. Wannan ya nuna a matsayin kwallo mafi sauri da aka zura a raga a kakar wasan Bundesliga kuma tana matsayi na shida a matsayin wanda ya fi saurin zura kwallaye a tarihin Bundesliga. A wata hira da Bild a Jamus, Zidan ya yarda cewa yana da babban buri kuma yana da burin taka leda a ko dai " Barcelona, Real Madrid, Liverpool ko Manchester United ". Ya bayyana cewa yana so ya yi wasa da Barcelona a cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa don yin wasa tare da dan wasan Brazil Ronaldinho ko Liverpool don yin wasa tare da Steven Gerrard . A lokacin kakar 2007 Zidan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye masu ban sha'awa, amma ya kasa ceto Mainz daga faduwa. Kulob din ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 34 ne kawai a kakar wasa ta bana, 13 daga cikinsu, duk da bai wuce rabin kakar wasa ba, sun fito ne daga kafar dan wasan gaban Masar. Abin baƙin cikin shine ƙwazon aiki na Zidan da gudunmawar solo mai kima bai wadatar ba don hana Mainz daga zurfin yanke ƙauna na sake komawa rukuni na biyu. Duk da haka, an lura da aikin Zidan ta yawan manyan kungiyoyin da aka kafa a Spain, Faransa da Ingila da kuma zakarun Jamus VfB Stuttgart . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje EgyptianPlayers news items SoccerEgypt profile Danish career statistics at Danmarks Radio Mohamed Zidan at fussballdaten.de (in German) Haifaffun 1981 Rayayyun mutane
57855	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakun	Bakun	Bisa ga al'ada,Baakun tsohon gari ne a ƙasar Yarbawa,kuma ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyuka na farko a daular Ife a Najeriya. Sarkinta na yanzu shine Baale Abiodun Olugbenga Ogundiran. Tarihin Baakun Yarima Oluopo ne ya kafa unguwar Baakun a farkon karni na 11. cewa ya yi hijira daga Offa-Ile domin ya kafa nasa mazauni a wani wuri kusa da Ipetumodu.A matsayinsa na babban mafarauci, Oluopo ya yi tambari a wurare da dama da ya yi farauta.Ya kasance mai sha'awar gina bukkoki da kafa gumakansa irin su Ogun da Orisa Ogiyan a wuraren.Wuraren da ya kafa sun hada da Pakoto,Tafia,da Oke Oko.Yana da iyaka da mutanen Akanle da Lasole.A gefensu na gabas akwai kogin da ake kira Eri Oogi.Rikicin Eri Oogi da Isasa Elekiri da Oluponna ma yana cikin yankin Oluopo. Aure da asalin suna Oluopo daga baya ya hadu da wata Gimbiya daga unguwar Oni Ilare da ke Ile-Ife,wadda ta kasance abokin huldar Oluopo.Ta kasance tana sayen naman daji daga Oluopo.Daga baya sun zama abokai kuma daga bisani suka yi aure.An albarkaci auren da ’ya’ya uku, Agbangudu,Larele,da Akintayo.Daga baya a rayuwa, yaran sun yi ƙaura zuwa wurare daban-daban. Agbangudu ya yi hijira zuwa Edu,Larele zuwa Apomu,da Akintayo zuwa Ibadan wanda jikokinsa suka zama Olubadan daga baya a rayuwarsu.A kusa da bukkar Oluopo akwai ciyayi da yawa da ake kira Ookun.Tsirrai sun yi yawa har suka kafa gungu mai kauri da aka fi sani da Iba. Wadannan sunaye guda biyu,Iba da Ookun,Oluopo da dukkan kwastomominsa da masu wucewa ne suka hada su suka sanyawa matsuguninsa suna Iba Ookun(gungu mai kauri)wanda daga baya ya zama Baakun kamar yadda aka sani a yau. Shigowar mutanen Modakeke Bayan tafiyar mutanen Modakeke daga Oyo Alaafin, inda suka fara zama a Baakun inda suka yi sana’ar sana’a. Mutanen Baakun, kasancewarsu mafarauta da manoma, sun tarbi mutanen Modakeke da kyau saboda aikinsu na maƙera . Sun kasance tushen kayan aiki masu kyau kamar fartanya, kwalabe, da bindigogi don noma da farauta . Raba filayen noma Oluopo ya kasance yana bai wa mutane filaye don yin noma a yankinsa.Daga cikin wadannan mutane akwai Oluode Ogunwole Olojoarere,Oosa na Ipetumodu a lokacin.Yankin da aka baiwa Ogunwole ana kiransa Apata Ogunwole.Daya daga cikin jikokin shine Vincent Olaniyan wanda kuma daga baya ya rike sarautar Oosa Apetumodu tsakanin 1940 zuwa 1969. Hukuhuku war An yi juyin juya hali a kasar Yarbawa wanda ya shafi mutane da dama.A lokacin yakin,'ya'yan Oluopo sun tafi yaki kuma sun yi yaki a yawancin yaƙe-yaƙe da suka raba ƙasar Yarbawa.Bayan yakin, Agbangudu ya zauna a Ede,Larele ya zauna a Apomu,Akintayo ya zauna a Ibadan yayin da sauran yara suka zauna tare da mahaifinsu,Oluopo. Bayan yakin basasa,Oluopo ya koma gonarsa a Tafia.Yayin da ya tafi daga Baakun a Ipetumodu,ya dauki wasu abokai ya ba su filayen noma.Wadanda ya dauka sun hada da Yarima Olakanmi Okoro Giesi,wanda daga baya ya zama Oba Apetumodu wanda ya yi sarauta tsakanin 1848-1866.Sauran su ne Adegbanro,Akingbile,Aroje uban Mojalawo. Asarar filin noma Lokacin da Modakeke ya rage yawan jama'a a 1909 zuwa 1910,yawancin mutanen sun zo su zauna a filin Oluopo a Tafia.Jama’ar Baakun sun yi kakkausar suka ga wannan hakimin(DO).Fitattun mutane biyu a Baakun wadanda suka jagoranci zanga-zangar zuwa DO sune Abodunrin da Akinwale(wanda daga baya ya zama Ekefa Apetumodu tsakanin 1936 zuwa 1963).Ko da bayan tabbatar da mallakar fili ga DO,wanda ya hada da nuna wa DO gumakansu na bautar da ke cikin kasa,har yanzu mutanen Baakun sun yi rashin nasara a zanga-zangar domin DO sun so su mallaki fili ko ta halin kaka ga mutanen da aka kashe.Mutanen Modakeke. Sai dai kuma kafin DO ya dauki wannan matakin sai ya ce wa mutanen Baakun da su mayar da filin noman su na dindindin kuma su kasance karkashin Ibadan ko kuma a shirya su kwace.Sai dai mutanen Baakun sun nemi shawarar mahaifinsu mai martaba Oba Olubuse I,wanda ya shawarce su da kada su yi hakan domin ba zai so mutanensa su mamaye gundumar Ibadan ba.Ya yi alkawarin ba su wani wuri domin noman su,su zauna. Haka aka kawo ’yan gudun hijirar Modakeke zuwa wurin,filin gona na Baakun,wanda a yau ake kira Ode –Omu. Mutanen Baakun suna da aiki tuƙuru, masu himma,da ƙwazo.A al'adance an san su da noma da farauta.An kuma lura da cewa matan suna tallafa wa mazajensu a harkokin kasuwanci da suka hada da sayar da amfanin gonakin mazajensu da naman daji.Suna kuma niƙa da dabino,da yin dabino,da kuma samar da kayan abinci daga masara kamar pap da ɗanyen 'eko'. A yau,sana’ar mutanen Baakun ta yi yawa sosai.Yawancin tsofaffin al'ummomi har yanzu manoma ne.An lura da su don samun nau'ikan filayen noma guda biyu dangane da nisa zuwa gida, ' '' (ƙasar gona ta kusa),beda ' ' (ƙasar gona mai nisa).Yaran matasa sun ƙunshi mutane waɗanda galibi sun yi karatu kuma suna da ilimin da ya dace da su don zama ƙwararrun ma'aikata masu fa'ida da fa'ida a yawancin sassan tattalin arzikin Najeriya da suka haɗa da aikin gwamnati,masana'antu,banki,fasahar sadarwa,da kuma ayyukan tauhidi. Al'adu da addini Mutanen Baakun 'yan Oyo ne kamar yawancin mutanen da ke kewaye da su a wasu garuruwan da ke kusa da su ciki har da Ipetumodu da sauran garuruwan Origbo.Ko da yake Baakun a al'adance masu bautar gumaka ne tare da Ogun, Orisa nla,Egungun,da Oya a matsayin wasu gumakan da suke bautawa.A yau, mutanen Baakun galibinsu kiristoci ne da kusan kashi 65 cikin 100 na mabiyan Cocin Apostolic Christ ne kuma wannan na iya bayyana dalilin da ya sa Cocin CAC mafi girma a yankin Ife ya kasance a Baakun.Sauran majami'u ciki har da Orthodox da na Pentikostal suna da yawa kuma.
7288	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maher%20Zain	Maher Zain	Maher Zain( ; An haife shi 16 Yuli shekarar 1981) ɗan Lebanonne - mawaƙin R&Bna Sweden, marubuci kuma mai shirya kiɗa. Ya fitar da albam din sa na farko na gode Allah, wani kundi mai nasara na duniya wanda Awakening Recordsya samar, a cikin shekarar 2009. Ya fitar da kundi na gaba na Gafarta Nia cikin Afrilu shekarar 2012 a ƙarƙashin kamfani iri ɗaya, da kuma albam na uku na ɗayaa cikin shekarar 2016. Iyalan Lebanon na Maher Zain sun yi hijira zuwa Sweden lokacin yana ɗan shekara takwas. Ya kuma kammala karatunsa a can, inda ya sami digiri na farko a Injiniyan Aeronautical . Bayan jami'a, sai ya shiga music masana'antu a Sweden, da kuma a shekara ta 2005 nasaba up tare da kasar Morocco -born Swedish m RedOne . Lokacin da RedOne ya koma New York a shekara ta 2006, nan da nan Zain ya bi don ci gaba da sana'ar kiɗansa a Amurka, yana samarwa masu fasaha kamar Kat DeLuna . Lokacin da ya dawo gida Sweden, ya sake tsunduma cikin bangaskiyarsa ta Musulunci kuma ya yanke shawarar ƙaura daga aiki a matsayin mai shirya kiɗa don zama mawaƙa/mawaƙa na kiɗan R&B na zamani tare da tasirin addinin Musulunci mai ƙarfi. Nasara da nasara A watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Maher Zain ya fara aiki a kan kundin waka tare da Fadakarwa . Albam ɗin sa na farko, Na gode Allah, tare da waƙoƙi 13 da waƙoƙi biyu na kyaututtuka, an fito da su a ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2009 tare da juzu'i da juzu'in Faransanci na wasu waƙoƙin da aka saki jim kaɗan bayan haka. Zain da Awakening Records sunyi nasarar amfani da kafofin sada zumunta kamar Facebook, YouTube da iTunes don inganta waƙoƙi daga kundin. A farkon a shekarar ta 2010, waƙarsa da sauri ta tattara babbar hanyar yanar gizo tana bi a cikin yaren Larabci da ƙasashen Islama da kuma tsakanin matasa Musulmai a ƙasashen yamma. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2010, ya kasance mafi mashahuri Googled a Malaysia don wannan shekarar. Malaysia da Indonesia sun kasance ƙasashen da ya fi samun nasarar kasuwanci. Kundin Godiya ga Allah an tabbatar da platinum da yawa ta Warner Music Malaysia da Sony Music Indonesia. Ya zama mafi girman kundin siyarwa na shekaran 2010 a Malaysia. Zain ya fi yin waka da Turanci amma ya fitar da wasu shahararrun wakokinsa a wasu yaruka. Misali waƙar "Insha Allah", yanzu ana samun ta cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Larabci, Baturke, Malay da sigar Indonesiya. Wani song, "Allahi Allah Kiya Karo" ( "ci gaba da ce Allah"), an sung a Urdu da kuma siffofi da Pakistan haife Canadian singer Irfan Makki . Zain ya yi kide -kide a fadin duniya, ciki har da a Birtaniya, Amurka, Malaysia, Indonesia, Saudi Arabia da Masar . Yana da kungiyoyin magoya baya a kasashe da dama da suka hada da Malaysia, Egypt, da Morocco. Ya shiga cikin kwamitin yanke hukunci na Gasar Fadakarwa don zaɓar sabon tauraro na farkawa a shekara ta 2013. Haɗin gwiwa, bayyanuwa da kyaututtuka A watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Maher Zain ya lashe Kyautar Waƙar Addini mafi kyau ga 'Ya Nabi Salam Alayka', a Nogoum FM, babbar tashar kiɗa ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda ya doke wasu fitattun mawaƙa da suka haɗa da Hussein Al-Jismi, Mohammed Mounir da Sami Yusuf . A watan Maris na shekara ta 2011, Maher Zain ya fito da "'Yanci", waƙar da aka yi wahayi zuwa ga abubuwan da suka faru da ayyukan mutanen da ke shiga cikin juyin Arabiyar Larabawa . An zabi Maher Zain a matsayin Tauraron Musulmi na shekarar ta 2011 a gasar da Onislam.net ta shirya. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2011 ya fito a bangon mujallar salon rayuwar Musulmin Burtaniya Emel. An fito da Zain a cikin wakar Irfan Makki "Na yi imani" daga album ɗin sa na farko na wannan sunan. Maher Zain ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gidan talabijin na Indonesiya mai dauke da shirye-shirye 40 na Insya-Allah . An watsa shirin a tashar talabijin ta tauraron dan adam ta Malaysia, Astro Oasis da Mustika HD, wanda aka fara daga 17 ga watan Yuli, shekara ta 2012, daidai da watsa shirye -shiryen a SCTV na Indonesia. A cikin shekara ta 2013, ya shiga cikin ayyukan Launuka na Zaman Lafiya wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi dangane da ayyukan da Fethullah Gülen ya yi a kan kundin Rise Up inda Maher Zain ya yi waƙar "Wannan Rayuwar Duniya". Binciken hoto Mini albam 2009: Falasdinu Za Ta 'Yanta 2009: Subhan Allah 2010: Insha Allah 2010: Zaɓaɓɓen 2011: 'Yanci 2011: Ya Nabi Salam Alayka 2011: Don Sauran Rayuwata 2012: Lamba Daya Gareni 2012: Don haka Ba da daɗewa ba 2012: Ka shiryar da ni duk hanya 2013: Soyayya Za Ta Yi Nasara 2013: Ramadan 2014: Muhammad (SAW) 2014: Nas Teshbehlana (cikin Larabci 2014: Wata Rana 2015: A'maroona A'maloona (a Larabci 2016: Ina Raye (tare da Atif Aslam ) 2016: Ta Gefina 2016: Aljanna 2016: Assalamu Alaikum 2016: Hanyar Soyayya (tare da Mustafa Ceceli ) 2017: Kusa da Kai 2017: As-subhu Bada (cikin Larabci 2017: Kun Rahma (in Arabic 2017: Madina 2018: Huwa AlQuran 2019: Ala Nahjik Mashayt 2019: Yi Rayuwa (feat. Lenny Martinez ) 2019: Ummi 2020: Antassalam 2020: Asma Allah Alhusna (Sunayen Allah 99) 2020: Karya Sarkar 2020: Srebrenica Nuna cikin 2011: Na Yi Imani ( Irfan Makki feat. Maher Zain) (a cikin Irfan Makki album I Believe ) 2009 : Kada Ka Manta ( Mesut Kurtis feat. Maher Zain (a cikin kundi na Mesut Kurtis Masoyi ) 2014: Don haka Real ( Raef feat. Maher Zain (a cikin littafin Raef The Path ) 2014: Eidun Saeed ( Mesut Kurtis feat. Maher Zain) (in Mesut Kurtis 'album Tabassam ) Ayyukan alheri A cikin 2013, Zain ya yi wasan kwaikwayo a Kanada a rangadin da Islamic Relief ta shirya don tara gudummawar ga waɗanda guguwar ta shafa a Philippines . Zain ya shiga cikin shirin "Sauti na Haske" na Burtaniya wanda Human Appeal International ya shirya don tallafawa mutanen Siriya . Zain ya kuma sadaukar da wakar sa mai suna "Soyayya za ta yi nasara" (wanda ake rerawa da Larabci da Ingilishi) ga Siriyawa. Zain ya yi bikin murnar zagayowar ranar haihuwarsa tare da magoya bayansa miliyan 3.9 na Facebook ta hanyar rokon su da su ba da gudummawar kudi ga wata kungiyar agaji ta Amurka da ke gina rijiyoyin ruwa a Afirka. Magoya bayansa sun biya fiye da $ 15,000 a cikin 'yan makonni. Zain ya halarci wani gangami na goyon bayan Falasdinawa na London, wanda dubban mutane suka hada kai, don yin kira da a kawo karshen matakin sojan Isra’ila a Gaza . A watan Agustan 2014, Zain ya shiga cikin "Babban Bankin China Trek 2014" na aikin jin kai na kwanaki 10 tare da Human Appeal don tara gudummawa don tsabtataccen ruwa ga yara a Gaza. Kafin yin wasan kwaikwayo a bikin Nansen 'Yan Gudun Hijira na 2014, Zain ya yi tafiya zuwa Lebanon tare da UNHCR don yin zama tare da' yan gudun hijirar Siriya don ganin aikin gaban UNHCR. Zain ya rera taken "Wata Rana" game da 'yan gudun hijira a B Genevatiment des Forces Motrices na Geneva don bikin karramawar. Hanyoyin waje Pages with unreviewed translations
13295	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakira	Shakira	Shakira Isabel Mebarak Ripoll ( /ʃ ə k ɪər ə / ; Spanish: ;An haifaita a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif 1977), mawakiyya ce yar kasar Kolombiya, mawakiyya, yar rawa, mawallafa, kuma mai wasan kwaikwayo. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Barranquilla, ta fara wasan ta na farko a karon farko a karkashin Sony mawaki Colombia lokacin tana shekara 13. Hakan ya biyo bayan gazawar kasuwanci ta kundin kaskon farko na Colombia biyu, Magia da Peligro , ta yi fice a kasashe masu magana da harshen Spanish tare da kundin wakokin ta na gaba, Pies Descalzos da Dónde Están los Ladrones? . Shakira ta shiga kasuwa da harshen Turanci tare da kundin wakan nata na biyar, Loundry Service . Ya sayar da kwafi sama da miliyan sha uku sannan kuma ya lalata waƙaƙan na kasa-da-kasa " Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda " da " Yourarbar Aikinku ". Nasararta ta kasance mai karfafuwa tare da kuma kundin gidan radiyon Spain Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 , Sale el Sol , da kuma El Dorado , duk wanda shugaba da <i id="mwMw">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Top Latin Wakokin ginshiki kuma aka bokan Diamante da Rikodi Masana'antu Kungiyoyin kasarAmurka. A halin yanzu, hotan nata na Ingilishi Oral Fixation, Vol. 2 , She Wolf da Shakira duk sun kasance tabbataccen zinare, platinum, ko platinum da yawa a cikin kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Wasu wakokinta sun yi jerin gwano a lamba daya a kasashe da yawa, da suka hada da " La Tortura ", " Hips Kada Lie ", " BmMasu kyauwun Karya ", " Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci ga Afirka) ", " Loca ", da " Chantaje ". Shakira ta yi aiki a matsayin koci a lokutan biyu na gasar wakokin talabijin na Amurka mai taken Muryar Amurka daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekarar 2014. Shakira ta samu lambobin yabo da yawa, gami da Grammy Lamban yabo uku, Grammy Latin goma sha uku, Kyautar MTV Video waka Lanbobin yabo bakwai, Kyautar Takaitaccen Tarihi na Burtaniya, Kyautar Miliyan talatin da tara ta Kudin Latin Waka Lanban yabo da tauraruwa akan Hollywood Walk of Fame . A shekara ta 2009, Billboard ya jera ta a matsayin Babban Mawakin Latin na Artade na Latinan shekaru. Bayan sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya, Shakira ta kasance Diyan manya masu fasahar kidan duniya . An zabe ta a matsayin mai zane-zane ta Latin da aka fi sani a kan Spotify kuma ta zama dayan mata masu fasaha uku kawai don samun bidiyo biyu na YouTube da suka wuce dala biliyan biyu . Saboda aikinta na kyauta tare da Barefoot Foundation da kuma gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kide-kide, ta sami lambar yabo ta Latin ta Academyan Wasan Kwafi ta Latin shakira ta kasance matar Gerrard Pique wanda yake kasan catalunya dake kasar Spain,wanda yake taka leda kulob din Barcelona dake kasan spain. Farkon rayuwa An haife ta ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar alif 1977, a Barranquilla, Columbia, ita kaɗai ce ɗa William Mebarak Chadid da Nidia Ripoll Torrado. Kakannin kakanta sun yi ƙaura daga Lebanon zuwa New York City, inda aka haife mahaifinta. Sannan mahaifinta ya yi gudun hijira zuwa Colombia yana da shekaru 5. Sunan Shakira ( Arabic ) Shi ne Larabci for "m", da mata nau'i na sunan Gumi ( Arabic ). Daga mahaifiyarta, tana da Mutanen Espanya da asalin Italiyanci . Ta girma Katolika kuma ta halarci makarantun Katolika. Tana da olderan tsofaffin rabin-ɗiyan-miji daga ɗaurin mahaifinta na baya. Shakira ta kwashe yawancin samartakarta a Barranquilla, wani gari da ke bakin gabar arewacin Caribbean a gabar Kolombiya, ta kuma rubuta waka ta farko, wacce ake wa lakabi da "La Rosa De Cristal / The Crystal Rose", lokacin tana shekara hudu. Lokacin da take girma, tana sha'awar kallon mahaifinta tana rubuta labarai a kan rubutun keken rubutu, sannan ta nemi daya a matsayin kyautar Kirsimeti. Tun tana da shekaru bakwai, ta sami wannan nau'in buga rubutun, kuma ta ci gaba da rubuta wakoki tun lokacin. Wadannan waƙoƙin ƙarshe sun samo asali zuwa waƙoƙi. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance shekara biyu, wani ɗan uwan rabin ya mutu a cikin haɗarin babur; Shekaru shida bayan haka, tana da shekara takwas, Shakira ta rubuta waƙarta ta farko, mai taken "Tus gafas oscuras / Gilashin duhu mai duhu", wanda mahaifinta ya yi wahayi, wanda tsawon shekaru ya rufe gilashin duhu don ɓoye baƙin cikin. Lokacin da Shakira ta kasance hudu, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani gidan cin abinci na Gabas ta Tsakiya, inda Shakira ta fara jin doumbek, daddaren gargajiyar gargajiya da ake amfani da ita a cikin waƙar Larabci kuma wacce ke tare da raye-rayen ciki . Ta fara rawa a kan tebur, kuma kwarewar ta sa ta fahimci cewa tana son zama mai wasan kwaikwayo. Ta ji singing ga makaranta da kuma malamai (har ma da nuns) a ta Katolika makaranta, amma a na biyu aji, ta yi watsi da makaranta mawaka saboda ta vibrato ya yi karfi. Malamin waƙoƙin ya gaya mata cewa ta yi kara "kamar akuya". A makaranta, ta sau da yawa ya aiko daga aji saboda ta Hyperactivity (ADHD). Ta ce an kuma santa da "yarinyar rawa na ciki", kamar yadda za ta nuna kowace Juma'a a makaranta adadin da ta koya. Ta ce "Na gano yadda nake sha'awar yin wasan kwaikwayon rayuwa," in ji ta. Don nuna godiya ga Shakira game da tarbiyyar da ta yi, mahaifinta ya kai ta wani wurin shakatawa na gida don ganin marayu da ke zaune. Hotunan sun kasance tare da ita, sannan ta ce wa kanta: "Wata rana zan taimaki waɗannan yaran lokacin da na zama mashahurin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo." Tsakanin shekarun 10 zuwa 13, an gayyaci Shakira zuwa wasu al'amuran daban-daban a Barranquilla kuma ya sami yabo a yankin. A wannan lokacin ta sadu da mai gabatar da wasan kwaikwayo na gida Monica Ariza, wanda ya burge ta kuma a sakamakon hakan ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa aikinta. A lokacin da yake tashi daga Barranquilla zuwa Bogotá, Ariza ya shawo kan zartarwa mai gabatarwa Sony Kolombiya Ciro Vargas don yin duba ga Shakira a harabar otal. Vargas ya riƙe Shakira cikin girmamawa kuma, yayin da ya dawo ofishin Sony, ya ba kaset ɗin waƙa da daraktan zane-zane. Koyaya, daraktan bai yi matukar farin ciki ba kuma yana tunanin Shakira wani abu ne na "asarar rai". Ba a manta kuma har yanzu ya yarda cewa Shakira yana da baiwa, Vargas ya kafa duba a cikin Bogotá. Ya shirya wa shugabannin zartarwar na Sony Columbia don isa wurin binciken, tare da tunanin mamakinsu da aikin Shakira. Ta yi waƙoƙi uku ga masu zartarwar kuma ta burge su har ta isa a sanya mata hannu don rakodin kundin hotuna uku. 1990–1995: Farko Wakar Shakira ta farko, Magia, an yi ta ne tare da Sony Music Columb a shekarar alif 1990, lokacin tana 'yar shekara 13 kacal. A songs ne mai tarin sanya ta ta tun ta kasance guda takwas, gauraye pop-rock ballads kuma disco uptempo songs tare da lantarki masu raka. An saki kundin a watan Yuni na shekarar alif 1991, kuma an nuna "Magia" da wasu wayoyi ukun. Kodayake ya yi kyau sosai a rediyo na Colombian kuma ya ba wa Shakira matasa da yawa, kundin bai inganta sosai ba saboda an sayar da kwafin 1,200 kawai a duk duniya. Bayan ƙarancin aikin Magia, alamar Shakira ta bukaci mata ta koma ɗakin karatun don sakin wani abin biyo baya. Duk da cewa ba a san ta sosai ba a wajen kasarta ta asali a lokacin, amma an gayyace ta Shakira da ta halarci Gasar Rauni ta Duniya na Viña del Mar a watan Fabrairun, shekarar alif 1993. Bikin ya baiwa masu son Latin Amurka fatan samun damar yin wakokinsu, sannan kuma kwamitocin mahukunta suka zabi wanda ya lashe gasar. Shakira ta yi wasan siraran "Eres" ("Kuna") kuma ta lashe ganima a matsayi na uku. Ofaya daga cikin alƙalai waɗanda suka zabe ta don cin nasarar shine ɗan shekaru 20 Ricky Martin, wanda asalinsa ya samo asali daga kasancewarsa memba a Menudo . Shakira album na biyu na studio, mai taken Peligro, an sake shi a cikin Maris, amma Shakira bai ji daɗin sakamakon ƙarshe ba, galibi yana ɗaukar batun samarwa. An fi karɓar kundin album ɗin fiye da na Magia, kodayake ana ganin cinikayyar kasuwanci saboda ƙin Shakira ya ƙi tallata shi ko inganta shi. Shakira daga nan ta yanke shawarar ɗaukar hiatus daga yin rikodi don ta iya kammala karatun sakandare. A wannan shekarar, Shakira ta tauraro a cikin jerin fina-finai na kasar Columbia mai suna The Oasis, ba tare da dogara da bala'in Armero ba a cikin shekarar alif 1985. Tun daga wannan lokacin, aka jawo kundin albums din daga fitarwa kuma ba a dauke su a matsayin kundin tarihin Shakira amma a maimakon hakan Albums na ingantawa. Shakira ta fara rikodin waƙar " ó Dónde Estás Corazón? " (Daga baya aka sake ta kan kundin nata mai suna Pies Descalzos ) don kundin shirya fim ɗin Nuestro Rock a shekarar alif 1995, wanda aka fito dashi na musamman a Kolumbia. Hoton Pies Descalzos ya kawo babban shahara a Latin Amurka ta hanyar mawakan "Estoy Aquí", "Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos" da "Dónde Estás Corazón". Shakira ya kuma yi rikodin waƙoƙi guda uku a cikin harshen Portuguese, mai taken "Estou Aqui", "Um Pouco de Amor", da "Pés Descalços". 1995–2000: Juzuwar Latin Shakira ta dawo zuwa rakodin kiɗa a ƙarƙashin Sony Music tare da Columbia Records a shekarar alif 1995, tare da Luis F. Ochoa, ta yin amfani da tasirin kiɗa daga ƙasashe da dama da kuma Alanis Morissette -oriented mutuma wanda ya shafi kundin kundin wakoki na biyu na gaba. Wadannan rakodin sun lalata kundin shirye-shiryen na ukunsu, da kundin kasida na ta na duniya, mai taken Pies Descalzos . Rikodi don kundin ya fara a watan Fabrairu 1995, bayan nasarar ta "¿Dónde Estás Corazón?" . An saki kundin, Pies Descalzos a watan Fabrairu 1996. Ya kai lamba biyar akan ginshiƙi na Manyan Labarai na Allon Amurka. Kundin ya ba da lambar yabo shida, " Estoy Aquí ", wanda ya kai lamba ta biyu a kan taswirar Latin Amurka, " Dónde Estás Corazón? " Wanda ya kai lamba biyar akan taswirar Latin Amurka, " Pies Descalzos, Sueños Blancos " wanda ya kai lamba 11 akan taswirar Latin ta Amurka, " Un Poco de Amor " wanda ya kai lamba shida akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, " Antología " wanda ya kai lamba 15 akan ginshiƙi na Amurka, da " Se quiere, Se Mata " wanda ya kai lamba ta takwas akan Amurka Tsarin Latin. A watan Agusta 1996, RIAA ta sami tabbacin matsayin kundin platinum. A watan Maris na shekarar 1996, Shakira ta ci gaba da rangadinta na farko na kasa da kasa, wanda aka sanya wa suna kawai Tour Pies Descalzos . Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi wasan kwaikwayo 20 kuma ya ƙare a 1997. Hakanan a waccan shekarar, Shakira ta karbi kyaututtuka na Billboard Latin Music na Kyauta don Album na Year don Pies Descalzos, Bidiyo na shekara don "Estoy Aqui", da Mafi kyawun Artist . Pies Descalzos daga baya ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 5, haifar da sakin kundin remix, kawai mai taken The Remixes . Har ila yau, remixes sun hada da juzu'i na Portuguese na wasu sanannun wakokinta, wadanda aka yi rikodin su saboda nasarar da ta samu a kasuwar ta Brazil, inda Pies Descalzos ta sayar da kwafin kusan miliyan daya. Album ɗinta na hudu mai taken ' Dónde Están los Ladrones'? Shakira tare da Emilio Estefan, Jr. a matsayin mai gabatarwa na zartarwa an sake shi a watan Satumbar 1998. Kundin, wanda aka yi wahayi da abin da ya faru a filin jirgin sama wanda a ciki an sace akwati mai cike da rubutattun wakoki, ya zama babban abin birgewa fiye da Pies Descalzos . Kundin kundi ya kai matsayi mafi girma na lamba 131 akan Billboard 200 kuma ya sami matsayi mafi girma akan ginshiƙi Albums na Amurka na makwanni 11. Tun daga yanzu an sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 7 a duk duniya da 1.5 miliyan kofe a cikin Amurka kadai, wanda ya sa ta zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin wakokin Spanish a cikin Amurka guda takwas an karɓa daga kundi da suka hada da " Ciega, Sordomuda ", " Moscas En La Casa ", da " Babu Creo ", wanda ya zama ta farko guda zuwa chart a kan Amurka Allon tallace-tallace <i id="mw9A">Allon tallace-tallace</i> Hot 100, " Inevitable ", " tu ", " Si Te Vas ", " Octavo Dia ", da kuma " Ojos asi ". Shakira ita ma ta sami lambar yabo ta Grammy Award na farko a 1999 don Mafi kyawun Latin Rock / Album . Shakira's album's first live, MTV Unplugged, an yi ta a cikin New York City ranar 12 ga Agusta 1999. Amincewa da manyan masu sukar Amurkawa ke yi, an nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin wasannin da ta fi yin fice. A watan Maris din 2000, Shakira ta fara ziyarar shakatawar Anfibio, yawon shakatawa na watanni biyu na Kudancin Amurka da Amurka. A watan Agusta, 2000, ta sami kyautar MTV Video Music Award a cikin taken Zaɓaɓɓun Mutane - Mashahurin Mawakin Kasa da Kasa na "Ojos Así". A watan Satumbar 2000, Shakira ta yi "Ojos Así" a wajen bikin kaddamar da lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy, inda aka ba ta jerin gwanoni guda biyar: Album of the Year da Mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto ta MTV Unplugged, Mafi kyawun Rockwar Dutse na Mace don "Octavo Día ", Mafi kyawun Vwafin Tsarin Mace Mai Tsayi da Mafi kyawun Musicaramar Bidiyo na Bidiyo don bidiyon don" Ojos Así ". 2001 --2004: Canjin Ingilishi tare da Sabis ɗin Laundry Bayan nasarar Dónde Están los Ladrones? da MTV Unplugged, Shakira ya fara aiki a kan kundin kida na Ingilishi. Ta koyi Turanci ne da taimakon Gloria Estefan . Ta yi aiki sama da shekara guda kan sabon kayan don kundin. " Duk lokacin da, " Duk inda ", da ake kira" Suerte "a cikin ƙasashen masu magana da harshen Spanish, aka fito da shi a matsayin na farko kuma yana jagoranci guda ɗaya daga cikin kundin waƙoƙin Ingilishi na farko da kundin studio na biyar a cikin tsawon tsakanin Agusta 2001 da Fabrairu 2002. Waƙar ta sami tasiri mai ƙarfi daga waƙar Andean, gami da charango da panpipes a cikin kida. Ya zama babban nasarar duniya ta hanyar kai lamba ta farko a yawancin ƙasashe. Wannan kuma shine nasarar ta farko a cikin Amurka, ta hanyar kaiwa lamba ta shida akan Hot 100. Shakira album na biyar na studio da kundin harshen Turanci na farko, mai taken Laundry Service a cikin kasashen da ke magana da Turanci da Servicio De Lavanderia a Latin Amurka da Spain, an sake su a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba 2001. Kundin album din ya yi karo da lamba uku akan kwalin Billboard 200 na Amurka, yana sayar da sama da adadi 200,000 a satin farko. Daga baya RIAA ta sami ingantaccen kundin platinum sau uku a cikin Yuni 2004. Ya taimaka wurin kafa rawar kidan Shakira a babbar kasuwar Arewacin Amurka. An dauki waƙoƙi guda bakwai daga cikin kundin kamar "Duk lokacin da, Duk Inda" / "Suerte", " Carƙashin Kayanka ", " ƙin yarda (Tango) " / " Te Aviso, Te Anuncio (Tango) ", " The Daya ", " Te Dejo Madrid "," Que Me Quedes Tú ", da" Waka zuwa Doki ". Saboda an kirkiro kundin ne saboda kasuwar Turanci, sai dutsen da kidan yaddar shakatawa ta kasar Sipaniya ta sami nasarorin mai sauki, tare da wasu masu sukar cewa kwarewar turancin ta ba ta iya rubuta wakoki; Rolling Stone, a ɗayan, ya bayyana cewa "tana jin muryar wauta" ko "sihirin Shakira ya ɓace cikin fassarar". Elizabeth Mendez Berry ta bayyana irin wannan ra'ayi a cikin " Vibe ": "Yayin da kundin wayoyinta na harshen Spanish suka haskaka da kyakkyawar kade-kade, wannan rikodin ya cika da kima, cikin kiɗa da na kiɗa. Ga masoyan Anglophone Latin, waƙoƙin Shakira an bar su da hasashe. " Duk da wannan gaskiyar, kundin ya zama mafi kyawun sayar da kundin 2002, yana sayar da kofi sama da miliyan 20 a duk duniya. kuma ta zama album mafi nasara na aikinta har yau. Kundin ya sami lakabi a matsayin babbar mai zane ta Latin a duniya. A kusa da wannan lokacin, Shakira kuma ta fitar da waƙoƙi huɗu don Pepsi don haɓakawa a cikin kasuwannin Turanci: "Ka nemi ƙari", "Pide Más", "Knock on Door na", da "Pídeme el Sol". A 2002, a MTV Icon na Aerosmith a watan Afrilun 2002, Shakira ya yi " Dude (Yayi kama da Mata) ". Ta kuma shiga cikin Cher, Whitney Houston, Celine Dion, Mary J. Blige, Anastacia, da Dixie Chicks don VH1 Divas Live Las Vegas . A watan Satumba, ta ci lambar yabo ta Zabi na Masu kallo a Duniya a MTV Video Music Awards tare da "Duk lokacin da, Duk inda". Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy Award don mafi kyawun Musicaukaka Tsarin Kiɗan Kiɗa don fassarar bidiyon Sifen. A watan Oktoba, ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Video Music Awards Latin America don Mafi kyawun Mawakin Mata, Mafi kyawun Mashahuran Art, Mafi Artist - Arewa (Yankin), Bidiyo na shekara (don "Suerte"), da kuma Artist of the Year. A watan Nuwamba, ta fara yawon shakatawa na Mongoose tare da nishaɗi 61 waɗanda ke faruwa daga Mayu 2003. Yawon shakatawa kuma ita ce farkon ziyararta ta duniya, kamar yadda aka buga ƙafafu a Arewacin Amurka, Kudancin Amurka, Turai da Asiya. Alamar Shakira, Sony BMG, ita ma ta fito da mafi girman rubuce-rubucen Spanish ɗin, Grandes Éxitos . Hakanan an fitar da DVD da kundin waƙoƙi 10, mai taken Live & Off Record, kuma an sake shi a cikin 2004, don tunawa da Yawon Mongoose. 2005–2007: Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno da Gyara Oral, Juz'i na biyu Shakira ta shida na studio album, Fijación Oral, Volumen Uno, an saki a watan Yuni 2005. Jagoran guda daya daga kundin kundin, " La Tortura ", ya kai kan 40 a kan Hot 100. Waƙar kuma ta ƙunshi tauraron sararin samaniya Alejandro Sanz . Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko da ya yi waƙar yaren Sifen a MTV Video Music Awards a 2005. An karɓi kundin album ɗin sosai. An debi lamba ta hudu a kan kwalin Billboard 200, inda aka sayar da kofi 157,000 a satin farko. Tun daga nan ta sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan biyu a cikin Amurka, ta sami takardar shaida 11 × Platinum (filin Latin) daga RIAA. Sakamakon tallace-tallace na sati na farko, kundin ya zama mafi girma na halarta na farko don kundin harshen faransanci. Bayan kawai ranar saki a Latin Amurka, kundi ya sami takaddun shaida. A Venezuela, ta sami takardar shedar Platinum, a Columbia, takardar shaidar Platinum ta sau uku, yayin da a Mexico ke buƙatar karɓar jigilar kayayyaki kuma kundi bai kasance ba bayan kwana ɗaya kawai da aka sake. Har ila yau, an sake fitowar wasu guda huɗu daga cikin kundin: " A'a ", " Día de Enero ", " La Pared ", da " Las de La Intuición ". Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 tun lokacin da aka sayar da kofi sama da miliyan hudu a duk duniya. A ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2006, Shakira ta lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy ta biyu tare da cin nasarar Best Latin Rock / Alternative Album for Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 . Ta karɓi lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy guda huɗu a cikin Nuwamba 2006, inda ta lashe lambobin yabo na Rajkodin na shekarar, Song of the Year for "La Tortura", Album of the Year da kuma mafi kyawun Vaukar hoto na Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 . Jagora na daya don kundin album na bakwai na Shakira, Oral Fixation, Vol. 2, " Kar ku damu ", ya kasa cimma nasarar ginshiƙi a Amurka ta hanyar rasa manyan 40 akan Hot 100. Amma ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a cikin mafi yawan ƙasashe na duniya. Shakira album na biyu na Ingilishi na biyu da kundin studio na bakwai, Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2, an sake shi a ranar 29 Nuwamba 2005. Kundin kundi ya buga a lamba biyar akan Billboard 200, yana sayar da kwafin 128,000 a satin farko. Kundin ya ci gaba da sayar da 1.8 rikodin miliyan a Amurka, da fiye da miliyan takwas kwafin a duk duniya. Duk da gazawar kasuwancin kundin jagora guda a Amurka, ya ci gaba da kawo karin wasu mata biyu. " Hips Kada Kuyi Layi ", wanda ya nuna Wyclef Jean, an sake shi azaman na biyu na kundin a watan Fabrairu 2006. Zai zama lambar farko ta Shakira ta farko a kan Billboard Hot 100, ban da ta kai lamba ta daya a cikin kasashe 55. Shakira da Wyclef Jean suma sun yi rikodin wakokin Bam din don zama wakar bikin rufe gasar cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA 2006 . Daga baya Shakira ta saki na uku kuma na karshe daga kundin, " Ba bisa doka ba ", wanda ya fito da Carlos Santana, a cikin Nuwamba 2006. Daga nan sai ta fara zagayawa cikin yawon shakatawa wanda aka fara a watan Yunin 2006. Yawon shakatawa ya kunshi hotuna 125 tsakanin Yuni 2006 da Yuli 2007 tare da ziyartar nahiyoyi shida. A watan Fabrairu 2007, Shakira yi karo na farko a cikin 49th Grammy Awards kuma aikata da gabatarwa domin Best Pop tare da haɗin gwiwar Vocals for "kwatangwalo kada ka karya" da Wyclef Jean. A ƙarshen 2006, Shakira da Alejandro Sanz sun haɗu don mawak'in " Te lo Agradezco, Pero No ", wanda ke fitowa a cikin kundi na Sanz El Tren de los Momentos . Waƙar ta kasance mafi girman goma da aka buga a Latin Amurka, kuma ta karɓi taswirar waƙoƙin Billboard Hot Latin Tracks. Shakira ya kuma yi aiki tare da Miguel Bosé akan mawakan " Si Tú Babu Vuše ", wanda aka saki a cikin kundin gidan Papito na Bosé . A farkon 2007, Shakira ya yi aiki tare da mawakiyar R&B Beyoncé Knowles don waƙar " Kyawawan Liar ", wanda aka saki a matsayin na biyu da aka fito daga fitowar kundin wakokin Beyoncé B'Day . A watan Afrilun 2007, ɗayan ya tsallake wurare 91, daga 94 zuwa uku, akan ginshiƙi na Billboard Hot 100, yana kafa rikodin don motsi mafi girma a cikin tarihin ginshiƙi a lokacin. Wannan kuma lambar ta farko ce a jerin Yarjejeniyar Singles ta UK . Waƙar ta samo musu lambar yabo ta Grammy don Kyautata Haɓakar Popwazo da Vaukaka . Shakira ita ma an ba ta a wakar Annie Lennox " Sing ", daga kundin waƙoƙin Mass Destruction, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi sauran mata mawaƙa 23. A ƙarshen 2007, Shakira da Wyclef Jean sun rubuta jigon biyu, "Sarki da Sarauniya". An nuna waƙar a wajan Wyclef Jean ta 2007 Carnival Vol. II: Memoirs na Baƙi . Shakira ta rubuta wakoki, tare kuma suka hada kade-kade, don sabbin wakoki guda biyu wadanda suka fito a fim din soyayya a Lokacin Cholera, dangane da littafin da mawaki dan kasar Colombia Gabriel García Márquez ya rubuta . García Marquez da kansa ya nemi Shakira don rubuta waƙoƙin. Waƙoƙin da Shakira suka bayar don sautin waƙoƙin sun kasance "Pienso en ti", waƙoƙi daga kundin waƙar Shakira na Pies Descalzos, "Hay Amores", da "Despedida". An zabi "Despedida" don Mafi Kyawun Rawa a Kyauta ta 65 ta Zinare . 2008–2010: Ta Wolf A farkon 2008, Forbes mai suna Shakira ta kasance mace ta huɗu da ta sami kuɗi a masana'antar kiɗa. Sannan, a watan Yuli na waccan shekarar, Shakira ya sanya hannu a kan $ 300 miliyan kwangila tare da Live Nation, wanda zai kasance yana aiki har shekaru goma. Uringungiyar masu yawon shakatawa kuma ta ninka matsayin rakodin rikodi wanda ke inganta, amma ba ya sarrafawa, waƙar da masu fasahar sa ke sakewa. Yarjejeniyar Shakira tare da Epic Records ya kira ƙarin kundin hotuna guda uku kuma - daya cikin Ingilishi, ɗayan Spanish, da tarawa, amma an tabbatar da rangadin da sauran haƙƙin yarjejeniyar Live Nation ta fara aiki nan take. A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 2009, Shakira ya yi a bikin Lincoln " Muna Daya Mu " don girmama bikin rantsar da Shugaba Barack Obama . Ta yi " Mafi Girma ƙasa " tare da Stevie Wonder da Usher . She Wolf, an sake shi a watan Oktoba na 2009 a cikin gida kuma a ranar 23 Nuwamba 2009 a Amurka Kundin ya karɓi mafi kyawun ra'ayoyi daga masu sukar, kuma an haɗa shi a cikin ƙarshen shekara ta "All Albusic Albums," "umsan Albums na Latin," da kuma jerin sunayen "Abubuwan Aljihunan Pop Albattu". Ita Wolf ta isa lamba ta daya a jerin hotunan Argentina, Ireland, Italiya, Mexico da Switzerland. Hakanan an tsara shi cikin manyan biyun a Spain, Jamus da United Kingdom. An kirga shi da lamba goma sha biyar akan <i id="mwAdg">Billboard</i> 200 . Ita Wolf ta sami karbuwa na platinum sau biyu a Columbia da Mexico, da platinum a Italiya da Spain, da zinare a kasashe da dama ciki har da Faransa da Ingila. Kundin ya sayar da 2 miliyan biyu kofe a duk duniya, zama ɗaya daga cikin albuman wasan kwaikwayon Shakira mafi ƙarancin ingancin studio har yau dangane da tallace-tallace. A watan Mayu, Shakira ya yi hadin gwiwa tare da kungiyar Afirka ta Kudu Freshlyground don kirkirar waka ta zahiri a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA a Afirka ta Kudu a 2010 . " Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci for Afirka) ", wanda dogara ne a kan wani gargajiya na Kamaru sojoji ta Fang song mai taken " Zangalewa " da kungiyar Zangalewa ko Golden Sauti . Daga baya ya kai ga manyan kasashe 20 a Turai, Kudancin Amurka da Afirka da kuma manyan 40 a Amurka kuma Shakira ce ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya. Ya zama mafi girman-sayar da Gasar cin Kofin Duniya na kowane lokaci. 2010-2015: Sale el Sol da Shakira A watan Oktoba na 2010, Shakira ta fito da kundin shirye-shiryenta na tara, mai taken Sale el Sol . Kundin ya karɓi yabo mai mahimmanci kuma an haɗa shi a cikin 'All Albusic' Albums na 2010 da aka fi so da jerin sunayen itean Wasannin Latin na 2010 "na ƙarshen shekara. A yayin bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta Latin Latin ta 2011, an zabi Sale el Sol don " Album of the Year " da " Mafi kyawun Maballin Var Popaukakar Mace ", inda ya lashe kyautar a rukunin na ƙarshe. Kasuwanci wannan kundin nasara ce a duk faɗin Turai da Kudancin Amurka, Sale el Sol ya nuna alamun attajirin ƙasashen Belgium, Croatia, Faransa, Mexico, Portugal da Spain. A cikin Amurka, an yi <i id="mwAgM">lissafin</i> lamba 7 a kan <i id="mwAgM">taswirar Billboard na</i> Amurka 200 wanda ke nuna mafi girma na farko ga kundin Latin a shekara kuma shi ne kundin album na biyar da Shakira ya fara a lamba ta farko. A cewar Billboard, kashi 35% na tallace-tallace na makon farko an yaba da su ne don siyayya mai ƙarfi na dijital. Hakanan kundin ya sanya lamba daya a duka manyan kundin kundin Latin, da taswirar Latin Pop Albums, tare da samun babban tallace-tallace na dijital a yankin. Jagoran guda daya, " Loca ", shine lamba daya a cikin kasashe da yawa. Kundin ya sayar da kofi fiye da miliyan 1 a duk duniya cikin makonni 6, kuma sama da miliyan 4 tun lokacin da aka fito da shi. A watan Satumbar, Shakira ta hau kan Sun Sunzo Yawon Duniya, don tallafawa wasu kundin wakoki biyu da ta kwanannan. Ziyarar ta ziyarci kasashe a Arewacin Amurka, Turai, Kudancin Amurka, Asiya, da Afirka tare da nishadi 107 cikin duka. Wadanda suka so yin yawon shakatawa sun nuna shakku kan lamarin, wadanda suka yaba da kasancewar matakin Shakira da kwazonta yayin wasanninta. A 9 Nuwamba 2011, Shakira ya kasance mai daraja a matsayin Latin na Kwalejin Hoto na Latin kuma ya yi murfin waƙar Joe Arroyo "En Barranquilla Me Quedo" a Cibiyar Ayyukan Mandalay Bay a matsayin kyauta ga mawaƙin, wanda ya mutu a baya cewa shekara. A shekara ta 2010 Shakira tare da hadin gwiwar rakumi Pitbull don rera taken " Samu Ya Fara ", wanda aka shirya shi zai zama jagora guda daya daga cikin kundin shirye-shiryen Pitbull mai zuwa, Duniya Warming . An sake ɗayan ɗayan ranar 28 ga Yuni 2012. An kuma sanya ta a Roc Nation a karkashin jagorancin gudanar da kundin shirye-shiryenta mai zuwa. A ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2012, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira da Usher za su maye gurbin Christina Aguilera da CeeLo Green don wasa na huɗu na TV na Amurka Muryar, tare da Adam Levine da Blake Shelton . Shakira ta sanar da cewa za ta mai da hankali kan sabon kundin wakinta a cikin bazara kuma daga karshe ta dawo domin wasan ta na shida a watan Fabrairun 2014. Shakira da farko ta yi shirin fito da sabon kundin wakinta a shekarar 2012, amma saboda haihuwarta, an yi jinkiri kan sakin guda da bidiyon. A watan Disambar 2013, an ba da sanarwar cewa sabuwar Shakira ta yi jinkiri har zuwa watan Janairun 2014. Shakira's album mai taken lakabi na goma na fim din aka sake shi daga 25 Maris 2014. Kasuwanci album ɗin sun yi ƙibla a lamba biyu a kan <i id="mwAjw">taswirar Billboard na</i> Amurka 200 tare da tallan tallan farko na kwafin 85,000. Yin hakan, Shakira ta zama mafi girman mawaƙan mawaƙa akan ginshiƙi, kodayake ta sami mafi ƙarancin siyar da aka siyar a sati na farko (don kundin harshen Ingilishi). Kundin katange guda uku. Bayan fitowar mawaƙa guda biyu ta farko daga kundi, " Ba za ku iya tunawa ba ku manta da ku " da " Empire ". RCA ta zaɓi "Dare (La La La)" a matsayin na uku. An fito da nau'in gasar cin kofin duniya a hukumance a ranar 27 ga Mayu don tasirin tashoshin rediyo, yana da fasalin mawaƙin Brazil Carlinhos Brown . A ranar 13 Yuli 2014, Shakira ya yi " La La La (Brazil 2014) " tare da Carlinhos Brown a wurin bikin rufe gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA na 2014 a filin wasa na Maracanã . Wannan wasan ya zama bayyanuwa ta uku a jere a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. 2016 – yanzu: El Dorado da Super Bowl LIV Shakira tana da rawar murya a cikin Disney animation fim din Zootopia, wanda ya nuna guda ɗaya " Gwada Komai ", wanda aka saki a 10 Fabrairu 2016. Shakira ta fara aiki a kan kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya a farkon 2016. A watan Mayun 2016, ta yi aiki tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Carlos Vives akan waƙar " La Bicicleta ", wacce ta je lashe lambar yabo ta Latin Grammy don rakodin shekarar da Song of the Year . A ranar 28 ga Oktoba 2016, Shakira ta saki “ Chantaje ” guda ɗaya tare da mawakiyar Kolombiya Maluma ; duk da cewa waƙar waka ce daga kundin shirye-shirye na goma sha ɗaya mai zuwa, ba a yi niyyar zama shi kaɗai ba. Waƙar ta zama bidiyon YouTube da aka fi gani a YouTube, sama da 2.1 biliyan biliyan tun daga 1 Yuni 2018. A 7 Afrilu 2017, Shakira ya saki waƙar " Me Enamoré " a matsayin jami'in hukuma na biyu da aka karɓa daga kundin shirye-shiryenta na goma sha ɗaya El Dorado , wanda aka saki a 26 Mayu 2017. Ta kuma fito da waƙar " Perro Fiel " wanda ke nuna Nicky Jam a matsayin wacce ta inganta don kundin a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2017. Sanarwar hukumarta a matsayin na uku ta faru a 15 Satumba 2017, a wannan ranar bidiyon kiɗan nata, wanda aka yi fim a Barcelona a ranar 27 Yuli 2017, an sake shi. Kafin a sake shi azaman guda, "Perro Fiel" an riga an tabbatar dashi azaman zinare a Spain don siyar da kofen 20,000 akan 30 ga Agusta 2017. An ba da sanarwar yawon shakatawa na El Dorado a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2017, ta hanyar asusun Shakira ta hanyar Twitter, kuma Rakuten ya shirya shi. Sauran abokan aikin da aka sanar da rangadin sune Live Nation Entertainment 's's World Toing Division (wacce a baya tayi hadin gwiwa da Shakira akan ita The Sun Comes World Tour ) da Citi, wacce sanarwar ta fitar mai suna, bi da bi, mai samarwa da kuma katin bashi na wasan Arewacin Amurka na yawon shakatawa. Za a fara rangadin, a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, a Cologne, Jamus. Amma saboda matsalolin muryar da mawakiyar ta samu lokacin karatun ta, an soke ranar wata daya kafin jadawalin balaguro na asali, kuma an sanar da cewa za a sake sabunta ta zuwa wani lokaci mai zuwa. A ranar 9 ga Nuwamba, saboda wannan dalili, ita ma ta ba da sanarwar jinkirtawa zuwa ranakun da za a sanya a gaba, don tantancewa da sanarwa, ga duka wasannin a Paris, da kuma wadanda ke biye a Antwerp da Amsterdam . A ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, Shakira ta ba da sanarwar, ta hanyar shafukan sada zumuntarta, inda ta bayyana cewa ta sami jinya a cikin murfin dama na ƙarshenta a ƙarshen Oktoba, a jerin karatunta na ƙarshe, kuma don haka ta buƙaci ta saki muryarta don wani lokaci don murmurewa; wannan ya tilasta jinkiri game da rangadin na balaguron Turai zuwa 2018. Ana sa ran za a sanar da ranakun Latin ta Amurka daga baya, lokacin da yawon shakatawa ya ci gaba. Akwai shirye-shiryen kawo ziyarar, lokacin da ya dawo, zuwa kasashe kamar Jamhuriyar Dominica . Bugu da kari, wani dan jarida daga mujallar jaridar Brazil mai suna Destak ya sanar, a shafinsa na Twitter, cewa mawaki dan kasar Columbia zai ziyarci Brazil a watan Maris mai zuwa. Koyaya, a cewar wannan jaridar, saboda yanayin Shakira don ta murmure daga cutar sankarar macen-ta, an kuma sanya ranakun Latin Amurka zuwa rabin na biyu na 2018. Daga qarshe, Shakira ta murmure sosai daga cutarwar jinin da ta sha ta kuma sake komawa ranta, tana yin a Hamburg, Jamus ranar 3 ga Yuni 2018. A watan Janairun 2018 ta sanar da ranakun zagayowar ranar balaguronta ta El Dorado . Ta fara farkon tafiyarta a Turai, daga Hamburg, Jamus a ranar 3 Yuni sannan ta ƙare a Barcelona, Spain a 7 Yuli. Daga nan sai ta ɗan dakata a Asiya a ranakun 11 da 13 ga Yuli, bayan haka ta tafi Arewacin Amurka. Ta fara lokacinta a can ranar 3 ga watan Agusta a Chicago kuma ta kare a San Francisco ranar 7 ga Satumba. Ziyarar ta ta zama ta Latin Amurka, an fara ne a Mexico City a ranar 11 ga Oktoba kuma ta ƙare a Bogota, Columbia ranar 3 Nuwamba. A watan Fabrairu na 2020, ita da Jennifer Lopez sun yi wasan share fage na wasan Super Bowl LIV . A cewar <i id="mwAqU">Billboard</i>, wasan rabin-lokaci yana da ra'ayin mutane miliyan 103. A YouTube, ya zama mafi yawan wasan kwaikwayon hutun lokaci a wancan lokaci. Game da wakokinta, Shakira ta faɗi cewa, "kiɗan da nake yi, ina tsammanin, haɗuwa ne da abubuwa daban-daban. Kuma koyaushe ina yin gwaji. Don haka na yi kokarin kada in takaita kaina, ko sanya kaina a wani rukuni, ko ... kasance mai zanen gidan kaso na. " Shakira ta faɗi a koyaushe cewa ta yi wahayi zuwa ga waƙar juyayi da waƙar Indiya, waɗanda suka rinjayi yawancin ayyukanta na baya. Har ila yau, al'adunta na larabawa sun yi tasiri a kansu, wanda hakan babban abin alfahari ne ga nasarar da ta samu a duniya da ta buga " Ojos Así ". Ta gaya wa Talabijin na Portuguese, "Yawancin ƙungiyoyi na sun kasance al'adun Arabiya ne." Ta kuma ambaci iyayenta da cewa sun kasance manyan masu bayar da gudummawa ga salon rawarta. Tana kuma yin tasiri sosai ta kade-kade ta Andean da kade- kaden gargajiya na Kudancin Amurka, ta yin amfani da kayan kida don wakokin Latin-pop-Latin. albunan ta na Spanish na baya, ciki har da Pies Descalzos da Dónde Están los Ladrones? kasance wani mix na jama'a kiɗan da Latin dutsen. Kundin kundin turanci na Girka, Laundry Service da kuma kundin albums daga baya ya rinjayi pop pop da pop Latino . "Sabis ɗin wanki" shine farko album na dutsen pop, amma kuma yana jawo tasiri daga nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa. Mawaƙar ta yaba da wannan ga ƙabarta da aka hade ta, tana cewa: "Ni mai rikicewa ne. Wannan na ne. Ni sabani ne tsakanin baƙar fata da fari, tsakanin pop da dutsen, tsakanin al'adu - tsakanin mahaifina na Lebanon da kuma mahaifiyar mahaifiyata ta Sifen, wasan gargajiya na Columbia da kidan Arab da nake ƙauna da kidan Amurika. " Abubuwan larabawa da na Gabas ta Tsakiya waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai akan Dónde Están los Ladrones? Har ila yau suna nan a cikin Sabis na Laundry, galibi a kan "Eyes like Yours" / "Ojos Así". Hanyoyin kiɗa daga ƙasashe Kudancin Amurka sun haɗu akan kundin. Tango, wani salon rawa mai cike da rawa da sauri wanda ya samo asali daga Argentina, ya fito fili a kan "Objection (Tango)", wanda kuma ya hada abubuwan dutsen da kuma zane . A uptempo hanya siffofi da wani guitar solo da wata gada a wadda Shakira kai rap -like maher. She Wolf ita ce kundin tsari na electropop wanda ya haɗu da tasiri daga tsarin kide kide na ƙasashe da yankuna daban-daban, kamar Afirka, Kolumbia, Indiya, da Gabas ta Tsakiya. Shakira cinye da album a matsayin "Sonic gwaji tafiya", ya ce cewa ta gudanar da bincike kaden daga kasashe daban-daban domin "hada lantarki da duniya sauti, kuwaru, clarinets, na Gabas kuma Hindu music, Dancehall, da dai sauransu" Kwakwalwar ta 2010, Sale el Sol, dawowa ne ga farkonta wanda ya kunshi balands, waƙoƙin dutsen, da waƙoƙin Latin kamar " Loca ". Lokacin yana yarinya, Shakira ya rinjayi kiɗan kiɗan dutsen, yana sauraron manyan kiɗa kamar Led Zeppelin, Beatles, Nirvana, 'Yan Sanda da U2, yayin da sauran tasirinsa sun haɗa da Gloria Estefan, Madonna, Sheryl Crow, Alanis Morissette, Marc Anthony, Meredith Brooks da The Cure . Shakira sanannu ne saboda rawar da take yi a cikin bidiyon kide-kide iri-iri da kuma kide-kide. Yunkurin da ta yi ya danganta ne da yanayin wasan rawa, wani bangare ne na al'adun Lebanon . Kullum tana yin daddare ; Shakira ta ce ta koyi irin wannan rawar yayin ƙuruciya tun ƙuruciya don shawo kan jin kunya. Ta kuma ambata a cikin wata hira ta MTV cewa ta koyi yadda ake ciki rawar ciki ta ƙoƙarin jefa wani tsabar kudin tare da ita. Sabanin rawar rawar Shakira an ce ta kebanta da ita a masana'antar da ta haɗu da rawar tsakiyar Gabas ta Tsakiya da rawar Latin. An ambaci rawar gwiwa hip a cikin waƙoƙi, kamar Fifth Harmony 's “Brave Honest kyakkyawa kyakkyawa”. Shakira ta sami lambobin yabo da yabo da yawa ga aikinta. Shakira ta sayar da fiye da miliyan 75 na rikodin duniya. Tsarin Kayan Watsa Labarai na Nielsen ya ce " Hips Kada Kuyi Layi " shine mafi kyawun waƙar da aka fi so a cikin mako guda a tarihin rediyo na Amurka. An buga shi sau 9,637 cikin sati daya. Shakira ta zama mawaki na farko a tarihin zane-zane na Billboard wanda ya sami lambar kwatankwacin lamba ta biyu akan Manyan Maina na 40 da kuma Yarjejeniyar Latin a cikin mako guda tare da yin haka "Hips Kada Kuyi Layi". Ari ga haka, ita kaɗai ce ɗan zane daga Kudancin Amurka da ta isa wurin lamba-aya a jerin Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka, jadawalin ARIA na Australiya, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Singles UK . Waƙarta " La Tortura " a lokaci ɗaya ta riƙe rikodin don ginshiƙi na Billboard's Hot Latin Tracks ginshiƙi, yana fitowa a lamba-daya fiye da kowane guda tare da jimlar makonni 25 ba a jere ba, rakodin da a yanzu Enrique Iglesias ke riƙe da shi " Bailando "tare da makonni 41. Nokia ta bayyana a cikin shekarar 2010, cewa akwai karin waƙoƙin Shakira a cikin shekarar da ta gabata fiye da kowane mawakiyar Latino a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, kuma She Wolf ta kasance a cikin manyan abubuwanda aka saukar da 10 Latino. A shekarar 2010, ta kasance lamba 5 a kan '' Video Video's Mafi Yawancin Kwalliyar Horar da Mazauni na shekarar 2010 'tare da ra'ayoyi 404,118,932. A shekarar 2011, an karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mutumin Cibiyar Rajista na Latin na shekarar 2011 . Hakanan ta sami tauraro akan Hollywood Walk of Fame wacce take a 6270 Hollywood Blvd. Tun da farko, an ba ta tauraruwa ne akan Hollywood Walk of Fame a shekarar 2004, amma ta ki karbar tayin. A shekarar 2012, ta samu karramawar ta Chevalier De L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres . A cikin 2014, Shakira ya zama wasan kwaikwayon kiɗa na farko da ya yi sau uku a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na FIFA. A wannan shekarar, Aleiodes shakirae, an sanya sunan wani sabon nau'in cutar parasitic bayan ta saboda yana sa mai masaukin ya 'girgiza kuma yayi biris' A cikin shekarar 2018, Spotify ta hada Shakira a cikin jerin manyan 10 mata masu zane-zane mata na shekaru goma akan dandamali, wanda ya sanya ta zama mafi girman zane-zane na Latin. Yanzu ta cancanci dala miliyan 300. A shekara ta 2006, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai tsini shida, tsayin kafa 16 na Shakira wanda mawakiyar Jamusawa Dieter Patt ya kafa a Barranquilla ta mahaifar Shakira a wurin shakatawa kusa da Estadio Metropolitano Roberto Meléndez, inda Shakira ta yi yayin Tafiya Gyarawar Oral . A watan Yuli na shekarar 2018 Shakira ta ziyarci Tannourine a Lebanon wanda shi ne ƙauyen iyayen kakarta. A yayin ziyarar Shakira ta ziyarci cibiyar ajiyar dabbobi a Tannourine, inda aka sanya mata wani fili a gandun daji, suna riƙe da suna “Shakira Isabelle Mebarak” Shakira fitacciyar mawakiya ce a waƙar Latin, kuma haɓakarta ga kasuwannin duniya ita ce irin da jaridar New York Times ta kirata da "Titan of Latin Pop" saboda matsayinta na musamman kuma jagorar kida a cikin kidan Latin tana cewa "Shakira ta titan Latin pop ce. . Duk da cewa sababbin tsararrun masu fasahar masu magana da harshen Spanish suna tsallaka zuwa fagen wakokin Amurka, fitowar Shakira ita kadai. ” Haka kuma, Forbes tana daukar Shakira a matsayin “abin mamaki” saboda nasarar da ba ta iya cim ma ta da daya daga cikin Latinas mafi karfi a duniya. Kwakwalwarta wacce ba a taɓa gani ba ta sa wa sauran masu fasaha na Latin Amurka ƙoƙarin hayewa, misali guda ɗaya shine tauraruwar mawakiyar Mexico Paulina Rubio, tana da MTV tana cewa "babu wata tambaya cewa Shakira ta buɗe ƙofofin a wannan ƙasa don masu zane-zane kamar Rubio su yi nasara." Bayan crossover, kasancewarta ta duniya da kuma yadda take kasancewa ta zama babba don <i id="mwA28">mujallar TIME</i> ta kira Shakira a matsayin "tatsuniyar tatsuniya." Yawancin masu zane-zane sun ambaci Shakira a matsayin gumakansu ko kuma wahayi kuma suna shafar ta, kamar Beyoncé, Rihanna, Lauren Jauregui, Rita Ora, Justin Bieber, Maluma, Karol G, Natti Natasha, Lele Pons, Andres Cuervo, da Camila Cabello . Sauran hanyoyin Shakira ya shiga cikin sauran kasuwanni da masana'antu da yawa. Ta yi aiki ne a cikin gidan Telebijin na El Columbia a shekarar 1994, tare da halayen Luisa Maria. Shakira ta fara layin nata mai kyau, " S ta Shakira ", tare da kamfanin iyayen Puig, a shekara ta 2010. Daga cikin turare na farko da ta fitar sun hada da "S ta Shakira" da "S ta Shakira Eau Florale", tare da kayan shafawa da feshin jiki. Tun daga shekarar 2019, ta fitar da kamshi guda 30, baya kirga ire-iren gasa. A 17 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2015, an nuna ta a matsayin tsuntsu mai iya samarwa a cikin wasan Angry Birds POP! na karamin lokaci, kuma a cikin gasa ta musamman a wasan Angry Birds abokai bayan makwanni kadan. A 15 Oktoba 2015, Love Rocks wanda aka yiwa wajan Shakira shine wasan bidiyo na farko da ya nuna tauraron pop. A 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, a Disney 's D23 Expo, an ba da sanarwar cewa Shakira za ta taka rawa a cikin fim din Zootopia na Disney ; Za ta yi wa Gazelle babbar murya a Zootopia. Shakira kuma ta ba da gudummawar waƙa ta asali ga fim ɗin, mai taken " Gwada Komai ", wanda Sia da Stargate suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa shi. Wannan ya buɗe wa ofishin nasara rikodin ofishi a ƙasashe da yawa kuma ya sami ribar sama da $ 1 a duk duniya biliyan, wanda ya sa ya zama fim na huɗu mafi girma na shekara ta 2016 da fim na 43 mafi girma-na kowane lokaci . Aiki agaji da siyasa A shekara ta 1997, Shakira ta kafa gidauniyar Pies Descalzos, wata cibiyar ba da gudummawa ta Colombia tare da makarantu na musamman ga yara matalauta a duk ƙasar Colombia. Shakira da sauran kungiyoyi na duniya da daidaikun mutane sun tallata shi. An dauki sunan kafuwar daga kundin zane-zane na Shakira na uku, Pies Descalzos, wanda ta saki a 1995. Babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali a kai shine tallafawa ta hanyar ilimi, kuma kungiyar tana da makarantu guda biyar a duk fadin Columbia wadanda ke ba da ilimi da abinci ga yara 4,000. A 27 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2014 Shakira ta sami karimci tare da Gwarzon Hero a Kyautar Rawar Rediyon Sadarwa na Radio Disney saboda aikinta na Fundación Pies Descalzos. Shakira jakadan UNICEF ne na son alheri kuma yana daya daga cikin wakilansu na duniya. Ranar 3 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 2006, Shakira ta sami karbuwa a wajen bikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na kirkirar Gidauniyar Pies Descalzos. A watan Maris na shekarar 2010, kungiyar kwadago ta kasa da kasa ta ba shi lambar yabo don nuna girmamawarsa, kamar yadda Shugaban kwadago na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Juan Somavia ya sanya shi, “jakada na gaskiya ga yara da matasa, don ingantaccen ilimi da adalci na zamantakewa”. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2010, bayan kammala a matsayin lambar yabo ta MTV Turai Music Awards, mawakiyar Columbia ta sami lambar yabo ta MTV Free Your Mind saboda ci gaba da kwazo don inganta damar neman ilimi ga dukkan yara a duniya. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2011, Gidauniyar FC Barcelona da Pies descalzos sun cimma yarjejeniya game da ilimin yara ta hanyar wasanni. An karrama Shakira a Latin Grammys a matsayin Mawallafin Kwafi na Latin na shekarar a ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2011, saboda kyakyawan aikinta da kuma gudummawar da aka bayar a Latin Music. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2010, Shakira ya nuna rashin jituwa da shugaban Faransa Nicolás Sarkozy da kuma manufofinsa na korar mutanen Romani daga kasar . A cikin Spanish edition na mujallar GQ, ta kuma umarci 'yan kalmomi ga Sarkozy, "Mu ne duk gypsies ". A cikin hirar ta bayyana ra'ayinta a fili cewa: "Abin da ke faruwa a yanzu ga su (abubuwan motsa jiki) zai faru da yaranmu da yaranmu. Dole ne mu juyo ga 'yan kasar mu muyi hakkokin bil'adama tare da la'antar duk abin da muke tsammani ba ". A ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2018, yayin wata ziyara zuwa mahaifarta, Barranquilla, don gina makaranta ta hanyar Barefoot Foundation (Pies Descalzos Foundation), Shakira ya yi magana game da manufofin ilimi na gwamnati a ƙarƙashin Ivan Duque (Shugaban Columbia, 2018–2022). Da take magana a kan manufofin gwamnati na rage kasafin kudin ilimi na kasa daga kashi 13% zuwa 7%, ta ce, "Wannan abu ne da ba za a yarda da shi ba. Ya nuna cewa maimakon ci gaba gaba muna tafiya da baya. Muna bukatar kara saka hannun jari a harkar ilimi kuma muna bukatar gina karin makarantu a wuraren da babu ''. Ta kuma yi magana game da rashin daidaituwar zamantakewa da rashin zuwa makaranta . Rayuwar ta Shakira ya fara dangantaka da lauya dan kasar Argentina Antonio de la Rúa a shekara ta 2000. A cikin hirar shekarar 2009, Shakira ya ce dangantakar tasu ta riga ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'aurata, kuma "ba sa bukatar takaddar hakan". Bayan shekaru 10 tare, Shakira da de la Rúa sun rabu cikin watan Agusta shekarar 2010 a cikin abin da ta bayyana a matsayin "yanke shawara don ɗaukar lokaci ban da dangantakarmu ta soyayya". Ta rubuta cewa ma'auratan "suna kallon wannan lokacin rabuwa a zaman na ɗan lokaci", tare da de la Rúa da ke lura da "sha'anin kasuwanci da aiki kamar yadda ya saba koyaushe". Kamar yadda aka bayar da rahoton farko a watan Satumba shekarar 2012, de la Rúa ya kai kara ga Shakira a watan Afrilun shekarar 2013, yana neman $ 100 Miliyon da ya yi imanin ya ci bashi bayan Shakira kwatsam ta dakatar da kawancen kasuwanci da shi a watan Oktoba shekarar 2011 Wani alkalin kotun lardi na Los Angeles County ya kori kararsa a watan Agusta shekarar 2013. Shakira ta shiga dangantaka da dan wasan kwallon kafa na Spain Gerard Piqué, wanda ke taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Barcelona da kuma kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasar Sipaniya a shekarar 2011. Piqué, wacce shekarunta sun kai shekaru goma, sun fara haduwa da Shakira a cikin bazarar 2010, lokacin da ya fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar Shakira " Waka Waka (Wannan Lokaci don Afirka) ", wakar hukuma na 2010 FIFA World Cup . Shakira ta haifi ɗa ta fari ta Milan a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2013 a Barcelona, Spain, inda dangin suka koma zama. Shakira ta haifi ɗa na biyu Sasha a ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 2015. Magia Peligro Pies Descalzos Dónde Están narayanan? Sabis ɗin Laundry Fijación Oral, Vol. 1 Gyaran Oral, Vol. 2 She Wolf Sale el Sol Shakira El Dorado Yawon shakatawa AautunZiyarci Pies Descalzos Yafiya Anfibio Zagayen Mongoose Tafiya na Gyara Harafi Rana Tazo Yawon Duniya Balaguron Duniya na Do Do Shakira 2021 Yawon Duniya Dubi kuma link=\|class=noviewer Portal Portal link=\|border\|class=noviewer Portal portal link=\|class=noviewer Filin kiɗan Latin Jerin lambobin yabo da nadin da Shakira ta bayar Jerin wakoki da Shakira suka rera Jerin masu zane da suka kai lamba ta daya a Amurka Jerin masu fasahar zane waɗanda suka kai lamba ɗaya akan jadawalin wasannin Dancewallon Ruwa na Amurka Artistswararrun masu fasahar kasa da kasa a Brazil Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan Latin Jerin sunayen masu fasahar kiɗan mafi kyawu a cikin Amurka Jerin masu fasahar kiɗan kiɗan Jerin jerin gwanon kiɗa mafi kyau Jerin masu zane-zane na Billboard Social 50 50-daya Jerin manyan masu fasahar kiɗan wakoki a Amurka Pages with unreviewed translations
49299	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling%20na%20Somaliya	Shilling na Somaliya	Shilling na Somaliya ( alama : Sh.So.; Somali ; ; Italian; TS EN ISO 4217 : SOS) kudin hukuma ne na Somaliya . An raba shi zuwa senti 100 (Somalia, kuma ), cents (Ingilishi) ko (Italiya). Tarihin farko Shilling ya kasance kudin wasu sassa na Somaliya tun shekara ta 1921, lokacin da aka fara amfani da shilling na Gabashin Afrika zuwa tsohuwar yankin Somaliland na Burtaniya . Bayan samun yancin kai na 1960 da hadewar tsoffin yankuna na British Somaliland da Italian Somaliland, kudaden su daban-daban, Shilling na Gabashin Afrika da somalo (wanda suke daidai da darajar) an maye gurbinsu a daidai lokacin 1962 da Shilling na Somaliya. Sunayen da aka yi amfani da su ga mazhabobin sa sun kasance cent (maɗaukaki: centesimo; jam'i: centesimi) da (jam'i: ), tare da shilling ( mufurai: scellino; jam'i: scellini) da Bayanan banki A ranar 15 ga Oktoba, 1962, Banca Nazionale Somala (Bankin Ƙasa na Somaliya) ya ba da bayanan kula da 5, 10, 20 da 100 scellini/shillings. A cikin 1975, Bankiga National Somali (Bankin Ƙasa na Somaliya) ya ƙaddamar da bayanin kula na shilin/shilin 5, 10, 20 da 100. An bi waɗannan a cikin 1978 ta bayanan bayanan ɗarikoki guda ɗaya da Bankiga Dhexe Ee Soomaaliya ( Babban Bankin Somaliya ) suka fitar. A shekarar 1983 ne aka fara amfani da kudin shilin/shilin 50, sai kuma shilin/shilling 500 a shekarar 1989 sai kuma shilin/shilling 1000 a shekarar 1990. An yi ƙoƙari a cikin 1990 don sake fasalin kuɗin a 100 zuwa 1, tare da sababbin takardun banki na 20 da 50 na sabon shilin da aka shirya don sake fasalin. Tsabar kuɗi Da farko, tsabar kuɗin da ake zagawa su ne na Shilling na Gabashin Afirka da kuma na somalo. A cikin 1967, an ba da tsabar kuɗi da sunan Jamhuriyar Somaliya a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10 da 50 cents/centesimi da 1 shilling/scellino. A cikin 1976, lokacin da aka gabatar da sunayen Somaliyawa na ƙungiyoyin, an fitar da tsabar kudi da sunan Jamhuriyar Demokradiyar Somaliya akan 5, 10 da 50 senti da shilling 1. Tarihin zamani Kafin yakin basasa An daidaita shilling zuwa Sterling a farashin shillings 20 zuwa £1 stg. A shekarar 1967, ta canza sheka zuwa dalar Amurka a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba, 1967, lokacin da Sterling ya rage darajarsa, inda ya ba da canjin dala 1 = 7.14286 shillings. A ranar 28 ga Agusta 1971, tare da rushewar tsarin Bretton Woods, an kiyasta shilling a 0.124414 grams na zinariya. A ranar 23 ga Disamba 1971, an mayar da ita zuwa dalar Amurka, a wannan karon akan dala 1 = 6.57895 shillings. An rage darajar Shilling da kashi 5% zuwa 1 dala = 6.92522 shillings a ranar 8 ga Janairun 1972. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 1973, peg zuwa dala ya zama 6.23272 shillings. An kafa tsarin farashi biyu a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1981, tare da farashin shillings 6.295 zuwa dalar Amurka a hukumance da kuma canjin canjin na biyu daga 12.4654 zuwa 12.7146 shillings zuwa dala. An sami raguwar darajar kudin Somaliya da yawa: 1 Yuli 1982: Peg tare da SDR = 16.50 shillings (± 7.5 band akan 1 Yuli 1983) 15 Satumba 1984: Peg tare da USD = 26 shillings (kudin hukuma) 1 Janairu 1985: Peg tare da USD = 36 shillings (kudin hukuma) 30 Yuni 1985: Peg tare da USD = 40.6083 shillings (kudin hukuma) 2 Nuwamba 1985: Peg tare da USD = 42.50 shillings (kudin hukuma) An rage darajar Shilling na Somaliya daga 54.50 SOS/US zuwa 90.50 SOS/USD a shekarar 1986. Akwai farashin musaya da yawa. 12 Oktoba 1987: Peg tare da USD = 100 shillings (kudin hukuma) A ranar 29 ga watan Disambar 1989, an canja dalar Amurka shillings 924, inda ta haura zuwa shillings 3,470 a karshen shekarar 1990. Rashin tsari Bayan rugujewar gwamnatin tsakiya da ta biyo bayan yakin basasar da aka fara a farkon shekarun 1990, darajar Shilling ta Somaliya ta fadi. Babban bankin Somaliya, hukumar kula da hada-hadar kudi ta kasar, shi ma ya rufe ayyuka. Masu kera kishiyoyin kuɗin gida, gami da ƙungiyoyin yanki masu cin gashin kansu kamar yankin Puntland, daga baya sun fito. Wadannan kudaden sun hada da Na shilling, wanda ya kasa samun karbuwa sosai, da Balweyn I da II, na jabun takardun banki kafin 1991. Gasar neman ƙetare ta kori darajar zuwa kusan $0.04 akan kowane bayanin ShSo , kusan farashin kayayyaki. Har ila yau, masu amfani da kayayyaki sun ƙi karɓar lissafin kuɗi fiye da ƙungiyoyin 1991, wanda ya taimaka wajen dakatar da rage darajar daga ci gaba zuwa sama. Bayanan kula kafin 1991 da jabun jabun da suka biyo baya an bi su azaman kuɗi ɗaya. Ya ɗauki manyan daure don yin siyayyar kuɗi, kuma ana yawan amfani da dalar Amurka don manyan ma'amaloli. A karshen shekarun 2000, sabuwar gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Somaliya ta farfado da rugujewar Babban Bankin Somaliya . Hukumomin kuɗi sun ɗauki aikin duka tsarawa da aiwatar da manufofin kuɗi. Sakamakon rashin kwarin gwiwa kan Shilling na Somaliya, Amurka Dalar dai ta samu karbuwa sosai a matsayin hanyar musanya tare da Shilling na Somaliya. Dalar Amurka duk da haka, yawan fitar da shilling na Somaliya ya ƙara rura wutar hauhawar farashin kayayyaki, musamman ma kasuwanci mai rahusa. Sabon Babban Bankin Somaliya na sa ran wannan yanayi na hauhawar farashin kayayyaki zai zo karshe da zaran babban bankin ya karbi cikakken ikon kula da manufofin hada-hadar kudi tare da maye gurbin kudaden da ake yawo a halin yanzu da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu suka bullo da su. Tare da ingantaccen tsaro a cikin gida, 'yan gudun hijirar Somaliya sun fara komawa kasar don samun damar saka hannun jari. Haɗe tare da ƙananan saka hannun jari na ketare, shigar kuɗaɗen ya taimaka wa Shilling na Somaliya ya ƙaru sosai a darajarsa. A watan Maris na 2014, kuɗin ya ƙaru da kusan kashi 60 bisa dalar Amurka sama da watanni 12 da suka gabata. Shilling na Somaliya ya kasance mafi ƙarfi a cikin 175 na kasuwannin duniya da Bloomberg ta yi ciniki, ya haura kusan kashi 50 cikin ɗari fiye da na gaba mafi ƙarfin kuɗin duniya a cikin lokaci guda. Dalar Amurka har yanzu ita ce babbar kudin da ake amfani da ita a Somaliya, inda ta fi yin fice wajen biyan kudi ta hanyar amfani da SMS kamar EVC Plus. Farashin musayar tarihi Farashin kasuwannin kyauta a Somaliya: 2,000 SOS/USD a watan Yuni 1991 5,000 SOS/USD a watan Yuni 1993 13,400 SOS/US a cikin Maris 2006 14,406 SOS/USD a watan Agusta 2006 15,000 SOS/US a cikin Fabrairu 2007 25,000 SOS/USD a cikin Maris 2008 35,000 SOS/USD a watan Yuli 2008 28,250 SOS/US a cikin Maris 2009 33,300 SOS/USD a cikin Fabrairu 2010 27,000 SOS/USD a cikin Oktoba 2011 19,000 SOS/USD a watan Disamba 2012 15,000 SOS/US a watan Mayu 2013 20,000 SOS/USD a cikin Maris 2014 22,000 SOS/USD a watan Disamba 2014 23,000 SOS/USD a cikin Afrilu 2015 Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Somalia a bankin Musulunci
51153	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20yancin%20ciniki%20na%20Afirka	Yankin yancin ciniki na Afirka	Yankin Ciniki na Afirka (AFTZ) yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 2008 ta shugabannin Kudancin Afirka (SADC), Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afrika (COMESA) da Kudanci na Afirka (EAC). Yankin Ciniki na Afirka kuma ana kiransa Yankin Cinikayya na Afirka a wasu takardun hukuma da sakonnin manema labarai. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2012 an kara ra'ayin don hada da ECOWAS, ECCAS da AMU. A watan Yunin 2015, a taron koli na Tarayyar Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu, an kaddamar da shawarwari don ƙirƙirar Yankin Ciniki na Continental (CFTA) tare da dukkan jihohin Tarayyar Afrika 55 a shekarar 2017. Sa hannu Shugabannin bangarorin kasuwanci guda uku na AFTZ, COMESA, EAC, da SADC, sun sanar da yarjejeniyar, tare da manufar kirkirar yankin cinikayya kyauta guda daya da za a kira shi Yankin Ciniki na Afirka, wanda ya kunshi kasashe 26 tare da GDP na kimanin US $ 624bn (£ 382.9bn). An yi fatan cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta sauƙaƙa samun dama ga kasuwanni a cikin yankin AFTZ kuma ta kawo ƙarshen matsaloli saboda yawancin ƙasashe membobin AFTZ na ƙungiyoyin yanki da yawa. Yankin Ciniki na Afirka da aka sanar a taron koli na EAC-SADC-COMESA (wanda aka fi sani da taron koli na AFTZ da Tripartite) yadda ya kamata shine cikar mafarki sama da shekaru ɗari a cikin yin, yankin kasuwanci wanda ya mamaye tsawon nahiyar Afirka daga Cape zuwa Alkahira, daga Arewacin Afirka har zuwa kudancin Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu (Cape Town). Cecil Rhodes da sauran masu mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ne suka yi tunanin mafarkin Cape zuwa Alkahira a cikin shekarun 1890 kuma an bayyana shi a cikin mahallin da sassan daban-daban ciki har da, amma ba a iyakance shi ba, manufofi masu zuwa: Cape zuwa Alhira Road, Cape zuwa Alhairo Railway, Cape zuwa Cairo Telegraph, da Cape zuwa Cairo Trade Union. Duk da yake wasu iko, musamman Jamus da Portugal suna da yankuna ko wuraren tasiri a yankin kasuwanci na Cape zuwa Alkahira da aka yi la'akari da su, babban mai ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyar Cape zuwa Alihira zai kasance Burtaniya da Daular Burtaniya. Babban bambanci a cikin ra'ayin asalin yankin Cape zuwa Alkahira da kuma halin da yake ciki yanzu shi ne cewa Yankin Ciniki na Afirka shine kirkirar Kasashen Afirka don amfanin juna da ci gaban kasashe membobin AFTZ, mutanensu da dukan nahiyar Afirka maimakon yankin kasuwanci don amfanin Burtaniya. Daga ƙarshe, ana fatan AFTZ za ta zama babban gini ga hadin kan Afirka da kuma cimma burin Afirka a karkashin jagorancin Tarayyar Afirka. Wani muhimmin bambanci tsakanin asalin da na yanzu shine cewa AFTZ ya ƙunshi yanki mafi girma fiye da wanda ko da Cecil Rhodes zai iya tunaninsa. Tunanin Cape zuwa Alkahira na asali a lokacin Cecil Rhodes kuma yanzu a ƙarƙashin AFTZ yanki ne na cinikayya kyauta wanda ya mamaye dukan nahiyar daga Cape Town a Afirka ta Kudu zuwa Alkahora a Misira. Cecil Rhodes' Cape to Cairo zai hada da kasashe da yawa. Bayanan da ke cikin Cape zuwa yankin Alkahira na yanzu wanda AFTZ ta tabbatar ya ƙunshi mafi yawan Afirka, kusan rabin ƙasashe (26 daga cikin 54), fiye da rabin samarwa, kasuwanci, yawan jama'a, ƙasa da albarkatu. Idan ya tabbatar da iyawarsa kuma ya zama ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da ta dace da gaske, AFTZ na iya yin gasa da kowane ƙungiyar tattalin arziki tare da manyan albarkatun ƙasa, manyan kasuwanni, matasa, da babbar ƙwarewar fasaha (yawanci ta hanyar SADC gabaɗaya da Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu musamman). Baya ga kawar da membobin da ke da ma'ana da kuma matsalar kasashe membobin da suka shiga cikin wasu tsare-tsaren hadin gwiwar tattalin arziki na yanki da tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwoyin siyasa da tsaro na yanki waɗanda zasu iya yin gasa da ko lalata juna, Yankin Ciniki na Afirka ya ci gaba da niyyar karfafa ikon cinikayya na AFTZ yayin tattaunawar yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa. Masu sharhi sun yi imanin cewa yarjejeniyar Yankin Ciniki na Afirka za ta taimaka wa cinikayya ta cikin yanki da haɓaka ci gaba. Ana ɗaukar AFTZ a matsayin babban mataki a aiwatar da AEC, ƙungiyar jihohin Tarayyar Afirka da ke kafa tushe don ci gaban tattalin arziki tsakanin yawancin jihohin Afirka. Manufofin da aka bayyana na kungiyar AEC sun hada da kirkirar yankunan kasuwanci kyauta, kungiyoyin kwastam, kasuwa guda, babban banki, da kuma kudin gama gari don haka kafa ƙungiyar tattalin arziki da kuɗi ga Tarayyar Afirka. Yankunan kasuwanci Kungiyoyin kasuwanci guda uku da suka amince da su kuma sun hada da AFTZ, COMESA, EAC da SADC, sun riga sun kafa su da kyau a cikin hakkinsu kuma sun rufe yankuna daban-daban na ƙasa, tsarin tattalin arziki, tsarin siyasa da kuma mutane daban-daban (wanda ya hada da Larabawa a Arewa, mutane masu launin fata a Gabas da Kudu, gami da adadi mai yawa na 'yan Afirka ta Kudu, gamo da Indiyawan Indiya, da sauran kungiyoyin Afirka masu launin fata da suka haɗu da miliyoyin Afirka ta Kudu). Yawancin membobin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ guda uku sun haɗu tare da ƙasashe da yawa kasancewa memba na fiye da ɗaya daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na memba na AFTZ da kuma memba na wasu kawance a ciki da ba tare da rukunin kasuwanci guda uku ba. Muhimmancin tarihi na AFTZ Taron EAC-SADC-COMESA an dauke shi tarihi ne saboda a karo na farko, tun lokacin da aka haifi Tarayyar Afirka, manyan gine-gine da yawa na EAC sun hadu kan yadda za a haɗa yankuna da kuma matsawa zuwa zurfafawa da fadada hadin kai a cikin Yarjejeniyar Abuja gaba ɗaya don kafa AEC. Bugu da ƙari, a karo na farko da aka kafa haɗin kai na gaske, daga arewa zuwa kudancin nahiyar. AFTZ (EAC, COMESA da SADC) a halin yanzu suna da jimillar yawan mutane miliyan 527 da jimilwar GDP na dala biliyan 625. A cikin girman da iyawa, AFTZ tana gasa da yawancin rukunin kasuwanci. SADC ita ce mafi girma daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin AFTZ kuma tana rufe yawan mutane miliyan 248 da kuma yankin da jimlar GDP ta kai dala biliyan 379 a shekara ta 2006. An kafa COMESA a cikin 1994 a matsayin maye gurbin Yankin Kasuwanci na Musamman. Ya haɗa da ƙasashe 20, tare da jimlar GDP na US $ 286.7bn a shekara ta 2006. Daga cikin mambobinta akwai Zimbabwe, Zambia, Uganda da Sudan. EAC, mafi ƙanƙanta daga cikin rukunin kasuwanci na membobin dangane da GDP, yana da GDP na US $ 46.6bn a shekara ta 2006. Ƙasashen membobin Kasashen EAC-SADC-COMESA na Yankin Ciniki na Afirka sun hada da kasashe masu zuwa: Shugabannin taron AFTZ Taron AFTZ, wanda kuma ake kira Taron Tripartite an buɗe shi kuma shugabannin kasashe shida na Afirka da ke wakiltar kungiyoyin kasuwanci membobin ne suka halarta. Wadanda suka halarci taron budewa a ranar Laraba sun kasance Shugabannin Yoweri Museveni na Uganda, Paul Kagame na Rwanda, Robert Mugabe na Zimbabwe, Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu, Jakaya Kikwete na Tanzania da Mwai Kibaki na Kenya. Taron Tattalin Arziki na AFTZ Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati masu zuwa sun halarci taron na AFTZ Tripartite: Yoweri Kaguta Museveni, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Uganda Mwai Kibaki, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kenya Kgalema Motlanthe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Kudu Jakaya Mrisho Kikwete, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Tanzania Paul Kagame, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Rwanda Robert Gabriel Mugabe, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zimbabwe Pakalitha Mosisili, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Lesotho Gabriel Ntisezerana, Mataimakin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Burundi na biyu Sibusiso Barnabas Dlamini, Firayim Minista na Masarautar Swaziland . Masu wakilci masu zuwa sun wakilci Shugabannin Jihohi da Gwamnati na ƙasashe masu zuwa: Olivier Kamitatu Etshou, Ministan Shirye-shiryen, Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo; Rifki Abdoulkader Bamakhrama Ministan Kasuwanci, da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Djibouti; Osman Mohamed, Ministan Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Masar Ali Abd Alazziz Alsawi, Sakatare Janar na Tattalin Arziki, Ciniki da Zuba Jamahiriya, Babban Jama'ar Larabawa na Libya Joyce Banda, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Jamhuriyar Malawi Arvind Boolell, Ministan Harkokin Waje, Haɗin Yankin da Ciniki na Duniya, Jamhuriyar Mauritius; Antonion Fernando, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Jamhuriyar Mozambique Bradford Machila, Ministan Lands kuma Wakilin Musamman na Darajarsa Mataimakin Shugaban kasa da kuma Wakilin Shugaban Jamhuriyar Zambia Joaquim Duarte da Costa David, Ministan Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Angola Neo D. Moroka, Ministan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu na Jamhuriyar Botswana Patrick Pillay, Ministan Harkokin Waje na Jamhuriyar Seychelles Hassan Ibrahim Gadkarim, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Sudan a Jamhuriwar Uganda, Jamhuriyan Rwanda da Jamhuriyoyin Burundi Wilfried I. Emvula, Jakada kuma Wakilin Dindindin a Tarayyar Afirka da Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Afirka, Jamhuriyar Namibia Salih Omar Abdu, Jakadan Jihar Eritrea a Jamhuriyar Kenya, Jamhuriwar Uganda da Jamhuriyan Tarayyar Tanzania Denis Andriamandroso, Jakadan Jamhuriyar Madagascar a Jamhuriwar Afirka ta Kudu Jakadan Clifford Sibusiso Mamba, Sakatare na Dindindin, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje da Ciniki, Masarautar Swaziland Jami'ai masu zuwa sun wakilci kungiyoyinsu a taron koli na uku: Erastus J.O. Mwencha, Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Tarayyar Afirka; Lalla Ben Barka; Mataimakin Babban Sakataren, UNECA; Mtchera J. Chirwa, Bankin Ci Gaban Afirka; Kasaija Apuuli, IGAD; da Jakadan Liberata Mulamula, Babban Sakatare, Taron Kasa da Kasa kan Great Lakes Har ila yau a cikin halarta akwai manyan jami'an zartarwa na COMESA Mista Sindiso Ngwenya, Sakatare Janar na COMESA EAC Amb. Juma Mwapachu SADC Dokta Tomaz Augusto Salomao, Babban Sakatare, SADC. Shugaban SA a kan AFTZ Shugaba Kgalema Motlanthe na Afirka ta Kudu yana magana a Kampala, Uganda, a taron al'ummomin tattalin arziki na yanki uku na Afirka, ya yi jayayya cewa AFTZ muhimmiyar mataki ce a hadewar tattalin arzikin Afirka da kuma hadin kan nahiyar. Tare da babban rashin tabbas a cikin tattalin arzikin duniya biyo bayan karuwar farashin abinci da makamashi kuma, kwanan nan, rikice-rikice a cikin kasuwannin kuɗi, Motlanthe ya ba da shawarar cewa zuwan AFTZ ba zai iya kasancewa a kan lokaci ba. Duk da yake Afirka da sauran kasashe masu tasowa suna da tasiri a kan yanke shawara da suka kawo tsarin kudi na kasa da kasa zuwa gefen rushewa, ba tare da dalili ba, matalauta da marasa lafiya na waɗannan ƙasashe za su ɗauki nauyin matsalar tattalin arziki."Yana da mahimmanci cewa ana haɓaka ingantaccen matakan gyara don rage mummunan tasirin rikice-rikicen, kuma dole ne a haɗa ƙasashe masu tasowa a cikin shugabancin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi na duniya", in ji Motlanthe. A lokaci guda, ya zama dole a yi aiki don inganta tsarin cinikayya na duniya wanda ya sanya damuwar kasashe masu tasowa, gami da ƙasashen Afirka, a tsakiya. Ya kuma bukaci Kasuwar Kasuwanci ta Gabas da Kudancin Afirka (Comesa), Kungiyar Gabashin Afirka (EAC), da Kudanfin Kudancin Afrika (SADC), kara hadin kai zuwa ga mafi girman hadin kai. "Tsarin da muke fara a yau yana nuna mataki na tarihi don cika wajibai a karkashin Tarayyar Afirka da tsarin Yarjejeniyar Abuja na hadin kan nahiyar, wanda ya fahimci cewa Al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yankin sune gine-gine ga Al'ummar Tattalin arzikin Afirka. " Lokaci ya zo ga Comesa, EAC da SADC don hada shirye-shiryen haɗin gwiwar yankunansu don kara fadada kasuwancinsu, buɗe damar samarwa, haɓaka matakan cinikayya a cikin Afirka, da haɓaka damar ci gaba. "A matsayin mataki na gaba na fadada kasuwannin yanki a Afirka, tsarin da muka ƙaddamar a yau zai sanya mu cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi don amsawa yadda ya kamata ga karuwar gasa ta tattalin arzikin duniya kuma zai fara shawo kan ƙalubalen da membobin kungiyoyin yanki da yawa suka kawo. "Saboda haka bari mu yanke shawara da ya dace don yin aiki a hankali kuma tare da ƙuduri don kafa yanki ɗaya na cinikayya kyauta wanda zai haɗa yankunanmu uku cikin ɗaya, " Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Kasuwanci a Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
33255	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedri	Pedri	Pedro González López (an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2002), wanda aka sani da Pedri, ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sipaniya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na ƙungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Spain. Aikin kungiya Las Palmas An haife shi a Tegueste, Tenerife, Tsibirin Canary, Pedri ya shiga saitin matasa na Las Palmas a cikin shekarar 2018 daga CF Juventud Laguna. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 16 kawai, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun shekaru huɗu tare da kulob ɗin, wanda kocin Pepe Mel ya haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiyar farko. Pedri ya fara halartan sana'a a ranar 18 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019, yana da shekaru 16 kacal, ta hanyar farawa a cikin rashin gida 0-1 da Huesca a cikin Segunda División . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kwararru a ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, tare da kwallo daya tilo da ya ci a wasan a nasarar da suka yi a gida a kan Sporting Gijón kuma ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru a tarihin Las Palmas yana da shekaru 16, watanni 9 da kwanaki 23. A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba Shekarar 2019 ne, Barcelona ta cimma yarjejeniya tare da Las Palmas don canja wurin Pedri, wanda zai fara aiki daga 1ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020 mai zuwa. Dan wasan ya amince da kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din na Catalan, wanda ya biya Yuro miliyan 5 kan yarjejeniyar, wanda zai karu yayin da ya cika wasu sharuda a kwantiraginsa. An sanya shi cikin babban ƙungiyar don kakar shekarar 2020-21 kuma tare da riga mai lamba 16, Pedri ya fara halarta a karon a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, inda ya maye gurbin Philippe Coutinho a cikin gida 4-0 da Villarreal a La Liga . Ya samu farkonsa na farko a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba a cikin rashin nasara da ci 0–1 da Getafe . A ranar 20 ga watan Oktoba, Pedri ya zira kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a gasar zakarun Turai na farko, a wasan da suka yi nasara da Ferencváros da ci 5-1 a matakin rukuni, bayan da ya zo a madadin Ansu Fati a minti na 61. A ranar 7 watan Nuwamba, a cikin gida 5-2 nasara a kan Real Betis, ya zira kwallaye na farko a gasar La Liga bayan taimako daga Sergi Roberto . A ranar 6 ga Watan Janairu shekara ta 2021, ya zura kwallo a ragar Athletic Bilbao kuma ya taimaka wa Barcelona kwallo ta biyu a ci 3-2 a San Mamés . A ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu, Pedri ya lashe kofin farko na babban aikinsa bayan Barcelona ta doke Athletic 4-0 a wasan karshe na Copa del Rey . A ranar 8 ga Mayu, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 164, Pedri ya buga wa Barcelona wasa na 50 a duk gasa lokacin da ya fara wasan 0-0 da Atlético Madrid a Camp Nou, don haka ya zama ɗan wasa na biyu mafi ƙaranci da ya kai wannan matakin bayan Bojan Krkić., wanda ya kasance shekaru 18 da kwana 3 a lokacin da ya kai 50 bayyanuwa. A tsakiyar Watan Oktoba shekarar 2021 Pedri ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangila tare da Barcelona wanda ke ƙunshe da adadin yuro biliyan 1 (dala biliyan 1.57). A ranar 29 ga Nuwamba, Pedri ya lashe Kopa na Shekarar 2021 Kopa, wanda Faransa Football ta ba shi ga mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a ƙarƙashin shekara 21. A ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu,shekarar 2022, Pedri ya zura kwallo mafi sauri a cikin Derbi barceloní a karni na 21, inda ya ci dakika 75 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Espanyol . A ranar 14 ga Watan Afrilu shekarar 2022, Pedri ya sami rauni a hamstring a wasan da Barcelona ta buga na biyu na kusa da karshe na UEL da Frankfurt, inda aka cire su. Daga baya, an sanar da cewa Pedri na iya rasa sauran kakar wasa ta bana. Ayyukan kasa da kasa Sana'ar samartaka da fara manyan sana'a A ranar 21 ga Watan Agusta shekarar 2020, an kira Pedri zuwa tawagar Spain ta ƙasa da 21; Daga baya ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 3 ga Satumba a wasan da suka doke Macedonia da ci 1-0 a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai na 2021 na 2021. A cikin Watan Maris Shekarar 2021, Pedri ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa babban ƙungiyar Spain daga koci Luis Enrique gabanin matakin rukuni na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2022 . Ya buga wasansa na farko a ranar 25 ga Maris a karawar da Girka . Yuro 2020 A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu Shekarar 2021, an haɗa Pedri cikin tawagar Luis Enrique na 24 don Yuro 2020 na UEFA . A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni, ya zama dan wasa mafi karancin shekaru da ya wakilci Spain a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Turai, lokacin da ya fara wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Sweden yana da shekaru 18 da watanni 6 da kwanaki 18, inda ya karya tarihin da Miguel Tendillo ya kafa a gasar Euro 1980 . . A ranar 28 ga watan Yuni, Pedri ya zama ɗan wasa mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taka leda a wasan ƙwanƙwasa a gasar cin kofin Turai lokacin da ya fara a cikin 16 na ƙarshe da Croatia, yana da shekaru 18 da kwanaki 215; sai dai ya zura kwallo da kansa lokacin da mai tsaron gida Unai Simón ya kasa sarrafa dogayen bugun bayan da ya yi. A karshe Spain ta samu nasara a wasan da ci 5-3 a karin lokaci. Ya buga dukkan wasanni shida da kasar Sipaniya ta yi, sai dai minti daya, kuma ya yi tasiri mai mahimmanci a gasar da Spaniya ta yi a wasan kusa da na karshe, inda Italiya ta lallasa ta da ci 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan da suka tashi 1-1 bayan karin lokaci; a wasan na karshen, ya kammala 65 daga cikin 66 da ya yi yunkurin yi. Domin wasan kwaikwayonsa, an zabe shi a matsayin matashin dan wasa na gasar, kuma shi ne kawai dan wasan Sipaniya a gasar da aka sanya sunansa a cikin Team of the Tournament . Wasannin Olympics na bazara na 2020 A ranar 29 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021, an kira Pedri zuwa tawagar Spain don gasar Olympics ta bazara ta Shekarar 2020 . Yunkurin shigar da Pedri a cikin 'yan wasan Olympics na Spain ya jawo suka daga Barcelona, tare da kocin Ronald Koeman ya bayyana shawarar kiran Pedri ga wasanni biyu na kasa da kasa a lokacin bazara a matsayin "mai yawa". A ranar 22 ga Watan Yuli, Pedri ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan da Spain ta buga da Masar da ci 0-0. Wasan shine na 66th na Pedri na kakar wasa . A wasan karshe, wasa na 73 na Pedri a kakar wasa ta bana, Spain ta sha kashi a hannun Brazil da ci 2-1 a karin lokaci. Salon wasa Ana kallon Pedri a matsayin daya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan kwallon kafa masu farin jini a duniya a kafafen yada labaran kwallon kafa. Kodayake sau da yawa ana kwatanta shi a matsayin winger ta hanyar masana kimiyya, Pedri yawanci yana taka rawa a cikin rawar kyauta, wanda ke ba shi damar yawo cikin filin; yana son mamaye yankuna na tsakiya kuma yana aiki tsakanin layin, kodayake kuma yana da ikon yin fice da sauri da gudu zuwa layin taɓawa don haifar da dama ga abokan wasan. Har ma ya zurfafa cikin tsaron gida don ɗaukar kwallon. Yakan sanya kansa a gefen hagu ko dama, ko ma a matsayin lamba 8. Tabbas, ko da yake ya fara taka leda a matsayin winger, daga baya an koma shi zuwa tsakiyar tsakiya, ko da yake shi ma yana da ikon taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari, da kuma a wasu ayyuka masu ban tsoro da na tsakiya . An kuma yi amfani da shi lokaci-lokaci a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na tsaro har ma a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . Pedri ƙwararren ɗan wasa ne mai sauri, haziƙi, ƙirƙira, kuma mai himma, wanda ya shahara da kyakkyawan ƙwarewar fasaha, sarrafa ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙafa, wucewa, wayar da kan jama'a, da hangen nesa, gami da ikon sarrafa kansa a cikin matsuguni, yin amfani da gibi, da sauransu. buga wasan karshe ko wucewar shiga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama dan wasa mai tasiri. Haka kuma, ana girmama shi sosai saboda gwanintar dribling, juriyarsa, nutsuwar sa yayin matsi, da kuma ikon yin wasa da ƙafarsa. An kwatanta matsayinsa da na mezzala a cikin kafofin watsa labaru na wasanni na Italiya. Ƙananan ƙirarsa, halaye, matsayi, da salon wasansa sun sa aka kwatanta shi da tsoffin 'yan wasan Barcelona kamar Xavi, Andrés Iniesta, Michael Laudrup, da kuma Lionel Messi . Kididdigar sana'a Ƙasashen Duniya Copa del Rey : 2020-21 Spain U23 Lambar azurfa ta bazara : 2020 Breakthrough XI : 2020 Gasar Zakarun Turai Matashi na Gasar : 2020 Ƙungiyar Gasar Cin Kofin Turai ta UEFA : 2020 Trofeo Aldo Rovira : 2020-21 Golden Boy : 2021 Kofin Kopa : 2021 IFFHS Mafi kyawun Matasa na Duniya (U20) : 2021 Premi Barça Jugadors : 2021-22 Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Pedri at BDFutbol Haifaffun 2002 Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
58359	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call%20of%20Duty	Call of Duty	Call of Duty jerin wasan bidiyo ne da ikon amfani da ikon watsa labarai wanda Activision ya buga, farawa a cikin 2003. Infinity Ward ne ya fara haɓaka wasannin, sannan ta Treyarch da Sledgehammer Games . Wasu masu haɓakawa sun yi wasu wasannin juye-juye da na hannu. Taken kwanan nan, Kira na Layi: Yaƙin Zamani II, an sake shi a ranar 28 ga Oktoba, 2022. Take na gaba, Kira na Layi: Yakin Zamani III, za a sake shi ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, 2023. Jerin ya fara mayar da hankali kan saitin Yaƙin Duniya na II, tare da Infinity Ward yana haɓaka Kira na Layi da Kira na Layi 2 da Treyarch haɓaka Kira na Layi 3 . Kira na Layi na 4: Yakin Zamani ya gabatar da tsarin zamani, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa shine ci gaban taken ga jerin, samar da jerin jerin Yakin Zamani ; wani sabon salo <i id="mwKA">na Yakin Zamani</i> wanda aka sake shi a cikin 2016. Wasu shigarwar guda biyu, Yakin Zamani 2 da Yaƙin Zamani 3 , an yi su. Sub-jerin ya sami sake yin aiki tare da Yaƙin Zamani a cikin 2019, Yaƙin Zamani na II a cikin 2022, da Yaƙin Zamani na III a 2023. Har ila yau Infinity Ward sun haɓaka wasanni biyu a waje da jerin shirye-shiryen Yakin Zamani, Ghosts da Ƙarshen Yaƙi . Treyarch ya yi wasa ɗaya na tushen Yaƙin Duniya na II na ƙarshe, Duniya a Yaƙin , kafin ya saki Black Ops kuma daga baya ya ƙirƙiri ƙaramin jerin Black Ops . Wasu shigarwar guda hudu, Black Ops II , Black Ops III , Black Ops 4 , da Cold War an yi su, na karshen tare da Raven Software . Wasannin Sledgehammer, waɗanda suka kasance masu haɓakawa don Yakin Zamani 3, sun kuma haɓaka lakabi uku, Advanced Warfare , Call of Duty: WWII , da Vanguard . Su ne kuma jagorar haɓaka don Yakin Zamani III , shigarwa na uku a cikin jerin sake yi na Yakin Zamani . , the series has sold over 400 million copies. Meanwhile, the games in the series have consistently released annually to blockbuster-level sales, the series is verified by the Guinness World Records as the best-selling first-person shooter game series. It is also the most successful video game franchise created in the United States and the fourth best-selling video game franchise of all time. Other products in the franchise include a line of action figures designed by Plan B Toys, a card game created by Upper Deck Company, Mega Bloks sets by Mega Brands, and a comic book miniseries published by WildStorm Productions, and a feature film in development. Babban jerin Call of Duty wasan bidiyo ne mai harbi mutum na farko bisa id Tech 3, kuma an sake shi a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2003. Infinity Ward ne ya haɓaka wasan kuma Activision ya buga shi. Wasan yana kwaikwayi sojojin ƙasa da yaƙin yaƙin yaƙin duniya na biyu . Fakitin faɗaɗawa, Kira na Layi: United Offensive, Gray Matter Studios ne ya haɓaka tare da gudummawa daga Pi Studios kuma Activision ya samar. Wasan ya biyo bayan sojojin Amurka da Birtaniya da kuma Red Army. Aspyr Media ne ya kawo sigar Mac OS X na wasan. A ƙarshen 2004, Nokia ta ƙirƙira sigar N-Gage kuma Activision ta buga. An sake fitar da wasu nau'ikan don PC, gami da Ɗabi'ar Mai tarawa (tare da sautin sauti da jagorar dabarun), Ɗabi'ar Wasan Shekara (ya haɗa da sabuntawar wasa), da Tsarin Deluxe (wanda ya ƙunshi faɗaɗa haɓaka da sauti na United Offensive ; a Turai ba a haɗa sautin sautin ba. ). A kan Satumba 22, 2006, Call of Duty, United Offensive, and Call of Duty 2 aka saki tare a matsayin Kira na Layi: War Chest for PC. Tun daga Nuwamba 12, 2007, Call of Duty wasanni suna samuwa don siye ta hanyar dandalin isar da abun ciki na Valve Steam . Call of Duty 2 Kira na Layi 2 wasan bidiyo ne mai harbi mutum na farko da kuma ci gaba zuwa Kira na Layi . Infinity Ward ne ya haɓaka shi kuma Activision ne ya buga shi. An saita wasan a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ana samun gogewa ta hanyar ra'ayoyin sojoji a cikin Red Army, Sojojin Burtaniya, da Sojojin Amurka . An sake shi a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2005, don Windows, Nuwamba 15, 2005, don Xbox 360, da Yuni 13, 2006, don Mac OS X. An yi wasu nau'ikan don wayoyin hannu, PCs Pocket, da wayoyi . Call of Duty 3 Kira na Layi: WWII Kira na Layi: WWII shine wasa na goma sha huɗu a cikin jerin kuma Wasannin Sledgehammer ne suka haɓaka. An sake shi a duk duniya a kan Nuwamba 3, 2017, don Windows, PlayStation 4 da Xbox One . An saita wasan a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Turai, kuma yana kewaye da tawagar a cikin 1st Infantry Division, bin fadace-fadacen da suka yi a yammacin Front, kuma an saita shi a cikin abubuwan tarihi na Operation Overlord . Call of Duty: Vanguard
52789	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishak%20Haji%20Muhammad	Ishak Haji Muhammad	Ishak Haji Muhammad (14 Nuwamba 1909 - 7 Nuwamba 1991), wanda aka fi sani da Pak Sako, marubuci ne na Malaysia, mai aiki a cikin shekarun 1930 har zuwa 1950. Ya kasance mai kishin kasa kuma ya fara shiga kafin samun 'yancin kai kuma ya ci gaba bayan haka. Ya yi yaƙi don ra'ayin hadin kan Melayu Raya inda Indonesia, Malaysia da Brunei suka haɗa kai a cikin rukuni ɗaya. Sunan Pak Sako ya fito ne daga taken 'Isako-san' wanda Jafananci suka ba shi, wanda shine furcin sunansa a cikin harshen Jafananci. Sauran sunayen Ishak sun hada da Anwar, Hantu Raya (The Great Ghost), Isako San da Pandir Moden (The Modern-day Pandir) An haifi Ishak a shekara ta 1909 a Kampung Bukit Seguntang, Temerloh, Pahang kuma ya sami karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Malay ta Kg. Tengah, Temer Loh a shekara ta 1919 kuma ya ci gaba da karatunsa a makarantar sakandare ta Clifford, Kuala Lipis daga 1924 zuwa 1928. Ya sami takardar shaidarsa ta ilimi daga makarantar Raub English a shekarar 1929. A shekarar 1930, ya tafi Kwalejin Malay Kuala Kangsar (MCKK) don horar da shi a matsayin jami'in Ma'aikatan Malayan. Ya rike mukamai a matsayin Mataimakin Mataimakin Jami'in Gundumar, Majalisa na Class III da kuma malamin harshe kafin ya shiga fagen wallafe-wallafen. Ya halarci Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta Malayan a shekara ta 1941 kafin mamayar Malaya ta Japan kuma ya zama memba na kwamitin tsakiya na MCP tare da Rashid Maidin, Ahmad Boestamam da Abdullah CD a Perak . Rubuce-rubuce da siyasa Ishak ya gaji da aikinsa a matsayin mai gudanarwa na Burtaniya kuma ya sami rayuwar ma'aikacin gwamnati na Burtaniya cike da yaudara, favouritism kuma babu sha'awar adana bukatun Malays waɗanda aka ce Burtaniya ta ba su kariya. A shekara ta 1934, ya yi murabus daga Ma'aikatar Jama'a ta Malayan kuma ya yi tafiya a yankin Malaya. Daga baya ya mai da hankali kan wallafe-wallafen kasa da siyasa. An ɗaure shi sau biyu . Manzo na Malay Ishak shine na farko da ra'ayin buga jaridar Utusan Melayu (The Malay Post) kuma daga baya ya zama wanda ya kafa littafin. Ya bar Warta Malaya (Malayan Times) kuma ya yi tafiya zuwa Pahang, Kelantan da Terengganu don kamfen don kafa Utusan Melayu Press. Ya yi aiki a jaridar a karkashin Abdul Rahim Kajai a matsayin edita. A lokacin da Japan ta mamaye Malaya, ya zama editan Berita Malai (Malayan News). Ya ci gaba da zama a Hulu Langat duk da cewa ya yi aiki a Kuala Lumpur. Zai ɗauki sufuri na jama'a zuwa ofis. Na ɗan lokaci, yana da Fiat lokacin da yake aiki a Rembau, amma bai yi tuki ba kuma dole ne ya hayar direba. Ishak ya samar da litattafai da yawa, gajerun labaru, litattafan rubutu da kuma rubuce-rubuce don jaridu na Utusan Melayu Group. National Library of Malaysia yana da, a cikin tarin su, fiye da 1,000 kofe na aikinsa na wallafe-wallafen. Ayyukansa guda biyu da aka fi sani da su sune Putera Gunung Tahan (The Prince of Mount Tahan) da Anak Mat Lela Gila (The Son of Crazy Mat Lela), wanda ya nuna ra'ayoyinsa da burinsa a matsayin mai kishin kasa da marubuci. Su ne litattafan satire da aka yi wa Birtaniya kuma sun kasance masu sukar Birtaniya. Ishak ya sanya muhimmancin al'adun Malay a cikin rubuce-rubucensa kuma ya ɗaukaka al'adun Malaysia ta hanyar kwatanta shi da al'adun Ingilishi wanda aka ce ba shi da inganci kuma yana da tsananin tashin hankali. Ya kuma kasance mai aiki a rubuce-rubucen gajeren labari. Da ke ƙasa akwai samfurin sauran ayyukansa: Budak scholarship (Trishaw Boy). Marang: Mohamad bin A. Rahman, 1957 Judi karan (The Electric Bet). Singapore: Geliga, 1958 Pengantin baru (Sabon ma'aurata). Singapore: Geliga A cikin shekarunsa na baya, an fi saninsa a matsayin marubuci a cikin Utusan Malaysia da Gila-Gila (mujallar satire ta gida). A matsayin haraji ga gudummawar da ya bayar, Jami'ar Malaya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Literature a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1973. A ranar 29 ga Mayu 1976, Ishaak ta karbi kyautar Pejuang Sastera (Literary Exponent) daga Firayim Minista. Ya mutu a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba 1991 da karfe 5.40 na safe a gidansa a Kampung Bukit Raya, a Hulu Langat, Selangor . An binne shi a ƙauyen yarinta a Temerloh, bayan addu'o'in Jumma'a, kusa da kaburbura na iyayensa, bisa ga sha'awarsa. An kwantar da shi a asibitin Tawakal a ranar 18 ga Oktoba bayan ya sha wahala daga bugun jini, kuma ya bar asibitin makonni biyu kafin ya mutu. A farkon shekarar, ya sake fama da bugun jini kuma an kwantar da shi a Babban Asibitin Kuala Lumpur a ranar 22 ga Yuli. Wannan hari ya bar gefen dama ya gurgunta. A matsayin haraji, UMNO ta ba da gudummawar RM16,874.15 ga iyalinsa a ƙarshen Babban Taronta a wannan shekarar. RM10,000 ya fito ne daga hedkwatar UMNO yayin da sauran suka ba da gudummawa daga wakilan ta yayin taron. Firayim Minista, Datuk Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad ne ya gabatar da shi ga Babban Ministan Pahang, Tan Sri Khalil Yaacob don a ba iyalinsa. An sanya masa suna da wurare da yawa, ciki har da: Jalan Pak Sako, Temerloh, Pahang Kolej Pak Sako, Universiti Industri Selangor (UNISEL), Bestari Jaya, Selangor Akademi Pak Sako, Jalan Telawi, Bangsar, Kuala Lumpur Harry Aveling, trans., Ishak Haji Muhammad: Yarima na Dutsen Tahan, Singapore: Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, (Asia), 1980. Harry Aveling, trans., Ishak Haji Muhammad: Ɗan Mat Lela, Singapore: Littattafan Tarayya, 1983. Ishak Haji Muhammad, "Ilham Men Lati Putera Gunung Tahan", Dewan Sastera, 23 ga Afrilu 1976. Haɗin waje Laburaren Sojojin Malaysia Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
49152	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birr%20Habasha	Birr Habasha	Birr ita ce sashin kuɗin kuɗi a Habasha . An raba shi zuwa santim 100 . A cikin 1931, Sarkin sarakuna Haile Selassie na 1 a hukumance ya bukaci al'ummomin duniya su yi amfani da sunan Habasha (kamar yadda aka riga aka san ta a cikin gida na akalla shekaru 1,600) a maimakon Abyssinia exonym, kuma Bankin Abyssinia da ya ba da shi kuma ya zama Bankin. na Habasha . Don haka, ana iya la'akari da kudin kafin 1931 a matsayin bir Abyssiniya da kudin bayan 1931 da kudin Habasha, ko da yake kasa daya ce kuma kudin gaba daya da bayanta. Biliyan 186 ne ke yawo a shekarar 2008 (dala biliyan 14.7 ko Yuro biliyan 9.97). Birni na farko, 1800-1936 A cikin ƙarni na 18th da 19th, Maria Theresa thalers da tubalan gishiri da ake kira "amole tchew" (Amole) sun yi aiki a matsayin kuɗi a Habasha. An san thaler a gida da Birr (a zahiri ma'anar "azurfa" a cikin Ge'ez da Amharic ) ko talari (Talari). An karɓi Maria Theresa thaler bisa hukuma a matsayin daidaitaccen tsabar kudi a cikin 1855, kodayake ana amfani da rupee Indiya da dalar Mexico a cikin kasuwancin waje. Talari na Habasha (thaler, dala, birr) ya zama ma'auni a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1893 kuma an samar da dala 200,000 a Mint na Paris a 1894 don Menelik II . Talari, daidai da Maria Theresa thaler, an raba shi zuwa 20 ghersh (kuma gueche ko gersh, daga qirsh Ottoman ) ko 40 bessa (ƙaramin tsabar jan karfe). Wani sabon tsabar kudin Habasha ya bayyana kusan 1903. Sabuwar azurfar ta kasance tana da nauyi da inganci kamar na tsohuwar, amma a yanzu an sami bir kwata da gyale na azurfa, na ƙarshen 1/16 na nauyin kuɗin . Kuɗin asusun yanzu ya zama 1 birr' = 16 ghersh = 32 bessa . An kafa bankin Abyssinia a shekara ta 1905 ta Emperor Menelik da kungiyar bankunan Turai da ke bayan bankin kasa na Masar ; Menelik ne ya bude bankin a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Fabrairun 1906. Kuɗin Habasha ya sami karɓuwa a hankali a hankali, kuma Bankin Abyssinia ya shigo da Maria Theresa thalers . A lokacin yakin duniya na daya, bankin ya ci gaba da sayo kusan 1,200,000 na wadannan tsabar kudi duk shekara. Bankin Abyssinia ya sanya takardun banki a cikin 1915. Waɗannan bayanan kuɗi an ƙirƙira su da birr cikin Amharic da thaler cikin Ingilishi. 'Yan kasuwa da 'yan kasashen waje ne suka yi amfani da su amma ba a yarda da su gabaɗaya ba. Koyaya, bayanin kula ya karu sosai bayan 1925. Sarki Haile Selassie ya sayi Bankin Abyssinia a 1931 akan fan 235,000 domin ya zama cibiyar Habasha zalla. An sake tsara shi azaman Bankin Habasha . A lokaci guda, an ƙididdige kuɗin kuma an gabatar da alamar nickel da tsabar tagulla, bir ɗin ya zama daidai da 100 metonys (sau da yawa rubuta matonas ). Rubutun da ke kan bayanan bankin ya fito a cikin Amharic, Faransanci, da Ingilishi. A tsakiyar 1930s, yaduwar ya ƙunshi Maria Theresa da Menelik talari . Lira ta Italiya, 1936-41 Ba da dadewa ba bayan mamayar Italiya da yunƙurin rikiɗewar Habasha zuwa Italiya ta Gabas ta Tsakiya, an ƙaddamar da Lira ta Italiya (15 Yuli 1936) kuma an cire takardun kuɗin Habasha daga yaɗuwa akan 3 lire kowace talalar (Birr). A kokarin da ake na kara amfani da kudin takardar Italiya, an daga darajar kudin azurfa (Maria Theresa thalers) zuwa lire 4.50, sannan zuwa 5.00, kuma daga karshe, a mataki, zuwa 13.50. Duk da haka, mutane da yawa sun ajiye tsabar kuɗin Habasha da takardun banki. Tsabar kudi na Italiyanci na yau da kullun da takardun banki na Banca d'Italia sun yadu bayan 15 Yuli 1936. An ba da izini ga bayanin kula na musamman tare da jajayen rubutu don Italiyanci Gabashin Afirka a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1938, kuma an buga adadi mai yawa. Ba a fayyace ba, duk da haka, yaushe, a ina, da kuma menene ainihin waɗannan bayanan na musamman suka yaɗa. Shilling na Gabashin Afirka, 1941–45 A lokacin yakin Gabashin Afirka na 1941, sojojin Birtaniya sun zo da kudin Indiya, Masar, Birtaniya, da Birtaniya na Gabashin Afirka, kuma duk an karbi su a cikin kudade na hukuma. An ba da izinin tsabar tsabar Italiyanci da bayanin kula har zuwa 50 lire su ci gaba da rarrabawa don zama ɗan canji; An cire manyan majami'u akan kudi lire 24 akan kowace shilling. Maria Theresa thalers an ba su damar yaduwa da ƙimar 1s d (ko 45 lire). Shilling na Gabashin Afirka ya zama kuɗin asusu a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1942; Daga ƙarshe ya zama takardar izinin doka kawai kuma ta kasance har zuwa 1945. An yi amfani da bayanan kula na yau da kullun na Hukumar Kuɗi ta Gabashin Afirka don yaɗawa a Habasha. Birni na biyu, 1945-yanzu An sake dawo da kudin a shekarar 1945 akan kudi naira 1 = 2 shillings. An yi amfani da sunan dalar Habasha a cikin rubutun Turanci akan takardun banki. An raba shi zuwa santim 100 (wanda aka samo daga santimita na Faransa). Sunan birr ya zama sunan hukuma, ana amfani da shi a duk harsuna, a cikin 1976. Alamar Birr da aka gabatar An sami shawarwari daban-daban don alamar birr, galibi bisa ga Ge'ez fidel b ( bə ). Alamar da aka ba da shawara ta ƙunshi bə tare da sassaƙaƙe biyu a kwance a gefen hagu. Biniam ne ya ƙirƙira alamar a ƙarƙashin sunan "@dbeniam" a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 2020 akan shafin Twitter . ] Tsabar kudi Birni na farko Tsakanin 1894 da 1897 tsabar tagulla an gabatar da su a cikin ƙungiyoyin , tare da azurfa 1 ghersh , 1 birr, da zinariya 1 aiki . A cikin 1931, an gabatar da sabon jerin tsabar kudi da suka ƙunshi jan karfe 1 da 5 metonys, da nickel 10, 20 da 50 metonnyas. Birni na biyu A cikin 1944 (EE1936 a cikin kalandar Habasha ), an sake dawo da tsabar kudi, tare da jan karfe 1, 5, 10 da 25 santim da azurfa 50 santim. An fitar da jerin na biyu a cikin 1977 (EE1969). Ya ƙunshi aluminum 1 santim, brass 5 da santim 10, cupro-nickel 25 da santim 50, da bi-metallic 1 birr. Batutuwa na baya-bayan nan su ne: 5 santim 2006 (EE1998) 10 santim 2004 (EE1996) 25 santim 2016 (EE2008; kuma ana kiranta " semuni ") 50 santim 2016 (EE2008) 1 Birr 2016 (EE2008; bi-metallic ) Kwanakin, kamar sauran almara, sun bayyana a cikin Amharic, harshen hukuma na Habasha. Ganewa da bayyanar Bayan samun kusan dukkanin tatsuniyoyi a cikin harshen Amharic, akwai siffofi guda biyu waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen gano kuɗin Habasha nan da nan. Tsabar da aka fara kwanan watan, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan kafin 1977 (EE1969), suna ɗauke da zaki mai rawanin rawani mai gicciye. Ana iya ganin wannan a hoton da ke kusa. Daga baya tsabar kwanan wata, waɗanda aka yi kwanan watan 1977 (EE1969) ko kuma bayan, suna kwatanta kan zaki mai ruri, tare da magudanar ruwa. An kashe tsabar kudi a mintoci da dama, ciki har da Paris, Berlin, da Addis Ababa. Tsabar kudi ba tare da alamar ma'auni ba gaba ɗaya an buga su a Addis Ababa. Tsabar da aka buga a Paris suna da ko dai alamar "A" tare da cornucopia da alamomin fasces, ko alamun cornucopia da tocilan privy ba tare da "A". Takardun kuɗi Birr na farko Bankin Abyssinia ya gabatar da takardun banki na 5, 10, 100 da 500 a shekarar 1915. An buga takardun kudi na talari 280,000. Rubutun da ke kan bayanan ya kasance cikin Amharic da Faransanci. An ƙara bayanin kula mai nauyin 50 a cikin 1929, wanda a lokacin sama da talari miliyan 1.5 a cikin bayanin kula ke yawo. Bankin Habasha ya ba da bayanin kula a cikin 1932 a cikin ƙungiyoyin 5, 10, 50, 100 da 500 talari. An ba da bayanin kula 2-talari mai kwanan wata 1 ga Yuni 1933 don girmama ma'auratan Imperial. A ƙarshen 1934, wasu talari miliyan 3.3 a cikin bayanin kula suna yawo. Birr na biyu A ranar 23 ga Yulin 1945, Bankin Jiha na Habasha ya gabatar da takardar kuɗi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1, 5, 10, 50, 100 da 500. An kafa Babban Bankin Habasha ta hanyar shela ta 207 na 27 Yuli 1963, kuma ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Janairu 1964. Babban bankin kasar Habasha ya dauki nauyin samar da takardar kudi a shekarar 1966 kuma ya fitar da dukkan nau'o'i ban da tsabar kudi 500. An fitar da takardun banki a cikin jerin masu zuwa: 2020 darikoki A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2020, Habasha ta ba da sanarwar ƙaddamar da sabbin takardun banki na 10, 50, 100, da kuma 200, tare da fitar da na ƙarshe a rarrabawa don biyan buƙatun fitar da babban takardar kuɗi don magance hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Tsofaffin al'amurran da suka shafi 10, 50, da 100 na tsabar kudi sun kasance a cikin watan Disamba. Gwamnatin tarayya ta bayar da rahoton cewa sama da biliyan 113 kwatankwacin dala biliyan 3.6 ya rage a boye a bankuna. Gwamnatin tarayya ta kuma yi imanin cewa ana amfani da wadannan kudade ne domin kawo karshen tashe-tashen hankula a kasar Habasha. A cikin wata guda kawai, bankunan Habasha sun samu tsabar kudi biliyan 14, kusan dala miliyan 500 a tsarinsu wanda ake sa ran zai karu yayin da muke kan gaba a karshen shekarar 2020. Matakin, wanda Firayim Minista Abiy Ahmed ya sanar, an ruwaito shi a matsayin wani matakin rigakafin cutarwa, jabun da sauran almundahana da ke shafar zaman tattalin arziki. Ya kuma bayyana cewa kasar ta kashe kudi naira biliyan 3.7 (dala miliyan 101.2) wajen buga sabbin takardun kudi. Kamfanoni da daidaikun jama'a za su iya tsabar kudi har dala miliyan 1.5 kawai . Har ila yau, fitar da tsabar kudi daga bankunan bai kamata ya wuce dala 100,000 . Tsohuwar takardar kuɗi na bir 5, yayin da za su ci gaba da zama na doka, za a maye gurbinsu da tsabar kudi. Bakar kasuwar Habasha canjin kudin waje Hanyoyin haɗi na waje A gallery na takardun banki na Habasha Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
6202	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe%20%28jiha%29	Gombe (jiha)	Gombe jiha ce dake Arewa maso Gabashin Najeriya. Tayi iyaka daga Arewa da Arewa maso gabas da jihohin Borno da Yobe, daga Kudu kuwa da Jihar Taraba, daga Kudu maso yamma kuwa da Jihar Adamawa sannan daga Yamma da Jihar Bauchi. Ta samo asalin sunanta daga babban birninta kuma yanki mafi girma a jihar wato Babban Birnin Gombe - kuma an ƙirƙireta ne daga sashin Jihar Bauchi a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta alif ɗari tara da cassain da shida 1996. Jihar na daga cikin jihohin da ke ɗauke da ƙabilu iri-iri a Najeriya. Acikin jihohi 36 da Abuja na Najeriya, Jihar Gombe itace Jiha ta 21 a girma, kuma ta 32 a yawan jama'a, da mutane aƙalla miliyan 3.25 dangane da ƙiyasin shekarar 2016. Ta fuskar yanayin ƙasa, Jihar tana da ƙasa nau'in Tropical West Sudanian Savanna. Muhimman wurare a jihar sun haɗa Kogin Gongola, wanda ke kwarara ta arewaci da Gabashin Gombe zuwa cikin tafkin Dadin Kowa Dam zuwa gaɓar Tsaunukan Muri da ke can yankin kudancin jihar. Daga cikin dabbobi asali na jihar akwai nau'in macizai irin su: carpet viper, puff adder, da kuma Egyptian cobra da kuma dabbobi irin su dorinar ruwa, Senegal parrot, da kuma grey-headed kingfisher. Jihar Gombe na ɗauke da ƙabilu da dama, yayinda Ƙabilar Fulani suka mamaye yankin arewaci da tsakiyar jihar tare da Bolewa, Kanuri, da kuma Hausawa. A yayin ƙabilu irin su Cham, Dadiya, Jaranci da Kamo, Pero, Tangale, Tera, da kuma mutanen Waja da suka mamaye yankunan gabashi da kudancin jihar. Kafin zuwan Turawa, yankin Jihar Gombe ta yau tana ɗauke da ƙasashe da dama masu zaman kansu, har zuwa farkon karni na 1800, lokacin da Fulani suka ƙwace yankuna da dama na yankin kuma suka haɗeta a matsayin Masarautar Gombe a ƙarƙashin Daular Sokoto. A cikin karni na 1900, Turawan mulkin mallaka sun mamaye masarautar da yankunan gefen ta kuma sun haɗeta acikin Yankin Mulkin Mallaka na Arewacin Najeriya, inda daga baya ta zamo Colonial Nigeria, kafin daga bisani ta samu 'yanci a1960 kuma ta zamo ƙasa Najeriya. Bayan samun 'yancin kai kuwa, Jihar Gombe ta yau ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Arewacin Najeriya har zuwa 1967 lokacin da aka raba yankin kuma jihar ta faɗa ƙarƙashin Jihar Arewa ta Gabas. Bayan an raba Jihar Arewa maso Gabas, an ƙirƙiri Jihar Bauchi a shekarar 1976 tare da Sauran jihohi guda goma. Shekaru ashirin bayan haka an cire wasu gungun ƙananan hukumomi daga yammacin Jihar Bauchi don samar da Jihar Gombe. Dangane da fannin tattalin arziƙi, Jihar Gombe ta dogara ne akan noma da kiwo, da man fetur, inda ake shuka gero, masara, gyaɗa, dawa da tumatir tare da kiwon dabbobi kamarsu raƙumma, shanu, akuyoyi da kuma tumaki. Sauran muhimman masana'antu sun haɗa da hidindimu na zamani da ake gudanarwa musamman a birnin Gombe. Jihar Gombe itace jiha ta huɗu a jerin ƙarancin Cigaban al'ummaa. Tana da yawan fili kimanin kilomita murabba’i 18,768 da yawan jama’a miliyan biyu da dubu uku da hamsin da uku (ƙidayar yawan jama'a shekara ta 2006). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce Gombe. Muhammadx Inuwa Yahaya shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Dr Manasa Daniel Jatau. Dattijan jihar su ne: Sarakunan gargajiya, Malaman addini da kuma jigogin siyasa. Jihar na da faɗin fili na kimanin 20,265 km2 da kuma mutane kimanin mutum 2,365,000 a shekara ta 2006. An ƙirkire ta ne a cikin watan Oktoban 1996, daga yankin tsohuwar Jihar Bauchi a lokacin mulkin Shugaba Sani Abacha. Jihar na nan a yankin ƙasar Najeriya mai nau'in tsirrai irin na Guinea savannah da Sudan savannah. Akwai tuddai masu ɗan bisa, duwatsun ƙasa da kuma duwatsu na daga witar volcano a yankunan tsaunukan garin. Zaman jihar a yankin savanna na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya yasa jihar ta haɗa iyaka da jihohi kaman Borno, Yobe, Taraba, Adamawa da Bauchi. Jihar Gombe ta na yanayi guda biyu: yanayin rani (daga watan Nuwamba zuwa March) da kuma damuna (daga watan Aprelu zuwa Oktoba) tare da matsakaicin ruwam sama na kimanin 850mm. Gwamnan jihar, Muhammad Inuwa ke javorancin jihar tare da taimakon muƙarrabai 24 daga majalisar dokoki na jihar. Jihar Gombe na da ƙananan hukumomi 11 da kuma masarautu na gargajiya guda 14. Tana da sanatoci guda 3 da kuma 'yan Mjalisar Tarayyar Najeriya guda shida. Ƙananan Hukumomi Jihar Gombe nada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha ɗaya . Sune kamar haka: Jihar Gombe na ɗauke da al'ummomi iri-iri, yayinda Fulani suka mamaye mafiya yawancin yankin arewacin jihar. Fulani sun mamaye Kusan ƙananan hukumomi guda 6 na Jihar Gombe. Waɗannan ƙananan hukumomi sun haɗa da Dukku, Kwami, Funakaye, Nafada, Akko, kuma ƙaramar hukumar Gombe. Bayan Fulani akwai kuma Tangale, da ke rayuwa a yankin Billiri da Kaltungo. Sauran ƙabilu sun haɗa da the Hausawa Tula, Tera (Yamaltu-Deba), Waja, Bolewa, da kuma Kanuri. An zayyano harsunan Jihar Gombe dangane da ƙananan hukumominsu a teburi da ke ƙasa: Jami'o'i a jihar Gombe Manyan jami'oi na Jihar Gombe sun haɗa da: Federal University Kashere Gombe State University Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe Federal College of Horticultural Technology, Dadin Kowa Federal Polytechnic, Kaltungo College of Education, Billiri Gombe State College of Legal Studies, Nafada Gombe State Polytechnic, Bajoga Gombe State University of science and Technology, Kumo Makarantun Sakandare Matrix International Academy Gombe High School Pen Resource Academy Demonstration Secondary School Government Day Science Secondary School Ilimi International School Gombe international School JIBIWIS Arawa Secondary School All-saint Secondary School Darul Arqam Academy Government Day Hassan Central Yahya Ahmad Model School Government Senior Secondary School Herwagana, Gombe Government Senior Secondary School Gandu Kiwon Lafiya Jihar Gombe nada cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu yawa, dukkanin su i sun samu ne ta karkashin gudanarwa sashi guda uku, gwamnatin jiha, Gwamnatin tarayya da kuma cibiyoyi mallakin dai-daikun mutane. Wadannan cibiyoyi sun hada da : Cibiyoyi Karkashin Gwanatin Tarayya Federal Teaching Hospital Gombe (FTHG) Cibiyoyi Karkashin Gwamnatin Jiha Billiri General Hospital Gombe State Specialist Hospital Arawa Primary Healthcare Gabukka Primary Healthcare Doma Primary Healthcare Pantami Primary Healthcare Zainab Bulkachuwa Women and Children Hospital Town Maternity (Gidan Magani). Cibiyoyin da ba na Gwamnati ba Miyetti Hospital Musaba Hospital Sabana Hospita AHAJAS Memorial Hospital Cibiyoyin Magun-guna Kumbi chemist Sauki phamarcy A.A. Aliyu Mega Store Jam Bandu Pharmacy Jihar Gombe na daya daga cikin jahohi masu tarin albarkatun kasa a Nigeria wanda ke samar da kayan tasarrufi da ma'aikatu ke amfani dashi, yan kasuwa ke kasuwance su, wasun kuma ake amfani dasu a matsayin abinci, wadannan ma'adanai sun hada da : Ma'adanai da Ake Hakowa Dayen Mai Ma'adanai da Ke Tsira A ƙasa an jero sunayen gwamnoni da jagorori na Jihar Gombe. Sanannun Mutane Amina Mohammed, UN deputy secretary Sheikh Adamu Muhammad Nafada teacher, preacher Sheikh Dahiru Bauchi, teacher, preacher Sheikh Kabir Muhammad Haruna Gombe, preacher Isa Ali Pantami, malami Kuma tsohon ministan sadarwa Danladi Mohammed, Dan siyasa. Joshua M. Lidani, Dan siyasa Eli Jidere Bala, engineer Usman Bayero Nafada, politician Samkon Gado, Nigerian-American otolaryngologist and American football player Zainab Adamu Bulkachuwa, jurist Jaaruma, entrepreneur Aliyu Modibbo Umar, politician Mohammed Danjuma Goje, politician Helon Habila, novelist Dahiru Mohammed, Politician Abubakar Buba Atare, Emir of Tula Chiefdom Buba Yero, sarkin farko na Gombe Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar, sarki na goma shadaya a gombe Musa Dankyau, Professor of Family Medicine Abdullahi Mahdi Educationalist Aliyu Usman El-nafati Professor of Gynecology Isah Usman Taliyawa Sheikh Kabiru Gombe Wuraren ziyara a Gombe Wuraren buɗe idana a jihar sun haɗa da: Tomb of Sultan Attahiru Bubayero's Tomb Shahararren Bima Hill Dadin Kowa Dam Tsaunin Killang Tula Plateau Bulok Warm Spring Kalam Hill Cham Valley Tsaffi burbushin Binga Maƙabartar Major Mash Maƙabartar LT Phillips Bace Hills Tula Hideout Caves Kanawa Forest Jihohin Nijeriya
54398	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim%20Paine	Tim Paine	Timothy David Paine (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984) tsohon dan wasan cricket ne na Australiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din kungiyar cricket ta Australiya a wasan cricket na gwaji . Dan wasan kwallon kafa na hannun dama kuma mai tsaron gida, yana taka leda a Tasmanian Tigers a wasan kurket na cikin gida na Australiya kuma ya kasance kyaftin din Hobart Hurricanes kafin a zaba shi a Australia a cikin jerin Ashes na 2017-18. A lokacin da yake tare da Ostiraliya, Paine ya lashe gasar cin kofin ICC ta 2009. Wani samfurin Kwalejin Cricket ta Australiya, Paine ya zama dan wasan kwangila mafi ƙanƙanta a Ostiraliya, lokacin da ya sami kwangilar rookie tare da Tasmania yana da shekaru 16. Ya yi wasan farko da na farko na Tasmania a shekara ta 2005; ya zira kwallaye na kwana daya daga baya a kakar 2005-06, da kuma karni biyu, 215, a wasansa na gaba. Ya kasance wani ɓangare na yarinyar Sheffield Shield ta jihar a wannan kakar da kuma 2007-08 ta lashe gasar kwana daya. Paine ya fara buga wasan ODI na farko a Australia a matsayin mai maye gurbin mai tsaron gida na yau da kullun Brad Haddin a 2009 a kan Scotland. Wani ci gaba da rauni ga Haddin a shekarar 2010 ya shirya hanyar ga gwajin farko na Paine da Pakistan a Ingila. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya taka leda a wasu gwaje-gwaje biyu da ya yi da Indiya, kafin Haddin ya dawo don jerin Ashes na 2010-11. Tun daga wannan lokacin - gami da kusan cikakkun yanayi biyu da ya ɓace saboda rauni - bai kasance na yau da kullun a gefen wasan kurket na Australiya ba daga Afrilu 2011 har zuwa tunatarwarsa don jerin Ashes na 2017/2018 lokacin da duka Peter Nevill da Matthew Wade suka kasa burge masu zaɓe. Wannan gagarumin dawowa ne ga Paine, wanda ba na yau da kullun ba ne a gefen jihar Tasmania kuma kafin kakar dole ne kocin Adam Griffith ya gamsu da kada ya yi ritaya. Bayan tsohon kyaftin din Australiya Steve Smith ya yarda da shiga cikin wani abin da ya faru a lokacin gwajin na uku da aka yi da Afirka ta Kudu a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Smith da mataimakin kyaftin din David Warner sun tsaya daga matsayinsu na jagoranci a tsakiyar wasan. An sanar da Paine a matsayin kyaftin din wucin gadi na kwanaki biyu na karshe na wasan. An tabbatar da shi a matsayin kyaftin na 46 na ƙungiyar gwajin Australiya a ranar 28 ga Maris 2018 daga Shugaba na Cricket Australia James Sutherland lokacin da aka dakatar da Smith da Warner kuma aka mayar da su Australia tare da Cameron Bancroft. A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba 2021, Paine ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sauka a matsayin kyaftin din gwajin Australia, saboda wani lokaci na halin da bai dace ba a filin wasa a lokacin 2017 inda ya aika da sakonni ga wata mata. A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba 2021, Paine ya ce zai dauki hutu daga wasan "don makomar da za a iya gani". Rayuwa ta farko Paine ya zama kyaftin din Tasmania a matakin kasa da shekaru 15 da kasa da shekaru 17, tare da kasancewa memba na tawagar kasa da shekaru 19 yana da shekaru goma sha biyar kawai. Ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin din 'yan kasa da shekara 17 na Australia, kafin ya zira kwallaye na farko a Jami'arsa a Hobart. "Ko da yaushe shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta wanda ke wasa wasan kurket, "in ji mahaifinsa. "Mun zauna a titin da ya dace kuma muna zaune kusa da rairayin bakin teku [a cikin unguwar Lauderdale] don haka suna wasa da ɗan wasan cricket na rairayin kan teku. Mun kasance muna da filin wasan cricket a bayan gidanmu wanda shine hanyar shiga kuma maƙwabta na gaba suna da wicket wanda yara maza ke amfani da shi don mirginawa da yankawa da yin duk irin wannan abu. Don haka dole ne ya koyi tun yana ƙarami ina tsammanin ya kasance mai ƙarfi kuma ya fi gasa. " Yayinda yake ƙarami, Paine ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Australiya - an dauke shi da kyau don yin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL) - kuma ɗan'uwansa Nick, ɗaya daga cikin 'yan uwa huɗu, yana taka leda a Kungiyar Kwando ta Tasmanian tare da Clarence Football Club. Kakan Paine, Robert Shaw, dan wasan AFL ne kuma kocin. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Sakandare ta Bayview da Kwalejin Rosny . A shekara ta 16, Paine ya zama dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida na Australiya mafi ƙanƙanta da ya taɓa yin kwangila lokacin da ya sami kwangilar A $ 10,000 tare da Tasmania - sabon abu a cikin wasan ƙwallaye na Australiya. Bayan da Cricket Australia ta ba da izinin kwangilar rookie Paine ya ce, "Waɗannan sabbin kwangilar babban ra'ayi ne; Ina da farin ciki sosai game da su ko ta yaya! Yana da kyau a ba matasa 'yan wasa wani abu [a kan waɗannan layin] don nuna musu cewa suna cikin tunanin masu gudanarwa da masu horar da su. " A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, an sanar da shi kyaftin din tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 ta Australia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta U-19 ta 2004 a Bangladesh, wanda aka buga a watan Fabrairu da Maris na shekara ta 2004. An cire shi daga ayyukan kiyaye wicket, Paine ya zira kwallaye 142 a matsakaicin 23.66 kuma ya kama sau biyu, tare da ɗaukar wickets bakwai a matsakaitan 22.28 a wasanni takwas. Koyaya, Ostiraliya ta rasa wasan karshe na Under-19 Plate Championship ga Bangladesh. Ayyukan wasan cricket 2005-2009: Farkon aikin cikin gida Paine ya fara bugawa Tasmanian wasa na farko a matsayin mai buga kwallo a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2005, a lokacin wasan ING Cup na rana daya da Yammacin Australia a Perth, inda ya zira kwallaye 28 daga kwallaye 44. Farkonsa na farko ya zo ba da daɗewa ba a matsayin mai buɗewa lokacin da Tasmania ta buga Kudancin Australia a Hobart a watan Disamba. Da yake buɗe batting, Paine ya zira kwallaye (zero) a cikin innings na farko da 17 a cikin na biyu yayin da aka zana wasan. Ya sanya budurwarsa List A century a kakar wasa ta farko, inda ya zira kwallaye 111 a gasar cin kofin ING. A kakar wasa mai zuwa ya yi karni na farko na farko tare da 215 a kan Yammacin Australia a wasan Pura Cup a Perth a watan Oktoba 2006. A farkon aikinsa shi ne mai tsaron gida na biyu na Tasmania, a bayan Sean Clingeleffer, musamman a matakin farko, kafin ya ɗauki matsayin Clingelefer har abada a ƙarshen 2007. Paine ya taka leda a matsayin mai buga kwallo a gasar Sheffield Shield ta Tasmania a 2006-07, inda ya zira kwallaye da biyar. Duk da karancin nasarorin da ya samu a wasan karshe, Paine shine mafi yawan masu zira kwallaye a Tasmania a gasar kwana daya a wannan kakar. Ya ci gaba da wasan kwaikwayo na rana ɗaya a kakar wasa mai zuwa wanda Tasmania ta lashe kofin Ford Ranger, ta tara 261 kuma ta tattara korafe-korafe 21. 2008-09 ta ga Paine ya zira kwallaye 445 Sheffield Shield yana gudana a 29.66 tare da korafe-kashen 42. Girmansa ya gan shi ya zama mataimakin kyaftin din Tasmanian a gaban kakar 2009-10. A farkon shekara ta 2009, an zaɓi Paine don buga wa Australia 'A' wasa da Pakistan 'A' a cikin jerin wasannin rana ɗaya da na farko. Da yake wasa a filin Allan Border a Brisbane, Paine ya zira kwallaye 134 a kwallaye 136 a wasan na uku na rana ɗaya don samun nasarar jerin ga ƙungiyar 'A' ta Australia. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1984
60701	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaran%20daji%20a%20Najeriya	Gyaran daji a Najeriya	Sake dazuzzuka a Najeriya; na amfani da hanyoyi na halitta da na wucin gadi. Dake dazuzzukan ya ƙunshi dasa itatuwa da gangan da kuma maido da dazuzzukan da suka lalace ko kuma suka lalace. Ya ƙunshi shirin sake dawo da gandun daji don tabbatar da ɗorewa samar da katako da sauran kayayyakin gandun daji. Dake dazuzzuka, gabaɗaya, yana da fa'idodi dayawa. Dazuzzukan Equatorial, irinsu na Najeriya, galibi halittu ne masu zaman kansu wadanda ke tallafawa flora da fauna daban-daban, suna inganta daidaiton muhalli. Dazuzzuka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaukar carbon dioxide daga yanayi kuma suna aiki azaman iskar carbon. Sequestering carbon yana rage gurɓataccen hayaƙi. Dake dazuzzuka yana taimakawa hana zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar daidaita ƙasa, rage kwararar ruwa, da haɓaka samar da humus daga kwayoyin halitta a wurin. Dazuzzuka na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen Dai-daita zagayowar ruwa da kuma kula da lafiyayyen magudanan ruwa a Najeriya. Sake dazuzzuka na taimakawa wajen kare hanyoyin ruwa, da inganta ruwa, da kuma rage hadarin ambaliya, wanda zai amfanar da al'ummomin birane da karkara. Dake dazuzzuka na inganta dawwamammen kula da albarkatun gandun daji, gami da katako, kayayyakin gandun daji da ba na katako ba, da tsire-tsire na magani. Ƙoƙari na farko na sake dazuzzukan ya dogara ne akan tsarin renon daji na wurare masu zafi wanda bai haifar da sakamakon da ake so ba. Hakan ya tilastawa gwamnatin Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa aikin gyaran jikin dan adam ta hanyar samar da dazuzzuka a kasa. Zaɓin tsire-tsire don shuka ya dogara ne akan bukatun masana'antu da ƙimar girma na tsire-tsire. A sakamakon haka, an kawar da katako na wurare masu zafi irin su Milicia excelsa da Antiaris africana kuma an maye gurbinsu da nau'in nau'i mai girma da sauri kamar Tectona grandis, eucalyptus, pines, da Gmelina arborea. Anfi son Tectona grandis da eucalyptus saboda madaidaicin sandunansu da taurinsu, wanda ya sa su yi fice don amfani dasu azaman igiyoyin watsa wutar lantarki, yayin da Gmelina da Pine aka fi son samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen kera buga labarai da takarda. A shekarar 1997, yankin Najeriya da aka kiyasta daman daji yakai hekta 150,000. Tsakanin 1970 da 1984, an kafa kadada 82,434 na shuka. Ya zuwa shekarar 1998, Najeriya na da hekta 196,000 da kuma hekta 704 a yankunan da aka tsare a wajen dazuzzukan. Tsakanin 1985 zuwa 2005, kashi uku cikin 100 na gandun dajin Najeriya gonaki ne. A shekarar 2010, Najeriya tana da yawan gonakin daya kai hekta 382,000. Gmelina da teak sune kusan kashi 44 cikin 100 na jimillar itatuwan da ake shukawa. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da dazuzzukan Najeriya ke fuskanta ita ce hanyar noma da canjin yanayi, wanda ke lalata dazuzzukan. Juyawa noma wata hanya ce ta noma da manomi ke ƙaura zuwa wani wuri bayan kimanin shekaru uku, sakamakon raguwar amfanin gona. Tsarin noman layi na iya zama madadin noma. Hanyar yin layukan ya ƙunshi dai-daitawa tsakanin shukar jeri da gandun daji. Ya shafi noman abinci da amfanin gona dazuzzuka tare, muddin amfanin dajin ya bada damar hasken rana ya shiga ya kai ga amfanin gonakin abinci. Ta wannan tsarin, ƙasar zata cigaba da yin noma, da samar da kuɗin shiga ga manoma, kuma a lokaci guda tana kiyaye muhallin halittu. Sai dai kuma shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka a Najeriya na fuskantar cikas da dama. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙalubalen harda gazawar ƙasar wajen kiyaye ainihin ƙa'idodin samun bayanai na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun kan gandun daji. Yawancin bayanan da akayi amfani dasu wajen yanke shawara kan dazuzzukan Najeriya sun dogara ne kan bayanan daba a gama ba da kuma fitar dasu daga tsoffin bayanai. Acikin jihohi da dama, tsawon shekaru 10 , an sami raguwar tallafin gwamnati kan ayyukan gandun daji, sakamakon rashin kudi da rashin aiki da masana'antar pulp da takarda, wanda gwamnati ta sanya ido a kai kafa. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannun jari kadan a harkar kula da gandun daji saboda karancin kasafin kuɗi. Duba kuma sare itatuwa a Najeriya Amfani da itacen mai a Najeriya Matsalar muhalli a yankin Niger Delta
48579	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar%20Kwayoyin%20halitta	Gurbacewar Kwayoyin halitta	Gurbacewar ƙwayoyin halitta shine kwararar kwayoyin halitta zuwa cikin dazuka. An bayyana shi a matsayin "watsewar gurbatattun kwayoyin halitta daga kwayoyin halitta da aka yi musu kwaskwarima zuwa ƙwayoyin halitta, esp. by cross-pollination", amma ya zo a yi amfani da shi ta wasu manyan hanyoyi. Yana da alaƙa da ra'ayin jinsin halittu na yawan jama'a game da kwararar kwayoyin halitta, da ceton kwayoyin halitta, wanda shine kayan halitta da gangan aka gabatar don ƙara dacewa da yawan jama'a. Ana kiransa gurɓacewar halitta lokacin da ta yi mummunar tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, kamar ta hanyar ɓarnawar baƙin ciki da gabatar da abubuwan da ba'a so wanda zai iya haifar da lalacewa. Masanan ilimin halittu da masu kiyayewa sun yi amfani da kalmar don bayyana kwararar kwayoyin halitta daga cikin gida, na feral, da wadanda ba na asali ba zuwa cikin nau'in 'yan asalin daji, wanda suke ganin ba a so. Suna haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin da aka gabatar da nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda za su iya " haɓaka da nau'in asali, haifar da gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ". A fannin noma, noma da kiwo, ana amfani da gurbacewar dabi’ar halitta wajen bayyana yadda kwayoyin halitta ke gudana tsakanin nau’in da aka kirkira da kuma dangin daji. Yin amfani da kalmar "ƙazanta" yana nufin isar da ra'ayin cewa haɗa bayanan kwayoyin halitta yana da illa ga muhalli, amma saboda haɗuwa da bayanan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da sakamako iri-iri, "ƙazanta" na iya zama ba koyaushe mafi daidaitaccen bayanin ba. . Gene kwarara zuwa yawan daji Wasu masana kimiyyar halittu da masu kiyayewa sun yi amfani da gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin kalma don bayyana kwararar kwayoyin halitta daga wasu nau'ikan da ba na asali ba, masu cin zarafi, na cikin gida, ko injiniyoyin kwayoyin halitta zuwa yawan 'yan asalin daji . Gabatar da kwayoyin halitta a cikin tarin kwayoyin halittar jama'a ta hanyar sa hannun mutum na iya yin tasiri mai kyau da mara kyau ga yawan jama'a. Lokacin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta da gangan don ƙara dacewa da yawan jama'a, ana kiran wannan ceton kwayoyin halitta . Lokacin da aka gabatar da kwayoyin halitta ba da gangan ba ga yawan jama'a, ana kiran wannan gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta kuma yana iya yin tasiri mara kyau ga lafiyar jama'a (musamman ta hanyar rashin tausayi ), gabatar da wasu abubuwan da ba'a so ba, ko kuma a zahiri suna haifar da lalacewa. Gabatarwar nau'in Wani nau'in da aka gabatar shine wanda ba ɗan asalin al'ummar da aka bayar ba wanda ko dai da gangan aka kawo shi cikin yanayin da aka bayar. Tasirin gabatarwa yana da matukar canzawa, amma idan nau'in da aka gabatar yana da babban mummunan tasiri a kan sabon muhallinsa, ana iya ɗaukarsa nau'in ɓarna. Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan misalin shine ƙaddamar da ƙwaro na Asiya Longhorned a Arewacin Amirka, wanda aka fara gano shi a shekara ta 1996 a Brooklyn, New York. An yi imanin cewa, an bullo da waɗannan ƙwaro ne ta hanyar kaya a tashoshin kasuwanci. Ƙwayoyin suna da illa sosai ga muhalli, kuma an kiyasta cewa suna haifar da haɗari ga 35% na bishiyoyin birane, ban da gandun daji na halitta. Wadannan ƙwaro suna haifar da mummunar lalacewa ga itacen bishiyoyi ta hanyar tsutsa. Kasancewarsu a cikin yanayin yanayin yana lalata tsarin al'umma, yana da mummunan tasiri akan yawancin nau'ikan da ke cikin tsarin. Nau'in da aka gabatar ba koyaushe ke kawo cikas ga muhalli ba, duk da haka. Tomás Carlo da Jason Gleditch na Jami'ar Jihar Penn sun gano cewa adadin tsire-tsire na honeysuckle na "masu cin zarafi" a yankin yana da alaƙa da adadi da bambancin tsuntsaye a yankin Happy Valley na Pennsylvania, yana ba da shawarar gabatar da tsire-tsire na honeysuckle da tsuntsaye sun kafa dangantaka mai amfani da juna. Kasancewar honeysuckle da aka gabatar yana da alaƙa da ɗimbin bambancin yawan tsuntsayen a wannan yanki, yana nuna cewa gabatar da nau'in ba koyaushe yana cutar da yanayin da aka bayar kuma yana dogara gaba ɗaya mahallin mahallin. nau'in cin zarafi Masanan ilimin halitta da masu kiyayewa sun yi amfani da wannan kalma na tsawon shekaru da yawa don bayyana kwararar kwayoyin halitta daga cikin gida, na rani, da kuma wadanda ba na asali ba zuwa cikin nau'in 'yan asalin daji, wanda suke ganin ba a so. Misali, TRAFFIC ita ce cibiyar sa ido kan cinikin namun daji ta kasa da kasa wacce ke aiki don takaita ciniki a tsiro da dabbobin daji ta yadda ba ta zama barazana ga manufofin kiyayewa ba. Suna haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin da aka gabatar da nau'ikan ɓarna waɗanda za su iya " haɓaka da nau'in asali, haifar da gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ". Bugu da ƙari kuma, Kwamitin Tsaro na Haɗin gwiwa, mai ba da shawara na doka ga gwamnatin Birtaniya, ya bayyana cewa nau'in nau'in. Nau'in cin zarafi na iya mamaye duka manya da ƙanana na 'yan ƙasa kuma suna da tasiri sosai. Bayan mamayewa, nau'ikan masu cin zarafi suna yin cudanya da nau'ikan 'yan asali don samar da bakararre ko fiye da juyin halitta wanda zai iya fin ƴan asalin ƙasar. Nau'in cin zarafi na iya haifar da ɓarkewar ƙananan jama'a a tsibiran da ke da rauni musamman saboda ƙarancin bambance-bambancen jinsin su. A cikin waɗannan yawan jama'a, ana iya rushe gyare-gyare na gida ta hanyar gabatar da sababbin kwayoyin halitta waɗanda bazai dace da ƙananan tsibirin tsibirin ba. Misali, Cercocarpus traskiae na tsibirin Catalina da ke gabar tekun California ya fuskanci kusan bacewa tare da yawan jama'a guda daya kawai ya rage saboda hadewar 'ya'yansa da Cercocarpus betuloides . Yawan jama'ar cikin gida Ƙara yawan cudanya tsakanin namun daji da na gida na kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da hulɗar haifuwa da ke da lahani ga iyawar mutanen daji na rayuwa. Yawan daji shine wanda ke rayuwa a wurare na halitta kuma mutane ba sa kulawa akai-akai. Wannan ya bambanta da jama'ar gida waɗanda ke zaune a yankunan da mutane ke sarrafa su kuma a kai a kai, kuma a tarihi, suna hulɗa da mutane. Kwayoyin halitta daga al'ummomin gida ana ƙara su zuwa yawan daji sakamakon haifuwa. A yawancin yawan amfanin gona wannan na iya zama sakamakon pollen da ke tafiya daga amfanin gona da ake noma zuwa tsiron daji da ke makwabtaka da irin wannan nau'in. Ga dabbobin da aka noma, wannan haifuwar na iya faruwa a sakamakon tserewa ko dabbobin da aka saki. Shahararren misali na wannan al'amari shine kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin kyarkeci da karnukan gida. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito, daga kalaman masanin ilmin halitta Dokta Luigi Boitani, "Ko da yake kyarkeci da karnuka sun kasance suna zama tare da juna a Italiya kuma suna iya yiwuwa a baya, sabon abu mai damuwa, a ra'ayin Dr. Boitani, shine karuwar bambance-bambance a cikin lambobi, wanda ke nuna cewa juna zai zama gama gari. A sakamakon haka, '' gurɓacewar kwayoyin halitta na tafkin kerkeci na iya kaiwa matakan da ba za a iya jurewa ba', in ji shi. 'Ta hanyar haɓakawa, karnuka suna iya ɗaukar kwayoyin halittar kerkeci cikin sauƙi kuma su lalata kerkeci, kamar yadda yake,' in ji shi. Kerkeci zai iya rayuwa a matsayin dabba mai kama da kare, wanda ya fi dacewa da zama kusa da mutane, in ji shi, amma ba zai zama 'abin da muke kira wolf a yau ba'" Aquaculture al'ada ce ta noman dabbobi ko tsire-tsire na ruwa don manufar ci. Wannan aikin yana ƙara zama gama gari don samar da salmon . Ana kiran wannan musamman aquaculture na salmonoids . Ɗaya daga cikin hatsarori na wannan ɗabi'a shine yuwuwar kifin kifi na cikin gida ya wargaje daga abin da ake ciki. Lamarin tserewa al'amura na zama ruwan dare yayin da kiwo ke samun karbuwa. Tsarin noma na iya zama mara tasiri wajen riƙe ɗimbin dabbobi masu girma cikin sauri da suke ajiyewa. Masifu na yanayi, hawan igiyar ruwa, da sauran abubuwan da suka faru na muhalli kuma na iya haifar da tserewar dabbobin ruwa. Dalilin da ya sa ake ɗaukar waɗannan tserewa haɗari shine tasirin da suke haifar da yawan daji da suke haifuwa da su bayan tserewa. A lokuta da yawa yawan jama'ar daji na samun raguwar yuwuwar rayuwa bayan haifuwa da mutanen gida na salmon. Ma'aikatar Kifi da namun daji ta Washington ta ambaci cewa "yawan bayyana damuwar da ke kewaye da kifin Atlantika da suka tsere sun haɗa da gasa tare da kifin kifi na asali, tsinkaya, canja wurin cuta, haɓakawa, da mulkin mallaka." Wani rahoto da wannan ƙungiyar ta yi a shekara ta 1999 bai gano cewa salmon da ya tsere ba yana da haɗari ga al'ummar daji. Shuka amfanin gona Shuka amfanin gona na nufin rukunin tsire-tsire da aka shuka don amfani. Duk da zaman gida a cikin shekaru da yawa, waɗannan tsire-tsire ba su da nisa daga danginsu na daji da za su iya haifuwa idan an haɗa su tare. Har ila yau ana noman amfanin gona da yawa a yankunan da suka samo asali kuma kwayoyin halittar da ke yawo tsakanin amfanin gona da dangin daji yana tasiri ga juyin halittar daji. Manoma za su iya guje wa haifuwa tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban ta hanyar tsara lokacin shuka amfanin gona don kada amfanin gona ya yi fure lokacin da dangin daji za su kasance. An canza amfanin gona na cikin gida ta hanyar zaɓin wucin gadi da injiniyan kwayoyin halitta. Halin halittar halittu na amfanin gona da yawa ya bambanta da na danginsu na daji, amma yayin da suke kusa da juna, za su iya raba kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar pollen. Gudun kwayoyin halitta yana wanzuwa tsakanin amfanin gona da takwarorinsu na daji. Kwayoyin halitta da aka ƙera Kwayoyin halitta da aka ƙera su ta hanyar gyare-gyare a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje, don haka sun bambanta da waɗanda aka ƙirƙira ta hanyar zaɓin wucin gadi. A fannin noma, noma da kiwo, ana amfani da gurbacewar dabi’ar halitta wajen bayyana kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin nau’in GE da dangin daji. An fara amfani da kalmar " gurɓacewar kwayoyin halitta " a cikin wannan ma'anar ta baya ta bayyana a cikin nazari mai zurfi game da yuwuwar tasirin muhalli na injiniyan kwayoyin halitta a cikin mujallar Ecologist a Yuli 1989 . Har ila yau, masanin muhalli Jeremy Rifkin ya shahara a cikin littafinsa na Biotech Century na 1998. Yayin da aka kwatanta da gangan tsakanin nau'o'in jinsin halittu guda biyu a matsayin haɓaka tare da shigar da kwayoyin halitta na gaba, Rifkin, wanda ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a muhawarar ɗabi'a fiye da shekaru goma da suka wuce, ya yi amfani da gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta don bayyana abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin matsalolin da za su iya. yana faruwa ne saboda tsarin rashin niyya na (na zamani) halittu masu canza halitta (GMOs) suna tarwatsa kwayoyin halittarsu zuwa yanayin halitta ta hanyar kiwo da tsirrai ko dabbobin daji. Damuwa game da mummunan sakamako daga kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin halittun da aka kirkira ta kwayoyin halitta da yawan daji suna da inganci. Yawancin masara da waken soya da ake nomawa a tsakiyar yammacin Amurka ana canza su ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta. Akwai masara da irin waken soya da ke jure maganin ciyawa kamar glyphosate da masara da ke samar da maganin kashe qwari na neonicotinoid a cikin dukkan kyallensa. Wadannan gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta ana nufin su kara yawan amfanin gona amma akwai kadan shaida cewa yawan amfanin gona yana karuwa. Yayin da masana kimiyya ke damuwa da kwayoyin halitta da aka yi musu aikin injiniya na iya yin mummunan tasiri a kan al'ummomin da ke kewaye da tsire-tsire da dabbobi, haɗarin kwararar kwayoyin halitta tsakanin halittun da aka yi musu aikin injiniya da na daji wani abin damuwa ne. Yawancin amfanin gona da aka noma na iya zama masu jure ciyawa kuma su hayayyafa tare da dangin daji. Ana buƙatar ƙarin bincike don fahimtar yadda adadin kwayoyin halitta ke gudana tsakanin kayan amfanin gona da aka yi amfani da su da kuma yawan jama'ar daji ke faruwa, da kuma tasirin haɗakar kwayoyin halitta. Halittu masu canzawa Ana iya aiwatar da maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin halitta ta hanyar fallasa kwayoyin halitta zuwa sinadarai ko radiation don haifar da maye gurbi. Anyi hakan ne a cikin tsire-tsire don ƙirƙirar maye gurbi waɗanda ke da halayen da ake so. Ana iya haifar da waɗannan mutants tare da wasu maye gurbi ko daidaikun da ba a canza su ba don kiyaye halayen mutant. Duk da haka, kama da haɗarin da ke tattare da gabatar da mutane zuwa wani yanayi, bambancin da rikitattun mutane ke haifarwa na iya yin mummunan tasiri ga ƴan ƙasar su ma. Matakan rigakafi Tun da 2005 akwai Rijistar Rarraba GM, wanda aka ƙaddamar don GeneWatch UK da Greenpeace International wanda ke yin rikodin duk abubuwan da suka faru na ganganci ko na bazata sakin kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara ta hanyar amfani da dabarun zamani. An ƙirƙira fasahar hana amfani da kwayoyin halitta (GURTs) don manufar kariyar kadarori, amma zai iya zama da fa'ida wajen hana tarwatsawar transgenes. Fasahar GeneSafe ta gabatar da hanyar da ta zama sananne da suna "Terminator." Wannan hanya ta dogara ne akan tsaba waɗanda ke samar da tsire-tsire masu bakararre. Wannan zai hana motsi na transgenes zuwa cikin jama'ar daji saboda haɓakawa ba zai yiwu ba. Duk da haka, ba a taɓa yin amfani da wannan fasaha ba saboda rashin daidaituwa ya shafi manoma a ƙasashe masu tasowa, waɗanda ke adana iri don amfani da su a kowace shekara (yayin da a kasashen da suka ci gaba, manoma gabaɗaya suna sayen iri daga kamfanonin samar da iri). Hakanan an yi amfani da abin da ke cikin jiki don hana tserewar transgenes. Ƙunƙarar jiki ta haɗa da shinge kamar matattara a cikin labs, allon allo a cikin greenhouses, da keɓewa a cikin filin. Nisan keɓewa ba koyaushe ya kasance mai nasara ba, kamar tserewa transgene daga keɓe filin zuwa cikin daji a cikin bentgrass Agrostis stolonifera mai jure ciyawa. Wata hanyar da aka ba da shawara wacce ta shafi halayen kariya (misali juriya na ƙwayoyin cuta) shine ragewa. Ragewa ya haɗa da haɗa kyakkyawar dabi'a (mai amfani ga dacewa) zuwa yanayin da ba shi da kyau (mai cutarwa ga lafiyar jiki) zuwa daji amma ba mutanen gida ba. A wannan yanayin, idan an gabatar da yanayin kariya ga ciyawa, za a kuma gabatar da sifa mara kyau don rage lafiyar ciyawa gaba ɗaya da rage yiwuwar haifuwar mutum kuma ta haka yaduwa na transgene. Ba duk kwayoyin halitta ne da aka kirkira su ke haifar da gurbatar halittu ba. Injiniyan kwayoyin halitta yana da fa'ida iri-iri kuma an ayyana shi musamman a matsayin sarrafa kwayar halittar kwayoyin halitta kai tsaye. Gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta na iya faruwa sakamakon bullo da wani nau'in da ba na asali ba ne ga wani yanayi, kuma kwayoyin halittar da aka kirkira su ne misalan daidaikun mutane wadanda za su iya haifar da gurbatar halittu bayan gabatarwa. Saboda wadannan kasada, an yi nazari domin a tantance hadurran gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta da ke hade da kwayoyin halitta wadanda aka kirkira ta hanyar kwayoyin halitta: Halittar Halitta A cikin binciken shekaru 10 na amfanin gona daban-daban guda huɗu, babu ɗaya daga cikin tsire-tsire da aka kirkira da ya fi cin zarafi ko dagewa fiye da takwarorinsa na al'ada. Wani misali da aka yi da'awar gurɓacewar kwayoyin halitta shine sanannen gano ƙwayoyin cuta daga masarar GE a cikin gonakin masara a Oaxaca, Mexico. Rahoton daga Quist da Chapela, tun daga lokacin an tozarta shi bisa dalilai na dabara. Mujallar kimiyya da ta fara buga binciken ta kammala da cewa "shaidar da ake da ita ba ta isa ba don tabbatar da buga ainihin takarda." Ƙoƙarin da aka yi na baya-bayan nan don maimaita karatun na asali sun kammala cewa masarar da aka gyara ta asali ba ta nan daga kudancin Mexico a 2003 da 2004. Wani bincike na 2009 ya tabbatar da ainihin sakamakon binciken na 2001 mai rikitarwa, ta hanyar gano transgenes a cikin kimanin 1% na 2000 samfurori na masarar daji a Oaxaca, Mexico, duk da Nature ya janye binciken 2001 da binciken na biyu ya kasa mayar da sakamakon binciken farko. karatu. Binciken ya gano cewa kwayoyin halittar da ke dauke da kwayar halitta sun zama ruwan dare a wasu fannoni, amma babu su a wasu, don haka ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa wani bincike da ya gabata ya kasa gano su. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ba kowane hanyar dakin gwaje-gwaje ba ne ya sami nasarar gano transgenes. Wani bincike na 2004 da aka yi a kusa da gwajin filin Oregon don gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta iri-iri na creeping bentgrass ( Agrostis stolonifera ) ya nuna cewa transgene da halayen haɗin gwiwarsa ( juriya ga glyphosate herbicide ) na iya watsawa ta hanyar iska ta hanyar iska zuwa ga tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire na nau'in Agrostis daban-daban, har zuwa daga filin gwaji. A cikin 2007, Kamfanin Scotts, mai samar da bentgrass da aka gyara, ya yarda ya biya hukuncin farar hula na $ 500,000 ga Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA). USDA ta yi zargin cewa Scotts "ya kasa gudanar da gwajin filin Oregon na 2003 ta hanyar da ta tabbatar da cewa ba mai jure wa glyphosate mai rarrafe bentgrass ko 'ya'yansa ba zai dawwama a cikin muhalli". Ba wai kawai akwai haɗari dangane da aikin injiniyan kwayoyin halitta ba, amma akwai haɗarin da ke fitowa daga haɗakar nau'in. A cikin Czechoslovakia, an gabatar da ibex daga Turkiyya da Sinai don taimakawa wajen inganta yawan ƙawancin a can, wanda ya haifar da nau'in nau'in iri da ke haifar da 'ya'ya da wuri, wanda ya sa yawancin jama'a suka ɓace gaba daya. Halin halittar kowane al'umma na dabbar dabbar a Turkiyya da Sinai an daidaita su da muhallinsu don haka idan aka sanya su cikin sabon yanayin muhalli ba su yi girma ba. Bugu da ƙari, yawan mahalli da ka iya tasowa daga bullo da wani sabon nau'in na iya zama mai rugujewa ta yadda yanayin halittu ba zai iya ɗaukar wasu al'umma ba. Ma'abota muhalli Amfani da kalmar " gurɓatawa" a cikin kalmar gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta yana da mummunan ma'ana da gangan kuma ana nufin isar da ra'ayin cewa haɗa bayanan kwayoyin cuta yana da illa ga muhalli. Duk da haka, saboda haɗuwa da bayanan kwayoyin halitta na iya haifar da sakamako iri-iri, "ƙazanta" mai yiwuwa ba zai zama mafi cikakken bayanin ba. Kwayoyin halitta ba a so a cewar wasu masana muhalli da masu kiyayewa, gami da ƙungiyoyi kamar Greenpeace, TRAFFIC, da GeneWatch UK. " Cutar nau'i-nau'i sun kasance babban dalilin bacewa a duniya a cikin 'yan shekaru da suka wuce. Wasu daga cikinsu suna farautar dabbobin daji, suna yin gogayya da shi don samun albarkatu, ko yada cututtuka, yayin da wasu na iya haɗawa da nau'ikan na asali, suna haifar da " gurɓataccen ƙwayar cuta ". A cikin wadannan hanyoyi, jinsunan baƙi kamar babban barazana ga daidaituwar yanayi kamar yadda mutane ke haifar da yawan mutane na kai tsaye. " Hakanan ana iya la'akari da wanda ba a so idan ya haifar da asarar dacewa a cikin yawan jama'ar daji. Ana iya danganta kalmar tare da kwararar kwayoyin halitta daga nau'in maye gurbi, kwayoyin halitta ko kwayoyin halitta da aka tsara zuwa kwayoyin da ba GE ba, ta wadanda suka yi la'akari da kwararar kwayar halitta mai lahani. Wadannan kungiyoyi masu rajin kare muhalli sun tsaya kyam ga ci gaba da samar da kwayoyin halitta. Ma'anar gwamnati Ta fuskar gwamnati, an ayyana gurbacewar kwayoyin halitta kamar haka Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya :"Ba a sarrafa shi ba na bayanan kwayoyin halitta (yawanci ana magana akan transgenes) zuwa cikin kwayoyin halittar kwayoyin halitta wanda irin wadannan kwayoyin halitta ba su cikin yanayi." Ra'ayoyin kimiyya Amfani da kalmar ' gurɓacewar halitta' da makamantansu irin su lalacewar kwayoyin halitta, swamping genetic swaming, genetic swaming, da kuma ta'addanci, masana kimiyya suna muhawara saboda da yawa basu ga ya dace a kimiyyance ba. Rhymer da Simberloff suna jayayya cewa waɗannan nau'ikan kalmomi:<blockquote>A...yana nufin ko dai cewa matasan ba su da kyau fiye da iyaye, waɗanda ba dole ba ne al'amarin, ko kuma cewa akwai ƙima mai mahimmanci a cikin wuraren waha na "tsarki". suna ba da shawarar cewa a kira kwayar halittar jini ta kwarara daga nau'ikan masu cin zarafi a kira su hadewar kwayoyin halitta tun:<blockquote>"Hing" ba lallai ba ne ya zama mai kima, kuma muna amfani da shi a nan don nuna gaurayawan wuraren waha ko a'a yana da alaƙa da raguwar dacewa. Gurbataccen mai Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
50309	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond%20Ackerman%20%28dan%20kasuwa%29	Raymond Ackerman (dan kasuwa)	Raymond Ackerman (an haife shi 10 Maris 1931 - 6 Satumba 2023) ɗan kasuwa ɗan Afirka ta Kudu ne, wanda ya sayi rukunin babban kanti na Pick'n Pay daga wanda ya kafa ta. Ya sayi shaguna hudu daga Jack Goldin a cikin 1960s. Raymond Ackerman ya kasance shugaba har sai da ya sauka a 2010. Tarihin Rayuwa Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Cape Town tare da Bachelor of Commerce, ya shiga ƙungiyar Greatermans a cikin rukunin Ackermans a cikin 1951 yana ɗan shekara 20 a matsayin manajan horo.An kafa Ackermans bayan yakin duniya na daya daga mahaifinsa Gus, amma an sayar da shi ga kungiyar Greatermans a 1940. A ƙarshe an ba Ackerman matsayi a babban ofishin Greatermans a Johannesburg . A farkon shekarun 1950, manyan kantunan sayar da abinci sun fara bayyana a wurin a Afirka ta Kudu. Norman Herber, shugaban Greatermans ya yanke shawarar fara wani dillalin abinci mai suna Checkers . A ƙarshe an sanya Ackerman a matsayin mai kula da Checkers, yana samun gagarumar nasara a kasuwancin. Ackerman ya lashe lambar yabo ta matasan Afirka ta Kudu mai fice a shekarar 1965, tare da Gary Player kuma a shekara ta 1966, yana da shekaru 35, ya kasance manajan darakta na shagunan Checkers 85; duk da haka an kore shi a wannan shekarar. A martanin da ya mayar, ta hanyar amfani da kudin sallamarsa da lamunin banki, Ackerman ya sayi shaguna hudu a kasuwancin Cape Town da sunan Pick'n Pay . Karkashin jagorancinsa, Pick'n Pay a karshe ya girma ya zama daya daga cikin manyan kantunan manyan kantunan Afirka, tare da kudin Rand biliyan talatin da bakwai ( adadi na 2006) da manyan kantuna sama da 124, manyan kantuna 14 da kantuna 179 da aka mallaka. Kungiyar Pick'n Pay tana daukar ma'aikata sama da 30,000 a kasashen Afirka da dama. Pick'n Pay babban kamfani ne wanda ke gudana azaman kasuwancin iyali. Matarsa Wendy da 'ya'yansa hudu, Suzanne, Kathryn, Jonathan, da Gareth, duk suna aiki ne don Pick'n Pay ko kuma don sadaka. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2009, Gareth ya karɓi ayyukan mahaifinsa, kuma a ranar 1 ga Maris 2010, shugabancin kuma. Haƙƙin mabukaci da haɗin gwiwar al'umma Ackerman yayi kamfen sosai don haƙƙin masu amfani. Ya yi wa Anton Rupert rahusa farashin sigari kuma tare da gwamnati kan farashin biredi. Babban fadan da ya yi shi ne da hukumomi na dakile farashin man fetur, duk da hakan bai yi nasara ba. Don rage ƙarancin farashi, kamfani yana shigo da samfuran alama. Taimakon dangin Ackerman ga Asibitin Yara na Tunawa da Yaƙin Red Cross ya kai lokacin da Gus ya sa hannu wajen ba da kuɗin kafa ta a 1956. A cikin 2006, Ackermans sun ba da gudummawar R4 miliyan zuwa asibiti. Pick'n Pay yana da hannu sosai tare da ƙoƙarin Cape Town na kawo gasar Olympics ta bazara ta 2004 zuwa Afirka ta Kudu. A ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 2005, Cibiyar Raya Kasuwanci ta Raymond Ackerman ta buɗe a Cape Town don haɓaka ƙwarewar kasuwanci da horar da manajoji da shugabanni na gaba na Afirka ta Kudu. Ya sami digiri na girmamawa a fannin shari'a daga Jami'ar Rhodes a 1986. Almater, Jami'ar Cape Town, ta ba shi digirin girmamawa a fannin kasuwanci a cikin 2001. An zabe shi a matsayi na 79 a cikin Manyan Manyan Afirka ta Kudu 100 a 2004. A cikin Nuwamba 2004, Financial Times ta ba shi sunan Afirka ta Kudu tilo a cikin manyan shugabannin kasuwanci 100 na duniya. A Afirka ta Kudu, galibi ana yin sa tare da Harry Oppenheimer da Anton Rupert. An ba Ackerman, tare da matarsa Wendy lambar yabo ta David Rockefeller Bridging Leadership in Africa Award ta Cibiyar Synergos ta Kudancin Afirka ta 2010. Raymond Ackerman ya wallafa littattafai guda uku akan abubuwan da ya faru da kuma shawara ga matasa 'yan kasuwa. Ackerman, Raymond: Jin Ciki Jump titi. Labarin Raymond Ackerman kamar yadda aka fada wa Denise Prichard . Cape Town: David Philip, 2004. Ackerman, Raymond: Ƙafafu huɗu na Tebur. Hanyar Raymond Ackerman mai sauƙi, madaidaiciyar gaba don nasara kamar yadda aka faɗa wa Denise Prichard . Cape Town: David Philip, 2005. ISBN 0-86486-617-8 Ackerman, Raymond: Tofi don kama Mackerel. Mabuɗin Ka'idoji don gina kasuwancin ku . Cape Town: Jonathan Ball, 2010. ISBN 978-1-86842-369-9 Rubutattun Tarihin Gerber, Amelda: "'Yan kasuwa sun yi farin ciki sosai. Raymond Ackerman ya yi farin ciki da jin daɗin jin daɗin rayuwa." Die Burger, 15 Fabrairu 2005. Die Burger, Maris 9, 2006. La Vita, Murray: "Mister A. moet nou groet." Die Burger, Maris 12, 2010. Haifaffun 1931 Rayayyun mutane Yan kasuwa
52858	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amina%20Garba	Amina Garba	Amina Gerba CQ (an haife ta a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1961) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma 'yar kasuwa ce 'yar Kamaru-Kanada. Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Shugaba na Fadada Afrique, Dandalin Fadada Afrique, da Mujallar Fadada Afrique . Ta kuma kafa samfuran kula da kyau Kariliss da Kariderm - na karshen shine samfurin man shea na farko a duniya don samun takaddun shaida . A cikin shekara ta me 2014, ta kasance mai karɓar Dokar Ƙasa ta Quebec . Ita ce darekta na Majalisar Kanada kan Afirka, Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Afirka, da Fonds Afro-Yan kasuwa, kuma ita ce shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Entreprendre Ici . A cikin Shekara ta 2021, Firayim Minista Justin Trudeau ya gabatar da ita ga Majalisar Dattawan Kanada, a matsayin Sanata na Quebec. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Amina Nleung a Bafia, Kamaru, ranar 14 ga watan Maris, shekarar 1961. Ita ce ta goma sha takwas a cikin 'ya'ya goma sha tara kuma yarinya daya tilo a gidanta da ta halarci makaranta. Ta yi ƙaura zuwa Quebec a shekarar 1986. A cikin shekara ta 1992, ta sami BBA dinta a fannin kula da yawon shakatawa ( marketing ), da kuma a cikin shekara ta 1993, MBA dinta a cikin binciken tallace-tallace a Jami'ar Quebec a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Montreal . Gerba shi ne shugaban kungiyar Rotary Club na Old Montreal tsakanin shekarar 2014 da shekara ta 2015. A cikin shekara ta 2013, an zaɓi Gerba don Shirin Jagorancin Baƙi na Ƙasashen Duniya (IVLP). Tun daga watan Maris ranar 14, shekarar 2015, kuma ya ci gaba har tsawon makonni goma sha biyu, Gerba ya kafa Kalubalen Fasaha na Farko a Montreal tare da ɗan'uwan IVLP alumna Stéphanie Jecrois; shirin shine don inganta karatun STEM tsakanin 'yan mata. A ranar 23 ga watan Fabrairu ta shekarar 2018, a lokacin - Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Quebec, Dominique Anglade, da kuma Ma'aikatar Shige da Fice, Diversity da Haɗuwa, David Heurtel, ya sanar da cewa Gerba zai jagoranci kwamitin gudanarwa na sabuwar hukumar gwamnati, Entreprendre Ici . An samar da hukumar ne domin inganta bambance-bambance a cikin harkokin kasuwanci da kuma taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin da suka shafi 'yan kasuwa na wurare daban-daban. Amina Gerba darekta ne na Majalisar Kanada kan Afirka, Taron Kasuwancin Afirka, da Fonds Afro-Yan kasuwa. Ta yi aiki a Jami'ar Quebec a kwamitin gudanarwa na Montreal a matsayin memba na tattalin arziki. Fadada Afrique A cikin shekara ta 1995, Gerba ya kafa Afrique Expansion, kamfanin tuntuɓar da aka tsara don taimakawa ƙirƙirar haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin kamfanonin Arewacin Amurka da Afirka. Ta kuma kirkiro wata mujalla mai suna iri daya a gwalada shekarar 1998. A cikin Watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Gerba ya kafa wani taron kasa da kasa a karkashin alamar Fadada Afrique a Yaoundé, Kamaru, game da ƙarfafa tattalin arzikin dijital a cikin ƙasar. Wakilai da yawa sun zo wurin taron, ciki har da Jacques Bonjawo, Ernest Simo, da Arthur Zang, da kuma shugabannin manyan Nigeria kamfanonin sadarwa a Kamaru irin su MTN Group, Orange, da Camtel . Dandalin Fadada Afrique A cikin shekara ta 2003, ta ƙirƙiri wani taron shekara-shekara mai suna Forum Africa Nigeria (yanzu Afrique Expansion Forum) don tattauna ci gaban tattalin arziki ga kasuwancin Afirka. Taron ya ƙunshi manyan masu magana da yawa ciki har da Pierre Pettigrew da Alpha Oumar Konaré a cikin shekarar 2009; Daniel Kablan Duncan, Charles Sirois, da Jean-Louis Roy a shekarar 2013; Philippe Couillard a cikin shekarar 2015; da Lise Thériault, Sheila Copps, Louis Vachon, da Francine Landry a cikin shekarar 2017. Bankin Duniya, Bankin Raya Afirka, da AfreximBank suma sun aike da tawaga zuwa dandalin. Kariderm da Karilis Gerba ya kafa kamfanoni masu kyau guda biyu daga Laval, Quebec: Kariderm a Shekara ta 1996 da Kariliss a cikin shekarar 2011, suna mai da hankali kan kula da fata na shea man shanu da kayayyakin kula da gashi bi da bi. Ta kuma kafa Flash Beauté Incorporated, wanda ke kera Kariderm, samfurin man shea na farko don samun takaddun shaida ta ECOCERT . Kamfanonin nata suna ɗaukar mata 2,000 na ƙungiyar haɗin gwiwar Songtaaba a Burkina Faso, waɗanda ke karɓar wani yanki na duk tallace-tallace da tallafi daga shirin gwagwlada ƙaramin kuɗi da Gerba ya ƙirƙira. Kyaututtuka da karramawa A cikin shekarar 2010, Gala de Réseau des Entrepreneurs et Professionnels Africains (Gala de REPAF) ta nada Gerba a matsayin Gwarzon Kasuwa. A cikin Shekara ta 2012, Gerba ya sami lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Quebec a Montreal. A cikin shekara ta 2014, an nada Gerba a matsayin Knight of the Order of Quebec saboda rawar da ta taka wajen inganta haɗin gwiwar kasuwanci tsakanin Arewacin Amurka da kasuwancin Afirka da ƙarfafa bambance-bambancen kasuwanci. An ba ta suna Personnalité Monde des Affaires de l'année (Kasuwancin Duniya na Shekara) a nunin kyaututtukan Gala Dynastie na shekarar 2018. Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1961 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
36839	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imota	Imota	Imota gunduma ce a garin Ikorodu a jihar Legas. Ana kiran shugabanninsu Oba Ranodu na Imota. Mutanen Ijebu ne. An samo sunan Imota daga "UMU-OTA" ma'ana "Kusa da bishiyar Ota." Wurin yanki da aka fi sani da "Imota" ya samo sunansa daga ƙanƙancewa "Imu-Ota" ma'ana "Kusa da bishiyar Ota". Hakan ya faru ne sakamakon hijirar da Ranodu da jama’arsa suka yi daga Ijebu-Ode domin neman masarauta daban suka sauka a kusa da bishiyar Ota wadda a yau ake kira Imota. Tun daga wannan lokacin, an hana duk mazaunan Imota yin wuta da itacen Ota. Tarihin Imota ya nuna cewa Ranodu na farko yana ɗaya daga cikin ‘ya’yan Obaruwa ko Obaruwamoda ko Arunwa ko Ekewa-olu na Ijebu-ode. Mai martaba Obaruwa shine Awujale na goma akan karagar mulki, a Ijebu- Ode. Sauran ’ya’yan Obaruwa da ke sarauta a matsayin muhimman Obas a yankunansu sun haɗa da Alaiye-ode na Ode-Remo da Ewusi na makun duk a yankin Remo na Jihar Ogun da Osobia na Makun-omi a karamar hukumar Ijebu ta ruwa ta Jihar Ogun. Obaruwa shi ne Awujale na farko da ya fara gabatar da gangunan sarauta mai suna ‘Gbedu’ wanda suke kaɗawa ba kawai a lokacin bikin “Osi” na shekara-shekara ba har ma da shelanta nadin sabon Oba ko High Chief ko kuma a duk lokacin bikin sarauta. Har ila yau, an hana a lokacin bikin “Osi” a Ijebu-ode, a rika buga gangunan sarauta, Gbedu, sai dai idan an fara buge shi a hubbaren Obaruwa. Obaruwa kuma yana da siffa ta musamman; a wurin ibadarsa ne kawai ake yanka raguna biyu a lokacin bikin Osi. Ranodu, limamin Oro tare da abokinsa Senlu Olupe-oku, dan Eluku da sarkin Agemo, dan uwansa Adebusenjo Orederu, limamin Ifa, bayi Osugbo, Oro Liworu, Oro Logunmogbo, Agemo Jamuse, Agemo Esuwele da Eluku Meden-Meden tare da kayan Obaship., duk suka bar Ijebu-Ode tare suka fara tafiya neman masarauta daban. Da farko suka sauka a Aiyepe, daga baya kuma fadar Ifa ta umarce su da su ci gaba. Ko a cikin wannan tafiya ta tarihi, Ranodu ya ratsa ta Oko Mayon inda ya bar alamar sarauta, sun dan sauka a Idado kusa da sagamu, a yau ake kiran Idado da 'Agbala Imota'. A garin Idado, Ranodu ya yi mubaya’a ga Oba Akarigbo na Sagamu, ya nemi izinin zama, sarki ya duba kayansa, ya ga rawani da sauran alamomin sarauta, ya shawarci ranodu da ya haye wani kogi mai suna ‘Eruwuru’ ya zauna a can. Ranodu mai suna Eruwuru as Ajura wanda yanzu ake kira Sabo a cikin Sagamu. Bayan sun zauna ne Ranodu da jama’arsa suka yanke shawarar yin bikin Agemo inda Oba Akarigbo ya fusata da rashin sanar da shi matakin da suka dauka, ya tura masu gadinsa guda biyu domin su dakatar da bikin, aka kashe masu gadin sannan sakamakon haka ya zama umarni daga Ifa Oracle don su bar wurin zuwa Isopo inda shi da jama'arsa suka yi wani ɗan gajeren hutu, ya bar wasu daga cikin tawagarsa suna ƙaura zuwa kudu. Ana ci gaba da tafiya Ranodu da jama'arsa sun isa wani tudu mai tsayi wanda Senlu Olupe-oku ne kawai ya fara hawa sannan ya kira wasu su zo tare da shi. Sun kuma zauna a saman tudun na dan wani lokaci, don nuna godiya ga jajircewar Senlu Olupe-oku na hawan dutsen da Ranodu ya sanyawa wurin sunan Odo-Senlu wanda ya kasance gari har zuwa yau. Cikin biyayya ga Ifá oracle, suka ci gaba da tafiya, suka gaji a hanya, suka yanke shawarar huta, suka yi rumfa na ɗan lokaci da ganyen dabino. Sai suka sake tuntubar Ifa, sai baƙon ya ce su ci gaba da tafiya, Ranodu ya sa wa wurin suna Abatiwa wanda kuma ya kasance ƙauye har zuwa yau. Sun kuma wuce ta Odo-Ayandelu amma Ranodu ya umarci wasu bayinsa karkashin wani bawa mai suna Ayan da su zauna a wurin. Sun tashi daga Odo-Ayandelu zuwa Odo-Onasa inda ya gina Igboti Oro ya bar Oro Liworu domin yin ibada. Mutanen Odo-Onosa kuma suna bauta wa Allah har zuwa yau. Bayan sun tashi daga Odo-Onasa sai suka isa Agudugbun suka huta na wasu watanni. Ranodu ya yi bikin Oro kuma ya gina wani Igboti Oro wanda ya rage a Agudugbun har zuwa yau. Bayan wasu kwanaki Adebusenjo Orederu ya yi bikin Agemo inda aka umurci bayi da su sare daji domin su raye-raye, a cikin wannan biki ne Adebusenjo Orederu ya gano hanyar da ta kafa a daji inda suka bar Agudugbun zuwa wasan karshe. makoma. A Agudugbun, Ranodu ya hango wutar da ke fitowa daga Yamma, sai ya binciko wutar, ya tarar da wasu mafarauta guda biyu da suke cin wuta a rumfarsu, mafarauta masu suna Ofirigidi, wani dan Oke Orundun da Ojoyeruku, mai ibadar Eluku daga Ijebu Ode, suka tarbi Ranodu. da mukarrabansa, Ofirigidi ya bukaci Ranodu ya bude jakarsa ya samu kadarorin sarauta a cikinta, suka zama abokai, Ranodu ya sanyawa wurin taronsu suna Opopo. Ofirigidi ya umurci Ranodu da ya yi tazara kadan zuwa Ehindi, wani nau'in damfara na 'Ehin Odi' ya zauna a can. Ehindi shine inda Idi Ota yake kuma aka sanya sunan garin. Ranodu ya umurci Senlu ya tuntubi Ifa oracle don sanin ko za su iya zama a wurin kuma Ifa oracle ya amince da bukatarsu, a karshe wannan ya nuna aka haifi garin Imota. Ranodu ya umurci bayinsa da su datse ciyayi a kusa da bishiyar Ota tare da gina rumfuna don masauki. Ya kuma umarce su da su shirya wurin noma domin su samu abinci su yi noma kuma bayi suna noma a arewa da kudancin kasar har zuwa wata gona mai suna gonar Masara wadda a yanzu ake kira Ago-Mota a Agbowa. Bayan ya sauka a Imota, Ranodu da jama’arsa sun gayyaci Ofirigidi da Ojoyekuru domin ziyarce shi kuma Ofirigidi ya ba da shawarar cewa tun da Ranodu ya yi wa Oba rawani ya zama sarkin wurin amma Ranodu ya ki saboda tsufa ya dauko Senlu Olupe-oku ya zama sarki. Sarkin Imota. An nada Senlu a matsayin sarkin garin na farko kuma Ranodu ya ci gaba da zama kambun da aka baiwa duk Obas na garin Imota na gargajiya (Oba Ranodu na Imota). Bayan nadin sarautar Oba Senlu Olupe Oku, Ranodu na Imota na farko a karni na 17, Adebusenjo da Ojoyekuru sun hada kai wajen bautar Ubangijin Eluku tare da gudanar da bikin tare duk shekara. Yayin da aka nada Ojoyekuru a matsayin Onimale Eluku da Adebusenjo a matsayin Cif Magodo na Agemo Esuwele. Shugabannin da dana yanzu 1. Oba Seniu olupe-oku -1610-1616, ya sauke sarautar Ranodu ya gudu zuwa Omu-Ijebu a gudun hijira. Ya rayu kuma ya mutu a can a 1638. 2. Oba Aladesuwasi, 2nd Senlu-1640-1665. 3. Oba Lasademo, 1st Lasademo daga 1669-1687. 4. Oba Orewaiye Olugayan-Jikan Ranodu da Oba na 1st indigenous daga Imota, 1st Olugayan daga 1690-1731 5. Oba Ore Oye, Senlu na uku daga 1734-1770 6. Oba Igara 4th Senlu daga 1772-1793. 7. Oba Ademokun, 2nd Lasademo daga 1796-1817 8. Oba Arowuyo, 2nd Olugayan daga 1820-1854 9. Oba Oyemade, 1st- Oyemade daga 1856-1881 an yi yakin tsakanin 1881-1893 wanda ya kai hari ga lImota kuma babu sarki Oba a lokacin. 10. Oba Okumona Olufoworesete, ta hanyar rinjayar matarsa ta farko Princess lge Mayandenu Olugayan, 1st Olufoworesete daga 1894-1917 11. Oba Akindehin wanda aka fi sani da Oba Onisuru, 3rd Lasademo daga 1917-1920 12. Oba lge Okuseti daga zuriyar Oba Rowuyo, 3rd Olugayan daga 1921-1935 13. Oba Shaibu Awotungase wanda aka fi sani da Oba Daranoye, 4th Olugayan daga 1936-1949 14. Oba Albert Adesanya Adejo wanda aka fi sani da Kiniwun Iga, wanda ya fara karatu Oba Ranodu na Imota, 2nd Oyemade from 1951-1981 15. Oba Lawrence Adebola Oredoyin, Oba Ranodu na Imota mai ilimi na biyu, Senlu na 5 daga 1981-1993. 16. Oba Mudasiru Ajibade Bakare Agoro, mai ilimi na uku Oba Ranodu na Imota, 2nd Olufoweresete daga 1993 zuwa yau. Iyalai masu mulki 1. Senlu Ruling House 2. Olugayan Ruling House 3. Lasademo Ruling House 4. Oyemade Ruling House Sarautar gargajiya 1. Olisa 2. Ayangade 3. Aro 4. Alagbo Jamuse 5. Ayangbuwa 6. Balogun 7. Alase Oluweri 8. Olootu Erelu 9. Olumale Eluku 10. Lojona Jamuse 11. Busenowo 12. Adegoruwa 13. Lojona Jamuse 14. Alfarma 15. Lashi 16. Oluwo 17. Laraba 18. Aare 19. Ayanolu 20. Adeyoruwa 21. Apena Osugbo 22. Adebusenjo 23. Olootu Balufon 24. Lapeni Awo 25. Alase Jamuse 26. Magodo Esuwele 27. Muleoruwa 28. Gusanlomo 29. Alagbo Orisa nla 30. Eluku Asa 31. Adegorusen 32. Ogbeni-Odi 33. Egbo 34. Afina 35. Rasuli 36. Alakan 37. Odofin 38. Legunsen 39. Ogbodo 40. Fadegbuwa 41. Jomu 42. Ogbeni Oja 43. Iyalode 44. Iyalaje 45. Gwargwadon 46. Wata 47. Eleku Asa 48. Ladugba 49. Agoro 50. Jagun 51. Sufari 52. Shafi 53. Alwala 54. Oluomo Wuri da tsarin siyasa Garin Imota yana da sandwiched da latitude 6°39′50″N kuma yana madaidaicin tsayin 3°40′12″E. A Arewa yana da iyaka da garin Agbowa-Ikosi, a Kudu da garin Isiu, a Gabas kuma ya yi iyaka da garin Gberigbe, sai kuma a Yamma ga garin Ode-remo mai fadin kasa mai fadin kusan kilomita 502. Imota was initially placed in Ikosi district council under Epe division. The town is divided into four quarters: Itun-Opopo, Itun-Onabu, Itun- Maja, and Atere. Each quarter has its own political representative called councillors. The first sets of councillors from Imota were illiterate; they include Pa. Ogunnoiki, Pa. Alaga, Pa. Oyinbo and Pa. Agbonmagbe. They were chosen based on their activeness and held in high esteem that their decisions remain final. A wajen aiwatar da mulkin dimokuradiyya a garin, ‘yan Osugbo ne ke da hurumin shari’a, suna duba yadda sarki ya wuce gona da iri, yayin da sarki ke gudanar da ayyukan zartarwa da na majalisa. Ƙirƙirar Jihar Legas a 1967 ta ƙunshi manyan sassa biyar, wato Legas Colony, Badagry, Epe, Ikeja da Ikorodu . Wannan ya kawo kayyade yankin Ikorodu zuwa mazabu biyu da Ikorodu ta tsakiya, Ikorodu arewa da Ikorodu yamma a matsayin mazabar I da Imota, Igbogbo, Ijede a matsayin mazabar II. Sake fasalin kananan hukumomi na 1976 ya raba jihar Legas zuwa kananan hukumomi takwas da aka kafa karamar hukumar Ikorodu. Haka kuma mulkin farar hula na 1979 a karkashin Lateef Jakande ya raba jihar zuwa kananan hukumomi ashirin da uku sannan rusasshiyar karamar hukumar Irepodun ta fito daga karamar hukumar Ikorodu amma kwarewar shigowar sojoji cikin harkokin siyasar Najeriya ya gurbata jamhuriya ta biyu kuma ta kai ga soke zaben. na karamar hukumar Irepodun da kuma mayar da kananan hukumomi a jihar zuwa farko takwas. Kafa karamar hukumar Irepodun ya haifar da yarjejeniya da yarjejeniya tsakanin manyan garuruwa uku da ke mazabar Ikorodu II cewa 'mukamin dan majalisa mai girma a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas na mazabar da mukamin shugaban karamar hukumar Irepodun da kuma shugaban karamar hukumar Irepodun. Za a raba kujerar hedkwatar karamar hukumar a tsakanin garuruwa uku na mazabar'. Ko da yake, yarjejeniyar ba ta kasance a rubuce ba saboda a lokacin, yawancin shugabannin siyasa a waɗannan garuruwa ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba amma sun yarda da yarda da juna. Amma duk da haka kafawar ta shaida gabatar da Hon. Fola Oredoyin a matsayin wakilin farko na mazabar a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas . Fola Oredoyin ta zama mataimakin kakakin majalisar jiha a jamhuriya ta biyu, Alhaji SO Amusa-Olorunishola ya ci gaba da zama na farko kuma shugaban zartarwa daya tilo a karamar hukumar Irepodun kuma hedikwatar karamar hukumar Irepodun tana Ewu. -elepe, garin Igbogbo. Da rusasshiyar karamar hukumar Irepodun, an bar garuruwa uku na mazabar da mukamin dan majalisa mai girma a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas wanda aka raba bisa ga yarjejeniyar da aka kulla. Ya samar da Hon. MK Sanni daga Imota a matsayin zababben dan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas don kammala wa'adin mulkin Hon. Fola Oredoyin. Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta uku da ta hudu ita ma ta samar da Hon. Adefarasin Saheed Hassan daga Ijede a matsayin dan majalisar dokokin jihar Legas , da Late (Hon. Rotimi Sotomiwa daga Igbogbo a cikin 2007-2010, mutuwarsa ta ƙare shine wa'adin mulki da kuma takarar neman kujerar dan takarar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP), Hon. Gbenga Oshin don kammala wa'adinsa , Hon. An kuma zabi Akinsola Adebimpe daga Igbogbo/Bayeku LCDA don kammala wa’adi na biyu kuma an mayar da koton mulki zuwa Imota a 2015 da Hon. An zaɓi Nurudeen Saka-Solaja a matsayin wakilin mazabar a majalisar dokokin jihar Legas Samar da karin kananan hukumomi talatin da bakwai ga kananan hukumomi ashirin da ake da su a jihar Legas da Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya yi a shekarar 2003 ya sa Imota da sauran al’ummomin mazabar Ikorodu II su zama gwamnati mai cin gashin kai mai unguwanni hudu na siyasa. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
36254	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickson%20Tarkighir	Dickson Tarkighir	SpeakerDickson Tarkighir Dickson Dominic Tarkighir (an haife shi 12 Afrilu 1969) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne. Ya kasance dan majalisar wakilai ta kasa ta 8 a majalisar wakilan Najeriya mai wakiltar mazabar Makurdi / Guma kuma Mamba na ECOWAS . Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Dickson Tarkighir a cikin dangin Mr da Mrs Tarkighir Ubur Adaga. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta St. Thomas dake karamar hukumar Makurdi daga shekarar 1976 zuwa 1981 inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na farko ( FSLC ). Ya wuce Makarantar Sakandare ta Community Community, Tse-Kyo, karamar hukumar Guma, inda ya kammala a shekarar 1986 da takardar shaidar kammala sakandare. Bayan hutun da ya yi na neman ilimi sai ya samu gurbin shiga Jami’ar Jihar Edo, yanzu Jami’ar Ambrose Alli da ke Ekpoma, inda ya yi karatu tsakanin 1998 zuwa 2003 kuma ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin kasuwanci . Daga nan ya sami gurbin karatu a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, sannan ya kammala digirinsa na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA), a shekarar 2008. Dickson Tarkighir mashawarcin tallace-tallace ne. Daga 1988 zuwa 1991, ya yi aiki a matsayin Mai koyo a Mojo Electronics, Umuahia. Daga 1992 zuwa 1995 ya yi aiki da Okada Air Kaduna . Daga baya, ya shiga kasuwanci mai zaman kansa kuma ya kafa kamfanin Dasnett Mobile Services a lokacin zuwan ayyukan GSM a Najeriya . Ya kasance MD/CEO, Triggar da Gibbons Ltd, wani kamfanin talla da kuma kamfanin tallafawa kayan aiki da District 4 Lounge, kayan shakatawa a Makurdi, jihar Benue. Dickson Tarkighir dan jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) ne. Ya yi aiki domin samun nasarar jam’iyyar a kowane mataki wanda ya sa aka nada shi babban mataimaki na musamman kan masana’antu ga Gwamnan Jihar Binuwai a shekarar 2009. An sake nada shi mukamin a shekarar 2011; Mukamin da ya rike har zuwa shekarar 2014 lokacin da ya yi murabus ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokokin kasar . Ya samu tikitin takara a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party amma John Tondo ya sha kaye, a zaben fidda gwani da aka bayyana a matsayin rashin adalci. Ya fice daga jam’iyyar PDP zuwa jam’iyyar All Peoples Congress (APC) inda ya samu tikitin tsayawa takara a zaben 2015 kuma ya samu tikitin tsayawa takarar wakilcin al’ummar mazabar Makurdi /Guma a majalisar wakilai ta tarayya Abuja. A ranar Talata, 24 ga watan Yuli, 2018, Tarkighir na cikin ‘yan majalisar wakilai 37 da suka sauya sheka daga jam’iyyar APC mai mulki zuwa wasu jam’iyyun siyasa. Ya koma jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP), jam’iyyar da a baya ya fice. Sai dai a ranar Talata, 22 ga watan Janairu, 2019, Tarkighir ya bayyana komawar sa jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress (APC) yana mai cewa “kokarin da gwamnatin tarayya ta yi na maido da zaman lafiya a mazabarsa ya sa shi da jama’arsa.” A baya dai Dickson Tarkighir ya fice daga jam’iyyar APC ne bayan ya “ji haushin gwamnatin shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari kan yadda aka ki magance rikicin manoma da makiyaya”. Fuskantar Shari'a Dickson Tarkighir shi ne dan takarar jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress, don maye gurbin Bulaun Peter wanda ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na farko kuma jam’iyyar ta ba shi takardar shaidar cin zabe kuma hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ta kasa (INEC) ta amince da shi, amma ya tsallake rijiya da baya. . Wani mai suna Franc Fagah Utoo ya garzaya kotu domin kalubalantar takararsa, inda ya ce an tafka kura-kurai a zaben fitar da gwani. "Utoo yayi ikirarin cewa shi ne ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyyar amma an mika sunan Tarkighir ga hukumar zabe mai zaman kanta ." Shari’ar ta wuce Kotun daukaka kara da Kotun koli, inda kotun koli a Najeriya ta tabbatar da nasarar Tarkighir. Ayyukan doka Dickson Tarkighir ya kasance mai magana da yawun zauren majalisar wakilai ta 8 . Shi mai fafutukar tabbatar da ‘yancin kai na majalisa ne kuma mai kare hukuma. A ko da yaushe ya kasance yana bin shawarar da majalisar ta yanke ba tare da la’akari da ra’ayinsa na siyasa da na bangaranci ba. A yayin zaben shugaban majalisar wakilai ta 8, Tarkighir ya goyi bayan dan takarar jam’iyyarsa ta APC, Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda ya sha kaye a hannun Yakubu Dogara . A cikin tashin hankalin da ya biyo bayan rashin Gbajabiamila, ya tsaya tsayin daka kan sakamakon zaben. Bayan amincewa da kasafin kudin shekarar 2017, an yi ta cece-ku-ce kan karin kasafin kudin Majalisar daga N115bn a shekarar 2016 zuwa 125bn, a daidai lokacin da al’ummar kasar ke fafutukar farfado da tattalin arzikin kasar. A kasafin kudin da aka gabatar, an ware naira biliyan 125 ga majalisun biyu na majalisar ta 8, adadin da ya kai kusan kashi 2% na kasafin kudin tarayya. Tarkighir, ya bayyana dalilin da ya sa aka karkatar da kasafin da N10bn. A cewarsa, halin da ake ciki a halin yanzu na tattalin arziki da kuma karuwar kudaden kasashen waje ya yi matukar tasiri a harkokin majalisar dokokin kasar. “Farashin dala kusan yana shafar kowane fanni na rayuwa. Kusan duk abin da muke yi a nan, dole ne mu canza naira da dala. Mukan shigo da takardu daga kasashen waje, har da wadanda muka saba samar da kasafin kudin da kuke rike da su. Yanzu, ba ma iya siyan motocin da ke aiki ba saboda babu kuɗi.” Ya ce akwai ayyukan sa ido da ‘yan majalisar ke halarta a wajen kasar. “Mun iso kasar nan, a makon da ya gabata, daga wani taron fasahar kere-kere a teku. Ba za ka yarda cewa, da kudin musanya na yanzu, kasafin kudin bai kai N100bn ba, kawai kana ganin alkaluman a fili.” “A gaskiya kasafin kudin ya kasance N150bn a majalisa ta 7, amma sai da shugabanni da ‘yan majalisa ta 8 suka yi kokarin kishin kasa domin a rage shi yadda yake a yanzu. Da muka ga yanayin tattalin arziki a lokacin, sai muka kuduri aniyar yin sadaukarwa ga kasa, sai muka rage kasafin daga N150bn. Amma kamar yadda kuke gani, ba zai yiwu ba, saboda karuwar daloli. Ba za mu iya ci gaba da riƙe wannan adadi ba. Ko a lokacin da kasafin ya kai N150bn, kudin canji ya kai naira 199 zuwa dala, yau a hukumance farashin canji ya kai 305, amma ba za ka samu ba. Kuna buƙatar siye a kasuwar baƙar fata da tsada,” in ji shi. A wata hira da ta yi da manema labarai, Tarkighir ya kuma bayyana cewa, “Na yi amfani da dokata kan batutuwan da suka shafi kasata da mazabana. Na gabatar da wani kudiri na neman Gwamnatin Tarayya ta maye gurbin ma’aikatan bogi 25,000 da ta gano, tare da masu neman aiki na gaske tun lokacin da gwamnatin ta nuna iyawa a kan lokaci na biyan irin wadannan ma’aikata. Wannan adadi da aka raba kuma aka fitar da shi daga jihohi 36 na Tarayya da Abuja, zai taimaka wajen rage yawan rashin aikin yi kadan.” Mamba na kwamitoci Tarkighir ya kasance memba na kwamitoci kamar Haka. Petroleum Downstream Yawan jama'a Sojojin ruwa Ayyukan Lafiya Al'amuran Neja Delta Inter Parliament Haɗin kai a Afirka Majalisar ECOWAS Kula da harkar kudade Tarkighir ya dauki nauyin kudade da yawa. Sun hada da: Kudirin dokar kafa Sashen Kiwon Shanu a karkashin Ma’aikatar Aikin Gona ta Tarayya ko kuma irin wannan Ma’aikatar da ke Kula da Noma da Kiwon Shanu; da kuma sauran Abubuwan da suka shafi, 2015 (HB 323). Daftarin doka don yin gyara ga Dokar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Farko ta Kasa da kuma soke shirin Kasa kan Dokar Rigakafi (1997. Kudirin doka don gyara dokar hukumar bunkasa fasahar sadarwa ta 2007 don sanyawa hukumar, karin ayyuka don inganta tsaro ta intanet da kuma karin ikon tsarawa, daidaitawa da daidaita mafi karancin ka'idojin gudanar da mulki a dukkan ma'aikatun gwamnatin tarayya, sassa da hukumomi da kuma don sauran al'amura a ciki, 2015. Kudirin doka don gyara dokar kiwon lafiya ta 2014 don haɗawa kyauta da gwajin likita na lokaci-lokaci don cututtuka masu yawa da na yau da kullun ko yanayi akan duk mutanen da ke zaune a Najeriya da sauran batutuwa. Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki Mai Ruwa (Hydroelectric Power Producing Areas Development Commission) (kafa, da dai sauransu) lissafin (gyara), 2016. Kudirin doka don soke shirin na ƙasa akan Dokar Rigakafi Cap. Dokokin N71 na Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004, don cire maimaita ayyuka tsakanin Hukumar Kula da Lafiya a matakin farko da shirin kasa kan rigakafi da kuma abubuwan da suka shafi. Daftarin doka don yin gyara ga dokar hana shan taba ta kasa, 2015 da sanya aiwatarwa da aiwatar da wannan doka tare da Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Gudanarwa ta Kasa da sauran batutuwan da suka shafi hakan, 2016 (HB.882). Kudi don yin gyara ga Hukumar Kula da Abinci da Magunguna da Dokar Kula da Abinci ta Kasa, Cap. N1, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, 2004 don Ƙirƙirar Cibiyar Kula da Tabar Sigari ta ƙasa da sauran Al'amura masu alaƙa (HB.883). Kudirin doka don samar da fa'idodi na musamman ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki waɗanda ke ba da gudummawar kuɗi ga kamfanonin wutar lantarki don sayan, sakawa da kula da na'urorin rarraba wutar lantarki ko sauran kayan aikin da suka shafi, 2017. Tarkighir ya kai kudiri da dama; wadannan sun hada da: Ya gabatar da kudiri kan bala'in ambaliyar ruwa a Makurdi da wasu sassan kasar. Kudirin maye gurbin ma'aikatan bogi 23,000 da ma'aikata na gaske daga rukunin marasa aikin yi da ƙwararrun masu neman aikin Najeriya. Wani kudiri na kira ga FERMA da ta gaggauta tattara kayan aiki don gyara babbar hanyar tarayya ta Makurdi- Gboko . Wani kudiri na kira ga hukumar NEMA da sauran hukumomin da abin ya shafa da su samar da wani yanayi na gaggawa don magance ambaliyar ruwa da ake sa ran za a yi a wasu sassan jihar Benuwe musamman don samun isasshiyar kulawa da kulawa ga ‘yan gudun hijirar da ke zaune a kasuwannin duniya a Makurdi da bita gabaɗaya na shirye-shiryen gaggawa da tsarin kula da bala'i don haɓaka saurin gudu da inganci a cikin aikin farko na hukumomin da abin ya shafa. Kudirin raba rajistar masu kada kuri’a da Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ke yi. An gabatar da kudiri kan kashe-kashen makiyaya a kananan hukumomin Guma da Logo na jihar Binuwai da kuma mummunan halin jin kai da ya taso. Bukatar Gwamnatin Tarayya ta ayyana dokar ta-baci kan harkokin tsaro saboda yawaitar munanan hare-hare a kasar nan daga wasu da ake zargin makiyaya ne. Ayyukan mazabu Dickson Tarkighir yayi ayyukan mazabu da dama a mazabar Makurdi - Guma . Wasu daga cikin ayyukan sun haɗa da: Fitilar titi mai amfani da hasken rana a Garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue. Samar da taransfoma 5 NOS 300KVA a karamar hukumar Makurdi, jihar Benue. Giina Rijiyar Solar Borehole a Titin Ter Guma, Bankin Arewa, Karamar Hukumar Makurdi- Jihar Benue. Gina Cibiyar Samar da Fasaha (Type A) a High Level, karamar hukumar Makurdi- Jihar Benue. Gina hanyoyin Garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, Jihar Benue. Shirin Karfafa Matasa: Injin dinki, injinan sarrafa rogo, injinan nika, kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka, injinan feshin gona, injinan walda, injinan fanfo ruwa a karamar hukumar Makurdi, jihar Benue. Horar da 'yan kasuwa yadda ake amfani da tsarin ciniki a mazabar tarayya ta Makurdi/Guma ta jihar Benue. Ginin babban dakin taro na garin Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue. Karfafawa mata da matasa: Kekuna, babura, injin nika, injin dinki a mazabar tarayya ta Makurdi/Guma, jihar Benue. Wayar da kan kiwon lafiya: yaƙin neman zaɓe na wayar da kan jama'a game da cutar kanjamau / wayar da kan jama'a kyauta a Makurdi/Guma Federal Constituency, jihar Benue. Kammala aikin Dam na Akaakuma a karamar hukumar Guma- jihar Benue. Gina Makarantar Firamare ta LGEA Ngban, Nyiev, Guma LGA- Jihar Benue. Sayen babura domin shiga tsakanin al'ummar karkara a mazabar Makurdi/Guma ta jihar Benue. Rijiyoyin burtsatse masu amfani da hasken rana a Abinsi, karamar hukumar Guma, jihar Benue. Ginin Rukunin ‘Yan Sanda na Dibisional (DPO) a Gbajimba, hedikwatar karamar Hukumar Guma, Jihar Binuwai. Martani ga Fulani makiyaya masu kai hari 'Tashin hankali tsakanin Fulani makiyaya da manoma na daya daga cikin matsalolin tsaro da ake fama da su a Najeriya wanda ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kungiyar International Crisis Group ta yi gargadin cewa za ta iya zama "mai hatsarin gaske kamar ta'addancin Boko Haram a arewa maso gabas" Dickson Tarkighir ya kasance daya daga cikin wadanda suka jajirce wajen yakar hare-haren Fulani Makiyaya da suka addabi sassa daban-daban na Najeriya da mazabarsa ta tarayya mai wakiltar mazabar Makurdi/Guma sosai. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2018, Fulani makiyaya sun kai hari a karamar hukumar Guma da Logo inda suka kashe mutane kusan 73 ciki har da mata da yara. Gwamnatin jihar Benue ta shirya binne gawawwakin wadanda aka kashe a ranar 11 ga watan Junairu 2018. Da yake mayar da martani game da ci gaba da kai hare-hare a shirin gidan talabijin na ChannelsTV, Sunrise Daily a ranar Litinin, 8 ga watan Janairu, 2018, dan majalisar ya nuna rashin jin dadinsa kan yadda shugaba Buhari ya kasa "suna suna da kunya" Fulani makiyaya duk da hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan Najeriya a jihar Benue. Ya ce har sai an sanya makiyayan a matsayin ‘yan ta’adda, ayyukan da hukumomin tsaro ke yi a yankin ba za su iya samar da sakamakon da ake bukata ba. Ya bayyana fargabar cewa da hare-haren da ake kai wa al’ummar Benuwai a halin yanzu, al’ummar kasar ba za su iya cimma burinsu na samun wadatar abinci ba. “Gwamnatin tarayya ta dade tana bayar da shawarwarin samar da abinci amma ta yaya kuke samun wadatar abinci a duk lokacin da muke son girbin amfanin gonarmu sai Fulani su kai mana hari? Duk da kasancewarsa dan jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress a matsayinsa na shugaban kasa Muhammadu Buhari, ya ci gaba da caccakar shugaban da kalubalantar batun hare-haren Fulani makiyaya. A wata hira da jaridar Daily Independent, ya tabbatar da cewa, “mun zabi wannan gwamnati ne saboda a shekarun 2012, 2013 da 2014, jihar nan tana fuskantar hare-hare daga Fulani makiyaya. Mutanenmu sun kasance 'yan gudun hijira a ƙasarsu. Shugaban kasa na lokacin Goodluck Jonathan bai yi komai akai ba. Don haka, muka yanke shawarar cewa mu canza shugabanci; don haka shugaba Buhari ya lashe jihar Benue . Lokacin da Buhari ya shigo mun dauka a matsayinmu na Bafulatani, dattijo kuma tsohon Shugaban kasa, ya fahimci kalubalen da mutanenmu ke fuskanta kuma zai kawo karshen rikicin manoma da makiyaya. Sai dai kuma abin takaici, rikicin ya karu a karkashin gwamnatinsa.” A wata hira da jaridar The Guardian, ya bayyana cewa: “Shugaban bai yi wani abu da yawa ba. Jama’a sun fara tunanin cewa Shugabancinsa ya jajirce wajen kai wa makiyaya hari a fadin kasar nan saboda shi Bafulatani ne. A matsayinsa na Bafulatani wanda shi ma ya mallaki shanu, ya kamata Shugaban kasa ya yi misali da shi. Ya bayyana a fom dinsa a kundin tsarin mulki cewa yana da shanu. Bari ya nuna wa masu kiwon shanu inda gonarsa take kuma wannan ita ce hanya mafi dacewa ta kiwo. Idan har zai iya kiwon shanun nasa, shi ya sa ya kamata ya yi wa’azin ra’ayin kiwo da tabbatar da cewa an ba wa wadanda ba su iya yin kiwo kwarin guiwa su kafa kiwo don noman shanunsu. Jama’a sun damu matuka da samar da hanyoyin kiwo domin a tunaninsu za a kwace musu filayensu a ba makiyaya. Tun da a zahiri gwamnati ba ta cewa komai don kare ’yan Najeriya, muna tunanin a fakaice yana ba da izinin lalata al’umma don makiyayansu su ci abinci.” Ya ci gaba da cewa: “wani lokaci a kasar China shugaban kasa Buhari ya aiko da sako karara ga masu fasa bututun mai cewa zai dauke su kamar Boko Haram. Masu fasa bututun mai ba sa kashe mutane; suna lalata bututun mai. Makiyaya suna kashe mutane, suna lalata filaye da dukiyoyi da amfanin gona a cikin al’ummarmu. Sun kashe sama da mutane 8,000 tun hawan Buhari mulki. Makiyaya babbar barazana ce ga kasar nan. Shugaban kasa ya samar da sojoji da za su kare masu kiwon shanu a Kano da Katsina daga ‘yan fashi, amma bai bayar da irin wannan sojan da zai yi maganin makiyayan da ke kashe mutane ba, musamman a shiyyar Arewa ta tsakiya. Yaya adalci?” A cewar Tarkighir, ‘’yan kungiyar ta Miyetti Allah sun shafe watanni shida zuwa bakwai suna yin barazana bayan da aka sanya hannu kan dokar hana buda-bakin kiwo na cewa ba za su bari a aiwatar da shi ba. Sun yi jawabai a bainar jama'a ta TV, a cikin jaridun Daily Trust da na duniya. Wadannan mutane an san su, amma jami’an tsaro ba su iya kama wadannan mutane ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya. Lokacin da kuka yi wa mutane barazana da mutuwa kuma a ƙarshe suka mutu, ku ke da alhakin. Ba a kama wadannan mutane ba, shi ya sa nake cewa wadanda ke kawo mana hari gwamnati ce ta san su. Abin takaici, gwamnati ba ta yin komai a kai. Don haka al’ummarmu suna ganin akwai hadin kai tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya da makiyaya. Dubi Guma LG, tafiyar kusan mintuna 40 ne daga Makurdi . Kadarori uku na sojoji a Makurdi ; kana da 72 Brigade, NASME, da kuma Air Force Base wanda za a iya tura Guma a cikin kasa da minti 20. Sai da aka kwashe kwanaki uku ana tura sojoji zuwa Guma LG. Me hakan ke gaya muku? Ya ce ba su damu da rayuka da dukiyoyin da ake barna a Guma ko Binuwai ba. Wannan abin takaici ne kuma mun ji takaicin shugaban kasa.” A wata hira da jaridar This Day, Tarkighir ya ce; “Al’ummata sun yi watsi da shirin gwamnatin tarayya na ba su kariya, domin ko a lokacin da ake gudanar da gasar tseren keke, ana ci gaba da kashe-kashe da kone-kone. Suna kashe 'yan sanda har ma da sojoji. “Muna tunanin akwai hadin kai tsakanin gwamnati da makiyaya a kan abin da ke faruwa, domin a halin yanzu kusan kowa a karamar hukumar Guma wadda ita ce karamar hukumara ta ‘yan gudun hijira ne. Ƙasar ta zama kufai, ba kowa a wurin. Lokacin noma yana zuwa kuma mutane ba su da damar yin amfani da gonakinsu, wanda ke nufin baya ga haifar da fatara, za a yi yunwa a Benuwai mai zuwa.” Ya kuma yi kira da a tallafa masu: “Yanzu muna kira ga kasashen duniya da su kawo mana agaji. Muna da maza, mata da yara sama da 190,000 a sansanonin IDP, kuma babu abinci, babu komai. Abubuwan da gwamnatin jihar ke da su sun yi yawa, dangane da samar da magunguna, abinci, tufafi da kayayyakin more rayuwa ga sansanonin. Ya zuwa yanzu muna da sansanoni kusan takwas kuma alhakin kula da wadannan mutane na gwamnatin jiha ne.” A shekarar 2016, an samu rahotanni a kafafen yada labarai na cewa ‘yan majalisar tarayya guda 45 da aka zaba a zaben 2015 da za su wakilci mazabunsu daban-daban a fadin kasar nan, an kaddamar da su a majalisun biyu na majalisar dokokin kasar da takardar shedar Sakandare ko na digiri na biyu. Takaddun shaida na malamai a matsayin mafi girman cancantar ilimi. Daga cikin mutanen da aka bayyana cewa an zabe su a ofishin tare da sakamakon O'Level Dickson Tarkighir yana ciki. Sai dai martanin da Tarkighir ya bayar shi ne cewa rahoton na tunanin marubucin ne. A hirarsa da Daily Post, ya ce a farkon makon wani abokina wanda muka kammala karatunmu a shekarar 2008 tare da kammala karatunmu na MBA a Jami’ar Ahamdu Bello Zariya, ya kirani da labarin cewa sunana yana cikin wadanda muka kammala karatunsu a shekarar 2008. wadanda aka ce a Majalisar Dokokin Kasar ba su da wata karama mafi karancin cancantar karatu wato GCE. “Mun yi dariya kuma na kara dariyar da a karshe na karanta cikakken rahoton na ga sauran sunayen da ke cikin jerin sunayen – wadanda wasu daga cikinsu ba ‘yan majalisar wakilai ba ne kamar yadda rahoton ya yi nuni da kasancewarsu mambobin. “Amma sai da na karanta ra’ayoyin da aka yi ta yanar gizo game da rahoton, na gano cewa mutane nawa ne, a cikin barna, suka dauki ƙugiya, layi da nutsewa, in ji rahoton kuma suka ci gaba da yin izgili ga cibiyar da kowane ɗayansu. “Saboda ’yan mazabana, abokaina da masu fatan alheri, an tilasta ni in bayyana (sake) cancantar karatuna. Ina yin haka ne duk da cewa na yi watsi da shi tun da farko saboda, ba na ganin kaina ko wani memba a matsayin wakili mafi kyau fiye da kowane abokan aikinmu wanda cancantar ilimi na iya zama mafi ƙanƙanta. Ba kusan abu bane a cikin la'akarin wanda ya kasance ko zai zama mafi wakilcin wakilci. Amma duk da haka, ina da alhakin gyara wani ɓoyayyen bayanin da ɗan jarida ya yi wa kaina wanda ya karkatar da wani yanki na ci gaba na kuma ya tafi danna saura kaɗan. “Gaskiya ita ce, ban da GCE dina, na kammala karatun digiri a Jami’ar Ambrose Alli, Ekpoma a 2003. Na karanta Business Administration . Kuma idan wannan yana buƙatar wasu tabbaci tare da Jami'ar, ga lambar ta FD. 045729. “A shekarar 2006/2007 na yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin kasuwanci (MBA) a Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya kuma na kammala a shekarar 2008. Don dubawa tare da Jami'ar: MBA/ADMIN/00905/06-07 ya isa. “Mafi mahimmanci, ina so in sake tabbatar wa mazabana, abokaina da masu fatan alheri cewa na cancanta a matsayina na wakili da nake gudanarwa a madadin mazaban Makudi da Guma Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
26351	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikicin%20Fulani%20Makiyaya%20da%20Manoma%20a%20Najeriya	Rikicin Fulani Makiyaya da Manoma a Najeriya	Tsattsauran ra’ayin Fulani na nufin rikici tsakanin ƙabilar Fulani da manoma, (wanda kuma ake kiransu da suna 'Pular' ko 'Fulbe') wanda wannan rikici yake tashi tsakanin manoma maƙwabtan su cikin ƙabilu daban-daban. An ɗauki Najeriya a matsayin "tukunyar narkewa" na al'adu da ƙabilu daban -daban.. Fulani da Hausawan Najeriya galibi ana ɗaukar su ƙungiya ɗaya amma wannan ba haka bane ga membobin waɗannan ƙabilun a duk faɗin nahiyar. Bafulatani/Hausawa sune mafi girma kuma sanannun ƙungiya. An kiyasta yawan Fulani a Najeriya kusan miliyan 14. Ƙabilun farko da Fulani ke rikici da su sune Yarbawa da Ibo, duk da cewa sanannun ƙungiyoyi guda 33 ne ke shiga rikicin manoma da makiyaya a ƙasar. Tarihin gabaɗaya Fulani galibinsu makiyaya ne /kusan rabin makiyaya kusan miliyan 20 da ke zaune a cikin matsanancin yanayi na Yammacin Afirka . Yana da mahimmanci a nanata cewa ba duka Fulani ne masu tsattsauran ra'ayi ba - masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sune ƙananan wannan ƙabila mafi girma. Fulanin ƙungiya ce ta makiyaya kuma rayuwarsu ta dogara ne da kiwon shanu, da kuma awaki da tumaki, a kan hanyoyin kiwo. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yayin da canjin yanayi ya kawo karuwar kwararowar hamada da ƙarancin albarkatu, rikice-rikicen Fulani da manoma sun yawaita. Yayin da Fulani makiyaya ke ƙaura zuwa kudu zuwa ƙasashe masu ɗimbin yawa, an sami gagarumar gasa ta hanyar kiwo tare da manoma na yankin, lamarin da ya haifar da tashin hankali. Yayin da ake samun wasu ire-iren rikice-rikicen makiyaya da manoma a Najeriya, ana danganta rikicin Fulani da manoma da tsattsauran ra'ayi saboda ana amfani da ta’addanci da matsanancin tashin hankali a matsayin dabarun sasanta sabani. A wasu sassan Afirka, kamar a Mali, an kafa ƙungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda na yau da kullun. Kungiyar ‘Yancin Macina, ko Front de Libération du Macina (FLM) a Mali kungiya ce ta jihadi da ta shiga tsakanin Fulani makiyaya. Duk da yake a halin yanzu babu wata kungiya a Najeriya, har yanzu dabarun ta’addanci sun zama ruwan dare. Waɗannan dabarun sun haɗa da, amma ba'a iyakance su ba, lalata amfanin gona, munanan tarzoma, hana zirga -zirga, yi wa mata fyade, bugun manoma, da tunzura hare -haren makamai akan ƙauyuka. Yakin neman gona mai albarka da hanyoyin kiwo ya haifar da gagarumin tashin hankali. Wadannan rikice -rikicen kuma suna faruwa a duk fadin Guinea, Senegal, Mali, da Kamaru . Duk da yake ba a san takamaiman bayanai game da hijirar Fulani zuwa Najeriya ba, amma ana kyautata zaton Fulani sun koma Arewacin Najeriya daga yankin Senegambia a ƙarni na goma sha uku da goma sha huɗu. Tun bayan hijira ta farko, Fulani sun shiga rikici da manoma a Najeriya. Hare -haren Fulani masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun fi shahara a jihohin Kaduna, Filato, da Binuwai. Tsawon ƙarnuka da yawa, waɗannan rikice -rikicen sun ci gaba da taɓarɓarewa gwargwadon lamurra iri -iri na zamantakewa, siyasa, tattalin arziki, da muhalli. Musamman, fari, rashin ruwan sama, da lalata ƙasa a Najeriya sun ƙara rura wutar rikici. Fitattun hare -hare Ba a dunkule masu tsattsauran ra’ayin Fulani ba karkashin mulkin shugaban kasa. Maimakon haka, ana gudanar da hare-hare kan mutum ɗaya, ƙaramin matakin, wanda bai dace da ƙungiyoyin ta'adda ba. A sakamakon haka, yana da wuya duka biyun su ci gaba da samun cikakken bayani game da hare -hare da kuma ɗaukar alhakin masu tsattsauran ra'ayi. Wadannan sune wasu, amma ba duka ba, na shahararrun hare -haren da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Fulani suka kai a Najeriya cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata. A shekarar 2018, masu tsattsauran ra’ayin Fulani ne ke da alhakin kashi 72% na mutuwar masu alaka da ta’addanci a Najeriya. Adadin wadanda suka mutu ya kai 1,159. A shekarar 2019, bayan shekara daya kacal, masu tsattsauran ra'ayin Fulani ne ke da alhakin kashi 26% na mace-macen da ke da alaka da ta’addanci a Najeriya, wanda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 325. Tsakanin shekarun 2010 zuwa 2016, masu tsattsauran ra’ayin Fulani ne ke da alhakin hare-haren ta’addanci 466 da mutuwar mutane 3,068 a fadin kasashen yammacin Afirka da dama. Matakin tarayya Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai da dama da suka shafi wannan rikici. Dokar ajiyar Kiwo ta Najeriya na 1964 A cikin shekara ta alib 1964, gwamnati ta zartar da wannan aikin, da fatan za ta ƙarfafa Fulani su rungumi zaman rayuwa da kiwo a kan waɗannan wuraren da aka keɓe. Dokar Amfani da Ƙasa ta 1978 A shekara ta alib 1978, gwamnati ta aiwatar da Dokar Amfani da Ƙasa. Wannan yanki na doka ya ba gwamnatin tarayya ikon raba filaye ga kungiyoyi daban -daban. Bugu da ƙari, an ba ƙungiyoyin asalin 'yancin yin da'awar mallakar yankunan kakanni. Amincewa da Dokar Amfani da Ƙasa ta ƙara ruruta rikicin Fulani da manoma, saboda an cire Fulani makiyaya daga haƙƙin mallakar filayen kakanni. Manufofin Noma na Najeriya na 1988 A ƙoƙarin warware batutuwan da dokar amfani da filaye ta gabatar, gwamnati ta ware takamaiman wuraren kiwo da Manufofin Noma na Najeriya. Wannan doka ta ware mafi ƙarancin kashi 10% na jimlar yankin ƙasar da za a kebe don kiwo. Har zuwa yau, ba a aiwatar da wannan umarni daidai gwargwado ba. Illolin rikici Rage yawan amfanin gona Rikicin da ake samu tsakanin makiyaya da manoma ya yi mummunan tasiri ga amfanin gona. Fulani masu tsattsauran ra'ayi suna lalata albarkatun gona ba tare da nuna bambanci ba, abin da ke yin illa ga aikin gona. Ficewar manoma Manoma sun rasa muhallansu sakamakon wannan rikici, wanda ya kara talauci da rashin kwanciyar hankali a yankunan noma. Fulani yan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations
20585	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20jihar%20Ekiti	Jami'ar jihar Ekiti	An kafa Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti a matsayin jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo (Obafemi Awolowo university) Ado-Ekiti a ranar 30 ga Maris din 1982 daga gwamnatin Cif Michael Adekunle Ajasin, gwamnan farar hula na farko na Jihar Ondo . Jami'ar memba ce ta ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth. Tana da nisan tafiyar mintuna 12 daga tsakiyar garin Ado-Ekiti, Jihar Ekiti a Yammacin Najeriya . Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti, Ado-Ekiti, kamar yadda aka sani a yau, ita ce kadai jami'a a Nijeriya da a cikin kwata na karni aka sauya sunan ta sau huɗu. An canza sunan zuwa Jami'ar Jihar Ondo a 1985, Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti a watan Nuwamba na 1999, da kuma zuwa sunan ta na Jihar Ekiti na Jami'ar Ado Ekiti a watan Satumba na 2011. Takaitaccen Tarihi A ranar 14 ga Janairun 1981, Cif Adekunle Ajasin karkashin jagorancin gwamnatin farar hula ta jihar Ondo, ya ba da sanarwar aniyarshi ta kafa jami’a mai yawan jami’o’i a jihar kuma aka kafa kwamitin tsare-tsare na mambobi 16. Sakamakon atisayen ya haifar da kafuwar jami’ar a watan Maris na 1982, lokacin da gwamnatin jihar ta kirkiro wata jami’a mai suna Obafemi Awolowo University, Ado-Ekiti kuma ta nada Farfesa. IO Oladapo a matsayin mataimakin shugaban jami'a na farko tare da wadanda ke cikin majalisar farko da Cif BA Ajayi ya jagoranta a ranar 28 ga Maris 1982. Jami'ar ta fara ne ta hanya mai kyau daga tsohon gidan hutawa a Akure kuma ta koma wani wuri na wucin gadi a Ado-Ekiti inda aka fara laccoci ba da jimawa ba tare da dalibai 136 da suka bazu a Kwalejin nuna gwaninta (Faculty of Arts) Kimiyya da Kimiyyar Zamani. Yayin zaman 1983/84, an kafa sababbin kwasa-kwasai don ƙarfafa ƙwarewar da ke akwai; wadannan sun hada da ilimin kasa, ilmin halitta, ilmin sunadarai, Faransanci, karatun Yarbanci, falsafa, karatun addini, kimiyyar siyasa da halayyar dan adam . Malami na huɗu, Fannin ilimi, an kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1983/84 yana ƙara ɗaliban ɗalibai zuwa 724. A cikin zama na 1985/86, an kafa Fannin ƙere-ƙere (Civil, Mechanical and Electrical) da Ma'aikatar Banki da Kudi. An kafa Sashin Shari'a a lokacin zaman 1991/92 kuma an kafa fannin kimiyya, Aikin Noma a cikin 2001, yana kawo Kwarewar zuwa 8 gaba ɗaya kuma ɗaliban ɗalibai na 10,000. Yawan ɗalibai yanzu ya wuce 25,000 wanda aka yada a cikin shirye-shiryen ilimi daban-daban. A yau jami'a tana gudanar da shirye-shiryen digiri a fannoni 66 na kwarewar ilimin kimiyya a duk fannonin da ke akwai da kuma shirye-shiryen ilimi, daga Makarantar Nazarin na masu digiri na biyu shugaban Cigaban Ilimi, Daraktan Sashin Lokaci na Lokaci, Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Digiri na Ilimin Sanwic, Makarantun Haɗin gwiwa, Cibiyar Ilimi, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Laburari ta Kimiyya, Daraktan Shirye-shiryen Digiri na farko, Sashin Nazarin Janar, Cibiyar Nazarin Harkokin Kasuwanci da Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaba, da sauransu. Fannonin sun karu daga 8 a 2001 zuwa 10 a 2010 tare da kirkirar Kwalejin Magunguna wanda ke dauke da fannin sanin tushen magani da kimiyya (Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences) da fannin da ya shafi ƙananan asibiti a kimiyance Faculty of Clinical Sciences yayin amfani da Babban Asibitin Koyarwa na Jihar Ekiti, Ado- Ekiti. Canza suna A shekarar 1984, mallakar Jami'ar ya kasance karkashin mulkin soja na jihar Ondo tun lokacin da mulkin kasar ya koma karkashin mulkin soja . A shekarar 1985, gwamnati a matsayinta na mai mallakar jami’ar ta soke manufofin jami’o’i da yawa da kuma wuraren zama tare da sauya sunan zuwa Jami’ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti . (Canjin sunan Jami'ar bai shafi wurin ba / wurin harabar a Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria . Ana iya yin tunani a cikin bayanan Hukumar Jami'o'in (Najeriya), ofungiyar Jami'o'in Commonwealth da sauran bayanan jama'a. ) Tasirin canjin siyasa akan mallakar jami'a da suna A cikin 1996, Gwamnatin Sojan Tarayyar Najeriya ta kirkiro karin sabbin jihohi 6 zuwa jihohi 30 na Tarayyar Najeriya. Jihar Ekiti ta Najeriya tana daga cikin sabbin jihohi 6 kuma an sassaka ta ne daga cikin jihar Ondo wacce aka kirkira ta a farkon 1976 daga rusasshiyar jihar yammacin Najeriya. Saboda kirkirar jihar, an raba kadarorin tattalin arziki, cibiyoyi da cibiyoyin da mallakar jihar Ondo a baya ga sabuwar jihar Ekiti. Saboda haka mallakar Jami'ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti ya kasance karkashin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa ta Gwamnatocin jihar Ekiti da ta Ondo. A shekarar 1998, saboda rugujewar yarjejeniya kan rabon kadara da tafiyar da Jami'ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti tsakanin gwamnatocin jihohin Ondo da Ekiti, gwamnatin jihar Ondo ta kirkiro da sabuwar jami'a mai suna Jami'ar Jihar Ondo a Akungba Akoko, a Jihar Ondo (Jami'ar Jihar Ondo, Akungba Akoko daga baya aka sauya mata suna zuwa Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin, Akungba Akoko yayin da Gwamnatin Jihar Ondo kuma ta kirkiro Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Ondo a Okitipupa a 2003). Dangane da shawarar manufofin da gwamnatin Ondo ta dauka, gwamnatin jihar Ekiti ta karbe mallaki, ikon gudanarwa da kudaden jami'ar jihar Ondo da ke Ado-Ekiti sannan ta samar da wata doka da za ta sauya sunan zuwa Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti. Gwamnatin Ekiti kuma ta dauki matakai don tabbatar da cewa duk bayanan da kaddarorin jami'ar sun kasance yadda suke. A bisa doka, Gwamnatin Jihar Ekiti ta mayar da duk kadarori, basussuka da kuma bayanan Jami’ar Jihar Ondo, Ado-Ekiti zuwa Jami’ar Ado-Ekiti, kuma an sanar da Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta kasa game da canjin. Ci gaban Siyasa a jihar Ekiti da tasirin sa A shekarar 2007, aka kafa sabuwar Gwamnati ta farar hula a jihar Ekiti. Gwamnatin ta kafa sabbin Jami’o’i mallakar jihar guda biyu, ban da tsohuwar Jami’ar Ado-Ekiti. Sunayen Jami'o'in biyu sune Jami'ar Ilimi, Ikere-Ekiti da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ifaki-Ekiti. Waɗannan Jami'o'in guda biyu, tare da tsohuwar Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti, Nijeriya, an sami kuɗin ne daga baitul malin ɗin jama'a; wannan ya yi matukar illa ga jakar kuɗin jama'a kuma ya haifar da rarrabuwar tsarin ilimi. A shekara ta 2010, an samu canjin gwamnati a Ekiti kuma sabuwar gwamnatin ta kira taron ilmi a duk fadin jihar a shekarar 2011 don la’akari da hanyoyin da suka fi dacewa don dorewar ilimin manyan makarantu da kuma samar da kudade ga cibiyoyin gwamnati mallakar gwamnatin jihar Ekiti. Wani bangare na shawarar da aka yanke a taron shi ne hade jami'o'in kasar guda uku a matsayin cibiyoyin gwamnati daya. Gwamnatin Ekiti ta hanyar doka ta hade Jami'ar Ado-Ekiti, Jami'ar Ilimi, da Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha, zuwa sabuwar jami'a mai suna Jami'ar Ekiti. Bayan haka, Hukumar Kula da Jami’o’i ta Kasa da ke Abuja ta bai wa Jami’ar lasisin karfafa duk wasu kadarori da bayanan jami’o’in uku a matsayin cibiya daya. A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, masu hannu da shuni sun nuna bambancin ra'ayi game da ci gaban jami'ar kamar Dokta Lawrence Omolayo wacce ta ba da gudummawar rukunin gudanarwa wanda ya kunshi ofisoshi 271, Aare Afe Babalola ( Babban Lauyan Najeriya ), ya gina kuma ya samar da kujeru 350. Dokta Ahmed Aliyu Mustapha ya gina katafaren dakin karantarwar karatu mai kujeru 400 yayin da al'umar Ado-Ekiti suka gina katafariyar sashen koyar da ilimin shari'a. Kole Ajayi ya jagoranci Kungiyar Tsoffin Daliban suka gina cibiyar tsofaffin daliban jami’ar a shekarar 2002 yayin da Dr. JET Babatola ya jagoranci kungiyar tsofaffin daliban suka gina Kwalejin Shari’a da Kotu a 2009. Asusun Amincewar Ilimi ya gina wurin zama 1,200 da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo na lacca mai kujeru 750, sabon rukunin laburare, rukunin ofis na Kimiyyar Noma, sabon Fannin ilimin zamantakewa (Faculty of Social science Arts) da ofisoshin Ilimi. Da (Shell Petroleum) kwanan nan ya kafa cibiyar fasahar sadarwar bayanai a cikin jami’ar baya ga gudummawar NUC ɗakunan karatu na zamani da Ilimin Ilimi wanda ya ba da kyautar komputa da saba ga Jami'ar. Yawancin shirye-shiryen jami'a a yanzu suna jin daɗin amincewa yayin da wasu ke jin daɗin amincewa na ɗan lokaci. Kusan duk ayyukan karatun jami'a suna da alaƙa da ɗayan kan layi ko ɗayan. Jami'ar na ci gaba da gudanar da atisayen neman izini a matsayin zababben ma'aikata a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Majalisar Jami'ar kuma kwanan nan ta kafa wani asusun bayar da tallafi ga marasa karfi amma hazikan dalibai tare da bayar da gudummawar farko na N1million wanda ke nuna cewa matsalar rashin wadatar zuci ta zama gaske a jami'ar saboda yanayin tattalin arziki da kuma tsadar karatun Ilimin Jami'a. . Jami'ar na da iyakantattun wuraren zama da wuraren wasanni don ma'aikata da ɗalibai a ciki da wajen babban harabar. Wadannan suna daga cikin manyan membobin hukumar Jami'ar: Dr. John Kayode Fayemi Mai girma Gwamna, Shugaban Gwamnatin Jihar Ekiti na Najeriya HRH Alhaji Lamido Sanusi, tsohon Sarkin Kano Mataimakin shugaban jami'ar (Pro-Chancellor) da kuma Shugaban Majalisar Farfesa T. Omole Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a Farfesa Edward Olanipekun Kimiyyar Noma Kiwon Lafiya Kimiyyar Siyasa Kimiyyar Zamani Cibiyar Wasanni Cibiyar ICT Jami'ar Jarida Lambunan botanikal (Botanical) Gonar Jami'ar Ayyukan Kiwon Lafiya na Jami'ar Cibiyar Ilimi Cibiyar Kimiyyar Laburari da kimiyya (Laboratory Science) Cibiyar Bunkasa Yan Kasuwa Cibiyar Bincike da Ci Gaba Makarantar Karatun Digiri na biyu Shirin Lokaci Shirin Sanwic (sandwich) Shirin sharar fage shiga digiri (Pre-Degree) Kwalejojin haɗin gwiwa Gidajen zama Jami'ar tana zaune tare da Gidajen zama don ɗalibai maza da mata. Dakunan kwanan dalibai masu zaman kansu suna gudanar da harabar-harabar kusa da Jami'ar da cikin garin Jami'ar ta masu mallakar su. Hakanan akwai tanadi don masaukin ƙananan ɗalibai, ana yin ɗakunan zauren ƙasa: Dakunan kwanan dalibai (hade) Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Ajasin / Abiola (mace) Dakunan kwanan dalibai mata masu zaman kansu sun kunshi bangarori biyu wadanda suke kusa da Kwalejin Ilimi da fasaha. Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Gwamnati (AKA Tatan, a hade) sun hada da Hall Hall guda hudu A, B, C da D. Block A da B sune Dakunan kwanan maza yayin da Block C da D dakunan kwanan mata ne. Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Makaranta (gauraye) Iworoko Dakunan kwanan dalibai (gauraye) Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Osekita (gauraye) Dakunan kwanan dalibai na Omolayo (gauraye) Anglican Dakunan kwanan dalibai (mace) Cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa A ƙasa akwai jerin cibiyoyin haɗin gwiwa na Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti wanda Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Najeriya (NUC) ta amince da shi. Michael Otedola Kwalejin Ilimin Firamare, Noforija Epe Lagos Makarantar Gudanarwa ta Duniya (ISM) Lagos Emmanuel Alayande Kwalejin Ilimi, Oyo Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Oro Kwalejin Ilimi ta Jihar Kwara, Ilorin Adeniran Ogunsanya Kwalejin Ilimi Otto, Ijanikin, Lagos Tsoffin Daliban jami'ar Chukwuemeka Fred Agbata, dan kasuwar fasaha kuma mai gabatarwa a Channels TV . Kunle Ajayi, Farfesa a fannin kimiyyar siyasa da kuma kula da rikice-rikice a jami’ar Yabo Fowowe, marubucin Najeriya kuma mai magana Joshua Kayode, Farfesan Kimiyyar Shuka a jami’ar Gidan Tarihi na abubuwan more rayuwa Pages with unreviewed translations
26099	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Botswana	Sinima a Botswana	Tarihin Sinima na Botswana (ko sinima a Botswana ) ya ƙunshi yin fim a ƙasar Botswana dake Kudancin Afirka, kafin da bayan samun ƴancin kasar Botswana. Fim ɗin Botswana yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin manyan gidajen sinima na Afirka wanda ya haɗa da gidajen sinima na kasa na Benin, Masar, Kenya, Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu, da sauransu. Wasu sun yi wa lakabin masana'antar fim ta Botswana "Botswood", kwatankwacin yadda ake kiran masana'antar fina-finan Indiya "Bollywood ", ta Najeriya " Nollywood ", da kuma ta Amurka " Hollywood ". Tarihin farko Dangane da masanin tarihi Neil Parsons, farkon sanannen kwafin fim ɗin da aka rubuta a Botswana ya kasance tsakanin shekarar 1906 zuwa 1907. A cewarsa, wani kamfani na London, Ingila mallakar wani mutum mai suna Charlie Urban ya aiko da masu daukar hoto don yin rikodin shirin bidiyo game da balaguron jirgin ƙasa na Bechuanaland zuwa Victoria Falls, tafiya jirgin ƙasa wanda ya ratsa ƙasar Botswana ta yau. Daga nan sai masanin tarihin dan Adam Rudolf Pöch daga Ostiriya ya zo ya yi jerin gajerun fina-finai a cikin ƙasar Afirka, waɗanda suka haɗa sauti da launi kuma ya ƙunshi wani mutum mai shekaru sittin, Kubi . Parsons sun ɗauki Kubi a matsayin "tauraron fim na Botswana na farko". A cikin 1912, wani ɗan London wanda aka fi sani da W. Butcher ya sami izinin tafiya zuwa Botswana ta Gabas don yin fim da jerin gwanon Bangwato ; wannan ya faru a birnin Serowe. Daga lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, shirye -shiryen fina -finan Botswana sun mamaye finafinan game da mutanen yankin Botswana ta yamma da labarai game da abubuwan da ke faruwa a gabas. An ba da rahoton cewa, Mai shirya fim na farko daga Botswana wani mutum ne mai suna Molefi Pilane, wani ɗan gida, sarkin ƙabilanci wanda ake zargin ya yi rikodin mata suna wanka ta hanyar amfani da ƙaramin kyamarar rikodi. Wata mata da aka sani da "Miss Muichison" ta yi rikodin fina -finan da suka kai kimanin sa'o'i biyu, inda ta yi bayani dalla -dalla game da ayyukan ƙungiyar majagaba ta agaji ta Afirka ; An san sassan biyu suna rayuwa kuma kashi na uku ana zargin akwai shi a wani wuri a Botswana. Fim ɗin mai suna Bechuanaland Protectorate an yi shi ne a lokacin yaƙin duniya na biyu kuma yana da nasaba da sojojin APC da suka dawo gida daga Arewacin Afirka bayan sun yi nasarar dawowa Botswana. Fim ɗin ya ƙunshi sarkin kabilar Bathoen II . Bill Lewis mai shirya fina-finai na Cape Town ya zo yankin Botswana a 1947 don yin fim na ziyarar sarauta a gona inda sojojin APC suka kasance. Ba'amurke Tom Larson kuma ya zo a ƙarshen Shekarun 1940; ya yi fim na wasu shirye -shirye guda biyu, daya mai taken "Masu Rainmakers na Okavango " wanda aka saki a 1948. 1950 zuwa 1960 Ɗan siyasa na gari, Shugaban farko na Botswana Seretse Khama, Baƙar fata, ya auri Ruth Williams, Farin mace daga Ingila, a cikin 1948, yana mai da hankalin Botswana ga ƙasashen duniya saboda dokokin yankin na wariyar launin fata; wannan ya sa kamfanonin shirya fina -finai da yawa suka samar da movietone reels game da ma'auratan. Kamfanonin da suka yi fim ɗin waɗannan abubuwan sun haɗa da Paramount Pictures da Labaran Duniya . An ci gaba da samar da fina -finai game da ma'auratan da kyau bayan sun bar Botswana don yin hijira. 1953 ya ga samar da " Remmants of a Mace Race ", wanda mazaunin Molepolole Louis Knobel ya samar, wani Bature ne wanda ke aiki da Sabis ɗin Bayanai na Afirka ta Kudu . Wannan fim ɗin yayi cikakken bayanin rayuwar mutanen San dake zaune a hamadar Kalahari, wanda ya haɗa da ɓangaren Botswana. An samar da shi a ƙarƙashin sunan kamfanin "Kalahari Films" kuma ya ɗauki tsawon mintuna 17. " Mafarauta ", fim ɗin 1957 na Amurka John Marshall shima ya shafi mutanen da ke zaune a Kalahari, kamar yadda shirin BBC, " The Lost World of the Kalahari ", ya nuna Laurens van der Post . Nunin Amurka " Mutual of Omaha's Wild Kingdom " shima ya zo yin fim a kusa da Botswana sau da yawa a cikin shekarun 1960. Botswana ta sami ƴencin kanta a 1966, kawo sauye -sauyen siyasa, zamantakewa da al'adu a yankin, gami da yadda aka shirya fina -finai da bunƙasa a sabuwar ƙasar Afirka ta lokacin. Tarihin kwanan nan A cikin 1980, John Marshall ya yi fim ɗin wani daga cikin shirye- shiryensa masu alaƙa da Botswana, "Nǃai, Labarin ǃKung Woman ", game da gwagwarmayar wani ! Matar Kung, N! Ai, wacce aka yi mata auren dole da shekara takwas ga mai maganin warkar da ƙabilanci. Wasan barkwanci na 1981, " Dole ne Alloli Su Yi Hauka " a Botswana kuma ya zama babban abin bugawa na duniya; ya shafi wani jami'i guda uku da jerin abubuwan da ba na hukuma ba: 1988's " The Gods Must Be Crazy II " shi ma ya shahara, duka fina -finan da suka sa ɗan wasan Namibia Nǃxau ǂToma ya zama sanannen tauraron fim, yayin da " Crazy Safari " na 1991 shine farkon jerin abubuwan da ba na hukuma ba. wani kamfanin fina -finai na Hong Kong mai suna Orange Sky Golden Harvest, wanda kuma ya fito da Nǃxau ǂToma. Sauran biyun, "Mahaukaci a Hong Kong" da "Dole ne Alloli Su Kasance Masu Ban dariya A China" ba a yin fim a ƙasar Botswana. An yi fim ɗin Disney na 2000 " Whispers: An Elephant's Tale " a Botswana, tare da tauraruwar tauraruwar Hollywood Angela Bassett. Daga baya, a lokacin 2009, an yi rikodin sassan fim ɗin Indiya na yaren Tamil na Saravanan , "Ayan " a Botswana. Wanda aka yaba sosai " A Birtaniya ", game da labarin soyayya ta gaskiya ta Seretse Khama da Ruth Williams, an yi fim ɗin wani ɓangare tsakanin Botswana da London, Ingila kuma an sake shi a duniya a cikin 2016. Kamfanonin sinima Botswana tana da kamfanonin fina -finai da fina -finai da yawa, ciki har da New Capitol Cinemas da Gaborone Cine Center . Sinima a Afrika
17833	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad%20al-Massari	Mohammad al-Massari	Mohammad al-Mas'ari (), ya kasan ce shi fitaccen masanin ilmin lissafi ne kina dan asalin Saudiyya kuma wanda ya saba wa siyasa wanda ya samu mafaka a Ingila a shekarar 1994. Yana gudanar da kwamitin kare hakkin dan Adam (CDLR) kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Musulunci. A tsakiyar shekara ta 2000, aka dauke shi aiki a matsayin malami daga sashen kimiyyar lissafi na King's College London. Mohammed Al-Masari ya yi nasarar yaki da turawa daga kasar Ingila a shekarar 1996. Al-Massari ya sami digiri na uku a fannin ilimin lissafi da lissafi daga Jami'ar Cologne a shekara ta 1976. Daga baya ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar King Saud. Ya gudu daga Saudi Arabiya a cikin shekarar 1993 kuma ya sami mafaka a Burtaniya. A yayin shari'ar mutanen da ake zargi da hannu a tashin bam din na ofishin jakadancin Amurka a Nairobi, an bayyanawa jama'a cewa wata wayar tauraron dan adam mai lamba-M 22 da wani dan adawa na Saudiyya Saad Al Faqih ya saya, kuma ta ba Mohammed Al Masari a shekarar 1996, don taimakawa a gwagwarmayar tasa ta fitarwa, ya samu kira daga daya daga cikin ‘yan kunar bakin waken na Nairobi kwanaki takwas kafin harin. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa an yi amfani da wayar don yin kira don shirya hirar Usama bin Laden ta ABC News World News Tonight. Akwai rahotannin da ke cewa sifa to Mohammed Al-Bello Masari da tabbatarwa cewa kasar Iraki 's shugaban Saddam Hussein tuntube Afghanistan Larabawa a marigayi a shekarar 2001, wadannan Amirka mamayewa, nã kiran su ne zuwa ga sãmun mafaka a kasar Iraki. A cikin rahotonta na wannan ikirarin yanar gizo na Gabas ta Tsakiya ya lura cewa wasu masana sunyi jayayya game da iƙirarin. An san shi da bayyana sojojin Burtaniya a Iraki a matsayin halastattun masu hari ga masu fafutuka, kuma ya taba daukar hotunan bidiyon hare-haren bam da fille kai a shafinsa na intanet. Yana gudanar da gidan rediyo mai irin wadannan sakonni, ciki har da wakokin da ke kira da a yi jihadi a kan sojojin kawancen. Kodayake wasu jami'an gwamnati sun nuna damuwa kan abubuwan da yake watsawa, al-Massari ya nace cewa ba a watsa rediyonsa a Biritaniya don haka ba ya karkashin ikon gwamnatin Burtaniya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2003 ya gabatar da shiri mai tsawo a jerin shirye- shiryen tattaunawa na gidan talabijin na BBC Bayan Duhu tare da wasu, Albie Sachs, Jim Swire da David Shayler. A shekara ta 2004 an bayyana cewa wani lalataccen ɗan sanda ɗan Burtaniya ya yi amfani da kwamfutar 'yan sanda don bincika lambar rajistar motar mallakar al-Massari. Dan sandan ya mika bayanan ne ga wani jami’in leken asirin na Saudiyya. Daga nan sai Mohammad al-Massari ya shiga shirin kariya na shaidu domin kare kansa. Al-Massari da shafinsa na Tajdeed sun dan sami wasu bayanai a cikin binciken da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006 game da amfani da zane a cikin farfagandar ta'addanci na Islama. An saukar da gidan yanar gizon Tajdeed a watan Yulin shekarar 2007, mai yiwuwa don amsawa ga tallan MEMRI da game da wannan rukunin yanar gizon da wasu makamantansu. Shi ne tsohon shugaban CDLR kuma tsohon memba ne na Hizbut-Tahrir kuma a halin yanzu shi ne shugaban Jam’iyyar don Sabunta Musulunci. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Abedin Mahan (4 Decemba 2003). A Saudi Oppositionist's View: An Interview with Dr Muhammad Al-Massari The Jamestown Foundation. Archived from the original on 21 March 2006 Retrieved 26 June 2005 Rayayyun mutane Pages with unreviewed translations
19659	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azumi%20A%20Lokacin%20Ramadan	Azumi A Lokacin Ramadan	A lokacin daukan Azumin watan Ramadan, an wajabtawa musulmai, (Larabci , sawm ; Farisanci : , rozeh ), a kowace rana daga fitowar alfijir zuwa faduwar rana (ko daga asuba zuwa dare a cewar wasu malamai). Azumi yana bukatar kamewa daga abinci da abin sha da kuma kusantar iyali. Azumin watan Ramadān an wajabta shi ne (wājib) a cikin watan Sha'aban, a cikin shekara ta biyu bayan da musulmai sun yi hijira daga Makka zuwa Madīnah. Azumin watan Ramadana daya ne daga cikin manya-manyan Rukunnan Musulunci guda biyar.. An ambaci azumin watan Ramadhan a cikin ayoyin Alkur'ani guda uku a jere Kamar haka :Yã ku wadanda suka yi !imani! An wajabta azumi a kanku kamar yadda aka wajabta shi a kan wadanda suka gabaceku, tsammaninku (ku koyi) kamun kai. —Surah Baqarah 2: 183(Azumi) na adadin kwanaki; To, wanda ya kasance daga gare ku majinyaci, ko kuwa a kan tafiya, sai (adadin ya biya) daga kwanuka masu zuwa. Ga waɗanda suke iyawa (da wahala), fansa ce, ciyar da miskin. To, wanda ya yi kyauta, to, shi ne mafi alheri a gare shi. Kuma ku yi azumi (da alheri) a gare ku, idan kun kasance kuna sani. - Suratu Baqarah 2: 184. Abinda aka Haramta a lokacin Ramadan Ba a yarda da ci, da sha, da jima'i ba tsakanin alfijir ( Sallan Alfijiri ), da faɗuwar rana ( maghrib ). Ana ɗaukar azumi a matsayin ibada ta kashin kai wacce musulmai ke neman samun kusancin Allah. A lokacin Ramadan, ana sa ran Musulmai su kara himma wajen bin koyarwar Musulunci ta hanyar kauracewa tashin hankali, fushi, hassada, haɗama, muguwar sha'awa, zafin rai / gulma, kuma ana nufin su yi ƙoƙarin zama da junansu fiye da na al'ada. Duk abubuwan batsa da na rashin addini dole ne a guje su saboda tsarkin tunani da aiki suna da mahimmanci. Ko da yake azumi a watan Ramadan ne yake zama fard (wajibi), aka ware ake yi ga mutane musamman masu hali. Azumin watan Ramadān ba farilla bane ga wasu mutane da yawa waɗanda zai iya zama matsala mai yawa a gare su, daga cikinsu akwai mutanen da ke fama da rashin lafiya da tsofaffi. Ba wajibi bane ga yara waɗanda basu balaga ba yin azumi, duk da cewa wasu sun zaɓi yin hakan, saidai an so su rinka jarabawa, kuma wasu ƙananan yara suna yin azumi na rabin yini don horar da kansu. Idan balaga ta yi jinkiri, azumi ya wajaba akan maza da mata bayan wani shekaru. Ciwon sukari da jinya ko mata masu ciki galibi ba a tsammanin su yi azumi. Kamar yadda yazo a wani hadisi, yin azumin Ramadana haramun ne ga mata masu haila. Sauran mutanen da galibi ana ganin karɓaɓɓu ne ga waɗanda suke cikin yaƙi, da matafiya waɗanda ko dai suka yi niyyar ɗaukar ƙasa da kwanaki biyar daga gida ko kuma yin tafiyar sama da mil 50. Idan halin da ake ciki na hana Azumi na wani lokaci ne, ana bukatar mutum ya rama kwanakin da aka rasa bayan watan Ramadana ya wuce kuma kafin Ramadan mai zuwa ya zo. Idan halin ya kasance na dindindin ne ko na tsawan lokaci, ana iya samun sakamako ta hanyar ciyar da wani mabukaci domin kowace rana da aka rasa. Idan mutum bai dace da kowane nau'i na kebewa ba kuma ya karya azumin saboda mantuwa, azumin har yanzu yana nan. Buya azumin da gangan yana tozarta shi, kuma dole ne mutum ya rama duk ranar daga baya. A yayin barkewar cutar shan-inna a shekarar ta 2013 a Somalia, an ba wa wasu kungiyoyin ma'aikatan agaji kebewar rigakafin cutar shan inna ta baki . Sauran kebewa sun haɗa da: Tsoho wanda baya iya azumi. Ya kamata su ba da gudummawar adadin abincin mutum na al'ada don kowace rana da aka rasa idan suna da ikon yin hakan. Tsanani mai tsanani; dole ne a rama kwanakin da suka bata don rashin lafiya bayan samun sauki. Wadanda suke da tabin hankali. . Buda Bakin Azumi Masallatai da yawa za su bayar da buda baki (a zahiri: karin kumallo) bayan faduwar rana don al'umma su zo su kawo karshen azuminsu gaba daya. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun ga irin wannan abinci a wuraren dafa abinci na miya na musulmai.Azumi ya baci tare da kwanan wata (idan zai yiwu) bisa al'adar Muhammadu, ko kuma da ruwa. Addu'ar Buda Bakin Azumi Addu'ar buda baki zahabaz zama'u wabtallatil uruq wa sabbatal ajru insha Allah. ma'anar addu'ar buda baki shi ne: kishirwa ta tafi jijiyoyi sun yi danshi lada ya tabbata da izini Allah. Illoli masu cutarwa Sashen ilimi na Berlin da Ingila sun yi kokarin hana dalibai yin azumin watan Ramadana, saboda suna ikirarin cewa rashin ci ko sha na iya haifar da matsalar maida hankali da kuma maki mara kyau. Hakanan an danganta azumin Ramadana da asarar aikin yi da kashi 35 zuwa 50%. Da yawa daga cikin fa'idodin kiwon lafiya da ake dangantawa da Azumin Ramadana kawai suna la'akari da ƙauracewa abinci yayin yin watsi da ƙarancin shan ruwa wanda zai iya haifar da cutarwa ko da a cikin lafiyayyun mutane. A cikin al'adu da yawa, ana danganta shi da abinci mai nauyi da shan ruwa a lokacin Suhur da lokutan buda baki, wanda hakan na iya yin lahani fiye da kyau. Azumin Ramadan lafiyayye ne ga masu lafiya in har da cewa yawan abinci da shan ruwa ya wadatar amma waɗanda ke da yanayin rashin lafiya ya kamata su nemi shawarar likita idan sun haɗu da matsalolin lafiya kafin ko lokacin azumi. Lokacin azumi yawanci ana haɗuwa da ƙananan nauyi, amma nauyi na iya dawowa daga baya. Binciken wallafe-wallafen da ƙungiyar Iran ta ba da shawarar yin azumi a lokacin Ramadan na iya haifar da rauni na koda ga marasa lafiya masu matsakaici (GFR < 60ml / min) ko cutar koda mai tsanani amma ba cutarwa ba ne ga marasa lafiyar dashen koda da aiki mai kyau ko mafi yawan marasa lafiya masu yin dutse . Har ila yau, an nuna cewa, Ramadan azumi na iya kara hadarin for salivary gland shine yake kumburi . Azumin Ramadana na iya zama da hadari ga mata masu juna biyu saboda yana da alaƙa da haɗarin haifar da nakuda da haifar da ciwon suga na ciki, kodayake bai bayyana yana shafar nauyin yaron ba. Ya halatta kada a yi azumi idan hakan yana barazana ga rayuwar mace ko na yaro, duk da haka, a wasu lokuta mata masu juna biyu na iya zama al'ada kafin ci gaban rikice-rikice. . Hukunce-hukunce ga mai azumi A lugga, kalmar azumi a harshen larabci na nufin 'kamewa' (imsak) mara iyaka daga kowane aiki ko magana a kowane lokaci. Dangane da Tsarkakakken Doka, azumi aiki ne na: kauracewa shiga komai a cikin ramin jiki. kauracewa shiga harkar jima'i; kauracewa ayyukan lalata kamar su gulma; daga lokacin da rana ta fara fitowa zuwa lokacin da rana ta fadi; tare da niyyar azumi; daga mutanen da aka halatta musu yin azumi. 'Kamewa daga yin jima'i' ya hada da ainihin yin jima'i da inzali sakamakon lalacewar gaba. 'Barin shiga komai a cikin ramin jiki' yana nufin ayyukan shigar da abinci, abin sha, ko magani a cikin rami na jiki, ba tare da la'akari da cewa wannan abu ne na yau da kullun wanda zai shiga cikin ramin jiki ba ko a'a. Shiga kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwa a cikin ramin jiki yana nufin abin ya shiga cikin maƙogwaro, hanji, ciki, ko ƙwaƙwalwa ta hanyar hanci, maƙogwaro, ɓangrorin sirri, ko kuma raunuka masu buɗewa. 'Ko da gangan ko kuma bisa kuskure' ya cire ayyukan ci da sha, ko yin jima'i. 'Daga lokacin da rana ta fara fitowa zuwa lokacin da rana ta fadi' tana nufin shigar gaskiya na lokacin Fajr zuwa shigar da lokacin Maghrib.'Tare da niyyar azumi' yana nufin cewa dole ne mutum ya yi niyyar yin azumi domin ya bambanta idan da gaske yana yin wata ibada ko a'a yayin da mutum ya kauracewa ci, sha, ko yin jima'i.Misali,idan kawai za a nisanta daga abinci,ko abin sha, ko saduwa ba da niyyar yin azumi ba, to wannan azumin ba shi da inganci kuma ba ya kidaya. 'Daga mutanen da aka halatta musu yin azumi' na nufin cewa dole ne mutum ya sami 'yanci daga halin da zai hana ingancin azumin mutum, kamar haila ko biki (jinin haihuwa bayan haihuwa).[Shurunbulali, Maraqi al-Falah; Ala al-Din Abidin, al-Hadiyya al-Alaiyya; Shurunbulali Imdad al-Fattah]. Baya ga yin jima'i ko dai tare da mata ko kuma kowane mutum, an kuma hana al'aura yayin azumi. Wannan aikin zai karya azumi,kuma mutumin da ya aikata wannan zai tuba ga Allah kuma ya kamata ya rufe wannan azumin a wani lokaci na gaba. Bambancin Mazhaba Akasari, Sunni da Shi'a suna yin Ramadan dai-dai, amma akwai wasu bambance-bambance. Na daya, 'yan Sunni suna buda baki lokacin faduwar rana, da zarar rana bata sake gani ba, amma har yanzu da sauran haske a sama. Koyaya, ga yan Shia suna jira don karya bayan dare ya yi duhu. Musulmin Shi'a kuma suna yin wani biki wanda Ahlus-Sunnah ba sa yi. Suna yin biki na kwana uku (a ranakun 19, 20, da 21) don tunawa da Ali, surukin Manzon Allah Annabi Muhammad (S.A.W) wanda 'yan tawaye suka yarda dashi. Sufi Musulmai suna da wasu bambance-bambance game da yadda suke azumtar watan Ramadan da abin da yake nufi a gare su. Suna bin qa'idodi iri daya yayin gudanar da azumi, amma suna karanta karin addu'o'i a tsakar dare. Aikin da suke yi ana kiransa Dhikr, inda suke rera sunan Allah sau 99. Ana yin hakan ne saboda suna son nuna kaunarsu ga Allah da neman alakar mutum da Allah, akasin tsoron fushin Allah. Idi babba A Addini hutu na Eid al-Fitr yana nuna karshen azumin Addinin Musulunci na watan Ramadan. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Azumi & Ramadhan: Kammalallen littafin kan layi Duk game da Ramadan: Tarihi, Dalili, Dalilai, Addu'a da Hadisai Watannin Musulunci Azumi a musulunci Watan Ramadan Pages with unreviewed translations
48778	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkokin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Jamhuriyar%20Afrika%20ta%20Tsakiya	Hakkokin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya	Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wadda Babban Kwamishinan Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya bayyana da cewa tana fuskantar "rikicin da aka yi watsi da shi a duniya", tana da mummunan yanayin hakkin dan adam. Freedom House ta sanya shi 'Ba Kyauta' daga 1972 zuwa 1990, a cikin 2002 da 2003, kuma daga 2014 zuwa yau. An ƙididdige shi 'Babban Kyauta' daga 1991 zuwa 2001 da kuma daga 2004 zuwa 2013. A kididdigar ci gaban bil'adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tana matsayi na 179 cikin kasashe 187. Tsakanin 1988 da 2008, tsawon rayuwa ya ragu daga shekaru 49 zuwa shekaru 47.7. A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, ana cin zarafin bil'adama a kasar. Wadannan sun hada da kisan gilla da jami’an tsaro ke yi; azabtarwa, duka da fyade ga wadanda ake zargi da fursunoni; rashin hukunci, musamman a tsakanin sojojin; yanayi mai tsanani da barazanar rai a gidajen yari da wuraren tsare mutane; kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, tsawaita tsarewar gaban shari'a da hana shari'a ta gaskiya ; lokaci-lokaci tsoratarwa da ƙuntatawa a kan manema labarai ; ƙuntatawa akan 'yancin motsi; cin hanci da rashawa a hukumance ; da tauye hakkin ma'aikata. Har ila yau, rahoton na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen ya ba da misali da tashe-tashen hankula masu yaduwa, kuma galibi suna kashe mutane ; yawaitar kaciyar mata ; nuna wariya ga mata da Mahani ; fataucin mutane ; aikin tilastawa ; da aikin yara . ‘Yancin walwala a yankin arewacin kasar ya takaita ne “saboda ayyukan jami’an tsaro na jihohi, ‘yan fashi da makami, da sauran kungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai da ba na gwamnati ba” kuma albarkacin fada tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da masu adawa da gwamnati, mutane da yawa sun rasa muhallansu . Rahotanni na baya-bayan nan kan take hakkin dan Adam A cikin 'yan shekarun nan, watakila babban abin da ke kawo cikas ga 'yancin bil'adama a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya shi ne ci gaba da gwagwarmayar makamai a kasar tsakanin dakarun gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye da kuma a wasu lokutan, tsakanin kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye masu fada da juna. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008, wani rahoto da sashen kare hakkin bil’adama na ofishin tallafawa zaman lafiya na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a kasar, wanda aka fi sani da BONUCA, ya bayyana “mummunan matsalar tsaro a arewacin kasar inda sojojin gwamnati, ‘yan tawaye da kuma ‘yan fashi da makami suka yi garkuwa da su. sun kasance masu fafutuka, wadanda dukkansu sun aikata ta'asa" kuma sun bayyana cewa "[e] kisan gilla, azabtarwa da kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, galibi ana danganta su ga jami'an tsaro da tsaro da kuma karfafa al'adar rashin hukunta su, sun taimaka wajen tabarbarewar haƙƙin ɗan adam". Rahoton na BONUCA ya kuma kara da cewa sojojin gwamnati “sun keta dokokin yaki da wulakanci. A hare-haren da suke yi da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi ba sa banbance tsakanin wadanda suka dauki makamai da fararen hula… A hare-haren ramuwar gayya, sojoji suna kona gidaje, suna kashe mutane da dama ko kuma wadanda ake zargi da hada baki da ‘yan tawaye ko ‘yan fashi”. A cewar BONUCA, sojoji a garin Bouar sun baje kolin ‘yan ta’addan da suka yi ikirarin na ‘yan bindigar manyan tituna ne da suka harbe, ‘yan fashin “suna azabtar da matafiya, suna sace mazauna yankin, tare da yin garkuwa da mata da kananan yara domin neman kudin fansa”, abin da kungiyar ‘yan tawayen ta kira. Armée populaire pour la restauration de la democratie (APRD) "ya hana wasu mazauna zagayawa" da kuma cewa wasu mutane dauke da makamai watakila na kungiyar Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ne "sun yi garkuwa da mutane 150, ciki har da yara 55 tare da cin zarafinsu". A gefe guda kuma, BONUCA ta ce gwamnati ta ba da hadin kai sosai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama. A watan Fabrairun 2010, babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kare hakkin bil'adama, Navi Pillay, ta ce rashin hukunta laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya. Da take ambaton " takaitaccen hukuncin kisa, tilasta bacewar mutane, kama mutane ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma tsarewa", ta yi kira da a yi "kokari mai karfi......don kawo karshen wadannan muggan laifuka na cin zarafi". Rahoton da Amnesty International ta fitar kan abubuwan da suka faru a kasar a shekarar 2011 ya yi tsokaci kan kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban da ke wakiltar kalubale ga dakarun gwamnati, inda ya lura cewa yankin arewa maso yammacin kasar "yana karkashin ingantacciyar kulawar Sojoji mai farin jini don maido da mulkin dimokradiyya. (APRD), kungiyar da ke dauke da makamai wacce ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da gwamnati, yayin da "Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) ta kara yawan da kuma tsananin hare-harenta" a kudu maso gabas da gabas. A watan Yulin 2011, Union of Democratic Forces for Unity (UFDR) ta kai hari tare da mamaye garin Sam Ouandja da ke arewa maso gabashin kasar, "da ake zargin a matsayin ramuwar gayya kan hare-haren da kungiyar Patriots for Justice and Peace (CPJP) ta kai kan mukamanta. . . . Tsakanin watan Yuni da Agusta, bangarorin CPJP uku sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin zaman lafiya da gwamnati, duk da cewa mayakan nasu sun ci gaba da rike makamai”. Amnesty International ta yi nuni da cewa, sakamakon wannan tashin hankalin, “kaso mai tsoka na CAR ya fi karfin gwamnati”, inda sama da mutane 200,000 suka rasa matsugunansu, yayin da wasu kusan 200,000 ke zama a matsayin ‘yan gudun hijira a kasashe makwabta. A ranar 10 ga Disamba, 2012, dakarun kawancen Seleka, wadanda akasarinsu mambobin APRD da UFDR, suka kaddamar da farmaki kan dakarun gwamnati, kuma a ranar 11 ga watan Janairun 2013 aka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya inda jam'iyyun suka amince da gudanar da sabon zaben 'yan majalisar dokoki. A watan Janairun 2013, Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta nuna damuwa game da lamarin, inda ta yi kira ga bangarorin da su mutunta yarjejeniyar tsagaita bude wuta tare da yin Allah wadai da "dukkan yunkurin kwace mulki da karfi". Majalisar Tarayyar Turai ta ware amfani da yara kanana wajen yaki da tashe-tashen hankula a matsayin dalilin damuwa na musamman. Kwamitin agaji na kasa da kasa ya wajaba ya rufe ofisoshinsa a kasar sakamakon rikicin da ya faru a watan Disamba, amma ya sake bude su a watan Janairu, yana mai nuni da cewa, duk da haka halin da ake ciki ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin “rikici......a yayin tattaunawar sulhu tsakanin gwamnati, da ‘yan adawa. An fara kawancen 'yan tawaye da jam'iyyun adawa a Gabon". Rahoton na ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2013 da kungiyar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa FIDH ta fitar, ya yi kira ga dukkan bangarorin kasar da su kawo karshen take hakkin dan Adam, da kare fararen hula, da yin shawarwari da kafa kyakkyawan shugabanci ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, musamman ma. domin yaki na gaskiya da rashin hukunta wadanda suka aikata manyan laifuka”. Wani rahoto na 11 ga Janairu 2013 na kungiyar agaji ta Red Cross ta kasa da kasa ya nuna cewa duk da tattaunawar da ake yi a Libreville, mazauna garuruwan Sibut da Damara, da ke kan gaba a rikicin, sun "gudu daga gidajensu saboda tsoron tashin hankali" kuma "sun kafa. matsuguni na wucin gadi a cikin daji, inda ake samun saukin kamuwa da sauro masu dauke da zazzabin cizon sauro”. A wannan rana, hukumar kula da 'yan gudun hijira ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta fitar da wata sanarwa inda ta ce tana fargabar yiwuwar sake afkuwar rikicin, inda ta ce ta samu rahoton dubban mutane da ke gudun hijira a arewaci da gabashin kasar tun farkon yunkurin na Seleka. kimanin wata daya da ya wuce". A ranar 18 ga Janairu, 2013, Louisa Lombard ta New York Times ta bayyana CAR a matsayin "ɗakin gwaje-gwaje don ayyukan samar da zaman lafiya na duniya" wanda ya ci gaba da gazawa. An lura da cewa yayin da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi ta "inganta shirye-shiryen 'DDR' akai-akai - kwance damara, rugujewa da sake hadewa - don taimakawa kungiyoyin da ke dauke da makamai su koma cikin al'ummomin farar hula", tsarin DDR ya "kare wa wadanda ake son amfana da kuma samar da abubuwan karfafa gwiwa ga wadanda ba a son su ba. don ɗaukar makamai", saboda shirye-shiryen "sun ɗauka cewa gwamnatocin da suke taimakawa suna aiki kamar kyakkyawan yanayin Max Weber - kiyaye ikon amfani da karfi, samar da ayyuka ga duk 'yan ƙasa". A zahiri, Lombard ya rubuta, gwamnatin CAR "ta yi rayuwa a cikin koma baya yayin da ta bar hukumomin karkara galibi ga nasu na'urorin". Ta yi zargin cewa Kwamitin Gudanarwa na DDR, wanda aka kafa a 2009 a karkashin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da sauran ayyukan kasa da kasa, ya kwashe lokaci mai yawa "magana da karkatar da hankali", amma bai cim ma komai ba, har ma a matsayin "mambobin kwamitin, da ma'aikatan kasashen waje., ya samu albashi mai gamsarwa”. Lombard ya koka kan gaskiyar cewa bayan hayewar kawancen Seleka a watan Disamba na 2012, "har yanzu 'yan wasan duniya suna ganin DDR a matsayin wani muhimmin bangare na kayan aikin samar da zaman lafiya". A ranar 24 ga Yuni 2014, a cikin wani rahoto, Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (FIDH) ta ce "an ci gaba da aikata laifuffukan yaƙi da laifuffukan cin zarafin bil adama yayin da rikici na rashin hukunci ya ci gaba" a cikin CAR. Gargadin kisan kare dangi A watan Nuwamban 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi gargadin cewa kasar na cikin hadarin fadawa cikin kisan kare dangi kuma Faransa ta bayyana kasar a matsayin "... tana gab da yin kisan kare dangi." Tashin hankalin da ke karuwa ya samo asali ne daga hare-haren ramuwar gayya kan fararen hula daga mayakan Seleka galibinsu mayakan Seleka da kuma mayakan sa-kai na Kirista da ake kira " anti-balaka ", ma'ana 'anti-machete' ko 'maganin takobi'. Kirista ya kai rabin yawan al’ummar kasar, sannan musulmi kashi 15 cikin dari, a cewar CIA World Factbook. Kamar yadda yawancin Kiristocin ke da salon zaman kashe wando kuma Musulmai da yawa makiyaya ne, da'awar ƙasar wani bangare ne na tashin hankalin. Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta sami 'yencin kai daga Faransa a shekara ta 1960, bayan haka an sami abin da kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa ya kira "shekaru goma na zalunci da rashin bin doka" da kuma abin da Cibiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Berkeley ta bayyana a matsayin "shekaru goma na rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa. gazawar jiha, rashin gudanar da mulki, da jerin tashe-tashen hankula na makami. . . . Kasashe da yawa a duniya suna kulle-kulle cikin yanayin fatara da rikici da barna. Kadan, duk da haka, sun sami kulawa kaɗan kamar Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya (CAR)." Tarihin zamani na al'ummar kasar ya kasance yana da gwagwarmayar makami tsakanin sojojin gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan tawaye daban-daban, sau da yawa fiye da daya a lokaci guda, da juyin mulki da yunkurin juyin mulki da dama. David Dacko, wanda ya kafa jam’iyya daya ba da dadewa ba bayan samun ‘yancin kai, an hambarar da shi a juyin mulki a shekara ta 1965 da Kanar Jean-Bédel Bokassa, wanda ya bayyana kansa a matsayin shugaban kasa na rayuwa a 1972 da Sarkin sarakuna a 1976. Juyin mulki a 1979 da 1981 ya kai ga mulkin soja; An gudanar da zaɓe cikin 'yanci a shekara ta 1993, kuma a shekara ta 2003 Janar Francois Bozize ya karɓi mulki. Bayan shekaru biyu, an zabe shi a matsayin Shugaban kasa a zabukan da aka yi la'akari da su cikin 'yanci da adalci. A cikin shekarun da ya yi yana mulki, gwamnatinsa tana fuskantar barazanar tawaye daga ƙungiyoyin tawaye daban-daban. A ranar 11 ga watan Yunin shekarar 2010 ne ya kamata wa’adinsa ya kare, amma a ranar 10 ga watan Mayu na wannan shekarar ‘yan majalisar dokokin kasar suka amince da gyaran kundin tsarin mulkin kasar wanda ya kara wa’adinsa da nasu. A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2010, Bozize ya zartar da zaɓen shugaban ƙasa da na 'yan majalisa zagaye na farko a cikin Janairu 2011. An gudanar da zabukan a watan Janairu, kuma an sake zaben Bozize. Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama Kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na iya yin aiki a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tare da wasu 'yan takunkumi a hukumance, amma gwamnati ba ta saba yin la'akari da damuwarsu. Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na cikin gida-haƙƙin ɗan adam sun iyakance ayyukansu kusan a babban birni kawai. Wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun nuna shakku kan rashin kasancewar wata kungiya daya tilo da ta amince da ita a hukumance a kasar, wato Inter-NGO Council in CAR (CIONGCA), wacce wani dan uwan shugaban kasa ke tafiyar da shi. Daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin ɗan adam na gida masu aiki da inganci sune LCDH (Ligue Centrafricaine des Droits de l'Homme), OCDH (Office centrafricain des Droits de l'Homme), ACAT (l'Action des Chrétiens pour l'Abolition de) la azabtarwa), da AWJ (Ƙungiyar Matan Shari'a). Ko da yake an ba wa ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa izinin gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma galibi dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati suna yi musu fashi a kan titunan karkara. Saboda tsananin rashin tsaro da ake fama da shi a wasu sassan Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na kasa da kasa sun rufe ofisoshinsu a kasar. Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da Kyakkyawan Mulki Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam da kyakkyawan shugabanci ana tuhumarsa da gudanar da bincike kan take hakkin dan Adam da gwamnati ke yi, amma ba shi da ma'aikata da kuma karancin kudade, don haka yana aiki ne kawai a Bangui. Masu suka sun ce ya fi ofishin kare hakkin bil adama na gwamnati . Haka kuma akwai hukumar kare hakkin bil adama a majalisar dokokin kasar, amma ba ta da kudaden da za ta iya cin gashin kanta, kuma ana shakkun cin gashin kanta. Hakkoki na asali A karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya, duk ’yan Adam suna daidai ba tare da la’akari da dukiya, launin fata, nakasa, harshe, ko jinsi ba. Amma waɗannan tanade-tanaden ba a aiwatar da su yadda ya kamata, kuma ana nuna wariya sosai. ‘Yan sanda ba su da wani tasiri, ba su da kuɗi, kuma ba a biya su ba bisa ka’ida ba, kuma rashin amincewar jama’a a kan su yakan haifar da cin zarafi ga waɗanda ake zargi. Mai yiyuwa ne a shigar da kara a kan jami’an ‘yan sanda saboda cin zarafi, amma ma’aikatan mai gabatar da kara ba su da kayan aikin da za su iya gudanar da kararrakin. Yayin da kungiyar ta BINUCA ke hada kai da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama, ana sukar ta da rashin kula da cin zarafi a cikin sahu. Ko da yake binciken gidaje ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, yana faruwa. A yayin farmakin da ake kai wa dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnatin kasar, sojoji sun kona gidaje tare da kashe mutanen kauyukan da ake zargi da taimakawa ‘yan tawaye, haka kuma dakarun da ke adawa da gwamnati sun yi garkuwa da fararen hula tare da karbar kudade daga ‘yan uwansu. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar da dokokin kasar sun tabbatar da ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki da kuma ‘yan jarida, amma a aikace ana amfani da barazana da tursasawa wajen takaita sukar gwamnati. Ana tuhumar gwamnati da cin zarafin ‘yan jarida da latsa wayarsu. Jaridu na sukar shugaban kasar, amma ba sa samun ko’ina a wajen babban birnin kasar, sakamakon rashin isassun gidan waya mai aiki. Karancin karatu na ƙasar yana iyakance masu sauraron su ma. Kafofin yada labarai na cikin gida masu zaman kansu kan kaucewa yada labaran da ka iya jawo hankalin gwamnati ba tare da jin dadi ba, duk da cewa gidajen rediyon kasa da kasa irin su Rediyon Faransa, wadanda ba su da irin wannan matsin lamba, su ma masu saurare a kasar za su iya karba. Gidan Talabijin a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya yanki ne na gwamnati, wanda galibin labaran da ake yadawa ya karkata ga gwamnati. Babbar Majalisar Sadarwa (HCC), wacce ke da alhakin ba da lasisin bugawa da watsa shirye-shirye da kuma kare 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki, ana zargin tana da zaman kanta, amma wani bangare na gwamnati ne kuma aka ce tana karkashin ikon gwamnati. Tasirin kafafen yada labarai ya raunana saboda matsalolin kudi, gazawar sana'a, da rashin samun bayanan jihar. Ba a ba da izinin masu ba da rahoto na kafofin watsa labaru na sirri su ba da izinin ɗaukar wasu abubuwan da suka faru a hukumance, kuma galibi dole ne su dogara ga fitar da manema labarai. A shekarar 2010, an yi wa wata mai daukar hoto duka, yi mata fashi, da kuma yi mata fyade a gaban ‘ya’yanta da mijinta, amma ba a kama kowa ba. Wasu manyan jami’an kasar sun yi barazana ga ‘yan jaridar da ke sukar gwamnati. Yawancin ’yan jarida na yin katsalandan ne saboda tsoron ramuwar gayya na gwamnati. Tun daga shekara ta 2005 babu wani bincike a hukumance kuma ba a daure shi saboda bata suna, ko da yake har yanzu batanci ko batanci yana da tarar CFA miliyan takwas . Ba bisa ka'ida ba don yada abubuwan da ake zaton "misogynist." Ba a ƙuntatawa ko kulawa da amfani da Intanet, kodayake ƴan tsirarun mutane ne kawai a ƙasar ke da damar Intanet. Duk da cewa an tabbatar da ‘yancin yin taro a kundin tsarin mulkin kasar, amma a wasu lokuta ana takurawa, inda ake bukatar masu shirya tarurrukan jama’a su yi rajistar sa’o’i 48 kafin su. Taron siyasa yana buƙatar amincewar gwamnati kuma maiyuwa ba za a gudanar da shi a makarantu ko majami'u ba. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya kuma ba da tabbacin ‘yancin yin tarayya, duk da cewa dole ne dukkan kungiyoyi su nemi rajista, wadanda galibi ake ba su ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da kariya, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta ƴancin addini, kuma ta hana nuna son zuciya. Akwai wasu wariya na al'umma, duk da haka, a cikin ƙasar, wanda kashi 51 cikin dari na Furotesta ne, kashi 29 cikin dari na Roman Katolika, kashi 15 cikin 100 Musulmai, tare da adadi mai yawa na mutanen da ke aikata mugunta. Maita, wanda har zuwa kwanan nan ya kasance babban laifi, a yanzu ana daure shi daurin shekaru 10 a gidan yari da tara. Ya rage na alkalai su yanke shawarar ko wanda ake tuhuma ya "yi hali kamar mayya." Kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba na asali ba dole ne su yi rajista da hukumomi, kuma don samun amincewar gwamnati don gudanar da aiki dole ne su sami mambobi sama da 1000 kuma dole ne su sami shugabanni wadanda horarwar tauhidi jihar ta amince da su a matsayin halal. Ƙungiyoyin addini suna da damar yin watsa shirye-shirye kyauta a kowane mako a gidan rediyon hukuma. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya ba da tabbacin ‘yancin zirga-zirga a cikin kasar, tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje, hijira da kuma komawa gida, amma biyun farko an takaita su a aikace, inda jami’ai ke neman cin hanci a shingayen bincike. Kwace barace-barace a kan tituna ba bisa ka'ida ba na hana kasuwanci da tafiye-tafiye, don haka ya gurgunta tattalin arzikin kasa. 'Yancin motsi kuma yana da wahala a yankunan da ake rikici. Kasashen waje, ban da jami'an diflomasiyya, dole ne su sami takardar izinin fita don ficewa daga kasar, kuma hakan na iya zama dole a tabbatar da cewa ba su da kudi ga gwamnati. Dakarun gwamnati sukan yi kisan gilla ba bisa ka'ida ba. Akwai ‘yan fashi da makami da dama da masu adawa da gwamnati wadanda kuma suke kashewa tare da yin garkuwa da fararen hula. Sannan akwai wadanda suke kashe mutane wadanda suke zargin matsafa ne ko matsafa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya haramta azabtarwa amma azabtar da wadanda ake tuhuma, da wadanda ake tsare da su, da fursunoni ya zama ruwan dare. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati su ma suna da alhakin cin zarafi da yawa. Sojoji da sauran dakarun gwamnati na yi wa fararen hula fyade. Cin hanci da rashawa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, amma ba a aiwatar da dokokin da aka kafa da su yadda ya kamata, kuma bankin duniya ya bayyana cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin babbar matsala a kasar. Kudaden jama’a ana karkatar da su akai-akai. Haƙƙoƙin mata Fyade haramun ne, amma ba fyaden ma'aurata ba. Babu mafi ƙarancin hukunci na fyade, kuma ba a aiwatar da dokar da ta dace da ita yadda ya kamata. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami'ar MDD mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta yi kira da a dauki matakin gaggawa don mayar da martani ga cin zarafin mata da ake yi wa fyade, wanda ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. Ɗaya daga cikin mata bakwai da aka yi hira da su don nazarin 2009 ya ruwaito cewa an yi mata fyade a cikin shekarar da ta gabata, kuma masu binciken sun ji cewa suna da dalilin yin imani da cewa gaskiyar lamarin fyade ya fi girma. Kashi 22 cikin 100 na matan da aka yi binciken sun ce wani dan gidansu ya yi musu mugun duka. Cin zarafin jima'i ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma na kowa, amma ba a magance shi yadda ya kamata, kuma babu wani hukunci da aka kayyade. Yayin da mata ke samun daidaiton rabon gado da haƙƙin mallaka a ƙarƙashin dokar farar hula, galibi ana fuskantar dokokin al'ada na wariya musamman a yankunan karkara. Mata suna fuskantar wariya na tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Mata marasa aure ba a daukarsu a matsayin shugabannin gidaje, kuma galibi ana hana su tallafin iyali wanda ake zaton suna da hakki. Haka kuma an hana su damar samun ilimi da ayyukan yi daidai gwargwado. Hakkokin saki suna da daidaito, duk da haka. Mata da yawa, musamman wadanda suka tsufa sosai kuma ba su da iyali, ana zarginsu da zama mayu. A shekara ta 2010, babbar jami’ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da ‘yancin ɗan adam Pillay ta bayyana damuwa game da zargin da ake yi wa mata, da kama su, ko kuma a kai musu hari saboda mayu. Tattaunawar kasa da gwamnati ta shirya a shekara ta 2003, ta gabatar da shawarar cewa mata su rike kashi 35 na mukamai a ma’aikatu da jam’iyyu, amma ba a cimma wannan buri ba. Haƙƙoƙin yara Yaran da aka haifa a cikin ƙasa ko kuma iyayen da ke cikinta suna da damar zama ɗan ƙasa. Kimanin rabin yara ba su da rajista, wanda zai iya haifar da hana samun ilimi ko wasu ayyuka. Ilimi ya wajaba har zuwa shekara 15. Koyarwa kyauta ce, amma littattafai, kayayyaki, sufuri, da inshora ba. Ana hana ‘ya’ya mata damar zuwa makarantar firamare daidai wa daida, kuma su kan daina zuwa makaranta da wuri saboda matsa musu su yi aure da haihuwa. Kadan daga cikin Ba'aka (Aliyu) suke zuwa makarantar firamare; gwamnati ba ta yi wani yunkuri na canza wannan ba. Cin zarafin yara ba bisa ka'ida ba ne amma ya yadu, kamar yadda FGM ke faruwa. Ko da yake mafi ƙarancin shekarun auren jama'a shine 18, kashi sittin da ɗaya na 'yan mata suna aure kafin 18. Babu wata doka da ta haramta yin fyade ko kallon batsa na yara. Yin aikin yara ya zama ruwan dare, yawancin abin tilastawa. Ana amfani da yara a matsayin sojoji, tare da rahotannin yara kanana 'yan kasa da shekaru 12 da ke aiki a dakarun adawa da gwamnati. Akwai sama da yara kan titi 6000 tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 18. “Masana da yawa sun gaskata cewa cutar HIV/AIDS da kuma imani da sihiri, musamman a yankunan karkara, sun taimaka wajen yawaitar yara kanana a titi,” in ji Ma’aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka a shekara ta 2011. “Kimanin yara 300,000 ne suka rasa iyayensu daya ko kuma duka biyu daga kamuwa da cutar kanjamau, kuma yaran da ake zargi da yin sihiri (sau da yawa ana bayar da rahoton cewa suna da alaka da mace-macen da ke da alaka da cutar kanjamau a unguwanninsu) galibi ana korarsu daga gidajensu, kuma a wasu lokutan ana cin zarafin al’umma. ." Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar Hague ta 1980 kan al'amuran farar hula na satar yara na duniya. Kungiyoyin da ke adawa da gwamnati da dama na yin garkuwa da yara tare da rike su domin neman kudin fansa. Ana kuma tilasta wa wasu yaran yin aiki a matsayin bayi na jima'i, a matsayin ƴan dako ɗauke da kayan sata na 'yan fashi, ko kuma a matsayin masu aikin gona da ma'adinai (musamman a aikin haƙar lu'u-lu'u ). A watan Janairun 2013, UNICEF ta yi kira ga Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya da ta daina daukar yara kanana daga kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye da masu goyon bayan gwamnati, lura da rahotannin baya-bayan nan da ke cewa irin wadannan kungiyoyi na cikin shirin daukar yara. Tun kafin barkewar sabon tashin hankali a watan Disamba, UNICEF ta nuna cewa, "kimanin yara 2,500 - mata da maza - suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi masu dauke da makamai, ciki har da kungiyoyin kare kai, a cikin CAR." UNICEF ta kara da cewa, sama da yara 300,000 ne rikicin kasar ta CAR ya rigaya ya shafa da kuma sakamakonsa, wadanda suka hada da daukar ma'aikata, raba iyali, cin zarafin mata, tilastawa gudun hijira da karancin damar samun ilimi da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya. Hakkokin 'yan gudun hijira da masu neman mafaka Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya tana da tsarin taimaka wa 'yan gudun hijira, kuma a aikace tana kare su daga mayar da su kasashen da rayuwarsu ko 'yancinsu za su shiga cikin hadari saboda wasu dalilai. Ana karbar 'yan gudun hijira ba tare da tantancewa ba, kuma gwamnati na hada kai da UNHCR da sauran kungiyoyi, ciki har da Doctors without Borders, Caritas, International Medical Corps, da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Cooperazione Internazionale (COOPI), don taimakawa 'yan gudun hijirar. Haƙƙoƙin tsiraru Rikicin da ake yi wa Mbororo ya zama ruwan dare, kuma a wasu lokuta suna samun matsala wajen tabbatar da ayyukan gwamnati. Ba’Aka (Pygmies), waɗanda ke da kashi 1-2 na al’ummar ƙasar, ba su da wakilci a cikin gwamnati kuma ba su da ikon siyasa. Bambancin al'umma ga Ba'Aka yana da mahimmanci, kuma gwamnati ba ta yi komai ba don hana shi. Ba a ba su katunan shaida, don haka ana hana su wasu haƙƙoƙi da ayyuka. Wasu daga cikin Ba’Aka bayi ne da ya dace, kuma dukkansu ‘yan kasa ne masu daraja ta biyu. Hakkokin nakasassu Wariya ga nakasassu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne, kuma dole ne a kashe wani kaso na membobin ma'aikatan gwamnati da ma'aikata a manyan kamfanoni. Bambancin al'umma ba matsala ba ne, amma ba a ba da izinin isa ga gine-gine ba. Galibin nakasassu a kasar na faruwa ne sakamakon cutar shan inna. Haƙƙin LGBT Halin luwadi da madigo a bainar jama'a yana da hukuncin daurin shekaru biyu a gidan yari da tara, amma da alama gwamnati ba ta kai hari ga 'yan luwadi ba. Hakkin HIV/AIDS Mutanen da ke dauke da cutar kanjamau su ne abubuwan wariya, amma hakan ya ragu saboda kokarin da hukumomin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke yi na kara wayar da kan jama'a. Haƙƙoƙin Ɗaurarru Doka ta hana kamawa da tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta tanadi hukunta masu aikata laifuka cikin gaggawa; amma galibi ana yin watsi da wadannan tanade-tanade, kuma masu lura da al’amura na nuni da cewa kama mutane ba bisa ka’ida ba shi ne “hakin da jami’an tsaro suka saba yi” a shekarar 2010. Akwai wasu wa’adin da aka yi wa fursunonin a cikin su a sanar da wadanda ake tuhuma game da tuhume-tuhumen da kuma gabatar da su a gaban alkali, amma a aikace ba a mutunta wa’adin. Yakamata gwamnati ta samar da lauyoyi ga wadanda ake tuhuma marasa galihu, kuma akwai yuwuwar beli, kuma ana mutunta wadannan tanade-tanade. Mutanen da ake zargi da aikata laifuffukan cin zarafin jami'an tsaron jihar suna bin wasu tsauraran ka'idoji. Ana kama mutane da yawa ana tuhumar su da aikata sihiri, wanda hakan babban laifi ne. A cikin 2010, jami'an gidan yari a Bangui sun ce kusan kashi 18 cikin 100 na matan da ake tsare da su an kama su da laifin maita. Tsawancin tsarewa gabanin shari'a babbar matsala ce. Fursunonin da ake tsare da su kafin shari’a sun kai kusan kashi 67 na al’ummar gidan yarin Ngaragba a karshen shekarar 2010 da kuma kashi 63 na al’ummar gidan yarin na Bimbo. Ko da yake galibin fursunonin suna nan take sanar da su tuhume-tuhumen da ake yi musu, amma da yawa suna jira na tsawon watanni kafin a gurfanar da su gaban alkali, wasu kuma ana tsare da su tsawon shekaru ba tare da an gurfanar da su a gaban shari’a ba saboda matsalolin da suka shafi aikin gwamnati. Ana yawan azabtar da wadanda ake zargi da aikata laifuka kuma ba a hukunta su. Daga cikin nau'ikan azabtarwa da 'yan sanda ke yi akwai "le cafe," wanda ya hada da bugun tafin kafar mutum da sanda ko sanda sannan kuma a tilasta wa mutumin ya yi tafiya. Haƙƙoƙin mutanen da ake shari'a Kundin tsarin mulkin Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya ya ba da tabbacin samun tsarin shari'a mai cin gashin kansa, amma kotuna na fuskantar tasirin bangaren zartarwa. Babbar jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai kula da kare hakkin bil'adama Pillay ta bayyana damuwarta game da hakan a shekara ta 2010, ko da yake ta yaba da sake fasalin dokokin da Majalisar Dokokin kasar ta yi da za ta inganta 'yancin shari'a da kuma karfafa kokarin tabbatar da cin zarafin bil'adama. Rashin iya aiki, rashin iya aiki, jinkirin biyan albashi, da rashin kayan aiki duk manyan matsalolin shari’a ne. Kasancewar kotuna 38 da alkalai 124 kacal a kasar, yawancin ‘yan kasar ba sa samun sauki wajen gudanar da harkokin shari’a, sakamakon haka kotunan iyali da na kauye ke ci gaba da taka rawa sosai. Haka kuma rashin ingancin kotuna ya sa jama’a su dauki doka a hannunsu, suna rike da kotunan cikin gida, da daukaka kara ga sarakunan yankin, da yin shari’a ga ’yan iska, musamman a shari’o’in da suka shafi wadanda ake zargi da maita. Shari'ar laifuka ta juri ne, kuma wadanda ake tuhuma suna da irin wannan haƙƙoƙin kamar zato na rashin laifi, shari'ar jama'a, 'yancin halarta, gani da gabatar da shaida, samun mai kare jama'a, da ɗaukaka ƙara. Gabaɗaya gwamnati na mutunta waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, kuma tana ba da lauyoyi ga waɗanda ake tuhuma waɗanda ba za su iya ba da lauyoyi da kansu ba, amma ƙarancin albarkatun gwamnati yakan haifar da jinkirin ba da lauyoyi, kuma Ba’aka (Alhazai) galibi suna fuskantar shari’a marasa adalci. ‘Yancin yin shari’a na gaskiya yakan fuskanci cin hanci da rashawa, inda lauyoyi ke biyan alkalan kudaden da suka dace. Ana gwada shari'ar maita akai-akai. Haƙƙoƙin fursunoni Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta bayyana yanayin kurkuku a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya a matsayin "mai tsananin tsauri kuma, a wasu lokuta, yana yin barazana ga rayuwa," tare da gidajen yari a wajen babban birnin "mafi muni" fiye da na cikinsa. Fursunonin suna fuskantar azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci da wulakanci. Tsaftar muhalli, samun iska, hasken wuta, da samar da ruwa ba su da inganci, haka ma kula da lafiya. Cunkoso babbar matsala ce. Iyalan gidan yarin dai na bukatar samar da abinci don karawa da karancin abinci da gidajen yarin ke bayarwa, sannan wasu gidajen yarin da ke wajen babban birnin kasar ba sa ba da abinci ga fursunoni da kuma neman cin hancin da za su mika wa fursunonin abinci daga iyalan gidan. Ana barin fursunonin baƙi kuma an ba su izinin yin ibada, kodayake baƙi dole ne su ba da cin hanci. Sau da yawa ana tilasta wa fursunonin yin aiki ba tare da albashi ba. A wasu gidajen yari, ana tsare maza da mata tare, haka ma manya da matasa, kuma ana tsare wadanda ake tsare da su kafin a yanke musu hukunci tare da masu laifi. Cibiyoyin tsare mutane suna fama da matsalolin da suka fi na gidajen yari, kodayake iri ɗaya ne. Fair Trials International ta yi ishara da "mummunan halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a kasar ciki har da yanayi mai tsauri da barazanar rayuwa a wuraren da ake tsare da ita." A cewar ma'aikatar harkokin wajen Amurka, "Cibiyoyin tsare 'yan sandan na Bangui sun kunshi cunkoson dakunan dakunan da ba su da haske da kuma bokitin ban daki." Ba a samun magani, kuma fursunonin da ke fama da cututtuka ba a raba su da wasu. Maimakon gadaje, wadanda ake zargin yawanci suna kwana akan benen siminti ko datti. Masu gadi suna buƙatar cin hanci don ruwa, abinci, shawa, da ziyarta. Wurin da ake tsarewa ɗaya ba ta da tagogi ko bandaki; a wani wurin, fursunonin suna barci a ɗaure tare. Ziyarar gidajen yari na masu sa ido kan kare hakkin dan adam an hana su, an hana su, ko jinkiri na makonni ko watanni, kodayake kwamitin Red Cross na kasa da kasa yana da damar shiga fursunoni mara iyaka. Haƙƙin ma'aikata Duk ma'aikata, ban da manyan ma'aikatan gwamnati da jami'an tsaro, na iya shiga kungiyoyin kwadago, yajin aiki, da yin ciniki tare. Yin aikin tilastawa haramun ne, amma wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi yadda ya kamata. Ana tilasta mata da yara yin aiki a gonaki, a cikin ma'adinai, gidajen abinci, da sauran wurare, kuma suna fuskantar lalata. Ba’aka manya da yara galibi ana tilasta musu yin aiki a gonaki da sauran wurare kuma ana yi da su a matsayin bayi. Kusan rabin yaran dake tsakanin shekaru 5 zuwa 14 a kasar suna aiki, wasu daga cikinsu suna cikin ma'adinai. Kodayake ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a yi wa yara aiki a ma'adinai, wannan haramcin ba a aiwatar da shi ba. Yawancin yara 3000 ko fiye da haka a kan titi a Bangui suna aiki a matsayin masu sayar da titi. Sojojin da ke adawa da gwamnati na amfani da kananan yara sojoji, kuma yaran da suka rasa muhallansu na aiki na tsawon sa'o'i a filayen cikin yanayi na tsananin zafi. Akwai mafi ƙarancin albashi daban-daban a cikin fage na yau da kullun, ya danganta da nau'in kalmar da ke ciki. Bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba ya ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin mafi ƙarancin albashi. A kowane hali, mafi ƙarancin albashi bai isa ba don samar da ingantaccen yanayin rayuwa. Akwai madaidaitan makonnin aiki da ma'auni daban-daban na aiki na hukuma da dokokin lafiya da aminci, amma ba a aiwatar da su ba. 'Yancin magana An yi magana game da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a cikin kundin tsarin mulki; duk da haka, an sha samun tarzoma na tsoratar da gwamnati da nufin takaita sukar kafafen yada labarai. Rahoton da Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta kafofin watsa labarai na dorewa ta lura da cewa 'ƙasar ba ta cika cika buƙatu ba, tare da sassan tsarin shari'a da gwamnati da ke adawa da tsarin watsa labarai mai 'yanci." Halin tarihi Taswirar tana nuna ƙimar CAR tun 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin CAR game da yarjejeniyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa da ƙasa sune kamar haka: Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Fataucin mutane a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Hakkokin LGBT a Jamhuriyar Afirka ta Tsakiya Siyasar Jamhuriyar Afrika ta Tsakiya Bayanan kula 1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu. 2. ^ Tun daga ranar 1 ga Janairu. 3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabi na farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa. Hakkin tsaro Yancin dan Adam a Afrika Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
39805	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaben%20Gwamnan%20Jihar%20Adamawa%202023	Zaben Gwamnan Jihar Adamawa 2023	Za'a gudanar da zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa a shekarar 2023 a ranar 11 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 2023, domin zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa, a daidai lokacin da zaben ‘yan majalisar dokokin jihar Adamawa da sauran zabukan gwamnoni ashirin da bakwai da zabukan sauran majalisun dokokin jihohi. An shirya gudanar da zaben ne makonni biyu bayan zaben shugaban kasa da na 'yan majalisun tarayya. An sake tsaida gwamnan jihar mai ci na jam'iyyar PDP, Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri a matsayin dan takarar gwamnan jihar. Zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a tsakanin ranakun 4 ga watan Afrilu zuwa 9 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2022, ya sa Fintiri ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party a ranar 26 ga watan Mayu, yayin da jam’iyyar All Progressives Congress ta tsayar da Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed a ranar 25 ga watan Mayu. Duk da cewa hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke ya soke zaben fidda gwani na APC a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke ya soke soke zaben tare da mayar da Ahmed ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba. Tsarin zabe Ana zaben gwamnan jihar Adamawa ne ta hanyar yin gyaran fuska biyu . Idan za a zabe shi a zagayen farko, dole ne dan takara ya samu yawan kuri’u da sama da kashi 25% na kuri’un a akalla kashi biyu bisa uku na kananan hukumomin jihar . Idan babu dan takara da ya tsallake rijiya da baya, za a yi zagaye na biyu tsakanin dan takara da na gaba da ya samu kuri’u mafi yawa a kananan hukumomi. Jihar Adamawa jiha ce babba, kuma jiha ce da ke arewa maso gabas daban-daban a kokarin murmurewa daga munanan hare-haren Boko Haram . Har ila yau, dole ne jihar ta yi fama da fannin noma da ba a bunƙasa ba, da ƙarancin ilimi tare da ci gaba da fuskantar ƙalubalen tsaro daga Boko Haram da ISWAP don dorewar rikici tsakanin makiyaya da manoma . A siyasance, zaben Adamawa na shekarar 2019 ya koma PDP yayin da dan takararta na shugaban kasa Atiku Abubakar ya lashe jihar daga hannun Buhari sannan Fintiri ya tsige gwamnan APC Bindo Jibrilla . A doka kuma jam'iyyar PDP ta samu nasara inda ta lashe kujeru biyu na majalisar dattawa da kujeru biyar na wakilai, da kuma ikon majalisar . A wa'adin mulkin Fintiri, gwamnatinsa ta ce an mayar da hankali ne a kan kara samar da tsaro, daidaiton kabilanci da addini, da kula da albarkatun ruwa . Dangane da ayyukansa, an yabawa Fintiri kan sake fasalin aikin gwamnati yayin da ake sukar shi da rashin wasu abubuwan da ya samu na kansa da kuma watsi da ka'idojin kiwon lafiyar filin jirgin saman FAAN a watan Yulin shekara ta 2020. Zaben fidda gwani Za a gudanar da zabukan fidda gwani, tare da duk wani kalubalen da za a iya samu kan sakamakon farko, tsakanin ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu da 3 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2022 amma an tsawaita wa'adin zuwa ranar 9 ga watan Yuni. A cewar wasu ’yan takara da shugabannin al’umma, yarjejeniyar da aka yi ba bisa ka’ida ba ce ta ‘yan majalisar dattawan Adamawa ta sanya mazabar Adamawa ta tsakiya za ta samu gwamna mai zuwa domin tun bayan dawowar mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekarar 1999, dukkanin gwamnonin Adamawa sun fito ne daga mazabun Adamawa ta Kudu ko kuma Adamawa ta Arewa. Sai dai har yanzu babu wata babbar jam’iyya da ta rufe zaben fitar da gwani na ‘yan takara daga Arewa ko Kudu. Jam'iyyar All Progressives Congress A ranar zaben fidda gwanin ‘yan takara shida sun ci gaba da gudanar da zaben fidda gwanin kai tsaye a Yola wanda hakan ya sa Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed — Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya kuma tsohuwar ‘yar majalisar wakilai ta fito a matsayin ‘yar takarar APC bayan da sakamakon ya nuna cewa ta samu sama da kashi 42% na kuri'u. An samu cece-kuce a lokacin zaben fidda gwanin da aka kama guda biyu daga cikin masu yakin neman zaben Ahmed yayin da aka kama su suna ba wakilai cin hanci, kuma bayan zaben fidda gwanin, zargin da aka yi da wuce gona da iri ya janyo cece-kuce a cikin gida. Daga baya an lura cewa nadin Ahmed shi ne karo na farko da wata babbar jam’iyya ta tsayar da mace takarar gwamnan Adamawa kuma a karo na biyu ne wata babbar jam’iyya ta tsayar da mace a kowace jiha. Binciken bayan firamare ya nuna gazawa da dama daga abokan hamayyar Ahmed da kuma nasarar yakin neman zaben Ahmed na zabar wakilan da ake sa ran za su zabi wasu tare da karfafa goyon bayan mata wakilai. Sai dai bayan kimanin wata guda da gudanar da zaben fidda gwani, Nuhu Ribadu wanda ya zo na biyu ya kai kara kan soke zaben fidda gwani bisa rahotannin sayen kuri’u. Duk da shari’ar kotun, Ahmed ta ci gaba da yakin neman zabenta inda ta zabi Titsi Ganama —wacce tsohuwar ‘yar majalisar wakilai — a matsayin abokiyar takararta. A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, an yanke hukunci kan karar Ribadu tare da alkali Abdulaziz Anka tare da Ribadu wajen soke zaben Ahmed saboda yawan kuri’u a zaben fidda gwani; Sai dai Anka bai bayyana sunan Ribadu a matsayin wanda aka zaba ba ko kuma ya bayar da umarnin sake zaben fidda gwanin sai dai ya mayar da jam’iyyar APC ba tare da wanda ya tsaya takara a zaben gwamna ba. Ahmed ta bayyana aniyarta na daukaka karar hukuncin a cikin wannan makon sannan kuma hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba ya yanke mata hukunci, inda ta mayar da Ahmed a matsayin wanda aka zaba. Ko da yake da farko Ribadu ya bayyana aniyarsa ta kai karar zuwa kotun koli, ya janye karar ne a farkon watan Disamba "domin ci gaban jam'iyyar." Waɗanda aka zaba Aishatu Dahiru Ahmed : Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya (2019-present) kuma tsohon dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Yola ta arewa/Yola ta kudu/Girei Abokin takara- Titsi Ganama : tsohon dan majalisar wakilai na Madagali/Michika kuma tsohon kwamishinan kudi Waɗanda aka kayar Bindow Jibrilla : tsohon Gwamna kuma tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta Arewa Umar Mustapha : Injiniya Abdulrazak Namdas : Dan majalisar wakilai mai wakiltar Jada/Ganye/Mayo Belwa/Toungo (2015-present) Nuhu Ribadu : Dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar APC 2019, 2015 dan takarar gwamna a PDP, 2011 dan takarar shugaban kasa na ACN, kuma tsohon shugaban hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa Warfarninyi Theman: tsohon Sakataren APC na jiha Waɗanda suka Janye Ishaku Elisha Abbo : Senator for Adamawa North (2019-present) Waɗanda aka dakatar Mahmood Halilu Ahmed: Dan takarar gwamna na jam'iyyar APC a zaben 2019 kuma dan uwa ga uwargidan shugaban kasa Aisha Buhari Abubakar Girei : tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya Boss Mustapha : Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya (2017-present), tsohon Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Ruwan Ruwa ta Kasa , da 1991 SDP na takarar Gwamna Abdul-Aziz Nyako : tsohon Sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta tsakiya kuma dan takarar gwamna na ADC na 2019 Jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party Duk da cewa an yi ta cece-kuce kan batun soke zaben fidda gwani na Fintiri daya tilo da ya ke yi a 'yan kwanaki kafin a fafatawar, amma an gudanar da zaben fidda gwani cikin lumana inda Fintiri ya zama dan takara daya tilo. Bayan lashe zaben fidda gwani da aka gudanar a Yola ba tare da hamayya ba, Fintiri ya godewa wakilan jam’iyyar sannan ya bukaci jam’iyyar ta jihar da ta marawa Atiku Abubakar baya a yakin neman zaben fidda gwani na shugaban kasa. Kimanin wata guda da kammala firamare, Kaletapwa Farauta —Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Jihar Adamawa, kuma tsohon Kwamishinan Ilimi daga Numan— aka zavi a matsayin abokin takarar Fintiri a maimakon mataimakin Gwamna mai ci Crowther Seth . A taron kaddamar da Farauta a matsayin abokin takararsa a farkon watan Agusta, Fintiri ya ce ya zabi Farauta don samun daidaiton tikitin jinsi kuma ya yaba da hidimar Seth. Wanda aka zaba Ahmadu Umaru Fintiri : Gwamna (2019-present), tsohon dan majalisar tarayya mai wakiltar Madagali , tsohon mukaddashin gwamna , da kuma tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilai Running mate— Kaletapwa Farauta : Vice-Chancellor of Adamawa State University (2017–present) and former Commissioner of Education Kwamitin tantancewa ya soke shi Jameel Abubakar Waziri : tsohon shugaban kasa na fadar Aso Rock na Protocol Ƙananan jam'iyyun Gangamin zabe A watannin bayan kammala zaben fidda gwanin, masana sun lura da yuwuwar ci gaban da Fintiri zai iya samu sakamakon zaben dan takarar shugaban kasa na PDP Atiku Abubakar ; Wani batu na Ahmed shi ne saboda tikitin takarar shugaban kasa na jam’iyyar APC — Zaben Kashim Shettima na jam’iyyar APC, Bola Tinubu ya kirkiro tikitin musulmi da musulmi, inda ya saba taron da ba a rubuta ba kan tikitin addini guda – inda masana suka lura da bambancin addini na Adamawa da ‘yan adawa suka kafa. adawa da APC a tsakanin Kiristocin Arewa. Akwai kuma batutuwa a cikin jam'iyyar APC ta Adamawa yayin da Nuhu Ribadu - wanda ya zo na biyu a zaben fidda gwani na gwamna - ya fafata da sakamakon farko da ya haifar da rikicin cikin gida da ya kai ga tsige shugaban jam'iyyar na jihar Ibrahim Bilal a watan Satumba 2022. Duk da haka, masu lura da al'amura sun kuma lura da irin goyon bayan da Ahmed ke da shi a tsakanin mata masu jefa ƙuri'a da kuma tsayawa takara mai cike da tarihi don zama mace ta farko da aka zaɓa a matsayin gwamna. Masu sharhi sun yi iƙirarin cewa farin jinin Ahmed a wurin mata na iya sa Fintiri ya ajiye mataimakin gwamna mai ci Crowther Seth a matsayin mataimakiyarsa ta Kaletapwa Farauta domin samun daidaiton tikitin shiga tsakanin jinsi. Wani babban al’amari kuma shi ne yadda Fintiri ya ci gaba da samun goyon bayansa a yankin Numan da kuma tsakanin tsirarun Kiristoci; duka alƙaluma sun kasance masu mahimmanci ga Fintiri a 2019. Ya zuwa watan Satumba, masana sun yi ta tambayar illolin rashin son zuciya ga Ahmed da kuma tasirin siyasa na abokan takararsu tare da yuwuwar fitattun kananan jam'iyyu - Labour Party da Social Democratic Party. Sai dai a wata mai zuwa ya kawo gagarumin sauyi a zaben inda aka soke zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC ta hanyar wani hukuncin da wata babbar kotun tarayya ta yanke wanda shi ma ya ki amincewa da shiga wani sabon zaben fidda gwanin da ya haramtawa APC shiga zaben. Sai dai hukuncin da kotun daukaka kara ta yanke a karshen watan Nuwamba ya soke hukuncin da aka yanke a baya, inda ta mayar da Ahmed a matsayin wanda aka zaba. Jadawalin zaben A ranar 26 ga watan fabrairun 2022, hukumar zaben mai zaman kanta ta fitar da jadawali,shirye da kwanaki da karshen ranar zabe. watanni kadan baya ranar 27 watan mayun shekara ta 2022,INEC tayi wani gyara a jadawalin ,inda tabada karin lokaci ga jam'iyyu don suyi zaɓen fidda gwani. 28 Fabrairu 2022 – Wallafa ranar zabe 4 Afrilu 2022 – Ranar farko zaben fidda gwani 9 Yuni 2022 – Ranar karshen fidda gwanin jam'iyyu,da magance duk wani abin da zai taso daga wurin su. 1 Juli 2022 – Ranar farkon gabatar da fom din tsayayyun ƴan takara ga INEC ta shafin ta na yanar gizo (online portal) 15 Juli 2022 – Ranar karshen ta gabatar da fom ɗin ƴan takarar ga INEC ta shafin ta ba yanar gizo (online portal) 12 Oktoba 2022 – Gabatar da kamfe. 9 Maris 2023 – Ranar karshen na lokacin kamfe. Babban zabe Mazabar tarayya Sakamakon zaben mazabar tarayya. Ta mazabar tarayya The results of the election by federal constituency. Ta karamar hukumar Sakamakon zaben kananan hukumomi. Duba kuma Bayanan kula Zaɓen jihar Adamawa Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
61992	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mofia%20Tonjo%20Akobo	Mofia Tonjo Akobo	Cif Mofia Tonjo Akobo (Yuli 1934 - Maris 2020) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma manyan kamfen ɗinsa sun kasance kan batutuwan da suka shafi muhalli da sarrafa albarkatu. Ya kasance Ministan Albarkatun Man Fetur na farko a tarayyar Najeriya. An horar da shi a matsayin likita da kuma soja kuma an tura shi yakin basasar Najeriya . A matsayinsa na Ministan Man Fetur na farko, ya sanya shi zama babban jigo wajen bunƙasa tattalin arziki bayan yakin, abin takaici har yanzu yana dogaro da man fetur sosai. Akobo ya zama shugaban kungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta kudu kuma ya jagoranci kafa kungiyar Niger Delta. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haife shi a watan Yuli 1934 a Abonnema cikin dangin Mary John Fyneface na Abonnema da Nathaniel Tonjo Akobo na Tombia. Karatun sa na firamare ya haɗa da karatu a makarantar Bishop Crowther Memorial Abonnema, Central School Eha-Amufu, da Makarantar Tombia, Tombia. Ya yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Gwamnati Umuahia, daga shekarun 1949 zuwa 1955 inda ya zama Kyaftin a Makarantar . Ya samu gurbin karatu a Kwalejin Jami’ar Ibadan, daga shekarun 1956 zuwa 1960. Ya kuma halarci Asibitin Kwalejin Jami’ar, daga shekarun 1960 zuwa 1963, kuma ya gudanar da aikin horar da lafiyarsa a Asibitin Koyarwa na Jami’ar Legas, daga shekarun 1963 zuwa 1964. A cikin shekarar 1955, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Elder Demster Lines na Unilever Brothers Group Scholarship zuwa Burtaniya don balaguron ilimi na mako uku zuwa London, Liverpool, Brighton, da Arewacin Wales; wannan ya ba shi kwarewa ta farko game da wayewar yamma. Ya auri Data Ine Akobo, née Amachree, mataimakiyar laburare mai ritaya na Jami'ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Ribas, kuma yana da 'ya'ya da jikoki. Ya yi aiki a Royal Orthopedic Hospital Igbobi Yaba, General Hospital Marina, Lagos, Federal Airport Medical Unit Kano, Bataliya Biyar MRS Kano daga shekarun 1964 zuwa 1966, General Hospital Yenegoa, Gabashin Nigeria daga shekarun 1966 zuwa 1968, General Hospital Aba, daga watan Afrilu 1968-Agusta 1968 da kuma 3rd Nigerian Army Medical Corps, daga watan Satumba 1968-Janairu 1970. A watan Agusta 1969, ya zama shugaban kwamitin wasanni na jihar Rivers kuma memba na hukumar wasanni ta Najeriya, daga watan Afrilu 1972-Agusta 1973. Ya taba zama kwamishinan ayyuka sannan kuma kwamishinan kuɗi a majalisar zartarwa ta jihar Ribas tsakanin shekarun 1973 zuwa 1974. A cikin shekarun 1967-1969, yana cikin rundunar soji ta uku karkashin jagorancin Benjamin Adekunle. A cikin shekarar 1975, an naɗa shi a cikin majalisar ministocin tarayya a matsayin minista na farko mai kula da sabuwar ma'aikatar man fetur da makamashi. A watan Disamba na shekarar 1975, a matsayin ministan OPEC a Vienna, Akobo na cikin ministocin da aka gudanar a lokacin da aka yi garkuwa da Carlos. Ya yi aiki a majalisar zartarwa ta Janar Murtala Mohammed kuma sabon shugaban kasa Janar Olusegun Obasanjo ya ci gaba da rike shi, amma ya koma cikin kundin tsare-tsare da ci gaban tattalin arziki har zuwa shekara ta 1977. Ya kammala rattaba hannu kan kwangilar aikin matatar mai na Warri tare da ci gaba da bunƙasa matatar mai ta Kaduna sosai. Ya taka rawa wajen kafa kungiyar ECOWAS a matakin ministoci da kuma kafa hukumar raya yankin Neja Delta. A cikin shekarar 1978, ya koma Fatakwal don ya jagoranci ƙungiyar likitocin TEME Clinic Association a Port-Harcourt wanda ya kafa tare da manyan daraktoci, George Organ da Peterside. Akobo yana da sha’awar ci gaban yankin Neja Delta ya sa aka kafa jam’iyyar IZON ta ƙasa inda ya kasance memba na kafa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kungiyar Movement for National Reformation a karkashin shugabancin Cif Anthony Enahoro CFR, da kungiyar tsiraru ta Kudu karkashin jagorancin Janar David Ejoor. Daga karshe Akobo ya zama shugaban kungiyar ‘yan tsiraru ta kudu, kuma ya haɗa kafa da kungiyar haɗin kan yankin Neja-Delta, wadda ta kasance hadakar kungiyoyin yankin Neja-Delta, kamar su Southern Minorities Movement, Commonwealth of Niger Delta Coalition, MOSOP da dai sauransu. ƙungiyoyin tsirarun ƙabilu a yankin. Sauran ayyukansa na mai fafutuka sun hada da: Wanda ya kafa kuma dattijon majalisar Ijaw ta ƙasa. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar 'yan tsiraru ta Kudu. Babban memba na kungiyar Movement for National Reformation karkashin jagorancin Cif Anthony Enahoro da goyon bayan Alfred Rewane. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar nazarin jihar Ribas. Wanda ya kafa kungiyar Ijaw Youth Council (IYC). Mamban zartarwa na Cibiyar Mulkin Tsarin Mulki (CCG) karkashin jagorancin Beko Ransome-Kuti. Wanda ya kafa NADECO (National Democratic Coalition). Wakilin zartaswa na G34, ɓangarorin da suka canza kansu zuwa PDP ( PDP ). Akobo ya rasu ne a ranar 13 ga watan Maris, 2020 bayan gajeriyar rashin lafiya kuma an yi jana’izarsa a ranar Asabar, a ranar 10 ga watan Oktoba, 2020, a mahaifarsa da ke Tombia, karamar hukumar Degema ta Jihar Ribas. Mutattun 2020 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
20500	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigerian%20National%20Petroleum%20Corporation	Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation	Kamfanin Man Fetur Na Najeriya shine kamfanin man fetur wanda gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta hanyar shi ke tsarawa da kuma shiga masana'antar man fetur ta kasar. Ana gudanar da ayyukan kasuwancin NNPC ta hanyar dabarun Kasuwanci da Rukunin Ayyuka Na Kasuwanci (SBUs / CSUs), a wurare daban-daban a duk faɗin Nijeriya. A irin wannan halin; Kamfanin Man Fetur na Kasa (NNPC) ya kirkiro da wani tsarin daukar ma'aikata kuma tun daga wancan lokacin, har zuwa yau aikin na NNPC ya kasance tsari ne na shekara-shekara. An kafa NNPC a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1977 a matsayin haɗakar Kamfanin Mai na Nijeriya da Ma’aikatar Man Fetur da Albarkatun Makamashi ta Tarayya. NNPC ta hanyar doka ce ke kula da hadin gwiwar tsakanin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya da wasu manyan kamfanonin kasashen waje, wadanda suka hada da Royal Dutch Shell, Agip, ExxonMobil, Total SA, Chevron, da Texaco (wanda yanzu aka hade da Chevron). Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da wadannan kamfanoni, gwamnatin Najeriya ke gudanar da bincike da samar da mai. A shekarar 2007, shugaban reshen Najeriya na kungiyar Transparency International ya ce albashin ma’aikatan NNPC ya yi kadan don hana cin hanci. Gidajen NNPC a Abuja shine hedkwatar NNPC. Gidan yana dauke da hasumiya guda iri daya, hadadden yana kan hanyar Herbert Macaulay, Central Business District Abuja . NNPC kuma tana da ofisoshin shiyya a Legas, Kaduna, Fatakwal da Warri . Tana da ofishi na duniya wanda ke London, United Kingdom. A watan Oktoba na shekarar 2019, NNPC ta ce ta sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya ta biyan dala biliyan 2.5 tare da LNG na Najeriya don ayyukan ci gaban iskar gas. A watan Disamban shekarar 2021, Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya (NNPC) Ltd sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna ta Naira biliyan 621 don samar da ayyukan gina muhimman ababen more rayuwa a Najeriya. Shugaba Buhari ya nada Mele Kyari a matsayin sabon Manajan Darakta na Kamfanin (GMD) na NNPC. Kyari ya maye gurbin Maikanti Baru. Sabon GMD da sauran jami'an NNPC da aka nada za su yi aiki tare da jami'an yanzu a matsayi daya har zuwa ranar 7 ga watan Yulin 2019. Dokta Maikanti Baru (7 ga Yuli, 1959 - 29 ga Mayu, 2020) shi ne tsohon Manajan Daraktan Rukuni (GMD). An nada shi Manajan Daraktan Rukuni a ranar 4 ga Yulin, 2016, a karkashin shugabancin Muhammadu Buhari ; ya gaji Dr. Emmanuel Ibe Kachikwu, karamin Ministan Man Fetur na Najeriya . Tsarin kungiya Rukunin NNPC ya kunshi Hukumar NNPC, da ofishin manajan darakta, Rukuni bakwai na aiki kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Kowane ɗayan rukunin yana ƙarƙashin jagorancin babban jami'in gudanarwa (COO). Rukunan nata suna karkashin jagorancin manyan manajojin kungiyar (GGM), yayin da kamfanonin kera ke karkashin jagorancin manajan daraktoci. NNPC tana da rassa da yawa, rassa biyu da wasu kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwa 16. Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci masu zaman kansu: Kamfanin Sama Kamfanin streamasa Kamfanin tace kaya Kamfanin Kasuwanci Kamfanin Gas & Power Kungiyoyin Ayyuka na Corporate: Kudade da Lissafi Ayyuka na Kamfanin Kungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Dabaru sune kamar haka: NNPC yana da tafin kafa alhakin cirewa da kuma nisa da tushe aukuwa, kuma aka gurfanar da shi gudãnar da kula da masana'antun man fetur a madadin gwamnatin Nijeriya. A cikin 1988, an sanya kamfanin cikin kasuwanci zuwa manyan rukunin kasuwancin 11, wanda ya shafi dukkanin ayyukan masana'antar mai: bincike da samarwa, ci gaban iskar gas, tacewa, rarrabawa, man fetir, injiniyanci, da saka hannun jari na kasuwanci. A ranar Laraba 10 ga watan Yulin, 2019 a taron hukumomin samar da kudaden shiga da sa ido na Najeriya tare da shugabancin majalisar dattijai a harabar majalisar kasa, Abuja, manajan daraktan kungiyar, Mele Kyari ya yi kira da a samar da isassun kudade daga bangaren man fetur. Kamfanonin rashi sun hada da Kamfanin Bunkasa Man Fetur na Najeriya (NPDC). Gabatar da doka A tsarin mulkin Najeriya, duk ma'adanai, gas, da mai da kasar ta mallaka doka ce ta gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. Saboda haka, kamfanonin man da ke aiki a Najeriya sun dace da kason kudaden shigar su ga gwamnati, wanda ke daukar kusan kashi 60% na kudaden shigar da masana'antar mai ke samu ta wannan hanyar. Kudaden da NNPC ta samu sun kai kashi 76% na kudaden shiga na gwamnatin tarayya da kuma kashi 40% na GDP na kasar baki daya . Ya zuwa shekarar 2000, fitar da mai da gas ya kai kashi 98% na kudaden shigar da Nijeriya ke fitarwa. Cin hanci da rashawa a NNPC Rahoton KPMG A watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Nijeriya ta ba da izinin a buga rahoton binciken da KPMG ta gudanar. Binciken, wanda Ma’aikatar Kudi ta ba shi biyo bayan damuwar da ta nuna game da yadda kamfanin na NNPC ke nuna gaskiya, ya yi bayani dalla-dalla kan yadda NNPC ke gudanar da kasuwanci, da karya ka’idoji, da fitar da kudi ta jihar ba bisa ka’ida ba, da kuma rashin yin asusu na biliyoyin nairori da ya kamata a biya asusun tarayya. Masu binciken kudi sun gano cewa tsakanin 2007 zuwa 2009 kadai, NNPC ta cire makudan kudade a cikin tallafi har zuwa N28.5 biliyan. Ba ta iya lissafin kuɗin tun daga lokacin. Bungiyar Willbros Inc. A watan Mayu 2008, Willbros Group Inc, wani kamfani na Amurka, ya yarda da yin almubazzaranci da suka kai dala 6.3 miliyan zuwa ga jami’ai a NNPC da reshenta NAPIMS, a madadin taimako don samun da kuma rike kwangiloli na aiki a kan Tsarin Gas na Tattara Gas (EGGS). ABB Vetco Grey A watan Yulin 2004, ABB Vetco Gray, wani kamfani na Amurka, da reshen Burtaniya ABB Vetco Gray UK Ltd, sun yarda da biyan sama da $ 1 cin hancin miliyan ga jami’ai a reshen kamfanin NNPC NAPIMS a madadin samun bayanan sirri na tayin da shawarwari masu kyau daga hukumomin gwamnatin Najeriya. Trafigura da Vitol A watan Nuwamba na 2013 bayan da kungiyar bayar da shawarwari ta masu zaman kansu ta Switzerland - Erklärung von Bern ta wallafa wani rahoto - zargin badakalar da yawa, inda aka sanya kamfanin na NNPC bisa zargin cire $ 6.8 biliyan na kudaden shigar danyen mai. Kudaden da ba a sakasu ba A ranar 9 ga Disambar 2013, wata wasika daga Gwamnan Babban Bankin Najeriya , Sanusi Lamido Sanusi zuwa ga Shugaban Najeriya, Goodluck Ebele Jonathan, wanda aka nuna kwanan wata 25 ga Satumba 2013 cewa NNPC ba ta aika da sama da $ 49.8 ba biliyan da aka samu na sayar da Gwamnati ga danyen mai. A ranar 13 ga Disambar 2013, NNPC ta ba da amsar cewa babu wani kuɗi da ya ɓace. Kwamitin sulhu (wanda ya kunshi wakilan (i) CBN (ii) NNPC (iii) DPR (iv) FIRS (v) OAGF (vi) Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Tarayya (vii) Ma’aikatar Kudi ta Tarayya (viii) Ma’aikatar Albarkatun Man Fetur ta Tarayya ) aka kafa. Kwamitin sulhu ya kiyasta kudaden da ba a sake biya ba zuwa $ 10.8bn a ranar 18 ga Disambar 2013 yayin da CBN ta sauya da'awar zuwa $ 12bn. Daga nan sai CBN ya sanar da kwamitin majalisar dattijai kan harkokin kudi a ranar 4 ga Fabrairun shekara ta 2014 cewa NNPC na bukatar lissafin dala biliyan 20 saboda CBN za ta iya tabbatar da karbar dala biliyan 47 daga dala biliyan 67 na lokacin da ake dubawa. Ministan Kudi na wancan lokacin ya ba da shawarar gudanar da binciken kwastomomi mai zaman kansa kuma ofishin Babban Odita Janar na Tarayya (AuGF) ne ya nada PwC a hukumance don gudanar da binciken kwakwaf kan zargin. Daga cikin matsayar da PwC ta cimma a karshen ayyukansu, kamar yadda suka bayyana a cikin rahoton nasu, wanda aka bayyana a fili akwai: 1. Jimlar kudin da aka shigar cikin asusun tarayya dangane da daga danyen mai ya kai $ 50.81bn da BA dala biliyan 47 kamar yadda kwamitin sulhu ya fada a baya daga watan Janairun shekara ta 2012 zuwa watan Yulin shekara ta 2013. 2. Kamfanin NNPC ya bayar da bayanai kan banbancin da ke haifar da yuwuwar shigar da dala biliyan 0.74 (ba tare da la’akari da kudaden da ake sa ran shigowa daga NPDC ba). Sauran kudaden da ba na kai tsaye ba na dala biliyan 2.83 wadanda ba na bangaren gabatar da kara ga kwamitin majalisar dattijai ba an karkatar da su zuwa wannan matsayin. 3. Babban abin la'akari shine cibiyoyin mallakar albarkatun mai da iskar gas wanda NPDC ke sarrafawa. Dangane da ƙarin bayani da ake bayarwa, mun kiyasta cewa NNPC da NPDC ya kamata su mayar wa Asusun Tarayya aƙalla dala biliyan 1.48 kamar yadda aka taƙaita a shafi na gaba. Babu wani ma'aikacin NNPC ko Ma'aikatar Man Fetur da aka hukunta har yanzu, kodayake a ranar Alhamis, 20 ga Fabrairu 2014, Shugaban Kasa mai dakatar da busa usur ya dakatar da shi daga aiki. Asusun da ba a sake ba Wani bincike na hukuma ya ruwaito a watan Maris na shekara t 2016 cewa NNPC ya kasa biyan . Hanyoyin haɗin waje Tattalin arziki Ma'aikatun gwamnati Pages with unreviewed translations
50300	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyida%20Nafisa	Sayyida Nafisa	ethnicitySayyida Nafisa Articles having same image on Wikidata and Wikipedia Sayyida Nafisa (d.208 AH / 830CE ), cikakken suna As-Sayyidah Nafisah bint Amīr al-Mu'minīn Al-hasan al-Anwar ibn Zayd al-Ablaj ibn Al-Hasan ibn ' Ali ibn Abi Talib al-Alawiyyah (),mace ce daga zuriyar annabin musulunci Muhammad,kuma malamace kuma malamar addinin musulunci ce. Bayan karantar da Imaman Sunna Muhammad bn Idris ash-Shafi'i, ita ce fitacciyar malamar hadisi a kasar Masar. Tarihin Rayuwa An haife ta a Makka a cikin shekara ta 762CE,ga Al-Hasan al-Anwar dan Zaid al-Ablaj,dan Al-Hasan jikan Muhammad.Ta yi rayuwarta ta ƙarshe a Alkahira,a can ne wani masallaci mai ɗauke da sunanta. Aure da sana'a Ta auri Is-ḥāq al-Mutamin , dan Ja'afar al-Sadik, shi kansa zuriyar Muhammadu. Ta yi hijira tare da shi daga Hijaz zuwa Masar.Ta haifi 'ya'ya biyu,ɗa mai suna 'Qāsim' da 'ya mace mai suna 'Umm Kulthum'. Dalibanta sun fito daga wurare masu nisa,daga cikinsu akwai Al-Shafi'i,mutumin da ke bayan mazhabar Shafi'iyya ta fiqhu Sunna.Ta kudi ta dauki nauyin karatunsa. Ibn Kathir a cikin al-Bidayah wa al-nihayah ya ruwaito game da ita cewa: Tasiri akan Imam Shafi'i Imam Shafi'i ya kasance dalibin wani babban limamin Fiqhu, na Sunna,Malik bn Anas wanda dalibin Imam Ja'afar ne,kamar Imam Abu Hanifah.An ce Shafi’i bayan ya zo birnin Alkahira ya kira Nafisa ya ji hadisai daga gare ta,kuma ba zai yiwu ba ya kasance ba shi da tasirin ilimi da dabi’ar Nafisa, tunda ya kasance.bako mai yawan zuwa gidanta, mai sauraron karatunta a masallacinta,kuma kamar yadda malaman tarihi suka ruwaito,ya nemi addu'arta ( <i id="mwTQ">Du'a'i</i> ) da neman albarka ( <i id="mwTw">Barakat</i> ) daga gare ta. Lokacin da Al-Shafi'i ya ji rashin lafiya kuma daga baya ya ji mutuwa na gabatowa, nan da nan ya rubuta wasiyyar inda ya ambata cewa ana son Nafisa ta karanta sallar jana'iza(<i id="mwVA">Salatul Janazah</i> )Bayan rasuwar liman ne aka kai gawarsa gidanta,ta yi sallah a kai.An ba da rahoton cewa ba zai iya zama"ba tare da shahararta, da girmamawa a tsakanin mutane ba." Hanyar rayuwa da abubuwan al'ajabi Rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Nafisa ta kasance ta na rayuwa mai cike da ban tsoro.Zainab ‘yar yayarta ta shaida cewa Antinta tana ci sau daya a kwana uku,sannan ta ajiye mata kwando babu kowa,duk lokacin da take son ci kadan sai ta sa hannu ta samu wani abu daga Allah.Da yanayin rayuwar Sayyida Nafisa ta burge Zainab,sai ta tambayi innarta:"Dole ki kula da kanki."A kan haka, ta amsa da cewa,"Yaya zan kula da kaina kafin in isa Ubangijina?A gabana akwai shingaye da yawa waɗanda babu mai iya hayewa sai waɗanda suka rabauta ( al- fāizūn, ." Sama da mu'ujiza 150 ne ake danganta Nafisa a tsawon rayuwarta da bayan rasuwarta.Bayan ta sauka a birnin Alkahira,sai ga wani abin al'ajabi na warkar da gurguwar 'yar wani dangi da ba musulmi ba. Wata rana aka bar ’yar a gidan Nafisa,mahaifiyarta ta je kasuwa.Lokacin da Nafisa tayi alwala kafin sallah sai wasu digo-digo na ruwa suka taba yarinyar nan ta fara motsi.Lokacin da Nafisa na cikin sallah sai ‘yar ta miqe ta ruga da gudu ta nufi wajen uwar da ke zuwa,ta girgiza da murna a lokaci guda.Bayan wannan mu'ujiza,dukan iyali da sauran makwabta sun karbi Musulunci. Bayan mutuwarta,hatsari daya ya faru. Wasu barayi sun shiga masallacinta suka dauki fitulun azurfa goma sha shida.Suna so su tsere nan take amma sun kasa gano kofofin.An kama su kamar suna cikin keji.Washe gari aka same su aka saka su a kurkuku. Tsoronta ya shahara ta yadda mutane daga nesa da kusa suke zuwa neman albarkarta;Hagiographers sun ba da labarin shawarar da ta yanke na barin Masar saboda tarin jama'a da suka zo neman albarkar Ahlul-Baiti ("Mutanen Ahlin gidan (Muhammad)"),inda suka bar lokacin sallah kadan. Sai dai rokon da gwamnan Masar, As-Sirri bn al-Hakam,da jama'a suka yi na kada ta bar Masar,ya gamsar da ita ta zauna.An bayar da bayanai da dama na mu’ujizar da ta yi wa wadanda suka nemi taimakonta kai tsaye ko kuma ta hanyar addu’a, kamar warkar da yaro makaho,shiga tsakani a lokacin da kogin Nilu bai tashi sama da shekara guda ba kamar yadda ake tsammani, da hana jirgin ruwa nutsewa, da taimakon wata mata matalauci da ta samu.ta kashe rayuwarta tana jujjuya ulu don tallafawa danginta,'yantar da fursuna ta wurin cetonta,da ganin mutane cikin wahalarsu. Sayyidah Nafisah, Sayyidah Ruqayyah da Sayyidah Zaynab bint Ali a al'adance su ne majibincin waliyyai na madina ( , birnin) Alkahira. Bugu da kari,wannan yana daya daga cikin mashahurai biyar da aka dauki nauyin 'yan uwan annabi mata a zamanin khalifancin Fatimi.Sauran wuraren ibada guda hudu sun kebanta da Sayyid Ruqayya,da Sayyida Zainab, da Ummu Kulthum, da Atika.
5702	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutar%20zazza%C9%93in%20cizon%20sauro	Cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro	Maleriya Cuta ce wadda sauro ke haifarwa, ita dai Cutar ta kasance sauro ne ke yada ta, a tsakanin mutane da sauran dabbobi daga kwayoyin cutar protozoans (wata kwayar cutar ce wadda ba'a gani da idanu ba tare da amfani na na'urar ganin kwayoyin halittu) ta yanayin Plasmodium . Alamomin zazzabi sun hada da janti, gajiya, amai da ciwon kai. Idan ya yi tsanani yana haddasa fata ta zama ruwan korawa, sankamewar jiki, suma ko mutuwa. Wadan nan alamomi na bayyana kwanaki goma zuwa sha biyar bayan cizon sauro. Ga wadanda ba su sami magani sosai ba cutar na iya dawowa bayan wasu watanni. Ga wadanda suka rayu bayan sun kamu, sake kamuwa na iya haifar da alamomi marasa tsanani. Wannan juriya ta takaitaccen lokaci na dacewa a cikin watanni zuwa shekaru idan ba'a sami sake kamuwa da zazzabi ba. Yawanci, cutar na yaduwa daga cizon tamatar sauro mai dauke da cutar wato sauro Anopheles. Wannan cizon shi ya kan shigar da kwayar cutar daga yawun sauron zuwa cikin jini na mutum. Sai kuma kwayar cutar ta tafi zuwa hanta inda za ta balaga kuma ta hayayyafa. Mutane na iya harbuwa kuma su yada jinsi biyar na Plasmodium. Sanadi na yawaicin mutuwa sababinta daga P. falciparum tare da P. vivax, P. ovale, da P. malariae waɗanda ke haifar da yanayin zazzabi sassauƙa. Jinsin P. knowlesi bai cika haifar da cutuka ga mutane ba. Ana maganin zazzabi ta hanyar nazarin jini da madubin likita da amfani da hotunan jini, ko kuma da fasaha mai gano kwayar cuta antigen wato gwaje-gwajen gaggawa domin magani. Hanyar gwaji mai amfani da jerin alamomi ta polymerase domin gano DNA na kwayar cutar ana samar da ita, amma ba'a cika amfani da ita ba a sassan da cutar zazzabi ta zama game-gari sabo da tsadarsa da kuma wahala. Za'a iya rage hadarin kamuwa da cutar ta hanyar hana cizon sauro ta amafni da gidan sauro da magani mai korar sauro, ko ta yin amfani da matakai na hana yaduwar sauro kamar feshin maganin sauro da kuma hana kwanciyar ruwa. Akwai magunguna masu yawa domin kare zazzabi daga matafiya zuwa shiyyoyin da cutar ta zama ruwan-dare. Shan magani akai-akai sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine na da matuƙar kyau ga yara da kuma bayan wata uku na farko na samun ciki a shiyyoyi da aka fi samun zazzabi. Duk da bukatar da ake da ita, babu wata ingantacciyar allura da ake da ita, duk da cewa ƙoƙarin samar da wata na ci gaba. Maganin zazzabi da ka bayar da shawara a kansa hadi ne da maganin zazzaɓi wanda ya haɗa da artemisinin. Magani na biyu na iya zama mefloquine, lumefantrine, ko sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine. Za'a iya amfani da Quinine tare da doxycycline idan ba'a sami artemisinin ba. Kuma ana bayar da shawara cewa a wuraren da cutar ta zama ruwan-dare, idan zai yiwu, a tabbatar da zazzabin cizon sauron kafin a fara bayar da magani sabo da damuwar da ake da ita ta wajen karuwar bijirewa magani da cutar ke yi. Bijirewa na karuwa ga yawaicin magungunan zazzabin cizon sauro; misali, bijirewa chloroquine P. falciparum ya yadu a yankuna masu zazzabin cizon sauro, kuma bijirewa artemisinin ya zama matsala a wasu sassa na Kudancin Asia. Cutar ta fi yaduwa a wurare masu zafin yanayi da kuma bangarori da kusa da wurin zafi wadan da ke kusa da inda layin equator ya keta. Wannan ya hada da mafi yawan kusa da Saharar Afirka, Asia, da Latin America. gungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya ta kiyasta cewa a shekarar 2012, an sami matsalar zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 207. A wannan shekarar, an ƙiyasta cewa cutar ta hallaka a ƙalla tsakanin mutane miliyan 473,000 da mutane 789,000, mafi yawansu yara a nahiyar Afirka. Yawanci a kan alaƙanta cutar zazzaɓin cizon sauro da talauci kuma ya na shafar haɓakar tattalin arziki. A nahiyar Afirka an ƙiyasta cewa ya jawo asarar Dalar Amurka biliyan 12 a shekara sabo da ƙaruwar tsadar kiwon lafiya, rashin samun damar yin aiki da kuma illoli ga yawon buɗe-idanu. Cutar Maleriya a Kasar Hausa Cutar Malariya wani cutar da aka samu kuma yana da muhimmanci a cikin kasashen Afrika. Malariya tana da sabon cutarwa da aka kira cutar da aka fi sani da "plasmodium" a matsayin "parasite" a cikin damar. Cutar Malariya zai zamo dalilin samun mutum a kan tsaro da kuma a kan ciki. A Hausa, Cutar Malariya an samu kamar "Rashin Tsuntsaye" ko "Rashin Tsuntsa". Wadanda ke da shakka a kan cutar Malariya aka yin kira da suna "Tsuntsaye" ko "Tsuntsa" saboda rashin tsuntsaye da aka samu a cikin cutar. Saboda haka, Cutar Malariya na Hausa yana da alamun tsari da kuma alamun kwayoyi da ke da muhimmanci a cikin zamaninmu.
21433	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamdeo	Wamdeo	Wamdeo birni ne, da ke a wani yanki, a cikin karamar hukumar Askira / Uba , dake Jihar Borno, a Nijeriya . Tana da iyaka da Uba zuwa Gabas, Uvu zuwa Kudu, Mussa zuwa Arewa, Mishara zuwa Arewa maso Gabas da Rumirgo zuwa Yamma. A garin sunan da aka asali da sunan "Wandi" amma daga baya metamorphosed zuwa "Wamdeo" saboda hanyar da nomadic Fulani furta shi. An haɗu da shi gaba ɗaya ta dangi biyu: Muva (ƙarin raba zuwa Njila-Njila, Bilata, Dagufla da Patha) da Zugubi (ƙarin raba zuwa Kidimbla, Mbla Kauchacha, Gutha da Fidigutum) Wamdeo ya samo asali ne daga kalmar “Wandi” kuma ya wanzu fiye da shekaru 500. Ra'ayoyi da yawa suna nan game da da'awa game da mazaunan farko na yankin amma Dagu-Flas da Zugubis suna da'awar su ne farkon mazauna yankin. Sauran manyan dangin sun hada da Midala wanda aka fi sani da mai wa kra tha (wanda aka samo shi daga kan saniyar da aka ba su a tsohon tarihi), Lere sun yi imanin cewa sun yi kaura daga Arewacin Kamaru da Gabashin Chadi, Holma wanda aka fi sani da Bla-ta ( ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Marghi 'mai ma ki bla ta nga' ma'ana a nemi mafaka a karkashin waccan ganji) an yi imanin cewa 'yan gudun hijira ne don neman mafaka daga yankin Kilba, Fidigutum ana ganin sun yi ƙaura daga ƙasar Fali Vimtim) kuma a ƙarshe Pazza ta samo asali ne daga yankin Biu zuwa dutsen Pazza yanzu Bazza. Sakamakon aikin mishan a yankin karkashin jagorancin Stover Kulp, an gabatar da addinin kirista zuwa Wamdeo a cikin shekarar 1937 a lokacin mulkin Shal-Tagu daga dangin Dag-Fla. A cikin shekarar 1938, mishan ne suka gina gidan magani na farko a Wamdeo kuma a cikin shekarar 1945, an kafa CRI ta farko a Wamdeo a lokacin mulkin Lawan Mumini daga dangin Zugubi. Kafin rabewar Gongola zuwa jihar Adamawa da Taraba, gwamnati da daular Wamdeo sun kasance suna da lada ga Lamido a Yola, amma bayan kirkirar jihar Adamawa, Wamdeo ya zama gunduma a cikin Askira / Uba Local Government of Borno State . Wamdeo al'ada ce ta Hakkimi a cikin mulkin Alh. Saidu Mohammed tare da Lauyoyi hudu: Lawan Buba Glaji, Lawan Zubairu, da wasu biyu 2 daga Kwa-bula da Wallafa. Labarin kasa Wamdeo ya kasance tsakanin 10 o 31 '33''N, 13 o 07'30''E. Wamdeo yana kwance a tsawan kimanin mita 555 sama da matakin teku, a ƙasan wani babban Inselberg da aka sani da tsaunin Wamdeo wanda ya tashi zuwa mita 758 sama da matakin ruwan teku. Wamdeo yana da mafi girman filin a duk cikin karamar hukumar Askira / Uba wanda ya kunshi kauyuka da dama da suka hada da Kwa-bula, Mungum, Wallafa, Gajelli, da kuma Miya. Garin Wamdeo yana kan ruwa tsakanin kogin Yedzaram zuwa Arewa da Gabas (Basin Chadi) da na Hawul zuwa Kudu maso Gabas, Kudu maso Yamma da Arewa maso Yamma (Gongola Basin) Kayan lambu Ciyawar a Wamdeo ta ƙunshi manyan bishiyun Acacia da tsire-tsire masu tsire-tsire wanda ke daɗa kauri tare da hanyar magudanan ruwa da ƙasan tsaunuka. Layin magudanan ruwa na Mbulashibu da Kofiwa na da ciyayi masu kauri, haka kuma ƙasan Fum Hill. Amdeasar Wamdeo tana da wadataccen yanki a cikin garin, inda ayyukan ɗan adam ya canza alamun ciyayi da ƙasa. Ilimin kasa da kasa Wamdeo kamar yawancin yankuna a Kudancin Barno yana kan ementasa ne kuma an bayyana shi ta hanyar ƙananan kwandunan da ke ɗauke da kuloli waɗanda suka bambanta da shekaru daga yanayin aiki zuwa na quaternary. Kogin Chadi ya ta'allaka ne da Arewa da kuma yankin Benuwai a kudu. Daga yamma akwai wani kwari mara zurfin ruwa da aka sani da dutsen Zambuk wanda ya hada manyan Basins biyu. Wamdeo yana cikin Yankin Arewa ta Tsakiya na Yankin Basement na Borno. Kimanin Kilomita arba'in da biyar 45 zuwa Arewa, ginshikin ya ɓace a ƙarƙashin abubuwan da ke cikin tafkin Chadi. Babban ginshiki ya fadi game da yanayin Wamdeo na arewa da arewa maso gabas Tsarin aiki Ginin garin Wamdeo an kafa shi ta hanyar dutse mai ƙwaraƙƙwara. Stungiyar Stratigraphy ta cika ta hanyar adana ɗakunan sama da ƙananan ajiya na alluvium. Ginshiƙin Ginshiƙin Mafi yawan ginshiƙan ginshiƙan yankin sun mamaye grantitic granite wanda ke da launin toka mai haske, maraƙƙarfan hatsi kuma lokaci-lokaci pegmatitic da aplitic. Porphoric feldspar yana lokaci-lokaci kuma wani lokacin yana nuna daidaito gaba ɗaya. Babban waje a yankin shine tsaunin Wamdeo. Sauran sun hada da Yawa, Mizra, Para, Auta, Fum, da sauransu. Yawancin ɓangaren gabashin garin ba su da ginshiƙan dutsen ƙasa.
15224	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy%20Akide	Mercy Akide	Mercy Akide Udoh (An haife ta 26 Agustan 1975 a Port Harcourt, Nigeria ) tsohuwar ‘yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Nijeriya . Farkon rayuwa Mercy ta fara wasan kwallon kafa ne tana da shekara biyar tare da babban wanta Seleipiri da kanensa Ipali a filin yashi na Bundu Waterside, kusa da gidan yarin Fatakwal . An gano cewa tana da sauri tin tun tana karama, kuma a lokacin da take ‘yar shekara 12, a makarantar Holy Rosary Secondary School da ke Port Harcourt, ta shiga cikin tsere mai nisa, inda ta shiga tseren mita 400, 800 da 1500 a kan tsofaffin masu fafatawa. Ta kuma kasance zakara a fagen kwallon tebur na yanki, amma ƙwallon ƙafa ita ce wasanni inda ta yi fice sosai. Mercy ta sami laƙabi da "Ske", wanda a yare yake nufin "fata", yayin wasa da yara maza data yi a Mile 1 a Port Harcourt. Daga cikin dimbin masoyanta a lokacin akwai wani karamin yaro da ake kira Chidi Odiah, wanda a yanzu ya zama cikakken ɗan wasan kwallan kafa ne na Najeriya wanda a yanzu haka yana buga ƙwallon ƙafa tare da CSKA Moscow . Dangane da ƙwarewarta musamman, ƙungiyar matasa masu shirya ƙwallon ƙafa sun hada gasa ta 'yan mata don zaɓar' yan matan da za su zama "The Garden City Queens". Bayan shekaru biyu na wasa da Queens, da kuma juya saukar da overtures na kishiya Port Harcourt-tushen Larry ta Mala'iku, Akide bar Port Harcourt for Lagos ci gaba biyu da ilimi da kuma wasan kwallon kafa tare da Jegede Babes a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Princess Bola Jegede. 1988–1990 Garden City Queens ( Najeriya ) 1991–1994 Jegede Babes (Najeriya) 1995–1998 Ufuoma Babes (Najeriya) 1998–1999 Taurarin Pelican (Najeriya) 1999-2000 Milligan College / Hampton Roads Piranhas 2001–2002 Ruhun San Diego ( WUSA ) 2003–2006 Hanyoyin Hampton Piranhas ( W-League ) Garden Citu Queen A waccan lokacin, kungiyar matan Najeriya ta kasance a shekarun da ta fara kamfani kuma Garden City Queens bata cikin manyan kungiyoyin kamar Jegede Babes, Ufuoma Babes da Larry's Angels. Kulob din ya buga wasanni nune-nunen a kusa da jihar tare da Akide a matsayin tauraron jan hankali. Ta yi kusan kusan kwallaye biyar a kowane wasa a tsawon shekaru biyu da ta shafe a kungiyar. Daya daga cikin wadannan wasannin sada zumuncin shi ne karawa da fitacciyar kungiyar Jegede Babes, kuma duk da cewa Queens ta sha kashi da ci 6-1, Akide ce ta ci mata kwallo daya. Mai mallakar kulob din Bola Jegede ya burge ta kwarai da gaske hakan yasa ta ba ta wuri a kulab din nata. Jegede Babes Akide ya shiga Jegede Babes ne dai-dai lokacin da Najeriya ke halartar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta farko a kasar China a shekarar 1991. Tare da tuni an kafa rundunar yajin aiki, an dauke Akide zuwa tsakiyar tsakiyar kakar 1992 inda ta dauki lokaci don daidaitawa. Amma a kakar wasanni ta 1993, ta zama mafi yawan kwallaye a duka laliga da Kofin. Ta kwashe kwallaye 16 a gasar sannan ta zura kwallaye takwas a gasar Kofin Kalubale. Ta dauki fom din ne a kaka mai zuwa, inda ta ci kwallaye 15 a kakar wasanni ta 1994 da kuma 10 a gasar Kofin Kalubale don neman a kira ta zuwa kocin kungiyar Ismaila Mabo. Abin takaici, burinta bai isa ya taimaki Jegede ko wanne taken ba. Ufuoma Babes Bayan dawowa daga Kofin Duniya na Mata na FIFA 1995, Akide (wanda a yanzu ya sami laƙabi da Marvel) ya yi tanti tare da ƙungiyar Ufuoma Babes da ke Warri, wanda ya ci gasar da Kofin sau biyu a cikin shekaru biyu da suka gabata. Ya kasance ya zama lada mai kyau. Kwallayenta 17 a gasar da tara a Kofin Kalubale sun taimakawa Ufuoma sau biyu. Shi ne farkon take da yawa. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, ta zira kwallaye 11 a raga da kwallaye 10 a Gasar Cin Kofin kuma Ufuoma Babes ta ci gaba da mamayar ta na cikin gida . Akide har yanzu ya gama da babbar lambar yabo ta zura kwallaye a shekarar 1997. Ta zira kwallaye 14 a raga da kuma kwallaye 8 a gasar cin kofin kalubale yayin da Ufuoma ta zira kwallaye na hudu a jere. Pelican Stars ta maye gurbin Ufuoma Babes a duka gasar da Kofin a 1998 tare da Akide wanda ya ci kwallaye 10 a raga da 7 a gasar Kofin Kalubale. Taurarin Pelican Akide ya yi shekara guda kawai tare da Pelican Stars, amma shekara ce mai fa'ida, ganima mai hikima. Pelican ta sake cin nasara sau biyu duk da cewa Akide ya ci kwallaye 9 ne kawai a raga da kuma kwallaye 6 na Kofin Kalubale. A lokacin da kakar ta kare, Akide ya samu gurbin karatu a kwalejin Milligan da ke Tennessee, Amurka, bayan kammala wasan Kofin Duniya tare da Super Falcons . Ayyukan duniya Zamanta biyu na daidaito tare da Jegede Babes, inda ta ci jimillar kwallaye 49 a cikin yanayi biyu, ya ɗauki hankalin kocin ƙasar Ismaila Mabo kuma an kira Mercy zuwa sansanin a 1994. Amma wani karin kwallaye, 17 a gasar da tara a gasar cin kofin Kalubale sun sa an tuna da ita. Wasanta na farko a duniya ya zo ba da daɗewa ba, wasan neman cancantar zuwa Kofin Duniya da Saliyo a Ibadan tare da Mercy tana wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe . Ta sanya alama a raga da kwallaye biyu. Ta zira kwallaye daya a bugun daga baya don tabbatar da matsayinta a kungiyar. A shekara ta 2001, an sanya mata sunan thean wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na mata na Afirka na farko a shekara, kuma ta kasance tauraruwar ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya FIFA da 1999 da 2004. Ta buga wa Najeriya wasa a Kofin Duniya na Mata uku na FIFA sannan kuma ta taimaka wa Super Falcons ta Najeriya zuwa lashe gasar zakarun Afirka karo uku na mata (AWC) a 1998, 2000 da 2002. A watan Nuwamba 2004, ta auri ɗan jaridar kwallon kafa Colin Udoh a garinsu na Fatakwal . A cikin 2005, FIFA ta sanya ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Jakadun 15 na Mata Kwallan Mata. Kariyan ta na kocin Tsakanin 2006-2008, an dauki Mercy a Stars Soccer Club, inda ta kasance babban kocin Stars U-16 Athena C Gold Girls kuma ta yi aiki a cikin Ci gaban Matasa (wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta kuma ta ɗauki abokiyarta Luke Concannon, mai horar da U-13 aiki kungiyar yan mata. ) Daga 2008-2013, Mercy tayi aiki a matsayin co-darekta na Ci gaban Matasa da kuma na Beach FC a Virginia Beach, Virginia . A cikin 2013, Mercy ta shiga cikin masu horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Virginia Rush, a Virginia Beach, Virginia. Yan kwallon kafa Haihuwan 1975 Rayayyun mutane Mata yan kwallan kafa Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations
31110	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20ministocin%20Najeriya	Majalisar ministocin Najeriya	Majalisar Ministocin Najeriyaani bangare ne na bangaren zartarwa na gwamnatin Najeriya. Matsayin Majalisar Ministoci, kamar yadda aka rubuta a cikin Dokokin Mulki da Ayyuka na Ministoci (MISELLANEOUS PROVISIONS) Dokar ita ce ta zama hukumar ba da shawara ga shugaban Najeriya. Ana nada ‘yan majalisar zartaswa kuma masu kai rahoto ga shugaban kasa, wanda zai iya korar su idan ya ga dama. Majalisar ministocin a halin yanzu tana kula da ma'aikatun tarayya guda 24, kowannensu yana da alhakin wani al'amari na samar da ayyukan gwamnati, da kuma wasu ma'aikatu (kungiyoyin mallakar gwamnati ). Dangantaka da aikin gwamnati Ma’aikatu da ma’aikata suna da ma’aikatan gwamnati masu aiki. Kowanne yana karkashin jagorancin Babban Sakatare, babban ma'aikacin gwamnati wanda shugaban ma'aikata ya nada. Babban Sakatare yana da alhakin wani Minista, wanda ke zaune a cikin majalisar ministoci yana ba da rahoto ga shugaban kasa. Shugaban kasa ne ya nada Ministan bisa ga amincewar Majalisar Dattawa kuma shi ke da alhakin manufofin, kuma yayin da Sakatare na dindindin ke da alhakin aiwatar da manufofin. Tsarin zartarwa Shugabannin ma’aikatun zartaswa ne shugaban kasa ya nada su sannan ya mika su ga majalisar dattawa. Sashe na 147 yana ba Majalisar Dattawa kwanaki 21 don kammala tantancewa don tabbatarwa ko kin amincewa da rinjaye mai sauƙi. A cewar sashe na 147 na kundin tsarin mulkin kasa, cancantar wanda za a nada a matsayin Minista shi ne cewa dole ne mutum ya zama "mai cancantar zabe a majalisar wakilai". Idan an amince da su, za su karɓi littafin hukumar, za a rantsar da su sannan su fara ayyukansu. Shuwagabannin ma’aikatun zartaswa da sauran manyan jami’an gwamnatin tarayya a matakin majalisar ministoci ko kuma kananan hukumomi na karbar albashin su a karkashin wani tsayayyen tsarin albashi kamar yadda hukumar tattara kudaden shiga da kasafi (RMAFC) ta duba. Babban albashi na shekara-shekara na babban minista shine ₦2,026,400 (₦ 168,866:66 a kowane wata). Ministoci da Ministoci Bisa ga babban taron, dole ne a samu akalla mamba daya daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya, duk da cewa ma’aikatu 28 ne kawai, kuma a wasu lokutan Shugaban kasa ya kan rike wata muhimmiyar ma’aikatar kamar albarkatun mai. Don tabbatar da wakilci daga kowace jiha, Minista ɗaya ko sama da haka yana taimaka wa Minista. majalisar ministocin yanzu Current cabinet Portfolio Minister Took office Left office Party The Presidency President Muhammadu Buhari[a] 29 May 2019 Incumbent APC Vice President Yemi Osinbajo 29 May 2019 Incumbent APC Chief of Staff to the President Abba Kyari 5 June 2019 17 April 2020[b] APC Ibrahim Gambari 13 May 2020 Incumbent APC Secretary to the Government of the Federation Boss Mustapha 5 June 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development Sabo Nanono 21 August 2019 1 September 2021[c] APC Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar 1 September 2021 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Agriculture and Rural Development Mustapha Baba Shehuri 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Aviation Minister of Aviation Hadi Sirika 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Communications and Digital Economy Minister of Communications and Digital Economy Isa Ali Pantami 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Defence Minister of Defence Bashir Salihi Magashi 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Education Minister of Education Adamu Adamu 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Education Chukwuemeka Nwajiuba 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Environment Minister of Environment Mohammad Mahmood Abubakar 21 August 2019 10 September 2021[d] APC Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi 6 April 2022 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Environment Sharon Ikeazor 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Federal Capital Territory Administration Minister of the Federal Capital Territory Mohammed Musa Bello 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for the Federal Capital Territory Ramatu Tijani Aliyu 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Finance, Budget and National Planning Minister of Finance, Budget and National Planning Zainab Ahmed 21 August 2019 Incumbent N/A Minister of State for Budget and National Planning Clement Agba 21 August 2019 Incumbent N/A Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister of Foreign Affairs Geoffrey Onyeama 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Zubairu Dada 21 August 2019 Incumbent N/A Ministry of Health Minister of Health Osagie Ehanire 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Health Adeleke Mamora 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, Disaster Management and Social Development Sadiya Umar Farouq 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Industry, Trade and Investment Minister of Industry, Trade and Investment Niyi Adebayo 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Industry, Trade and Investment Mariam Yalwaji Katagum 21 August 2019 Incumbent N/A Ministry of Information and Culture Minister of Information and Culture Lai Mohammed 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of the Interior Minister of the Interior Rauf Aregbesola 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Justice Minister of Justice and Attorney General of the Federation Abubakar Malami 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Labour and Employment Minister of Labour and Employment Chris Ngige 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Labour and Employment Tayo Alasoadura 21 August 2019 24 September 2019[e] APC Festus Keyamo 24 September 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Mines and Steel Development Minister of Mines and Steel Development Olamilekan Adegbite 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Mines and Steel Development Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs Minister of Niger Delta Affairs Godswill Akpabio 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Niger Delta Affairs Festus Keyamo 21 August 2019 24 September 2019[f] APC Tayo Alasoadura 24 September 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Petroleum Resources Minister of Petroleum Resources Muhammadu Buhari[a] 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Petroleum Resources Timipre Sylva 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Police Affairs Minister of Police Affairs Mohammed Maigari Dingyadi 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Power Minister of Power Saleh Mamman 21 August 2019 1 September 2021[c] APC Abubakar Aliyu 1 September 2021 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Power Goddy Jedy Agba 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation[g] Minister of Science, Technology and Innovation Ogbonnaya Onu 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Science, Technology and Innovation Mohammed Hassan Abdullahi 21 August 2019 6 April 2022[h] APC Ministry of Special Duties and Inter-governmental Affairs Minister of Special Duties and Inter-governmental Affairs George Akume 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Transportation Minister of Transportation Rotimi Amaechi 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Transportation Gbemisola Ruqayyah Saraki 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Water Resources Minister of Water Resources Suleiman Adamu Kazaure 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Women Affairs Minister of Women Affairs and Social Development Pauline Tallen 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ministry of Works and Housing Minister of Works and Housing Babatunde Fashola 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Minister of State for Works and Housing Abubakar Aliyu 21 August 2019 1 September 2021[i] APC Mu'azu Sambo 24 December 2021 Incumbent APC Ministry of Youth and Sports Development Minister of Youth and Sports Development Sunday Dare 21 August 2019 Incumbent APC Ma'aikatan Najeriya Ma'aikatun Tarayyar Najeriya
15975	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oby%20Ezekwesili	Oby Ezekwesili	Obiageli Ezekwesili (an haife tane a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta1963), wanda aka fi sani da Oby Ezekwesili, wata kwararriyar akawun Najeriya ce daga jihar Anambra. Ta aka haife zuwa mahaifin Benjamin Ujubuonu wanda ya mutu a shekarar 1988 da kuma mahaifiyarsa, Cecilia Nwayiaka Ujubuonu wanda ya mutu a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni, na shekarar 2020. Tana auren Fasto Chinedu Ezekwesili na Redeemed Christian Church of God (RCCG). Ta kasance wacce ta kirkiro kungiyar Transparency International, tana aiki a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan daraktocin hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ta duniya da ke zaune a Berlin, Jamus. Ta yi aiki ne a matsayin Ministan Tarayya na Ma'adanai masu Dadi sannan daga baya ta zama Ministan Ilimi na Tarayya a lokacin shugabancin Olusegun Obasanjo a karo na biyu. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a matsayin Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya na Bankin Afirka daga watan Mayu shekarar 2007 zuwa watan Mayu shekara ta 2012, sannan daga baya kuma ta maye gurbin ta da Makhtar Diop. Ezekwesili ta kasance yar takarar neman lambar yabo ta Nobel ta Duniya saboda aikinta na nuna gaskiya a bangaren hakar ma'adinai. Ezekwesili ta yi digiri ta na biyu a fannin shari’a ta kasa da kasa da diflomasiyya daga jami’ar Legas, haka kuma ta yi digirin digir-gir na jami’ar mulki a makarantar gwamnati ta Kennedy, jami’ar Harvard. Ta yi horo tare da kamfanin Deloitte da Touche kuma ta cancanta a matsayin akawu da aka ƙayyade. Kafin yin aiki da Gwamnatin Najeriya, Ezekwesiili tana aiki tare da Farfesa Jeffrey Sachs a Cibiyar Bunkasa Kasashen Duniya da ke Harvard. Gwamnatin Obasanjo Ezekwesili ta fara ne a gwamnatin Olusegun Obasanjo a matsayin jagora a sashen sa ido kan kasafin kudi da kuma sashin binciken sirri na farashin (wanda aka kira saboda Process Process Unit). A wannan matsayin ne ta samu kwarjinin "Madam Due Process" saboda rawar da ta taka na jagorancin tawagar kwararru don tsabtace ayyukan siyan jama'a da kwangila a matakin Tarayyar Najeriya. Ita ce maginin ofishin Ofishin dokar sayen kayayyaki, da Dokar Neman Karin Masana'antu ta Nijeriya (NEITI), da sabuwar dokar ma'adanai da hakar ma'adanai a lokacin da ta kwashe shekaru shida da rabi a cikin gwamnati. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2005, an nada ta a matsayin Ministan Ma'adanai Masu Karafa (Ma'adinai da Karafa) a lokacin kuma ta jagoranci wani shirin sake fasalin da ya haifar da karbuwar a Najeriya a duniya a matsayin kyakkyawar hanyar hako ma'adinai. Ta kuma kasance Shugabar Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Masana'antu ta Nijeriya (NEITI), kuma ta jagoranci aiwatar da kasa na farko game da ka'idojin duniya da ka'idojin nuna gaskiya a bangaren man fetur, gas da ma'adinai. A watan Yunin shekarar 2006, an nada Ezekwesili a matsayin Ministar Ilimi ta Tarayya, mukamin da ta rike har sai da ta hau kan mukamin Bankin Duniya a watan Mayun shekarar 2007. Aiki daga Baya A watan Maris na shekara ta 2007, Shugaban Bankin Duniya Paul Wolfowitz, ya ba da sanarwar a nada Ezekwesili a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban yankin Nahiyar Afirka daga ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007. A shekarar 2012, ta samu nasarar kammala aikinta a matsayinta na Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya (Afirka Division). A matsayinta na Mataimakiyar Shugaban kasa, ita ce mai kula da ayyukan bankin na kasashe 48 a yankin Kudu da Saharar Afirka kuma ta kula da kundin lamuni na sama da dala biliyan 40. Ezekwesili ta kasance tare da kafa Transparency International kuma ta kasance ɗayan daraktocin farko. A matsayinta na Babbar Mai ba da Shawara kan Tattalin Arziki, kungiyar da hamshakin attajiri George Soros ya kafa, tana ba da shawara ga shugabannin kasashen Afirka tara da ke neman kawo sauyi ciki har da Paul Kagame na Ruwanda da Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf ta Laberiya. A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2012, daya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin sadarwa a duniya, Bharti Airtel, wanda ke aiki a ƙasashe 20, ya sanya sunan Ezekwesili a matsayin darakta a hukumar. Har ila yau, tana cikin kwamitocin Asusun Kula da Dabbobi na Duniya (WWF), da Makarantar Manufofin Jama'a na Jami'ar Tsakiyar Turai, da Harold Hartog School of Government and Policy, mujallar New African, da Cibiyar Global Leadership @ Tufts University. An naɗa ta a cikin Kwamitin Amintattu na Ofishin Internationalasashen Tattalin Arziki na Duniya (IBFD), wanda ya fara daga 1st Afrilu 2020. A matsayinta na memba a kwamitin amintattu na IBFD, Dakta Ezekwesili za ta bayar da gudummawa wajen lura da fadada kamfanin na IBFD a kasashe masu tasowa. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2012, Jami’ar Aikin Gona ta Abeokuta a Najeriya ta bai wa Ezekwesili digirin girmamawa na Doctor of Science (DSC). An zabe ta a matsayin daya daga cikin Mata 100 na BBC a shekarar 2013 da shekara ta 2014. Zaben Shugaban Kasa na 2019 Ezekwesili ta yi takarar neman mukamin shugaban kasar Najeriya ne a karkashin jam'iyyar Allied Congress Party of Nigeria. Tsohon ministan ya nuna alamun tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar. A wani taron tunawa da cikar Najeriya shekaru 58 da samun ‘yancin kai, Fasto Tunde Bakare ya bayyana cewa za ta yi takarar ofishin shugaban kasa. Daya daga cikin alkawuran da ta dauka yayin yakin neman zabe ita ce fitar da ‘yan Najeriya miliyan 80 daga kangin talauci. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2019, Oby ta sauka daga takarar shugaban kasa saboda bambancin dabi'u da hangen nesa tare da jam'iyyarta ta siyasa, Allied Congress Party of Nigeria (ACPN). Sai dai kuma a ranar, Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa (INEC) ce lokaci ya wuce da kowa zai janye daga takarar saboda an riga an shirya kayan zaben. A dalilin haka, har yanzu tasirin jam'iyyar zai bayyana. Fela Durotoye ya yabawa Oby kan yadda ya jagoranci kungiyar tare da yin kira ga hadin gwiwar kawo karshen mulkin # APC. A ranar 4 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2019, Oby ya shirya taron manema labarai a NICON Luxury Hall, Abuja. Ta bude yayin tattaunawarta da manema labarai ne game da mummunan siyasarta yayin da take yakin neman ofishin Shugaban Najeriya a karkashin Jam’iyyar Allied Congress Party of Nigeria (ACPN). Ta kuma yi jawabi mai karfafa gwiwa yayin da ta sauka daga yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa na shekarar 2019. A ranar 7 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2019, Oby ta buga kudinta na kamfen. Rahoton ya nuna ta kashe naira miliyan 48 tsakanin 1 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2018 zuwa ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2019. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ganawa da Obiageli Ezekwesili, Mataimakin Shugaban Bankin Duniya na Afirka . Bankin Duniya, Nuwamba – Disamba 2007 Ƴan Najeriya Pages with unreviewed translations
22789	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovane%20%C3%89lber	Giovane Élber	Élber de Souza wanda aka fi sani da Giovane Élber (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekarar 1972). tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Brazil wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba. Mai yawan zura kwallaye a kungiyoyi daban-daban, galibi aikin Élber ya kare a kasar Jamus, inda ya wakilci musamman Bayern Munich (cikakkun shekaru shida), inda yaci kwallaye 133 a raga a wasanni 260 na kungiyoyi uku. Klub din Haihuwar Londrina, Paraná, Élber samfurin samari ne na Londrina. Yana dan shekara 18 ya sanya hannu a AC Milan a shekarar, 1990, Élber ya kusan zama ba a san shi ba yayin shekara daya da ya yi tare da kungiyar Serie A. Daga bisani, ya koma Switzerland Grasshopper Club Zürich, da farko kan rance . Nan da nan ya fara nuna bajintar kwarewa a sabuwar kungiyar tasa, wato a wasan shekarar, 1992 zuwa 1993 UEFA Cup da suka fafata da Sporting Clube de Portugal inda, bayan asarar gida 1-2, ya yi tasiri a nasarar kungiyar da jimillar kwallaye 4-3. sau biyu. VfB Stuttgart Bayan fiye da manufofin hukuma 50 na Grasshoppers, Élber ya sanya hannu tare da VfB Stuttgart na Jamus a cikin bazarar shekarar, 1994. Ya ci kwallo a wasansa na farko na gasar Bundesliga, a wasan da suka doke Hamburger SV da ci 2-1 a gida, kuma ya kammala kakarsa ta farko da kwallaye takwas, wanda hakan ne zai kasance kamfen daya tilo da ya ci a lambobi guda cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa. A kakar shekarar, 1996 da shekara ta, 1997, Élber ya ciwa Stuttgart kwallaye 20 a hukumance, 17 a gasar, kuma uku a kofi, gami da duka biyu da suka kara da FC Energie Cottbus a wasan karshe (2 - 0 nasara). A Stuttgart ya kirkiro abin da ake kira alwatiran sihiri (Jamusanci: Magisches Dreieck ) tare da Krassimir Balakov da Fredi Bobic. Bayern Munich A lokacin bazara mai zuwa, ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Bayern Munchen inda, a shekara ɗaya, ya sami babban ɗan wasan ƙungiyar. ( Carsten Jancker ya hana wannan girmamawar ); bugu da kari, ya taka rawar gani a nasarar cin wasanni hudu, gasar cin kofin zakarun turai na shekarar, 2000 da shekara ta, 2001 na UEFA, inda ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan dab da na kusa da karshe da Real Madrid, da kuma gasar cin kofin Intercontinental na shekarar, 2001, yayin da ya lashe kyautar Torjägerkanone ta shekarar, 2002 da shekara ta, 2003 tare da kwallaye 21; Bavaria ce ta ci biyu 2. Élber mai shekaru 31 ya kashe mafi yawan kamfen na shekarar, 2003 da shekara ta, 2004 (ya buga wasanni hudu tare da Bayern) a Faransa tare da Olympique Lyonnais, ya maye gurbin ɗan ƙasar Sonny Anderson wanda ya tafi Spain. A shekarar, 2003 - 04 UEFA Champions League, ya zira kwallaye a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa Bayern Munich don ci 2-1 a Jamus. Daga baya, ya ci kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 da Porto a wasan kusa da na karshe; duk da haka, an fitar da Lyon daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi ci 4-2 jimillar. Sai, ya taimaki kulob din zuwa uku na bakwai a jere Ligue 1 accolades, amma sai ya sha wahala mai tsanani fibula da tibia rauni wanda ya sa shi fita daga mataki na fiye da shekara guda. Borussia Mönchengladbach Ya dawo buga wasan ƙwallo a ƙasan Jamus tare da Borussia Mönchengladbach, wanda ya haɗu da shi a cikin watan Janairu shekarar, 2005. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2006, bayan kusan shekaru 15 ba ya nan, Élber ya koma kasarsa, ya kammala aikinsa a Cruzeiro. Bayan sanarwar tausayawa, ya yi ritaya daga kulob din zagaye uku kafin karshen kakar wasa a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, bayan rauni da rashin mahaifinsa. Ayyukan duniya Saboda tsananin gasa, berlber bai iya fassara fasalin kulob din sa zuwa kungiyar kasar ta Brazil ba. A farkon shekara na kasa da kasa play, shekarar, 1998, ya zira kwallaye shida a raga a matsayin masu yawa wasanni, amma zai kawai karba tara mafi iyakoki a cikin wadannan shekaru uku. A gasar FIFA ta Matasan Duniya ta shekarar, 1991 Élber ya ci hudu a wasanni shida yayin da ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20 suka sha kashi a hannun Portugal mai masaukin baki, a kan fanareti . Bayan yin ritaya daga wasa mai aiki Bayan ya sanar da yin ritaya a kwallaon kafa sai ya koma Bayern, inda ya fara aiki a kulob din a matsayin dan leken asiri, yana neman matasa a cikin kasarsa. Élber yana aiki ne a matsayin masani kan tashar talabijin ta Jamus Das Erste . Ya ba da ƙididdigar ƙwararru a yayin Kofin Confederations na FIFA na shekara ta, 2013 kuma ya sake bayyana a wannan ƙarfin yayin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar, 2014 FIFA. Rayuwar mutum Mafi yawanci ana kiransa Giovane Élber (wani lokacin kuma kuskuren shine Giovanni Élber ), wanda shine bambancin Jamusanci na sunan laƙabin Italiya il giòvane Élber ("saurayi Élber"). Kididdigar aiki Na duniya Manufofin duniya Sakamakon sakamako da jerin jeren kwallayen da Brazil ta ci. Kofin Switzerland : 1993–94 DFB-Pokal : 1996–97 Bayern Munich Bundesliga : 1998–99, 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03 DFB-Pokal : 1997-98, 1999-2000, 2002-03 DFB-Ligapokal : 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 UEFA Champions League : 2000 - 01 Intercontinental Cup : 2001 Ligue 1 : 2003-04 Trophée des Champions : 2004 Campeonato Mineiro : 2006 Kowane mutum Gasar Wasannin Matasa ta Duniya : Kwallan Azurfa 1991 Switzerland League : Wanda yafi kowa cin kwallaye a shekarar 1993–94 Leagueasar Switzerland : Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan ƙasashen waje 1993–94 kicker Kungiyar Bundesliga ta kakar: 1996–97, 1998 –99, 2002 - 03 Babban dan wasan Bundesliga : 2002-03 (an raba shi tare da Thomas Christiansen ) Burin Shekarar (Jamus) : 1999 Bayern Munich Duk-lokaci XI Hanyoyin haɗin waje Giovane Élber at Sambafoot Giovane Élber at fussballdaten.de (in German) Pages with unreviewed translations
42538	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheick%20Tidiane%20Diabat%C3%A9	Cheick Tidiane Diabaté	Cheick Tidiane Diabaté (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Afrilun a shekara ta 1988), ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Mali wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan gaba ga Persepolis a cikin Gasar Fasaha . Daga shekarar 2005 zuwa 2016, ya wakilci tawagar kasar Mali a duniya. Aikin kulob An haɓaka Diabaté zuwa babban ƙungiyar Girondins de Bordeaux don kakar shekarar, 2008 zuwa 2009 bayan nasarar kakar wasa a CFA, inda ya buga wasanni 35 kuma ya zira kwallaye 18. Kamar yadda Bordeaux ya fi son sanya ƙwararrun ƴan wasan gaba, koci Laurent Blanc ya ba Diabaté aro ga ƙungiyar da ke Corsica da kuma ƙungiyar Ligue 2 AC Ajaccio don ba shi damar samun ƙarin lokacin wasa. Ajaccio (layi) Diabaté ya fara bugawa AC Ajaccio wasan farko na gasar Ligue 2 ta shekarar, 2008 zuwa 2009, a cikin rashin nasara a hannun Châteauroux, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90. A wasa na biyu, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Stade de Reims da ci 3-1 a waje. Makonni uku bayan haka, ya sake zura kwallo a wani bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, a wannan karon a 4-0 da aka doke Vannes a gida. Ya zura kwallo daya a cikin kowane wasanni uku na League 2 da suka biyo baya tare da Ajaccio yana samun nasara akan Brest da Clermont da kuma zane tare da Nîmes . Kyakkyawan wasan Diabaté ya ci gaba da zira kwallaye masu mahimmanci a raga a wasannin Ligue 2 da Guingamp, Lens, Angers, da Boulogne . Ya kuma zura kwallo a raga a wasan Derby Corse da SC Bastia, a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a gida Ligue 2. Diabaté dai ya kammala kakar bana ne da kwallaye 14 a gasar Ligue 2, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama dan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a kungiyar kuma ya sanya shi a matsayi na 4 a cikin wadanda suka fi cin kwallaye a gasar ta Ligue 2 ; Ajaccio ya yi nasarar hana ficewa ne kawai a ranar karshe ta kakar wasanni. Yayin da yake kan aro zuwa AC Ajaccio, Diabaté ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Bordeaux har zuwa watan Yunin shekara ta 2013. Nancy (loan) Diabaté ya koma Bordeaux a ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekarar, 2009. A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli, an sake ba shi aro, a wannan lokacin ga ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta AS Nancy . Dan wasan ya shafe mafi yawan lokutan kakar wasa a kungiyar ajiyar, inda ya buga wasanni uku kacal (wasanni biyu a gasar Ligue 1 da kuma wasa daya a Coupe de la Ligue) na kungiyar farko. Komawa zuwa Bordeaux Diabaté ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na Coupe de France na shekarar, 2013 don taimakawa Bordeaux ta doke Evian TG 3-2. Diabaté yana da kyakkyawan yanayin shekarar, 2013 zuwa 2014 Ligue 1 tare da Bordeaux, ya yi rajistar kwallaye 12 a wasanni 25 na Ligue 1 kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Toulouse FC, burin daya a kowane zagaye biyu na matches da FC Lorient, da kuma bugun daga kai sai ga na biyu a ci 4-1 gida da FC Sochaux-Montbéliard . A ranar 27 ga watan Mayun shekara ta, 2016, Diabaté ya shiga Osmanlıspor akan kwangilar shekaru uku. Bayan da ya dawo daga lamunin sa zuwa Metz a lokacin rani, an ruwaito shi a tsakiyar watan Agustan shekarar, 2017 cewa ya amince da dakatar da kwangilarsa. Metz (loan) A ranar 30 ga watan Disamba a shekara ta, 2016, kulob din Süper Lig Osmanlıspor ya sanar da cewa an ba Diabaté aro ga kulob din Metz na Ligue 1 har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017, tare da Metz yana da zabin siyan shi. Diabaté ya taimaka wa Metz ya guje wa koma baya ya zira kwallaye takwas a wasanni 14 kuma kulob din ya nuna sha'awar sa hannu a kan shi na dindindin a watan Yuni a shekara ta, 2017. Benevento (lamu) A cikin watan Janairun a shekara ta, 2018, Diabaté ya koma ƙungiyar Seria A Benevento a matsayin aro don sauran kakar shekarar, 2017 zuwa 2018. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a wasansa na farko ga kungiyar Campania a wasan da suka doke Crotone da ci 3–2. Diabate kuma ya zira kwallaye biyu a raga da Hellas Verona, Juventus, da Sassuolo . Sif din burinsa na zira kwallaye ya kasance irin wannan tare da kwallaye shida a cikin wasanni uku ya daidaita rikodin rikodi na Seria A mai tsayi tun a shekarar, 2001 da Dario Hubner ya yi. Ya gama kakar wasa tare da kwallaye takwas a cikin wasanni 11, yana da mafi kyawun manufa tsakanin 'yan wasan da ke da bayyanar fiye da ɗaya a cikin Serie A a cikin shekara ta, 2010s, a gaba da Edinson Cavani, Romelu Lukaku, Cristiano Ronaldo da Zlatan Ibrahimović . Emirates Club A ranar 18ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta, 2018, Diabaté ya shiga Emirates Club kan kwantiragin shekara guda. A ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta, 2019, Diabaté ya rattaba hannu a kulob din Esteghlal na Iran kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu. An mika masa riga mai lamba 7. Ya yi debuted don kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Agusta, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Farshid Esmaeili na minti 67 a wasan lig da Machine Sazi . Kwanaki shida bayan haka, ya fara bayyanarsa ta farko a filin wasa na Azadi a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Foolad . A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, ya zira kwallayen sa na farko ga Esteghlal, inda ya ci hat-trick a wasan da suka yi waje da Tractor da ci 4–2. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na AFC na farko da Kuwait SC a ci 3-0. Ya kawo karshen kakar wasan da zura kwallaye 18 a dukkan wasannin da ya ci a gasar, inda ya ci kwallaye 13 a gasar ta bana. A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2021, Diabaté ya koma kulob din Qatari Al-Gharafa . A ranar 2 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2022, Diabaté ya shiga ƙungiyar Persepolis na yankin Gulf Pro akan yarjejeniyar shekara guda. Ya karbi rigar squad mai lamba 25. Diabaté ya fara buga wasa a kulob din a ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba, yana zuwa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Jürgen Locadia na mintina 85 a wasan lig da Mes Rafsanjan . Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Cheick Diabaté at L'Équipe Football (in French) Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1988 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
51465	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwanci%20a%20Rundunar%20Ruwa%20ta%20Najeriya	Kasuwanci a Rundunar Ruwa ta Najeriya	Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya (NMN) ta ƙunshi jiragen ruwa, ma'aikatan su da kungiyoyin tallafi mallakar 'yan Najeriya kuma suna shiga cikin cabotage da cinikayya ta duniya tare da Najeriya. An kafa Sashen Ruwa na Najeriya a cikin shekara ta 1914 kuma ya ba da hadin kai tare da Royal Navy wajen kama Kamaru a yakin duniya na farko . Rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya ta shiga cikin hukuma a shekarar 1956, tare da ma'aikata 200 daga Ma'aikatar Sojan Ruwa, tare da ayyukan share ma'adinai, jarrabawar tashar jiragen ruwa da ayyukan kula da jiragen ruwa. Makarantar Horar da Jirgin Ruwa ta Najeriya, wacce aka kafa a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1952, ta ba da horo na asali a cikin aikin jirgin ruwa ga Sojojin Ruwa, Sojojin Kasuwanci, Sashen Ruwa na Cikin Gida da Hukumar Kula da Tashoshin Jirgin Rukunin Najeriya. Gwamnatin Najeriya ce ta kafa layin jigilar kayayyaki na Najeriya a shekarar 1959. Duk da zuba jari mai yawa da tallafi, kamfanin mallakar jihar bai iya yin gasa da layin Turai ba. Yawancin saka hannun jari sun tafi don wadatar da manyan 'yan siyasa. Wani littafi na 1964 ya bayyana ayyukan da aka yi a cikin Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, wanda ya ba da koyo ga masu sana'a da Jami'an Cadetships ga masu neman zama Jami'an Kewayawa ko Injiniya. A cikin 1988 Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasa ta ba da layin jigilar kaya na Najeriya guda shida "mai ɗaukar kaya na kasa", gami da layin sufuri na Najeriya, layin Green na Najeriya, Afirka Ocean Line, layin jigihar Nigerbras, layin Brawal da layin Kudancin Amurka na Najeriya. NMA tana da shirye-shiryen fadada wannan matsayi ga kamfanoni na cikin gida don rage ikon cinikayya ta hanyar layin mallakar kasashen waje. Koyaya, a shekara ta 1992 masu jigilar kayayyaki na ƙasashen waje suna ɗaukar sama da 80% na kaya. Kamfanonin hakar mai sun yi watsi da dokoki don amfani da jiragen ruwa na Najeriya kuma a maimakon haka sun samar da tankunansu don jigilar mafi yawan mai zuwa masana'antun su a kasashen waje. Masana'antar ta sami wakilci a taron kasa da kasa ta hanyar mambobin Ofishin Sojan Ruwa na Kasuwanci da Kungiyar Manyan Ma'aikatan Jirgin Ruwa. Thomas Kemewerigha, shugaban kasa na wannan ƙungiyar, ya bayyana shi a cikin wata hira ta 2010 a matsayin ƙungiyar kwadago da ke da alaƙa da Kungiyar Kwadago (TUC) da kuma Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Sufuri ta Duniya (ITF). Matsayi da ayyukan Kodayake Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya tana da dogon tarihi, ba kungiya ce da aka amince da ita ba. Hukumar Kula da Ruwa da Tsaro ta Najeriya (NIMASA) ta gudanar da bincike a 2007 bayan ta ji cewa Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya ba da izinin kafa rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2007 Darakta Janar na NIMASA ya ce a cikin wata wasika ga Shugaban kasa cewa "ba a san abin da ake kira Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya a cikin dokar da ta kafa NIMASA (NIMASA ACT 2007) ko kuma Dokar Jirgin Ruwa ta Nigeria ta 2007 wacce ta ba da aikin Hukumar Tsaro ta Ruwa ga NIMASA". Lokacin da 'yan sanda suka sanar da haramtacciyar kungiyar da ke kiran kanta "Nigerian Merchant Navy" a watan Yulin 2010, saboda zargin da ake yi na wasu mambobin kungiyar, Kemewerigha ya ce haramcin bai shafi Jami'an Rundunar Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya da Babban Ma'aikatan Sufurin Ruwa ba, wanda aka amince da shi a cikin Jaridar Tarayya. Ya ce "Mun rubuta wasiƙu da yawa tun daga shekara ta 2006, lokacin da muka gano wani asiri na Merchant Navy. Mun rubuta wa 'yan sanda, sojan ruwa, SSS da kowane hukuma amma babu wani abu da aka yi. " Kemewerigha ya bayyana aikin Sojan Ruwa na Kasuwanci a matsayin "a cikin jigilar ruwa, jiragen ruwa, tanki, ayyukan kogi, hanyoyin ruwa na ciki, bakin teku, jiragen sabis, sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa, FPSO". Ya yi magana game da amfani da kayan aiki a ƙasa, wanda ƙungiyarsa ba ta yarda da shi ba. Ya ce cadets sun sa tufafi, wanda yake daidai da tufafin Sojan Ruwa ban da lambar, don haka za su iya samun sufuri kyauta. Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Kasuwanci tana fama da rashin bin doka a cikin ruwan yankin. A watan Yulin 2010, Comrade Kingsley Enahoro ya fitar da wata sanarwa da ke karantawa a wani bangare: "Dokar zartarwa da dukkan mambobin yankin kamun kifi na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya suna so su sanar da Gwamnatin Tarayya / Jiha da kuma Jama'a ta Duniya game da barazanar da kisan da ma'aikatan jirgin suka sha a sakamakon tashin hankali na masu satar teku a cikin ruwan Najeriya / Kamaru". Kemewerigha ya kasance mai sukar NIMASA, wanda ake nufi da kare jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci, yana mai cewa duk da duk kuɗin da NIMASA ta karɓa ba su iya kula da helikofta ɗaya a cikin yanayin da ya dace da jirgin sama ba. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya tana la'akari da lissafin dokar samar da kafa rundunar tsaro da tsaro ta Najeriya. In May 2011 the Nigerian Senate was considering a bill for an Act to Provide for the Establishment of the Nigerian Merchant Navy Security and Safety Corps. Kungiyoyin da ba a ba da izini ba A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 jaridar Nigerian Tribune ta wallafa wani rahoto mai taken "Sojojin Ruwa sun gano makircin rushe Najeriya" wanda ya ce rundunar sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya ta ba da rahoton gano shirye-shiryen da wata kungiya karkashin jagorancin Commodore Benson Edema ta yi don rushe kasar. An nakalto Sojojin Ruwa suna cewa kungiyar ta dauki matasa kuma ta horar da su wajen amfani da makamai, ta sanya su a cikin kayan aikin sojan ruwa. Wannan ya bayyana yana da alaƙa da wani abin da ya faru a baya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 inda aka tura "Commodore" Benson Edema zuwa hannun Sojan Ruwa na Najeriya bayan an kama shi da zargin kai hari ga maza na Hukumar Kula da Sufuri ta Jihar Legas. Edema ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya tattara mutane 10,000 zuwa "Nigerian Merchant Navy Corps" tare da aikin 'yan sanda a hanyoyin ruwa na kasar. Edema, wanda bai taɓa zama Commodore na Sojan Ruwa ba amma ya kasance mai walda tare da layin jigilar kaya na Najeriya (NNSL) daga 1994 zuwa 1996, an kama shi saboda zargin da ake yi. Da yake amsawa ga rahoton Tribune, Darakta Janar na rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya, Commodore Allen Edema, ya yi kira ga Shugaba Umaru Yar'Adua ya bincika rundunar sojin ruwa ta Najeriya. Edema yana bayyana rahoton Tribune a matsayin "ƙididdigar ƙarya marar tushe da ake nufi da yaudarar jama'a, ya haifar da ƙiyayya da rashin gaskiya ga rundunar sojan ruwa ta Najeriya waɗanda ke aiki game da kasuwancin su na halal a cikin doka". Edema ya ci gaba da da da'awar cewa Sojojin Ruwa suna da hannu a cikin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. Ya kuma zargi Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Ruwa da Tsaro ta Najeriya da karɓar biyan kuɗi daga jiragen ruwa na kasashen waje waɗanda ya kamata su dauki ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa na Najeriya. Ya yarda cewa NMA ta shiga horo, amma ya ce horo ya kasance a cikin jirgin ruwa da kuma tsaron teku da tsaro. A watan Agustan 2010 "Commodore" Aderemi Olatinwo, Darakta Janar na Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya, ya yi kira ga amincewa da rundunar Sojan ruwa mai cin gashin kanta don gudanar da ayyukan tsaron bakin teku. A cewar Olatinwo, Najeriya tana da bakin tekun da ya fi dacewa a duniya, tare da man fetur da aka sace da kuma makamai da sauran kayan smuggling. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2011 shugaban rundunar NMN Legas, Kyaftin Ichukwu Agaba, ya ce NMN ta samo asali ne daga Ma'aikatar Marine ta mulkin mallaka, wacce ke da aikin tabbatar da aminci a kan hanyoyin ruwa, dakatar da fashi da hana mamayewar kasashen waje. Ya lura cewa akwai "tsarin siyasa mai karfi don haramta rundunar sojan ruwa", kuma ya ce NMN tana fama da fitar da su daga gidan su na Legas tun shekara ta 2009. Agaba ya ce ana horar da ma'aikatan NMN don yaki da laifuka a ƙasa da teku. Da aka tambaye shi game da bambancin matsayi tsakanin NMN da Navy, Agaba ya kauce wa tambayar amma ya jaddada matsayin tsaro na NMN. Kwalejin da ba su da lasisi A watan Yunin shekara ta 2009 rundunar sojan ruwa ta kama mutane biyu kuma ta mika su ga 'yan sanda saboda gudanar da Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa ta Kasuwanci ba bisa ka'ida ba a kan jirgin ruwa, MT James, a Legas. Masu aiki na Makarantar Kasuwancin Jirgin Sama da Jirgin Ruwa ta Legas (LAMBS) suna ba da horo ga ƙungiyar samari kan yadda za su kewaya jirgin ruwa, da kuma horo na soja, don haka za su iya cancanta a matsayin ma'aikatan Sojan Ruwa. Wasu daga cikin daliban sun fara sa tufafin Sojan Ruwa yayin da suke bakin teku. A cewar mai magana da yawun sojan ruwa ne kawai Kwalejin Ruwa ta Najeriya a Oron, Akwa Ibom, da Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa da Ruwa a tsibirin Victoria, Legas sun sami lasisi don horar da ma'aikatan sojan ruwa. An kafa wata Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci a cikin 2008 a Iperu a Jihar Ogun. An yi rajista tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci a matsayin kamfani mai zaman kansa a karkashin Ayyukan Kamfanin da Allied Matters (CAMA). Don ingantaccen horo ga cadets na ma'aikatar an yi rajista da wani kamfani tare da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci don shawo kan mafi yawan cadets, Merchants Navy Shipping Line Limited. A cikin wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 Kyaftin Bola Nuga, Kwamandan Kwalejin Sojan Ruwa, ya ce akwai karancin injiniyoyin ruwa da injiniyoyin jirgin ruwa. Kwalejin Maritime a Oron da Kwalejin Kimiyya a tsibirin Victoria, Legas ba su iya biyan bukatun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa ba, kuma jami'o'in ba su ba da darussan da ake buƙata. An kafa makarantar don taimakawa wajen cika rata, mai mahimmanci ga tattalin arziki. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 Kwamandan Janar na NMN, Commodore Aderemi Latinwo, ya ce makarantar tana motsawa daga Iperu zuwa Iwopin a cikin Karamar Hukumar Ogun Waterside ta Jihar Ogun. Shugaban makarantar, Bola Nuga, ya yaba da mai mulkin Iwopin, Oba Julius Adekoya da tsohon shugaban kasar Olusegun Obasanjo don taimakawa makarantar ta sami tsohuwar Iwopin Paper Mill a matsayin sabon tushe na aiki. A watan Janairun 2011 'yan sanda sun kama Aderemi Latinwo da wasu manyan jami'ai uku na NMN, wadanda suka yi zargin cewa suna gudanar da makarantar kimiyya ta karya. Rear Admiral Emmanuel Ogbor ya zargi Latinwo da gabatar da kansa a matsayin Commodore. Ya bayyana cewa Latinwo bai taba kasancewa a cikin Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya ba. Ya kuma ce makarantar ba ta yi rajista da Hukumar Harkokin Kasuwanci ba ko kuma Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta amince da ita, don haka ba ta da ikon aiki. Sunday Adelani, Daraktan Sadarwa na NMN, ya bayyana kamawar a matsayin wani yunkuri na lalata makarantar da masana'antar teku a Najeriya. Ya bayyana cewa Kwalejin Jirgin Ruwa ta Kasuwanci wata cibiyar doka ce kuma an yi rajista da ita, wacce Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta amince da ita. Adelani ya ce Ministan Cikin Gida, Kyaftin Emmanuel Ihenacho "shi ne kyaftin daga kafawar Sojan Ruwa na Kasuwancin Najeriya, kuma shi ne abokin aji na Commodore Olatinwo a makarantar. Don haka ba daidai ba ne a ce Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Najeriya karya ce. " Adelani ya ce "Ga kowa ko rukuni na mutane don lalata hoton wani matsayi mai daraja kamar Rundunar Sojan Ruwa, musamman saboda muhimmancin dabarunsa ga tattalin arzikin Al'ummai ba shi da kyau kuma mugunta". Ya ce ya kamata Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya su daina tsananta wa Sojojin Kasuwancin Najeriya kuma a maimakon haka su kalli shi a matsayin ƙungiyar 'yar'uwa tare da ƙarin manufofi.p Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Sojojin Ruwa na Najeriya Sojojin Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
13337	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Montessori	Maria Montessori	Maria Tecla Artemisia Montessori ( / m ɒ n t ɪ s ɔr i / MON -tiss- OR -ee, Italian: ; an haife ta a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta,a shekara ta alif 1870)miladiya - ta mutu a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, a shekara ta alif 1952) Miladiyya. yar Italiya ce, kwararriyar likita ce kuma malama wacce akafi sani da falsafar ilimin da ake kira da sunan ta, kuma tayi rubuce-rubuce a kan kimiyya pedagogy . Tun tana ƙarama, Montessori ta karya shinge na jinsi da fata yayin da ta shiga aji a makarantar fasaha ta yara duka, tare da fatan zama injiniya. Ba da daɗewa ba ta canza zuciya kuma ta fara makarantar likita a Jami'ar Sapienza na Rome, inda ta sami digiri - tare da karramawa - a cikin shekarata alif 1896. Har yanzu ana amfani da hanyar koyarwarta a makarantu da yawa na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin duniya. Maria Montessori. Rayuwa da aiki Haihuwa da iyali An haifi Montessori a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1870 a Chiaravalle, Italiya. Mahaifinta, shine Alessandro Montessori, dan shekara 33 a lokacin, ma'aikaci ne na Ma'aikatar Kudi da ke aiki a masana'antar sarrafa taba. Mahaifiyarta, Renilde Stoppani, 'yar shekaru 25, ta sami ilimi sosai a lokutan kuma ita ce jikanyar masanin ilimin ɗabi'ar Italiyanci kuma masanin burbushin halittu Antonio Stoppani. Duk da cewa ba ta da wani mashawarta ta musamman, amma tana da kusanci da mahaifiyarta wacce take ƙarfafa ta. Hakanan tana da kyakkyawar alaƙa da mahaifinta, duk da cewa ya ƙi yarda da zaɓin da ta yi don ci gaba da karatun ta. 1883–1896: Karatu Farkon karatu Iyalin Montessori sun koma Florence a cikin shekarar 1873 sannan Kuma sun koma zuwa Rome a 1875 saboda aikin mahaifinta. Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandaren gwamnati tun yana da shekara 6 a 1876. Rana ta farkon makaranta ba ta "da muhimmanci sosai", ko da yake an ba ta takaddun shaida don kyawawan halaye a aji na 1 da na "lavori donneschi", ko "akan aikin mata", a shekara mai zuwa. Makarantar sakandare A cikin shekarar 1883 ko 1884, tana da shekaru 13, Montessori ta shiga makarantar sakandare na fasaha, Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti, inda ta karanci Italiyanci, da ilmin lissafi, algebra, lissafi, geometry, tarihin, labarin ƙasa, da kuma kimiyyar lissafi. . Ta yi digiri a shekarar 1886. tare da kyakkyawan maki da sakamakon jarrabawa. A waccan shekarar, tana da shekaru 16, ta ci gaba a makarantar horar da fasaha Regio Istituto Tecnico Leonardo da Vinci, tana karatun Italiyanci, lissafi, tarihi, labarin kasa, lissafi da kayan ado, kimiyyar lissafi, sunadarai, Botany, zoology, da kuma harsunan waje guda biyu. Ta yi kokari sosai a kimiyya kuma musamman ma da a ilmin lissafi. Tun da farko ta yi niyyar ta ci gaba da karatun injiniya ne bayan kammala karatu, wanda baƙon abu ne ga yarinya mace a lokacinta da inda take. Koyaya, har zuwa lokacin da ta kamala karatu a shekarar 1890. lokacin tana yar shekara 20, tare da takardar shedar digiri a kimiyyar lissafi, ta yanke shawarar yin karatun likitanci, hakan shine mafi kyawun tsarin da aka bayar game da ka'idojin al'adu a lokacin. Jami'ar Rome — makarantar likitanci Montessori ta yi gaba tare da niyyar yin karatun likita. Ta yi bayyana ga Guido Baccelli, malamin farfesa na asibitin koyarwa a Jami’ar Rome, amma ansata karaya. Ban da haka, a shekarar 1890, ta shiga jami'ar Rome a karatun digiri a fannin kimiyyar kere-kere, ta wuce jarrabawar digiri a fannin kere-kere, zoology, kimiyyar lissafi, ilimin kimiya, ilimin dabi'a, ilmin kimiya da dabi'a, da kuma samun digirin digirgir a shekarar 1892. . Wannan digiri, tare da ƙarin karatu a cikin Italiyanci da Latin, sun cancanci ta shiga ƙungiyar ilimin likita a Jami'ar a shekarar 1893. Ta gamu da kiyayya da cin-zarafi daga wasu daliban likitoci da furofesoshi saboda jinsin ta amatsayin ya mace. Saboda kasancewarta aji tare da maza a gaban tsirara ana ganin bai dace ba, an sakasat ita kadai a inda ta aikin akan gawa a sirrin ta ita kadai, bayan awanni. Ta koma ga shan taba zuwa fuska da ma wari da formaldehyde . Montessori ta lashe lambar yabo ta ilimi a shekarar farko, kuma a shekarar 1895. ta sami matsayin mataimaki na asibiti, samun gogewar farko a asibiti. A cikin shekaru biyu da ta gabata ta karanci ilimin likitancin yara da kuma ilimin halin ƙwaƙwalwa, kuma ta yi aiki a ɗakin likitan yara da sabis na gaggawa, ta zama ƙwararre a fannin likitan yara. Montessori ya sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896. a matsayin likita na likita. An buga wannan rubutun a cikin shekarar 1897. a cikin mujallar Policlinico . Ta sami aiki a matsayin mataimaki a asibitin jami’ar kuma ta fara gudanar da wani aiki mai zaman kansa. 1896-1901: Farkon aiki da iyali Daga shekarar no1896 zuwa 1901, Montessori tayi aiki tare da bincike akan abin da ake kira "phrenasthenic" yara - a cikin magangar zamani, yara suna fuskantar wani nau'i na jinkiri na hankali, rashin lafiya, ko tawaya. Har ila yau, ta fara tafiya, karatu, magana, da kuma bugawa a cikin gida da kuma duniya, tana zuwa matsayin mashahurin mai fafutukar kare hakkin mata da ilimi ga yara masu nakasa. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1898, ta haifi ɗa guda ɗaya - ɗa mai suna Mario Montessori (Maris 31, 1898 - 1982).. Mario Montessori an haife sshine ne saboda kaunar da ke tsakaninta da Giuseppe Montesano, wani kwararren likita wanda ya kasance tare da ita a makarantar Orthophrenic na Rome. Idan Montessori ta yi aure, ana tsammanin ta daina aiki da fasaha; maimakon yin aure, Montessori ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da ayyukanta da karatunta. Montessori ta so ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da mahaifin ɗanta a ɓoye a cikin yanayin cewa ko ɗayansu ba zai auri wani ba. Lokacin da mahaifin ɗanta ya ƙaunace ta kuma daga baya yayi aure, ya bar Montessori tana jin anya ci amanarta kuma ta yanke shawarar barin asibitin jami'ar kuma ta sanya ɗanta cikin kulawa tare da dangin da ke zaune a ƙauyen zaɓuka don rasa 'yan shekarun farko na rayuwarsa. Ta kuduri cewa nan gaba za ta sake saduwa da ɗanta a lokacin ƙuruciyarsa, inda ta tabbatar da cewa shi babban mataimaki ne a binciken ta. Aiki tare da yara masu nakasar kwakwalwa Bayan kammala karatunta na digiri daga Jami'ar Rome a shekarar 1896, Montessori ta ci gaba da bincikenta a asibitin likitocin na jami'ar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1897, an karbe ta a matsayin mataimakiya ta son rai a can. A matsayin wani ɓangare na aikinta, ta ziyarci asylums a Rome inda ta lura da yara masu nakasa kwakwalwa, abubuwan lura waɗanda suke da asali ga aikinta na ilimi a nan gaba. Ta kuma karanta da kuma nazarin ayyukan likitocin ƙarni na 19 da masu ba da ilimi Jean Marc Gaspard Itard da Édouard Séguin, waɗanda suka yi tasiri sosai ga aikinta. Maria ta sami sha'awar ra'ayoyin Itard kuma ta kirkiro wani tsari na musamman da aka tsara don amfani da su ga ilimin yau da kullun na yara masu nakasa. Lokacin da ta gano ayyukan Jean Itard da Édouard Séguin sun ba ta sabon shugabanci a cikin tunani kuma sun rinjaye ta ta mai da hankali kan yara masu matsalar ilmantarwa. Hakanan a cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ya bincika darussan Jami'a a cikin kayan koyarwa da karanta "duk manyan ayyuka akan ka'idar ilimi na shekaru dari biyu da suka gabata". An bayyana Montessori amatsayin mace mai kamar maza wacce keda kokari da jajircewa Jawabin ga jama'a A cikin shekarar 1897, Montessori ta yi magana game da alhakin jama'a game da ɓacin rayuwar yara a Majalisar ofasa ta Medicine a Turin. A shekara ta 1898, ta rubuta kasidu da yawa kuma ta sake yin magana a Taron Farko na Turin, inda ta bukaci da a samar da ajujuuwa na musamman a makarantu ga yara masu matsalar nakasassu, da kuma horar da malamai ga masu koyar da su. A shekara ta 1899, Montessori an nada shi a matsayin mai bada shawara ga majalissar kasa da aka kafa don kare 'Ya'yan da aka yi ritaya, sannan aka gayyace shi zuwa lacca kan hanyoyin musamman na ilimi ga yaran da ke da nakasassu na ilimi a makarantar horar da malamai na Kwalejin Rome. A waccan shekarar, Montessori ta yi rangadin karatun ba da ilimi, na makonni biyu, ga manyan masu sauraro, a gaban manyan jama'a. Ta shiga cikin kwamitin kungiyar na kasa kuma an nada ta a matsayin malama a fagen tsabta da ilmin dabbobi a daya daga cikin kwalejojin horar da malamai na mata a Italiya. Makarantar Orthophrenic A 1900 Leagueungiyar openedasa ta buɗe Scuola Magistrale Ortofrenica, ko Makarantar Orthophrenic, wani "makaranta na medico-pedagogical Institute" don horar da malamai a ilmantar da yara masu matsalar ƙwaƙwalwa tare da aji mai haɗe da ɗakin karatun. An nada Montessori a matsayin babban darakta. malamai 64 suka yi rajista a cikin aji na farko, suna nazarin ilimin halayyar dan adam, ilmin jikin mutum da ilimin halittar jiki na tsarin jijiya, ma'aunin cututtukan dabbobi, abubuwan da ke haifar da halaye na rashin hankali, da kuma hanyoyin musamman na koyarwa. A cikin shekaru biyun da ta yi a makarantar, Montessori ta kirkiro hanyoyin da kayan aiki, wanda da suke iya karba daga baya don amfani da su tare da manyan yara. Makarantar ta kasance nasara ce nan da nan, inda ta jawo hankalin jami’an gwamnati daga sassan ilimi da lafiya, da shugabannin al’umma, da kuma manyan mutane a fannonin ilimi, ilimin halin kwakwalwa, da kuma ilmin dabbobi na Jami’ar Rome. Yaran da ke cikin dakin karatun an jawo su ne daga makarantun talakawa amma ana daukar su “marasa-ilimi” saboda rashi. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan yaran daga baya sun wuce gwaje-gwaje na jama'a waɗanda aka ba wa abin da ake kira a '' al'ada '' da yara kamar kowa. A cikin shekarar 1901, Montessori ta bar Makarantar Orthophrenic da ayyukanta na sirri, kuma a cikin shekarar 1902, ta shiga makarantar digiri na Falsafa a Jami'ar Rome. (Falsafa a wancan lokacin wanda ya hada da yawancin abin da ake tunanin yanzu shine ilimin halin dan adam. ) Ta karanci ilimin falsafa da ilimin halin kirki, tarihin falsafa, da ilimin halin dan Adam irin wannan, amma ba ta sauke karatu ba. Ta kuma ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi a cikin ilmin kimiya na mutumtaka da falsafar ilimi, da gudanar da lura da binciken gwaji a makarantun firamare, sannan ta sake nazarin aikin Itard da Séguin, tare da fassara littattafansu zuwa Italiyanci na rubutun hannu. A wannan lokacin ta fara tunanin daidaita hanyoyin ta na ilimantar da yara masu nakasassu ga ilimin duniya, ta kasance mace mai kula sosai martabar mutane. Aikin Montessori yana haɓaka abin da ta kira daga baya "kimiyyar pedagogy" ya ci gaba a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Har yanzu a cikin shekarar 1902, Montessori ta gabatar da rahoto a babban taron koyarwa na kasa na biyu a Naples. Ta buga labarai biyu a kan hanyar koyarwa a cikin shekarar 1903, kuma biyu a shekara mai zuwa. A shekara ta 1903 da 1904, ta yi binciken ilimin ɗan adam tare da yaran childrenan makarantar, kuma a cikin shekarar 1904, ta sami digiri a matsayin malami mai ƙwaƙwalwa a fannin ilimin alaƙa na Jami'ar Rome. An nada ta don yin karatu a cikin makarantar Pedagogic a Jami'ar kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1908. An buga jawabinta amatsayin littafi mai suna Pedagogical Anthropology a 1910. 1906-1911: Casa dei Bambini da yaduwar ra'ayoyin Montessori A cikin shekarar 1906 aka gayyaci Montessori data kula da kulawa akan ilimin kungiyar gungun yara na iyayen da ke aiki a wani sabon ginin gidaje don iyalai masu karamin karfi a gundumar San Lorenzo a Rome. Montessori ta kasance mai sha'awar amfani da ayyukanta da hanyoyin ta don yara masu tunani a cikin al'ada, kuma ta yarda. Sunan Casa dei Bambini, ko Gidan Yara, an ba da shine ga Montessori, kuma Casa ta farko an buɗe e a ranar 6 ga Janairu, 1907, tana rajistar yara 50 ko 60 tsakanin shekaru biyu zuwa uku da shida ko bakwai. A farko, an shirya aji mai dauke da teburin malami da allo, da murhu, da kananan kujeru, da kujeru, da teburin rukunin yara, tare da akwatin kulle dakin kula da kayan da Montessori ta kirkira a Makarantar Orthophrenic. Ayyukan yara sun haɗa da kulawa ta mutum kamar sutura da sanya rigar ciki, kula da yanayi kamar ƙura da sharewa, da kuma kula da lambun. Hakanan an nuna wa yaran amfani da kayan da Montessori ta bunkasa. Montessori da kanta, sun yi aiki da koyarwa, bincike, da sauran ayyukan ƙwararru, ta kula da lura da aikin aji, amma ba koyar da yara kai tsaye. An ba da koyarwar yau da kullun da kulawa, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Montessori, ta hannun mai ginin gidan. A cikin wannan aji na farko, Montessori ta lura da halayen ɗalibai a cikin waɗannan ƙananan yara waɗanda suka kafa tushen tsarin karatun ta. Ta lura da jerin abubuwan da ta lakanci maida hankali da zurfafawa da yawaitawa, da maimaituwa kan tsari a cikin muhalli. Da aka ba su zaɓi na ayyukan kyauta, yaran sun nuna sha'awar ayyuka masu kyau da kayan Montessori fiye da kayan wasan yara da aka tanada masu, kuma abin mamaki ba su da ɗanɗano da sauran lada. Da shigewar lokaci, ta ga wata dabara ta ba da kai. Dangane da abubuwan da ta lura, Montessori ta aiwatar da ayyuka da yawa wadanda suka zama alamomin falsafar ilimi da kuma tsarinta. Ta maye gurbin manyan kayan daki da teburin kananan yara da kujeru masu haske wanda yaran zasu iya motsawa, tare da sanya kayan kananan yara a kanannan katako. Ta kara fadada ayyuka masu amfani kamar su shan ruwa da kuma kulawa ta mutum domin hadawa da wasu darussan motsa jiki don kula da yanayi da kai, gami da shirya fure, wanke hannu, motsa jiki, kula da dabbobi, da dafa abinci. Ta kuma hada manyan bangarorin bude kofa a cikin dakin karfafa yara su zo su tafi yadda suka ga dama a cikin bangarorin dakin daban-daban da kuma darussan da ke cikin dakin. A cikin littafinta ta baiyana misalin darajojin ranar hunturu da aka fara, wadanda suka fara daga 09:00 ni kuma na kammala a karfe 04:00 na yamma. 9-10. Entofar shiga. Gaisuwa. Dubawa game da tsabta na mutum. Darasi na rayuwa mai amfani; taimaka wa juna ya cire ya kuma sanya kayan maye. Haye saman ɗakin ganin duk abin da ke turɓaya kuma cikin tsari. Harshe: Lokacin tattaunawa: Yara suna ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru kafin ranar. Darasi na Addini. 10-11. Darasi na hankali. Manyan darussan da aka katse ta gajeren lokacin hutu. Nomenclature, Sense bada. 11–11: 30. Hanyoyin motsa jiki mai sauƙi: motsawa na yau da kullun an yi da alheri, matsayin al'ada na jiki, tafiya, tafiya a layi, gaisuwa, motsawa don kulawa, sanya abubuwa cikin ladabi. 11: 30-12. Luncheon: Sallar gajeru. 12-1. Wasannin kyauta. 1-2. Wasannin da aka jagoranta, idan zai yiwu, a cikin iska. A wannan lokacin yaran sun girma tare da ayyukan darussan rayuwa, tsabtace dakin, turbaya, sanya kayan cikin tsari. Janar dubawa don tsabta: Tattaunawa. 2-3. Aikin hannu. Yin kwaikwayo na Clay, ƙira, da sauransu. 3-4. Cikakken kayan motsa jiki da waƙoƙi, in ya yiwu a buɗe sararin samaniya. Darasi don bunkasa abubuwanda ake tunani: Ziyara, da kulawa, tsirrai da dabbobi. Ta ji ajikinta cewa ta hanyar yin aiki da yara zaisa ukai ga iya isa ga sabon matakan samun mulkin kai kuma ya zama mai himma don kai sabon matakan fahimta. Montessori ta kuma yi imani da cewa sanin kowane ɗayan kowane mutum da kuma kula da su hakan zai samar da ingantaccen ilimi da ingantaccen damar a cikin kowane ɗan yaro. Ta ci gaba da daidaitawa da kuma gyara kayan da ta kirkira a baya, canza ko cire darussan da yaran da ba su zaɓa ba kdaoyaushe. Hakanan an danganta da abubuwan lura da ita, Montessori tayi gwaji tare da baiwa yara damar zaban kayan, aikin da bai katse ba, da kuma 'yancin motsi da aiki a cikin iyakokin da yankin ya tsara. Ta fara ganin 'yancin kai a matsayin manufar ilimi, da kuma matsayin malamin a matsayin mai sanya ido da kuma darektan ci gaban ilimin rayuwar yara. Yada ilimin Montessori a Italiya Casa dei Bambini na farko ya kasance nasara, sannan aka buɗe na biyu a watan Afrilu 7, shekarar 1907. Yaran da ke cikin shirye-shiryenta sun ci gaba da nuna natsuwa, kulawa, da kamun kai da kansu, kuma manyan makarantu sun fara jawo hankulan manyan malamai, 'yan jarida da kuma jama'a. A ƙarshen shekara ta 1907, Montessori ta fara gwajin kayan koyarwa don rubutu da karatu — haruffa da aka yanke daga sandpaper da aka hau kan allon, almakashi masu yanke ƙauna, da katunan hoto tare da alamomi. -A-an shekaru huɗu zuwa biyar suna aiki tare da kayan kuma cikin sauri suka sami ƙwarewa a rubuce da karatu fiye da abin da ake tsammani na shekarunsu. Wannan ya jawo hankalin jama'a ga aikin Montessori. Wasu ƙarin Case dei Bambini an buɗe su a cikin shekarar 1908, kuma a cikin shekarar 1909, Italiya da Switzerland sun fara maye gurbin hanyoyin Froebellian zuwa ta Montessori a cikin gidajen-marayu da kananan makarantu. A cikin shekarar 1909, Montessori ta dauki darasi na farko na horar da malamai a sabuwar hanyar ta a Città di Castello, Italiya. A wannan shekarar, ta bayyana abubuwan lura da kuma hanyoyin ta a cikin wani littafi mai suna Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica Applyato All'Educazione Infantile Nelle Case Dei Bambini ( Hanyar Ilimin Kimiyya na ilimin kimiyya da Aiwatar da Ilimin Ilimin Yara a Gidajen Yara ). An yi ƙarin horo na biyu a Rome a shekarar 1910, kuma na uku a Milan a shekarar 1911. Darajar Montessori da aikinta sun fara yaduwa a cikin ƙasashen duniya kuma, a kusa da wannan lokacin ta daina aikinta na likita don ba da lokaci mafi yawa ga aikinta na ilimi, da inganta hanyoyinta, da horar da malamai. A shekara ta 1919, ta yi murabus daga matsayinta na Jami’ar Rome, saboda aikinta na ilimi yana ƙara karɓar dukkan lokacinta da sha'awarta. 1909-1915: Girmamawa a duniya da haɓakar ilimin Montessori Tun daga farkon 1909, aikin Montessori ya fara jawo hankalin masu sa ido na duniya da baƙi. Ayyukanta suna yaduwa cikin ƙasashen duniya, kuma suna yaduwa cikin sauri. A karshen shekarar 1911, Montessori ta sami karɓar gudanar da ilimin Montessori a makarantun gwamnati a Italiya da Switzerland, kuma an shirya shi don ayi a Burtaniya. Ya zuwa 1912, makarantun Montessori sun buɗe a Paris da kuma sauran biranen Yammacin Turai, kuma ana shirin yi a Argentina, Australiya, China, Indiya, Japan, Koriya, Mexico, Switzerland, Syuriya, Amurka, da New Zealand. Shirye-shiryen jama'a a London, Johannesburg, Rome, da Stockholm sun karbi hanyar a tsarin tsarin makarantunsu. An kafa ƙungiyoyin Montessori a cikin Amurka (Kwamitin Montessori American) da United Kingdom (Montessori Society for the United Kingdom). A cikin 1913 aka gudanar da Koyar da horo na Kasa da Kasa na farko a Rome, tare da na biyu a shekara ta 1914. An fassara ayyukan Montessori sosai kuma an buga su a wannan lokaci. Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica an buga shi a Amurka amatsayin The Montessori Hanyar: Ilimin ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda aka Aiwatar da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara (wato The Montessori Method: Scientific Pedogogy as Applied to Child Education in the Children Houses), inda ya zama mafi yawan siyarwa. Bugun Burtaniya da Switzerland suka biyo baya. An buga bita na Italiyanci wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin 1913. Buga da Rashanci da Yaren mutanen Poland sun fito a cikin 1913 kuma fitowar Jaridun, Jafana, da Romaniyan a cikin 1914, sai kuma Spanish , Dutch , da kuma Danish . An buga Pedagogical Anthropology a cikin Ingilishi a 1913. A shekara ta 1914, Montessori ta buga, cikin Ingilishi, Doctor Montessori's Handbook, jagorar mai amfani ga kayan aikin da ta bunkasa. Montessori a Amurka A cikin shekarar 1911 da 1912, Ayyukan Montessori aikin sun shahara kuma sunyadu a cikin Amurka, musamman a cikin jerin kasidu a cikin mujallar McClure, kuma an buɗe makarantar Montessori ta Arewa ta farko a watan Oktoba 1911, a Tarrytown, New York . Mawallafin Alexander Graham Bell da matarsa sun zama masu ba da izini ga hanyar kuma an buɗe makaranta ta biyu a gidansu Kanada. Hanyar Montessori ta sayar da sauri ta hanyar bugu shida. Montwararren Montessori na Amurka ne ya ɗauki nauyin ba da horo na farko na ƙasa da ƙasa a Rome a 1913, kuma 67 daga cikin ɗalibai 83 sun fito daga Amurka. Ya zuwa 1913 akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 100 a cikin ƙasar. Montessori ta tafi Amurka a cikin Disamba 1913 a cikin yawon shakatawa na makonni uku wanda ya haɗa da fina-finan ɗakunan karatun Turai, haɗuwa tare da manyan mutane masu ban sha'awa a duk inda ta yi tafiya. Montessori ta dawo Amurka a 1915, wanda kungiyar Ilimi ta Nationalasa ta dauki nauyi kuma ta ba da sanarwar gudummawa don nuna ayyukanta ataron Bayanai na Panama-Pacific a San Francisco, California, kuma don ba da horo na uku na ƙasa. An saka aji a gilashin gilashin a yayin Exposition, kuma dubun dubatar masu kallo sun zo ganin aji na ɗalibai 21. mahaifin Montessori ya mutu a watan Nuwamba 1915, kuma ta koma Italiya. Kodayake Montessori da tsarinta na koyar da ilimi sun shahara sosai a Amurka, amma ba tare da hamayya da jayayya ba. William heard Kilpatrick, malamin Falsafa na Amurka kuma mai neman canji a fannin ilimi John Dewey, ya rubuta littafin suka ga tsarin da mahimmancin da aka yi wa lakabi da Motar Montessori, wanda ke da babban tasiri. Kungiyar Kan Rana ta wasan Kwando ta ƙasa ta kasance mai mahimmanci. Masu sukar sunyi zargin cewa hanyar Montessori ta wuce gona da iri, da tsauraran matakai, tawakkali kan koyar da hankali, kuma ya rage karancin tunani, mu'amala tsakanin mutane, da wasa. Bugu da kari, dagewar Montessori game da tsauraran matakan fadada tsarinta, horar da malamai, samarwa da kuma amfani da kayan, da kuma kafa makarantu ya zama sanadiyyar rikici da jayayya. Bayan da ta fita a shekarar 1915, tsarin Montessori a Amurka ya rarrabu, kuma Montessori ilimin ya kasance abin sakaci a cikin tsarin karatua a Amurka har zuwa 1952. 1915–1939: Kara ci gaba na ilimin Montessori A shekara ta 1915, Montessori ta koma Turai inda ta zauna a Barcelona, Spaniya. A cikin shekaru 20 masu zuwa Montessori tayi balaguro da yin darussai a Turai kuma ta bada darussan koyar da malamai. Ilimin Montessori ta sami ci gaba mai yawa a Spain, Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Italiya. Spain Lokacin da ta dawo daga Amurka, Montessori ta ci gaba da ayyukanta a Barcelona, inda karamin shirin da gwamnatin ta Catalonia ta dauki nauyin farawa a 1915 ta ci gaba a cikin Escola Montessori, tana bauta wa yara daga shekaru uku zuwa goma, da kuma Laboratori i Seminari de Pedagogia, bincike, horo, da kwalejin koyarwa. An ba da horo na huɗu na ƙasa a can a 1916, ciki har da kayan aiki da hanyoyi, ci gaba a cikin shekaru biyar da suka gabata, don koyar da ilimin nahawu, ilmin lissafi, da ilimin lissafi ga yara na makarantar firamare tun daga shekara shida zuwa goma sha biyu. A shekara ta 1917, Montessori ta buga littafinta na farko a L'autoeducazionne nelle Scuole Elementari (Ilmi a cikin Makarantar Elementary), wanda ya fito a Turanci a matsayin Advanced Montessori Method . A kusan 1920, ƙungiyar 'yancin cin gashin kanta ta Catalan ta fara neman Montessori da ta ɗauki matakin siyasa kuma ta ba da sanarwa a bainar jama'a ta amince da' yancin Catalan, kuma ta ƙi. An cire tallafin hukuma daga shirye-shiryenta. A 1924, sabon mulkin kama karya na soja ya rufe makarantar model ta Montessori a Barcelona, kuma Montessori ilimin ya ragu a Spain, duk da cewa Barcelona ta kasance gidan Montessori na shekaru goma sha biyu masu zuwa. A shekara ta 1933, a karkashin Jamhuriyyar Sifen ta biyu, gwamnatin ta dauki nauyin sabon horo, sannan aka sake samun tallafin gwamnati. A shekara ta 1934, ta buga littattafai guda biyu a Spain, Psicogeometrica da Psicoarithemetica . Koyaya, tare da fara yakin basasa na Spain a 1936, yanayin siyasa da zamantakewa sun sa Montessori barin Spain dindindin. Netherlands A cikin shekarar 1917, Montessori ta karantar a Amsterdam, kuma an kafa Netherlands Montessori Society. Ta dawo ne a shekarar 1920 don bayar da jawabai daban-daban a Jami'ar Amsterdam . Shirye-shiryen Montessori sun bunƙasa a cikin Netherlands, kuma zuwa tsakiyar 1930s akwai makarantun Montessori sama da 200 a cikin ƙasar. A cikin 1935 hedkwatar Montungiyar Montessori Internationale, ko AMI, ta koma dindindin zuwa Amsterdam. Kasar Burtaniya Karantarwar Montessori ya hadu tare da himma da jayayya a Ingila tsakanin 1912 da 1914. A shekara ta 1919, Montessori ta zo Ingila a karon farko kuma ta ba da horo na kasa da kasa wanda aka karbe shi da babbar sha'awa. Ilimin Montessori ya ci gaba da yaduwa a Burtaniya, kodayake ƙungiyar ta sami wasu gwagwarmaya game da amincin da rarrabuwa wanda ya gudana a Amurka. Montessori ya ci gaba da ba da horo a Ingila duk sauran shekara guda har zuwa farkon Yaƙin Duniya na II. kuma Italiya A cikin shekara ta 1922, an gayyaci Montessori zuwa Italiya a madadin gwamnati don ba da darussan laccoci kuma daga baya duba makarantun Montessori na Italiya. Daga baya a wannan shekarar gwamnatin Fasito ta Benito Mussolini ta hau kan mulki a Italiya. A watan Disamba, Montessori ta dawo Italiya don shirin jerin darussan horarwa na shekara-shekara a karkashin tallafin gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1923, ministan ilimi Giovanni Gentile ya bayyana cikakken goyon bayansa ga makarantun Montessori da horar da malamai. A cikin shekara ta 1924, Montessori ya sadu da Mussolini, wanda ya ba da cikakkiyar goyon baya ga ilimin Montessori a zaman wani ɓangare na shirin ƙasa. Preungiyoyin pre-war na magoya bayan Montessori, Societa gli Amici del Metodo Montessori (kungiyar Abokan Montessori Method) ta zama kungiyar Opera Montessori (Montessori Society) tare da amintattun gwamnati, kuma a shekarar 1926, Mussolini ya zama shugaban girmamawa na ƙungiyar. A cikin shekarar 1927, Mussolini ya kafa kwalejin horar da malamin Montessori, kuma ya zuwa 1929 gwamnatin Italiya ta tallafa wa cibiyoyin Montessori da yawa. Koyaya, daga shekarar 1930, Montessori da gwamnatin Italiya sun shiga rikici game da tallafin kudi da kuma akida, musamman bayan lafuzan Montessori kan Lafiya da Ilimi. A cikin shekarar 1932, ita da ɗanta Mario an sanya su a ƙarƙashin sa ido akan siyasa. A ƙarshe, a cikin shekarar 1933, ta yi murabus daga Opera Montessori, kuma a shekarar 1934, ta bar Italiya. Gwamnatin Italiya ta kawo karshen ayyukan Montessori a cikin kasar a cikin shekarar 1936. Montessori ta cigaba da karbuwa a kasashe da dama a fadin duniya inda ta rika zuwa kasashe tana karantar da mutane akan hayar karantarwar ta.. Sauran ƙasashe Montessori ta karantar a Vienna a 1923, kuma an buga laccocin ta kamar Il Bambino a Famiglia, an buga shi a Turanci a 1936 a matsayin The Child in the Family . Tsakanin shekarar 1913 zuwa 1936 an kuma kafa makarantun Montessori da al'ummomi a Faransa, Jamus, Switzerland, Belgium, Rasha, Serbia, Kanada, India, China, Japan, Indonesia, Australia, da New Zealand. Kungiyar Montessori Internationale A cikin shekarar 1929, an yi taron farko na Montessori na kasa da kasa a Elsinore, Denmark, tare da haɗin Fifth Conference na New Education Fellowship. A wannan taron, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun kafa Montungiyar Montessori Internationale ko AMI "don sa ido kan ayyukan makarantu da al'ummomi a duk faɗin duniya kuma su kula da horar da malamai." Har ila yau, AMI ta sarrafa haƙƙin wallafa ayyukan Montessori da kuma samar da kayan aikin Montessori didactic. Masu tallafawa na farkon na AMI sun haɗa da Sigmund Freud, Jean Piaget, da Rabindranath Tagore . Zaman lafiya A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi magana game da zaman lafiya da Ilimi a Babban Taro na Montessori na biyu a Nice, Faransa; Ofishin Kasa da Kasa ne, ya buga laccon shi a Geneva, Switzerland. A cikin shekarar 1932, Montessori ta yi jawabi a taron kira kan Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya a Geneva, Switzerland, kan taken zaman lafiya da Ilimi. Montessori ta gudanar da taron zaman lafiya daga shekarar 1932 zuwa 1939, a Geneva, Brussels, Copenhagen, da Utrecht, wadanda daga baya aka buga su cikin Italiyanci kamar Educazione e Pace, kuma a Turanci a matsayin Education and Peace . A shekara ta 1949, da kuma sake sata a cikin shekarar 1950 da kuma a shekarar 1951, Montessori ta zama cikin wanda za'a ba lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel, inda aka karɓi jimlar mutane guda shida. Laren, Netherlands A cikin shekarar 1936 Montessori da iyalinta sun bar Barcelona zuwa Ingila, kuma ba da daɗewa ba suka ƙaura zuwa Laren, kusa da Amsterdam. Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da sabbin kayan abubuwa a nan, gami da fasahar murƙushewa, alamomin nahawu, da katunan notanclature. Dangane da tashe tashen hankula na soja a cikin Turai, Montessori ta ƙara maida hankalinta ga taken zaman lafiya. A shekara ta 1937, an gudanar da babban taro na kasa da kasa na Montessori na 6 a kan taken "Ilimi don Zaman Lafiya", kuma Montessori ta yi kira da "kimiyyar zaman lafiya" kuma ta yi magana game da matsayin ilimin yara kamar yadda mabuɗi don sake fasalin jama'a. A cikin shekarar 1938, theungiyar Theosophical Society ta gayyaci Montessori zuwa Indiya don ba da horo, kuma a 1939 ta bar Netherlands tare da ɗanta da abokin aiki Mario. 1939-1946: Montessori a Indiya Sha'awar Montessori ta kasance a Indiya tun a shekarar 1913, lokacin da ɗalibin Indiya ya halarci karatun farko na ƙasa a Rome, kuma ɗalibai a cikin shekarun 1920 zuwa 1930 sun dawo Indiya don fara makarantu da inganta ilimin Montessori. An kafa Kungiyar Montessori ta Indiya a cikin shekarar 1926, kuma an fassara Il Metodo cikin Gujarati da Hindi a shekarar 1927. Ya zuwa 1929, mawakiyar Indiya Rabindranath Tagore ta kafa makarantu da yawa "Tagore-Montessori" a Indiya, kuma an ba da wakilci sosai a fannin ilimin Indiya a Montessori a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 1929. Montessori ita da kanta tana da haɗin kai da ƙungiyar Theosophical Society tun daga shekarar 1907. Yunkurin Theosophical, wanda aka himmatu don ilimantar da talakawa na Indiya, an jawo shi zuwa ilimin Montessori a matsayin mafita guda. Kwarewa a Indiya Montessori ya ba da horo a Kungiyar Theosophical Society a Madras a cikin shekarar 1939, kuma ya yi niyyar ba da jawabai a jami'o'i daban-daban, sannan ya koma Turai. Koyaya, lokacin da Italiya ta shiga yakin duniya na II a gefen Jamusawa a cikin shekarar 1940, Burtaniya ta saka duk Italiyanci a Burtaniya da mulkinta a matsayin baƙon makiyi. A zahiri kawai Mario Montessori ya kasance mai ɗaukar hoto, yayin da Montessori kanta aka kulle ta da cibiyar ta Theosophical Society, kuma Mario ya sake saduwa da mahaifiyarsa bayan watanni biyu. Montessoris ya ci gaba da zama a Madras da Kodaikanal har zuwa shekarar 1946, kodayake an ba su damar yin tafiya dangane da laccoci da darussan. Kayan karatun boko, ilimin kwalliya, da haihuwa zuwa uku A cikin shekarun rayuwarta a Indiya, Montessori da ɗanta Mario sun ci gaba da haɓaka hanyar karatun ta. Kalmar "ilimin ilimin halittar jiki" an gabatar dashi don bayyana tsarin kula da yara masu shekaru daga shida zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu wanda ya jaddada jituwa ga dukkanin abubuwan duniyar duniyar. Yara sunyi aiki kai tsaye tare da tsirrai da dabbobi a cikin mahallinsu na al'ada, kuma Montessoris ta haɓaka darussan, zane-zane, zane-zane, da samfuri don amfani tare da ƙananan yara na farko. An ƙirƙiri abu don ilmin dabbobi, da labarin ƙasa. Tsakanin shekara ta 1942 zuwa 1944 an haɗa waɗannan abubuwan a cikin babban tafarki don aiki tare da yara daga shekaru shida zuwa sha biyu. Wannan aikin ya haifar da littattafai guda biyu: Ilimi don Sabon Duniya da Don Ilmantar da Humanan Adam . Yayin da yake cikin Indiya, Montessori ta lura da yara da matasa na kowane zamani, kuma sun juya zuwa karatun ƙuruciya. A cikin shekarar 1944, ta ba da laccoci iri-iri a kan shekaru uku na farko na rayuwa, da kuma makarantar horarwa da gwamnati ta amince da su a Sri Lanka. An tattara waɗannan laccoci ne a shekara ta 1949 a cikin littafin me Ya Kamata Ku Yi Game da Yaran ku . A cikin shekarar 1944, an ba Monttorois wasu 'yanci motsi kuma sun yi tafiya zuwa Sri Lanka. A cikin shekara ta 1945, Montessori ta halarci taron farko na Indiya Montessori a Jaipur, kuma a cikin shekarar 1946, tare da yaƙe-yaƙe, ita da iyalinta sun koma Turai. 1946-1952: Shekarun ƙarshe A cikin shekarar 1946, lokacin tana da shekaru 76, Montessori ta dawo Amsterdam, amma ta kwashe shekaru shida masu zuwa tafiya Turai da Indiya. Ta ba da horo a Landan a cikin shekarar 1946, kuma a 1947, ta bude cibiyar koyar da horo a can, Cibiyar Montessori. Bayan 'yan shekaru wannan cibiyar ta sami' yancin kanta daga Montessori kuma ta ci gaba a matsayin Cibiyar Horarwa ta St. Nicholas . Hakanan a cikin 1947, ta koma Italiya don sake kafa Opera Montessori kuma ta ba wasu ƙarin horo biyu. Daga baya a wannan shekarar ta dawo Indiya inda ta ba da horo a Adyar da Ahmedabad . Wadannan darussan sun haifar da littafin The Absorbent Mind, wanda Montessori ya ba da bayanin ci gaban yaro tun daga haihuwa har zuwa gaba da gabatar da manufar Tsarin Haɓaka Goma na huɗu. A cikin shekarar 1948, an sake buga Il Metodo kuma aka buga shi cikin Ingilishi kamar yadda Discovery of the Yara . A cikin shekarar 1949, ta ba da horo a Pakistan kuma aka kafa essungiyar Montessori Pakistan. A cikin shekarar 1949, Montessori ta dawo Turai kuma ta halarci Babban Taro na Montessori na 8 a Sanremo, Italiya, inda aka nuna salon aji. A wannan shekarar, an fara koyar da horo na farko don haihuwa zuwa shekaru uku, wanda ake kira Scuola Assistenti all'infanzia (Montessori School for Assistants to Infancy). An ba ta lambar yabo ta Nobel Peace Prize . An kuma bai wa Montessori lambar girmamawa ta Faransa, Darakta ta Dutch of Orange Nassau, kuma ya samu lambar girmamawa ta Jami’ar Amsterdam. A cikin shekarar 1950, ta ziyarci Scandinavia, wakilcin Italiya a taron UNESCO a Florence, wanda aka gabatar a yayin horo na 29 na kasa da kasa a Perugia, ya ba da horo na kasa a Rome, an buga bugu na biyar na Il Metodo tare da sabon taken La Scoperta del Bambino ( The Discovery na Yara ), kuma an sake nada shi don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. A cikin shekarar 1951, ta shiga cikin Taro na 9 na kasa da kasa na Montessori a London, ta ba da horo a Innsbruck, an zabe ta a karo na uku don lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel. Montessori ya mutu bayan cutar malali a ranar 6 ga watan Mayu, shekarar 1952, yana da shekara 81 a Noordwijk aan Zee, Netherlands. An nuna makarantun Maria Montessori da Montessori akan tsabar kudi da banki na Italiya, sannan akan tambura na Netherlands, Indiya, Italiya, Maldives, Pakistan da Sri Lanka. A shekarata 2020, Lokaci ya zabi Montessori a matsayin daya daga cikin Manyan Mata 100 na shekarar, wani lamunin wanda ya baiwa kyautar Kyautar Shekara. Hanyar karatu Tasirin farko Tunanin Jeaness Gaspard Itard, Édouard Séguin, Friedrich Fröbel, da Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, dukkansu sun ba da fifikon bincike da halayyar ilimi. Aiki na farko na Montessori tare da yara masu nakasa, a cikin School na Orthophrenic a cikin 1900-11901, sun yi amfani da hanyoyin Itard da Séguin, horar da yara a cikin ayyukan jiki kamar tafiya da kuma amfani da cokali, horar da hankalinsu ta hanyar bayyanar da gani, kamshi, da gogewa mai ban tsoro, da kuma gabatar da haruffa a sikelin tactile. Wadannan ayyukan sun haɓaka cikin kayan Montessori "Sensorial". Ilimin kimiyya Montessori ta dauki aikinta a cikin Makarantar Orthophrenic da kuma karatun ta na gaba-gaba da aikin bincike a makarantun firamare a matsayin "tsarin ilimin kimiyya", ra'ayi ne na yanzu a cikin karatun ilimi a lokacin. Ta yi kira ba wai kawai lura da auna dalibai ba, har ma da samar da sabbin hanyoyin da za su canza su. "Ilimin kimiya, sabili da haka, shine wanda, yayin da aka danganta da kimiyya, aka gyara da inganta mutum." Bugu da kari, ilimi kansa yakamata ya canza shi ta hanyar kimiyya: "Sabbin hanyoyin da idan ana tafiyar dasu akan layin kimiyya, yakamata su canza makarantar gaba daya da hanyoyin ta, yakamata su samar da sabon tsarin ilimi." Casa dei Bambini Aiki tare da yara marasa nakasassu a cikin Casa dei Bambini a cikin shekarar 1907, Montessori ta fara kirkirar karatun kanta. Abubuwa masu mahimmanci na ka'idodinta na ilimi sun samo asali daga wannan aikin, wanda aka bayyana a cikin Hanyar The Montessori a cikin shekarar 1912, da kuma cikin Discovery of the Yara a shekarar 1948. An kafa tushenta ne bisa lura da yara a 'yanci don aiwatar da yardar kaina a cikin yankin da aka shirya don biyan bukatunsu. Montessori ya kammala da cewa aikin yara a cikin wannan yanayi ya nuna wani shiri na ciki na ci gaba, kuma matsayin da ya dace na malamin shine ya cire wani cikas ga wannan cigaban halitta tare da samar da damar hakan don ci gaba da bunkasa. Don haka, an shigar da ɗakunan makarantar ɗakunan yara masu yara, "ayyukan rayuwa" masu amfani kamar su sharewa da teburin wanka, da kayan koyarwa waɗanda Montessori ta bunkasa kanta. An bai wa yara 'yancin zaɓan da kuma tafiyar da ayyukansu, a nasu wuraren da bin sha'awar kansu. A cikin waɗannan yanayin, Montessori ta sanya abubuwan lura da yawa waɗanda suka zama tushen aikinta. Da farko, ta lura da sanya hankali sosai a cikin yara da kuma maimaitawa ta hanyar abubuwan da aka zaɓa. Har ila yau, ta lura da irin mummunan halin da yaran ke yi na yin odar yankin nasu, da daidaita tebur da shelves da yin odar kayayyakin. Yayinda yara suka zaɓi wasu ayyukan akan wasu, Montessori ta gyara kayan da ta basu. Bayan wani lokaci, yaran sun fara nuna abin da ta kira "ladabi mara lafiyan". Karin ci gaba da ilimin Montessori a yau Montessori ta ci gaba da bunkasa tsarinta da tsarinta na ci gaban ɗan adam yayin da take fadada ayyukanta tare da faɗaɗawa ga yara mazan. Ta ga halayen mutane kamar yadda kowa ke bi da shi, halaye na asali a cikin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam wanda ɗanta da mai ba da gudummawa Mario Montessori ya bayyana a matsayin "sha'awar ɗan adam" a cikin 1957. Bugu da kari, ta lura lokuta daban-daban, ko "jirage", a cikin ci gaban mutum, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru shida, daga shida zuwa goma sha biyu, daga sha biyu zuwa goma sha takwas, daga goma sha takwas zuwa ashirin da huɗu. Ta ga halaye daban-daban, yanayin koyo, da kuma ci gaban ci gaban da ke aiki a kowane daga cikin wadannan jirage, ta kuma yi kira da a samar da hanyoyin da suka shafi ilimi a kowane lokaci. A cikin tsawon rayuwarta, Montessori ta kirkiro da hanyoyin karatun da kayan kayan jirgi na jirgi biyu na farko, daga haihuwa zuwa shekaru goma sha biyu, kuma ta yi rubutu da lectures game da jirage uku da na huxu. Mariya ta kirkiro wasu aji 4000 na Montessori a duk faɗin duniya kuma an fassara littattafarta cikin yaruka da yawa don horar da sababbin masu ilimi. An shigar da hanyoyin nata a cikin daruruwan makarantu na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu a duk faɗin Amurka. Hanyar Montessori Daya daga cikin ayyukan Montessori dayawa shine hanyar Montessori . Wannan hanya ce ta ilimi ga yara masu karamin karfi wanda ke karfafa ci gaban shirin yaro da iyawar halitta, musamman ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo. Wannan hanyar ta ba yara damar haɓaka yadda suke so kuma ya samar wa masu ilimi sabbin fahimtar ci gaban yara. Littafin Montessori, The Montessori Hanyar, ya gabatar da hanya daki-daki. Malamai masu bin wannan ƙirar sun kafa mahalli na musamman don biyan bukatun ɗalibai a cikin ƙungiyoyi masu haɓaka shekaru uku masu tasowa: shekaru 2-2.5, shekaru 2.5-6, da kuma shekaru 6-12. Studentsaliban suna koyo ta hanyar ayyukan da suka shafi bincike, jan hankali, tsari, maimaitawa, ƙauracewa, da sadarwa. Malamai suna ƙarfafa yara a cikin shekaru biyu na farko don amfani da hankalinsu don ganowa da sarrafa kayan a cikin yanayin da suke ciki. Yara a ƙarshen zamani sunyi ma'amala tare da tsararren ra'ayi dangane da sabon ikon tunani, hangen nesa, da kerawa. Montessori ta buga littattafai da kasidu da kasidu da dama a lokacin rayuwarta, galibi cikin Italiyanci, amma wani lokacin farko a Turanci. A cewar Kramer, "manyan ayyukan da aka buga kafin shekarar 1920 ( The Montessori Hanyar, Pedagogical Anthropology, Advanced Montessori Method — spontaneous Aiki a Ilimi da Montessori Elementary Material ), an rubuta ta cikin Italiyanci sannan kuma aka fassara ta ƙarƙashin kulawarta." Koyaya, da yawa daga cikin ayyukanta daga baya an rubuto su ne daga laccocin ta, galibi a fassara, kuma daga baya ne aka buga su a littafin littattafai. An ba da manyan ayyukan Montessori a nan saboda tsarinsu na farko, tare da manyan bita da fassara. Il Metodo della Pedagogia Scientifica applicato all'educazione infantile nelle Case dei Bambini bita a cikin 1913, 1926, da 1935; Bita da sake magana a cikin 1950 a matsayin La Scoperta del bambino Ingilishi na Turanci: Hanyar Montessori: Harshen Ilimin kimiyya kamar yadda ake Amfani da Ilimin Yara a cikin Gidajen Yara Bita da haɓaka Ingilishi wanda aka bayar azaman The Discovery of the Yara Aka sake fasalta kuma aka sake bugawa cikin Italiyanci kamar La Scoperta del bambino Antropologia Pedagogica Buga na Ingilishi: Pedagogical Anthropology Littafin Jagora na kansa Dr. Montessori Itace Italiyanci: Manuale di pedagogia kimiya L'autoeducazione nelle scuole elementari Buga na Ingilishi: Hanyar Advanced Montessori, Vol. Ni: Aiki Na Zamani A Ilimi; Fitowa II: The Montessori Elementary Material. I bambini viventi nella Chiesa Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaron a cikin Ikilisiya, littafin farko na Maria Montessori game da dokar Ka'aba ta Katolika tun daga matsayin yarinyar. Das Kind in der Familie (Jamusanci) Ingilishi Ingilishi: Yaro a Iyali Buga na Italiyanci: Il bambino a cikin famiglia Psico Geométria (Mutanen Espanya) Ingilishi na Turanci: Psychogeometry Psico Aritmética Buga na Italiyanci: Psicoaritmetica L'Enfant (Faransa) Buga na Ingilishi: Asirin Childan Yara Il segreto dell'infanzia De l'enfant à l'adolescent Buga na Ingilishi: Daga Yarinya Zuwa Jariri Dall'infanzia all'adolescenza Educazione e taki Ingilishi na Turanci: Salama da Ilimi Formazione dell'uomo Ingilishi na Turanci: Tsarin Mutum Rashin Ingantaccen Zuciya La mente del bambino. Mente assorbente Ilimi don Sabon Duniya Buga na Italiya: Educazione per un mondo nuovo Domin Ilmantar da Abubuwan Dan Adam Buga na Italiyanci: Ku zo educare il potenziale umano
20930	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Mohammed%20Ghedi	Ali Mohammed Ghedi	Ali Mohamed Gedi ( Somali , ) An haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Oktoba,shekara ta alif 1952, wanda aka fi sani da Ali Gedi, kasance Firayim Minista na gwamnatin rikon kwarya ta Kasar Somaliya daga shekarar 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2007. Ba a san shi sosai ba a fagen siyasa lokacin da aka nada shi a matsayin firaminista a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2004. Yana da alaƙa da ƙabilar Abgaal na Mogadishu ta dangin Hawiye, ɗaya daga cikin manyan iyalai huɗu na Kasar Somaliya. Da kyar ya kuma tsira daga harin kunar bakin wake da aka kai gidansa wanda ya yi sanadin mutuwar akalla mutane bakwai a ranar 3 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2007. Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Ali Mohamed Gedi a Mogadishu, Somalia a shekara ta 1952. Ya fito ne daga Abgaal daga cikin Hawiye. Gedi ya tashi daga wurin mahaifiyarsa. Mahaifin Gedi ya kasance hafsan soja, kuma a shekara ta 1978 ya shiga hukumar tsaro ta farin kaya ta Kasar Somaliya (NSS) a karkashin mulkin Siad Barre a mukamin Kanar. Gedi ya yi karatu a Jamal Abdul Nasser High School a garin Mogadishu, yana kammala karatu a shekara ta 1972. Ya kammala karatun soji da bautar kasa, sannan kuma ya koyar a farkon shekara ta 1970. A jami'a, Gedi yayi fice a karatun sa, sannan ya wuce zuwa jami'ar Pisa . Ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1978, daga nan kuma sai Jami’ar Kasar Somaliya (Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) ta dauke shi aiki a matsayin mataimakin malami. Daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1983, ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Pisa don karatun digiri na biyu kuma ya sami Digiri na Doctorate a kan ilimin dabbobi da tiyata. Sannan ya koma koyarwa a shekara ta 1983 a matsayin malami kuma ya shugabanci sashen har zuwa shekara ta 1990. Sulhun siyasa Ya halarci tarurrukan sasanta siyasa a: Mogadishu a shekara ta , a Alkahira, Misira a shekara ta , a Addis Ababa, Habasha (farkon shekara ta 1998), a Nairobi, Kenya (ƙarshen shekara ta 1998), a Beledweyne, Hiiran - Somaliya . (Ali Mohamed Gedi, raba tare da Abdirahman Gutale). Gwamnatin rikon kwarya Gwamnati a gudun hijira A matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin ta wucin gadi, Gedi ya yi alkawarin kafa gwamnatin da za ta kunshi kowa, da kokarin yin sulhu tsakanin shugabannin yakin na Mogadishu. Bayan yunkurin kashe shi da akayi saidai ba ayai nasara ba, Gedi ya gudu zuwa Nairobi, Kenya . A watan Yulin shekara ta 2005, ya koma garin Jawhar, ɗayan garuruwan biyu (ɗayan kuwa shi ne Baidoa ) wanda ake amfani da shi a matsayin babban haɗin Somaliyan na ɗan lokaci. Gwamnati a garin Baidoa A watan Maris na shekara ta 2006, fada ya barke tsakanin shuwagabannin kungiyar kawancen sake dawo da zaman lafiya da yaki da ta'addanci (ARPCT) da kungiyar kotunan musulinci (ICU) game da ikon Mogadishu, wanda ya ta'azzara a watan Mayu. Rikicin ya zama sananne da Yakin Mogadishu na Biyu . Firayim Minista ya bukaci shugabannin yaki, wadanda hudu daga cikinsu membobin gwamnatin TFG ne, su daina fada da ICU, amma an yi biris da wannan umurnin a duk duniya don haka Ghedi ya kore su daga Majalisar. Wadannan sun hada da: Ministan Tsaro na kasa Mohamed Afrah Qanyare, Ministan Kasuwanci Musa Sudi Yalahow, Ministan kula da tsugunar da Mayakan Issa Botan Alin da Ministan Harkokin Addini Omar Muhamoud Finnish . Komawa zuwa Mogadishu A cikin watan Disambar 2006, ICU da mayaƙan sa kai masu kishin Islama sun sha kashi ainun daga sojojin TFG da na kasar Habasha, waɗanda a ranar 29 ga watan Disamba suka shiga Mogadishu ba tare da hamayya ba. Kodayake an yi wa Ghedi maraba da zuwa cikin garin, amma abokansa na Habasha sun fuskanci fusatattun mutane da suka jefi sojojin Habasha da duwatsu. A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007, ya ba da sanarwar "Zamanin shugaban yaƙi a Mogadishu yanzu ya ƙare." Ayyukan Ghedi na farko sun hada da ayyana dokar ta- baci tsawon watanni uku, yana kira da a kwance damarar mayakan, tare da nada sabbin alkalai . Gedi ya sanar da murabus dinsa a gaban majalisa a garin Baydhabo a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2007, saboda sabanin da ke tsakaninsa da shugaban Somaliya, Abdullahi Yusuf . Ana rade-radin cewa Gedi ya yarda ya yi murabus saboda goyon bayan siyasa a nan gaba. Ya ci gaba da zama dan majalisa. A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2008, Gedi ya ba da sanarwar cewa zai tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2009. Haifaffun 1952 Rayayyun mutane Tarihin Somaliya Mutanen Somaliya Pages with unreviewed translations
25732	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/AAA	AAA	AAA, Triple A, ko Triple-A shi ne farkon haruffa uku ko taƙaice wanda zai iya nufin to: AA Attanasio, marubucin almara na kimiyya Tashar jiragen sama Filin jirgin sama na Anaa a cikin Faransanci Polynesia (lambar filin jirgin saman IATA AAA) Filin jirgin saman Logan County (Illinois) (lambar filin jirgin saman FAA AAA) Arts, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai AAA (masana'antar wasan bidiyo) rukuni na manyan wasannin bidiyo na kasafin kuɗi TripleA, tushen wargame mai buɗewa Ƙungiyoyi da lakabobi AAA (band), ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta Japan Against All Authority ( -AAA- ) ƙungiyar ska-punk ta Amurka Mala'iku & Airwaves, wani madadin dutsen Amurka, wanda kuma ake kira "AVA" Sau Uku A (ƙungiyar kiɗa) ƙungiyar trance ta Dutch "AAA", waƙa ta shida akan <i id="mwLQ">City</i> (Strapping Young Lad album) <i id="mwMA">AAA</i> (EP) wani ƙaramin wasan kwaikwayo ne da ƙungiyar AAA ta Najeriya ta yi Samun damar Duk Yankuna, jerin faifan CD na kiɗa ta ƙungiyar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta Scotland Runrig Sau Uku A, wani sunan Adult Alternative Songs, mai rikodin ginshiƙi wallafa Allon tallace-tallace Sauran amfani a cikin zane -zane, nishaɗi, da kafofin watsa labarai Madadin kundin manya, tsarin rediyo AAA, lambar samarwa don 1970 Doctor Who serialhead daga Space <AAA> ( Aces of ANSI Art ) ƙungiyar fasahar dijital don ƙirƙirar da rarraba fasahar ANSI AAA, manga na Jafananci na Haruka Fukushima Anbanavan Asaradhavan Adangadhavan, fim ɗin Tamil a cikin 2017 Brands da kamfanoni Advanced Accelerator Aikace -aikace, kamfanin radiopharmaceutical Ansett Ostiraliya, kamfanin jirgin sama na Australiya (lambar jirgin saman ICAO AAA) Abokan Artwararrun Mawakan Amurka, gidan kayan gargajiya da kasuwancin tallan fasaha Abokan Artists na Argentine, ɗakin fina -finan Argentina Gwamnati da siyasa Hukumomin gwamnati Gudanar da Daidaita Noma, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnatin Amurka da aka kirkira a cikin shekara ta 1930 Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority (AAA a cikin Mutanen Espanya) Dokar Daidaita Noma ta 1933, dokokin tarayya na Amurka Dokar daidaita aikin gona na 1938, dokokin tarayya na Amurka Kungiyoyin siyasa Alianza Americana Anticomunista ("American Anticommunist Alliance" a cikin Mutanen Espanya) ƙungiya mai zaman kanta ta Colombia, 1978-1979 Alianza Apostólica Anticomunista, a Spain Anti-Austerity Alliance, wata jam'iyyar siyasa a Ireland Anticommunist Alliance na Argentina, ƙungiyar mutuwa ta Argentina a tsakiyar 1970s Kungiyoyin fasaha Associationungiyar Mawakan Allied, wata ƙungiya mai baje kolin a London da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1908 Mawakan Abstract na Amurka, ƙungiya ce ta masu zane-zane da aka kafa a cikin shekara ta 1936 don haɓakawa da haɓaka fahimtar jama'a game da zane-zane. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Mawakan Amurka Taskar Amsoshi ta Amurka, Taskar Smithsonian Institution a Washington, DC Asiya Art Archive, ƙungiya mai zaman kanta wacce ke yin rikodin tarihin kwanan nan na fasahar zamani a Asiya Ƙungiyoyin Motoci American Automobile Association, kulob na mota, wanda kuma ake kira "Triple A" Ƙungiyar Motocin Australiya Sauran ƙungiyoyi Shirin Karfafawa Matasa-An-Alleyway, San Francisco, California Ƙungiyar Tabbatar da Adventist American Academy of Actuaries Ƙungiyar Ƙididdiga ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Ambulance ta Amirka Ƙungiyar Anthropological American Ƙungiyar sasantawa ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Tsohuwar Jirgin Sama Ƙungiyar 'yan saman jannati masu zaman kansu Ƙungiyar Archaeological Australia Kimiyya da fasaha Biology da magani AAA sunadarai (ATPases hade da ayyuka daban -daban na salula) Ciwon mara aortic aneurysm Ƙungiyar Anatomists ta Amirka Anti-actin garkuwar jiki Cavaticovelia aaa (aaa treader) kwari daga Hawaii Sau uku-A ciwo AAA, codon don amino acid Lysine Amalgam (sunadarai) wanda aka wakilta a cikin rubutun alchemical medieval tare da "aaa" Amino acid bincike Aromatic amino acid Asymmetric allylic alkylation AAA, mafi girma daga cikin matakai uku na isa ga rukunin yanar gizon da aka auna ta jagororin Samun Abubuwan Yanar Gizo AAA chipset, kayan masarufi don komfutar Amiga komputa AAA (tsaro na kwamfuta) "Tabbatacce, Izini da Ƙididdiga", ikon samun dama, aiwatar da manufofi da tsarin duba tsarin kwamfuta. ASCII ta daidaita bayan ƙari, lambar BCD ta Intel Sauran amfani a kimiyya da fasaha AAA, matsayi a kan sikelin haruffan haruffa (darajoji biyu sama da "sa A") Batirin AAA, madaidaicin girman busasshen sel Kyautar Nasarar Amateur na Ƙungiyar Astronomical na Pacific Analog-analog-analog, ƙira don rikodin analog Angle-angle-angle, duba Kamani (geometry) Makamai masu linzami Amateur Athletic Association na Ingila American Airlines Arena, filin wasanni da nishaɗi a Miami, Florida, da kuma wurin gidan Miami Heat Arkansas Activities Association, babbar hukumar gudanar da wasannin makarantar sakandare a waccan jihar ta Amurka Ƙungiyar Wasannin Wasannin Asiya Lucha Libre AAA Worldwide, gabatarwar kokawar Mexico wacce aka fi sani da "AAA" (daga tsohon sunan Asistencia Asesoría y Administración ) Montreal AAA, tsohuwar ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta Kanada Triple-A (wasan ƙwallon baseball) mafi girman matakin ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙwallon Arewacin Amurka Sauran amfani "Shiga duk fannoni", wani nau'in wucewar bayan gida AAA, mafi kyawun ƙimar kuɗi Ayyukan taimakon dabbobi, nau'in maganin da ya shafi dabbobi a matsayin nau'in magani Harshen Ghotuo (ISO 639-3 lambar yare aaa) Lambar Morse don "maharin jirgin sama", wanda aka yi amfani da shi tare da SOS Duba kuma A (rarrabuwa) AA (disambiguation) AAAA (disambiguation)
61805	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdussalam%20Akhundzadeh	Abdussalam Akhundzadeh	Abdussalam Akhundzadeh ( Azerbaijani, Persian) Malamin addini ne dan kasar Azabaijan, malamin addinin Islama kuma Sheikh ul-Islam na Caucasus na biyar. Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Salyan a ranar 13 ga watan Janairu 1843 ga limamin yankin Akund Vali Muhammad da matarsa Khanum Aliverdi gizi. Ya koyi Larabci, Farisa da Turkawa a farkon rayuwarsa daga mahaifinsa. Ya koma Tbilisi a 1864 kuma ya zauna a titin Gorgasali na yanzu, Old Tbilisi . A ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 1879, an ba shi damar yin aiki a matsayin malami a sashen Tatar, inda ya doke Seyid Azim Shirvani a gasar, kuma ya zuwa ranar 28 ga Yuli, 1880, a hukumance an nada shi malami a makarantar Gori Teachers Seminary . A halin yanzu, ya sadu da Ali-Agha Shikhlinski, Mirza Fatali Akhundov da sauran masu fasaha na Azeri wadanda ke aiki kuma suna zaune a Tbilisi. As Sheikhul Islam An nada shi a matsayin Sheikh ul-Islam a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni 1893 bayan rasuwar Mirza Hasan Tahirzadeh kuma ya rike mukamin har zuwa rasuwarsa a shekara ta 1907. A cikin 1895, an zabe shi a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Ruhaniya na Caucasus . Ya kasance a wurin bikin nadin sarauta na Nicholas II na Rasha a ranar 26 ga Mayu 1896. Ya kasance mai aiki a lokacin kisan kiyashin Armeno-Tatar, ya inganta zaman lafiya tsakanin al'ummomi sosai. Ya ziyarci Nakhchivan a ranar 15 ga Mayu 1905. Tare da qadis na Yerevan, Sharur da Nakhchivan, archimandrite na Yerevan Karapet da Jafargulu khan, ya ziyarci kauyukan Garakhanbeyli, Tumbul, Goshadize da Shikhmakhmud . Musulman kauyukan Garajig da Bulgan sun taru ne a kauyen Garakhanbeyli da ke da al'ummar Armeniya, inda Armeniyawa da musulmi suka sha alwashin ba za su yi gaba da juna ba. Ya buga wata sanarwa tare da Katolika na Armenia Mkrtich Khrimian game da kisan kiyashi a watan Yuni 1905.Ya samu labarin mutuwar 'yarsa Zabita wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali saboda ya ga kisan kiyashi a lokacin da ya ziyarci Ganja . Ya mutu ba da daɗewa ba a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 1907, yana fama da baƙin ciki sakamakon mutuwar 'yarsa. An binne shi a Pantheon na fitattun Azerbaijan, Tbilisi . An maye gurbinsa da Abbasquli Sultan-Huseynbeov na wucin gadi sannan Mahammad Hasan Movlazadeh Shakavi ya gaje shi. Ya yi aure akalla sau uku: Ummu Salama - 'yar gida mai daraja Abdul Ali bey Muradkhanov Abdullatif bey Abdurrashid bey (b. 10 Afrilu 1880) - Gwamnan Baku Asaf bey Valida Khanum (20 Disamba 1884) Zabita khanum Hidayat bey (20 Disamba 1893) Gulara khanum - diyar malamin gida Haji Alakbar Asiya khanum (25 Satumba 1901) Sona khanum - 'yar gida mai daraja Javad bek Baya ga danginsa, ya kasance kakan mahaifiyar Anvar Gasimzade (wanda mahaifinsa Ali Gasimov ya kasance 'yar'uwar Akhundzadeh), da Fidan Gasimova da Khuraman Gasimova . A cikin harshen Rashanci - Littafin Karatun Musulunci ) - Maganin Jahilci (Bayyanawa da Bayyana Hanyar Jiyya) - Umarni da Gyarawa A cikin harshen Azerbaijan Umdətul Əhkam ("Babban hukunci", 1882, Tabriz ), Zubdətul Əhkam ("Selected Verdict", 1903) Tarixi Müqəddəs Ənbiya ("History of Holy Prophets", 1892) Tarixi Müqəddəs Xatəmül Ənbiya və Xilafət (" History of the Holy Prophets and the Khalifate"), Xətti Təliq da Nəstəliq ("Rubutun Hannu Taliq da Nastaliq ") A cikin harshen Farisa Miftahil Lisani Farsi ( Persian ) - Mabuɗin harshen Farisa Qawaid Mukhtasare Farsi - Takaitaccen Dokokin Harshen Farisa Mutalie-i Kitab-i-Íqán (Persian) - Yadda ake karanta Kitab-i-Íqán (1896, Tbilisi ) Mudafia bar megalei khasm (Persian) - Kare labarin abokin hamayya (1897, Tbilisi) Nasihati waiz ( Persian ) - Nasihar Mai Wa'azi
18329	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imambara%20Zadibal	Imambara Zadibal	Imambara Zadibal shine Imbara na farko da aka gina a cikin Kwarin Kashmir ta Kaji Chak, minista a lokacin mulkin Sultan Mohammad a shekara ta 1518. Wannan Imbara an ƙone ta an lalata ta da yawa. Imambara Zadibal ɗayan tsoffin kayayyakin tarihi na Kashmir, yana cikin jihar Jammu da Kashmir, waɗanda Indiya ke gudanarwa. Yana cikin yankin Zadibal a cikin Srinagar zuwa yamma da sansanin. An gina shi a cikin 1518, Kaji Chak, wanda yake minista tare da Sultan Mohammed Shah, ya gina wannan wurin bautar. Wannan ginin mai hawa biyu yana daya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren tarihi a kwarin Kashmir. Yana zaune a kan layin gine-ginen Farisa, wannan wurin bautar ya tsufa kuma wannan sanannen wuri ne na yawon shakatawa. Daga 1548 AD zuwa 1872 AD, ginin ya cinna wuta sau goma sha ɗaya kuma an sake gina shi kowane lokaci. Kwanan nan, tsohuwar Imambara aka saukar da ita 2004 don sake fasali da sake gina wurin bautar da ke tsaye a yau. Wurin ibadar yana da girma don ɗaukar baƙi fiye da 32,000 a lokaci guda. Akwai labarai daban-daban game da ginin Imambara Zadibal, amma tarihi ya ce Tajik Shah ya ba da kyautar ƙasar zadibal ga Mir Shamshud din Iraqi, wanda ya gabatar da addinin Shi'a ga Kashmir kuma ya rinjayi jami'an gwamnatin wancan lokacin. Sannan dangin Mir Shamshud ɗin Iraqi, wanda kabarinsa ba shi da 'yan kaɗan kaɗan daga Imambara Zadibal, sun zauna a wurin. Zuriyarsa ta biyar sun gina masallacinsu na sirri kuma sun zauna kusa da farkon karni na ashirin da daya. Sun ware filaye masu amfani don samar da kudi don kula da masallaci. Sun riƙe haƙƙin mallaka ga kansu amma sun ba maƙwabtansu damar yin addu'a a can. Ta zama babbar cibiyar karatun mabiya Ahlul baiti. Dattawan dangin Markdar zasu koyar game da addini. Sun kuma gina Hamam don amfani dashi azaman masaukin baƙi don matafiya masu zuwa daga Baltistan da sauran yankuna masu nisa. A lokacin Maharaja Ghulab Singh wanda yake son ya rike dukkan cibiyoyin karkashin ikon mulkinsa ta hanyar wakilansa (Jalalis) ta yadda babu wanda zai iya yi masa tawaye. Sannan rikici ya ɓarke tsakanin Jalalis da Markdars. Ya ci gaba har tsawon shekaru 150. A lokacin Firayim Minista na Kashmir Bakshi Ghulam Mohammad, 'Yan kasuwar sun ba da gudummawar Imambara ga' yan Shi'a kuma daga baya ƙungiyar Shi'a ta ɗauki nauyin kula da ita. Shiungiyar Shia ta sayi ƙasar da ke kusa da Imambara daga Markdars ta yarjejeniyoyi daban-daban, gami da musayar yare da biyan kuɗi. Kwanan nan, Marigayi Molvi Iftikhar Hussein Ansari ya gyara Imambara. Saurin tsarin gine-ginen Fasiya, Imambara Zadibal gini ne mai hawa biyu. Ana yin sa ne da tubalin gabas. Tubalin Maharaji ya mamaye yanki mai girman murabba'in mita 75. Wannan gidan ibada yana da rawanin bene da yawa da ake kira Gulam Gardish. Akwai tsakiyar matakin ƙasa ana kiransa Pokhr. Hakanan yana da babban ɗakin hoto tare da ƙofofi huɗu. A halin yanzu, tsarin yana ƙarƙashin kulawar All Jammu da Kashmir Shi'a Association, waɗanda ke kula da shi. Tsarin da muke gani a yau yana ci gaba da aikin gini. Musulmin Shia 'yan tsiraru ne a Kashmir. A cikin kwanaki 10 na farko na Muharram, Imambada Zadibal ya zama cibiyar makoki da taron addini a Zadibal. Mabiya Shia suna shiga cikin juyayin, galibi suna ƙarewa ne a lokacin bikin Ashura, lokacin da babban jerin gwano ke bi ta titunan Zadibal suna karewa a Imambada Zadibal. Ana ci gaba da zaman makoki daga ranar farko ta Muharram zuwa takwas ga watan Musulunci na watan Rabi al Awwal, bayan haka ana bikin Eid al Zahra, wanda aka fi sani da Eid e Shuja. Wannan ya kawo karshen zaman makoki na watanni biyu. Gini da lalata Immabara Zadibal ya lalace kuma an sake gina shi da yawa. Daga lokacin Sultan Nazuk Shah na Mirza Douglat a 1548 AD har zuwa lokacin Maharaja Ranbir Singh a 1872 AD, wannan hasken ya ƙone kusan sau goma sha ɗaya. A lokacin da aka gina Imambara Zadibal, gini ne mai ɗaukaka kuma mutane a yankin Kashmir suna alfahari da shi. Koyaya, Mirza Hyder Kashgari Douglat ya sanyawa wannan ɗakin tsafin wuta a cikin 1548 AD. Daulat Chak ya fara sake gina shi a cikin 1551. Zafar Kupawari ya sanyawa Imambara Zadibal wuta a karo na biyu a shekarar 1553. Makiyan Ahlul Baiti sun sake kona shi a lokacin mulkin Sarkin Mughal Shah Jahan. A shekarar 1682 Miladiyya, lokacin da Emperoro Aurangzeb Alamgir ke mulki, an sake cinnawa Imambara Zadibal wuta. A shekarar 1719 Miladiyya, an kona ta a karo na biyar yayin arangamar Mukhtawi Khan. Tana cin wuta a karo na shida a shekarar 1748 Miladiyya daga makiya Ahlul Baiti. Sun sake yin hakan a cikin 1763. Imambara Zadibal ya sake kamawa da wuta a watan Yunin 1801, lokacin mulkin Afghanistan a Kashmir, gab da Ashura. A watan Yulin 1830, wurin ibadar an yi kisan kiyashi lokacin da Jammu da Kashmir suke ƙarƙashin ikon Sikh. A wannan ranar, an yi wa 'yan Shi'a da yawa kisan gilla. Wannan ya faru ne a filin shakatawa na Ali da ke Zadibal ko Margibal. An sake gina Imambara Zadibal tare da taimakon kuɗi daga wani Ministan Sultan na Nasr-ud-din na Awadh. An aika wannan tallafin zuwa Haji Baqir Khan Irani, wanda ya ba da aikin sake ginin wannan ginin ga Hatim Mir. A watan Satumba na 1872, an sake cinnawa ginin wuta a ƙarƙashin mulkin Maharaja Ranbir Singh. Ya kasance Dogra mai mulkin J&K. A wannan lokacin, sarkin ya ba da taimakon kuɗi na kusan Rs. Lakhs 3 don gyara Imambara da dawo da shi yadda yake da cigaba a yanzu. Duk lokacin da dakin ibadar ya shiga cikin wuta, mabiya Annabi Muhammad da Ahlul Baiti sukan kasance masu gamsuwa ne kawai su sake gina shi gaba daya. Isar wannan wurin ibadar yana da sauki saboda yana kusa da Babbar Hanya Srinagar. Imambara tana tsakiyar Zadibal, kuma tana kusa da tafkin Khushal Sar da Hari Parbat Fort wanda yawancin mutane ke kira Qilla. Tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa ita ce tashar jirgin ƙasa ta Srinagar. Tafiyar awa ce ta mota. Filin jirgin saman Sheikh ul Alam yana da 'yan kilomitoci kaɗan daga Imambara. Hakanan ana samun sabis na taksi a cikin garin Srinagar. Sauran yanar gizo Guruwar Gado: Imambara Zadibal da Tsananta ta Pages with unreviewed translations
59015	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukpor	Ukpor	Ukpor hedikwatar karamar hukumar Nnewi ta kudu ce a jihar Anambra a kudu maso gabashin Najeriya.Ukpor yana da tarin ƙauyuka,kowanne yana fitowa daga sassa daban-daban. Ukpor an san shi ne da yanayin tsaunuka,tare da ɗaya kmdaga cikin manyan tsaunukan da aka fi sani da "Ugwu ekwensu",wanda ke nufin "tudun shaidan",wanda a halin yanzu ake kiransa Ugwuonyezuberem. A zamanin yau,duk da haka, ci gaba da tantance titin da ke ratsa wannan tudun yana rage tsayin da yake da shi na wannan kasa mai dimbin tarihi. Mutanen Ukpor sun kasance manoma ne a da.Daga baya,fitattun mazauna yankin sun zama ƴan kasuwa da yawa maza da mata. Ƙungiyar koli ta garin,Ukpor Improvement Union (UIU) ta kasance babbar ƙungiyar siyasa,zamantakewa da al'adu a cikin al'umma. Shugaban UIU na yanzu shine Cif Ignatius Nwawulu (Dara Obiekunie) daga Umu-Ehim, Umunuko,Ukpor. Nnewi South yanzu ana kiranta Mbaneri a wajen dalibanta a manyan makarantu.Mbaneri na nufin garuruwa goma a Nnewi ta Kudu,wadanda su ne Akwaihedi, Amichi, Azigbo, Ebenator,Ekwulumili, Ezinifite, Osumenyi,Ukpor, Unubi da Utuh. Asara ita ce bikin al'adu mafi girma da al'ummar Ukpor ke yi a lokaci-lokaci na shekaru goma sha biyar,ko ma ashirin. A tarihance, asalin bikin al’adu ya samo asali ne daga Ọgụ Agbaja(Yaƙin Agbaja)wanda ya kasance yaƙi tsakanin al’ummar Ukpor a ƙaramar hukumar Nnewi ta Kudu da mutanen Nnewi a ƙaramar Nnewi ta Arewa ta yanzu.Gwamnati,da mutanen Ukpor suka yi nasara,bayan sun kashe Metuh,babban jarumin Nnewi a lokacin Yakin ya samo asali ne sakamakon cin zarafi mara dalili da rashin cancanta daga Sarkin Nnewi na wancan lokacin wanda a kodayaushe yakan tilasta wa matasa maza da mata na al’ummar da ke makwabtaka da su dauki kwanaki na musamman da za su je su yi masa aiki,kuma za su je da abincinsu.da kuma ruwa,kamar yadda babu wani tanadi na wani abin sha'awa da sarki ya yi,wanda bai taba ba da lada,nishadi ko yaba ma'aikata ta kowace hanya. Don haka, sabon sarkin Ukpor da ya fito a wancan lokacin ya ƙudurta ba zai taɓa jurewa ba face kawo ƙarshen irin wannan ta'asar ta ɗan adam har abada; don haka ya bayar da umarnin yin Allah wadai da haramta hakan. Wannan ya harzuka Sarkin Nnewi, da ya yi shelar yaki da wadannan al'ummomi da ke makwabtaka da su saboda abin da suka aikata wanda ya kira 'yan tawaye'; kuma sun fara yakin ne da al’ummarsu mafi kusa wato Ukpor a yau, wacce ta riga ta riga ta hada kai tare da tsara dabarun yaki da kauyuka tara da suka hada da Ekweteghete, kasancewar sunan gamayya na kauyuka tara da aka yi wa aikin dole na dole ba a biya su ba. . A cikin murnar wannan nasara da Ukpor ya rubuta a yakin Agbaja ne sarki na lokacin (Eze Obiukwu) ya yanke shawarar kashe saniya ga jama'a tare da yin kira ga murna; da sauran kauyukan da suka yi nasara suka 'buga kirji' suka yanke shawarar cewa suma za su kawo nasu shanun, sannan aka zagaya su a zagaye daf da filin kauyen, da nufin sanin wane kauye ne ya zo da babbar saniya. An kashe waɗannan shanun kuma aka yi amfani da su don jin daɗi wanda a lokacin ake kira 'Asara', wanda ya fito daga kalmar Igbo'-'wanda ke nuna jin daɗi. A cikin Ukpor, lokacin damina yana da dumi, zalunci, da kifewa kuma lokacin rani yana da zafi, mai ɗimbin yawa, kuma wani ɓangare na gajimare. A tsawon shekara, yawan zafin jiki ya bambanta daga 67 °F zuwa 88 °F kuma ba kasa da 59 ba °F ko sama da 91 °F. Ya baTasirin ambaliya Al’umma sun kashe duk abin da suke da shi tare da yin namijin kokari wajen ganin an shawo kan matsalar zaizayar kasa da ke raba al’umma baki daya a halin yanzu ba tare da wata fa’ida ba. Fitattun mutane Mbazulike Amaechi – Marubuci, dan siyasa kuma masanin ilimi, shugaban majalisar dattawan Najeriya na biyu (16, 1960 zuwa 15 ga Janairu, 1966) da kuma mukaddashin shugaban kasar Najeriya , tsohon ministan sufurin jiragen sama, a jamhuriya ta farko. Najeriya. Obiageli Ezekwesili – Fitacciyar ‘yar Najeriya kuma tsohuwar ministar ilimi/tsohuwar ministar ma’adanai ta kasa. Cif Gabriel Akachukwu Okeke - Daga cikin shugabannin kungiyar da suka yi tasiri a kowane lokaci. Wanda mutanen zamaninsa suka kira shi Gab Okeke, ya kasance babban sakataren kungiyar na tsawon shekaru 26 daga 1961 zuwa 1987. Climate change Natural disasters Effects of climate change
6125	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried%20Wilhelm%20Leibniz	Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz	Gottfried Leibniz, (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June – 14 Nuwamban 1716) wani shahararren dan kasar Jamus ne, masanin lissafi, masanin falsafa, masanin kimiyya, kuma jami'in diflomasiyya. Ya shahara a fannin Tarihin Falsafa da kuma Tarihin lissafi. Ya rubuta littattafai da dama a kan Falsafa, theology, kyawawan dabi'u, siyasa, shari'a, tarihi da kuma nazarin tarin harsuna (philology). Har wayau, Leibniz ya bada gudummarsa a physics da kuma takanolaji, kuma ya kalubalanci ayyuka da dama da suka hada da probability theory, kimiyyar halittu (biology), kimiyyar magunguna (medicine), kimiyyar duniya, duwatsu da sammai (geology), kimiyyar mu'amala da kwakwalwa (psychology), kimiyyar harsuna (linguistic), da kuma kimiyyar na'ura mai kwakwalwa (computer science). Bugu da kari, ya bada gudummawarsa a fannin kimiyyar laburare (library science). Gudummawowin da Leibniz ya ba da a dumbin darussa da dama na nan watse acikin kundi iri-iri, acikin dumbin dubunnan haruffa da kuma rubuce rubuce wanda ba'a wallafa su ba. Yayi rubuce-rubucen a harsuna da dama musaman a harsuna Latin, Faransanci da kuma Jamusanci. A fannin falsafa kuwa, shi wakili ne na gaba a ra'ayoyin rationalism da idealism na karni na 17. A matsayinsa na masanin lissafi, muhimman nasarorinsa sun kasance a wajen bunkasa ra'ayin differential da integral calculus, daban da abunda Isaac Newton ya gano a can baya. Masana lissafi da dama sunyi amanna da ra'ayoyin Leibniz a matsayin ra'ayin da yafi dacewa da lissafin calculus. A fannin falsafa da theology, Leibniz yayi fice ta fuskar fata mai kyau, shine; a mukaddimarsa cewa, duniyarmu ta cika iya hankali, duniyar da watakila tafi kowacce duniya da ubangiji ya halitta - Best of all possible worlds, ra'ayin da wasu masana suke suka, irinsu Voltaire, acikin littafansa kamar Candide. Leibniz, tare da René Descartes da Baruch Spinoza sune mutane uku da sukafi kowa tasiri a ra'ayin falsafar rationalism. Ayyukan Leibniz, sun kalubalance ra'ayoyi na zamani, sannan sunyi tasiri sosai akan ra'ayoyin zamunan baya na falsafar analytic philosophy, misali yadda akayi amfani da ma'anar "possible world" a wajen bayanin ra'ayoyin Modality. Tarihin Rayuwarsa An haifi Gottfried Leibniz a ranar 1 ga watan Julin 1 1646, a karshe karshen Thrity Years War, a garin Leipzig, ga iyaye Friedrich Leibniz da Catharina Schmuck. Iyayensa sun kasance 'yan asalin kudancin Serbia ne wato Lusatian Serbs. Mahaifinsa Friedrich ya rubuta acikin kundin iyalisa cewa A ranar Lahadi, 21 ga watan June [NS: 1 July] 1646 ne, aka haifi dana Gottfried Wilhelm, da misalin karfe bakwai saura kwata na yamma, a garin Aquarius. Anyi wa Leibniz baptiza a ranar 3 ga watan Yulin wannan shekarar, a Cocin St. Nicholas, Leipzig; uban gidansa shine Martin Geier. Mahaifinsa ya rasu a lokacin yana da shekaru shida a duniya, tun daga nan, mahaifiyarsa ce ta cigaba da kula da shi. Mahaifin Leibniz ya kasance Farfesa a fannin Falfasar Kyawawan dabi'u, a Jami'ar Leipzig, sannan daga bisani ya gaji laburarin mahaifinsa. An bashi damar ziyartar wurin karatun daga lokacin da ya kai shekaru bakwai, hakan ya bashi damar samun dumbin ilimin falsafa na musamman wanda ba don haka ba, da ba zai iya samun wannan ilimi ba, har sai ya kai lokacin shiga kwaleji. Haka zalika, wannan laburare na mahaifinsa, wanda akasarin littattafan da Latin suke, sun bai wa Leibniz damar lakantar harshen Latin tun yana dan shekaru 12, a lokacain da ya kai shekaru sha uku, ya hardashe baituka 300 na harshen Latin da safe don wani taro na musamman a makarantarsu. Acikin watan Aprelun 1661, ya shiga jami'ar da mahaifinsa yayi a lokacin yana da shekaru 14, kuma ya kammala digirinsa a fannin Falsafa a cikin watan Dicemban 1662. A cikin shekarar 1666, Leibniz ya rubuta littafinsa na farko mai suna De Arte Combinatoria (akan fasahar Combinatorial Art) a lokacin yana da shekaru 19, wanda sashin littafin na farko ya kasance akan bincike da yayi yayin kammala digiri na biyu, kuma ya kare hujjojin binciken acikin watan March shekarar 1666. Burin Leibniz na gaba shine ya karbi lasisin sa da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin Shari'a, wanda hakan yana daukar shekaru uku kafin a gama. Acikin shekarar 1966, Jami'ar Leipzig ta ki amincewa da bukatarsa na fara karatun daktanci a fannin shari'a, ga dukkan alamu saboda kananun shekarun sa, daga karshe Leibniz ya bar Leipzig. Daga nan Leibniz ya shiga Jami'ar Altdorf, sannan yayi gaggawar bada bincikensa na thesis, wanda watakila, ya fara aiki a kansa tun yana Leipzig. Taken wannan bincike nasa shine: Disputatio Inauguralis de Casibus Perplexis in Jure(Inaugural Disputation on Ambiguous Legal Cases). Leibniz ya samu lasisin gidanar da shari'a kuma ya sama digirin digirgir a cikin watan Nuwamban 1666. Sannan ya ki amsar aiki a Jami'ar Altdorf, cewa; "zuciya ta ta karkata zuwa wani wajen ne". A yayin da ya zama baligi, Leibniz ya kasance yana kiran kansa da "Gottfried von Leibniz". Mutane da dama sun wallafa littattafansu tare da sunan shi kamar haka; "Freiherr G. W. von Leibniz." Mukamin Leibniz na farko wani aiki ne wanda ake biyanshi albashi a wata kungiyar falsafar Alchemy da ke Nuremberg. Ya san kadan ne game da wannan fanni amma ya fara a matsayin mai koyo haikan. Nan da nan ya hadu da Johann Christian von Boyneburg , tsohon babban ministan na Elector na Mainz, Johann Philipp von Schönborn. Von Boyneburg ya dauki Leibniz a matsayin mataimakinsa, sannan daga bisani ya gabatar dashi ga Elector. A cikin shekarar 1669, an nada Leibniz a matsayin mai duba shari'u a kotun daukaka kara. Duk da cewa von Boyneburg ya mutu a shekarar 1672, Leibniz ya cigaba da aiki a karkashin tsohuwar matar sa har lokacin da ta sallame shi a shekarar 1674. Leibniz ya mutu a garin Hanover a shekarar 1716. A wannan lokacin ya rasa kiransa wanda har ta kai ga cewa George I (wanda ke kusa da garin Hanover a wancan lokacin) ko kuma wani ma'aikacin kotu sai dai sakatarensa ne suka halarci jana'izarsa. Duk da cewa Leibniz ya kasance member na Royal Society da kuma Berlin Academy of Sciences, babu daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka ga ya dace su girmama mutuwarsa. Kabarinsa ya dade ba'ai masa alama ba na tsawon shekaru 50. Amma Fontenelle ya kambama (girmama) shi, a gaban French Academy of Sciences, wanda hakan yasa ya zamo mamba na kasar waje shekarar 1700. Wannan girmamawa ya zo ne ta umurnin Duchess of Orleans, wacce ta kasance 'ya ga Electress Sophia. Leibniz bai taba aure ba. Ya kasance yana yawa kukan rashin kudi, amma ya bar wasu gadon abinda ya bari ga agolan kanwarsa. A lokacinda yake rike da mukamin diflomasiyya, Leibniz ya kasance mara mutunci a harkokinsa, wanda hakan ba sabon abu bane ga kwararrun ma'aikatan diflomasiyya na lokacin. A lokuta da dama, Leibniz ya sauya shekaru kuma ya canza ayyuka na kusa da dama, wannan yanayi ya janyo masa bakin jini a lokacin rikicin calclus - calculus controversy. Mutum ne mai farin jini, kuma ba mutum ne mai hangen nesa da sanin ya kamata. Yana da abokai da masu son shi a duk fadin Turai. Ana ganinsa a matsayin mabiyin tafarkin kiristanci na Protestant kuma philosophical theist - (wato wanda ya yarda cewa akwai Allah). Leibniz ya wanzu yana rike da addinin Kiristanci na Ubangiji uku. Zababbun ayyukansa Shekarun da aka lissafo, shekaru ne da aka kammala ayyukan, ba wai daidai lokacin fara ayyukan ba. 1666 (publ. 1690). De Arte Combinatoria (On the Art of Combination); partially translated in Loemker §1 and Parkinson 1667. Nova Methodus Discendae Docendaeque Iurisprudentiae (A New Method for Learning and Teaching Jurisprudence) 1667. "Dialogus de connexione inter res et verba" 1671. Hypothesis Physica Nova (New Physical Hypothesis); Loemker §8.I (part) 1673 Confessio philosophi (A Philosopher's Creed); an English translation is available online. Oct. 1684. "Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis" ("Meditations on Knowledge, Truth, and Ideas") Nov. 1684. "Nova methodus pro maximis et minimis" ("New method for maximums and minimums"); translated in Struik, D. J., 1969. A Source Book in Mathematics, 1200–1800. Harvard University Press: 271–81. 1686. Discours de métaphysique; Martin and Brown , Ariew and Garber 35, Loemker §35, Wiener III.3, Woolhouse and Francks 1 1686. Generales inquisitiones de analysi notionum et veritatum (General Inquiries About the Analysis of Concepts and of Truths) 1694. "De primae philosophiae Emendatione, et de Notione Substantiae" ("On the Correction of First Philosophy and the Notion of Substance") 1695. Système nouveau de la nature et de la communication des substances (New System of Nature) 1700. Accessiones historicae 1703. "Explication de l'Arithmétique Binaire" ("Explanation of Binary Arithmetic"); Carl Immanuel Gerhardt, Mathematical Writings VII.223. An English translation by Lloyd Strickland is available online. 1704 (publ. 1765). Nouveaux essais sur l'entendement humain. Translated in: Remnant, Peter, and Bennett, Jonathan, trans., 1996. New Essays on Human Understanding Langley translation 1896. Cambridge University Press. Wiener III.6 (part) 1707–1710. Scriptores rerum Brunsvicensium (3 Vols.) 1710. Théodicée; Farrer, A. M., and Huggard, E. M., trans., 1985 . Wiener III.11 (part). An English translation is available online at Project Gutenberg. 1714. "Principes de la nature et de la Grâce fondés en raison" 1714. Monadologie; translated by Nicholas Rescher, 1991. The Monadology: An Edition for Students. University of Pittsburgh Press. Ariew and Garber 213, Loemker §67, Wiener III.13, Woolhouse and Francks 19. An English translation by Robert Latta is available online. Ayyukan bayan mutuwarsa 1717. Collectanea Etymologica, edited by the secretary of Leibniz Johann Georg von Eckhart 1749. Protogaea 1750. Origines Guelficae Tarin ayyukansa Muhimman ayyukansa guda shida a harshen Turanci sune: Wiener , Parkinson , Loemker , Ariew & Garber , Woolhouse & Francks , & Strickland . Rubutun Leibniz da ake kan gyarawa a yanzu shine Sämtliche Schriften und Briefe. Cigaba da Duba General Leibniz rule Leibniz Association Leibniz operator List of German inventors and discoverers List of pioneers in computer science List of things named after Gottfried Leibniz Mathesis universalis Scientific revolution Leibniz University Hannover Bartholomew Des Bosses Joachim Bouvet Outline of Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz bibliography Leibniz himself never attached von to his name and was never actually ennobled. Sometimes spelled Leibnitz. Pronunciation: /laɪbnɪts/ LYBE-nits, German: [ɡɔtfʁit vɪlhɛlm laɪbnɪts] (listen) or German: [laɪpnɪts] (listen); French: Godefroi Guillaume Leibnitz [ɡɔdfʁwa ɡijom lɛbnits]. There is no complete gathering of the writings of Leibniz translated into English. 'Yan lissafin Jamus 'Yan falsafan Jamus
29288	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciwon%20Daji%20Epigenetics	Ciwon Daji Epigenetics	Ciwon daji epigenetics shine nazarin gyare-gyaren epigenetic zuwa DNA na kwayoyin cutar kansa wanda ba ya haɗa da canji a cikin jerin nucleotide, amma a maimakon haka ya haɗa da canji a yadda aka bayyana lambar kwayoyin halitta. Hanyoyin Epigenetic suna da mahimmanci don kula da jerin al'ada na takamaiman maganganun kwayoyin halitta na nama kuma suna da mahimmanci don ci gaba na al'ada. Wataƙila suna da mahimmanci, ko ma mafi mahimmanci, fiye da maye gurbin kwayoyin halitta a cikin canjin tantanin halitta zuwa kansa. Rikicin hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji, na iya haifar da asarar bayyanar kwayoyin halittar da ke faruwa kusan sau 10 akai-akai ta hanyar yin shiru na rubutu (wanda ya haifar da haɓakar epigenetic hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG ) fiye da maye gurbi. Kamar yadda Vogelstein et al. nuna, a cikin ciwon daji na launin fata yawanci ana samun kusan maye gurbin direba 3 zuwa 6 da 33 zuwa 66 hitchhiker ko maye gurbin fasinja. Duk da haka, a cikin ciwace-ciwacen hanji idan aka kwatanta da kusa da mucosa na al'ada na al'ada, akwai kimanin 600 zuwa 800 tsibiran methylated CpG a cikin masu inganta kwayoyin halitta a cikin ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayoyi yayin da waɗannan tsibiran CpG ba su da methylated a cikin mucosa kusa. Yin amfani da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yana kuma riƙe da babban alƙawari don rigakafin ciwon daji, ganowa, da jiyya. A cikin nau'ikan ciwon daji daban-daban, nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan epigenetic na iya rikicewa, kamar yin shiru na ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari da kunna oncogenes ta hanyar canza tsarin methylation na tsibirin CpG, gyare-gyaren histone, da dysregulation na sunadaran ɗaurin DNA. Ana amfani da magunguna da yawa waɗanda ke da tasirin epigenetic yanzu a yawancin waɗannan cututtuka. DNA methylation A cikin sel somatic, tsarin DNA methylation gabaɗaya ana watsa su zuwa sel 'ya'ya masu aminci. Yawanci, wannan methylation yana faruwa ne kawai a cytosines waɗanda suke 5' zuwa guanosine a cikin CpG dinucleotides na eukaryotes mafi girma. Koyaya, methylation DNA na epigenetic ya bambanta tsakanin ƙwayoyin al'ada da ƙwayoyin ƙari a cikin mutane. Bayanan martaba na "al'ada" CpG methylation galibi ana jujjuya su a cikin sel waɗanda suka zama tumorigenic. A cikin sel na al'ada, tsibiran CpG da ke gaba da masu tallata kwayoyin halitta gabaɗaya ba su da ƙarfi, kuma suna yin aiki ta hanyar rubutawa, yayin da sauran CpG dinucleotides ɗin kowane mutum a cikin kwayar halitta yakan zama methylated. Koyaya, a cikin ƙwayoyin cutar kansa, tsibiran CpG waɗanda ke gaba da masu hana ƙwayoyin cuta ƙwayoyin cuta galibi suna hypermethylated, yayin da CpG methylation na yankuna masu haɓaka oncogene da jerin maimaita parasitic galibi suna raguwa. Hypermethylation na yankuna masu hana ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta na iya haifar da yin shuru ga waɗannan ƙwayoyin. Irin wannan maye gurbi na epigenetic yana ba da damar sel suyi girma da kuma haifuwa ba tare da kulawa ba, yana haifar da tumorigenesis. Ƙarin ƙungiyoyin methyl zuwa cytosines yana haifar da DNA don yin murɗawa kusa da sunadaran histone, wanda ke haifar da DNA wanda ba zai iya jujjuya rubutu ba (DNA da aka yi shiru). Kwayoyin halittar da aka saba da su don yin shuru a rubuce saboda masu haɓaka hypermethylation sun haɗa da: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p16, mai hana sake zagayowar tantanin halitta; MGMT, kwayar gyaran DNA ; APC, mai kula da zagayawa; MLH1, kwayar halittar DNA-gyaran; da BRCA1, wani DNA-gyaran kwayoyin halitta. Lallai, ƙwayoyin kansa na iya zama masu sha'awar yin shuru na rubutu, saboda mai haɓaka hypermethylation, na wasu mahimman ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wani tsari da aka sani da jarabar epigenetic. Hypomethylation na CpG dinucleotides a cikin sauran sassan kwayoyin halitta yana haifar da rashin zaman lafiyar chromosome saboda hanyoyin kamar asarar bugawa da sake kunna abubuwa masu iya canzawa . Rashin buguwar kwayar halitta mai girma kamar insulin (IGF2) yana ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji na launin fata kuma yana da alaƙa da ciwon Beckwith-Wiedemann wanda ke ƙara haɗarin ciwon daji ga jarirai. A cikin sel lafiya, CpG dinucleotides na ƙananan yawa ana samun su a cikin coding da kuma wuraren da ba sa coding intergenic. Bayanin wasu jerin maimaitawa da sake haduwar meiotic a centromeres ana murƙushe su ta hanyar methylation Dukkanin kwayoyin halitta na kwayar cutar kansa ya ƙunshi ƙarancin methylcytosine fiye da kwayar halitta mai lafiya. A gaskiya ma, kwayoyin cutar kansa suna da 20-50% kasa da methylation a kowane CpG dinucleotides a fadin kwayoyin halitta. Tsibirin CpG da aka samu a yankuna masu tallatawa galibi ana kiyaye su daga DNA methylation. A cikin ƙwayoyin kansa tsibiran CpG tsibiran suna hypomethylated Yankunan da ke gefen tsibiran CpG da ake kira tsibirin tsibirin CpG sune inda yawancin methylation na DNA ke faruwa a cikin mahallin CpG dinucleotide. Kwayoyin ciwon daji suna da methylated ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba a tsibirin CpG. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, hypermethylation a cikin tsibirin CpG tsibirin suna motsawa zuwa tsibiran CpG, ko hypomethylation na tsibiran CpG suna motsawa zuwa tsibirin CpG tsibiri suna kawar da iyakokin epigenetic tsakanin waɗannan abubuwan halitta. A cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa "hypomethylation na duniya" saboda rushewa a cikin DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) na iya haɓaka haɓakar mitotic da sake tsarawa na chromosome, a ƙarshe yana haifar da aneuploidy lokacin da chromosomes suka kasa rabuwa da kyau yayin mitosis . CpG tsibirin methylation yana da mahimmanci a cikin tsarin maganganun kwayoyin halitta, duk da haka cytosine methylation na iya haifar da kai tsaye zuwa lalata maye gurbi da yanayin salon salula na farko. Methylated cytosines suna sa hydrolysis na rukunin aminin da jujjuyawar kai tsaye zuwa thymine ya fi dacewa. Suna iya haifar da ɗaukar ma'aikata na furotin chromatin . Cytosine methylations yana canza adadin hasken UV na tushen nucleotide, haifar da dimers pyrimidine . Lokacin da maye gurbi ya haifar da asarar heterozygosity a rukunin yanar gizon masu hana ƙari ya kasan ce shi ne waɗannan kwayoyin halitta na iya zama marasa aiki. Maye gurbi guda ɗaya na tushe yayin kwafi shima yana iya yin illa. Gyaran tarihi Eukaryotic DNA yana da hadadden tsari. Gabaɗaya an naɗe shi da sunadaran sunadaran da ake kira histones don samar da wani tsari da ake kira nucleosome . A nucleosome kunshi 2 sets na 4 tarihi: H2A, H2B, H3, da H4 . Bugu da ƙari, histone H1 yana ba da gudummawa ga tattarawar DNA a waje da nucleosome. Wasu gyare-gyaren enzymes na histone na iya ƙarawa ko cire ƙungiyoyi masu aiki zuwa histones, kuma waɗannan gyare-gyare suna tasiri matakin rubutun kwayoyin halitta da aka nannade a kusa da waɗancan tarihin da matakin kwafin DNA. Bayanan bayanan gyare-gyare na tarihi na ƙwayoyin lafiya da masu ciwon daji sun bambanta. Idan aka kwatanta da ƙwayoyin lafiya, ƙwayoyin daji suna nuna raguwar nau'ikan histone H4 da monoacetylated (raguwar H4ac da H4me3). Bugu da ƙari, ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta sun nuna cewa raguwa a cikin histone H4R3 asymmetric dimethylation (H4R3me2a) na p19ARF mai gabatarwa yana da alaƙa tare da ƙarin ci gaba na ciwon daji da metastasis. A cikin ƙirar linzamin kwamfuta, asarar histone H4 acetylation da trimethylation yana ƙaruwa yayin da ci gaban ƙwayar cuta ke ci gaba. Asarar histone H4 Lysine 16 acetylation ( H4K16ac ), wanda shine alamar tsufa a telomeres, musamman ya rasa acetylation. Wasu masana kimiyya suna fatan wannan asarar ta musamman na histone acetylation na iya yin yaƙi tare da mai hana histone deacetylase (HDAC) na musamman don SIRT1, HDAC na musamman don H4K16. Sauran alamomin tarihin da ke hade da tumorigenesis sun hada da ƙarar deacetylation (raguwar acetylation) na histones H3 da H4, rage trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 4 ( H3K4me3 ), da kuma ƙara monomethylation na histone H3 Lysine 9 ( H3K9me ) da kuma trimethylation na histone H3 Lysine 27me H3 Lysine 27 ( H3 . ). shi ne Waɗannan gyare-gyaren tarihi na iya yin shiru da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari duk da raguwar methylation na tsibirin CpG na kwayoyin halitta (wani al'amari da yakan kunna kwayoyin halitta). Wasu bincike sun mayar da hankali kan toshe aikin BRD4 a kan acetylated histones, wanda aka nuna don ƙara yawan bayyanar da furotin Myc, wanda ke da alaka da ciwon daji da yawa. Tsarin ci gaba na miyagun ƙwayoyi don ɗaure zuwa BRD4 abin lura ne ga haɗin gwiwa, buɗe hanyar da ƙungiyar ke ɗauka. Mai hana ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ta p53 tana daidaita gyaran DNA kuma yana iya haifar da apoptosis a cikin ƙwayoyin da aka lalata. E Soto-Reyes da F Recillas-Targa sun bayyana mahimmancin furotin CTCF a cikin daidaita maganganun p53. CTCF, ko CCCTC daure factor, shine furotin yatsa na zinc wanda ke hana mai tallata p53 daga tara alamun tarihin danniya. A cikin wasu nau'ikan kwayoyin cutar kansa, furotin CTCF ba ya ɗaure kullum, kuma mai haɓaka p53 yana tara alamomin tarihi masu tsauri, yana haifar da bayyanar p53 don ragewa. Maye gurbi a cikin na'urar epigenetic kanta na iya faruwa kuma, mai yuwuwar alhakin canza bayanan martaba na sel masu ciwon daji. Bambance-bambancen tarihi na dangin H2A ana kiyaye su sosai a cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita yawancin hanyoyin nukiliya ta hanyar canza tsarin chromatin . Ɗayan maɓalli na H2A, H2A. X, yana nuna lalacewar DNA, yana sauƙaƙe ɗaukar sunadaran gyaran DNA don maido da amincin genomic. Wani bambance-bambancen, H2A. Z, yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a duka kunna kwayoyin halitta da danniya. Babban darajar H2A. Ana gano furcin Z a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa kuma yana da alaƙa da haɓakar salon salula da rashin kwanciyar hankali. Bambancin macroH2A1 na tarihi yana da mahimmanci a cikin cututtukan cututtukan daji da yawa, misali a cikin ciwon hanta. Sauran hanyoyin sun haɗa da raguwa a cikin H4K16ac na iya haifar da ko dai raguwar ayyukan histone acetyltransferases (HATs) ko karuwa a deacetylation ta SIRT1. Hakazalika, maye gurbin frameshift wanda ba ya aiki a cikin HDAC2, histone deacetylase wanda ke aiki akan yawancin lysines na histone-tail, an hade shi da ciwon daji da ke nuna sauye-sauyen tsarin acetylation na histone. Wadannan binciken suna nuna wani tsari mai ban sha'awa don canza bayanan martaba na epigenetic ta hanyar hana enzymatic ko haɓakawa. DNA lalacewa, lalacewa ta hanyar UV haske, ionizing radiation, muhalli guba, da kuma na rayuwa sinadarai, kuma zai iya haifar da genomic rashin zaman lafiya da kuma ciwon daji. Amsar lalacewa ta DNA zuwa ga karyawar DNA mai madauri biyu (DSB) ana yin sulhu a sashi ta gyare-gyaren tarihi. A DSB, MRE11 - RAD50 - NBS1 (MRN) hadaddun sunadaran suna ɗaukar ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase wanda phosphorylates Serine 129 na Histone 2A. MDC1, matsakanci na wurin binciken lalacewar DNA 1, yana ɗaure ga phosphopeptide, da phosphorylation na H2AX na iya yaduwa ta hanyar madaidaicin ra'ayi na daukar ma'aikata na MRN-ATM da phosphorylation. TIP60 acetylates da H2AX, wanda aka sanya polyubiquitylated . RAP80, wani ɓangare na DNA na gyaran ƙwayar nono nau'in ciwon nono na nau'in 1 mai saukin kamuwa da furotin ( BRCA1 -A), yana ɗaure ubiquitin da aka haɗe zuwa histones. BRCA1-Aiki yana kama da sake zagayowar tantanin halitta a wurin bincike na G2/M, ba da damar lokaci don gyara DNA, ko apoptosis na iya farawa. MicroRNA gene yin shiru A cikin dabbobi masu shayarwa, microRNAs (miRNAs), ya kasan ce suna daidaita kusan kashi 60% na ayyukan rufaffiyar kwayoyin halitta masu rufaffen furotin. Wasu miRNA kuma suna yin shuru mai alaƙa da methylation a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Let-7 da miR15/16 suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daidaita RAS da BCL2 oncogenes, kuma shirunsu yana faruwa a cikin ƙwayoyin kansa. Rage magana na miR-125b1, miRNA mai aiki azaman mai hana ƙari, an lura dashi a cikin prostate, ovarian, nono da glial cell cancers. Gwaje-gwajen in vitro sun nuna cewa miR-125b1 yana kaiwa ga kwayoyin halitta guda biyu, HER2/neu da ESR1, waɗanda ke da alaƙa da ciwon nono. DNA methylation, musamman hypermethylation, yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da miR-125b1 aka rufe shi ta asali. A cikin marasa lafiya da ciwon nono, an lura da hypermethylation na tsibiran CpG da ke kusa da wurin fara rubutun. Asarar ɗaurin CTCF da haɓaka alamomin tarihi masu dannewa, H3K9me3 da H3K27me3, sun yi daidai da DNA methylation da shiru na miR-125b1. Ta hanyar injiniyanci, CTCF na iya aiki azaman yanki mai iyaka don dakatar da yaduwar DNA methylation. Sakamako daga gwaje-gwajen da Soto-Reyes et al. yana kuma nuna mummunan sakamako na methylation akan aiki da magana na miR-125b1. Saboda haka, sun yanke shawarar cewa DNA methylation yana da wani ɓangare na yin shiru da kwayar halitta. Bugu da ƙari, wasu miRNA's an rufe su da wuri da wuri a cikin ciwon nono, sabili da haka waɗannan miRNA na iya zama da amfani azaman alamun ƙari. kuma Yin shiru na epigenetic na kwayoyin miRNA ta hanyar DNA methylation aberrant wani lamari ne akai-akai a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa; Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na masu tallata miRNA masu aiki a cikin ƙwayoyin mammary na yau da kullun an sami hypermethylated a cikin ƙwayoyin kansar nono - wannan shine ninki da yawa fiye da yadda aka saba gani akan ƙwayoyin furotin. Metabolic recoding na epigenetics a cikin ciwon daji Dysregulation na metabolism yana ba da damar ƙwayoyin tumo don samar da tubalan ginin da ake buƙata da kuma daidaita alamun epigenetic don tallafawa farawa da ci gaba da ciwon daji. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke haifar da ciwon daji yana canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic, musamman gyare-gyare akan histones da DNA, don haka inganta canji mara kyau, daidaitawa ga rashin isasshen abinci mai gina jiki, da metastasis. Tarin wasu metabolites a cikin ciwon daji na iya kai hari ga enzymes na epigenetic don canza yanayin yanayin epigenetic a duniya. Canje-canje na rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da ciwon daji yana haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun wuraren sake canza alamun epigenetic. Ciwon daji epigenetics za a iya daidaita daidai da salon salula metabolism ta hanyar 1) kashi-amsa modulation na ciwon daji epigenetics ta metabolites; 2) takamaiman takamaiman ɗaukar aikin enzymes na rayuwa; da 3) niyya na Epigenetic enzymes ta hanyar siginar abinci mai gina jiki. MicroRNA da gyaran DNA Lalacewar DNA ya bayyana shine babban dalilin cutar kansa. Idan gyaran DNA ya yi karanci, lalacewar DNA tana son taruwa. Irin wannan ɓarna na DNA da yawa na iya ƙara kurakuran maye gurbi yayin kwafin DNA saboda haɗakar fassarar kuskure. Lalacewar DNA ta wuce gona da iri na iya ƙara sauye-sauyen epigenetic saboda kurakurai yayin gyaran DNA. Irin wannan maye gurbi da sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya haifar da ciwon daji (duba m neoplasms ). Canje-canjen layin ƙwayoyin ƙwayar cuta a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyarawa yana haifar da kashi 2-5 cikin ɗari kawai na cututtukan ciwon hanji . Koyaya, canza yanayin magana na microRNAs, yana haifar da raunin gyaran DNA, akai-akai ana danganta su da ciwon daji kuma yana iya zama muhimmiyar sanadin cutar kansa. Yin wuce gona da iri na wasu miRNA na iya rage bayyana takamaiman sunadaran gyaran DNA kai tsaye. Wan et al. ana magana da kwayoyin halittar DNA guda 6 waɗanda miRNA suka yi niyya kai tsaye a cikin baka: ATM (miR-421), RAD52 (miR-210, miR-373), RAD23B (miR-373), MSH2 (miR-21). ), BRCA1 (miR-182) da P53 (miR-504, miR-125b). Kwanan nan, Tessitore et al. ya jera ƙarin ƙwayoyin gyaran DNA waɗanda ƙarin miRNAs ke niyya kai tsaye, gami da ATM (miR-18a, miR-101), DNA-PK (miR-101), ATR (miR-185), Wip1 (miR-16), MLH1, MSH2 da MSH6 (miR-155), ERCC3 da ERCC4 (miR-192) da UNG2 (mir-16, miR-34c da miR-199a). Daga cikin waɗannan miRNAs, miR-16, miR-18a, miR-21, miR-34c, miR-125b, miR-101, miR-155, miR-182, miR-185 da miR-192 suna cikin waɗanda Schnekenburger ya gano da kuma Diederich kamar yadda aka yi yawa a cikin ciwon daji ta hanji ta hanyar epigenetic hypomethylation. Bayan bayyanar kowane ɗayan waɗannan miRNAs na iya haifar da raguwar bayyanar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin da ta ke niyya. Har zuwa 15% na ƙarancin MLH1 -rauni a cikin cututtukan daji na hanji na lokaci-lokaci ya bayyana saboda wuce gona da iri na microRNA miR-155, wanda ke danne furcin MLH1. Duk da haka, yawancin cututtukan daji na hanji 68 da aka rage tare da rage bayanin furotin MLH1 na rashin daidaituwa na DNA an gano cewa sun yi kasala saboda methylation na epigenetic na tsibirin CpG na MLH1 . A cikin 28% na glioblastomas, furotin gyaran DNA na MGMT ya gaza amma mai tallata MGMT ba methylated bane. A cikin glioblastomas ba tare da methylated MGMT masu tallata ba, matakin microRNA miR-181d yana da alaƙa da alaƙa da bayanin furotin na MGMT kuma makasudin miR-181d kai tsaye shine MGMT mRNA 3'UTR ( yankin MGMT mRNA mafi girma uku da ba a fassara shi ba ). Don haka, a cikin kashi 28% na glioblastomas, ƙara yawan magana na miR-181d da rage maganganun gyaran enzyme MGMT na iya zama sanadi. A cikin 29-66% na glioblastomas, gyaran DNA yana da kasawa saboda epigenetic methylation na kwayar <i id="mwAUs">MGMT</i>, wanda ya rage bayanin furotin na MGMT. Babban ƙungiyoyin motsi A ( HMGA ), sunadaran sunadaran AT-ƙugiya, ƙanana ne, nonhistone, sunadarai masu alaƙa da chromatin waɗanda zasu iya canza rubutun. MicroRNAs suna sarrafa bayanin sunadaran HMGA, kuma waɗannan sunadaran ( HMGA1 da HMGA2 ) abubuwa ne masu sarrafa rubutun chromatin na gine-gine. Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa, a cikin kyallen takarda na al'ada, kwayoyin HGMA1 da HMGA2 an yi niyya (kuma saboda haka an rage su sosai a cikin magana) ta miR-15, miR-16, miR-26a, miR-196a2 da Let-7a . Maganar HMGA kusan ba a iya gano shi a cikin bambance-bambancen kyallen jikin manya amma yana da girma a cikin cututtukan daji da yawa. Sunadaran HGMA polypeptides ne na ~ 100 ragowar amino acid wanda ke da tsarin tsari na zamani. Waɗannan sunadaran suna da yankuna uku masu inganci masu inganci, waɗanda ake kira AT hooks, waɗanda ke ɗaure ƙaramin tsagi na DNA mai arzikin AT a cikin takamaiman yankuna na DNA. Neoplasias na ɗan adam, ciki har da thyroid, prostatic, mahaifa, colorectal, pancreatic da ovarian carcinoma, suna nuna karuwa mai karfi na HMGA1a da HMGA1b sunadaran. Mice masu canzawa tare da HMGA1 da aka yi niyya ga ƙwayoyin lymphoid suna haɓaka lymphoma mai ƙarfi, yana nuna cewa babban HMGA1 magana ba kawai yana da alaƙa da ciwon daji ba, amma cewa HMGA1 na iya aiki azaman oncogene don haifar da ciwon daji. Baldassarre et al., ya nuna cewa sunadaran HMGA1 yana ɗaure zuwa yankin mai talla na DNA gyara gene BRCA1 kuma yana hana ayyukan mai gabatarwa BRCA1 . Sun kuma nuna cewa yayin da kawai 11% na ciwace-ciwacen nono ke da hypermethylation na BRCA1 gene, 82% na ciwon nono mai tsanani yana da ƙananan furotin na BRCA1, kuma yawancin waɗannan raguwa sun kasance saboda gyaran chromatin ta hanyar manyan matakan furotin HMGA1. HMGA2 furotin na musamman yana kai hari ga mai tallata ERCC1, don haka rage bayyanar da wannan kwayar cutar ta DNA. Maganganun furotin na ERCC1 ya gaza a cikin 100% na 47 da aka kimanta ciwon daji na hanji (ko da yake ba a san iyakar abin da HGMA2 ke ciki ba). Palmieri et al. ya nuna cewa kowanne daga cikin miRNAs da ke hari kwayoyin HMGA sun ragu sosai a kusan dukkanin adenoma pituitary ɗan adam da aka yi nazari, idan aka kwatanta da glandan pituitary na yau da kullun. Daidai da ƙaƙƙarfan ƙa'ida na waɗannan miRNAs masu niyya HMGA, an sami haɓaka a cikin HMGA1 da takamaiman mRNAs na HMGA2. Uku daga cikin waɗannan microRNAs (miR-16, miR-196a da Let-7a)) suna da masu tallata methylated don haka ƙarancin magana a cikin ciwon hanji. Na biyu daga cikin waɗannan, miR-15 da miR-16, yankuna masu coding an rufe su ta asali cikin cutar kansa saboda ayyukan histone deacetylase . Lokacin da aka bayyana waɗannan microRNAs a ƙaramin matakin, to ana bayyana sunadaran HMGA1 da HMGA2 a babban matakin. HMGA1 da HMGA2 manufa (rage maganganun) BRCA1 da ERCC1 DNA gyarawa. Don haka ana iya rage gyaran DNA, mai yiwuwa yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban kansa. Hanyoyin gyaran DNA Jadawalin da ke cikin wannan sashe yana nuna wasu abubuwa masu lalata DNA akai-akai, misalan raunukan DNA da suke haifarwa, da hanyoyin da ke magance waɗannan lalacewar DNA. Aƙalla enzymes 169 ana amfani da su kai tsaye a cikin gyaran DNA ko kuma tasiri hanyoyin gyaran DNA. Daga cikin waɗannan, 83 suna aiki kai tsaye wajen gyara nau'ikan lalacewar DNA guda 5 da aka kwatanta a cikin ginshiƙi. Wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun binciken kwayoyin halitta na tsakiyar waɗannan hanyoyin gyara ana nuna su a cikin ginshiƙi. Zane-zanen jinsin da aka nuna a cikin ja, launin toka ko cyan suna nuna kwayoyin halitta akai-akai suna canzawa a cikin nau'ikan cututtukan daji daban-daban. Rubutun Wikipedia akan kowane ɗayan kwayoyin halitta da ja, launin toka ko cyan suka haskaka sun bayyana canjin (s) epigenetic da ciwon daji (s) waɗanda aka samo waɗannan abubuwan. Manyan labaran binciken gwaji guda biyu kuma sun rubuta mafi yawan waɗannan raunin gyaran DNA na epigenetic a cikin cututtukan daji. Kwayoyin halitta masu haske suna raguwa ko yin shiru akai-akai ta hanyoyin epigenetic a cikin cututtuka daban-daban. Lokacin da waɗannan kwayoyin halitta suna da ƙarancin magana ko rashi, lalacewar DNA na iya tarawa. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da, a ƙarshe, ciwon daji. Danniya na Epigenetic na kwayoyin gyaran DNA a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA yana bayyana a matsayin tsakiya ga carcinogenesis . Ƙwayoyin halitta guda biyu masu launin toka RAD51 da BRCA2, ana buƙatar su don gyara haɗin haɗin gwiwa . Wani lokaci ana nuna su a cikin epigenetically fiye da bayyanawa kuma wani lokacin ba a bayyana su a wasu cututtukan daji. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin labaran Wikipedia akan RAD51 da BRCA2, irin wannan ciwon daji yawanci suna da ƙarancin epigenetic a cikin wasu kwayoyin gyara DNA. Waɗannan ƙarancin gyare-gyare na iya haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara su ba. Bayanin sama-sama na RAD51 da BRCA2 da aka gani a cikin waɗannan cututtukan na iya nuna matsi na zaɓi don ramuwa RAD51 ko BRCA2 fiye da bayyanawa da haɓaka gyare-gyare na haɗin gwiwa don aƙalla wani ɓangare na magance irin wannan lalacewar DNA. A waɗancan lokuta inda RAD51 ko BRCA2 ba a bayyana su ba, wannan da kansa zai haifar da ƙarin lalacewar DNA da ba a gyara ba. Kurakuran maimaitawa da suka wuce waɗannan lalacewa (duba fassarar fassarar ) na iya haifar da haɓakar maye gurbi da ciwon daji, ta yadda rashin bayyanar RAD51 ko BRCA2 zai zama carcinogenic a cikin kanta. gyare-gyaren hutun madauri biyu, homology na 5-25 madaidaitan tushe guda 5-25 tsakanin maɗaurin biyun ya wadatar don daidaita madauri, amma ƙarshen da bai dace ba (flaps) yawanci yana nan. MMEJ yana cire ƙarin nucleotides (flaps) inda aka haɗa igiyoyi, sa'an nan kuma ya haɗa igiyoyin don ƙirƙirar helix na DNA marar kyau. MMEJ kusan ko da yaushe ya ƙunshi aƙalla ƙaramin gogewa, ta yadda ta zama hanyar mutagenic. Fen1, Flap Sponglease a Mmej, shi ne epicinetally ya karu ta hanyar incarter hysomethyhybyhy ne kuma ya kare a cikin mafi cutar kansa na nono, , neuroblastomomas, , da huhu. Har ila yau, PARP1 an fi bayyana shi sosai lokacin da yankin ETS mai tallata shi ya kasance hypomethylated na epigenetically, kuma wannan yana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba zuwa ciwon daji na endometrial, BRCA-mutated ovarian cancer, da BRCA-mutated serous ovarian cancer. Sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin hanyar MMEJ suma an nuna su sosai a cikin adadin cutar kansa (duba MMEJ don taƙaitawa), kuma ana nuna su da shuɗi. Matsakaicin ƙididdiga a cikin kwayoyin gyara DNA Rashin ƙarancin sunadaran gyaran DNA waɗanda ke aiki a cikin ingantattun hanyoyin gyaran DNA suna ƙara haɗarin maye gurbi. Adadin maye gurbi yana ƙaruwa sosai a cikin sel tare da maye gurbi a cikin gyare-gyaren rashin daidaituwa na DNA ko a cikin gyaran haɗin gwiwa ( HRR ). Mutanen da ke da maye gurbi a cikin kowane ɗayan 34 na gyaran DNA suna cikin haɗarin cutar kansa (duba lahani na gyaran DNA da haɓaka haɗarin kansa ). A cikin cututtukan daji na lokaci-lokaci, ana samun rashi a gyaran DNA lokaci-lokaci saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayar halittar DNA, amma yawanci ana ragewa ko rashin bayyanar kwayoyin halittar DNA saboda sauye-sauyen epigenetic da ke rage ko yin shiru. Alal misali, don ciwon daji na launi na 113 da aka yi nazari a cikin jerin, hudu kawai suna da maye gurbi a cikin DNA na gyaran MGMT, yayin da mafi yawan sun rage MGMT magana saboda methylation na yankin mai gabatarwa na MGMT (canjin epigenetic). Hakazalika, daga cikin lokuta 119 na rashin daidaiton gyare-gyare-rashin ciwon daji na launi waɗanda ba su da gyaran DNA na PMS2 magana, sunadarin PMS2 ya gaza a cikin 6 saboda maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin PMS2, yayin da a cikin lokuta 103 PMS2 magana ta kasa saboda an danne abokin tarayya MLH1. saboda mai gabatarwa methylation (protein PMS2 ba shi da kwanciyar hankali idan babu MLH1). A cikin sauran shari'o'in 10, asarar bayanin PMS2 ya kasance mai yuwuwa saboda haɓakar epigenetic na microRNA, miR-155, wanda ke daidaita MLH1. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran gyare-gyare sun kasance akai-akai a cikin ciwon daji. A cikin tebur, an ƙididdige ciwon daji da yawa don ragewa ko rashin bayyanar jigon gyaran DNA na sha'awa, kuma mitar da aka nuna shi ne yawan ciwon daji da ke da ƙarancin epigenetic na maganganun kwayoyin halitta. Irin wannan raunin epigenetic yana iya tasowa da wuri a cikin carcinogenesis, tun da yake ana samun su akai-akai (ko da yake a ɗan ƙananan mita) a cikin lahani da ke kewaye da ciwon daji wanda ciwon daji zai iya tasowa (duba Table). Ya bayyana cewa ana iya farawa da kansa akai-akai ta hanyar raguwar epigenetic a cikin furci ɗaya ko fiye da gyaran enzymes na DNA. Rage gyaran DNA na iya ba da damar tara lalacewar DNA. Kuskuren haɗakar fassarar fassarar wasu daga cikin waɗannan lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin fa'ida. Faci na clonal tare da zaɓin zaɓi na iya girma kuma ya fita gasa sel makwabta, yana haifar da lahani na filin . Duk da yake babu wata fa'ida ta zahiri ga tantanin halitta don ya rage gyaran DNA, za a iya ɗaukar jigilar kwayar halittar DNA ɗin tare da fasinja lokacin da sel masu zaɓin maye gurbi. A cikin sel waɗanda ke ɗauke da ƙayyadaddun kwayoyin halittar DNA na gyaran DNA da maye gurbi tare da zaɓin zaɓi, ƙarin lalacewar DNA za su taru, kuma waɗannan na iya haifar da ƙarin maye gurbi tare da zaɓi mafi girma. Lalacewar Epigenetic a cikin gyaran DNA na iya ba da gudummawa ga sifa mai girman mitar maye gurbi a cikin kwayoyin cutar kansa, kuma yana haifar da ci gaban carcinogenic. Ciwon daji suna da babban matakan rashin zaman lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke da alaƙa da yawan maye gurbi . Yawaitar maye gurbi yana ƙara yuwuwar takamaiman maye gurbi da ke faruwa waɗanda ke kunna oncogenes da ƙwayoyin cuta masu hana ƙari, wanda ke haifar da carcinogenesis . Dangane da tsarin tsarin kwayoyin halitta gaba daya, ana samun ciwon daji suna da dubunnan zuwa daruruwan dubbai na maye gurbi a dukkan kwayoyin halittarsu. (Haka kuma duba mitocin maye gurbi a cikin cututtukan daji . ) Idan aka kwatanta, mitar maye gurbi a cikin dukkanin kwayoyin halitta tsakanin tsararraki ga mutane (iyaye da yaro) kusan sabbin maye gurbi 70 ne a kowane zamani. A cikin yankuna masu rikodin sunadaran kwayoyin halitta, akwai kusan 0.35 maye gurbi tsakanin zuriyar iyaye/yara (kasa da furotin da aka canza a kowane zamani). Gabaɗayan jerin kwayoyin halitta a cikin ƙwayoyin jini don wasu tagwaye iri ɗaya masu shekaru 100 kawai sun sami bambance-bambancen somatic 8, kodayake ba za a iya gano bambancin somatic da ke faruwa a ƙasa da kashi 20% na ƙwayoyin jini ba. Yayin da lalacewar DNA na iya haifar da maye gurbi ta hanyar haɗin fassarar kuskure, lalacewar DNA kuma na iya haifar da sauye-sauye na epigenetic yayin tafiyar da DNA mara kyau. Lalacewar DNA da ke taruwa saboda lahani na gyaran DNA na epigenetic na iya zama tushen haɓakar sauye-sauyen epigenetic da aka samu a yawancin ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin cututtukan daji. A cikin binciken farko, duban ƙayyadaddun saiti na masu tallata rubutu, Fernandez et al. yayi nazarin bayanan methylation DNA na ciwace-ciwacen farko na 855. Kwatanta kowane nau'in ƙwayar cuta tare da nama na yau da kullun na yau da kullun, rukunin tsibirin CpG 729 (55% na rukunin 1322 CpG da aka kimanta) sun nuna bambancin DNA methylation. Daga cikin waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon, 496 sun kasance hypermethylated (danne) kuma 233 sun kasance hypomethylated (an kunna). Don haka, akwai babban matakin haɓakar epigenetic mai haɓaka methylation a cikin ciwace-ciwace. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan sauye-sauye na epigenetic na iya taimakawa wajen ci gaban ciwon daji. Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
21597	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario%20Mand%C5%BEuki%C4%87	Mario Mandžukić	Mario Mandžukić ( Croatian pronunciation: [mârio mǎndʒukitɕ] ; an haife shi Ne a ranar ga watan Mayu shekara ta , dan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne dan asalin Kuroshiya wanda ya buga wasan ƙarshe a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na ƙungiyakwallon kafa ta Ac Milan ta Serie A. Baya ga kasancewa mai zira kwallaye a raga, an san shi da gudummawar kariya da ikon iska. Ya fara aiki a wannan kulob din ya koma garinsu Marsonia daga inda ya koma biyu Croatian babban birnin kwallon kafa kulake, da farko shiga NK Zagreb sa'an nan shiga tare da kungiyar Dinamo Zagreb a shekara ta , inda kuma ya kasance Prva HNL sannan goalscorer a cikin shekara ta( 2008zuwa 2009 ), kakar. Gwargwadon nasarar sa ya sa aka canza shi zuwa VfL Wolfsburg a cikin shekara ta , Bayan wasu wasanni masu ban sha'awa a UEFA Euro , inda ya kasance dan wasan gaba, ya sanya hannu a kan Bayern Munich . A farkon kakar tare da kulob din ya lashe kofuna da dama da uku. da Bundesliga, DFB-Pokal, da Champions League, yayin da kuma suka zama dan kasar Croatia na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai . Bayan ya ci kwallaye biyu a cikin kaka mai zuwa, ya bar Bayern zuwa Atlético Madrid a shekara ta , kuma a kakar daga baya Juventus ta sanya hannu kan for , miliyan, inda ya ci nasarar gida biyu a cikin kaka ukun farko, sannan kuma wani lakabi na gaba mai zuwa. shekara. A wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai na shekara ta , ya ci kwallonsa ta biyu a wasan karshe na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai, bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida wanda ya ba shi kyautar Gwarzon UEFA a kakar wasa. Mandžukić ya bar Juventus a watan Disambar shekara ta , zuwa kungiyar Al-Duhail ta Qatar ; duk da haka, bayan ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaitawa, ya dakatar da kwantiraginsa ya koma Italiya a watan Janairun shekara ta , tare da sanya hannu tare da Milan. At international level, Mandžukić was given his debut for Croatia in November 2007 under manager Slaven Bilić. He participated in four major tournaments with his national side, Euro 2012, the 2014 World Cup, Euro 2016, and the 2018 World Cup, reaching the final of the latter tournament, after which he retired from international football. In total, he made 89 international appearances, and with 33 goals, he is the Croatia national team's second most prolific scorer of all time, behind Davor Šuker. He was named Croatian Footballer of the Year in 2012 and 2013. Klub din Matasa da farkon aiki Mandžukić started playing football in Germany, where he and his parents relocated to due to the Croatian War of Independence. In , he joined German club TSF Ditzingen, near Stuttgart. Upon returning to his home country, the newly independent Croatia, he spent the period between( 1996 and 2003 ), at NK Marsonia before spending a season at the city minnows NK Željezničar. The next season, he returned to Marsonia and in the summer of , he made a move to NK Zagreb. Dinamo Zagreb A lokacin bazara na shekara ta , Kamfanin Masarautar Croatia da ke Dinamo Zagreb ya sayi Mandžukić kan Yuro miliyan a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin dan wasan gaba na Arsenal mai suna Eduardo da Silva . Bayan isowarsa, ya sami nasarar tabbatar da matsayin sa a fara goma sha ɗaya, yana wasa mafi yawa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na biyu. A ranar , ga watan Oktoba shekara ta , ya taka rawar gani a karawar da suka yi da AFC Ajax a Amsterdam lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a cikin karin lokaci don tabbatar da nasarar Dinamo da a waje, yayin da Dinamo ya tsallake zuwa matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin UEFA (2007zuwa 2008), UEFA . Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a Dinamo da kwallaye , kuma ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye , a wasanni , amma kuma ba shi da kyakkyawan horo, yana tattara katinan rawaya takwas. Ya fara kakar wasanni ta shekara ta( 2008zuwa200), da kwallaye biyu akan Linfield a wasan share fage na cin Kofin UEFA. A cikin shekara ta (2008zuwa2009), Prva HNL, Mandžukić shine wanda yafi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar, inda yaci kwallaye , cikin wasanni . daya buga. Ya kuma zira kwallaye uku a raga a gasar cin kofin UEFA a kakar wasan. Wannan shi ne lokacin da ya tashi a kungiyar ta Croatian kuma, yayin da ya tattara iyakoki takwas a wasannin neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara , Bayan kammala kakar wasanni ta shekara (2008zuwa 2009), an danganta shi da kungiyar Werder Bremen ta Jamus, amma tayin million miliyan ya yi watsi da kwamitin Dinamo, wadanda ke da ra'ayin cewa darajar Mandžukić ta kai akalla fam miliyan , Ya fara kakar shekarar (2009 zuwa200 10) ne ta hanyar zura kwallo a raga a wasan fitar da gwani na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da Red Bull Salzburg . Mandžukić ya karbi jan kati a mintina na karshe na wasan. Bayan ya fada wa alkalin wasan cewa kwalbar da wani ya jefa ta daga wurin kallo, ya ba shi katinsa na biyu kuma ya hana shi daga wasan. A ranar , ga watan Satumba shekara ta , bayan Dinamo ta yi rashin nasara a gidansu a hannun Anderlecht da ci , a gasar Europa, Mandžukić ya ci tarar sa ta fan bayan an zarge shi da rashin kokari. Wannan shine karo ga Satan Satumba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci karen Dinamo zuwa nasarar akan HNK Rijeka a Prva HNL . A wata hira da aka yi da shi bayan wasa, Mandćukić ya ki amincewa da duk wani jita-jita game da barinsa kulob din bayan an ci tarar, yana mai bayyana cewa tun yana yarinta ya zama kyaftin din Dinamo kuma yana bayar da mafi kyawu a duk wani wasa da zai buga wa kulob din. A wannan lokacin, ya bayyana a wasannin laliga , inda ya ci kwallaye , Ya bayyana a wasannin Europa League biyar kuma. A ranar ga watan Yunin shekara ta , Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan VfL Wolfsburg don kuɗin da aka yi kimanin kusan € 7 miliyan. Bayan isowarsa, a farkon rabin kakar (2010zuwa2011), ya buga wasa akai-akai amma galibi yana zuwa ne a madadin. A lokacin, galibi ana amfani da shi a matsayin ɗan wasan hagu a ƙarƙashin kocin Steve McClaren, wanda ya yi wasa tare da ɗan wasan gaba ɗaya kawai, Edin Džeko . Abubuwa sun canza wa Mandžukić, duk da haka, bayan tashi daga Džeko zuwa Manchester City a cikin watan Janairu a shekara ta , Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga a Wolfsburg ranar ga wasan ranar 1 da 1. FC Nürnberg a karkashin manajan rikon kwarya Pierre Littbarski . Bayan isar manajan Felix Magath, Mandžukić ya taka leda a matsayinsa na ɗan wasan gaba. A wasanni bakwai da suka gabata na kakar wasannin cikin gida, ya ci kwallaye takwas, biyu daga cikinsu sun zo ne a wasan karshe da suka buga da TSG Hoffenheim, kuma suna da mahimmanci ga kungiyar yayin da take kaucewa faduwa daga gasar. A kakarsa ta biyu a Wolfsburg, ya zama dan wasa na yau da kullun a Bundesliga kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye , A cikin shekaru biyu a Wolfsburg, ya ci kwallaye , a wasanni , inda ya kafa kansa a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasa na Wolfsburg a lokacin zaman sa kuma da sauri ya zama mai son masoya saboda iya cin kwallaye da halayen sa. Bayern Munich A ranar ga Satan yun Mandžukić yasa hannu ma kungiyan Bundesliga klub dinBayern Munich a kudi €13 million, pending a medical test, subsequent to his strong performance at UEFA Euro in Ukraine and Poland, and because of his terrific form for Wolfsburg in the Bundesliga. On June, the transfer was officially announced by Bayern Munich. Lokacin 2012–13 A ranar ga watan Yuni shekara ta , Mandžukić ya fara buga wa Bayern wasa a wasan da suka doke Beijing Guoan da ke gasar Super League ta China da ci da nema, inda ya ci kwallo ta biyar a wasan sada zumunci a minti na (79, A ranar , ga watan Agusta, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan hukuma da Borussia Dortmund mai rike da kambun gasar a minti na shida, inda ya taimakawa tawagarsa lashe Jamusanci DFL Supercup. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a raga a kan Bayern a kan Greuther Fürth a ranar daya kuma ya kara daya a wasansu na gaba a wasan da suka tashi da VfB Stuttgart . Ya ci gaba da zura kwallaye biyu a ragar tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Wolfsburg. Bayan haka Mandžukić ya kara zura kwallaye hudu a wasanni biyar na gasar Bundesliga, wanda hakan ya sa ya zira kwallaye tara a raga a wasanni da ya buga a gasar ta Jamus. Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, Mandžukić ya ci gaba da burin zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasanni na farko, da Greuther Fürth da Stuttgart. Ya sake zira kwallaye daya akan 1. FSV Mainz 05 . Ya gama kakarsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga tare da Bayern a matsayin dan wasan da yafi zira kwallaye a raga, inda ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye a wasanni kuma yana da babban tasiri wajen lashe taken na Bundesliga. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar wasan zagaye na da Arsenal . Ya zira kwallo daya a wasan dab da na karshe da Juventus a Turin, wanda ya baiwa Bayern tazarar a waje. A ranar ga watan Mayu, Bayern Munich ta kara da Borussia Dortmund a Gasar cin Kofin Zakarun Turai ta UEFA a shekara ta kuma Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon farko a wasan, wanda hakan ya bai wa Bayern damar ci a minti na Bayern ta ci gaba da lashe wasan ne da ci bayan an dawo daga hutun rabin lokaci daga Arjen Robben. Tare da wannan burin, Mandžukić ya zama dan Croati na farko da ya ci kwallaye a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai kuma hakan ya ba shi damar cin nasarar farko a Munich, yayin da kulob din ya kammala kaka uku - cin nasara, yana ikirarin Bundesliga, Champions League, da DFB- Pokal, kazalika da Supercup na Jamusanci a farkon kamfen. Lokacin 2013-14 Mandžukić ya fara kakar a hankali, yana da ƙananan batutuwa da suka dace da tsarin sabon kocin Bayern Pep Guardiola . Guardiola ya canza tsarin Bayern daga , da suka saba amfani dashi a baya karkashin Jupp Heynckes zuwa wani sabon salon , Duk da yake ɗan lokaci kaɗan don daidaitawa, Mandžukić ya sake dawowa kamanninsa duk da haka a lokacin wasan laliga. Ya bude sabon kakar wasa a cikin Bundesliga ta hanyar zura kwallaye biyu a wasanni biyu da ya buga. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a kakar bana lokacin da Bayern Munich ta fara kare kambinta na cin Kofin Zakarun Turai da CSKA Moscow da ci (3 da 0 ) a Allianz Arena. Shi ne ya ci kwallo daya yayin da Bayern ta doke FC Viktoria Plze v a watan Nuwamba don ta tsallake zuwa zagaye na gaba tare da yin kwatankwacin na tara a jere a gasar UEFA Champions League. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta goma a sabuwar kakar wasannin Bundesliga a karawar da suka yi da Hamburger SV a watan Disamba. A wasan farko na kusa dana karshe na shekara ta FIFA Club World Cup, Mandžukić kurciya yayi kasa da kai ya zira kwallon da Thiago Alcantara ya zira a ragar Guangzhou Evergrande da ci (2 da 0) A ƙarshe ya lashe gasar tare da Bayern bayan wasan ƙarshe tare da Raja Casablanca, ya ƙare da nasarar , Bayan hutun hunturu na Bundesliga, an bar Mandžukić daga cikin jerin 'yan wasa , na Bayern Munich a karawar da suka yi da Borussia Mönchengladbach, tare da rahotanni cewa Guardiola bai nuna rawar gani ba a aikin horo. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar don wasa na gaba da VfB Stuttgart . Mako guda bayan haka, a kan Eintracht Frankfurt, Mandžukić ya ba da amsa tare da ba da umarni a wasan da Bayern ta ci , inda ya ci ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da kuma ba da ƙwallon ƙafa ga Mario Götze wanda ya buɗe ƙwallo. A ranar , ga watan Fabrairu, Mandžukić ya ci kwallaye uku a karawar da ya yi a bana, yayin da Bayern Munich ta sauƙaƙe hanyar zuwa DFB-Pokal wasan kusa da na karshe tare da ci , na Hamburger SV . A wasan da aka yi da Hannover 96, Mandžukić ya yi bikin bayyanar sa ta , ta Bundesliga ta hanyar haduwa da rafin Rafinha don kammala burin. Duk da kasancewa dan wasan da yafi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye , Guardiola ya kori Mandžukić daga kungiyar gabanin wasan karshe na shekara ta , DFB-Pokal . Mandžukić ya bayyana cewa yana son barin Bayern saboda "salon wasan koci Pep Guardiola kawai bai dace da shi ba". Atlético Madrid A ranar ga watan Yunin shekara ta , Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Spain na Atlético Madrid kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. A ranar , ga watan yuni, aka gabatar da Mandžukić ga magoya bayan Atlético Madrid a Vicente Calderón, sanye da rigar lamba , Ya fara buga wasan farko a gasar farko ta shekara , Supercopa de España a ranar , ga watan Agusta, inda suka tashi kunnen doki , da Real Madrid, inda ya buga minti , kafin a maye gurbinsa da wani dan wasa na farko Raúl Jiménez . A karawa ta biyu a Vicente Calderón, Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar, inda ya ci wa kungiyar nasara bayan mintuna biyu kacal. Ita ce manufa mafi sauri a gasar. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kan SD Eibar, a ranar , ga watan Agusta, kamar yadda Atlético ta samu nasarar farko a sabuwar kakar Primera División. A wasan bude sabuwar gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai, a kan Olympiacos, Mandžukić ya tattara giciyen Cristian Ansaldi kuma ya aika da kai kai tsaye zuwa kusurwar da ke ƙasa don yin , a ƙarshe a gasar ya ci , Mandžukić ya taimakawa Atlético matsawa tsakanin maki biyu na shugabannin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Barcelona da Sevilla a ranar , ga watan Oktoba lokacin da ya buga ƙetaren Arda Turan don ya zira ƙwallo ɗaya a cikin galaba akan Getafe . Bayan komawarsa fagen daga wasa a fuska, sai ya tashi daga karfi zuwa karfi, ya ci kwallaye 14 a dukkan gasa kafin hutun hunturu - gami da dabarar ban mamaki da aka yi wa Olympiacos a wasan dawo da rukuni a Calderon a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba, wanda ya tabbatar da wuri a matakin wasan Kofin Zakarun Turai. Mandžukić ya ci kwallonsa ta 11 a La liga a bana a wasansa na 19, a cikin Los Colchoneros ya ba da kwallaye 4-0 a kan abokan hamayyarsu Real Madrid a wasan rukuni na biyu na kakar, lokacin da masu sharhi kan wasanni suka lura cewa Mandžukić ya sanya daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin. - nunin gaba da aka gani a La liga a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, yana ba da gudummawa ga duk abin da ke da kyau game da gefensa kafin sanya gwangwani a kan wainar tare da ɗauke na huɗu da kyau. A cikin duka, Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye 20 a cikin wasanni 43 a cikin kaka ɗaya a Madrid, yana rayuwa daidai da hotonsa na mai aiki tuƙuru da kuma tabbatar da ƙwallaye a raga. A ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015, zakarun Serie A Juventus sun sanar da cewa Mandžukić ya koma kulob din daga Atlético Madrid kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu kan farashin Yuro miliyan 19 da za a biya sau uku, gami da yiwuwar karin in 2 miliyan a cikin abubuwan da suka shafi wasan kwaikwayo . Lokacin 2015-16 A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta ya zira kwallon farko a minti na 69 don Juventus tare da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a kan Lazio a 2015 Supercoppa Italiana, nasarar da aka tashi 2-0 a Shanghai . A ranar 23 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2015, ya fara buga wa Juventus wasa a hukumance, ya fara kuma ya buga cikakkun mintuna 90 a wasan da Udinese ta yi rashin nasara 1-0, a wasan farko na gasar Serie A na 2015-16. A ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekarar 2015, an tabbatar da cewa Mandžukić zai shafe makwanni uku yana jinya sakamakon raunin da ya samu a cinya washegari a wasan da suka ci 2-0 a kan Genoa . Koyaya, ya dawo da wuri, ya ciwa Juventus kwallo ta farko, da kuma daidaitawa na ɗan lokaci, yayin da ƙungiyar ta zo daga baya ta yi nasara a kan Manchester City 2-1 a lokacin wasan farko na matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, a ranar 15 ga watan Satumba 2015. A ranar 25 ga Oktoba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon karshe a wasan da Juventus ta doke Atalanta a gida a minti na 49th; wannan shi ne burin sa na farko a gasar Seria A a wasan sa na 6 da kungiyar ta buga. Ya sake zira kwallaye a wasanni biyu daga baya, inda ya taimakawa Juventus ta lallasa Empoli da ci 3-1. A ranar 25 ga Satan Nuwamba 2015, Mandžukić ne ya ci kwallon a wasan da suka doke Manchester City da ci 1-0 a karawa ta biyu a matakin rukuni na rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, don ba wa kulob din damar shiga zagaye na 16. Saboda wadannan mahimman kwallayen, har ma da wata manufa ta cin 3-0 a waje da Palermo a ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamba, an zabe shi dan wasan Juventus na watan Nuwamba shekarar shekarar 2015. A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2016, Mandžukić ya sami rauni na tsoka yayin wasan farko na kusa da na karshe na Coppa Italia da Inter Milan, yana sanya shi a gefen makonni huɗu. Da farko ana fargabar cewa ba zai buga wasan zagaye na farko na kungiyoyi 16 na gasar zakarun Turai ba da tsohuwar kungiyarsa, Bayern Munich. Koyaya, ya dawo aiki ba kamar yadda ake tsammani ba, ya fara wasan da Bayern a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, kuma ya kafa burin Paulo Dybala a wasan gidan da aka tashi 2-2. 2016-17 kakar Lokaci na biyu na Mandžukić tare da Juventus ya kasance sananne musamman, saboda sau da yawa manajan kulob din Massimiliano Allegri bai buga shi ba ; a duk tsawon lokacin 2016-17, da farko ya yi aiki a matsayin dan wasan gefe na hagu, maimakon a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da waje, matsayin da ya saba kasancewa a baya. Kodayake yawan zira kwallayensa ya ragu, amma ya sami yabo a kafofin watsa labarai saboda yawan aikinsa, yawan iyawa, daidaito, da kuma cikakken ingancin ayyukansa a wannan sabon rawar. A ranar 25 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin da zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2020. A ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, Mandžukić ya fara wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai . Ya zira kwallon da aka buga a minti na 27, 'yan mintuna bakwai kacal bayan kwallon da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci ya bai wa Real Madrid nasara. Mandžukić ya buga ƙwallo daga Gonzalo Higuaín kuma ya ɗora ƙwallon a kafaɗarsa daga , wanda ya hau kan Keylor Navas a raga. An bayyana burin a matsayin daya daga cikin kwallaye mafiya kyau da aka ci a wasan karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai, kuma an kwatanta shi da burin Zinedine Zidane a wasan karshe na 2002 na Real Madrid; amma daga karshe an lallasa Juventus da ci 4-1. Kwallan Mandžuki kick na kwallon kafa akan Real Madrid yaci nasarar lashe kyautar gwarzon shekarar 2016-17 UEFA. Lokacin 2017-18 A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2017, Mandžukić ya buga wasansa na 100 ga Juventus a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Sporting a UEFA Champions League . A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2018, ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Real Madrid da ci 3-1 a zagayen kusa da na karshe na Gasar Zakarun Turai. Kwallon farko da aka ci bayan dakika 76 ta zama kwallon da ta fi saurin hanzartawa Real Madrid a wasan gida a gasar zakarun Turai kuma ita ce dan wasan adawa na farko da ya ci kwallaye biyu da rabi a wasan Zakarun Turai a Bernabeu. A ranar 25 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2018, Mandćukić ya ci kwallon sa ta farko a kakar 2018-19 a wasan da suka tashi 2-0 akan Lazio. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, ya buga wasansa na 100 a gasar Serie A tare da kulob din a wasan da suka doke Udinese da ci 2-0, wanda hakan ya sanya kwallo ta biyu ta wasan da Cristiano Ronaldo ya ci. A ranar 24 ga Satan Nuwamba, Mandžukić ya jagoranci kungiyar ta farko a gidan da suka doke SPAL da ci 2-0, ya ci kwallonsa ta shida a kakar. Bayan kwana uku, a ranar 27 ga watan Nuwamba, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke Valencia da ci 1-0, wanda Cristiano Ronaldo ya taimaka. Jaridun Italiya La Gazzetta dello Sport da La Stampa sun lura da alamomin da ke kunno kai tsakanin Mandžukić da Ronaldo, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tandar iko da fasaha. A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2019, Mandžukić ya tsawaita kwantiraginsa da Juventus har zuwa 2021. With the arrival of new Juventus manager Maurizio Sarri in the summer of 2019, Mandžukić was sidelined after being excluded from the manager's plans. As a result, he was also omitted from Juventus's Champions League squad, alongside teammate Emre Can. After failing to make a single appearance for the club during the 2019–20 season, he agreed to join Qatari side Al-Duhail on 24 December. On 29 December, the transfer was made official. He made his league debut on 4 January 2020 in a goalless draw with Qatar SC. He scored his first goal for the club on 10 January in a 2–0 win over Al-Sailiya in Qatar Cup. On 11 February 2020, he made his debut and scored his debut goal in the AFC Champions League, scoring the opener in a group stage 2–0 home victory over Persepolis. On 5 July 2020, after ten appearances and two goals overall, Mandžukić terminated his contract with the Qatari side by mutual consent. Bayan kawo karshen kwantiragin, kungiyoyi da dama sun nuna sha'awar siyan Mandžukić, ciki harda Fenerbahçe, Beşiktaş, Lokomotiv Moscow, Milan, Benevento, Hellas Verona, Fiorentina, Aston Villa, Wolverhampton Wanderers, Marseille, Wolfsburg, Hertha Berlin da kuma Schalke 04 . A ranar 19 ga watan Janairun shekara 2021, Mandžukić ya koma kulob din Serie A na Milan kan kwantiragin har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta bana, tare da zabin karin shekara. Ya fara wasan farko a gasar a ranar 23 ga watan Janairu a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Atalanta daci 3-0. Sakamakon raunin da ya samu wanda hakan ya nakasa yanayin jikin sa da kuma yanayin rashin kyau, Mandžukić ya buga wasanni 11 ne kacal a Milan, galibi a madadin, ba tare da cin kwallaye ba. A ranar 24 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2021, Mandžukić ya sanar da barin Milan saboda shugabannin kungiyar ba su tsawaita kwantiraginsa ba. Ayyukan duniya After putting together a string of solid performances in the 2007–08 Prva HNL, as well as in Dinamo's UEFA Champions League and UEFA Cup matches, he earned a call–up to the Croatian national team, for which he debuted in a game against Macedonia on 17 November 2007. On 10 September 2008, he scored his first ever goal for Croatia in a 4–1 home loss against England in a 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifying match. Yuro 2012 Tasirin sa a cikin kungiyar kasa ya karu yayin cancantar UEFA Euro 2012 . Burinsa na farko na kamfen ya zo ne a watan watan Yunin shekarar 2011, lokacin da ya zira kwallaye a ragar Georgia a Stadion Poljud . Ya kara wani buga kwallo da Latvia a wasan karshe na wasannin share fagen. Da Kuroshiya ta kare a matsayi na biyu a rukuninta, dole ne ta kara da Turkiya a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin kasashen Turai ta shekarar 2012. A wasan farko da aka buga a Istanbul, Kuroshiya ta baiwa magoya bayan gida mamaki ta hanyar ci 0-3, tare da Mandžukić ya ci kwallo ta biyu daga bugun daga kai a cikin minti 32 na wasan. Mandžukić ya kasance ɗayan biyu daga cikin manajan zaɓe na farko na manajan Slaven Bili at a gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Euro shekar2012, tare da ɗan wasan gaba na Everton Nikica Jelavić. Ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan farko da Croatia ta doke Jamhuriyar Ireland da ci 3-1, sannan kuma ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a wasan da ke tafe. Duk da ficewar Croatia daga rukuni-rukuni, ya kasance dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar tare da kwallaye uku tare da Mario Balotelli, Fernando Torres, Cristiano Ronaldo, Alan Dzagoev, da abokin wasan Bayern na gaba Mario Gómez . 2014 FIFA World Cup Ya bude cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2014 FIFA ta hanyar samar da taimako biyu a wasanni biyu na farko, da Macedonia a Zagreb da kuma Belgium a Brussels . Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a fafatawar da suka yi da Wales a Osijek . Mandžukić ya kara wani kwallon a ragar sa a wasansu na neman cancantar buga wasa da Serbia, wanda ya baiwa Kuroshiya ci 1 da 0, a Zagreb . Ya kuma ci kwallo a wasa na biyu tsakanin bangarorin biyu a Belgrade . A karawa ta biyu da Croatia ta buga kunnen doki tsakaninta da Iceland a Zagreb, Mandžuki Croatia ya bai wa Croatia jagoranci a wasan da ci 2 da 0. Koyaya, daga baya ya karɓi jan kati bayan babban abin takaici akan Jóhann Berg Guðmundsson wanda aka haɗa da gwiwa na hagu na ɗan wasan na Icelandic. An saka sunan Mandćuki a cikin tawagar Croatia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2014 a Kasar Brazil, amma an dakatar da shi a wasan farko da kungiyar za ta buga da kasar da za ta karbi bakuncin a São Paulo a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014. Ya dawo cikin kungiyar ne a wasansu na biyu da Kamaru a ranar 18 ga Yuni, kuma ya nuna fitowar sa ta farko a Gasar cin Kofin Duniya inda ya ci kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka doke 4-0, ana ba shi lambar "Mutum mafi dacewa" Yuro 2016 Mandžukić ya zira kwallaye daya a fafatawar neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Turai Euro 2016 ta Croatia, inda ya bude kunnen doki 1-1 da Italiya a Split a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015. Wadannan 4 Yuni, shi da Nikola Kalinić zira hat-dabaru a wani 10-0 dumi-up nasara a kan San Marino a Rijeka gaba na gasar . sakamakon ya kasance nasara ce ta tarihi ga Croatia. 2018 FIFA World Cup On 4 June 2018, Mandžukić was named to Croatia's final 23-man squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup. In the opening game against Nigeria, he caused Oghenekaro Etebo's own goal and won a penalty, that was successfully converted by Luka Modrić, as the game ended as a 2–0 win for Croatia. During the side's round-of-16 match against Denmark on 1 July, he scored the equalising goal in the 4th minute of play; following a 1–1 draw after extra-time, Croatia prevailed 3–2 in the resulting penalty shoot-out. In the quarter-finals against hosts Russia on 7 July, Mandžukić provided an assist in the first half of regulation time for Andrej Kramarić's equaliser. A 1–1 draw after 90 minutes saw the match go into extra-time, and following a 2–2 draw after 120 minutes of play, Croatia once again progressed to the next round in the ensuing shoot-out, winning 4–3 on penalties. During Croatia's semi-final match against England on 11 July, with the score tied at 1–1 after regulation time, Mandžukić scored the match-winning goal in 109th minute to give Croatia a 2–1 victory, sending the team to the World Cup final for the first time in their history. In the final against France on 15 July, he became the first player ever to score an own goal in a World Cup final, when he headed Antoine Griezmann's free-kick into his own net to give France a 1–0 lead; he later scored Croatia's second goal by chasing down and capitalizing on an error from French goalkeeper Hugo Lloris, as the match eventually ended in a 4–2 defeat. With that goal, Mario Mandžukić became the second player in World Cup history to score for both teams in a single match (the first being Ernie Brandts of the Netherlands in a 1978 World Cup match against Italy) and the first to do so in a final. A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2018, Mandžukić ya sanar da yin ritaya daga kwallon kafa na duniya. A lokacin da ya yi ritaya, shi ne na biyu mafi yawan ci kwallaye a tarihin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Croatia da kwallaye 33. A cikin bayaninsa, Mandžukić ya yi rubutu game da lambar azurfa ta Kofin Duniya na shekarar 2018: Salon wasa Baya ga zura kwallayen sa, masana sun lura da Mand strengthukić saboda karfin jikin sa, karfin sa, motsawa da motsa jiki, gami da iyawarsa a cikin iska. Har ma an ba shi laƙabin Đilkoš [dʑîlkoʃ] na Miroslav Blažević, wanda ke nufin birki da rashin wayewa, yana nufin ƙarfin ɗan wasan, ƙarfin jiki da alama ƙarfinsa ba shi da iyaka, maimakon ƙwarewar fasaharsa; sauran sunayen laƙabin sun hada da Mandžo da Super Mario . An san shi da yawan aiki da bayar da kariya, tsohon manajan Mandžukić a Wolfsburg, Felix Magath, ya lura da juriyarsa, yana mai cewa dan wasan ya "dace sosai da ina ganin zai iya buga wasanni biyu-da-biyu ba tare da tsayawa ko da na minti daya ne. " Bayan komawarsa zuwa Atlético Madrid, mai sharhi kan wasanni na Sky Adam Bate ya rubuta cewa shi ya dace da tsarin Diego Simeone kamar yadda Mandžukić yake "sau da yawa mai zuga dan jarida ne tare da kwazonsa, Mandzukic yakar kariya, yana mai da su baya don kirkirar sarari ga abokan wasa da kuma hana abokan hamayya su yi hakuri ba tare da matsi kan kwallon ba. " Bate ya kara da cewa dan kasar ta Croatian din "... dan wasan gaba ne na zahiri da na tafi-da-gidanka wanda ke yin mafi kyawun aikinsa ba tare da kwallon ba, da alama yana yin aikin 'yan wasa biyu kuma don haka ya kyale wani karin mutum a tsakiya." Mai ba da gudummawa ta ESPN FC Michael Cox ya kuma yaba wa Mandžukić saboda kyakkyawan aikin da yake yi, yana nuna cewa yayin da yake matsa wa abokan hamayyarsa gwiwa lokacin da suke kokarin buga kwallon daga baya, shi ma yana da matukar kwazo da horo a yadda ya fadi. koma cikin nasa rabin don kare bayan kwallon idan abokan hamayyarsa suka sami damar tsallake matsawa tawagarsa lamba. A cikin shekarar 2014, Aleksandar Holiga yayi tsokaci game da wasan na Mandžukić, yana mai cewa "[h] e ya shimfida kariya tare da motsawa a kai a kai da alama juriya ba ta da iyaka, bude sarari ga wasu da za su zo daga baya ko su yanke ciki daga reshe; danne kwallon da ya yi ya tabbatar yanke hukunci a lokuta da dama da suka gabata kuma, tabbas, yana daya daga cikin kwararrun yan wasa a duniya idan yazo da karfin iska. Don haka ko da bai ci kansa ba, kasancewar sa na iya zama mabuɗi ga damar ƙungiyar. ” Duk da yake ya fara aiki ne a matsayin dan gaba ko kuma mutum-mutum a fagen azabtarwa, a cikin ladabi da tsayi, karfin iska, da karfin jiki, [nb 1] Matsayin aikin Mandžukić, karimci, dabarun dabara, da iya aiki sun nuna ta shirye-shiryensa na taka rawa a wurare daban-daban a fadin ko bayan layin gaba ; a duk tsawon rayuwarsa, an kuma tura shi a matsayin dan wasan gefe, a matsayin dan wasan gaba na biyu, a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai kai hare hare, ko ma a matsayin dan bayan-baya, mukaman da ke ba shi 'yancin kai hari daga wurare masu zurfi ko fadi tare da gudu, goyon baya da haɗi tare da takwarorinsa da suka fi tsanantawa, zana abokan hamayya daga matsayinsu tare da motsinsa, kuma rufe kariya don masu ba da baya da ke yin saurin kai hari Tabbas, musamman a lokacinsa a Juventus karkashin manajan Massimiliano Allegri, gasa daga sauran 'yan wasan gaba galibi tana ganin ana amfani da Mandžukić a cikin wadannan zurfin ko fadi, ayyukan kirkira, musamman a bangaren hagu, inda ya yi fice, inda ya samu yabo daga 'yan jarida saboda yadda yake taka leda a koda yaushe, saboda karfin da yake da shi na rike kwallon tare da bayansa don zura kwallo da kuma buga wasa da takwarorinsa, ko kuma fadawa tsakiyar fili don taimakawa wajen cin kwallon a lokacin da kungiyar tasa ba ta mallake ta ba. An kuma bukaci ya yi aiki a matsayin "mutum mai fadi da fadi" a gefen hagu na filin wasan, saboda motsinsa da yanayin aikinsa, da kuma ikon amfani da tsayinsa don cin nasarar kalubalen iska, ko amfani da karfinsa da fasaha mai ƙarfi don riƙe ƙwallo don abokan wasa da ƙirƙirar sarari ko dama a gare su; a cikin wannan matsayin, ya taka rawa sosai a matsayin rawar mutum, mai son hagu, da hagu . Baya ga iyawarsa ta kwallon kafa, Mandžukić an san shi da kwazo, jagoranci, da karfin kwakwalwa, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "babban dan wasa" a kafofin watsa labarai, saboda ga yanayin da yake da shi na zira kwallaye a raga a muhimman wasanni ga duka kulob da kuma kasar. Kamar wannan, a lokacinsa a Italiya, ya sami laƙabi "guerriero" ("jarumi," a cikin Italiyanci) daga magoya bayan Juventus. An kwatanta salon wasan sa da na dan kasar Alen Bokšić, wanda shi ma ya taka rawar gansosii a a Juventus. Rayuwar mutum An haifi Mandžukić a cikin Slavonski Brod, a halin yanzu Croatia, a ranar 21 ga watan Mayu 1986. Mahaifinsa Mato dan asalin Bosniya ne daga Prud kusa da Odžak . Mato ya kasance ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa, wanda ya koma Slavonski Brod lokacin da aka canja shi daga Kozara Bosanska Gradiška zuwa BSK . Mandžukić has been in a relationship with Ivana Mikulić from Strizivojna since 2007. Kididdigar aiki Na duniya Manufofin duniya Scores and results list Croatia's goal tally first. Dinamo Zagreb Bundesliga : 2012–13, 2013-14 DFB-Pokal : 2012-13, 2013-14 DFL-Supercup : 2012 UEFA Champions League : 2012–13 Kofin UEFA Super Cup : 2013 FIFA Club World Cup : 2013 Supercopa de España : 2014 Serie A : 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18, 2018–19 Coppa Italia : 2015-16, 2016-17, 2017-18 Supercoppa Italiana : 2015 Qatar Stars League : 2019–20 Prva HNL Player na Gwarzo : 2009 Sportske novosti Yellow Shirt kyautar : 2008-09 UEFA Euro Co-Top Scorer : 2012 Footan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Croatia na Shekara : 2012, 2013 Vatrena krila: 2012 Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na Croatia na Shekara : 2013 FIFA FIFPro World XI team na 5: 2013, 2018 Manufar UEFA ta Yanayi : 2016-17 Umurnin Duke Branimir tare da Ribbon Bayanan kula Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kroatiya Pages with unreviewed translations
16688	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fina-Finan%20Hausa	Fina-Finan Hausa	Fina-finan hausa wanda aka fi sani da Hausa fim, shiri ne da Hausawa ke yi don nuna al’adunsu da jawo hankalin al’umma akan rayuwa, musamman na hausawa da al’adunsu. Masana sun nuna cewa fina-finan hausa sun samo asaline daga wasanni na gargajiya wanda akafi sani da wasan kwaikwayo. Wasan Kwaikwayo Wannan al’amari ne mai tsohon tarihi matuƙa.Ya samo asali ne daga shekaru aru-aru a daulolin girkawa da rumawa na zamanin da suka shuɗe. Akanyi wasan kwaikwayo ne don nishaɗantar da rundunonin soja da suka ci nasara a yaƙe-yaƙensu na wancen zamani. Sannan akanyi wasan kwaikwayo don farantawa sarakuna rai ta hanyar kiɗe-kiɗe, hikayoyi, raye-raye, da kuma barkwanci. To ta haka wasan kwaikwayo ya wanzu a nahiyoyin duniya. Daga nan harkar wasan kwaikwayo ta bunƙasa ta zama ruwan dare har masu kuɗi kan biya domin a shirya masu wasan kwaikwayo. Nan da nan wasan kwaikwayo ya zama sana’a ta bazu ko ina afaɗin duniya, musamman lokacin da masana’antu suka samu a yammacin turai. A nan ƙasar hausa ana iya cewa wasan kwiakwayo ya daɗe ainun tun hanyoyin yaɗa al’adar gargajiya ta farko. Irin su “Ga Mai Rama ga Daudu”, tatsuniyoyi, da wasan dandali daga bya suka inganya bayan fafa gidagen rediyoyi da tevebijin a kaduna zamanin Ahmadu Bello. Tsakanin 1963 zuwa 1965 aka fara wasan kwaikwayo mai suna kukan kurciya” wanda ke nuni ga halayne al’umma managarta da kyawawan dabi’un zamantakewar rayuwa. Sabanin ra’ayi al’ada, addini, harshe sun kawo mishkila sosai a farko Kadan daga cikin jaruman fim na loacin sun hada da, shrib lawal adamu (larp da gpa,) usman Danjuma (kasagi) Sani gwarzo ( tumbuleke) Mansur kwalli, (garuje) da sauransu Wasu dake jagorancin shirye shiryen wasan kwakwayo na lokacin da daukar nauyi sun hada da Alhaji Yusuf Ladan, Kasimu Yero, Usman Babba Pategi, Alh. Adamu Auge, da Alhaji Bello Abubakar wanda ke taimakawa wajen shirye-shirye kaman “uli ya menta b sabo, Golobo, saun jali, idan matambayi, tumbin giwa, ga fili ga mai doki, Zaman Duniya, da sauransu. – 7 oct, 1982. Bayan jamuriya ta biyu inda aka samu karin kafafen sadarwa an sami ci gaba sosai a harkar wasan kwaikwayo a Nijeriya, musamman da samuwar marubuta, da yawaitar kamera bidiyo da wayewar matasa da bunkasar ilimin zamani. Fitattun ‘yan wasan kwaikwayo na Hausa fim 1. Rashin jari. 2. Rashin fahimtar masu hannu da shuni ga muhimmancin zuba jari da kafa kanfanoni don haɓaka sana’ar fim. 3. Dokoki masu tsauri na ƙasa. 4. Talauci da ya hana cikakken aiki. 5. Kwaikwayon wasu al’adu da suka saɓa ɗabi’un hausawa. 6. Ƙyama ga masu harkar musamman ga wanda basu fahimci muhimmancin harkar ba. 7. Tsoro a zukatan wasu iyaye na mummunan fahimta da za’a riƙa wa ‘ya’yan su. 1. Samar da kyakkyawan yanayi ta hanyar doka da zata halasta kuma ta haɓaka harkan. 2. Ƙara wayar wa mutane kai kan harkar fina finan hausa. 3. Tabbatar da ingancin fitar da kyawawan ɗabi’u da al’adu na bahaushe a harkar. 4. Kaucewa batsa, ɓatanci, baɗala da duk wata mummunan ɗabi’a. 5. Ƙara fito da sutura, kamala, sana’a da balagar bahaushe a cikin shirye- shiryen wasan kwaikwayo. Hausa home videos : technology, economy and society. Adamu, Abdalla Uba, 1956-, Adamu, Yusuf Muhammad., Jibril, Umar Faruk. Kano, Nigeria: Center for Hausa Cultural Studies. 2004. ISBN 978-36906-0-4.OCLC 61158034.
20332	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Jihar%20Kogi	Jami'ar Jihar Kogi	Jami'ar Jihar Kogi, (yanzu Jami'ar Yarima Abubakar Audu) da ke Anyigba, ita ce jami'ar jihar ta Kogi, Nijeriya. Yarima Abubakar Audu, tsohon gwamnan jihar ne ya kafa ta a shekarar 1999. A lokacin kafuwar ta, an san ta da sunan; Jami'ar Jihar Kogi, Daga baya aka sanya mata suna Jami'ar Yarima Abubakar Audu (PAAU) a 2002, bayan gwamna mai ci a lokacin na jihar Kogi, wanda ya yi sanarwar kafa ta, daga baya kuma aka sauya mata suna. Jami'ar Jihar Kogi (KSU) a 2003 ta tsohon gwamna Ibrahim Idris sannan daga baya Gwamna Alhaji Yahaya Adoza Bello ya sauya mata suna zuwa; Jami'ar Yarima Abubakar Audu a shekarar 2020 dangane da marigayi Abubakar Audu. Farfesa SK Okwute (Farfesa na Chemistry) ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar kuma a yanzu ya koma Jami'ar Abuja. Farfesa FS Idachaba (OFR), Farfesa a fannin Noma-Tattalin Arziki, ya hau mulki tsakanin 2005 da 2008 sannan ya yi ritaya ya yi aiki a gidauniyar sa (FS Idachaba Foundation for Research and Scholarship) kafin rasuwarsa. Farfesa I. Isah (Farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar sinadarai), daga Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya, ya fara aiki ne a watan Oktoba na 2008. Mataimakin shugaban gwamnati mai ci Farfesa Marietu Tenuche . A cikin shekarar 2017 kungiyar malaman jami'o'in (ASUU) reshen KSU ta kasance cikin rikicin masana'antu tare da gwamnatin jihar kan rashin biyan albashi na wasu watanni. Gwamnatin jihar ta zargi malaman makarantar da siyasantar da rikice-rikicen masana’antar sannan ta ba da umarnin komawa cikin aji kai tsaye ko kuma mukamansu za su ayyana babu komai a kan sabbin aikace-aikace. Bayan kwanaki da yawa na kin komawa ajin, Gwamna Bello wanda ke Ziyartar makarantar ya sanar da haramta kungiyar ASUU da kuma ficewa daga kungiyar ta ASUU. Fannonin (Kwaleji) Jami'ar Jihar Kogi tana da fannoni 7 Fannin Noma Tattalin Arziki da Fadada Noman amfanin gona Dabarar kiwon Dabbobi da ƙirƙirar su Masunta da Kiwon kifi Kimiyyar Kasa Gwaninta da abinda ya shafi Ɗan'adam Tarihi da karatun duniya Turanci da Nazarin Adabi Gidan wasan kwaikwayo da gwaninta Dokar gama gari Shari'ar Musulunci Kimiyyar Zamani Ɓangaren Sadarwa da yaɗa labarai Tattalin arziki Kimiyyar Siyasa Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Ilimin hasas hen yanayi Tsare-tsare Abinda ya shafi Ilimi Ilimin Lissafi Ilimin sinadarai Ilimin da ya shafi jiki Ilimin ilimin halittu Ilimin CRS Ilimin Musulunci Laburare da Kimiyyar Bayanai Ilimin ɗan adam da Ilimin Kiwan lafiya Ilimin zamantakewar al'umma Ilimin Tattalin Arziki Ilimin Ingilishi Ilimin ilimin kasa Kimiyyar Halitta Kimiyyar lissafi Ingantaccen Masana'antu Shuka da Fasahar kere kere Ilimin kasa da kasa Ilimin halittu kanana Ilimin dabbobi Kimiyyar Gudanarwa Banki da Kudi Gudanar da Jama'a Gudanar da Kasuwanci Jami'ar Jihar Kogi ta fara ayyukan ilimi a cikin Afrilu, 2000 tare da fannoni shida: Kwarewar Aikin Noma, Arts da Humanities, Dokar, Kimiyyar Gudanarwa, Kimiyyar Halitta da Kimiyyar Zamani. Jami'ar ta kara da kafa Fannin ilimin magani tare da ofis mai fadi da hadaddun dakin gwaje-gwaje. An kafa Cibiyar Bada Digiri da Nazarin Diploma ne a karkashin gwamnatin yanzu ta Jami’ar don gudanar da shirye-shiryen difloma da digiri. Dalibai na shirin digiri na farko zasu iya samun shiga cikin shirin digiri idan sun yi nasara a cikin gwaji na ciki kuma ba sa buƙatar rubuta jarrabawar Post-UTME. Dukkan fannonin da cibiyar karatun kwaskwarima da difloma suna wuri guda saboda an shirya jami'a ta zama birni na kanta. Babu wuraren karatun tauraron dan adam. Koyaya akwai kira da yawa cewa jami'ar ta rarraba ta hanyar tura wasu daga cikin ikonta musamman Kwalejin Magani zuwa yamma ko Tsakiyar jihar. Jami'ar na ba da kwasa-kwasai da yawa kan batutuwa kamar su magani, shari'a, microbiology, biochemistry, geology (haɗin injiniya da ilimin ƙasa), kimiyyar lissafi, lissafi, kimiyyar kwamfuta, gudanarwar jama'a, kimiyyar ɗan adam, ilimin sunadarai na masana'antu, ƙididdiga, gudanar da kasuwanci, lissafi, banki kudi, wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo, abinci, abinci mai gina jiki da kimiyyar gida, injiniyan noma, noman kayan gona, samar da dabbobi, kimiyyar kasa, kimiyyar abinci da fasaha, masunta da gandun daji, karatun addinin musulunci, addini da falsafa, Ingilishi, tarihi da karatun kasa da kasa, ilimin halayyar dan adam, taro sadarwa, tattalin arziki, da ilmin sunadarai. Kashi 98% na kwasa-kwasan da aka bayar a jami'ar Hukumar Kula da Jami'o'in Najeriya (NUC) ce ta amince da su. Kodayake ba sanannen mashahuriya bace jami'ar na ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawu a Afirka, tare da sanya wasu daga cikin sassan ta ƙungiyar ƙwararrun masanan Najeriya da ƙungiyoyin ilimi a matsayin mafi kyawu a Najeriya. Wasu 'yan shekarun da suka gabata, an bayyana Fannin Shari'a a matsayin mafi kyau a Nijeriya, kuma ya kasance cikin mafi kyau a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. Hakanan an ƙaddamar da sashen Geology a matsayin ɗayan mafi kyau a Afirka, tare da Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, da Jami'ar Ibadan. A halin yanzu, tana ɗaukar ɗakin karatu wanda ke ɗauke da ɗimbin tarin littattafai na musamman masu tsada, kayan aiki, da tashar Geologic, waɗanda ƙungiyar Ci gaban Man Fetur ta Shell ta ba da gudummawarsu a matsayin yabawa da sashen keɓaɓɓiyar halayyar haɓaka ƙwarewar ilimi. Har ila yau, jami'ar na cike da kayayyakin aiki wanda a cewar wasu majiyoyin da ba a bayyana ba, ga daliban za su iya samun damar gudanar da bincike na ilimi, gata ce da ba a saba da ita ba a tsakanin sauran jami'o'in Najeriya. Sananne ne E-laburaren Jami'ar; babban tsari mai kayan aiki wanda yake shi kaɗai ne kuma ya banbanta da babban ɗakin karatun makarantar. Majiyoyi suna da cewa akwai wasu 'yan jami'o'in Najeriya kamar su Jami'ar covenant (jami'a mai zaman kanta) waɗanda ke alfahari da ɗakunan karatu na E-shi kaɗai. Duk da rashin isassun kudade wanda shine babban kalubale na jami'o'in jihohi idan aka kwatanta da jami'o'in tarayya, KSU an sanya mata jami'a tare da mafi kyawun aiwatar da albarkatu don ci gaba ta Gidauniyar Ilimi don Tasiri. Jami'ar ta fara ne da ɗalibai kimanin 751in 2000, amma wanda kamar yadda a shekarar 2009/2010 gurbin bada shigar jami'an ya karu zuwa kusan 16,000, kuma yanzu ya kai kusan 50,000 a 2016. Hakanan an san shi da ɗayan mafi kyawun jami'oi a cikin aikin shigarta, shigar da ɗalibai ta hanyar cancanta, kuma ƙari bisa cancanta. An sanya shi a matsayin babbar jami'a mai tasowa a Nijeriya, kuma ɗayan irinta, a Afirka. Jami'ar kamar sauran mutane tana da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Dalibai (SUG) mai aiki. A cikin 2014 duk da haka an dakatar da SUG saboda tashin hankali yayin zabukan kuma daga baya aka dawo da shi a cikin 2016 (gwamnatin rikon kwarya ce ke tafiyar da ita har zuwa lokacin). Zabe na gaba ya fi nasara sosai kuma ya samar da Phillip Omepa a matsayin shugaba da Suleiman, Farouq Omale a matsayin Daraktan walwala. A cikin shekarar 2018 an zargi Gwamna Yahaya Bello da shirin kulla makarkashiyar sanya ‘yan takarar da aka zaba a matsayin shugabannin kungiyar daliban. Kodayake ba su da shahara kamar takwarorinta na tarayya kamar Jami'ar Legas, Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, da Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Jami'o'in Jihar Kogi da yawa daga cikin manyan kamfanoni sun sanya suna a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan jami'o'in Afirka bisa la'akari da tsarin ilimi na musamman na wadanda suka kammala karatunsu. . Ya zuwa watan Janairun 2017, Jami'ar a hukumance ta yanke jiki da kanta daga Kungiyar Hadaddiyar Ma’aikatan Jami’o’i: inuwar kungiyar ma’aikatan jami’o’in Najeriya. Saboda haka, shirye-shiryen ilimi sun daidaita kuma suna sauri, ba tare da yajin aiki da ya sabawa na jami'o'in membobin ASUU ba. An sabunta = 2019 Duba kuma Jami'ar Tarayya, Lokoja Hanyoyin haɗin waje Jami'ar Confluence Tashar yanar gizo Pages with unreviewed translations Jami'o'i a Najeriya
43291	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwayne%20Johnson	Dwayne Johnson	Dwayne Douglas Johnson (an haife shi a watan Mayu 2, shekara ta 1972), wanda kuma aka sani da sunan zobensa The Rock, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Amurka kuma tsohon dan wasan kokwa. Ana daukan sa daya daga cikin manyan ƙwararru, ya kasance mai mahimmanci ga ci gaba da cin nasara na Ƙungiyar Wasan Kokowa ta Duniya (WWF, yanzu WWE) a lokacin Halin Hali, lokacin haɓaka masana'antu a cikin marigayi 1990s da farkon 2000s. Johnson ya yi kokawa don WWF na tsawon shekaru takwas kafin ya ci gaba da yin aiki. Fina-finansa sun samu sama da a Arewacin Amurka da sama da a duk duniya, ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin ‘yan wasan da suka fi samun kudi a duniya da kuma mafi yawan albashi. Bayan ya karɓi guraben guraben wasannin motsa jiki don buga ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Miami, ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta 1991, amma galibi ɗan wasa ne. Duk da buri a kwallon kafa na ƙwararrun ya tafi ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba a cikin daftarin 1995 NFL, kuma an ɗan sa hannu tare da Calgary Stampeders kafin a yanke shi a farkon kakarsa. A cikin 1996, mahaifin Johnson Rocky ya taimaka wajen taimaka masa ya sami kwangila tare da WWF. Da sauri Johnson ya tashi zuwa matsayin duniya, yana taimakon wani ɗan gimi da ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da shara. Johnson ya bar WWE a cikin 2004 kuma ya dawo a cikin 2011 a matsayin ɗan wasa na ɗan lokaci har zuwa 2013, yana yin bayyanuwa lokaci-lokaci har sai ya yi ritaya a 2019. Zakaran duniya na sau 10, gami da na farko na haɓaka na zuriyar Ba-Amurke, kuma shine zakaran Intercontinental sau biyu, Champion Team Champion sau biyar, wanda ya lashe Royal Rumble na 2000, da zakaran WWE na shida na Triple Crown. . Johnson ya ba da taken ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun biya-per-view (WrestleMania XXVIII) kuma an nuna shi a cikin mafi yawan abubuwan kallo na jerin talabijin na WWE na flagship (Raw da SmackDown). Aikin fim na farko na Johnson shine a cikin Mummy Returns . A shekara mai zuwa ya taka rawa na farko a cikin fim ɗin fantasy The Scorpion King . Tun daga nan ya yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan iyali The Game Plan , Race to Witch Mountain , Tooth Fairy , Jumanji: Barka da zuwa Jungle , Jumanji: Mataki na gaba , da Jungle Cruise , da kuma fina-finai na Action Journey 2: The Mysterious Island , GI. Joe: Retaliation , Hercules , Skyscraper , San Andreas da Rampage . Ya kuma yi tauraro a cikin fina-finan wasan ban dariya Get Smart , Central Intelligence , Baywatch , da Red Notice . Matsayinsa na Luke Hobbs a cikin fina-finai na Fast & Furious, wanda ya fara da Fast Five , ya taimaka wa ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar ikon mallakar kamfani ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi girma a cikin fim. Ya shiga cikin DC Extended Universe yana taka rawa a cikin Black Adam . Hakanan an san shi don yin sautin Maui a cikin fim ɗin mai rai na Disney Moana . Johnson ya ƙirƙira kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo na HBO Ballers , da sitcom na tarihin kansa Young Rock . A cikin 2000, Johnson ya fito da tarihin rayuwarsa, The Rock Says, wanda shine mafi kyawun siyar da New York Times. A cikin 2012, ya haɗu da kafa kamfanin samar da nishaɗin Bakwai Bucks Productions. Johnson abokin haɗin gwiwa ne na XFL, ƙwararren ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka, wanda ya samu daga mai WWE Vince McMahon akan dala miliyan 15 a cikin 2020. A cikin 2016 da 2019, Lokaci mai suna Johnson ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane a duniya. Farkon rayuwa An haife Johnson a Hayward, California, a kan Mayu 2, 1972, ɗan Ata Johnson (née Maivia; an haife shi 1948) kuma tsohon ɗan kokawa Rocky Johnson (an haife shi Wayde Douglas Bowles; 1944 – 2020). Lokacin girma, Johnson ya rayu a takaice a Grey Lynn a Auckland, New Zealand, tare da dangin mahaifiyarsa, inda ya buga rugby kuma ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Richmond Road kafin ya koma Amurka Mahaifin Johnson Baƙar fata Nova Scotian ne mai ƙaramin adadin zuriyar Irish. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Samowa. Mahaifinsa da Tony Atlas sune farkon zakarun ƙungiyar tag a cikin tarihin WWE, a cikin 1983. Rayayyun mutane Haifaffun 1972
51805	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gail%20Carson%20Levine%20ne%20adam%20wata	Gail Carson Levine ne adam wata	Gail Carson Levine (an haife shi Satumba 17,1947) marubucin Ba'amurke ne na littattafan manya.Littafinta na biyu,Ella Enchanted,ta sami lambar yabo ta Newbery a 1998. Rayuwar farko Levine ta girma a cikin New York City,New York. Ta yaba wa iyayenta David da Sylvia saboda ƙwaƙƙwaran ƙirƙira.Mahaifinta,wanda yarinta a cikin mafakar marayu na Ibrananci na New York ya ba da wahayi ga labarinta Dave a Dare,ya mallaki gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasuwanci,kuma mahaifiyarta malami ce wacce ta rubuta wasan kwaikwayo don ɗalibanta su yi.Yayanta,Rani, wadda ta kai shekara biyar,ta zama mai zane. Lokacin yaro,Levine ya karanta sosai;Littafin da ta fi so shine James M. Barrie's Peter Pan,kuma ta kuma ji daɗin ayyukan Louisa May Alcott da LM Montgomery. Da farko ta yi burin zama ’yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai zane-zane,kuma ta shiga cikin rukunin wasan kwaikwayo kafin ta rasa sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo. A 1967,ta auri David Levine.Ta yi digiri a fannin falsafa a Kwalejin Birnin New York, inda ta sami BA a 1969. Ta shafe shekaru 27 masu zuwa tana aiki da gwamnatin jihar New York,musamman a matsayin mai kula da jin dadin jama'a, tana taimaka wa mutane samun ayyukan yi. Hakanan tana da Airedale Terrier mai suna Reggie. Sana'ar rubutu Bayan da ta ɗauki aji a rubuce-rubuce da kwatanta wa yar,Levine ta gano cewa tana jin daɗin rubutu fiye da kwatanta. Don haka a cikin 1987,ta fara rubutawa,amma a cikin shekaru tara masu zuwa,an ƙi duk rubuce-rubucenta. A wannan lokacin ta dauki karatun rubuce-rubuce kuma ta shiga kungiyoyin marubuta.Da take bimbini a kan abubuwan da ta faru,Levine ta ce “waɗannan shekarun sun kasance cikin farin ciki na.Ina koyan rubutu." Littafinta na farko da aka buga shine Ella Enchanted,wanda HarperTrophy ya karɓa don bugawa.Levine ta tuna,"Wannan ranar,17 ga Afrilu,1996,ita ce ɗaya daga cikin mafi farin ciki a rayuwata." An buga littafin a cikin 1997,kuma a cikin 1998,ya sami karramawa na Sabuwar Bery . Daga baya zai zama wahayi ga fim ɗin 2004 mai suna iri ɗaya.Nasarar Ella Enchanted ya sa Levine ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati kuma ya ci gaba da rubuta cikakken lokaci. Littafin labari na gaba na Levine, Dave at Night, ya sami wahayi ne ta hanyar sha'awarta game da abubuwan da mahaifinta ya fuskanta a rayuwa a cikin gidan marayu. Levine ta ce, “Na yi nawa tsarin yarinta na mahaifina. Gabaɗaya almara ce, amma ina tsammanin halin Dave ya ɗan yi kama da mahaifina. Kuma ina ganin cewa abota, da tsananin cudanya, a tsakanin samarin, dole ne ya kasance kusa da abin da ya faru.” Ga littafinta mai zuwa, The Wish, littafi game da shahara a makarantar sakandare, Levine, wanda ya tsallake digiri na takwas, dole ne ya yi bincike: "Na yi kwana ɗaya ina bin aji na takwas a kusa, kuma na yi tambayoyi da yawa. Na kuma yi hira da yara da yawa game da abubuwan sha'awa, azuzuwan su, ra'ayoyinsu kan shahara da rayuwa" Levine, bayan nasarar da ta samu na daidaitawar labarin Cinderella a cikin Ella Enchanted, ta ci gaba da ba da labarun tatsuniyoyi tare da karkatar da abin da zai zama jerin labaran Gimbiya . A cewar Levine, "Bayan an buga Ella Enchanted, na gabatar da wasu tsoffin littattafan hoto na da aka ƙi ga edita na. Ta na son daya, wanda a lokacin ake kira Talk Is Cheap? Sai dai ta yi tunanin ya kamata ya zama ɗan gajeren novel, maimakon littafin hoto, sai ta ce in sake yin uku. Littafin hoton ya juya zuwa Kuskuren Fairy, kuma ta haka ne aka fara jerin shirye-shiryen." Gajerun labarai guda shida nata sun sake dawo da tatsuniyoyi na gargajiya, suna neman cike gibin dabaru. Kamar yadda Levine ta ce, "A cikin Barci Beauty, yariman ya ƙaunaci gimbiya lokacin da ya san abubuwa uku kawai game da ita: tana da kyau, ita gimbiya ce, kuma ba ta yin murmushi. A cikin Gimbiya Sonora da Dogon Barci . . . Na ba wa yariman ainihin dalilin sumbantar Sonora duk da cewa, bayan shekaru 100, an rufe ta da gizagizai! " Tsayawa tare da wannan nau'in, Levine kuma ya rubuta littafin hoto, Betsy Who Cried Wolf, wanda ya dace da labarin Aesop na yaron da ya yi kuka Wolf . A cikin 2010 ta fito da wani littafi na hoto na biyu mai suna Betsy Red Hoodie, wani daidaitawa na fable Little Red Riding Hood . Rayayyun mutane
51127	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace%20Paley	Grace Paley	Grace Paley (Disamba 11,1922-Agusta 22,2007) marubuciyar gajeriyar labari ce Ba'amurke,mawaƙiya,malami,kuma ɗan gwagwarmayar siyasa. Paley ya rubuta tarin gajerun labarai guda uku waɗanda aka yaba da su,waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin lambar yabo ta Pulitzer da lambar yabo ta ƙasa ta ƙarshe The Tattara Labarun a 1994. Labarunta suna daɗaɗawa game da rikice-rikice na yau da kullun da raunin zuciya na rayuwar birni,wanda ya sanar da ita sosai ta ƙuruciyarta a cikin Bronx. Bayan aikinta a matsayin marubuciya kuma farfesa a jami'a,Paley ta kasance 'yar gwagwarmayar mata kuma mai adawa da yaki, tana kwatanta kanta a matsayin "mai son zaman lafiya da haɗin kai." Rayuwar farko da ilimi haifi Grace Paley Grace Goodside a ranar 11 ga Disamba,1922, a cikin Bronx,ga iyayen Yahudawa,Isaac Goodside da tsohon Manya Ridnyik,waɗanda suka fito daga Ukraine,kuma sun kasance masu ra'ayin gurguzu-musamman mahaifiyarta. Sun yi hijira shekaru 16-17 da suka shige (a cikin 1906,ta lissafin daya bayan wani lokaci,a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ukraine ta Czar Nicholas II da aka yi hijira,mahaifiyarta zuwa Jamus da mahaifinta zuwa Siberiy tare da canza suna daga Gutseit yayin da suka fara sabuwar rayuwarsu a New York. Iyalin suna magana da Rashanci da Yiddish a cikin gida,kuma a ƙarshe Ingilishi (wanda mahaifinta ya koyi "ta karatun Dickens"). Isaac ya horar kuma ya zama likita a New York,kuma ma’auratan sun haifi ’ya’ya biyu da wuri,na uku kuma,Grace,sa’ad da suka kusa shiga tsaka-tsaki. Shekaru goma sha huɗu da ƙanwarta,Jeanne,da ɗan'uwanta,Victor,shekaru goma sha shida,an kwatanta Grace a matsayin yarinya tun tana yarinya.Tun tana yarinya tana sauraron muhawarar hankali na manya da ke kewaye da ita,kuma ta kasance memba na Falcons,ƙungiyar matasa masu ra'ayin gurguzu. Bayan ta bar makarantar sakandare a sha shida, Grace Goodside ta halarci Kwalejin Hunter na tsawon shekara guda (wanda ya kai 1938-1939 ),sannan ta auri mai daukar hoto Jess Paley,lokacin tana 19, a watan Yuni 20.,1942. Paleys suna da 'ya'ya biyu,Nora (an haife shi 1949)da Danny (an haife shi a 1951),amma daga baya suka sake su. Rubutun don gabatar da hira a cikin Binciken Paris,Jonathan Dee,Barbara Jones,da Larissa MacFarquhar lura cewaRubutun lokaci-lokaci shine babban aikin Paley.Ta shafe lokaci mai yawa a filin wasa lokacin da 'ya'yanta suna kanana.Ta kasance koyaushe tana aiki sosai a cikin ƙungiyoyin mata da zaman lafiya.. . Paley ta yi karatu a taƙaice tare da WH Auden,a Sabuwar Makaranta,lokacin da take da shekaru goma sha bakwai, tana neman bege na zama mawaƙiya. Ba ta sami digiri daga kowace cibiya ba. A farkon aikinta na rubuce-rubuce,Paley ta sami ƙin yarda da ayyukanta da aka ƙaddamar. Ta buga tarin ta na farko,Thearamin Damuwa na Mutum tare da Doubleday. Tarin ya ƙunshi labaru goma sha ɗaya na rayuwar New York,da dama daga cikinsu tun daga lokacin an yi la'akari da su sosai, musamman "Barka da Sa'a" da "The Used-Boy Raisers,"da kuma gabatar da wani ɗan gajeren hali "Faith Darwin" (a cikin "The The Used-Boy Raisers".Used-Boy Raisers" da "Batun Yaro")-wanda daga baya ya bayyana a cikin labarai shida na Babban Canje-canje a Minti na Ƙarshe da tara na Daga baya Rana ɗaya. Ko da yake a matsayin tarin labari na marubucin da ba a san shi ba,ba a sake nazarin littafin ba, waɗanda suka yi bitarsa,ciki har da Philip Roth da shafin littafin The New Yorker,sun kasance suna kimanta labarun sosai. Duk da rashin bayyanar da farko,Ƙananan Disturbances sun haɓaka isassun abubuwan da za a sake fitar da su ta Viking Press a 1968. Bayan nasarar da aka samu na Ƙananan Ƙwararrun,Mawallafin Paley ya ƙarfafa ta ta rubuta wani labari,amma ta daina ƙoƙari bayan da ta yi amfani da zane-zane na shekaru biyu.A maimakon haka ta ci gaba da mai da hankali kan gajerun labarai. Tare da ƙarfafawar abokinta da maƙwabcinta Donald Barthelme, Barthelmtattatarin almara na biyu a cikin 1974,Babban Canje-canje a Minti na Ƙarshe,wanda Farrar,Straus & Giroux ya buga. Wannan tarin labarai goma sha bakwai ya ƙunshi haruffa masu maimaitawa da yawa daga Ƙananan Damuwa (mafi mahimmanci mai ba da labari "Imani,"amma har da John Raftery da mahaifiyarsa),yayin da yake ci gaba da binciken Paley game da launin fata,jinsi,da al'amurran aji. Dogon labarin "Imani a cikin Bishiya," wanda aka ajiye a tsakiyar tarin,ya kawo haruffa da jigogi da dama daga labarun tare a ranar Asabar da yamma a wurin shakatawa;A cikinta,bangaskiya, mai ba da labari,ta hau bishiya don samun hangen nesa mai zurfi game da maƙwabtanta da kuma "duniya mai faɗi" kuma,bayan ta ci karo da masu zanga-zangar yaƙi da dama,ta bayyana wani sabon alkawari na zamantakewa da siyasa. Muryar ba da labari mai jujjuya tarin tarin,halaye masu ma'ana da rarrabuwar kawuna,makircin da ba su cika ba sun sa wasu masu suka suka rarraba ta a matsayin aikin zamani.. A cikin Daga baya The Same Day wanda kuma Farrar,Straus & Giroux suka buga. Paley ta ci gaba da labarun Bangaskiya da maƙwabta-amma da ɗan faɗaɗa,tare da ƙarin baƙar fata da muryoyin madigo. An sake tattara labarun Paley a cikin juzu'i daga Farrar,Straus a cikin 1994,<i id="mwoQ">Labarun Tattara</i>,wanda ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize da lambar yabo ta kasa. An kwatanta aikinta a matsayin ma'amala da nasarorin yau da kullun da bala'o'in "mata - galibi Yahudawa, galibin New Yorkers." Kamar yadda wani editan da ya yi aiki tare da Paley ya rubuta, "Halayenta mutane ne masu kamshin albasa, yi wa juna ihu, makoki a cikin dafa abinci masu duhu." Ta rubuta abin da ta sani:“Ba zan iya taimaka da cewa ban je yaki ba, kuma ban yi aikin maza ba. Na yi rayuwar mace kuma abin da na rubuta ke nan.” Tattaunawarta mai kaifi tana da alamar kaɗe-kaɗe na Yiddish,kuma labaran nata sun kasance suna nuna "ihu da gunaguni na Yiddishkeit ." Duk da cewa an fi saninta da ɗan gajeren almara,Paley ta kuma buga wakoki da yawa ciki har da Leaning Forward da Sabbin Waƙoƙin Tattara . A cikin 1991 ta buga Dogayen Tafiya da Tattaunawa Mai Kywanda ya haɗu da wakoki da rubuce-rubucen batsa kuma a cikin 2001 ta fitar da tarin Fara Again:Waƙoƙin Tattara,wanda ya haɗu da aiki daga duk rayuwarta. Pa..ley ya buga tarin muqal,Kamar yadda na yi tunani,a cikin 1999. Ta kuma ba da gudummawar yanki "Me ya sa Aminci Ya kasance (Fiye da Har abada) Batun Mata"zuwa 2003 anthology Sisterhood Is Forever:The Women's Anthology for a New Millennium, edited by Robin Morgan. Littafinta na tarin waƙoƙin Fidelity,an buga shi bayan mutuwa a cikin 2008. Aikin ilimi Paley ya fara koyar da rubutu a Kwalejin Sarah Lawrence a cikin 1966 (har zuwa 1989) kuma ya taimaka wajen samun Haɗin gwiwar Malamai & Marubuta a New York a ƙarshe. Daga baya ta yi aiki a faculty a City College kuma ta koyar da kwasa-kwasan a Jami'ar Columbia. Ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Syracuse kuma ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugabar Cibiyar Amurka ta PEN, ƙungiyar da ta yi aiki don haɓakawa a cikin 1980s. Paley ta taƙaita ra'ayinta game da koyarwa a yayin taron tattaunawa kan "Iliman Ilimin Hasashen,"wanda Ƙungiyar Malamai da Marubuta suka dauki nauyin a 1996:"Ra'ayinmu shi ne cewa yara -ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce,ta hanyar rubuta kalmomi, ta hanyar karantawa, ta hanyar fara son wallafe-wallafe,ta hanyar kirkiro sauraron juna-za su iya fara fahimtar duniya da kyau kuma su fara samar da duniya mafi kyau ga kansu.Wannan ko da yaushe yana kama da ni irin wannan ra'ayi na dabi'a wanda ban taɓa fahimtar dalilin da ya sa ya ɗauki tsangwama ba da lokaci mai yawa don farawa." Harkar siyasa Paley an san ta da son zaman lafiya da gwagwarmayar siyasa. Abokan gwagwarmayar mata Robin Morgan ya bayyana gwagwarmayar Paley a matsayin mai da hankali sosai kan adalci na zamantakewa: "'yancin farar hula,yaki,yaki da nukiliya,mata,duk abin da ake bukata na juyin juya hali." FBI ta ayyana ta a matsayin 'yar gurguzu kuma ta ajiye mata fayil tsawon shekaru talatin. Matattun 2007 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
49363	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics%20of%20northern%20nigeria	Politics of northern nigeria	Siyasar Arewacin Najeriya Gwamnatin Arewacin Najeriya ta kasance abin koyi da tsarin Westminster. Firimiya yana aiki a matsayin shugaban gwamnati kuma yana jagorantar al'amuran yau da kullun na gwamnati, yayin da gwamna ke aiki a matsayin shugaban ƙasa kuma babban kwamandan ofishin jakadancin. Majalisar da ake kira majalisar wakilai, ta kunshi zababbun wakilai daga larduna daban-daban na kasar. Majalisar dattawan da ake kira House of Chiefs, tana kama da na Burtaniya. Ta ƙunshi sarakunan da ba zaɓaɓɓu ba na Majalisar Dokokin Ƙasa daban-daban na lardunan ƙasar. Kafin shekarar 1963, Sarauniyar Ingila ta yi sarautar Arewacin Najeriya. Tushen siyasa Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, siyasar Najeriya ta dauki sabon salo. A shekarar 1946 gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Burtaniya ta gabatar da tsarin mulkin Richards wanda ya raba Najeriya zuwa yankuna uku – Arewa, Yamma da Gabas. An gabatar da wakilcin siyasar Nijeriya a matakin tarayya da na shiyya, kuma an ba da dama ga jam’iyyun siyasar Nijeriya. Jam’iyyar siyasa da ke da rinjaye a Arewacin Najeriya ita ce jam’iyyar People’s Congress (Northern People’s Congress), wadda jiga-jigan siyasar Musulunci a Arewa suka mamaye kuma ake kyautata zaton jam’iyyar Musulmi ce. Ga al'ummomin Kirista kamar Bachama's da sauran su a ko'ina cikin Middle Belt an dauki Congress People's Congress a matsayin babban abokan gaba na siyasa, kuma an kafa jam'iyyun Kirista masu rinjaye a Middle Belt, musamman Middle Zone League da United Middle Belt Congress wadanda aka tallafa. da mafi yawan Bachama. A wajen kiristocin arewacin Najeriya babban burin siyasar wannan lokacin shi ne gujewa mamayar musulmi da kuma bijirewa abin da suke gani a matsayin mulkin daular Ingila da ta dade tana yi da Fulani musulmi a arewacin Najeriya. Gado kafin mulkin mallaka Tsarin gwamnatocin Arewacin Najeriya ya dunkule ne cikin tsarin tafiyar da mulkin daular Sakkwato, a shekarar 1903, gwamnan Arewacin Najeriya, Lord Lugard, ya ba da tabbacin tsarin tafiyar da yankin a lokacin da ya yanke shawarar kiyaye tsarin masarautu na halifanci; Daga baya aka gyara masarautun a hankali a hankali zuwa larduna, wasu daga cikinsu sun hada da masarautu da yawa. Arewacin Najeriya Sabanin kishin kasa na Nijeriya, Arewacin Nijeriya bai taba fuskantar wani yanayi na kishin kasa ba wanda ya saba kafin samun ‘yancin kai na yawancin kasashen Afirka, Arewacin Nijeriya a daya bangaren kuma ya karkata ne ga yadda ake ganin rinjaye da tasirin Kudancin Najeriya . A cikin shekarun 1940 wakilan Arewacin Najeriya sun zabi tabbatar da tsarin tarayyar Najeriya sannan suka kada kuri'ar kin yancin kai. A shekarar 1952 wani ƙin ’yancin kai da Arewa ta yi ya haifar da kai hari a kan Tawagar Arewa zuwa taron Legas; Labarin hare-haren ya haifar da tarzomar Kano a 1953 da kuma shahararriyar jawabin "kuskure na 1914" da sardauna ya gabatar. A cikin shekarun 1970 tsarin fafutuka na Arewacin Najeriya sannu a hankali ya haifar da bullar kungiyoyin masu ruwa da tsaki a arewa, duk da haka wadannan kungiyoyin sun yi matukar kaduwa sakamakon nasarar da Shehu 'Yar'adua Peoples Democratic Movement ya yi a 1993. Tun daga 1999, Arewacin Najeriya ya ci gaba da shan wahala. koma bayan zabe. Tsarin mulki da na siyasa Sarakunan Arewacin Najeriya ne ke shugabantar masarautun kasar da dama; A hankali adadinsu ya karu tun bayan kafa masarautu masu daraja a jamhuriyar Najeriya ta uku da ta hudu. Duk da cewa tsarin mulki na suna tun daga jamhuriya ta farko, sun ci gaba da kasancewa tushen iko da tasiri a duk Arewacin Najeriya. A shekarar 2014, zaben Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a matsayin Sarkin Kano ya haifar da cece-ku-ce na kwanaki hudu da ake zargin shugaban ne ya haddasa shi, wanda ya ji tsoron tasirin da Sunusi zai samu daga ofishin. KANANAN HUKUMOMI DA NA JAHOHI Siyasar kananan hukumomi a Arewacin Najeriya na fama da kungiyoyi masu ra'ayin rikau tun bayan faduwar gwamnatin Arewa ta tsakiya. Ƙungiyoyin kleptocracies masu tsari a cikin tsarin ƙungiyoyin siyasa na iyali yawanci suna mulkin tushen ciyawa na Arewacin Najeriya. Wasu dai na hasashen cewa tasirin al'adun Kudancin Najeriya zai iya haifar da matsalar cin hanci da rashawa da ta addabi siyasar Arewacin Najeriya. ^ "Northern Nigeria from Independence to 1979", Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Post-Colonial Northern Nigeria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, "Building New Bridges of Relationships in Postcolonial Northern Nigeria and the Evolution of a New Northern Nigeria", Muslim-Christian Dialogue in Post-Colonial Northern Nigeria, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, Bello, Ahmadu. "Sarduana of Sokoto. His take on Igbo People and why there is no such thing as "One Nigeria"". youtube.com. youtube.com. Retrieved 2014-01-07. {{cite book}}: \|last= has generic name (help)
45417	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khaya%20Majola%20%28%C9%97an%20wasan%20kurket%20ne%29	Khaya Majola (ɗan wasan kurket ne)	Khaya Majola (17 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 1953 - 28 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2000), ɗan wasan kurket ne na Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai gudanarwa. Bakar fata Bature, Majola ya buga wasan kurket a lokacin mulkin wariyar launin fata a Afirka ta Kudu. A farkon wasansa na wasa, Hukumar kurket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SAACB) ta ba shi dama don yin wasa tare da farar fata a wasannin nune-nune, da buga wasa a ketare a Ingila. Ba da daɗewa ba ya yi watsi da ƙarin tayi daga SAACB, yana jin cewa wasannin alama ce ta alama, kuma suna amfani da 'yan wasa baƙar fata a matsayin kayan aiki don kawar da ƙauracewa wasanni na wariyar launin fata ta Afirka ta Kudu, da ba da damar tawagar ƙasa, ta ƙunshi 'yan wasa farar fata kaɗai. sake shigar da wasan kurket t na duniya. Wannan shawarar na nufin cewa Majola ya buga kusan dukkan wasan kurkɗinsansa a gasar Howa Bowl tsakanshekarar in 1973 zuwa 1991, gasar da ba ta launin fata ba wadda Hukumar Kula wasan kurkicket ta Afirka ta Kudu (SACBOC) ta shirya, wacce ta goyi bayan kauracewa gasar. Yawanci ana yin matches akan matting wickets a cikin yanayi mara kyau; Ba a yi la'akari da su a matsayin matsayi na farko a lokacin ba, amma daga baya an saka su cikin bayanan. Majola ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan ‘yan wasa a gasar Howa Bowl; ya buga wasanni da yawa fiye da kowane ɗan wasa, ya zira ƙwallaye na biyu mafi yawan gudu, kuma ya ɗauki wiki na biyar mafi girma. Ko da yake ya bayyana kansa a matsayin ɗan wasan kurket, ba ɗan siyasa ba, ya ci gaba da fafutukar yaƙi da ta'addancin 'yan wasan kurket ɗin bakar fata, kuma ya yi adawa da rangadin 'yan tawaye na Afirka ta Kudu . Dukansu wariyar launin fata da ƙauracewa wasanni sun ƙare a hukumance a cikin shekarar 1991, kuma a wannan shekarar, Majola ya shiga Hukumar Cricket ta United bisa kafuwarta. A matsayinsa na daraktan wasan kurket na son, shi ne ke da alhakin kafa wani shiri na ci gaban kasa, kuma ya nemi samar da hanyoyin da bakar fata na Afirka za su iya buga wasan kurket a kowane mataki na wasan. Ya mutu daga ciwon daji na hanji, yana da shekaru 47, a cikin shekarar 2000. Rayuwar farko An haifi Khaya Majola a ranar 17 ga watan Mayun 1953 a cikin Sabon garin Brighton a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu, babba a cikin yara biyar na Eric da Milase Majola. Iyalinsa bakar fata ne a Afirka ta Kudu a mulkin wariyar launin fata; mahaifinsa ɗan Zulu ne, mahaifiyarsa kuwa tana da ruwa biyu; Scotland da kuma Sotho . Duk iyayensa sun yi aiki a matsayin malamai, kuma sun shiga cikin wasanni; Eric ya taka leda a tawagar 'yan wasan Afirka ta ƙasa a rugby da cricket, kuma sun kasance masu imani sosai a cikin al'umma da kuma fa'idar wasanni ga 'ya'yansu. Milase ya tuno da Khaya yana wasan kurket tare da mahaifinsa a matsayin ɗan ƙarami; "Khaya zai fita da wannan jemage da ya fi shi." Ko da yake ’yan’uwan Khaya sun buga wasanni iri-iri, musamman ƙwallon ƙafa, mahaifin Khaya ya sa shi mai da hankali kan wasan kurket. Ana kallonsa a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa hazaƙa a cikin yaran Majola, kuma a wasu lokuta dangi kan tashi da shekaru 5zan yi tasa a Khaya. A matsayinsa na matashi, Khaya wani lokaci yana buga wa New Brighton Cricket Club na mahaifinsa lokacin da ba su da 'yan wasa. Majola ya fara halartar Jarvis Gqamlana Lower, sannan Johnson Marwanqa Higher Schools; ba shi da manyan tsare-tsare na wasanni, kuma Majola ya ci gaba da haɓaka iya wasan kurket a gida tare da danginsa. A lokacin yana dan shekara 11, Jaridar Maraice ta riga ta bayyana shi a matsayin "tauraro a Port Elizabeth"; a lokacin samartaka ayyukansa sun kasance abin lura fiye da makonni fiye da ba. Ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Cowan, inda suka buga jadawalin wasan kurket tsakanin makarantu da wasu makarantu biyar. Khaya ya tuna cewa a lokacin da yake Cowan, yawancin makonni yana "buga hamsin ko shan wickets," yana wasa a makaranta da kulob. Duk da hazaƙarsa da nasararsa, Khaya ya ci gaba da nuna rashin son wasan, wani ɓangare saboda tsananin da mahaifinsa ya yi game da ci gabansa. Duk da rashin jin daɗinsa ga wasan cricket, Majola ya ci gaba da bunƙasa kuma ya shiga cikin mako na makarantun John Passmore, don baƙar fata na Afirka, a cikin shekarar 1971. Majola ya wakilci lardin Gabas ne, wanda ya lashe gasar, amma ya yi la'akari da gasar da cewa ba ta da kyau, yana mai cewa "wasu daga cikin yaran ma ba su iya buga wasan ba." Wannan ra'ayi ya yi kama da Passmore, wanda ya yarda cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan wasan "ba su da masaniya game da wasan kurket." Daga baya an zaɓi Majola don Makarantun Afirka ta Kudu XI. Ya sake kasancewa cikin tawagar da ta yi nasara a gasar Passmore a shekarar 1972, kuma shi ne dan wasa tilo da ya zura ƙwallo a ragar ƙarni biyu. Bayanan kula Haifaffun 1953
19712	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bola%20Akindele	Bola Akindele	Adebola Ismail Akindele wanda aka sani da Bola Akindele (An haife shine a 25 ga watan Nuwamban shekarar,1963) a Ibadan babban birnin jahar Oyo (birni). ɗan kasuwa ne a Najeriya, masanin Kasuwanci, kuma mai taimakon jama'a. Shi ne Manajan darakta na kamfanin Kasuwancin courtville, Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN).Mujallar Afirka ta Tsakiya ta karrama shi a matsayin daya daga cikin "Shugabannin fasahar kere-kere 21 na Najeriya da ke kan sharafin su." Tarihin Rayuwa da Karatu Bola Akindele an haife shi ne a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba, 1963 a garin Ibadan, na Jihar Oyo. Ya girma a Legas, Nijeriya. Kuma ya halarci Kwalejin Ansar-Ud-deen, Isolo, Legas daga 1974–1979. Tsohon dalibi ne na Jami’ar Obafemi Awolowo, Ile-Ife inda ya kammala karatun digirinsane na farko a fannin Aikin Noma. Ya yi digiri na biyu ne a harkar banki da hada-hadar kudi a jami'ar Lagos a 1993 sannan ya kuma mallaki digirin digirgir na harkokin kasuwanci (DBA) daga makarantar International Management of Paris, Paris. Hakana shi tsohon ɗalibi ne na Makarantar Kasuwancin Landan da Makarantar Kasuwancin Legas. Bola Akindele shi ne Manajan Daraktan Rukunin Kamfanin Courteville Business Solutions Plc., Mai ba da shawara kan Fasahar Sadarwa, da kuma kamfanin ba da izinin kasuwanci. Yayinda yake matashi mai sana'a, ya shiga KPMG, Peat, Marwick, Ani, Ogunde & Co. wanda yanzu ake kira KPMG Nigeria, kamar Audit Trainee. Akindele ya shiga Babban Bankin Najeriya ne a shekarar 1989, inda ya zama Babban Ma'aji / Mai Kula da Kudi na Tsarin Garanti na Karancin Noma (ACGS). Yayin da yake a CBN, ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Mai Binciken Banki a kan ayyukan duba kudi daban-daban. Ya ci gaba da aiki a bankin Oceanic a 1993, kuma ya zama Shugaban Kungiya, Bankin Kasuwanci. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da babban bankin Fountain Trust Bank, na Najeriya a yanzu a matsayin Shugaban Bangare, Kasuwanni. A 2004, ya zama Babban Jami'in Kamfanin Courteville Investment Limited. Bayan haka, Courteville Investment Limited ya zama kamfani mai iyakance na jama'a, kuma an sake sanya shi a matsayin Courteville Business Solutions Plc a cikin 2011, kuma daga baya Bola Akindele ya zama Babban Manajan Darakta. An yaba masa tare da fadada kamfanin zuwa aiki a jihohi 20 a Najeriya da kuma aiwatar da kamfani sama da 200. Akindele shine Shugaba, Virtuality Consulting Limited, Bolbis Ventures, Shugabannin Yan Kasuwa, Dajayaal Limited da Asibitin Regis & Reinas. Ya kuma zauna a kan Kwamitin Hadin Gwiwar Babban Birni da Shawara Mai iyaka. Membersungiyoyin andungiyoyi da Haɗa kai Bola Akindele yana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaban yankuna da na ƙasa da ƙasa na ci gaban kasuwanci. Shi kadai ne ɗan Afirka a cikin kwamitin ba da shawara na ofungiyar Kasuwanci da Tattaunawar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (EPDI), ƙungiyar da ke da rijista ta Burtaniya, mai zaman kanta da aka kafa don kafa gada ta fahimtar juna tsakanin ’yan majalisa da kamfanoni. Memba, Kwamitin Shawara na Kungiyar Kasuwancin Gabashin Afirka (EABN). Kyautututuka da Ganowa Bola Akindele ya sami lambobin yabo da yawa ciki har da girmamawa ta girmamawa daga Kwalejin Ravensbourne, Burtaniya saboda tasirin sa na musamman kan tsarin ilimi a Afirka. An kuma bashi lambar yabon ne a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan shugabannin Nijeriya 21 da ke ciyar da bangaren Fasaha, kuma a matsayin sa na daya daga cikin manyan Daraktoci 25 a Nijeriya. Kyautar Fasaha ta Najeriya - Halin Fasaha na Shekara, 2015. Kyautar Babban Taron Titan na Najeriya - Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta ga Ci gaban Masana'antu ta ICT ta Najeriya, 2016. Kyautar Nite-Out na Media na Najeriya - Fitaccen Shugaba na shekara, 2015. Kyautar Fellowship Award Ravensbourne College, Burtaniya - Tasiri mai Tasiri kan Tsarin Ilimi a Afirka. Rayuwar sa Bola Akindele ya rike sarautun gargajiya na Otunba Tayese na Ogijo Land a jihar Legas, da Otunba Bobaselu na Ejirin Land a Epe, Legas. An kuma ba shi sarautar Balogun Adinni na Babban Masallacin Olorun Gbebe da ke Mushin, Legas. Ya auri Olabisi Sidiquat Akindele. Suna da yara hudu, kuma membobin Ikoyi Club Lagos ne. Pages with unreviewed translations
59630	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Zaman%20Kankara	Cibiyar Zaman Kankara	Cibiyar Ice Age (Estonian) gidan kayan gargajiya ne da aka sadaukar don fahimtar shekarun ƙanƙara, wanda ya ke acikin ƙauyen Äksi, Tartu County, Estonia. Gidan kayan gargajiya yana bada ilimi game da asali da haɓakar shekarun ƙanƙara daban-daban, gami da tasirin su akan yanayin ƙasa,rayuwar dabbobi, da mutane, tareda mai da hankali na musamman kan tasirin sabon lokacin ƙanƙara akan abin da yake a yau Estonia. An bawa cibiyar kyautar Mafi kyawun Sabon Wurin Yawon shakatawa a Estonia acikin 2012. Game da Cibiyar Wurin da yake Cibiyar tana cikin ƙauyen Aksi, abakin tekun Saadjärv, acikin gundumar Tartu,tafiyar awa biyu daga Tallinn,babban birnin Estonia. Ana zaune akan dukiyar tafki, ƙaramin gidan zoo da wurin shakatawa da ke kusa. Ɗaya daga cikin National Geographic "Yellow Windows" yana kusa da Cibiyar Ice Age,yana jaddada muhimmancin wannan yankin ga masu yawon buɗe ido,don gano Kudancin Estonia.An san yankin da zamanin kankara da tatsuniyoyin Kalevipoeg na Estonia. Cibiyar Ice Age nune-nunen mu'amala ne,yana amfani da bene uku na nishaɗin ilimi.Gaba ɗaya an tsara shine ga yara, amma akwai ayyukan ga baƙi na kowane zamani. A bene na farko,baƙi zasu koyi game da shekarun ƙanƙara da dabbobi da suka rayu a lokacin,gami da mammoth mai laushi. Da yake shiga zauren baje kolin,baƙo ya fara ganin mammoth na zamanin ƙanƙara. A kewaye da mammoths akwai diorama, wani yanki na yanayi wanda suka taɓa rayuwa acik. Irin wannan al'umma ta samo asaline a Estonia bayan narkewar ƙanƙara. A nan baƙi zasu iya sanin dabbobi masu girman rayuwa kuma su fuskanci hangen nesa game da yadda duniya da yanayin Estonia suka bunƙasa acikin dubban shekaru. Zaku kuma koyi yadda mutane suka saba a lokacin zamanin ƙanƙara. Yara zasu sami damar yin gwaji tare da ƙanƙara, gami da filin wasa wanda aka tsara a matsayin kogo na zamanin ƙanƙara. bene na biyu yana bincika tasirin shekarun kankara a kan shimfidar wurare na Estonia, gami da alamun su a cikin tatsuniyoyi. A nan za a gabatar da baƙo ga tarihin yanayin Estonia da mazaunin ɗan adam bayan zamanin kankara na ƙarshe. Tsakanin wannan tarihin yanayi na bayan glacial shine labarun bincike na masana kimiyya, wanda "bayani" ke taimaka wa baƙo ya karanta da fahimtar alamun a cikin shimfidar wurare da al'adun al'adun gargajiya. Fasali na uku yana da ra'ayi game da makomar-za'a sami wani zamanin kankara? Shin mutane suna bada gudummawa ga hakan ta hanyar tasirin canjin yanayi? Menene sawun muhalli na mai halarta? Zasu kuma haɗu da wani beyar polar mai girman gaske, Franz. Shirye-shiryen Ilimi Ana bada shirye-shiryen nazarin muhalli daga kungiyoyin makarantar sakandare zuwa waɗanda suka kammala karatun sakandare. Bada baƙi ƙwarewar ƙwarewa na Saadjärv suna faruwa (akan jirgin ruwa alokacin rani, a kan ƙanƙara acikin hunturu), ana kama dabbobi masu ƙwayoyin cuta kuma ana gano su, kuma ana yin wasu ayyukan ban sha'awa da ilimi a waje da cikin gida. Darussan makarantar sakandare da makarantar farko suna maida hankali kan wasa.Misali: saba da yanayin ƙasa ("Ta yaya toboggan ya gudana?"), lura da daidaitawar dabbobi ga yanayi, sanin jihohin ruwa guda uku, dabbobi da wuraren zama, sanin dabbobin da suka rayu a zamanin kankara kuma su kwatanta su da da dabbobi na zamani ("Shin mammoth giwa ne mai gashi?"Rashin amfani da shi Ga tsofaffin ɗalibai, an mai da hankali kan ilmantarwa mai aiki, wanda ke rufe batutuwa masu zuwa: "Tsohon kankara - wani bangare ne na ci gaban Duniya" (tsarin kankara, tarihin ci gaban ƙasa, yanayin kankara da rayuwar ɗan adam), "Labarin yanayin Estonia - ci gaban halittu bayan zamanin kankara" (canjin yanayi, lokutan yanayi), "Heritage na kankara a saman Estonia" (babban duwatsu, siffofi), "Post-Ice Age Nature and Man in Estonia" (canjin yanayi a yankunan Estonia da yanayi, daidaitawa da kwayoyin halitta, kafa mazaunan mutane), "Shin kun san Vooremaa?" (tsarin ƙasa, muhalli, ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin sadarwar wakilci a Turai, matsayi). Sauran Ayyuka Cibiyar kuma tana ba da tafiye-tafiye a kan Tafkin Saadjärv. Masu jagorantar da ke ba da labari game da yanayin Tafkin Saadjärv, kafa Vooremaa da kuma manyan ayyukan jarumin kasa Kalevipoeg ne ke sarrafa jirgin. Yin amfani da tabarau na gaskiya, baƙi na iya nutsewa cikin "Mystical Primitive Sea," na daruruwan miliyoyin shekaru da suka gabata kuma suna fuskantar rayuwar da ta taɓa zama a yankunan Estonia, kamar manyan dabbobi masu rarrafe, trilobites masu ƙarfi, manyan masu cin nama, kunama na teku da nautiloids. Har ila yau, akwai shirin Kirsimeti na ilimi game da rayuwar dabbobi a cikin hunturu kuma, ba shakka, Santa Claus. Sauran abubuwan na musamman (taron, ranar haihuwar) za a iya shirya su ta hanyar tsari. A shekara ta 2004, ra'ayin kirkirar cibiyar baƙi a cikin garin Tartu kusa da Saadjärv, wanda zai janyo hankalin baƙi zuwa yankin, amma kuma zai zama mai ba da ilimin yanayi. Tunanin ya fito ne daga Makarantar Halitta ta Saadjärv da darakta na lokacin, Asta Tuusti . "Nunawar ta gabatar da shekarun kankara a cikin tarihin duniya, al'adun kankara a wurarenmu da namun daji, kuma ta gabatar da yiwuwar nan gaba a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi, "in ji Tuusti. "Äksi wuri ne mai dacewa da cibiyar zamanin kankara. Yankin da ke kewaye da shi tare da zagaye, tabkuna da duwatsu gado ne na zamanin kankara. " Al'ummar karkara ta Tartu da magajin gari, Aivar Soop, sun goyi bayan manufar kuma, tare da hadin gwiwar al'umma, an kirkiro baje kolin, gabatar da shekarun kankara a cikin tarihin duniya, al'adun kankara a wuraren Estonian da namun daji, da kuma yiwuwar nan gaba a cikin yanayin canjin yanayi. "Yana da ban sha'awa cewa wata karamar hukuma ta yi alkawarin kafa irin wannan babban cibiyar ilimi ta musamman", in ji Tuusti. Dukan yankin yana amfana daga dubban masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar Cibiyar a kowace shekara. Cibiyar ta kai kimanin Yuro miliyan 4, wasu daga cikinsu tallafi ne daga Asusun Ci gaban Yankin Turai. Haɗin waje https://www.visitestonia.com/en/ice-age-centre-jaaaja-keskus- Shafin yanar gizon Ziyarar Estonia Gidan kayan gargajiya na Arctic - St Petersburg, Rasha ScienceMuseum.org.uk (SMG) - ƙungiyar gidajen tarihi na Burtaniya waɗanda suka haɗa da Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya Cibiyar Ayyukan Volcanic - New Zealand Gidan Tarihi na Glacier da Canjin Yanayi - Norway Sauyin Yanayi
47754	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Annabawa%20da%20Sarakuna	Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna	Tarihin Annabawa da Sarakuna ( Tārīkh al-Rusul wa al-Mulūk ), wanda aka fi sani da Tarikh al-Tabari ko Tarikh-i Tabari ko The History of al-Tabari ( Persian ), tarihi ne na harshen Larabci wanda masanin tarihin musulmi Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari (225-310 AH, 838-923 AD) ya kammala a shekara ta 915 miladiyya. Ya fara da halitta, kuma ya zayyana tarihin musulmi da na Gabas ta Tsakiya tun daga tatsuniyoyi da kuma tatsuniyoyi masu alaƙa da tsohon alkawari har zuwa tarihin zamanin Abbasiyawa, har zuwa shekara ta 915. Shafi ko ci gaba, Abu Abdullah b. Ahmad b. Ja'afar al-Farghani, daliɓin al-Tabari. Bugu daban-daban na Annals sun haɗa da: Bugu da aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan MJ de Goeje a cikin jeri uku da suka ƙunshi juzu'i na 13, tare da ƙarin juzu'i biyu masu ɗauke da fihirisa, gabatarwa da ƙamus ( Leiden, 1879-1901). Bugu da aka buga a ƙarƙashin editan Muhammad Abu al-Fadl Ibrahim a cikin juzu'i 10 ( Alkahira : Dar al-Ma'arif, 1960-1969. ) Fassarar Farisa na wannan aikin, wanda masaninSamanid al-Bal'ami ya yi a cikin shekarar 963, wanda Hermann Zotenberg ya fassara zuwa Faransanci (vols. i.-iv., Paris, 1867-1874). Fassarar Turanci a cikin juzu'i na 39 (da fihirisa), wanda Jami'ar Jiha ta New York Press ta buga daga shekarar 1985 zuwa 2007. Editoci daban-daban da masu fassara 29. (hc), (pb), Marubuci: Tabari (masu fassara daban-daban), Mawallafi: SUNY Press Juzu'i na fitowar SUNY Vol. 01 Gabaɗaya kuma daga Halitta zuwa Tufana ( Franz Rosenthal ) Vol. 02 Annabawa da Ubanni (William Brinner) Vol. 03 Bani Isra'ila (William Brinner) Vol. 04 Masarautar Tsohuwar (Moshe Perlmann) Vol. 05 Sassanids, Rumawa, Lakhmids, da Yemen ( CE Bosworth ) Vol. 06 Muhammad a Makka ( W. Montgomery Watt da MV McDonald) Vol. 07 Foundation of the Community - Muhammad at al- Madina, AD 622-626 (MV McDonald) Vol. 08 Nasarar Musulunci (Michael Fishbein) Vol. 09 Shekarun Ƙarshen Annabi: Samuwar Jiha, AD 630-632-AH 8-11 ( Ismail Poonawala ) Vol. 10 The Conquest of Arabia, AD 632-633 - AH 11 ( Fred M. Donner ) Vol. 11 Ƙalubalen Daular ( Khalid Blankinship ) Vol. 12 Yakin al-Qadisiyyah da yaƙar Sham da Palastinu ( Yohanan Friedmann ) Vol. 13 Yaƙin Iraƙi, Kudu maso Yammacin Farisa, da Masar: Tsakanin Shekarun Khalifancin Umar, AD 636-642-AH 15-21 ( GHA Juynboll ) Vol. 14 Yaƙin Iran, AD 641-643 - AH 21-23 (G. Rex Smith) Vol. 15 Rikicin Halifancin Farko: Mulkin Uthman, AD 644-656 - AH 24-35 ( R. Stephen Humphreys ) Vol. 16 An Raba Al'umma: Halifancin Ali I, AD 656-657-AH 35-36 (Adrian Brockett) Vol. 17 Yaƙin Basasa na Farko: Daga Yaƙin Siffin zuwa Wafatin Ali, AD 656-661-AH 36-40 ( GR Hawting ) Vol. 18 Tsakanin Yaƙin Basasa: Halifancin Mu'awiyah 40 AH, 66 AD-60 AH, 680 AD ( Michael G. Morony ) Vol. 19 Halifancin Yazid ibn Mu'awiyah, AD 680-683 - AH 60-64 (IKA Howard). Vol. 20 Rugujewar Hukumar Sufyani da Zuwan Marwaniyyawa : Khalifofin Mu'awiyah II da Marwan I (GR Hawting) Vol. 21 Nasara Marwanid, AD 685-693-AH 66-73 (Michael Fishbein) Vol. 22 Mayar da Marwanid: Halifancin ' Abd al-Malik : AD 693-701 - AH 74-81 ( Everett K Rowson ) Vol. 23 Zenith na Gidan Marwanid: Shekarun Karshe na Abd al-Malik da Khalifancin al-Walid AD 700-715-AH 81-95 ( Martin Hinds ). Vol. 24 Daular Canji: Halifancin Sulaiman, Umar, da Yazid, AD 715-724-AH 96-105 (Stephan Powers). Vol. 25 Ƙarshen Faɗawa: Halifancin Hisham, AD 724-738-AH 105-120 (Khalid Blankinship) Vol. 26 Zaman Halifancin Umayyawa: Gabatarwa zuwa Juyin Juya Hali, AD 738-744 - AH 121-126 ( Carole Hillenbrand ) Vol. 27 Juyin juya halin Abbasid, AD 743-750 - AH 126-132 (John Alden Williams) Vol. 28 Hukumar Abbasiyawa ta tabbatar: Farkon shekarun al-Mansur ( Jane Dammen McAuliffe ) Vol. 29 Al-Mansur dan al-Mahdi, AD 763-786-AH 146-169 ( Hugh N. Kennedy ) Vol. 30 Halifancin Abbasiyawa A Daidaito: Halifancin Musa al-Hadi da Haruna Al-Rashid, AD 785-809 - AH 169-192 (CE Bosworth). Vol. 31 Yaƙi Tsakanin Yan'uwa, AD 809-813 - AH 193-198 (Michael Fishbein) Vol. 32 The Absolutists in Power: Halifancin al-Ma'mun, AD 813-33 - AH 198-213 (CE Bosworth) Vol. 33 Guguwa da Damuwa Tare da Iyakokin Arewa na Halifancin Abbasid (CE Bosworth) Vol. 34 Incipient Decline: Halifancin al-Wathig, al-Mutawakkil da al-Muntasir, AD 841-863-AH 227-248 (Joel L Kraemer) Vol. 35 Rikicin Halifancin Abbasiyawa ( George Saliba ) Vol. 36 Tawayen Zanj, AD 869-879 - AH 255-265 (David Waines) Vol. 37 Farfadowar Abbasiyawa: Yaƙin Zanj Ya Kare (Philip M Fields) Vol. 38 Komawar Halifanci Bagadaza: Halifancin al-Mu'tadid, al-Muktafi da al-Muqtadir, AD 892-915 (Franz Rosenthal) Vol. Tafsirin Sahabban Annabi 39 da Magadansu: Al-Tabari 's Qarfafa Tarihinsa (Ella Landau-Tasseron) Vol. 40 Index (Alex V Popovkin ya shirya a ƙarƙashin kulawar Everett K. Rowson ) Abun da ke ciki Babbar manufar Tabari ita ce rubuta tarihi bisa ga ilimin riwaya. Wato ya kawo riwaya ba tare da tsoma baki ta kowace fuska ba. [ Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata ] Daga cikin abubuwan da ke cikinsa ana iya samunsu: Hadisin alƙalami da takarda Bayani a kan Zaid al-Khayr Bayani a kan Utbah ibn Ghazwan Bayanin Ka'ab al-Ahbar Muhammad bn Abi Bakr shi ne farkon wanda ya kai hari wajen kashe Usman . Wasu hadisi dangane da shekarun Aisha a wajen aure. Bawan Zanj tawaye . Tabari a wasu lokuta yana zana a kan Romance na Syriac Julian . Duba kuma Jerin malaman tarihi na musulmi Jerin littafan Sunna
42355	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harshen%20Hamer	Harshen Hamer	Hamer ko Hamer-Banna (Hamer: hámar aapó ) harshe ne a cikin reshen Kudancin Omotic na dangin harsunan Afroasiatic . Mutanen Hamar da Banna da masu magana da Karo suna magana ne a kudancin Habasha . Akwai nau'in pidginized a cikin amfanin gida. Fassarar sauti Hamer yana da wuraren magana guda shida na baƙaƙe, da kuma ɗabi'u goma sha ɗaya na magana, ko da yake tsarin ba gaba ɗaya ne ba. /p/ na iya kasancewa a matsayin [ɸ] a kowane matsayi, sai dai a matsayin /pp/ da /mp/, wanda a kowane lokaci ana gane shi azaman [p]. Wayoyin wayoyi da yawa suna da abubuwan da suka faru na tsaka-tsaki ko kuma na prevocalic: /VbV/: [ /Vka/: [x] /#qa/: [q /#qo, #qu/: [ʔ] /VɓV/: [b], [ /VɗV/: [d], [ʔ] /#ta, #ti/: [ʦ /VtʃV/: [tʃ] /n/ assimilates to a following velar (i.e., as [ŋ]). Consonant length is distinctive non-initially. Long /ɾ/ is realized as a trilled /r/. /n/ yana kamanceceniya da maɓalli mai zuwa (watau kamar [ŋ]). Tsawon baka yana bambanta ba da farko ba. Dogon /ɾ/ ana gane shi azaman trilled /r/. Akwai wasula na asali guda biyar An ƙara raba wasulan zuwa manyan nau'i biyu (tare da na ukun kasancewar yanayin "umlaut" saman (duba ƙasa)). Rukunin I wasalan sun fi guntu, an sanya su cikin pharyngealized, kuma sun ja da baya tushen harshe. Rukunin rukuni na II sun fi tsayi, suna da girma, kuma suna da tushen harshe na gaba. Wasili Harmony ya wanzu a cikin cewa kowace tushen kalma da kowane kari yana cikin ko dai nau'in I ko II. Lokacin da nau'in tushensa ba su yarda ba, wani nau'i na umlauting yana faruwa. Wasan wasali maras kyau yana riƙe ainihin wurin faɗar sa, kuma ana furta shi tsakanin madaidaicin nau'in wasali na I da na II, watau matsakaicin tsayi, da mara alamar pharyngealization, glottalization ko tushen harshe. Gabaɗaya, wasulan (s) na suffix suna yin umlauting, amma akwai wasu nau'ikan kari na "ƙarfi" waɗanda ke riƙe nau'in su, kuma suna haifar da wasulan tushen yin umlauting. Akwai wasali na shida mara sauti, /ə/, wanda ke bayyana a cikin magana ta zahiri don "karye" in ba haka ba tari mara inganci. Babu buƙatar ɗaukar wannan sautin waya, kuma babu takamaiman dalilin da zai sa ya buƙaci grapheme, saboda yana faruwa gabaɗaya a matsayin wani ɓangare na abin da ke ainihin tsarin allophonic. Sillable da tsarin kalma Tsarin silsilar shine kawai (C)V(C), ko da yake baƙaƙe-ƙarshen ba safai ba ne. Zaɓuɓɓukan aƙalla wasula uku an rubuta su. Ba a rubuce-rubucen igiyoyi fiye da baƙaƙe biyu. Akwai ƙa'idodi masu yawa (mafi yawa masu sauƙaƙa) waɗanda ke tafiyar da metathesis da epenthesis lokacin da gungu masu haɗaka suka bayyana. A taƙaice, akwai nau'ikan tari guda uku: "mai inganci", "na musamman", da "marasa inganci". Ingantattun tagulla ba sa samun canji tsakanin sifofin su na asali da na sama. Tari na musamman suna fuskantar wani nau'in canji (gaba ɗaya metathetic) a cikin sifofin su. Rukunin da ba daidai ba suna saka sautin mara waya /ə/ tsakanin baƙaƙe biyu domin ƙirƙirar sifofin su. Rubutun Rubutu Babu wani tsarin rubutu na hukuma don Hamer, kodayake an gabatar da tsarin boko da yawa, tare da rubutun Gə'əz . Har yanzu, babu wani motsi don amincewa da kowane ɗayan waɗannan tsarin a hukumance. "Lydall" romanization Wannan shine boko da Jean Lydall yayi amfani dashi. Watakila ma'auni ne na gaskiya, kawai ta kasancewarsa wanda aka gabatar da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke akwai. Kashi na I wasula Kashi na II wasula Wasulan wasali Waɗanda aka ƙera ana rubuta su ta amfani da harafin don ainihin sautinsu, haɗe da layi. Asalin Gə'əz Ana ba da wasiƙu a ƙasa tare da sunayen Amharic na gargajiya. Layukan da aka yiwa alama da jajayen duhu suna da ma'anoni na musamman waɗanda ba za a iya yin cikakken bayanin su a cikin tebur ba: ana amfani da layin Älf don wasalan Rukuni na II ba tare da baƙaƙen da ya gabata ba, yayin da layin Äyn ake amfani da shi don nau'in wasali na I ba tare da baƙon wanda ya gabata ba. Ilimin Halitta Sunaye ba su da jinsi ko adadi na asali, amma suna iya zama na miji, na mace, da jam’i, dukkansu ukun suna da bambanci (wato ba za a iya sanya suna ga jinsi da jam’i ba). Duk da yake waɗannan ɓangarori ba su zama wajibi ba, suna haifar da yarjejeniya akan sifa da fi'ili. Alamun juzu'i sune: Siffofin da suka fara da "t" ana iya haɗa su kai tsaye zuwa tushen, kuma yawanci ana amfani da su tare da sunaye masu rai. Sauran nau'ikan za a iya haɗa su zuwa tushen ko zuwa tushe. Ga sunayen da ba su da rai, alamar namiji yawanci rahusa ne, yayin da alamar mace tana ƙara girma. Misali, tukunyar yumɓu daa. Daatâ (namiji) yana nufin ƙaramin tukunyar yumbu, yayin da dáano (mace) babbar tukunya ce. Canje-canje a cikin harshe, yin amfani da namiji a matsayin raguwa ba sabon abu ba ne, kamar yadda yake jujjuya jinsi na kyauta. Bayanan kula Lydall, Jean : "Hamer" a cikin: Bender, M. Lionel (ed. ): Harsunan da ba na Yahudawa ba na Habasha . East Lansing: Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka, Jami'ar Jihar Michigan. pp. 393-438. Lydall, Jean : Jinsi, Lamba da Girma a Hamar. a cikin: Bechhaus-Gerst, Marianne da Fritz Serzisko (eds. ): Cushitic-Omotic: Takardu daga Taron Taro na Duniya akan Harsunan Cushitic da Omotic, Cologne, Janairu 6-7, 1986 . Hamburg. shafi na 77-90. Lydall, Jean : Tarin yare na Hamär. in: Uhlig, Siegbert (ed. Encyclopaedia Aethiopica, Vol. 2 . Wiesbaden. shafi 981-982. Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Duniya Atlas na Tsarin Harshe bayanai akan Hamer Aikin Rosetta: Jerin Hamer-Banna Swadesh Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
21450	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkakiyar%20Hadiza%20Bawa-Garba	Sarkakiyar Hadiza Bawa-Garba	Jack Adcock, ɗan shekaru 6, an kwantar da shi a asibitin Royal Royal Infirmary (LRI) a ranar 18 Fabrairu 2011. Ya mutu daga baya ranar, a wani ɓangare saboda gazawar da aka yi masa. Dr Hadiza Bawa-Garba, karamar likitar da ta kula da shi (karkashin kulawar mai ba da shawara kan aikin Dakta Stephen O 'Riordan) da kuma wata ma'aikaciyar jinya, Isabel Amaro, daga baya an same su da laifin kisan kai bisa ga sakaci. Dukansu daga baya an soke sunayensu na kwararru, duk da cewa Bawa-Garba ya yanke hukuncin bayan daukaka kara. Akwai muhawara mai gudana game da hukunce-hukuncen da aka yiwa Bawa-Garba, wani bangare game da laifin na Bawa-Garba tare da mahallin gazawar tsarin, da kuma wani bangare game da yiwuwar yin amfani da bayanan nata masu yin tunani game da aikinta a matsayin shaida. A shekara ta 2010, Hukumar Kula da Kiwon Lafiya ta nuna kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ƙananan likitocin da suka bar horonsu na NHS a Ingila bayan shekara biyu, kuma a cewar ionsungiyoyi, wannan ya faru ne saboda yawan aiki. Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta ƙaryata shi, BMA ta ba da haske kan batutuwan game da 'Umurnin Lokacin Aiki na Turai', tsarin canzawa da ƙarancin ma'aikata."BBC News – Irregular shifts for junior doctors 'cause fatigue'". 25 May 2010. Retrieved 6 February 2018 A shekara ta 2016, wani rahoto da Kwalejin Kwararrun Likitocin ta fitar ya jaddada "gibin da ke tattare da juyawa, rashin samun ingantattun kayan aiki da kuma karin aiki" ga likitoci a cikin horo. Duk da jin cewa marasa lafiyar su suna daraja su, 80% na waɗannan likitocin sun ba da rahoton damuwa mai yawa, ko dai 'wani lokacin' ko 'sau da yawa'. Rahoton ya gabatar da "mummunan hoto game da yanayin kananan likitoci a halin yanzu da kuma tasirin da hakan ke da shi kan marasa lafiyar da suke kula da su a kowace rana" kuma wannan ya kasance a "matakin cutarwa da rashin dorewa". Matsalar gibba da manyan matakan danniya da sakamakonta ga ɗabi'un ma'aikata shima daga baya an nanata shi a taron wakilin BMA na shekara ta 2017. Mutuwar Jack Adcock A 18 ga watan Fabrairu 2011, Jack Adcock, wani 6-yaro ne dan shekaru, da aka kira a Leicester Royal infirmary da ya GP kuma aka shigar da wani Yara Ƙimar Unit (gardiâ) a 10.20am. Yana da ciwon rashin lafiya na Down's syndrome kuma yana da nakasar ɓarna da aka gyara a cikin watanni 4.5 da haihuwa. Ya kasance akan angiotensin mai canza maganin enzyme, enalapril . Ya gabatar da gudawa, amai da wahalar numfashi. Dr Hadiza Bawa-Garba tayi mai aiki, wata kwararriyar mai rejista (SpR) a shekara ta shida na karatun ta na digiri na biyu ( ST6''' ) wanda kwanan nan ya dawo daga hutun haihuwa, ita ce ke da alhakin kula da Jack. Babu wani babban mai ba da shawara, wanda ya bar ta da ɗawainiyar ɗaukacin CAU. Rota rata ya nuna cewa Bawa-Garba dole ne ya rufe aikin wasu likitoci biyu kuma mai ba da shawara kan kira ba ya aiki a Warwick har zuwa karfe 4:30 na yamma a wannan ranar, unda bai ankara ba an kira shi. Ba a kammala musayar safiya tsakanin ƙungiyoyi masu shigowa da masu fita ba saboda kiran kamawar zuciya. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan shigarta, ma'aikatan jinya a CAU suka sanar da Bawa-Garba halin da Jack ke ciki. Bayan binciken asibiti, sai ta same shi da rashin ruwa. sakacin mai kulawa da iskar gas ta bayyana cikakken Metabolic acidosis tare da lactate na 11.4 mmol / L da magani pH na 7.084. Ta gano cutar hypovolaemia daga cututtukan ciki, kuma ta sanya maye gurbin ruwa . An aika gwaje-gwajen jini don nazarin dakin gwaje-gwaje kuma an nemi x-ray a kirji. Bawa-Garba yayi kurakurai da dama. Ba ta nemi mai ba ta shawara kan harkan lafia ba don ta yi nazarin Jack a yayin taron mika mulki da rana da karfe 4:30 na yamma amma ta raba sakamakon binciken dakin gwaje-gwaje mara kyau tare da shi wanda ya rubuta daidai a littafinsa. Koyaya, mai ba da shawarar bai sake duba mara lafiyar ba kamar yadda ya yi tsammanin Bawa-Garba ya “matsa” waɗannan sakamakon a gare shi. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da suke aiki a kan wannan canji. Kodayake ta bar daidai enalapril din magungunan marasa lafiyar a kan jadawalin maganin, amma ba ta bayyana wa uwar yaron cewa ba za ta ba. Daga baya mahaifiyar Jack ta ba shi yaron a wannan ranar da karfe 7 na yamma wanda ya haifar da girgizawar jijiyoyin yaron da mutuwarsa. Wannan al'ada ce da aiki a asibiti - don bawa iyaye damar gudanar da magunguna a cikin asibiti kafin a ba su. rashin nasarar IT a asibiti na daban ya jinkirta sakamakon gwajin ana samunsa har zuwa karfe 4:30 na yamma, duk da ana aiko da jinin jini da karfe 11 na safe. Bayan sun kira dakin gwaje-gwaje, ƙungiyar ta karɓi sakamakon jini wanda ke nuna CRP 97, Urea 17.1, Creatinine 252. Anyi aikin ɗaukar hoton kirji bayan awa ɗaya daga baya zuwa 12 na rana, amma masanin radiyo bai ba da rahoton ba. Bawa-Garba ya sake nazarin rediyon da karfe 3 na yamma, ya gano cutar huhu ta sama ta hagu, kuma ya rubuta cefuroxime a cikin mahaifa. Sake maimaita iskar gas ya nuna cigaba a cikin pH zuwa 7.24. Ta sake nazarin Jack a cikin CAU, kuma ta ga cewa ya inganta, kuma yana zaune yana sha. Ma'aikatan jinyar sun fara amfani da maganin rigakafin ne da ƙarfe 4 na yamma. Amintaccen asibitin ya yarda da gazawar tsarin da ke ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran. A safiyar wannan ranar, Bawa-Garba ya shigar da wani yaro mai cutar ajali tare da umarnin kar a sake farfado da shi (DNAR) zuwa ɗakin gefen sashin. Wannan yaron wani mai ba shi shawara ya gan shi da rana kuma ya sallame shi da rana. Da karfe bakwai na yamma, Bawa-Garba bai sani ba, an dauke Jack daga CAU zuwa wani daki a sashen. Da misalin karfe 8 na dare Jack ya fara lalacewa, sa'ilin da likitocin likitancin da ake kira da ake kira masu sa kuzari da yara suka kasance cikin sauri-barci. Duk da kulawa ta gaggawa, ya kamu da ciwon zuciya, an fara CPR, kuma an gudanar da intubation na endotracheal. Bawa-Garba ta halarci kiran kamuwa da zuciya zuwa ɗakin gefe inda tayi imanin cewa shine yaron da ya kamu da cutar ajali wanda ta karɓe shi tun farko tare da umarnin DNAR. Ta nemi ƙungiyar da ta dakatar da sake farfadowa, amma ta fahimci cewa ba shi da haƙuri a cikin minti 2, saboda haka ya sake dawo da CPR. Jack Adcock ya mutu sanadiyyar bugun zuciya sakamakon cutar sepsis karfe 9.20 na dare. Kararrakin Isabel Amaro A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2015, an yanke wa Amaro hukuncin daurin shekaru 3 a kurkuku, bayan an same ta da laifin kisan kai ta hanyar babban sakaci. An soki yadda take lura da yanayin Jack Adcock da kuma rikodin sa. Daga baya aka buge ta daga nas din. Hadiza Bawa-Garba kararraki A ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba 2015, an sami Bawa-Garba da laifin kisan kai ta hanyar babban sakaci a Kotun Kotun ta Nottingham a gaban alkalin da Mai Shari'a Andrew Nicol ya jagoranta. A watan da ya biyo baya, an yanke mata hukuncin daurin shekaru 2 a gidan yari. Ta daukaka kara kan hukuncin zwa kotun qoli, amma an ki karban rokon a watan Disambar 2016. Hukumar Kotun Kwararrun Likitocin ta dakatar da Bawa-Garba na tsawon watanni 12 a ranar 13 ga Yunin 2017. kungiyar general Medical Council yayi nasarar daukaka kara kuma aka buga Bawa-Garba a ranar 25 ga Janairun 2018. A ranar 13 ga watan Agustan 2018, Bawa-Garba ta yi nasara a karar da aka daukaka kan kada a kore ta, ta maido da dakatarwar shekara daya. Yawancin kwararrun likitocin sun nuna damuwa kan cewa ana hukunta Bawa-Garba ba akan hujja ba kuma ba daidai bane saboda gazawa a tsarin, musamman karancin ma'aikata a ranar. A Jerin manyan badakalar likitanci da suka hada da badakalar zuciya ta Bristol da kuma binciken Shipman sun yi tasiri a shawarwarin neman ragin hukunci wato sake neman likitoci. An dakatar da aikin a cikin 2005, lokacin da Dame Janet Smith ta soki tsare-tsaren a matsayin wadanda ba su dace ba don gano likitoci masu haɗari. An ƙaddamar da sake tabbatarwa a ƙarshen 2012. Duk likitocin Burtaniya da ke son riƙe lasisinsu na yin aiki an sanar da su cewa ana buƙatar sake ba da izinin kowace shekara biyar, bisa ga haɗakarwa da nuna ilimin zamani ta hanyar cika CPD (ci gaba da ƙwarewar ci gaba) bukatun abubuwan. Kolejoji da bayar da ra'ayoyi da yawa daga marasa lafiya da abokan aiki. An tsara wannan don nuna cewa sun dace da zamani kuma sun dace da aiki. Revalidation, a cewar BMA majalisar GMC mai aiki jam'iyyar shugaban Brian Keighley 2012, an yi nufin "don karfafa inganci a cikin kiwon lafiya ga marasa lafiya ta hanyar kai-kai, kimantawa, ci gaba da ilimin likitanci da kuma nuna aiki." Ya kuma bayyana cewa, "A cikin shekaru 10 da suka gabata an samu rudani da tashin hankali tsakanin wadanda suka yi amannar cewa kayan bincike ne ga wadanda ba su da kwarewa, maimakon tsari, tsarin ilimantar da mutum." Tun daga shekra ta 2012, an nuna damuwa da yawa ciki har da a cikin 2016, cewa ga ƙaramin likitoci "Ana buƙatar yawancin likitoci da su 'yi tunani' game da Mugayen Haɗarin da ba a Warware su ba (SUIs) da Bayanin Muhimmanci (SE) a matsayin wani ɓangare na horo na musamman. Don haka wannan na iya haifar da gagarumin nauyi na gudanarwa da kuma haifar da ninkin matsaloli biyu. ” Kamar yadda ta saba dokan likitanci, Bawa-Garba ta ci gaba da koyar da kayan karantarwa a cikin jakar kayan kwalliya a matsayin wani bangare na karatunta, ciki har da batun kula da Jack Adcock. Anyi amfani da wannan kayan akan ta, kodayake wane irin rikici aka samu. Kungiyar ta masu kare ta sun bayyana cewa ba a yi amfani da kundin jakar ta na intanet a shari'ar ta 2018 ba. Ba a yi amfani da fayil ɗin e-bayyane ba a cikin shari'ar 2015, amma ƙwararrun shaidu sun gani. Wannan ya haifar da damuwar tsakanin likitocin cewa za su damu da kasancewa masu gaskiya a cikin karatun su. Akwai yarjejeniya mai yawa cewa anyi kurakurai masu tsanani a cikin maganin Adcock. Koyaya, an yi mahawara ta jama'a game da asali, mahallin da matsin lambar da likitoci ke aiki, da abin da ke faruwa idan aka yi kuskure. Tattaunawar tana kan batutuwan wane tsari ne da tsari ake aiwatarwa wadanda basa iya yin kuskure, kuma suna inganta damar gano su idan sun faru. Dangane da Dr Bawa-Garba, NHS Trust da ake magana a kanta ta fahimci akwai gazawar tsarin da matsin lamba wadanda suka taimaka ga mutuwar mara lafiya. Dr Bawa-Garba yana da kyakkyawan tarihi har zuwa lokacin. Dokta Jeeves Wijesuriya, shugaban ƙaramin kwamiti na likitocin na Medicalungiyar Likitocin Biritaniya (BMA), ya yi jayayya cewa waɗannan ƙarancin tsarin ba a kula da su yadda ya kamata ba a gwajin farko. A ƙarshen watan Janairu 2018, shugaban majalisar BMA, Chaand Nagpaul, ya nuna damuwa kan tsoran likitoci da ƙalubalen yin aiki cikin matsi a cikin NHS. Ya bayyana cewa ba tare da tsabta daga Babban Kwamitin Kula da Lafiya (GMC) da sauransu ba, batutuwan da ke kewaye da yin rikodin karatun na ilmantarwa zai haifar da aikin karewa da gazawar koya daga kwarewa. BMA, a cikin amsa, sabili da haka, zai ɗauki matakai don yin hulɗa tare da GMC dangane da al'adun tsoro, zargi da gazawar tsarin. Har ila yau an haɗa da jagoran likitoci kan kimantawa da yin rikodin rikodi, da ƙaddamar da tsarin ba da rahoton kan layi. Kungiyar Likitocin ta Burtaniya, wani kamfen da ƙungiyar neman taimako ga Doctors da NHS sun yi gangamin wayar da kan jama'a game da gazawar tsari a lamarin. GMC ta fitar da Tambayoyi game da batun, suna rufe batutuwa kamar abin da likitoci ya kamata su yi idan suna da damuwa game da matakan ma'aikata da aikin nunawa. Gwamnatin Burtaniya ta gabatar da wasu sauye-sauye don mayar da martani game da lamarin, tare da wani rahoto da aka fitar a Yunin 2018. Hanyoyin haɗin waje Rahoton bincike game da lamarin da Asibiti Bawa-Garba v R - Jin Karar Kotun Kisan Kisan Kisa GMC v Bawa-Garba - GMC tana bin sharewa daga Rajistar Kula da Lafiya Bawa-Garba v GMC - Kira game da Kashewa daga Rajistar Likita Kwamitin Gudanar da Da'a da Kwarewa na Majalisar Nursing da Midwifery Council da Kwarewa kan Isabel Amaro Shafi game da shari'ar Bawa-Garba a likitan likitancin Burtaniya tare da cikakkun hanyoyin sadarwa da bayanai Manhajan shari'ar likitanci Sarkakiyar harkan likitanci a Burtaniya Pages with unreviewed translations
23636	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaribullah%20Nasiru%20Kabara	Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara	Khalifa Sheikh Qaribullah Sheikh Muhammad Nasir Kabara Al-Malikiy,Al-Ash'ariy, Al-Qadiriy (an haife shi 17 ga Fabrairu 1959) shi ne jagoran darikar Qadriyyah Sufi a Najeriya da ma yankin yammacin Afirka baki daya. Ya zama Khalifa a shekarar 1996 bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa,Sheikh Muhammad Nasir Kabara. Tare da mabiyan da suka tashi daga tafkin Chadi har zuwa Senegambia, Dariqar Qadriyyah ita ce mafi mayar da hankali ga mabiya Sufi a bayan mulkin mallaka na Afirka. Karkashin jagorancin Khalifa Sheikh Qaribullah Qadriyyah na kara samun cigaba a duniya, tare da rike tushenta na cikin gida, ta hanyar amfani da fasahohin yada labarai wajen yada sakon zaman lafiya da warware rikici ta hanyar tattaunawa da juna, musamman a tsakanin matasa. Nasiru Kabara (RA). Sheikh Qaribullah Kabara dan uwane na jini ga Abduljabbar Nasiru Kabara. Rayuwar farko An haifi Khalifa Sheik Qaribullah Sheikh Muhammad Nasir Kabara a birnin Kano arewacin Najeriya, a ranar 17 ga Fabrairun 1959. Mahaifiyarsa ta rasu bayan ƴan mintuna da haihuwarsa. Sunan wadda ta rike shi Khadija Khadija ta yi iya kokarinta don ganin cewa shi Khalifa ba uwa ce kadai ba, har da mai kulawa.Khadija ta kasance tana wajensa, tana yi masa hidima a kowane mataki. Gidan Qadriyyah, wanda Khalifa Sheikh Qaribullah Sheikh Muhammad Nasir Kabara yake shugabanta a halin yanzu ya yi fice ta fuskoki uku – tsararrun ilimin boko a cikin ilimin Musulunci, ilimin jama'a a Musulunci (Da'aah), da kuma tadabburi na mako-mako. Tun yana karami, ya kasance mafi yawan rayuwarsa tare da mahaifinsa, ya ga alamar basirar sa tun yana karami. Wannan hikimar ba za ta iya cika ba tare da nuna wani alamar basirar mahaifinsa a kansa.Mahaifinsa bai bar shi don jin daɗin ɗan farin ciki da wuri ba. Ya tabbatar da cewa ya raka shi aikin Hajji yana dan shekara shida kuma ya ziyarci Annabi Muhammad. kamar yadda ambaton ya bayyana cewa, an haife shi, Qaribullah, a gundumar Kabara-filin da ke ba yara damar yin tururuwa, wasa da cudanya da takwarorinsu. Halifa bai samu irin wannan damar ba ya shiga irin wannan wasan kwaikwayo da na yara. Ya kara maida hankalinsa wajen karanta rubuce-rubucen Musulunci, Ilmin Kur'ani, Hadisi, Fikihu, da sauran ilimomin Musulunci. Wannan da wasu dalilai masu yawa,ba kamar sauran jama'a ba, sun sanya shi rasa abokai don sakin layi da ko wasa. Za a gan shi tare da abokai da za su kasance masu amfani kawai ta fuskar neman ilimin Musulunci. Lokacin da yake matashi, ya ci gaba da sha'awar zama babban mawaƙin Larabci, amma, a lokaci guda, mahaifinsa ya kusantar da shi kuma ya sanya shi ƙaunataccen cewa, wata rana, zai tare da kowane nau'i na mataki na gaskiya a cikin takalmansa. Tarbiyyar sa ya kasance mai ban mamaki a cikin yara-yana maimaita duk abin da ya ji a masallatai da majalisa na kimiyya, kuma mahaifinsa ya gyara masa kuskurensa. Kuma haka rayuwa ta kasance a gare shi har ya kai ga balaga,kuma abin mamaki, ya auri mata biyu yana da shekaru ashirin da biyu a 1982. Kamar yadda ba a saba gani ba, da ban mamaki, ko da yake halal ne,kamar daura auren mata biyu a lokaci guda - a wani lokaci, sun yi zaman jituwa tare, na wani lokaci kafin shi, Sheikh Qareebullah, ya yi auren mata fiye da ɗaya na gaske. Wannan aure (salon auren mata fiye da daya ),ba kamar yadda yake ba, sai da ya haifa masa ‘ya’ya goma sha tara. Tunda farko, Khalifa ya kasance mabiyi ko me sha’awar duk wani tsari ko taro dake da alaka da koyarwar Musulunci. Kamar yadda mahaifinsa,mai lura da ido,zai yi tsalle ya yanke shawarar ko dansa zai so bin abubuwan addini ko kuma waninsa. Wannan lamarin ya nuna cewa yana da buri da yunwar da ya shafi alakanta shi da wasu matsakaitan malaman addinin Musulunci don neman shiriya da nasiha. An umurci Farfesa Malam Abbas (malamin yaran), kamar yadda ake yi masa lakabi a gida, don koya masa kur'ani,kuma shi dan unguwar da ake kira unguwar Magashi ne. Don haka saiya amsa bukatarsa ya zo unguwar (Kabara) ya koyar da Khalifa Alkur’ani mai girma. Hatimi a hannunsa sa’ad da yake ɗan shekara tara, mahaifinsa ya yi farinciki da wannan hatimin kuma ya yanka masa bijimi don yaji daɗin abinda Allah yaba shi. Qareebullah Sheikh Nasiru Kabara, ya dasa kuma ya dukufa wajen koyo a gaban mahaifinsa, inda ya dora hannunsa ya nazarci fasaha da dama, mafi mahimmanci, tauhidi, tafsiri, hadisi, fikihu, harshe da fasikanci . Wadannan, da sauran fasahohin da ya karanta. Duk da haka,shi Khalifa, bai zama wani da gaske wanda zai yi yawo a cikin wannan gida daga wannan gida zuwa wani yana neman ilimi. Ya yi gidaje biyu ne kawai don yin mu’amala, koyo da cuɗanya da malamai da waɗanda ke da wani irin kusanci da su. Gida biyu: Musa Isa Ayagi's and Muallem Bashir's. A kowanne daga cikin wadannan gidaje, ya yi karatun “Nahawun Larabci” da “Tauhidi”. Wadannan mutane biyu masu ban mamaki, a yau, babu inda za a gansu. Khalifa ya samu shaidar kammala karatun firamare a makarantar Ma'ahad Sheikh Nasiru Gwale,makarantar da aka kafa domin gudanar da harkokin addinin musulunci tun daga shekarar 1969-1973. Barin makarantar firamare ya sa ya tafi makarantar sakandare, S.H.I.S Shahuci inda ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na sakandare a shekarar 1977. Ya koma Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano,ya ba shi damar yin difloma (Larabci) da digirin farko (Larabci da adabinsa) a shekarun 1983 da 1994. Shi ,kamar yadda yake da kwazo da sanin yakamata,bai taba shakuwar koyan ilimomi da dama daga wajen malamai ba yayin karatunsa na yau da kullum. Wasu daga cikin malamansa na Musulunci: Dakta Sheikh Othman Nuraini. Dr. Mukhtar Atamma Bin Ahmad Farfesa Ali, Naib Suwaid na Sashen Harshen Larabci a Jami'ar Bayero (tsohon sashen Larabci na HOD). Farfesa Muhammad Auwal Abu Bakr (Tsohon Shugaban Sashen Harshen Larabci a Jami'ar Bayero). Farfesa Mohamed Sani Hamis Darma MAKARANTUN DA YA HALARCI SUN YI HADA DA: Ma'ahad Sheik Nasir Gwale Primary School 1973. SHIS Shahuci Kano Higher Islamic School 1977. Bayero University Kano Diploma Arabic 1983. Bayero University Kano BA Arabic 1994. Kyautar girmamawa da cancanta Ƙungiyar Kira ta Duniya ta Duniya ta Libya akan kyakkyawar gudunmawa akan kiran Musulunci da tallafin karatu 2003. Jagoranci na Misali da lambar yabo ta Duniyar Islamic Call Society, 2003. Firayim Minista na sauraron Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya, 2007 Kyautar Kyauta (Fellow Charted Public Administrator) ta Chartered Institute of Local Governments and Public Administration of Nigeria, 2010. Digiri na Daraja (Dalilin Daraja) Doctorate ta Jami'ar Amurka ta Turai 2010. Digiri na girmamawa daga Oundurman Islamic University, Sudan, 2015 Digiri na Daraja daga Jami'ar Musulunci ta Darul Salam, Turkiyya, 2015 Rayuwa ta sirri Tun yana yaro, ya shafe yawancin rayuwarsa tare da mahaifinsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya fita daga rukunin abokansa. Malam Kabara II yana da mata uku da ’ya’ya goma sha tara. Shehin Malamin ya kuma rike mukaman gwamnati da dama a ciki da wajen Najeriya. Ya taba zama Shugaban Hukumar Jin Dadin Alhazai ta Jihar Kano daga 1992 zuwa 1993 sannan kuma mamba a kwamitin ba da shawara kan aiwatar da Shari’ar Jihar Kano daga 2000 zuwa 2003. Shi ne Shugaban Majalisar Shura ta Jihar Kano tun 2011. A cewar Sheikh Qaribullah Kabara yana da gashin Annabi Muhammad, wanda As-Sheikh Ahmadul Khazraji, wani mutum daga Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa ne ya ba shi, daga dangi da ake yayatawa cewa sun mallaki kayan tarihi na shekaru aru-aru. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, kuma ya yi shugabancin Afirka ta Yamma tsawon shekaru 25 da suka gabata. Sheikh (Dr.) Qaribullah ya kasance malami, mai kula da makaranta kuma mai kula da Kwalejin Kimiyyar Musulunci ta Turath da ke Kano. Gwamnatin jihar Kano a karkashin gwamnatin Abdullahi Umar Ganduje ta sanya wa wata gadar sama da ke kusa da kofar Mata sunan sunansa (Sheikh Qaribullah Nasir Kabara Flyover), domin karrama gudunmawar da ya bayar ga addinin Musulunci. HALARTAR TARO: Sheikh Qaribullah ya samu kyaututtukan adabi da dama da suka hada da: Taron kasa da kasa kan "Tasirin Darikar Qadiriyyah A Wajen Yada Addinin Musulunci Da Harshen Larabci A Afirka" Makala da aka gabatar a Jami'ar Bayero Kano Wanda Kungiyar Al'adu da Kimiyya ta Larabawa (ALESCO) ta shirya tare da Kungiyar Kiran Musulunci ta Duniya 27 zuwa 29 ga Yuli. 2002. Taro na goma sha hudu na Majalisar Da'awar Musulunci ta duniya daga 20 zuwa 23 ga Satumba, 2003. Babban taro karo na 4, jagorancin al'ummar Musulunci ta duniya daga ranar 26 zuwa 30 ga Nuwamba, 2005. Babban taron kiran Musulunci karo na 7, daga ranar 26 zuwa 29 ga Nuwamba, 2004. Taron karawa juna sani da aka gudanar a lokacin tabbatar da digirin girmamawa na marigayi Sheikh Nasir Kabara a jami'ar Omdurman, Sudan. Yuni 1995. Sauyin yanayi/sauyin yanayi na Musulunci, wanda British Council, Abuja Maris 2010 ya shirya. Maukib Qadirriya Sheikh Abdul Qadir Jelany zuriyar Annabi Muhammad ne ya kafa kungiyar Kadiriyya Sufi a Bagadaza na kasar Iraki kimanin shekaru tara da suka gabata. Ƙungiyar ta sami karɓuwa a duniya, musamman a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Gabas mai Nisa, Afirka da Asiya. Yayin da wannan yunkuri ya yadu zuwa kasar Hausa da kewaye a yankin yammacin Afirka ya samo asali ne sakamakon hadin kan fitaccen mai kawo sauyi a Musulunci, Sheikh Usman Bn Fodio (1754 - 1817 AD) a karni na 18 da 19 (karni na 12 bayan hijira). Bayyanar irin rawar da Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Kabara ya taka a matsayin jagoran ruhi na wannan harka ta fito fili a farkon karni na 2000 a lokacin da ya yi nisa da nisa wajen yada harkar ta hanyar kafa Masallatai da cibiyoyin Musulunci da makarantun Islamiyya. Iliminsa na addini da ilimi da kokarinsa da kyawawan dabi'unsa na daga cikin sinadirai da kayan aikin da suka goyi bayan cimma manufarsa. A zamaninsa, Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Kabara ya aiwatar da ayyuka da dama na ilimi, horo. shirye-shiryen zaman lafiya, da ruhi wasu daga cikinsu na yanayi ne kamar tafsirin shekara-shekara (tafsirin Alkur'ani mai girma na Hausa) a fadar Sarkin Kano, yayin da wasu kuma suka kasance a mako-mako da kullum kamar darussansa na yau da kullum da darasin jami'atur Rasoul. da jama'ar zikiri a kowace Juma'a. Ya dauki nauyin kai wa wasu almajiransa ziyara a wurare daban-daban da kuma fitattun malamai a ciki da wajen Najeriya wanda hakan ya sa ya yi suna wajen kulla kyakkyawar alaka da kasashen duniya. Daidai, shekara ta 1952 (1373A. H.) ya zama mafarin zamanin maukibul kadiriyya na shekara da kuma taron kungiyar Qadiriyya ya kasance taron ne domin zurfafa tafsirin tarihin Sheikh AbdulQadir Jelany akidojin kungiyar da za a yi a cikin titunan birnin Kano domin karasa. taro a makabartar Wali Maigiginya wanda jagoran kungiyar zai yi jawabi. Marigayi Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Kabara ne ya kaddamar da wannan taron domin tunawa da ko ranar haihuwar wanda ya assasa kungiyar sufa ta Qadiriyya Sheikh AbdulQadir Jelany. A farkon bikin ba shi da adadin mahalarta kaɗan. amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba, adadin ya karu sosai wanda ya sanya bikin ya kayatar ta hanyar jawo miliyoyin mutane daga mafi yawan sassan duniyar musulmi wanda ke nuni da cewa yana daya daga cikin tarurrukan addini da aka amince da su a duniya. A shekarar 1996, Sheikh Qaribullah Sheikh Muhammad Nasiru Kabara, wanda ya dauki rigar jagorancin kungiyar. Bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, ya yi namijin kokari wajen ganin an samu ci gaba da ci gaban wannan yunkuri na ganin an tabbatar da manufofin mahaifinsa da kuma tabbatar da hakikanin abin da Sheikh Nasiru yake da shi a kimiyance. Wadannan sun hada da kara yada harkar a sassa daban-daban na duniya ta hanyar wa'azi, wallafe-wallafe da kafa cibiyoyi. musamman Cibiyar Musulunci ta Standard dake babban birnin tarayya Abuja da sauran cibiyoyi biyu a jihohin Jigawa da Gombe . Dukkan yabo da godiya sun tabbata ga Allah SWT da ya ba shi gagarumar nasara yayin da kungiyar ke rubuta gagarumar nasara a karkashin kyakkyawan tsarin jagoranci na Sheikh Qaribullah (Khalifah). Sheikh Qaribullah Kabara ya rubuta littattafai sama da 20 akan fikihu da Sufanci da waka.Daga ciki akwai: Madubi bayyananne akan Sufanci. Annahar Alkahira ne ya buga 2004. ArrisalatulJaliyyah. Arul Ann Cyprus ne ya buga 1998. Mawahibur Rahim. Wallafar Sharif Bala Kano 2000. FatuhuZuljalali. Wallafar Sharif Bala Kano 1999. Mir'atusSafiyah. Annahar Alkahira ne ya buga 2003. Annaqa'u ya Safah. Wallafar SaniKurmi Kano1997. Shaddurrihali. Wallafa Kasuwar SaniShawishKurmi Kano 2002. DauruDarikatulQadiriyyah. An buga ta Annahar Alkahira Masar 2003. Fakkurraqabat. Wallafa Kasuwar SaniShawishKurmi Kano1999. Almiskul Adar Wallafar Sani Shawish Kurmi Kasuwar Kano 2009. Canjin Yanayi A Musulunci. Sigar Larabci, Fassara zuwa Turanci & Hausa 2010. Nasiru Kabara baba. Abduljabbar Nasuru Kabara dan uwa. Fatihu Qaribullah Nasiru Kabara Son. Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Karibullah Nasir Kabara na BBC Hausa Haihuwan 1959 Mutane daga Jihar Kano Rayayyun mutane Malaman Najeriya Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
49149	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Masar	Fam na Masar	Fam na Masari (Larabcin Misra [ge.neh masˤ.ri] ; gajarta: £, E£, £ E, LE, ko EGP a cikin Latin, da a cikin Larabci, ISO code : EGP ) ita ce kudin Masar. An kasa shi kashi 100, ko ersh ( [ʔerʃ]; jam'i [ʔo.ruʃ]; gajarta: PT (gajeren "piastre tarif") ), ko 1,000 milliemes ( <span lang="ar-Latn-fonipa" class="IPA" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mal.lim]; , an rage shi zuwa m ko niƙa). Sabbin bayanin kula mai nauyin kilo 10- da 20 an yi su ne daga takarda filastik polymer har zuwa Yuli 6, 2022 A cikin 1834, an ba da dokar khedival, ɗaukar kudin Masar bisa ka'idar bimetallic ( zinari da azurfa ) bisa tushen Maria Theresa thaler, sanannen tsabar kasuwanci a yankin. An gabatar da fam ɗin Masar, wanda aka fi sani da geneih, wanda ya maye gurbin piastre na Masar ( ersh ) a matsayin babban sashin kuɗi. Piastre ya ci gaba da yawo kamar fam, tare da piastre zuwa kashi 40. A cikin 1885, an daina fitar da para, kuma an raba piastre zuwa kashi goma ( . 'oshr el-ersh ). An canza wa waɗannan goman suna milliemes ( malleem ) a cikin 1916. An daidaita ƙimar musanya ta doka ta hanyar doka don mahimman kuɗaɗen ƙasashen waje waɗanda suka zama karɓuwa a cikin daidaita ma'amaloli na cikin gida. Daga ƙarshe wannan ya haifar da Masar ta amfani da ma'aunin zinare tsakanin 1885 zuwa 1914, tare da E£1 = 7.4375 gram zalla gwal. A lokacin barkewar yakin duniya na daya, fam din Masar din ya yi amfani da fenti daya na fam daya da fam guda shida zuwa fam daya na Masar. Juyawa, wannan yana ba da E£0.975 akan fam ɗaya. Masar ta ci gaba da zama wani yanki na yanki mai daraja har zuwa 1962, lokacin da Masar ta rage daraja kaɗan kuma ta canza zuwa dalar Amurka, a farashin E£1 = dalar Amurka 2.3. An canza wannan peg zuwa E£1 = US$2.55555 a 1973 lokacin da aka rage darajar dala. Fam Masar ya yi iyo a cikin 1989. Sai dai kuma, har zuwa shekarar 2001, babban bankin kasar Masar ne ke kula da tuhume-tuhumen kuma ana gudanar da ayyukan sarrafa kudaden waje . Bayan da ya ƙare duk manufofinsa don tallafawa fam ɗin, Babban Bankin Masar ya tilasta kawo karshen tsarin tafiyar da ruwa da kuma ba da izinin kudin ya yi iyo a kan 3 Nuwamba 2016; bankin ya kuma sanar da kawo karshen yadda ake sarrafa kudaden ketare a wannan rana. Adadin hukuma ya fadi sau biyu. An kuma yi amfani da fam na Masar a Sudan ta Anglo-Masar tsakanin 1899 zuwa 1956, da kuma Cyrenaica lokacin da take karkashin mulkin Birtaniya sannan daga bisani ta zama masarauta mai cin gashin kanta tsakanin 1942 zuwa 1951. Har ila yau, ya yadu a cikin Falasdinu na wajibi daga 1918 zuwa 1927, lokacin da aka gabatar da fam na Falasdinu, daidai yake da darajar fam Sterling . Babban bankin kasar Masar ya fitar da takardun kudi a karon farko a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 1899. Babban Bankin Masar da Babban Bankin Masar sun hade cikin Babban Bankin Masar a shekarar 1961. Sunayen suna An yi amfani da shi don ƙimar tarihi ko a cikin magana ta harshe Ana amfani da sunaye da yawa waɗanda ba na hukuma ba don nuni ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na kuɗin Masar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da (daga kalmar nickel ) nekla [neklæ] na 2 milliemes, ta'rif [tæʕɾifæ] na milliemes 5, [ʃelen] (watau shilling ) na piastres 5, bariza [bæɾizæ] na piastres 10, da reyal [ɾejæl] ( " ainihin " ) don piastars 20. Tun da piastre da millieme ba su da ɗanɗano na doka, ƙaramar ƙungiyar a halin yanzu ana yin ta ita ce tsabar kuɗin PT 25 (aiki a matsayin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na E£1), waɗannan sharuɗɗan galibi sun faɗi cikin rashin amfani kuma suna rayuwa azaman masu son sani. Wasu kaɗan sun tsira don komawa zuwa bayanin kula na fam: bariza yanzu yana nufin bayanin E£10 kuma ana iya amfani da reyal dangane da bayanin E£20. Na yau da kullun Jimlar Fam daban-daban na Masarawa suna da sunayen laƙabi a cikin maganganun yare, misali: E£1 bolbol () ma'ana nightingale ko gondi () ma'ana soja, E£1,000 bako [bæko] "fakiti"; E£1,000,000 arnab [ʔæɾnæb] "zomo"; E £1,000,000,000 ji [fil] "giwa" . Tsabar kudi Tsakanin 1837 da 1900, jan karfe 1 da 5 para *, azurfa 10 da 20 para, 1, 5, 10 da 20 piastre (pt), zinariya 5pt, 10pt. kuma an gabatar da tsabar kudi 20pt da E£1, tare da tsabar zinari 50 PT da aka bayar a cikin 1839. An gabatar da tsabar tsabar Copper 10 para a cikin 1853, kodayake tsabar azurfar ta ci gaba da ba da ita. An sake gabatar da tsabar tsabar Copper 10 para a cikin 1862, sannan jan karfe 4 para da 2 suka biyo baya tsabar kudi a cikin 1863. An gabatar da tsabar tsabar zinare 25 PT a cikin 1867. A cikin 1885, an maye gurbin para da millieme don rage yawan kudin kuma an gabatar da sabon tsabar kudi. Batun ya kunshi tagulla 1, 2 da 5 millieme (m), azurfa 1 PT, 2 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT tsabar kudi. Kusan kuɗin zinare ya ƙare, tare da ƙananan lambobi na PT 5 da 10 PT kawai an ba da su. A cikin 1916 da 1917, an gabatar da sabon tsabar tsabar ƙarfe na ƙarfe wanda ya ƙunshi tagulla. da holed, cupro-nickel 1m, 2m, 5m and 10m tsabar kudi. Azurfa 2 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT tsabar kudi, kuma an sake dawo da tsabar E£1 na gwal. Tsakanin 1922 zuwa 1923, an tsawaita kuɗin zinare don haɗa da 20 PT da 50 PT da E£1 da E£5 tsabar kudi. A cikin 1924, tagulla ya maye gurbin cupro-nickel a cikin tsabar kudin 1m kuma an cire ramukan daga sauran tsabar kudi-nickel. A cikin 1938, an gabatar da tsabar tagulla 5m da 10m, sannan a 1944 da azurfa, tsabar kudi PT guda 2. Tsakanin 1954 zuwa 1956, an bullo da wani sabon tsabar kudi, wanda ya kunshi aluminum-bronze 1m, 5m and 10m da silver 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT tsabar kudi, tare da rage girman tsabar kudin azurfa. An ƙaddamar da tsabar aluminium-tagulla 2m a cikin 1962. A shekara ta 1967 an yi watsi da kuɗin azurfa kuma an gabatar da tsabar kudi na cin kofin nickel 5 da 10 piastre. Aluminum ya maye gurbin aluminum-tagulla a cikin tsabar kudi 1m, 5m da 10m a 1972, sannan tagulla a cikin tsabar 5m da 10m a 1973. Aluminium-bronze 2 PT da cupro-nickel 20 PT tsabar kudi an gabatar da su a cikin 1980, sannan aluminium-bronze 1 PT da 5 PT tsabar kudi a 1984. A cikin 1992, an gabatar da tsabar tagulla 5 da 10 piastre, sannan aka binne su a cikin 1993, hold, cupro-nickel 25 piastre tsabar kudi. An rage girman tsabar PT 5 a cikin 2004, 10 PT da 25 PT tsabar kudi - a cikin 2008. A ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2006, 50 PT da E£1 tsabar kudi masu kwanan wata 2005 an gabatar da su, kuma an cire kwatankwacin takardun kudinsa na ɗan lokaci daga rarrabawa a cikin 2010. Sulalolin suna ɗauke da fuskar Cleopatra VII da abin rufe fuska na Tutankhamun, kuma tsabar E£1 ɗin bimetallic ne. An rage girman da abun da ke ciki na tsabar kudi PT 50 a cikin 2007. Takardun kuɗi A cikin alif dari takwas da casa'in da tara 1899, Babban Bankin Masar ya gabatar da bayanin kula a cikin 50 PT, £1, £5, £10, £50 da £100. Tsakanin alif dari tara da sha shida 1916 zuwa alif dari tara da sha bakwai 1917, an ƙara PT bayanin kula guda 25, tare da takardun kuɗin gwamnati na 5 PT da PT 10 da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta fitar. A shekarar alif dari tara da sittin da da daya 1961, babban bankin kasar Masar ya karbi ragamar mulkin kasar daga hannun babban bankin kasa, ya kuma fitar da takardar kudi ta kungiyar ‘yan fashin teku 25 da 50, an bullo da takardar kudi fam 1, £5, fam 10 da fam 20 a shekarar 1976, sai kuma fam 100 a 1978, fam. 50 a 1993 da £ 200 a 2007. Duk takardun kuɗin Masar na harsuna biyu ne, tare da rubutun Larabci da lambobi na Larabci na Gabas akan madaidaicin, da rubutun Ingilishi da lambobin Larabci na Yamma a baya. Zane-zanen da ba a saba ba suna nuna fasalin ginin Musulunci tare da zane-zane na baya da ke nuna ginshiƙan Masarawa na dā (ginai, mutummutumai da rubuce-rubuce). A cikin watan Disamba na 2006, an ambata a cikin labarai a jaridun Al Ahram da Al Akhbar cewa ana shirin gabatar da fam 200 da fam 500. Tun daga shekarar 2019, akwai bayanan £200 da ke yawo amma har yanzu babu wani shiri na fitar da bayanan £500. An fara daga 2011 an cire 25 PT, 50 PT da fam 1 takardun banki don neman ƙarin amfani da tsabar kudi. Koyaya, tun daga watan Yuni 2016 Babban Bankin Masar ya sake dawo da fam ɗin banki na fam 1 zuwa wurare dabam dabam da kuma 25 PT da 50 PT bayanin kula saboda ƙarancin ƙaramin canji. Gwamnan babban bankin kasar Masar ya sanar da cewa babban bankin kasar Masar zai fitar da bayanan polymer a farkon shekarar 2021. Wannan canjin ya zo ne yayin da CBE ta koma babban ofishinta zuwa sabon babban birnin tarayya. A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2021, Shugaban Masar ya sake duba bayanan £10 da £20, da za a fitar a watan Nuwamba 2021. A watan Agustan 2021, an tilasta wa Babban Bankin tabbatar da cewa bakan gizo holograms a kan sabbin takardun banki wata amintacciyar alama ce ta alamar ruwa don hana jabu, bayan masu sukar kan layi sun ba da shawarar saƙon ɓoye ne na goyon bayan haƙƙin LGBT. Farashin musaya na tarihi da na yanzu Wannan tebur yana nuna darajar 1 laban Sterling a cikin fam na Masar. Dalar Amurka Wannan tebur yana nuna ƙimar tarihin US$ 1 a cikin kudin Masar (piastres kafin 1834, fam daga yanzu): Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
59636	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Chryssavgis	John Chryssavgis	John Chryssavgis (an haife shi a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1958) masanin tauhidin Kirista ne na Orthodox wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara ga Babban Maigidan Ikilisiya kan batutuwan muhalli. Shi limami ne na Archdiocese na Orthodox na Girka na Amurka. A watan Janairun shekara ta 2012, ya sami taken Archdeacon na kursiyin Ecumenical, ta hanyar All-Holiness Ecumenical Bartholomew. A shekara ta 2016, an bashi digiri na girmamawa daga St. Vladimir's Theological Seminary. Acikin 2020, an zabe shi Farfesa mai daraja na tauhidin a Kwalejin Allahntaka ta Sydney. Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi An haifi John Chryssavgis a Ostiraliya a shekara ta 1958.Yayi karatu daga Kwalejin Scots a Sydney a 1975, kuma ya sami digiri a fannin tauhidi daga Jami'ar Athens a 1980. Ya sami difloma acikin Kiɗa na Byzantine daga Conservatory of Music na Girka a 1979 kuma an bashi tallafin bincike ga St. Vladimir's Theological Seminary a 1982. Ya kammala karatun sa na digiri a fannin Patristics a Jami'ar Oxford a shekarar 1983. Chryssavgis ya karanta tauhidin patristic a Jami'ar Oxford. Ayyukansa da rubuce-rubucensa sun mayar da hankali kan tauhidin zamani, da kuma tarihin Cocin Gabas. Yana da digiri a fannin tauhidi da kiɗa mai tsarki. Koyarwarsa ta rufe batutuwa masu yawa, kamar su Tauhidi, siyasa, da cigaban zamantakewa, jigogi da mutane na Zamanin Tsakiya, gami da alaƙar al'adu da addini da tashin hankali tsakanin Gabas da Yamma. Abubuwan da yake so sun rungumi bangarorin ruhaniya, muhalli, da liturgy. Binciken da yayi ya ƙware acikin tunanin ascetic da aikin Ikilisiya ta farko, musamman daga al'adar hamada ta Masar (karni na 4) ta hanyar yankunan Falasdinu (ƙarni na 5 zuwa 6) da Sina'i (ƙarni na 7). Bayan watanni da yawa acikin nutsuwa a Dutsen Athos, yayi aiki tare da Firaministan Orthodox na Girka a Ostiraliya kuma ya kasance wanda ya kafa Kwalejin tauhidin St Andrew a Sydney, inda ya kasance Sub-Dean kuma ya koyar da Patristics da Tarihin Ikilisiya . Ya kuma kasance Malami a Makarantar Allah da Makarantar Nazarin Addini a Jami'ar Sydney . A shekara ta 1995, ya koma Boston, inda aka naɗashi Farfesa na tauhidi a Makarantar tauhidin Holy Cross kuma ya jagoranci Shirin Nazarin Addini a Kwalejin Hellenic har zuwa shekara ta 2002. Ya kafa Ofishin Muhalli a wannan Makarantar a shekara ta 2001. Ya kuma koyar a matsayin farfesa na Patristics a Jami'ar Balamand a Lebanon. Acikin 'yan shekarun nan, ya wallafa littattafai da yawa da labarai masu yawa acikin mujallu na duniya da encyclopedias a fannin addini da muhalli, adalci na zamantakewa da zaman lafiya, tare da littattafai masu zuwa ciki har da John Climacus: daga hamadar Masar zuwa Dutsen Sinaite.(Ashgate, Burtaniya, Winter 2004); da Light Through Darkness: Insights into Orthodox Spirituality (Orbis Books, Summer 2004) A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin mai bada shawara kan tauhidi ga Ikilisiya kan batutuwan muhalli. Yana zaune a Maine. Bayanan littattafai Persons and Events: Historical Moments in the Development of Orthodox Christianity, Archdiocese of Australia, Sydney, 1985. [Out of print] Fire and Light: Aspects of the Eastern Orthodox Tradition (Light and Life Publications, Minneapolis MN, 1987). [Out of print] Ascent to Heaven: The Theology of the Human Person According to Saint John of the Ladder (Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1989) [Out of print]. The World My Church (with Sophie Chryssavgis), David Lovell Publishing, Melbourne, 1990. Reprinted with changes by Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1998. Five printings to date. The Desert is Alive: Dimensions of Australian Spirituality, Joint Board of Christian Education, Melbourne, 1990. Second Printing 1993. [Out of print] Repentance and Confession, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1990. Second Printing 1996. Third printing 1998. Love, Sexuality, and Marriage, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 1996. Second printing 1998. The Way of the Fathers: Exploring the Mind of the Church Fathers, Analecta Vlatadon, Thessalonika, 1998. [Out of print] Beyond the Shattered Image: Insights into an Orthodox Ecological World View, Light and Life Books, Minneapolis MN, 1999. [Out of print] Soul Mending: The Art of Spiritual Direction, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 2000. Second printing 2002. In the Footsteps of Christ: the ascetic teaching of Abba Isaiah of Scetis, SLG Press, Oxford UK, 2001. [With P.R.Penkett] The Body of Christ: A Place of Welcome for People with Disabilities, Light and Life, Minneapolis MN, 2002. Subsequently published by the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America: New York NY, 2017. Abba Isaiah of Scetis: The Ascetic Discourses, Cistercian Publications, Kalamazoo MI, 2002. [With P.R.Penkett] In the Heart of the Desert: The Spirituality of the Desert Fathers and Mothers, World Wisdom Books, Bloomington IN, 2003. 2nd revised edition 2008. Also translated into Italian: Bose Publications, Italy 2004. Also translated into Romanian: Sophia Editions, Bucharest, 2004. Cosmic Grace, Humble Prayer: Ecological Vision of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Eerdmans Books, Grand Rapids MI, 2003. Revised and updated, 2009. [Out of print] Letters from the Desert: A Selection of the Spiritual Correspondence of Barsanuphius and John, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, New York NY, 2003. The Way of Tears: A Spirituality of Imperfection, In Greek: Akritas Publications, Athens, 2003. The Way of the Fathers: Exploring the Mind of the Church Fathers, Light and Life Books, Minneapolis MN, 2003 Light through Darkness: Insights into Orthodox Spirituality, Orbis Press: Maryknoll; and Darton Longman and Todd: London, 2004 John Climacus: from the Egyptian desert to the Sinaite mountain, Ashgate, London, 2004. The Reflections of Abba Zosimas: Monk of the Palestinian Desert, SLG Press: Oxford, 2004. Reprinted 2006. The Ecumenical Patriarchate: a historical guide, Ecumenical Patriarchate Publications, Constantinople, 2005. 2nd revised edition, 2007. [Out of print] The Correspondence of Barsanuphius and John, with translation, introduction, notes and complete indices (scriptural, patristic, subject and names). For Catholic University Press, Washington DC, 2 volumes, 2006 and 2007. In the World, Yet Not of the World: Social and Global Initiatives of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Fordham University Press, New York, 2009. Speaking the Truth in Love: Theological and Spiritual Exhortations of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Fordham University Press, New York, 2010. In the Footsteps of St. Paul: An Academic Symposium, Holy Cross Press, Boston MA, 2011. [With Archbishop Demetrios Trakatellis of America] On Earth as in Heaven: Ecological Vision and Initiatives of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, Fordham University Press, New York, 2012. Remembering and Reclaiming Diakonia: The Diaconate Yesterday and Today (Brookline, MA: Holy Cross Orthodox Press, 2009) The Patriarch of Solidarity: ecological and global concerns of Ecumenical Patriarch Bartholomew, In Greek and English: Istos Books, Istanbul, 2013. Toward an Ecology of Transfiguration: Orthodox Christian Perspectives on Environment, Nature, and Creation, Fordham University Press, New York, 2013. [With Bruce Foltz] Dialogue of Love: Breaking the Silence of Centuries, Fordham University Press, 2014. The Ecumenical Patriarchate Today: Sacred Greek Orthodox Sites of Istanbul, London Editions: Istanbul, 2014. Translation of The Fathers of the Church: Barsanuphius and John, Letters, Volume 2, The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 2014. Three Perspectives on the Sacred: The Augustana Distinguished Lectures, Chester Ronning Center, Camrose Alberta, 2015. Saint Anthony the Great, with Marilyn Rouvelas [Illustrated by Isabelle Brent], Wisdom Tales, Bloomington IN, 2015. Primacy in the Church: The Office of Primacy and the Authority of Councils, St. Vladimir's Press, Yonkers NY, 2016 [2 volumes]. Toward the Holy and Great Council: Retrieving a Culture of Conciliarity and Communion, Faith Matters Series, no. 1: Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America, New York NY, 2016. Translation of Anastasios Yannoulatos, In Africa: Orthodox Witness and Service, Holy Cross Orthodox Press, Brookline MA, 2015 (449 pages). Translation of The Fathers of the Church: Barsanuphius and John, Letters, Volume 1, The Catholic University of America Press, Washington, D.C., 2015. Bartholomew: Apostle and Visionary, HarperCollins, New York NY, 2016. Greek translation: Athens Books, Athens, 2017. French translation: Cerf, Paris, 2017. Ukrainian and Russian translation: Ethos Biblioteka, Kyiv, 2021 Translation of Anastasios Yannoulatos, In Albania: Cross and Resurrection, St. Vladimir's Seminary Press, Yonkers NY, 2016. (378 pages). Theology as Doxology and Dialogue: The Essential Writings of Nikos Nissiotis, with Nikolaos Asproulis (eds), Fortress Academic, Lanham MD, 2019. Creation as Sacrament: Reflections on Ecology and Spirituality, Bloomsbury/T&T Clark, London, 2019. Coedited (with Nikolaos Asproulis), Priests of Creation: John Zizioulas on Discerning an Ecological Crisis, T&T Clark, London, 2021. Coedited (with Brandon Gallaher), The Living Christ: The Theological Legacy of Georges Florovsky, T&T Clark, London, 2021. Coauthored (with Peter Chamberas), The Recognition of Saints in the Orthodox Church, Newfound Publishing, Hebron NH, 2021. Coedited two volumes on The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church: Orthodox Theology in the Twenty-First Century, University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 2021 [Greek and English]. The Letters of Barsanuphius and John: Desert Wisdom for Everyday Life, Foreword by Kallistos Ware, 2021, T&T Clark, London, 2022. Foreword by Metropolitan Kallistos Ware. Coexistence: Peace, Nature, Poverty, Terrorism, and Values, by Archbishop Anastasios Yannoulatos of Albania. [Translation from the Greek] Geneva: World Council of Churches, Geneva, 2022. Theology, Ecology, and Ecumenism: Reflections of an Innocent Sojourner (Fairfax, VA: Washington Theological Consortium, 2023). Introduction by Prof. Paul McPartlan. Haɗin waje Shafin Mawallafi Bayan Hoton da aka fashe ta Vincent Rossi Haske Ta hanyar Duhu: Binciken Hadisin Orthodox na Frederic da Mary Ann Brussat Wani hangen nesa na Orthodox game da hamartology da muhalli: Binciken gudummawar John Chryssavgis ga bita na yanzu na Dokta Newton Cloete 'Sunan Ikklisiya na Ikklisiya zai inganta sunan Turkiyya' hira da Cansu Çamlıbel ya yi Rayayyun mutane Haihuwan 1958
48534	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rage%20canjin%20yanayi	Rage canjin yanayi	Daban-daban na rage sauyin yanayi. Daga hannun hagu daga sama zuwa agogo: makamashi mai sabuntawa - hasken rana da wutar iska - a Ingila, jigilar jama'a da wutar lantarki a Faransa, misali na abinci mai gina jiki, da aikin sake gandun daji a Haiti don cire carbon dioxide daga sararin samaniya . Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images Rage sauyin yanayi mataki ne na iyakance sauyin yanayi ta hanyar rage fitar da iskar gas ko cire waɗancan iskar gas daga sararin samaniya. Yunƙurin da aka samu a matsakaicin yanayin zafin duniya na baya-bayan nan yana faruwa ne ta hanyar hayaƙi daga burbushin man da ke ƙonewa ( gawayi, mai, da iskar gas ). Ragewa zai iya rage fitar da hayaki ta hanyar canzawa zuwa tushen makamashi mai dorewa, adana makamashi, da haɓaka aiki . Bugu da ƙari, CO za a iya cirewa daga yanayin ta hanyar fadada gandun daji, maido da wuraren dausayi da kuma amfani da wasu na'urori na halitta da na fasaha, waɗanda aka haɗa su tare a ƙarƙashin lokaci na carbon sequestration. Ƙarfin hasken rana da ƙarfin iska suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage sauyin yanayi a mafi ƙarancin farashi idan aka kwatanta da kewayon sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Ana magance bambancin kasancewar hasken rana da iska ta hanyar ajiyar makamashi da ingantattun grid ɗin lantarki, gami da watsa wutar lantarki mai nisa, sarrafa buƙatu da haɓaka abubuwan sabuntawa. Za a iya rage hayakin da ke fitowa daga ababen more rayuwa da ke kona man fetur kai tsaye, kamar motoci da na’urorin dumama, ta hanyar samar da wutar lantarki ta yadda za a rika amfani da su ta hanyar wutar lantarki maimakon mai. Ana inganta ingantaccen makamashi ta amfani da famfunan zafi da motocin lantarki . Idan matakan masana'antu dole ne su haifar da carbon dioxide, kama carbon da adanawa na iya rage yawan hayaƙi. Fitar da iskar gas daga aikin gona sun haɗa da methane da nitrous oxide . Ana iya rage fitar da hayaki daga aikin noma ta hanyar rage sharar abinci, canzawa zuwa mafi yawan abinci mai gina jiki, ta hanyar kare muhalli da inganta hanyoyin noma. Manufofin rage sauyin yanayi sun haɗa da: farashin carbon ta hanyar harajin carbon da ciniki mai fitar da iskar carbon, sauƙaƙe ƙa'idodi don tura makamashi mai sabuntawa, rage tallafin mai, da karkatar da albarkatun mai, da tallafin makamashi mai tsafta . Manufofin na yanzu an kiyasta za su samar da dumamar yanayi da kusan 2.7 °C da 2100. Wannan dumamar yanayi ya zarce manufar yarjejeniyar Paris ta 2015 na takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa kasa da 2. ° C kuma zai fi dacewa zuwa 1.5 °C. A duniya, iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 2 °C na iya haifar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki mafi girma fiye da farashin tattalin arzikin a baya. Ma'anoni da iyaka Babban manufar rage sauyin yanayi—don dorewar yanayin muhalli ta yadda za a iya kiyaye wayewar ɗan adam—yana buƙatar a yanke hayaki mai gurbata yanayi sosai. Don haka, kwamitin sulhu na gwamnatin tarayya kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC) ya ayyana ragewa (sauyin yanayi) a matsayin "sa baki na dan Adam don rage hayaki ko bunkasa nitsewar iskar gas ". Wasu wallafe-wallafen suna bayyana sarrafa hasken rana (SRM) azaman fasahar rage yanayi . Ba tare da alaƙa da rage yawan iskar gas ba, SRM zai yi aiki ta hanyar canza yadda duniya ke karɓar hasken rana. Misalai sun haɗa da rage adadin hasken rana da ke isa saman ƙasa, rage kaurin gani da rayuwar girgije, da canza yanayin haske. IPCC ta bayyana SRM a matsayin "dabarun rage haɗarin yanayi" ko "ƙarin zaɓi" amma ba azaman zaɓi na rage sauyin yanayi ba. Ana iya tunkarar matakan ragewa a cikin layi daya, saboda babu wata hanya guda da za ta iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ko 2°C. Ana iya karkasa irin waɗannan matakan misali kamar haka: Dorewa makamashi da sufuri mai dorewa Kiyaye makamashi (wannan ya haɗa da ingantaccen amfani da makamashi ) Don samar da aikin noma da hanyoyin masana'antu: aikin noma mai dorewa da manufofin masana'antu kore Haɓaka nutsewar carbon : cirewar carbon dioxide (wannan ya haɗa da rarrabuwar carbon ) Kauwar Carbon Dioxide (CDR) an ayyana shi azaman “Ayyukan Anthropogenic suna cire carbon dioxide ( CO ) daga sararin samaniya da kuma adana shi cikin dindindin a cikin tafkunan ƙasa, ƙasa, ko tafkunan teku, ko cikin samfuran. Ya haɗa da haɓaka da yuwuwar haɓakar ɗan adam na ilimin halitta ko geochemical CO nutsewa da kama iskar carbon dioxide da ajiya kai tsaye (DACCS), amma ban da ɗaukar CO na halitta wanda ba ayyukan ɗan adam ke haifar da shi kai tsaye ba." Kalmomi a wannan yanki har yanzu suna ci gaba. Kalmar geoengineering (ko injiniyan yanayi ) wani lokaci ana amfani dashi a cikin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya don duka CDR ko SRM (gudanar da hasken rana), idan ana amfani da fasahohin a sikelin duniya. Ba a amfani da kalmomin geoengineering ko injiniyan yanayi a cikin rahoton IPCC. Hanyoyin fitarwa da alƙawura Fitar da iskar gas daga ayyukan ɗan adam yana ƙarfafa tasirin greenhouse, yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi . Mafi yawa shine carbon dioxide daga kona burbushin halittu : gawayi, mai, da iskar gas . Fitar da dan Adam ya haifar ya karu da iskar carbon dioxide da kusan kashi 50% sama da matakan masana'antu kafin a fara aiki. Fitowar hayaki a cikin 2010 ya kai tan biliyan 56 (Gt) a shekara, fiye da kowane lokaci. A cikin 2016, makamashi (lantarki, zafi da sufuri) yana da alhakin 73.2% na watsi da GHG, tsarin masana'antu kai tsaye don 5.2%, sharar gida don 3.2% da noma, gandun daji da amfani da ƙasa don 18.4%. Samar da wutar lantarki da sufuri sune manyan masu fitar da hayaki: mafi girma tushe guda ita ce tashoshin wutar lantarki da ke da kashi 20% na hayaki mai gurbata yanayi. Yanke dazuzzuka da sauran canje-canjen amfani da ƙasa suma suna fitar da carbon dioxide da methane . Mafi girma tushen hayakin methane na ɗan adam shine noma, da iskar gas da hayaƙin gudu daga cikin masana'antar burbushin mai. Babban tushen methane na noma shine dabbobi . Ƙasar noma tana fitar da sinadarin nitrous oxide, wani ɓangare saboda takin zamani . An magance matsalar iskar gas daga firji a siyasance yanzu haka kasashe da yawa sun amince da gyaran Kigali. Carbon dioxide ( CO ) shine mafi yawan iskar gas da ake fitarwa, yayin da methane hayaki kusan yana da tasiri iri ɗaya na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) da iskar gas (F-Gases) suna taka ƙaramin rawa. Dabbobi da taki suna samar da kashi 5.8% na duk hayakin da ake fitar da iskar gas, ko da yake wannan ya dogara da lokacin da aka yi amfani da shi don ƙididdige yuwuwar dumamar yanayi na iskar gas daban-daban. Ana auna iskar gas na Greenhouse (GHG) a cikin daidaitattun CO da aka ƙaddara ta yuwuwar dumamar yanayi (GWP), wanda ya dogara da rayuwarsu a cikin yanayi. Akwai hanyoyin lissafin iskar gas da ake amfani da su da yawa waɗanda ke canza juzu'in methane, nitrous oxide da sauran iskar gas zuwa daidaitattun carbon dioxide . Ƙididdiga ya dogara ne akan ƙarfin tekuna da maɓuɓɓugar ƙasa don ɗaukar waɗannan iskar gas. Gurɓataccen yanayi na ɗan gajeren lokaci (SLCPs) ciki har da methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone da carbon baƙar fata suna ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin yanayi na tsawon lokaci daga kwanaki zuwa shekaru 15, yayin da carbon dioxide zai iya zama a cikin yanayi na shekaru dubu. Ana ƙara amfani da tauraron dan adam don ganowa da auna hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da sare bishiyoyi. Tun da farko, masana kimiyya sun dogara da ko ƙididdige ƙididdiga na hayaƙin iskar gas da bayanan da gwamnatocin suka bayar da kansu. Yanke hayakin da ake buƙata Rahoton na shekara-shekara na "Rahoton Gap na Gap" na UNEP ya bayyana a cikin 2022: "Don samun kan hanyar iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 ° C, dole ne a rage yawan hayaki na GHG a duniya da kashi 45 cikin 100 idan aka kwatanta da hasashen fitar da hayaki a karkashin manufofin a halin yanzu a cikin takwas kawai. shekaru, kuma dole ne su ci gaba da raguwa cikin sauri bayan 2030, don guje wa gajiyar ƙarancin ƙarancin iskar gas na yanayi." Rahoton ya kuma yi tsokaci cewa kamata ya yi duniya ta mai da hankali kan "samun sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki mai fa'ida" maimakon mayar da hankali kan sauyi da ake samu. A cikin 2022, Kwamitin Gudanar da Sauyin Yanayi (IPCC) ya fitar da rahoton kimantawa na shida kan sauyin yanayi, yana mai gargadin cewa hayaki mai gurbata yanayi dole ne ya kai kololuwa kafin shekarar 2025 a karshe kuma ya ragu da kashi 43 cikin 100 nan da 2030, domin a iya takaita dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5. ° C (2.7 °F). Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, António Guterres, ya fayyace cewa saboda wannan "Dole ne manyan masu fitar da hayaki su rage fitar da hayaki mai yawa daga wannan shekara". Climate Action Tracker ya bayyana halin da ake ciki a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba 2021 kamar haka: zafin duniya zai tashi da 2.7 °C zuwa ƙarshen karni tare da manufofin yanzu kuma ta 2.9 °C tare da manufofin da aka amince da su na ƙasa. Zazzabi zai tashi da 2.4 °C idan kawai alkawuran na 2030 aka aiwatar, ta 2.1 °C idan kuma an cimma burin dogon lokaci. Idan duk makasudin da aka sanar sun cika cikakkar cimma matsaya, hauhawar zafin duniya zai kai 1.9 № C kuma zuwa 1.8 °C zuwa shekara ta 2100. Dukkan bayanai game da duk alkawurran yanayi ana aika su zuwa tashar Ayyukan Aiki ta Duniya - Nazca . Al'ummar kimiyya suna duba cikarsu. Yayin da mafi yawan manufofin da aka kafa na 2020 ba a tantance su ta wata tabbatacciyar hanya da dalla-dalla ko kafafen yada labarai suka bayar da rahotonsu ba, duniya ta gaza cimma mafi yawa ko duk burin kasa da kasa da aka sanya a waccan shekarar . Kamar yadda taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2021 ya faru a Glasgow, ƙungiyar masu binciken da ke gudanar da aikin Climate Action Tracker sun ba da rahoton cewa na ƙasashen da ke da alhakin kashi 85% na hayaƙi mai gurɓata yanayi, dokoki huɗu ne kawai (wanda ke da alhakin kashi 6% na hayaƙin duniya) - EU, UK, Chile da Costa Rica - sun buga cikakken tsarin manufofin hukuma ‑ shirin da ke bayyana matakai da hanyoyin da za a iya cimma burin rage 2030. Fitowar hayaki da ci gaban tattalin arziki Wasu sun ce ci gaban tattalin arziki shine babban abin da ke haifar da hayaƙin CO 2 . Ko da yake daga baya (a ƙarshen 2022) wasu sun ce haɓakar tattalin arziƙin ba ya nufin ƙarin hayaƙi. Yayin da tattalin arziƙin ya haɓaka, buƙatar makamashi da kayayyaki masu ƙarfi suna ƙaruwa, yana haɓaka hayaƙin CO 2 . A gefe guda kuma, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin na iya haifar da sauye-sauyen fasaha da haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi. Ci gaban tattalin arziki na iya haɗawa da ƙwarewa a wasu sassan tattalin arziki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ke da ƙarfin makamashi, musamman ma'adinan makamashin carbon, to za a sami dangantaka mai karfi tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaki. Idan ƙwarewa ta kasance a cikin sassan da ba su da ƙarfin makamashi, misali sashin sabis, to za a iya samun rauni tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi. Yawancin wallafe-wallafen sun fi mayar da hankali ne akan " hasashen Kuznets na muhalli" (EKC), wanda ya nuna cewa a farkon matakan ci gaba, gurbatar yanayi da GDP na kowane mutum yana tafiya a hanya guda. Bayan wani matakin samun kudin shiga, hayakin kowane mutum zai ragu yayin da GDP na kowane mutum ya karu, don haka samar da dangantaka mai jujjuyawa-U tsakanin GDP ga kowane mutum da gurbatar yanayi. Koyaya, wallafe-wallafen tattalin arziƙi ba su goyi bayan ko dai fassarar kyakkyawan fata na hasashen EKC ba - watau cewa matsalar haɓakar hayaƙi za ta warware kanta - ko kuma fassarar rashin fahimta - watau, haɓakar tattalin arziƙin yana da alaƙa da haɓakar hayaƙi. Maimakon haka, an ba da shawarar cewa akwai ɗan sassauci tsakanin ci gaban tattalin arziki da haɓakar hayaƙi. Ƙananan makamashin carbon Tsarin makamashi, wanda ya haɗa da bayarwa da amfani da makamashi, shine babban mai fitar da CO . Ana buƙatar raguwa cikin sauri da zurfi a cikin CO da gurɓataccen iskar gas daga ɓangaren makamashi don iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa ƙasa da 2. °C. Matakan da IPCC ta ba da shawarar sun haɗa da: "Rage burbushin mai, ƙara yawan samar da makamashi daga ƙananan makamashin carbon da sifili, da ƙarin amfani da wutar lantarki da sauran masu ɗaukar makamashi". Kusan duk yanayin da dabaru suna tsammanin babban habɓakar amfani da makamashi mai sabuntawa tare da ƙarin matakan ingantaccen makamashi. Dole ne a hanzarta tura makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa sau shida daga 0.25% girma na shekara-shekara a 2015, zuwa 1.5%, don kiyaye dumamar yanayi a ƙarƙashin 2. °C. Gasa na makamashin da ake iya sabuntawa shine maɓalli ga saurin turawa. A cikin 2020, iska mai iska da hasken rana sune tushen mafi arha don sabbin samar da wutar lantarki a yankuna da yawa. Ko da yake abubuwan sabuntawa na iya samun ƙimar ajiya mafi girma waɗanda ba a sabunta su ba na iya samun ƙarin farashin tsaftacewa. Farashin carbon na iya haɓaka gasa na makamashi mai sabuntawa. Rana da makamashin iska Iska da rana na iya zama tushe don ɗimbin makamashi mai ƙarancin carbon a farashi mai ƙima. IPCC ta yi kiyasin cewa waɗannan zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa guda biyu suna da mafi girman yuwuwar rage fitar da hayaki kafin 2030 a farashi mai rahusa. :43Solar Photovoltaics (PV) ya zama hanya mafi arha don samar da wutar lantarki a yawancin yankuna na duniya. Girman hotunan hoto ya kasance kusa da ma'ana kuma yana kusan ninki biyu a kowace shekara uku tun daga 1990s. Wata fasaha ta daban tana da ƙarfin hasken rana (CSP) ta amfani da madubai ko ruwan tabarau don tattara babban yanki na hasken rana akan mai karɓa. Tare da CSP, ana iya adana makamashi don 'yan sa'o'i kaɗan, samar da wadata da maraice. Dumamar ruwan hasken rana ya ninka tsakanin 2010 zuwa 2019. Yankunan da ke saman arewaci da kudancin latitudes suna da mafi girman ƙarfin ƙarfin iska. Gonakin iskar da ke bakin teku sun fi tsada amma raka'o'in suna ba da ƙarin kuzari a kowane ƙarfin da aka girka tare da ƙarancin canji. A yawancin yankuna, samar da wutar lantarki ya fi girma a cikin hunturu lokacin da PV ya ragu; saboda wannan dalili, haɗuwar iska da hasken rana suna haifar da ingantaccen tsarin daidaitawa. Sauran abubuwan sabuntawa Sauran ingantattun nau'ikan makamashi masu sabuntawa sun haɗa da wutar lantarki, makamashin halittu da makamashin ƙasa: Wutar lantarki ita ce wutar lantarki da ake samar da wutar lantarki ta hanyar ruwa kuma tana taka rawar gani a kasashe kamar Brazil, Norway da China. amma akwai iyakoki na yanki da batutuwan muhalli. Ana iya amfani da wutar lantarki a yankunan bakin teku. Bioenergy na iya samar da makamashi don wutar lantarki, zafi da sufuri. Bioenergy, musamman biogas, zai iya samar da wutar lantarki da za a iya aikawa . Duk da yake kona shuka-samu biomass sake CO , shuke-shuke janye CO daga yanayi yayin da suke girma. Yadda ake samar da man fetur, jigilar kayayyaki da sarrafa shi yana da matukar tasiri ga hayakin rayuwa. An fara amfani da sabbin abubuwan da za a iya sabuntawa a cikin jirgin sama. Ƙarfin geothermal ƙarfin lantarki ne da aka samar daga makamashin ƙasa . A halin yanzu ana amfani da samar da wutar lantarki na geothermal a cikin ƙasashe 26, yayin da ake amfani da dumama ƙasa a ƙasashe 70. Haɗewar makamashi mai sabuntawa Samar da wutar lantarki da iska da hasken rana baya daidaita buƙatu. Don isar da ingantaccen wutar lantarki daga madaidaitan hanyoyin makamashi masu sabuntawa kamar iska da hasken rana, tsarin wutar lantarki yana buƙatar sassauci. An gina yawancin grid ɗin wutar lantarki don hanyoyin samar da makamashin da ba na tsaka-tsaki ba kamar masana'antar wutar lantarki. Yayin da aka haɗa yawancin makamashin hasken rana da iska a cikin grid, dole ne a yi canje-canje ga tsarin makamashi don tabbatar da cewa samar da wutar lantarki ya dace da buƙata. Akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don sa tsarin wutar lantarki ya zama mai sauƙi. A wurare da yawa, samar da iska da hasken rana suna dacewa a kowace rana da ma'auni na yanayi: ana samun iska mai yawa a cikin dare da lokacin hunturu lokacin da makamashin hasken rana ya ragu. Haɗa yankuna daban-daban ta hanyar layin watsawa mai nisa yana ba da damar ƙarin sokewa daga canji. Ana iya canza buƙatun makamashi cikin lokaci ta hanyar sarrafa buƙatun makamashi da kuma amfani da grid mai wayo, daidai lokacin da samar da makamashi mai canzawa ya fi girma. Za a iya samar da ƙarin sassauci daga haɗin gwiwar sassa, wanda ke haɗa sashin wutar lantarki zuwa sashin zafi da motsi ta hanyar tsarin wutar lantarki da motocin lantarki. Gina karfin wutar lantarki don samar da iska da hasken rana zai taimaka wajen tabbatar da cewa an samar da isasshiyar wutar lantarki ko da a lokacin rashin kyawun yanayi. A cikin yanayi mafi kyau, ana iya rage samar da makamashi idan ba a iya amfani da wutar lantarki mai yawa ko adanawa. Ajiye makamashi yana taimakawa shawo kan shingen makamashi mai sabuntawa. Hanyar da aka fi amfani da ita da kuma samuwa ita ce famfo-ajiya na lantarki, wanda ke buƙatar wurare tare da manyan bambance-bambance a tsayi da samun ruwa. Batura, musamman baturan lithium-ion, ana kuma baza su ko'ina. Batura yawanci suna adana wutar lantarki na ɗan gajeren lokaci. Farashin da ƙarancin ƙarfin ƙarfin batura ya sa ba su da amfani ga babban ajiyar makamashi da ake buƙata don daidaita bambance-bambancen yanayi na samar da makamashi. Ma'ajiyar ruwa da aka zuga tare da iya aiki na tsawon watanni da yawa an aiwatar da shi a wasu wurare. Makaman nukiliya Makaman nukiliya na iya haɗawa da abubuwan sabuntawa don wutar lantarki. A gefe guda, haɗarin muhalli da tsaro na iya wuce fa'idar. Ginin sabbin injinan nukiliya a halin yanzu yana ɗaukar kusan shekaru 10, wanda ya fi tsayi fiye da haɓaka jigilar iska da hasken rana, kuma akwai hadarin bashi . Duk da haka ana tsammanin sun fi arha a China, kuma ƙasar tana gina sabbin hanyoyin samar da wutar lantarki. Kudin tsawaita rayuwar tashar makamashin nukiliya yana da gogayya da sauran fasahohin samar da wutar lantarki, gami da sabbin ayyukan hasken rana da iska. Maye gurbin kwal da iskar gas Rage buƙatu Buƙatar samfura da sabis waɗanda ke haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas ana iya rage su ta hanyoyi daban-daban guda uku. Da fari dai, ana iya rage buƙata ta hanyar sauye-sauyen ɗabi'a da al'adu, alal misali canje-canjen abinci. Na biyu, ana iya rage bukatar makamashi da sauran hidimomin da ake fitarwa ta hanyar ingantattun ababen more rayuwa, kamar kyakkyawar hanyar sadarwar jama'a . A ƙarshe, canje-canje a fasaha na ƙarshen amfani na iya rage buƙatar makamashi (misali, gida mai rufin da yake fitarwa ƙasa da gidan da ba shi da kyau). Zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa waɗanda ke rage buƙatar samfur ko ayyuka suna taimaka wa mutane yin zaɓi na sirri don rage sawun carbon ɗin su, misali a cikin zaɓin abubuwan sufuri ko abincin su. Wannan yana nufin akwai fannonin zamantakewa da yawa tare da ayyukan rage buƙatar-gefe. Misali, mutanen da ke da matsayi mai girma na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki sukan ba da gudummawa sosai ga hayakin iskar gas fiye da waɗanda ke da ƙananan matsayi na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Ta hanyar rage fitar da hayakinsu da inganta manufofin kore, waɗannan mutane za su iya zama "abin koyi na salon rayuwa mai ƙarancin carbon". Koyaya, akwai sauye-sauye na hankali da yawa waɗanda ke tasiri da kwarin gwiwar mutane don rage buƙatun su kamar wayar da kan jama'a da haɗarin haɗari . Manufofin gwamnati na iya tallafawa ko hana zaɓuɓɓukan rage buƙatu na rukunin yanar gizo. Misali, manufofin jama'a na iya haɓaka ra'ayoyin tattalin arziƙin madauwari waɗanda zasu taimaka rage sauyin yanayi. Rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi yana da alaƙa da raba tattalin arziki da tattalin arzikin madauwari . Haɓaka yawan jama'a ya haifar da haɓakar hayaƙin gas a mafi yawan yankuna, musamman Afirka. Duk da haka, ci gaban tattalin arziki yana da babban tasiri fiye da karuwar yawan jama'a. Shi ne hauhawar kudaden shiga, sauye-sauyen amfani da tsarin abinci, tare da karuwar yawan jama'a, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba a kan filaye da sauran albarkatun kasa, kuma yana haifar da ƙarin hayaki mai gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin iskar carbon. Masana sun yi nuni da cewa, "A cikin hadin gwiwa tare da manufofin da ke kawo karshen amfani da man fetur da kuma karfafa amfani mai dorewa, manufofin mutuntaka da ke rage yawan karuwar jama'a ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na mayar da hankali kan yanayin yanayi." An san cewa "ci gaban ilimin mata da lafiyar haihuwa, musamman tsarin iyali na son rai, na iya ba da gudummawa sosai wajen rage karuwar yawan jama'a a duniya". Kiyaye da haɓaka kwatankwacin carbon Don rage matsin lamba akan yanayin halittu da habɓaka ƙarfin su na sarrafa carbon, canje-canje sun zama dole a aikin noma da gandun daji, kamar hana sare gandun daji da maido da yanayin halitta ta hanyar sake dazuzzuka . Yanayin da ke iyakance dumamar yanayi zuwa 1.5 °C yawanci yana aiwatar da babban amfani da hanyoyin kawar da carbon dioxide a cikin ƙarni na 21st. Akwai damuwa ko da yake game da yawan dogaro da waɗannan fasahohin, da tasirin muhalli. Duk da haka, yuwuwar rage yiwuwar maido da yanayin halittu da rage juzu'i suna daga cikin kayan aikin ragewa waɗanda za su iya samar da mafi yawan raguwar hayaki kafin 2030. Zaɓuɓɓukan rage ƙasa ana kiran su "zaɓuɓɓukan ragewa AFOLU" a cikin rahoton IPCC na 2022 akan ragewa. Gajarta tana nufin "noma, gandun daji da sauran amfanin ƙasa" :37Rahoton ya bayyana yuwuwar rage tasirin tattalin arziki daga ayyukan da suka dace a kusa da gandun daji da muhalli kamar haka: "Kiyayewa, ingantattun gudanarwa, da maido da gandun daji da sauran halittun dazuzzuka ( filayen dausayi na gabar teku, filayen ciyawa, savannas da ciyayi)". Ana samun babban yuwuwar ragewa don rage sare itatuwa a yankuna masu zafi. An kiyasta karfin tattalin arzikin wadannan ayyukan zai zama 4.2 zuwa 7.4 Giga ton na CO 2 daidai a kowace shekara. :37 Binciken Stern akan tattalin arziki na sauyin yanayi ya rigaya ya bayyana a cikin 2007 cewa hana sare dazuzzuka wata hanya ce mai matukar tsada ta rage fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Kusan kashi 95 cikin 100 na sare dazuzzuka na faruwa ne a wurare masu zafi, inda akasari ke haddasa shi ta hanyar share fage domin noma. Ɗaya daga cikin dabarun kiyaye gandun daji shine ba da haƙƙoƙin ƙasa daga yankin jama'a zuwa mazaunanta na asali. Yarjejeniyar ƙasa sau da yawa tana zuwa ga kamfanoni masu hako masu ƙarfi da dabarun kiyayewa waɗanda ke keɓance har ma da fitar da mutane, wanda ake kira " kare gandun daji ", galibi suna haifar da ƙarin amfani da ƙasa yayin da mazaunan asali sannan suka juya zuwa aiki don kamfanonin hakar su tsira. Haɓaka yana haɓaka dazuzzuka don kama cikakkiyar damar muhallinsu. Wannan dabara ce ta ragewa yayin da dazuzzukan na biyu da suka sake girma a cikin gonakin da aka yi watsi da su ana samun ƙarancin bambance-bambancen halittu fiye da na asali tsoffin dazuzzukan da kuma dazuzzukan na asali suna adana 60% fiye da carbon fiye da waɗannan sabbin gandun daji. Dabarun sun haɗa da sake ginawa da kafa hanyoyin namun daji . Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
53620	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheema%20Kermani	Sheema Kermani	Articles with hCards Sheema Kermani (wanda kuma aka rubuta Kirmani ) ( Urdu : ; an haife shi 16 ga Janairun shekarar 1951) yar rawa ce ta gargajiya ta Pakistan kuma mai fafutukar zamantakewa. Ita ce wacce ta kafa Tehrik-e-Niswan Cultural Action Group (Ƙungiyar Mata). Ita ma fitacciyar rawa ce ta Bharatanatyam . An san Kermani a matsayin mashahurin ɗan wasan raye-raye, mawaƙa, guru na rawa, mai yin wasan kwaikwayo, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo, darakta, furodusa, kuma ɗan wasan TV da ke Karachi, Pakistan . Ta bayar da shawarwari kan al'adu, 'yancin mata, da batutuwan zaman lafiya. Gudunmawar da ta yi na farko don haɓaka al'adu da wasan kwaikwayo a Pakistan tun shekarar 1978 ya haifar da yabo a duniya. Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Kermani a ranar 16 ga Janairun shekara ta 1951 a Rawalpindi, Punjab . Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a rundunar sojan Pakistan, inda ya yi ritaya a matsayin birgediya sannan aka nada shi shugaban kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na Karachi . Iyalin mahaifinta sun samo asali ne daga birnin Lucknow kuma sun samo asali ne daga birnin Kerman na Iran, yayin da bangaren mahaifiyarta ya fito daga Hyderabad Deccan . Kermani yana da ’yan’uwa biyu, dattijo da kanwa. Ta yi karatun ta a makarantun Convent a garuruwa daban-daban na Pakistan inda aka saka mahaifinta. A lokacin hutunta na makaranta, Kermani kan ziyarci kakaninta na uwa da ke zaune a Indiya kuma a nan ne ta fara sha'awar wasan kwaikwayo. Lokacin da take da shekaru 8, Kermani ta fara koyon piano da kiɗan gargajiya na Yammacin Turai . Tun tana shekara 13, ta fara koyon raye-rayen gargajiya na Indiya daga Mr. da Mrs. Ghanshyam (ma'aurata daga Calcutta, waɗanda suka kafa cibiyar rawa da kiɗa a Karachi). Daga baya ta shiga cibiyar su a matsayin ma'aikacin su da kuma yin gungun mutane. Kermani ita ce dan rawa daya tilo a Pakistan a tsawon shekarun mulkin Janar Zia-ul-Haq, lokacin da aka hana rawa kuma ya zama wani abu da gwamnati da malamai ba sa son su. Ta sami karatun farko daga Presentation Convent Rawalpindi. Bayan ta yi O-Level daga Convent of Jesus and Mary, Karachi, ta kammala karatunta na A-Level daga Karachi Grammar School sannan ta wuce Kwalejin Fasaha ta Croydon, London don yin karatun fasaha mai kyau . Ta yi digiri na farko na Arts daga Jami'ar Punjab, Lahore, da Masters da M. Phil Degree a Tarihi daga Jami'ar Karachi, inda a halin yanzu ta yi rajista don PhD. Kermani ya fara koyon Bharatanatyam a tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Wasanta na farko na solo ya kasance a Pakistan a cikin 1984. A cikin 1988, ta tafi Indiya akan tallafin karatu na ICCR (Majalisar Al'adu ta Indiya) kuma ta yi karatun Bharatanatyam a ƙarƙashin Leela Samson, Kathak a ƙarƙashin Ram Mohan da Odissi a ƙarƙashin Guru Mayadhar Raut da Aloka Pannikar. Ta kuma gudanar da taron karawa juna sani na wasan kwaikwayo a karkashin jagorancin darektan wasan kwaikwayo Prasanna Ramaswamy a Karachi kuma ta jagoranci wata kungiyar al'adu, Tehrik-e-Niswan a Karachi. 2017 bayyanar A ranar 19 ga Fabrairu 2017, Kermani ya bayyana a wurin ibadar Lal Shahbaz Qalandar a Sehwan bayan harin kunar bakin wake na dabbanci kuma ya yi dhamal (wani salon rawa Sufi). Ta ba da wasa mai ban sha'awa kuma ta gaya wa manema labarai cewa babu wanda zai iya dakatar da kiɗa da rawa. Ta yi wasa a Faiz Aman Mela, Lahore, inda ta karrama Asma Jahangir . Ta ce za mu iya samar da zaman lafiya, jituwa da daidaito ta hanyar son juna da kuma yada sakon soyayya ga juna. 2022 bayyanar A cikin Fabrairu 2022, ta fito a cikin bidiyon kiɗa don waƙar " Pasoori " a matsayin wani ɓangare na Season 14 na <i id="mwbQ">Coke Studio</i> . An rufe wannan wasan kwaikwayon na musamman ta manyan kafofin watsa labaru na Indiya, gami da ThePrint da The Indian Express . Ayyukan zamantakewa Kermani ya bayyana a matsayin mai ra'ayin mata da Markisanci . Ta fahimci cewa mata a cikin al'ummar Pakistan ba za su iya samun daidaito a cikin al'umma ba don haka ta fara wani yunkuri mai suna 'Tehrik-e-Niswan' (Ƙungiyar Mata) kuma ta fito da muryarta ta neman 'yancinsu, batutuwan kiwon lafiya, ilimi da daidaito. Jerin Talabijan A cikin 2019, Taimur Rahim (mai shirya fina-finai na fim daga Pakistan) ya yi ɗan gajeren fim (mai suna: Tare da Karrarawa A Kan Rayuwa ) dangane da rayuwar Kermani. Fim ɗin ya mayar da hankali ne kan rayuwar ɗan wasan gargajiya da yaƙi don tabbatar da adalci a cikin zaman jama'a a zamanin gwamnatin Zia-ul-Haq kuma an sake shi a bikin fina-finai na Kudancin Asiya na Montreal (SAFFM). Fim ɗin ya sami lambobin yabo guda biyu - Mafi kyawun Short Film da Kyautar Zabin Masu sauraro. Rayayyun mutane Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba
50566	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20Amurka	Sauyin yanayi a Amurka	Canjin yanayi ya haifar da dumama Amurka da 2.6 ° F (1.4 ° C) tun 1970.Yanayi na Amurka yana canzawa a hanyoyin da suka yadu kuma sun bambanta tsakanin yankuna. Daga 2010 zuwa 2019, Amurka ta fuskanci shekaru goma mafi zafi a rubuce. Abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, nau'o'in mamayewa, ambaliyar ruwa da fari suna ƙaruwa. Tasirin canjin yanayi a kan guguwa na wurare masu zafi da hauhawar matakin teku suma yana shafar yankuna na kasar. Gabaɗaya tun 1850, Amurka ta fitar da rabo mafi girma fiye da kowace ƙasa ta iskar gas mai ɗumi wanda ke haifar da canjin yanayi na yanzu, tare da wasu 20% na jimlar carbon dioxide ta duniya kadai.A halin yanzu US fitarwa ga kowane mutum yana daga cikin mafi girma a duniya. An gabatar da manufofi daban-daban na sauyin yanayi na jihohi da na tarayya, kuma Amurka ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Paris duk da janyewar ɗan lokaci. A cikin 2021, kasar ta sanya burin rage fitar da iskar gas ta shekara-shekara zuwa shekara ta 2030. Canjin yanayi yana da tasiri sosai ga muhalli da al'umma na Amurka. Wannan ya haɗa da tasirin noma, tattalin arziki, lafiyar ɗan adam da 'yan asalin ƙasar, kuma ana ganinsa a matsayin barazanar tsaron ƙasa. Jihohin da ke fitar da karin carbon dioxide ga kowane mutum kuma suna gabatar da manufofi don adawa da matakin yanayi gabaɗaya suna fuskantar tasiri mafi girma. 2020 shekara ce ta tarihi ga bala'o'in yanayi da yanayi na biliyan daloli a Amurka. Kodayake a tarihi batun da ba na jam'iyya ba ne, canjin yanayi ya zama mai kawo rigima da rarrabuwar siyasa a kasar a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Kamfanonin mai sun san tun daga shekarun 1970s cewa kone mai da iskar gas na iya haifar da dumamar yanayi amma duk da haka sun ba da kuɗin masu musun shekaru da yawa. Duk da goyon bayan wata yarjejeniya ta kimiyya, tun daga shekarar 2021 kashi ɗaya bisa uku na Amurkawa sun musanta cewa canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar ya wanzu duk da cewa yawancin suna damuwa ko damuwa game da batun. Tasirin yanayin muhalli Yanayin zafi da sauye-sauyen yanayi Canjin yanayi da mutum ya haifar yana da damar canza yaduwa da tsananin abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi mai tsanani kamar raƙuman zafi, raƙe-yaƙe masu sanyi, guguwa, ambaliyar ruwa da fari. Wani rahoto na 2012 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) ya tabbatar da cewa wata hujja mai karfi ta danganta dumamar duniya da karuwar raƙuman zafi, hauhawar abubuwan da suka faru na ruwan sama mai yawa da sauran hazo, da kuma ambaliyar bakin teku. Maris 2020 ya sanya na biyu zuwa 2016 don kasancewa Maris na abụọ mafi zafi a rikodin tare da matsakaicin 2.09 Fahrenheit (1.16 Celsius) sama da na karni na 20. A cewar Shirin Kimiyya na Canjin Yanayi na Gwamnatin Amurka, "Tare da ci gaba da dumama duniya, raƙuman zafi da ruwan sama mai nauyi na iya kara karuwa a cikin mitar da ƙarfi. Yankunan Arewacin Amurka na iya samun fari mai tsanani. Saurin iskar guguwa, ruwan sama mai ƙarfi, da matakan gwagwarmayar gashi na iya ƙaruwa. Guguwar lokacin sanyi mafi karfi na iya zama mafi yawa, tare da iskõki masu ƙarfi da tsawo mai tsanani. " A cikin 2022, Climate Central ya ba da rahoton cewa, tun 1970, Amurka tana da 2.6 ° F (1.4 ° C) mai dumi, duk jihohi 49 da aka bincika - bayanan Hawaii ba su samuwa ba) masu dumi da akalla 1.8 °F (1.0 °C), kuma 244 daga cikin biranen Amurka 246 da suka bincika sun yi zafi. Yawancin wuraren da suka fi saurin dumama sun kasance a cikin Kudu maso Yamma, tare da Reno, Nevada, dumamarwa da +7.7 ° F (4.3 ° C). Alaska da aka warmed da 4.3 ° F (2.4 ° C), inda narkewar kankara ke taimakawa ga hauhawar matakin teku, kuma narkar da ƙanƙara yana fitar da iskar gas. Kashi casa'in cikin dari na yankuna na Amurka sun fuskanci bala'i na yanayi na tarayya tsakanin 2011-2021, tare da wasu suna da balabala 12 a wannan lokacin. Daga 1898 zuwa 1913, akwai raƙuman sanyi 27 waɗanda suka kai kwanaki 58. Tsakanin 1970 da 1989, akwai kimanin 12 irin waɗannan abubuwan. Daga 1989 har zuwa Janairu 6, 2014, babu wani. Wanda ke kan kwanan wata ya haifar da damuwa saboda raguwar irin waɗannan abubuwan. Tasirin canjin yanayi ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiyya. Gabaɗaya, jihohin da ke fitar da ƙarin carbon dioxide ga kowane mutum kuma suna toshe aikin yanayi, suna shan wahala sosai. Don ƙarin koyo game da canjin yanayi ta jihohi, duba waɗannan labaran:
20799	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djibo%20Bakary	Djibo Bakary	Djibo Bakary wanda aka haifeshi a shekarar 1922, ya rasu a ranar 16 ga watan Afrilu, shekara ta 1998 a Niamey ɗan siyasan Nijar (ƙasa) ne mai ra'ayin gurguzu, muhimmin mutum ne a cikin gwagwarmayar neman 'yanci a Nijar. Ya kasance daya daga cikin jagororin babbar jam'iyar Afirka ta RDA. Ya kasance kwararren dan siyasa, dan jarida da kuma dan gwagwarmaya a cikin tarihin Nijar da kuma ta Afirka ta yamma (bangaren kasashen mulkin mallakar Faransa). Ya kasance mai tsatsauran ra'ayi akan Mulkin mallakar Farsansa a Afirka inda ya nuna rashi gowon bayansa da zaman Nijar a matsayin wata karamar hukumar Faransa. Ya shugabanci Jam'iyar Sawaba wadda aka yiwa ma makalkashiya tare da durkusar da ita. Ya kasance magajin garin birnin yamai na farko a tarihin kasar Nijar. Tarihin Rayuwa An Haifi Djibo Bakary a Soudouré, wani kauye da ke kilometa 12 daga Niamey a shekarar 1922. Mahaifinshi shine maigarin Soudouré a wannan lokacin. Yan da shakara 7 aka bada shi riko ga kawunshi wanda yake aiki Fassara a garin Tahoua. Sunan kawun nashi Bakary kuma da wannan sunan ne ya sa Djibo a makarantar firamare. Uwayensa sun cenja masa takardun haihuwa inda aka nuna an haifeshi ne a shekarar 1921 domin ya samu ya shiga jarawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa na William Ponty. Bakary dan uwa (wato Cousin) yake ga abokin hamayyarsa wato Hamani Diori. Bakary yayi karatu a makarantar firamare dake Tahoua inda kafin ya karasa da ya dawo hutu a garinsu da ke kusan Niamey a ka maida shi a makarantar Gundumar Niamey don ya karasa matakin karshe na firamare. Daga nan kuma yayi sakandare amma kafin ya kammala aka canja masa takardu inda ya shika matakin gaba sa sakandare; daga bisani ya shiga jarabawar shiga kwalejin koyarwa ta William Ponty da ke a Sébikhotane ta kasar Senegal. Bayan yayi karatun shakara uku an tura shi a matsayin malamin makaranta a Niamey. Ya kaddamar da wani gungu na masu wayar da kanun jama'a da ya ba suna "Monteil" ama suna karkashin ikon Vichy wani shugaba daga en Mulkin mallaka. Ganin cewar wannan gungun nasu baya bin abin da en mulkin mallaka ke koyarwa, sai aka fara tsangwamarsu. Ganin haka aka aika shi a makarantar firamare da ke Birni N'Konni; kuma bayan wani dan karamin lokaci aka tura shi Agadez. Kafin Samun Yancin kai (Kafin-1960) Bakary ya shiga siyasa ne daidai lokacin da Yakin Duniya na Biyu ya ida. A shekarar 1946, Djibo Bakary ya zama sakatare na farko na jam’iyyar Progressive Party (PPN), jam’iyyar da ke da alaka da African Democratic Rally wadda aka fi sani da RDA. Ya kasance jigo a wajen kalubalantar Gwamnatin Mulkin mallaka da ke Cote d'Ivoire ; amma ya karkatar da siyasarsa a Kasar Nijar bayan 1950 inda ya samu tagomashi saboda goyon bayan da yake ba manoman gyada na yammacin Nijar (inda Hausawa suka fi yawa). Bakary, wanda mai akidar burguzu ne, ya taimaka wajen tura jam'iyyar PPN da aka riga aka sani a matsayin mai kin Faransawa zuwa wata kafa ta nuna ra'ayi. PPN a asali jam'iya ce mai goyon bayan babbar Jam'iyar RDA mai ra'ayin masu mulkin mallaka. Amma bisa jagorancin Bakary sai ta goya ma Jam'iyar kominisanci ta Frecn Communist Party a Majalissar Dokoki. Wannan abun bai yi ma mahukuntan RDA (kamar su Félix Houphouët-Boigny) dadi ba, sai aka samu rarrabuwar kawuna a cikin PPN inda wasu suka goya ma Bakary baya, wasu kuma suka bi ra'ayin RDA. A 1951, RDA wadda ke adawa da gurguzu ganin ma mallakiyarta wato Faransa ma bata yi, ta umarci PPN da ta raba gari da Communist Party (PCF). An kori Djibo Bakary daga RDA saboda ya ki bin umarnin rabuwa da PCF, kuma ya fita daga PPN ya kafa UDN (Jam'iyar Hadakar Demokradiyyar Nijar) a 1954. Ya tsaya takarar majalisar dokoki a 1951, kamar yadda dan uwansa Hamani Diori ya yi. Bayan ya sha kayi sai ya bar jam'iyyar PPN, ya shiga cikin hadaddiyar kungiya sannan kuma ya kirkiro kungiyar siyasarsa, wacce daga baya ta zama Sawaba. A watan Oktoba 1956, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen magajin garin Yamai na farko . Sannan ya kasance mataimakin shugaban majalisa a 1957 sannan, a watan Yulin 1958, shugaban majalisar, wato matsyin shugaban gwamnati a wannan lokacin. A amtsyin shi na wanda ke ra'ayin cikakken yancin kan Nijar kai tsaye, yana goyon bayan "a'a" a zaben raba gardama na 28 ga Satumba, 1958 da Faransa ta shirya da nufin samar da Hadaddiyar Daular Faransa . Ya yi murabus a ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 1958 bayan an bayyana nasarar wadanda suka ce "na'am" sakamakon magudi da en mulkin mallakar Faransa su ka yi. Hamani Diori ne ya maye gurbinsa, mai goyon bayan " Ee ". Bayan dakatarwa da kuma rusa jam’iyyarsa ta Sawaba a ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 1959, Djibo Bakary ya yi hijira inda ya sami mafaka a Ghana (wanda Kwame Nkrumah ke jagoranta a lokacin), sannan ya je Mali da Guinea. A cikin watan Yuni na 1960 an tsare en jam'iyar Sawaba goma sha takwas da zargin yi ma kasa zagon kasa, wadanda suka hada Abdoulaye Mamani, Amadou Sekou da Issaka Koke. Bayan Yancin Kai zuwa Rasuwarsa Daga Mali, Bakary ya sha ƙoƙari rusa mulkin Diori. A cikin 1963-64 wani yunƙurin juyin mulki wanda ya biyo bayan wani harin tawaye a kan iyakokin Nijar ya haifar da tashin hankali a Yamai, duk da cewa harin na gaba da gaba ne. An barshi ya koma Nijar a 1974 bayan juyin mulkin da sojoji suka yi kalkashin jagorancin Seyni Kountche. Saboda rashin lafiya ya dauki alkawarin cewar zai bar siyasa. Amma bai cikan wanna alkawarin ba, domin jim kaɗan bayan haka an samu Bakary da wasu mambobin tsohuwar jam’iyyarsa ta SAWABA da hannu a yunƙurin juyin mulkin Manjo Sani Souna Sido. An kama Bakary kuma an saka shi a kurkuku har zuwa watan Afrilu na shekarar 1984. An tsare shi ne a cikin keɓaɓɓun bataliyar sojojin N'Guigmi kusa da Tafkin Chadi. Bayan fitowar sa daka kurkuku, Bakary bai kara komawa siyasa ba har zuwa farkon Babban taron kasa na Conférence Nationale wanda aka fara a 1991. Kodayake da shekarun kimanun saba'in da uku a wannan lokacin, ya kafa sabuwar jam'iyyar siyasa, Union Démocratique des Force Progressistes (UDFP-SAWABA), amma tare da wani karamin bangare na makarrabansa, sauran magoya bayansa sun kirkiro "wanta" kungiyar SAWABA, Union Décracratique de Forces Révolutionnaires (UDFR - SAWABA). Bakary ya fafata a zaben shugaban kasa da na majalisar dokoki a shekarar 1993, amma ya samu kashi daya da digo 68 kacal (wato 1.68%) daga cikin dari na kuri'un da aka saka. Ya sha kaye ne daga hadakar jam'iyu ta AFC Alliance wadda wacen jam'iyar ta UDFR-SAWABA ta goya ma baya. Wato wannan jam'iyyar, kishiyar ta Bakary ta koma tare da babbar makiyar ta wato PPN, abinda masu nazarin suke gani kamar al'mara ganin cewar sun jima basa ga maciji da juna. Shi kuma Djibo Bakary ya goyama Jam'iyyar MNSD baya inda suka ci gaba da zama cikin hadaka guda har zuwa rasuwar Bakary a 1998. Djibo Bakary, « Silence ! On décolonise » : Itinéraire politique et syndical d'un militant africain, Harmattan, janvier 1993 (ISBN 978-2-296-26319-2, lire en ligne) Ƴan siyasar Nijar Tarihin Nijar
32534	https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peggy%20Fenner	Peggy Fenner	Dame Peggy Edith Fenner, DBE (rayuwa, 12 Nuwamba 1922 - 15 Satumba 2014) 'yar siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya. Ta shiga jam'iyyar Conservative Party a 1952, an zabe ta a majalisar Sevenoaks shekaru biyar bayan haka, ta yi jagoranci a tsakanin shekarun 1962 da 1963; ta kuma yi aiki a babban jami'in ilimi na West Kent. Ta yi tasiri mai karfi a tsakanin Kentish Tories, kuma a cikin shekarar 1964 aka zaba a gaban masu neman 104, kusan dukkanin maza, don maye gurbin Harold Macmillan a Bromley. Ta rasa a zaben karshe, sannan kuma a Brighton Kemptown inda jam'iyyar ke nema kuma ba za ta gaza ta soke rinjayen Labour bakwai ba. Bayan rashin nasarar ta yakin neman kujerar Newcastle-karkashin Lyme a shekara ta 1966, an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na Rochester da Chatham a babban zaben 1970. Rochester da Chatham Conservatives sun zabe ta don yin takarar MP Anne Kerr na Left-wing Labour, kuma a cikin 1970 ta inganta rawar kasa don kama kujerar da kuri'u 5,341. Dukkan 'yan takarar biyu sun yi nadama kan cewa dayar ba za ta iya samun mutumin da zai kayar da shi a wani wuri ba, kuma lokacin da Peggy Fenner ta isa zauren majalisar, batutuwan mata ne ta dauka. Nasarar da ta samu ta farko ita ce ta tilastawa Rundunar Sojan Ruwa da su yi watsi da shirin "dial a sailor" don jama'a don abokantaka da ma'aikatan jirgin da ke tashi daga tashar jiragen ruwa na gida, bayan matan sojojin ruwa sun koka. Ta shiga cikin wasu matan Tory wajen ƙoƙarin gyara dokokin saki na kwanan nan wanda ya kawo karshen 'yancin "jam'iyyar da ba ta da laifi" ta hana saki bayan shekaru biyar. Ayyukanta a kan Kwamitin Zaɓar Kuɗi sun burge, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba 1972 Heath ta nada Mataimakin Sakatare na Aikin Noma na Majalisar Dokoki tare da alhakin farashin, wanda ya zama batun kamar yadda hauhawar farashin kaya ya tashi. Peggy Fenner ya yi aiki a matsayin Sakatare na Majalisar a Ma'aikatar Noma, Kifi da Abinci, tare da alhakin abinci, daga Nuwamba 1972 zuwa Fabrairu 1974 a karkashin Edward Heath, kuma daga Satumba 1981 zuwa Satumba 1986 a karkashin Margaret Thatcher. Bayan barin gwamnati a 1986 an nada ta Dame Kwamanda na Order of the British Empire. A maiakatar MAFF ta tabbatar dokar da ta tilasta wa masu sana'ar abinci da su sanya ranakun sayar da kayayyaki, amma ta shafe mafi yawan lokutanta don magance hauhawar farashin nama, wanda ya haifar da karanci a duniya, tare da bayyana karin kashi 48 cikin 100. a farashin abinci a cikin shekaru uku. Lokacin da Willie Hamilton na Labour ya yi korafin an caje shi 5p na ayaba, ta gaya masa a hankali: “Hakika za ku iya yin wani taimako da siyayyar ku. Na sayi ayaba shida akan 17p kwanan nan, kuma ba ni da lokacin yin siyayya.” Hamilton ya dawo mako mai zuwa yana mai cewa yanzu an caje shi 16½p na ayaba uku. A cikin watan Fabrairun 1974 zaben da Heath ya kira kan yajin aikin masu hakar ma'adinai, Peggy Fenner ta yi yaki da Roger Kenward, Labour, kuma rinjayenta ya ragu zuwa 843. A bangaren adawa, ta shiga cikin tawagar Birtaniyya a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai da aka zaba a lokacin. Ta halarci zaman kadan ne kawai kafin Harold Wilson ya kira wani zabe kuma Bob Bean na Labour ya kore ta da kuri'u 2,418. Ta fita daga Commons don hambarar da Mrs Thatcher na Heath, kuma yayin da Tories ke taruwa don komawa gwamnati. Ta lashe kujerar Rochester da Chatham a shekarar 1979, da kuri'u 2,688. Shawarar da John Nott ya yanke na rufe tashar jirgin ruwa ta Chatham ta yi armashi ga mazabar Peggy Fenner, wadanda da yawa daga cikinsu suka dauka kan dan majalisarsu. Kuma kafin ta iya kaddamar da kamfen na adawa da rufewar, Mrs Thatcher, a watan Satumbar 1981, ta mayar mata da tsohon aikinta a MAFF. Farashin yanzu ya kasance ƙasa da batu, don haka ta iya magance damuwa game da inganci: yanayin da ake ajiye maruƙan maraƙi da kajin batir, adadin mai a cikin mince da ruwa a cikin tsiran alade, dyes a cikin abincin dabbobi, tsauraran matakan kashe kwari, magungunan kashe qwari. ragowar kan lemukan da ke gurbata gin-and-tonics, da rashin dacewa da fim ɗin abinci don dafa abinci na microwave. Ta kuma jagoranci ayyukan farko na Thames Barrier. A zaben 1983 an soke kujerar Rochester da Chatham kuma an zabi Fenner dan majalisar wakilai na sabuwar mazabar Medway . Ta ci gaba da rike kujerar na tsawon shekaru goma sha hudu masu zuwa, inda aka sake zabar ta a zabukan 1987 da 1992, har sai da ta sha kaye a zaben 1997 ga Bob Marshall-Andrews na Labour. A kan mutuwar Baroness Jeger a shekara ta 2007, Fenner ta zama mace mafi tsufa da ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yar majalisa a Birtaniya. Misis Thatcher ta kore ta da a watan Satumba na 1986 a jerin kananun ministoci, inda ta biya ta da DBE. Dame Peggy ta zama babban mai fafutukar adawa da babban hanyar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kent zuwa Ramin Channel. Tsawon shekaru goma daga 1987 ta koma Strasbourg a matsayin wakiliyar Majalisar Turai da Tarayyar Turai ta Yammacin Turai. Zaɓen 1997 ya kawo sauye-sauyen iyakoki da gagarumin rinjaye na ƙasa zuwa Labour. Dame Peggy, tana gab da cika shekaru 75 da haihuwa, ta fadi a zaben da kuri'u 5,354 ga barrister Bob Marshall-Andrews. An haife ta a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba 1922 a Lewisham, London, a matsayin Peggy Edith Bennett, kakanninta sun kula da ita tun tana karama. Iyayenta sun rabu, tun tana da shekara uku bata sake ganin mahaifinta ba. An yi karatu a makarantar firamare ta Majalisar gundumar London a Brockley, Kent ta ci gaba da zuwa makarantar Ide Hill a Sevenoaks amma ta bar shekara 14 tana hidima. A shekarar 1940 tana da shekaru 18 ta auri m Bernard Fenner kuma ta shiga aikin masana'antar yaƙi. Ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya daya. Mijinta Bernard Fenner da 'yarsu sun riga ta rasuwa. Ta rasu a ranar 15 ga watan Satumbn, 2014. "Jagorancin Lokaci ga House of Commons", Times Newspapers Limited, 1979 da 1997 bugu. Leigh Rayment's Historical List of MPs Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Hansard 1803–2005: contributions in Parliament by Peggy Fenner Portraits of Peggy Fenner at the National Portrait Gallery, London MEP na Ingila mata a karni na 20 Haihuwan 1962 Mutuwar 2014 Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba