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23708 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilla%20Limann | Hilla Limann | Hilla Limann, GCMG (12 ga Disamba 1934 - 23 ga Janairun shekarar 1998) ɗan diflomasiyya ɗan ƙasar Ghana ne kuma ɗan siyasa wanda ya yi aiki da Shugaban ƙasar Ghana daga ranar 24 ga Satumba 1979 zuwa 31 ga Disamban shekarata 1981. Ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in diflomasiyya a Lome, Togo da Geneva, Switzerland.
Limann, wanda asalin sunansa na ƙarshe Babini, an haife shi a garin Gwollu da ke arewacin Garin Gold Coast a gundumar Sissala ta Yammacin Yammacin Yamma ga dangin talakawa. Ya kuma sami nasarar samun ingantaccen ilimi, kuma ya ɗauki aikin hidimar ƙasashen waje. Hilla ya kammala karatunsa na farko a Makarantar Gwamnati ta Tamale, a shekarar 1949. Tsakanin 1957 da 1960, ya karanci Kimiyyar Siyasa a Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta London. Daga baya ya kammala Diploma a Faransanci a Jami'ar Sorbonne, Faransa. Ya kuma sami digirin BA (Hons) a Tarihi a Jami'ar London da Ph.D a Kimiyyar Siyasa da Dokar Tsarin Mulki a Jami'ar Paris.
Ofishin Harkokin Waje
Dokta Limann ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban, Kwamitin Turai, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Ghana tsakanin shekarar 1965 zuwa 1968. A lokacin 1967, ya kasance memba na Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin Gana na shekara ta 1969. A 1968, ya zama Shugaban Chancery/Babban Sakatare a ofishin jakadancin Ghana da ke Lomé, Togo. An nada shi mai ba da shawara a Babban Ofishin Jakadancin Ghana a Geneva, Switzerland a shekarar 1971. Ya dauki mukamin Head, Turai, Amurka na kudu maso gabashin Asiya Desk a Ghana a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a watan Yunin shekarar 1975.
Bayan juyin mulkin shekara ta 1979 wanda Jerry Rawlings ya jagoranta, Limann, kodayake kusan ba a san ko da a Ghana ba, an zaɓe shi a matsayin shugaban ƙasa akan tikitin Jam'iyyar Jama'a kuma yana da goyon baya mai ƙarfi tsakanin mabiyan tsohon Shugaban Ghana Kwame Nkrumah. Ya tsaya takarar ne sakamakon rashin cancantar Alhaji Imoru Egala da Majalisar Koli ta Soja mai mulki ta yi sannan ya lashe kashi 62% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kada a zagaye na biyu na zaben.
Dr. Limann ya hau kujerar shugaban ƙasa a ranar 24 ga Satumban shekarar 1979. Ya kasance mai matsakaicin tattalin arziki, kuma ya goyi bayan dabi'un dimokuradiyya da Pan-Africanism. Rawlings ne ya hambarar da shi a ranar 31 ga Disamban shekarata 1981. Ta haka ne kawai ya zama shugaban jamhuriya ta uku ta Ghana.
A shekarar 1992, a karshen mulkin soji na PNDC da ya hambarar da shi, Dr. Limann ya sake tsinci kansa cikin harkokin siyasa kuma ya tsaya a matsayin ɗan takarar babban taron jama'ar ƙasa, sabuwar jam'iyyar da ya kafa, a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa a waccan shekarar. Ya sami kashi 6.7% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada a zabukan, yana zuwa na uku. Ya ci gaba da aiki a cikin ƙungiyar siyasa ta Nkrumahist a Ghana har zuwa mutuwarsa.
Bayan bikin mika mulki a shekarar 1979, jami'an leken asirin Sojoji sun rika bayar da rahoton rugujewar ayyukan tsoffin membobin kungiyar ta AFRC. Dokta Limman ya dage cewa babu wata hujja ta doka da za ta tsare su a tsare karkashin tsarin demokradiyya. Wannan shawarar ta ƙarshe ta sa ya zama shugaban ƙasa da shekarun wulakanci da nisantar da shi da ya sha a hannun gwamnatin Rawlings.
Mutuwa da binnewa
Limann yana da matsalolin rashin lafiya na yau da kullun kuma daga baya ya mutu sakamakon sanadi. Ya rasu ya bar mata, Fulera Limann, da yara bakwai: Lariba Montia (née Limann), Baba Limann, Sibi Andan (née Limann), Lida Limann, Daani Limann, Zilla Limann da Salma Limann. An yi jana'izarsa a wurin jana'izarsa ta sirri a garinsu, Gwollu da ke gundumar Sisala ta yankin Yammacin Yamma da tsakar dare ranar 1 ga Maris shekarar 1998. Tawagar gwamnati karkashin jagorancin Ministan Tsaro na wancan lokacin, Alhaji Mahama Iddrisu sun kasance don yin makoki tare da dangin.
Gidauniyar Hilla Limann
Gidauniyar Hilla Limann gidauniya ce da aka ƙaddamar a ranar tunawa da shekaru 40 na shugabancinsa a watan Satumba na shekarar 2019. Manufarta ita ce ta kawo ƙarshen cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan adam ta hanyar ilimi, ta himmatu ga ci gaban ɗan adam ga matalauta da marasa galihu, samar da haske game da dimokiraɗiyya ta gaskiya da haɓaka sanin haƙƙin ɗan adam.
An girmama Limann tare da Knight Grand Cross na St Michael da St George ta Elizabeth II, Sarauniyar Ingila a shekarar 1981. |
52888 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sammir | Sammir | Jorge Sammir Cruz Campos (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1987), wanda aka fi sani da Sammir, ɗan ƙasar Brazil ne kuma tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari . An haife shi a Brazil, Sammir ya zama ɗan ƙasar Croatia kuma an buga shi sau bakwai don ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Croatia . An zabe shi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA shekarar 2014.
Aikin kulob
An haife shi a Itabuna, Bahia, Sammir ya shiga tsarin matasan Atlético Paranaense a shekarar 2001, yana da shekaru 14, bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci a Atlético Mineiro . An haɓaka shi zuwa ƙungiya ta farko a cikin watan Fabrairu shekarar 2004, amma ya kasa yin wata alama ga kulob ɗin Brazil kuma daga baya aka ba shi aro ga Ferroviária .
A cikin Watan Disamba na shekarar 2005 Sammir ya shiga Paulista shi ma a yarjejeniyar wucin gadi. Bayan ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemo wurinsa, ya koma Furacão a cikin watan Afrilu shekarar 2006, kuma an sake shi a watan Agusta.
A cikin watan Satumba shekarar 2006 Sammir ya shiga Venda Nova, kulob din dan kasuwa, nan da nan an ba shi rancen zuwa São Caetano . Ya bayyana akai-akai ga gefe a cikin watanni biyu.
Dinamo Zagreb
A ranar 6 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 2006 Sammir ya shiga Dinamo Zagreb a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa . Ya fara buga wa kulob din wasa a ranar 17 ga watan Maris shekarar 2007 a wasan lig da Rijeka .
A karshen kakar wasa ta bana, Sammir ya buga wasanni gwagwalad goma sha daya a kungiyar kuma ya zura kwallo a ragar Slaven Belupo . Ya kuma buga wasanni hudu a gasar cin kofin Croatian 2006–07 . A kakar wasansa ta farko da kungiyar Sammir ya riga ya lashe gasar lig da kofin, wanda shi ne karo na farko da kungiyar ta lashe sau uku a jere daga shekarar 2007 zuwa shekara ta 2009.
2007-08 kakar
A cikin Shekarar 2007-08 kakar, ya koma Dinamo Zagreb ya zama dindindin kamar gwagwalad yadda Dinamo Zagreb ya biya € 1.4 miliyan ga tsohon kulob din a cewar kafofin watsa labarai. Sammir ya fara buga wasan kwallon kafa a nahiyar turai, inda ya taka rawar gani a dukkan wasannin da kungiyar ta buga na cin kofin Uefa da na gasar zakarun Turai . Ya taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya na dama, yana canza matsayi tare da kyaftin din tawagar Luka Modrić, yana wasa a gefen filin wasa.A kakar wasa ta biyu da kulob din ya lashe duka biyun cikin gida da kuma kofin, Sammir yana shiga cikin wasanni 24 na gasar, kwallaye hudu, da kuma wasanni 4 na kofin. Ya buga wasanni 38 a kungiyar kuma ya zura kwallaye biyar a raga a kakar wasa ta bana.
2008-09 kakar
Bayan tafiyar Luka Modrić, Sammir an ba shi lambar lambar 10. Kulob din ya sake maimaita nasarar da aka samu daga gwagwalad lokutan yanayi biyu da suka gabata, yana sake maimaita sau biyu a kakar 2008-09 . Ya rasa wasa daya kacal a cikin wasanni 33 da aka buga, inda ya zura kwallaye 8 a cikin wannan tsari. Ya buga wasanni goma sha daya a gasar UEFA sannan kuma ya kara buga wasanni biyar a gwagwalada gasar cin kofin Croatia. Gabaɗaya ya buga wasanni 44 kuma ya zura kwallaye goma sha ɗaya.
2009-10 kakar
A ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, a farkon kakar shekarar 2009–10, Sammir ya zura hat – dabaran sa na farko ga Dinamo a nasarar da suka yi a gida da ci 5 – 0 da NK Osijek, ya mai da fanareti biyu da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida . Kulob din ya kasa kare kofin gasar a waccan lokacin, amma ya ci kofin gasar karo na biyar a jere. Sammir ya taimaka da wasanni 26 a gasar lig da kwallaye biyar. Ya buga wasanni shida a gasar cin kofin Croatian 2009–10, kuma ya fito a dukkan wasannin kungiyar na Turai, yana wasa a dukkan wasannin hudu na gasar zakarun Turai na 2009–10 da kuma a duk wasannin takwas na 2009–10 UEFA Europa League . Gaba daya dai ya buga wasanni 46 kuma ya zura kwallaye shida a kungiyar.
2010-11 kakar
A farkon kakar 2010-11 Sammir ya lashe kofin Super Cup na Croatia na farko tare da kulob din yayin da suka doke Hajduk Split da ci 1-0, kyaftin Igor Bišćan ya ci kwallon da ta yi nasara. Sammir ya ci kwallaye 17 a wasanni 28 da ya buga†. A gasar Turai ya samu nasarar zura kwallaye 7 a wasanni 12 da ya buga a Turai.
2011-12 kakar
Dan kasar Brazil ya fara kakar wasa ta shekarar 2011 da shekara ta 2012, inda ya zura kwallo a ragar Cibalia Vinkovci a Prva HNL, da kuma burin da ya yi nasara a wasan farko na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na 3rd Qualifying Round tie a 2-1 da HJK Helsinki . Ya zira kwallaye biyu kuma ya kafa wani a cikin nasara 4-1 da Malmö FF a farkon kafa na gasar zakarun Turai Play-off . Ya bayyana a 5 Dinamo wasanni a matakin rukuni, wasa da Real Madrid, Olympique Lyonnais da AFC Ajax . Ya ci gaba da fitowa akai-akai don ƙungiyar farko a Prva HNL da matakin rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai, inda ya zira kwallaye 8 a cikin wasanni 32 a duka.
2012-13 kakar
A cikin Shekarar 2012-2013 kakar, ya zira kwallaye 8 a raga a cikin matches 7, 6 daga cikinsu sun kasance daga bugun fanareti a Prva HNL . Ya bayyana a kowane wasa na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai na UEFA Champion, sai dai wasan bako da NK Maribor . A watan Mayun Shekarar 2011, ya kasance yana yin liyafa a clubs 'yan kwanaki kaɗan kafin wasan, wanda ya tsananta kocin GNK Dinamo Zagreb Ante Čačić, wanda ya haifar da dakatar da kulob din shi da Jerko Leko . . Ya nemi afuwa, ya koma cikin tawagar, kuma ya bayyana a duk wasannin 6 na Dinamo Zagreb a matakin rukuni na 2012–13 UEFA Champions League .
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2014 Sammir ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekara uku da rabi tare da Getafe CF na La Liga . Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, wanda ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin na biyu a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 a gida da RCD Espanyol .
Sammir ya bayyana a wasanni takwas yayin da kungiyar da ke wajen Madrid din ta kaucewa faduwa. A ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2014 ya zira kwallaye na farko ga Azulones, amma a cikin asarar 1-3 a Celta de Vigo .
Jiangsu Sainty
A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 2015 Sammir ya koma China, inda ya koma Jiangsu Sainty a yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. A ranar 15 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2016, an ba shi rance ga Hangzhou Greentown na rabin shekara.
Wasanni Recife
A cikin Watan Fabrairu shekarar 2019, Sammir ya shiga Sport Recife, amma kulob din ya sake shi bayan 'yan watanni.
A watan Agusta Shekarar 2019, ya sake komawa Prva HNL, ya sanya hannu kan Lokomotiva . A ranar 1 ga watan Maris shekarar 2021, kocin Lokomotiva Jerko Leko ya bayyana cewa Sammir da abokin wasansa Nikica Jelavić sun yanke shawarar yin ritaya daga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma ƙungiyar ta mutunta shawararsu.
Ayyukan kasa da kasa
Bayan ya bayyana a Brazil a karkashin 17 da kuma matakan kasa da 18, Sammir ya bayyana sha'awarsa ta buga wa tawagar kwallon kafa ta Croatia bayan ya rike fasfo na Croatia . A ranar 27 ga Satumba 2012, an kira Sammir don buga wa Croatia wasa don wasannin da Wales da Macedonia . Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a ranar 12 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2012 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Nikica Jelavić na mintuna na 65 a wasan da suka yi da Macedonia, inda suka ci 2-1.
An zabe shi ne don gwagwalad tawagar Croatia don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014 a kasarsa Brazil, a matsayin daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Brazil biyu a cikin tawagar tare da Eduardo da Silva . Babu wanda ya buga wasan farko da masu masaukin baki, amma Sammir ya fara wasa na biyu, inda aka doke Kamaru da ci – . Ya buga minti 72 kafin a tafi da shi Mateo Kovačić . Bayan kammala gasar, ba aH yi masa kiranye ba a nan gaba ga tawagar kasar.
Kididdigar sana'a
Dinamo Zagreb
Gasar Farko ta Croatia 2006-07, 2007-08 , 2008-09, 2009-10 , 2010-11, 2011-12
Kofin Croatia : 2006–07, 2007–08, 2008–09, 2010–11, 2011–12
Super Cup na Croatia : 2010, 2013
Jiangsu Sainty
Kofin FA na kasar Sin : 2015
Gwarzon dan wasan Prva HNL : 2010
Gwarzon Dan Wasan Kwallon Kafa na HNL : 2010, 2012
Kwallon Kafa Oscar Mafi kyawun ɗan wasan Prva HNL: 2013
Ƙwallon ƙafa na Oscar Prva HNL Gwarzon Ƙungiyar: 2013
Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Farko ta Croatia : Babban mai bada taimako 2008-09
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1987
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
57341 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrari%20Roma | Ferrari Roma | Ferrari Roma (Nau'in F169) babbar motar yawon shakatawa ce ta kamfanin kera na Italiya Ferrari . Yana da injin tsakiyar injin gaba, shimfidar keken baya tare da injin V8 mai turbocharged da tsarin wurin zama 2+2. Dangane da Ferrari Portofino, an sanya motar tsakanin Portofino da F8 Tributo a cikin kewayon motocin wasanni na Ferrari.
An sanya wa motar sunan babban birnin Italiya Rome. An fara ƙaddamar da shi akan layi a ranar 13 ga Nuwamba, 2019 tare da salon salon kwalliya . Sai Ferrari ya buɗe motar washegari a Roma. An gabatar da sigar Roma mai laushi mai sauƙi a cikin 2023.
Ferrari 250 GT Lusso da 250 GT 2+2 manyan motocin yawon shakatawa ne suka rinjayi ƙirar waje. Siffofin ƙira na Roma sun haɗa da hannayen ƙofa, siririyar fitilolin LED a gaba da bayanta, da kuma mai ɓarna na baya wanda ke zaune da ruwa lokacin da motar ke tuƙi a hankali. Tsarin motar ya sami lambar yabo ta Red Dot . [ Babu tushen tushen da ake buƙata ]
Ferrari ya kwatanta ciki a matsayin "2+" ciki tare da ƙaramin yanki na baya. Dashboard ɗin yana da kayan aikin dijital (allon taɓawa na 16.0-inch kusa da allon taɓawa) da injin tuƙi mai aiki da yawa (dukansu da aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale) don direba. Kayan datsa da ke gudana ta tsakiyar ciki yana raba direba da fasinja kuma an haɗa shi cikin dashboard. Allon taɓawa mai girman inci 8.4 da aka ɗora a tsakiya yana sarrafa yawancin ayyukan motar. Ana iya haɗa allon taɓawa a kwance a kwance na uku a cikin dashboard a gefen fasinja na kokfit. Wannan nuni yana ba fasinja damar samun damar zuwa HVAC, multimedia, da sarrafa kewayawa kuma yana ba su damar duba awo na aikin motar. Wani sabon maɓalli da aka ƙera yana bawa direba damar buɗe kofofin motar tare da danna maɓalli kusa da hannayen ƙofa.
Ƙayyadaddun bayanai da aiki
Injin da watsawa
Romawa tana aiki da injin Ferrari wanda ya sami lambar yabo ta F154 . , turbocharged, 90 digiri V-8, dual overhead cam (DOHC) zane. Nau'in Romawa 154BH an ƙididdige shi a tsakanin 5,750 da 7,500 rpm da na juzu'i tsakanin 3,000 zuwa 5,750 rpm.
Tsarin shigar da iska na tilastawa yana amfani da tagwayen ruwa masu sanyaya turbochargers da na'urori masu haɗa iska zuwa iska guda biyu. Tsarin lubrication na bushes yana taimakawa hana yunwar mai yayin babban aikin g-force.
An haɗa injin ɗin zuwa sabon watsa F1 mai-gudun dual-clutch F1 wanda aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale. Wannan sabon rukunin yana fassara zuwa ƙarin haɓakawa a cikin ginshiƙan tsaka-tsaki tare da tsayin manyan kayan aiki don tafiye-tafiyen babbar hanya. Ferrari ya ce akwai karin kashi 15 cikin 100 na tsayin daka a cikin kayan aiki na uku idan aka kwatanta da na baya mai saurin sauri 7. The transaxle sanye take da na'ura mai ba da hanya tsakanin hanyoyin sadarwa da kuma na'ura mai jujjuya kayan aiki wanda ya bambanta da juzu'in motar lantarki ta SF90. Wannan zane yana da nauyin ƙasa da naúrar saurin 7 da aka yi amfani da ita a cikin Portofino kuma ana iƙirarin samar da saurin sauyawa da santsi. Yawancin tanadin nauyi ya samo asali ne saboda ƙira busassun man fetur da harkashin mai na farko da ke hade da nannade su a kusa da sassan injin daban-daban.
Kashin fata mai ninki biyu, ƙirar bazara tare da sanduna na anti-roll shima yana da tsarin zaɓin MagneRide tsauri mai ɗaukar hankali wanda ke ba da ƙarin ƙaramin aiki da sarrafa abin hawa ta amfani da dampers na magnetorheological .
Kayan lantarki
Romawa ta zo daidaitaccen tsari tare da Ferrari's F1-Trac traction iko, fasahar 6.0 na gefe-slip, kula da kwanciyar hankali na lantarki (ESC), ikon ƙaddamarwa (Power Start), da Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer. Hakanan yana da bugun kira na Manettino mai matsayi biyar akan sitiyarin, yana ba da damar zaɓin yanayin tuki tsakanin jika, jin daɗi, wasanni, tsere, da kashe ESC.
Na'urorin lantarki na cikin gida na Roma suma suna wakiltar babbar karkata daga motocin Ferrari na kwanan nan. Ƙwararrun na'ura na ɗan adam (HMI) shine tsarin sarrafa allo na dijital (ta amfani da fasahar Haptic ) wanda kuma aka raba tare da SF90 Stradale. Ikon allon taɓawa yana ƙara zuwa wasu ayyuka akan tuƙi.
Wasu tsarin taimakon direba ( ADAS ), kamar radar gaba da na baya tare da sarrafa tafiye-tafiye masu dacewa, ana samun su azaman zaɓuɓɓuka don taimakawa yayin tuki mai tsayi.
An yi gyare-gyaren gyare-gyaren Roma don nauyin kasa da Portofino yayin da ake dogara akan dandamali ɗaya. An cimma wannan ta hanyar tsayayyen tsarin jiki da kuma yawan amfani da sassa masu sauƙi. Ferrari ya yi iƙirarin cewa kashi 70 na sassan da ake amfani da su akan Roma sababbi ne idan aka kwatanta da Portofino. Tare da sassauƙan nauyi, busasshen nauyin motar shine ku. Nauyin tsare shi (ba tare da direba ba) shine ku. Rarraba nauyin da aka buga shine 50% gaba zuwa 50% na baya.
Babban reshe na baya mai ƙarfi yana kunna kansa cikin babban sauri don taimakawa abin hawa ya haifar da ƙasa. Matsayi uku na reshe ƙananan ja ne (0-100 kph), matsakaicin ƙasa mai ƙarfi (100-300 kph), da babban ƙarfi (100-300 kph cornering da birki). An ƙididdige iyakar ƙaddamarwa a na ƙasa a . Mai ɓarna na baya yana cike da nau'ikan janareta na vortex na ƙarƙashin jiki waɗanda ke haifar da tasirin ƙasa da sarrafa farkawa na ƙafafun gaba don tabbatar da ingantaccen sarrafa kaya.
Dabarun, taya da birki
20-inch simintin aluminum ƙafafun daidaitattun, tare da ƙirƙira inci 20 a matsayin zaɓi. Ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafar ƙafar gaba suna da faɗin inci takwas, kuma ta baya sun kai inci goma. Tayoyin da aka yi amfani da su akan ma'aunin Roma 285/35 ZR20s a baya da 245/35 ZR20s a gaba. An gabatar da samfurin tare da zaɓin da Ferrari ya amince da shi na tayoyin Pirelli, Michelin, ko Bridgestone.
Romawa tana da 390mm gaba da 360mm na baya na carbon-ceramic ventilated diski. The Ferrari Dynamic Enhancer yana sarrafa kusurwar yaw ta hanyar kunna madaidaicin birki na motar, na farko don ƙirar Ferrari GT.
Tsarin cirewa
Tsarin shaye-shaye da aka sake fasalin yana amfani da masu tacewa (mai kama da tacewar dizal ) don ƙa'idojin fitar da hayaki. An cimma wannan ta hanyar cire masu yin shiru (mufflers) da ƙara bawul ɗin kewayawa. An ƙera shi don riƙewa, haɓakawa, da faɗaɗa bayanan sharar injin yayin rage fitar da ƙura.
Ayyukan aiki
Babban gudun Roma da aka buga shine> . Adadin ayyuka sun haɗa da lokacin hanzari na 3.4 seconds da 0- lokacin hanzari na 9.3 seconds. Matsakaicin busasshen nauyi-zuwa-ƙarfi na Roma ya fi kyau a aji a 2.37 kg/cv (5.3 lb/hp).
Matsakaicin tsayin Romawa daga ƙasa shine a tsaye 4+34. Matsakaicin kusurwar gabanta shine digiri 11, kuma matsakaicin kusurwar ramp ɗin baya shine digiri 15 1/2.
Motar ta zo da ƙafar cubic 10 na sararin taya a cikin akwati da ƙarin sararin ajiya a bayan kujerun gaba biyu. Wani zaɓi na madaidaitan kujera mai naɗewa yana faɗaɗa saitin ajiya zuwa ƙafafu 14 cubic. Tsayawa tare da babban jigon yawon buɗe ido na motar, kuma kamar yadda yake tare da wasu ƙarin samfura, ana iya ba da odar Romawa tare da tsararru na musamman, saitin kaya mai nau'i-nau'i da yawa waɗanda suka dace da akwati na baya abin hawa. Kayan ya dace da fata na ciki.
Ferrari Roma Spider
A cikin Maris 2023, Ferrari ya bayyana Spider Roma. Ana nufin ya zama maye gurbin Ferrari Portofino . Bisa ga Ferrari Roma mai nasara, sabon bambance-bambancen Spider yana da saman mai laushi. Wannan yana nuna dawowar saman mai laushi don Ferrari na gaba bayan shekaru 54 tun daga 1969 365 GTS4.
Na waje
Ferrari Roma Spider yana riƙe da ƙirar coupe ɗin tare da saman mai laushi wanda ke aiki a cikin daƙiƙa 13.5 a cikin sauri zuwa 37 mph. Mai ɓarna na baya da aka sake fasalin yana daidaitawa don tuƙi zuwa sama, yayin da ƙarfafa chassis yana ƙara fam 185 kawai idan aka kwatanta da coupe.
Cikin gida
Gidan Ferrari Roma Spider's gidan yana riƙe da ainihin ƙirar Roma, yana nuna allon taɓawa mai inci 8.4 da zaɓin kayan ƙarfe na ƙarfe kewaye da kayan alatu. An ƙara ingantattun maɓallan tutiya da maɓallin farawa mai haske don ingantaccen amfani. Don rage hayaniyar iska da hargitsi, an haɗa nau'in iska mai ƙarfi 5-mm da mai jujjuya kujerar baya. Mai jujjuyawar iska baya aiki tare da fasinjojin da ke zaune a baya, amma iyakacin sarari na baya yana sa wannan ƙaramar damuwa.
The Roma Spider gidaje wani turbocharged 3.9-lita V-8 engine, samar da 612 horsepower da 561 fam-feet na karfin juyi, tsĩrar da raya ƙafafun ta wani takwas-gudun dual-clutch atomatik watsa. Ferrari ya yi ƙananan gyare-gyare ga akwatin gear don ingantaccen ingantaccen man fetur, kuma Spider Spider yana fasalta sabon tsarin Sarrafa Slide Slip Control don ingantaccen juzu'i, kula da kwanciyar hankali, da iyawar zazzagewa.
An fara gabatar da Romawa tare da farashin tushe na $218,670 (USD 2020). Yawancin saitin ginawa na ƙarshe na iya zuwa daga $270k zuwa $310k da sama. Ferrari ya kiyasta kashi 70 na masu siyayya za su zama abokan cinikin Ferrari na farko. Sun bayyana cewa an kai wa Roma hari sosai a kasuwannin Porsche 911 da Aston Martin. Jigon ƙira gabaɗaya shine "kyakkyawan ƙayatarwa" wanda ke da ɗan karkata daga motar titin Ferrari na gargajiya.
Sadaukarwa da kyaututtuka
An bayyana Roma a bainar jama'a a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2019, yayin wani taron kasa da kasa a Stadio dei Marmi na Rome (Stadium of the Marbles). A cikin 2020 ta bayyana a bikin cika shekaru 150 na ayyana Rome a matsayin babban birnin hadaddiyar Italiya.
An bai wa Ferrari Roma lambar Red Dot a cikin 2020, tare da sanin ƙirar motar. An nakalto Red Dot yana cewa, "Ta hanyar yin watsi da duk cikakkun bayanai, ƙirar Ferrari Roma ta cimma ƙaramin ƙaranci na yau da kullun wanda ke nuna kyawun kyawun wannan motar wasanni."
Mujallar Auto&Design ta baiwa Romawa mafi kyawun ƙirar mota don 2020. Kwamitin ƴan jaridun motoci na ƙasa da ƙasa ya ce Romawa na sake fassara layukan mota na Gran Turismo tare da tsara su har cikin ƙarni na 21 tare da ƙirƙira ta na sha'awa, mai jan hankali, da kuma ƙirƙira.
Kyautar Motar Esquire ta 2021 mai suna Ferrari Roma a matsayin Mafi kyawun Motar da aka ƙera na shekara.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
14769 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayan%20abinci%20na%20Ghana | Kayan abinci na Ghana | Kayan abinci na Ghana shine na mutanen ƙasar Ghana. An shirya manyan kayan abinci na Ghana a kusa da ingantaccen abinci, wanda ake amfani da miya ko miya wacce ke dauke da tushen sinadarai. Babban sinadarin mafi yawancin miya dai shine tumatirin-gwangwani ko za'a iya amfani da sabon tumatir. A sakamakon haka, kusan dukkanin kayan miyan Ghana da na suya suna ja ko kalan lemu a cikin su.
Babban abincin yau da kullun
Abincin yau da kullun a kudancin Ghana sun hada da rogo da ayaba. A bangaren arewa, manyan abincin da ake ci sun hada da gero da dawa. Doya, masara da wake ana amfani da su a duk ƙasar Ghana a matsayin abincin yau da kullun. Dankali mai zaki da koko ma suna da muhimmanci a cikin abincin Ghana da abinci. Tare da shigowar duniya gaba ɗaya, hatsi kamar su shinkafa da alkama an ƙara saka su cikin kayan abinci na ƙasar Ghana. Abincin da ke ƙasa yana wakiltar jita-jita na Ghana waɗanda aka yi su daga waɗannan abinci mai ƙima.
Abincin da aka yi da masara
Akple, abincin gargajiya ne na Ewe, ana yin shi ne da garin masara kuma ana iya cin sa da miyar barkono, jar miya ko kowace irin miya. Yawanci ana amfani dashi da miyar kubewa ,okra (fetridetsi) ko kayan marmari (abɔbitadi) .Akl ba a shirya shi daidai da "Banku". Wani muhimmin abin rarrabewa tsakanin kayayyakin biyu shine "Banku" yana buƙatar amfani da wani abu mai ruwa wanda aka riga aka tsara shi wanda ake kira "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu", dafa shi zuwa taushi mai taushi na "Masarar-Rogo Kullu AFLATA", yana bi zuwa mai daɗin "Banku" mai laushi tare da ƙarin girke-girke, da "-kaɗan-Fermented Masara-Rogo dunkulewar kullu" ba 'kayan sa hannu bane' na kowane nau'i na samfurin "Akple". Bayani daidai da na gaskiya shine kamar haka;
Abincin Banku, tare da dukkanin ire-irensa masu ban sha'awa shine Ga Dangme (ko Ga) - kabila na Babban yankin Accra, a matsayin 'yar karkacewa daga aiwatar da shirin Ga-Kenkey, yana bukatar wani magudi daban na' 'AFLATA' gauraye da garin rogo, amma sabanin Ga-Kenkey baya bukatar amfani da kwaryar masara. Daya daga cikin Manyan-kabilu GaDangme (ko Ga) -Kabila an ba su kyauta ta ainihin girke-girke na 'abincin banku' kodayake ana iya yin jayayya a tsakanin Manyan-kabilu. Wani lokaci ana amfani da furen masara kawai amma a yankuna da yawa ana dafa ƙullun rogo tare da garin masar mai yisti.
Ana dafa Mmore dafaffun masarar dawa ba tare da rogo ba, an shirya shi kamar banku tsakanin mutanen Akan.
Kenkey/[Komi]/ Dokonu - kulluwar masara mai ƙanshi, a nannade cikin masarar da ta samo asali daga Ga waɗanda ke kiranta komi ko Ga kenkey. Wani nau'in da ya samo asali daga mutanen Fanti shine Fante Dokono ko Fanti Kenkey wacce aka lullubeta da ganyen plantain wanda yake bashi wani irin yanayi, dandano da launi daban-daban idan aka kwatanta da Ga kenkey. Dukansu an tafasa su tsawon lokaci zuwa madaidaitan kwallaye.
Tuo Zaafi - gero, dawa ko masara wacce ta samo asali daga Arewacin Ghana.
Fonfom - abincin masara da ya shahara a kudu maso yammacin Ghana.
Abincin da aka yi da shinkafa
Waakye - kwanon shinkafa da wake mai kalar purple-brown. Launin ya fito ne daga ganye ɗan asalin ƙasa wanda aka fi sani da sorghum bicolor. Wannan abincin na gefen yana da kamanceceniya da Yammacin Indiya da wake. An dafa shinkafar kuma an tafasa ta da ganyen 'yan asali, kwakwa da bugun jini kamar su ido mai baƙi ko wake.
Omo Tuo/Kwallan Shinkafa - mashed shinkafa mai sanko ana yawan ci da miyar Ghana.
Shinkafa ta gari - dafaffiyar shinkafa tana tare da yawancin nau'ikan jan stew.
Jollof - shinkafa da aka dafa a cikin wani stew wanda ya ƙunshi kayan marmari, tumatir, kayan ƙamshi, da naman da aka dafa shi tare. Wannan abincin ya samo asali ne daga tradersan kasuwar Djolof daga Senegal waɗanda suka zauna a Zongos kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka. An daidaita shi don dandano na ƙasar Ghana, yawanci ana cinsa da akuya, rago, kaza ko naman sa wanda aka dafa, gasashe ko gasa.
Fried rice - soyayyen shinkafa irin ta China wacce ta dace da dandanon Ghana.
Angwa moo - Hakanan ana kiransa "shinkafar mai". Wannan ba kamar soyayyen shinkafa bane wanda kuke dafa shinkafar kafin a soya. Ana dafa shinkafar da aka shafa da farko ta soya man, sannan a ƙara ruwa bayan albasar ta yi fari. Wannan zai ba shinkafar wani kamshi na daban. Ana dafa shinkafa a cikin ruwan mai-mai, don bawa shinkafar mai ta ji idan an shirya ta. Za'a iya dafa shi da kayan lambu ko naman daɗa, don ƙarawa dandano. Ana amfani da shi galibi tare da barkono na ƙasa, tare da ko sarƙaƙen mai, ko soyayyen ƙwai waɗanda ke haɓaka shi.
Ngwo moo (Shinkafar dabino) - Ya zama madadin shinkafar mai. Wannan kawai ana dafa shi da man dabino, maimakon man girki. Ana dandano dandano ne da nau'in dabinon da aka yi amfani da shi.
Abincin da aka yi da rogo
Kokonte ko Abete - daga busasshen garin rogo wanda aka busar da shi galibi ana aiki tare da Miyan Gyada, wanda ya ƙunshi jan nama iri-iri kamar su tudu, rago da kifin kifi mai hayaki.
Fufuo - ya buga rogo da ayaba ko kuma ya buga doya da ayaba, ko kuma yaji cocoyam/taro. Wannan abincin na kowane lokaci ana tare shi da ɗayan nau'ikan kayan miya na Ghana.
Gari - anyi daga rogo. Sau da yawa ana aiki tare da "Red Red" - kifi da wake-wake-wake-wake ko Shito da kifi.
Attiéké ko Akyeke - an yi shi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
Plakali - wanda aka yi daga rogo kuma sananne ne tsakanin mutanen Ahanta, Nzema da masu magana da Akan na ƙasar Ivory Coast.
Abincin da aka yi da wake
Karkatawa ga sitaci da hadin stew sune "Red Red" da "tubaani". Waɗannan sune tushen farko akan furotin na kayan lambu (wake). "Red Red" sanannen wake ne da wake na Ghana da ake dafawa tare da soyayyen ɗanyen bishiyar itacen kuma galibi ana tare shi da gari, kifi da ƙwaya. Yana samun sunan shi daga man dabino wanda yake shayar da wake da kuma launin lemu mai haske na soyayyen ɗanyen ayaba. Tubaani shine dafaffen biredin wake, wanda kuma ake kira moimoi a Najeriya.
Abincin da aka yi da doya
Ampesie - dafaffun doya. Hakanan za'a iya yin sa da ayaba, koko, dankali, dawa ko rogo. Ana cin wannan abincin gefen tare da naman kifi wanda ya kunshi tumatir, mai da kayan yaji.
Yam fufuo - fufuo da aka yi da doya maimakon garin rogo ko ayaba ko koko, wannan dunƙulen naman a gargajiyance ana cin shi da kowane irin miyar Ghana. Sananne ne a Arewacin da kudu maso gabashin Ghana.
Mpotompoto (doya casserole ko porridge) - yanyanka na yam da aka dafa shi da ruwa mai yawa da kuma barkono mai ɗumi, albasa, tumatir, gishiri da ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Ana cinsa ko'ina cikin ƙasar Ghana amma ba kamar sauran jita-jita ba.
Miya da suya
Yawancin abinci na ƙasar Ghana ana amfani da su ne da miya, da miya ko Mako (wani ɗanɗano mai ƙanshi wanda aka yi da ɗanyen ja da koren barkono, albasa da tumatir (barkono miya). Gwanar Ghana da miyar ta gari suna da wayewa sosai, tare da amfani da sassauƙan kayan masarufi, nau'ikan ɗanɗano, kayan ƙanshi da laushi.
Kayan lambu kamar su dabino, gyada, ganyen koko, ayoyo, alayyaho, naman kaza, okra, qwai na lambu, tumatir da nau'ikan nau'ikan marmari sune manyan abubuwan da ake amfani da su a cikin kayan miya da na stew na ƙasar ta Ghana kuma a yanayin ɗari-ɗari, na iya ninkawa a matsayin babban sinadarin furotin.
Naman sa, naman alade, akuya, rago, kaza, turkey mai hayaki, tattaka, busassun katantanwa, da soyayyen kifi sune tushen tushen sunadarai a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miya, wani lokacin sukan hada nama iri daban-daban kuma wani lokaci kifi a cikin miya daya. Miyan ana amfani da shi azaman babban hanya maimakon farawa. Hakanan abu ne na yau da kullun a sami nama mai hayaki, kifi da abincin teku a cikin kayan miyan Ghana da miyar taushe.
Sun hada da kaguwa, jatan lande, periwinkles, dorinar ruwa, katantanwa, gurnani, agwagwa, kayan alatu, da alawar alade. Har ila yau, kawa.
Nama, namomin kaza da abincin kifi na iya shan kyafaffen, gishiri ko busasshe don inganta dandano da kiyayewa. Kifi mai gishiri ana amfani dashi sosai don dandana kuzarin kifin. Ana amfani da kayan ƙamshi irin su thyme, tafarnuwa, albasa, ginger, barkono, curry, basil, nutmeg, sumbala, Tetrapleura tetraptera (prekese) da ganyen bay ana yin amfani da su cikin nishaɗi don cin abinci mai ɗanɗano da keɓaɓɓe wanda ya bambanta abincin Ghana.
Man dabino, man kwakwa, shea butter, man kernel da man gyada sune mahimmancin man Ghana da ake amfani da shi wajen dafa abinci ko soya kuma wani lokaci ba za a sauya shi a wasu jita-jita na Ghana ba. Misali, amfani da dabino a cikin stero na okro, eto, fante fante, red red, egusi stew da mpihu / mpotompoto (kwatankwacin Poi). Man kwakwa, man dabino da man ja da shea sun rasa farin jinin su a girki a Ghana saboda gabatar da ingantaccen mai da kuma tallata labarai marasa kyau na Ghana da aka yi niyya akan wadancan man. Yanzu ana amfani dasu galibi a cikin gidajen gargajiya kaɗan, don yin sabulu da kuma ta hanyar kasuwanci (abincin titi) masu siyar da abinci a matsayin mai maimakon mai daɗaɗa mai.
Miyan Ghana na yau da kullum sune miyar gyada, miyar (tumatir), kontomire (ganyen tarugu) miya, miyar dabino, miyar ayoyo da miyar okra.
Gwanon tumatir na Gana ko kayan miya shi ne wanda ake yawan amfani dashi da shinkafa ko waƙar. Sauran stews na kayan lambu ana yinsu ne da kontomire, kwai na lambu, egusi ('ya'yan kabewa), alayyaho, okra, da dai sauransu.
Abincin karin kumallo
Yawancin jita-jita da aka ambata a sama ana ba da su ne a lokacin cin abincin rana da abincin dare a cikin Gana ta zamani. Koyaya, waɗanda ke yin aikin hannu da yawancin mazaunan birane har yanzu suna cin waɗannan abincin don karin kumallo kuma galibi za su siya daga tituna.
A manyan biranen Ghana, yawancin masu aiki suna shan 'ya'yan itace, shayi, abin sha na cakulan, hatsi, hatsin shinkafa (wanda ake kira ruwan shinkafa a cikin gida) kooko (garin masara mai dahuwa) da koose/akara ko maasa. Sauran abincin karin kumallo sun hada da grits, tombrown (gasasshen masara porridge), da gero porridge.
Gurasa muhimmin abu ne a cikin karin kumallo na ƙasar Ghana da kuma abincin da aka toya. Burodin Ghanan, wanda aka san shi da kyau, ana yin shi da garin alkama kuma wani lokacin ana ƙara garin rogo don inganta yanayin. Akwai manyan burodi guda hudu a cikin Ghana. Burodi ne na shayi (kama da buhunan burodi), burodin sikari (wanda shine burodi mai daɗi), biredin (cikakkiyar alkama), da kuma biredin burodi. Gurasar hatsi, burodin oat da burodin malt suma galibi ne.
Abincin mai zaki
Akwai abinci mai dadi na gida da yawa waɗanda aka ware saboda ƙarancin buƙatarsu da tsari mai tsawo. Abinci Ghana masu dadi (ko kayan ƙanshi) na iya zama soyayyen, gyada, dafa shi, gasa shi, gasa shi ko kuma dafa shi.
Soyayyen abinci mai zaki sun hada da 'ya'yan itace da yaji ayaba (kelewele) wani lokacin ana amfani da gyada. Koose anyi daga wake da aka huce (da dan tagwayen Acarajé ko akara da aka yi daga wake wanda ba a share shi ba), maasa, pinkaaso, da bofrot/Puff-puff (wanda aka yi da garin alkama); kuli-kuli, dzowey da nkate cake (wanda aka yi shi da gyada); kaklo da tatale (cikakkun faranti); kube cake da kube toffee (wanda aka yi da kwakwa); bankye krakro, biskit din gari, da krakye ayuosu (wanda aka yi daga rogo); madara mai sanƙara, tofi, tainanyen ayaba (ko soyayyen plantain) da wagashi (soyayyen cuku na manomi) su ne soyayyun kayan abinci na 'yan ƙasar Ghana (kayan kamshi).
Kebab mashaya ne na gari kuma ana iya yin sa daga naman shanu, akuya, naman alade, garin soya, tsiran alade da kaza. Sauran gasasshen abinci mai daɗin ci sun haɗa da gasasshen ayaba, masara, doya da koko.
Steamed sabo masara, Yakeyake, Kafa, Akyeke, tubani, moimoi (biredin wake), emo dokonu (biredin shinkafa) da esikyire dokonu (zakikin kenkey) duk misalai ne na tataccen dafaffun abinci yayin da keɓaɓɓen burodi, (plantain cake), da nama. kek irin na Jamaican patties da empanadas ana dafa su ne da ɗanɗano. Aprapransa, eto (mashed doya) da madarar atadwe (ruwan tiger nut) wasu abinci ne masu ɗanɗano. Soyayyar Gari abar so ce ta zamani. Cakuda gari ne (busasshe, gasasshen rogo), sukari, gyada (gyada) da madara.
Abubuwan sha
A Kudancin Ghana, ruwan giya kamar su asaana (wanda aka yi da masara mai kauri) sun zama ruwan dare. A gefen Tafkin Volta da kuma a kudancin Ghana, ana iya samun ruwan inabin da aka ɗebo daga itaciyar dabinon, amma yana saurin yin ɗumi bayan haka kuma ana amfani da shi ne don kawar da akpeteshie (gin na gari). Bugu da kari, ana iya yin abin sha daga kenkey kuma a sanyaya shi a cikin abin da ke Ghana wanda ake kira iced kenkey. A arewacin Ghana, bisaab/zobo, toose da lamujee (abin sha mai ɗanɗano mai ɗanɗano) su ne abubuwan sha da ba na giya ba yayin da pitoo (giyar da ake yin garin gero da ita) abin sha ne na giya.
A cikin biranen ƙasar Ghana abubuwan sha zasu iya haɗawa da ruwan 'ya'yan itace, abubuwan sha na koko, ruwan kwakwa sabo, yogurt, ice cream, abubuwan sha mai ƙamshi, abubuwan sha na malt da madarar waken soya. Bugu da kari, daskararrun na kasar Ghana suna samar da giya daga koko, malt, rake, ganyen magani na gida da kuma gandun daji. Sun hada da masu ɗaci, giya, busasshen gins, giya, da kuma abubuwan sha.
Abincin titi a Ghana
Abincin titi ya shahara sosai a ƙauyuka da biranen Ghana. Yawancin iyalai na Ghana suna cin abinci aƙalla sau uku a mako daga masu sayar da abinci a titi, waɗanda za a iya sayan kowane irin abinci daga gare su, gami da mahimman abinci irin su kenkey, ja ja da waakye. Sauran abinci mai daɗi irin su kebab, dafaffun masara, boflot (bo-float) da gasasshen ayaba ana sayar dasu galibi daga masu siyar da abinci akan titi.
Abincin gama gari na Ghana |
41678 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubeida | Zubeida | Zubeida Begum Dhanrajgir (1911 - 21 Satumba 1988) yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Indiya. Ta fito a fim ɗin Indiya mai magana na farko Alam Ara . Ƙididdigar ta sun haɗa da farkon hits Devdas , da Sagar Movietone 's first talkie, Meri Jaan .
Rayuwar farko
An haifeta a shekara ta 1911 a garin Surat na Gujarat a yammacin Indiya, Zubeida ɗiyar Nawab Sidi Ibrahim Muhammad Yakut Khan na jihar Sachin ce, da Fatima Begum. Tana kuma da kanne biyu, Sultana da Shehzadi, dukkansu ƴan fim ne. Ta kasance cikin ’yan matan da suka shiga fim tun suna ƙanana a lokacin da ba a ganin sana’ar da ta dace da ‘yan mata daga iyalai masu daraja.
Zubeida tana shekara 12 kacal lokacin da ta fara fitowa a wani fim mai suna; Kohinoor. A cikin shekarun 1920 ta bayyana a wani fim tare da Sultana wanda, a lokacin, ta zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan matan fina-finan Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan da ƴan’uwan ta biyu za su fito shi ne Kalyan Khajina a shekarar 1924. Sun kuma fito a cikin fim ɗin farko na Zubeida, mai taken Veer Abhimanyu wanda aka saki shekaru biyu baya, wanda kuma mahaifiyarsu, Fatima Begum, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa a fim ɗin.
A cikin 1925 Zubeida ta fito acikin fina-finai guda tara, daga cikinsu akwai Kala Chor, Devdasi da Desh Ka Dushman . Bayan shekara guda ta fito a fim ɗin mahaifiyarta, Bulbul-e-Paristan. Shekarar 1927 ya kasance abin tunawa a gare ta da fina-finai Laila Majnu, Nanand Bhojai da Naval Gandhi's Sacrifice waɗanda fina-finai ne da suka yi tashe sosai a wannan lokacin. Na karshen, bisa Rabindranath Tagore's 'Balidan', ta kuma fito a cikin Sulochana Devi, Master Vithal da Jal Khambatta. Ta yi Allah wadai da tsohuwar al'adar hadaya ta dabba a wurin bauta na Kali dake a Bengal. Membobin Kwamitin Cinematograph na Indiya sun ji daɗin wannan "kyakkyawan fim ɗin Indiya da gaske". Membobinta na Turai sun ba da shawarar a aika da ita zuwa ƙasashen waje don tantancewa.
Zubeida ta fito a wasu fina-finai kafin Alam Ara. Ba zato ba tsammani ta kasance mai matukar buƙata kuma ta sami albashi sama da matsayin albashi mace a cikin masana'antar fim a lokacin.
A cikin shekarun 30s zuwa farkon 40s ta yi fice tare da Jal Merchant kuma ta yi tauraro a cikin manyan fina-finai na tarihi masu nasara da suka yi wasa kamar Subhadra, Uttara da Draupadi. Ta kuma yi nasara wajen nuna motsin rai tare da fina-finai irin su Ezra Mir 's Zarina wanda ya sa ta ta yi wasan ƙwanƙwasa, yarinya mai ban mamaki, wacce sumbanta ta ɗaga fuskarta kuma ta haifar da zazzafar muhawara kan sahihanci. Zubeida ta kasance daya daga cikin ’yan fim din da suka yi nasarar sauya sheka daga zamanin shiru zuwa zance.
A cikin 1934 ta kafa Mahalakshmi Movietone tare da Nanubhai Vakil kuma tana da bonanzas na ofis a Gul-e-Sonobar da Rasik-e-Laila . Ta ci gaba da fitowa a fina-finai daya ko biyu a shekara har zuwa 1949. Nirdosh Abla shine fim dinta na karshe.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Zubeida ta auri Maharaj Narsingir Dhanrajgir Gyan Bahadur na Hyderabad. Ita ce mahaifiyar Humayun Dhanrajgir da Dhurreshwar Dhanrajgir. Dhurreshwar ita ce mahaifiyar samfurin Rhea Pillai.
Gul-e-Bakavali
Manorama
Prithvi Vallabh
Sati Sardarba
Kala Chor
Devadasi
Indrasabha
Ra Navghan
Rambha of Rajnagar
Deshna Dushman
Yashodevi
Khandani Khavis
Sati Simantini
Bulbule Paristan
Kashmeera
Raja Bhoj
Indrajal
Sati Menadevi
Laila Majnu
Nanand Bhojai
Balidan
Chamakti Chanda
Samrat Ashok
Golden Gang
Heer Ranjha
Kanakatara
Mahasundar
Milan Dinar
Shahi Chor
Jai Bharati
Devadasi
Garva Khandan
Joban Na Jadu
Veer Rajput
Sinh No Panja
Meethi Churi
Diwani Duniya
Roop Sundari
Hoor-E-Misar
Karmano Kaher
Nadira
Alam Ara
Meri Jaan
Veer Abhimanyu
Meerabai
Subhadra Haran
Zarina
Harijan
Bulbule Punjab
Pandav Kaurav
Mahabharat
Gul Sanobar
Nanand Bhojai
Radha Mohan/Nand Ke Lala
Rasik-e-Laila
Seva Sadan
Birbal Ki Beti
Gulshane Alam
Mr. and Mrs. Bombay
Aurat Ki Zindagi
Kiski Pyari
Devdas
Nirdosh Abla
Awāra : Young Rita
Zubeida ta shafe shekarunta na ƙarshe a gidan Bombay Palace, Dhanraj Mahal. Ta rasu ranar 21 ga watan Satumba 1988, kuma an binne ta a Chhatrapahi Shivaji Maharaj Marg, Apollo Bunder, Colaba, kudu Mumbai.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
India Heritage:Performing Arts:Cinema In India:Personalities:Silent Screen Stars.
Zubeida profile
Haifaffun 1911
Mutuwan 1988
Ƴar Wasan kwaikwayo ta Indiya
Mutanen Gujarati
Mutane daga Gujarat |
21626 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modeste%20M%27bami | Modeste M'bami | Modeste M'bami (an haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 1982 - Le Havre Fassara, 7 ga Janairu, 2023) shi ne ɗan ƙasar Kamaru tsohon ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa wanda ya yi wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya .
Klub din
Haihuwar Yaoundé, M'Bami ya fara wasan sa ne a kasar sa ta asali inda yake wasa a kungiyar Dynamo Douala amma sai kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasashen waje suka hange shi da sauri.
Ya shiga CS Sedan Ardennes a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2000. Duk da karancin shekarunsa, M'bami ya buga wasanni goma a kakarsa ta farko a rukunin farko na Faransa kuma ya taimakawa kulob dinsa ya zo na biyar. Cikin hanzari ya zama ƙungiyar yau da kullun kuma ya buga wasanni 60 a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa. A shekarar 2003, kungiyar ta koma matakin rukuni na biyu na Faransa kuma M'Bami ya yanke shawarar sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Paris Saint-Germain kan fam miliyan 5 bayan da wakilinsa Willie McKay ya dakatar da tattaunawar gaba da Wolverhampton Wanderers.
A lokacin kakarsa ta farko tare da Paris Saint-Germain, M'bami ya kasance tare da wani matashin dan wasan baya mai tsaron baya, Lorik Cana . Duk da rashin kwarewa, sun taka rawar gani a kakar wasa mai kyau ta kungiyar, inda Paris Saint-Germain ta zama ta biyu a rukunin farko na Faransa kuma ta lashe Kofin Faransa . Kungiyar ta 2004-05 ta kungiyar ba ta yi nasara sosai ba, inda M'bami ke fama da rauni. Lokacin shekarar 2005 - 06 ya ga M'Bami ya taimakawa Paris Saint-Germain wajen sake daukar Kofin Faransa, yayin da kulob din ya kare na 9 a gasar.
A watan Agusta shekarar 2006, bayan shekaru uku a Paris Saint-Germain, M'Bami ya koma hannun babbar abokiyar hamayyar ta Marseille, inda ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, don haka ya sabunta hadin gwiwarsa ta tsakiya tare da Lorik Cana, wanda ya sanya hannu a Marseille a kakar da ta gabata.
Ya bar Marseille bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare a bazarar na shekarar 2009 kuma tun daga wannan lokacin ya fara fuskantar gwaji a kungiyoyin Premier na Ingila Portsmouth, Bolton Wanderers, Wolverhampton Wanderers da Wigan Athletic . Bayan kwantiraginsa ta kare da kulob din Marseille na Faransa sai ya koma 30 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2009 don gwaji tare da kulob din Spain na UD Almería, daga baya Almería ya kammala sayan dan wasan na tsakiya, dan wasan Kamaru ya sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da kungiyar ta Sipaniya.
A watan Yulin shekarar 2011, aka saki M'bami da Juanito daga Almería . Daga nan ya koma kungiyar Dalian Aerbin ta China League One kuma aka ba shi lamuni ga kungiyar Changchun Yatai ta kasar China . M'bami ya koma Dalian Aerbin a cikin 2012. Koyaya, bai iya bugawa Dalian Aerbin wasa ba a kakar wasanni ta 2012 saboda 'yan wasan kasashen waje sun takaita doka. M'bami ya koma kungiyar Al-Ittihad ta Premier a watan Yulin 2012.
A cikin shekarar 2014 ya koma Colombia tare da Millonarios FC, daga babban birni Bogotá . An dauki M'bami don taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya kuma ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ta 2014-15.
Ayyukan duniya
M'bami showed his talent on the international scene at a very young age. He won the Olympic football games with his country in 2000 in Sydney, also scoring the Golden goal against Brazil during the quarter-finals. He was also in the team when Cameroon reached the finals of the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2003 and was part of the 2004 African Cup of Nations team, who finished top of their group in the first round of competition, before failing to secure qualification for the semi-finals. M'bami was also in the Cameroonian national football team that disappointingly failed to qualify for the 2006 German World Cup as they finished second in their qualification group behind the Côte d'Ivoire.
Kocin aiki
A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 2019 ya yi watsi da aikin horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru.
Kididdigar aiki
Manufofin duniya
Sakamako da sakamako sun lissafa yawan kwallayen da Kamaru ta zira a farko, rukunin maki yana nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin M'bami .
Paris Saint-Germain
Coupe de France : 2004, 2006
Ittihad FC
Kofin Sarakuna (Saudi Arabia) : 2013
Na duniya
Wasannin Olympics : 2000
Kofin Confederations : 2003 Runner Up
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Kameru
Pages with unreviewed translations |
48735 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20Dan%20Adam%20a%20Slovakia | Hakkin Dan Adam a Slovakia | Dokokin Slovakia ne ke tafiyar da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Slovakia kuma ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar Majalisar Turai ke kula da su .
Tushen doka
Babi na biyu na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Slovakia ya zayyana hakkoki da yancin da doka ta tanadar. Waɗannan sun haɗa da haƙƙoƙin rayuwa, keɓantawa, tsari, mutunci, dukiya, addini, yancin motsi, yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ‘yancin yin jarida, koke, ƙungiya, da jefa ƙuri’a, da ’yanci daga azabtarwa, azaba mai zafi, da bauta. Kundin tsarin mulki ya kuma ba da tabbacin cewa ba za a iya kare haƙƙin ta hanyar nuna wariya ba.
Ƴancin siyasa
Ofishin mai kare hakkin jama'a da Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Slovak ne ke da alhakin kare hakki a Slovakia. Hukumar tsaro da hadin gwiwa a Turai ta gano cewa zabe a Slovakia yana da 'yanci da adalci.
Dokar ta tanadi bayyana matakin da gwamnati ta dauka, sannan ana bayyana kwangilolin gwamnati ga jama'a. Cin hanci da rashawa da jami'an gwamnati ke yi wani laifi ne a karkashin dokar Slovak, kuma an gano wasu kebabbun al'amura na cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnati. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta aiwatar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa. ‘Yan sanda sun gudanar da samame na yaki da cin hanci da rashawa, kuma an tuhumi jami’an jihar da dama da laifukan almundahana da laifuka tsakanin shekarar 2020 zuwa 2021. Mata da kungiyoyin LGBT ba su da wakilci a siyasa.
Indexididdigar Demokraɗiyya ta ƙididdige Slovakia a matsayin "Demokraɗiyya mara kyau" a 2021 da maki 7.03 cikin 10, wanda ya sanya ta 45 a cikin ƙasashe 167. Freedom House ya kima Slovakia a matsayin "Yanci" a 2022 tare da maki 90 cikin 100.
Fataucin mutane
Ya zuwa shekarar 2021, Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta kebe rigakafin fataucin bil adama na Slovakia a matsayin "Tier 2", ma'ana "ba ta cika cikakkiyar ma'auni na kawar da fataucin ba amma tana yin gagarumin kokarin yin hakan". Sashi na 179 na kundin laifuffuka ya aikata laifin fataucin mutane, tare da hukuncin dauri daga shekaru hudu zuwa goma. A cikin 2021, Slovakia ta ƙaddamar da bincike 15 game da fataucin jima'i, huɗu don aikin tilastawa, uku don barace-barace. Gwamnatin Slovakia kuma tana ba da tallafi ga wata kungiya mai zaman kanta don tallafawa wadanda fataucin bil adama ya shafa.
Haƙƙoƙin jama'a
Tsarin tsari
tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, hana rayuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da azabtarwa ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kuma ba a yin su a Slovakia. Ana mutunta dokokin da suka shafi hukumci na rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanci, kodayake ana samun rahotannin cin zarafin 'yan sanda na lokaci-lokaci. An ba wa wadanda ake tuhuma damar yin shari’a ta gaskiya, da shari’a mai zaman kanta, da zaton ba su da laifi, da kuma lauyan lauya. Amincewa da hukumar shari'a mai zaman kanta ta yi rauni a Slovakia saboda zargin cin hanci da rashawa da rashin aiki. A cewar Tarayyar Turai, kawai 28% na 'yan ƙasar Slovak sun amince da sashin shari'a kamar na 2021.
‘Yancin fadin albarkacin baki da ‘yancin ‘yan jarida suna da tabbacin a karkashin dokar Slovakia. Ana ɗaukar dokokin cin mutunci a matsayin laifuffuka masu laifi kuma an yi amfani da su don taƙaita rahotanni daga kafafen yada labarai da kuma murkushe sukar 'yan siyasa da sauran fitattun mutane. Kalaman ƙiyayya da musun Holocaust laifuffuka ne. Kisan gillar da aka yi wa Ján Kuciak a shekara ta 2018 a matsayin mayar da martani ga bincikensa kan cin hanci da rashawa ya nuna babban hari kan 'yancin 'yan jarida a Slovakia.
Wariya kan yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi haramun ne, amma ba a aiwatar da wannan doka akai-akai. Wakilan siyasa na mutanen LGBT a Slovakia yana da iyaka. 'Yan siyasa ba kasafai ake gane su a matsayin LGBT ba kuma maganganun jama'a na tozarta al'ummar LGBT abu ne gama gari. Gwamnati na buƙatar mutanen da ke neman amincewar jinsi ta doka da a lalata su .
Kabilanci da kabilanci
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan kabila, kasa, kabila, da kowane matsayi. An fi hukunta laifukan ƙiyayya a Slovakia. Ana aiwatar da dokokin hana wariya ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba, musamman mutanen Romawa suna fuskantar wariya, tsangwama, da zaluncin 'yan sanda . Mutanen Romani galibi ana keɓance su daga wasu ƙungiyoyi a Slovakia, kuma ba a cika bincikar laifuffukan da ake yi wa Romani ba. Gwamnatin Slovakia ta amince da rawar da ta taka a tilastawa dubunnan matan Romani haifuwa.
Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya bayyana cewa babu wani addini a kasar Slovakia kuma an tabbatar da daidaito a kan addini. Amincewa da gwamnati na kungiyoyin addini yana ba da gata na musamman kamar hidima a gidajen yari, yin bukukuwan aure, da karɓar tallafi. Don a ba da izini, ana buƙatar ƙungiyoyin addini su gabatar da sa hannun mabiya 50,000. Ana buƙatar ɗalibai su halarci koyarwar addini a makaranta, kodayake akwai sauran zaɓuɓɓuka. Abubuwan da ke ba da shawarar nuna wariya ko ƙiyayya ga ƙungiyar addini haramun ne kuma hukuncin ɗaurin shekaru takwas a kurkuku. Duk da haka, kyamar kyamar baki da kyamar Islama sun zama ruwan dare a Slovakia, kuma duka biyun sun zama ruwan dare a yakin neman zabe na jam'iyyun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tabbatar da daidaito a kan jima'i. An bai wa mata cikakken ‘yancin siyasa a Slovakia, kuma a shekarar 2019 kasar ta zabi mace ta farko a matsayin shugabar kasa. Mata ba su da yawa a majalisa, wanda ke da kusan kashi 21% na majalisar a shekarar 2020. Rikicin cikin gida a Slovakia ya zama ruwan dare, kuma isar da sako ga wadanda rikicin cikin gida ya shafa ya yi kadan. Slovakia ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar Istanbul kan cin zarafin mata amma ba ta amince da shi ba har zuwa 2021. 
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
27966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsibirin%20Mozambique | Tsibirin Mozambique | Tsibirin Mozambique (Fotigal: Ilha de Moçambique) yana kusa da arewacin Mozambique, tsakanin mashigin Mozambique da Mossuril Bay, kuma yanki ne na lardin Nampula. Kafin shekarar 1898, ita ce babban birnin ƙasar Portugal ta Gabashin Afirka ta mulkin mallaka. Tare da ɗimbin tarihinsa da rairayin bakin teku masu yashi, Tsibirin Mozambik wuri ne na Tarihin Duniya na UNESCO kuma ɗaya daga cikin wuraren yawon buɗe ido mafi sauri a Mozambique. Tana da yawan jama'a na dindindin na kusan mutane 14,000 kuma Filin jirgin saman Lumbo na kusa da Nampula ke yi masa hidima. Sunan kasar Mozambique ya samo asali ne daga sunan wannan tsibiri.
Tukwane da aka samu a tsibirin Mozambique na nuni da cewa an kafa garin ne ba a wuce karni na sha hudu ba. Bisa al'adar, asalin mutanen Swahili sun fito ne daga Kilwa. Sarakunan garin suna da alaƙa da sarakunan Angoche da Quelimane a ƙarni na sha biyar. A cikin shekarar 1514, Duarte Barbosa ya lura cewa garin yana da yawan musulmai kuma suna jin yaren Swahili iri ɗaya da Angoche.
Sunan tsibirin (Fotigal: Moçambique, lafazin [musɐ̃biki]) ya samo asali ne daga Ali Musa Mbiki (Mussa Bin Bique), sultan tsibirin a zamanin Vasco da Gama. Daga baya aka ɗauke wannan suna zuwa babban ƙasar da ke ƙasar Mozambique ta zamani, kuma aka canza wa tsibirin suna Ilha de Moçambique (Tsibirin Mozambique). Portuguese ta kafa tashar jiragen ruwa da sansanin sojan ruwa a cikin 1507 kuma sun gina Chapel na Nossa Senhora de Baluarte a 1522, yanzu ana la'akari da ginin Turai mafi tsufa a Kudancin Hemisphere.
A cikin karni na 16, an gina Fort São Sebastião, kuma mazaunin Portuguese (wanda aka fi sani da Stone Town) ya zama babban birnin Portuguese Gabashin Afirka. Tsibirin kuma ya zama muhimmiyar cibiyar masu wa’azi a ƙasashen waje. Ya yi tsayayya da hare-haren Dutch a 1607 da 1608 kuma ya kasance babban matsayi ga Portuguese a kan tafiye-tafiyen su zuwa Indiya. Ya ga cinikin bayi, da kayan yaji, da zinariya.
Baya ga tsoffin kagara, rabin garin ne kawai aka gina da dutse. Asibitin, wani katafaren gini neo-classical da Turawan Portugal suka gina a shekarar 1877, tare da wani lambun da aka yi wa ado da tafkunan ruwa da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, bayan yaƙin basasar Mozambique. Shekaru da yawa, shi ne asibiti mafi girma a kudancin Sahara.
Da bude mashigar ruwa ta Suez, arzikin tsibiri ya ragu. A cikin 1898, an ƙaura babban birnin zuwa Lourenço Marques (yanzu Maputo) a kan ƙasar. A tsakiyar karni na 20, sabon tashar jiragen ruwa na Nacala ya ɗauki yawancin sauran kasuwancin.
Abubuwan jan hankali
Sauran fitattun gine-gine a tsibirin sun hada da Palace da Chapel na São Paulo, wanda aka gina a 1640 a matsayin Kwalejin Jesuit kuma daga baya aka yi amfani da shi a matsayin Gidan Gwamna, yanzu gidan kayan gargajiya; Gidan Tarihi na Sacred Art, wanda ke cikin Cocin Misericórdia wanda gidan jinƙai ke gudanarwa, yana nuna gicciye Makonde mai kyau; Cocin Santo António; Ikilisiyar Misericordia; da Chapel na Nossa Senhora de Baluarte. Tsibirin, wanda yanzu ya zama birni, kuma yana da masallatai da yawa da kuma gidan ibada na Hindu. An gina gada mai nisan kilomita 3 a cikin shekarun 1960 don haɗa ta da babban ƙasa.
Tsibirin a cikin kansa ba shi da girma sosai, tsayin kusan kilomita 3 kuma tsakanin mita 200 zuwa 500. Yawancin gine-ginen tarihi suna a ƙarshen arewacin tsibirin. Galibin mazauna garin na zaune ne a gidajen ciyayi a Garin Makuti da ke kudancin tsibirin.
Tsibirin kuma yana kusa da manyan wuraren shakatawa guda biyu: Chocas Mar, wani dogon bakin teku mai tazarar kilomita 40 daga arewacin Ilha de Moçambique a haye Mossuril Bay da Cabaceiras.
O.J.O. Ferreira, Ilha de Moçambique byna Hollands: Portuguese inbesitname, Nederlandse veroweringspogings en die opbloei en verval van Mosambiek-eiland. Gordonsbaai & Jeffreysbaai: Adamastor: 2010
Malyn Newitt, Mozambique Island: The Rise and Decline of an East African Coastal City, 1500–1700. An article from Portuguese Studies. |
49201 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manilla%20%28kudi%29 | Manilla (kudi) | Manilla wani nau'i ne na kuɗaɗen kayayyaki, galibi ana yin su da tagulla ko tagulla, waɗanda ake amfani da su a Yammacin Afirka . An samar da su a cikin adadi mai yawa a cikin zane-zane, girma, da ma'auni. Asalin kafin lokacin mulkin mallaka, watakila a sakamakon kasuwanci tare da Daular Portuguese, Manillas ya ci gaba da zama kudi da kayan ado har zuwa ƙarshen 1940s kuma har yanzu ana amfani da su a matsayin kayan ado. A cikin shahararrun al'adu, suna da alaƙa da cinikin bayi na Atlantic .
Asalin da etymology
An ce sunan manilla ya samo daga Mutanen Espanya don 'munduwa' , Portuguese don 'zoben hannu' , ko bayan na Latin (hannu) ko daga , jam'i na (abin wuya). Yawanci suna da sifar takalmin dawaki, tare da ƙarewar da ke fuskantar juna kuma suna da siffar lozenge . An fara amfani da manillas a Yammacin Afirka. A matsayin hanyar musayar sun samo asali ne daga Calabar . Calabar shi ne babban birnin tsohuwar masarautar kudu maso gabashin Najeriya mai wannan sunan. A nan ne a cikin 1505 za a iya siyan bawa akan manilla 8-10, da haƙorin giwa don manila na jan karfe ɗaya.
Manillas suna da kamanceceniya da juzu'i ko juzu'i cikin kasancewa masu tsauri da madauwari da buɗe ido a gaba.
'Yan Afirka na kowane yanki suna da sunaye ga kowane nau'in manilla, mai yiwuwa sun bambanta a cikin gida. Suna daraja su daban, kuma sun kasance na musamman game da nau'ikan da za su karɓa. Manillas an bambanta su da ƙima ta hanyar sautin da suka yi lokacin da aka buga su.
Wani rahoto da karamin jakadan Burtaniya na Fernando Po ya fitar a shekara ta 1856 ya lissafa nau'o'in manilla guda biyar da ake amfani da su a Najeriya . Antony Manilla yana da kyau a duk kasuwanni na ciki; Kongo Simgolo ko 'kwalba-wuyan' yana da kyau kawai a kasuwar Opungo; Onadoo ya kasance mafi kyau ga Tsohon Calabar, kasar Igbo tsakanin Bonny New Kalabari da masarautar Okrika; Finniman Fawfinna yana wucewa a Garin Juju da Kasuwar Qua, amma rabin darajar Antony ne kawai; kuma Cutta Antony yana da daraja a wurin mutanen Umballa .
Yaɗuwar sunaye na Afirka wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga al'adun yanki fiye da ainihin ƙwarewar masana'antu. 'Mkporo' mai yiwuwa manilla ne na Dutch ko na Biritaniya kuma 'Popo' na Faransanci ne, amma sauran misalan samfura guda ɗaya ne na Birmingham.
Wani muhimmin hoard yana da rukuni na guda 72 tare da irin wannan patination da ɓawon ƙasa, yana ba da shawarar binne kowa da kowa. Akwai 7 Mkporo; 19 Nkobnkob-zagaye ƙafa; 9 Nkobnkob-oval ƙafa; da 37 Popo-square ƙafa. Mafi ƙarancin 'Nkobnkobs' a cikin tarin sun kasance 108 gm da 114 gm, yayin da ake samun su akai-akai (wanda ake kira Onoudu) ƙasa da 80 gm, wannan yana nuna cewa an binne ƙungiyar a wani wuri na girman girman manilla. An yi Mkporo da tagulla. Matsakaicin nauyin Nkobnkob-ƙafa mai tsayi tare da babban ƙarshen kewayon ƙafar ƙafa yana nuna cewa ko dai nau'in farko ne, ko kuma na zamani tare da farkon zagaye-ƙafa. Kasancewar keɓantaccen nau'in 'square-foot' na Popo na Faransa, wanda yawanci yayi yawa a tsakanin ƙungiyoyin Popos, yana nuna cewa wannan shine farkon nau'in. Farkon manilla na Faransa da alama za su kasance na zamani na farkon sassan Biritaniya.
Wani lokaci ana bambanta su da manillas galibi ta hanyar iyawarsu akwai adadi mai yawa na nau'ikan yanki da ake kira 'Bracelet' monies da 'Legband' monies. Wasu sun yi daidai da girman girman da nauyi kuma suna aiki azaman kuɗaɗen asusu kamar manillas, amma wasu an sawa su azaman nunin dukiya. Mafi ƙarancin rijiyar zai kwaikwayi motsi na 'mafi kyau' waɗanda nauyin manilla ya cika su da yawa har suka motsa ta hanyar da ta dace. Manyan manillas suna da siffa mafi buɗewa.
Wasu majiyoyin suna danganta gabatarwar su ga tsoffin Phoenicians waɗanda suka yi ciniki a bakin tekun yammacin Afirka ko ma masu binciken Carthagin na farko da 'yan kasuwa. An kuma ba da shawarar Masarawa yayin da suke amfani da kuɗin penanular . Wata shawara ita ce, masuntan Nijeriya sun taso da su a cikin tarunsu daga tarkacen jiragen ruwa na Turai ko kuma su sanya su daga ‘pin’ na tagulla da ake amfani da su a cikin jiragen ruwa na katako da suka tarwatsa a Tekun Benin. Wata ka'ida ita ce, idan 'yan asalinsu ne, sun kwafi wani abin wuyar rigar Raffia da mata ke sawa, wani kuma cewa Mondua na Yarbawa tare da ƙoƙon ƙoƙon sa ya ƙarfafa siffar manilla.
Mundaye na jan karfe da sarƙoƙin ƙafa sune manyan 'kuɗin' kuma yawanci mata ne suke sanya su don nuna dukiyar mijinta. Farkon ƴan kasuwan Portuguese don haka sun sami ƙwaƙƙwaran yarda kuma sun dace sosai don karɓar lambobi marasa iyaka na waɗannan 'mundaye', kuma Duarte Pacheco Pereira ya yi tafiye-tafiye a cikin 1490s don siyan hauren giwa, bayi, da barkono. Da yake bayyana musayar, tare da Masarautar Benin, a cikin nasa, 1508, Esmeraldo de situ orbis :
A shekara ta 1522 a Benin wata kuyanga mai shekara 16 ta ci manilla 50; Sarkin Portugal ya sanya iyakacin manilla 40 ga kowane bawa don dakatar da wannan hauhawar farashin kayayyaki.
Wani rahoto na farko kan amfani da Manilla a Afirka ya nuna cewa ya samo asali ne a Calabar babban birnin jihar Cross River da ke gabar tekun Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya. An rubuta cewa a cikin 1505 a Calabar, (Nigeria) Manillas ana amfani da su azaman hanyar musayar, manilla guda ɗaya yana darajar babban haƙorin giwa, da kuma kudin bawa tsakanin manilla takwas zuwa goma. An kuma yi amfani da su a kogin Benin a 1589 da kuma a Calabar a 1688, inda 'yan kasuwa na Holland suka sayi bayi ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba a cikin kayan hannu mai launin toka mai launin toka wanda dole ne a yi shi sosai ko kuma za a yi watsi da su da sauri.
Baya ga rahoton na farko, asalin Manillas daga Calabar don amfani da shi a Afirka da kuma musamman Najeriya an tabbatar da shi ta hanyar Afirka da sauran sunan duniya na Manillas a matsayin Òkpòhò, wanda shine ( Efik ) kalmar kuɗi wanda ake amfani dashi a cikin wannan rahoton. kuma a cikin taken hotuna a cikin wannan rahoto.
Rawar da ke cikin cinikin bayi
A farkon karni na 16 ya zama ruwan dare a cinikin bayi don masu ɗaukar kaya su ɗauki manilla zuwa gabar tekun Afirka, kuma a hankali manillas ya zama babban kuɗin wannan ciniki.
Ba da daɗewa ba Turawan Ingila, Faransanci, da Dutch suka maye gurbin Fotigal, waɗanda dukansu suna da gonaki masu ƙarfi a Yammacin Indies, daga baya kuma ta Amurkawa. Tafiya ta yau da kullun ta ɗauki manillas da abubuwa masu amfani da tagulla kamar kwanduna da kwanduna zuwa Yammacin Afirka, inda aka yi musayar su da bayi. Farashin bawa, wanda aka bayyana a cikin manillas ya bambanta sosai bisa ga lokaci, wuri, da takamaiman nau'in manilla da aka bayar.
Production da kuma kayayyaki
Copper ita ce "Jaran Zinariya" na Afirka kuma an hako su a can kuma an yi ciniki da su a cikin Sahara ta hanyar Italiyanci da Larabawa. Ba a san tabbatacciyar yadda ƴan wasan Portugal ko na Holland manillas suka yi kama ba. Daga bayanan zamani, mun san cewa an fara yin Fotigal na farko a Antwerp don sarki da yiwuwar wasu wurare, kuma kusan tsayi, kusan ma'auni, nauyin a cikin 1529, kodayake ta 1548 an rage girman da nauyi zuwa kusan - ku. A wurare da yawa an fi son tagulla, wanda ya fi arha kuma sauƙin jefawa, ya fi jan ƙarfe, don haka Portuguese sun gabatar da ƙananan manilas masu launin rawaya da aka yi da tagulla da gubar tare da alamun zinc da sauran ƙarfe. A cikin Benin, Royal Art of Africa, na Armand Duchateau, wani katon manilla ne mai fadin da ma'auni, da ɗanyen simintin gyare-gyare tare da ɓangarorin fuska, kuma sawa sosai. Zai iya zama mafi nauyi (ba a ba da nauyin nauyi ba) da manilla na farko da aka sani. Duk da haka, a cikin wannan littafi akwai wani plaque tare da Bature mai riqe da sassa biyu na siffa daban-daban, masu siffar jinjirin watan ba tare da ƙona wuta ba, ko da yake a fili yana da nauyi idan adadin ya yi daidai. A yau, sassan wannan girman da nau'i mai banƙyama suna hade da Kongo .
Tsakanin 1504 zuwa 1507, 'yan kasuwa na Portugal sun shigo da manilla 287,813 daga Portugal zuwa Guinea ta tashar kasuwanci na São Jorge da Mina . Kasuwancin Portuguese ya karu a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, tare da 150,000 manillas a kowace shekara ana fitar da su zuwa irin kasuwancin su a Elmina, a kan Gold Coast, tsakanin 1519 da 1522, da kuma oda na 1.4 manillas da aka sanya, a 1548, tare da dan kasuwa na Jamus na dangin Fugger, don tallafawa cinikin. Umurnin da ke nuna samar da nau'in manilla mai nauyin 250g na Guinea da 312g Mina. Kamar yadda Yaren mutanen Holland suka mamaye kasuwancin Afirka, wataƙila sun canza masana'anta daga Antwerp zuwa Amsterdam, suna ci gaba da "tagulla" manillas, kodayake, kamar yadda aka bayyana, har yanzu ba mu da wata hanyar da za ta iya tabbatar da ainihin manillas na Dutch. Asusun 'yan kasuwa da matafiyi duka suna da yawa kuma takamaiman game da sunaye da ƙimar dangi, amma babu zane ko cikakkun bayanai da alama sun tsira wanda zai iya danganta waɗannan asusun zuwa takamaiman nau'ikan manilla da aka samu a yau. Ƙarfan da aka fi so sune asalin jan ƙarfe, sannan tagulla a kusan ƙarshen karni na 15 kuma a ƙarshe tagulla a cikin 1630.
A farkon karni na 18, Bristol, tare da kamfanoni irin su R. & W. King (ɗaya daga cikin kamfanonin da aka haɗa daga baya a cikin Kamfanin United African Company), sannan Birmingham, ya zama birni mafi mahimmancin masana'antar tagulla ta Turai. Wataƙila an yi yawancin nau'ikan manilla na tagulla a wurin, gami da "tsakiyar zamani" Nkobnkob-Onoudu wanda nauyinsa ya ragu a kan lokaci, da kuma nau'in "lokacin marigayi" masu sauƙi kamar Okpoho (daga kalmar Efik don tagulla) da waɗanda aka ceto daga ɓarnar Duoro na 1843. Daga cikin na ƙarshen zamani, nau'ikan ma'aunin nauyi ya zo kan nau'in bambance-bambancen da ke nuna ƙira na zamani maimakon ci gaban nau'ikan. Popos, wanda nauyinsa ya sanya su a wurin canja wuri tsakanin Nkobnkob da Onoudu, an yi su ne a Nantes, Faransa, mai yiwuwa Birmingham kuma sun kasance ƙananan da ba za a iya sawa ba. Sun fi na Birmingham fadi kuma suna da sannu-sannu, maimakon kwatsam, har zuwa iyakar.
Wani nau'in nau'i mai nauyi, mafi tsayi, mai yiwuwa ana samarwa a Afirka, masu tattarawa galibi suna lakafta su azaman "Sarauniya" ko "Sarauniya" manillas. Yawancin lokaci tare da ƙarewar flared kuma sau da yawa jan karfe fiye da tagulla, suna nuna nau'i-nau'i na faceting da ƙirar ƙira. Nau'in nau'in nau'in nau'in kudi amma mafi kyawun su mallakin sarauta ne kuma ana amfani da su azaman farashin amarya da kuma a cikin "bikin mutuwa" kafin jana'izar. Ba kamar ƙananan kuɗi-manillas ba, kewayon su bai keɓance a yammacin Afirka ba. Nau'in tagulla na musamman mai fastoci huɗu masu lebur da ƙarshen murabba'i kaɗan, kama daga kusan - , Jonga na Zaire ne ya samar da shi kuma ana kiransa 'Onganda', ko 'onglese', Faransanci mai sauti don "Turanci." . Sauran nau'o'in da galibi ake kira manillas sun haɗa da guntuwar wayoyi masu nauyi na farko (tare da kuma ba tare da "ƙulli") na asalin Calabar ba, da kuma guntun tagulla mai nau'i-nau'i masu nauyi tare da ƙarewa daga Najeriya.
Dokar Kasafin Kudi ta 1902 a Najeriya ta hana shigo da manilla sai da izinin Babban Kwamishina. An yi hakan ne don ƙarfafa yin amfani da kuɗin da aka tsara. Har yanzu ana amfani da su na yau da kullun duk da haka kuma sun zama matsalar gudanarwa a ƙarshen 1940s. Har yanzu kabilar Ibo sun yi amfani da su kafin wannan kuma a Wukai an dauki kwanon masara mai zurfi daidai da babban manila guda daya kuma wani ma'auni mai siffar kofi da aka cika da gishiri yana da darajar karamar manilla guda daya. Ko da yake manillas sun kasance na doka, sun yi yawo a kan kuɗin Burtaniya da Faransanci na Yammacin Afirka kuma kamfanonin cinikin dabino sun yi amfani da ƙimar su don cin gajiyar lokacin kasuwa.
Birtaniyya ta yi wani babban kira mai suna "operation manilla" a shekarar 1948 don maye gurbinsu da kudin Burtaniya na yammacin Afirka. Yaƙin neman zaɓe ya yi nasara sosai kuma an sayo sama da guda miliyan 32 tare da sake siyar da su a matsayin guntu. Manilla, abin tunatarwa game da cinikin bayi, ya daina zama mai ba da izini na doka a Burtaniya ta Yammacin Afirka a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1949 bayan cirewar watanni shida. An ba wa mutane izinin ajiye iyakar 200 don bukukuwa kamar aure da binnewa. Okpoho, Okombo da abi kadai aka san su a hukumance kuma an siye su a 3d., 1d. da rabin dinari bi da bi. 32.5 miliyan Okpoho, 250,000 okombo, da 50,000 abi an mika su da musayar. Wani dillalin karafa a Turai ya sayi ton 2,460 na manillas, amma aikin har yanzu yana kashe mai biyan haraji a wani wuri a cikin £284,000.
Kamar yadda masu sha'awar kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido da kuma amfani da 'marasa kuɗi' na ciki har yanzu ana yin su, galibi ana samun ƙarin karafa na zamani kamar aluminum, amma ƙirar har yanzu na gargajiya ne. Ana iya amfani da manilla a wasu lokuta a wasu ƙauyuka masu nisa a Burkina Faso .
A cikin gida, manillas su ne ainihin kudin da aka sani na gaba ɗaya da aka sani a Yammacin Afirka, ana amfani da su don siyan kasuwa na yau da kullun, farashin amarya, biyan tara, diyya na masu duba, da kuma bukatun duniya na gaba, a matsayin kuɗin binnewa. An yi amfani da harsashi na Cowrie, wanda aka shigo da shi daga Melanesia kuma ana kimanta su a ƙaramin yanki na manilla, don ƙananan sayayya. A yankunan da ke wajen gabar tekun yammacin Afirka da kogin Neja, wasu kudade iri-iri, irin su mundaye masu sarkakiyar zane na asali, sassan ƙarfe galibi ana samun su ne daga kayan aiki, sandunan tagulla, da kansu galibi suna lanƙwasa mundaye, da kuma sanannen Handa ( Katanga cross) . ) duk sun kasance a matsayin kuɗaɗe na musamman. Kamar yadda cinikin bayi ya yi rauni a ƙarni na 19 haka ma samar da manilla, wanda tuni ya zama mara riba. A cikin 1890s amfani da su a cikin tattalin arzikin fitarwa ya ta'allaka ne akan cinikin dabino . Masu sana'a na Afirka sun narke da yawa manillas don samar da zane-zane. Sau da yawa akan rataye manilla a kan wani kabari don nuna dukiyar mamacin kuma a yankin Degema na Benin wasu mata har yanzu suna sanya manyan manila a wuyansu a wajen jana'izar, wanda daga baya aka ajiye su a gidan ibada. An ce an yi manilla na zinare don masu mutuƙar mahimmanci da ƙarfi, kamar Sarkin Jaja na Opobo a 1891.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20977 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Tsaron%20Shugaban%20kasa | Kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa | Kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa ( , R.S.P ), wani lokaci ana kiransa kungiyar Tsaron Shugaban kasa, ita ce ƙungiyar ba da sabis na ɓoye da ke da alhakin tsaro ta VIP ga Shugaban Burkina Faso, ƙasar da ba ta da iyaka a Afirka ta Yamma . Ya kasance mai cin gashin kansa daga Sojojin . Har zuwa 31 ga Oktoban shekarata 2014, Shugaban ya kasance Blaise Compaoré, wani jami'in soja wanda ya hau mulki a juyin mulki na shekarar 1987. kungiyoyin sanannun sanannun sanannun sa hannu ne cikin siyasar Burkina Faso, suna yi wa shugaban Compaoré ƙarfe a cikin mamayar sa da ƙasar. Mutane da yawa a ƙasar sun ce suna tsoron su sosai, wanda a cikin 2012 - shekaru biyu kafin ƙarshen gwamnatin Compaoré - kungiyar Demokraɗiyya ta bayyana shi da "mulkin kama-karya".
A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, 2014, Laftanar Kanar Yacouba Isaac Zida - mataimakin kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta Shugaban kasa - a takaice ya hau mukaddashin Shugaban kasa bayan korar Compaoré. Daga baya a cikin watan, an nada Zida Firayim Minista. A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, bayan da aka ba da shawarar a rusa ta, RSP ta sake yin wani juyin mulki wanda ya yi garkuwa da Michel Kafando da gwamnatinsa. Sojoji sun shiga ciki kuma an dawo da Kafando a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba. An rusa rundunar tsaro ta Shugaban kasa, kamar yadda aka ba da shawarar a baya, a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba 2015.
Taimako na Compaoré
Yunƙurin girma bayan da Kyaftin Blaise Compaoré ya ƙwace mulki a wani juyin mulkin soja na 1987, ya kuma shiga cikin kashe-kashe da yawa ba bisa umarnin Shugaba Compaoré ba a cikin shekarun 1990s, yana aiki a matsayin rundunar mutuwa da masu tsaron lafiyarsa . A cikin 1990, RSP ya azabtar da dalibin likitan nan kuma mai gwagwarmaya matasa David Boukary har ya mutu. A shekarar 1998, an kashe David Ouedraogo - direban dan uwan shugaban kasar François Compaoré - wanda hakan ya haifar da bincike daga dan jaridar Norbert Zongo, fitaccen mai sukar gwamnati a kasar a lokacin. A ranar 13 ga watan Disambar 1998 an tsinci gawar Zongo, dan uwansa Ernest, Ablassé Nikiema da Blaise Ilboudo a Sapouy, cike da harsasai. Da farko watsi da kisan a matsayin "mummunan haɗari", daga ƙarshe matsin lamba daga jama'a ya tilasta wa gwamnati sanya wani bincike.
Kwamitin mai zaman kansa na binciken ya gano cewa sojojin RSP sun azabtar da Ouedraogo har lahira a barikinsu saboda zargin da ya yi na satar dan uwan Shugaban kasar, kuma Norbert Zongo da sauran ukun suma RSP din sun kashe su. Bayan haka Compaoré ya yi alkawarin sake fasalin RSP, kuma an kame sojoji da yawa, daga cikinsu Marcel Kafando, wanda shi ne kwamandan sashin a lokacin kisan. Zuwa 2006, duk da haka, duk an wanke su ko kuma an dakatar da tuhume-tuhumensu.
Ba wai kawai suna aiki a matsayin masu tilasta Compaoré ba, an zargi mambobin RSP a kalla sau biyu da shiga cikin yunkurin kwace mulki. A watan Oktoba 1996 an kama sojoji RSP ashirin da biyar, kuma tare da kwamandan Regiment - Hyacinthe Kafando (ba shi da dangantaka da Marcel Kafando, magajinsa), wanda yake waje a lokacin - an gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya saboda shirya makarkashiyar juyin mulki d 'état, mai yiwuwa tare da sa hannun dan Ivory Coast. Kafando, wanda ya kasance cikin juyin mulkin soja na Compaoré na 1987 (wanda hakan ma ya samu taimako daga gwamnatin Ivory Coast a lokacin), an ba shi damar komawa Burkina Faso daga gudun hijirar da ya yi a shekarar 2001. A watan Oktoba na 2003 gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta yi nasarar hana juyin mulkin da aka shirya . A farkon watan Janairun 2004 an kame sojoji goma sha biyar, gami da mambobin RSP da dama, tare da fararen hula biyu kan zargin suna da hannu a wata makarkashiyar da ake zargi. Bayan da Shugaba Compaoré ya yi murabus a ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba 2014 saboda zanga-zangar adawa da shawarar da ya bayar na soke iyakar lokacin shugaban kasa, RSP ta yi juyin mulki a ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015 bayan an ba da shawarar a rusa ta, tare da kwace ikon Ouagadougou . Koyaya, bayan yawan adawar da aikin soja na yau da kullun, shugaban rikon kwarya Michel Kafando da Firayim Minista Yacouba Zida an mai da su kan mukamansu a ranar 23 ga watan Satumbar 2015.
Imentungiyar Tsaron Shugaban hadasa tana da rawar gani wajen dakatar da zanga-zangar Burkinabé ta 2011, wacce ta ɓarke a watan Fabrairu kuma ta ci gaba har zuwa lokacin da aka sasanta a watan Yuni. Baya ga manyan zanga-zangar tituna da yajin aikin, tashin hankalin ya shafi shari'oi da yawa na lalata mutane tsakanin sojojin. RSP ya kasance mai taimakawa wajen kawar da wadannan rikice-rikicen, alal misali sanya kewaye ga sansanin soja a Bobo-Dioulasso a watan Yuni kuma suna fada da sojoji masu tawaye a can. Waɗannan abubuwan sun haifar da rikici tsakanin Sojoji da runduna, ɗayan yana tsoron Compaoré ɗayan kuma amintacce. Sakamakon rawar da suka taka a cikin zanga-zangar, RSP ta karɓi makami mafi kyau fiye da sauran sojoji, ban da ƙarin albashi.
A ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu 2012, wani soja da ya fice daga Regiment, Romuald Tuina, ya yi fashi a bankin Ouagadougou da rana tsaka, ya kwashe sama da CFA miliyan bakwai ya gudu zuwa Ivory Coast. A daren 30 zuwa 31 ga watan Agusta 2013, Tuina - bayan ya dawo Burkina Faso - ya yi yunƙurin kashe Compaoré, inda ya buɗe wuta a ofishin Shugaban bayan ya kutsa kai cikin fadar shugaban ƙasa sanye da kayan soja. An kashe shi a musayar harbe-harben da ke tafe.
2014 Burkinabé tawaye
Bayan shekaru 27 na mulki, Shugaba Blaise Compaoré ya yi yunkurin cire dokar da kundin tsarin mulki ya gindaya kan sharuddan shugaban kasa, ta ba shi damar sake tsayawa takara a zaben 2015 . Wannan ya haifar da boren Burkinabé na 2014 a ƙarshen Oktoba, wanda ya ga dubun dubatar masu zanga-zangar adawa da tsarin mulki. Initiallyungiyar Tsaron Shugaban initiallyasa ta fara shiga cikin rikicin ne daga bangaren Shugaban, suna ta harbe-harbe da hayaki mai sa hawaye lokacin da masu zanga-zangar suka yi tattaki zuwa fadar shugaban, da kashe aƙalla masu zanga-zangar uku da suka yi ƙoƙari su afka gidan ɗan’uwan Shugaban, Francis Compaoré .
A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, Shugaba Blaise Compaoré ya yi murabus daga shugabancin ya gudu daga kasar. Bayan wannan, Janar Honoré Traoré, babban hafsan sojojin, ya yi ikirarin kafa gwamnatin soja ta rikon kwarya tare da kansa a matsayin Shugaban kasa. Amma masu zanga-zangar da yawa sun ƙi Traoré a matsayin babban aminin Compaoré, kuma a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci Laftanar Kanar Yacouba Isaac Zida shi ma ya yi iƙirarin matsayin. Zida, na biyu a kwamandan rundunar tsaro ta shugaban kasa, ya yi kira da a mika mulki cikin lumana, yana mai cewa "zai dauki nauyin shugaban wannan sauyin da kuma shugaban kasa don tabbatar da ci gaban jihar." Daga baya Sojoji suka amince da da'awar ta Zida, shugabanninsu sun ba da sanarwar cewa "an zabi Zida gaba daya ya jagoranci lokacin mika mulki".
Yayin da wasu kungiyoyin adawa, kamar Le Balai Citoyen, suka goyi bayan Zida kai tsaye, zanga-zangar adawa da kwace sojoji ya biyo baya ba da jimawa ba. A cikin 'yan kwanaki masu zuwa Zida ya sadu da shugabannin siyasa da masu fada a ji na al'umma, da kokarin sasanta rikicin don samar da gwamnatin hadin kan kasa. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na duniya suka fara gabatar da buƙatun miƙa mulki ga sojojin farar hula.
2015 Burkinabé juyin mulki
A ranar 16 ga watan Satumbar 2015, kwanaki biyu bayan kwamitin gyara ya ba da shawarar a rusa RSP, mambobin RSP suka fara juyin mulki, tare da kame Shugaba Michel Kafando, Firayim Minista Yacouba Zida da sauran mambobin gwamnatin rikon kwaryar.
Sabuwar majalisar mulkin sojan ta kasa karfafa ikonta a duk fadin kasar kuma ta fuskanci zanga-zanga daga shugabannin yankin, kuma daga karshe daga sojoji na yau da kullun, don maido da gwamnatin rikon kwarya. Bayan sojoji sun shiga Ouagadougou don tunkarar RSP, an sake maida Kafando a matsayin Shugaban kasa a ranar 23 ga watan Satumba kuma Zida shi ma ya koma kan mukaminsa na Firayim Minista. Gilbert Diendéré ya ce juyin mulkin kuskure ne kuma "mun san cewa mutanen ba su goyi bayan hakan ba. Don haka ne muka yanke kauna. ”
Bayan haka
Mutane 11 suka mutu, kuma sama da 250 suka ji rauni yayin juyin mulkin. A taron farko na majalisar ministocin bayan juyin mulkin, an kori Ministan Tsaro kuma an soke matsayin shugaban kwamitin soja na shugaban kasa. An kafa kwamiti don gano wadanda ke da hannu a juyin mulkin kuma aka ba su kwanaki talatin su kawo rahoto. Ana sa ran gabatar da kara.
A watan Satumba na 2015, RSP ya wargaje, kamar yadda aka ba da shawara jim kaɗan kafin juyin mulkin 2015.
Duba kuma
2014 Burkinabé tawaye
2015 Burkinabé juyin mulki
Pages with unreviewed translations |
40765 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immanuel%20Kant | Immanuel Kant | Immanuel Kant (UK: /kænt/, US: /kɑ nt/, German: [ɪmanu̯el kant] ; a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1724 zuwa 12 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1804) masanin falsafar Jamus ne kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu tunani na wayewa na tsakiya. (Central enlightenment thinkers) An kuma haife shi a Königsberg, ayyukan Kant na gama-gari da nagartaccen ayyuka a fannin ilimin zamani, metaphysics, ɗabi'a, da ƙayatarwa sun sanya shi zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mutane a falsafar Yammacin zamani.
A cikin rukunansa na ra'ayin transcendental, Kant yayi jayayya cewa sararin samaniya da lokaci ne kawai "nau'i na hankali" wanda ke tsara duk kwarewa, sabili da haka, yayin da "abubuwa-cikin kansu" sun wanzu kuma suna taimakawa wajen kwarewa, duk da haka sun bambanta da ababubua na kwarewa. Daga wannan ya biyo baya cewa abubuwan da aka sani sune kawai "bayyanar", ku ma cewa yanayin abubuwa kamar yadda suke a cikin kansu ba shi da masaniya a gare mu. A yunƙurin yaƙi da shakkun da ya samu a cikin rubuce-rubucen masanin falsafa David Hume, ya rubuta Critique of Pure Reason a shekara ta (1781 zuwa 1787), ɗaya daga cikin sanannun ayyukansa. A ciki, ya haɓaka ka'idarsa ta gwaninta don amsa tambayar ko ilimin halitta na farko zai yiwu, wanda hakan zai iya ba da damar tantance iyakokin binciken metaphysical. Kant ya zana daidaici da juyin juya halin Copernican a cikin shawararsa dan yin tunanin abubuwan da suka dace da abubuwan da suka dace da yanayin sararin samaniya da na zahiri na zahirinmu, dan mu sami fifikon sanin waɗannan abubuwan.
Kant ya yi imani da cewa hankali kuma shine tushen ɗabi'a, kuma kyawawan dabi'u sun fito ne daga ikon yanke hukunci. Ra'ayoyin Kant na ci gaba da yin tasiri sosai kan falsafar zamani, musamman ma fannonin ilimin zamani, ɗabi'a, ka'idar siyasa, da ƙayatarwa na zamani. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya bayyana dangantakar da ke tsakanin hankali da ƙwarewar ɗan adam da kuma wuce abin da ya yi imani da shi na gazawar falsafar gargajiya da metaphysics. Ya so ya kawo ƙarshen abin da ya gani a matsayin zamanin banza da hasashe na tunanin ɗan adam, tare da tsayayya da shakku na masu tunani irin su Hume. Ya ɗauki kansa a matsayin yana nuna hanyar da ta wuce rashin jituwa tsakanin masu ra'ayin tunani da empiriricists, kuma ana ɗauka a ko'ina dan haɗa labarai biyu a cikin tunaninsa.
Kant ya kasance mafarin ra'ayin cewa za a iya tabbatar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar dimokuradiyya ta duniya da hadin gwiwar ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma watakila wannan zai iya zama matakin karshe na tarihin duniya. Halin ra'ayoyin addini na Kant ya ci gaba da zama batun muhawarar masana, tare da ra'ayoyin da suka fito daga ra'ayi cewa ya canza daga farkon kare hujja na mahallin Allah zuwa agnosticism mai ka'ida, zuwa ƙarin jiyya mai mahimmanci wanda Schopenhauer ya kwatanta wanda ya soki tsarin da'a na Kantian mai mahimmanci a matsayin "ɗabi'un tauhidi" da "Decalogue na Musa a ɓarna", da Nietzsche, waɗanda suka yi iƙirarin cewa Kant yana da "jinin tauhidi" kuma ya kasance kawai sophisticated uzuri ga addinin Kirista na gargajiya. Bayan ra'ayinsa na addini, Kant kuma ya sha suka game da wariyar launin fata da aka gabatar a wasu ƙananan takardunsa, kamar "Akan Amfani da Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai a Falsafa" da "Akan Daban-daban Races na Mutum". Kodayake ya kasance mai goyon bayan wariyar launin fata na kimiyya don yawancin aikinsa, ra'ayin Kant game da launin fata ya canza sosai a cikin shekaru goma na rayuwarsa, kuma ya ƙi amincewa da tsarin launin fata da mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin Aminci na dindindin: A Falsafa Sketch .
Kant ya wallafa wasu muhimman ayyuka akan ɗa'a, addini, shari'a, da'a, ilmin taurari, da tarihi a lokacin rayuwarsa. Waɗannan sun haɗa da Tarihin Halitta na Duniya , Ƙididdigar Dalili mai Aiki , Ƙididdigar Shari'a , Addini a cikin Iyakokin Bare Dalili , da Metaphysics of Morals .
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta a cikin dangin Prussian Jamus na bangaskiyar Lutheran Protestant a Königsberg, Gabashin Prussia tun a shekara ta birnin Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast, Rasha). Mahaifiyarsa, Anna Regina Reuter (1697 zuwa 1737), an haife shi a Königsberg ubansa a Nuremberg yake. Sunanta wani lokacin kuskure ana ba shi azaman Porter. Mahaifin Kant, Johann Georg Kant (1682 zuwa 1746), ɗan Jamus ne mai kera kayan aiki daga Memel, a lokacin birni mafi arewa maso gabashin Prussia (yanzu Klaipėda, Lithuania). Kant ya yi imanin cewa kakan mahaifinsa Hans Kant dan asalin Scotland ne. Yayin da masana rayuwar Kant suka daɗe suna yarda da wannan iƙirari, ƙwarewar zamani ta ƙalubalanci shi. Yana yiwuwa Kants sun sami suna daga ƙauyen Kantvainiai (Jamus: Kantwaggen-a yau wani ɓangare na Priekulė) kuma sun fito ne daga asalin Kursenieki. Kant shi ne na hudu a cikin yara tara (shida daga cikinsu sun girma).
Ya yi Baftisma Emanuel, daga baya ya canza harafin sunansa zuwa Immanuel bayan ya koyi Ibrananci. An rene shi a gidan ’ yan Bidi’a da suka nanata ibada, tawali’u, da fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki na zahiri. mai tsauri, hukunci da ladabtarwa, kuma ya mai da hankali kan koyarwar Latin da addini akan lissafi da kimiyya. A cikin Groundwork na Metaphysic of Morals, ya bayyana imani ga rashin mutuwa a matsayin yanayin da ya dace na tsarin ɗan adam zuwa mafi girman halin kirki mai yiwuwa. Duk da haka, kamar yadda Kant ya kasance mai shakka game da wasu hujjojin da aka yi amfani da su a gabaninsa don kare ilimin tauhidi kuma ya ci gaba da cewa fahimtar mutum yana da iyaka kuma ba zai iya samun ilimi game da Allah ko rai ba, masu sharhi daban-daban sun lakafta shi a matsayin agnostic na falsafa, ko da yake an kuma ba da shawarar cewa Kant yana nufin wasu mutane su yi la'akari da shi a matsayin "mai tunani mai tsabta", wanda Kant da kansa ya bayyana a matsayin wanda ya gane wahayi amma ya tabbatar. cewa saninsa da kuma yarda da shi a matsayin gaske ba wajibi ne ga addini ba.
Ga alama Kant ya yi rayuwa mai tsauri da tarbiyya; an ce makwabci za su saita agogon su ta hanyar tafiya ta yau da kullun. Bai taɓa yin aure ba, amma da alama yana da rayuwar zamantakewa mai lada— shi mashahurin malami ne, haka kuma marubuci mai cike da kunya tun ma kafin ya fara kan manyan ayyukansa na falsafa. Yana da da'irar abokai waɗanda yake yawan saduwa da su—daga cikinsu akwai Joseph Green, ɗan kasuwa ɗan Ingila a Königsberg, wanda aka ruwaito ya fara magana da shi a cikin jayayya a cikin 1763 ko kafin. Kamar yadda labarin ya nuna, Kant yana yawo a cikin Dänhofscher Garten, sai ya ga daya daga cikin abokansa yana magana da wasu mutanen da bai sani ba. Ya shiga tattaunawar, wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya juya zuwa abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba a duniya. Batun rashin jituwar da ke tsakanin Birtaniya da Amurka ya taso. Kant ya ɗauki gefen Amirkawa, kuma wannan ya tayar da Green. Ya kalubalanci Kant da fada. An ruwaito Kant ya bayyana cewa kishin kasa bai shiga cikin ra'ayinsa ba, kuma duk wani dan kasa na duniya zai iya daukar matsayinsa idan ya rike ka'idojin siyasar Kant, wanda Kant ya bayyana wa Green. Green ya yi mamakin yadda Kant ya iya bayyana ra'ayinsa, har Green ya ba da damar yin abota da Kant, kuma ya gayyace shi zuwa gidansa da yamma.
Tsakanin shekarar (1750 da kuma 1754) Kant ya yi aiki a matsayin malami (Hauslehrer) a ƙauyen Lithuania na Jučiai (Jamus: Judtschen; kusan 20 km gabas da Königsberg, kuma a cikin Groß-Arnsdorf (yanzu Jarnołtowo kusa da Morąg (Jamus: Mohrungen), Poland), kusan 145 km gabas da Königsberg.
Tatsuniyoyi da yawa sun taso game da halin Kant na sirri; an jera waɗannan, an bayyana, kuma an karyata su a cikin gabatarwar Goldthwait zuwa fassararsa na Abubuwan Lura akan Jin Kyawun Kyakkyawa da ɗaukaka.
'Yan falsafan Jamus
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34580 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akaki | Akaki | Akaki ( Oromo : Aqaaqii ) yanki ne a yankin Oromia, Habasha . Wani yanki na shiyyar musamman Oromia da ke kewaye da Finfinne, Akaki yana da iyaka da shiyyar Kudu maso yamma da shiyyar Shewa ta Kudu maso Yamma, daga yamma kuma tana iyaka da Sebeta Hawas, daga arewa maso yamma da Addis Ababa, daga arewa kuma ta yi iyaka da Bereh, daga gabas kuma tana iyaka da shiyyar Shewa ta gabas . . Cibiyar gudanarwa na wannan gundumar ita ce Dukem .
Tsayin wannan yanki ya kai mita 1500 zuwa 2300 sama da matakin teku. Dutsen Yerer, da ke kan iyaka da Ada'a Chukala, shi ne mafi tsayi a garin Akaki; wasu fitattun kololuwa sun hada da Guji, Bilbilo da Bushu. Koguna sun hada da Akaki, Dukem, da Awash . Muhimman dazuzzukan sun hada da dajin Yerer da gwamnati ke karewa da kuma dazuzzukan Addis Baha. Binciken da aka yi a wannan yanki ya nuna cewa kashi 72.2% na noma ne ko kuma ana nomawa, kashi 7.6% makiyaya ne, kashi 4.4% na gandun daji, sauran kashi 15.8 kuma ana daukarsu a matsayin fadama, gurɓatacce ko kuma ba za a iya amfani da su ba. Lentils, chickpeas da fenugreek sune mahimman amfanin gona na kuɗi.
Masana'antu a gundumar sun hada da masu hakar ma'adinai 3 masu lasisi, kananan masana'antu 11 masu daukar mutane 71, da kasuwanci masu rijista 694 da suka hada da dillalai 44, dillalai 139 da masu samar da sabis 115. Akwai kungiyoyin manoma 25 da membobi 10,853 da kuma kungiyar masu yiwa manoma hidima 13 da mambobi 8549. Akaki yana da tsawon kilomita 85 na bushewar yanayi da titin duk yanayin yanayi 35, don matsakaicin yawan titin kilomita 210 a cikin murabba'in kilomita 1000. Kimanin kashi 16% na yankunan karkara 100% na birane da kashi 23% na yawan jama'a suna samun ruwan sha .
Alamar wurin ita ce Oda Nabi, wanda shine inda ƙungiyoyin Machaa da Tulama suka gudanar da taron masu dafa abinci tare kafin Macha su ketare kogin Guder a lokacin Robale Gadaa kuma Oda Nabi ya yi nisa don tafiya kowace shekara ta takwas.
Ana cikin gundumar Akaki ne cibiyar samar da wutar lantarki ta Aba Samuel, wacce aka sanya wa sunan wani coci da ke kusa. Rukunin ginin ya hada da dam na farko da aka gina a kwarin Awash, duk da cewa yana kan kogin Akaki, wanda Italiyanci suka gina a shekarar 1939, kuma tafkin da madatsar ruwan ya samar yana da karfin ajiyar mita 40,000. Asali 6,600 Kamfanin wutar lantarki na kW, an fadada shi a farkon shekarun 1950 ta yadda ya samar da kWh miliyan 20 a shekara ta 1955. A farkon shekarun 1940, turawan ingila sun yi yunkurin kwashe muhimman sassa na na'urar samar da wutar lantarki, amma an dakatar da su bayan wani fafatawa na 'yan mintuna da 'yan sandan Addis Ababa.
Kididdiga ta kasa ta shekara ta 2007 ta bayar da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 77,836, wadanda 40,241 maza ne, 37,595 kuma mata; 6,670 ko 8.57% na yawan jama'arta mazauna birni ne. Yawancin mazaunan sun ce suna yin addinin Kiristanci na Orthodox na Habasha, tare da 85.86% na yawan jama'a sun ba da rahoton cewa sun lura da wannan imani, yayin da 10.56% na yawan jama'ar Furotesta ne, kuma 3.34% na yawan jama'ar Musulmai ne .
Bisa kididdigar da Hukumar Kididdiga ta Tsakiya ta fitar a shekarar 2005, wannan gundumar tana da adadin yawan jama'a 74,020, daga cikinsu 38,092 maza ne, 35,928 kuma mata ne. An kiyasta fadin fadin kasa murabba'in kilomita 571.41, Akaki tana da yawan jama'a 129.5 a kowace murabba'in kilomita wanda bai kai matsakaicin yanki na 181.7 ba.
Ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 1994 ta ba da rahoton jimillar yawan jama'a na wannan yanki na 53,886, waɗanda 27,902 maza ne da mata 25,984; Babu wani dan birni a wannan gundumar a lokacin. Manyan kabilu uku da aka ruwaito a Akaki sune Oromo , Amhara , da Werji ; duk sauran kabilun sun kasance kashi 0.85% na yawan jama'a. An yi amfani da Oromiffa a matsayin yaren farko da kashi 81.42%, kuma kashi 18.14% na magana da Amharic ; sauran 0.44% sun yi magana duk sauran yarukan farko da aka ruwaito. Mafi yawan mazaunan mabiya addinin kirista ne na Habasha Orthodox, tare da kashi 96.66% na yawan jama'a sun ba da rahoton cewa sun yi imani, yayin da 1.83% na yawan jama'ar suka ce su Musulmai ne, kuma 1.03% sun yi imani na gargajiya. |
51690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigobert%20Roger%20Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely (an haife shi a watan Yuni 7, 1953), ma'aikacin babban banki ne na Kongo kuma ƙwararren masanin a fannin kuɗi da tattalin arzikin banki. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) daga 1998 zuwa 2002, Ministan Kudi a gwamnatin Kongo-Brazzaville daga 2002 zuwa 2005, kuma Mataimakin Gwamnan BEAC daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2010.
A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA Bank) da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Jama'a (ARMP ) a Kongo-Brazzaville.
An haife shi a Mossaka, Andely ya halarci makarantar firamare a Lébango da Etoumbi a Cuvette-Ouest, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Collège de Boundji a Cuvette. Bayan haka ya tafi Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a Brazzaville, inda ya sami digiri na Faransanci a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci a cikin 1973.
An shigar da shi a Jami'ar Brazzaville a shekarar 1973, Andely ya kammala karatun digiri tare da Jagoran Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1977.
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand da ke Faransa, Andely ya ɗauki aiki a Paris don shiga Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) sannan ya shigar da shi Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta BEAC don Gudanar da Ma'aikata., daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin watan Oktoba 1979. An ba shi hedkwatar BEAC a Yaoundé, Kamaru, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama shugaban Sashen Nazarin Kuɗi da Kididdigar Kuɗi. A shekarar 1982, ya samu digirinsa na uku a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki.
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya
A watan Yulin 1987, Andely ya kasance na biyu a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a Washington, DC, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Benin da Mukaddashin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Ivory Coast da Togo. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a kan digirinsa na PhD a fannin tattalin arziki, mai taken "Neoliberal Monetary and Financial Strategy for Development: Application to Sub-Saharan Africa". A shekarar 1988, ya sami nasarar kare karatunsa a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand kuma ya sami karramawa na farko.
Komawa zuwa BEAC
Bayan ya dawo hedkwatar BEAC a 1990, an nada Andely Mataimakin Daraktan Bincike da Hasashe. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Mataimakin Darakta, ya bullo da wasu manyan sauye-sauye na kudi guda hudu wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan BEAC a halin yanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
shirye-shiryen kuɗi, wanda ya ba da damar Babban Bankin su yi rajistar ayyukansu a cikin ƙididdiga na tsarin tattalin arziki ;
sabuwar manufar kuɗi bisa amfani da na'urorin manufofin kai tsaye ;
amfani da kayan kasuwancin kuɗi maimakon ci gaban kai tsaye zuwa bankuna, da ;
gabatar da karatun farko na kasuwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya (the Central Africa Stock Exchange ).
Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi, da Kasafin Kudi
A shekara ta 1998 Andely ya ci gaba da hawansa a BEAC lokacin, yana da shekaru 45, aka nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Agusta 2002, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi., da kasafin kudin Jamhuriyar Congo. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kudi, Andely ya jagoranci tattaunawa da kungiyoyin Paris da na Landan wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen rage basussukan Kongo-Brazzaville a daidai lokacin da ake daukar kasar a matsayin kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa bashi. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a ma’aikatar kudi, Andely ya kuma jagoranci biyan manyan basussukan cikin gida, da tabbatar da biyan basussukan albashi ga ma’aikatan gwamnati, da kammala aikin samar da kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Imboulou, da kuma kafa gyare-gyare don tabbatar da gaskiya da gudanar da shugabanci na gari domin ya dace dan zaburar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kongo.
Komawa zuwa BEAC
Bayan shekaru uku a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Kongo-Brazzaville, Andely ya koma matsayinsa na Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin watan Fabrairu 2005. Duk da haka, bayan shawarar da shugabannin kasashen kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ta kasashen tsakiyar Afirka (CEMAC) suka yanke a shekarar 2010 Andely ya bar wannan mukamin saboda matsalolin da suka shafi kudaden saka hannun jari na BEAC da Société Générale ke gudanarwa, duk da cewa ba shi da hannu kai tsaye, a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafi kudaden zuba jari.
Bayan barin BEAC, shugaban kasar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso ya nada Andely a shekarar 2011 a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da sayan jama'a kuma a shekarar 2012, ya shiga Kungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya IMF na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara.
A shekara ta 2014, Andely ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke kula da samar da bankin Sin da Kongo na Afirka, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 2015 tare da hedikwata a Brazzaville. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA). Banki).
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka
Andely ya samu karramawa da kyautuka da dama saboda aikin da ya yi a Afirka, ciki har da Umarni na karramawa daga kasashe uku, wato Ivory Coast, Gabon da Equatorial Guinea, da kuma babban jami'in Congo de l'Ordre du Mérite.
Sabis na ilimi da aiki
Andely mai magana ne na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Ci gaban Duniya (CERDI) a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand a Faransa. Ya kuma buga labarai da yawa cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi, kan tattalin arziki, manufofin kuɗi, da banki, musamman a cikin “Bincike da Ƙididdiga na BEAC.” Shi ma memba ne na kwamitin dabarun Gidauniyar Bincike da Bincike na Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (FERDI)
Yana da yare biyu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Andely yana da aure kuma mahaifin yara 10. Yana da sha'awar yanayi kuma yana son ya kula da filayen safu da ke da nisan kilomita 45 daga Brazzaville. Mutum ne mai son karanta littattafan tarihi. Hakanan yana sha'awar kiɗan Kongo da kiɗan ƙasar Amurka.
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28388 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cibiyar%20Tarihi%20ta%20Naples | Cibiyar Tarihi ta Naples | Ganin cewa rukunin yanar gizon yana da ƙima na musamman. Yana daya daga cikin tsofaffin birane a Turai, wanda kayan zamani na zamani ya adana abubuwan tarihinsa mai tsawo da ban mamaki. Matsayinsa a kan Tekun Naples yana ba shi ƙwararren ƙima na duniya wanda ya kuma yi tasiri mai zurfi a yawancin sassan Turai da kuma bayansa. - Motsi na UNESCO
Cibiyar tarihi ta Naples tana wakiltar cibiyar tarihi ta farko na birnin. Ya ƙunshi ƙarnuka 27 na tarihi.
Mafi yawan abin da UNESCO ta ayyana a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya a cikin 1995 (kimanin hekta 1021), an haɗa shi cikin jerin kadarorin da za a kiyaye; Bambancinsa na musamman ya ta'allaka ne a cikin kusan jimlar kiyayewa da amfani da tsarin tsohuwar hanyar Girka.
Cibiyar tarihi ta Naples ta ba da shaida ga tarihin tarihi da juyin halitta na birnin, daga wurin zama na farko na Girkanci a karni na 8 BC tare da yankin da ke kallon teku, sake sake fasalin birni guda a cikin wani yanki na ciki, wanda ya zama "tsohuwar". cibiyar", har zuwa birnin Baroque na Spain wanda ya ga budewa zuwa yammacin tsakiyar tsakiya na birane da kuma cibiyar al'adun gargajiya na karni na sha tara, tare da furanni a cikin birni na manyan gidaje masu daraja da bourgeois masu yawa waɗanda ke kwatanta dukan yankin Posillipo da kuma Vomero.
Yankin da aka yi la'akari da wurin tarihi na UNESCO ya kai kusan kadada 1021 kuma ya ƙunshi yankuna masu zuwa: Avvocata, Montecalvario, San Giuseppe, Porto, Pendino, Mercato (Municipalità I), Stella, San Carlo all'Arena, (Municipalità III), Chiaia, San Ferdinando, San Lorenzo, Vicarìa da parte delle colline del Vomero da Posillipo.
Girgizar kasa ta Irpinia ta 1980 ta lalata wani yanki na cibiyar tarihi kuma ta haifar da matsaloli na tsari da zamantakewa (har ma da na da) wanda aka yanke shawarar gyara ma birni tare da aiwatar da dokar n. 219 1981, ƙaddamar da tanadi don tsarawa da kula da ayyukan gine-gine, takunkumi, farfadowa da gyaran gine-ginen ba bisa ka'ida ba. A halin yanzu, babban ɓangare na cibiyar tarihi na birnin yana cikin yanayi mara kyau kuma ya dace da kiyayewa, a gaskiya ma, yawancin gine-gine, ban da majami'u na fasaha da aka riga aka ambata (maɓuɓɓugan ruwa, gidajen sarauta, gine-gine na da, wuraren tsattsarka, da dai sauransu). sun kwanta a cikin matsanancin watsi: don magance wannan gaggawa, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da kwamitoci daban-daban suna ƙoƙarin sa UNESCO ta shiga tsakani.
Yarjejeniyar kwanan nan da aka sanya wa hannu tsakanin yankin Campania, gundumar da ma'aikatar al'adun gargajiya, na nufin Tarayyar Turai ta ware Euro miliyan 100 a cikin watan Yunin 2012 don gudanar da aikin sake gyara abubuwan tarihi na cibiyar tarihi da ke cikin hadari.
Cibiyar Tsohuwar
Garin yana da tsohowar tsakiya guda biyu na gaskiya da asali: na farko shine tudun Pizzofalcone wanda aka haifi birnin Partenope, yayin da na biyu shine yankin decumani na Naples inda aka haifi Neapolis mai zuwa. A cikin wannan sarari na ƙarshe, musamman, duk gine-ginen da ke cikin ƙarni sun mai da hankali har zuwa ƙarni na 16, tare da buɗewa zuwa yammacin birnin bisa umarnin mataimakin ɗan Spain don Pedro de Toledo.
Musamman babban adadin albarkatun al'adu da fasaha suna kan wannan rukunin yanar gizon: obelisks, monasteries, cloisters, gidajen tarihi, shahararrun tituna na gado, catacombs, waje da kuma karkashin kasa binciken binciken archaeological tare da ragowar Roman da Girkanci, gami da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman, mutummutumai da bas. -taimako, friezes masu ban mamaki, da kuma ginshiƙai na tsaka-tsaki masu tallafawa tsoffin gine-ginen tarihi da ƙari mai yawa.
Kawai tsohuwar cibiyar, wacce ta ƙunshi gundumomin San Giuseppe, Porto, Pendino, Mercato, San Lorenzo da Vicarìa waɗanda, musamman, kusan kusan yankin decumans na Naples, yana ganin kasancewar majami'u sama da 200 na tarihi ayyukan shahararrun masu fafutuka na fasahar Italiyanci suna da alaƙa. Daga cikin manyan masu fasaha akwai: Giotto, Caravaggio, Donatello, Giuseppe Sanmartino, Luca Giordano, Cosimo Fanzago, Luigi Vanvitelli, Jusepe de Ribera, Domenichino, Guido Reni, Tino di Camano, Marco dal Pino, Simone Martini, Mattia Preti da sauransu da yawa. .
A zamanin da, an raba birnin zuwa kujeru. Waɗannan su ne: Capuana, Montagna, Nido, Porto, Portanova da Forcella. A cikin wannan mahallin an rufe birnin da katangarsa wanda bayan haka akwai cikakken haramcin yin gini. Halin da ya bambanta tsohuwar cibiyar Naples, a gaskiya, shine kusan ƙaddamar da ci gaba a cikin tsawo na birnin, don haka yana son "a tsawo". Yanayin da birnin ya dogara a kan ƙasa mai laushi ya fi dacewa da ayyukan haɓaka gine-ginen da ake da su, da zana kayan daga wuraren da aka yi amfani da su a karkashin kasa tun farkon haihuwar birnin.
Duk da haka, canjin ikon siyasa zuwa Maschio Angioino ya kasance farkon abin da ya sa masu fada a ji na gida su ja gidajensu masu daraja zuwa yammacin birnin.
Budewa zuwa yamma tare da mataimakiyar Mutanen Espanya
Fadada birnin zuwa yamma, wanda ya faru a cikin karni na 16 tare da don Pedro de Toledo, ya ƙunshi haihuwar "cibiyar tarihi" na yanzu. Don haka an haifi yankunan Mutanen Espanya, tare da Via Toledo, Largo di Palazzo, Via Medina har zuwa yankin Pizzofalcone da Chiaia.
Gidan sarauta, musamman, shi ne dalilin da ya sa ainihin hoarding da Neapolitan da kuma kasashen waje aristocrats na fanko sarari tasowa tare da hanyar da tafi kai tsaye zuwa wurin zama na viceroy, watau daga Toledo.
Wadannan gyare-gyare sun ƙaddara a cikin birnin "sakewa" na teku wanda, tun daga zuwan Partenope kuma har sai lokacin, ba a yi amfani da shi ba.
Babban gine-gine na lokacin Bourbon
Tare da wucewa daga masarautar Spain zuwa masarautar Bourbon, akwai tabbataccen tsalle-tsalle na al'adu a cikin birni, wanda ya zama matsananciyar manufa ta Babban Balaguron Turai.
Naples ya balaga da kansa wayewar lamiri yana tabbatar da kanta a matsayin babban birnin Turai. A cikin shekaru ashirin kawai (daga 1730 zuwa 1750) an haifi gine-gine masu ban sha'awa, alamar al'adar matakin da aka kai: reggia di Capodimonte, ainihin Albergo dei Poveri da Teatro di San Carlo.
Tare da zuwan neoclassicism na farkon karni na sha tara (da kuma na eclecticism na karshen karni), an kuma mika cibiyar tarihi zuwa yankin Posillipo da Vomero, ta yin amfani da wadannan "sababbin" wuraren da ke da siffofi na musamman. kyau kuma ta wurin babban sararin halitta kewaye. Don haka an haifi Villa Floridiana, Villa Rosebery da sauran manyan gidajen Neapolitan.
Littafi Mai Tsarki |
30858 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadurran%20Bakin%20Rafi | Hadurran Bakin Rafi | Hadurran Bakin Rafi
Harkokin noma kan sa darajar ruwa ta karu, ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko wajen dorewar harkokin noma a kan fakon da ake samun zaizayar asa. Dukan dattin da ruwan sama ya wanko, zuwa bakin rafi, da yadda bakin rafin kan zama tabkuna, da ma koguna da sauran tarkacen da ruwa kan kwaso, domin cike bakin rafin. Wannan na iya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa, ya kuma hana madatsun ruwa yin aiki, yadda ya kamata. A dan lokacin, duk wadansu albarkatun dake gina jiki, kan rauraye, sai kuma shinfidar kasar dake fakon ta fara lalacewa. Yau da gobe, sai asar ta fara soyewa, ta kai ta fara wankewa. Idan zaizayar Kasar ta ci gaba, sai ta kai kasar ba ta sauran amfani. Wannan matsalar sai karuwa take yi, a duniya, inda fako ke ta wankewa, da kuma dankarewa. Matsin lambar yawan jama’a, da manufofin gwamnati, da bukatun kasuwanni da irin yadda kasar noma take lalacewa, na tilasta wa manoma, da su matsa, ya zuwa wurin da ya fi tudu.
Al’amarin na biyu, na yin noma, da ruwa mai kyau, yana farawa ne, daga yin amfani da takin zamani, da kuma feshin magungunan kwari. Wadannan magungunan, na iya wanke ruwan damina, ya gangare, zuwa bakin tabkuna, da kuma teku. A nan Afrika, inda ba a faya yin amfani da takin zamani ba, dan Karin sinadarin inganta jiki, kan za ma da amfani, a gefen bakin tekun. A yankin Asia, kuma, inda ake rangwanta yin amfani da magungunan noma, koguna na iya kasancewa cike da magunguna. Wannan na iya kai mu ga tsabtace kazanta: Gamsa-kuka, ko sauran tsire-tsire, kan tsiro, da yawa, su kuma dagula tsarin albarkatu, ya kuma rage yawan iskar shaka, ko ya kashe kifaye. Idan takin zamani da magungunan kwari suka shiga cikin koramar kasa, da ake amfani da ita, domin sha, to, za a samu matsala kan kiwon lafiyar bil adama. Hukumar Kula da Gudanar da Harkokin kungiyoyin Zaizayar kasa, (MSEC), da aka faka, cikin shekarun 1990, domin magance rashin sanin kididdigar zagaen tabkuna, dake fadin Kudu maso Gabashin yankin Asia, ya gudanar da wani bincike, a wannan fannin. Gugun kungiyoyin, sun hada da na kasashen Indonesia, da Laos, da Philippines, da Thailand, da kuma Vietnam, tare da kuma hukumar IWMI, da ma Cibiyar Inganta Harkokin Bincike, ta kasar Faransa, French Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, (IRD).
A lokacin aikin, na shekaru biyar, hukumar ta MSEC, ta tantance yawan wurin, da kuma sauran fakon da ya rage na noma, a wurare har 27, (na makwararar ruwan fadamar), da ma kananan wurare, a kasashe biyar. Wannan binciken ya nuna cewa, farfado da yin amfani da asar wurin, na iya taimakawa, wajen rigakafin duk wata mugunyar illa, ga al’ummar dake gefen tekun.
Mafita Harkokin Kimiyya Kididdigar ta nuna cewa, hanzarta canje-canjen kasar noman, sun shafi wuraren. Alal misali, lokacin da manoman suka nemi kara samun abun na masarufi, ta hanyar gitta wadansu iri, a garaken na rambutan, da itacen rogo, a daya daga cikin wuraren dake kasar Indonesia, sai sauran fakon ya fara Karuwa, da nauyin gram kusan uku, a kowace hekta, ya zuwa gram 13.1. Masana harkokin kimiyya, sun gano cewa, ci gaba da noman dake haddasa zaizayar kasar, (alal misali, bunkasa irin masarar dake da saurin yabanya, maimakon shinkafar). Daga bisani, sun gano cewa, aikin na iya taimaka wa rigakafin zaizayar kasar, irin na shuka itatuwan dake ‘ya’ya, ko shuka jerin ciyawa, a kan inda kasar noman ta yi shan-bante.
An kuma ga ci gaban fakon, lokacin da manoman suka amince yin amfani da wadansu tsare-tsare na noman. Alal misali, lokacin da aka maye gurbin ciyayin da aka gitta, da itacen rogon, a garaken na yankin rambutan, dake kasar Indonesia, domin dabbobi, sai zaizayar fakon ta fara raguwa, a kowace shekara, da gram 13.1, a kowace hekta, ya zuwa gram 2.7. Bugu da kari, manoman dake yankin Laos, sun rage zaizayar farkon, daga gram 5.9, a kowane hekta, a shekara, ya zuwa gram 0.1, inda suka yi amfani da tsarin kuyoyin da suka kara wa kasar kwari.
Tunanin Yin Canji
A dukan duniya, manoma na yin nawar yin amfani da dabarun rage zaizayaar Kasar. Masana harkokin kimiyyar hukumar IWMI, sun yi imanin manoman na da karancin tunani. Masana harkokin kimiyyar, suna tantance wani tsari ne, na rarrabe alfanun dake tsakanin kasar noman dake fako, da ta kamfanonin dake
samar da wutar lantarki, ke nomawa, a gefen madatsun ruwa. Manufar ita ce, kamfanonin samar da wutar lantarkin, waanda ke da wata sha’awar dorewar tara ruwan da ba shi da dandanon gishiri, za su biya manoman, domin su rage karfin zaizayar kasar.
“Wannan yankin na da wani irin yanayin shimfi]ar kasa, kuma bisa ga irin yadda aka samu bunkasar tattalin arziki, suna da bukatar wutar lantarki,” in ji Pay Drechsel, shugaban fasalin inganta darajar ruwa, da harkokin kiwon lafiya da kuma muhalli, na hukumar IWMI. “An tsara ginin daruruwan madatsun ruwa, da dama.” Yin kuma amfani da wannan tunanin, na taimaka rage gurbacewar yanayi, daga takin zamani, da ma magunguna kwari, ba a nufin zai biya manoman ba, na da su yi amfani da ‘yan magungunan feshi; haka ma, tana bukatar a hari rangwanci, kwarai da gaske. Alal misali, idan har aka kai ga wani manzalin illar maganin farar wuta, phosphorus, da ake samu a yankin, to, zai yi amfani, a kawar da rangwamen, kan maganin na phosphorus, wanda ke dauke da wani sinadari, ko zai iya sanya tsadar magungunan, ko ya taimaka wa manoman, a su yi amfani da su, jefi-jefi.
Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Albarkatun Ruwa, wata kungiyar ce, mai zaman kanta, da ba riba take bukata ba, kuma daya daga cikin cibiyoyin nazari har 15, da Rukunin Harkokin Bayar da Shawarwari Kan Binciken Aikin Noma na Duniya, (CGIAR), ke tallafa wa. Manufar hukumar IWMI, ita ta ta “inganta kula da kasar noma, da kuma albarkatun ruwa, domin samar da abinci, da harkokin rayuwa, da kuma muhalli.” Cibiyar na aiki ne, da wadansu takwarorinta na kasashen waje, domin taimaka wa gano hanyoyin da za a rage duk wata illar da za ta shafi yin amfani da kasar noma, da kuma habaka darajar ruwa, da harkokin rayuwa. |
20385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Egba | Mutanen Egba | Mutanen Egba rukuni ne na Yarabawa, ƙabilun yammacin Najeriya, mafi yawansu sun fito ne daga yankin tsakiyar jihar Ogun wato yankin Ogun ta tsakiya.
Yankin Sanatan Ogun ta Tsakiya ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomi shida a cikin jihar Ogun: Abeokuta ta Arewa, Abeokuta ta Kudu, Ewekoro, Ifo, Obafemi Owode da Odeda .
Asali ne game da kalmar Egba. Ma'anar farko na iya zuwa daga kalmar Ẹ̀gbálugbó, ma'ana masu yawo zuwa gandun daji, kuma wannan ya fito ne daga gaskiyar cewa kakannin mutanen Egba sun fito ne daga yankin daular Oyo zuwa "Dajin Egba" kuma sun ƙirƙira abin da muka sani yanzu birnin Abeokuta. "Egbalugbo" suna cikin haɗuwa tare da Ẹ̀gbáluwwa ko Ẹ̀gbálodó, ma'ana masu ɓata zuwa kogin, waɗanda daga baya suka taƙaita wurin da suna zuwa " Egbado ," wani rukuni na rukunin Yarbawa. Wata ma'ana mai yuwuwa na iya zuwa daga kalmar sẹ̀sɛgbá, taken sarki wanda ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin Egba da yawa zuwa inda suke.
Eungiyar Egba, wacce asalinta ke ƙarƙashin Masarautar Oyo, ta sami ƴanci biyo bayan faɗuwar Oyo mai ban mamaki a farkon rabin karni na 19. Yaƙe-yaƙe tare da Dahomey, wanda Egbawa suka yi nasara wani ɓangare saboda kariyar da dutsen Olumo ya bayar, ya kai ga kafa garin Abeokuta, wanda a zahiri yana nufin "ƙarƙashin dutsen".
Ƙasar Egba tana da ƙananan yankuna masu zuwa: Ake, Owu, Oke Ona da Gbagura, kowannensu yana da sarki. (A tarihi, ƙasar Egba ta ƙunshi waɗannan rukunoni huɗu; Ibara, duk da cewa a cikin Abeokuta ma akwai yankin, to amma wani yanki ne na Yewaland. ) A lokacin mulkin mallaka Turawan mulkin mallaka Burtaniya sun amince da Alake (ko Sarkin Ake) a matsayin babban mai mulkin dukkan dangi da yankinsu, don haka, yanzu ana kiran magajinsa Alake na Egbaland. Lakabin sarakunan wadannan kananan hukumomi da muka ambata a baya su ne Alake na Egbaland, Oshile na Oke Ona, Agura na Gbagura, da Olowu na Owu, domin daidaitawa da girma a cikin kasar ta Egba.
Yana da kyau a sani cewa asalin garin da aka kafa kasar ta Egba a Egbaland tana ƙarƙashin da kewayen Olumo Rock, wanda yake a yankin Ikija / Ikereku na Egba Oke Ona, Jagunna na Itoko, wani basaraken Oke Ona, shine babban firist na Olumo. Dutsen Olumo yana cikin yankin kuma yana ƙarƙashin ikon Itokos.
Wani sunan ambaton Abeokuta da magabata suka yi shine Oko Adagba (gonar Adagba) dangane da maharbin da ya gano Dutsen Olumo. Adagba ya tafi farauta ne don neman dabbobin farauta daga garin Obantoko inda 'yan uwansa' yan asalin Itoko suka sauka yayin da suke yawo don sasantawa. Sai ya haye dutsen.
Egbaland ita ce wurin da Henry Townsend yake zaune, kuma shi ne gidan jaridar farko a Najeriya ( Iwe Iroyin ). Jama'arta sun ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin na farkon al'ummomin Nijeriya da yawa (har zuwa kwanan nan, ɗayansu kaɗai) da ke da waƙa.
Waƙar Egba
Lori oke'oun petele
Ibe l'agbe bi mi o
Ibe l'agbe to mi d'agba oo
Ile 'yancin kai
Horwaza : Maa yo, maa yo, maa yo o; l'Ori Olumo; Maa yo, maa yo, maa yo o; l'Ori Olumo
Abeokuta ilu Egba
N ko ni manta e re
N o gbe o l'eke okan mi
Bii ilu odo oya
Emi o f'Abeokuta sogo
N o duro l'ori Olumo
Maayo l'oruko Egba ooo
Emi omoo Lisabi
E e
Horwaza : Maa yo, maa yo, maa yo o; l'Ori Olumo; Maa yo, maa yo, maa yo o; l'Ori Olumo
Emi o maayo l'ori Olumo
Emi o s'ogoo yi l'okan mi
Goge ilu shahara o
L'awa Egba n gbe
Horwaza : Maa yo, maa yo, maa yo o; l'Ori Olumo; Maa yo, maa yo, maa yo o; l'Ori Olumo
Tufafin gargajiya
Wando, kembe / Sokoto
Top, Buba da Agbada
Cap, Fila (abeti aja)
Gwanin ( Iro)
Blouse ( Buba)
Headgear / Headtie ( <i id="mwZw">Gele)</i>
Sauran: Ipele - Guntun zane da aka ɗora a kafaɗa ko an nannade shi a kugu
Lafun, (Farar Amala ) da miyar Ewedu ; badan Ofada, (Shinkafar Gida)
Fitattun mutane
Adegboyega Edun, malami, malami, babba kuma mai kula da gwamnati; Sakatare na farko na Gwamnatin Egba United
Cif Isaac Olufusibi Coker, wanda aka fi sani da Aderupoko, dan kasuwa kuma Oluwo Na farko na Abeokuta
Cif Moshood Kashimawo Olawale Abiola, dan kasuwa kuma dan siyasa
Cif Fatai Ajani Areago, masanin masana'antu, dan kasuwa kuma dan siyasa
Akin Fayomi, jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya, jakada a Faransa, Monaco, Laberiya
Cif Akintoye Coker SAN, jami'in diflomasiyyar Najeriya, Wakilin Janar, yankin Yamma zuwa Ingila
FAS Ogunmuyiwa, jami'in shari'a mai mulkin mallaka da Jamhuriya ta farko kuma mai kula da wasanni
Cif Olusegun Obasanjo, Shugaban Najeriya daga 1999 zuwa 2007
Cif Ebenezer Olasupo Obey-Fabiyi, mawaƙi kuma mai wa’azin bishara
Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, mawaƙi kuma mai fafutuka
Cif Olufunmilayo Ransome-Kuti, mai rajin kare hakkin dan adam kuma "Uwar Kasa"
Rabaran Oludotun Israel Ransome-Kuti, malamin addini, malami kuma shugaban makaranta (Afrilu 30, 1891 - 6 ga Afrilu, 1955)
Farfesa Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, likitan yara, dan gwagwarmaya, kuma ministan lafiya (30 Disamba 1927 - 1 Yuni 2003)
Cif Ernest Shonekan, Shugaban rikon Najeriyar, 26 ga Agusta 1993 - 17 Nuwamba 1993
Farfesa Wole Soyinka, marubuci, ɗan gwagwarmaya kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar Nobel
Alhaji Abdulateef Adegbite, tsohon Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Koli kan Harkokin Addinin Musulunci
Kolawole Banmeke, Shugaban Ma'aikata na Jihar Legas kuma Sakataren Gwamnati
Cif FRA Williams SAN, lauya.
Adewale Oke Adekola, injiniyan injiniya, ilimi, marubuci, kuma mai gudanarwa
Fasto Tunde Bakare, lauya kuma sanannen fasto
Tunde Kelani, mai shirya fim
Segun Odegbami, dan kwallon da ya yi ritaya
Dimeji Bankole, tsohon kakakin majalisar wakilan Najeriya
Bukola Elemide, wanda ake kira da Asa, mawaƙi
Olu Jacobs, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo
Sir Shina Peters, mawaki
Alhaji Waheed Ayinla Yusuf (Omowura), mawaki
Prince Bola Ajibola, alkalin kotun duniya mai ritaya
Cif Simeon Adebo, lauya kuma jami'in diflomasiyya
Cif JF Odunjo, mashahurin adabin Yarbanci, marubucin shahararren jerin labaran Alawiye
Cif Bolu Akin-Olugbade, ɗan kasuwa
Tunde Lemo, mataimakin gwamnan CBN
John Fashanu, dan kwallon da ya yi ritaya
Dipo Shodipo, ƙungiyar farko ta mutum ɗaya a Nijeriya
Femi Kuti, mawaki
Seun Kuti, mawaki
Made Kuti, mawaƙi
Clarence Peters, darektan bidiyo na kiɗa
Abioye-Sanusi Shinaayomi, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai ba da bidiyo
Sanata Ibikunle Amosun, gwamnan jihar Ogun daga 2011 zuwa 2019
Cif Olusegun Osoba, dan jarida kuma dan siyasa, gwamnan jihar Ogun daga 1999 zuwa 2003
Zainab Balogun, 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma samfurin
Ayomikun Williams, masanin masana'antu
Farfesa Adeoye Lambo, farfesa a fannin likitanci, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO)
Farfesa Saburi Biobaku, tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami’ar Legas.
Cif David AdekunlƊanajekodunmi, Dan Kasuwa
SO Biobaku: Egba da maƙwabtansu; 1842 - 1914 . Oxford 1957.
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Harsunan Nijeriya |
51166 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20sa%20ido%20kan%20tattalin%20arzikin%20kasashen%20yammacin%20Afrika | Kungiyar sa ido kan tattalin arzikin kasashen yammacin Afrika | Kungiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka (ECOMOG) runduna ce mai dauke da makamai ta Yamma ta Afirka da kungiyar Tattalin arzikin Yammacin Afrika (ECOWAS) ta kafa. ECOMOG tsari ne na yau da kullun don sojoji daban-daban su yi aiki tare. Ma'aikata da albarkatun Sojojin Najeriya sun goyi bayansa sosai, tare da rukunin ƙarfin battalion da wasu mambobin ECOWAS suka ba da gudummawa - Ghana, Guinea, Saliyo, Gambiya, Laberiya, Mali, Burkina Faso, Nijar, da sauransu.
Najeriya da sauran mambobin ECOWAS sun amince da Yarjejeniyar Taimako na Tsaro, a Freetown, Saliyo, a ranar 29 ga Mayu 1981. Daga cikin sauran gabobin kamar Kwamitin Tsaro da Majalisar, ya samar da kafa rundunar Sojojin Allied Armed Force of the Community (AAFC) kamar yadda ake buƙata.
Mambobin ECOWAS masu magana da Ingilishi sun kafa ECOMOG a cikin 1990 don shiga tsakani a yakin basasa a Laberiya . Masanin Najeriya Adekeye Adebajo ya rubuta a shekara ta 2002 cewa "akwai cancanta... a cikin gardamar cewa kafa ECOMOG bai dace da bukatun shari'ar ECOWAS ba". Kwamitin Tsakanin Tsakanin, hukumar da ta kafa ECOMOG a taron da ta yi a Banjul, Gambiya a ranar 6-7 ga watan Agusta 1990, 'a kan tushe na shari'a'. Adebajo ya kammala cewa muhawara da aka yi amfani da ita don kafa ECOMOG tana da tushe mai ƙarfi a siyasa fiye da doka. Ba a bi jagororin Yarjejeniyar Tsaro ba, kuma an tabbatar da ECOMOG da yawa a kan dalilai na jin kai.
A cikin Afirka, ECOMOG ta wakilci ƙoƙari na farko na amintacce na shirin tsaro na yanki tun lokacin da Kungiyar hadin kan Afirka (OAU) ta yi ƙoƙarin kafa 'Sojojin Afirka' don shiga tsakani a Chadi a 1981.
Membobin ECOMOG masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi aiki ne saboda yawancin mambobin ECOWAS masu magana da harshen Faransanci sun yi tsayayya da turawa. Shugabannin Burkina Faso da Cote d'Ivoire sun goyi bayan Charles Taylor a yunkurinsa na kawar da Samuel Doe. Ba kamar aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yau da kullun ba, turawa ta farko ta ECOMOG ta haifar da yaƙi da hanyar shiga cikin yakin basasa na bangarori da yawa, a cikin ƙoƙari na tilasta wa ƙungiyoyin da ke yaƙi.
Kwamandan Sojoji na farko shi ne Lieutenant Janar Arnold Quainoo na Ghana, amma wani layin jami'an Najeriya ne ya gaje shi. Manjo Janar Joshua Dogonyaro ya maye gurbin Quainoo bayan Quainoo ya bar Monrovia don tattaunawa da manyan jami'an ECOWAS jim kadan bayan mutuwar Samuel Doe a hannun Yarima Johnson's Independent National Patriotic Front of Liberia a ranar 9 ga Satumba 1990.
Bayan wasu abubuwan da Taylor ya yi cewa 'yan Najeriya masu magana da Ingilishi sun yi adawa da shi, an kawo sojojin Senegal tare da wasu tallafin kudi daga Amurka. Ayyukansu, duk da haka, ba su da tsawo, bayan babban rikici da sojojin Taylor a Vahun, Lofa County a ranar 28 ga Mayu 1992, lokacin da aka kashe shida lokacin da taron magoya bayan NPFL suka kewaye motansu kuma suka bukaci su mika jeep da makamai. Dukkanin sojoji 1,500 na Senegal an janye su a tsakiyar watan Janairun 1993.
A duk lokacin da aka yi aikin, cin hanci da rashawa da aka shirya ta hanyar sojojin ECOMOG sun jagoranci wasu 'yan Liberiya su sake yin amfani da acronym ECOMOG a matsayin "Kowane Motar ko Abu Mai Motar da ta Fitar". Stephen Ellis ya ba da rahoton daya daga cikin misalai mafi banƙyama kamar yadda aka cire kayan aikin sarrafa ƙarfe don siyarwa gaba ɗaya yayin da mahaɗin Buchanan ke ƙarƙashin ikon ECOMOG.
Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ta ba da wasu tallafi ga rundunar ta hanyar kamfanin Amurka Pacific Architects & Engineers, wanda ya ba da motoci da direbobi. Sojojin Sama guda biyar C-130 Hercules sun kuma tura sojojin Afirka da kayayyaki a lokacin Operation Assured Lift a watan Fabrairu-Maris 1997.
Bayan zaben Charles Taylor a matsayin Shugaban Laberiya a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1997, Kwamandan filin karshe, Janar Timothy Shelpidi, ya janye rundunar gaba daya a ƙarshen 1998.
ECOWAS ta tura sojojin ECOMOG daga baya don sarrafa rikici a wasu lokuta:
1997 - Saliyo, don dakatar da tawaye na RUF.
1999 - Guinea-Bissau, don kawo karshen yakin basasar Guinea-Bisau
A shekara ta 2001, ECOWAS ta shirya tura mutane 1,700 a kan iyakar Guinea-Liberia don dakatar da shiga cikin 'yan tawaye da ke adawa da sabuwar gwamnatin bayan zaben 1998. Koyaya, fada tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin Charles Taylor da sabuwar ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye ta LURD, tare da rashin kuɗi, yana nufin ba a taɓa tura karfi ba.
A shekara ta 2003 ECOWAS, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Amurka, ta kaddamar da irin wannan aikin da ake kira ECOMIL don dakatar da mamayar Monrovia da sojojin 'yan tawaye yayin da ake ci gaba da kokarin zaman lafiya, a lokacin yakin basasar Liberia na biyu. Ko da yaushe an yi niyya a matsayin dakarun wucin gadi, nan da nan ne aikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na UNMIL ya yi nasara.
Kwamandojin ECOMOG
Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin lokutan kwamandojin ECOMOG:
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Adekeye Adebajo, 'Yaƙin basasar Liberia: Najeriya, ECOMOG, da Tsaron Yankin a Yammacin Afirka,' Lynne Rienner / Kwalejin Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya, 2002
Haɗin waje
Binciken shigar ECOMOG a Laberiya da aka buga a cikin "Human Rights Watch World Reports", Volume 5, fitowar No. 6, Yuni 1993,
ECOMOG: Misali don Afirka? ta Comfort Ero, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsaro, Kwalejin Sarki ta London a cikin Monograph No 46, Fabrairu 2000 da Cibiyar Nazaren Tsaro ta buga.
Bayanan martaba: Ecomog, BBC News Online, 17 Yuni 2004.
ECOMOG: Mai Zaman Lafiya ko Mai Kasancewa?, BBC News Online, Fabrairu 11, 1998.
Ofishin 'yan kasa da shige da fice na Amurka, Saliyo: Bayani game da juyin mulkin 1997 , cin zarafin fararen hula na ECOMOG, da halin da ake ciki a Saliyo, 5 ga Janairun 2000
Tattalin Arziki
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32022 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halin%20Dan%20Adam%20Na%20Mahalli | Halin Dan Adam Na Mahalli | Halin ɗan adam na muhalli yanki ne na bincike na tsaka-tsaki, ya hada da yawancin ƙa'idodin muhalli waɗanda suka fito a cikin ɗan adam a cikin shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, musamman wallafe-wallafen muhalli, falsafar muhalli, tarihin muhalli, nazarin kimiyya da fasaha, Ilimin ɗan Adam na muhalli, da sadarwar muhalli. Muhalli na ɗan adam yana amfani da tambayoyin ɗan adam game da ma'ana, al'ada, dabi'u, ɗa'a, da alhakin magance matsalolin muhalli masu matsananciyar wahala. Ƙungiyoyin mahalli suna nufin taimaka wa ƙetare rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin kimiyar kimiyya da ɗan adam, da kuma tsakanin hanyoyin Yamma, Gabas, da na asali na alaƙa da duniyar halitta da wurin ɗan adam a cikinta. Har ila yau filin ya yi tsayayya da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin "dabi'a" da "al'ada," yana nuna yawancin batutuwan "muhalli" a koyaushe suna shiga cikin tambayoyin ɗan adam na adalci, aiki, da siyasa. Muhalli kuma wata hanya ce ta haɗa hanyoyi daga fagage daban-daban don ƙirƙirar sabbin hanyoyin tunani ta hanyar matsalolin muhalli.
Halayen ɗan adam a muhalli
Kodayake ra'ayoyi da fikirorin da ke tattare da halayen muhalli sun samo asali ne a ƙarni na baya, filin ya ƙarfafa ƙarƙashin sunan "yan Adam na muhalli" a cikin 2000s bayan ci gaba da ci gaba na 1970s, 1980s, da 1990s a cikin ilimin bil'adama da ilimin zamantakewa kamar littattafai, tarihi, falsafar, nazarin jinsi, da ilimin halin dan Adam. Ƙungiyar masu bincike na Ostiraliya sun yi amfani da sunan "yanayin muhalli" don bayyana ayyukansu tun a cikin 1990s; filin da aka ƙarfafa a ƙarƙashin sunan "yanayin muhalli" a kusa da shekaa 2010. An kafa Mujallar Muhalli na Muhalli a cikin 2012 da Resilience: A Journal of the Environmental Humanities a shekara ta 2014, yana nuna ci gaban filin da ƙarfafawa a kusa da wannan kalmomi.
Akwai cibiyoyi, shirye-shirye da yawa na muhalli na ɗan adam a duniya. Wasu daga cikin fitattun su ne Cibiyar Rachel Carson don Muhalli da Jama'a (RCC) a LMU Munich, Cibiyar Al'adu, Tarihi, da Muhalli (CHE) a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison, Cibiyar Nazarin Makamashi da Muhalli a cikin Kimiyyar Dan Adam a Jami'ar Rice, Shirin Penn a cikin Muhalli na Muhalli a Jami'ar Pennsylvania, Laboratory Humanities Laboratory a KTH Royal Institute of Technology, The Greenhouse a Jami'ar Stavanger, da kuma International Humanities for Environment observatories.
Yawancin jami'o'i suna ba da PhDs, Digirin Kwarewa na fannin Arts, takaddun karatun digiri, da Digiri na Fasaha a cikin ɗan adam na muhalli. Ana koyar da darussa a cikin yanayin ɗan adam a kowace nahiya.
Halayen muhalli ba wai kawai sun fito ne daga masu tunani na ilimi na Yamma ba: ƴan asalin ƙasa, masu tunanin bayan mulkin mallaka da na mata sun ba da babbar gudummawa. Waɗannan gudunmawar sun haɗa da ƙalubalantar ra'ayoyin da suka shafi ɗan adam waɗanda suka raba "dabi'a" da "al'ada" da kuma ra'ayoyin fararen fata, maza, Turai da Arewacin Amirka na abin da ya ƙunshi "dabi'a"; sake fasalin nau'in adabi na " rubutun yanayi "; da ƙirƙirar sabbin ra'ayoyi da fagagen da ke haɗa ilimi da siyasa, kamar "adalci na muhalli," " wariyar launin fata ," "muhalli na matalauta," "naturecultures," da "na bayan mutum."
Haɗin kai ontology
Halin ɗan adam na muhalli yana da alaƙa da haɗin kai da kuma sadaukar da kai ga mahimman abubuwa guda biyu waɗanda suka shafi buƙatun mika wuya ga dokokin muhalli da ganin ɗan adam a matsayin wani ɓangare na babban tsarin rayuwa.
Ɗaya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da ke tattare da ilimin halittu na muhalli shine cewa duniyar kwayoyin halitta da sassan jikinsu ana ganin su a matsayin tsari guda ɗaya wanda kowane bangare yana haɗuwa da juna. Wannan ra'ayi na duniya yana da alaƙa ta kud da kud da falsafar ilimin halittar jiki ta Lotka da kuma ma'anar "Injin Duniya". Lokacin da muka ga duk abin da ke da alaƙa, to, tambayoyin al'ada na bil'adama game da adalci na tattalin arziki da siyasa sun kara girma, a cikin la'akari da yadda adalci ke da alaka da canjin yanayin mu da yanayin mu. Sakamakon irin wannan haɗin kai shine, kamar yadda masu fafutukar kare muhalli ke jayayya, cewa mun fara neman ƙarin ma'anar adalci wanda ya haɗa da waɗanda ba ɗan adam ba a cikin yankin waɗanda haƙƙoƙin ke da hakki. Wannan faɗaɗa fahimtar adalci ya haɗa da "ɗaɗaɗɗen" ko "tunanin muhalli", wanda ke ƙaddamar da haɓaka ilimin raba ilimi a cikin fagagen 'ilimi' jam'i da daban-daban. Irin wannan ilimin raba ilimi ana kiransa transdisciplinarity. Yana da alaƙa da falsafar siyasa ta Hannah Arendt da ayyukan Italo Calvino . Kamar yadda Calvino ya sanya shi, "girma [s] sararin abin da za mu iya tunanin". Hakanan yana da alaƙa da aikin Haskakawa na Leibniz inda ake taƙaita ilimin kimiyya lokaci guda yayin da ake haɓakawa.
Halin yana da wuyar gaske, duk da haka, ta hanyar sanin gaskiyar cewa haɗin kai ba su da layi da layi . Don haka, yanayin ɗan adam na muhalli, yana buƙatar nau'ikan harshe na layi da kuma waɗanda ba na layi ba waɗanda za a iya yin tunani game da adalci. Don haka akwai ƙwarin gwiwa don nemo hanyoyin harshe waɗanda za su iya bayyana daidaitattun hanyoyin haɗin kai da waɗanda ba na layi ba.
A cewar wasu masu tunani, akwai axioms na mahalli guda uku kamar yadda suke zuwa:
Axiom na biyayya ga dokokin muhalli ;
Matsakaicin dangi na muhalli, wanda ke nuna ɗan adam a matsayin mai shiga cikin tsarin rayuwa mai girma; kuma
Maƙasudin ginin zamantakewa na muhallin halittu da haɗin kai na muhalli, wanda ke faɗin cewa mahalli da yanayi na iya zama mahaɗan ra'ayi kawai masu dacewa (Marshall, 2002).
Sanya axioms na farko da na biyu wata hanya, alaƙa tsakanin da tsakanin abubuwa masu rai sune tushen yadda ake fahimtar yanayin yanayin aiki, don haka ya zama dokokin rayuwa da jagororin hali (Rose 2004).
Na farko daga cikin wadannan axioms yana da al'ada a cikin ilimin zamantakewa ( duba Marx, 1968: 3). Daga na biyu ra'ayi na " halitta yanayi / embeddedness " da "mazauni" sun fito daga Siyasa Theory tare da asali alaka da hakkoki, dimokuradiyya, da ilmin halitta (Eckersley 1996: 222, 225; Eckersley 1998).
Axiom na uku ya fito ne daga ƙaƙƙarfan al'adar 'mai nuna kai' na duk ƙwararrun 'yan Adam' kuma tana ƙarfafa ƴan Adam don bincika tushen ka'idar ta (kuma ba tare da wannan ba, ɗan adam muhalli shine kawai 'ecology').
Ra'ayoyin zamani
Ilimin tattalin arziki na siyasa
Wasu masana ilimin tunani sun nuna cewa shigar da wadanda ba mutane ba cikin la'akari da adalci yana danganta falsafar mahalli da tattalin arzikin siyasa. Wannan saboda ka'idar adalci wani muhimmin aiki ne na falsafar tattalin arzikin siyasa. Idan daidai da axioms na muhalli bil'adama, theories na adalci sun kara girma zuwa hada da muhalli dabi'u fiye da zama dole sakamakon shi ne kira na damuwa da muhalli da tattalin arziki na siyasa: watau. Ilimin Tattalin Arzikin Siyasa.
Harshen tsarin makamashi
Tambayar wane harshe ne zai iya kwatanta hanyoyin haɗin yanar gizo na madaidaiciya da kuma waɗanda ba na layi ba na tsarin muhalli ya bayyana cewa makarantar ilimin halitta da aka sani da tsarin ilimin halittu ta ɗauka . Don nuna ma'anar layi da haɗin kai na ciki na yanayin muhalli inda ka'idodin thermodynamics ke riƙe da sakamako mai mahimmanci (Hannon et al. 1991: 80), Systems Ecologist HT Odum ya ƙaddara Harshen Tsarin Makamashi akan ka'idodin makamashin muhalli . A cikin kuzarin muhalli, kamar yadda yake a cikin ɗan adam na muhalli, haɗin kai tsakanin haɗin gwiwa ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nau'i na gani (duba Patten et al. 1976: 460). Haka kuma, a sakamakon kwaikwayon tsarin muhalli tare da harshen tsarin makamashi, HT Odum ya ba da shawara mai cike da cece-kuce cewa za a iya fahimtar makamashin da ke tattare da shi azaman darajar, wanda a cikin kansa wani mataki ne a fagen ilimin kimiyyar tattalin arziki na siyasa da aka ambata a sama.
Duba kuma
Nazarin dabbobi
Yanayin al'adu
Zurfafa ilimin halittu
Tarihin muhalli
Falsafar muhalli
Ilimin yanayin siyasa
Bayan ɗan adam
Ilimin jima'i
Tsarin muhalli
Ka'idar darajar
Bayanan kula
Italo Calvino, On Fourier, III: A Utopia of Fine Dust, The Literature Machine, Picador, London.
R. Eckersley ‘Greening Liberal Democracy’, in Doherty, B. and de Geus, M. ed. Democracy & Green Political Thought: Sustainability, Rights and Citizenship, Routledge, London, pp. 212–236.
R. Eckersley ‘The Death of Nature and the Birth of Ecological Humanities’, Organization and Environment, Vol 11, No. 2, pp. 183–185.
R. Eckersley 'Symposium Green Thinking – from Australia', Environmental Politics, Vol.10, No.4, pp. 85–102.
J.B. Foster and P.Burkett ‘Ecological Economics And Classical Marxism’, Organization & Environment, Vol. 17, No.1, pp. 32–60.
B. Hannon, R.Costanza and R.Ulanowicz ‘A General Accounting Framework for Ecological Systems: A Functional Taxonomy for Connectivist Ecology’, Theoretical Population Biology, Vol. 40, 78-104.
A. Marshall The Unity of Nature: Wholeness and Disintegration in Ecology and Science. London: Imperial College Press.
J. Martinez-Alier Ecological Economics, Basil Blackwell.
K. Marx , in Karl Marx: 1818/1968, a collection of essays, Inter Nationes, Bad Godesberg.
H.T. Odum Ecological and General Systems: An Introduction to Systems Ecology, Colorado University Press, Boulder, Colorado.
B.C. Patten, R.W.Bosserman, J.T.Finn and W.B.Cale ‘Propagation of Cause in Ecosystems’, in Patten, B.C. ed. Systems Analysis and Systems Simulation in Ecology, Academic Press inc. New York.
S. Podolinsky ‘Socialism And The Unity Of Physical Forces’, Organization & Environment, Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 61–75.
D. Rose and L. Robin 'The Ecological Humanities in Action: An Invitation', Australian Humanities Review, 31-2
D.R. Weiner Models of Nature: Ecology, Conservation and Cultural Revolution in Soviet Russia, University of Pittsburgh Press, U.S.A.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Muhalli na Muhalli (jarida)
Resilience: Jaridar Muhalli na Muhalli (jarida)
"Menene Humanities na Muhalli?" Muhalli na Muhalli a UCLA .
Muhalli & Al'umma Portal
DE Nye, L. Rugg, J. Fleming, and R. Emmett , " Takardar Bayani: Bayyanar Halittar Muhalli" . Mistra, Gidauniyar Yaren mutanen Sweden don Binciken Dabarun Muhalli.
R. Hutchings 'Fahimtar da hangen nesa ga Muhalli na Muhalli', Muhalli Humanities, vol. 4, shafi na 213-220
T. Griffiths 'The Humanities and An Environmentally Sustainable Ostiraliya', Shafi 1 a cikin Cibiyar Nazarin Bil Adama ta Australiya, "The Humanities and Australia's National Recipe Priorities', Rahoton da aka shirya don Sashen Ilimi na Commonwealth, Kimiyya da Koyarwa, Afrilu 2003
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25343 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuhu%20Aliyu%20Labbo | Nuhu Aliyu Labbo | Nuhu Aliyu Labbo (an haife shi a 1941) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Dattawa don mazabar Neja ta Arewa a Jihar Neja a 1999 kuma an sake zaɓensa a 2003 da 2007.
Bayan Fage
An haifi Nuhu Aliyu a watan Yunin shekarar 1941. Ya yi karatun Advance Police Management a kwalejin 'yan sanda da ke Jos . Ya zama Mataimakin Sufeto Janar (DIG) na 'yan sanda. A watan Yunin shekarar 1994, kame madugun 'yan adawa Moshood Abiola a Legas ya jawo zanga -zanga. An zabi Abiola a matsayin shugaban Nigeria a shekarar 1993, amma shugaban mulkin soji Ibrahim Babangida ya soke sakamakon zaben. DIG Aliyu ne ke da alhakin inganta tsaro don wanzar da zaman lafiya.
A matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID) matsayinsa na Mataimakin Sufeto-Janar na 'yan sanda ya kasance mai kula da sashen binciken manyan laifuka na rundunar (FCID). Aliyu ya kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Peoples Democratic Party na jihar Neja kafin zaben sa na majalisar dattawa .
Wa'adin farko na Majalisar Dattawa 1999 – 2003
An zabi Aliyu a shekarar 1999 a matsayin dan jam'iyyar PDP na mazabar Neja ta Arewa kuma an nada shi shugaban kwamitin majalisar wakilai kan harkokin 'yan sanda.
A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2001, bayan da majalisar dattawa ta yi watsi da sassaucin da aka samu daga bangaren man fetur, Aliyu ya ce hakan ya faru ne saboda ba a tuntubi majalisar dattawa b. A farkon shekarar 2002, Majalisar Dattawa ta yi yunkurin tsige shugabakba Obasanjo . atan Nuwamba na 2002, ya bayyana cewa an biya sanatoci da wakilai don su janye karar. Aliyu ya ce an bukace shi da ya karbi rabonsa daga cikin ganimar tsige shi amma ya ki. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2003, a matsayinsa na shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Tsaro da Leken Asiri, Aliyu ya shawarci gidan da kada ya gudanar da aikin tantance ministoci uku da aka gabatar cikin gaggawa sannan daga baya ya dawi ya koka game da halayen wadanda aka nada.
Wa'adin Majalisar Dattawa ta biyu 2003-2007
An sake zaben Aliyu a shekarar 2003. A watan Mayun shekarar 2003, Majalisar Dattawa ta zartar da kudirin dokar Hukumar Samar da Wutar Lantarki, wanda Aliyu ya hada kai da shi. A watan Oktoban shekarar 2003, ya hada kai da wani kudiri wanda ya soki hana rabon tallafin kananan hukumomi da tallafin da gwamnatocin jihohi ke bayarwa.
A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 2004, an kona masaukinsa da ke Kontagora, Jihar Neja a lokacin tarzomar da ta biyo bayan zaben cikin gida da ake takaddama akai. A watan Fabrairun shekarar 2004, ya halarci taron gamayyar jam'iyyun adawa na jihar Neja, wanda ya fitar da sanarwar cewa samar da karin kananan hukumomi goma sha bakwai na dindindin ne kuma zaben da aka yi ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2004 yana da inganci.
A watan Satumbar 2004, ya hada kai da kudirin dokar Asusun Haraji na 'Yan Sanda wanda ya yi nufin samar da isasshen kudade ga' yan sanda kan rigakafin aikata laifuka da gano su. Haka kuma a watan Satumbar 2004, Aliyu ya goyi bayan kudirin cewa shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo ya sauke Malam Nasiru El-Rufai daga mukaminsa na Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya (FCT) a cikin awanni 48. Wannan ya biyo bayan maganganun jama'a da El-Rufai ya bayyana Sanatocin a matsayin 'wawaye' a martanin rahoton kwamitin asusun gwamnati na majalisar dattijai wanda ya tuhume shi da almubazzaranci na kudi, a matsayin Darakta Janar na Ofishin Harkokin Kasuwanci da kuma Ministan Babban Birnin Tarayya.
A watan Disambar 2004, ya soki rahoton Kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Jihohi da Kananan Hukumomi kan dawo da zaman lafiya a Jihar Anambra, yana mai cewa rahoton da ake jira kan wannan batu da Kwamitin Sanata David Mark ya yi zai fi kyau a yi bincike da nazari.
A watan Mayun 2005, hukumomi biyu da shugaban kasa Olusegun Obasanjo ya kafa sun fara shari’ar wasu manyan mutane. Wasu daga cikin wakilan majalisar wakilan sun yi barazanar tsige shugaban. Aliyu ya ce ya binciki wasu daga cikin masu goyon bayan shirin tsige shi bisa zargin zamba a lokacin da yake aikin dan sanda. Aliyu ya bayyana wasu abokan aikinsa kamar yadda aka tabbatar fitattun yan damfara.
A watan Nuwamba na 2005, sakamakon rahotannin yawaitar hadduran manyan hanyoyi, ya goyi bayan kudirin kwamitin Majalisar Dattawa kan Ayyuka don binciken Hukumar Kula da Kula da Hanya ta Tarayya (FERMA) da Ma’aikatar Ayyuka ta Tarayya da bayar da rahoto cikin makonni hudu.
A watan Fabrairun 2006, Nuhu Aliyu ya bayyana yunkurin da ake zargin shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo na neman wa’adi na uku da sake duba kundin tsarin mulki da cewa “sharri ne”.
A watan Afrilu na shekarar 2006, Aliyu ya nemi a binciki kalamai daban -daban na zamba kan Sanata Ibrahim Mantu, Mataimakin Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, sannan a dakatar da Mantu daga Majalisar Dattawa yayin bincike. Bukatar dakatar da Mantu bai samu isasshen goyon baya da zai wuce ba, amma majalisar dattawa ta yanke shawarar kaddamar da bincike. A watan Fabrairun 2007, Aliyu ya soki Hukumar Yaki da Yiwa Tattalin Arzikin Kasa Tu’annati (EFCC) saboda ta yarda gwamnati ta yi amfani da ita wajen yaƙi da abokan gaban ta na siyasa, amma ya ce duk da cewa matakin na iya zama ba daidai ba, EFCC tana yin wani abin kirki.
Wa'adin Sanata na Uku 2007–2011
An sake zabar Aliyu a watan Afrilun 2007. An nada shi kwamitoci kan Tsaro & Leken Asiri, Harkokin 'Yan sanda, Bashi na gida da na waje, Al'adu & Yawon shakatawa da Sadarwa. Ya kasance mai neman kujerar Shugaban Majalisar Dattawa, amma aka zabi David Mark.
A cikin watan Janairun 2008, ya bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin 'yan Majalisar Dattawa suna da hannu cikin zamba, amma daga baya bisa shawara daga lauyoyin sa suka nemi gafara tare da janye zargin ba tare da sunaye sunaye ba. Shugaban kwamitin yada labarai da yada labarai na majalisar, Eziuche Ubani, ya ce majalisar ba za ta amince da afuwar Aliyu ba, amma ta roke shi da ya bayyana jerin sunayen ‘yan majalisar tarayya da ake zargi da hannu a zamba 419 .
A watan Maris na shekarar 2008, Aliyu ya ba da babura 400 da mashin dinki 400 ga karamar hukumar Borgu da ke jihar Neja, don rabawa jama'a. "Na'urorin dinki na mata ne, yayin da babura na maza ne." Ya ce yana hada gidauniya, da za a kira ta Gidauniyar Sanata Nuhu Aliyu, don kara ba da gudummawa.
A cikin hirar watan Mayu na 2009, Aliyu ya ce rahoton 'yan sanda da aka gabatar wa Kotun daukaka kara kan karar zaben gwamnan jihar Osun da aka yi, ya lura cewa rawar da' yan sanda ke takawa a zabe ita ce kiyaye zaman lafiya, kuma ya bayyana kwarin gwiwa ga juyin halitta zuwa cikakken dimokuradiyya a Najeriya.
Aliyu ya sake tsayawa takara a karo na hudu a watan Afrilun 2011, amma dan takarar jam'iyyar Congress for Progressive Change (CPC) Ibrahim Musa ya kayar da shi inda ya samu kuri'u 131,872 zuwa 83,778 na Aliyu. Bayan zaben, Aliyu, Shugaban Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dattawa, ya shigar da kara zuwa kotun daukaka kara ta jihar Neja kan Ibrahim Musa.
Pages with unreviewed translations |
36326 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Ogbemudia | Samuel Ogbemudia | Samuel Osaigbovo Ogbemudia (17 Satumba 1932 - 9 Maris 2017) hafsan sojan Najeriya ne kuma ɗan siyasa . Ya taba zama Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Tsakiyar Yamma, daga baya aka sake masa suna Jihar Bendel, wanda kuma bangarensa ya zama Jihar Edo Bayan komawar mulkin dimokradiyya a 1999, ya zama mai mulki a Jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party (PDP). A watan Satumban 2009, Gwamna Adams Oshiomhole na jihar Edo da sauran su sun halarci bikin cikarsa shekaru 77 a Benin. An san shi a matsayin daya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa babbar babbar asibitin koyarwa na Jami'ar Benin (UBTH)
Shekarun farko
An haifi Osaigbovo Ogbemudia a garin Benin a ranar 17 ga Satumbar 1932, an rada masa sunan kakansa. A cikin harshen Edo, ana iya fahimtar sunan Ogbemudia da ma'anar "wannan iyali ya zo ya zauna". Lokacin yana matashi ya zauna tare da babban dan uwansa, Mista FS dan kasuwa ne aBenin . Ya halarci Makarantar Baptist ta Benin , sannan makarantar gwamnati, Victoria, a cikin Kamaru . Ya yi karatun sakandare a Makarantar Western Boy's High School, Benin City .
Ya shiga aikin sojan Najeriya a 1956, inda ya yi horo a Teshie, Ghana da Netheravon da Salisbury Plain a Ingila . Ya halarci Makarantar Mons Officer Cadet a Aldershot, Ingila, a cikin 1960, kuma an ba shi mukamin laftanar na biyu a 1961. Ya halarci makarantar jindadi ta musamman na sojojin Amurka a Fort Bragg, North Carolina a cikin 1962. Ogbemudia ya yi aiki da rundunar wanzar da zaman lafiya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Kongo na tsawon watanni 16, kuma ya yi aiki a Tanzaniya a 1964. An nada shi a matsayin malami a Makarantar Sojan Najeriya, Zariya a 1964.
Lokacin mulkin soja
A watan Janairun 1966, juyin mulki ya hambarar da gwamnatin farar hula ta Najeriya. A watan Yulin 1966, an hambarar da shugaban mulkin soja Manjo Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi tare da kashe shi a wani juyin mulkin da ake kira juyin mulkin Najeriya na 1966 karkashin jagorancin Laftanar Kanar Murtala Mohammed . Shugaban ma’aikatan Ironsi Yakubu Gowon ya zama shugaban kasa. A matsayinsa na Brigade Major na Ist Brigade a Kaduna, Ogbemudia ya taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen dakile juyin mulkin inda ya kwance damarar dakarunsa da ke Kaduna bisa shawarar kwamandan manyan bindigogi, Laftanar-Kanar Alex Madiebo. A lokacin juyin mulkin/mutin, shi ma Laftanar Buka Suka Dimka ya yi yunkurin kashe Manjo Ogbemudia amma Manjo Ogbemudia ya tsallake rijiya da baya saboda samun wani labari daga Kanar Hassan Katsina da Manjo Abba Kyari. A cikin watan Agustan wannan shekarar ne aka mayar da shi kwamandan yankin, birnin Benin a matsayin Quarter Master-General, 4th Area Command. Ogbemudia tare da Manjo Janar Ejoor, Gwamnan Soja na Jihar Tsakiyar Yamma da kuma Pius Ermobor, jami’in leken asiri ne kawai jami’ai uku da ke da matsayi na Manjo zuwa sama da suka rike mukaman shugabanni dabarun da ba su fito daga al’ummar kabilar Igbo ba. yankin Mid-west. A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1967, sojojin Biafra karkashin jagorancin Victor Banjo suka mamaye yankin Mid-west da babban birnin kasar, Benin, ba tare da wata turjiya ba. . Ejoor ya samu damar tserewa zuwa Legas yayin da Ogbemudia ya shiga karkashin kasa a takaice yana shirya wani gangamin da ya kunshi mutanen da suka nuna rashin amincewa da mamayar. Daga baya ya tafi Hedikwatar Sojoji da ke Legas, sannan ya shiga rundunar Murtala Mohammed da ya jagoranci runduna ta biyu ta hanyar kai hari zuwa Midwest. A ranar 20 ga Satumbar 1967, sojoji karkashin Ogbemudia sun kwace birnin Benin daga hannun dakarun Biafra.
An nada Ogbemudia a matsayin shugaban soji na jihar Mid-West a watan Satumba, 1967 bayan kwato jihar daga ‘yan awaren Biafra . An kara masa girma zuwa Laftanar Kanar, Ogbemudia an nada shi Gwamnan Soja a jihar a ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1967. Wani populist, mai sadaukar da kai ga sake ginawa bayan yakin, ya ƙaddamar da inganta fannonin wasanni, ci gaban birane, ilimi, sufuri na jama'a, gidaje da kasuwanci. Ya gina filin wasa na Ogbe, wanda a yanzu ake kiransa da filin wasa na Samuel Ogbemudia, kuma a cikin watan Agustan 1973 ya kaddamar da gidan tarihi na kasa mai hawa uku a birnin Benin . Sauran ayyukan sun hada da Agbede Mechanized Farm, Rural Electrification Board, Bendel Steel Structures, Bendel Pharmaceuticals, Bendel Boatyard, Jami'ar Benin da Bendel Line. A shekarun baya jama’a suna waiwaye kan kujerar sa a matsayin lokacin da aka samu nasarori da dama, sai kuma koma bayan gwamnatocin baya.
Mambobin majalisarsa sun hada da Edwin Clark, Frank Oputa-Otutu, T.E.A. Salubi, and Lawrence Leo Borha.
A watan Yulin 1975, lokacin da Murtala Mohammed ya zama shugaban kasa, ya yi wa gwamnonin soja goma sha biyu da suka yi aiki karkashin Yakubu Gowon ritaya. An mayar da ritayar gwamnonin da aka samu da laifin cin hanci da rashawa zuwa kora. Daga cikin wadannan akwai Birgediya Janar Samuel Ogbemudia, Murtala wanda shi ne jagoran masu kai hare-hare ta Tsakiyar Yamma a wancan lokaci ya nada ba tare da wani bangare ba shekaru takwas da suka wuce, wanda kuma ya maye gurbinsa da Kanar George Agbazika Innih. Wani kwamiti ne ya binciki Ogbemudia a shekarar 1975 amma yana ganin ba zai iya samun shari’a ta gaskiya ba saboda Ogbemudia ya sauke shugaban kwamitin daga mukaminsa na baya. Kwamitin binciken kadarorin na 1975 ya same shi da laifin cin hanci da rashawa. A jamhuriya ta biyu, majalisar dokokin jihar Bendel ta wanke shi daga rashin gudanar da mulki.
Ogbemudia ya kasance a Landan a lokacin juyin mulkin Yuli 1975 kuma ya taimaka wajen gyara gidan Gowon na Landan bayan da tsohon shugaban ya yi gudun hijira.
Bayan kammala aikin soja
A wani dan takaitaccen lokaci na komawa mulkin farar hula, an zabi Ogbemudia a matsayin gwamnan jihar Bendel a watan Oktoban 1983 a matsayin dan takarar jam'iyyar National Party of Nigeria, inda ya maye gurbin Ambrose Alli na jam'iyyar Unity Party of Nigeria . Sai dai ya rasa mukaminsa a watan Disambar wannan shekarar lokacin da Muhammadu Buhari ya zama shugaban mulkin soja bayan juyin mulkin da ya hambarar da shugaban farar hula Shehu Shagari .
A tsakanin 1987 zuwa 1989, Ogbemudia ya kasance Shugaban Hukumar Wasanni ta Najeriya, a 1989, Babangida ya nada shi a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Kasa ta Kasa ( NRC ). A lokacin gwamnatinsa, ayyuka da kudaden kamfanin sun inganta kafin ya bar NRC a 1992.
Janar Sani Abacha, shugaban kasa na mulkin soja daga Nuwamba 1993, har zuwa rasuwarsa a watan Yuni, 1998, ya nada Ogbemudia a matsayin ministan kwadago da wadata. An jiyo Ogbemudia na cewa zai mutu saboda Abacha. Ogbemudia ya goyi bayan wani yunkuri na ganin Abacha ya tsaya takara, yana mai cewa “Al’ummar kasar nan sun samu ci gaba mai ban mamaki a karkashin Janar Abacha . . . Babu shakka shi ne kadai amsar ci gaban Nijeriya da ci gabanta.”
Jamhuriyya ta hudu
Bayan dawo da mulkin dimokradiyya a 1998/1999, Ogbemudia yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa jam’iyyar PDP a jihar Edo, kuma mamba a kwamitin amintattu na jam’iyyar. Ogbemudia da Cif Anthony Anenih ne ke rike da siyasar PDP a jihar Edo tsawon shekaru goma masu zuwa, inda da farko suka yi aiki tare amma daga baya suka samu sabani.
A watan Disambar 2004, an ce Ogbemudia ya amince Anthony Anenih ya zama gwamnan jihar Edo. Ya ce ba ya son halin da wani yanki na sanata a jihar ke da rikon mukamin gwamna na dindindin. A watan Nuwamba 2007, a wani babban taro na PDP a Samuel Ogbemudia Stadium a Benin, Ogbemudia ya yi kakkausar suka ga shawarar Anthony Anenih na canza tsarin shiyya na ofisoshin da ake da su, sannan ya fice daga taron.
A cikin Disamba 2006, Ogbemudia ya nuna goyon bayansa ga takarar shugaban kasa na Dr Mohammed Buba Marwa .
A ranar 20 ga Maris, 2008, wata kotu ta soke zaben Oserheimen Osunbor (PDP) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Edo saboda kura-kuran zabe, sannan ta bayyana comrade Adams Oshiomhole na jam’iyyar Action Congress a matsayin wanda ya lashe zaben. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2008, yayin da wani fitaccen dan kwamitin amintattu na PDP Ogbemudia ya ce da ya fi son dan PDP ya yi nasara. Sai dai ya amince da sakamakon kotun, ya kuma bayyana Oshiomhole a matsayin mutum mai karfin hali. Ya yi magana da sukar gwamnonin farko, irin su Cif Lucky Igbinedion .
A watan Yulin 2009, Ogbemudia ya kasance shugaban wani bangare na PDP da ke goyon bayan Farfesa. Julius Ihonvbere a matsayin dan takarar gwamnan jihar Edo a shekarar 2011. Bangaren da Tony Anenih ya jagoranta sun zabi Sanata Odion Ugbesia a matsayin dan takara. A watan Oktoban 2009, Ogbemudia ya gaza halartar taron hadin kan jam’iyyar a jihar Edo wanda Anthony Anenih ya shirya. Bayan wata daya, Ogbemudia ya yaba da irin nasarorin da Oshiomhole ya samu a shekarar farko da ya hau kan karagar mulki, lamarin da ya janyo cece-kuce kan yiwuwar kawancen siyasa tsakanin mutanen biyu.
Sam Ogbemudia Jr Dan Ogbemudia ya tabbatar wa manema labarai rasuwar mahaifinsa a gidan marigayin a ranar Juma’a a Benin 09 ga Maris 2017. Ya ce mahaifinsa ya rasu ranar Alhamis a wani asibiti mai zaman kansa da ke Legas yana da shekaru 84 a duniya.
Gwamnoni jihar BandelGwamnonin Yakubu GowonGwamnonin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
60437 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petra%20Nova | Petra Nova | Petra Nova wani aikin kama carbon ne, wanda aka ƙera don rage fitar da iskar carbon daga ɗaya daga cikin tukunyar jirgi na tashar wutar lantarki da ke ƙona kwal a Thompsons, Texas. Wani shiri ne na miliyoyin daloli da NRG Energy da JX Nippon Oil suka ɗauka don sake gyara ɗaya daga cikin tukunyar jirgi a tashar samar da wutar lantarki ta WA Parish tareda tsarin maganin kama carbon bayan konewa don kula da wani yanki na hayakin yanayi daga sake fasalin. tukunyar jirgi.
Gina da Aikin Farko
Asalin masana'antar kwal ɗin ta shiga sabis na kasuwanci acikin 1977, kuma sabon tsarin rage hayaƙin carbon an fara aiki dashi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2017. An tsara aikin don ɗaukar kusan kashi 33% na iskar carbon dioxide (CO) (ko tan miliyan 1.6) da ke fitarwa daga tukunyar tukunyar #8 kowace shekara.
An kama iskar carbon dioxide acikin tsaftar kashi 99%, sannan an matsa shi a bututun da ke nisan mil 82 zuwa Filin Mai na Ranch na Yamma, inda ake amfani da shi don haɓɓaka mai. A baya dai rijiyar mai tana haƙo ganga 300 na mai a kowace rana. Tare da sabon allurar da aka yi na iskar carbon dioxide mai karfin gaske a cikin filin, an kara yawan man da ake hakowa da ganga 50 zuwa 15,000 a kowace rana. Ana sa ran wannan aikin zai ci gaba da gudana har na tsawon shekaru 20. Don biyan buƙatun Ƙirƙirar Ƙarfin Ƙarfafa Tsabtace, Ofishin Tattalin Arziki na Texas ya sanya tsarin sa ido don kiyaye allura da motsi na CO a ƙarƙashin ƙasa da kuma acikin tsarin dutse a West Ranch.
A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2020, NRG ta rufe Petra Nova, tana yin la'akari da ƙarancin farashin mai yayin bala'in COVID-19. Sakamakon katsewar rukunin iskar gas mai masaukin baki, aikin ya rasa burinsa na sarrafa iskar gas da kashi 17% acikin shekaru ukun farko na aiki. Duk da haka, na jimlar adadin CO da aka ciyar da naúrar, ya sami nasarar kama kashi 92.4%, wanda ya zarce burin aikin na 90%.
Ana sake farawa
A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 2022, Eneos Holdings Inc na Japan ya sanar da shirye-shiryen samun cikakken ikon mallakar Petra Nova Parish Holdings. JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration, reshen Eneos, ya sayi ragowar kashi 50% daga NRG Energy Inc akan dala miliyan 3.6. Dabarar Eneos ita ce samun gwaninta a fasahar kama carbon, amfani da kuma adanawa (CCUS) ta wannan motsi, kuma sun sanar da shirin sake farawa naúrar a cikin kwata na biyu na 2023. A ranar 13 ga Satumba 2023, JX Nippon Oil & Gas Exploration Corporation ya bada sanarwar dawo da aiki daga Satumba 5, 2023.
Tsarin rage hayaƙin Carbon Petra Nova yana amfani da tsarin sha na tushen amine, ko Tsarin KM CDR (Kansai Mitsubishi Carbon Dioxide farfadowa da na'ura). Mitsubishi da Kansai Electric Power ne suka samar da wannan tsari kuma yana amfani da kaushi mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi wanda ake kira KS1. Ana cire CO daga iskar iskar gas ta hanyar tsarin abin sha na asali. Gaseous CO ana matse shi zuwa ruwa mai girman gaske. CO da ke barin masana'antar kama carbon ya wuce 99% mai tsabta kuma ana aika shi mil 82 ta hanyar bututu mai inci 12 zuwa ƙarshen wurin su na filin mai na West Ranch, inda ake amfani da shi don haɓaka mai. Carbon dioxide daga Petra Nova Initiative zai ƙare a ƙarshe acikin dutsen yashi a cikin Tsarin Frio na filin mai na West Ranch. Zai kasance kusan ƙafa 5,000 a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ya rufe fiye da kadada 4,000 na filin ƙasa.
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Tsarin rage hayaƙin Carbon na Petra Nova ya kashe kusan dala biliyan 1 don girka, kuma ya sami tallafin kusan dala miliyan 190 daga Gwamnatin Amurka a ƙarƙashin Tsarin Tsabtace Coal Initiative, da kuma lamunin dala miliyan 250 daga gwamnatin Japan. Ana sa ran karuwar farfadowar mai acikin rijiyar mai da ke makwabtaka da shi zai haifar da tara tara. Duk da haka, lokacin da aka fara gabatar da aikin farashin mai yayi tsada sosai (akan dala 100 kowace ganga) kuma anyi zaton ba zasu raguba. Ya zuwa shekarar 2017, farashin mai a halin yanzu ya kai kusan dala 50 kan kowacce ganga, don haka an samu hasarar net dangane da haƙo mai a filin. A ranar 1 ga Mayu, 2020, NRG ta rufe Petra Nova, tare da yin la'akari da ƙarancin farashin mai sakamakon cutar ta COVID-19.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Petra Nova | Abubuwan da aka bayar na NRG Energy |
17155 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadiyya%20a%20Najeriya | Ahmadiyya a Najeriya | Ahmadiyya reshen Musulunci ne a Najeriya a ƙarƙashin khalifa a Landan. Membobin kungiyar galibi sun fito ne daga Yammacin Najeriya.
A wani bangare na shirinta na taimakon jama'a, ƙungiyar ta gina makarantu goma da asibitoci biyu a cikin Apapa da Ojokoro, Jihar Lagos.
Ƙaungiyar Ahmadiyya an kafa ta a Biritaniya ta Indiya ta hannun Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, wani mai kawo sauyi a cikin addinin Islama da kuma sufi, wanda a cikin 1891 ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi annabi ne, mujaddid ("mai sabuntawa"), kuma Masihi ko Mahadi da Musulmai suke tsammani.
Harkar Ahmadiyya an tsara ta ne a Legas a cikin shekara ta 1916 amma akwai da yawa, duk da cewa ba masu sabani ba ne, yadda Ahmadiyya ta zo Najeriya. Wani bayani ya nuna cewa a cikin 1913, wani malamin makaranta da ake kira Hamid ya yi tuntuɓe na yaɗuwa da kwafin "Review of Religion", wata mujalla da ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya ta kafa a Qadian kuma ta fara tattaunawa da su. Wata sigar kuma ta nuna cewa wani ɗan kasuwar Legas, Alhaji Ali Fahm ya tafi Misira a shekarar 1914 kuma ya samu kwafin adabin Ahmadiyya da ya kawo Najeriya, bayan ya yi nazari wanda shi da wasu abokansa suka rubuta wa hedikwatar Harkar a Kadian don bayyana niyyar zama membobin ƙungiyar. Alhaji Imran Adewuyi Onibudo yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi ikirarin cewa sun dauki bi’ah (bai’a) a shekarar 1914.
Yawancin membobin al'umma sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Adabin Musulmai a Legas, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhammed Basil Agusto, wani ɗan asalin Lagos ɗan asalin Afro-Brazil . Agusto ya kafa ƙaramar makaranta don musulmai kuma yana da sha'awar samar da wayewar kai game da ilimin Yammacin Turai a tsakanin Jama'ar Musulmai. Tsakanin 1916 da 1919, Agusto shi ne cibiyar kungiyar, ya buga kasidarsa don ya cika waɗanda ya nema daga Qadian kuma galibi ana gudanar da taron ƙungiyar a gidansa na ƙashin kansa. Agusto iya yi kuma ya rinjayi shigarwa na da yawa Afro-Brazil a cikin motsi a cikin 1919. A shekara ta 1919, ya aka naɗa ta farko shugaba da kuma aka yi nasara da Jibril Martin idan Agusto tafiya zuwa London aikatãwa wani dokar mataki. A Landan, ya saba da bangaren Lahore kuma ya balle daga Qadiani Ahmadis. Lokacin da ya dawo Nijeriya a 1924, ya kafa ƙungiyarsa, Islamic Society of Nigeria.
A farkon, Musulman Ahmadi sun fuskanci kalubalance daga musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wani malami, Adamu Animashaun ya yi amfani da kayan bugawarsa don kai hari ga ƙungiyar, wani ci gaba mai dorewa da aka nufa ga mabiya ahmadi ana zargin ya haifar da cin zarafin mambobi a cikin 1921. An sami Animashaun da sauran Musulmai da alhakin haifar da tashin hankali a kan Ahmis kuma an yanke musu hukuncin watanni uku a kurkuku, daga nan aka tsayar da fito na fito da mambobin.
Daga cikin membobin da ke rufe gibin ilimi tsakanin Kirista da Musulmai a Legas na daga cikin abubuwan da suke kawo hadin kai. Mabiya harkar sun kasance daga cikin mutanen Legas na farko da suka rungumi ilimin Yammacin Turai, manyan mambobi biyu, Jibril Martin da Mohammed Agusto su ne manyan lauyoyi Musulmai daga Nijeriya yayin da wani memba, Abdul Hamid Saka Tinubu ya kasance farkon likita Musulmi da aka horar a kasar. Don inganta sha'awar ilimi, a cikin 1922, ƙungiyar ta kafa makarantar firamare a Elegbeta, Lagos Island, Lagos.
Kafin kafuwar makarantar, an gabatar da bukatar wani malamin Ahmadi daga Indiya a 1921, an aika Maulana Abdur Rahim Nayyar, wakilin kungiyar Ahmadiyya a mulkin mallaka na Indiya kuma wanda ya kasance abokin Ghulam Ahmad zuwa Najeriya. a matsayin mishan mai kula. Da farko hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi shakku game da kasancewar Nayyar a cikin musulmin da ke da rauni a Legas wanda ya kasu zuwa kungiyoyi biyar, kungiyar Lemomu, kungiyar Al-Qur'ani, Ahmadis, jam'iyyar Jamaat, da kuma kungiyar Ogunro. An kawo shakku bayan Nayyar ya yi hira da cewa yana Legas don yin wa'azin bin al'adun da aka rubuta a cikin Alqurani da kuma dokokin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. Ya gabatar da laccarsa ta farko a masallacin da ba Ahmadi Shitta Bey ba kuma yana da himma wajen kawo sabbin membobin kungiyar. Nayyar bata kutsa kai tsakanin sauran bangarorin ba in banda rukunin Al-Qur'ani, wadanda suka fara zama a Okepopo da Aroloya. Bayan yarjejeniyar hadewa da Ahmadiyya, an zabi Imam Dabiri na kungiyar Al-Qur'ani a matsayin Babban Limami. Imam Ajose ne ya gaji Dabiri a shekarun 1930.
Zaman Nayyar a Legas ya yi daidai da kafa ƙarin rassa a Ebutte-Meta da Epe . Ayyukan motsa jiki sun fara a Yaba a cikin 1921, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu, mambobi sun kafa manufa a Ibadan, Kano da Zariya. Fadada cikin Ado-Odo, Otta, Ijede da Ondo an kammala ta a tsakiyar 1930s.
Tsakanin 1933 da 1940, rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙungiyar zuwa ɓangarori biyu. Wata kungiya ta kasance mai biyayya ga Imam Ajose sannan wata kungiyar ta kasance mai biyayya ga FR Hakeem dan Pakistan kuma wakilin Khalifa wanda ya nemi maye gurbin Imam Ajose a matsayin jagoran Imam. Ba kamar haka ba, halin ɗabi'a na Nayyar, Hakim ya kasance yana da hannu cikin lamuran Ahmadi kuma kasancewar sa ya haifar da rashin jituwa a cikin ƙungiyar. Wani bangare sun kewaye Imam Ajose kuma sun nemi wani nau'i na ikon cin gashin kai yayin da Hakeem ke son tsananin bin koyarwar Ahmadi. Khalifa ya janye amincewarsa da kungiyar Ajose kuma a cikin 1940, Hakeem ya jagoranci Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya an kafa shi a hukumance a cikin kasar tare da goyon bayan Khalifa. Kungiyar Ajose ta ci gaba da rike suna, kungiyar Ahmadiyya a Musulunci kuma an kaddamar da kungiyar Hakeem da sunan Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission. Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya daga baya ya zo ya wakilci ainihin Ahmadi na Najeriya.
Bayan rabuwar, kungiyoyin biyu sun sami mambobi a tsakanin Yarabawan Musulmai da kuma tsakanin Musulmi a Etsako, Jihar Edo da Nasarawa. A cikin rarrabuwar Egbado, goyon bayan dan kasuwa mai kera kayayyakin gona ya haifar da kafa wata manufa a Ilaro . An sami fili a yankin Sabo na garin kuma a kan filin an gina masallaci don gudanar da hidimomin jumat da karatun al-Qur'ani ga yara. Yinga ayyukan wannan rukunin ya ƙarfafa wani matashin mishan a cikin Abeokuta.
Gidan gidan mishan wanda yake a Idumagbo an kammala shi a cikin 1945 kuma a cikin 1951, aikin ya fara rarraba jaridar mako-mako, Gaskiya, don yada manufofin motsi.
1970 - yanzu
A shekarar 1970, Mirza Nazir Ahmad, Khalifa na uku ya ziyarci kasar, Janar Gowon ne ya karɓi
iƙunkuncinsa a Legas. Ahmad ya ƙaddamar da shirin sabis na zamantakewar jama'a don faɗaɗa cibiyoyin ilimi da na likita don kulawa da motsi. Ya dawo a 1980, a wannan karon ba kawai ya hadu da mambobi a Legas, Ilaro da Ibadan ba amma membobin a wasu rassa kamar na Benin da Kano.
A cikin shekarun 1970, kungiyar Imam Ajose ta kara rabewa tare da wani bangare da aka sauya wa suna Anwar ul Islam. Tun bayan rabuwar, akasarin Ahmadiyya a Najeriya galibi mambobi ne na Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya, bangaren da ke biyayya ga zabin Khalifa na Hakeem a matsayin amir a 1940.
A cikin 1988, Khalifa na huɗu ya ziyarci ƙasar, ya naɗa Abdul Rasheed Agboola a matsayin Mishan na Missionan Nijeriya na aryasa.
Tsarin kungiya
Amir wanda aka fi sani da mishan a caji yana jagorantar tsarin tafiyarwar motsi, mataimakin Amir shida ya taimaka masa, baya ga haka, akwai kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa wanda aka sake yin saiti a cikin da'irorin yankin. Nayyar, amir na farko kuma mishan mai kula da shi ya kafa kwamitin zartarwa na kasa a cikin 1921. Kwamitin zartarwa na kasa ya kunshi Sakatare-Janar, sakatare mai kula da Tabligh, mai binciken kudi, mai binciken kudi da wakilan rassa a cikin wannan motsi.
Mataimaka a Najeriya
Majalissar Ansarullah
Lajna Imaillah
Majlis Khuddam
Majalisi Atfal
Kungiyar Daliban Musulman Ahmadi
Duba kuma
Musulunci a Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
18406 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samartaka | Samartaka | Samartaka / 'Yanmatanci suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wanda har ya kai wasu mutane na yanke hukunci da yanayin yadda mutum ya yi samartaka/ƴan'matancin shi/ta to haka tsufa ma zai riskeshi/ta kuma suna da muhimmanci sosai wato lokutan samartaka da ‘yan matanci.
Ma’anar Kalmar Samartaka Da ‘Yan matanci duk kusan ɗaya ne muna iya cewa sa’annin juna ne samartaka wani lokaci ne da jinsin namiji yake tashen balagarsa, in mace na wannan shekarun sai a ce tana lokacin ‘yan matanci. Lokacin samartaka samari kan ji wasu dabi’u na daban misali, kamar, matsananciyar sha’awa, saboda suna kan tashen balagar fari ne don haka a wannan lokaci shi ne wanda ya fi haɗari ga rayuwar samari ko kuma ‘yan mata saboda suna wasu irin dabi’u a cikin rayuwarsu kamar, jida kai, ganganci, son holewa, soyayya, ƙoƙari wajen aiki da kazar-kazar, tashen karfi, son gwaninta da burge mutane, tunba in sun ga yan'mata ba.
Mata kuwa akwai irin na su suma kamar son kwalliya, yanga, son kula maza musamman samari, jiji da kai da kuma jin isa, son girma daganin dai-dai take da kowa wato jin itama babbace da kuma tunanin saurayi ko da namiji.
Hatsarin da ke cikin Lokutan Samartaka ko Yan'matanci
Akwai hatsarurruka manya a wannan matakin na samartaka in ba a sami kulawa ta musamman a wajen iyaye ko kuma wani mai tsawatawa ba.
A wannan lokutan ne saurayi kan fara zaɓar abunda yake so ya zama in malami ne na addini to tun yana saurayi za ku ga ya dukufa neman ilmi kuma yana wa addini hidima in kowa dan kasuwa ne a nan ne za ku ga ya kama kasuwanci gadan-gadan.
A wannan lokacin ne ake koyan shaye-shayen kwayoyi da kayan maye idan aka haɗu da miyagun abokai, a lokacin samartaka ne ake gina tsarin na rayuwa mai kyau ko marar kyau. A wannan lokacin ne ake samun dama dayawa a rayuwa sakamakon lokaci da ake da shi da kuma rashin nauyi a kai. Awannan lokaci ne kuma abubuwa na sha’awa suka mamaye zuciya kamar mata, son a yi ado na kece raini idan ana samun kuɗi wani lokacin ma koda ba a samu, shi kenan sai ka ga inba an dace ba rayuwa ta munana.
Matsalolin da suke addabar samari
Akwai matsaloli masu tarin yawa da suke cutar da samari su bata musu rayuwa koma hallakasu baki daya kamar su.
Rashin Sana’a Ko Hanyar Shigowar Kuɗi: Da zarar matashi ba shi da sana’a ko wata hanyar da kuɗi yake shigo masa sai ku ga ya zama abun tausayi baya iya daga hannu a cikin abokansa sannan koda yaushe yana cikin ƙunci, ko budurwa ma ba zai yi takirki ba sai marar aji, wasu samarin lalaci ne ke sa suƙi yin sana’ar, wasu kuma rashin jari, wasu kuma rashin horo da shauran su, dan haka lallai matasa a tashi a yi sana’a don a nemi halak. Domin shi kaɗai ne hanyar da matashi zai dogara a halin da muke cikin a yanzu.
Soyayya: Soyayya ita ma na ɗaya daga cikin abunda ke kawo wa samari matsala a cikin wannan lokaci, sakamakon soyayya fal take da shashanci, shirme, takaici, bacin rai, takura, wahala, cinrai, fargaba, tunani, zancen zuci , sai kuma dan nishadi lokaci zuwa lokaci. Hakan ta sa soyayya ke shafar tunanin samari da zarar saurayi ya fara soyayya za ka ga ya tattare hankulansa ya maida shi kan masoyiyarsa idan bai yi sa’ar budurwa me kirki ba ko surukai masu kirki ba, shi kenan sai su yi ta caja masa kai. Soyayya da sha’awa tabbas nasa samari yin ta'addanci kamar kisan kai, fyade da sauran su, a karshe su jefa rayuwarsu a mugun hali wanda bai dace ba.<ref name="PAmf.org">
karancin Ilmi: Shi ma wannan matsalace babba da ke cutar da samari, domin ilmi shi ne hasken rayuwa kuma gishirin zaman duniya, da ilmi ne ake tinkaho a ko wane zamani domin jahilci ciwo ne, da zarar saurayi ya zama baida ilmi imma na Addini ko kuma na zamani wato boko haka zai zama me ƙarancin amfani ga al’umma, bai san kansa ba ballantana ya san wani harma ya ba shi shawara, bai iya tsinana komai ko a kansa, ko ga al’umma. Dan haka matasa lallai a tashi a nemi ilimin Addini da na zamani wato boko sosai ba ji ba gani, ka rage siyan sutturu ka sayi littafan addini,ko katara kuɗin rijista kafara karatu shi ne mafitarka a cikin wannan zamani.
Iyaye: Tabbas waɗansu iyaye suna ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suke haifar da matsala ga ƴa’ƴansu samari da 'yanmata da yawan iyaye sukan kasa sauke hakkokin da Allah S W T ya ɗora musu na kula da ƴa‘ƴansu. Misali rashin adalci a tsakani mata guda biyu ko ƴa’ƴaye, gallazawa ƴa’yan kishiya, ɗorawa saurayi nauyin gida da zarar ya fara kawo ƙarfi koda da uban yanada rufin asiri, ƙin taimakawa saurayi ya yi sana’a koda yana da hankali, tilasta masa ya yi auren zumunci ko da baya buƙata, rashi bashi ingartaccen ilimi. Dukka waɗannan matsaloli ne na iyaye da ke shafar rayuwar samari a cikin wannan zamani. Nasiha ga iyaye lallai su ji tsoran Allah su sauke amanonin da Allah S W T ya ba su na ƴa’ƴansu, dole kabawa ɗanka tarbiyya, koda ya balaga akwai hakkinsa a kanka na kula da shi, bashi shawarwari, nasiha, idan kana da wadata yi masa aure da wacce yake so, bashi jari idan kana da hali, sannan ka bashi ilmi. Ta haka ne zai jiƙan ka nan gaba.
Abokai bata Gari: Suma bata garin abokai nada tasiri sosai a kan samari ko 'yanmata ta hanyar koya musu munanan dabi’u kamar sata, shaye-shaye, tunba maza ba wajen neman [[[mata]] da dai sauran su. Dan haka lallai iyaye kusa ido a kan abokan ‘ya’yanku a koda yaushe, domin abokin barawo shi ma barawo ne kuma idan kana son ka san addinin mutum ko halinsa to ka san waye abokinsa. Da yawan masu aikata munanan halaye kamar fyade, shaye-shaye, zina za ka ga batagarin abokai ne suka koya musu. Dan haka matasa ku kiyayi abokai bata-gari a hankali a hankali za su bata ka/ki idan baka an kara ba.
Jagorancin 'yan siyasa da Malaman banza: Matasan Najeriya musamman ma na Arewa kashi 75 cikin dari masu son addini ne da kuma yima addini hidima da sanin ya kamata gami da son juna da hadin kai tunba matasan Fulani ba. Amma sai a samu wadansu mugayen 'yan siyasa da Malaman banza suna batar da su daga bin tafarki na daidai. |
14763 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teju%20Cole | Teju Cole | Teju Cole (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Yuni, 1975) marubuci ne Ba'amurke, mai daukar hoto, kuma masanin tarihin fasaha .
Cole marubucin littafin labari ne, Kowace Rana Ta Barawo ne ; wani labari, Open City ; tarin makala, Sanannun Abubuwa , da littafin hoto, Punto d'Ombra ; wanda aka buga a Turanci a shekarar 2017 azaman Makaho Makaho ) .
Rayuwa ta ƙashin kai da ilimi
An haifi Cole a Kalamazoo, Michigan, iyayen sa ƴan Najeriya ne, kuma shi ne ɗan fari a cikin yara huɗu. Cole da mahaifiyarsa sun dawo Lagos, Nijeriya, jim kaɗan bayan haihuwarsa, inda mahaifinsa ya haɗu da su bayan ya karɓi MBA daga Jami'ar Yammacin Michigan . Cole ya koma Amurka yana da shekara 17 ya halarci Jami’ar Western Michigan University tsawon shekara guda, sannan ya koma Kwalejin Kalamazoo, inda ya sami digiri na farko a 1996. Bayan barin makarantar likita a Jami'ar Michigan, Cole ya shiga cikin shirin tarihin fasaha na Afirka a Makarantar Gabas ta Gabas da Nazarin Afirka a London, sannan ya bi digirin digirgir a cikin tarihin zane-zane a Jami'ar Columbia . Shine Babban Malami na Gore Vidal na Aikin Rubuta Halitta a Jami'ar Harvard kuma a halin yanzu yana zaune a Cambridge, Mass.
Cole shi marubucin littattafai da dama, a cikinsu akwai littafin labari, Kowace Rana Ta thearawo ; labari, Open City ; tarin labarai sama da 40, Sanannnu da Abubuwan Ban mamaki; da littafin hoto, Punto d'Ombra (wanda aka buga shi cikin Turanci a shekarar 2017 a matsayin Makaho Mai Makaho ). Salman Rushdie ya bayyana Cole a matsayin "daga cikin haziƙan marubutan zamaninsa".
Ya kasance Fitaccen Marubuci a Gida a Kwalejin Bard . Daga Yuni zuwa Nuwamba 2014 ya kasance "marubuci a mazaunin" na Literaturhaus Zurich [ de ] da PWG Foundation [ de ] a cikin Zurich .
Littafin Every day is for the Thief
An buga shi a 2007, littafin farko na Cole, Kowace Rana na Thiarawo, labarin wani saurayi ne da ya shirya kai ziyara ƙasarsa ta haihuwa, Najeriya, bayan ya kwashe shekaru goma sha biyar. Littafin yana karantawa kamar littafin rubutu na tafiya wanda yake bayanin yadda rayuwa take a cikin garin Legas da kuma hanyar, yana fallasa yadda yanayin demokradiyya na rashawa zai iya shafar kowa ba tare da la'akari da matsayin su a cikin al'umma ba.
Bude Gari
An rubuta shi a cikin 2011 kuma an buga shi a cikin 2012, littafin ya mai da hankali ne kan "Baƙin haure dan Najeriya Julius, wani matashi dalibi mai karatun digiri na biyu da ke karatun ilimin hauka a birnin New York, ya kwanan nan ya rabu da budurwarsa kuma ya ɓata lokacinsa sosai don yawo a cikin Manhattan . Mafi yawan cibiyoyin Open City suna kan tunanin Julius yayin da yake zage-zage ko'ina cikin garin, yana zana abubuwan da ke faruwa a kusa da shi da kuma abubuwan da suka gabata waɗanda ba zai iya taimakawa ba sai dai ya tsaya a kansu. Da tsananin kokarin neman kakarsa, Julius ya kwashe makonni da yawa a Belgium, inda yake yin abokai masu ban sha'awa. A kan hanyarsa, yana saduwa da mutane da yawa kuma galibi yana yin doguwar tattaunawa da su game da falsafa da siyasa. Da alama yana maraba da waɗannan tattaunawar. Bayan ya dawo New York, ya sadu da wata budurwa 'yar Nijeriya wacce ta canza yanayin yadda yake ganin kansa. ”
Open City an fassara shi zuwa cikin harsuna goma kuma ya karɓi kyakkyawan nazari daga masu sukar adabi. James Wood a cikin New Yorker ya kira shi "kyakkyawa, da dabara, kuma, ƙarshe, sabon labari na asali". A cewar The New York Times, "mahimmancin labarin ya ta'allaka ne da gaskiyarsa." The Independent ta bayyana Open City a matsayin "hypnotic", "transfixing", da kuma "mai ban mamaki halarta a karon" don Cole, yayin da Time take magana a kan littafin a matsayin "aiki ne na gaske, mai kwazo da wayewa da kuma mallakar salon salo da kuma jan hankali . "
Littafin Known and Strange Things
A shekara ta 2016, Cole ya wallafa f makalar sa ta farko . Wadda yake rubutawa ga jaridar New York Times, mawakiya Claudia Rankine ta kira ta da cewa "tafiya ce mai muhimmanci kuma mai ban tsoro," kuma ya keɓance shi musamman, rubutunsa kan daukar hoto, inda ya "bayyana sha'awar sha'awarsa da kuma sonsa. na gani. "
Aikin jarida da sharhi kan zamantakewa |
29908 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabtarewar%20%C6%99asa | Zabtarewar ƙasa | A fannin ilmin kasa da kuma nazarin injiniyoyin ƙasa, zabtarewar ƙasa babbar haɗarin ƙasa ce a wurare da yawa a duniya. Ana la'akari da su wani tsari na almubazzaranci, wanda aka fi sani da su shine tarkace kwarara, faifan tuddai, da faɗuwar dutse . Waɗannan abubuwan na iya faruwa a cikin shekaru masu yawa na motsi mai raɗaɗi amma mai ƙarfi, ko kuma a cikin wasu ƴan lokuta masu ɓarna. Akwai abubuwa da yawa da suka shafi tsarin ilimin ƙasa waɗanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da abubuwan da suka faru na zaizayar ƙasa. Babban abin da ya shafi zabtarewar ƙasa shine ƙarfin dutse. Ƙarfin dutse ana bayyana shi ta hanyar danniya/matsala dangantaka, matsa lamba mai ƙarfi, da matsa lamba . Ƙarfafa, manyan duwatsu masu yawa ba su da yuwuwar shiga cikin zamewar dutse ko zabtarewar ƙasa fiye da raƙuman duwatsu masu ƙarancin yawa waɗanda za a iya cika su da ruwa cikin sauƙi. A Utah matakin ruwan karkashin kasa yana ci gaba da jujjuyawa, yana mai da yankin ya zama mai saukin kamuwa da zaftarewar kasa. Yayin da ruwa ya cika ƙasa, yana sa ta yi laushi kuma ta yi nauyi, damuwa/dangin dangantakar da duwatsu ke fuskanta suna ƙaruwa sosai. Ƙarfin dutsen ana iya bayyana shi ta hanyar Mohr Circle, da ambulaf ɗin gazawarsa . Da zarar an sami yanayin da zai sanya dutse akan ambulan da ya gaza, zai iya fuskantar nakasu.
Akwai manyan nau'ikan nakasawa guda biyu waɗanda duwatsu suke yi kuma duka suna da alaƙa da zabtarewar ƙasa. Idan dutsen yana da ƙarfi kuma ya sami raunin raunin da ke tattare da ƙananan motsi a cikin dutsen, ƙarfin haɗin gwiwa yana ɗan ɗan kiyayewa, kuma ana iya hana zamewar ɗan lokaci. Koyaya, idan dutsen ya sami gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kuma ya karye, zabtarewar ƙasa na iya faruwa da yawa. Damuwa da yanayin damuwa da ke da alaƙa da duwatsu da ambulaf ɗin gazawarsu sun bambanta tsakanin nau'ikan dutsen, amma an yi nazari sosai a cikin dakunan gwaje-gwaje saboda abubuwan da waɗannan bayanan ke da alaƙa suna da mahimmanci a kowane fanni na ilimin ƙasa da ake da Shi.
Abubuwan zaɓen ƙasa a Utah
Wani bugu na baya-bayan nan da Cibiyar Nazarin Geologic ta Utah ta yi ta ba da rahoton faruwar ayyukan zaizayar ƙasa sama da kimanin 22,000 a duk faɗin jihar a kan yanayin ƙasa na baya-bayan nan. An sami aukuwar zaftarewar ƙasa da yawa a cikin gundumar Utah a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata waɗanda suka haifar da asarar ɗaruruwan miliyoyin daloli na diyya da asarar dukiya. A ƙasa akwai bayanin da ya shafi ƙasuwar Thistle, Utah da zaftarwar ƙasar Cedar, Utah (aiki).
The Thistle Landslide
Zaftarewar kasa a Thistle, Utah, a shekarata ta haifar da asarar sama da dala miliyan 200 da asarar dukiya. Dusar ƙanƙarar ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi, haɗe da dumi, ruwan marmaro ya haifar da zabtarewar ƙasa wanda a ƙarshe ya kai gudu zuwa ƙafa 3.5 a cikin sa'a. Kaurin ya wuce ƙafa 200, faɗinsa ƙafa 1000, kuma tsayin sama da mil ɗaya. Zamewar ta tsaya a ƙarshe lokacin da ta yi karo da wani babban dutse mai yashi a gindin dutsen. Adadin kayan da aka motsa a cikin faifan ya isa ya haifar da dam mai tsayin ƙafa kimanin 200 wanda ya toshe bakin kogin Fork na Sipaniya, kuma ya samar da wani babban tafki inda garin Thistle ya kasance. Hakanan ya hana zirga-zirgar layin dogo tare da rufe manyan manyan hanyoyi guda biyu (US6 da US89). Daga karshe tafkin ya zarce ya bar ragowar garin, wanda har yanzu ana iya gani a cikin kwaruruka.
An tattara samfuran duwatsu da ƙasa waɗanda ke cikin zabtarewar ƙasa Thistle kuma an yi nazari. Babban nau'ikan dutsen su ne dutsen yashi da dutsen farar ƙasa, kuma ƙasar ta ƙunshi kusan hatsin yashi quartz kaɗai da ma'adinan yumbu (illite). Karatuttukan ƙarfin da aka yi a baya akan dutsen yashi mai ƙyalli ya sa a sami sauƙin ganin dalilin da yasa aka jawo zaɓen ƙasa. Gwajin matsawa na Triaxial da aka yi don busassun dutsen yashi na silty yana nuna daidaiton ƙarfin haɗin kai zuwa 18.7 MPa, ma'ana cewa dutsen ba zai karye ba har sai an kai waɗannan yanayin damuwa. Don samfurin rigar, kama da yanayin da ke cikin Thistle, ƙarfin haɗin kai yana raguwa zuwa 15.9 MPa. Wadannan bayanai sun nuna cewa idan dutsen yashi maras nauyi ya cika, duwatsun sun fi saurin karyewa, wanda hakan ne wata hanya da za ta iya haddasa zabtarewar kasa. Tare da kyawawan kaddarorin dutsen yashi maras nauyi, da kuma ikon ƙasa mai arzikin yumbu don sha ruwa mai yawa, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Kogin Fork na Sipaniya ya fuskanci zabtarewar ƙasa da yawa cikin tarihin yanayin ƙasa. Zaben sarkar ya sake kunnawa sau da yawa tun babban aikinsa a shekarata 1983, kuma zai ci gaba da yin hakan har sai ingantacciyar yanayin zaizayar ƙasa da yanayin yanayi ya haifar.
Zaftarewar Kasa ta Cedar Hills
A cikin Afrilun shekarar 2005, zaftarewar ƙasa ta faru a Cedar Hills, Utah. Yankin zaizayar ƙasa ta ƙarshe ta motsa a cikin shwky 1983, tare da haɗin gwiwa tare da lokacin sanyi iri ɗaya da dumi, yanayin bazara wanda ya haifar da zamewar Thistle. Zaftarewar kasa wani bangare ne na babban, hadadden zaizayar kasa mai hade da Manning Canyon Shale. Zaizayar kasa mai aiki tana da kusan ƙafa 375 tsayi da faɗin ƙafa 150. Nau'in dutsen da ƙasa da ke da alaƙa da wannan taron sune yumbu da laka mai wadataccen shale . Ƙarfafa Properties hade da rigar vs. bushe shale sun yi kama da na rigar vs. bushe sandstone. Lokacin da shale yana kusa da saman ƙasa inda abun cikin ruwa ke jujjuyawa, yakan shiga cikin ƙasa mai arziƙin yumbu inda ƙarin danshi yana rage ƙarfin dutsen kuma yana ƙara yuwuwar faruwar zaɓen ƙasa. Ana yin gwajin matsawa na Triaxial akan busassun shale ya nuna gazawar danniya mai tasiri sama da 15MPa. Zaftarwar kasa ta Cedar Hills ba ta yi tsanani kamar zamewar Thistle ba saboda gangaren tudun ba ta kai tsayin daka ba, wanda ke haifar da karancin damuwa. Hakanan, shale yana ƙoƙarin samun ƙarfin matsawa fiye da dutsen yashi, don haka nauyin nauyi bai yi tasiri sosai akan shale ba. An yi sa'a ga mazauna Cedar Hills, nunin ya tsaya a yanzu, kuma da fatan za a ci gaba da kasancewa a tsaye, ko da yake shaidar ilimin ƙasa ta nuna cewa hakan ba zai yiwu ba.
An dauki matakan kiyayewa bayan zamewar shekarata 2005 don rage damuwa a kan tudu, ciki har da gina bango mai riƙewa don rage tasirin damuwa na tsaye (sigma 1), da magudanar tsakuwa don taimakawa wajen cire ruwa daga tudu don taimakawa duwatsu su kula da haɗin kai. ƙarfi. Waɗannan matakan ba su da tasiri, saboda faifan ya motsa sau uku tun a Shekarar 2005, wanda a ƙarshe ya lalata gidajen da ke kusa da hoton.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Girgizar ƙasa |
35368 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar%20Benin%20%281967%29 | Jamhuriyar Benin (1967) | Jamhuriyar Benin ta kasance wata kasa da ba a amince da ita ba a yankin Yammacin Afurka wacce ta wanzu na dan lokaci (kwana daya) a shekarar 1967. An kafa ta ne a ranar 19 ga Satumbar 1967 a lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya a matsayin kasar Biyafara, bayan mamaye yankin tsakiyar yammacin Najeriya, kuma aka sanya mata suna babban birnin kasar Benin, inda Albert Nwazu Okonkwo ya zama shugaban gwamnatin ta.
An kafa wananan sabuwar jiha ne a matsayin yunkuri na mutanen Biafra da su hana wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yamma da su mara wa Najeriya baya, sakamakon rikicin kabilanci a yankin a farkon yakin. An sanya mata Jamhuriyar Benin a hukumance duk da cewa a lokacin sojojin tarayyar Najeriya na ci gaba da mamaye yankin, kuma sun kawo karshenta washegarin bayan sun shiga birnin Benin. Wannan mamaye yankin da Biyafara tayi wa yankin tsakiyar Yammacin Njeriya ya mayar da al'ummar yankin adawa da manufar ballewa daga kasar, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi amfani da wannan wajen ganin ta kara ruruta wutar yaki da kasar Biafra.
Tun kafin yakin basasar Najeriya, mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yamma masu kabilu iri-iri sun yi yunkurin daukar matakin tsaka mai wuya. Jim kadan kafin Biafra ta sanar da ballewarta daga Najeriya, shugabannin yankin Tsakiyar Yamma sun dauki nauyin gudanar da taron zaman lafiya a kusa da birnin Benin, kuma jami'ai sun ki barin sojojin Tarayyar Najeriya su mamaye yankin Biafra ta yankin. A watan Agustan shekarar 1967 ne sojojin Biafra suka mamaye yankin tsakiyar Yamma tare da karbe ikon mulkin yankin, inda likita dan kasar Amurka Albert Okonkwo ya zama sabon shugaban gwamnati da taken Gwamna. Da farko dai al'ummar Ibo sun yi maraba da mulkin kasar Biafra, yayin da kuma wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo gaba daya ba su ji dadi ba amma sun yanke shawarar su jira a maido da mulkin tarayya maimakon yin tirjiya. Dangantakar farko tsakanin sabuwar gwamnatin da wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba ta kasance cikin lumana amma babu dadi, kuma domin a inganta dangantakar gwamnatin Gwamna Okonkwo ta cika gidaje da tituna da labarai daga matsayin Biafra. Sai dai gangamin kafafen yada labarai ya fara cika jihar da labarai kan zaluncin da ‘yan kabilar Ibo ke yi a Najeriya, inda kwanaki suka wuce, sai dai ya kara rarrabuwar kabilanci a yankin. Gangamin hulda da jama’a da ba a karewa ba ya lalata tausayin wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba na masu fafutukar neman kafa kasar Biafra a maimakon mayar da su ga goyon bayan kai tsaye, inda akasarin su ke nuna halin ko-in-kula ko masu goyon bayan Najeriya. Yayin da dangantaka ke ci gaba da tabarbarewa tsakanin gwamnatin ma’aikata da kuma wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, shugaban kasar Biafra C. Odumegwu Ojukwu ya ziyarci yankin tsakiyar Yamma domin neman goyon baya tare da ganawa da shugabannin kungiyar NCNC da aka dakatar a baya. Duk da cewa ziyarar ta sa aka kara samun goyon bayan tsaffin ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC, amma sabanin da ke tsakaninsu a baya ya farfado, kuma a lokaci guda ‘yan jam’iyyar NCNC suka fara yin artabu da magoya bayan wasu jam’iyyu, kuma ba ‘yan kabilar Ibo ba na kin amincewa da mamayewar. Yayin da gwamnatin Okonkwo ke ci gaba da rasa goyon bayan al’ummar yankin Tsakiyar Yamma, sai suka shiga halin kaka-ni-kayi.
A ranar 19 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1967, ‘yan Biafra suka mayar da sunan yankin ta hanyar sauya mata suna zuwa Jamhuriyar Benin, kasa mai cin gashin kanta daga Biafra, a matsayin wani yunkuri na karshe. An yi imanin cewa ko da ba za ta iya samun goyon bayan da ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, sabuwar jihar na iya a kalla raba Biafra ta jiki da dakarun tarayyar Najeriya. Da yake bayar da misali da mutuwar mazauna yankin Tsakiyar Yammacin Najeriya a rikicin arewacin kasar da kuma goyon bayan da yankin ke yi na kafa gwamnatin hadaka a Najeriya, Okonkwo ya bayyana cewa Jamhuriyar Benin za ta goyi bayan Biafra a kowane fanni kuma za ta shiga kungiyoyi irinsu Commonwealth of Nations da kuma na kasa da kasa. Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Afirka . Duk da haka, Okonkwo ya san cewa sabuwar jihar ba za ta dawwama ba: shi da sauran jami'ai sun tattauna batun ayyana 'yancin kai makonni biyu da suka gabata a ranar 5 ga Satumba ba tare da cimma matsaya ba, kuma sanarwar ta kasance cikin dan kankanin lokaci yayin da shi da sojojinsa suka ja da baya a yankin. fuskantar ci gaban sojojin gwamnatin tarayya. Daga baya a wannan rana, sojojin gwamnati sun isa birnin Benin, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Benin, kuma babban kwamishinan Biritaniya ya ba da rahoton jama'a da suka yi cunkoson jama'a a kan tituna domin murnar sake kwace iko. A halin da ake ciki, shugaban kasar Biafra Ojukwu bai ce uffan ba kan ayyana sanarwar, inda ya mayar da hankali kan gazawar sojojin Biafra na hana gwamnati ci gaba. Hankalinsa kan gazawar sojojin Okonkwo da rashin yin tsokaci kan shelanta ‘yancin kai ya nuna cewa watakila jami’an Biafra na shirin ayyana jamhuriyar Benin, kuma rashin amincewarsu na nuni da rashin lokacinta, maimakon faruwar lamarin. Kasar Biafra dai ta samu karancin karbuwa daga wasu kasashen ketare, amma duk nasarorin da aka samu basu da alaka da shelanta kasar Benin. Mamaya na Biafra na yankin Tsakiyar Yamma ya kasa cimma manufofinsa, ya kuma yi mummunar illa ga goyon bayan gida na neman ballewa a tsakanin wadanda ba 'yan kabilar Igbo ba, kuma gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta dauka a matsayin hujjar kara tayar da kananan rikici zuwa yakin basasa.
Duba kuma
Jihar tsana
Tutar Jamhuriyar Benin (Nigeria)
Tutar Biafra
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Sanarwar 'Yancin Kan 'Jamhuriyar Benin'
Duniya Statesmen- Najeriya - yana nuna tutarta
1967 a Najeriya |
22408 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Jima%27i | 'Yancin Jima'i | 'Yancin jima'i ya ƙunshi 'yancin bayyana yanayin sha'awar mutum da kuma barranta daga duk wani tozarci dangane da yanayin sha'awar mutum na jima'i. A taƙaice dai, ya ta'allaƙa ne akan mutanen da ke da halin sha'awar jima'i daban daban, wanda suka haɗa da 'yan maɗigo, 'yan luwaɗi, masu sha'awar duka jinsi biyu (maza da mata) da kuma masu sauya halitta (LGBT), da kuma kare waɗannan haƙƙoƙi duk da cewa sun haɗa da 'yancin jima'i tsakanin namji da kuma mace. 'Yancin jima'i da kuma barranta daga tozarci ta fuskar yanayin sha'awa na daga cikin wanzuwar ɗan-Adam da kuma haƙƙoƙin da duk wani mutum yake da ita ta fuskar halittar ɗan-Adam.
Babu 'yancin yin jima'i a bayyane a cikin dokar haƙƙin ɗan Adam na duniya ; sannan a maimakon haka, ana samunsa a cikin wasu kayan kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa da kasa da suka hada da Sanarwar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya, Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan Hakkokin Dan Adam da Siyasa da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Zamantakewa da Al'adu .
Batun 'yancin yin jima'i yana da wahalar bayyanawa, domin kuwa ya kunshi hakkoki da dama daga cikin dokokin kare hakkin dan Adam na duniya.
An bayyana muhimmancin yanayin jima'i a cikin Preamble na Yogyakarta Principles a matsayin " kowane mutum don zurfin motsin rai, so da sha'awa na jima'i ga da kuma kusanci da alaƙar jima'i da, mutane na jinsi daban-daban ko jinsi ɗaya ko fiye da jinsi ɗaya".
'Yanci daga nuna wariya saboda dalilin jima'i ana samunsa ne a cikin Sanarwar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa ta' Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR).
UDHR ta tanadi rashin nuna wariya a cikin Matakinta na biyu , wanda ke cewa: Kowane mutum na da hakkin ya sami ‘yanci da haƙƙin da aka bayyana a cikin wannan sanarwar, ba tare da wani bambanci ba, kamar dai launin fata, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra’ayi, asalin ƙasa ko na zaman jama'a, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi. Bugu da kari haka, ba za a nuna bambanci ba dangane da siyasa, hurda ko matsayin kasa da kasa da yankin da mutum yake, walau mai zaman kansa, mai dogaro da kai, mara mulkin kansa ko karkashin wani iyakancin ikon mallaka.Za a iya fahimtar yanayin jima'i a cikin Mataki na biyu a matsayin "wani matsayi" ko kuma a matsayin faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin "jima'i".
A cikin ICCPR, Mataki na biyu ya bayyana irin wannan tanadin don rashin nuna bambanci:Kowace Jiha na toungiyar na wakilta a halin yanzu da ta ɗauki alƙawarin girmamawa da tabbatar wa duk mutane a cikin ƙasarta kuma suna ƙarƙashin ikonta haƙƙoƙin da aka amince da su a cikin Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu, ba tare da banbancin kowane nau'i ba, kamar launin fata, launi, jinsi, yare, addini, siyasa ko wani ra'ayi, asalin ƙasa ko zamantakewa, dukiya, haihuwa ko wani matsayi.A cikin Toonen v Ostiraliya Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNHRC) ta gano cewa batun "jima'i" a cikin Mataki na biyu na (ICCPR) ya hada da tsarin jima'i, don haka sanya nuna jinsi ya zama dalilan banbanci game da jin dadin 'yancin a karkashin (ICCPR). .
'Yancin samun' yanci daga nuna bambanci shi ne tushen 'yancin yin jima'i, amma yana da nasaba ta kusa da motsa jiki da kuma kare wasu hakkokin dan adam.
== Bayan Fage ==
Mutanen da ke da bambancin yanayin jima'i an nuna musu wariya a tarihi kuma suna cigaba da kasancewa "rukuni" cikin al'umma a yau. Nau'ikan nuna wariyar da mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi ke fuskanta sun hada da hana ' yancin rayuwa, da ' yancin yin aiki da hakkin kare sirri, rashin sanin alakar mutum da dangi, kutse da mutuncin mutum, tsangwama da tsaron mutum, keta haƙƙin 'yanci daga azabtarwa, nuna bambanci a cikin damar samun haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da gidaje, kiwon lafiya da ilimi, da matsin lamba don yin shiru da ganuwa.
Kasashe saba'in da takwas suna kiyaye dokokin da ke sanya jinsi tsakanin jima'i tsakanin manya aikata laifi, kuma ƙasashe bakwai (ko ɓangarorinta) ke zartar da hukuncin kisa kan jima'i tsakanin jima'i. Su ne Iran, Saudi Arabiya, Yemen, Mauritania, Sudan, jihohin arewacin Najeriya goma sha biyu, da yankunan kudancin Somaliya.
'Yancin yin jima'i bai daɗe da zama abin damuwa ba na duniya, tare da ƙa'idodin jima'i a al'adance suna faɗuwa a ƙarƙashin ikon ƙasar . A yau kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kasa da kasa da yawa sun tsunduma cikin kare hakkin mutane na bambancin jinsi kamar yadda ake kara fahimtar cewa nuna banbanci game da tsarin jima'i ya yadu kuma keta hakkokin bil' adama ne da ba za a amince da shi ba.
Ayyukan tashin hankali
Ayyukan tashin hankali akan mutanen (LGBT) galibi suna da ban tsoro musamman idan aka kwatanta da sauran laifuka masu haifar da son zuciya kuma sun haɗa da kashe-kashe, sace-sace, duka, fyade, da tashin hankali na hankali, gami da barazanar, tilastawa da lalata aibata mutum.
Misalan ayyukan tashin hankali akan mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi game da jima'i suna da yawa a lissafa a nan, kuma suna faruwa a duk sassan duniya. Misali mai matukar damuwa shine cin zarafin mata da kisan yan madigo goma sha biyar a cikin Thailand a cikin Maris alib na 2012. A cikin wannan misalin, wasu maza da suka yi adawa da alaƙar su sun kashe ma'aurata biyu 'yan madigo kuma suka ji kunya lokacin da suka kasa shawo kan matan zuwa ga alaƙar maza da kansu.
Yawancin lokuta ayyukan tashin hankali ga mutanen da ke bambancin ra'ayi na jima'i ana yin su ne daga dangin wanda aka cutar. A wani yanayi a Zimbabwe, dangin ta ne suka shirya fyaden da ake yi wa ‘yar madigo da yawa a kokarin“ warkar da ita ”daga yin luwadi.
A wa annan shari'o'in, kamar sauran lamura da yawa na cin zarafin mutane game da bambancin jinsi, hukumomin zartar da doka na jihar suna da hannu dumu-dumu a take hakkin dan adam saboda gazawa wajen musguna wa masu take hakki.
Keta haƙƙin sirri
'Yancin sirri shine' yanci da aka kiyaye a karkashin offishin (UDHR), da (ICCPR) wanda ke nuni da "yaduwar, idan ba gama gari ba, bukatar bil'adama ta bin wasu ayyukanta a cikin kusanci, ba tare da tsangwama daga waje ba. Yiwuwar yin hakan asasi ne ga mutum. ” Abota ta kut da kut, ko tsakanin mutane biyu na jinsi ko na jinsi daban, suna cikin waɗannan ayyukan waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin haƙƙin sirri.
An yi nasara cikin jayayya da yawa a cikin shari'oi da dama na cewa dangantakar liwadi da madigo tsangwama ne ga haƙƙin sirri, gami da yanke hukunci a Kotun Turai na 'Yancin Dan Adam da (UNHRC).
Yancin yanke hukunci kan alaƙar mutum ta yarda da kansa, gami da jinsin wannan mutumin, ba tare da tsangwama na Gwamnati ba haƙƙin ɗan adam ne. Haramta dangantakar mutane masu bambancin ra'ayi game da jima'i tauye haƙƙin jima'i ne da haƙƙin sirri.
'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, tare da haɗuwa
Kowane mutum, ta hanyar ikon cin gashin kansa, yana da 'yanci ya bayyana kansa, ya tara kuma ya kasance tare da wasu. 'Yancin faɗar albarkacin baki haƙƙin ɗan Adam ne wanda aka kiyaye a karkashin doka ta 19 na (UDHR) da kuma sashi na 19 na (ICCPR) haka nan haƙƙin haɗuwa ne a ƙarƙashin doka ta 20 ta (UDHR) da kuma doka ta 21 ta (ICCPR)
Mutanen (LGBT) ana nuna musu wariya dangane da ikonsu na karewa da inganta haƙƙoƙinsu. Jerin fahariyar 'yan luwadi, zanga-zangar lumana da sauran abubuwan da ke inganta haƙƙoƙin (LGBT) galibi ana hana gwamnatocin Jiha.
A shekarar 2011 an hana yin zanga-zangar nuna jinsi a Serbia sannan 'yan sanda suka fasa wata zanga-zangar a Moscow, wadanda suka kame manyan masu rajin kare hakkin' yan luwadi talatin.
Ka'idodin Yogyakarta
A shekarar 2005, kwararru ashirin da tara suka dauki nauyin kirkirar Ka'idojin Yogyakarta kan Aikace-aikacen Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya dangane da Fahimtar Jima'i da Shaidar Jinsi. An yi niyyar gabatar da daftarin ne don fitar da gogewa game da take hakkokin bil Adama a kan mutane masu bambancin jinsi da kuma wadanda suka sauya jinsi,da aiwatar da dokar kare hakkin dan Adam ta kasa da kasa ga wadancan abubuwan da kuma irin nauyin da ke kan Amurka game da wadancan abubuwan.
Ka'idodin za a iya rarraba su zuwa cikin masu zuwa:
Ka'idoji na daya zuwa na 3 sun bayyana yadda kowa yake da hakkin ɗan adam da kuma yadda ake amfani da shi ga dukkan mutane.
Ka'idoji na 4 zuwa 11 suna magana ne kan hakkokin rayuwa, 'yanci daga tashin hankali da azabtarwa, sirri, samun adalci da' yanci daga tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Ka'idodin 12 zuwa 18 sun bayyana rashin nuna bambanci dangane da haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu, gami da aikin yi, masauki, tsaro na zamantakewar al'umma, ilimi da kiwon lafiya.
Ka'idodin 19 zuwa 21 sun jaddada mahimmancin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ainihi da kuma jima'i, ba tare da tsangwama na Jiha ba, gami da taron lumana.
Ka'idodin 22 da 23 sun bayyana haƙƙin neman mafaka daga zalunci dangane da yanayin jima'i.
Ka'idodin 24 zuwa 26 sun bayyana haƙƙin shiga cikin rayuwar iyali da al'adu da al'amuran jama'a.
Ka'idar ta 27 ta tsara haƙƙin ingantawa da kare haƙƙin ɗan adam ba tare da nuna bambanci ba dangane da yanayin jima'i.
Ka'idoji 28 da 29 sun jaddada mahimmancin yiwa wadanda suka keta hakkin dan adam hisabi, da kuma tabbatar da hakkin wadanda ke fuskantar take hakkin.
Ka'idojin dangarkatar kayan aiki ne na doka mai taushi kuma saboda haka baya ɗauka. Amma yana ba da muhimmiyar ƙa'ida ga isashshen a cikin wajibcinsu na kare haƙƙin mutane masu bambancin ra'ayin jima'i.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
A ranar 17 ga Yuni, 2011 Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin wani kuduri kan Hakkin Dan-Adam, Neman Jima'i da kuma Shaidar Jinsi, wanda kuri'un mutane 23 suka amince da shi, 19 suka nuna adawa, da kuma wadanda ba su amince da shi ba 3, sun bukaci kwamitin da ya gudanar da bincike don rubuta dokokin nuna wariya. da ayyukan tashin hankali ga mutane dangane da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi.
Kudurin na 2011 an yi shi ne don ya ba da haske kan yadda za a iya amfani da haƙƙin ɗan Adam na ƙasa da ƙasa don hana ayyukan tashin hankali da nuna wariya ga mutanen da ke da bambancin yanayin jima'i.
A ranar 15 ga Disambar 2011 ne Ofishin Babban Kwamishina na Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya fitar da rahoto na farko game da hakkin dan adam na mutanen (LGBT).
Rahoton ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa. Don hana afkuwar irin wannan tashin hankalin, ana ba da shawarar Kasashe membobin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
Gaggauta binciko duk rahotannin kashe-kashe da munanan tashe-tashen hankula da aka yi wa mutanen (LGBT), ba tare da la’akari da ko ana aiwatar da su a asirce ko a bayyane ba, daga oran Jiha ko waɗanda ba Statean Jiha ba, tabbatar da tabbatar da bin diddigin irin wannan take hakkin da kafa hanyoyin bayar da rahoto game da irin wannan.
An dauki matakai don hana azabtarwa da sauran nau'ikan zalunci, rashin mutuntaka ko wulakanta mutane, tabbatar da tabbatar da bin doka game da irin waɗannan take hakkokin da kafa hanyoyin ba da rahoto.
Soke dokokin da suka haramta luwadi, da yin jima'i tsakanin mata da miji, da sauran dokokin aikata laifi wadanda suke tsare mutane dangane da jima'i da kuma soke hukuncin kisa kan laifukan da suka hada da yin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata.
Kafa cikakkiyar doka ta yaki da nuna wariya, tabbatar da cewa yaki da nuna wariya dangane da yanayin jima'i yana cikin ayyukan kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan Adam na kasa.
Tabbatar cewa ana iya aiwatar da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, ƙungiya da taron lumana cikin aminci ba tare da nuna banbanci ba game da yanayin jima'i ko asalin jinsi.
Aiwatar da shirye-shiryen horarwa masu dacewa ga jami'an tilasta bin doka, da tallafawa yakin neman labarai na jama'a don magance luwadi da madigo tsakanin jama'a da makarantu.
Sauƙaƙe amincewa da doka game da fifikon jinsi na mutane masu canza jinsi.
Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ba ta kara daukar wani mataki ba, duk da cewa an gabatar da kudirin da aka gabatar game da yanayin jima'i da asalin jinsi a gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2008. Koyaya, wannan sanarwar ba ta sami karɓa a hukumance ta Babban taron Majalisar kuma yana buɗe wa masu sa hannu.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Hakkokin (LGBT) ta ƙasa ko ƙasa
Addini da liwadi
(LGBT) ƙungiyoyin jama'a
'Yan adawa na haƙƙin (LGBT).
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Amnesty International Amurka: Matsayin doka na LGBT a duk duniya
Ofishin Babban Kwamishinan 'Yancin Dan-Adam
Fahimtar Jima'i da Shaida a cikin Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Kasa da Kasa ta Hukumar Shari'a.
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23323 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labarin%20kasa%20na%20Singapore | Labarin kasa na Singapore | Kasar Singaphore kasa ce karama, wacce akwai mutane a tsiburinta dake birnin Kudu-maso gabacin Asia, tana nan a karshen Malayan Penninsula tsakanin Malaysia daIndonesia. Singapore tana da fadin kasa ona kimanim .
Yankin Singapore ya ƙunshi manyan ƙasashe da sauran tsibirai. Landasar ta Singapore tana da daga gabas zuwa yamma da daga arewa zuwa kudu tare da na bakin teku Wadannan alkaluman sun dogara ne akan High Water Mark cadastral iyakokin bincikenn. Tana da yanki na musamman na tattalin arziki na .
An raba Singapore da Indonesiya da Kogin Singapore da Malaysia daga Yankin Johor.
Tsarin kasa
Babban yankin Singapore tsibiri ne mai kamannin lu'u-lu'u, kodayake yankinta ya haɗa da ƙananan tsibirai masu kewaye. Tsibiri mafi nisa daga nesa shine Pedra Branca. Daga cikin kananan tsibirai da yawa na Singapore, Tsibirin Jurong, Pulau Tekong, Pulau Ubin da Sentosa sune manyan. Yawancin Singapore ba su fi meter 15 sama da matakin teku ba.
Matsayi mafi girma na Singapore shine Bukit Timah Hill, tare da tsayi daga ƙasa na 165 m (538 ft) kuma ya kasance daga dutse mai ƙyalli, dutse . Tuddai da kwaruruka na dutsen da ke cike da arewa sun mamaye arewa maso yamma, yayin da yankin gabas ya ƙunshi yashi da ƙasa mai faɗi. Singapore ba ta da tabkuna na halitta, amma an gina tafkuna da wuraren tara ruwa don adana tsaftataccen ruwa don samar da ruwan Singapore .
Singapore ta sake mallakar ƙasa da ƙasa da aka samo daga tsaunukanta, da keɓewar teku, da ƙasashe maƙwabta. A sakamakon haka, yankin ƙasar Singapore ya girma daga 581.5 km² a cikin shekarun 1960s zuwa 725.7 km² a yau, kuma zai sami ƙaruwa kaɗan saboda ginin fatar teku da shinge don magance ƙimar tekun da ke ƙaruwa koyaushe.
Singapore tana da na a degree daya da rabi daga arewacin kerjin, tana kwance gaba daya tsakanin daidaito na 1 da na 2 . Yankin Singapore ana sanya shi azaman yanayi na gandun dazuzzuka mai zafi ( Köppen rabe-raben yanayi Af), ba tare da ingantattun yanayi ba. Saboda yanayin wurin da yake da yanayin yanayin teku, yanayinta yana da yanayin zafin jiki iri iri da matsin lamba, danshi mai zafi da yawan ruwan sama. Saboda haka, kusan kusan dumi ne da danshi. Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara yana kusan . 24 da aka taba samu a tarihi shine 512.4 (2 Disamba 1978) a Paya Lebar, da kuma (19 Disamba 2006).
A yanayin wuri hovers a kusa da wani diurnal kewayon m na da matsakaicin . Mayu shine mafi tsananin watan shekara a Singapore, sannan Yuni zai biyo baya. Wannan saboda iska mai haske da hasken rana mai ƙarfi a cikin waɗancan watanni. Mafi yawan zafin jiki da aka rubuta shine a ranar 17 ga Afrilu 1983. Mafi ƙarancin zazzabi da aka rubuta shi ne a cikin 14 Fabrairu 1989 a Paya Lebar . Zazzabi yakan wuce sama da kuma zai iya kaiwa a wasu lokuta.
Yanayin damshi yana da zangon diurnal a cikin manyan 90s da sanyin safiya zuwa kusan 60% a tsakiyar rana, amma yana ƙasa da 50% a wasu lokuta. A lokacin tsawan ruwan sama mai zafi, dangin danshi yakan kai 100%. Gabaɗaya, akwai mafi yawan ruwan sama a yammacin tsibirin fiye da gabashin gabashin Singapore, sakamakon tasirin inuwar ruwan sama.
Don haka, gabashin Singapore ya fi yammacin Singapore bushe da ɗan zafi kaɗan. Wannan na iya haifar da rashin daidaiton yanayi daga wannan gefen tsibirin zuwa wancan. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a kula saboda koda karamin tsauni kamar Bukit Timah Hill na iya haifar da wannan lamarin. Duk da ƙaramar girman Singapore, akwai yiwuwar akwai hasken rana a gefe ɗaya yayin da ake ruwan sama a ɗaya gefen.
Karin haske kan abunda ke hana daidaituwar duk shekara gaskiya sune lokacin damina wanda ke faruwa sau biyu a kowace shekara. Na farkon shine Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas wanda yake faruwa daga tsakiyar Nuwamba zuwa farkon Maris. Na biyu shine lokacin Yammacin Kudu maso Yamma wanda yake faruwa daga Yuni zuwa Satumba. Lokaci tsakanin lokutan damina yana samun karancin ruwan sama da iska. A lokacin Yankin Arewa Maso Gabas, iskoki na arewa maso gabas suna nasara, wani lokacin sukan kai . Akwai yanayin gajimare a watan Disamba da Janairu tare da yawan ruwan sama da rana.
Lokuta na yaɗuwar matsakaici zuwa ruwan sama mai ƙarfi yana faruwa daga kwana 1 zuwa 3 a tsawance. Yana da ɗan bushe a cikin Fabrairu har zuwa farkon Maris duk da cewa ruwan sama har yanzu ya wuce 120mm. Hakanan galibi ana iska tare da saurin iska wani lokacin yakan kai a cikin watannin Janairu da Fabrairu. A lokacin Yankin Kudu Maso Yamma, iskar kudu maso gabas ta mamaye. Kebewa zuwa warwatse ruwan sama yana faruwa da sanyin safiya da kuma wayewar gari. Washe gari "Sumatras" - layin squall wanda ya samo asali akan kusa da Sumatra - na kowa ne.
Manufofin canjin yanayi
Singapore ta san cewa canjin yanayi a cikin shekarun da ke tafe zai sami babban tasiri ga tsibirin. Ya ɗauki matakai uku-uku game da batun - yin bincike kan yadda ƙasar za ta shafa a cikin takamaiman bayanai, aiwatar da matakan ragewa da dacewa da canje-canje masu zuwa. Don binciken, an kafa Cibiyar Bincike kan Yanayi ta Singapore (CCRS).
Gwamnati ta kiyasta cewa dala biliyan 100 za a kashe sama da shekaru 100 don magance matsalar. A cikin kasafin kudin 2020 , ta ware dala biliyan 5 na farko zuwa Asusun Kare Gaban gabar Kasa da Ruwan Tsufana. Ga yawan jama'a, zai samar da kwarin gwiwa ga masu mallaka su canza zuwa motocin lantarki (EVs), kamar ragi akan ƙarin Kuɗaɗen Rajista da faɗaɗa hanyar sadarwa ta cajin EV. Zuwa 2040, tana sa ran dakatar da motocin mai da dizal (injin ƙone ciki). Manufofin sufurin kasar na ci gaba da mai da hankali kan makomar "mota-Lite" tare da akasarin matafiya da ke amfani da jigilar jama'a (jiragen MRT, motocin safa, motocin haya) a maimakon haka.
Singapore ita ce kasa ta farko a kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ke karbar harajin carbon, a $ 5 a kowace tan, ana amfani da ita ga manyan kamfanonin fitar da hayakin da ke samar da sama da tan 25,000 na carbon dioxide a shekara. Don rage dogaro da kasar kan burbushin halittu, tana gina daya daga cikin manya-manyan gonakin hasken rana a duniya a Tengeh Reservoir a Tuas, tare da karfin 60MW.
Yankin lokaci
Koda yake Singapore ba ta kiyaye lokacin tanadin hasken rana (DST), tana bin yankin UTC + 8, awa ɗaya gaba da yankin don yanayin yankinsa.
Ilimin kasa da kasa
Ana samun duwatsu marasa kyau a cikin Bukit Timah da Woodlands da tsibirin Pulau Ubin . Dutse yana yin girma daga dutsen mai walƙiya. Ana kuma samun Gabbro a yankin kuma ana samun sa a wani yanki da ake kira Little Guilin mai suna saboda kamannin ta da Guilin a Kudancin China. Wannan yankin yana cikin Bukit Gombak. Ana samun duwatsu masu bakin ciki a yammacin Singapore kuma galibi ana yinsu ne da dutsen yashi da laka . Hakanan ya hada da yankin kudu maso yamma. Ana samun duwatsun Metamorphic a yankin arewa maso gabashin Singapore da kuma kan Pulau Tekong da ke gabashin gabashin Singapore. Duwatsu galibi sun kasance ne daga ma'adini kuma sun hada da Tsarin Sajahat .
Aikin girgizar kasa
Singapore ba ta da aminci daga aikin girgizar ƙasa a yankin, saboda manyan laifuka mafi kusa (Laifin Sumatran da Laifin megathrust) suna da nisan ɗaruruwan kilomita a Indonesia. Koyaya, yawan jama'a da gine-ginen suna iya kasancewa da ɗan tasiri kaɗan ta kowane aiki kamar rawar jiki, wanda baƙon abu bane, amma gabaɗaya baya cutarwa kuma an iyakance shi da ƙananan juzu'i ko girgiza abubuwa.
A ƙarshen 2004, yankuna da yawa na Asiya da Afirka sun fuskanci girgizar kasa ta Tekun Indiya ta 2004 da kuma sakamakon tsunami. Singapore ta yi sa'a saboda an kiyaye ta ta hanyar yankin Sumatra, wanda ya dauki nauyin tsunami; Tasirin kan Singapore ya iyakance ga girgizar ƙasa da aka ji a cikin wasu manyan dogayen gine-gine na can.
Matsayin siyasa da na mutane
Lokacin da Birtaniyya ta fara mallakar Singapore, Birnin Singapore ya kasance a gefen kudu, kusa da bakin Kogin Singapore . Wannan yankin ya kasance Babban Yankin Singapore. Sauran tsibirin ya kasance ƙasar noma da kuma gandun daji na farko. Koyaya, tun daga 1960s gwamnati ta gina sabbin garuruwa da yawa a wasu yankuna, don haka a yau kusan tsibirin ya kasance an gina shi kuma an gina shi cikin birni, in banda 'yan kaɗan, kamar gundumar Lim Chu Kang ko kuma ƙasar da aka kwato a cikin aikin da ake ci gaba.
Hasasar tana da ƙananan ƙungiyoyi da yawa, galibi ana amfani da su don gudanarwa ko dalilai na ƙididdiga. A siyasance, an kasa Singapore zuwa gundumomin gudanarwa guda biyar, sannan kuma an kara rarraba su cikin majalisun gari wadanda galibi ke kunshe da mazabun siyasa ko fiye. Koyaya, ba kamar sauran ƙasashe ba inda ake amfani da ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi don ambaton wurare, irin wannan al'adar galibi baƙon abu ne a Singapore. Iyakokin siyasa suna canzawa tare da kowane babban zaɓe don haka, wuraren da suka rufe ba lallai bane suyi daidai da fahimtar gida na wuri. Yawancin yankuna, gundumomi da maƙwabta a cikin jihar-birni galibi suna kewaye kuma ana iya bayyana su wani lokacin ba da izininsu ba. Tsare-tsare da iyakan kidaya, wadanda ake kira wuraren tsarawa , Hukumar Bunkasa Birane ta yi amfani da ita wajen ayyana wasu gundumomi da unguwanni, kodayake wadannan iyakokin ba lallai ne su yi daidai da yadda kowa yake fahimta ba. Duk da yake akwai iyakokin sabbin garuruwa, akwai lokutan da za'a iya gano wasu unguwanni daban da garin da yake. Misali Tiong Bahru, galibi ana gano shi daban da garin HDB wani yanki ne na, Bukit Merah .
A matsayinta na babbar hukumar gwamnati da ke da alhakin tsara biranen Singapore, Hukumar Bunkasa Birane na neman aiwatar da ingantaccen amfani da filaye da rage kazanta tare da kiyaye hanyoyin zirga-zirga masu sauki, wadanda suka fi damun Singapore saboda halin da take ciki na gari-gari. Tsarin Jagora na Ci gaba ga kowane yanki yanki na tsarawa 55 an sake shi cikin aikin.
Don rage cunkoson ababen hawa, an sanya farashin hanyar Lantarki (ERP) a kusa da mashigar shiga Yankin Tsakiya. A wasu sassa na Singapore ne kasa m, kuma m, kuma sukan cika da gidaje kadarori kamar daga gidaje da raya Board (HDB) ko condominiums, da na kasuwanci gundumomi suna kasa mai karfi. Koyaya, don rage damuwa akan Yankin Tsakiya, an haɓaka cibiyoyin yanki da yawa, kowannensu yana ƙunshe da gundumar kasuwanci mai mai da hankali.
Masana'antar haske ana rarraba su ne a kusa da tsibirin a matsayin filayen masana'antu kuma suna cikin gidaje, kwatankwacin HDB, kuma suna ba da izinin antsan haya ne kawai waɗanda ke samar da kusancin gurɓataccen nil, yayin da masana'antun masu nauyi ke kusa da Jurong da Jurong Island . Jerin irin wadannan kadarorin ana iya samun su anan .
Akwai hanyoyin sadarwa guda biyu zuwa jihar Johor, Malaysia. A arewa akwai hanyar hanyar dogo da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, wanda ya haɗu da garin Johor Bahru . A yamma akwai gada ta hanya ( Tuas Second Link ), wanda ya haɗu da Johor, don zirga-zirgar hanya kawai. Haɗin haɗin yana da mahimmin haɗin haɗin tattalin arziƙi zuwa Malesiya, wanda ana iya gani azaman ƙasan bayan gari.
Hanyar hanyar (tsayin mita 1,038) Coode, Fizmaurice, Wilson da Mitchell na Westminster ne suka tsara kuma Topham, Jones & Railton Ltd na Landan suka gina. An fara shi a cikin 1909 azaman hanyar jirgin ƙasa ta hanyar Johor State Railway don haɗa Johor Bahru zuwa Singapore, sannan hedkwatar gudanarwa na bukatun Burtaniya a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. An fara aikin sashin hanya a cikin 1919 kuma an kammala shi a 1923.
Hanyar hanyar ta haifar da matsalolin muhalli, galibi tarin daskarewa a cikin Johore Strait. Wannan ya haifar da rashin jituwa da Malaysia. Singapore ta ki amincewa da shawarar Malaysia na maye gurbin hanyar da gada, kuma tun daga lokacin Malesiya ta gabatar da shawarar abin da ya zama sananne da "gadar rabin gada", tana sauka rabi don danganta ta da karamar hanyar.
Since Singapore lacks natural freshwater rivers and lakes, the primary source of domestic water is rainfall. Demand for fresh plants around the island to help meet
Akwai wuraren shakatawa sama da 300 da keɓaɓɓun yanayin 4 a cikin Singapore. Hakanan akwai bishiyoyi da yawa da aka dasa, kuma kusan kashi hamsin cikin 100 na ƙasar an rufe shi da ciyayi. Saboda wannan, ana kiran Singapore da yawa 'Garden City'.
Singapore ta kasance mai matukar rauni ga tasirin canjin yanayi ; musamman, hauhawar matakan teku na iya zama babbar barazana ga rayuwar kasar nan ta hangen nesa.
Wuri mafi girma
Duba kuma
Hanyoyin haɗi tsakanin Singapore da Johor
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Hidimar Yanayi na Singapore
Hasashen Yanayin Singapore
Climatology na Singapore - Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Kasa
CNN.com - Yanayi - Singapore
Labarin Kasa |
51464 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nedbank | Nedbank | Nedbank Group kungiya ce ta sabis na kuɗi a Afirka ta Kudu da ke ba da sabis na banki mai yawa da kuma tallace-tallace gami da inshora, gudanar da kadarori, da kuma gudanar da dukiya. Nedbank Limited kamfani ne na Nedbank Group.
Babban kasuwar Nedbank ita ce Afirka ta Kudu. Nedbank kuma tana aiki a wasu kasashe shida a cikin Kudancin Afirka (SADC), ta hanyar rassa da bankunan a Eswatini, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia da Zimbabwe, da kuma ofisoshi a Angola da Kenya. A waje da Afirka, Nedbank tana ba da sabis na kudi na duniya a Isle of Man, Jersey, Guernsey, United Kingdom da Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
Nedbank tana da hedkwata a Johannesburg.
An kafa bankin ne a cikin 1888, a Amsterdam a matsayin Bankin Nederlandsche en Crediet conseriging voor Zuid-Afrika ("Bankin Dutch da Credit Union for South Africa"). A watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, bankin ya bude wata hukuma a Church Street, Pretoria, Afirka ta Kudu tare da manufarsa ita ce samar da bashi da banki a ciki da Afirka ta Kudu: 69
A cikin 1903, an sake sunan kamfanin zuwa Nederlandsche Bank voor Zuid-Afrika ("Bankin Dutch na Afirka ta Kudu").: A cikin 1906, bankin ya fadada kuma an buɗe ofis a London. A cikin 1925, NBvZA ta haɗu da Transvaalsche Handelsbank: 69
A watan Mayu 1940, Jamus ta mamaye kuma ta mamaye Netherlands, kuma wannan ya shafi gudanar da hukumar Afirka ta Kudu daga wannan ƙasar.: 69 Babban ofishin Afirka ta Kudu da reshen ta a London suna da isasshen kadarori a cikin sterling, daloli da zinariya don rufe bashin ta.: 70 Kamar yadda yake hukuma kuma tare da babban ofishinta na Holland ba ta da iko, gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu ta nada mai kula da gudanar da bankin har zuwa 1945.: 81 Kashi na bankin Afirka ta Kudu a 1945 ya tsaya tsakanin kashi 2 da 3 cikin dari.: 83
Bankunan sun rabu a ranar 15 ga watan Janairun 1951, sun sake sunan takwaransa na Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin Bankin Nederlandse a Suid-Afrika / Bankin Netherlands na Afirka ta Tsakiya (NBSA) tare da bankin Dutch (NBvZA) da ke riƙe da kashi 75% a cikin sabon kamfanin.: 71 A ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1954, Bankin Nederlandsche en Crediet conseriging voor Zuid-Afrika (NBvZ) ya haɗu da Amsterdamnsche Goederen Bank ya zama Bankin Nederlandze Overzee Bank (NOB): 71 A cikin wani bangare na NBSA da ke riƙewa da kashi 74 cikin 100 da NOB) don haka:
A watan Yulin 1969, an yanke shawarar sayar da sauran kashi 20 kuma kamfanin ya zama mallakar Afirka ta Kudu 100% bayan Mees en Hope Groep NV ta karɓi biyan kuɗi don sauran hannun jarin tsakanin Agusta 1969 da 1 Yuni 1970. Abokin hulɗa na Dutch na bankin ba ya wanzu. Syfrets SA da Bankin Boland da aka jera a Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Johannesburg a shekarar 1969. A cikin 1971, NBSA ta canza sunanta zuwa Nedbank 69:
Nedbank Group an kafa ta ne daga hadewar Syfrets SA, Union Acceptances da Nedbank a 1973. A shekara ta 1986, Old Mutual ya zama babban mai hannun jari na Nedbank.
A cikin 1992, Syfrets, UAL Merchant Bank, da Nedbank Investment Bank Division sun haɗu don zama Nedcor Investment Bank (NIB). Old Mutual, kamfanin riƙe Nedcor, an cire shi kuma an jera shi a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin London a cikin 1999.
An kafa sabuwar kungiyar Nedcor a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, inda ta hada Nedcor, BoE, Nedcor Investment Bank, da Cape of Good Hope Bank a cikin wata kungiya ta doka. An sake sunan kungiyar Nedcor Group a ranar 6 ga Mayu 2005. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, Nedbank ta sami kashi 49.9% na Babban Bankin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ba ta mallaka ba, don haka Babban Bankin Gabas na Afirka ta Kudu mallakar Nedbank ne. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2014, Nedbank ta sami kashi 20% a cikin Ecobank, ta sauya da'awarta ta dala miliyan 285 a cikin Ecebank zuwa daidaito.
Kungiyar Nedbank
Nedbank Group ita ce kamfani mai riƙe dukkan kasuwancin Nedbank, rassa, abokan tarayya da masu alaƙa. Manyan kamfanoni masu haɗin gwiwar Nedbank Group sun haɗa da:
Ofisoshin gida
Nedbank Limited
Syfrets Securities Limited
Nedgroup Investments Mai mallakar Limited
Nedgroup Kungiyoyin saka hannun jari (RF) Mai mallakar da aka iyakance
Nedgroup Securities Proprietary Limited
Nedgroup Mai zaman kansa Mai mallakar Limited
Nedbank Group Insurance Holdings Limited
Kwamitin Masu Zartarwa
Asusun Amfanin Dokta Holsboer
Ofisoshin kasashen waje da abokan tarayya
Ecobank Transnational Incorporated
Bankin MBCA Limited (Zimbabwe)
Nedbank (Eswatini)
Nedbank (Lesotho)
Nedbank Namibia Limited
Nedbank Limited (Malawi) - Har zuwa Disamba 2019
Nedbank (Mozambik)
Nedbank Private Wealth Limited (Isle of Man)
NedEurope Limited (Isle of Man)
Nedgroup International Holdings Limited
Nedgroup Investments Afirka (Mauritius)
Ana sayar da hannun jarin Nedbank a kan JSE a ƙarƙashin lambar hannun jari ta NED kuma a kan Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Namibian a ƙarƙashin lambar rabon NBK. Ya zuwa 18 ga Janairun 2019, hannun jari a cikin hannun jari na rukuni wanda ya kunshi hannun jari 497,053,536 da aka bayar da aka zagaye zuwa lambar da ta fi kusa shine:
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
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52079 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamzat%20Lawal | Hamzat Lawal | Hamzat B. Lawal mai fafutukar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa ne. Shi ne wanda ya kafa "Follow The Money", wani yunƙuri na bibiya da bahasin kasafin kudi da kashewa na gwamnatin tarayya wanda ya ƙunshi manazarta bayanai, 'yan jarida, masu fafutuka, da ɗalibai. Hamzat kuma shi ne Babban Jami’in Gudanarwa na Connected Development (CODE), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke ba wa al’ummar Afirka masu rauni damar samun bayanai kan yadda za su kara hada gwiwa wajen tabbatarda an aiwatarda ayyukan gwamnatinsu.
Farkon Tasowarsa
Lawal dan jihar Kogi ne. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Model Asokoro da ke Abuja, kuma ya kasance shugaban ‘yan Scout, a lokacin da yake karatun sakandire a makarantar gwamnati ta Karu da ke jihar Nasarawa, ya yi aiki a matsayin kodinetan kungiyar Boys Scout da kuma Utility Prefect. Sannan ya yi makarantar sakandare a Seta International College, Jihar Nasarawa.
Karatun Gaba da Sakandare
Lawal ya kammala karatun digiri ne a Jami'ar Abuja, inda ya yi digirin farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa.
Kwarewar Aiki
Ya yi aiki a matsayin Rep Serviceman a wani kamfanin fasahar sadarwa, daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin kwararre kan fasahar sadarwa tare da Cibiyar Ksa-da-kasa kan Makamashi, Muhalli da Raya Kasa (ICEED) a lokacin da sha'awar canjin yanayi ta karu. Lokacin da maigidan nasa ya lura da fannin sha'awarsa, sai ya ba shi shafin Kundin-Tsarin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na yanar gizo akan canjin yanayi don yin bincike, kuma bayan ya bi takaddu da ka'idoji, ya sami ƙarin sha'awar wannan yanki. Daga baya ya yi rajista tare da dandamali da yawa na canjin yanayi kuma ya shiga cikin ayyuka da yawa.
A shekarar 2012, Lawal ya ji takaicin irin gubar da aka sha a jihar Zamfara shekaru biyu da suka wuce. Sannan a Lokacin da ya fahimci cewa babu wanda ke magana game da bala'in wanda ya janyo rasa mtane sama da 400, sai ya yi tafiyar sa'o'i 14 zuwa cikin al'ummar Bagega, inda lamarin ya faru , don ya ƙara karantar lamarin bayan aukuwar matsalar. Wannan ya zaburar da shi zuwa ga fafutukar al’umma da kuma fara wani yunkuri mai tushe da aka fi sani da Follow The Money, ta hanyar amfani da bayanai don rikar gwamnati da hakki, da kuma neman dauki daga hukumomin gwamnati. A watan Maris 2021, Hamzat Lawal yayi nasarar lashe kyautar $120,000 na Gasar Aiki Mai Dorewa na Gothenburg.
Lawal ya fara fafutuka ne a lokacin da yake Jami'ar Abuja. Daga nan kuma ya dauki nauyin bayar da shawarwari domin shugabanci nagari a tsakanin dalibai da kuma cikin al'ummar dalibai. Ya ci gaba da tofa albarkacin bakinsa kan cin hanci da rashawa, take hakkin dan Adam da kuma tauye hakkin matasa da sauran ‘yan kasa. A cikin 2013, Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Jihar ta kusan kama shi bayan an zarge shi da tunzura matasa a kan gwamnatin lokacin.
Lawal dai shi ne mukaddashiun fafutuka na kungiyar ‘Not Too Young To Run’, kungiyar matasan Najeriya da ke goyon bayan ‘yancin matasa na tsayawa takarar mukaman siyasa ya tabbatar da cewa an zartar da dokar rage shekaru a fadin kasa, wanda ke inganta shigar matasa siyasar Najeriya. Shi mamba ne a hukumar zartarwa ta Afirka Youth Initiative on Climate Change.
Kwato Yancin Bagega
Fafutukar Kwato Yancin Bagega wanda akayiwa lakabi da "#SaveBagega" wani kamfen ne da aka fara a shafin Twitter lokacin da Hamzat ya fara amfani da hashtag a lokacin da ya wallafa a shafinsa na Twitter game da cutar gubar dalma a garin Bagega da ke jihar Zamfara. A cikin watan Mayun 2012, kungiyar likitoci ta Doctors Without Borders ta bayar da rahoton cewa akalla yara 4,000 ne ke fama da cutar dalma sakamakon aikin hako zinare da aka yi a jihar Zamfara a Najeriya. A cikin wannan shekarar ne kungiyar kare hakkin bil’adama ta Human Rights Watch ta kara yin kira ga gwamnatin Najeriya da ta yi alkawarin kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 5 don tsaftace wuraren da aka gurbata da gubar a yayin aikin hako zinare na sana’ar saboda yawan gubar dalma a cikin duwatsu. A lokacin taron Human Right's Watch a #SaveBagega, an ba da rahoton mutuwar yara fiye da 400 kuma yawancin yaran ba a iya kula da su ba.
A cikin Janairu 2013, yakin ya kai kimanin mutane miliyan daya, kuma yawancin kafofin watsa labaru sun dauki labarin.. A karshen wannan watan, gwamnatin tarayya ta saki dala miliyan biyar da digo uku (5.3m).
2017: Kyautar Afirka ɗaya
2018: Apolical's 100 Mafi Tasiri a Gwamnatin Digital
2018: Kyautar-Cancanta a Tattalin Arzikin Afirka
2019: The Future Awards Africa (nau'in shawarwari)
2019: United Nations Sustainable Development Goals Action Awards
2020: Gwarzon Ilimi na Duniya, Malala Foundation
2021: BeyGOOD's Global Citizen Fellowship
2021: Ƙwararrun Ƙirƙirar Dimokuradiyya ta Majalisar Turai
2021: Fitattun Matasa Goma, Junior Chamber International Nigeria
2021: Jakadi mai girma a Isra'ila
2021: Gwarzon WIN WIN Gothenburg Kyautar Dorewa |
30535 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbataccen%20muhalli%20da%20ruwa%20a%20Bangladesh | Gurbataccen muhalli da ruwa a Bangladesh | Bangladesh, mai fadin kasa 147,570 km 2, tana da kuma fasalin fili Wanda ya kawo ambaliya da tsarin kogi da yawa a cikin ƙasar. Wannan shimfidar wuri tana da kuma manyan albarkatun ruwa, ƙasa, kamun kifi, dazuzzuka, da namun daji. Gwamnatin kasar tayi kokari akan zartar da bayanai na wurin.
A halin yanzu kasar na fuskantar matsalolin muhalli da dama wadanda ke barazana ga wadannan albarkatu, wadanda suka hada da gurbacewar ruwa a karkashin kasa, da karin gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa, guguwa da ambaliya, da gurbacewar yanayi da sauya yanayin kwararar magudanan ruwa saboda rashin sarrafa ruwan. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan, sannan kamar canjin yanayin kwararar rafi da kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwan ƙasa, ana iya danganta su kai tsaye da ayyukan ɗan adam da hanyoyin masana'antu, yayin da wasu, kamar guguwa da ambaliya al'amura ne da ke faruwa a zahiri. Yawancin waɗannan batutuwan suna ƙara ta'azzara saboda sauyin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da haɓakar guguwa da hauhawar matakan teku. Bisa kididdigar kididdigar daidaitawa ta duniya ta Notre Dame, Kuka Bangladesh ita ce kasa ta 43 da ta fi fama da matsalar sauyin yanayi, kuma kasa ta 37 mafi karancin shiri don magance wadannan illolin. Akwai wasu matakan da gwamnati ta dauka don magance wadannan batutuwa.
gurbacewar ruwan karkashin kasa
Ruwan karkashin kasa a Bangladesh, wanda ake amfani da shi azaman ruwan sha, an same shi yana gurɓata da abubuwa masu nauyi da yawa, gami da arsenic, gubar, cadmium, chromium, jan karfe, mercury, nickel, da uranium. Daga cikin waɗannan, an ƙaddara arsenic a matsayin mafi mahimmancin batun kiwon lafiya, tare da kuma kusan kashi 49% na ruwan ana iya gurɓata shi da yawa sama da jagororin WHO, yana shafar mutane miliyan 35 zuwa 77 a cikin ƙasar. Gurɓatar Arsenic na ruwan ƙasa mara zurfi matsala ce ta halitta wacce ta ƙara yin muni ta hanyar amfani da rijiyoyin bututu, waɗanda ke fitar da ruwan ƙasa. Tun a shekarun 1970 ne gwamnati ta fara kafa amfani da rijiyoyin bututu mai zurfi don gujewa shan ruwan sama, wanda galibi ke gurbata da kwayoyin cuta iri-iri. Wadannan rijiyoyin bututu, duk da haka, sun kai ga gurbataccen ruwan karkashin kasa mai arsenic. Sannan Kuma Wannan batu ya fi yaduwa a yankunan cikin kasa da kuma yankunan karkara, inda kashi 97% na yawan jama'a ke amfani da rijiyoyin bututu. Sakamakon lafiyar shan gurɓataccen ruwan arsenic ya haɗa da sauye-sauyen launin fata da raunuka, wanda zai iya zama farkon cutar kansar fata. Hakanan zai iya haifar da amfani da huhu da mafitsara, da kuma tasirin ci gaba, neurotoxicity, ciwon sukari, cututtukan huhu da cututtukan zuciya.
An gano cutar dalma ta yi yawa a yankunan da ke kusa da Dhaka. An bayyana cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda dimbin masana'antu a yankin, ciki har da na'urorin sake amfani da baturi. Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta gano wuraren masana'antu sama da 1200 wadanda suka haifar da gurbacewar yanayi. Dalilan ƙarin gurɓacewar ƙarfe sun haɗa da hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan noma. Kasancewar gubar a cikin ruwa yana shafar muhalli, da kuma lafiyar ɗan adam. Sannan Kasancewar gubar a cikin ƙasa kuma ya haifar da tattara dalma a cikin ganyen tsire-tsire da suke girma a yankin.
A yankunan bakin teku, gurɓataccen ƙarfe mai nauyi ya kuma yi tasiri a cikin rayuwar ruwa da muhallin gida. Kuma Wannan, bi da bi, yana shafar abubuwan da ake samu na tattalin arzikin yankin da ya dogara da wani bangare na kiwo. Misali, manyan matakan karafa na iya shafar iyawar haifuwa na ilimin halittu na asali ko kuma su gurbata kifin. Idan kifin yana da ƙananan ƙarfe da yawa, mai yiwuwa mai kamun kifi ba zai iya sayar da shi don ci ba. Idan mabukaci ya ci kifi mai yawan gurɓataccen ƙarfe, yana fuskantar haɗari ga lamuran lafiya, kamar ciwon daji, gazawar koda, ko gubar ƙarfe daban-daban. Akwai kuma yiyuwar kifayen su kara nisa daga wadannan yankuna, don gujewa wuraren da ake da guba, wanda kuma zai shafi rayuwar masunta a yankin.
Akwai wani kokari da gwamnati ta yi na samar da rijiyoyin zurfafan bututun da aka bayyana a fili cewa ba su da sinadarin arsenic, da kuma wasu kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na samar da tacewa domin kawar da gurbacewar karfe.
Salinity na karkashin kasa
A yankunan da ke gabar tekun Bangladesh, wadanda ke da kashi 32% na kasar, ana fama da matsalar ruwan gishiri sakamakon yawan ruwa da kuma raguwar kwararar koguna a lokacin rani. An riga an sami canjin yanayi na yanayi na hauhawar matakan ruwan gishiri. Sannan kuma A lokacin rani, ruwan gishiri ya tashi zuwa 240 km. Wannan yana shafar gishirin ruwan ƙasa a cikin karkara. Ana hasashen wannan tasirin zai fi tsanani a nan gaba saboda sauyin yanayi, saboda hawan teku. Kuma A sakamakon haka, ruwan teku zai kara zubewa zuwa yankunan ruwa mai dadi, wanda zai yi tasiri mai yawa akan flora da namun daji na yankin wanda ya dogara da kasancewar ruwa mai dadi. Misali, idan matakin teku ya tashi 88 cm, ruwa 40 km cikin ƙasa za a gurɓata da gaban saline 5 ppt. Wannan zai shafi musamman yankin ruwan ruwa na Tetulia, Estuary Meghna. Matsayin salinity a cikin Meghna Estuary, mafi girman tsarin estuarine a Bangladesh, na iya zama babba don ci gaba da aikin noma da pisciculture. Hakanan zai iya haifar da bacewar wasu nau'ikan Estuary da ke cikin hatsari.
Baya ga cutar da flora da namun daji na yankuna na gabar tekun Bangladesh, karin gishiri kuma zai iya shafar salin kasa, sabili da haka yawan noma na yankuna. An riga an ga wannan yanayin a yankunan bakin teku kamar Satkhira, inda yawan amfanin gonakin ya ragu da kashi 7% daga shekarata 1996 zuwa 2008. Noman shinkafa ya shafi musamman, ya ragu daga 0.3 miliyan ton zuwa 0.1 miliyan ton daga shekarar 2008 zuwa 2010. Idan matakan teku sun tashi kamar yadda aka yi hasashen a yanayin yanayi "matsakaici", ana hasashen Bangladesh zai samar da 0.2 ƙarancin amfanin gona miliyan. Ana hasashen za a ninka wannan lambar don yanayin yanayi "mai tsanani". Wannan batu ya shafi duka zaman lafiyar yankunan da suka dogara ne kan bunkasar shinkafa don samun kudin shiga da kuma salon rayuwa da yanayin cin abinci na yankin da ya dogara da tsarin abinci na shinkafa. Bugu da kari, iyalai marasa galihu suna fuskantar rashin daidaito sakamakon matsalar gishirin ruwan karkashin kasa.
Cyclones da ambaliya
Yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh na da saurin afkuwar guguwa. Tsakanin shekarar 1793 zuwa 1996, ana samun guguwa guda ɗaya kusan kowace shekara 4.5. Wannan yana da illa ga muhallin gida, da kuma kan iyalai da dukiyoyinsu. Misali, guguwar da ta afku a shekara ta 1970 ta yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane 300,000 da dalar Amurka 86.4. miliyoyin asarar dukiya. Cyclones na iya yin illa ga samar da abinci a yankin. A shekarar 1991, guguwa ta yi sanadin lalata kashi 60% na shanu a yankin da abin ya shafa, kashi 80% na kaji da ke yankin da abin ya shafa, sannan ya fallasa hekta 72,000 na shinkafa ga ruwan gishiri.
Cyclones na iya haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kara shafar wadanda ke zaune a yankunan bakin teku. Bugu da ƙari kuma, yana ƙara zuwa ambaliya wanda yankin ya riga ya yi rauni. Sannan Kuma Kashi 20 zuwa 22% na ƙasar ana ambaliya tsakanin watan Yuni da Oktoba. Wani bincike da kwamitin kasa da kasa kan sauyin yanayi ( IPCC ) ya yi ya nuna cewa sauyin yanayi da karuwar matakan teku zai kara dagula lamarin. Misali, 45 karuwar cm a matakin teku zai haifar da 75% na yankin dajin mangrove da ambaliya. Bugu da ƙari kuma, ƙarar daɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na iya haifar da ƙarin ambaliya.
An bayyana ambaliya a matsayin daya daga cikin "babban cikas ga inganta tattalin arzikin al'umma". Tana shafar tattalin arzikin noma da samar da abinci ga al’ummar kasa, tunda kusan kashi 74% na kasar noma ake nomawa. Idan wani yanki mai mahimmanci na wannan ƙasa ya zama ambaliya, ba za a iya amfani da shi don samar da kayan amfanin gona ba. Ambaliyar ruwa tana yin illa ga marasa galihu, tare da matalauta kasancewa sau 2.5 mafi kusantar zama "masu tsananin damuwa" yayin ambaliya fiye da masu arziki.
Gudanar da magudanar ruwa
Sakamakon karuwar yawan mutane da dabbobi, da kuma amfani da ƙasa a cikin tsaunukan Himalayan ya haifar da zazzagewar ƙasa, wanda zai iya haifar da ƙarin zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar ruwa na Bangladesh. Wannan na iya yin tasiri akan tsarin ƙasa kusa da magudanar ruwa da kuma yuwuwar wurin yin ambaliya. Kuma Yayin da Eckholm da Myers suka ba da shawarar ka'idar da ta shahara a yanzu cewa akwai dangantaka ta kai tsaye tsakanin sare dazuzzuka a Nepal da ambaliyar ruwa mai yawa a cikin magudanan ruwa na Bangladesh, babu isasshen shaida don sanin ko wannan gaskiya ne ko a'a. Gudanar da magudanar ruwa mara kyau yana haifar da ɓarna a cikin tafkunan ruwa da canza yanayin kwararar rafi. Sedimentation a cikin tafkunan yana tasiri turbidity na tafki, da kuma zaizayar kasa a gefen kogin. Har ila yau, yana gabatar da farashi ga gwamnati wanda dole ne ya zubar da kogunan ruwan ta. Sannan kuma A Bangladesh, dole ne gwamnati ta cire 0.8 Mitoci masu kubik miliyan na gyaran gyare-gyare da kuma mitoci masu kubik miliyan 2 a kowace shekara. Tun da masana kimiyya ba su yarda gaba ɗaya matakin da sarrafa magudanar ruwa ke shafar yanayin kwararar rafi da ambaliya ba, yana da wuya a tantance girman wannan tasirin.
Martanin gwamnati game da lamuran muhalli
A cikin wani bincike kan shaharar martani ga sauyin yanayi, Bahauddin et al. An gano cewa 'yan ƙasa da yawa sun ji labarin sauyin yanayi, amma galibi suna tunanin hakan na nufin alamun sauyin yanayi ne kawai (watau ambaliyar ruwa, hadari, fari). Yiwuwar mai amsa ya lura da tasirin sauyin yanayi ya dogara ne akan ko rayuwar mutum ta kula da yanayin ko a'a. Yawancin waɗanda suka amsa sun yi imanin cewa "shirin safety net" na gwamnati na iya zama mafita mai yuwuwa ga sauyin yanayi.
Dangane da matsalolin muhalli da kasar ke fuskanta, gwamnatin Bangladesh ta kafa ma'aikatar muhalli da gandun daji ( MoEF ) a shekarar 1989, wacce ke magance wadannan batutuwa tare da yin la'akari da rawar da sauyin yanayi ke takawa wajen ci gaban kasar. MoEF tana kula da Sashen Muhalli da dazuzzuka, sannan Kuma wanda ke aiwatar da dokar muhalli da kuma kare nau'in halittu na halitta a cikin ƙasa bi da bi. A cikin binciken Bahauddin, sun zagaye da yawa daga cikin ’yan kasa ba su san wani shiri na gwamnati ko na gwamnati ba, na magance illolin sauyin yanayi.
Akwai kuma kokarin da kananan hukumomi ke yi na magance matsalolin da suka shafi sauyin yanayi . Misali, wasu kananan hukumomi sun saka hannun jari a matsuguni don rage yawan mace-macen da guguwa ta shafa. Ra'ayin mutane game da tasirin gishiri a kan bishiyoyi da amfanin gona a yankin gabar tekun Bangladesh ya nuna rashin jin daɗi yana yin mummunan tasiri ga ci gaban nau'in shuka sosai.
Bangladesh tana da ma'anar daidaiton yanayin gandun daji na shekarata 2018 yana da maki 5.45/10, wanda ya yi mata matsayi na 101 a duniya cikin kasashe 172.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
27935 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yemi%20Ajibade | Yemi Ajibade | Articles with hCards
Yemi Ajibade (28 Yulin shekarar 1929 - 24 Janairu 2013 ), yawanci yaba kamar yadda Yemi Ajibade, Yemi Goodman Ajibade ko Ade-Yemi Ajibade, wani danNijeriya marubucin wasannin kwaikwayo, actor kuma darekta wanda, bayan ya magance a Ingila a cikin shekara ta 1950s, sun ba da gudummawa mai mahimmanci ga gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Burtaniya da kuma kundin wasan kwaikwayo na Black. A cikin sana'ar da ta dauki tsawon rabin karni, ya bayar da umarni da rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo da dama da suka samu nasara, da kuma yin wasan kwaikwayo da dama na talabijin, da mataki, da rediyo da kuma fina-finai.
Asali da kuma ilimi
An haifi Adeyemi Olanrewaju Goodman Ajibade a gidan sarauta na Ọràngún daga Ìlá Òràngún, Jihar Osun, a kudu maso yammacin Najeriya . Ya halarci Makarantar Grammar Abeokuta, sannan ya yi karatu a Landan, a Kwalejin Shari'a da Kasuwanci ta Kennington , a The Actors' Workshop , sannan daga 1966 zuwa 1968 a Makarantar Fasaha ta Fina-Fina ta London (yanzu fim ɗin London. Makaranta ), inda ya kasance tare da mai shirya fina-finai Horace Ové (wanda ya tuna cewa su ne kawai dalibai biyu baƙar fata a makarantar a lokacin).
Tun farkon zamansa a Burtaniya, Ajibade ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na wasannin gidan rediyo na Sashen Afirka na BBC . Kamar yadda furodusa Fiona Ledger ta tuna a shekara ta 2007: “A shekarar 1960 ne shugaban Sashen Afirka ya nemi Marigayi furodusan BBC John Stockbridge ya tsara wani irin wasan kwaikwayo ga masu sauraron Afirka. Ya fito da jerin shirye-shirye, wasan opera na sabulu da aka saita a Landan. Babu kwafin da ya tsira, amma" Yemi Ajibade "ya ɗauki matsayin ma'aikacin zamantakewa, yana zagawa Ingila da sasanta rigima."
A ci gaba da bunkasa aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo, an yaba masa a shekarar 1963 a matsayin "daya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka fi fice a Afirka ta Yamma". Tare da masu yin wasan kwaikwayo waɗanda suka haɗa da Yulisa Amadu Maddy, Leslie Palmer, Eddie Tagoe, Karene Wallace, Basil Wanzira, da Elvania Zirimu, da sauransu, Ajibade ya fito a cikin wani shiri na Lindsay Barrett 's Blackblast! wanda aka yi fim a 1973 don bugu na musamman na BBC Biyu na shirin fasaha da nishadi Cikakken Gida wanda aka sadaukar da shi ga ayyukan marubuta, masu fasaha, mawaƙa da masu shirya fina-finai na Yammacin Indiya.
Kundin wasanninsa ya ƙunshi ayyuka a cikin jerin wasannin talabijin kamar Armchair Theater (wanda ya yi tauraro a cikin 1963 a cikin "Bishiyar Chocolate" na Andrew Sinclair, tare da Earl Cameron da Peter McEnery ), Mutumin Haɗari , Dixon na Dock Green. , Douglas Botting 's The Black Safari , The Fosters , Fursunonin Conscience , da Silent Witness , da kuma aiki a kan mataki - misali, a cikin "Plays Umbrella", kakar sabbin wasannin kwaikwayo guda biyar da aka ba da izini na musamman, a Riverside Studios (a cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da Drum Arts Center, London) a cikin watan Agusta 1980, da Nicholas Wright 's suna wasa Day Fine Day (1980 a Riverside Studios) da The Custom na Ƙasar (1983 a The Pit, Cibiyar Barbican ), da kuma a cikin Lorraine Hansberry 's Les Blancs ( Royal Exchange Theatre, 2001) - da kuma bayyanar fina-finai ciki har da a cikin Terence Fisher 's The Devil Rides Out , Monte Hellman 's Shatter , Hanif Kureshi 's London Kills Ni , Skin (1995, wr) itten ta Sarah Kane ), Dirty Pretty Things , Exorcist: The Beginning da Flawless tare da Demi Moore da Michael Caine .
A cikin shekara ta 1966 Ajibade ya jagoranci tawagar 'yan Burtaniya, Indiya ta Yamma da Afirka zuwa bikin Baƙar fata ta Duniya a Dakar, Senegal, inda ya jagoranci shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Obi Egbuna na Wind Versus Polygamy ; a Bikin Bakar Fata na Duniya karo na biyu da aka yi a Legas a shekarar 1977 Ajibade ya kasance mai kula da al’amuran wasan kwaikwayo. A cikin 1975 Hukumar Ilimi ta London ta nada shi a matsayin mai koyarwa, kuma ya zama daraktan fasaha na Cibiyar Keskidee da ke arewacin Landan, inda ya ba da umarnin shirya fim ɗin Wole Soyinka 's The Swamp Dwellers (13-23 Maris). 1975).
Daga cikin sanannun aikin Ajibade a matsayin marubucin wasan kwaikwayo shine Parcel Post, wanda anyi amfani dasu wajen wasanni 29 na Kamfanin Turanci na Stage Company a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court a 1976-77, wanda Donald Howarth ya jagoranta, tare da simintin gyare-gyaren da ke nuna irin su Rudolph Walker, Christopher. Asante, da Taiwo Ajai (wanda ta ce nata aikin wasan kwaikwayo ya fara ne kwatsam "lokacin da ta yi tuntuɓe a kan Yemi Ajibade akan wani shiri"). Wasan kwaikwayo na Ajibade na baya sun haɗa da Fingers Only (asali mai suna Lagos, Yes Lagos lokacin da BBC ta watsa shi a cikin 1971 kuma aka buga shi a cikin Nine African Plays for Radio a 1973), wanda a cikin 1982 ya shirya don Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kwando ta Black Theater ( Yanzu NitroBeat ) Mustapha Matura ne ya jagoranci shi a The Factory Theatre, Battersea Arts Center, da Albany Empire . Ana jiran Hannibal ya buɗe a watan Yuni 1986 a Drill Hall, sannan kuma yawon shakatawa na ƙasa ya biyo baya, tare da Burt Caesar da Ajibade suna jagorantar simintin gyare-gyare wanda ya haɗa da Judith Jacobs, Wilbert Johnson da sauransu; da Dogon Hanya Daga Gida Nicolas Kent ne ya samar da shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle a 1991, tare da Ajibade da kansa ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo.
Ajibade ya kuma yi aiki a Ibadan a karshen shekarun 1970, a matsayin marubuci kuma mai bada umurni tsakanin tare da Masallatan Unibadan, kamfanin wasan kwaikwayo na Jami’ar Ibadan .
A cikin Fabrairu shekara ta 2008, a All-Star Gala da aka gudanar a gidan wasan kwaikwayo Royal Stratford East a kan bikin 10th na Tiata Fahodzi, Ajibade an karrama shi a matsayin jagoran gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Birtaniya da Afirka, tare da Taiwo Ajai-Lycett, Dotun Adebayo, Dona Croll, Femi Oguns, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Hugh Quarshie da sauransu.
Yemi Ajibade ya rasu a kasar Birtaniya a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2013 a lokacin yana da shekaru 83.
Kyauta (ba a samar da shi ba)
Bayan Dutsen – wanda aka fara samar da shi: Masallatan Unibadan, 1977
Fingers Only – wanda aka fara samar da shi: The Factory, Battersea Arts, London (Black Theater Co-operative, wanda Mustapha Matura ya jagoranta), 1982. Kamar Legas, Ee Legas, Rediyon BBC, 1971.
Hanya mai tsayi daga Gida - wanda aka fara samarwa: Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle, London (Nicolas Kent ne ya jagoranci), 1991
Mokai – wanda aka fara samarwa: Masallatan Unibadan, 1979
Parcel Post - wanda aka fara samarwa: Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Court, London, 16 Maris 1976
Jiran Hannibal - wanda aka fara samarwa: Drill Hall, London (Haɗin gwiwar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Black, wanda Ajibade ya jagoranta tare da Burt Caesar), 1986
Para Ginto (baƙin sigar Peer Gynt ) - Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Tricycle, 1995
Yatsu Kawai Kuma Wani Mutum Yayi Suna Mokai . Ibadan: Y-Book Drama series, 2001, 142 pp.
Rubutun Parcel da Bayan Dutsen . Ibadan: Y-Book Drama series, 2001, 147 pp. ISBN 978-2659-89-4
Gwyneth Henderson da Cosmo Pieterse (eds), Wasan Afirka Tara don Rediyo (ya haɗa da "Lagos, Yes Lagos" na Yemi Ajibade), Littattafan Ilimi na Heinemann, AWS, 127, 1973.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Yemi Ajibade a Dollee.com
Records na Black Theater Co-operative - Nitro Theatre Company, The National Archives.
"Yemi Ajibade", Black Plays Archive, National Theatre.
Yemi Ajibade jarumin ya yaba, Filmography at Cineplex.
Yarimomi a Najeriya
Marubutan kasar turai a karni na 20
Yan Najeriya da sukai hijira zuwa Burtaniya
Yan Najeriya masu bada umurni shiri
Yan wasan kwaikwayo Burtaniya a karni na 20
Yan wasan kwakwayo da drama na kasar Burtaniya
Daliban jami'ar Ibadan
Tsaffin daliban London Film School\
Yarimomi yarbawa
'Yan Najeriya masu jinin sarauta
Yan wasan fim maza yan Najeriya
Jaruman fim maza na Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
28340 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martine%20Bertereau | Martine Bertereau | Martine de Bertereau, wanda kuma aka sani da Baroness de Beausoleil, (c. 1600 - bayan 1642) ita ce mace ta farko da aka yi rikodin ma'aikacin ma'adinai da injiniyan ma'adinai tare da mijinta, Jean de Chastelet. Ta zagaya ko'ina a Turai don neman ma'adanan ma'adinai da ruwa mai dadi a karkashin ayyukan manyan mutane da sarakuna daban-daban. A lokacin mulkin Sarkin Faransa, Luis XIII, Martine da mijinta sun yi nazari a kan wuraren da ake iya samun ma'adinai a Faransa. A lokacin wani balaguron hakar ma'adinan da suka yi ana zargin Martine da danginta da maita kuma suka gudu zuwa Hungary. Daga baya, an kama Martine, mijinta da babbar ’yarta kuma a ƙarshe sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta 1642. A lokacin rayuwarta, ta samar da littattafai da yawa waɗanda aka samo asali daga littafin injiniyan Roman Vitruvius akan gine-gine, De architectura. Rubuce-rubucenta sun bayyana yadda ake amfani da sandunan duba, kama da sadaka, da kuma wasu sanannun ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Martine de Bertereau ba ta fito ba game da yadda ta yi amfani da ra'ayoyin kimiyya daban-daban, kuma ta fi son jama'a su yarda cewa tana amfani da sihiri, ko kuma sanannun tsoffin ra'ayoyin kimiyya. Nasarar da ta samu ya samo asali ne daga ci gabanta a cikin fahimtar yanayin duniyar da ke kewaye da ita. Babu tabbas dalilinta na yanke shawarar yin karya game da ainihin hanyar samun nasara. Littattafanta sun ba da haske na musamman game da fasaha da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don hakowa a ƙarni na sha bakwai.
Martine Bertereau ta fito daga dangin Faransanci masu daraja a cikin Touraine. A cikin shekara ta alif 1610 ta auri Jean de Chastelet, Baron de Beausoleil et d'Auffenbach wanda kwararre ne a ma'adinai. Sun haifi 'ya'ya da yawa. 'Yarsu ta fari, wacce ta mutu a gidan yari tare da mahaifiyarta, da kuma babban ɗansu Hercule, wanda ke fassara zuwa Hercules, su ne kawai biyu da ke da bayanai. Daga shekara ta alif 1610 zuwa shekara ta alif 1626 sun yi zamansu a kasashen waje. A lokacin da suke kasashen waje sun tsallaka Tekun Atlantika zuwa Potosi, Bolivia don ziyartar ma'adinai.
Sarkin Roma mai tsarki, Rudolph, ya nada Jean babban kwamishina na ma’adanai na kasar Hungary. A cikin wannan damar sun yi balaguro da yawa suna ziyartar ma'adinai a cikin Turai, da yiwuwar Kudancin Amurka na tsawon shekaru 16 don neman arzikin ma'adinai. A shekara ta alif 1626 an sake kiran su zuwa Faransa don fara aikin maido da masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Faransa. A cikin shekara ta alif 1627, Hercule ya kamu da rashin lafiya na "zafi mai zafi a cikin hanji" kuma ya murmure bayan 'yan makonni a Garin Chateau Thierry. A wannan lokacin, Martine ya gano wani marmaro na halitta kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yana da ikon warkarwa. Ta sanar da likitan na gida kuma an tabbatar da gaskiya. Garin ya zama abin sha'awa wanda marasa lafiya da masu hannu da shuni suka ziyarci. A yau, ƙwararriyar tarihin ƙasa Martina Kölbl-Ebert ta tabbatar da cewa wannan wani tsari ne na zamba na kimiyya da aka daɗe. Ba a san dalilin da ya sa ake ƙoƙarin shawo kan mutane ba game da iyawarsu na sufanci da sa'arsu ta zahiri, ko da yake yana iya kasancewa wata hanya ce da suka yi imani cewa abokan ciniki masu wadata za su fi sha'awar. Yayin da suke Chateau Thierry, likitan yankin ya yi shakku game da tunaninta, kuma bai yarda cewa ta sami ruwan bazara ta hanyar amfani da sandar ruwa ba. An yi imanin sandunan duba, wanda kuma aka sani da sihirin ruwa, na taimaka wa mutum gano ruwa a karkashin kasa. Sandunan ƙarfe ne guda biyu lanƙwasa, kuma mai amfani da su. Akwai ƙaramin hujjar kimiyya a bayan hanyar, kuma an ɗauke ta a matsayin ra'ayin kimiyya na zamani, kamar allon Ouija, kuma mai amfani ne ke sarrafa shi. Maimakon haka, likitan ya iya gane cewa ta sami ruwan ma'adinan ta hanyar bin jajayen jajayen ƙarfe a cikin dutsen dutse zuwa tushen ruwa. Wannan fahimtar da likitan ya yi ya fara rugujewar sana'o'insu. Bayan faruwar wannan lamari ne mutane suka fara shakku kan hanyoyinsu kuma ayyukansu ya jawo shakku ga malaman lardin. Duk da yake a ma'adinai tushe a Morlaix a Brittany cewa biyu ci gaba, wani firist, da Prevot lardin mai suna, Touche-Grippé da ma'aikacin kotu search su châteaux neman incriminating abu. Bayan gano bincikensu, sigogi, da sauran kayan aikin limaman sun ɗauka cewa hanyoyinsu sun haɗa da sihiri, kuma sun zargi Martine da mijinta da maita. Ba a tuhume su ba amma an tilasta wa ma'auratan barin Faransa suka gudu zuwa Jamus daga shekara ta alif 1628 zuwa shekara ta alif 1629 sannan Hungary. Bayan sun kasa yanke asara, sai suka koma Faransa.
Da zarar sun koma Faransa, sai ta rubuta wa Luis na XII da fatan samun izinin tono ma’adinan da ta samu kafin ta gudu. A cikin wasiƙar ta, ta ba da shawarar tsarin kasuwanci wanda za su iya samun ƙarin kayan aiki masu daraja. A cikin rubuce-rubucen ta ta yi magana game da amfani da hanyoyi masu ban mamaki waɗanda ita da mijinta a zahiri ba su yi amfani da su ba. Hanyoyin bogi da aka tattauna, da zarar an cire su daga shawararta, sun bar takardar tare da ingantacciyar hanya mai kyau don neman ma'adinan ma'adinai. Bayan da Sarkin bai ba da amsa ba, Martine ta rubuta wa sakataren sarki Richelieu kuma bai sake samun amsa ba. Shekaru biyu bayan wasiƙar ta zuwa ga Richelieu, an kama ta tare da mijinta da babbar ’yarta. An tsare Martine a gidan yari a Chateau de Vincennes, yayin da aka aika Baron zuwa Bastille, da 'yarsu a Vincennes. An kama su saboda karatun dabino, horoscope, da ilimin taurari. Ko da yake ba su shiga cikin waɗannan ayyukan ba, har yanzu sun mutu a kurkuku. Duk da tatsuniyar Martine da Baron sun ci gaba da wanzuwa, ba su shiga cikin wani abu na tatsuniya ba, amma kawai suna da kyakkyawar fahimtar ilimin kimiyyar asali, ilimin farko a cikin fassarar duwatsu, da ƙasar da ke kewaye da su. Sun shawo kan mutane cewa suna shiga cikin ayyukan tatsuniyoyi, alhalin kawai aikin kimiyya ne kawai.
Ba a san ainihin ranar mutuwar ba, ko da yake Martine da babbar 'yarta sun mutu a kurkuku bayan shekara ta alif 1642.
Baroness ta rubuta rahotanni guda biyu akan aikinta tare da mijinta. Na farko, mai suna Véritable déclaration de la découverte des mines et minières an buga shi a cikin shekara ta alif 1632 kuma an jera ma'adinan Faransa 150 da ma'auratan suka gano. Buga na farko ya kuma bayyana ma'adinan ma'adinai a Faransa da kuma yadda ake amfani da 'esoteric' na amfani da sanduna don gano ruwa. Har ila yau, wannan takarda ta ƙunshi abubuwa masu amfani da kimiyya da yawa waɗanda ke ba mu damar fahimtar yanayin yanayin ruwa na ƙarni na 17.
Na biyu ya kasance a cikin nau'i na waƙa, wanda aka yi wa Cardinal de Richelieu La restitution de pluton, wanda da gaske ne roƙo ga ma'auratan, musamman don a biya Martine kuɗin aikin da suka yi wa sarki.
A ciki ta nemi kare matsayinta da ba a saba gani ba a matsayinta na mace a masana'antar hakar ma'adinai.
"Amma yaya game da abin da wasu ke cewa game da macen da ta dauki nauyin tono ramuka kuma ta huda tsaunuka: wannan yana da ƙarfin hali, kuma ya zarce karfi da masana'antar wannan jima'i, kuma watakila, akwai karin kalmomi da banza a cikin irin waɗannan alkawuran. (waɗanda ake yawan ambaton ƴaƴan gudun hijira) fiye da bayyanar gaskiya, zan mayar da wannan kafiri, da duk waɗanda suka yi yaƙi da su da makamantansu, zuwa ga tatsuniyoyi na ƙazanta, inda za su tarar cewa, a da, akwai. sun kasance mata waɗanda ba kawai ƙwararrun makamai ba ne, har ma da ƙari, ƙwararrun fasaha da kimiyar hasashe, waɗanda Helenawa suka yi ikirari kamar na Romawa.”
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Wonderful history in modern times, Louis Figuier, Hachette, Paris, 1860
The Veterans mineralogists of the kingdom of France, Nicolas Godet, Ruault, Paris, 1779
Biography universal ancient and modern, Michaud, Paris, 1843 |
48966 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasuwancin%20muggan%20kwayoyi%20a%20yammacin%20Afirka | Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka | A ƙarshen 1950s da farkon 1960s, cinikin ƙwayoyi a Afirka ta Yamma ya haɓaka cikin sauri yayin da karuwar buƙatun Amurka da Turai na cocaine, cannabis, da sauran magunguna. Wannan ya haifar da fadada hanyoyin kasuwanci daban-daban guda biyu, wadanda dukkansu suka bi ta yammacin Afirka . Hanya ɗaya da aka fitar da tabar wiwi a cikin gida daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Afirka ta Kudu, Turai da Asiya . Wata hanyar kasuwanci ta kwashe hodar iblis daga Latin Amurka da tabar heroin daga Afghanistan da kudu maso gabashin Asiya zuwa Turai da Amurka. A cikin wadannan hanyoyi guda biyu, masu fataucin muggan kwayoyi sun yi amfani da hanyoyin hada-hadar kasuwanci da 'yan kasuwar Mali da Berber suka kirkira a lokacin mulkin mallaka don jigilar kwayoyi a cikin yankin, da kuma fadin yankin yammacin Afirka a matsayin tsaka-tsakin tasha daga Latin Amurka da kudu maso yammacin Asiya zuwa Turai. Amurka. Wannan ya faru ne saboda munanan iyakokin Afirka ta Yamma, cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin daidaiton tattalin arziki.
Da farko dai, an yi fasa-kwaurin miyagun kwayoyi ne da kadan; amma yayin da lokaci ya ci gaba kuma ana ci gaba da samun karuwar bukatar magunguna, kasashen yammacin Afirka - musamman Najeriya, Ghana, da Guinea-Bissau - an ba su amanar lodin hodar iblis da ya kai tan 135 zuwa 145 (a cewar UNODC ). Tun daga wannan lokacin Afirka ta Yamma ta zama wani muhimmin sashi na kasuwancin miyagun ƙwayoyi a duniya, tare da haɓaka iri-iri da adadin magungunan da ake fataucin su ta yammacin Afirka, da kuma faɗaɗa cinikin ƙwayoyi daga yammacin Afirka zuwa wasu sassan nahiyar. Matsin lamba na kasa da kasa da ba da fifiko daga gwamnatocin yankin ya haifar da karuwar kungiyoyin da ke yaki da muggan kwayoyi a yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka, inda suka sauya fagen siyasa, tattalin arziki, da ayyukan cikin gida.
A cewar ɗan tarihi Emmanuel Akyeampong, kayayyakin cannabis a yammacin Afirka sun wanzu kafin tsakiyar karni na ashirin . A shekarar 1934 hukumomin mulkin mallaka na ci gaba da gwajin noman Coca a Calabar da sauran wurare a Najeriya. A tsakiyar shekarun 1950, 'yan sanda sun kama wasu manoman Najeriya da laifin noma da sayar da kananan tabar wiwi, wadanda ake jigilar su zuwa Turai da Amurka . Ana cikin haka ne masu tabar wiwi a Najeriya na siyan tabar wiwi da aka shigo da su daga kasashen Afirka ta Kudu da kuma Dillalan Belgian Congo.
A shekarar 1952 ne aka fara rubuta cewa an yi amfani da yammacin Afirka a matsayin wurin safarar mutane a shekarar 1952, lokacin da jami’an Amurka suka lura cewa wata kungiyar hadin guiwa ta Lebanon ta boye tabar heroin a yammacin Afirka domin gudun kada ‘yan sanda su kama su, da kuma kaucewa binciken jami’an da ke kan hanyar kasuwancin Turai.
Tashin Afirka ta Yamma a matsayin babbar hanyar safarar miyagun kwayoyi ya fara ne a kusan shekarun 1960, lokacin da Beatles da Swinging London suka shahara, kuma matasa maza da mata a Burtaniya da sauran sassan Turai sun nemi haramtattun kwayoyi . Tabar wiwi ya fi yawa, kuma rahotannin lokacin sun bayyana cewa ana fitar da tabar tabar da ake noman a yammacin Afirka daga Najeriya zuwa Turai da yawa. Kasuwancin miyagun kwayoyi ya zama matsala, kuma gwamnatin Najeriya ta fitar da wata doka cewa duk wanda aka samu da laifin fitar da wiwi zuwa kasashen waje za a daure shi na tsawon shekaru goma. Har zuwa shekarun 1980, 'yan Najeriya da dama da wasu 'yan kasuwa 'yan Ghana kan fita don yin ciniki bisa ka'idojinsu. Dillalan sun je wurare irin su Latin Amurka ko Asiya sun sayi kananan gungun kwayoyi masu yawa (yawanci hodar iblis ko tabar heroin), sannan suka sa ‘yan aike su fita su sayar da kadarorinsu. An yi hasashen cewa asalin fitar da muggan kwayoyi ya fara ne da daliban Afirka ta Yamma da ke zaune a EU da Amurka wadanda suka kasa karbar kudaden tallafin karatu, daga nan ne jami’an sojin ruwa na Najeriya suka dauki hayarsu wajen bayar da horo wadanda suka jibge a Indiya don kai kayan aikin. tabar heroin da suka saya, suka dawo da ita kasashen da suka zauna.
Bayan 1982 Amurka da Turai sun lura da karuwar masu safarar kwayoyi a Najeriya a kasashensu. Amurka ta kama 'yan Najeriya 21 da laifin safarar kwayoyi, sannan da yawa daga baya. A Turai wani jami'in ma'aikatar cikin gida ta Jamus ta Yamma ya ba da rahoton cewa a shekara ta gaba cewa Hamburg, Jamus na shigo da muggan kwayoyi daga Afirka ta Yamma, gami da tan daya da rabi na maganin asiri (mai yiwuwa marijuana) daga Ghana.
Daga shekarar 1998 zuwa 2009, yawan shan hodar iblis ya rubanya a nahiyar Turai, a sakamakon haka, kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasashen Latin Amurka da dillalan Afirka ta Yamma sun kulla kawance domin saukaka zirga-zirgar miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar cin gajiyar jiragen sama da jiragen ruwa da ke shiga da fita daga gabar tekun yammacin Afirka. Daga nan kuma aka yaɗa muggan ƙwayoyi ta Arewacin Amirka da Turai ta hanyar ƙabilun ƙabilun Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda ke da kayan aiki da albarkatu don safarar ƙwayoyi ta hanyar hanyoyin sadarwa.
Bukatun cikin gida na miyagun ƙwayoyi ya bambanta ga yankuna da yawan jama'a daban-daban. Amfani da abubuwa masu rahusa, kamar tabar wiwi da tushen abin sha da ake kira akpeteshie, ya faɗo sosai kan masu aiki da talakawa. A Ghana, ƙungiyoyi kamar masu hakar ma'adinai, ma'aikatan aikin gona, da ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa suna amfani da waɗannan abubuwa a matsayin wata hanya ta jure buƙatun rayuwa mai wahala ko kuma kwanakin aiki na wahala. Bukatun cikin gida na magunguna masu tsauri kamar su hodar iblis da tabar heroin, da kuma Mandrax da amphetamines, ana kallon al'adar a matsayin ana samun su ne kawai a tsakanin masu hannu da shuni . Sai dai kuma, faduwar farashin haramtattun magunguna masu tsada da kuma fadada hanyoyin amfani da su sun sa irin wadannan abubuwa su kasance cikin sauki ga ma'aikata a yammacin Afirka, musamman a tsakiyar gari. Ƙarfin ƙarfin kuzari na abubuwa kamar hodar iblis da amphetamines ya sa su zama masu sha'awa ga ma'aikatan da ke da dogayen ayyukan aiki, da kuma ɗaliban da suke kwana suna karatu. Sakamakon ci gaba da yaɗuwar al'amuran duniya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, buƙatun abubuwa, musamman ma magunguna masu ƙarfi, ya bazu zuwa ga masu yawon bude ido da mazaunan ɗan gajeren lokaci na yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka.
Manyan hanyoyin safarar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka wadanda ke rura wutar wannan bukatu na samun ci gaba a wani bangare daga hannun dakarun gwamnati. Ba kamar hanyoyi daga Latin Amurka ko Asiya waɗanda suka sami ƙaruwar kulawa daga masu aiwatar da muggan ƙwayoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa, 'yan kasuwa suna fuskantar ƙarancin cikas wajen safarar haramtattun abubuwa ta Yammacin Afirka. Cin hanci da rashawa da alakar siyasa da tattalin arzikin karkashin kasa ke kara rura wutar tsarin “jihar inuwar”, inda kudaden da ake samu daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi ke ba wa ‘yan wasan gwamnati damar gudanar da yakin neman zabe da kudadensu, sannan ‘yan siyasa ke samun madafun iko da tasiri bisa yadda za su iya samun kudade daga safarar miyagun kwayoyi. Ta wannan ma'ana, jari da albarkatun gwamnati da aka samu daga cinikin magunguna su ma suna cikin buƙatu sosai.
Shan miyagun kwayoyi
Sabbin kasuwanni na haramtattun abubuwa da kuma karbuwar karbuwar kwayoyi masu tsauri ya haifar da shari'o'in shaye-shayen miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gano cewa a shekarun 1980 da 1990, yawan shan miyagun kwayoyi ya karu matuka a tsakanin matasa da kuma talakawan birane.
Ganin cewa kafin masu safarar muggan kwayoyi su yi jigilar muggan kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka, a yanzu sun fahimci cewa za su iya tara kudi ta hanyar sayar da kayayyakinsu a yankin. Sakamakon haka, kasashen da ke tsakiyar hanyoyin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka—Nigeria, Cote d’Ivoire, Ghana, Saliyo, da Guinea-Bissau—duk sun ga karuwar shan muggan kwayoyi da kuma cin zarafi. A kasashe kamar Najeriya, akwai karancin ayyukan kiwon lafiya da na gwamnati da ake da su, wanda hakan ke barin masu shaye-shaye da iyalansu su tunkari illar kiwon lafiya da illar tattalin arziki da kansu.
Yayin da wuraren da ke damun kungiyoyin da ke kula da muggan kwayoyi ya koma kan isar da magunguna ga kasashen Yamma, ba a mai da hankali sosai kan bukatar gida da sha. Yawancin kasashen yammacin Afirka ba su da isassun ayyuka ko manufofin da aka sanya don gudanar da ayyukan shaye-shaye da kamfen na yaƙi da muggan ƙwayoyi yadda ya kamata. Sarrafa magunguna daga yankin ya ba da fifiko kan daidaita fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashen yammacin Afirka.
Adadin yawan shaye-shayen kayan maye ya tsananta wasu batutuwa a Yammacin Afirka, gami da yaduwar cutar kanjamau da AIDS, yawan karuwanci, da yawan matalauta na birane waɗanda ke fama da tattalin arziki ta hanyar dogaro da kwayoyi. Shaye-shayen miyagun ƙwayoyi a cikin iyalai ya nuna tasiri mai dorewa a kan matasan birane kuma ya haifar da saurin yaɗuwar shan muggan ƙwayoyi tare da yawan damuwa da damuwa. Rikicin Casamance a Senegal misali ne na yadda karuwar bukatar kayayyaki a cikin gida ya haifar da damar kudi ga kungiyoyin masu tayar da kayar baya a yankin, wanda ke haifar da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa.
Saboda karuwar bukatar magungunan haram da kuma karuwar riba daga haramtattun kwayoyi biyo bayan tsakiyar shekarun 1980, 'yan Afirka ta Yamma sun balle daga Afirka kuma suka samar da matsuguni a manyan garuruwa a duk fadin duniya don kafa hanyoyin sadarwar muggan kwayoyi . Kimanin kashi hudu zuwa kashi biyu bisa uku na hodar iblis dake fitowa daga kasashen Latin Amurka zuwa Turai na ratsa yammacin Afirka.
Dangane da noman miyagun kwayoyi a cikin gida, Najeriya da Ghana sun kasance kan gaba wajen samar da tabar wiwi a yammacin Afirka. Ana yin noman ne da haɗin gwiwar manoman yankin, waɗanda ke shuka amfanin gona irin su okra da tumatur tare da tabar wiwi don rage haɗarin kama tsiron ko lalata gonakinsu da gwamnati ke yi. Ana kuma noma tabar wiwi a wurare masu nisa ko kuma ƙarƙashin gandun daji don ɓoye tsirran daga hukumomi.
Girman fargaba game da fadada samar da magungunan haram a yammacin Afirka ya haifar da mayar da hankali kan sarrafa wannan karuwar samar da abinci a matsayin burin da ya gabata, kan sauran batutuwa kamar amfani da muggan kwayoyi a yankin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma al'amuran kiwon lafiyar jama'a. Manufofin kula da magunguna da ke tushen wadata sun yi mummunar tasiri ga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a Yammacin Afirka waɗanda suka sami ƙarin ƙimar buƙatun haram ba tare da tsoma bakin gwamnati ba.
Rahoton Drug na Duniya ya bayyana cewa, "Cocaine da aka samu a Afirka ya samo asali ne daga Colombia da Peru kuma yawanci ana wucewa ta Brazil ." Heroin yakan bi ta yankunan kudu maso gabashin Asiya, irin su Thailand, da kuma ta kasashen yammacin Asiya ta hanyar cakuduwar hanyoyin kan kasa da sufurin jiragen sama ta hanyar jigilar kaya . Ana tura waɗannan abubuwan daga Afirka ta Yamma zuwa Arewacin Amurka, Turai, da Afirka ta Kudu ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin wucewa kai tsaye da hanyoyin sadarwar aikata laifuka waɗanda ƴan ƙasashen yammacin Afirka ke taimakon. A wasu lokuta, masu fataucin har sun yi amfani da matafiya na kasashen waje da ba su ji ba, a matsayin masinja, ta hanyar sanya musu jakunkuna da ba su da alama a cikin kayansu domin a biya su.
Tun da farko dai an yi amfani da jiragen ruwa na kwantena da jiragen ruwa masu zaman kansu wajen jigilar hodar iblis daga yankin Latin Amurka zuwa yammacin Afirka, amma tun lokacin da 'yan sandan kasashen ketare suka fara kula da tekun sosai, sai ga shi 'yan fashin sun fara amfani da jiragen dakon kaya na hannu na biyu wajen kai hodar iblis zuwa yammacin Afirka. Ana iya samun jirage cikin sauƙi, kuma matuƙan da ke son yin jigilar waɗannan jiragen suna da sauƙin hayar. Sakamakon rashin dogaron hanyoyin sadarwa na radar na Afirka ta Yamma da kuma ɗaukar hoto, jiragen narco na iya tashi zuwa yankin ba tare da an gano su ba. An yi safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa Turai daga Guinea-Bissau ta hanyar amfani da jiragen sama da jiragen sama na kasuwanci da ke amfani da “ alfadarsu ”, ko kuma jiragen ruwa na mutane, wadanda ke hadiye kwaroron roba cike da hodar iblis domin kaucewa tsaron jiragen sama.
Ana safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashen yammacin Afirka ta hanyar amfani da dabaru iri-iri. A lokacin da ’yan kasuwa ke tafiya a kan titin kan ƙasa, ’yan kasuwa suna ɓoye abubuwa da wasu kayayyaki kamar gawayi, koko, da ’ya’yan itace, don ɓoye wari da kamanni a wuraren binciken ’yan sanda daban-daban. Ana kuma tafiyar da kayayyaki ta hanyar tasi da motocin daidaikun mutane a lokutan da ofisoshin gwamnati da hanyoyin kasuwanci ba su da ka'ida, kuma damar ganowa ta ragu sosai. A karshe, masu safarar muggan kwayoyi za su kuma biya jami’an tsaro da jami’an kan iyakokin kasar kudadensu don safarar abubuwa ta hanyoyin kasa da na ruwa cikin walwala ba tare da ladabtar da su ba.
Sakamakon Ƙasashen Duniya
Ingantacciyar tsaron kan iyakar Amurka tare da " yakin kan kwayoyi " a shekarun 1970 da 1980 sun yi mummunan tasiri ga kungiyar ( Daniel Barrera Barrera ), kwastomomin Colombian sun yi hasarar kuɗi mai yawa. Cibiyoyin laifuka daga Afirka ta Yamma, sun kuma bazu zuwa wasu yankuna - wato Afirka ta Kudu. Wasu mutane dake tsakiyar kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun gudanar da ayyuka da kungiyoyi zuwa kudancin nahiyar, inda farashin zirga-zirga da hadarin ganowa ya yi kadan kuma ana samun sabbin kasuwanni na magunguna.
Brazil da Venezuela sun zama manyan yankunan da ake safarar miyagun kwayoyi da ke kan yammacin Afirka. Tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2008 akwai metric tonne 46 na hodar iblis da 'yan sanda suka kama. Wannan ya zo daidai da yadda gwamnatin Venezuelan ta daina aiki tare da Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Amurka (DEA). Rashin bin doka da oda a Venezuela, tare da rashin isasshiyar kula da iyakoki a kasashen biyu da kuma rashin isasshiyar kula da gabar teku a Brazil, na ba da damar cinikin muggan kwayoyi a kasashen biyu da makwabta. Kasashen Brazil da Venezuela na iya jigilar hodar iblis zuwa kasashen yamma da Afirka ta Kudu saboda rashin tsaro a nahiyoyin biyu.
Maganin Magunguna
Haɓaka kasancewar ƙungiyoyin fataucin biyu da ke aiki a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa da kuma ƙaramar kasuwancin fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma ya zaburar da kasuwannin cikin gida don samun nau'ikan magunguna. Kasuwancin gida na hodar iblis da tabar wiwi ya yi tashin gwauron zabo a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma, a wasu ƙasashe, ya yaɗa shan muggan kwayoyi a kusan kowane birni. A cikin karnin da ya gabata, marijuana (wanda aka noma da shi a sigar hashish ) ya rikide daga magani mara riba zuwa wanda ake sayar da shi a cikin gida kuma ana fataucinsa akan hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a baya don hodar iblis da tabar heroin.
A baya, kungiyoyin kasa da kasa da na gwamnati da na gwamnati sun kafa matakan dakile fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta hanyar ruwan tabarau da aka yi niyya. Manyan kasashen da ke samar da muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka a tarihi sun matsa lamba kan gwamnatocin Afirka ta Yamma da su kafa manufofin azabtarwa da kuma aiwatar da tsauraran hanyoyi na sarrafa hanyoyin kasa da kasa. Hakazalika bincike mai alaka ya mayar da hankali kan adadin kame da aka yi ko kuma adadin magungunan da aka kama, maimakon dangantakar da ke tsakanin fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da harkokin tattalin arziki da siyasa. Wannan mayar da hankali kan kamawa da kamawa ya nuna cewa ba shi da wani tasiri a kan girman cinikin muggan kwayoyi na Afirka ta Yamma kuma ya sa masu fataucin yin amfani da sabbin hanyoyin rugujewa da boye kawai. Wannan hanyar sarrafa ta, duk da haka, ta yi aiki don kai hari ga ƙananan masu noman cannabis da masu amfani da kayan maye, maimakon manyan masu fataucin kuɗi waɗanda ke da kuɗi da tasiri don guje wa azabtarwa.
Sakamakon da aka samu na waɗannan manufofin tilastawa ya kasance mai tsauraran matakan tsaro a tashoshin jiragen sama, tashar jiragen ruwa, da sauran kan iyakokin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka. An tarwatsa kudaden kasa da kasa tare da yin watsi da su dangane da hanyoyin sadarwa na miyagun kwayoyi a cikin kasashe a yunkurin dakile cin hanci da rashawa da alaka da gwamnati da masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi. A kasashe irin su Najeriya, an kafa hukuncin kisa a matsayin wata hanya ta ladabtar da masu hannu da shuni a kowane mataki da kuma hana duk wani shiga harkar sayar da muggan kwayoyi.
A Najeriya, wannan ba da fifiko ga tsauraran matakan sarrafa muggan kwayoyi, wanda ya ta'azzara sakamakon alakar da ke tsakanin Hukumar Yaki da Sha da Fataucin Miyagun Kwayoyi ta Kasa da kuma shugabancin kasar, ya haifar da mummunan yaki na muggan kwayoyi na cikin gida. Waɗannan matakan ba su ƙunshi cikakken tasirin fataucin muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ba, kuma sun yi watsi da yadda fataucin ya haifar da al'adar shan muggan kwayoyi a tsakanin wasu al'ummomi da cibiyoyin birni.
Cin Hanci da Cin Hanci da Magunguna
Wani abin da ke haifar da saurin bunƙasa cibiyar safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yammacin Afirka ya kasance tushen cin hanci da rashawa a yawancin ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, idan ba duka ba. Ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da ’yan siyasa da yawa suna amfana da kuɗin da ake wawure ta hanyar cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi kuma ba su da kwarin guiwa wajen hukunta manyan masu safarar muggan ƙwayoyi da kuma cibiyoyin sadarwa masu laifi. A mafi ƙaramar matakin ƙasa, masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi suna biyan jami'an kan iyaka da jami'an tsaro don wuce abubuwan ta hanyoyin sadarwar kan ƙasa cikin aminci kuma cikin ƙarancin haɗari. Ana yin wannan tattaunawa da biyan kuɗi kaɗan ga ƙungiyoyin fataucin sakamakon talauci da basussukan gwamnati da ke ba su damar biyan ma’aikatan gwamnati masu cin hanci da rashawa cikin arha.
Yakin basasa, juyin mulkin soja, da sauran rikice-rikice tsakanin gwamnatoci na kara ta'azzara cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da safarar miyagun kwayoyi. 'Yan siyasar da ke cikin wadannan gwamnatocin da ba su da kwanciyar hankali suna gudanar da harkokin kasuwanci na sakandare, ba bisa ka'ida ba don samun karfin iko. A Guinea Bissau, shugabannin sojoji da suka kwace mulki bisa zargin rage cin hanci da rashawa sun shiga cikin harkokin cin hanci da rashawa da ke saukaka kwararar kwayoyi a kan iyakokin kasar.
Yayin da ake ci gaba da fuskantar matsin lamba daga cibiyoyin kasa da kasa, wasu gwamnatocin kasashen yammacin Afirka sun kirkiro kungiyoyin yaki da cin hanci da rashawa domin fara sauya salon safarar miyagun kwayoyi a kasashensu. Najeriya ta kirkiro da hukumar yaki da masu yi wa tattalin arzikin kasa zagon kasa da kuma hukumar yaki da cin hanci da rashawa mai zaman kanta domin tantance jami’an gwamnati da ke daure da cin hanci da wawure dukiyar kasa a cibiyoyin sadarwa na karkashin kasa. Wadannan yunƙuri na rage cin hanci da rashawa a Najeriya, da ma sauran ƙasashen yammacin Afirka, sun gamu da cikas saboda raunin tsarin shari'a da kuma matakan cin hanci da rashawa da ke tattare da kowane mataki na gwamnati.
Gyara Manufofin Magunguna
A ci gaba da neman sabbin matakan kula da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi da yin kwaskwarima kan matakan yaki da miyagun kwayoyi, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka sun bullo da wasu tsare-tsare da suka mayar da hankali kan sauya akalar sauyi daga sarrafa fitar da haramtattun kayayyaki da safarar miyagun kwayoyi zuwa kasashen waje. magungunan yaki da shan muggan kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, da rage yawan shan magungunan da aka samu cikin sauki sakamakon cinikin muggan kwayoyi.
Kasashen Turai da dama da hukumomin tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi sun yi niyya don rage cutar da masu amfani da su a Afirka da kuma na duniya baki daya. Wannan yana nuna sauyi daga tsoffin manufofin da aka mayar da hankali kan kawar da fatauci da shan haramtattun abubuwa gaba ɗaya, don neman yin maganin illolinsu.
Wadannan sauye-sauyen sun samu ne ta hanyar bayanan manufofi da tsare-tsare da ke neman karfafa bincike kan cinikin miyagun kwayoyi a yammacin Afirka, ta hanyar inganta fasahohin tattara bayanai da kuma binciken wasu hanyoyin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai da sauran haramtattun kwayoyi baya ga hodar iblis da tabar heroin. Dangane da karuwar shaye-shaye a yammacin Afirka, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka da hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta yammacin Afirka sun kuma yi kira da a gudanar da bincike kan yadda za a bi da masu shan muggan kwayoyi da masu shan kwayoyi. Daga mahangar garambawul, manufar ƙungiyoyin ita ce gane hanyoyin tashin hankali da rashin shari'a da aka yi amfani da su wajen sarrafa fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi a baya, da kuma sauya manufofin manufofin a maimakon sauƙaƙe sarrafawa ta hanyoyin bincike da muhawara.
Wurare a Yammacin Afirka
’Yan sandan yankin da kuma ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya mai yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da laifuffuka (UNODC) sun lura cewa shigo da kayayyaki da safarar kwayoyi da dama da suka hada da tabar wiwi da hodar iblis na karuwa. Magungunan sun samo asali ne daga yankuna zuwa Latin Amurka da Afghanistan.
Tabarbarewar harkar man fetur da kuma tabarbarewar masana’antar mai, da kuma sabbin haraji da kuma hana albarkatun kasa da ake fitarwa zuwa kasashen waje a shekarun 1980, sun zaburar da ‘yan Najeriya da dama su koma ga rashin takaita cinikin magunguna. A tsawon lokaci, wannan ya haifar da kasancewar ƙungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka na Najeriya a duniya waɗanda ke kewaye da fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi da ƙirƙirar ƙungiyoyin DTO na Najeriya, ko Kungiyoyin Kasuwancin Magunguna.
Kungiyoyin fataucin muggan kwayoyi na Najeriya ana gudanar da su ne ta hannun barayin muggan kwayoyi wadanda ke gudanar da hada-hadar dillalai, ko “masu yajin aiki”, wadanda ke aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani wajen gina alakar kasashen waje, gudanar da siyar da muggan kwayoyi, da kuma karya takardun doka. Su kuma wadannan ‘yan yajin suna daukar masinjoji, domin tabbatar da cewa ba su da wata alaka da barayin kwayoyi da suke aiki a karkashinsu.
Isar da kasuwancin magunguna na duniya ya yi tasiri a cikin gida Najeriya ma. Tun a shekarar 1989, akwai asusun cibiyoyin shan muggan kwayoyi a Najeriya wadanda ke da yawan adadin wadanda suka kamu da cutar tabar heroin ko hodar iblis. Wannan yanayin yana goyan bayan bayanan ƙididdiga na karuwa a cikin zinace-zinace na hodar iblis da tabar heroin a birane da birane a duk faɗin Najeriya da sauran ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma.
Tun a shekarun 1990, an gano kokarin da Najeriya ke yi na dakile muggan kwayoyi a matsayin mafi inganci a yankin Afirka ta Yamma, duk kuwa da binciken da aka yi ya nuna yadda ake gudanar da ayyukanta. Hukumomin safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya karkashin jagorancin hukumar yaki da sha da fataucin miyagun kwayoyi ta kasa, sun taka rawar gani wajen hada kai da sauran kasashen Afirka wajen yaki da miyagun kwayoyi da kuma taka rawar gani a yankin. Su ma wadannan hukumomin Najeriya an sansu da dabarun ladabtarwa na musamman wajen tunkarar fataucin muggan kwayoyi, tare da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba bisa ka'ida ba da aka yi a baya da kuma yunkurin kawar da tabar wiwi gaba daya. Sai dai kuma, a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata, kudaden gwamnati da na cikin gida sun ragu ga hukumomin da ke amfani da irin wadannan dabaru, lamarin da ke nuni da sauya salo da yunkurin yin garambawul a manufofin miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya.
Sunan Najeriya a matsayin tushen kungiyoyin masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi na kasa da kasa ya haifar da tashin hankali na kungiyoyi da kuma cin zarafi a kan 'yan Najeriya da aka yi musu kuskure a matsayin wani bangare na kungiyoyin masu aikata laifuka a Najeriya. Tsare da kuma mutuwar wasu da ake zargin ‘yan Najeriya masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a fadin nahiyar ya haifar da matsalar lafiya da kuma kare hakkin bil’adama.
Tun da Guinea-Bissau ta kasance yankin mulkin Portugal, 'yan Portugal ba sa buƙatar bizar Bissau-Guineans don shiga Portugal. Wannan yana ba da damar shigar da kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba cikin sauƙi zuwa Turai ta amfani da "alfadara", ko tasoshin magungunan mutane.
Talauci na kasar Guinea-Bissau ya sa cinikin muggan kwayoyi ba bisa ka'ida ba ya sa a dace a kasar, domin cinikin miyagun kwayoyi na iya samun kasar kimanin dala biliyan 2 a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka kusan biyu na GDP na Guinea-Bissau. A cikin biranen Turai darajar hodar Iblis da kwayoyi na iya kai kimanin dala biliyan 20.
Hare-haren da ake yi a kasar Guinea-Bissau ba bisa ka'ida ba ya haifar da karuwar aikata laifuka wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali a kasar.
An fara fallasa Ghana da tabar wiwi ta hannun sojojin Ghana da suka yi mu'amala da sinadarin a Kudancin Asiya lokacin yakin duniya na biyu . Noma da amfani saboda haka ya bazu cikin sauri ta cikin manyan biranen kamar Accra . Ghana yanzu ita ce kasa ta biyu a yammacin Afirka wajen samar da tabar wiwi.
Kungiyoyi da hanyoyin Najeriya sun bazu zuwa Ghana a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma cikin sauri suka fadada yayin da aka fara hukunta masu safarar miyagun kwayoyi a Najeriya da kuma hukunta su kan safarar muggan kwayoyi kuma Ghana ta zama mafi aminci, madadin hanyar sadarwa. Yawancin 'yan Ghana sun fara ne a matsayin masu shiga tsakani na miyagun ƙwayoyi ko masu jigilar kaya a yankin kuma cikin sauri sun haura zuwa manyan mukamai a ƙungiyar masu aikata laifuka.
Binciken fage a Ghana ya nuna cewa cinikin wiwi yana aiki ta hanyar da ake sayar da rarraba kayayyaki da jigilar kayayyaki. Ana sayen tabar wiwi ne daga manoman wasu kayan amfanin gona da ‘ya’yan itatuwa sannan a kai su wasu yankunan Ghana da sauran kasashe kamar Gambia da Senegal.
Hukumar Kula da Magunguna ta Narcotics ita ce babbar hukumar tabbatar da muggan ƙwayoyi ta cikin gida kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da gano abubuwa, bincikar ƙwayoyi da kamawa, da isasshiyar haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa don yin manyan kamawa da kamawa. Hukumar ta NCB na da amincewar kasa da kasa kan manufofinta na tabbatar da muggan kwayoyi, amma da yawa daga cikin ‘yan sandan Ghana na cikin gida ba su da wani abin dogaro kuma an san su da shiga cikin fasa kwaurin kwayoyi da sha a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyin masu amfani da su.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22777 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filin%20Jirgin%20Sama%20na%20Imperial | Filin Jirgin Sama na Imperial | Kamfanin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways shi ne kamfanin jirgin sama dake da dogon zango na Birtaniyya,wanda ke aiki daga shekarar 1924 zuwa shekarar 1939 kuma yana gudanar da hidimomin hanyoyin Masarautar Burtaniya zuwa Afirka ta Kudu,Indiya da Gabas ta Gabas, gami da Australi Malaya da Hong Kong.Fasinjoji galibi 'yan kasuwa ne ko masu gudanar da mulkin mallaka, yawancin jirage suna ɗaukar fasinjoji 20 ko ƙasa da haka.Haɗari sun kasance m:a cikin shekaru shida na farko, mutane 32 sun mutu a cikin abubuwa bakwai.Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways bai taba samun matakan kirkirar kere-kere na kere-kere ba,kuma an hade shi zuwa Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na Burtaniya na kasashen waje (BOAC) a cikin shekarar 1939.BOAC kuma ya hade da British European Airways (BEA) a shekarar 1974 don samar da British Airways.
Kafa Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya faru ne don dabbaqa ƙasashen ƙetare ta hanyar yin balaguro zuwa da dawowa daga yankuna cikin sauri, kuma wannan jirgin zai kuma hanzarta gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da kasuwancin da har zuwa lokacin ya dogara da jiragen ruwa. Kaddamar da kamfanin jirgin ya biyo bayan fashewar hanyar jirgin da aka gudanar a cikin Daular Birtaniyya bayan yakin duniya na farko, da kuma bayan wasu gwaje-gwajen gwaji (kuma galibi masu hatsari) masu nisan zango zuwa iyakokin Daular.
An kirkiri filin jirgin Imperial Airways ne a bayan gasa mai tsananin gaske daga kamfanonin jiragen sama na Faransa da na Jamus waɗanda ke bunkasa da tallafin gwamnati da yawa da bin shawarwarin Kwamitin Caca na gwamnati (wanda aka fi sani da Kwamitin Tallafin CAT) ƙarƙashin Sir Herbert Hambling . Kwamitin, wanda aka kafa a ranar 2 ga Janairun 1923, ya gabatar da rahoto a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu 1923 yana mai ba da shawarar cewa hudu daga cikin manyan kamfanonin jiragen sama na yanzu, da Instone Air Line Company, mallakar babban mai jigilar kaya Samuel Instone, Noel Pemberton Billing na British Marine Air Navigation (bangare na kamfanin Supermarine mai tashi da jirgin ruwa), da Daimler Airway, karkashin kulawar George Edward Woods, da Handley Page Transport Co Ltd., ya kamata a hade su. An yi fatan cewa wannan zai haifar da kamfani wanda zai iya yin takara da gasar Faransa da ta Jamus kuma zai iya zama mai ƙarfi don haɓaka ayyukan jiragen sama na Burtaniya tare da rage tallafin da gwamnati ke bayarwa don ayyukan riɓi biyu. Tare da wannan duba, an bada tallafin £ 1m sama da shekaru goma don karfafa haɗakar. An kulla yarjejeniya tsakanin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Jirgin Sama da British, Foreign and Colonial Corporation a ranar 3 ga Disambar 1923 ga kamfanin, a karkashin taken 'Imperial Air Transport Company' don mallakar ayyukan sufurin jiragen sama na yanzu a Burtaniya. Yarjejeniyar ta ayyana tallafin gwamnati ga sabon kamfanin: £ 137,000 a cikin shekarar farko ta ragu zuwa £ 32,000 a shekara ta goma gami da mafi karancin nisan tafiyar da za a cimma da kuma hukunci idan ba a sadu da su ba.
An kafa Kamfanin Imperial Airways a ranar 31 ga Maris 1924 tare da kayan aiki daga kowane abin da ke ba da gudummawa: British Marine Air Navigation Company Ltd, Daimler Airway, Handley Page Transport Ltd da Instone Air Line Ltd. An nada Sir Eric Geddes shugaban hukumar tare da darekta guda daga kowane kamfanin suka hade. Gwamnati ta nada daraktoci biyu, Caca (wanda kuma shi ne Shugaban Cibiyar Bankunan ) da Manjo John Hills, tsohon Sakataren Kudi na Baitul malin.
Hada-Hadan filayen sun kasance ne a Filin jirgin saman Croydon da ke kudancin London. Nan da nan kamfanin IAL ya dakatar da aikin magabata zuwa arewacin London, kamfanin jirgin yana mai da hankali ne kan bautar ƙasa da ƙasa maimakon na cikin gida. Bayan haka jirgin IAL kawai da ke aiki 'Arewacin Watford' yawo ne na haya.
Matsalolin masana'antu tare da matukan jirgin sunyi sanadiyyar jinkirta fara ayyukan har zuwa 26 ga Afrilu 1924, lokacin da aka buɗe hanyar London zuwa Paris kowace rana tare da de Havilland DH.34 . Bayan haka aikin faɗaɗa hanyoyi tsakanin Ingila da Nahiyar ya fara, tare da Southampton – Guernsey a ranar 1 ga Mayu 1924, London-Brussels – Cologne a ranar 3 ga Mayu, London – Amsterdam a 2 Yuni 1924, da hidimar bazara daga London – Paris – Basel –Zürich a ranar 17 ga Yuni 1924. Sabon jirgin sama na farko da Imperial Airways ya umarta, shine Handley Page W8f City na Washington, wanda aka gabatar a ranar 3 Nuwamba 1924. A cikin shekarar farko ta aiki kamfanin ya dauki fasinjoji 11,395 da haruffa 212,380. A watan Afrilu 1925, fim din Thearshen Duniya ya zama fim na farko da aka fara duba fasinjoji a kan jirgin jirgin sama da aka shirya lokacin da aka nuna shi a kan hanyar London zuwa Paris.
Hada Hadan Empire
Tabbatar da Hanya
Tsakanin 16 Nuwamba 1925 da 13 Maris 1926, Alan Cobham ya yi jirgin binciken jirgin Imperial Airways daga Burtaniya zuwa Cape Town ya dawo cikin Armstrong Siddeley Jaguar –powered de Havilland DH.50J floatplane G-EBFO . Hanyar waje ita ce London - Paris - Marseille - Pisa - Taranto - Athens - Sollum - Alkahira - Luxor - Aswan - Wadi Halfa - Atbara - Khartoum - Malakal - Mongalla - Jinja - Kisumu - Tabora - Abercorn - Ndola - Broken Hill - Livingstone - Bulawayo - Pretoria - Johannesburg - Kimberley - Blomfontein - Cape Town . Bayan dawowars Cobham ya sami lambar yabo ta Air Force Cross saboda ayyukansa na jirgin sama.
A ranar 30 ga Yuni 1926, Cobham ya tashi daga Kogin Medway a Rochester a G-EBFO don yin binciken hanyar jirgin sama na Imperial Airways don sabis zuwa Melbourne, yana zuwa 15 ga Agusta 1926. Ya bar Melbourne a ranar 29 ga Agusta 1926, kuma, bayan ya kammala a cikin awanni 320 na yawo sama da kwanaki 78, ya sauka a Thames a Westminster a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1926. Sakataren Harkokin Jirgin Sama, Sir Samuel Hoare ya sadu da Cobham, kuma daga baya HM King George V ya yi masa kyakkyawa.
A ranar 27 ga Disamba 1926, Imperial Airways de Havilland DH.66 Hercules G-EBMX City na Delhi sun bar Croydon don binciken jirgin zuwa Indiya. Jirgin ya isa Karachi a ranar 6 ga Janairun 1927 da Delhi a kan 8 Janairu 1927. Lady Irwin, matar Viceroy ne ya sanyawa jirgin suna a ranar 10 ga Janairun 1927. Jirgin dawowa ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 1927 kuma ya isa Heliopolis, Alkahira a ranar 7 ga Fabrairu 1927. Lokacin tashi daga Croydon zuwa Delhi ya kasance awanni 62 na mintina 27 da Delhi zuwa Heliopolis awanni 32 da mintuna 50. .
Hanyar Gabas
Sabis na yau da kullun akan hanyar Alkahira zuwa Basra ya fara ne a ranar 12 ga Janairun 1927 ta amfani da jirgin DH.66, ya maye gurbin jirgin saman RAF na baya. Bayan tattaunawa na tsawon shekaru 2 tare da hukumomin Farisa game da haƙƙin sararin samaniya, sabis ɗin London zuwa Karachi ya fara a ranar 30 ga Maris 1929, yana ɗaukar kwanaki 7 kuma ya ƙunshi jirgi daga Landan zuwa Basle, jirgin ƙasa zuwa Genoa da Short S.8 Calcutta jirgin ruwan da ke tashi zuwa Alexandria, jirgin kasa zuwa Alkahira sannan a ƙarshe jirgin DH.66 zuwa Karachi. An faɗaɗa hanyar zuwa Delhi a ranar 29 Disamba 1929. Hanya tsakanin Turai da Bahar Rum ya canza sau da yawa a cikin fewan shekaru masu zuwa amma kusan koyaushe yana da titin jirgin ƙasa.
A watan Afrilu 1931 an yi gwajin jirgi mai tashi a iska daga Landan- Australia; an canza wasikar a Dutch East Indies, kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 26 gaba ɗaya don isa Sydney . Don jirgin fasinja da ya tashi daga Landan a ranar 1 ga Oktoba 1932, hanyar ta Gabas ta sauya daga Farisa zuwa bangaren Larabawa na Tekun Fasha, kuma an gabatar da jiragen saman Handley Page HP 42 a kan Alkahira zuwa bangaren Karachi. Yunkurin ya ga an kafa tashar jirgin sama da hutawa, Mahatta Fort, a cikin cialasar Trucial ta Sharjah yanzu wani ɓangare na Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa.
A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu 1933 bincike da akayi tsakanin Ingila zuwa Australiya ya tashi, wanda ke karkashin Imperial Airways Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTL Astraea . Manjo HG Brackley, Imperial Airways 'Air Superintendent, shi ke kula da jirgin. Astraea ta tashi zuwa Croydon - Paris - Lyon - Rome - Brindisi - Athens - Alexandria - Alkahira inda ta bi hanyar da ta dace zuwa Karachi sannan ta zarce zuwa Jodhpur - Delhi - Calcutta - Akyab - Rangoon - Bangkok - Prachuab - Alor Setar - Singapore - Palembang - Batavia - Sourabaya - Bima - Koepang - Bathurst Island - Darwin - Ruwan Newcastle - Camooweal - Cloncurry - Longreach - Roma - Toowoomba ya isa Eagle Farm, Brisbane a ranar 23 ga Yuni. An ziyarci Sydney a ranar 26 Yuni, Canberra a ranar 28 Yuni da Melbourne a 29 Yuni.
Sannan an fadada gabacin filin jirgin. Birnin Landan farko zuwa sabis na Calcutta ya tashi a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1933, London na farko zuwa Rangoon a ranar 23 ga Satumba 1933, London da Singapore na farko zuwa sabis a ranar 9 ga Disamba 1933, da kuma London da Brisbane na farko a ranar 8 Disamba 1934, tare da Qantas ke da alhakin bangaren Singapore zuwa Brisbane. (Farawa ta 1934 don ta wasiƙa ne; jiragen fasinjoji zuwa Brisbane sun fara watan Afrilu mai zuwa. ) Fasinjojin Landan na farko zuwa Hong Kong sun tashi daga Landan ranar 14 ga Maris 1936 biyo bayan kafa reshe daga Penang zuwa Hong Kong.
Hanyar Afirka
A ranar 28 ga watan Fabrairu 1931 aka fara hidimar mako-mako tsakanin London da Mwanza a tafkin Victoria a Tanganyika a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyar da aka tsara zuwa Cape Town . A ranar 9 ga Disamba 1931 aka shimfida sabis na Imperial Airways na Afirka ta Tsakiya ta gwaji zuwa Cape Town don ɗaukar wasikun Kirsimeti. Jirgin da aka yi amfani da shi a sashin da ya gabata, DH66 G-AARY City of Karachi ya isa Cape Town a ranar 21 Disamba 1931. A ranar 20 ga Janairun 1932 aka buɗe hanyar hanyar aika wasiƙa zuwa London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 27 ga Afrilu an buɗe wannan hanya ga fasinjoji kuma ya ɗauki kwanaki 10. A farkon 1933 Atalantas ya maye gurbin DH.66s akan hanyar Kisumu zuwa Cape Town na hanyar London zuwa Cape Town. A ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 kamfanin sufurin jiragen sama na Imperial Airways ya buɗe hanyar zuwa Afirka tsakanin Khartoum da Kano a Najeriya. An faɗaɗa wannan hanyar zuwa Lagos a ranar 15 ga Oktoba 1936.
Jirage masu tashi daga ruwa Short
A cikiin shekarata 1937 tare da gabatar da Jirgin Ruwa na Short Empire wanda aka gina a Short Brothers, Imperial Airways zai iya ba da sabis ta hanyar aiki daga Southampton zuwa Daular. Tafiya zuwa Cape din ya bi ta Marseille,Rome, Brindisi,Athens, Alexandria, Khartoum, Port Bell, Kisumu kuma daga nan ta hanyar sana'ar ƙasa zuwa Nairobi,Mbeya kuma daga ƙarshe Cape Town . Hakanan an yi jigilar jiragen sama a tsallaken Tekun Atlantika zuwa New Zealand . A tsakiyar 1937 Imperial ya kammala hidimarsa ta dubu ga Daular. Farawa a cikin 1938 jiragen ruwa masu tasowa kuma sun tashi tsakanin Birtaniyya da Ostiraliya ta Indiya da Gabas ta Tsakiya.
A watan Maris, shekara ta 1939 Shorts uku a mako guda sun bar Southampton zuwa Australia, suna isa Sydney bayan kwana goma na tashi da jirage tara na dare. Sauran uku sun bar Afirka ta Kudu, suna ɗaukar kwanaki shida na tashi zuwa Durban.
Jirgin na Imperial karami ne, mafi yawancin wuraren zama ba su wuce wajen fasinjoji ashirin ba; kimanin fasinjoji dubu 50 suka yi amfani da Imperial Airways a cikin shekarun 1930. Yawancin fasinjoji a kan hanyoyin ƙasashe ko kan sabis tsakanin da masarautun Biritaniya maza ne ke gudanar da mulkin mallaka, kasuwanci ko bincike. Da farko dai attajirai ne kawai zasu iya biyan kudin jirgi, amma jerin fasinjoji ya yawaita a hankali. Kwarewar tafiye-tafiye masu alaƙa da tashi da ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma an ba da rahotonsu da farin ciki a cikin jaridu, mujallu da littattafai. Akwai dama don yawon buɗe ido daga sama da tasha.
Kamfanin jirgin sama na Imperial Airways ya girka ma'aikatan jirgin saman jirgin maza da mata, da ma'aikatan jirgi da ma'aikatan ƙasa tare da tsawon hanyoyin sa. Injiniyoyin injiniyoyi da sifetoci - da ma'aikatan ƙasa kan juyawa ko tafiya - sun yi tafiya a kan jirgin ba tare da samar da kuɗin shiga ba. Da yawa daga cikin ma'aikatan jirgin sama sun rasa rayukansu a cikin hadari. A ƙarshen 1930s lambobin ƙungiya sun kusan 3,000. Ana sa ran dukkan ma’aikatan za su kasance jakadun Burtaniya da daular Biritaniya.
Wasikar Jirgin Sama
A cikin shekara ta 1934 Gwamnati ta fara tattaunawa da Imperial Airways don kafa sabis ( Tsarin Jirgin Sama na Jirgin Sama ) don ɗaukar wasiƙa ta iska a kan hanyoyin da kamfanin jirgin ke amfani da su. Kai tsaye wadannan tattaunawar sun kai ga sallamar a cikin 1936 na Sir Christopher Bullock, Babban Sakatare na Dindindin a Ma’aikatar Jiragen Sama, wanda Kwamitin Bincike ya gano ya yi amfani da matsayinsa wajen neman mukami a kwamitin kamfanin yayin tattaunawar. suna cikin jirgin. Gwamnati, ciki har da Firayim Minista, ta yi nadamar shawarar sallamar sa, daga baya ta gano cewa, a zahiri, ba a zargin rashawa kuma ta nemi a dawo da Bullock wanda ya ki.
Shirin Wasikar Jirgin Sama ya fara ne a watan Yulin 1937, ana aikawa ko'ina don 1 d./oz. A tsakiyar 1938 an aika tan ɗari na wasiƙa zuwa Indiya da irin wannan adadin zuwa Afirka. A cikin wannan shekarar, an fara ginin a kan Terminal Empire a Victoria, London, wanda A. Lakeman ya tsara kuma tare da mutum-mutumi na Eric Broadbent, Speed Wings Over the World yana ɗaukar tashar da ke saman babbar ƙofar. Daga tashar jirgin akwai haɗin jirgin ƙasa zuwa jiragen ruwan Imperial a Southampton da masu horarwa zuwa tashar jirgin saman ta a filin jirgin saman Croydon . Tashar tayi aiki kwanan nan kamar 1980.
Don taimakawa da inganta amfani da sabis ɗin Jirgin Sama, a cikin Yuni da Yuli 1939, Imperial Airways sun halarci tare da Pan American Airways wajen samar da sabis na musamman "a duk duniya"; Imperial ya ɗauki wasiƙar tun daga Foynes, Ireland, zuwa Hongkong, daga gabashin gabas zuwa New York zuwa hanyar New York. Pan American ya ba da sabis daga New York zuwa Foynes (tashi 24 ga Yuni, ta jirgin farko na FAM 18 na Arewa) da Hongkong zuwa San Francisco (ta hanyar FAM 14), kuma Kamfanin Jirgin Sama na United ya ɗauka a ƙafa na ƙarshe daga San Francisco zuwa New York, zuwa ranar 28 Yuli.
Kyaftin HWC Alger ne matukin jirgin for karon iska mail jirgin dauke mail daga Ingila zuwa Australia a karon farko a kan Short Empire flyingboat Castor ga na mallaka Airways 'dauloli Air hanyoyi, a 1937.
A watan Nuwamba she kara ta 2016, shekaru 80 daga baya, jirgin Crete2Cape Vintage Air Rally ya tashi wannan tsohuwar hanyar tare da jiragen saman girbi goma sha biyar - bikin ƙwarewar ƙwarewar waɗannan ƙwararrun jiragen.
Yakin Duniya na Biyu
Kafin barkewar yaki a ranar 1 ga Satumbar 1939, gwamnatin Birtaniyya ta riga ta aiwatar da Dokar Kewaya Na iska ((kuntatawa a Lokacin Yaƙin) Dokar 1939. Hakan ya ba da umarnin karbe ikon sojoji filayen jiragen saman fararen hula da yawa a Burtaniya, dakatar da duk wasu jirage masu zaman kansu ba tare da izinin kowane jirgin ba, da sauran matakan gaggawa. Wani sashen doka ne na ma'aikatar iska mai taken National Communications Communications (NAC). Zuwa 1 ga Satumba 1939, an tura jiragen da gwamnatocin Imperial Airways da British Airways Ltd zuwa filin jirgin saman Bristol (Whitchurch), don yin aiki tare da NAC. A ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1940, Imperial Airways Ltd da British Airways Ltd an hade su a hukumance zuwa wani sabon kamfani, British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), wanda tuni an kirkireshi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba Nuwamba 1939 tare da shirye-shiryen hada-hadar kuɗi.
Hadari da abubuwan da suka faru
Mummunar Haɗari
Cikin shekarata 1920
24 ga Disamba 1924: de Havilland DH.34 G-EBBX City of Delhi ta yi hadari kuma gobara ta tashi jim kadan da tashinsa daga Filin jirgin saman Croydon, inda matukin jirgin da dukkan fasinjojin bakwai suka mutu.
13 ga Yuli 1928: Vickers Vulcan G-EBLB sun yi hadari a Purley yayin jirgin gwajin, inda mutane hudu daga cikin shida da ke cikin jirgin suka mutu. Sakamakon hatsarin, Imperial Airways ya dakatar da tashiwar ma'aikata (wanda ake kira hawan farin ciki) yayin jigilar gwaji.
17 Yuni 1929: Handley Page W.10 G-EBMT City na Ottawa ditched a cikin harshen Turanci Channel wadannan ingine gazawar alhãli kuwa a kan wani jirgin daga Croydon zuwa Paris tare da asarar bakwai rayuwarsu.
6 ga watan Satumba 1929: de Havilland Hercules G-EBMZ Birnin Kudus ya yi hadari ya kone a kan saukarsu a Jask, Iran a cikin duhu saboda matukin jirgin ya yi rashin fahimta da tsayar da jirgin, ya kashe uku daga biyar a cikin jirgin.
26 Oktoba 1929: Short Calcutta G-AADN City na Rome da ƙarfi ya sauka daga La Spezia, Italiya a cikin yanayi mara kyau; kwale-kwalen da ke tashi sama ya nutse cikin dare yayin kokarin jawo shi zuwa gabar teku, ya kashe bakwai din da ke cikinsa.
A tsakanin shekarun 1930
30 ga Oktoba 1930: Shafin Handley W.8g G-EBIX Birnin Washington ya buge da doguwar ƙasa a cikin hazo a Boulogne, Paris, Faransa, inda ya kashe uku daga shida a cikin jirgin.
28 Maris 1933: Armstrong Whitworth Argosy G-AACI City na Liverpool ya yi hadari a Diksmuide,Belgium bayan wata gobara a cikin jirgin. Wannan ana zargin shine farkon lamarin ɓarna a cikin iska. Duk mutanen goma sha biyar da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
30 ga Disamba 1933: Avro Ten G-ABLU Apollo ya yi karo da mashin rediyo a Ruysselede, Belgium kuma ya fadi . Duk mutanen goma da ke cikin jirgin sun mutu.
31 Disamba 1935: Short Calcutta G-AASJ City na Khartoum ya fado daga Alexandria, Misira lokacin da dukkanin injina huɗu suka kasa zuwa, mai yiwuwa saboda yunwar mai; goma sha biyu daga 13 da ke cikin jirgin sun nitse a lokacin da jirgin da ke shawagi ya nutse.
22 ga Agusta 1936: Short Kent G-ABFA Scipio ya nitse a Mirabello Bay, Crete bayan saukar jirgi mai nauyi, ya kashe biyu daga 11 da ke cikin jirgin.
24 Maris 1937: Short Empire G-ADVA Capricornus ya yi hadari a tsaunukan Beaujolois kusa da Ouroux, Faransa sakamakon kuskuren kewayawa, ya kashe biyar.
1 ga Oktoba 1937: Short Empire G-ADVC Courtier ya yi hadari a kan sauka a Phaleron Bay, Girka saboda rashin gani sosai, ya kashe biyu daga 15 a cikin jirgin.
5 ga Disamba 1937: Short Empire G-ADUZ Cygnus ya yi hadari a kan tashinsa daga Brindisi, Italiya saboda ba daidai ba saitin filin, ya kashe biyu.
27 ga Yuli 1938: Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTG Amalthea ya tashi zuwa wani tsauni kusa da Kisumu, Kenya jim kaɗan bayan tashinsa, inda ya kashe duka mutanen da ke cikin jirgin.
27 ga Nuwamba 1938: Short Empire G-AETW Calpurnia ta yi hadari a Tafkin Habbaniyah, Iraki a cikin mummunan yanayi bayan matukin jirgin ya sauko don ci gaba da ganin ido da kasa bayan rikicewar sararin samaniya, ya kashe dukkan ma'aikatan jirgin hudu.
21 Janairu 1939: Short Empire G-ADUU Cavalier ditched a cikin Atlantic 285 tashi daga New York saboda icing na carburettor da asarar ƙarfin injiniya;uku sun nitse yayin da masu tsira goma suka dauke ta tankin Esso Baytown . Bayan haka kuma Imperial Airways da Pan-American trans-ocicic boats masu jirgi suna da saman saman fuka-fukan da aka zana manyan alamun ganuwa mai ruwan lemu.
1 ga Mayu 1939: Short Empire G-ADVD Challenger ya yi hadari a cikin lagon Lumbo yayin da yake kokarin sauka a Filin jirgin saman Lumbo, ya kashe biyu daga shida a cikin jirgin.
1 ga watan Maris 1940: Jirgin 197, wanda ke aiki da Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal, ya bace a kan Tekun Oman dauke da mutane takwas; ba a sami tarkacen jirgin ruwa, kaya ko mazaunan ciki ba. Dalilin faduwar jirgin har yanzu ba a san shi ba, amma yunwa na man fetur, yajin tsuntsaye da ke lalata farfadiya kuma ya haifar da injin ko reshe ya rabu, fashewar jirgin sama ko rashin aikin injiniya da yawa an tsara. Watanni biyu bayan hadarin, an cire HP42 daga ayyukan fasinjoji. An kuma ba da shawarar cewa duk jiragen kasuwanci da ake amfani da su a dogon jirage a kan ruwa su kasance da kayan aiki na sirri da na rayuwa; wannan daga baya zai zama ingantacce a duk masana'antar kamfanin jirgin sama.
Hadarin da bai muni ba
21 ga Oktoba 1926: Shafin Handley W.10 G-EBMS Garin Melbourne wanda aka liƙa a Tashar Ingilishi daga gabar tekun ingila bayan injin ya fadi. Dukkanin mutane 12 da ke cikin jirgin FV Invicta ne ya ceto su.
19 ga Afrilu 1931: de Havilland DH.66 Hercules tare da rajista G-EBMW, sun lalace ba za a iya gyara su ba a saukowar tilas bayan yunwar mai a Surabaya.Jirgin ya yi aiki ne a jirgin jirgi na gwaji daga Indiya zuwa Melbourne tare da tsayawa a hanyar Semarang, Soerabaja da Kupang .
8 ga watan Agusta 1931: Handley Page HP42 G-AAGX Hannibal yana gudanar da jigilar fasinjan fasinjoji daga Croydon zuwa Paris lokacin da injin ya faskara kuma tarkace suka tilasta wa injin na biyu rufe.Saukewar tilastawa zuwa Five Oak Green,Kent ya haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Babu raunin da ya faru. Hannibal ya warwatse kuma ya yi jigilar kaya zuwa Croydon don a sake gina shi.
9 ga Nuwamba 1935: Short Kent G-ABFB Sylvanus ya kama da wuta kuma ya kone yayin shan mai a tashar jirgin ruwa ta Brindisi; ma'aikatan man sun sami damar tsallakewa daga jirgin da ke kone suka tsira. [nb 1]
29 Satumba 1936:Armstrong Whitworth Atalanta G-ABTK ya ƙone a cikin wutar hangar a Delhi, Indiya.
31 ga Mayu 1937:Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 (tsohon HP42) G-AAXE Hengist ya lalace a cikin wutar hangar a Karachi, Indiya.
3 Disamba 1938: de Havilland Express G-ADCN ya ƙone a Bangkok.
12 ga watan Maris 1939: Short S.23 Empire Flying Boat Mk 1 G-ADUY,ya lalace fiye da gyara a Tandjong, Batavia,Netherlands East Indies.Buga wani abu mai nutsuwa yayin hawa motar haya bayan sauka. Jirgin jirgin sama ya lalace amma ya lalace baya gyarawa ta nutsewa da mishandling yayin rashi.Jirgin sama ya warwatse ya shigo dashi England amma bai dawo aiki ba.
7 ga Nuwamba 1939: Shafin Handley Shafin HP42 G-AXXD Horatius an rubuta shi biyo bayan saukar sa da aka yi da karfi a filin wasan golf a Tiverton, Devon.
19 Maris 1940: Shafin Handley Shafin HP45 G-AAXC Heracles da HP42 G-AAUD Hanno an rubuta su bayan an busa su cikin guguwar iska yayin da suka tsaya a Filin jirgin saman Whitchurch.
Jirgin sama
Jirgin sama na Imperial Airways yana aiki nau'ikan jirgin sama da yawa daga samuwar sa a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 1924 har zuwa 1 ga Afrilu 1940 lokacin da duk jiragen da ke aiki ke canzawa zuwa BOAC .
Baldwin, N.C. 1950.Imperial Airways (and Subsidiary Companies): A History and Priced Check List of the Empire Air Mails. Sutton Coldfield, England: Francis J. Field.
Budd,Lucy "Global Networks Before Globalisation: Imperial Airways and the Development of Long-Haul Air Routes" Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Bulletin 253,5 December 2007.
Cluett, Douglas; Nash, Joanna; Learmonth Bob. 1980.Croydon Airport 1928–1939,The Great Days. London Borough of Sutton
Davies, R.E.G 2005. British Airways: An Airline and Its Aircraft, Volume 1: 1919–1939—The Imperial Years. McLean, VA: Paladwr Press. ISBN 1-888962-24-0
Doyle, Neville. 2002. The Triple Alliance: The Predecessors of the first British Airways. Air-Britain. ISBN 0-85130-286-6
Higham, Robin. 1960. Britain's Imperial Air Routes, 1918 to 1939: The Story of Britain's Overseas Airlines. London: G.T. Foulis; Hamden, CT: Shoe String.
Jackson, A.J. 1959 and 1974. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 2 vols (1st ed.); 3 vols (2nd ed.) London: Putnam.
Moss, Peter W. 1962. Impressments Log (Vol I-IV). Air-Britain.
Moss, Peter W. October 1974. British Airways. Aeroplane Monthly.
Pirie, G.H. 2004. Passenger traffic in the 1930s on British imperial air routes: refinement and revision. Journal of Transport History, 25: 66–84.
Pirie, G.H. 2009. Air Empire: British Imperial Civil Aviation 1919–39. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-4111-2.
Pirie, G.H. 2009. Incidental tourism: British imperial air travel in the 1930s. Journal of Tourism History, 1: 49–66.
Pirie, G.H. 2012.Cultures and Caricatures of British Imperial Aviation: Passengers, Pilots, Publicity. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-7190-8682-3.
Pudney, J. 1959. The Seven Skies - A Study of BOAC and its forerunners since 1919. London: Putnam.
Salt, Major A.E.W. 1930.Imperial Air Routes. London: John Murray.
Sanford, Kendall C. 2003. Air Crash Mail of Imperial Airways and Predecessor Airlines. Bristol: Stuart Rossiter Trust Fund. ISBN 0-9530004-6-X
Stroud, John 1962.Annals of British and Commonwealth Air Transport 1919–1960. London: Putnam.
Stroud, John. 2005. The Imperial Airways Fleet. Stroud, England: Tempus Publishing. ISBN 0-7524-2997-3
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
www.imperial-airways.com yanar gizo mai himma a archive.org
British Airways "Binciko abubuwan da suka gabata"
Tsarin Lokaci na Jirgin Sama na Imperial
Tarihi Hanyar Jirgin Sama Na Gabas
Yanar gizo don bayanan tarihi akan kamfanin jirgin sama
Yanar gizo don Gidan Tarihin Jirgin Sama na Imperial
Yanar Gizo don Haɗaɗɗen Jirgin Sama na Crete2Cape
Documents and clippings about Imperial Airways
Tsaffin filayen jirage
Filin jirgin sama
Filin jiragen da aka kafa
Filin Jirgin Imperial
Pages with unreviewed translations |
8968 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alhusain%20%C9%97an%20Ali | Alhusain ɗan Ali | Hussain Ibn Ali Bin Abutalib jikan manzon Allah ne, Allah ya yarda dashi, Dan Nana Fatima diyar manzan allah (SAW), uwargidan Aliyu dan Abutalib, dan'uwansa shi ne Alhasan dan Ali dan Abutalib. Hussain shine wanda yan 'Shi'a ke darajawa a matsayin daya daga cikin Imamansu na farko.
A ranar uku ga watan Sha'aban mai albarka na shekara ta huɗu bayan hijira aka yi wa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) albishir da haihuwar Hussaini (A.S.). Don haka sai ya gaggauta tafiya gidan Ali da Zahara (A.S), ya ce wa Asma'u bin Umais: "Asma'u kawo min ɗana." Sai Asma'u ta kawo wa Manzo shi ɗauke a farin zani. Sai Manzo ya yi murna da ganinsa, ya rungume shi, sannan ya kira sallah a kunnensa na dama, ya kuma yi ikama a na hagu, sannan ya dora shi a cinyarsa sai aka ga yana kuka. Sai Asma'u, cikin mamaki, ta tambaye shi, cewa: "Wa kakewa kuka?" Sai Manzo (s.a.w.a) yace: "Dan nan nawa." Sai Asma'u ta ce: "Yanzun nan aka haife shi." Sai Manzo (s.a.w.a) ya ce:
"Ya Asma'u!, wata azzalumar kungiya karkatacciya ce za ta kashe shi a bayana, Allah ba Zai hada su da cetona ba".
Sannan sai ya ce:
"Ya Asma'u! Kar ki faɗa wa Fatima wannan labari, domin ba ta daɗe da haihuwarsa ba ".
Sai Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) ya sami sako daga Allah Madaukakin Sarki, game da sunan abin haihuwarsa mai daraja; sai ya waiwayi Ali (a.s.) ya ce: "Ka sa masa suna Hussaini".
Matsayin Imam Husaini (a.s)
Hakika Abu Abdullahi al-Husain (a.s.) na da babban matsayi. Bayan ayoyin Alkur'ani da suka ambaci matsayinsa cikin matsayin Ahlulbaiti (a.s.), wadanda muka ambata a baya, kamar su Ayar Tsarkakewa, Ayar Mubahala, Ayar Kauna da sauransu; akwai hadisan Annabi masu yawa da ke nuna girman matsayinsa da daukakar darajarsa. Daga cikin su akwai:
1- Abin da ya zo cikin Sahih al-Tirmizi cewa: Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) ya ce: "Husaini daga gare ni yake, ni kuma daga gare shi nake. Allah Ya so wanda ya so Husaini. Husaini jika ne daga cikin jikoki .
2- An ruwaito daga Salman al-Farisi, ya ce: na ji Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) yana cewa: "Hasan da Husaini 'ya'yana ne, wanda ya so su ya so ni, wanda kuma ya so ni Allah zai so shi, wanda kuwa Allah Ya so zai shigar da shi Aljanna. Kuma wanda ya fusata su ya fusata ni, wanda kuma ya fusata ni Allah zai yi fushi da shi, wanda kuwa Allah Ya yi fushi da shi zai shigar da shi wuta ".
3- An ruwaito daga Ali bin Husaini daga babansa, daga kakansa (a.s.), cewa Manzon Allah (s.a.w.a) ya kama hannun Hasan da Husaini (a.s.) sannan ya ce: "Wanda ya so ni ya kuma so wadannan biyun da babansu da mamansu, zai kasance tare da ni ranar kiyama ".
Dabi'un Imam Husaini (a.s)
Hakika kasantuwan Imam Hasan (a.s) ya tashi ne karkashin kulawar kakansa Manzo (s.a.w.a), babansa Ali da mahaifiyarsa al-Zahara (a.s.), ta sa dabi'unsa na misalta sakon Allah Madaukaki a tunance, aikace da halayya. A nan za mu bayar da wasu 'yan misalai.
1- Shu'aib bin Abdul-Rahman ya ruwaito cewa: "An ga wani tabo a bayan Imam Husaini (a.s.) a Karbala; sai aka tambayi Imam Zainul-Abidin (a.s) game da shi, sai ya amsa da cewa: "Wannan ya samo asali ne daga buhunan abinci da yake dauka a bayansa yana kai wa gidajen matan da mazansu suka mutu da marayu da miskinai".
2- Ya taba bi ta wajen wasu miskinai alhali suna cin abinci a akushi, sai suka yi masa tayi, sai ya sauka ya ce: "Lallai Allah ba Ya son masu girman kai", sai ya ci abincin. Sai ya ce musu: "Na amsa muku, to ni ma ku amsa min." Sai suka amsa, suka tafi tare da shi har zuwa gidansa, sai ya ce wa matarsa: "Fito da duk abin da kika adana ".
3- An taba ce masa: Me ka fi tsoro daga Ubangi-jinka? Sai ya ce: "Babu mai amintuwa daga ranar kiyama sai wanda ya ji tsoron Allah a duniya".
4- A daren goma ga watan Muharram Imam Husaini (a.s.) ya bukaci rundunar Umayyawa 'yan adawa, da su jinkirta masa wannan daren yana mai cewa: "Don muna so mu yi salla ga Ubangijinmu da daddare mu kuma nemi gafarar Sa, domin Shi ya san ni ina son yin sallah gare Shi da tilawar Littafin Sa da yawan addu'a da istigfari".
1- Dabarasi, cikin A'alamul-Wara Bi A'alamil-Hudah, shafi na 218; da Khawarizmi, cikin Maktalul-Husaini, juzu'i na 1, shafi na 87.
2- Fadha'ilul-Khamsah, juzu'i na 3, shafi na 262-263.
3- A'alam al-Warah, shafi na 219.
4- Sibd Ibn al-Jauzi, cikin Tazkiratu Khawas al-Ummah, babin da ya yi magana a kan 'Son Manzon Allah da Hasan da Husaini'.
5- Abu Ilm, cikin Ahlulbait, babin dake magana a kan tawali'un Imam Husaini da gudun duniyarsa. |
20066 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf%20%28surah%29 | Yusuf (surah) | Yusuf ( , ; lafazin larabci na "Yusuf") shine sura ta 12 ( Surar )Ta kasan ce Surah ce ta Alqurani kuma tana da Ayah . Sūrah Hud ne ke gaba da ita sai kuma Ar-Ra'ad (Tsawar). Dangane da lokaci da yanayin mahallin wahayi ( asbāb al-nuzūl ), an saukar da ita ne zuwa ƙarshen lokacin Makkan, wanda ke nufin an yi imani da cewa an saukar da ita a Makka, maimakon daga baya a Madina. An ce an saukar da ita a cikin zama ɗaya kuma yana da irin ta wannan yanayin. rubutu da labarin Yusuf ( Joseph ) wanda yana dauke da wani annabi a Musulunci, wanda rayuwarsa da kuma manufa ta tuno.
Ba kamar yadda sauran annabawan musulinci suke ba, abubuwa daban-daban da bangarorin da suke da nasaba da surori daban-daban, tarihin rayuwar Yusuf, an ruwaito shi ne a cikin wannan surar kawai, cikakke kuma bisa tsarin yadda za a tsara su. Wannan surar, wacce ita ma take fada game da gaskiya, a cewar musulmai, wacce take kunshe a cikin mafarkai, ta gabatar da ka'idoji da yawa na yadda za a yi wa Musulunci hidima ta hanyar tarihin rayuwar annabi, wanda ya zama sananne kuma mai mutunci a kasar da ya An sayar a matsayin bawa.
Thomas van Erpe ne ya fara fassara surar zuwa Latin ta hanyar 1617 sannan daga baya a cikin karni na 17 ya buga a fili cikin larabci da Latin a matsayin wani bangare na kokarin Lutheran wajen fassara Kur'ani.
1-3 Annabi sananne ne ta hanyar wahayi game da tarihin Yusufu
4 Yusufu ya gaya wa mahaifinsa wahayinsa Yaga taurari goma sha daya da rana da wata suna mashi sujada a gare shi
5 Yakubu ya gargadi Yusufu game da kishin ’yan’uwansa
6 Yakubu ya fahimci mafarkin don ya nuna halin annabci na Yusufu a nan gaba
7 Labarin Yusufu alama ce ta yardar Allah
8 ’Yan’uwan Yusufu suna kishinsa da dan uwansa Biliyaminu
9 Sun yi shawarar tare don su kashe shi ko don fitar da shi Daga garin Mahaifinsa
10 Baban yayan su ya bada shawarar sanya shi cikin rijiya
11-12 Suna rokon mahaifinsu ya aiki Yusufu tare da su
13 Yakubu ya jinkirta saboda tsoron kada kerkeci ya cinye Yusufu
14-15 'Yan'uwan Yusufu suka karbi izinin mahaifinsu, suka Dauke shi tare da su, suka sanya shi a cikin rijiya
15 Allah ya aiko wahayi zuwa ga Yusufu a cikin rijiyar
16-17 'Yan'uwan suka kawo wa Yakubu rahoton cewa kyarkeci ya cinye Yusufu
18 Yakubu bai yarda da labarin 'ya'yansa ba
19-20 Wasu matafiya da suka sami Yusufu sun Dauke shi cikin bauta
21 Wani Bamasare ya siyo Yusufu ya ba shi shawarar Da shi
22 Allah ya bashi hikima da ilimi
23 Matar Bamasariya ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yusufu
24 Da yardar Allah ya kiyaye ta daga yaudarar ta
25 Tana zargin Yusufu da yunkurin bata mata suna
26-27 Haya a cikin tufafinsa ya tabbatar da rashin laifin Yusufu
28-29 Azeez ya yarda da Yusufu kuma ya la'anci matarsa
30 Zunubin matar Azeez ya zama sananne a cikin gari
31 Matan wadansu manyan mutane, ganin kyawawan halayen Yusufu, sai suka kira shi mala'ika
32 Matar Azeez ta bayyana manufarta na Daure Yusuf sai dai in ba yarda ga rokon ta ba
33 Yusufu yana neman tsari daga Allah
34 Allah yana jin addu'arsa, Yana kawar da kaidinsu
35 An saka Yusuf a kurkuku ba tare da rashin laifi ba
36-37 Ya dauki alwashin fassara mafarkin bayin sarki guda biyu wadanda suma aka daure su tare
38-40 Yusufu yana wa'azin hadin kan Allah ga 'yan uwansa fursunoni
41 Yana fassarar mafarkin bayin nan biyu
42 Yusufu ya nemi a tuna da shi ga sarki, amma an manta da shi
43 Mafarkan sarkin Masar
44 Masu fassarar sarki ba su fassara mafarkin sarki
45-49 Yusufu ya tuna kuma ya fassara mafarkin sarki
50 Sarki ya kirawo Yusufu daga kurkuku
51 Matan gidan sarauta sun yarda da zunubinsu a ƙoƙarinsu na yaudare Yusufu zuwa ƙaunatacciyar soyayya
52-53 Yusufu ya barata. Matar Azeez bata wanke kanta daga zargi ba.
54 Sarki ya mayar da Yusufu
55-57 Yusufu ya mai da ma'ajin sarki bisa ga roƙonsa
58 'Yan'uwansa sun zo wurinsa, amma ba su gane shi ba
59-61 Yusufu ya bukaci 'yan'uwansa su kawo masa Dan'uwansu Biliyaminu
62 Kudadensu sun dawo a cikin buhunansu don tilasta musu dawowa
63-66 Yakubu ba tare da so ya ba da izinin Biliyaminu ya tafi Masar tare da 'yan'uwansa
67 Yakubu ya shawarci shigowar su ta Kofofin da yawa
68 Wannan nasiha ba ta wadatar da hukuncin Allah ba
69 Yusufu, yana karɓar Biliyaminu, ya bayyana kansa gare shi
70-76 Shi da dabara, ya kawo 'yan'uwansa sata
77, 79 Ya nace kan rike Biliyaminu maimakon maye gurbinsa
80-82 Bayan shawarwari, 'yan'uwan Biliyaminu duk sun koma wurin Yakub bayan
83 Yakubu bai yarda ya ba da labarinsu ba, amma ya dogara ga Allah
84-86 Yakubu ya yi bakin ciki saboda Yusufu, amma har yanzu ya faɗi game da begensa
87 Yakubu ya aiki yayansa su je su nemi Yusufu
88-90 Yusufu ya bayyana kansa ga yan'uwansa
91-93 Yana yiwa 'yan'uwansa afuwa kuma ya aika tufafin mahaifinsa ga mahaifinsa don ya dawo da ganinsa
94-97 Yakubu ya yi annabcin gano Yusufu, ya kuma sami ganinsa
98-99 Yanã n pman gãfara ga 'ya'yansa na mugunta
100 Yusufu ya karbi iyayensa gare shi a Masar
101 Yakubu da 'ya'yansa maza da mata duk suna yi wa Yusufu sujada
102 Yusufu ya yabi Allah saboda jinkansa kuma ya furta imanin musulmai
103-107 Kafirai ba za su yi imani da ayoyin Alkur'ani ba
108 Umurnin Allah ga manzo don shelanta imanin Musulmi
109 Manzannin Allah a cikin kowane zamani sun kasance daga mutane
109-110 Ana azabtar da wadanda suka kãfirta sab forda kãfircin manzannin Allah
111 Alqurani ba jabu bane, face tabbataccen rubutun magabata na farko
Labarin surat Yūsuf game da Annabi Yūsuf ne, wanda aka fassara shi da Turanci a matsayin Joseph. Yūsuf ɗayan ɗa ne na Ya'ƙub (wanda aka fi sani da Yakubu a cikin fassarar Turanci) wanda ke da baiwar fassara mafarkai. Wata rana Yussuf ya yi mafarki kuma ya ba da labarin mafarkin ga mahaifinsa wanda nan da nan ya san cewa Yussuf zai zama annabi. Mahaifinsa ya gaya masa kada ya gaya wa 'yan'uwansa su guji wata cuta. Koyaya, saboda ƙaunar Ya'qub ga Yūsuf, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ji kishi. Sun so su rabu da Yussuf, don haka mahaifinsu zai ƙaunace su maimakon Yussuf. Farkon shirinsu shi ne kashe Yūsuf, amma daga baya suka yanke shawarar jefa shi cikin rijiya . Sun yiwa mahaifinsu karya sun fada masa cewa kerkeci ya kashe shi. Daga baya, ayari ya ceci Yussuf daga rijiyar, sannan ya sayar da shi ga 'Al-Aziz na Misira . 'Al-Aziz ya ɗauki Yūsuf kuma yana fatan ko dai sanya shi aiki ko ɗauke shi ɗa. Daga baya, matar mutumin ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf, amma ya ƙi. Matar da ta ga juriyarsa ta zargi Yūsuf da son cutar da ita kuma ta bukaci da a hukunta shi mai tsanani ko a tura shi kurkuku.
Wani mashaidi, bayan Yūsuf ya kare rashin laifinsa, ya shaida "idan rigarsa ta yage daga gaba, to, ta faɗi gaskiya, kuma shi yana daga maƙaryata amma idan rigarsa ta tsage daga baya, to, ta yi ƙarya, kuma shi ne daga mãsu gaskiya. " Lallai rigar ta yage daga baya. Jim kadan bayan wannan hatsarin, matan birni suna ta maganar yadda matar ke neman yaudarar Y seekingsuf. Matar 'Al-Aziz ta gayyace su zuwa liyafa, ta ba wa kowannensu wuka, sannan ta gaya wa Yusufa ya fito. Matan suka yanke hannayensu cikin tsananin mamaki. 'Ta ce, "Wancan ne wanda kuka zarge ni a kansa. Kuma lallai na nemi yin lalata da shi, amma ya ƙi yarda; idan kuwa bai aikata abin da na umurce shi ba, to tabbas za a daure shi kuma ya kasance daga cikin kaskantattu ” Yūsuf ya fi son kurkuku fiye da abin da suke kira shi don haka ya yi addu'a ga Allah. An tura Yūsuf gidan yari.
A cikin kurkukun, Yūsuf ya sadu da wasu maza biyu kuma ya fassara ɗaya daga cikin mafarkin fursunan. Daga nan aka saki fursunan kuma Yūsuf ya nemi fursunan da ya ambata baiwarsa ga sarki. Wata rana, Sarki yayi mafarki sai wannan fursunan da aka sake shi ya ambaci Yūsuf. Ya fassara mafarkin Sarki, wanda shine game da Masar ta sami fari na shekaru bakwai. Don ba shi tukuici, Sarki ya nemi a sake shi daga kurkuku kuma Sarkin ma ya bincika lamarinsa. Matar da ta yi ƙoƙari ta yaudare Yūsuf ta ba da shaida cewa ba shi da laifi, kuma gaskiya ta bayyana. An ba Yūsuf iko a Misira.
A lokacin fari na shekaru bakwai, 'yan'uwan Yūsuf sun ziyarci Misira don nema wa danginsu abinci. Bayan ganin 'yan'uwansa, Yūsuf ya gane su duk da cewa basu gane shi ba. Yūsuf, a cikin babban matsayi na iko, ya roki cewa in sun sake zuwa, su zo da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu Biliyaminu tare da su. Lokacin da 'yan'uwan suka dawo tare da ƙaramin ɗan'uwansu, Yūsuf ya ɗauke shi gefe kuma ya gaya masa ainihinsa. Yūsuf ya shirya shari'ar sata inda aka samu kaninsa karami da laifin sata alhali ba shi da gaskiya kuma an tsare shi daga danginsa, don haka zai iya zama tare da shi. Daga baya, lokacin da mahaifin da 'yan uwan suka fuskanci talauci sai su dawo ga Yussuf sannan Yussuf sannan ya taimaka musu ya kuma bayyana asalin sa yana neman su zo su zauna tare.
Wahayin Yahaya
Babu wani tabbataccen lokacin da ake tsammanin saukar surat Yūsuf, amma an kiyasta cewa ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 10 ko 11 na dawah . Watau, sanannen abu ne da aka saukar dashi shekaru 2 ko 3 kafin hijira (Hijira) daga Makka zuwa Madina wanda ke dab da ƙarshen zamanin Makkan da tafiya Makkan. Wannan Surar ta sauka ne bayan shekara guda malaman Seerah suna kiran 'am al huzun' (shekarar Bakin ciki ko Fidda rai). Shekarar nan ta kasance lokacin bakin ciki da takaici ga annabin musulunci Muhammad . Ya kasance cikin wahalhalu da yawa kuma uku daga cikin waɗannan sune mahimmancin gaske. Na farkon shine mutuwar kawunsa Abu Talib . Abu Talib shi ne kadai uba da ya bari kuma daya daga cikin mutanen da suka ba shi kariya daga cutarwar al'umma. Masifa ta biyu za ta zo ne tare da ƙaunataccen matarsa ta farko, mutuwar Khadijah. Ita ce farkon wacce ta yi imani da sakonsa kuma ita ce ta'aziyar sa. Mutuwar biyu babbar asara ce a gareshi kasancewar su mutane ne a rayuwarsa waɗanda suka himmatu da kuma kiyaye shi ta hanyar tafiyarsa. Daga baya kuma a Makka bayan mutuwar kawunsa, maguzawan sun sanya shi fuskantar matsanancin wahala yayin da yake kokarin kiran mutane zuwa ga Musulunci. Ana tsammanin amsa mafi kyau daga garin Ta'if, Muhammad ya tashi daga Makka. Koyaya, don takaicinsa, mutanen Ta'if ba su maraba da shi ba, suka ba shi wahala suka kore shi daga cikin garin ta hanyar jifan shi da duwatsu. Ya ji rauni, yana zubar da jini kuma ba shi da komai sai takaici daga mutanen Ta'if. Wannan surar an yi ta ne don daukaka ruhinsa da kuma sanyaya masa rai a lokacin da aka ƙi shi.
Sauran binciken
Tare da abubuwa masu muhimmanci guda uku wadanda suka nuna wahayi ga Muhammadu, malamai sun ambaci wasu abubuwan da suka faru wadanda suka haifar da saukar da surar. Kuraishawa suna so su gwada Muhammad, kamar yadda suke cikin rashin imani da iliminsa da ikon ruhaniya. Ba su yarda da shi annabi ba kuma sun shirya yaudararsa ta hanyar yin tambayar da annabin gaskiya ne kawai zai iya amsawa. Labarin Yūsuf da 'yan'uwansa, labarin da ba a ji shi ba, saboda mutanen Makka ba su da masaniya game da wannan labarin. Hakanan an fassara shi da Yusuf (ɗan Yakubu) sanannen sanannen al'adun Kirista da na Yahudawa kuma Kuraishawa ba su ji labarinsa ba. Karanta wannan labarin zai nuna annabci na gaskiya, amma mutane basu da imani cewa Muhammadu zai mallaki wannan kyauta. Lokacin da aka tambayi Muhammad, ya bayyana ta hanyar wahayinsa duk ilimin da ya sani game da labarin da ba a faɗi. Bayan wahalhalu da aka fuskanta a cikin garin Makka, daga baya labarin Yūsuf ya bayyana don ƙarfafa zukatan mutane. Sun yi tambaya, "Ya Manzon Allah, me zai hana ka ba mu labarin wadanda suka gabata kafin mu suma sun sha wahala?" Wannan lokacin rikice rikice ne yayin da ake tsananta wa Musulmai kuma daga baya aka tilasta su ficewa. Wannan ya zama ƙarshe na biyu ga wahayin.
Al'adar Hadisi
Ya kasance daga Ja’afarus Sadik, jikan Muhammadu, ya ruwaito cewa, duk mutumin da ya karanta suratul Yusufa a kowace rana ko kowane dare za a tayar da shi ranar tashin kiyama da kyawu irin na Yusufu. Ba zai ji tsoron ranar sakamako ba kuma zai kasance daga cikin mafifitan muminai.
An ruwaito Muhammad ya karfafa koyar da suratul Yūsuff ga bayi, yana mai cewa "duk lokacin da musulmi ya karanta shi kuma ya koyar da shi ga danginsa da bayinsa, Allah zai saukaka masa bakin cikin mutuwa kuma ya sanya hakan ta yadda babu wani Musulmi da zai yi masa hassada "
Manyan jigogi
Bangaskiyar annabawa
Imanin annabawa kafin Muhammadu sun yi daidai da nasa. Annabawa Ibrahim, Ishaaq, Ya'qūb da Yūsuf sun gayyaci mutane zuwa saƙo iri ɗaya da Muhammad.
Halin Musulmi
Yana da sanin Allah da hisabi akan ayyukan mutum
Yana bin maƙasudin mutum yayin kasancewa ƙarƙashin iyakokin da Dokar Allah ta tsara
Yayi imani da cewa nasara da rashin nasara gaba daya suna hannun Allah, duk abin da Allah ya so ya faru kuma babu wanda zai iya hana shi
Yana amfani da kokarinsu zuwa ga gaskiya kuma yana dogaro ga Allah
Amincewa da ƙarfin zuciya
A duk tarihin Y ofsuf, Allah ya koya wa masu imani cewa mutumin da ke da halaye na Musulunci na gaske zai iya mallake duniya da ƙarfin halayensu. Misalin Yūsuf ya nuna cewa mutum mai ɗabi'a mai tsabta zai iya shawo kan mawuyacin yanayi kuma ya yi nasara.
Manufofin wannan Surar
Don samar da hujja cewa annabcin Muhammadu da iliminsa ba ya dogara da bayanan da ba a tabbatar da su ba, maimakon haka an samo shi ta hanyar wahayi.
Ya shafi taken labarin ga mutanen Kuraishawa (Kabilar shugabannin da ke Makah) kuma ta yi gargadin cewa rikicin da ke tsakaninsu da Muhammad zai kawo karshen nasarar da ya yi a kansu. Kamar yadda ya fada a cikin aya ta 7: "Lallai akwai alamu a cikin wannan labarin na Yusufa da 'yan'uwansa ga masu tambaya"
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Suratu Yusuf Mp3
Qur'ani 12 bayyananniyar fassarar Alqur'ani
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25583 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safi%20Faye | Safi Faye | Safi Faye (an haife shi a watan Nuwamba 22, shekarar 1943) darektan fina -finan Senegal ne kuma masani kan al'adu . Ita ce mace ta farko daga yankin kudu da hamadar Saharar Afirka da ta jagoranci fim ɗin da aka rarraba ta kasuwanci, Kaddu Beykat, wanda aka saki a 1975. Ta ba da umarnin fina -finai da fina -finai da yawa da suka mai da hankali kan rayuwar karkara a Senegal.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Safi Faye a 1943 a Dakar, Senegal, ga dangin Serer mai kishin addini. Iyayenta, Fayes, sun fito ne daga Fad'jal, wani ƙauye a kudu da Dakar. Ta halarci Makarantar Al'ada a Rufisque kuma ta karɓi takardar shedar koyarwa a 1962 ko 1963, ta fara koyarwa a Dakar Senegal.
A cikin 1966 ta je bikin Dakar na Negro Arts kuma ta sadu da ɗan asalin Faransa kuma ɗan fim Jean Rouch . Ya ƙarfafa ta ta yi amfani da yin fim a matsayin kayan aikin ƙabilanci. Tana da rawar taka rawa a fim dinsa na 1971 Petit à petit . Faye ta ce ba ta son fim ɗin Rouch amma yin aiki tare da shi ya ba ta damar koyan yin fim da cinéma-vérité . A cikin 1970s ta yi nazarin ilimin ɗabi'a a École pratique des hautes études sannan a Makarantar Fim ta Lumière . Ta tallafa wa kanta ta hanyar yin aiki a matsayin abin koyi, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma a cikin tasirin sauti na fim. A shekara ta 1979, ta sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin ɗabi'a daga Jami'ar Paris . Daga 1979 zuwa 1980, Faye ya yi nazarin samar da bidiyo a Berlin kuma ya kasance baƙo malami a Jami'ar Kyauta ta Berlin . Ta sami ƙarin digiri a cikin ilimin ɗabi'a daga Sorbonne a 1988.
Aikin fim
Faye tayi fim ɗin farko, wanda ita ma ta shirya fim, gajere ne na 1972 mai suna La Passante (The Passerby), wanda aka zana daga abubuwan da ta fuskanta a matsayin mace baƙi a Paris. Yana bin wata mata (Faye) tana tafiya akan titi tana lura da halayen maza kusa. Faye fim ɗin farko na fim ɗin shi ne Kaddu Beykat, wanda ke nufin Muryar Manoma a Wolof kuma an san shi a duk duniya a matsayin Harafi daga Ƙauye na ko Labari daga Kauye na . Ta sami tallafin kudi ga Kaddu Beykat daga Ma'aikatar Hadin Kan Faransa. An sake shi a 1975, shine fim ɗin farko da wata mace 'yar Afirka ta kudu da Sahara ta shirya don rarraba ta ta kasuwanci kuma ta sami karɓuwa a duniya ga Faye. A kan sakinsa an haramta shi a Senegal. A cikin 1976 ya ci lambar yabo ta FIPRESCI daga Ƙungiyar Ƙididdigar Fina -Finan Duniya (daura da Chhatrabhang ) da lambar yabo ta OCIC.
Fim ɗin shirin fim na 1983 Selbé: Daya Daga cikin Mutane da yawa ya biyo bayan wata mace mai shekaru 39 da ake kira Sélbe wacce ke aiki don tallafa wa 'ya'yanta takwas tunda mijinta ya bar ƙauyensu don neman aiki. Selbé yana tattaunawa akai-akai tare da Faye, wacce ba ta kan allo, kuma tana bayanin alakarta da mijinta da rayuwar yau da kullun a ƙauyen.
An fi sanin fina-finan Faye a Turai fiye da Afirka ta asali, inda ba kasafai ake nuna su ba.
Rayuwar mutum
Faye, wanda ke zaune a Paris, auren ta ya mutu kuma tana da 'ya mace guda.
1972: La Passante ( Mai wucewa)
1975: Kaddu Beykat ( Harafi daga Kauyana )
1979: Fad'jal ( Ku zo ku yi aiki )
1979: Goob na nu ( Girbi yana cikin )
1980: Man Sa Yay ( Ni, Mahaifiyarka )
1981: Les âmes au soleil ( Rayuka a ƙarƙashin Rana )
1983: Selbe: Amongaya Daga cikin Mutane da yawa (ko Selbe da Sauransu da yawa )
1983: 3 zuwa 5 mois ( Shekaru uku da watanni biyar )
1985: Masu wariyar launin fata ( Black Roots )
1985: Elsie Haas, mace mai launi da cinéaste d'Haiti ( Elsie Haas, Haitian Woman Painter and Filmmaker )
1989: Tesito
1996: Mossane
Mata yan fim
Mutanen Senegal |
6975 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekiti | Ekiti | Jihar Ekiti Jiha ce da take kudu maso yammacin Najeriya, ta haɗa iyaka daga arewa da Jihar Kwara, da arewa maso gabas ta Jihar Kogi, daga kudu maso gabas kuwa da Jihar Ondo, sannan daga yamma da Jihar Osun. Ta kuma samo sunanta daga mutanen Ekiti ɓangare na Ƙabilar Yarbawa waɗanda suka mamaye mafi yawan yankunan Jihar. An ƙirƙiri Jihar Ekiti daga wani sashe na Jihar Ondo a shekarar alif 1996 sannan babban birnin jihar ita ce Ado-Ekiti.
Tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananun jihohi a Nijeriya ta fuskar faɗin ƙasa, Ita ce jiha ta 31 a girma a Najeriya, tare da kimanin mutum 3.3 a bisa ƙiyasin shekara ta 2016. Dangane da yanayin ƙasa kuwa, Jihar tana da dazuzzuka masu kwari, a Najeriya a mafi yawancin yankunan Jihar tare da bushashiyar yanayi na Guinea forest Savanna mosaic daga arewacin jihar. A cikin watan Mayu na shekara ta 2022, Jihar Ekiti ta zamo jiha ta farko da ta fara ƙaddamar da bishiya a matsayin tambarinta na gwamnati. A ranar Tunawa da Dajikan Duniya (World Forest Day) ne, Gwamna Kayode Fayemi ya sanar cewa sun zaɓi Icen Obeche a matsayin bishiyar Jihar dangane da muhimmancinta na muhalli, tattalin arziƙi da sauran amfani na gargajiya.
Mazauna Jihar Ekiti ta yau sun kasance tun tsawon lokaci daga Kabilar Ekiti , wani sashe na yaren yarbanci, da tsiraru daga sashin yaren Akoko-Yoruba. Mafi akasarin mutanen jihar mabiya addinin kiristanci ne tare da tsiraru daga musulmai da kuma mabiya addinan gargajiya .
A zamanin da kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka, yankin Jihar Ekiti ta yau ta kasance a ƙarƙashin daular Masarautar Oyo, Masarautar Benin sannan daga bisani Jihohin Ekiti wanda suka samar da Masarautar Ekiti a shekarar 1800. A tsakanin shekarun 1877 zuwa 1893, yankin sun kafta Yakin Kirji tare da sauran yarbawa na gabas don yakar Masarautar Ibadan da kuma sauran Kungiyoyin Yarbawa na Yamma; ya ƙin ya ƙare ne bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka shiga tsakani kuma suka haɗe yankin acikin Yankin mulkin Mallaka na Kudancin Najeriya wacce daga bisani ta zamo Najeriya Turawa a alif 1914. Bayan samun 'yancin kai a 1960, yankin Jihar Ekiti ta yau na daga cikin yankin Yammacin Najeriya kafin zuwa 1967 lokacin da ka raba yankin kuma jihar ta fada karkashin Jihar Yammacin Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 1976 ne aka raba yankin kuma gabashin yankin ta zamo Jihar Ondo. Shekaru ashirin bayan hakan, an raba yankin arewa maso yammacin Ondo (inda ake kira da Ekiti Zone) inda ta zamo Jihar Ekiti.
Tattalin arzikin Jihar Ekiti sun ta'allaka ne akan noma, inda suka fi shukan shinkafa, doya, cocoa, da rogo. Muhimman masana'antu sun hada da masana'antun katakai da wuraren bude idanu. Jihar Ekiti itace ta 19 a cikin Jerin Jihohi Najeriya dangane da Ma'aunin Cigaban Jama'a kuma ana daukar ta a matsayin cibiyar mutanen Ekiti.
Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita araba’i 6,353 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari uku da tisa'in da takwas ta da dari tara da hamsin da bakwai (ƙidayar yawan jama'ca shekara 2006). Babban birnin jahar ita ce Ado Ekiti. Kayode Fayemi shine gwamna a Jihar ayanzu bayan yasamu nasara a zaben da ya nema a takarar gwamna a Jihar karo na biyu,ya karba a hannun Ayo Fayose Wanda yazama gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2014. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne Kolapo Olubunmi Olusola. Dattijan jihar sun hada da: Fatimat Raji-Rasaki, Duro Faseyi da Biodun Olujimi.
Jihar Ekiti tana da iyaka da misalin jihohi biyar, su ne: Kogi, Kwara, Ondo kuma da Osun.
Jihar Ekiti jiha ce mai zaman kanta kafin zuwan turawan mulkin mallaka. Tana daga cikin muhimman garuruwan Yarbawa a Najeriya. Ekiti a matsayin gari kuma alƙaryar ƙabilar yarbawa ta samo asalinta ne daga Oduduwa, wanda shine ya samar da asalin ƙabilar yarbawa duk da cewa akwai labari mai karfi na wanzuwar yarbawa 'yan asalin Ekiti tun kafin kafuwar masarautar Ile Ifẹ.
Akwai muhimman labarai guda biyu dangane da tarihin Ekiti. Na farko ya ƙunshi asalin Ekiti daga Ife. Labarin ya nuna cewa Olofin, daya daga cikin 'ya'yan Oduduwa na da 'ya'ya 16 wanda suka fito tare da sauran mutanensa don neman sabon muhalli suka ratsa ta Iwo - Eleru (Kogon Toka) da ke Isarun kuma suka tsaya a Igbo-Aka da ke kusa da Ile Oluji/Okeigbo.
Olofin da 'ya'yansa da kuma sauran jama'a sun ci gaba da tafiya har sai da suka isa wani kyakyawan waje mai shimfidadden fili Owa-Obokun (Mausarautar kasar Ijesha) sannan kuma Orangun sannan daga bisani suka yanke shawarar tsayawa a Ijesha da Igbomina na Jihar Osun. A yayin da sauran 'ya'yansa 14 suka cigaba da tafiya har suka iso yankin kasar Ekiti ta yau. Sun lura cewa akwai tsaunuka da dama kuma suka kira ta da yarensu "Ile olokiti" wato kasar tsaunuka. A dalilin haka aka sauya kalmar Okiti zuwa Ekiti. Ta haka Ekiti ta samo asalin sunanta daga tuddai/tsaunuka.
Har wayau, ana iya lura da cewa wannna tarihi ta ƙunshi wasu daga cikin masarautun Ekiti amma ba duka kasar Ekiti ba wacce ta kunshi manya manyan birane guda 131, kowacce da masarautar ta da kuma sauran dumbin garuruwan da ke zaman kansu.
Labari na biyu ya ta'allaƙa ne a kan tarihin gaske. An zayyano cewa Oduduwa kakan yarbawa ya yi tafiya zuwa garin Ife (Ife Ooyelagbo) inda ya iske mutane da ke rayuwa a wurin. Daga cikin mutanen da ya iske a yankin sun hada da; Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe. An sanar cewa tsatson Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] sun zauna a yankin, misali kuwa shine Alara da Ajero wadanda sun kace 'ya'yan Ifa. A ta dalilin hakan aka samu kalmar ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ wato [Ado ita ce gida ga Ifa]. Tun daga lokacin mutanen suke zaune a yankin.
Babu wanda zai iya bada tsayayyen lokacin da waɗannan abubuwa suka faru saboda rashin rubutaccen hujja, amma mutane sun wanzu a Ekiti na tsawon ƙarnuka da dama. Yana nan a rubuce cewa sarakunan Ekiti sun wanzu tun daga ƙarni na 13. Misalin hakan shine zamanin Ewi Ata na Ado-Ekiti a ƙarni na 1400.
Dangane da mutanen Ekiti, Samuel Johnson ya fada cewa:
A tarihance, mutanen Ekiti na daga cikin al'amuran asali na Najeriya waɗanda masu kai farmaki daga gabas suka mamaye (Yarbawa daga Ile Ife). Kalmar Ekiti na nufin "laka/taɓo, kuma ya samo asali ne daga hanyoyi marasa dadin bi na gefen tsaunuka na cikin yankunan kasar. Daula ce mai matukar tsari wacce ke da albarkar ruwaye, wanda ke dauke da harsuna da yaruka da dama a daidai iyakar Neja daga gabas. Mutanen na da bambanci da mutanen Ijesa, musamman ta fuskar "harkokin siyasa" (Samuel Johnson, The History of the Yoruba, 1921). An amince da cewa kakanni na farko na Mutanen Ekiti sun taso ne daga yankin Ile Ife, asalin alkaryar yarbawa zuwa yankin Ekiti ta yau. Dangane da labaran baka da rubuce-rubuce akan tarihin Yarabawa, Oduduwa sarkin Yarbawa yayi tafiya zuwa garin Ife [Ife Ooyelagbo] inda ya iske mutane wadanda ke zaune a wajen. Daga cikin tsofaffin da ya iske a lokacin sun haɗa da; Agbonniregun [Stetillu], Obatala, Orelure, Obameri, Elesije, Obamirin, Obalejugbe. An sani cewa jikokin Agbonniregun [Baba Ifa] sun zauna a Ekiti, misali kuwa shine Alara da Ajero waɗanda sun kasance 'ya'yan Ifa ne. Shi kanshi Orunmila [Agbonniregun] ya kwashe mafi akasarin rayuwarsa a Ado. A dalilin haka ake cewa ‘Ado ni ile Ifa’ [Ado gida ne ga Ifa]. Tun daga lokacin mutanen Ekiti basu kara zama a wannan wuri ba na yanzu. Kasar Ekiti ta farko ta kasu zuwa gundumomi 16 (kuma suna nan har zuwa yau), kowacce da sarkinta watau Owa (wanda kalma ne na gama gari ga mutanenta). Wadanda guda hudu sune madaukaka: Owore na Otun, Ajero na Ijero, Ewi na Ado da kuma Elekole na Ikole. Ƙananan sarakunan Ekiti kuma sun haɗa da Alara na Aramoko, Alaye na Efon Alaye, Ajanpanda na Akure, Alagotun na Ogotun, Olojudo na Ido, Attah na Aiyede, Oloja Oke na Igbo Odo, Oloye na Oye, Olomuwo na Omuwo, Onire na Ire, Arinjale na Ise and Onitaji na Itaji. A wasu lokutan akan sanya Orangun na Ila a cikinsu.
An cire Jihar Ekiti ta yau daga sashin Jihar Ondo a shekarar 1996. Kafin hakan, ta kasance daga cikin yankin gundumar Ondo na Yankin Yammacin Najeriya.
Yanayin ƙasa
Mafi akasarin ƙasar jihar na kan tudu ne, mai tsawon mita 250 daga matakin teku. Jihar na yankin dake ƙarƙashin "dutsen metamorphic"
Kananan Hukumomi
Jihar Ekiti nada Kananan hukumomi guda goma sha shida . Sune:
Aiyekire (Gbonyin)
Ekiti ta Gabas
Ekiti ta Kudu maso Yamma
Ekiti ta Yamma
Jihohin Nijeriya |
33112 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doyin%20Okupe | Doyin Okupe | Adedoyin Ajibike Okupe (an haife shi 22 Maris 1952), wanda aka fi sani da Dr. Doyin Okupe, likita ne kuma ɗan siyasa ɗan Najeriya wanda ya kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Royal Cross kuma shi ne Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na National Republican Convention (NRC). An taɓa tsare shi a ƙarƙashin Janar Sani Abacha, kuma daga baya an hana shi shiga takara a zaɓen fidda gwani na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP); daga baya, ya kasance ɗan takarar gwamna a jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Ogun.
organizationDoyin Okupe
Okupe ya kasance mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin yaɗa labarai da wayar da kan shugaban ƙasa Olusegun Obasanjo da kuma babban mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin jama’a ga shugaba Goodluck Jonathan.
An haife shi a ranar 22 ga Maris 1952 a Iperu a Jihar Ogun ta Najeriya, Okupe ɗane ga Cif Matthew Adekoya Okupe, wanda ma’aikacin banki ne a bankin Agbonmagbe . ‘Yan uwansa su ne Kunle Okupe, Owo Okupe, Wemi Okupe da Larry Okupe, sai ‘yan uwansa mata Aina Okanlawon da Bisola Ayeni. Ya halarci Makarantar St. Jude da ke Ebute Metta a Legas, Kwalejin Igbobi da ke Yaba Legas da Jami'ar Ibadan da ke Ibadan a Jihar Oyo .
Duk da cewa Okupe likita ne, amma kuma yana taka rawa a siyasar jam’iyya . Ya taɓa zama mawallafin jaridar lafiya mai suna Life Mirror.
Aikin likita
Okupe ya yi aiki na wasu shekaru a asibitocin gwamnati da masu zaman kansu, ciki har da asibitin St. Nicholas, Legas, kafin ya kafa Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Royal Cross (wanda aka fi sani da Royal Cross Hospital) a Obalende, Legas, tare da abokan aikinsa, Dokta Seyi Roberts da Dr. Ladi Okuboyejo. Ya kasance Manajan Darakta (MD) na Royal Cross Medical Center.
A cewar Olusegun Osoba a wata hira da ya yi da jaridar The Nation a watan Yulin 2019 da jaridar The Nation (Nigeria), a daren ranar 23 ga watan Agustan 1994, Okupe da Dokta Seyi Roberts sun ceci ran mai tsaron ƙofarsa daga harbin bindiga da suka yi a kai.
Sana'ar siyasa
A lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Biyu, Okupe ya kasance ɗan takarar majalisar wakilai na jam’iyyar NPN a zaɓen 1983 na ‘yan majalisar dokokin Najeriya .
A Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Uku, Okupe ya zama Sakataren Yaɗa Labarai na National Republican Convention (NRC). Ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin wakilan NRC da suka lura da tattara sakamakon zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Najeriya na 1993 a hedkwatar hukumar zaɓe ta ƙasa .
Gwamnatin mulkin soja ta Janar Sani Abacha ta tsare Okupe a ranar 3 ga Oktoba 1996. Daga baya, a watan Maris 1998, a lokacin shirin miƙa mulki na Abacha, yana cikin ’ yan siyasar da aka hana shiga zaɓen fidda gwani na United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP). Olusegun Adeniyi . "Chapter 3: The Ides of March — March 1, 1998"
A zuwan jamhuriya ta huɗu ta Najeriya a halin yanzu, an naɗa Okupe mataimaki na musamman kan harkokin yaɗa labarai da wayar da kan shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo. Daga baya, a shekarar 2002, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin masu neman tsayawa takarar gwamna a jam’iyyar People’s Democratic Party (PDP) a jihar Ogun, kuma ya kasance babban ɗan takara tare da Gbenga Daniel . A shekarar 2012, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ya naɗa Okupe a matsayin babban mai taimaka masa na musamman kan harkokin jama’a.
Okupe ya kasance mai yaɗa labarai a lokuta daban-daban ga masu neman takarar shugabancin Najeriya a PDP, ciki har da Shugaba Olusegun Obasanjo, Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan, Bukola Saraki da Mataimakin Shugaban ƙasa Atiku Abubakar . A watan Yulin 2017, ya bayyana matakinsa na barin PDP ya koma jam’iyyar Accord Party, amma saboda ya amince ya zama shugaban kwamitin yaƙin neman zaben Bukola Saraki a zaɓen fidda gwani na shugaban ƙasa na jam’iyyar PDP na 2019, jam’iyyar Accord ta kore shi. a watan Satumba 2018. Daga nan ya koma PDP, kuma ya zama mai magana da yawun ƙungiyar yaƙin neman zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na Atiku Abubakar, ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PDP a zaɓen shugaban Ƙasar Najeriya na 2019.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Okupe ya auri Aduralere Okupe. Ɗaya daga cikin ‘ya’yansu Ditan Okupe.
Yayin da Okupe ya goyi bayan ɗan takarar PDP, Atiku Abubakar a zaɓen Najeriya na 2019, dan shi Ditan ya goyi bayan Muhammadu Buhari .
A cikin Mayu 2020, an ba da rahoton cewa Okupe da matarsa, Aduralere sun gwada ingancin COVID-19 a ranar 23 ga Afrilu 2020 kuma sun murmure.
A cikin Janairu 2021, dansa, Bolu Okupe, mazaunin Paris, ya fito a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi a shafinsa na Instagram.
Rigingimu da ƙararraki
A watan Agustan 2012 ne aka ruwaito cewa Okupe da kamfanoninsa sun fuskanci Hukumar Yaƙi da yi wa Tattalin Arzikin ƙasa Ta’annati (EFCC) da laifin ƙin aiwatar da kwangilolin gina tituna da aka bai wa kamfanoninsa a shekarar 2004 da Jihar Binuwai da kuma a 2005 ta Jihar Imo . Daga ƙarshe dai an cimma matsaya da jihar Imo, yayin da aka warware matsalar jihar Binuwai ta hanyar yin sulhu .
A watan Yulin 2016, an yi zargin cewa, Naira miliyan 702 daga cikin dala biliyan 2 da aka wa wure a cikin dala biliyan 2 na sayen makamai ko kuma Dasukigate a ofishin mai ba shugaban ƙasa shawara kan harkokin tsaro a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Kanar Sambo Dasuki, EFCC ta gano Okupe. A ranar 14 ga watan Janairun 2019, EFCC ta gurfanar da Okupe a gaban wata babbar kotun tarayya da ke Abuja a kan tuhume-tuhume 59 da suka haɗa da karkatar da kuɗaɗe zuwa naira miliyan 702.
Haifaffun 1952
Rayayyun mutane
Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
32820 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20Bradbourn | Philip Bradbourn | Philip Charles Bradbourn, OBE (9 ga watan Agusta 1951 - 19 Disamba 2014) ɗan siyasan Jam'iyyar Conservative ne na Biritaniya. Ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (MEP) ga West Midlands daga 1999 zuwa 2014.
An haife shi a Tipton a shekarar 1951, Bradbourn ya yi karatu a Makarantar Grammar Tipton da Kwalejin Wulfrun da Kwalejin Worcester, inda ya sami Difloma bayan kammala karatun digiri a Gudanarwar Municipal a 1972. Taso a cikin Black Country, ya zauna a yankin har mutuwarsa. An ba shi lambar yabo ta OBE don hidimar jama'a da siyasa a cikin jerin karramawar ranar haihuwar Sarauniya a 1994.
Bradbourn ya fito takarar majalisar Wolverhampton Kudu maso Gabas a babban zaben 1992 kuma ya tsaya takarar Majalisar Turai a County Durham a 1994. Har zuwa zabensa ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga Jagoran Rukunin Conservative kan Majalisar Birnin Wolverhampton . Ya rike mukamai daban-daban na kananan hukumomi musamman dangane da tsare-tsare. Ya kuma kasance shugaban jam'iyyar Conservatives reshen West Midlands.
Bayan mutuwarsa, tsohon dan wasan cricketer Daniel Dalton ya gaje kujerar Bradbourn.
Bradbourn ya bi wani korafi game da Labaran Duniya tare da Hukumar Korafe -korafen Jarida. The News of the World sannan ta ba da wannan uzuri "Saɓani da rahoton a cikin labarinmu "EU ta busa miliyoyin a kan gaskiyar nemo masu kyauta ga MEPs" (18 ga Mayu 2008), Philip Bradbourn MEP bai ziyarci Dutsen Tebur ba ko kuma wani yanki na ruwan inabi a lokacin Afirka ta Kudu. tafiya. Muna neman afuwar duk wani abin kunya.”
Lamarin shan taba
A ranar 12 ga Satumba, 2007, wata kasida ta bayyana a mujallar The Times tana magana akan wani lamari da ya faru a Majalisar Tarayyar Turai (ginin da ba a shan taba), inda aka sami Bradbourn yana shan taba a cikin wani titi. Da aka nuna masa cewa ba a ba shi damar shan taba a cikin Majalisar ba, sai ya ce “Ni dan majalisa ne. Ina yin dokoki." Bradbourn, ya musanta hakan, yana mai cewa ainihin kalamansa shine, "Mambobin da aka zaba suna yin dokoki a majalisa, ba ma'aikata ba."
Ruɗani a Birmingham
A shekarar 2008 an gano cewa gidan yanar gizon West Midlands Conservative MEPs ya nuna hoton Birmingham, Alabama maimakon Birmingham, Ingila .
Mutuwa da jana'iza
Bradbourn ya mutu ne daga ciwon daji na hanji a ranar 20 Disamba 2014, yana da shekaru 63, yayin da yayi jinya a Asibitin Good Hope, Sutton Coldfield . Ashley Fox, shugaban MEPs masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, ya ce Bradbourn ya kasance "mai-da-kai" ya kara da cewa "ya kasance mai matukar kaunar hali wanda za a iya dogara da shi a koyaushe don tsangwama mai karfi da kuma takaitaccen bayani na siyasa". Fox ya ci gaba da cewa: "Tsarin rashin hankalinsa game da harkokin siyasa ya sa ya zama babban murya ga West Midlands tare da tsayawa tsayin daka na kare muradun masu biyan haraji na Burtaniya a Brussels da Strasbourg."
Kamar yadda Bradbourn ya mutu bai bar dangi ba, tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan siyasa Alastair Little an ayyana shi bisa doka don ya iya shirya jana'izar Bradbourn. An yi jana'izar da konawa a ranar 16 ga Janairu 2015 a Bushbury crematorium, Wolverhampton .
A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu an shawarci Mista Little ta wayar tarho cewa an samu kuskuren gudanarwa a dakin ajiye gawarwaki na Co-operation Funeralcare ta Tsakiyar Ingila, kuma an bada wata gawar ta daban ga masu daukar nauyin jana'izar Bradbourn. Wani mai suna Philip Bradburn ya riga ya mutu a Asibitin Jami'ar Birmingham kafin Kirsimeti, kuma an sarrafa shi a dakin ajiyar gawa guda, wanda ke kula da gawarwakin asibitocin NHS da yawa da ke yankin. Daga nan aka saki gawar daidai ga masu aikin, sannan aka sake yin jana'izar da konawa a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2015 a wurin konewar Bushbury. The Heart of England NHS Foundation Trust, Central England Co-operative, da abin ya shafa masu aiki da crematorium duk suna bincike. MEP mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Malcolm Harbor, abokin Mista Bradbourn, ya ce "ba za a iya bayyanawa ba" cewa irin wannan lamarin na iya faruwa: "Muna so mu tabbatar da cewa hakan ba zai sake faruwa ba kuma na tabbata mutanen da ke kula da asibitin da abin ya shafa za su sami cikakkiyar nasara. bincike kuma zai gaya wa kowa sakamakon."
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
West Midlands Conservative MEP Team
Haihuwan 1951
Mutuwar 2014
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
20703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen%20Afemai | Mutanen Afemai | Afemai, kuma rattaba kalma Afenmai, ne wata ƙabila da suke zaune a arewacin jihar Edo kudancin Najeriya .
Mutanen Afemai sun mamaye ƙananan hukumomi shida na jihar Edo: Etsako West, mai hedkwata a Auchi, Etsako ta Tsakiya, Etsako ta gabas, Owan East, Owan West da Akoko Edo . Waɗannan sune Yankin Sanatan Edo-Arewa.
Afemai ana kuma kiransa da Afenmai, Etsako, Etsakor, Iyekhee, ko Yekhee. A cikin Benin, ana kiran su da mutanen Ivbiosakon.
A baya sunan da mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya ya yi amfani da shi shi ne Kukuruku, wanda ake tsammani bayan yaƙin yaƙi "ku-ku-ruku", yanzu ana ɗaukar sa a matsayin wulaƙanci.
Harshen Afenmai yare ne na Ghotou - Uneme - Yekhee, na reshen Arewa-Tsakiya na harsunan Edoid . Afemai yana da kusanci da Edo .
Afemai yana da yarukan yare da yawa da aka rubuta:
Afemai aka sanya da dama da mulkoki da iyalan (manyan kauyuka / alƙaryu mulki bisa ga al'ada ta wurin wadanada ) da kuma da yawa daga cikinsu suna neman su yi da su baka tarihin juyi na asalin Afemai kazalika ta fara batu a tarihi. Tarihin tarihi ya yi ikirarin cewa sun yi kaura daga Benin, a lokacin mulkin zalunci na Oba Ewuare, babban fitaccen jarumi kuma fitaccen sarki a tarihin Daular Benin . "Lakabin Ewuare (Oworuare), ma'ana" komai yana da kyau "ko kuma matsalar ta daina kuma sakamakon haka, yakin ya kare. The title alama ce ta wani epoch sulhu, maimaitawa, da kuma dawowar zaman lafiya a tsakanin takaddama ƙungiyõyin a Benin tsakanin shekarar 1435 da 1440 AD.
Jim kaɗan bayan wannan mawuyacin lokaci na yaƙi, Akalaka da sonsa sonsansa biyu Ekpeye da Ogba suka yi ƙaura zuwa kudu maso gabas don fara zama a Ula-Ubie, sannan daga baya wasu ƙungiyoyi suka ƙaura daga garin Benin suka yi ƙaura zuwa arewa. Koyaya, kwanan nan ya bayyana cewa akwai mutane da ke zaune a Afemailand kafin ƙaura daga Garin Benin.
Wasu daga cikin yara maza da mata na Afemailand, da, da na yanzu sune
Rear Admiral Mike Okhai Akhigbe Tsohon shugaban hafsan soji kuma Mataimakin Shugaban kasa
Dele Giwa Dan Jarida kuma Dan rajin kare hakkin Dan Adam
Alfred Yarduat Daraktan CBN
Mike Agbedor Ozekhome SAN 'Yancin Dan Adam da Lauyan Tsarin Mulki
Rev Dr. Emmanuel A. Akpeokhai (Masanin ilimin likita na farko a Afemai Land)
Hon Prince Clement Agba, kwamishinan muhalli karkashin Gwamna Oshiomole.
Inusa Oshogwemoh Polo Club
Sanata Injiniya Yisa Braimoh Sanata Biyu
Dokta Austine Obozuwa: Tsohuwar malama a Jami’ar Shari’a ta Legas, Tsohon Mashawarcin Shugaban Kasa Kan Harkokin Shari’a (Joseph Wayas), Kwamishina Bendel sau biyu, Tsohon Memba na Majalisar Wakilai (Mazabar Etsako ta Tarayya),
Rukunin Kyaftin Brai Ayonote Mni, Mataimakin Shugaban Kwamitin Wasannin Wasannin Afirka na 1, Shugaban NABA dan kungiyar Dambe ta Najeriya NABA da tsohon Daraktan hulda da jama'a da bayanai na rundunar Sojan Sama ta Najeriya. Afeakhuye na Uzairue.
Michael Imoudu, tsohon shugaban kungiyar kwadago kuma wanda ya kafa kasar Najeriya,
Cif Julius Momo Udochi jakadan Najeriya na farko zuwa Amurka,
Gen. George Agbazika Innih , gwamnan soja daya-daya na Bendel da Kwara ,
Manjo-Janar Abdul Rahman Mamudu, tsohon kwamandan, Siginonin Sojojin Nijeriya da kuma mai kula da harkokin soja a Jihar Gongola ,
Rt Hon Sir Kanal Tunde Akogun, tsohon mai kula da harkokin gargajiya da adana kayan tarihi, sannan kuma tsohon Shugaban Majalisar, Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya
Sir Pa Hudson Arikalume Momodu, MBE, shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta kasa ta bangaren ma’aikatan yaki na Najeriya, wanda ya karbi lambar yabo ta ADC daga Mai Martaba a madadin Sarauniyar Sarauniya Elizabeth II )
John Momoh (Shugaba / Shugaba na Gidan Talabijin na Channels)
Adams Oshiomhole, tsohon shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya kuma tsohon gwamnan jihar Edo tsohon Shugaban DUKKAN SHIRIN GASKIYA (APC)
Sule Okponobi Daraktan canjin kudaden waje CBN
Pa Johnson Jimoh Iyere ,
Raymond Aleogho Dokpesi, (shugaba / Shugaba mai kula da gidan Talabijin na Afirka ),
Kingsley Momoh, (Dan Jarida, tsohon Edita, Bisi Olatilo Show Magazine da Shugaba Guguru FM )
Sanata Francisca Afegbua, 'yar majalisar dattijan Najeriya ta farko da aka zaba, an zabe ta a
Chief Inu Umoru, shugaba / Shugaba, Setraco Ltd,
Hon. Mai Shari'a J. Omo-Eboh ( Kotun daukaka kara );
Prince Tony Momoh, tsohon Ministan Labarai da Al'adu,
Kwamanda Anthony Ikhazoboh, ministan wasanni da sufuri,
Prince Fidelis Oyogoa (SNR), ya yaba wa tsohon kocin kwallon tennis a makarantar Port Washington Academy, wanda ya horar da mutane irin su John McEnroe da Peter Fleming mashahurin mai harkar gine-gine,
Aret Adams GMD NNPC ,
Sanata Domingo Alaba Obende
Ogedengbe * Cif Prudence
Tsohon babban hafsan hafsoshi da jakada Abdulaziz Garuba da dai sauransu. .
Manjo David O. Odiwo
Ambasada Adamu Azimeyeh Emozozo, Tsohon Jakadan Kula da Aiki a Brazil, wanda ya samu karbuwa a lokaci guda zuwa kasashen Bolivia da Paraguay.
Sanata Francis Alimikhena .
Laftanar Kanal Abiodun Uwadia RTD . Tsohon Babban Mataimaki Na Musamman Ga Shugaban Kasa (Ayyuka Na Musamman)
Dele Momodu ɗan jarida / mai wallafa, ɗan kasuwa, mai son taimakon jama'a da kuma magana mai motsa gwiwa.
Alhaji Sule Abu, Daraktan JohnHolt, Mutumin Farko na Afirka da aka zaɓa a matsayin darakta.
Cif Mike Aiyegbeni Oghiadomhe ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Jihar Edo, Najeriya daga 1999 zuwa 2007 da kuma Shugaban Ma’aikata ga tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan daga 2011 zuwa 2014.
Abubuwan sha'awa
Yawancin mutane suna aiki tuƙuru, suna zuwa makaranta kuma suna tafiya.
Afemais ba su da masarautar gargajiya ta tsakiya, amma wasu daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin gargajiya da masu mulki a kasar ta Afemai sune Okumagbe na Weppa Wanno ( Agenebode ), Ogieneni na Uzairue ( Jattu ), Aidonogie na kudu Ibie, Otaru na Auchi, Oba na Agbede, Otaru na Igarra, Ukor na Ihievbe, Oliola na Anegbette, Okumagbe na dangin Iuleha, Okuopellagbe na Okpella da dai sauransu. Afemai sun samar da manyan mutane da yawa a matakan ƙasa da ƙasa.
Abubuwan jan hankali na yawon bude ido, wadanda suka hada da fadin Afemai, sun hada da Lake Lake a cikin Agenebode (dangin Weppa Wanno) Etsakor East, tsaunukan Ososo (wadanda aka nuna a wani binciken Gulder Ultimate), shahararrun tsaunukan Kukuruku da tsaunukan Somorika a Akoko Edo. Tudun Somorika sun hada da tsawan tsaunukan tsaunuka waɗanda manyan duwatsu suka ɗorawa a haɗe akan taron tsaunuka kuma tare da alamun rashin wadatar wurare a ɓangarorin.
Wasu daga cikin muhimman garuruwa / dangi a ƙasar Afemai sune Agenebode (Weppa-Wanno), Weppa, Oshiolo, Emokwemhe Iviagbapue, Auchi, Ihievbe, Afuze, Anegbette, Warrake, Iviukwe, South Ibie, Agbede, Sabongida Ora, Igarra, Ekperi, Jattu, Fugar, Aviele, Okpella, Uneme Ehrunrun, Uneme Osu, Iviukhua, Ososo, Uzanu, Uzebba, Iviukhua, Weppa, Okpella, Okpekpe, Somorika da dai sauransu
A halin yanzu an tsara dangogi masu cin gashin kansu, garuruwa, kauyuka da masarautu a cikin ƙasar Afemai kamar yadda yake ƙarƙashin ƙananan hukumomi shida na yanzu:
Etsako East LGA, Agenebode:
Agenebode, Oshiolo, Iviagbapue, Imiakebu, Afana, Imiegba, Itsukwi, Emokweme, Ekwothor, Iviukhua, Okpella, Okpekpe, Iviebua, Ibie, Weppa, Uzanu City
Etsako Central LGA, Fugar:
Fugar, Ekperi, Ogbona, Anegbette, Udochi
Karamar hukumar Estako ta yamma, Auchi:
Auchi, Ibie na Kudu, Agbede, Al'ummar Awain (Ewora, Eware, Ibvioba, Ama, Idegun, da sauransu) ) Jattu, Afashio, Ayogwiri, Aviele, Iyorah, Ikabigbo, Afowa, Irekpai, Ugbenor, Idato,
Karamar Hukumar Owan ta Gabas, Afuze
Afuze, Warrake, Igue, Ihievbe, Ikao, Ivbi-Mion, Ive-Ada-Obi, Otuo da Uokha
Ƙaramar Owan ta yamma, Sabongida Ora:
Sabongida Ora, Iuleha Clan
Akoko Edo LGA, Igarra:
Igarra, Ibillo, Uneme Osu, Uneme Ehrunrun, Ojah, Ososo, Somorika,
Aviawun (Iviawu) ɗayan mashahuran dangi ne a Afemai. Ya ƙunshi 1 Unone 2 Arua 3 Ogbona 4 Iriakhor
Awun shine mahaifin Unone Arua Ogbona Iriakhor kuma Awun yayi ƙaura daga Masarautar Benin suka zauna a Fugar ta yanzu. Babu ɗaya da Arua sune Fugar ta yanzu.
Asalin Aviawun
An ce Awun ya yi ƙaura daga Masarautar Benin a lokacin ƙarni na 15 kuma ya bar Masarautar Benin saboda ƙarfen da Oba na Benin ke yi wa talakawansa. Ya fara zama a Jettu kuma mazaunan Jettu ba su maraba da shi ba, don haka ya yi ƙaura zuwa gabas ya zauna a Fugar ta yanzu. An ce lokacin da ya isa Fugar, bai ga wasu manyan bishiyoyi ba kuma bishiyar da ya gani kawai da za ta iya inuwa shi da danginsa ba su isa ba. Wannan itace takamaimai har yanzu tana nan. Sunan bishiyar Agbabo. Itace ta gargajiya kuma babu wani zuriya Awun da ya isa ya yanke shi. Hakanan ana ɗaukarsa yawon shakatawa
Mutanen Etsako asalinsu masu bin Addinin Gargajiya ne na Afirka. Koyaya, tare da bayyanar Kiristanci da Islama, da yawa sun tuba zuwa waɗancan addinan. Mutanen Etsako yawancinsu Krista ne a yau, watakila saboda yawan zuwan mishanan farko a Waterside a Agenebode. Koyaya, ana iya samun Musulmai masu yawa a kusa da Auchi, Agbede kuma wataƙila, hanyar Okpella.
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Mutanen Afemai
Edo yawon bude ido a Edo duniya
Al'ummomin Nijeriya
Al'adun Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed translations |
30504 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sare%20dazuzzuka%20a%20indonesiya | Sare dazuzzuka a indonesiya | Sare dazuzzuka a Indonesiya ya shafi asarar dazuzzuka na dogon lokaci da ganye a yawancin ƙasar; ya yi tasiri mai yawa ga muhalli da zamantakewa. Indonesiya gida ce ga wasu dazuzzukamasu bambancin halitta a duniya kuma a matsayi na uku a yawan nau'in halittu bayan Brazil da Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango .
A ƙarshen shekarata 1900, Indonesia har yanzu ƙasa ce mai yawan dazuzzuka: gandun daji suna wakiltar kashi 84 cikin 100 na faɗin ƙasar. Sake sare dazuzzuka ya tsananta a cikin shekarata 1970s kuma ya ƙara haɓaka tun daga lokacin. Kiyasin dazuzzukan da ya kai hekta miliyan 170 a wajen shekara ta 1900 ya ragu zuwa kasa da hekta miliyan 100 a karshen karni na 20. A cikin shekarata 2008, an yi kiyasin cewa dazuzzukan dazuzzuka masu zafi a Indonesiya za su kasance cikin shekaru goma. Daga cikin jimlar sarewar da aka yi a Indonesia, kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 an ba da rahoton ana yin su ba bisa ka'ida ba.
Manyan wuraren dazuzzuka a Indonesiya an share su da manyan kamfanoni na ɓangaren litattafan almara na duniya, irin su Asiya Pulp da Paper, kuma an maye gurbinsu da shuka. Sannan Kuma Manoma da masu shukar suna kona dazuzzuka. Wata babbar hanyar saran gandun daji ita ce sana'ar sare itace, sakamakon buƙatu daga China da Japan. Shirye-shiryen bunkasa noma da ƙaura sun ƙaura da yawan jama'a zuwa yankunan dazuzzukan damina, wanda hakan ya ƙara ƙara yawan sare itatuwa.
Yin sare itatuwa da kona dazuzzuka don share filaye don noma ya sanya Indonesiya ta zama kasa ta uku a duniya wajen fitar da iskar iskar gas, bayan China da Amurka. Gobarar daji takan lalata manyan dazuzzukan dajin, gami da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan da suka girma da kuma ciyayi . A watan Mayun shekarata 2011, Indonesiya ta ayyana dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako don taimakawa yaƙar wannan. Wannan ya zama kamar ba shi da tasiri a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, yayin da adadin sare itatuwa ya ci gaba da karuwa. Kuma A shekara ta 2012 Indonesiya ta zarce adadin sare dazuzzuka a Brazil, kuma ta zama al'umma mafi saurin kawar da daji a duniya.
Tsibirin Indonesiya mai kusan tsibirai 17,000 gida ne ga wasu dazuzzukan dazuzzukan halittu . A cikin shekarata 1900 jimillar gandun daji ya wakilci kashi 84% na yawan ƙasar. A shekara ta 1950, gonakin noman da ƙananan ciyayi na noman bishiyar har yanzu sun rufe ƙaramin yanki kawai. Fadin dajin a wancan lokacin an kiyasta ya kai hekta miliyan 145 na dajin farko da wani hekta miliyan 14 na dajin na sakandare da na tudu.
A farkon shekarun 1970 Indonesiya ta yi amfani da wannan albarkatu mai mahimmanci don fa'idar tattalin arzikinta tare da haɓaka masana'antar sarrafa itace ta ƙasar. Daga ƙarshen shekarar 1980s zuwa 2000, ƙarfin samarwa ya ƙaru kusan 700% a cikin masana'antar ɓangaren litattafan almara da masana'antar takarda, wanda hakan ya sa Indonesiya ta zama ƙasa ta tara mafi girma a duniya mai samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara kuma ta goma sha ɗaya mafi girmar takarda.
Yawan sare itatuwa na ci gaba da karuwa. Rahoton muhalli na jihar na 2009 wanda shugaban kasar Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono ya kaddamar ya bayyana cewa adadin wuraren da gobara ta tashi zuwa 32,416 a shekarar 2009 daga 19,192 kacal a shekarar 2008. Kuma Ma’aikatar kula da muhalli ta dora alhakin karuwar lamarin a kan raunin jami’an tsaro da kuma rashin kulawa daga hukumomin yankin, tare da ba da filaye a matsayin musabbabin tashin gobarar.
Tsakanin shekarar 1990 zuwa 2000 kashi 20% na gandun daji a Indonesia sun yi hasarar (ha miliyan 24) kuma a shekara ta 2010, kashi 52% ne kawai na yawan yankin dajin (ha miliyan 94). Ko da duk da dakatar da sabbin kwangilolin katako da aka sanya a shekarar 2010, adadin sare dazuzzuka ya ci gaba da karuwa zuwa kimanin hekta 840,000 a shekarar 2012, wanda ya zarce sare itatuwa a Brazil . Sake sare gandun daji a Indonesiya ya kai kololuwa a cikin 2016, kuma daga baya ya ragu, ya faɗi da kusan kashi 30% (kwatankwacin a shekarata 2009-2016 da 2017-2019). Nazarin ya danganta raguwar da "wasu hada-hadar manufofin da suka hada da hana fasa gandun daji na farko da magudanar ruwa, da yin nazari kan rangwamen filaye, da dakatar da sabbin noman dabino da ma'adanai" da kuma shirye-shiryen tabbatar da dorewar dabino ga gandun daji a kan gonakin da ake da su. . An kuma ba da lakabin gandun daji na al'umma kan hectare miliyan 2.4 a duk faɗin Indonesiya, amma binciken 2021 bai sami shaidar cewa waɗannan shirye-shiryen sun rage sare dazuzzuka ba.
Direbobin sare itatuwa
A cikin shekarun 2001 – 2016, mafi girma direban saren gandun daji a Indonesia shi ne noman dabino, wanda ya kai kusan kashi 23% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Na biyu mafi girma direban sare dazuzzuka shi ne mayar da dazuzzuka zuwa ciyayi / shrub, lissafin kusan kashi 20% na sare gandun daji a fadin kasar. Tsare-tsare kan kananan noma da gauraye kanana ya kai kashi 22% na sare itatuwa a duk fadin kasar. Lardin tituna da ƴan ƙanana, tare da sake girma dazuzzuka na biyu, sannan Kuma ya kai kusan kashi 10% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar. Duk wasu dalilai (kamar hakar ma'adinai da tafkunan kifi ) gabaɗaya sun kai kusan kashi 5% na sare itatuwa a duk faɗin ƙasar.
Saurin sare dazuzzuka yana cutar da ɗimbin halittun Indonesiya kuma yana haifar da hayaƙin iskar gas na Indonesiya, waɗanda ke cikin mafi girma a duniya. Juyawa da kona ƙasa na peat yana haifar da gurɓataccen iska, yana gabatar da manyan lahani ga lafiyar jama'a .
Yankunan da abin ya shafa
Dazuzzukan dazuzzukan masu zafi na Indonesiya, mafi arziƙin albarkatun katako da bambancin halittu, sun fi fuskantar haɗari. Kuma A shekara ta 2000 kusan an share su gaba ɗaya a Sulawesi, kuma an yi hasashen za su ɓace cikin ƴan shekaru a Sumatra da Kalimantan.
A Sumatra dubun dubatan kilomita murabba'in gandun daji ne aka lalata galibi a karkashin yarjejeniyar da gwamnatin tsakiya ta bai wa kamfanonin dabino don kawar da dajin. A Kalimantan, daga shekarar 1991-2014, manyan wuraren dajin sun kone saboda gobarar da ba za ta iya sarrafawa ba ta haifar da gurɓacewar yanayi a duk faɗin Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya.
Filayen haramtacciyar ƙasa
Rahoton Shirin Muhalli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na shekara ta 2007 ya kiyasta cewa tsakanin kashi 73 zuwa 88% na katako da aka dasa a Indonesiya na faruwa ne sakamakon sare-guje ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma Ƙididdigar da ta biyo baya ta kasance cewa tsakanin kashi 40 zuwa 55% na shigar da aka yi a Indonesiya shine sakamakon sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekarar 2021 ya kiyasta cewa kashi 81 cikin 100 na canjin gandun daji na dabino a Indonesia haramun ne, kuma Hukumar Binciken Koli ta Indonesiya ta tabbatar da cewa kasa da kashi 20 cikin 100 na ayyukan man dabino na kasar sun bi dokoki da ka'idoji na kasa.
Malesiya ita ce mabuɗin ƙasar da ke jigilar kayayyakin itace ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga Indonesia.
Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, sakamakon ribar tattalin arziki daga buƙatun kasuwannin gida da na yanki na katako, suna da laifi don sare bishiyoyi. Wadannan kamfanoni masu masana'antu sau da yawa ba sa bin ƙa'idodin doka ta hanyar amfani da tsadar tsada amma hanyoyin da ba su dace da muhalli ba kamar gobarar daji don share ƙasa don amfanin noma. Kuma Dokar gandun daji ta 1999 ta bayyana cewa yana da mahimmanci hukumomi su amince da kamfanoni a yankuna daban-daban tare da izinin IPK, izinin girbin katako, don amincewa da doka game da ayyukansu na sare dazuzzuka. Yawancin waɗannan kamfanoni na iya ƙetare wannan jan tef, haɓaka ribar kuɗin shiga ta hanyar yin amfani da ayyukan sare-ƙeƙe ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar yadda rashin bin doka da ƙa'idodin doka a manyan ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesiya ke lalata ƙoƙarin kiyaye gandun daji.
A cikin yanayin zamantakewa, ƙananan manoman da suke zaune a yankunan karkara, kuma waɗanda ba su sami ilimi kaɗan ba, suna amfani da hanyar da za a yi amfani da su na yanke-da-kone don tallafawa ayyukan su na noma. Wannan dabarar noma ta asali ta kunshi sare itatuwan dazuzzuka kafin lokacin rani, daga baya kuma, ana kona wadannan bishiyun a lokacin rani don samar da takin zamani don tallafawa ayyukan noman su. Wannan aikin noma ana maimaita shi a fili ɗaya har sai an cire shi daga sinadarai masu gina jiki kuma ba zai iya wadatar da amfanin gona ba. Sannan Bayan haka, waɗannan manoma za su ci gaba da mamaye wani fili kuma su ci gaba da aiwatar da dabarun yanka da konewa. Wannan abin da ke ba da gudummawar zamantakewar al'umma ga sare dazuzzuka yana ƙarfafa ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta na dorewar gandun daji a ƙasashe masu tasowa kamar Indonesia.
Ta fuskar siyasa, an yi suka sosai kan rawar da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke takawa wajen dakile sare itatuwa. Cin hanci da rashawa a tsakanin jami'an kasar Indonesiya na haifar da kyama game da matakin da gwamnati ta dauka kan ayyukan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba. Kuma A shekara ta 2008, wanke wani mai kamfanin katako, Adelin Lis, da ake zarginsa da yin sare-tsaki ba bisa ka'ida ba, ya kara zafafa ra'ayin jama'a tare da jawo suka a cibiyar siyasar Indonesiya.
Gwamnatin Indonesiya na kokawa kan yadda ake tafiyar da sare bishiyoyi tare da ci gaban birane mai dorewa yayin da ƙaura zuwa birane ke buƙatar faɗaɗa biranen. Rashin yin la'akari da saran gandun daji tare da la'akari da ayyukan ƙaura da gwamnatin Indonesiya ke aiwatarwa yana nuna ƙarancin shaida na tallafawa don ba da shaida kan la'akari da dorewar gandun daji a ayyukan ci gaban su. Kuma Wannan ya kara dagula shakku a cikin amincin gwamnatin Indonesiya wajen gudanar da ayyukansu na raya birane da kuma kokarin kiyaye gandun daji cikin gaskiya da adalci.
Ƙoƙarin kiyayewa
Yunkurin dakile sauyin yanayi a duniya ya hada da matakan da aka tsara don sa ido kan yadda ake ci gaba da saran gandun daji a Indonesia da kuma zaburar da gwamnatocin kasa da na kananan hukumomi don dakatar da shi. Gabaɗaya kalmar waɗannan nau'ikan shirye-shirye shine Rage hayaki daga sare bishiyoyi da lalata gandun daji (REDD). Ana amfani da sabbin tsare-tsare don sa ido kan sare dazuzzuka a Indonesia. Sannan Ɗaya daga cikin irin wannan tsarin, Cibiyar Kula da Daji ta Duniya don dandali na Aiki a halin yanzu yana nuna bayanan da aka sabunta kowane wata kan sare gandun daji a duk Indonesiya.
A ranar 26 ga Mayu, shekarata 2010 Indonesia ta rattaba hannu kan wata takarda ta niyya tare da Norway, don sanya wa'adin shekaru biyu kan sabbin yarjejeniyoyin ci gaba, wani bangare na yarjejeniyar da Indonesiya za ta samu har dalar Amurka biliyan 1 idan ta bi alkawarinta. Ana sa ran yarjejeniyar za ta kawo cikas ga masana'antar man dabino ta Indonesiya da jinkirta ko jinkirin shirye-shiryen samar da wani katafaren filin noma a lardin Papua . Da farko za a sadaukar da kudade don kammala dabarun yanayin yanayi da gandun daji na Indonesiya, ginawa da samar da damar sa ido, bayar da rahoto da tabbatar da raguwar hayaki, da Kuma aiwatar da manufofi da sauye-sauye na hukumomi. Norway za ta taimaka wa Indonesiya don tsara tsarin da zai taimaka wajen rage cin hanci da rashawa ta yadda za a iya aiwatar da yarjejeniyar. An ayyana dakatarwar shekaru biyu a ranar 20 ga Mayu 2011. An kara wa'adin dakatarwar da wasu shekaru biyu a shekarar 2013.
A cikin shekarata 2014, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe kusan 40 waɗanda suka amince da sanarwar New York game da dazuzzuka, alƙawarin son rai na rage sare bishiyoyi a shekara ta 2020 da kawo ƙarshensa nan da 2030. Yarjejeniyar ba ta dawwama bisa doka, duk da haka, kuma wasu manyan ƙasashe, irin su Brazil, China, da Rasha, ba su sanya hannu kan ta ba. Sakamakon haka, kokarin ya gaza, kuma sare itatuwa ya karu daga 2014-2020, a duk duniya da kuma a Indonesia. A cikin Nuwamba 2021, Indonesia na ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 141 (wanda ke da kusan kashi 85% na manyan dazuzzukan wurare masu zafi na duniya da kashi 90% na murfin bishiyar duniya) sun amince a taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 a Glasgow zuwa sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow game da dazuzzuka da amfanin ƙasa., alkawarin kawo karshen saran gandun daji nan da shekarar 2030. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance tare da kusan dala biliyan 19.2 a cikin alkawuran kudade masu alaka. Kamar yarjejeniyar da aka yi a baya, sanarwar shugabannin Glasgow an shigar da ita ne a wajen Yarjejeniyar Tsarin Sauyin yanayi ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don haka ba ta bi doka ba. Nan da nan bayan Indonesiya ta shiga wannan alƙawarin, Kuma gwamnatin lardin ta ja da baya, inda ministar muhalli Siti Nurbaya Bakar ta bayyana cewa "tilasta wa Indonesia rashin sare itatuwa a shekarar 2030 bai dace ba kuma bai dace ba".
Duba wasu abubuwana
Yanke dazuzzuka a Borneo
Zargin sare itatuwa a kasar Papua New Guinea
1997 gobarar dajin Indonesiya
Aikin noman dabino a Indonesia
The Burning Season (fim na 2008)
Matsalolin muhalli a Indonesia
Laifuka a Indonesia
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Kulawa da Daji don Aiki (FORMA) - Taswirar dazuzzuka na kan layi ana sabunta ta akai-akai a Indonesia
"Asia Pulp & Paper ta ba da sanarwar kawo karshen sare gandun daji a Indonesia," Action Climate (12 Fabrairu 2013)
"Greenpeace tana goyan bayan Asiya Pulp & Takarda ta kuduri don kawo karshen sare itatuwa a Indonesia," RISIinfo.com (5 Fabrairu 2013), sanarwar manema labarai
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
54821 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry%20Lyon | Garry Lyon | Garry Peter Lyon (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 1967) tsohon kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Australiya kuma ya kasance kyaftin din kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Melbourne a gasar kwallon kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Tun lokacin da ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa, ya kasance yafi zama mai kula da kafofin watsa labarai na kwallon kafa na Australiya, yana fitowa a talabijin, rediyo da jaridu. Ya kuma horar da shi a lokacin Dokokin Jerin Kasa da Kasa. Shi ne dan wasan VFL / AFL na baya-bayan nan da ya zira kwallaye goma a wasan karshe, bayan ya yi hakan a wasan Semi-Final na biyu na 1994 da Footscray, kuma na farko tun bayan George Goninon na Geelong a 1951, shekaru 43 da suka gabata.
Rayuwa ta farko
Lyon, ɗan tsohon ɗan wasan Hawthorn Peter Lyon, an haife shi a Devonport, Tasmania . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya koma Victoria.
VFL / AFL
An dauki Lyon daga Kyabram Football Club kuma ya fara wasa a 1986 tare da Melbourne Football Club, yana wasa a 1988 VFL Grand Final . Da sauri ya zama babban dan wasa a cikin Victoria Football League (VFL), daga baya aka sake masa suna Australian Football League (AFL), inda ya lashe lambar yabo ta farko mafi kyau da mafi kyau a Melbourne a shekarar 1990. Ya zama kyaftin din Melbourne a shekarar 1991 kuma daga bisani ya zama kyaftin na Melbourne mafi tsawo a tarihin kulob din har sai an sake shi daga rawar bayan kakar 1997 saboda imanin kulob din cewa zai sha wahala daga raunin da yawa. An san Lyon da wasa tare da raunin baya da yawa, kuma kasancewarsa a filin duk da irin wannan wahala ya gan shi a matsayin wahayi ga abokan aiki.
Lyon ya gama aikinsa bayan ya lashe kyaututtuka biyu mafi kyau da mafi kyau na Melbourne kuma an ambaci sunansa a cikin kungiyoyi uku na Australia. Ayyukansa sun ƙare sakamakon karuwar matsalolin baya. Ƙafar da ta karye, wanda aka buga sau da yawa a kan AFL Footy Show, ya ƙare kakar 1987. A ƙarshe, ya gama da wasanni 226 na VFL / AFL da kwallaye 426 a 1999, wanda ya ba shi lambar yabo ta huɗu mafi kyau ga dan wasan Melbourne.
Yanayin Asalin
Lyon ta samu nasarar samun nasarar Jihar Asalin Victoria, an fara zabar ta ne a shekarar 1988 a kan Yammacin Australia. A shekara ta 1989 ya taka leda a wani shahararren wasa da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, inda Tony Lockett, Jason Dunstall da Dermott Brereton duk suka taka leda a cikin layi daya na gaba, suna yin kyau a cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1991, Lyon ta zira kwallaye daya a kan Kudancin Australia. An sake zabarsa a shekarar 1992 a kan wannan adawa. A shekara ta 1993, ya yi wasa a babban mataki a wasan karshe na Carnival na Jihar asalin da ya yi da Kudancin Australia, inda ya zira kwallaye uku kuma an ambaci shi a cikin 'yan wasa mafi kyau. A shekara ta 1994, an ba shi suna Kyaftin na Victoria, a cikin abin da ya bayyana a matsayin "babban girmamawa". A shekara ta 1995, an nada shi mataimakin kyaftin din a kan Kudancin Australia, inda ya zira kwallaye daya. Lyon babban mai goyon bayan Victoria da Jihar Asalin ne kuma ya ce game da wasa Jihar Asirin cewa "yana son shi". Har ila yau, babban mai goyon bayan asalin asalin da aka sake gabatar da shi, kuma ya bayyana horo da wasa tare da 'yan wasa mafi kyau a wasan a matsayin "mafarki ya zama gaskiya" kuma "ya ɗauki kwarewar buga kwallon kafa zuwa wani matakin". Ya ce ya kamata a baiwa manyan 'yan wasa na yau irin wannan girmamawa.
Ayyukan kafofin watsa labarai
Ayyukan rediyo na Lyon ya fara ne a ƙarshen shekarun 1990 a kan 3AW, kuma a shekara ta 2004 ya dauki bakuncin Morning Glory a kan SEN 1116. A shekara ta 2005, ya koma 3AW, kuma ya bayyana a Sports Today tare da bayar da tsokaci na musamman ga tashar AFL. A shekara ta 2007, Lyon ya koma Triple M inda ya ba da tsokaci na musamman a wasannin Jumma'a da Asabar da yamma har zuwa karshen shekara ta 2015.
Lyon marubuciya ce ga jaridar The Age kuma ta rubuta littattafan yara, gami da waɗanda ke cikin jerin Specky Magee tare da FLyon ya zama mai ba da shawara na yau da kullun a kan The <i id="mwVg"><a href="./AFL_Footy_Show" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="225" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"The Footy Show (AFL)","description":"Australian TV series or program","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q7734727"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="mw-redirect cx-link" id="mwVw" title="AFL Footy Show">AFL Footy Show</a></i> marigayi a cikin aikinsa na wasa. A shekara ta 2006, tare da <a href="./James_Brayshaw" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="227" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"James Brayshaw","thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/James_Brayshaw.jpg/80px-James_Brayshaw.jpg","width":80,"height":113},"description":"Australian cricketer and media personality","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q6130183"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="cx-link" id="mwWA" title="James Brayshaw">James Brayshaw</a>, ya ɗauki matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin shirin bayan <a href="./Eddie_McGuire" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="228" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"Eddie McGuire","thumbnail":{"source":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Eddie_McGuire_2018.1.jpg/80px-Eddie_McGuire_2018.1.jpg","width":80,"height":120},"description":"Australian media personality and television host","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q5336301"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="cx-link" id="mwWQ" title="Eddie McGuire">Eddie McGuire</a> ya zama Shugaba na <a href="./Cibiyar_sadarwa_tara" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="229" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"Nine Network","description":"Australian television network","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q1432195"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="cx-link" id="mwWg" title="Cibiyar sadarwa tara">Cibiyar Sadarwa tara</a>. A baya ya yi aiki tare da Brayshaw a kan The Sunday Footy Show kuma a 2005 a kan Any Given Sunday, tare da kasancewa mai gabatar da <a href="./Wasannin_Commonwealth_na_Melbourne_na_2006" rel="mw:WikiLink" data-linkid="233" data-cx="{"adapted":false,"sourceTitle":{"title":"2006 Commonwealth Games","description":"Multi-sport event in Melbourne, Australia","pageprops":{"wikibase_item":"Q659207"},"pagelanguage":"en"},"targetFrom":"mt"}" class="mw-redirect cx-link" id="mwXw" title="Wasannin Commonwealth na Melbourne na 2006">wasannin</a> Melbourne Commonwealth 2006 a kan Nine. A shekara ta 2007 ya zama memba a kan shirin Footy Classified .elice Arena .
Bayan nasarar da Melbourne ta samu, Lyon ta sami girmamawa na gabatar da kofin firaministan AFL na 2021 ga kyaftin din Max Gawn da kocin Simon Goodwin a Perth bayan da Aljanu suka lashe tutarsu ta farko a cikin shekaru 57.
Tun lokacin da ya yi ritaya, Lyon ya shiga aikin horarwa. Ya horar da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa da kasa ta Australia, ya fara a shekara ta 2001, kuma ya kasance kocin na tsawon shekaru hudu a jere kafin Kevin Sheedy ya maye gurbinsa. Rubuce-rubucen dokoki na kasa da kasa shine nasarori biyu daga wasanni hudu.
Kididdigar wasa
A cikin al'adun gargajiya
Dan wasan crick na Australiya Nathan Lyon ana kiransa "Garry", bayan Garry Lyon .
Bayanan da aka yi amfani da su
Haɗin waje
Bayanan wasanni na Elite
Bayanan DemonWiki
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1967 |
32677 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma%27aunin%20gwal%20na%20Akan | Ma'aunin gwal na Akan | Ma'aunin gwal na Akan (wanda aka fi sani da mrammou) ma'aunin nauyi ne da aka yi da tagulla da al'ummar Akan na Afirka ta Yamma ke amfani da su azaman tsarin aunawa, musamman don tsarin wei da tsarin kasuwanci na gaskiya da juna. Matsayin mutum ya ƙaru sosai idan ya mallaki cikakkiyar ma'aunin nauyi. Cikakkun ƙananan ma'auni sun kasance kyauta ga sababbin maza da suka yi aure. Wannan ya ba da tabbacin cewa zai sami damar shiga kasuwancin ciniki cikin girmamawa da nasara.
Bayan aikace-aikacen su na yau da kullun, ma'aunin nauyi kaɗan ne na abubuwan al'adun Yammacin Afirka kamar alamomin adinkra, tsirrai, dabbobi da mutane.
Dating da nauyi
Nazari mai salo na ma'aunin zinare na iya ba da kwanan wata dangi cikin manyan lokuta biyu na farkon da kuma ƙarshen lokaci. Ana tsammanin zamanin farko ya kasance daga kimanin 1400-1720 AD, tare da wasu jeri tare da ƙarshen zamani, 1700-1900 AD. Akwai bambanci tsakanin lokutan Farko da Marigayi. Ma'aunin Geometric su ne mafi tsufa nau'i, tun daga 1400 AD zuwa gaba yayin da ma'aunin alama, waɗanda aka yi su cikin siffar mutane, dabbobi, gini da sauransu, sun fara bayyana a shekara ta 1600 AD.
Dating na Radiocarbon, daidaitacciyar hanya kuma madaidaiciyar hanya a fannoni da yawa, ba za a iya amfani da su don kwanan wata ma'aunin nauyi ba, saboda abu ne na inorganic. Tushen abubuwan da ba a iya amfani da su ba, kamar karafa, sun samo asali tun kafin kera kayan tarihi. Tagulla da zinc da ake amfani da su don yin gawa sun girmi kayan aikin da kansa. Nazarin kan inganci ko asalin ƙarfen ƙarfe a cikin tagulla ba su da amfani sosai saboda faɗin rarrabawa da sake sarrafa kayan.
Yin nazarin asalin al'adun nauyi ko yanayin yanayin nauyi shine ingantacciyar hanyar saduwa da ma'aunin nauyi. Rubuce-rubucen tarihi da ke tare da nauyin da ke bayyana mutanen da yake nasu, da kuma nazarin ma'auni da na baka da na fasaha na al'ummomin makwabta ya kamata su kasance wani bangare na nazarin tushe da tabbatar da ma'aunin nauyi.
Ma'anar bayan nauyi
Malamai suna amfani da ma'auni, da al'adun baka da ke bayan ma'auni, don fahimtar al'amuran al'adun Akan waɗanda in ba haka ba za a iya rasa su. Ma'aunin nauyi yana wakiltar labarai, kacici-kacici, da ka'idojin ɗabi'a waɗanda suka taimaka ja-gorar mutanen Akan ta hanyoyin rayuwarsu. Babban al'adun Akan shine damuwa ga daidaito da adalci; yana da wadata a tarihin baka akan wannan batu. Yawancin ma'auni suna wakiltar manyan labarai da sanannun labarai. Ma'aunin nauyi wani bangare ne na ƙarfafa al'adun Akan, yana bayyana ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a, imani, da ƙima a cikin matsakaici wanda mutane da yawa suka haɗa.
Anthony Appiah ya bayyana yadda Mahaifiyarsa da ke karbar gwala-gwalai ta ziyarci musulman Hausawa ‘yan kasuwa daga arewa. Nauyin zinariya da suka kawo, “waɗanda ba su da wani amfani a sayar da su, yanzu takarda da tsabar kuɗi sun maye gurbin kurar zinariya a matsayin kuɗi. Kuma da ta tattara su, ta ƙara jin labarin tarihin da ke tare da su; Karin magana da kowane ma'aunin gwal na alama ya fitar; tatsuniyoyi, Ananseasem, waɗanda karin magana suka yi. Appiah kuma ya ji waɗannan labaran Ananseasem, Anansi, daga mahaifinsa, kuma ya rubuta: “Tsakanin labaransa da saƙon al’adu da suka zo da ma’aunin zinariya, mun tattara irin ma’anar al’adar al’ada da ta fito daga girma a cikinta. A gare mu ba al'adar Asante ba ce amma aikin gidan yanar gizon rayuwarmu."
Akwai ma'auni da yawa tsakanin ma'aunin gwal na Akan da hatimin da aka yi amfani da su a Harappa. Dukansu kayayyakin tarihi sun daidaita tare da tabbatar da kasuwancin yanki da na gida a tsakanin mutane, yayin da suka sami ƙarin ma'ana fiye da amfaninsu.Garkuwa alamu ne na jarumtaka, juriya, ko aikin ɗaukaka, ko da yake ba lallai ba ne a cikin yaƙi. Takobi masu kaifi biyu suna wakiltar ƙa'idar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin mace da namiji, maimakon nuna tashin hankali ko mulki tare da tsoro. Sunan ma'aunin nauyi yana da ban mamaki, saboda cikakken jerin ma'aunin Akan yana da ƙima sama da sittin, kuma kowane saiti yana da sunan gida wanda ya bambanta a yanki. Akwai, daga binciken da Garrard ya yi, jerin sunayen nauyi goma sha biyu daga Ghana da Ivory Coast.
Tarin nauyi
Wasu sun kiyasta cewa akwai ma'aunin zinare miliyan 3 da ke wanzuwa. Jami'ar Simon Fraser tana da ƙaramin tarin tarin yawa, wanda ya ƙunshi galibin nau'ikan nau'ikan nau'ikan lissafi, tare da adadin ma'aunin ma'auni na ɗan adam. Dukansu nau'ikan suna hoto a nan kuma sun fito ne daga gidan kayan tarihi na SFU na Archaeology da Ethnography. Yawancin manyan gidajen tarihi na Amurka da Turai suna da tarin ma'aunin zinare masu yawa. Gidan tarihi na kasa na Ghana, da Musée des Civilizations de Cote d'Ivoire a Abidjan, Derby Museum da kuma kananan gidajen tarihi a Mali duk suna da tarin ma'aunin nauyi tare da jeri na dabino. Tarin masu zaman kansu sun tattara nau'ikan nau'ikan ma'auni kuma.
Kera ma'aunin nauyi
A da, kowane nauyi ana sassaƙa shi da kyau, sannan a jefar da shi ta amfani da tsohuwar dabarar kakin zuma da aka rasa. Yayin da al'adun Akan suka rabu da yin amfani da zinare a matsayin tushen tattalin arzikinsu, ma'aunin nauyi ya rasa amfanin yau da kullum na al'adu da kuma wasu mahimmancin su. Shahararsu da masu yawon bude ido ya haifar da kasuwa da mazauna yankin ke cika da ma'aunin nauyi. Wadannan haifuwar zamani na ma'aunin nauyi sun zama masu yawon bude ido. Maimakon siffofi masu sauƙi amma na fasaha na ma'aunin anthropomorphic ko kuma tsabta, layi mai laushi na ma'aunin geomorphic, ma'auni na zamani ba su da kyau kuma suna kallon tarin yawa. Ƙarfin al'adar baka na Akan ba a haɗa shi a cikin ƙirƙirar ma'auni ba; duk da haka, wannan ba ze rage musu farin jini ba.
Ƙwarewar da ke tattare da yin ma'aunin nauyi ta yi yawa; saboda yawancin ma'aunin nauyi bai wuce 2½ oza ba kuma an auna daidai adadinsu da kyau. Sun kasance ma'aunin ma'auni da za a yi amfani da su a kasuwanci, kuma dole ne su kasance daidai. Maƙerin zinare, ko adwumfo, zai yi gyare-gyare idan simintin ya yi yawa ko kaɗan. Ko da mafi kyawun ma'aunin ma'auni na alama an cire gaɓoɓi da ƙahoni, ko gefuna da aka shigar da su har sai sun haɗu da mafi kusancin nauyi daidai. Nauyin da bai isa ya yi nauyi ba zai sami ƙananan zoben gubar ko beads ɗin gilashi a haɗe don kawo nauyin zuwa daidaitattun da ake so. Akwai ma'aunin nauyi da yawa ba tare da gyare-gyare ba, yana magana da gwanintar maƙeran zinariya. Yawancin ma'auni sun kasance a cikin 3% na ƙimar su; wannan bambance-bambancen yayi kama da na ma'aunin gida na Turai daga lokaci guda
Ma'aunin nauyi na farko yana nuna ƙarfin hali, amma mai sauƙi, ƙirar fasaha. Daga baya ma'aunin nauyi ya haɓaka zuwa kyawawan ayyukan fasaha tare da cikakkun bayanai. Duk da haka, a cikin shekarun 1890 (Late Period) ingancin zane da kayan aiki ya kasance marasa kyau sosai, kuma watsi da ma'aunin nauyi ya biyo baya da sauri.
Tim Garrard (Afrilu 28, 1943 - Mayu 17, 2007) yayi nazarin al'adun gwal na Akan. Binciken nasa ya ta'allaka ne akan ma'aunin zinare da ma'anar al'adu da manufofinsu. Ya kuma kasance mai sha'awar cinikin zinari, ƙirƙirar ma'aunin nauyi, da yadda hanyoyin sadarwar Akan ke aiki tare da sauran hanyoyin sadarwa. Ayyukansa da waɗanda ke amfani da aikinsa a matsayin tushe suna ba da labari sosai game da al'adun Akan da yawa.
Ma'aunin nauyi da aka kwatanta a nan wani ɓangare ne na tarin a gidan kayan gargajiya na SFU. An ba da gudummawa ga gidan kayan gargajiya a ƙarshen 1970s, suna cikin tarin tarin al'adun Afirka.
^ Danguah, J. B. 1952 "The Culture of Akan". Africa: Journal of the International African Institute, 22 : 360-66.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972 "Studies in Akan Goldweights" , in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana. 13 : 1-20.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972b "Studies in Akan Goldweights : The Weight Standards," in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 13, n. 2, pp. 149–62.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972c "Studies in Akan Goldweights : The Weight Names," in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 14, n. 1, pp. 1–16.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1972d "Studies in Akan Goldweights : The Dating of Akan Goldweights," in Transactions of the Historical Society of Ghana, vol. 14, n. 2 (December 1973), pp. 1979 "Akan Metal Arts". African Arts, 13 : 36-43, 100.
^ Garrard, T. F. 1982a "Akan Weights and the Gold Trade". The International Journal of African Historical Studies, 15 : 568-70. |
28258 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%20Nigeria | Miss Nigeria | Miss Nigeria wani shiri ne na shekara-shekara wanda ke nuna kyawawan halaye na matan Najeriya da bayar da tallafin karatu na jami'a. Wanda ya ci nasara ya nuna kyawawan halaye kuma ya zama abin koyi ga mata matasa a ƙasar. Jaridar Daily Times ce ta shirya gasar a halin yanzu.
A halin yanzu titleholder ne 18-shekara hijabi model Shatu Garko, wanda ya wakilci arewa-maso-gabas. Ita ce mace ta farko da ta fara shiga gasar hijabi tare da likitan magunguna Halima Abubakar a tarihin gasar shekara 64, kuma musulma ta farko da ta lashe gasar.
Jaridar Daily Times ta kasa ta kafa lambar yabo ta Miss Nigeria wacce ta fara a matsayin gasar daukar hoto a shekara ta 1957. Masu gasar sun aika da hotuna zuwa ofishin jaridar da ke Legas inda aka tantance wadanda suka kammala gasar; wadanda suka yi nasara an gayyace su ne domin fafatawa a wasan ƙarshe kai tsaye wanda kuma a lokacin ba a haɗa da gasar wasan ninkaya a kulob ɗin Legas Island Club. Ma'aikaciyar UAC Grace Oyelude ta lashe kyautar Miss Nigeria, kuma daga baya za ta yi amfani da wani bangare na kyautar fam 200 don tafiya Ingila inda ta karanta aikin jinya .
Saɓanin abin da aka sani, Julie Coker ba ita ce Miss Nigeria ta farko ba - a zahiri ta ci Miss Western Nigeria. Duk da haka, ta yi takara a shekarar bayan mulkin Oyelude, amma ta sha kashi a hannun magatakardar ofishin Helen Anyamaeluna. Tsohuwar mai sana’ar dinki Nene Etule ta kasance ‘yar Najeriya daya tilo da ta lashe gasar; ta cancanci kamar yadda Kudancin Kamaru ke ƙarƙashin tsarin mulkin Najeriya a shekara ta 1959. A shekara mai zuwa an sake wa gasar suna a takaice 'Miss Independence' don tunawa da 'yancin kai daga kasar Burtaniya, kuma mai sanar da ci gaba da WNTV Rosemary Anieze ta samu kambi a wani biki wanda ya hada da Coker a matsayin daya daga cikin alkalan.
Shekaru sittin sun ga Miss Nigeria tana fafatawa a matakin kasa da kasa. Yemi Idowu, wanda ya yi nasara a shekara ta 1962, ya kai wasan dab da na kusa da karshe a Miss United Nations 1963, a wannan shekarar ne aka gabatar da zagayen wasan ninkaya a cikin Miss Nigeria. Miss Nigeria 1964, mai sayar da Edna Park, ta zama 'yar Najeriya ta farko a Miss Universe a shekarar 1964, amma an fi tunawa da ita da bata lokaci da yamma lokacin da ta fadi a kan mataki bayan da ta kasa zuwa mataki na goma sha biyar. 'Yan sanda da jami'an takara ne suka tafi da ita, kuma ta kwana a wani asibitin Miami inda aka kwantar da ita inda Nneka Onyegbula, matar jakadan Najeriya ta jajanta mata, wanda aka ruwaito ta ce "Dukan alkalan farare ne, kuma ba su da tushe. "Ban iya yin hukunci da kyawawan 'yan mata masu duhu ba". Tun Park, babu wata Miss Nigeria da ta yi takara a Miss Universe. Rosaline Balogun ta zama mace ta farko ta Miss Nigeria a Miss World a 1967. Ko da yake babu pageant da aka gudanar a 1969, a birnin London na tushen sakataren Morenike Faribido (nee Coker) aka Handpicked yi amfani da "Miss Najeriya" take da wakilci kasar a Miss Duniya.
Bayan sabuwar karni, Miss Nigeria ta zama inuwar tsohuwarta, kuma an dage gasar a shekara ta 2004. Tare da mutuwar sannu a hankali na Daily Times da kuma hamayya da Sliverbird's Mafi Kyawun Yarinya a Najeriya, Daily Times ta rasa lasisin aika wakilai zuwa Miss World da Miss Universe, kuma babu wanda ya lashe kambi bayan nasarar Clara Ojo daga shekara ta 1994 zuwa shekara ta 1998 saboda gazawar mai shirya gasar ta gudanar da gasar a wannan lokaci. Zuwa yau, Ojo ya kasance mafi dadewa a hidimar Miss Nigeria; ko da yake ba a gudanar da gasar daga shekara ta 2004 zuwa shekara ta 2010 ba, Ene Lawani ya riga ya daina ayyukan biki tun kafin a sayi sunan kamfani daga Daily Times .
A shekara ta 2010, bayan shekaru shida ƙoƙari, AOE Events da kuma Entertainment, karkashin jagorancin tsohon MBGN Nike Oshinowo da aka kawo a cikin Miss Najeriya kamfani da Daily Times. A karo na farko a cikin tarihinsa, shigarwa ya bude wa mata a kasashen waje, kuma Miss America ta yi wahayi, Oshinowo ya sake kaddamar da Miss Nigeria a matsayin shirin tallafin karatu wanda ya ba da kyauta ga mai nasara da na biyu da na uku masu nasara, tare da mai taken Miss Nigeria tana samun tallafin karatu a kowace Jami'ar da ta zaba a duniya. Sabuwar Miss Nigeria yanzu ta hada da wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya mai suna The Making of a Queen wanda ya ga ’yan takara suna fafatawa a ayyuka daban-daban da suka dace da matan Najeriya da suka hada da dafa abinci a murhu na itace a waje, karbar baki, da yin cuwa-cuwa da ‘yan kasuwar kasuwa, inda ‘yan takara da dama ke fuskantar korarsu a kowane mako. Yamma gowns aka sanya daga gargajiya Afirka yadudduka da kuma, galibi, da rigan iyo gasar da aka katse. An gudanar da bikin ne tsawon shekaru biyu kafin gudanar da gasar ta Beth Model Management CEO da tsohuwar Miss Nigeria UK Elizabeth Aisien a shekara ta 2012.
A cikin shekara ta 2016 Miss Nigeria ta kafa Green Girl Project, wani shiri na ci gaban al'umma da nufin karfafawa mata matasa su zama masu gudanar da ayyuka masu dorewa don tabbatar da tsabta da kwanciyar hankali. Har ila yau, yana da niyyar ba wa mata matasa dandamali don zama wakilan canji ga muhalli.
Ana buƙatar waɗanda suka shiga gasar su kasance marasa aure, marasa haihuwa, kuma ba su da ciki, tare da Ingilishi mai kyau, kuma masu zama ɗan Najeriya. Ya kamata su kasance masu shekaru tsakanin 18 zuwa 25, masu lafiya, kuma masu hali ba tare da tattoo ko huda ba sai kunnuwa.
Gasar tana farawa da kira zuwa shiga inda mahalarta masu sha'awar su sami fom rajista kafin a fara atisayen nunawa. Alƙalai suna zaɓar adadin ƴan takara don zangon daidaitawa wanda zai ɗauki tsawon makonni 2-3 inda ake baiwa ƴan takara ayyuka don gwada ƙwarewarsu a wurare daban-daban. Ana kuma ba su horo kan ayyuka daban-daban don karfafa musu gwiwa, bunkasa sana’o’insu, da baje kolin sana’o’i daban-daban da zai ba su damar fahimtar da fara koyon aikin jakada. Tun da farko dai ana ba masu takara lambobi ne a lokacin wasan kwaikwayon kai tsaye, amma an sauya hakan a shekarar 2010 inda kowannensu ya wakilci jihohin Najeriya. Don bugu na 2013, sun wakilci kowane ɗayansu - kowane ɗan takara an buga sunansa a kan sash ɗin su, kuma ashirin da ɗaya ne kawai daga cikin ƴan wasan kusa da na karshe talatin da shida suka fafata a wasan karshe. A cikin shekara ta 2015, ’yan takarar sun sake wakilci jihohi.
Kyaututtuka ga wanda ya ci nasara ya bambanta kowace shekara; Ya zuwa 2013 wannan ya haɗa da ₦3,000,000, motar alfarma, kambin lu'u-lu'u na Miss Nigeria, da wani gida na tsawon lokacin mulkin wanda ya yi nasara, da kuma kwangilar samfurin samfurin Beth Model Management. Cikakken tallafin karatu yanzu ya wuce zuwa manyan cibiyoyi a cikin ƙasar kawai. Tsawon shekarar, manyan kungiyoyi da dama ne ke daukar nauyin wanda ya yi nasara, kuma yana iya samun damar kulla yarjejeniya.
Masu sukar sun bayyana farkon fatin a matsayin fareti na kyau da babu kwakwalwa. Tsohon manajan shafin Yomi Onanuga ya gaya wa wani mai hira a shekara ta 2006: "Mun gaji da ganin 'yan mata a kan mataki bayan makonni biyu a sansanin, kuma muna jin dadi, abin da muke gani shine sun tambaye su [tambayoyi] kuma sun yi nasara. Bayan wata biyu, wani ya yi mata irin wannan tambayar, ta kasa amsawa, sai mutane suka fara tambayar, daga ina ta samu rawani? " . Dalibar Adabin Turanci Ibinabo Fiberesima ta kasa bayyana sunan mataimakiyar shugabar jami’ar Ibadan da ta halarta. Fiberesima ta yi iƙirarin a cikin hirarraki da dama da kuma a tsohon gidan yanar gizonta cewa ta yi takara a 1997, amma wannan magana tana da shakku saboda ba a gudanar da gasar daga 1994 zuwa 1998; Haƙiƙa ta kasance ƴan takara a 1991, ta ƙare ta biyu a bayan Bibiana Ohio.
A cikin shekara ta 1988, mai ba da horo mai duhu Stella Okoye ta naɗa wa magajinta Wunmi Adebowale wanda shi ma duhu ne, haka ya karya dogon layi na nasara masu launin fata, duk da haka mulkin Okoye bai kasance ba tare da cece-kuce ba. ‘ Yar takarar Omasan Buwa ta shaida wa jaridar The Punch a shekarar 2011 cewa, “A zauren taron, a ranar, an yi hayaniya sosai, sai suka fito da ita tare da ’yan sanda. Masu sauraro sun ji cewa ta yi duhu sosai."
Matsakaicin kyaututtuka, tare da rashin yarda da haɗin gwiwa sun kasance abin damuwa kafin sabon ƙarni . Miss Nigeria 1963 Alice Ad'epe ta gaya wa muryar Idoma "Bayan sarautata, labarin ya ƙare. Babu wani bibiya, babu wanda ya damu ya san halin da nake ciki. Abubuwa sun daina ja. An watsar da ni, don haka na yanke shawarar komawa gida." Mai nasara a 1993 Janet Fateye ta ce "Mutane suna tunanin cewa ina yin tara a cikin duk kuɗin da ke wurin, amma ba haka lamarin yake ba. Kuɗin kyauta a lokacin Naira 12,000 ne kawai, ana ba ni N1,000 duk wata. Eh, na sami kyautar motar da Daily Times ke bayarwa, amma sai na sayi fetur!” An bayar da rahoton cewa, Sarauniyar Millennium Vien Tetsola ta zauna a wani gida da bai yi daidai da matsayinta na sarautar Miss Nigeria ba.
Mahaifiyar Toyin Monney, wadda ita ma ta boye bayanai game da ainihin shekarunta, an dakatar da ita daga shiga gasar Miss World 1977, ba tare da bata lokaci ba don aiwatar da biza ga Miss Nigeria a matsayi na biyu. Miss Nigeria 1981 Tokunboh Onanuga ta yi jabun takardar shaidar WAEC da ta yi amfani da ita don samun gurbin shiga Jami'ar Legas, kuma makarantar ta kore ta. A shekara ta 2011, WAEC ta tabbatar a shafin su na Tuwita Onanuga ya tafka magudin jarabawa.
An tambayi Binta Sukai cancantar shiga gasar a 1990 lokacin da aka yi ta yayata cewa ba ‘yar Najeriya ba ce. Daga baya an tabbatar da cewa mai son zanen kayan kwalliya ya kasance kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu kawai na Scotland .
A shekara ta 2001, City People ta bayyana cewa Miss Nigeria mai mulki, Valerie Peterside, mai shekaru talatin, ta yi karya game da ainihin shekarunta (Ta gaya wa masu shirya gasar cewa tana da shekaru ashirin da biyar) kuma ta yi bogi a jami'a (An ce an kore ta daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello. kafin kammala karatu saboda rashin aikin jarrabawa). Bayan wani bincike da wasu fitattun ‘yan Najeriya da suka hada da tsohon editan Daily Times Tony Momoh da tsohuwar ‘yar takarar Miss Nigeria Julie Coker suka yanke shawarar tsige ta. Peterside, wanda ya yi takara a shekarar da ta gabata (Again yana dan shekara 25), ya yi yaki don ya ci gaba da rike kambin, amma sai aka tilasta masa yin murabus, abin da ya baiwa Amina Ekpo wacce ta zo ta biyu a matsayin wacce ta zo ta biyu a fannin Chemistry.
Duk da shahararta da ta yi a matsayin Miss Nigeria 2002, Sylvia Edem da ta kammala karatun harkokin kasa da kasa ta ja hankalin kafafen yada labarai a lokacin da aka yi rade-radin cewa ta yi jabun ranar haihuwarta don yin takara, kamar Peterside a gabanta. An yi imanin cewa Edem tana da shekaru talatin, har sai da bincike ya tabbatar da cewa tana da shekaru ashirin da uku.
Masu riƙe da madafun iko
Yana Nuna yanki/jihar asasarauta.n lokacin sarauta
Fitattun ƴan takara
Mbong Amata - Jaruma
Isabella Ayuk - MBGN 2011
Omasan Buwa - MBGN 1987
Sarauniya Celestine - Chef da MBGN Universe 2014
Cynthia Umezulike - Model, lauya, da Miss Commonwealth Nigeria 2010
Julie Coker - Mai karanta labarai kuma mai gabatar da TV
Ufuoma Ejenobor – Jaruma
Maryam Elisha – Mai tsara kayan kwalliya
Joan Elumelu – Wanda ya kafa, Supermodel na gaba na Najeriya
Linda Ikeji - Model kuma mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo
Sylvia Nduka - MBGN 2011
Chikaodili Nna-Udosen - TNQ 2020
Nowe Isibor - Babban Daraktan / Wanda ya kafa Mosé - Shagon Mosé
Patricia Onumonu- Mai Zane Kayayyaki kuma Wanda ya kafa Trish O Couture
Masu riƙe take ba na hukuma ba
Ana yawan bayyana tsohuwar Miss Western Nigeria Julie Coker a matsayin mace ta farko da ta yi nasara, amma a zahiri ta lashe Miss Western Nigeria.
A shekarar 1963, duk da cewa Miss Nigeria ta riga ta lashe kyautar Alice Ad'epe na farko da ta taba lashe gasar Idoma, amma an shirya gasar ta daban, Miss Nigeria World, don zabar Miss World delegate. Martha Bassey, mai shekaru 16 ta zama zakara a matsayin wanda ta lashe gasar, duk da cewa alkalan sun yi watsi da karar da suka bayyana wadanda suka fafata a matsayin "mummuna", amma masu shirya gasar Miss World sun hana ta takara saboda shekarunta. Eric Morley ya tabbatar da cewa ba a zabo wakilin Najeriya da ya dace ba, Miss World Nigeria ta farko da ta zo ta biyu, amma Gina Onyejiaka, ta zama wakiliyar Miss World ta Najeriya ta farko bayan da ta tashi zuwa Landan da kudinta (Masu shirya gasar Miss World Mecca Dancing ta ki biyan kudinta). gudunta don gujewa zargin son zuciya). Duk da cewa Miss World ta karbe ta a matsayin ‘yar takara, babbar hukumar Najeriya ta ki amincewa da Onyejiaka.
A shekarar 1966, bayan da Miss Nigeria ta kasa aiko da wakili zuwa Miss World (Ba a gudanar da gasar a Legas a waccan shekarar), Uzor Okafor mazaunin Landan ba ta shiga takara ba bayan mataimakin babban kwamishinan Najeriya, Latif Dosumu, ya ki sanya hannu a fom din rajista kamar yadda ake bukata. ta Miss World Organisation, da'awar Babban Hukumar ba ta amince da gasar ba don haka ba ta iya ba da tallafi a hukumance. Okafor ta bayyana shigar ta a matsayin nuna son rai, kuma ta ce babbar hukumar ta ba ta tabbacin cewa za ta iya yin rajista a matsayin dan takara a hukumance, amma Dosumu ya musanta hakan. Okafor, wacce ta haifi daya daga cikin ‘ya’yanta mata guda biyu watanni bakwai kafin (An bar matan aure su shiga gasar Miss World kafin 1970), ta bar gasar nan take. Daga baya Okafor ta ce ta yi nadamar shiga gasar, kuma mijin ta dan kasar Birtaniya Bruce Newman ne ya bukaci ta shiga gasar.
Ba a gudanar da gasar ba a 1969 saboda yakin basasar Najeriya, amma an zabi Morenike Faridibo a matsayin Miss Nigeria mara izini a wani biki da aka gudanar a Landan.
Jim kadan bayan nasarar Agbani Darego a Miss World, Miss Nigeria 2001 Amina Ekpo ta kai karar takwararta ta MBGN da aka zarge ta da bata suna, inda ta bayyana cewa Darego ta yi damfara a matsayin Miss Nigeria a gasar cin kofin duniya, kuma ba a ba ta izinin yin amfani da taken ba. (A matakin duniya, ana kiran wakilan MBGN da suna "Miss Nigeria"). Tsohon manajan darakta na Daily Times Onukaba Adinoyi Ojo, wanda ya bayyana wadanda suka samu nasarar MBGN a matsayin "sarauniya marasa kima" ya goyi bayan karar da aka kai $10,000,000, yana mai da'awar "Za mu yi duk mai yiwuwa don ganin mun hana mutane yin kutse a cikin wata fage mai suna Miss Nigeria." [kuma] ba zai ƙyale kowa ya ɓad da mu ba."
The Guardian ya fuskanci suka saboda bata sunan Miss Nigeria alama a cikin 2011 lokacin da 'yar'uwarsu ta buga Allure ta bayyana dalibar Theater Arts kuma tsohuwar 'yar takarar MBGN Sandra Otohwo a matsayin Miss Nigeria 2009. Otohwo, wanda ya wakilci Najeriya a Miss Universe 2009, ya dauki hotuna a cikin bikini, inda ya fusata masu shirya gasar Miss Nigeria da suka tallata gasarsu ta kyauta ba tare da wata cibiya mai kyau ba, kuma ya nuna cewa gasar ta kwanta daga 2004 zuwa 2010, saboda haka. wanda hakan ya sa masu shirya gasar ba za su iya nadin sarauniya a shekara ta 2009 ba. Daga baya The Guardian ya ba da hakuri tare da buga wasiƙar da masu shirya taron a cikin fitowar ta gaba.
Bambanci tsakanin Miss Nigeria da MBGN
Kungiyar Silverbird Group ce ta shirya gasar mafi kyawun yarinya a Najeriya (MBGN) yayin da Miss Nigeria ke gudanar da gasar a halin yanzu a Daily Times (Folio). An soke gasar wasan ninkaya ta Miss Nigeria a cikin shekara ta 2011, amma wannan yanayin ya kasance sananne a MBGN. Wani sanannen bambanci shine kawai masu fafatawa na MBGN su zama wakilai kai tsaye a gasar cin kofin duniya.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Gasar kyauta ta Afirka ta kudu
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
34863 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwamnatin%20Tarayyar%20Najeriya | Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya | Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya tana da rassa guda uku: 'yan majalisu, zartaswa, da shari'a, wadanda kundin tsarin mulki ta ba su iko daga Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya a Majalisa da shugaban kasa da kotunan tarayya ciki har da kotun koli. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya tanadi rarrabuwa mukamai da daidaito a tsakanin bangarorin guda uku da nufin hana maimaita kura-kuran da gwamnati ta yi a baya.
Najeriya jamhuriya ce ta tarayya, wacce shugaban kasa ke da ikon zartarwa. Shugaban kasa shi ne shugaba a kasa, jagoran gwamnati, kuma shugaban tsarin jam’iyyu da yawa. Siyasar Najeriya tana gudana ne a cikin tsarin tarayya, shugabancin kasa, jamhuriya dimokuradiyya mai wakilci, inda gwamnati ke amfani da ikon zartarwa. 'Yan majalisa na karkshin gwamnatin tarayya da kuma majalisun dokoki guda biyu: majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa. A dunkule, majalisun biyu su ne hukumar da ke kafa doka a Najeriya, wadda ake kira majalisar dokokin kasar, wadda ke zaman tantance bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati. "Economist Intelligence Unit" ya kimanta Najeriya a matsayin "hybrid regime" " a shekara ta 2019. Gwamnatin Tarayya, Jihohi, da Kananan Hukumomin Najeriya na da burin yin aiki tare domin gudanar da mulkin kasa da al’ummarta. Najeriya ta zama mamba ja kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya bayan samun 'yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka a ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, shekara ta 1960.
Tsarin shari'a
Shari'ar Najeriya ta ginu ne a kan bin doka, 'yancin kai na bangaren shari'a, da dokokin gama-gari na Birtaniyya (saboda dogon tarihin tasirin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya ). Doka ta gama gari a tsarin shari'a tana kama da tsarin dokokin gama gari da ake amfani da su a Ingila da Wales da sauran ƙasashen Commonwealth . Tsarin mulki na yanayin doka yana cikin kundin tsarin mulkin Najeriya.
Dokar Turai, wadda ta samo asali daga mulkin mallaka da Birtaniya;
Doka ta gama gari, cigaban shari'a tun lokacin mulkin mallaka;
Doka ta al'ada, wacce ta samo asali daga al'adun gargajiya da harki;
Sharia, dokar da ake amfani da ita a wasu jihohi a yankin arewacin Najeriya.
Akwai reshen shari'a, kuma an ɗaukar Kotun Koli a matsayin kolluwar shari'a a Ƙasar.
Doka a matsayin tushen dokokin Najeriya
Hanyoyi biyu na asali na dokokin Najeriya ta hanyar zartarwa sune
Ayyukan majalisar dokokin Biritaniya, waɗanda aka fi sani da ƙa'idodin aikace-aikace na gama-gari kafin samun 'yancin kai.
Dokokin cikin gida (wanda ya kunshi dokokin Najeriya daga lokacin mulkin mallaka har zuwa yau). Akwai kuma wasu kafofin da duk da cewa an shigar da su a cikin ka'idojin Najeriya musamman shigo da su cikin tsarin dokokin Najeriya. Ana kiran su da criminal and penal codes na Najeriya.
Dokokin Najeriya a matsayin tushen ka'idoji a Najeriya
Ana iya rarraba dokokin Najeriya kamar haka. Zamanin mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1960, dokoki bayan 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1960-Zuwa shekara ta 1966, zamanin soja a shelara ta 1966 Zuwa shekara ta 1999.
Dokokin bayan samun yancin kai 1960-1966
Ba wa Najeriya ‘yancin kai ya kasance wani muhimmin abu a tarihin siyasar kasar. Wannan lokaci ya shaida cigaban siyasa da aka samu a lokacin mulkin mallaka. ’Yan siyasa da gaske sun mayar da hankali kan gazawarsu a harkokin siyasa. Ta samu wa kanta matsayin jamhuriya ta hanyar kakkaɓe manyan hurumin da jami'an mulkin mallaka ke rike dasu. Duk da haka, duk da tashe-tashen hankula da aka yi wa tanada, kundin tsarin mulkin ya ci gaba da wanzuwa a gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya (na soja ko waninsa).
Mulkin Soja, 1966-1999
Ba za a danganta tabarbarewar doka da oda da aka samu a lokacin da ake yin nazari a kan duk wani lahani da ke cikin tsarin shari’ar Najeriya ba. Cin hanci da rashawa a siyasance da duk wani al'amari na rayuwar Najeriya ya lalata inganci da ci gaba. An yi yunkurin juyin mulki sau 8 gaba daya, biyar sun yi nasara, 3 kuma ba su yi nasara ba.
Reshen Gudanarwa
Ana zaben shugaban kasa ta hanyar zabe na dukkannin mutanen gari . Shugaban kasa shi ne jagoara a kasa kuma shugaban gwamnati, wanda ke jagorantar majalisar zartarwa ta tarayya, ko majalisar ministoci. An zabi shugaban kasa ne don ganin an samar da Kundin Tsarin Mulkin Najeriya da kuma yadda dokar ta shafi jama’a. Shi ma zababben shugaban kasar shi ne ke kula da sojojin kasar, kuma ba zai iya yin wa'adi fiye da biyu na shekaru hudu kowanne wa'adi ba. Shugaban Najeriya a yanzu shi ne Muhammadu Buhari, wanda aka zabe shi a shekara ta 2015 kuma mataimakin shugaban kasa a yanzu Yemi Oshinbajo.
Bangaren zartaswa dai ya kasu zuwa ma’aikatun tarayya, kowanne daga cikin na karkashin jagorancin ministoci da shugaban kasa ya nada. Dole ne shugaban kasa ya sanya akalla mamba daya daga kowacce jihohi 36 a cikin majalisarsa. Majalisar dattawan Najeriya ke tabbatar da nadin shugaban kasar. A wasu lokuta, ministan tarayya kan samu alhakin kula da fiye da ma'aikata ɗaya (misali, muhalli da gidaje ana iya haɗa su), ko kuma minista ɗaya ko fiye da ministocin jihohi. Kowace ma'aikatar kuma tana da Sakatare na dindindin, wanda babban ma'aikacin gwamnati ne.
Ma'aikatun suna da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban (wurare na mallakin gwamnati ), kamar jami'o'i, Hukumar Watsa Labarai ta Kasa, da Kamfanin Mai na Najeriya. Duk da haka, alhakin wasu ma'aikatu na karkashin ofishin shugaban kasa, kamar Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Kasa, Hukumar Yaki da Cin Hanci da Rashawa da Hukumar Kula da Ma'aikata ta Tarayya.
Reshen majalisa
Majalisar dokokin Najeriya tana da zauruka guda biyu: majalisar wakilai da ta dattawa. Kakakin majalisar wakilai ne ke jagorantar ita majalisar. Tana da mambobi 360, wadanda aka zaba na tsawon shekaru hudu a mazabun kujeru guda. Majalisar dattijai na da wakilai 109 tana karkashin jagorancin shugaban majalisar. Ana zaben mambobi 108 na tsawon shekaru hudu a mazabu 36 masu kujeru uku wadanda suka yi daidai da jahohin kasar 36 . Ana zaban mamba daya na kujeru daya tak a mazabar babban birnin tarayya.
Ana zabar ’yan majalisa ne ko dai a Majalisar Wakilai ko a Majalisar Dattawa domin su zama wakilan mazabarsu da samar da wata doka da za ta amfanar da jama’a. Tsarin doka ya ƙunshi kuɗaɗen da ake tsarawa da gabatar da su a cikin ɗaruruwan majalisun biyu. Wadannan kudirorin za su iya zama doka ta kasa kawai idan shugaban Najeriya ya amince da su wanda zai iya yin watsi da kudirin.
A halin yanzu dai shugaban majalisar dattawan shi ne Ahmed Ibrahim Lawan, wanda aka zaba zuwa majalisar dattawa a shekarar ta 2007, kuma shugaban majalisar Femi Gbajabiamila, wanda ya kasance shugaban majalisar wakilai na Najeriya na 9 tun daga shekara ta 2019. Za a iya owane dan majalisar dokokin Najeriya zabe shi zuwa fiye da shekaru hudu kawai. A baya-bayan nan dai, majalisar dokokin kasar ta yi amfani da matsayinta wajen yin katsalandan, a matsayin tantance ikon shugaban kasa da majalisar ministocinsa. An san ’yan majalisa da yin amfani da ikonsu ba kawai yin doka ba, amma a matsayin hanyar tsoratarwa ta siyasa da kuma kayan aiki don inganta nasarar kuɗin kuɗi na mutum ɗaya.
Ana biyan Sanatoci albashin da ya kai dalar Amurka sama da $ 2,200 a wata, wanda aka yi masu kari da kudaden da suke kasheaw dalar Amurka $ 37,500 a kowanne wata (alkalumman a Shekara ta 2018).
Reshen shari'a
Bangaren shari’a ya kunshi kotun koli ta Najeriya, kotun daukaka kara, manyan kotuna, da sauran kotunan shari’a irin su Majistare da na al’ada da shari’a da sauran kotuna na musamman. Majalisar shari’a ta kasa tana aiki ne a matsayin hukumar zartarwa mai zaman kanta, tana mai kare bangaren shari’a da bangaren zartarwa na gwamnati. Babban Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya da wasu alkalai goma sha uku ne ke jagorantar kotun kolin na Najeriya, wadanda shugaban kasar ke nadawa bisa shawarar majalisar shari'a ta kasa. Majalisar dattawa za ta tabbatar da wadannan alkalan.
Bangaren shari’a na gwamnatin Najeriya daya ne tilo daga cikin bangarori uku na gwamnatin da ba a zaben mambobinta amma ake nada su. Bangaren shari’a, musamman kotun koli, an yi niyya ne don kiyaye ka’idoji da dokokin kundin tsarin mulkin kasa da aka rubuta a shekara ta 1999. Manufarta ita ce ta kare hakkin 'yan kasa. Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya na Kotun Koli a yanzu shine Olukayode Ariwoola.
Dimokradiyya a Najeriya
Najeriya ta fara mulkin dimokuradiyya a shekara ta 1999 da farawar ta a matsayin jamhuriya ta hudu, amma ta sha fama da koma baya ta yadda ta zama cikakkiyar dimokradiyya. An gano manyan mutane a Najeriya suna da karfin iko da tasiri fiye da talakawan ’yan kasa, kuma a sakamakon haka, an samu cin hanci da rashawa da yawa a siyasar Najeriya da rayuwar jama’a. Kyakkyawan alamar dimokuradiyya a Najeriya ita ce yadda zabuka ke kara samun raguwar magudi sannan kuma ana kara samun fafatawar jam’iyya. Wani abin da ke nuna dimokraɗiyya mai ƙarfi shi ne kasancewar ƙungiyoyin farar hula waɗanda 'yan ƙasa ke da 'yancin yin aiki da magana cikin yardar kaina tare da yin amfani da kafofin watsa labarai mai ƙarfi don rayuwar yau da kullun. Bugu da kari, Najeriya ta ga yadda ake amfani da kafafen yada labarai a fagen siyasa, musamman ma zanga-zangar (Special Anti-Robbery Squad) na SARS na baya-bayan nan, wanda ke nuni da samun ‘yancin fadin albarkacin baki ga jama’a don bayyana ra’ayoyinsu ga gwamnati da duniya.
Matsayin 'yanci
A bisa kididdigar "World Press Freedom Index" na shekara ta 2020, Najeriya ce kasa ta 115 mafi ‘yanci a duniya. Ana kallonta a matsayin kasa mai ci gaba da cin zarafi al'ummar ta da dakile 'yancin magana da yada labarai. An gano Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai rauni, duka da ke cikin hadarin bautar zamani da cin hanci da rashawa. Al'ummar kasar na cikin mawuyacin hali saboda illolin rikice-rikice na cikin gida da al'amuran mulki. Freedom House ta bayyana Najeriya a matsayin kasa mai ‘yantacciyar ‘yanci. A zaben shugaban kasa da ya gabata, tsarin ya gurgunta ta da tashe-tashen hankula, tsoratarwa da sayen kuri’u, wadanda suka yi kamari a yawancin zabukan da aka yi a Najeriya. Hakazalika, a zabukan ‘yan majalisar dokoki na baya-bayan nan, ‘yan kasar sun yi iƙirarin cewa tsarin yana da nasaba da tsoratarwa da wasu sabani. Ana kyautata zaton za a aiwatar da tsarin zabe da dokokin da ke da alaka da su ta hanyar da ta dace, amma an yi ta samun rikita-rikitar zabe da gangan da kuma haifar da fitowar jama'a. Al’ummar Najeriya suna jin kamar akwai ‘yancin da suke da shi na samun jam’iyyun siyasa daban-daban da za su wakilci ra’ayoyinsu. An misalta hakan ne da dimbin halaltattun jam’iyyu da aka gani a zabuka. Hakazalika, jam'iyyun adawar Najeriya na da halastacciyar dama ta shiga harkokin siyasa da kuma samun mukamai a hukumance. Dangane da 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki na siyasa, Freedom House ta nuna cewa ra'ayoyi da cibiyoyi galibi suna yin tasiri sosai daga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, na waje ko daidaikun mutane. A Najeriya, dukkan kabilu da addinai suna da damar shiga harkokin siyasa daidai gwargwado, duk da haka, akwai karancin mata da aka zaba a cikin gwamnati, an kuma lalata dangantakar jinsi daya a shekara ta 2014. Ana zabar jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya kamar shugaban kasa da ‘yan majalisar dokoki ne domin su samar da manufofi da dokoki, kuma yawanci ana ba su damar yin hakan ba tare da tsangwama ba, amma a ‘yan shekarun nan, an yi ta fama da cin hanci da rashawa da rashin zaman lafiya. Cin hanci da rashawa dai ya kasance babbar matsala ga gwamnatin Najeriya tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga turawan mulkin mallaka. Musamman bangaren mai ya ba da damar cin hanci da rashawa da yawa. Gwamnati ta yi kokarin samar da matakan yaki da cin hanci da rashawa da ke cin karo da ayyukan jihar, amma abin ya ci tura kawai. An kuma bayyana gwamnati a matsayin rashin gaskiya, sau da yawa ba ta barin bayanan da ya kamata a samu ga jama'a. Aikin jarida da kafafen yada labarai a Najeriya suna da ‘yanci, ana ba su damar gudanar da ayyukansu ba tare da gwamnati ba, amma sau da yawa ana kamawa ko kuma tantance wadanda ke sukar manyan mutane ko ofisoshi. Ƙungiya mai kama da mafia, Black Axe, tana da hannu cikin cin hanci da rashawa na duniya ta hanyar amfani da zamba musamman a kan layi, kamar yadda aka ruwaito a labarin BBC. An amince da ‘yancin yin addini a Najeriya, amma an san gwamnati da ma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna mayar da martani ga kungiyoyin da ke nuna adawa da gwamnatin tarayya. Addini abu ne da ake ta cece-kuce a Najeriya saboda zafafan rigingimu da ake fama da su a tsakanin Kiristoci da Musulmi a jihar. Freedom House ta bayyana gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya a fannin ba da yancin karatu, da kuma yadda jama'a za su iya bayyana ra'ayoyinsu ko da kuwa ba su amince da gwamnati ba ba tare da tsoron mayar da martani daga gwamnati ba. An yi wa gwamnatin Najeriya kima mai matsakaicin ra'ayi kan iya haduwa da jama'a, iya aiki da hakkin dan Adam, da kasancewar kungiyoyin kwadago. An kididdige bangaren shari'a a matsayin mai matsakaicin 'yanci daga gwamnati, kuma ba shi da tsari a cikin gwaji da daidaita daidaito ga dukkan al'umma. Jama’a a Najeriya ba su da ’yancin fita waje, kuma galibi ana saka dokar ta-baci da gwamnatin tarayya ta kayyade a yankunan da ke fuskantar barazanar tashin hankali ko rashin zaman lafiya. Akwai karancin kariya ga mata ta fuskar ‘yancin zubar da ciki, fyade, da cin zarafin gida a karkashin gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya. A karshe dai ana fama da matsalar safarar mutane a Najeriya da kuma yawaitar cin zarafin ‘yan kasa wanda gwamnatin tarayya ta yi aikin da bai dace ba na hana ta.
Jam'iyyun siyasa
Akwai jam'iyyun siyasa guda 18 da aka amince da su a Najeriya. Akwai jam’iyyu da dama a sakamakon cin hanci da rashawa da hargitsin da suka kunno kai a Najeriya da suka dabaibaye gwamnatin tarayya da kuma zabuka na tsawon shekaru. Yawancin jam'iyyun suna da wuyar kula. Manyan jam’iyyun biyu dai su ne jam’iyyar Peoples Democratic Party da All Progressives Congress, wadanda dukkansu sun rike shugabancin kasa da kujeru a majalisar dokokin kasar na tsawon lokaci. Sabanin jam’iyyu a wasu kasashe da ke wakiltar ra’ayoyin siyasa da jama’a za su yi daidai da su, jam’iyyu a Najeriya sun fi yin aiki a matsayin hanyar da fitattun mutane za su iya samun madafun iko da tasiri, kuma akwai da yawa saboda sau da yawa suna sauya sheka. jam'iyyu domin samun wanda zai ba su dama mafi kyawu na samun iko.
Jam'iyyun siyasa sun kasance wani muhimmin al'amari na gwamnatin Najeriya kafin da kuman bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Turawan mulkin mallaka a Shekaran alif ta 1960. Jam’iyyu suna ba da damar yin gasa ta siyasa, don ’yan kasa su sami mutanen da ke wakiltar ra’ayoyinsu da muradun su a cikin gwamnati, don bullo da sabbin shugabanni da ra’ayoyi a cikin rayuwar Nijeriya. ‘Yan Najeriya da dama ba su fahimci tsarin jam’iyyun siyasa ba saboda akwai zabi da yawa kuma tsarin su bai bayyana ga jama’a ba. Wannan lamari dai ya ci gaba da zama ruwan dare a Najeriya domin ya mayar da wadanda ba su da ilimi ko kuma ba su da hannu a gwamnati saniyar ware. Har ila yau, da alama ana samun ra'ayin jama'a a Najeriya na goyon bayan jam'iyyun da suka danganci kabilanci na addini, musamman ta fuskar rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin Musulmi da Kirista.
Jam’iyyun siyasa 18 sun hada da: Accord, Action Alliance, Action Democratic Party, Action Peoples Party, African Action Congress, African Democratic Congress, All Progressives Congress, All Progressives Grand Alliance, Allied Peoples Movement, Boot Party, Labour Party, National Rescue Movement, New Nigeria Peoples Party, Peoples Democratic Party, Peoples Redemption Party, Social Democratic Party, Young Progressive Party, Zenith Labour Party.
Tsarin zabe da zabukan baya-bayan nan
'Yan kasa da suka kai kimanin shekaru 18 ne ke daman yin zaben shugaban kasa da 'yan majalisar dokoki a Najeriya. Hukumar zabe ta kasa ce ke da alhakin sanya ido kan zaben da kuma tabbatar da cewa sakamakon ya kasance daidai ba na magudi ba. An zaɓi wanda ya yi nasara lashe kujera ta hanyar tsarin farko da aka yi amfani da shi a Burtaniya.
Najeriya ta fuskanci zabuka da dama na magudi, musamman ma babban zaben da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2007. Rahotanni sun nuna cewa wannan zaben ya yi fama da magudin zabe, kada kuri’an kanana yara, tashe-tashen hankula, tsoratarwa, da kuma rashin fayyace gaskiya da sahihanci daga hukumar zabe ta kasa baki daya.
Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya, 2015
Majalisar wakilai
Majalisar Dattawa
Zaben Shugabancin Najeriya, 2019
Dangantakar Kirista da Musulmi
Shari’ar Musulunci ta shiga cikin zukatan gwamnatocin jihohin Najeriya da dama, musamman a yankin arewacin kasar. Akwai adawa mai tsanani tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Najeriya, don haka gwamnati ta dauki wani salo na tsarin shari'a na Ingilishi da na Shari'ar Musulunci a yayin da ake tunkarar batutuwan da suka shafi shari'a domin gamsar da al'ummar kasar daban-daban. Najeriya ce kasa mafi yawan al'ummar Kirista da Musulmi da ke zama tare a duniya. An bullo da wadannan addinan guda biyu ne a Najeriya musamman a lokacin mulkin mallaka, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin, da yawa daga cikin al’ummar Afirka sun hade nasu addinan gargajiya da wadannan guda biyu da aka kafa.
’yan siyasa da sauran masu fada a ji sun sha yin amfani da rikicin addini tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi a Najeriya wajen tayar da hankali da haifar da tsoro da hargitsi a tsakanin ‘yan Najeriya. Wannan ya sa ‘yan kasar da dama ke tambayar dalilin da ya sa Najeriya ta ci gaba da zama kasa daya ta tarayya, kuma ta yiwu ta rabu a tsakanin Kirista da Musulmi. Yankin Arewacin kasar dai ya kasance na Musulunci, yana da jihohi 12 da ke rayuwa a karkashin Shari'a, yayin da yankin Kudu galibi Kiristoci ne. An yi yunƙuri da yawa daga Musulman Najeriya don ƙara ra'ayoyin Shari'a a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki wanda ya firgita yawan Kirista a cikin ƙasar. Da yawa daga cikin Kiristoci sun dauki bullar Musulunci a Najeriya a matsayin hadari kuma hakan na iya haifar da karuwar ta'addanci da rashin zaman lafiya. Wannan rikici yana barazana ga dorewar dimokuradiyyar Najeriya, tsarin cikin gida, da kungiyoyin farar hula, kuma da yawa daga cikin masana kimiyyar siyasa da shugabannin Najeriya na fatan mabiya addinan biyu za su iya yin wata tattaunawa ta lumana da fatan za ta daidaita bangarorin biyu.
Ta'addanci a Najeriya
Babban barazanar ta'addanci a Najeriya shine na kungiyar Boko Haram, kuma ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a lokacin rani ta shekara ta 2009. Boko Haram kungiya ce ta 'yan ta'adda masu kishin Islama masu tsatsauran ra'ayi daga yankin arewacin Najeriya. Wannan kungiya ta kaddamar da hare-haren ta'addanci wadanda suka fi auna gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, kungiyoyin addini wadanda ba musulmi ba, da kuma talakawan kasa. Ana alakanta tashin hankali da karuwar illolin Boko Haram da rashin zaman lafiya da rashin kwanciyar hankali da kasar Najeriya ke fama da shi. Suna jin haushin cin hanci da rashawa da kuma gazawar manufofin gwamnati na Najeriya, musamman talauci da rashin ci gaban arewacin Najeriya wanda galibi musulmi ne. Rikicin Boko Haram a Najeriya ya yi matukar muni, sama da mutane 37,000 ne suka mutu sakamakon hare-haren ta'addancin da suka kai tun shekarar 2011, sannan sama da 'yan Najeriya 200,000 suka rasa muhallansu. Kungiyar Boko Haram ce ke da alhakin sace daruruwan 'yan mata 'yan makaranta a shekarar 2014, lamarin da ya janyo yunkurin # BringBackOurGirls a fadin duniya. Kungiyar ta'addanci ta zama wani bangare na ISIS a cikin shekara ta 2015, wanda ya jawo damuwa ga tsaro da zaman lafiyar Najeriya. Manyan kasashen duniya da dama da suka hada da Amurka sun ba da gudunmawar kayan aikin soji don taimakawa yaki da Boko Haram saboda harkar mai na Najeriya na da muhimmanci ga tattalin arzikin duniya. Gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya ta kaddamar da shirye-shirye da dabarun yaki da kungiyar Boko Horam saboda yawaitar su. Haka kuma a baya-bayan nan an samu karuwar ’yan kasa da aka kirkira, musamman kungiyoyin matasa da ke daukar matakan kare kansu da al’ummominsu. Duka ayyukan Boko Haram da kuma kokarin da gwamnati ke yi na yaki da ta'addanci ya haifar da matsalar 'yan gudun hijira a Najeriya.
Membobin Commonwealth
Kasancewar Najeriya mamba a kungiyar Commonwealth ta Burtaniya ya fara ne a shekarar alif ta 1960 kuma an dakatar da ita a tsakanin shekarar alif ta 1995 zuwa shekarar alif ta 1999 lokacin da kasar ta zama kasa karkashin mulkin soja. An dawo da ita a shekarar alif ta 1999 lokacin da aka kafa dimokuradiyya tare da tsarin mulkin shugaban kasa a jamhuriya ta hudu ta Najeriya, kuma ta kasance wani bangare na kungiyar Commonwealth har zuwa yau. Sakatariyar Commonwealth na da burin taimakawa Najeriya gano da kuma dakile cin hanci da rashawa a cikin gwamnatin ta tarayya. A shekara ta 2018, sun koyawa jami’an gwamnati da dama yadda za su yaki cin hanci da rashawa da kuma yin Allah wadai da cin hanci da rashawa a cikin al’umma. Shigar da Sakatariyar ta yi a harkokin gwamnati da na kudi ya samar da kyakkyawan tsari na mu’amalar kayayyaki da ayyuka a Najeriya tare da rage cin hanci da rashawa. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2017, kungiyar Commonwealth ta wadata Najeriya da manufofi da albarkatu don ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai tare da bayyana irin illar da za a iya yi ga kasashen Commonwealth da kasuwanci. Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta taimaka wa Najeriya a fannin albarkatun kasa kamar man fetur da hakar ma'adinai. Sun taimaka wajen yin shawarwari da samar da daidaiton ciniki. Sakatariyar Commonwealth ta kuma baiwa Najeriya damar yin amfani da Ajandar Haɗin kai, wanda ke bai wa ƙasashen da ke ƙarƙashin Commonwealth damar sadarwa da musayar ra'ayoyi da manufofi don taimakawa juna ta fuskar tattalin arziki da cikin gida.
Jihohin Najeriya
Najeriya tana da jihohi 36 da yanki 1. Sun hasda da : Babban Birnin Tarayya, Abia, Adamawa, Akwa Ibom, Anambra, Bauchi, Bayelsa, Benue, Borno, Cross River, Delta, Ebonyi, Edo, Ekiti, Enugu, Gombe, Imo, Jigawa, Kaduna, Kano, Katsina . Kebbi, Kogi, Kwara, Lagos, Nasarawa, Niger, Ogun, Ondo, Osun, Oyo, Plateau, Rivers, Sokoto, Taraba, Yobe, da kuma Zamfara.
Kananan Hukumomi
Kowace jiha ta rarrabu zuwa kananan hukumomi (LGAs). Wadannan jihohi da kananan hukumominsu na da matukar muhimmanci ga harkokin gwamnatin tarayya domin suna da tasiri a kan al’ummar kananan hukumomi don haka za su iya tantance bukatun mazabu da samar da manufofi ko ababen more rayuwa da za su taimaka. Hakanan suna da mahimmanci saboda gwamnatin tarayya tana da lokaci da albarkatu don aiwatar da ayyukan kasa da na kasa da kasa yayin da kananan hukumomi za su iya kula da 'yan Najeriya 'yan asalin jihohinsu. Batun raba madafun iko tsakanin jihohi da gwamnatin tarayya na taimakawa ayyukan Nijeriya. Kananan hukumomi 774 ne ke sa ido kan tara harajin gida, ilimi, kula da lafiya, hanyoyi, sharar gida da tsare-tsare. Karamar hukuma ce ke kula da al’amuran talakawa maza da mata a cikin al’ummar Najeriya. Ƙirƙirar sake fasalin ƙananan hukumomi ya fara ne a shekarar alif ta 1968, zuwa ta 1970 a lokacin mulkin soja amma ya kasance cikakke shekarar alit ta 1976.
Yadda Gwamnatin Tarayya ta tafiyar da COVID-19
A matsayinta na kasa mafi yawan jama'a a Afirka, cutar ta coronavirus ta yi kamari a fadin Najeriya. Najeriya ta tabbatar da cewa za ta iya ganowa, ba da amsa, da kuma hana barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a cikin wani da lokaci, mara kyau. Najeriya ba ta da albarkatun da za ta gudanar da gwaje-gwajen da al'ummar kasar ke bukata don ci gaba da samun karuwar masu dauke da cutar a fadin jihar. Har ila yau Najeriya ba ta da adadin da ake bukata na sauran albarkatu don yakar cutar kamar ma'aikatan asibiti, dakuna, da na'urorin iska.
Martanin gwamnatin tarayya game da cutar ya kasance mai rauni sosai kuma ba shi da tasiri. Shugaba Buhari ya zartas da dokar kulle na zama a gida da dama, da dokar rufe fuska, da kuma hana tafiye-tafiye don rage yawan masu kamuwa da cutar a kasar. Amma duk da haka, umarnin kullen, da ƙuntatawa na tafiye-tafiye sun haifar da mummunan tasirin ga tattalin arziki ga ɗimbin 'yan ƙasa waɗanda suka rasa ayyukansu da tushen samun kuɗi. Dangane da haka, gwamnatin tarayya ta fitar da wasu tsare-tsare na bunkasa tattalin arziki don inganta muhimman bangarorin noma kamar noma da mai. Gwamnati ta kuma zartas da matakan tallafin abinci da mika kudade don tallafawa wadanda ke fama da yunwa. Har ila yau, sun himmatu wajen samar da kudade don samar da kudade daga masu ba da tallafi don tallafawa kasafin kudin tarayya da bangaren tattalin arziki.
Sojojin Najeriya
Sojojin Najeriya sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin kasar, inda sukan kwace iko da kasar tare da mulkin kasar na tsawon lokaci. Wa’adin mulkin soja na karshe ya kare ne a shekarar alif ta 1999, bayan rasuwar shugaban mulkin sojan da ya gabata Sani Abacha a 1998.
Ma'aikata masu aiki a cikin sojojin Najeriya uku sun kai kusan 76,000. Rundunar sojin Najeriya, wadda ita ce mafi girma a cikin ayyukan, tana da kimanin jami'ai 60,000, da aka tura a tsakanin runfunan sojoji biyu na injiniyoyi, da runduna guda daya (na iska da ta sama), da rundunar Garrison ta Legas (wani bangare mai girma), da kuma Abuja da ke Abuja wato Brigade of Guards. Sojojin ruwa na Najeriya suna da kayan aiki da jiragen ruwa, jirage masu saurin kai hari, kwale-kwale, da kwale-kwalen sintiri a bakin teku. Sojojin saman Najeriya na jigilar sufuri, masu horarwa, jirage masu saukar ungulu, da jiragen yaki; sai dai a halin yanzu yawancin motocinsu ba sa aiki. Kwanan nan, Marshal na rundunar sojojin saman Najeriya, Sadique Abubakar, ya ba da shawarar sayen kayan aiki bayan jefar da motocin da ba sa aiki.
Alakar kasashen waje
A halin yanzu Najeriya tana da kyakkyawar hulda tsakaninta kasashen waje da makwabtanta, saboda tsarin dimokradiyyar da take ciki a halin yanzu. Memba ne na Tarayyar Afirka kuma yana zaune a kwamitin zaman lafiya da tsaro na kungiyar.
Ministan harkokin waje na Najeriya na yanzu Geoffrey Jideofor Kwusike Onyeama. Yawancin lamurran da suka shafi Najeriya a lokacin mulkin mallaka da kuma bayan samun yancin kai sun dogara ne kan hako mai. Dangantakar Najeriya da makwabta na nahiyar Afirka da ma duniya baki daya ta samu ci gaba sosai tun bayan da ta sauya sheka daga mulkin soja zuwa dimokuradiyya. Najeriya na fatan samun kujera ta dindindin a kwamitin sulhu na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya nan gaba kadan.
Gidan Rediyo da Talabijin a Najeriya mallakin gwamnati ne na Hukumar Yada Labarai ta Kasa. Ana amfani da wannan a matsayin dabarar gwamnati don tabbatar da iko da kuma karkatar da ra'ayin jama'a don goyon bayan jam'iyya mai ci da manufofin su. Duk da haka, yawancin jaridun Najeriya masu zaman kansu ne kuma ba'a takaita amfani da intane ga jama'a ba.
Duba kuma
Majalisar Dattawan Najeriya
Majalisar dokokin Najeriya
Jerin gwamnonin jihohin Najeriya
Ma'aikatan Najeriya
Jihohin Najeriya
Ayyukan Gidan Yari na Najeriya
Alkalin Alkalan Najeriya
Kara karantawa
Karl Levan da Patrick Ukata (eds.). 2018. The Oxford Handbook of Nigerian Politics . Jami'ar Oxford Press.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Siyasan Najeriya a karni na 21st
Gwamnatin Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
16490 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago | Tobago | Tobago ( /t ə b eɪ ɡ oʊ / ) wani tsibiri ne a cikin jamhuriyar Trinidad da Tobago. Tana da nisan arewa maso gabashin babban yankin Trinidad da kudu maso gabashin Grenada, kimanin kilomita daga bakin gabar arewa maso gabashin Venezuela. Kamar yadda da farko harshen Turanci tushen kawo sunayensu a cikin ƙamus na Oxford English Dictionary, Babban tsuntsun Tobago shine cocrico .
Bayanin Kalma
Christopher Columbus ya sanya wa Tobago suna Belaforme "saboda daga nesa ya yi kyau". Friar friar na Spain Spanish Vázquez de Espinosa ya rubuta cewa Kalina (tsibirin Karibiyan) sun kira tsibirin Urupaina saboda kamannin ta da babban katantanwa, : 84–85 yayin da Kalinago (tsibirin Caribbean) suka kira shi Aloubaéra, ana jin yana da ishara ga gaskiyar cewa yayi kama da alloüebéra, katon maciji wanda ya kamata ya zauna a cikin kogo a tsibirin Dominica . : 79 Sunan Tabaco, wanda ke nuni da siffar tsibirin, wanda yake kama da sigarin mai da byan Taíno mazaunan Babban Antilles ke sha, an fara amfani da shi a cikin dokar masarautar Spain da aka bayar a 1511. : 84-85
'Yan Asalin Tobago
Ban asalin asalin garin Tobago sun zauna ne tare da al'adun gargajiyar Ortoiroid wani lokaci tsakanin 3500 da 1000 KZ. : 21–24 A arni na farko na Zamaninmu, Saladoid mutane zauna a Tobago. Sun zo da kayan aikin tukwane da al'adun noma, kuma da alama sun gabatar da amfanin gona wadanda suka hada da rogo, dankalin hausa, doyar Indiya, tanni da masara. : 32–34 An sauya al'adun Saladoid daga baya ta hanyar gabatar da al'adun Barrancoid, ko dai ta hanyar kasuwanci ko haɗuwa da kasuwanci da sasantawa. : 34–44 Bayan 650 CE, an maye gurbin al'adun Saladoid da al'adar Troumassoid a Tobago. : 45 Hadisai na Troumassoid sun taɓa yin tunanin wakiltar sassaucin tsibirin Caribbeans a cikin ilananan Antilles da Tobago, amma wannan yanzu yana da alaƙa da al'adun yumbu na Cayo. Babu wasu wuraren tarihi da ke alaƙa da al'adun Cayo da aka sani daga Tobago. : 60
Inda Tobago yake hakan ya sanya shi ya zama waje mai muhimmiyar ma'amala tsakanin Kalinago na ilananan Antilles da ƙawayen Kalina da abokan kasuwancin su a Guianas da Venezuela . A cikin 1630s Kalb yana zaune a Tobago, yayin da tsibirin Grenada mai makwabtaka ya kasance tare da Kalina da Kalinago. : 115–119
Columbus ya hango Tobago a ranar 14 ga watan Agusta 1498, yayin tafiyarsa ta hudu, amma bai sauka ba. : 2 An ba da izinin baƙi 'yan Spain a cikin Hispaniola su gudanar da samame a kan tsibirin a cikin batun tsarin masarauta a cikin 1511. Waɗannan hare-hare, waɗanda suka ci gaba har zuwa aƙalla shekarun 1620, : 115–119 sun lalata yawan tsibirin. : 83
Turawan mulkin mallaka
A cikin 1628, mazaunan Dutch suka kafa farkon fararen Turai a Tobago, mulkin mallaka da suke kira Nieuw Walcheren a Great Courland Bay . Sun kuma gina katafaren gini, Nieuw Vlissingen, kusa da garin Plymouth na zamani. An yi watsi da yarjejeniyar a 1630 bayan hare-haren 'yan asalin, amma an sake kafa shi a 1633. Mutanen Espanya ne suka lalata sabon mulkin mallaka a Trinidad bayan da Holan suka goyi bayan tawayen da Nepoyo ya jagoranta a Trinidad. Oƙarin Ingilishi na mamayar Tobago a cikin 1630s da 1640s kuma ya faskara saboda juriya ta 'yan asalin ƙasar. : 115–119
Har ila yau, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun hana mulkin mallaka na Turai a cikin 1650s, gami da yunƙurin Courlanders, waɗanda suka mallaki tsibirin ba tare da ɓata lokaci ba tsakanin 1637-1690. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, Curonians ( Duchy na Courland ), Dutch, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish da Yaren mutanen Sweden sun sa Tobago ya zama babban mahimmin matsayi a cikin yunƙurin mulkin mallaka, wanda ya haifar da tsibirin ya canza hannaye sau 33, mafi yawa a Tarihin Caribbean, kafin Yarjejeniyar Paris ta ba da ita ga Burtaniya a 1814. A cikin 1662, an bawa brothersan uwan Holland Adrian da Cornelius Lampsins taken Baron na Tobago, kuma sun yi mulki har zuwa lokacin da Ingilishi suka kame tsibirin a 1666. Adrian a takaice ya sake kame Tobago a cikin 1673, amma an kashe shi a yaƙi lokacin da Ingilishi, ƙarƙashin Gadar Sir Tobias suka sake karɓar ikon tsibirin.
Daga misalin 1672, a lokacin mulkin ɗan Birtaniyya na 1672-1674, Tobago yana da kwanciyar hankali a lokacin da al'adun shuka suka fara. Sugar, auduga da masana'antar indigo sun fantsama kuma Turawan Ingilishi ne suka shigo da 'yan Afirka don yin aikin bayi. Tattalin arziki ya bunkasa. Faransa ta yi watsi da tsibirin zuwa Birtaniyya a shekarar 1763, kuma a 1777 Tobago tana fitar da auduga da yawa, indigo, rum da sukari. Amma a cikin 1781, Faransawa sun sake mamaye Tobago, suka lalata gonakin, kuma suka tilasta wa gwamnan Biritaniya sallama. Tattalin arzikin tsibirin ya fada cikin koma baya.
Mulkin mallakar Burtaniya da 'yanci
A cikin 1814, lokacin da tsibirin ya sake komawa ƙarƙashin ikon Birtaniyya, wani ɓangaren ci gaban samar da sukari ya fara. Amma mai tsanani guguwa a 1847, a hade tare da rushewar plantation underwriters, karshen bauta a 1834 da kuma gasar daga sugar tare da sauran kasashen Turai, alama ƙarshen sugar cinikayya. A cikin 1889 tsibirin ya zama yanki na Trinidad. Ba tare da sukari ba, dole ne tsibirin su noma wasu albarkatu, suna shuka kadada na lemun tsami, kwakwa da koko da kuma fitar da amfanin gonar su zuwa Trinidad. A shekarar 1963 Guguwar Flora ta addabi Tobago, ta lalata kauyuka da amfanin gona. Tsarin sake fasalin ya biyo baya kuma anyi ƙoƙari don fadada tattalin arziki. Ci gaban masana'antar yawon bude ido ya fara.
Trinidad da Tobago sun sami 'yancin kansu daga Daular Biritaniya a 1962 kuma suka zama jamhuriya a 1976.
Labarin kasa
Tobago yana da yanki mai fadin kilomita 300 300 kuma yana da kusan kilomita tsayi da kuma . Tana can a latitude 11 ° 15 'N, longitude 60 ° 40' W, kaɗan arewacin Trinidad.
Tsibirin Tobago shine babban ɓangaren da aka fallasa na Tobago terrane, wani guntun kayan ɓawon burodi da ke kwance tsakanin Katakun Caribbean da na Kudancin Amurka . Tobago da farko tsauni ne, mai tsaunuka da kuma asalin aman wuta. Kudu maso yamma na tsibirin yana da faɗi kuma ya kunshi mafi yawan farar ƙasa mai murjani . Ana kiran babban dutsen tsaunin tsibirin Main Ridge . Matsayi mafi girma a cikin Tobago shine mita 550 (1804 ft) Tattabara Pigeon kusa da Speyside .
Yanayin muhallin
Yanayin yana da wurare masu zafi, kuma tsibirin yana kudu da igiyar guguwa ta Atlantika, yana mai sa shi zama mai saurin fuskantar guguwar kudu mai saurin tafiya zuwa yankin. Matsakaicin ruwan sama ya bambanta tsakanin a kan Main Ridge zuwa ƙasa da a kudu maso yamma. Akwai yanayi biyu: lokacin damshi tsakanin Yuni da Disamba, da kuma lokacin rani tsakanin Janairu da Mayu.
Saboda kusancin ta da belin guguwa, guguwar Flora ta buge tsibirin a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1963. Illolin sun yi tsanani sosai har sun canza fuskar tattalin arzikin Tobago. Guguwar ta lalata filayen ayaba, kwakwa, da cacao wanda hakan ya tallafawa tattalin arzikin, kuma ya lalata barna mai yawa a dazuzzuka na tsawan wurare masu zafi wanda ya samar da babban yanki na tsakiyar arewacin tsibirin. Yawancin gonakin an watsar da su daga baya, kuma tattalin arziƙi ya canza alkibla daga noman amfanin gona da kuma yawon buɗe ido. A 2004 Guguwar Ivan, yayin da ta fi Flora rauni, ita ma ta yi mummunar lalacewa.
Ayyukan majalisar tsakiya da na ƙaramar hukuma a Tobago ana aiwatar dasu ne ta Majalisar Dokokin Tobago. Babban Sakataren THA na yanzu shine Ancil Dennis. Majalisar Tobago ta Jama'ar Ƙasa ta ƙasa tana iko da kujeru 10 daga cikin 12 na Majalisar, tare da jam'iyyar Progressive Democratic Patriots karkashin jagorancin shugaban kungiyar Watson Duke ke rike da kujeru biyu tun bayan zaben ranar 23 ga Janairun 2017.
Tobago yana da wakilcin kujeru biyu a majalisar dokokin Trinidad da Tobago, Tobago East da Tobago West. Kujerun biyu suna karkashin kulawar Majalisar Tobago ta Jama'ar Kasa, wacce ta lashe su a babban zaben shekarar 2015 na Trinidad da Tobago.
A tarihi, an raba Tobago zuwa majami'u guda bakwai ( Saint Andrew, Saint David, Saint George, Saint John, Saint Mary, Saint Patrick da Saint Paul ). A cikin 1768 kowace Ikklesiya ta Tobago ta zaɓi wakilai zuwa Majalisar Tobago . A ranar 20 ga Oktoba 18, 1889 masarautar Burtaniya ta aiwatar da Dokar Sarauta a Majalisar wacce ta kafa Tobago a matsayin yanki na Trinidad, saboda haka ta dakatar da karamar hukuma a Tobago kuma suka kafa hadaddiyar gwamnatin mallaka.
A cikin 1945 lokacin da aka fara gabatar da tsarin majalisar gundumomi, an gudanar da Tobago a matsayin karamar hukuma guda ta Trinidad.
A cikin 1980 an yi tanadi don Majalisar Dokokin Tobago ta sake zama a matsayin ƙungiya da ke ba da ƙaramar hukuma a Tobago. A karkashin tsarin da aka farfado, Tobago ya kunshi gundumomin zabe na kananan hukumomi 12 tare da kowace gunduma ta zabi dan majalisa daya zuwa THA.
Yawan jama'a
Yawan mutane 60,874 a ƙidayar 2011. Babban birnin, Scarborough, yana da yawan jama'a 17,537. Duk da yake Trinidad tana da yawa, yawan mutanen Tobago asalinsu 'yan asalin Afirka ne, kodayake tare da ƙaruwar Trinidadians na asalin Indiyawan Gabas da na Turai. Tsakanin shekarar 2000 zuwa 2011, yawan mutanen Tobago ya karu da kaso 12.55, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama daya daga cikin yankunan da ke samun ci gaba cikin sauri na Trinidad da Tobago .
Tattalin arziki
Babban tattalin arzikin Tobago ya ta'allaka ne akan yawon bude ido, kamun kifi, da kuma kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati, kashe kuɗin gwamnati shine mafi girma. Yawon buɗe ido har yanzu masana'antu ce mai tasowa kuma yana buƙatar haɓaka. Karamar hukumar, majalisar dokokin Tobago (THA), tana amfani da kashi 62% na ma'aikata.
Tattalin arzikin Tobago yana da alaƙa da haɗin gwiwa tare da Trinidad wanda ya dogara da iskar gas (LNG), man petrochemicals, da ƙarfe. Babban tasirin tattalin arziki takamaiman Tobago shine yawon shakatawa da kashe kuɗaɗen gwamnati. Yankunan rairayin bakin teku na yau da kullun da yawon shakatawa na ruwa sun fi yawa a kudu maso yamma kusa da filin jirgin sama da gabar tekun. A halin yanzu, ecotourism yana ci gaba da girma, mafi yawansu sun fi mayar da hankali ne ga babban yankin dajin da aka kiyaye a tsakiya da arewacin babban tsibirin da kuma kan Little Tobago, wani karamin tsibiri da ke gefen tsibirin arewa maso gabas.
Yankin kudu maso yamma masu yawon buɗe ido a kusa da Crown Point, Store Bay, Buccoo Reef, da Pigeon Point suna da yashi mai yawa kuma yawancin abubuwan ci gaba ne ke mamaye shi. Tobago yana da rairayin rairayin bakin teku masu yawa waɗanda ke bakin iyakarta, musamman waɗanda ke Castara, Bloody Bay, da Bay na Ingilishi . Tobago yana da alaƙa da duniya ta hanyar Arthur Napoleon Raymond Robinson International Airport (tsohon filin jirgin saman Crown Point) da tashar jirgin Scarborough. Jiragen saman cikin gida suna haɗa Tobago da Trinidad, kuma jiragen sama na ƙasa da ƙasa suna haɗuwa da Caribbean da Turai. Akwai hidimar jirgi cikin sauri tsakanin Port of Spain da Scarborough.
Tobago wasu suna zaton tsibiri ne wanda ya iza Robinson Crusoe, amma littafin yana iya yiwuwa ya dogara ne da wasu abubuwan da Alexander Selkirk ya fuskanta, wanda aka tsugunar a tsibirin Juan Fernández na Pacific. Ara da rikicewa, Tobago shine wurin yin fim don Walt Disney fim ɗin Switzerland Family Robinson a cikin 1959.
Iyalin Switzerland na Robinson
A cikin 1958, Kamfanin Walt Disney ya zaɓi Tobago a matsayin saitin fim wanda ya dogara da littafin Johann Wyss na Switzerland Family Robinson . Lokacin da furodusoshi suka ga tsibirin a karon farko, sai suka "fara soyayya nan take". Rubutun ya buƙaci dabbobi, waɗanda aka kawo daga ko'ina cikin duniya, ciki har da karnuka takwas, manyan kunkuru biyu, birai 40, giwaye biyu, jimina shida, jakunan daji huɗu, flamingos 100, hyenas shida, anacondas biyu, da damisa.
Sake duba
Trinidad da Tobago
Pages with unreviewed translations |
53800 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waris%20Dirie | Waris Dirie | Articles with hCards
Waris Dirie ( Somali ) (an haife ta 21 Oktoba 1965) abin koyi ne na ƙasar Somaliya, marubuciya, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai fafutukar kare hakkin ɗan adam a yaƙin da ake yi da kaciyar mata ( FGM ). Daga 1997 zuwa 2003, ta kasance jakadiyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta musamman kan yaki da kaciyar mata. A cikin 2002 ta kafa ƙungiyar ta a Vienna, Gidauniyar Furen Fure.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Dirie a matsayin daya daga cikin yara goma sha biyu a cikin dangin makiyaya a 1965 a yankin Galkacyo . Sunanta na farko, Waris, yana nufin furen hamada . Lokacin da ta kai shekaru biyar, an yi mata kaciya ta hanyar lalata . Tana da shekaru goma sha uku, ta gudu ta cikin jeji zuwa Mogadishu domin ta kubuta daga shirin auren wani dattijo mai shekaru 60. Ta fara zama a wurin tare da 'yan uwa, duk da cewa ba a amince da guduwar ta ba.
Daya daga cikin kawunta, wanda a lokacin shi ne jakadan Somaliya a Burtaniya, yana neman kuyanga. Da taimakon goggo ta shawo kan kawun nata ya dauketa aiki ya kaita Landan, inda take aiki a gidan kawun nata akan kudi kadan. Bayan wa'adin kawun nata na shekara hudu, Dirie ya tafi ya zauna a cikin wasu tsare-tsaren gidaje marasa kwanciyar hankali, daga baya ya yi hayan ɗaki a cikin YMCA . Ta sami rayuwarta a matsayin mai tsaftacewa a cikin McDonald's na gida. Ta kuma fara karatun yamma don koyon turanci.
Tana da shekaru 18, mai daukar hoto Mike Goss ya gano Dirie kwatsam, yayin da ta tsaya jiran cajin ta a wajen makarantar 'yarsa. Ta hanyar sa yaran su fassara musu, Mike ya shawo kan Waris ta yi masa abin koyi. Bayan haka, ya taimaka mata ta sami babban fayil tare da samun wakilcinta, kodayake yawancin hukumomin ƙirar ƙira sun yi iƙirarin cewa babu 'kira ga ƙirar baƙi'. Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukanta na farko na ƙirar ƙira shine na Terence Donovan, wanda ya dauki hotonta a 1987 tare da samfurin Naomi Campbell wanda har yanzu ba a san shi ba don taken Pirelli Calendar . Daga can, Dirie ta yin tallan kayan kawa ya tashi, nan da nan ya zama samfurin nasara, yana bayyana a cikin tallace-tallace na manyan samfurori irin su Chanel, Levi's, L'Oréal da Revlon .
A cikin 1987, Dirie ta taka rawa a cikin fim ɗin James Bond The Rayayyun Rana . Ta kuma bayyana a kan titin jiragen sama na London, Milan, Paris da New York City, kuma a cikin mujallu na zamani kamar Elle, Glamour da Vogue . An bi wannan a cikin 1995 da wani shirin shirin BBC mai suna A Nomad in New York game da aikinta na yin tallan kayan kawa.
A cikin 1997, a tsayin aikinta na ƙirar ƙira, Dirie ta yi magana a karon farko tare da Laura Ziv na mujallar mata Marie Claire game da kaciyar mata (FGM) da aka yi mata tun tana ƙarama, tana ɗan shekara biyar tare da ƴan uwanta mata biyu. A wannan shekarar, Dirie ya zama wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don kawar da FGM. Daga baya ta kai wa mahaifiyarta ziyara a ƙasarsu ta Somaliya.
A cikin 1998, Dirie ta ba da labarin littafinta na farko tare da marubucin marubuci Cathleen Miller : Desert Flower, tarihin tarihin rayuwar da ya ci gaba da zama mafi kyawun siyarwar duniya. Sama da kwafi miliyan 11 an sayar da su a duk duniya zuwa yau, miliyan 3 a Jamus kaɗai. Daga baya ta fitar da wasu littafai masu nasara da suka hada da Desert Dawn, Wasika zuwa ga Mahaifiyata da Yara na Hamada, wanda aka kaddamar da na karshen tare da yakin Turai na yaki da FGM.
A cikin 2002, Dirie ta kafa Gidauniyar Desert Flower Foundation a Vienna . Gidauniyar tana tattara kuɗi don wayar da kan jama'a game da matsalar FGM a duniya da kuma taimakawa waɗanda abin ya shafa. A wannan shekarar, ta sami lambar yabo ta adabin Corine .
A cikin 2004, ta sami lambar yabo ta zamantakewa ta Duniya ta Mikhail Gorbachev a Gasar Mata ta Duniya a Hamburg, Jamus. Dirie ya bude taron duniya game da FGM a Nairobi, ya gabatar da jawabin da aka lura sosai, kuma ya buga a karon farko Waris-Dirie Manifesto game da FGM. Shugaban Tarayyar Ostiriya Heinz Fischer ya ba ta lambar yabo ta Romero a madadin kungiyar mazan Katolika ta Austriya.
A shekara ta 2006, ta yi jawabi ga taron ministocin dukan ƙasashe membobin EU a Brussels . Daga nan ne kungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta sanya batun yaki da kaciyar mata a cikin ajandar ta, bayan haka an tsaurara dokoki tare da kaddamar da matakan kariya a kasashen Turai da dama.
A cikin 2007, tashar Larabawa Al Jazeera ta gayyaci Waris Dirie zuwa mashahuran wasan kwaikwayo na Riz Khan . Ta yi magana a karon farko a wata tashar Larabawa a gaban masu kallo sama da miliyan 100 game da batun haramtacciyar "Kaciyar mata".
A cikin 2009, Desert Flower, wani fim mai tsayi da aka gina akan littafin Waris Desert Flower an fito da shi, tare da babbar jarumar Habasha Liya Kebede tana wasa da ita. Sherry Hormann ne ya jagoranci fim din, wanda ya lashe kyautar Oscar Peter Herrmann ne ya shirya shi. Benjamin Herrmann da Waris Dirie sun kasance masu haɗin gwiwa. Ya zuwa yanzu dai an fitar da fim din a kasashe 20 da suka hada da Faransa da Spain da Isra'ila da Girka da Poland da Brazil . A cikin Janairu 2010, ta lashe kyautar Bavarian Film Awards a Munich a cikin "Mafi kyawun Fim". Har ila yau, an zabi shi don lambar yabo ta Fim a Zinariya a cikin "Fitaccen Fim ɗin Fim" a Kyautar Fina-Finan Jamus, kuma ya lashe lambar yabo ta masu sauraro a cikin "Mafi kyawun Fim na Turai" a San Sebastián International Film Festival .
A cikin 2010, Tarayyar Afirka ta nada Dirie Jakadan zaman lafiya da tsaro a Afirka.
Ayyukan jin kai, yakin neman zabe, kyaututtuka
2002 - yanzu
A cikin 2002 Dirie ta kafa gidauniyar Desert Flower Foundation a Vienna, kungiyar da burinta shine kawar da kaciyar mata a duniya. Ayyukan Gidauniyar tana samun kuɗi ne ta hanyar gudummawa.
UA 2009 Dirie ya zama memba na kafa PPR Foundation for Women's Dignity and Rights, ƙungiyar Faransanci mai suna François-Henri Pinault (Shugaba na PPR ) da matarsa, Hollywood actress Salma Hayek . Har ila yau, ta fara gidauniyar Desert Dawn, wanda ke tara kuɗi don makarantu da dakunan shan magani a ƙasarta ta Somalia, kuma tana tallafawa Gidauniyar Zeitz, ƙungiyar da ke mai da hankali kan ci gaba mai dorewa da kiyayewa .
Dirie ta yi kamfen sosai don jawo hankali kan kaciyar mata. A cikin 2010 tare da "Dakatar da FGM Yanzu" tare da haɗin gwiwar hukumar Berlin Heymann Brandt de Gelmini. An ba da wannan yunƙuri lambar yabo ga " Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Jamus mafi kyawun NGO na Social Media.
"Tare don Matan Afirka" ya biyo baya a cikin 2011, haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumar Hamburg Jung von Matt da lakabin wanki Mey.
Bayan ceton Desert Flower Safa daga FGM a cikin 2014, an ƙaddamar da shirin tallafawa "Ajiye Ƙananan Furen Hamada".
A watan Maris na 2019 ya zo yaƙin neman zaɓe mai girma "Ƙarshen FGM" tare da alamar kamfai na Burtaniya Coco de Mer. Dirie ya gabatar da tarin kamfani (a matsayin magajin Pamela fu ) kuma mai daukar hoto Rankin Rankin kuma ya samar da gajeren fim na yakin. An ba da wannan yunƙurin idan lambar yabo ta Social Impact 2019 ta iF International Forum Design mai hedkwata a Hanover kuma an tallafa shi da kuɗin kyauta.
l.Ga Dirie hoton da aka yi tare da Rankin a London ya kasance dawowa [bayani da ake buƙata] azaman abin ƙira.
Cibiyar Furen Hamada
Anvu ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2013, Dirie a matsayin majiɓinci ya buɗe cibiyar kiwon lafiya ta farko ta duniya don kulawa da kulawa da waɗanda aka yi wa FGM a Berlin tare da Asibitin Waldfriede a matsayin asibitin haɗin gwiwa na Gidauniyar Furen Fure. Cibiyar Furen Hamada ta sami lambar yabo ta Louise Schroeder ta Jihar Berlin a cikin 2016.
A cikin 2014, Cibiyar Horar da Fitowa ta Desert Flower don likitocin tiyata, likitocin mata, urologists da ma'aikatan jinya an kafa su a Amsterdam tare da Gidauniyar Desert Flower BENELUX.
An kafa Cibiyar Flower Center Scandinavia a cikin 2015 tare da haɗin gwiwar Asibitin Jami'ar Karolinska a Stockholm .
A cikin 2017 Cibiyar Fleur du Desert ta buɗe tare da Fondation Fleur du Desert a cikin m n jjj have already jjnnnuafakar mata a asibitin Delafontaine a Paris Saint-Denis. Shugaban Faransa Emmanuel Macron ya ziyarci Cibiyar Fleur du Desert a cikin Disamba 2017.
Education projects in Sierra Leone
Buqe u.dbyA cikin 2016 Dirie da ƙungiyar Gidauniyar Desert Flower Foundation sun yanke shawarar mayar da batun "Ilimi a Afirka" abin da ke mayar da hankali kan aikinsu. Ta hanyar daukar nauyin shirin "Ajiye 'yar Hamada" za a iya ceto 'yan mata 1,000 daga FGM a Saliyo.
An sanar da gina makarantu uku na farko na "Desert Flower" a Saliyo a farkon 2019. Gidauniyar Diries Desert Flower Foundation kuma tana gina “Gida mai aminci”, inda wadanda FGM ke fama da su ke samun mafaka da kariya. Akwai kuma ɗakin karatu da cibiyar kwamfuta. Bugu da kari, za a raba kwafin 10,000 na littafin karatu na Waris Dirie mai suna "My Africa - The Journey" tare da akwatunan koyarwa na fure-fure na Desert Flower ga makarantu 34 a Saliyo.
Dirie ta samu kyaututtuka da kyautuka da yawa don ayyukan jin kai da littafai da suka hada da:
Woman of the Year Award by Glamour magazine.
Corine Award of the umbrella association of the German bookselling trade.
Women's World Award from former President of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev.
Bishop Óscar Romero Award by the Catholic Church.
Chevalier de la Légion d’Honneur from former President of France, Nicolas Sarkozy.
Prix des Générations by the World Demographic Association.
Martin Buber Gold Medal from the Euriade Foundation , founded by Werner Janssen in 1981.
Gold medal of the President of the Republic of Italy for her achievements as a human rights activist.
Thomas Dehler Prize of the Thomas Dehler Foundation, presented by Sabine Leutheusser-Schnarrenberger
Woman Of The Year Campaigning Award in London presented by Sacla
International Freedom Prize presented at the House of Lords in London by British Minister Lynne Featherstone
Women for Women Award , awarded in Vienna by the magazine "look!
Donna dell'Anno in Italy
Million Chances Award donated by the Fritz Henkel Foundation
Sunhak Peace Prize for her commitment to women's rights, awarded in Seoul.
Kai hari da bacewar
A cikin Maris 2004, Dirie an kai hari a gidanta a Vienna. An tsare wani dan kasar Portugal mai shekaru 26 a gidan yari bayan da ya yi mata birki mai tsawon mil 1,000 a fadin Turai, inda daga karshe ya samu shiga gidanta ta hanyar hawa ta tagar makwabcinsa. “Ta firgita kuma a gigice ta bar shi ya shigo,” in ji kakakin ‘yan sandan. Da alama Dirie ya samu kananan raunuka lokacin da maharin ya jefa ta a kasa. Maharin ya tashi ne a cikin motar haya, amma daga baya ya dawo ya farfasa daya daga cikin tagogin bene na ginin. An kama shi ne lokacin da makwabta suka kira ‘yan sanda kuma daga baya aka ba shi dakatarwar na tsawon watanni biyar. An bayyana cewa wanda ake zargin ya hadu da Dirie watanni shida da suka wuce lokacin da dan uwansa ke aiki a gidanta na baya a Wales. Daga baya ya shiga wannan gidan ya sace mata kayanta.
A wani lamari kuma, a farkon watan Maris na shekara ta 2008, Dirie ta bace tsawon kwanaki uku yayin da take zaune a Brussels. Wani dan sandan Brussels ne ya same ta.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Sabanin sanannen imani, Dirie ba shi da alaƙa da ɗan'uwan ɗan ƙasar Somaliya Iman . A cikin littafinta na Desert Flower, Dirie ta bayyana cewa mahaifiyar Iman ta kasance abokantaka sosai tare da inna, dangi wanda ta taɓa zama tare da ita a lokacin da take a Landan.
Tun 2009 Dirie yana zaune a Gdańsk, Poland. Na ɗan lokaci kuma a Vienna. Ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya maza biyu (Aleeke, Leon).
Tun daga Maris 2005, Dirie yana riƙe da ɗan ƙasar Austriya.
Filmography, littattafai da kuma ƙida-kide
Hasken Rayayyun Rayayyun - A cikin fim ɗin James Bond na 15, Dirie yana taka Waris Walsh a cikin rawar tallafi.
Makiyayi a New York - shirin BBC game da aikin Waris Dirie.
Furen Desert - wasan kwaikwayo ya dogara ne akan littafin tarihin rayuwa da mai siyarwa.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1965
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
27601 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%20Screaming%20Man | A Screaming Man | Fim din A Screaming Man fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na 2010 na Mahamat Saleh Haroun, tare da jarumi Youssouf Djaoro da Diouc Koma. An tsara shirin a cikin shekara ta 2006, ya shafi yakin basasa na Chadi, kuma shirin ya ba da labarin wani mutum da ya tura ɗansa yaki domin ya dawo da mukaminsa a wani otel mai girma. Shirin ya nuna darasi tsakanun da' da uba da al'adun yaƙi. An dauki muhimman sassan fim din a wurare kaman N'Djamena da Abéché. Fim ɗin ya sami kyautar lambar yabo ta Jury a 2010 Cannes Film Festival.
Adam ( Youssouf Djaoro ), tsohon zakaran wasan ninƙaya na tsakiyar Afirka, ya kasance mai lura da tafki a wani otal na alfarma. Ana kiranshi da Champ. A ma'aunin tattalin arziki Mrs. Wang, manajan otal din, ta rage mashi matsayi zuwa mai gadin ƙofa sannan kuma ɗansa Abdel ya zama mai kula da tafkin. Basaraken yankin ya matsa wa Adam lamba da ya ba da kuɗi don yaƙi da Chadi ke yi da dakarun 'yan tawaye, tare da hukunta shi da rashin halartar wani taro. Sarkin ya gaya wa Adamu yadda ya aika ɗansa ɗan shekara 17 ya yi yaƙi. Ya kuma shaida wa Adamu cewa yana da kwanaki uku ya biya kudi don tallafa wa harkar. Don sake samun mukaminsa Adam sadaukar da dansa Abdel ga Sojojin Chadi (watau Chadian Ground Forces), kuma sojojin sun zo har gida suka dauki Abdel suka tafi dashi a idon jama'a. Adamu ya koma aikinsa a matsayin mai kula da tafkin.
Wata mata ƴar shekara 17, budurwar Abdel mai juna biyu, ta koma gidan Adam kuma anyi maraba da ita ana kula da ita. Rikicin ya munana kwarai kuma mutanen gari sun fara gudu. Adamu ya gaya wa surukarsa ha’incin da yayi sai tayi bakin ciki. Adam ya sake tunanin kan matsayinsa na uba sai ya dauki babur ɗinsa da motar gefe zuwa filin yakin don maido dansa Abdel gida. Ya iske Abdel da munanan raunuka a idanunsa, wuya, hannun dama da kuma cikinsa. A wannan daren Adam ya dauki Abdel daga asibiti, ya saka shi a motar gefen ya nufi gida dashi. Ana cikin tafiya sai Abdel ya ce yana son yin iyo a cikin kogi. Abdel ya mutu yayin da suke isa kogin. Adamu ya sanya gawar a cikin kogin har ruwa ya janye gawar.
Ƴan wasa
Jaruman shirin sun hada da;
Youssouf Djaoro a matsayin Adam
Diouc Koma a matsayin Abdel
Emile Abossolo M'Bo a matsayin hakimin gundumar
Hadjé Fatimé N'Goua a matsayin Mariam
Marius Yelolo a matsayin David
Djenéba Koné a matsayin Djeneba
Heling Li a matsayin Mme Wang
John Mbaiedoum a matsayi Etienne
Abdou Boukar a matsayi Le maître d'hôtel
Gerrard Ganda Mayoumbila a matsayi Le sous-officer
Tourgodi Oumar a matsayi Soldat barrage 2
Hilaire Ndolassem a matsayi Radion speaker (voice)
Remadji Adele Nagaradoum a matsayi Souad
Sylvain Nbaikoubou a matsayi Le nouveau cuisiner
Fatimé Nguenabaye a matsayi La voisine
Mahamat Choukou a matsayi Soldat barrage 1
Hadre Dounia a matsayi Joune Soldat blessé
Laure Cadiot
Dangantakar Adam da Abdel ita ce babban abin la'akari a labarin shirin, sannan kuma a cewar daraktan ya shafi labarin kasar Chadi a yau: “a tsakanin uba dansa akwai alaka ta jini, kwayoyin halitta, da al’adu. Labarin na da mahimmanci a nan saboda maza suka haifar da rikicin Chadi. An kwashe shekaru 40 ana rikici a ƙasar Chadi, kuma uba ne ya cusa wa dansa ra'ayin yaki, domin idan ba don haka ba, babu dalilin da zai sa dan ya shiga lamarin yakin." Mahamat Saleh Haroun da gangan ya ki yin cikakken bayani game da yakin basasa na Chadi da kuma harkokin siyasa: "Fim ɗin ya ba da labarin ra'ayin wannan uba kuma bai samu matsayi a wajen 'yan tawaye ko kuma a wajen gwamnati ba; babu ruwan kowa da rayuwarsu. don haka ko da ace sun zama 'yan tawaye ko kuma sojojin gwamnati ba zai dakatar da yaƙin ba”.
Taken fim ɗin wani zance ne daga rubutaccen adabi Return to My Native Land na Aimé Césaire. Cikakkun jimlar ita ce "Mutumin da ya yi kururuwa ba mai rawa ba ne". Haroun ya ce babban jigon Adam shine "kururuwar Allah ne kawai, ba kururuwar wahala ba".
Anyi tunanin labarin shirin a cikin shekara ta 2006 a lokacin gudanar da shirin Daratt . A ranar 13 ga Afrilu ne dakarun 'yan tawaye suka shiga N'Djamena, babban birnin kasar Chadi, a daidai lokacin da Haroun ke bada umurnin fim, kuma nan da nan aka dakatar da aikin. Taurarin fim ɗin, ciki har da matashin jarumin da yake cika shekara 18 a ranar, sun makale a cikin jeji ba tare da wata hanyar sadarwa ba. Hakan ya sanya Haruna tunanin yadda zai nuna halin zaman cikin tsoro a lokacin da suka makale babu wani taimako.
Kamfanin Pili Films na Faransa da Goï Goï Productions na Chadi ne suka shirya fim ɗin a tare. An bayar da ƙarin tallafin haɗin gwiwa daga kamfanin Belgium Entre Chiens et Loups. An bada taffin Euro miliyan biyu daga Cibiyar Cinematography ta Faransa, da saka hannun jari na farko daga Canal +, Canal Horizons, Ciné Cinéma da TV5Monde.
An yi fim ɗin a cikin makonni shida a wani wuri a Chadi, ya fara daga 30 Nuwamba 2009. Da yawa daga cikin 'yan wasan kwaikwayon da suka fito a shirin sun haɗa da ainihin ma'aikatan otal, 'yan yawon bude ido da sojoji wadanda Haroun ya bukaci su yi wasan a matsayin kansu domin a gane gaskiya a bayyane. Daraktan ya ba da labarin yin fim a N'Djamena a matsayin wanda ba shi da matsala. Duk da haka, lokacin da ake shirya wannan shiri a Abéché, akwai tsoro matuka a zukatan duk wani dake cikin shirin, an kasance da tsoro a tsakanin duk wanda ke da hannu a cikin samarwa. Haroun ya ga alamaun kalubale kafin kammala shirin kada wani abu ya faru, yayin da ya kuma yi kokarin dakewa da kyakkyawar niyya.
Sakin shiri
Shirin "A Screaming Man" ya fito a ranar 16 ga Mayu 2010 a gasar a bikin Fim na Cannes na 63. Daga baya an nuna shi a wuraren bukukuwa da yawa ciki har da bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Toronto . Rarraba Pyramide ya fitar da shi a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransa a ranar 29 ga Satumba 2010.
Muhimmanci amsoshi
Fim ɗin ya sami kyakkyawan sharhi daga masu suka. Rotten Tomatoes mai yin bita ya ba da rahoton cewa kashi 89% cikin 36 na ƙwararrun masu suka sun ba fim ɗin kyakkyawan bita, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar 7.2/10.
Thomas Sotinel ya sake nazarin fim ɗin don Le Monde . Ya yi tunanin cewa tana da kyan da ba za a iya musantawa ba, amma ya ci gaba da cewa, “Wannan kyawun kuma mai rauni ne, domin Mahamat Saleh Haroun ba shi da isasshen albarkatun da za su iya bayyana hangen nesansa. Yana da matuƙar bacin rai cewa jerin ƙaurawar mutanen N'Djamena da kyau ya nuna cewa mai shirya fim zai iya canzawa zuwa babban tsari lokacin da batunsa ya umarce shi."
Julien Welter na L'Express ya yaba da zaɓin da Haroun ya yi na rashin yin nazari mai yawa kan rikicin kasar Chadi, ko kuma wani karin waƙe-waƙe game da wahalhalun da ya janyo. Babban abin da ya fi damun Welter shi ne ya yi tunanin ingancin rubutun ya ragu a lokacin aiki na uku, amma ya ƙare bitar ta hanyar shelanta Haroun a matsayin "fiye da kowane lokaci mai fasaha da za a bi."
Wani mai sukar fina-finan Amurka, Roger Ebert ya bayyana cewa, “ya yabawa fim ɗin matuka, yana mai cewa, “Kyakkyawan ingancin fim din shi ne kallon rayuwar Adam, da yadda yake ɗaukar aikinsa kusan fiye da dansa, da kuma irin matsayin da wani ɗan fim ya ba shi. Western hotel sun yi masa sihiri."
Fim ɗin ya karɓi kyautar Jury na Cannes Film Festival. Hakan ya sanya Haroun ba wai kawai darakta ɗan ƙasar Chadi na farko da ya fara yin fim a babbar gasar ba, har ma ya zama na farko da ya samu kyautar daya a daga cikin bikin lambobin yabo na festival's awards. Wani Mutum mai kururuwa ya lashe kyautar Hugo na Azurfa don mafi kyawun wasan allo a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Chicago na 46 . Youssouf Djaoro ya samu kyautar Silver Hugo a matsayin tauraron jarumi (best actor). A lambar yabo ta Lumière ta 2011, da 'yan jaridu na kasashen waje da ke birnin Paris suka yanke shawarar, fim din ya lashe kyautar mafi kyawun Fim na Faransanci daga wajen Faransa. An zabi fim ɗin don lambar yabo ta Magritte a cikin nau'in Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Waje a cikin Haɗin gwiwa a cikin 2012, amma ya ɓace zuwa Romantics Anonymous.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
A Screaming Man at IMDb
Finafinan Chadi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50364 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahmah%20el%20Yunusiya | Rahmah el Yunusiya | Articles with hCards
Rahmah el Yunusiyah (Van Ophuijsen Spelling Rahmah el Joenoesijah, aranar 26 watan Oyktoba shekara ta 1900 -ranar 26 watan Febuwaru 1969) 'yar Indiyace ta Gabas kuma 'yar siyasar Indonesiya ne malama kuma mai fafutuka kan ilimin mata ne. An haife ta a cikin fitattun dangin malaman addinin Musulunci, an sanya ta ta bar makaranta domin ai mata aure tun tana matashiya. Bayan 'yan shekaru da auren el Yunusiyah bayan aurenta ya mutu ne ta koma makaranta karatunta.
A shekarar 1923, ta kafa , makarantar Islamiyya ta farko ( madrasa) ga 'yan mata a Indiya. Yayin da makarantar ke girma kuma ta kafu, el Yunusiyah ta taimaka wajen samar da karin makarantu uku na mata na 'yan mata da kuma cibiyar horar da malamai. Hukumomin kasar Holland sun daure el Yunusiyah akan kishin islama kafin Indonesiya ta samu 'yancin kai. A shekara ta 1955 ta zama ɗaya daga cikin mata na farko da aka zaɓa a Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Jama'a ta Indonesiya mai zaman kanta a matsayin memba na Jam'iyyar Masyumi. Ta rasu tana da shekaru 68 a shekarar 1969 acikin garinsu, Padang Pajang.
Rayuwarta ta baya.
An haifi El Yunusiyah a ranar 26 ga watan Oktoba 1900 a Bukit Surungan, Padang Panjang, West Sumatra, Dutch East Indies. Ita ce karama a cikin fitattun dangin Minangkabau da ke cikin ulamaMahaifinta sanannen qadi ne mai suna Muhammad Yunis binu Imanuddin, mahaifiyarta kuwa sunanta Rafi'ah. Kakanta, Sheikh Imaduddin, kuma sanannen malamin addinin musulunci ne, masanin falaki kuma shugaban reshen Naqshbandi. Duk da cewa ta fara samun koyarwar koyarwa ta asali a wurin mahaifinta, amma ya rasu tana da shekara shida. Bayan haka ta fara samun ilimi daga wasu tsoffin daliban mahaifinta, nan ta koyi karatu da rubutu. Ta kuma samun wasu horo kan aikin ungozoma a wani asibitin kusa da gida.
Iyalinta sun shirya daurin aurenta da wani malami Bahauddin Lathif a shekarar 1916, tun tana daliba a Padang Panjang. Duk da haka ta ci gaba da karatunta na Islama a cikin da'irar karatu na sirri tun daga 1918. A shekarar 1922, mijinta ya kara auren mata biyu, kuma el Yunusiyah mijinta ya saketa kafin ta koma karatunta ba su haifi 'ya'ya ba a iya lokacin zaman aurensu.
Harkar ilimi da shugabanci
Iyalan El Yunusiyah sun dade suna shiga harkar ilimin addinin musulunci a yammacin Sumatra, kuma a shekarar 1915 da dan uwanta Zainuddin Labay el Yunusi ya kafa makarantar Dinayah Rahmah ta zama daliba a can. Bayan ta koma karatu a can sanda da aurenta ya mutu a shekarar 1922, ta jagoranci zaman karatu a tsakanin ‘yan matan da ba sa zuwa aji. Ruhana Kuddus ta ta yi tasiri a wannan da'irar binciken an kira kungiyar mata da ‘yan mata.
Diniyah Putri
El Yunusiyah bata gamsu da irin yadda ake koyar da ‘ya’ya mata na Musulunci a makarantun da suke da su ba, da kuma yanayin zamantakewar da ya hana su samun cikakken ilimi a makarantun da suka hada da jinsin maza. Ta yi shawara da malamai na gida, kuma tare da goyon bayan ɗan'uwanta, Zainuddin, da da'irar karatunta, ta buɗe makaranta ta musamman ga 'yan mata a cikin watan Nuwamba 1923. Wannan makaranta da ke Padang Panjang ana kiranta da ana kyautata zaton ita ce makarantar addinin Musulunci ta farko a kasar ga yara mata.
Da farko makarantar ba ta da nata ginin kuma ana gudanar da ita daga wani masallaci, inda ita ce babbar malamar makaranta. Tawagar farko ta dalibai ta ƙunshi mata 71, galibinsu matasan matan gida ne daga yankin da ke kewaye; manhajar ta ta kunshi ilimi na asali na Musulunci, nahawun Larabci, wasu makarantun turawa na zamani, da kuma sana’o’in hannu. Kasancewar makarantar ta ‘yan mata na zamani ne ba ta samu cikakkiyar karbuwa ba a cikin al’umman,ta fuskanci tsangwama da suka. El Yunusiyah, mace mai addini sosai, tayi imanin cewa Musulunci ya bukaci karramawa ga ilimin mata da mata.
A cikin shekarar 1924, an gina aji na dindindin na makarantar a cikin wani gida. A wannan shekarar ne yayanta Zainuddin ya rasu duk da fargabar rashin daukar nauyin karatunsa na nufin karshen makarantar, el Yunusiyah ta cigaba da kokarinta. Har ila yau El Yunusiyah ta fara wani shiri ga tsofaffin mata da ba su da ilimin da ya dace, duk da cewa an yanke shi bayan girgizar kasa ta Padang Panjang a shekara ta 1926 ta lalata ginin makarantar Diniyah. Azuzuwan sun hadu a cikin gine-gine na shekaru da yawa kuma Muhammadiya ya tunkare ta datayin karbar aikin makarantar da kuma taimakawa wajen sake kafata ta yanke shawarar ba zata yarda da tayinba. Ta zagaya ko'ina a Indiya don tara kuɗi kuma an gina sabon gini na dindindin kuma an buɗe shi acikin shekara ta 1928. 'Yar kishin kasa Rasuna Said ta kasance daliba a makarantar Dinayah mai hade da jinsi, inda tazama mataimakiyar malama a makarantar 'yan matan a shekarar 1923. Said ta shigar da siyasa karara a cikin karatunta, wanda ya haifar da rashin jituwa da el Yunusiyah. Said ta bar makarantar zuwa Padang a shekara ta 1930.
Makarantar ta cigaba da samun karbuwa zuwa karshen shekara 1930 tana da dalibai kusan dari biyar. Masanin Audrey Kahin ya kira Diniyah Putri daya daga cikin mafi nasara da tasiri a makarantun mata" a Indonesia kafin samun 'yancin kai.
Ci gaba da shawarwari
El Yunusiyah taƙi yin hulɗa da Dutch ba kamar sauran mata masu zamani na zamani irin su ba Kartini, ba tada abokai na Turai kuma bata da wani babban matsayi a cikinsu. Da gangan taki ta karɓi tallafin da gwamnati ke bawa makarantunta kuma duk da haka wasu abubuwa na makaranta irin na Turawa, sutura, tsarin kalandar da tsarin karatun sunfi mayar da hankali ne ga Musulunci. Kamar ƙungiyar Taman Siswa na makarantu masu zaman kansu, tayi ƙoƙari sosai don gudun kada a hukunta ta da dokokin Holland a kan abin da ake kira daji ko makarantun da ba bisa doka ba.
A cikin shekarun 1930, el Yunusiyah ta cigaba da bunkasa ilimin mata na Islama a yammacin Sumatra kuma ta cigaba da goyon bayanta ga yunkurin kishin kasa na Indonesiya duk da laifin aikata laifuka daga Holland. A shekarar 1933 ta kafa kungiyar mata malaman addinin Islama, kuma a shekara ta 1934 ta gudanar da taron rattaba hannu kan mata don gudanar da harkokin kasar Indonesia. Ta shiga cikin Persatuan Musulman Indonesiya, ƙungiyar masu kishin ƙasa ta Indonesiya mai ɗabi'ar Musulunci. A wannan lokacin 'yan kasar Holland sunci tararta saboda ta tattauna batun siyasa a cikin tarurrukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba. A cikin shekara ta 1935, el Yunusiyah ta kafa ƙarin makarantu biyu a Jakarta, da kuma makarantar sakandare a Padang Panjang a 1938. Ta kuma kafa cibiyar horar da malamai a 1937, (KMI).
Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu da lokacin 'yancin kai
A lokacin mamayar da Jafanawa suka yi wa Indiyawan Gabas ta Gabas, el Yunusiyah ta yi aiki tare da Jafananci kuma ta jagoranci rukunin Giyūgun a Padang Panjang. Duk da haka, ta yi adawa da yadda Japanawa ke amfani da 'yan Indonesiya a matsayin mata masu ta'aziyya tare da yakin neman zabe. A lokacin yakin, ta kuma yi ƙoƙari don tallafa wa tsoffin ɗalibanta. A cikin shekarar 1945, da jin shelar 'yancin kai na Indonesiya, nan da nan ta ɗaga tutar Indonesian ja-da-fari a farfajiyar makaranta a Diniyah Putri. Bayan karshen yakin, a lokacin juyin juya halin Indonesiya, ta kafa sashin samar da kayayyaki don tallafawa bangaren Republican a kan Yaren mutanen Holland. Hukumomin Holland sun tsare ta tsawon watanni bakwai a cikin 1949, kuma an sake ta bayan taron Teburin Zagaye na Dutch-Indonesian.
An dauki El Yunusiyah don shiga cikin Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen 'Yancin Indonesiya. Sabuwar jamhuriyar Indonesiya ta kawo cikakken juyin juya hali a cikin illimin kasar, kuma ta halarci wasu manyan tarukan farko game da sabunta tsarin ilimi a ƙarshen 1949.
A shekara ta 1955, an zabi el Yunusiyah a matsayin majalisar ba da shawara ta jama'ar Indonesia ta farko, daya daga cikin 'yan majalisar mata na farko. An rantsar da ita a ƙarshen Maris 1956. An zabe ta a matsayin wakiliyar jam'iyyar Masyumi mai ra'ayin Islama, wadda ta kasance mai goyon baya a farkon. Sumatra. A ƙarshen 1956 kuma ta zama mai ba da shawara ga Majalisar Banteng a ƙarƙashin Lt. Col. Ahmad Hussaini. Kungiyar Husein wani yunkuri ne na gidauniyar adawa da gwamnatin tsakiya; majalisar ta sami goyon baya sosai a yammacin Sumatra.
A cikin shekarar 1958, ta zo don tallafawa Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Hali ta Jamhuriyar Indonesiya (PRRI), ƙungiyar adawa da gwamnati wadda ta fi girma a Sumatra. Goyon bayanta na wannan yunkuri ya kara dagula mata tsangwamar da tsohuwar abokiyar aikinta Rasuna Said, wacce a yanzu tana da alaka da Sukarno. Saboda goyon bayanta ga PRRI, el Yunusiyah ta rasa kujerarta a Majalisar. An kama ta a shekarar 1961 amma daga baya aka sake ta a karkashin wata abubuwan da sukarno suka samu tawajen tsoffin mayakan PRRI.
A cikin 1950 el Yunusiyah ta koma Padang Panjang don kula da makarantar Diniyah Putri, wacce ta sake yin aiki bayan yakin. A cikin shekarar 1956, Abd al-Rahman Taj, Babban Limamin Jami'ar Al-Azhar ta Masar, ta ziyarci makarantar el Yunusiyah a Padang Panjang. Taj ya burge ta, kuma a shekarar 1957, an gayyaci el Yunusiyah zuwa Al-Azhar, jim kadan bayan ta kammala aikin hajjin ta zuwa Makka. Makarantar Al-Azhar ta ba ta lambar Syeikah, wanda ba su taba ba mace ba. Bayan haka, hukumomin Masar sun ba wa daliban da suka kammala karatun Diniyah Putri guraben karatu don ci gaba da karatu a Al-Azhar. < A cikin shekarar 1960, bayan aikinta na siyasa, el Yunusiyah ta koma fagen fafutukar neman ilimi, ta kuma yi yunkurin kafa jami'ar Musulunci musamman na mata. A cikin shekarar 1967, ƙoƙarinta tayi nasara, kuma aka buɗe jami'ar mata ta yammacin Sumatra gwamnan Harun Zain.
Ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Febuwaru 1969, a Padang Panjang. Kabarinta, wanda ke a harabar dakin kwanan dalibai na makarantar Diniyah Putri, kungiyar kare al'adu ta Yamma Sumatra ce ta lissafa a matsayin wurin tarihi na al'adu.
Gabobin kula
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23723 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebony%20Reigns | Ebony Reigns | Priscilla Opoku-Kwarteng (16 ga Fabrairu 1997-8 ga Fabrairu 2018), wanda aka fi sani da mai suna Ebony Reigns, ta kasance mawakiyar rawa ta Ghana/Afrobeats da aka san ta da manyan waƙoƙin ta "Poison" da "Kupe". Bullet ne ya gano ta daga Ruff n Smooth.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Ebony Reigns Priscilla Opoku-Kwarteng, wanda aka fi sani da Nana Heemaa (Oheema) daga dangin ta na kusa, a Dansoman, wani yanki na Accra. Iyayen ta sune Nana Poku Kwarteng da Beatrice Oppong Marthin. Ta girma a cikin biranen Accra amma ta fito daga yankin Brong Ahafo.
Ta fara karatun ta na farko a Makarantar Babbar Babbar Bakwai a Dansoman, Accra, sannan ta yi karatun sakandare a Makarantar Sakandaren 'Yan mata ta Methodist a Mamfe a Akuapim North District na Gabashin Yankin, Ghana, duk da cewa ba ta kammala karatu ba. Ta bar makarantar sakandare don neman sana'ar kiɗan ta.
Mawaƙi kuma ɗan kasuwa Bullet ne ya gano Ebony daga Ruff n Smooth kuma an sanya mata hannu zuwa alamar rikodin Ruff Town.
Ta fito da wakarta ta farko, "Dancefloor", a cikin Disamba 2015, tare da sakin bidiyo da sauti. Waƙar ta zama abin bugawa a rediyo, wanda ya ba ta damar zaɓar rukunin "wanda ba a san shi ba" a Gasar Kiɗa ta Ghana ta 2016.
A watan Maris na 2016 Ebony ta fito da babbar rawar da ta taka "Kupe". An sanya mata hannu zuwa Ruff Town Records da Midas Touch Inc.
An kashe Ebony Reigns nan take a hadarin mota ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairu 2018 yayin da take dawowa daga Sunyani zuwa Accra bayan ziyarar mahaifiyarta. Mataimakin ta kuma abokin ta na tsawon lokaci Franklina Yaa Nkansah Kuri da soja Atsu Vondee suma sun mutu a mummunan hadarin. Wanda ya tsira daga mummunan hatsarin shine direban mai suna Phinehas, wanda ke zaune a Teshie. Ta rasu kwanaki takwas kafin ta cika shekara 21 da haihuwa.
An yi jana'izar ta ta ƙarshe a farfajiyar gidan gwamnatin jihar, Accra, kuma an binne ta a makabartar Osu a ranar Asabar, 24 ga Maris, 2018. A shirye -shiryen jana'izar, dangin marigayi Ebony sun sami kyaututtuka masu yawa daga fitattun mutane, gwamnati da cibiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Wasu daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa a jana'izar sune:
Kasapreko Ghana Limited - Ghc 90,000.00
Zylofon Media - Ghc 50,000.00
Nana Addo Dankwa Akuffo Addo - Ghc 50,000.00
Ministry of Tourism, Culture and Creative Arts - Ghc 20,000.00
Ibrahim Mahama - Ghc 20,000.00
John Dramani Mahama - Ghc 10,000.00
Rigimar da ta dabaibaye mutuwarta
Bayan Ebony Reigns ya mutu, rikice -rikice ya zama ruwan dare kuma an raba ƙasar zuwa ɓangarori da yawa. Akwai wadanda suka yi imanin cewa za a iya hana shi idan an gina hanyoyi yadda yakamata da kuma isasshen haske. A bayyane yake, hanyar Mankranso da take tafiya a waccan daren mara kyau tana cikin mummunan yanayi kuma ga wasu masu suka, wanda ya yi tasiri a haɗarin. Wasu kuma sun yi imani mutuwarta Dokar Allah ce kuma duk da cewa ta kasance mai tsauri, amma ba za a iya hana ta ba. Har yanzu, wasu suna danganta mutuwarta da abin da suke ɗauka rayuwar rayuwarta mai daɗi kuma fastoci da yawa sun fito bayan mutuwarta suna cewa sun yi annabci cewa sarautar Ebony za ta mutu idan ba ta canza “salon rayuwar” ta ba.
Dr. Lawrence Tetteh, sanannen fasto a Ghana, ya kuma yi magana kan yadda wasu mawaka da 'yan kasuwa ke amfani da mutuwar Ebony Reigns don samun riba.Misali, Ghana Textile Printing Limited (GTP), alal misali, an shirya kera sabbin yadudduka na musamman tare da wasu waƙoƙin Ebony kamar 'Aseda' da 'Maame Hw3' don sanya sunayen bukukuwa da jana'iza. Ya dage kan cewa ya fi kowa kashe kudin jana’izar kuma bai yaba da yadda wasu kamfanoni ke samun kudi daga mutuwar ta ba. Wannan ya jawo cece -kuce da yawa saboda wasu mutane sun yi imanin cewa kalaman nasa ba lallai bane a matsayin fasto kuma sun shiga shafukan sada zumunta don bayyana ra'ayinsu. Mutuwar Ebony ta kuma tayar da dukkan ire -iren annabce -annabce game da mutuwar wasu masu fasaha, misali na musamman shine Shata Wale, wanda aka sani shi ne mawakin rawa na farko a ƙasar Ghana. Wani fasto ya bayyana cewa Shata Wale zai mutu kafin ranar 25 ga Disamba 2018, amma ya kara da cewa, ana iya yin wani abu don dakatar da shi. Magoya bayan da suka yi imani da annabce -annabcen Ebony sun yi fatan sarki dan rawa kada ya mutu amma mai zane ya sanya bidiyo a kafafen sada zumunta yana barazanar kona majami'u idan ya rayu bayan ranar. Dangane da danganta mutuwar Ebony da annabce -annabce ko ɗaukar shi hatsarin al'ada ba a sani ba, kowa da kowa yana da 'yancin yin imani da abin da zuciyarsa ta jagorance shi.
Bayan Ebony Reigns ya mutu, wasu mashahuran mutane a Ghana, Sarkodie da Stonebwoy sun fara kamfen na kiyaye hanya don rage yawan haddura akan hanyoyi. A daidai shekara guda bayan rasuwarta, galibin 'yan Ghana sun nuna kauna da damuwa ga mawakin mawakin ta hanyar sanya ta'aziyya da hotunan ta a shafukan sada zumunta. Sarkodie ya fitar da wata waka mai taken ‘Wake Up Call’ don magance wasu abubuwan da ke haddasa hadurran hanya da abin da za a yi don rage su. Waƙar wacce ke kunshe da mawaƙa Benji ta roƙi gwamnati da ta gyara munanan hanyoyi sannan kuma ta umarci 'yan sanda da su aiwatar da ƙa'idodin zirga -zirga. Haka kuma ma'aikatar yawon bude ido, al'adu da fasahar kere -kere za ta fara gangamin wayar da kan jama'a kan kiyaye haddura don tabbatar da zaman lafiya a kan hanyoyi da ceton rayuka da dama. Domin tunawa da ita da kuma tunawa da shekara ta 3 da rasuwarta, lakabin nata ya fito da 'John 8: 7' wanda ya nuna alamar mai tseren gaba Wendy Shay. |
5312 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk | Novosibirsk — ta uku mafi yawan kuma goma sha biyu cikin sharuddan yankin birnin a Rasha, na da matsayi na birnin gundumar. A Gudanarwa tsakiyar Siberian Tarayya District, Novosibirsk yankin, da kuma kunshe a da membobinsu da Novosibirsk yankin. kamar yadda birnin yake tsakiyar Novosibirsk agglomeration - mafi girma a Siberia.
Kasuwanci, harkokin kasuwanci, al'adu, masana'antu, sufuri da kuma kimiyya cibiyar tarayya muhimmanci.
Kafa a 1893, da matsayin birnin samu a 1903.
ɓangaren da
Novosibirsk is located a kudu maso gabashin ɓangare na West Siberian Bayyana a kan likitan mata tudu m ga likitan mata River kwarin, kusa da tafki kafa Dam Novosibirsk GES, a mahada daga cikin gandun daji da kuma steppe zones. Hagu banki na birnin ne lebur, dama bankin yayi wani iri-iri bim, ridges kuma ravines, domin a nan zai fara miƙa mulki ga dutsen taimako Salair Ridge. Birnin da kuma m Zaeltsovskiy Kudryashovsky gandun daji, Novosibirsk tafki.
Novosibirsky Jihar ilimi Opera da rawa gidan wasan kwaikwayo (na daya yi ya faru a watan Mayu 12, 1945) - Rasha ta mafi girma a gidan wasan kwaikwayo gini, da abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, alama ce birnin.
Tashar tashar jirgin "Novosibirsk-Main" (izini a 1939), da ginin da ake dimbin yawa kamar racing gabas kore locomotive.
Alexander Nevsky Cathedral - na farko da dutse gini a cikin birnin, bayan da tsarkake kawai 6 bayan shekara da matabbatarsu. Kusa da babban coci fara babban titi na Novosibirsk - Red Avenue.
Birane kasuwanci gidaje (yanzu Novosibirsk Yanki Museum) (yi kammala a shekarar 1911) - wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ta rawa gungu dokoki ne babban square na birnin - Lenin Square.
City shopping kungiyar soja (yanzu Novosibirsk Yanki Museum) (yi kammala a shekarar 1911) - wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmancin, tare da gidan wasan kwaikwayo na wasar kwaikwayo ta waka da kuma wasan kwaikwayo ta rawa gungu dokoki ne babban square na birnin - Lenin Square.
Stokvartirny gidan (yi kammala a 1937) - wani gida gina ta shahara m AD Kryachkova, wani gine-gine abin tunawa na tarayya muhimmanci
gidan su. Lenin (yanzu Novosibirsk kungiyar) (yi kammala a 1925) - An gina a ƙwaƙwalwar na shugaban Oktoba juyin juya halin na 1917 a kasa da watanni 6. Domin wannan aikin da aka bayar katunan tare da image na asali ce ta ginin, wanda mutane da ake kira "tubalin" (kudin daya katin da aka 10 aninai - kudin daya bulo a lokaci). Katunan an sayar da mutane a mafi guntu yiwu lokaci.
Commercial Building gamuwa (gyara gidan wasan kwaikwayo "Red Tocilan") - wani gine-gine abin tunawa, mai ban mamaki gina a shekara ta 1914 by Alexander D. Kryachkova.
Novosibirsk Museum of Railway kayan aiki - The gidan kayan gargajiya ƙunshi babban tarin tururi locomotives, dizal locomotives, lantarki locomotives da motoci, kazalika da Soviet motoci. Jimlar tsawon da fairground ne game da uku kilomita. * Sauna locomotive abin tunawa FD21-3000 NALunin, kafa a ƙwaƙwalwar na ƙ ir ƙ iro na dogo kai
Novosibirsk metro gada a fadin likitan mata River, shi ne mafi tsawo gada jirgin karkashin kasa a duniya - da tsawon 2145 m * Novosibirsk tafki (likitan mata Sea, cike a 1957-1959) - a rare biki makõma kuma daban-daban gasa, jimlar fannin 1,082 km²
Novosibirsk Zoo, wanda yana da tarin fiye da 700 jinsunan (kusan 11 000 mutanen da 1 Janairu 2012);
Tsakiya Siberian Botanical Garden - mafi girma a cikin Asiya na Rasha (wurin a kan 1,000 kadada);
Yara Railway tsawon mafi girma daga 5 km, located in Zaeltsovsky gandun daji, kuma yana da 5 tashoshin.
Sun Museum - Rasha ta kawai gidan kayan gargajiya sadaukar domin da alamu da alamomin da rana.
Museum Alexander Pokryshkin - Rasha ta kawai tashar jirgin karkashin kasa - a gidan kayan gargajiya sadaukar domin Air Marshal kuma sau uku Hero na Tarayyar Soviet Alexander Pokryshkin.
Monument zuwa Alexander III a wurin shakatawa "Urban Home» likitan mata River. A bude akwai babban-jikan Sarkin sarakuna Bulus Kulikovskii Danish jama'a.
Novosibirsk Akademgorodok
A abin tunawa ga Vladimir Lenin a kan Square. Lenin. Ya bude Nuwamba 5, 1970 Bronze. Yana daya daga cikin abubuwa na al'adu gãdon tarayya muhimmancin. Multi-adadi abun da ke ciki: da dama daga cikin abin tunawa ga Vladimir Lenin uku Figures - ma'aikata, sojoji da peasants - alamar da tuki sojojin na juyin juya halin, hagu - da adadi boys da 'yan mata da yula-qazanta kunnuwa, daidai da cin gaba na zamaninsu. Sculptor JF Brodsky, gine-ginen IG Pokrovsky, SP Skoblikov, GN Burhanov.
Novosibirsk - most kai cibiya na Siberia: ratsa shi Trans-Siberian Railway, hanyar jirgin kasa da hanyõyi. A Novosibirsk, located iko da yamma Siberian Railway. Novosibirsk ya haɗu Siberia, Far East, Central Asia da Turai yankuna na Rasha. Human da ciniki gudana muhimmanci taimakawa wajen ci gaban birnin. Novosibirsk ne a bangaren kogin tashar jiragen ruwa.
Biranen Rasha |
30389 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Sudan | Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam a Sudan | An yi Allah-wadai da matakin kare hakkin bil adama a Sudan. Wasu kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil adama sun tattara bayanai iri-iri na cin zarafi da cin zarafi da gwamnatin Sudan ta yi cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata karkashin mulkin Omar al-Bashir. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya nuna damuwa sosai game da take hakin bil'adama daga gwamnati da kungiyoyin 'yan bindiga. Ana kuma amfani da hukuncin kisa, gami da gicciye, don laifuka da yawa. A watan Satumban shekarar 2019, gwamnatin Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan wata yarjejeniya da hukumar kare hakkin bil adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya domin bude ofishin kare hakkin bil adama na MDD a birnin Khartoum da ofisoshin fage a Darfur, Blue Nile, Southern Kordofan da kuma gabashin Sudan. A watan Yulin 2020, a lokacin mika mulkin Sudan zuwa mulkin dimokuradiyya a 2019-2021, Ministan Shari'a Nasredeen Abdulbari ya bayyana cewa "dukkan dokokin da suka keta hakkin bil'adama a Sudan" za a soke su, kuma saboda wannan dalili ne majalisar ta zartar da wasu dokoki a farkon Yuli. 2020.
Cin zarafi a cikin saitunan rikici
Rikici tsakanin gwamnati da kungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye— yakin basasar da ya shafi rikicin arewa-kudanci, rikicin Darfur da ya hada da rikicin kabilanci tsakanin Larabawa da Larabawa a yankin Darfur da ke yammacin kasar—ya haifar da fyade, azabtarwa, kisa, da kuma gudun hijirar jama’a da yawa (wanda aka kiyasta ya wuce). miliyan 2 a cikin 2007), wanda ya sami Sudan idan aka kwatanta da Rwanda a cikin jaridu.An kuma sami na gicciye da aka yi a Sudan.
A cewar The Christian Science Monitor a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2004:Yakin yankin na Darfur dai ya taso ne a kan haka: Kabilun Afrika sun dade suna takun saka da kungiyoyin Larabawa a yankin kan samun fili mai kyau. Sannan a shekarar da ta gabata wasu kungiyoyin Afirka biyu dauke da makamai sun fara tawaye ga gwamnatin Khartoum. Gwamnati ta mayar da martani da ga alamu tana baiwa mayakan sa kai na Larabawa tallafin soji. Akwai rahotannin cewa jiragen yakin Sudan sun yi ruwan bama-bamai a kauyuka, inda daga bisani mayakan Larabawa suka shiga suka yi fyade tare da kashe wadanda suka tsira.
Tsaftar kabilanci a Darfur
Mukesh Kapila, jami'in Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (MDD) a Sudan ya bayyana rikicin a matsayin kawar da kabilanci, yayin da mayakan sa kai na Larabawa bakar fata ke aiwatar da kisan kiyashi ga 'yan kabilar a yankin Darfur. A cewar Kapila, "Gwamnati na da masaniyar abin da ke faruwa - kuma za ta iya yin tasiri ga mayakan Larabawa." Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta yi kiyasin cewa an kashe fararen hula 300,000 a yankin Darfur tsakanin shekarar 2003 zuwa 2010.
Wasu ƙungiyoyi, musamman Christian Solidarity Worldwide da Kungiyoyi masu alaƙa, suna jayayya cewa bautar tana wanzu a Sudan kuma tana samun kwarin gwiwa daga gwamnatin Sudan. A matsayin misalin irin waɗannan zarge-zargen, a cikin The Wall Street Journal a ranar 12 ga Disamba, 2001, Michael Rubin ya ce:. . . [O] a ranar 4 ga Oktoba, Mataimakin Shugaban Sudan Ali Uthman Taha ya bayyana, "Jihadi hanya ce ta mu kuma ba za mu yi watsi da shi ba kuma za mu ci gaba da daukaka tutarsa.A tsakanin ranakun 23 zuwa 26 ga watan Oktoba, sojojin gwamnatin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Aweil da ke kudancin kasar, inda suka kashe maza 93 tare da bautar da mata da yara 85. Sai kuma a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, sojojin Sudan sun kai hari a kauyukan da ke kusa da garin Nyamlell, tare da daukar wasu mata da yara 113. An kuma sace wata ma'aikaciyar agaji ta Kenya, kuma tun daga lokacin ba a ganta ba.Yaya bautar Sudan take? Wani yaro Kirista ɗan shekara 11 ya gaya mani game da kwanakinsa na farko da aka yi garkuwa da shi: “An gaya mini sau da yawa cewa ni Musulmi ne, kuma na ƙi, shi ya sa suka yanke yatsana. Alokor Ngor Deng dan shekara goma sha biyu an dauke shia matsayin bawa a 1993. Ba ta ga mahaifiyarta ba tun lokacin da barayin suka sayar da su biyu ga iyayengiji daban-daban. Sojojin Sudan sun kama Akon mai shekaru 13 a kauyensu shekaru biyar da suka gabata. Sojojin gwamnati shida ne suka yi mata fyade tare da yi mata fyade, kuma ta shaida hukuncin kisa guda bakwai kafin a sayar da ita ga wani Balarabe dan kasar Sudan.Yawancin bayi da aka 'yanta sun sami alamun duka, konewa da sauran azabtarwa. Fiye da kashi uku cikin hudu na mata da 'yan mata da aka bautar da su a baya da rahoton fyade.Yayin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu ke jayayya kan yadda za a kawo karshen bautar, kadan ne ke musun wanzuwar hakan. . . . [E] ƙididdiga na adadin baƙar fata da ake bautar da su a Sudan sun bambanta daga dubun dubatar zuwa ɗaruruwan dubbai (ba a ƙidaya waɗanda aka sayar a matsayin aikin tilastawa a Libiya). . . .A daya bangaren kuma, an riga an rubuta zamba da sunan “fansar bayi”.
Haƙƙoƙin mata
Sudan ƙasa ce mai tasowa da ke fuskantar ƙalubale da dama dangane da rashin daidaiton jinsi. Freedom House ta baiwa Sudan matsayi mafi karanci a tsakanin gwamnatocin danniya a shekarar 2012. Sudan ta Kudu ta sami wani matsayi mafi girma amma kuma an kiyasta ta a matsayin "ba kyauta ba". A cikin rahoton shekara ta 2013 na bayanan shekara ta 2012, Sudan ta kasance ta 171 a cikin ƙasashe guda 186 a kan ƙididdiga ci gaban bil'adama (HDI). Kasar Sudan kuma tana daya daga cikin kasashe kalilan da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kawar da duk wani nau'i na nuna wariya ga mata ba (CEDAW).
Duk da wannan, an sami sauye-sauye masu kyau dangane da daidaiton jinsi a Sudan. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2012, mata sun ƙunshi kashi 24.1% na Majalisar Dokokin ƙasar Sudan. Matan Sudan sun fi yawan kaso mafi yawa na majalisar dokokin kasar fiye da yawancin kasashen yammacin duniya. Duk da haka, rashin daidaiton jinsi a Sudan, musamman dangane da kaciyar mata da kuma banbance-banbance tsakanin mata da maza a kasuwar kwadago, ya dauki hankula a kasashen duniya.
Sudan ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta Afirka kan 'yancin ɗan adam da 'yancin mata a Afirka (Maputo Protocol) a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2008, amma har zuwa Yuli 2020 ba ta amince da ita ba tukuna.
Canjin Demokradiyya (2019-yanzu)
A lokacin da aka fara mika mulki ga dimokradiyya a shekarar 2019 bayan zanga-zangar da mata 'yan Sudan suka yi, a hankali gyaran shari'a ya inganta matsayin 'yancin mata a ƙasar. A karshen shekara ta 2019, an soke dokar ba da odar jama’a; ya haifar da cece-kuce saboda dalilai daban-daban, kamar sashe na 152 na dokar, wanda ya nuna cewa a yi wa matan da suka sanya wando a bainar jama’a bulala har sau 40. Sauran takunkumin da aka yi wa mata da aka soke sun hada da rashin 'yancin sanya tufafi (ta hanyar hijabi na wajibi da sauran matakan), motsi, tarayya, aiki da karatu. Laifukan da ake zargin (yawancinsu da masu fafutuka ke daukarsu da cewa ba bisa ka'ida ba) an hukunta su ta hanyar kamawa, duka da kuma tauye hakkin jama'a kamar 'yancin walwala da fadin albarkacin baki. A cewar Ihsan Fagiri, shugabar kungiyar No to zalunci a kan mata Initiative, kusan mata 45,000 ne aka gurfanar da su a karkashin dokar odar jama’a a shekarar 2016 kadai.
A watan Afrilun 2020, an yi wa kundin tsarin mulki kwaskwarima don hukunta kaciyar mata (FGM), wanda aka yanke masa hukuncin tara da ɗaurin shekaru 3 a gidan yari. A watan Yulin 2020, an soke buƙatun neman izinin mata daga wurin wani ɗan'uwa namiji don yin tafiya, da bulala a matsayin hukunci. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata irin su editan mujallar Words 500 Ola Diab da mai ba da shawara kan harkokin shari'a Charlie Loudon sun yaba da soke matakan danniya da takurawa mata a matsayin 'manyan matakai na farko'. Sun jaddada cewa dole ne a aiwatar da sabbin dokokin sannan kuma a yi watsi da dokokin da aka soke a aikace, wanda zai bukaci sake fasalin manufofin cikin gida na hukumomin gwamnati kamar 'yan sanda, sojoji da jami'an leken asiri. Wasu dokoki da dama da masu fafutuka suka bukaci a cire sun hada da gurfanar da wadanda aka yi wa fyade saboda ‘zina’, da kuma na mata masu juna biyu na ‘karuwanci’, wasu labaran da ke bayyana ka’idojin shigar mata, da kuma wargaza tsarin jama’a. 'yan sanda da kotuna masu sadaukarwa waɗanda ke cikin 'tsarin doka na jama'a'.
Yaran sojoji
A cewar Rory Mungoven, mai magana da yawun kungiyar hadin gwiwa don dakatar da amfani da yara sojoji, Sudan na daya daga cikin mafi munin matsalolin sojan yara a duniya. Akwai sama da yara ƙanana 17,000 da ke fafatawa a bangaren gwamnati ko kuma na dakarun ‘yan tawaye ko da bayan an kori tsofaffin yara sojoji 25,000 daga ƙungiyoyin ‘yan tawaye a Kudancin Sudan a shekara ta 2001. Suna ɗauke da AK-47 da M-16 a fagen daga, yayin da suke aiki a matsayin masu gano nakiyoyin mutane, suna shiga ayyukan kunar bakin wake, da kuma yin aikin leken asiri. Da yawa ana sacewa ko daukar su aiki da karfi, kuma galibi ana tilasta musu su bi umarni a karkashin barazanar kisa. Wasu kuma suna shiga kungiyoyin masu dauke da makamai ne saboda rashin bege ko kuma bayan an yi musu karya da wanke kwakwalwa. An yi wa yara da dama alkawarin cewa za su je makaranta, wanda a zahiri wuraren horar da sojoji ne da aka yi kama da makaranta. Wuraren, duk da kasancewar suna karkashin jagorancin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, inda aka wankar da yara kanana suka zama masu kisan kai. Ingantattun fasahar kere-kere sun samar da makaman da ba su da nauyi, ba su da tsada, kuma yaro da bai iya karatu ba zai iya harhadawa, lodinsa, da harbe shi, wanda hakan ya kara jawo hankalin yara sojoji.
Cin zarafin fursunoni
An daure manya da yara dari da dama bayan da 'yan kungiyar Adalci da daidaito suka kai hari a birnin Khartoum a watan Mayun 2008, adadin da bai dace ba daga yankin Darfur. Kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama ta Human Rights Watch ta soki gwamnatin Sudan da kin bayar da wani bayani kan inda suke. An samu shaidun azabtarwa da cin zarafi ga fursunonin da aka saki kuma an tattara su a cikin tambayoyi da yawa da Human Rights Watch ta rubuta.
A cikin Yuli 2020, an soke bulala a matsayin wani nau'i na hukunci.
Zaluntar masu kare hakkin dan adam
A tsakanin shekara ta 2003 zuwa shekara ta 2011, an kama Mudawi Ibrahim Adam akai-akai bisa zarginsa da aikin kare hakkin bil'adama da kungiyar Sudan Social Development Organization. Kungiyoyin da suka hada da Human Rights Watch, Front Line, da Amnesty International ne suka nuna rashin amincewarsu da wadannan kamen, wadanda karshensu ya ba shi suna " fursuna na lamiri ."
A ranar 5 ga Maris, 2009, a daidai ranar da kotun ICC ta gurfanar da Shugaba Omar al-Bashir, gwamnatin Sudan ta ba da umarnin rufe SUDO, kuma jami'an tsaron kasar sun karbe ofisoshinta. Jaridar New York Times ta ruwaito cewa, wasikar rufe ofisoshin ta fito ne daga hukumar kula da ayyukan jin kai da Ahmed Haroun, daya daga cikin mutanen da ke fuskantar sammacin kamawa daga kotun hukunta manyan laifuka ta kasa da kasa kan kisan gilla a Darfur. A lokaci guda gwamnatin Sudan ta kori " Kwamitin ceto na kasa da kasa, Oxfam UK, CARE, Mercy Corps da kuma sashen Dutch na Doctors Without Borders. Mudawi da SUDO sun daukaka kara game da rufe su a kotu, inda suka yi nasara a karar a watan Afrilun 2010. Duk da haka, bisa ga sanarwar SUDO na 2011, ƙungiyar ta kasance a rufe yadda ya kamata: "A Sudan za ku iya cin nasara a shari'ar amma babu wani canji. Ofisoshin SUDO sun kasance a kulle, kadarorinta sun kasance a daskare, kuma ba a bar kungiyar a Sudan ta ci gaba da aiki ba.”
Zaluntar addini
Hukumar leken asiri ta ƙasar Sudan (NISS) ta tsare Fasto Michael Yat da Peter Yan daga ranar 14 ga watan Disamba 2014 da 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, a ranar 1 ga watan Maris, an tuhume su da laifuka takwas karkashin kundin laifuffuka na shekarar 1991, biyu daga cikinsu na dauke da laifuka. hukuncin kisa. An ruwaito cewa an kama Peter Yan a lokacin da yake neman jindadin Michael Yat, kuma an kama Michael Yat bayan wa'azin bishara.
A cikin Yulin shekara ta 2020, an soke hukuncin (kisa) na yin ridda ga Musulmai (Mataki na 126 na kundin hukunta laifukan Sudan), da kuma haramcin barasa ga waɗanda ba musulmi ba. Hukumar ‘Yancin Addinin Duniya ta Amurka (USCIRF) ta yaba da sauye-sauyen da aka yi a ranar 15 ga Yuli, 2020, tare da kawar da Sudan daga cikin jerin ‘kasashen da suka damu musamman’ (inda ya kasance a cikin shekara ta 2000-2019), amma ya bukaci ‘yan majalisar Sudan da su soke wannan sabo. doka (Mataki na 125 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Sudan) kuma.
Halin tarihi
Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Sudan tun shekara ta 1972 a cikin rahoton 'Yanci a Duniya, wanda Freedom House ke bugawa kowace shekara. Ƙimar 1 "kyauta" ne; 7, "ba kyauta ba". 1
Haƙƙin LGBT
'Yan madigo, 'yan luwadi, bisexual, da transgender (LGBT) a Sudan suna fuskantar ƙalubalen shari'a waɗanda ba mazauna LGBT ba. Namiji da mata duka maza da mata ya kasance ba bisa ka'ida ba a Sudan, tare da hukunce-hukuncen da suka hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga hukuncin kisa ba . Sai dai a watan Yulin 2020 an soke dokar luwadi da a baya ta hukunta mazan luwadi da bulala 100 a laifin farko, ɗaurin shekaru biyar a gidan yari na biyu da kuma hukuncin kisa a karo na uku, inda sabuwar dokar ta rage hukuncin zuwa gidan yari. sharuddan jere daga shekaru biyar zuwa rayuwa. Masu fafutukar LGBT+ na Sudan sun yaba da sake fasalin a matsayin 'babban mataki na farko', amma sun ce bai isa ba tukuna, kuma ƙarshen burin ya kamata ya zama haramta ayyukan lalata da 'yan luwadi baki daya.
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya
Matsayin Sudan game da yarjejeniyoyin kare hakkin bil adama na kasa da kasa sune kamar haka.
Duba kuma
1998 Sudan yunwa
Aegis Students, ƙungiyar kare kisan kare dangi ta ɗalibai ta duniya, ta mai da hankali kan Sudan.
Aegis Trust
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Sudan
Satellite Sentinel Project
Bayanan kula
1. Lura cewa "Shekarar" tana nufin "Shekarar da aka rufe". Don haka bayanin shekara ta 2008 ta fito ne daga rahoton da aka buga a 2009, da sauransu.
2. ^ Tun daga 1 ga Janairu.
3. ^ Rahoton na 1982 ya shafi shekara ta 1981 da rabin farko na 1982, kuma rahoton na 1984 mai zuwa ya shafi rabin na biyu na 1982 da kuma gaba ɗaya 1983. Don samun sauƙi, waɗannan rahotannin "shekaru da rabi" guda biyu masu banƙyama an raba su zuwa rahotanni na tsawon shekaru uku ta hanyar cirewa.
Rahoton na musamman: Sudan in The Economist 15 Mayu 2004
Side Dark Islam - The Orwellian State of Sudan, The Economist, 24 Yuni 1995.
Sharia da IMF: Shekaru uku na juyin juya hali, SUDANOW, Satumba 1992.
Takardun ƙarshe na Majalisar Dattijan Katolika ta Khartoum, 1991. [ lura da "zalunci da tsananta wa Kiristoci"]
Muryar kare hakkin dan Adam, wanda Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Sudan ta buga, juzu'i na 1, fitowa ta 3, Yuli/Agusta 1992 [cikakkun rufe majami'u da karfi, korar limaman coci, tilasta wa jama'a gudun hijira, tilasta musulunta da kuma Larabawa, da sauran matakan danniya na Gwamnati. ].
Sudan - Cry for Peace, wanda Pax Christi International ya buga, Brussels, Belgium, 1994
Sudan - 'Yan Gudun Hijira a ƙasarsu: Tilastawa 'Yan Kwango da Muhallansu Daga Khartoum, a Juzu'i na 4, fitowa ta 10, na Labarai daga Africa Watch, 10 ga Yuli 1992.
take hakkin Dan Adam a Sudan, ta Sudan Human Rights Organisation, Fabrairu 1994.
Bayanin Pax Romana na Macram Max Gassis, Bishop na El Obeid, zuwa taro na hamsin na Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam, Geneva, Fabrairu 1994. na mutanen Nuba, na yau da kullun na fyade ga mata, bautar da yara, azabtar da firistoci da malamai, kona fastoci da masu koyarwa da rai, gicciye da yankan firistoci]
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Girmamawa (IHTIRAM), Jaridar Sudan don Al'adun 'Yancin Dan Adam da Batutuwan Banbancin Al'adu
Asusun mai daukar hoto - Hotunan gudun hijirar Sudan
Rayuwa da 'Yan Gudun Hijira
Rahoton shekara ta 2011 na Amnesty International kan Sudan
Human Rights Watch ta yi rahoto kan Sudan
Sharhin Hijira Tilastawa
Damuwa Kirista ta Duniya
LauniQ 1996-1998
An yi wa yarinya ‘yar shekara 12 fyade kafin a kashe ta
Yunwar da dan Adam ya jawo: an lalata amfanin gona, an kai harin bam a cibiyoyin rarraba abinci
Musayar 'yancin fadin albarkacin baki ta kasa da kasa ta sa ido kan hare-haren da ake kaiwa 'yan jarida a Sudan
John Dau Sudan Foundation: Canjin kiwon lafiya a Kudancin Sudan
Hiwaar Human Rights Advocacy Organisation: Yin aiki don daidaito
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
Dokar Najeriya
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
29776 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokokin%20Gandun%20Daji | Dokokin Gandun Daji | Dokokin gandun daji suna gudanar da ayyuka a yankunan dazuzzukan da aka keɓe, galibi game da kula da gandun daji da girbin katako . Dokokin gandun daji gaba ɗaya sun ɗauki manufofin gudanarwa don albarkatun gandun daji na jama'a, kamar yawan amfani da yawan amfanin ƙasa . Gudanar da gandun daji ya rabu tsakanin masu zaman kansu da na jama'a, tare da gandun daji na jama'a mallakar gwamnati. Dokokin gandun daji ana daukar su a matsayin al'amuran duniya baki daya.
Hukumomin gwamnati gaba ɗaya suna da alhakin tsarawa da aiwatar da kafa dokokin gandun daji akan filayen gandun daji na jama'a, kuma ƙila su shiga cikin ƙirƙira gandun daji, tsarawa, da kiyayewa, da sa ido kan tallace-tallacen katako. Dokokin gandun daji kuma sun dogara da yanayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na yankin da ake aiwatar da su. Haɓaka aikin kula da gandun daji na kimiyya ya dogara ne akan ma'auni na daidaitaccen rabo da girman itace a cikin wani yanki da aka ba da shi, da sare itatuwan tsari, da maye gurbinsu bisa ma'auni, a tsanake jeri na gonakin al'adu guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya girbe su a lokaci zuwa lokaci.
Dokokin gandun daji an yi niyya ne don kare albarkatu da hana fasa gandun daji, saren daji, farauta, da tattara ciyayi.
Koyaya, babu takamaiman ƙayyadaddun yankewa ko iyakancewa, jujjuyawar girbi, da mafi ƙarancin diamita na girbi. Gudanar da gandun daji yana tsara manufofin jihohi don kula da ƙasa, da kuma matakan cimma su.
gandun daji suna ƙirƙirar tsare-tsaren gudanarwa waɗanda ke lissafin kowane gandun daji daban da kansa.
A wasu lokuta, ana yin tsare-tsare tare da tsammanin cewa halittun da ke cikin dajin suna riƙe da tsayayyen yanayi, dabam da dajin da ke kewaye da su. Yawancin gandun daji waɗanda ke cikin ƙasashen duniya na uku ba su da ilimi ko horo don bin duk ƙa'idodin lokacin yin tsarin gudanarwa.
Manufofi da dokoki da suka dace na jama'a suna taimaka wa ci gaban tattalin arziki da zamantakewa mai dorewa a yankunan karkara da birane. Waɗannan manufofin suna aiki don kiyaye muhalli da kare flora, fauna da al'adun gargajiya . A al'adance, kare muhalli ya kasance wani yanki na gandun daji ta hanyar jaddada kiyaye gandun daji da lissafin tasirin muhalli akan ƙasa da ruwa. Dangane da sauran sassa, dazuzzukan ya shafi gandun daji sakamakon bullowar wayar da kan muhalli da dokoki a ƙarni na baya. Wannan ya kawo babban fifiko kan kariyar jeji da kyawawan dabi'un sa.
Bambance-bambancen halittu da sauyin yanayi sun yi tasiri musamman kan dokar gandun daji. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri tsare-tsaren kula da gandun daji, ana wakilta bambancin halittu a cikin ma'auni don dorewa. Saboda Yarjejeniyar Kyoto, rage sauyin yanayi ya zama makasudin dokar gandun daji da manufofi, wanda ke cike da faffadan manufofin yanayi da shirye-shirye. Duk da haka, Rosenbaum da abokan aiki sun bayyana cewa akwai 'yan dokoki da suka ƙunshi takamaiman tanadi don magance sauyin yanayi na asalin tushen gandun daji.
Dangantaka tsakanin gandun daji da sauran wuraren shari'a sun zama masu rikitarwa yayin da suka girma cikin buri da fa'ida da kuma yadda sauran yankuna ke ba da ka'idoji kai tsaye da a kaikaice kan yadda ake sarrafa ko amfani da gandun daji. Don haka alaƙar da ke tsakanin dokokin gandun daji na ƙasa da Kuma dokokinta na muhalli gabaɗaya suna zama mafi mahimmanci yayin da yanayin dokokin gandun daji ya ƙaru cikin sarƙaƙƙiya.
Dokokin gandun daji a yanzu sun amince da matsayin gandun daji a matsayin wurin zama na namun daji, albarkatun kiwo da noma, da kuma mai ba da gudummawar ruwa da kiyaye ƙasa. Kwanan nan, gabaɗayan ƙa'idodin dokar muhalli da ƙarin ƙayyadaddun dabi'u na bambancin halittu sun zama wani yanki na fili na dokar gandun daji. Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan gandun daji, wani dandalin manufofin gwamnatocin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarata 2000, ya zartar da kuduri kan ci gaban dazuzzuka masu dorewa, musamman wadanda suka shafi al'amuran zamantakewa da al'adu na gandun daji da na gargajiya da ke da alaƙa da gandun daji.
Ƙasashen Duniya
Saboda bambancin yanayi, mahimmanci, rawar albarkatun gandun daji da tsarin doka da hukumomi, dokar gandun daji ba ta da sauƙi a daidaita tsakanin ƙasashe. Bankin Duniya ya bayyana cewa, duk da kwatankwacin binciken da aka yi na yadda ake tafiyar da dokokin gandun daji, akwai karancin jagora mai amfani kan yadda za a tantance inganta dokar.
Ainihin ayyuka sun bambanta daga wannan ƙasa zuwa na gaba, duk da haka, a kowane hali ana kallon gandun daji na jama'a a matsayin albarkatun kasa, wato, mallakar ƙasa. Misali, ko da yake mafi yawan filayen daji a Amurka da Kanada mallakar sirri ne, wani adadi mai yawa na gwamnati a matsayin "kayan amfanin jama'a" amma bisa tsari na hayar ga masu kera katako. A Indiya, Raj ya mallaki kusan dukkanin gandun daji, yana bayyana su a matsayin "lalacewa" kuma, saboda haka, ba a mallaka ba. A Indonesiya, gandun daji mallakin gwamnati ne bisa doka amma ana kula da su a matsayin masu zaman kansu, yayin da a Brazil, rashin gwamnatin ƙasa ke sa gandun daji su buɗe hanyar shiga. A cikin wannan rawar, kiyaye gandun daji yana da alaƙa da samar da katako da sauran kayayyaki waɗanda ke samar da jari da ayyukan yi, kuma tattalin arzikin manyan yankuna kusan ya dogara ga samar da albarkatun ƙasa daga waɗannan dazuzzuka na duniya.
An amince da sabbin dokokin gandun daji a kasashen Gabashin Turai a matsayin wani bangare na sauya sheka zuwa tattalin arzikin kasuwa. Waɗannan dokokin sun yi tasiri sosai kan tsarin mallakar filaye na gandun daji, da inganta ƙa'idojin gudanarwa, da sabunta tsarin hukumomin dajin. An kuma ɓullo da sabbin dokokin gandun daji a ƙasashe da dama a Yammacin Turai don dacewa da sauyin yanayin tattalin arziki, buƙatun zamantakewa, da ƙarin shiga siyasa na ƙungiyoyi masu sha'awa da 'yan ƙasa a matakan gida da yanki.
Yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa
Juyin dokokin gandun daji a cikin ƙasashen Turai ya nuna cewa fahimtar yadda za a yi amfani da albarkatun ƙasa ta hanyar dorewa ya dogara da yanayin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Ma'anar dazuzzuka masu ɗorewa ana ƙaddara ta yanayi na gida kuma mahimmancin su ya canza sosai akan lokaci. A yau ana fahimtar kulawa mai ɗorewa azaman ayyukan gandun daji waɗanda ke mutunta abubuwan da aka ba su ta halitta da kuma kula da bambancin gandun daji a cikin yanayin yanayin su. Suna barin zaɓuɓɓuka masu yawa don haɓakar samar da itace, kare muhalli, da nishaɗi dama more rayuwa.
Amfanin dokokin
Tallace-tallacen jama'a da ke magana game da amfani da gandun daji sama da ƙarni ɗaya suna daga cikin tsofaffin nau'ikan manufofin muhalli na dogon lokaci. Doka ta al'ada, wanda aka tsara a cikin karni na 14, an tsara tsarin amfani da gandun daji daidai da buƙatu da zaɓuɓɓukan lokutansu. Ƙara yawan ka'idodin gandun daji da katako, waɗanda aka bayar tun daga karni na 16 zuwa gaba, sun biyo baya. Cimma buƙatun gida, samar da albarkatun ƙasa na dogon lokaci da makamashi, da ƙarin abubuwan da aka samu ta hanyar ingantattun ayyukan gandun daji su ne batutuwan da ke tafe. Doka ta kafa buƙatun ci gaba da gudana na samar da itace, wanda ke nufin dakatar da amfani da abin da ke akwai. Ya fahimci yanayin dazuzzukan na dogon lokaci, kuma ya inganta shigar al'ummomi da dama cikin ayyukan gandun daji. Bugu da ƙari, ya tanadar don tsarawa da gudanarwa, da kuma matakan sake farfadowa da sake gina gandun daji DA abubuwan SA Wannan ya gabatar da ƙa'idodin amfani da albarkatun ƙasa masu sabuntawa a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don dorewa kamar yadda muka fahimta a yau.
Dokar gandun daji ta Amurka
A Amurka Gwamnatin Tarayya tana kula da kusan kashi 33% na gandun daji, kuma kashi 9% na kananan hukumomi ne ke sarrafa su. Wannan ya ƙunshi kadada 343,901,880 (kilomita 1391722) na ƙasar daji. Yawancin wannan ƙasa an yi su ne da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa ko dazuzzuka na ƙasa waɗanda suka fara tare da kafa filin shakatawa na Yellowstone a 1872. Bayan haka, a cikin 1891, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Reserve Forest . National Park Service (NPS) ne ke kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda shine ofishin Sashen Cikin Gida (DOI). Hukumar kula da gandun daji ta Amurka (USFS), wata hukuma ce ta Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka (USDA).
Ilimin tattalin arziki
Sabbin manufofi suna sanya nauyi ga, da iko akan, sarrafa man itace a hannun mutane masu sha'awar tattalin arziki da kuma sabis na gandun daji . Sabis na gandun daji yana kula da cikakken ikon duk abubuwan samarwa da yanke shawara ta hanyar amincewa da ake buƙata kuma ta hanyar sarrafa ka'idodin da samarwa da gudanarwa zasu iya faruwa.
Aikin gandun daji masu zaman kansu ya kai sama da kashi 80 cikin 100 na noman gandun daji a wasu kasashe. Koyaya, a cikin ƙasashe da yawa, gandun daji masu zaman kansu ba su taɓa yin mahimmanci ba kuma, ko da lokacin da aka mai da ƙasa mai zaman kansa, jihar ta kan riƙe dazuzzuka. A yawancin Afirka, mallakar ƙasar mutum ɗaya yana da iyakancewa ta yadda mafi kusancin kusanci ga gandun daji masu zaman kansu galibi shine gandun daji na al'umma (ko da yake Afirka ta Kudu da Swaziland, a tsakanin sauran ƙasashe, suna da gonaki masu zaman kansu). Kwanan nan, darajar gandun daji na gonaki da na jari mai zaman kansa da gudanarwa sun haɓaka sha'awar hukuma game da gandun daji masu zaman kansu.
Ayyukan gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba suna hana gwamnatocin biliyoyin daloli na kudaden haraji, tare da haifar da lalacewar muhalli da barazana ga dazuzzuka. Cin hanci da rashawa da ke da alaka da gandun daji da kuma keta dokokin gandun daji yana lalata tsarin doka, yana hana saka hannun jari na halal, yana ba da fa'ida mara kyau. Har ma an yi amfani da kudaden da ake samu daga ayyukan gandun daji ba bisa ka'ida ba wajen daukar nauyin fadan makamai. Damuwa game da irin yadda saran dazuzzuka ba bisa ka'ida ba ke haifar da asarar gandun daji ya karu sosai tun a shekarun 1980. An samu shiga, girbe, jigilar kayayyaki da kuma yin ciniki da yawa daga cikin kaso mai yawa na katakon da ke shiga kasuwannin ƙasa da ƙasa a cikin ƙasashe kamar Bolivia, Brazil, Cambodia, Kamaru, Colombia, Honduras, Indonesia, Nicaragua, Peru, Philippines, da kuma Rasha dama sauran su.
Bankin Duniya a shekarata ya yi kiyasin cewa yin amfani da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba yana haifar da asarar kusan dalar Amurka biliyan 10-15 a shekara a kasashe masu tasowa a duniya. Ko da yake ana hasashen cewa, ingantacciyar shugabanci, da karin kudin hayar da jihar ke yi, da inganta gandun daji, duk za su iya amfanar da talakawa a fakaice, illar da ake yi ba bisa ka’ida ba da kuma tabbatar da dokar gandun daji a yankunan karkara ba shi ne abin da ya fi daukar hankali a yau.
Hanyoyin da mutane ke amfani da su da kuma darajar gandun daji suna canzawa. Haɓaka yawan jama'a, canza al'adu, fasaha, da kimiyya suna ƙara buƙatar albarkatun gandun daji. A cikin 'yan shekarun nan an yi bitar dokokin gandun daji a duniya sosai don mayar da martani ga waɗannan canje-canje. Duk da haka, rashin samun bayanai game da wanene da gaske yake amfani da gandun daji yana haifar da babbar matsala ga masu tsara manufofin gandun daji da hukumomin ci gaba masu tallafawa waɗanda aka ba da izinin yin amfani da tsarin tallafawa marasa galihu. Ba tare da bayyananniyar bayanai ba zai zama da sauƙi a yi watsi da muradun ƴan ƙasa da ƙasa yayin zayyana tsare-tsare na manufofi da nufin inganta sarrafa gandun daji ko tabbatar da dokar gandun daji. Wasu dokokin gandun daji sun ba da fifiko musamman ga matalauta gidaje na karkara da kuma tsirarun kabilu. A cikin ƴan shekarun baya-bayan nan, gwamnatoci da yawa a Latin Amurka sun amince da haƙƙin ƴan asalin ƙasar akan manyan yankuna, amma ƴan asalin ƙasar galibi suna samun wahalar kare waɗannan yankuna daga mamayewa daga masu saran bishiyoyi da sunan neman katako masu hakar ma'adinai, da manoma.
A cewar Bankin Duniya, “fiye da mutane biliyan 1.6 sun dogara ga dazuzzuka daban-daban don rayuwarsu. Kusan ƴan asalin ƙasar miliyan 60 sun dogara ga gandun daji. Kimanin mutane miliyan 350 da ke zaune a ciki ko kusa da dazuzzukan dazuzzukan sun dogara da su sosai don samun abin dogaro da kai. A cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa kimanin mutane biliyan 1.2 sun dogara ga tsarin noma a cikin gandun daji wanda ke taimakawa wajen ci gaba da haɓaka aikin noma da samun kudin shiga."
Schmithüsen et al., Masu ba da shawara ga tsarin tushen haƙƙoƙi game da lalata gandun daji tare da ba da fifiko kan ƙarfafa cibiyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam, haɓaka 'yancin kai na shari'a, haɓaka ilimin shari'a tsakanin al'ummomin karkara, da ba da taimakon doka; maimakon mayar da hankali kan dokokin gandun daji. Sun bayyana cewa ya kamata a danganta tsarin da ya danganci hakki da shirye-shiryen sake fasalin tsarin mulki da nufin samar da daidaiton jama'a da kuma nuna gaskiya a cikin kula da albarkatun kasa kuma ya kamata a samar da shi ta hanyar yin cudanya da kungiyoyin farar hula tare da la'akari da alkawurran gwamnatocin kasa na yin kwaskwarima ga doka. .
Babban yanki na dokokin gandun daji yana mai da hankali kan buƙatun gudanarwa, kudade, haraji, da haƙƙin mallaka. Amincewa da haƙƙoƙin rukuni na gargajiya ga wuraren da ake amfani da su tare, kamar gandun daji ko kiwo har yanzu ba a samu ba, duk da gwamnatoci ko turawan mulkin mallaka sun amince da iƙirarin ɗaiɗaikun mutane, dangane da al'ada ko amfani, zuwa ƙasar da ake amfani da su don noma ko gidaje. a cewar bankin duniya. Ta hanyar ɗaukar irin wannan ƙasa a matsayin "mara kyau" yayin aiwatar da aiwatar da haƙƙin haƙƙin mallaka, gwamnatoci a duniya sun ba da izinin mallakar jihohi na faɗuwar filayen gandun daji.
Doka ita ce hanya ta ƙarshe don samun bin doka. Akwai aƙalla hanyoyin guda uku don shawo kan matsalolin tabbatar da laifukan da suka faru a wurare masu nisa. Ɗayan shine a mai da hankali kan aiwatar da ayyukan da ake iya gani, kamar sufuri. Wani kuma, wanda aka saba da shi a cikin dokar farar hula, shine sanya rahoton jami'in da aka rantse a matsayin shaida a cikin ci gaba da shari'a. Wannan yana jujjuya nauyin hujja sosai ga wanda ake tuhuma. Na'ura ta uku ita ce yin amfani da zato na shaida, wanda hakanan yana jujjuya nauyin hujja ga wanda ake tuhuma.
A ƙasashe da yawa bambanci tsakanin abin da dokar gandun daji ta tsara da aiwatarwa na iya bambanta. Ko da a inda doka ke da ƙarfi, ɗabi'a ba bisa ƙa'ida ba daga jama'a da masu zaman kansu sukan ci gaba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi bayanin ayyukan da ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda karancin kudi da na mutane don sa ido da sarrafa ayyukan gandun daji a sassan dazuzzukan. Yayin da waɗannan ayyukan gandun daji ke faruwa a wurare masu nisa, jami'an gwamnati na iya fuskantar matsananciyar matsin lamba don su amince da cin zarafi, ko kuma su shiga cikin cin zarafi; tsarin kotuna sun koma baya ko kuma sun lalace; wahalhalun rayuwar yau da kullum ga talakawan karkara na iya mamaye duk wata kasadar da ke tattare da keta doka; da dai sauransu
Waɗannan bayanan suna jaddada batun cewa yayin da kyawawan dokokin gandun daji ya zama dole, amma a fili bai wadatar ba. Dokokin a ƙasashe da yawa sun kasance marasa amfani ko rashin amfani da su saboda dalilai kamar gazawar nufin siyasa, raunin cibiyoyi, ko ma rashin mutunta doka.
Hanyoyi biyu na masu zaman kansu da kuma tsare-tsaren dokokin jama'a na iya zama mai ban sha'awa ga tsarin zamani mai ban sha'awa hadewar inganta aiwatarwa: tsare-tsaren takaddun shaida na doka na iya tallafawa dokokin jama'a (fi). DDS, tsarin ƙwazo, kamar EU Dokokin katako).
Tarihi da cigaba
Gudanar da gandun daji ya samo asali ne daga dokar al'ada da aka tsara a karni na 14. A shekara ta 1992, wakilan ƙasashe 180 sun yi taro a Rio de Janeiro, don la'akari, da dai sauransu, amincewa da Yarjejeniyar Ka'idodin Gandun daji. Sun amince da Yarjejeniyar kan ka'idojin gandun daji, mai taken "Bayanin ka'idoji marasa doka don yarjejeniya ta duniya kan gudanarwa, kiyayewa da ci gaba mai dorewa na kowane nau'in gandun daji."
Dazuzzuka na kimiyya ya dogara ne akan ma'aunin rarraba da girman itace a cikin wani fakitin da aka bayar, tsarin sare bishiyu, da maye gurbinsu bisa ma'auni, a tsanake, jeri na gonakin al'adu guda ɗaya waɗanda za a iya girbe a lokutan da aka tsara.
Halin da ke bayyana a fili daga canje-canjen kwanan nan a cikin dokokin gandun daji da ƙa'idodi a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa suna nuna hanyoyi iri-iri kuma ana iya yin hukunci daga ra'ayoyi daban-daban. Sharuɗɗan da suka dace don bincike kan ci gaban doka sune daidaito, cikakkiya, haɗin kai, da kuma zartarwa.
Daidaituwa yana buƙatar dacewa da ka'idojin gandun daji tare da kimar tsarin mulki da dokokin dimokiradiyya, tare da manufofin ƙasa da suka shafi amfani da ƙasa, bunƙasa tattalin arziki da kare muhalli, tare da alkawurran kasa da kasa da yarjejeniyoyin bangarori daban-daban. Fahimta yana nufin manufofin dokar dazuzzuka dangane da kare gandun daji da raya gandun daji, da nau'ikan dazuzzuka daban-daban, da hakki da alhakin da ya rataya a wuyan masu gandun daji daban-daban. Ƙungiya tana da alaƙa da aikin gandun daji a matsayin albarkatun ƙasa, yanki da na gida. Hakanan yana da alaƙa da nau'in gandun daji ninki biyu a matsayin noma na zaman kansa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi bisa ga shawarar masu mallakar filaye da kuma albarkatun da ke samar da fa'idodi masu yawa ga al'umma. Ƙarfafawa yana nuna har zuwa nawa shirye-shiryen jama'a ke tallafawa ayyukan masu mallakar filaye. Aiwatar da ita tana nufin tsarin tsari na gwamnatocin gandun daji na jama'a dangane da canza nauyi da ayyuka, da kuma nau'ikan da suka dace na sa hannu na masu gandun daji da ƙungiyoyin sha'awa wajen daidaita amfani da gandun daji da ayyukan gudanarwa. Haɗin kai na iyawa tsakanin ƙungiyoyin jama'a muhimmin al'amari ne a cikin kimanta aikin sabbin ƙa'idoji ko gyara.
Sauran abunuwa
Jerin nau'ikan dazuzzukan da aka keɓe bisa ƙa'ida
Dajin sarauta
Tattalin arziƙin
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
50610 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl%20Kayinu | Earl Kayinu | Earl Cain (Japanese: , Hepburn:Hakushaku Kain Shirīzu),also known as Count Cain,is a gothic shōjo manga series written and illustrated by Kaori Yuki.Earl Cain consists of five parts or "Series":Forgotten Juliet (,Wasurerareta Jurietto),The Sound of a Boy Hatching (,Shōnen no Fukasuru Oto), Kafka (,Kafuka),The Seal of the Red Ram (,Akai Hitsuji no Kokuin),and the sequel series Godchild (,Goddo Chairudo).
An yi muhawara a cikin mujallar manga na Japan Bessatsu Hana zuwa Yume a watan Disamba 1991,an mayar da manga zuwa Hana zuwa Yume,inda ya ci gaba har zuwa 1994;Babi na gaba, Godchild,sun bayyana tsakanin fitowar Mayu 2001 da fitowar Oktoba 2003 a Hana zuwa Yume.Tare,jerin suna ɗaukar kundin kundin tankōbon13,tare da biyar don Forgotten Juliet,Sautin Yaro Hatching, Kafka,da Hatimin Red Ram da takwas don Godchild .An kuma fitar da CD ɗin wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu bisa jerin shirye-shiryen. An kafa shi a cikin ƙarni na 19 a Ingila,jerin sun fi mayar da hankali kan wani matashi mai suna Cain Hargreaves wanda ya magance kisan kai yayin da ya gamu da ƙungiyar asirin mahaifinsa,Delilah,wanda ke yin gwaji tare da rayar da matattu.
Earl Cain yana da lasisi don sakin harshen Ingilishi a Arewacin Amirka ta Viz Media,wanda aka buga Juliet Juliet,Sautin Yaro Hatching, Kafka,da Hatimin Red Ram a matsayin Cain Saga.An buga kundi na farko na The Cain Saga a watan Oktoba 2006;An buga ƙarar ƙarshe a watan Yuni 2007.An saki Godchild a lokaci guda,haka kuma ana yin shi da shi a cikin Viz's manga anthology Shojo Beat daga Yuli 2005 zuwa Yuni 2006.
Saitin manga ya samo asali ne daga"mafi duhu, grislier gefen"na manyan ajin Victoria da kuma sha'awar fina-finan da aka saita a lokacin Victorian. Don Godchild,ta yi tafiya zuwa London don yin bincike na tarihi kuma ta ziyarci wuraren tarihi guda bakwai a can.A cikin jerin,ta yi nuni ga Littafi Mai-Tsarki da kuma ayyukan adabi na zahiri,fina-finai da mutane.Masu bita sun samo jigogi iri-iri a cikin jerin.Muhimmin martani ga Kayinu Saga ya gauraye:wasu sun ji cewa asirai an yi su sosai tare da cikakken fasaha,yayin da wasu suka sami ɗanyen fasaha da gajerun labarai masu ruɗani da tsinkaya.Masu bita sun yaba wa Godchild a matsayin abin da ya wuce gona da iri,jerin nishadi tare da fasaha dalla-dalla.
An saita a lokacin ƙarshen zamanin Victorian a London,jerin suna mayar da hankali kan babban jarumin sa Cain C.Hargreaves [nb1] ɗan'uwar Alexis Hargrea mai shekaru goma sha bakwai da 'yar'uwar Alexis Hargreaves mai shekaru goma sha bakwai., Augusta. Da mahaifinsa ya zagi ta jiki da ta rai saboda haukarta da ta yi,Kayinu ya sa masa guba,bayan Augusta da ke mutuwa ya gargaɗe shi ya tsere.Kafin Alexis ya faɗa cikin teku,ya zagi ɗansa don ya yi rayuwa marar daɗi kuma ya mutu shi kaɗai.Kayinu ya gaji laƙabin ubansa na kunne a sakamakon zatonsa da ya yi.Tare da shi akwai ma'aikacin butar sa mai shekaru ashirin da takwas Riffael "Riff" Raffit,tsohon dalibin likitanci wanda suke da dangantaka ta kud da kud.[nb 2] Kawun Kayinu kuma mai kula da shari'a Neil Hargreaves yakan yi fushi da halinsa da kuma yadda yake tafiyar da aikinsa.Sau da yawa suna jin haushin dangantakar Kayinu da mata,’yar’uwar Kayinu ’yar shekara goma,mai fita kuma mai ƙarfi Mary Weather Hargreaves A baya can,ta rayu a kan tituna a matsayin mai arziki,bayan mahaifiyarta ta mutu don kare ta.Daya daga cikin abokan Kayinu,Oscar Gabriel,ya zama angonta don ya maido da hankalin mahaifinsa.Yayin da jerin shirye-shiryen ke ci gaba,yana yin kasada da ransa don ya kāre ta,kuma ta fahimci cewa yana kula da ita da gaske. |
34711 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongfield%2C%20Saskatchewan | Strongfield, Saskatchewan | Strongfield ( yawan 2016 : 40 ) ƙauye ne a lardin Kanada na Saskatchewan a cikin Karamar Hukumar Loreburn No. 254 da Sashen Ƙididdiga na Lamba 11 . Yana kwance kusan 100 km kudu da Birnin Saskatoon akan Babbar Hanya 19 tsakanin ƴan uwanta na Hawarden da Loreburn.
Strongfield ya kasance ƙauye mai haɓakawa tare da makarantar firamare, ofis, mota da dillalan kayan aikin gona, lif biyu na Saskatchewan Wheat Pool, ƙananan gidajen abinci da sauran kantuna. A yau makarantar ba ta wanzu kuma yawancin kasuwancin an dade a rufe.
Ƙauyen yana da wasan hockey da rinks, wurin shakatawa na Elks, gidan cafe Strongfield da ofis, da ƙaramin Cocin United na Kanada . Garin yana kusa da Kogin Saskatchewan ta Kudu, da tafkin Diefenbaker da mutum ya yi wanda Dam din Gardiner ya kirkira, daya daga cikin manyan madatsun ruwa na duniya. A tsakiyar ƙauyen akwai cenotaph ga sojojin Strongfield da suka mutu na Yaƙin Duniya na biyu.
Don shekaru ɗari na Saskatchewan, an gudanar da wani biki a ranar 2 ga Yuli, 2005 a Strongfield a wurin shakatawa na al'umma inda ayyukan suka haɗa da karin kumallo na pancake, gasar tseren doki, farati, titi, hockey, jinkirin farar, lambunan giya, abincin dare da rawan titi.
Mafarin filin Strongfield ya ta'allaka ne daga 1903 da babban guguwar matsugunan Yamma da ci gaban gandun daji na Kanada. An haɗa Strongfield azaman ƙauye a ranar Mayu 3, 1912. Tun daga wannan lokacin ta ci gaba a matsayin cibiyar tattalin arziki da zamantakewar al'umma da ke yaduwa a yankin.
Ma'aikacin gwamnati JA Maddock da ma'aikatan jirgin sun fara binciken yankin daga watan Mayu zuwa Yuli 1883, jim kadan bayan tsohon Hudson's Bay Company ya zama wani yanki na Kanada don tsara shi azaman Yankunan Arewa maso Yamma . Tsarin binciken gandun daji na Kanada ya dogara ne akan irin tsarin da aka ɗauka a Amurka. An raba garuruwan zuwa sassa 36 na kowane . murabba'in an ƙara raba shi zuwa sassan kwata na . Strongfield a ƙarshe zai kasance a kan ƙauyen 27, kewayo 5, yamma na meridian na uku .
Gwamnatin Dominion, da ke neman tabbatar wa kamfanonin jiragen kasa cewa kasashen Yamma na da kyaun noma, ta nemi taimakon wasu 'yan kasar Kanada biyu, Col. Davidson (wanda ake kiran garin Davidson na kusa, Saskatchewan ) da AD McRae . Sun ziyarci wuraren shakatawa kuma sun tafi Amurka don neman jari. sun kafa Kamfanin Saskatchewan Valley Land Company, sun sayi kadada 500,000 km 2 ) na ƙasa tsakanin Saskatoon da Regina daga Gwamnatin Dominion a dala daya acre kuma ya fara inganta sulhu. Kamfanin daga baya ya sayi kadada 1,250,000 (5060 km 2 ) daga kamfanonin jirgin kasa akan $1.75 acre. Sun dauki ma'aikatan filaye sama da dubu biyu kuma sun sayar da ƙasar akan $1.75 acre a 1901. Wannan farashin daga baya ya tashi zuwa bakwai sannan ya koma dala goma a kadada.
George Armstrong, ɗan kasuwan Markdale, ɗan kasuwa na Ontario, yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗannan wakilai kuma wataƙila saboda tasirinsa da ƙarfafawa ne cewa sama da kashi uku na farkon mazauna yankin Markdale - Meaford a Ontario ne.
Wani babban yanki na farkon mutanen ya ƙunshi mazauna Finnish daga Dakota waɗanda suka zo don ɗaukar gidaje a gefen kogin Kudancin Saskatchewan. Akwai 'yan kaɗan daga cikin zuriyar waɗannan mazauna da suka rage a yankin Strongfield yayin da mafi yawansu ke sayar da ƙasarsu don ƙaura zuwa yammacin kogin inda yawancin mazauna Finnish ke zama.
Babban yanki na uku na al'ummar yankin sun fito ne daga Amurka ta tsakiya kuma galibinsu 'yan asalin kasar Norway ne. Wannan ya kasance a cikin babban bangare saboda ƙoƙarin limamin Lutheran na Norwegian kuma wanda ya kafa Hanley, Saskatchewan, Knute B. Birkeland wanda ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar tallace-tallace a cikin jaridun Norwegian-American don shawo kan yawancin Norwegians a cikin Dakotas, Minnesota, Iowa, da Wisconsin don ɗauka. Gidajen zama a Saskatchewan. Daga baya, dangin waɗannan majagaba na Norway na farko za su zo kai tsaye daga Norway su ma.
Ba kamar yawancin ƙauyukan Saskatchewan ba, ta sami bunƙasar yawan jama'a da tattalin arziƙi na tsawon shekaru kusan goma a ƙarshen shekarun hamsin da farkon sittin saboda gina Dam ɗin Gardiner akan Kogin Saskatchewan ta Kudu kusan 20. km yamma.
A cikin kididdigar yawan jama'a ta 2021 da Statistics Canada ta gudanar, Strongfield yana da yawan jama'a 55 da ke zaune a cikin 28 daga cikin 29 na gidaje masu zaman kansu, canjin yanayi. 37.5% daga yawan jama'arta na 2016 na 40 . Tare da filin ƙasa na , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 84.6/km a cikin 2021.
A cikin ƙidayar yawan jama'a ta 2016, ƙauyen Strongfield ya ƙididdige yawan jama'a 40 da ke zaune a cikin 20 daga cikin 20 na jimlar gidaje masu zaman kansu, a 0% ya canza daga yawan 2011 na 40 . Tare da filin ƙasa na , tana da yawan yawan jama'a 50.0/km a cikin 2016.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17397 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garba%20Gashuwa | Garba Gashuwa | Alhaji Garba Shu'aibu Gashuwa An haife shi ne a shekara ta alif ɗari tara da hamsin da bakwai na Miladiyya.(A.c). Ya kasance mawaki ne da ke raye-raye a cikin mawakan Hausa na wannan zamani.
Rayuwar farko
Alhaji Garba Shu'aib Gashuwa, wanda aka fi sani da "Garba Gashuwa", shi dan Najeriya ne kuma mawakin zamani na Hausa mawãƙi,dan kasuwa,dan siyasa da kuma mai ritaya farar hula, An haife shi a Gasamu, a ba-rana Jakusko karamar Yankin Jihar Yobe, Arewa maso Gabashin Nijeriya a shekarata alif dubu daya da dari Tara da hamsin da bakwai ,mahaifinsa Sālisu da mahaifiyarsa Salāmatu. Mahaifin Gashuwa dan asalin garin Badawa ne (Bade) kuma yana da yara hudu, wadanda suka hada da Sa'idu, Isa, Garba (na uku),Sai Musa. A yau, Garba Gashuwa yana zaune a Kano tare da danginsa kuma yana da ’ya’ya da yawa; a cikinsu akwai Musa Garba Gashuwa, haziki kuma mashahurin mawaki.
A maganganun da janar yayi a tsakanin Musulmi al'ummomi a kasar hausa, Gashr uwa ta ilimi fara da shekaru biyu a lokacin da ya halarci wani gargajiya Kur'ani makaranta a Gasamu. Bayan kammala karatunsa ya koma Gashuwa, inda ya karanci ilimin hadisi, fiqhu da sauran fannoni da suka shafi ilimin addinin Musulunci. Gashuwa bata shiga kowace makarantar yamma ba, amma ta koya daga abokai yadda ake karatu da rubutu a rubutun Roman. Gashuwa shima polyglot ne.
Bayan kammala karatunsa, matashin Gashuwa, ya fara kasuwanci a garin Bade yana sayar da littattafan addinin musulunci kamar Qawa'idi, Yasin Arashada, Iza-waqa, Ahalari da Dala'ilul Khairati. Baya ga kasancewar sa mai sayar da littattafai, ya kasance a lokaci guda mai sayar da takalmi da mai dinkin hulba (mai suturar gargajiya ta Hausawa). Ya zauna a Legas tsawon shekaru don bin waɗannan kasuwancin kasuwancin.
Ayyukan Gwamnati
Sannan yayi wa gwamnatin Gashuwa aiki ya fara ne a lokacin daga karshe ya koma Kano ya zauna bisa bukatar Marigayi Malam Aminu Kano. Nadin nasa na farko da Gwamnatin Jihar Kano ta yi shi ne a Sashen Al’adu na CTV-67 , a lokacin gwamnatin Alhaji Aliyu Sabo Bakin Zuwo. Ya yi aiki a wurin har zuwa shekarar 1989, lokacin da mai kula da mulkin soja Kanar Idris Garba, ya nemi a tura shi zuwa Ofishin Tarihi da Al’adu na Jihar Kano , inda ya kasance mai ba da shawara. Ya yi aiki a Ofishin har ya zuwa matsayin memba na Kwamitin Daraktocin ta, matsayin da ya rike daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa shekara ta 1995. Ya yi ritaya daga aiki a cikin shekara ta 1995 kuma ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa wajen tsara waƙoƙin Hausa a rubutun Ajami.
Gashuwa ya samu karbuwa ne da horo daga Abdu Nguru, wani mawaki na saninsa, sannan daga baya ya fara kan batutuwa na Islama kamar Isra'i & Mi'iraj, da mu'ujizoji da mutuwa (wafaat) ta Annabi Muhammad. Ana rubuta ayyukansa a rubutun Ajami na Hausa.
Sannan shi Ya fara rubuta wakokin siyasa ne a yayin rangadin yakin neman zaben Shugaban Kasa na Jam'iyyar Jama'atu ta Kasa, Malam Aminu Kano a shekarar 1978, wanda aka gudanar a Gashua da kewaye. Sakamakon haka, Aminu Kano ya gayyaci Garba Gashuwa ya zauna a Kano, don ya ci gaba da ba da gudummawarsa ga ci gaban siyasar wancan lokacin. Duk lokacin da Gashuwa ya rera wakarsa ta siyasa, masu sauraronsa za su rera waka, suna tafa hannayensu. Baya ga addini da siyasa, Gashuwa ya yi rubuce rubuce kan wasu batutuwa kuma, ya zuwa yanzu, yana da fiye da 1,000 waƙoƙin Ajami na Hausa don sunansa.
Jigogi, yare da salon wakokin Gashuwa
Da farko, mawakan Hausa sun yi amfani da. (kuma har yanzu suna amfani da shi) mita Larabci goma sha shida da aka karɓa daga wadatar Larabci a cikin tsara su. A yau, wasu mawaƙa suna zaɓar salo da jigogi na zamani, kodayake tasirin tasirin waƙoƙin Larabci har yanzu yana bayyane. Gashuwa ya gina mafi yawan waƙinsa ne bisa ga waƙoƙin fitaccen mawaƙin Hausa kuma mawaƙin, Dakta Mamman Shata na Katsina, tare da jigogin da suka haɗa da addini, siyasa, al'amuran zamantakewar al'umma, ilimi, da al'adu na gargajiya.
Ta hanyar amfani da harshe da kayan waƙa, "yaren wakansa ya zama mai sauƙi kuma ya dace da talakawan Hausa su fahimta". Hakanan yana amfani da kalmomin lamuni na larabci da Ingilishi, yare, karin magana da maganganu marasa ma'ana don bayyana ma'anarsa. Sama da duka, ko da yaushe Gashuwa yana buɗewa kuma ta rufe masa waka tare da wani doxology, babu kome da motif. Wani lokacin wakokin nasa su kasance tare da tafa hannu. Ga Gashuwa "ya kamata a rera waƙoƙin siyasa mai tasiri cikin murya mai daɗi, tare da tafa hannu, kuma ya kamata ya ƙunshi karin magana"; ya yi riko da cewa tabbas hakan zai ja hankalin masu sauraro. A ƙasa akwai misalin karin magana a cikin wakarsa mai suna Ɗan Hakin da ka Raina, " Littlearamar ciyawar da kuka raina". Wannan baitin yana cikin siga biyar, yanayin pentastich, tare da “b” azaman waƙar waje.
Wannan yanayin yana nuna karin magana a cikin harshen Hausa wanda ke cewa:
" Karka Zagi dan uwanka saboda ya kaskantar da kansa", kamar yadda rakumin daji (rakumin daji) ya fada, lokacin da ta ga rakumin gida dauke da kaya mai nauyi.
Garba Gashuwa ya buga Fasahar Garba Gashuwa, "Wakokin Garba Gashuwa" (an fassara shi daga Ajami zuwa rubutun Boko), Anthology, wanda ya kunshi tarin 30 daga cikin wakokinsa da yawa, wanda Farfesa Abdulƙadir Ɗangambo na Jami'ar Bayero, Kano ya shirya. , kuma aka buga shi a Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, Nijeriya.
Yanayin aiki
Akwai takaddar karatu ta digiri (a cikin harshen Hausa) a kan gudummawar da ya bayar wa adabin Hausa, wacce Amina Tijjani ta Jami’ar Bayero ta rubuta a shekara ta 1990. Akwai babban shafi a darasin karatun digiri na biyu na Abdullahi Birniwa, a shekara ta 1987, Jami'ar Usman Danfodio, Sakkwato, Nijeriya, wanda ke nazarin Han Hakin da ka Raina, wanda aka kawo a sama. Wani karatuttukan karatun digirin digirgir na Jibril Shu'aibu Adamu na Jami'ar Warsaw, Poland, ya yi amfani da wakansa a matsayin ɓangare na kayan aikin da ake nazari.
Wakokin waka
Han Hakin da ka Raina The ( littleananan ciyawar da kuka raina…)
Aminu Nuruz Zamni ( Wahala ga Malam Aminu Kano)
A Jihar Kano mun sam Nasara (Mun ci nasara a Jihar Kano)
Mu'aujizar Manzon Allah (SA W) ( Mu'ujizozin Annabi (SAW))
Aikin Hajji ( Aikin Hajji )
Ta'aziyyar Tsohon Gwamnan Kano Alhaji Aliyu Sabo Bakin Zuwa ( Wakar Makokin Marigayi Gwamnan Kano, Alhaji Aliyu Sabo Bakin Zuwo)
T a'aziyar Tsohon Shugaban Ƙasar Najeriya Janaral Sani Abacha ( Wakar Baƙin Cikin Tsohon Shugaban Generalasa Janar Sani Abacha.
Rabu da Faɗin Mutum (Bari su ce)
Cin Hanci Haramun ne ( Cin hanci da rashawa doka ce ta haramtacciya)
Tsafta Cikon Addini ce (Tsafta Cikan Addini ne)
'Yan Tagwayen Jam'iyyu ( Tagwayen Jam'iyyun Siyasar SDP & NRC )
Ilimi Garkuwa Ɗan'adam (Ilimi, Garkuwan Dan Adam)
Ilimi Makamin Bawa (Ilimi, Makamin Bawa)
Ilimi Cikar Ɗan'adam (Ilimi, Cikewar 'Dan Adam)
Munafurcin Karen Ruwa Jami'in AP P. (Munafuncin Ottur, Jam'iyyar APP)
Mashaya Giya ( Masu Shaye Shaye )
Halayen Wasu Mata da Maza (Halayyar Wasu Mata da Maza)
Matan Aure Hattara Dai! (Matan gida suyi hankali)
Bayanan kula
Birniwa, HA 1987. 'Conservatism da Dissent: Nazarin Nazari na NPC / NPN da NEPU / PRP Ayar Siyasar Hausa daga Circa 1946 t0 1983'. Rubutun PhD wanda ba a buga ba. Sashen Harsunan Najeriya. Sakkwato: Jami’ar Sakkwato.
Gashuwa, G. 2008. Fasahar Garba Gashuwa. Zaria: Amana Publishing Limited.
Piłaszewicz, S. 1985. "Littattafai a cikin Harsunan Hausa" a cikin Littattafai a cikin Harsunan Afirka: Bayanai na Ka'idoji da Nazarin Sample, Andrzejewski, BW et al. (eds). Warsaw: Gidan Wallafa na Wiedza Powszechna, shafi na 190-254.
Sa'id, B. 1983/85. “Tsarin Ayoyi Na Wakokin Hausa.” In Harsunan girma, Vol. XIII, (shafi na. 49-78). CSNL. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Schuh, RG 1987. "Zuwa ga Nazarin Metrical na Ayar Hausa Prosody" Mutadaarik ". Takardar da aka gabatar a Taro na goma sha takwas na Cibiyar Nazarin Harsunan Afirka 'a' Quebec a Montreal.
Tijjani, A. 1990. “Garba Gashuwa da Wa canza yanayinsa.” BA Hausa Dissertation. Kano: Jami’ar Bayero.
Zima, P. 1974. 'Digraphia: Shari'ar Hausa' a Harshe: Nazarin Kasashen Duniya, 124. Netherlands: Mouton & Co.
Rayayyun mutane
Pages with unreviewed translations |
38724 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Jones%20%28wrestler%29 | Nathan Jones (wrestler) | Nathan Jones (an Haife shie 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1969) ɗan wasan qasar Ostiraliya ne, zakara mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi kuma tsohon ɗan kokawa ne . An fi saninsa da lokacinsa a WWE . Ya gudanar da gasar WWA ta Duniya mai nauyi sau ɗaya a cikin kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars, kuma ya daidaita kansa tare da The Undertaker in World Wrestling Entertainment a kan ta SmackDown.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Jones a Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Kafin aikinsa na kokawa, an yanke wa Jones hukuncin shekaru 16 a 1987 yana da shekaru 18 zuwa Boggo Road Gaol saboda fashi da makami takwas tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1987, biyu daga cikinsu sun faru a Tasmania , A lokacin fashin, ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda ake nema ruwa a jallo a Ostireliya kuma ya kai shekaru bakwai a gidan yari mai tsananin tsaro. A cikin 1994, an ba Jones aikin saki na shekara guda kafin a sake shi yana da shekaru 25. Yayin da yake kurkuku, an gabatar da shi ga wasan motsa jiki . Ana kuma zarginsa da fara shan kwayoyin hana daukar ciki a wannan lokaci. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya zama Zakaran fowerlifting na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya.
Aiki mai ƙarfi
No local image but image on Wikidata
Bayan an sake shi, Jones kuma ya fara fafatawa a gasa mai karfi kuma a wannan lokacin, an yi masa lakabi da "Megaman". A matsayinsa na Babban Mutum mafi ƙarfi a Ostiraliya, ya shiga Gasar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Duniya a Callander, Scotland, a ranar 29–30 ga Yuli 1995. Ya dauki matsayi na farko, yana saman filin da ya hada da 1993 Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya Gary Taylor . Karshen mako mai zuwa, ya fafata a gasar Muscle Power Classic ta Duniya da aka gudanar a Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Magnús Ver Magnússon ne ya lashe wannan gasa, inda Nathan ya kare a matsayi na biyar a fage na fafatawa a gasa goma sha biyu.
Jones na gaba ya shiga cikin gasar 1995 mafi ƙarfi, a duniya. Bayan da ya yi saurin kayar da Phil Martin sau biyu a gasar kokawa ta hannu a cikin zafin nama, Jones ya yi daidai da Magnus Samuelsson, wanda ya kasance zakaran kokawa na Turai tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma wanda zai zama Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya a 1998. Samuelsson ya lashe zagayen farko. A zagaye na biyu Jones ya ki sauka ya ja da hannu kishiyarsa yana murguda jikinsa. Wannan ya haifar da karye hannun da yake amfani da shi don yin kokawa (karya ta karkace ta humerus ), kuma daga baya ya fita daga gasar. Jones ya koma gasar Strongman a cikin 1996, inda ya lashe Kalubalen Ƙarfafa na Duniya, kuma ya sanya na uku a cikin Mutum mafi ƙarfi a duniya wanda ya cancanci zafi a bayan Magnús Ver Magnússon da Jorma Ojanaho .
Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha
Ya kuma halarci wani gasa mai gardama a wasan farko na Pride Fighting Championship Pride 1 a watan Oktoba 1997, yana fuskantar ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na Japan kuma tsohon zakaran sumo Koji Kitao . An mika Jones bayan an kama shi a cikin maƙalli.
Kwararren sana'ar kokawa
Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars
Bayan aiki a matsayin mai gadi ga multimillionaire Rene Rivkin, Jones ya fara aiki a cikin kokawa a wannan lokacin. Jones ya fara samun shahara a aiki a Duniyar Kokawa All-Stars, yana yin babban tasiri a farkon WWA biya-per-view " Inception ", inda Rove McManus ya raka shi zuwa zobe. Duk da haka, ya sha kaye bayan an farfasa Rove da guitar Jeff Jarrett kuma an buge Jones da bugun jini .
A lokacin da yake cikin WWA, Nathan ya lashe gasar WWA ta duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2002 kafin ya rasa bel ga Scott Steiner kwanaki 5 kacal.
Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max
Bayan asarar taken, Jones ya fara yin wa Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max a watan Yuni. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, Jones da Jon Heidenreich sun doke Masato Tanaka da Shinjiro Otani don lashe gasar NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship . A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Jones da Heidenreich sun yi nasarar riƙe kambun a kan Jimmy Snuka Jr. A karo na 2. da The Predator kafin a rasa taken washegari zuwa Naoya Ogawa da Shinya Hashimoto .
Nishaɗin Wrestling na Duniya
Bayan Jones da farko ya sanya hannu, kan kwangilarsa da World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), bai iya yin aiki a Amurka ba saboda batutuwan biza da suka samo asali daga tarihin aikata laifuka. A ƙarshen 2002 da farkon 2003, Jones ya fara yin wasa a cikin duhu don Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya. Tun asali an inganta shi a matsayin " Hannibal Lecter " nau'in hali. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2003 shirin SmackDown!, Jones ya yi WWE a cikin zobe na farko da aka watsa ta talabijin kuma ya ci Bill DeMott .
Bayan yin muhawara, ainihin halin Jones ya kasance nixed, kuma an sanya shi a cikin labarun labari tare da The Undertaker a matsayin mai kare shi da mataimaki a lokacin yakin Undertaker tare da A-Train da Babban Nuna . A WrestleMania XIX, Jones da Undertaker an shirya su fuskanci Big Show da A-Train a cikin Tag Team wasan, amma a cikin minti na karshe, wasan ya zama wasan nakasa a maimakon. A kan allo, an kai wa Jones hari kafin wasan kuma ya ji rauni. Kusa da lokacin rufe wasan, Jones ya sake bayyana kuma ya kai hari kan Babban Nunin, wanda ya ba da damar Undertaker ya saka A-Train don nasara. An aika Jones zuwa Ohio Valley Wrestling don inganta kwarewarsa.
Jones ya kasance ba ya nan a talabijin na tsawon watanni da yawa har sai da ya dawo a cikin kaka na 2003 a matsayin mugu da aka sani da sunan barkwanci "The Colossus of Boggo Road", taken yana nufin lokacin da ya kashe a Boggo Road Gaol . An haɗa shi tare da Paul Heyman akan allo, tare da Heyman yana ɗaukar rawar SmackDown! Ganaral manaja. Nan da nan kuma an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Survivor Series na Brock Lesnar, wanda kuma ya haɗa da A-Train, Big Show, da Matt Morgan don yin fafatawa da abokin hamayyar Lesnar Kurt Angle da tawagarsa. A Survivor Series, An kawar da Jones ta Angle bayan ya ƙaddamar da Kulle Ankle . Kungiyar Lesnar ta sha kashi a hannun Team Angle sannan Jones ya koma matakin don yin katsalandan a wasannin Lesnar tare da sauran membobin Team Lesnar. Hakanan Lesnar ko Heyman ya sanya shi cikin matches don taimaka musu. A ranar 6 Disamba 2003, Jones ya bar kamfanin saboda tsananin jaddawalin balaguron balaguro na WWE yayin da yake yawon shakatawa a Perth, Ostiraliya .
Bayan-WWE da ritaya
Bayan barin WWE, an shirya Jones don yin kokawa a cikin 2004 a Supershow na Australiya na Wrestling, wanda aka yi wa Mark Mercedes . Jones bai bayyana kamar yadda aka yi tallace-tallace ba kuma an gudanar da yakin basasa bayan wani hasashe na harbi kan Jones da Mercedes da mai talla Andy Raymond suka, yi.
A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya yi kokawa guda uku don Kokawa ta Duniya. . A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, ya doke Lee Star kuma a ranakun 7 da 8 ga Oktoba, ya doke Mark Hilton. Bayan wasansa na ƙarshe da Hilton, nan da nan Jones ya yi ritaya daga kokawa.
A cikin 2008, Jones ya sanya hannu tare da Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, amma lalacewar jijiyar da motar siminti ta buga hannunsa na hagu ya sa shi jinkiri na watanni uku na farko. Bai taba yin kokawa ba don talla.
Gasar da nasarori
An kwatanta Pro Wrestling
PWI ya sanya shi # 137 na Manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2003
Pro kokawa ZERO1-MAX
NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship ( lokaci 1 ) - tare da Jon Heidenreich
Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars
Gasar Cin Nauyi ta Duniya ta WWA ( sau 1 )
Jaridar Wrestling Observer
Wrestler Mafi Kunnya
Wrestler mafi muni
Mixed Martial Art Records
|Koji Kitao
|Submission (keylock)
|PRIDE 1
|Tokyo, Japan
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Professional MMA record for Nathan Jones from Sherdog
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
24513 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armie%20Hammer | Armie Hammer | Armand Douglas “Armie” Hammer (an haife shi a watan Agusta 28, 1986) ɗan wasan Amurka ne. Ofan ɗan kasuwa Michael Armand Hammer kuma babban jikan hamshaƙin attajirin mai Armand Hammer, ya fara wasan kwaikwayo tare da baƙo a cikin jerin talabijin da yawa. Matsayin jagoran farko na Hammer shine kamar Billy Graham a cikin fim ɗin 2008 Billy: Shekarun Farko, kuma ya sami babban yabo saboda kwatancin tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss a cikin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin David Fincher The Social Network , wanda ya ci lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fasahar Fina -Finan ta Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi .
Hammer ya nuna Clyde Tolson a cikin biopic J. Edgar , ya buga halayen taken a yammacin The Lone Ranger , kuma ya yi tauraro a matsayin Illya Kuryakin a cikin fim ɗin aikin Mutumin daga UNCLE . A cikin 2017, ya yi tauraro a cikin wasan kwaikwayon soyayya na Luca Guadagnino Kira Ni da Sunan ku, wanda ya sami lambar yabo don Golden Globe don Mafi Tallafin Jarumi da nadin Kyautar Ruhu Mai 'Yanci don Kyakkyawan Tallafin Namiji . A shekara mai zuwa, ya nuna Martin D. Ginsburg a cikin biopic On the Basis of Sex . A kan Broadway, ya yi tauraro a cikin samar da madaidaicin Farin Maza a cikin 2018.
A cikin 2021, an yi iƙirarin cin zarafin fasikanci da cin abincin dabbobi a kan Hammer, gami da zargin BDSM da ba a yarda da shi ba, fyade, da cin zarafin jiki da tausayawa. Hammer ya musanta zargin, inda ya kira su da "hari ta yanar gizo". Daga baya ya yi watsi da ayyuka da yawa na gaba kuma mukaddashin hukumar da mai tallata shi ya yi watsi da shi.
Rayuwar farko da asali
An haifi Armand Douglas Hammer a ranar 28 ga Agusta, 1986, a Santa Monica, California . Mahaifiyarsa, Dru Ann ( née Mobley), tsohuwar jami'ar bada lamuni ce ta banki, kuma mahaifinsa, Michael Armand Hammer, ya mallaki kasuwanci da yawa, ciki har da Knoedler Publishing da Armand Hammer Productions, kamfanin fim/talabijin. Yana da ɗan ƙarami, Viktor.
Hammer ya bayyana tarihinsa a matsayin "rabin Yahudawa." Babban kakansa na mahaifin ya kasance attajirin mai kuma mai taimakon al'umma Armand Hammer, wanda iyayensa baƙi ne Yahudawa zuwa Amurka daga (lokacin) Daular Rasha, kuma daga zuriyar Yahudawa 'yan Ukraine ne; Mahaifin Armand, Julius Hammer, ya kasance daga Odessa (yanzu a Ukraine, amma a cikin Daular Rasha), kuma ya kafa Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a New York. Babbar mahaifiyar Armie ita ce ' yar wasan Rasha kuma mawaƙa Olga Vadimovna "Vadina" (daga Sevastopol ),' yar tsarist janar. Kakan mahaifinsa ya fito ne daga Texas, yayin da dangin mahaifiyarsa daga Tulsa, Oklahoma . Dangane da bincike da Ancestry.com, kakan Hammer na takwas shine Cherokee Chief Kanagatucko, wanda "sanannen mai ba da shawara ne na zaman lafiya da abokantaka" a lokacin Yaƙin Faransa da Indiya da Yakin Shekaru Bakwai .
Hammer ya zauna a unguwar Dallas na Highland Park tsawon shekaru. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara bakwai, danginsa sun ƙaura zuwa Tsibirin Cayman, inda suka zauna tsawon shekaru biyar, sannan suka koma Los Angeles. Ya halarci Kwalejin Faulkner a Harbor na Gwamna, Tsibirin Cayman, da Grace Christian Academy, kuma a Grand Cayman (makarantar da mahaifinsa ya kafa a West Bay, Grand Cayman), daga baya ya tafi Makarantar Sakandaren Baptist ta Los Angeles a cikin San Fernando Valley . Ya bar makarantar sakandare a aji na goma sha ɗaya don neman aikin wasan kwaikwayo. Bayan haka, ya ɗauki darussan kwaleji a UCLA . Hammer ya ce iyayensa sun yi watsi da shi lokacin da ya yanke shawarar barin makaranta ya fara wasan kwaikwayo amma daga baya sun zama masu goyon baya da alfahari da aikinsa.
2005–2015: Aikin farko da nasara
Sana'ar wasan kwararru ta Hammer ta fara ne da ƙaramin baƙo a cikin jerin shirye -shiryen Arrested Development, Veronica Mars, Yarinya mai tsegumi, Mai girbi da Matan Uwargida . Kamfanonin sa na farko zuwa fim sun fara ne da ƙaramin rawar a cikin fim ɗin Flicka na 2006, haka kuma tare da yin fim a cikin wani abin ban sha'awa na 2008, Blackout . Matsayinsa na farko a cikin fim ya zo tare da kwatancin mai wa'azin Kirista Billy Graham a cikin Billy: Farkon Shekaru, wanda ya fara a watan Oktoba 2008. Fim ɗin ya ba Hammer lambar yabo ta "Bangaskiya da Darajoji" a cikin Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta, wanda Mediaguide, ƙungiyar da ke ba da sake duba fim daga hangen Kirista.
A cikin 2007 mai shirya fim George Miller ya zaɓi Hammer, bayan dogon bincike, don yin tauraro a cikin shirin superhero da aka shirya Justice League: Mortal, a matsayin Batman/Bruce Wayne . Fim din, wanda Miller zai jagoranta, daga baya an soke shi. Soke fim ɗin ya zo da yawa saboda yajin aikin 2007–08 Marubutan Guild of America da kuma dakatar da tattaunawar ragin kasafin kuɗi tare da Gwamnatin Ostiraliya. A cikin 2009, ya buga Harrison Bergeron a cikin 2081, dangane da gajeriyar labarin sunan ɗaya daga marubuci Kurt Vonnegut, wanda ya fara fitowa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Seattle .
A cikin 2010 rawar rawar fim ɗin Hammer yana cikin David Fincher 's Social Network, game da ƙirƙirar Facebook. Ya baiyana tagwayen Cameron da Tyler Winklevoss, tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Josh Pence suna aiki a matsayin jiki biyu yayin yin fim. Masu shirya fina-finan sun yi amfani da hoton kwamfuta da aka ƙera a lokacin da ake samarwa don mamaye fuskar Hammer akan Pence da kuma amfani da hoton allo mai raba allo a wasu al'amuran. A shirye -shiryen fim ɗin, Hammer ya bayyana cewa dole ne ya koyi yadda ake yin layi a ɓangarorin biyu na jirgin ruwa don yin wasa da tagwayen, waɗanda ke zama zakara. Hammer da Pence suma sun shiga cikin watanni 10 na babban sansanin tagwayen takalmi a shirye -shiryen matsayin su, don "haƙa dabarun dabara da salon magana wanda Winklevosses zai haɓaka sama da shekaru ashirin na daidaiton kwayoyin halitta." Wannan fim ɗin ya ba Hammer farin jini na farko na farko, tare da Richard Corliss na <i id="mwwQ">mujallar Time</i> yana mai bayanin cewa hoton Hammer na tagwayen "babban abin mamaki ne na trompe l'oeil na sakamako na musamman". Don rawar da ya taka a fim ɗin, Hammer ya lashe lambar yabo ta Ƙungiyar Masu Fassara na Fina -Finan Toronto don Mafi Kyawun Jarumi .
Matsayinsa na gaba shine na Mataimakin Babban Daraktan FBI, Clyde Tolson, a cikin fim ɗin Clint Eastwood na 2011 J. Edgar . Wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa, wanda Dustin Lance Black ya rubuta, ya mai da hankali kan faɗaɗa aikin J. Edgar Hoover , wanda Leonardo DiCaprio ya nuna babban matsayin. Addashin da aka fi mayar yaba, tare da David Denby na The New Yorker kiran guduma ta yi "m", da kuma The Hollywood labarai Todd McCarthy ya bayyana shi a matsayin "m". McCarthy ya ci gaba a cikin bita don yaba musamman ilmin sunadarai tsakanin DiCaprio da Hammer, musamman a cikin nunin su na alaƙar soyayya tsakanin halayen su, yana mai nuni da cewa, "... na mafi kyawun abubuwa game da fim; motsin rai, da aka ba duk abubuwan zamantakewa da siyasa da ke wasa, suna jin cikakken abin gaskatawa, kuma DiCaprio da Hammer sun yi fice yayin musayar raɗaɗi, sha'awar ɓoye, sake tunani da fahimtar juna. " Duk da wannan, fim ɗin ya sami sake dubawa daban -daban, a sashi saboda shugabanci da rubutu, amma tare da sukar musamman a kayan shafa da aka yi amfani da su don tsufa haruffan DiCaprio da Hammer. Dukansu 'yan wasan kwaikwayo sun karɓi nunin lambar' yan wasan kwaikwayo na Guild Awards .
A shekara mai zuwa Hammer ya haɗu tare da Julia Roberts da Lily Collins a cikin Mirror Mirror , suna wasa Yarima Andrew Alcott. A cikin Janairu 2012, ya bayyana tagwayen Winklevoss a cikin wani labari na The Simpsons mai taken " The D'oh-cial Network ". A cikin 2013, an jefa Hammer azaman matsayin taken Disney's, The Lone Ranger, tare da Johnny Depp a matsayin Tonto, a cikin daidaita rediyo da jerin fina -finan Lone Ranger . Fim din, wanda aka saki a wasan kwaikwayo a watan Yulin 2013, bam ne na ofishin akwatin, inda ya tara dala miliyan 260.5 kawai a duk duniya a kan rahoton kasafin dala miliyan 215. A cikin 2015, ya yi tauraro a cikin darekta Guy Ritchie 's Man daga UNCLE, fasalin fim ɗin wasan kwaikwayon na 1960s TV The Man daga UNCLE, yana wasa Illya Kuryakin, gaban Henry Cavill .
2016 – present: Mai zaman kansa fim mayar da hankali
A shekara mai zuwa Hammer ya buga Sam Turner a cikin fim din 2016 Haihuwar Nationasa, wanda Nate Parker ya jagoranta. Fim din, wanda aka fara shi a gasar a bikin fina-finai na Sundance, ya lashe lambar yabo ta Masu Sauraro da Kyautar Babban Jury a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka. A watan Janairun 2016, ya bayyana cewa tun daga 2013, Hammer yana cikin haɗuwa da dangin mashahurin maigidan mai suna Edgar Valdez Villarreal kuma ya sami 'yancin yin fim ɗin tarihin rayuwar jagoran ƙungiyar. Sannan yana da rawa a gun taron Tom Ford wanda ya kasance mai birgewa a rayuwar dabbobi, buga Ord a cikin fim din Free Fire , wanda Ben Wheatley ya rubuta kuma ya bada umarni, kuma ya buga US Marine Mike Stevens, a Nawa
A cikin shekarar 2017 Hammer ta zama tauraruwa kamar Oliver a cikin Kira na da Sunanka, wanda ya fito tare da Timothée Chalamet da Michael Stuhlbarg . Fim ɗin, ɗauke da sabon labari na André Aciman mai wannan sunan, Luca Guadagnino ne ya ba da umarnin. Production ya fara ne a watan Mayu 2016, kuma fim ɗin ya fara aiki a bikin bikin fina-finai na 2017 na Sundance . Don aikinsa, Hammer ya sami yabo da gabatarwa don Kyautar Zabi na Masu suka, Kyautar Ruhu mai zaman kanta, da Zinariya ta Duniya don Mafi Kyawun Mai Bada Talla. Mai sukar fina-finai Richard Lawson na Kamfanin <i id="mwATs">Vanity Fair ya</i> tabbatar da cewa Hammer ya yi amfani da "gwargwadon karfinsa da kuma yadda ya bayyana kyawawan dabi'unsa, abin mamaki da kuma hankali." <i id="mwAT8">The Atlantic</i> 's David Sims ya yi tsokaci, "Hammer, wanda zai iya sauƙaƙe a sauƙaƙe zuwa ɓangaren kyakkyawan Hollywood tsayayye, yana mai da hankali; yana sauyawa tsakanin ƙararrakin jama'a na Oliver da taushin kai na sirri tare da sauƙi, yana mai da halinsa fiye da wani sauki abu na so. " Michael Phillips na jaridar Chicago Tribune ya bayyana cewa wasan kwaikwayon da Hammer ya yi a cikin fim din shi ne "mafi saukin numfashi da annashuwa mafi kyawun aikinsa". Peter Travers ya kara bayyana yabo ga Hammer; ya rubuta ne don mujallar Rolling Stone : "wahayi, yana ba da mafi girman rikitarwarsa ta fuskar allo har zuwa yau da farin ciki na cikakken nutsuwa." Sau da yawa akan nuna shine "ilmin sunadarai na ban dariya" tsakanin Hammer da Chalamet, wanda Christy Lemire na RogerEbert.com ya sami haɗin haɗin gwiwa cikin nasara, a wani ɓangare saboda ƙwarewar Hammer wajen gano "daidaitaccen daidaita tsakanin ɓarkewar halin da yanayin raunin sa yayin da yake ba da kansa ga wannan al'amari mai ban sha'awa. " Hammer shima ya ruwaito littafin mai jiwuwa, wanda Macmillan Publishers suka buga .
A cikin wannan shekarar ya bayyana Jackson Storm, babban mai hamayya, a cikin fim ɗin Disney-Pixar mai rai Cars 3 , s tare da Geoffrey Rush a cikin Hoton Karshe na Stanley Tucci . Fim ɗin da aka fara gabatarwa a bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Berlin na 2017 kuma ya sami sakin wasan kwaikwayo a shekara mai zuwa ta Sony Pictures Classics don bita mai kyau. Owen Gleiberman na <i id="mwAWI">mujallar Iri</i> -iri ya yaba da ikon Hammer na "ba da shawarar rikice -rikicen tunani a ƙarƙashin launin ruwan hoda Clark Kent yayi kama da kyawawan halaye." Mai sukar Muryar Kauyen ya sami wasannin "da ƙarfi iri ɗaya" kuma ya ba da misalin hoton Hammer na marubucin Ba'amurke James Lord a matsayin "abin ban dariya".
A cikin 2018, Hammer sun kasance tare a cikin Boots Riley 's dark comedy Kuyi haƙuri ga Bother You tare da Lakeith Stanfield, Steven Yeun, da Tessa Thompson . Mai sukar fim din kasa da kasa Tomris Laffly ya bayyana halayyar Hammer, Steve Lift, a matsayin "mai ban dariya wanda ba za a iya tsayayyarsa ba" da "zagin coke, mummunan abu mai banƙyama". Fim din ya fara a bikin fim na Sundance a ranar 20 ga Janairu Fim din ya sami lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kula da Bincike ta Kasa ta 2019 ta Top Ten Independent Films award sannan kuma ya ci Kyauta mafi kyau na Screenplay da Mafi Kyawun Farko a Kyaututtukan Ruhun Mai Girma na 2019. Sannan ya fito a matsayin David a cikin fim mai ban sha'awa Hotel Mumbai, game da hare-haren Mumbai na 2008 . Fim din an fara shi ne a bikin Fim na Kasa da Kasa na Toronto a ranar 7 ga Satumba, 2018. A cikin wannan shekarar, Hammer ya fito tare da Felicity Jones, yana wasa masanin dokar haraji Martin D. Ginsburg, matar Babban Kotun Koli Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, a cikin Asasin Jima'i, fim din wasan kwaikwayo na tarihin rayuwa wanda ya danganci rayuwa da shari'o'in farko. Ginsburg, wanda Mimi Leder ya jagoranta. An fara shi a Gasar AFI a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2018. A watan Yunin 2018, Hammer ya jagoranci Drew a madaidaiciyar Fararren Maza a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na biyu akan Broadway. Saboda shahararrun ayyukansa na fim daga 2017 zuwa 2018, an ba Hammer "Gwanin Kwarewa a Cinema" ta The SCAD Savannah Film Festival.
A shekarar 2019, guduma alamar tauraro a babak Anvari 's m tsoro film Raunuka tare da Dakota Johnson . An fara shi a bikin Fina-Finan Sundance a ranar 26 ga Janairu. A cikin 2020, ya yi suna kamar Maxim de Winter a cikin daidaitawar Daphne du Maurier ta Gothic romance <i id="mwAao">Rebecca</i>, wanda Ben Wheatley ya jagoranta tare da Lily James ; kuma a 2021, ya bayyana tare da Gary Oldman da Evangeline Lilly a opioid rikicin ban sha'awa Crisis .
Hammer wani bangare ne na babban taron da darekta Kenneth Branagh ya gabatar game da mutuwar Agatha Christie akan Kogin Nilu . A cikin 2020 ya yi wasan kwaikwayo na Taika Waititi na wasan motsa jiki mai zuwa Next Goal Wins tare da Michael Fassbender, Elisabeth Moss, Beulah Koale, da Rachel House .
A cikin 2021, Hammer ya fita daga cikin sa kuma an cire shi daga yawancin ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin ci gaba, saboda fargabar zargin lalata da lalata, ciki har da binciken cin zarafin mata.
Rayuwar mutum
A watan Mayu 2010, Hammer ya auri mai gidan talabijin Elizabeth Chambers . Abokin Hammer, mai suna Tyler Ramsey ne ya gabatar da ma'auratan. Suna da yara biyu. A ranar 10 ga Yulin, 2020, Hammer da Chambers sun ba da sanarwar rabuwar su ta hanyar Instagram.
An san Hammer ne saboda yawan furta kalamansa, siyasa da zamantakewa a shafukan sada zumunta.
A cikin 2011, an kama Hammer a wani shingen binciken sintiri na Amurka a West Texas bayan an gano marijuana a cikin motarsa. Lauyan El Paso ya ƙi gabatar da karar, saboda yawan tabar wiwi da Hammer ke da shi zai kai ga aikata ba daidai ba. A shekarar 2013, Hammer ya ce kamen "rashin fahimta ne game da dokoki da dokokin yankin da na jihohi kuma ga alama dokokin tarayya sun fin dokokin jihar."
Zargin zagi
A watan Janairun 2021, mata da yawa suka fito suna zargin Hammer ya ci zarafinsu. Wani asusun Instagram da ba a san shi ba ya fitar da hotunan kariyar da ta yi ikirarin cewa sakonni ne da Hammer ya aika wa mata daban-daban da zai yi hulda da su tsakanin 2016 da 2020, yana mai bayanin kwatancen jima'i da suka hada da tashin hankali, fyade, da cin naman mutane . Wata mata da ya aura tsawon wata huɗu a shekarar 2020 ta yi iƙirarin ya sanya mata alama ta hanyar sassaƙa "A" ta farko a cikin ƙashin ƙugu, kuma tana da "da gaske" a cikin shawarar da ke nuna cewa an cire ƙananan haƙarƙarin ta hanyar tiyata don ya ci. Wata matar da ya aura kusan wata biyar a shekarar 2020 ta ce ya kasance mai yawan zafin rai, tana ba da rahoton cewa ya ce yana son cin naman nata, kuma zai tsotse ko lasa mata raunukan idan ta “ɗan yanke jiki a [hannunta]”.
Hammer ya karyata sakonnin na Instagram na gaske kuma ya kira su harin intanet. Da yake amsa zargin daya daga cikin tsoffin budurwar, lauyan Hammer ya ce, "Wadannan maganganun da ake yi kan Mista Hammer ba gaskiya bane. Duk wata mu'amala da wannan mutumin, ko kuma wani abokinshi, sun kasance masu yarda ne gaba daya kasancewar an tattauna su sosai, an yarda dasu, kuma sun hada kai. " Hammer daga baya ya fice daga fim mai zuwa Shotgun Wedding . Daga baya ya bar matsayinsa na jagora a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Paramount + mai zuwa Mai bayarwa, ya nisanta daga jerin Starz mai zuwa Gaslit da kuma Broadway suna wasa da Minti, kuma an sauke shi daga Dala Biliyan Leken asiri . Kamfanin ba da kyauta na WME ya bar Hammer a matsayin abokin ciniki, kuma an bayar da rahoton cewa mai tallata shi ba zai sake wakiltarsa ba.
Haka kuma a cikin watan Janairu, 'yan sanda na Grand Cayman sun yi magana da Hammer game da bidiyon da aka tatsar daga asusunsa na Instagram inda ya ce yana yin lalata da "Miss Cayman" a Tsibirin Cayman. Daga baya dan wasan ya ba da gafara a cikin wani sako na sauti zuwa Kamfanin Cayman Compass, yana mai bayyana cewa matar da ya ambata a cikin bidiyon ba ta da alaƙa da gasar kyaun tsibirin Miss Cayman.
A watan Maris na 2021, matar da ta fara gabatar da zarge-zargen cin zarafi a Instagram ta bayyana kanta, kuma ta zargi Hammer da yi mata fyade da karfi a cikin watan Afrilu na 2017. Daga baya Ofishin 'yan sanda na Los Angeles ya tabbatar da cewa shi batun batun cin zarafin mata ne, wanda aka sanya shi a gaba wata daya da ya gabata. Kungiyar lauyoyin Hammer ta musanta zargin.
Wasanin bidiyo
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo
Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa
Hanyoyin waje
Armie Hammer at AllMovie |
60987 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akinpelu%20Obisesan | Akinpelu Obisesan | Akinpelu Obisesan ɗan jaridar Najeriya ne, ɗan kasuwa kuma ɗan siyasa. Ya kasance daga cikin jiga-jigan masu ilimi a farkon karni na ashirin wadanda suke adana bayanan ayyukansu na sirri da kuma wadanda suke magana a al'amuran yau da kullun. Daga baya da yawa daga cikinsu sun buga jawabansu a jaridu, domin a wasu lokuta ana ganin hakan a matsayin wani mataki ne da ya bijiro da martabar ilimi a yankin yammacin Najeriya. Takardun Akinpelu daga 1920 zuwa 1960 sun zama muhimmin tushe na ayyukan fitattun mutane a lokacin mulkin mallaka kuma wasu ƴan masana suna amfani da su kan batutuwan da aka riga aka ayyana waɗanda suka bambanta da tarihin al'adu, siyasa da zamantakewa na Ibadan da yammacin Najeriya.
Cikin littattafansa akwai labarai game da Salami Agbaje, daya daga cikin hamshakan attajiran Ibadan a zamaninsa, da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa da siyasa na wannan zamani. Agbaje shi ne mutum na farko da ya mallaki gida mai hawa biyu da aka gina da siminti sannan kuma ya fara mallakar mota a Ibadan. A karshen shekarar 1949, shugabannin al’umma sun tuhumi Agbaje da laifin son kai, wadanda suka kalubalanci yadda yake tara dukiya. Akinpelu da sauran jiga-jigai kuma sun yi ta tattaunawa tare da yin rubuce-rubuce kan manyan abubuwan da suka faru a wannan zamani, batutuwan da suka shafi jiga-jigan Legas da kare muradun iyalansa, manyan batutuwa ne da aka rubuta aka tattauna akai.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Obisesan a Ibadan ga dangin mafaraucin giwa: Aperin Obisesan kuma wata baiwa . Mahaifinsa yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka yi wa Ibadan kariya a farkon yakin Ijebu a karshen karni na sha tara. An ba shi lambar yabo ta sarauta saboda kokarinsa na kare Ibadan. Ya kuma samu wani katon daji a lokacin.
Obisesan ya halarci makarantu daban-daban da Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Church ke gudanarwa. An ilmantar da malaman makarantun mishan kuma suna yawan rubuta game da ayyukansu a cikin mujallu. Daya daga cikin mishan din shine Daniel Olubi, sabon tuba Kirista na farko wanda shi ne malamin Obisesan a 1896, shekarar farko ta karatunsa na boko. Olubi ya kasance jagora ga Obisesan kuma ya yi masa jagora a cikin karatunsa. Ƙwararrun Obisesan na riƙe mujalloli zai iya kasancewa an kafa shi yayin halartar makarantun mishan. Bayan ya kammala karatunsa ya fara aiki a ofishin Bature da ke Ibadan, amma daga baya ya koma Legas don yin aiki da hukumar kula da sufurin jiragen kasa. A shekarar 1913 ya koma Ibadan bayan shekara guda aka nada shi mai riko da sakataren filaye na iyalansa. Mahaifinsa ya yi amfani da gandun dajinsa wajen noma kuma ya mai da shi filin noman koko mai albarka. Sai dai kuma an samu sabani akan mallakar filin, kamar yadda wasu ‘yan kasar suka yi ikirarin mallakar filin. A cikin 1914, ya saya a cikin littafin diary na farko, bisa hasashe, mai yiwuwa ya yi amfani da diary ɗinsa a matsayin hanyar yin rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a kan kasuwancin gonar iyali ko don rikodin rikodi.
Kafin da kuma bayan ya zama sakataren kula da gonakin danginsa, Obisesan Akinpelu ya kasance magatakarda mai fatauci kuma mai saye . Yayin da yake Ibadan, ya kara kudin shiga ta hanyar aiki da kungiyar Paterson Zochonis . Daga baya ya zama mai siyan koko. A tsawon shekaru 30, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Ibadan Cooperative Produce Marketing Society. A matsayinsa na jagoran ƙungiyar samar da al'umma, ya kasance mai mahimmanci murya akan muggan dabarun ƴan kasuwa da masu fitar da kokon ke amfani da su. Ya kuma zama shugaban bankin hadin gwiwa na Ibadan. Bankin da aka ƙirƙira don biyan bukatun ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwa a yankin.
Ajiye rikodi
Obisesan ya sami ilimi a cikin yanayi kuma ana ganin fasahar adabi a matsayin alamar kyakkyawar fahimta kuma tare da mafi yawan masu mishan da ke Legas da Abeokuta, mazaunan biranen biyu sun yi karatu cikin sauri a fannin karatu da haɓaka ƙwarewar rubutu. Ya kuma yi imanin cewa karatun boko na iya zama tikitin samun dukiya kuma ba tare da ilimi ba, ana iya barin Ibadan a baya. Ya so yin rubutu a matsayin wata hanya ta ilmantar da kansa da kuma rikodi hanya ce mai amfani ta sanin ci gaban kasuwancinsa. A cikin litattafansa, ana iya ganin hotunan yatsu na kwaikwayarsa na maza da kuma sha'awar arziki tun yana ƙarami. Tun yana ƙarami, ya yi mafarki game da samun makomar gaba, duk da haka, gaskiyar halin rashin kuɗi nasa koyaushe wani abu ne da ya yi nishi kuma ya rubuta game da shi da wuri. A cikin shekarunsa na farko lokacin da yake fama da rashin kuɗi, Akinpelu ya rubuta a cikin littafinsa cewa,
A cikin 1920, lokacin da ya fara rubuce-rubuce ba da gangan ba, hanya ce ta ilimin kai da ci gaban kai . Abubuwan da ke cikin littafinsa sun bayyana bayanai daban-daban game da halayen zamantakewa da abubuwan da suka faru a wannan zamani, ya kuma bayyana bayanan sirri na rayuwarsa. Ko da yake, ya rubuta a cikin 1930 cewa ya gaji sakamakon yawan saduwa da matansa., a 1955, ya auri matarsa ta ƙarshe.
Yarbawa 'yan kasuwa |
57079 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20Tacoma | Toyota Tacoma | Toyota Tacoma motar daukar kaya ce da kamfanin kera motoci na kasar Japan Toyota ya kera tun 1995. Tacoma na ƙarni na farko (shekarun ƙirar 1995 zuwa 2004) an ƙirƙira su azaman ƙarami. Na biyu tsara (samfurin shekaru 2005 zuwa 2015) da kuma na uku tsara (a cikin samarwa tun 2015) model an classified a matsayin tsakiyar-sized pickups. Tacoma ita ce Motar Mota na Shekara don 2005.
Tun daga 2015, an sayar da Tacoma a cikin Amurka, Kanada, Mexico, Costa Rica, Bolivia, Bermuda, da tarin tarin Faransa na ketare na New Caledonia . Yawancin kasuwanni a duk faɗin duniya suna karɓar Toyota Hilux a madadin Tacoma.
Sunan "Tacoma" ya samo asali ne daga sunan mutanen Coast Salish na Dutsen Rainier a jihar Washington ta Amurka.
Ci gaba
An fara haɓakawa a cikin 1989, bayan ƙaddamar da Toyota Pickup na ƙarni na biyar a ƙarshen 1988 kuma ya ƙare a 1994. An yi aikin ƙira a Calty Design Research a California daga 1990 zuwa 1992, lokacin da aka zaɓi tsarin ƙirar waje na Kevin Hunter a cikin kaka na 1991 kuma a cikin tsari na ƙarshe, daskararre don samarwa a 1992. An shigar da takardun haƙƙin mallaka don ƙirar samarwa a Japan a cikin Afrilu 1993 da Oktoba 28, 1993, a cikin Amurka.
Na fasaha
Akwai injuna uku don Tacoma:
Tacomas mai ƙafa biyu (2WD) (ban da samfuran PreRunner) suna da ƙirar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa biyar kuma ko dai injin 2.4-L ko 3.4-L. Motsi mai ƙafa huɗu (4WD) da PreRunner Tacomas suna da ƙirar ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa shida kuma suna samuwa tare da ko dai injin 2.7-L ko 3.4-L. Da farko, 2.4 L ya iyakance ga samfuran 2WD (duka na yau da kullun da Xtracab), yayin da 2.7 L shine daidaitaccen injin don samfuran 4WD, kuma 3.4 L V6, wanda aka raba tare da babbar motar T100, zaɓi ne don 2WD (Xtracab kawai) da 4WD (na yau da kullun da Xtracab). Babban-na-layi SR5 yana samuwa don 4WD Xtracab V6. Daga 1997 zuwa 3.4 An jefar da L V6 azaman zaɓi don samfuran taksi na yau da kullun, waɗanda ke samuwa kawai tare da injin 2.4-L ko 2.7-L huɗu na Silinda .
An sami babban kayan aikin Toyota Racing Development (TRD) don 3.4-L V6, yana haɓaka fitarwa zuwa da . An kayyade kit ɗin supercharger V6 don shekarun ƙira 1997 kuma daga baya, kamar yadda rukunin sarrafa injinan farko (ECUs) ke da iyaka. Kit ɗin don ƙara allurar mai na 7 yana samuwa, gami da maye gurbin ECU, yana haɓaka aiki zuwa 262 hp (195 kW) da 279 lb ft (378 N⋅m) . Bugu da kari, TRD supercharger kits suna samuwa don injunan 4-cylinder (2.4 L da 2.7 L) kuma.
Wayar hannu mai sauri biyar ta kasance daidaitaccen ga duk samfura da farko, tare da watsawa ta atomatik mai sauri huɗu a matsayin zaɓi banda taksi na 4WD V6 na yau da kullun. Samfuran PreRunner (MY98-04) da Double Cab suna samuwa ne kawai tare da watsawa ta atomatik don ƙarni na farko. Shafin 3.4 An haɗa L V6 tare da watsawa ta R150F ko A340F (4WD) ko A340E (2WD) Aisin watsawa ta atomatik; Lambar A340F ita ce 30-40LE.
Tacoma na ƙarni na farko yana da firam mai cikakken akwatin (ma'ana manyan raƙuman firam ɗin suna da rufaffiyar ɓangaren giciye na rectangular . An gabatar da kunshin TRD Off-Road a cikin 1998. Wannan fakitin ya ƙara bambance-bambancen kulle na baya kuma yana samuwa ne kawai ga PreRunner da ƙirar motar ƙafa huɗu waɗanda aka sanye da 3.4-L V6. An sanya birki na ƙwanƙwasa daidaitaccen layin Tacoma na shekarar ƙirar 2003.
Tacoma na ƙarni na farko ya sami ƙaramin sabuntawa na farko a cikin Oktoba 1996, yana canzawa daga fitilun fitilar da aka rufe zuwa ƙirar ƙwanƙwasa akan ƙirar 2WD. Akwai ƙarin gyaran fuska biyu na kwaskwarima: na farko a watan Yuli 1997 da na biyu a watan Oktoba 2000. Canje-canjen da aka fi gani sun kasance a cikin gyare-gyaren grille na gaba (duka masu ɗaga fuska, na shekarun ƙira 1998 da 2001) da baging ɗin wutsiya da alamu (ɗakin fuska na farko, MY1998). Gyaran fuska na MY1998 ya haɗa da grilles daban-daban don ƙirar 2WD da 4WD; Samfuran 2WD sun fito da fitaccen mashaya a kwance da ke raba grille. An ƙara gadon StepSide azaman zaɓi na MY2000.
Canje-canjen injina sun haɗa da sauyawa zuwa wutan lantarki mara rarraba (coil-on-plug) a cikin 1996 da kuma a cikin 1997 dogayen maɓuɓɓugan leaf na baya. An ƙara jakar iska ta gefen fasinja a cikin Yuli 1997, kuma jakar iska ta gefen direba (misali daga ƙaddamar da 1995) ta kasance "lalata". Yawancin nau'ikan 4 × 4 sun zo tare da tsarin cire haɗin Bambanci ta atomatik na Toyota bayan shekarar ƙirar 2000. ]
A gabatarwa a matsayin samfurin shekara ta 1995 Tacoma 4WD da 2WD model za a iya bambanta waje ta gaban grilles. Samfurin 4WD yana da sandunan chrome masu nauyi guda biyu waɗanda ke gefen buɗewar trapezoidal, suna matsawa zuwa sama, yayin da ƙirar 2WD tana da sandunan sirara (na zaɓi chrome) tare da siffar trapezoidal mai matsewa zuwa ƙasa. Dukan taksi na yau da kullun da tsawaita Xtracab suna raba gado ɗaya, wanda ke da tsayin ciki na 74.5 cikin (1,890 mm) ; Ƙwararren ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa da tsayin Xtracab gabaɗaya yana da kusan 18.5 kuma (470 mm) idan aka kwatanta da taksi na yau da kullun.
An gabatar da samfurin PreRunner don shekarar ƙirar 1998. PreRunner shine 2WD wanda ke raba tsayin tsayi iri ɗaya, ƙirar ƙwallon ƙafa shida, da 2.7 L tushe engine a matsayin mai taya hudu. Tare da ƙirar tuƙi mai ƙafafu huɗu, ana kuma samun shi tare da Kunshin Kashe Hanya na TRD wanda ya haɗa da bambancin kulle baya, wanda kuma aka gabatar a cikin 1998. An gabatar da Cab PreRunner na yau da kullun a cikin 1999.
Wanda aka tsara ta 1998 (ta Yusuke Fukushima) a matsayin wani ɓangare na gyaran fuska na MY2001 (wanda aka ƙirƙira a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1998, a Ofishin Ba da Lamuni na Japan a ƙarƙashin #0890798) sabon ƙirar jirgin ruwa ne (ƙofa huɗu) wanda aka ƙara zuwa jeri a cikin Oktoba 2000. Ma'aikatan jirgin, bisa hukuma da aka yi wa lakabi da samfurin Double Cab, ya ƙunshi kofofi huɗu da girgizar iskar gas na Tokico, yayin da ƙarin taksi ɗin har yanzu yana buɗewa da kofofin biyu kuma suna amfani da girgiza Bilstein. Tsawon taksi ya ƙunshi gado, yayin da ma'aikatan jirgin suka nuna kwanciya. Abokan ciniki da yawa sun fusata da ƙananan gadaje taksi, amma yawancin masu fafatawa sun raba wannan gazawar.
A cikin Oktoba 2000, tare da gyaran fuska na gaba, Toyota kuma ya buɗe kunshin datsa S-Runner don 2WD Xtracab wanda ke samuwa na musamman tare da injin V6 mai 3.4-lita haɗe da na'urar mai saurin gudu biyar. Matsakaicin tuƙi na ƙarshe shine 3.15: 1. A gani, S-Runner ya ɗauki ƙare monochrome, tare da grille da sauran sassa masu launin don dacewa da na waje a ko dai Black Sand Pearl ko Radiant Red. An rage tsayin gaba ɗaya da kusan 1 cikin (25 mm) ta hanyar amfani da ƙananan tayoyin P235/55R16 akan gami ƙafafun; ƙarin fasalulluka na gyaran dakatarwa sun haɗa da girgizar iskar Tokico da sandunan hana-takewa na gaba da na baya. An samar da 800 ne kawai a kowane wata daga Satumba 2000 zuwa Agusta 2004.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
33192 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kokawa%20ta%20Afirka | Kungiyar Kokawa ta Afirka | Ƙungiyar Kokawa ta Afirka ( AWA ), wadda aka fi sani da Hukumar Kokawa ta Afirka ta Kudu, wani ƙwararren gwani ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1995. Kamfanin na yanki mallakar Shaun Koen da Koos Rossouw ne. Tallace-tallace ce ta al'ada wacce kasuwar kokawa ta duniya ta yi tasiri, kamar gasar kokawa ta Turai da Amurka. Salon da ƴan kokawa na talla ke tattare da shi ana kiransa da Rofstoei (kalmar Afrikaans).
Shaun Koen da matarsa sun kafa kungiyar kokawa ta Afirka (AWF) a shekarar 1995 bayan mutuwar mahaifinsa, Jackie Koen, a ranar 16 ga Disambar 1994. AWF ta fara ne a matsayin ci gaban yanki da ke Cape Town, yana gudana akai-akai a yankunan Goodwood da Parow . Bayan 'yan shekarun baya AWF ta fara yin rangadi a cikin kasa baki daya sannan kuma ta yi waje da Afirka ta Kudu don rangadin kasashe kamar Swaziland da Zimbabwe.
A cikin shekarar 2003 AWF ta rattaba hannu kan kwangilar gidan talabijin na tsawon shekara tare da eTV don nuna nunin mako-mako a 2004. An san jerin abubuwan da AWF akan E Slam Series, kuma an yi rikodin abubuwan da suka faru a fage kamar Cibiyar Hope mai kyau, Carnival City da Coca-Cola Dome. Ainihin lokacin gudu na waɗannan abubuwan ya ɗauki sa'o'i uku zuwa huɗu, amma don rage farashin, an raba su zuwa sa'a ɗaya don kowane lamari. A ƙarshen shekarar 2004, ƙima da halarta sun fara raguwa. CD mai rikodin sauti, AWF akan E - Sautin Sauti, an sake shi a ƙarƙashin alamar EMI don haɓaka wasan kwaikwayon talabijin. Tsawon lokacin kakar shekara ya ƙare a cikin sa'o'i biyu na musamman da aka gudanar a Sun City a ranar 11 ga Disamba na shekarar 2004.
An fara shirye-shiryen samun yanayi na biyu a cikin shekarar 2005, amma AWA da eTV sun kasa yarda da sabbin sharudda. Wannan ya sa tallan ya rasa ikon mallakar sunan Tarayyar Kokawar Afirka kuma ya tilasta musu ƙirƙirar sabbin alamun kasuwanci. An kafa sunan kungiyar kokawa ta Afirka (AWA) a cikin Maris na shekarar 2005. Saboda rashin bayyanar talabijin bayan AWF akan E, wasu manyan sunaye kamar The Saint, Skull, Rey Bourne da Jacques Rogue sun bar AWA don biyan wasu bukatu.
Coca-Cola Royal Rumble
AWA tana gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na Royal Rumble na shekara-shekara a wurin Parow Civic Center (wanda ake yiwa lakabi da The House of Pain ) a watan Disamba. Coca-Cola ne ke daukar nauyin taron a kai a kai. Zakara na ƙarshe shine William McQueen, wanda ya ci gasar AWA Royal Rumble a ranar 3 ga Disamba na shekarar 2007 a babban taron sarauta na mutum 21.
Yawon shakatawa da aikin agaji
Ko da yake AWA a halin yanzu ba ta watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin ba, tallata yanki, yana da babban tasiri a kan masana'antar kokawa ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma akai-akai yana yawon shakatawa fiye da hedkwatarsa, yana gudanar da abubuwan da ke kewaye da Cape Town da kuma a cikin kasashe makwabta kamar Swaziland ., Mozambique da Zimbabwe . Har ila yau, haɓakawa yana shiga cikin ayyukan agaji. A cikin haɗin gwiwa tare da masu tallafawa da yawa da kuma Isar da Gidauniyar Mafarki, ana ba wa yaran da ba su da gata damar halartar wasu nunin kyauta kuma su sadu da membobin roster.
Makarantar horarwa
Cibiyar horar da AWA a halin yanzu tana kan tushe a Wingfield Army Base a Goodwood, Cape Town . Ana gudanar da darasi akai-akai kowace Talata da Alhamis. Shugaban makarantar shine Shaun Koen.
Gasar cin kofin duniya
Mai aiki
Mara aiki
AWA African Cruiserweight Championship
Gasar Ajin Nauyin Cruiserweight ta AWA ƙwararriyar gasar kokawa ce mallakar AWA gabatarwa . An ƙirƙira taken kuma an yi muhawara akan 11 Disambar shekarar 2004 a wani na musamman na gidan talabijin na sa'o'i biyu, AWF akan E Slam Series Final, lokacin da Johnny Palazzio ya ci nasara a yaƙin sarauta. Ana ƙayyade sarautar taken ko dai ta hanyar ƙwararrun ƴan kokawa da ke da hannu a cikin rigingimun da aka riga aka rubuta da kuma labarun labarai, ko kuma ta yanayin da aka rubuta. Ana nuna ’yan kokawa a matsayin ’yan iska ko kuma jarumai yayin da suke bin jerin abubuwan da ke haifar da tashin hankali, wanda ya kai ga wasan kokawa ko kuma jerin wasannin gasar zakarun Turai. Canje-canjen taken suna faruwa a al'amuran rayuwa, waɗanda galibi ana fitowa akan DVD.
Sashen Nauyin Nauyi
Farashin BDX
Johnny Palazzio
Ted kawai
Bace Link
Sammy Swiegers mai salo
Shaun Ko
Rukunin Cruiserweight Division
Miss Gorgeous
Mr Money
Rasta Man
Vinnie Vegas]
William McQueen
Rarraba Mara nauyi
Hillbilly Kid
Nick Fury
Sauran ma'aikata
Stan Mars ( Mai Sanarwa na Ring )
Billy Daniels ( Mai kiyaye lokaci )
Robert Meyer ( Alkali )
Black Mamba ( Alkali )
Kenny ( alkalin wasa )
Tony "The Hammer" ( Alkali )
Leon Venter ( Alkali )
Tsofaffin dalibai
African Warrior
Big Bad Bruce
Billy West
The Bruiser
The Chad
Danie Brits
Dusty Wolfe
Du Congo
El Matador
Geronimo - Majive
The Great Raj
Iron Bone
Jacques Roque
Johan Voges
Leslie van der Westhuizen
Mr Pain
Nizaam "the champ" Hartley
The Protector
Rollerball Danny
The Saint
Solid Gold Grant Smith
Sunny Surf
Spider Nel
Terry Middoux
Tolla the Animal
Tommy Rich
Trevor van der Westhuizen
The Viper
Wurm Visagie
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Official Website
Wrestle Mania ta dauki Cape Town da guguwa
Rikici a Filin Jirgin Sama
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25393 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeish%20Muhammad | Jeish Muhammad | Jeish Muhammad ( Jaish Muḥammad al-Fātiḥ, fassarar: Rundunar Muhammad Mai Nasara ; JM ) ƙungiya ce ta mayaƙan Iraki wacce ta shafi siyasa da addini. Ɓangaren da ke da alaƙa da siyasa a cikin JM galibi tsoffin membobin Ba'ath ne musamman daga yankin Sunni. Mutane da yawa da suka sami matsayi na musamman a lokacin jagorancin Saddam Hussein sun fito ne daga Tikrit, wanda shi kuma yana cikin yankin Iraki inda yawancin Larabawa galibi Sunni ne. Mutanen da gabaɗaya ke riƙe da tsohon mataimakin shugaban ƙasa, Izzat Ibrahim ad-Douri, musamman a cikin manyan mutane membobi ne na jami'an tsaro, leken asiri da na 'yan sanda daga gwamnatin da ta gabata.
Da farko an yi imanin cewa Jaysh Muhammad ya kunshi mayakan da suka kutsa Iraki daga Saudiyya da wasu kasashen Larabawa. Daga baya kungiyar ta Iraki ta Rarraba rahoton, cewa memba ya kasance da farko na 'yan asalin Iraki, tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin. An tallafa wannan ta ikon su na amfani da hanyar sadarwar bayanai kafin yaƙi da samar da ababen more rayuwa. JM ce ke da alhakin kai hare -hare na zamani kan dakarun Hadin gwiwa a farkon shekara ta 2004, wadanda tsoffin jami'an leken asiri da na tsaro suka taimaka.
Hare -hare
A ranar 19 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, wani mutum da ya rufe fuska ya yi ikirarin cewa yana magana da Brigadiyyar Jihadin Musulunci na Sojojin Muhammad, Abdallah Bin-Iyad Brigade, ya dauki alhakin tashin bam a harabar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a Bagadaza ta hanyar faifan sauti da aka ba gidan talabijin na tauraron dan adam na LBC na Lebanon. Wata kungiya mai kiran kanta da makamai masu guba na Sojojin Muhammad na Biyu ta dauki alhakin kai harin bam a hedkwatar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke Bagadaza, Da'awar ta dauki sifar buga rubutu, bayanin Larabci da aka nuna a tashar Al-Arabiya a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2003.
A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2004, maza da fuskokinsu suka lullube a cikin wata sanarwa a Fallujah wanda ke bayyana shirinsu na karbe ikon biranen Iraqi bayan sojojin mamaya na Amurka sun janye. Kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi 12 ne suka sanya hannu kan sanarwar ciki har da: The Iraqi Islamic Patriotic Resistance (al-Muqawamah al-Wataniyah al-Islamiyah al-'Iraqiyah), Kungiyar Salafi ta Yadawa da Jihadi (al-Harakah as-Salafiyah li-d- Da'wah wa-l-Jihad), kungiyar al-Qari'ah (Tanzim al-Qari'ah), Sojojin 'Yan Bangaren Sunnah (Jeish Ansar as-Sunnah), da Rundunar Muhammad.
An buga hirar da ba a bayyana ba tare da wani memba na Jaysh Muhammad daga Ba'qubah da aka ba Cibiyar Yaki da Rahoton Zaman Lafiya a ranar 14 ga watan Mayun, 2004. Maharan sun bayyana cewa mafi yawan mayaƙan Jaysh Muhammad ma’aikatan manoma ne waɗanda suka shiga shekara ta ƙungiyar Salafist Sunni don fitar da kawancen daga Iraki. Ya ce akwai mayakan kasashen waje kalilan a cikin kungiyar kuma "sun zauna tare da mu [kafin yakin] kuma ba su fito daga kasashen waje bayan yakin ba." Ya musanta cewa kungiyar, wacce ya bayyana ba Wahabiyawa ba, tana da alaka da Al-Qaeda . Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ba ta sami kuɗi daga ƙasashen waje ba, amma ana tallafa mata ne "daga mutane masu daraja da nagarta a ƙasar nan." Ya ce Jaysh Muhammad ya yi adawa da Majalisar Mulkin Iraki saboda ba a zabe ta ba, kuma tunda yawancin membobin Majalisar sun yi hijira. “Ba su fahimci wahalar Iraki da al’adun Larabawa ba. [Sun] sun gurbata da rayuwar Yammacin da suka rayu, ”in ji shi. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyarsa tana da alaƙa da wata ƙungiyar siyasa ta Islama, amma ya ƙi bayyana ko wace jam'iyya ce, sai dai kawai ya ce ba ita ce Jam'iyyar Musulunci ta Iraki ba . Yayin da ya musanta cewa kungiyar ta kai hari kan jami'an 'yan sandan Iraki, ya amince da sace' yan kasashen waje, yana mai cewa "yin garkuwa wajibi ne." Ya kuma ce: “Babu ainihin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya . Yana da wani shiri gaba daya sarrafawa da United States, kuma ta shawarwari ko da yaushe bauta bukatun {asar Amirka. "
A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2004 lokacin Operation Phantom Fury, Amurka ta kai wa Fallujah farmaki mai yawa tare da kame Moayad Ahmed Yasseen, shugaban Jaysh Muhammad. Yasseen yayin da ake tsare da sojojin hadin gwiwa ya furta neman taimako daga gwamnatin Iran da kuma tuntubar jami'an leken asirin Iran. Yasseen tsohon Kanal ne a rundunar Saddam Hussein. Yaseen ya ci gaba da cewa jami'an Iran na jihohi sun ba da kuɗi, makamai "kuma kamar yadda na sani har da bam ɗin mota" ga ƙungiyar. Ya ce daga cikin jami'an da suka hadu da su a Iran har da babban shugabanta Ali Khamenei . Ya kuma kara da cewa ya sami izini daga Saddam Hussein, kafin kama shi, don neman kudi da makamai daga gwamnatin Syria, bai bayyana ko an biya wannan bukatar ba. Stratfor duk da haka ya ba da rahoton cewa har yanzu ba a samar da wata hujja da ta sa Hussaini ya sa ido kan yanke shawara na dabaru don, ko bayar da kuɗaɗe ga duk wata ƙungiyar 'yan tawaye. Bugu da kari, Jeish Muhammad a cikin wata sanarwa ga Cibiyar Basra ya musanta cewa Yassen ya taba zama babban kwamanda a cikin kungiyar, kamar yadda kafafen yada labarai ke ikirari.
Abun da ke ciki
Ana raɗe -raɗin cewa Jaysh Muhammad reshen soja ne na Jam'iyyar Socialist Ba'th Party (ASBP). An ce an kafa kungiyar ne a shekara ta 2003 da wasu gungun masu tayar da kayar baya a Diyala yayin wani taro tsakanin wakilai daga garuruwan Ramadi, Fallujah, Samarra da Baquba.
Sanannen brigades na Jaysh Muhammad:
Al-husayn Brigade
Brigadiyyar Al-Abbas
Islamic Jihad Brigade
Abdallah Bin-Jahsh Bin-Rikab al-Asadi Brigade
Walid Bin al-Mughirah Brigade
Umar al-Faruq Brigade
Al-Mahdi al-Muntazir
Duba kuma
al-Abud Network
Yakin Iraki
Yakin Fallujah na Biyu
Fedayeen Saddam
Hanyoyin waje
Tsaro na Duniya - Jaysh Muhammad |
57995 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarihin%20Yarabawa | Tarihin Yarabawa | Kafin Oyo Empire
Tarihin Yarabawa ya fara ne a Ile-Ife(Ife Empire). Ubangiji Oduduwa ne ya kafa wannan masarautar, wanda aka yi imanin shi ne ya halicci duniya. Oduduwa shine sarki na farko na allahntaka na kabilar Yarbawa.An ce Yarabawa sun yi imanin cewa wayewarsu ta faro ne daga Ile-Ife inda alloli suka gangaro duniya.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙabilun sun zama sananne a duniya saboda cinikinsu da Portuguese wanda ya ba su bindigogi don kasuwancin su.Fulani ne suka mamaye Yarabawa a farkon shekarun 1800, wanda ya kai mutanen Kudu.A ƙarshen 1800s, sun kulla yarjejeniya da daular Burtaniya kuma Birtaniyya ta yi musu mulkin mallaka tun daga 1901.
Mutanen da suka rayu a ƙasar Yarbawa,aƙalla a ƙarni na bakwai kafin haihuwar Yesu,ba a fara kiransu da Yarbawa ba, ko da yake suna da ƙabila da harshe ɗaya.Yarabawa na tarihi sun haɓaka a wurin,daga farkon(Mesolithic)Volta-Niger yawan jama'a,zuwa karni na 1 BC.
Ta hanyar ilimin archaeological,mazaunin Ile-Ife za a iya kwanan watan kusan karni na 10 zuwa 6 BC, tare da tsarin birane ya bayyana a cikin ƙarni na 4-7."Tsakanin 700 zuwa 900 AD,birnin ya fara haɓaka a matsayin babban cibiyar fasaha,"Kuma "ta hanyar karni na 12 masu fasahar Ife suna ƙirƙirar kayan alatu da tagulla na addini,dutse,da terracotta.Zaman Ile-Ife kafin hawan Oyo,ca. 1100–1600,wani lokaci ana siffanta shi da "zaman zinariya"na Ile-Ife.
Oyo Empire
Daular Oyo ta wuce Ife a matsayin mafi rinjayen soja da siyasa na Yarbawa tsakanin 1600 zuwa 1800 AD.Daular Benin da ke kusa ita ma ta kasance mai karfi tsakanin 1300 zuwa 1850.
Oyo ta ci gaba a karni na 17 kuma ta zama daya daga cikin manyan masarautun Yarbawa,yayin da Ile-Ife ta kasance babbar kishiya ta addini ga ikonta a wurin da Allah ya yi duniya a tatsuniyar Yarabawa.Bayan hawan Oduduwa a Ile-Ife,ya haifi ɗa.Daga baya wannan dan ya zama sarki na farko a masarautar Oyo.
Masarautar Oyo ta mamaye masarautar Dahomey .Ta yi ciniki da ’yan kasuwa Turawa a bakin teku ta Ajase.Dukiyar daular ta karu,haka nan arzikin shugabanta na siyasa ya karu.Haka lamarin ya ci gaba har Oba Abiodun,babban mai mulkin Oyo na karshe, ya saka abokan hamayyarsa yakin basasa wanda ya yi illa ga ci gaban tattalin arziki da kasuwanci da ‘yan kasuwar Turawa.Rugujewar masarautar ta zo ba da dadewa ba, yayin da Abiodun ya damu da abin da bai wuce nuna dukiyar sarauta ba.Daular Oyo ta rushe a shekarun 1830.
Kamar Oyo kanta,yawancin jihohin da ke kewaye da Obas ne ke iko da su,zaɓaɓɓen sarakunan firistoci,da majalisa da suka hada da Oloyes, shugabannin da aka sani na sarakuna,masu daraja,da kuma sau da yawa har ma da zuriyarsu, waɗanda suka haɗa da su wajen yin mulki a kan masarautun ta hanyar jerin gwanon.na guilds da kungiyoyin asiri.Jihohi daban-daban sun ga mabambantan rabon iko tsakanin sarauta da majalisar sarakuna.Wasu,irin su Oyo,suna da sarakuna masu iko,masu mulkin kama-karya da kusan dukkaninsu,yayin da a wasu irin su jihohin Ijebu,majalisar dattawa ta kasance mafi girma, kuma Oba ya zama wani abu na shugaban kasa.
Sai dai a kowane hali,sarakunan Yarbawa suna bin ci gaba da amincewar al’ummar mazabarsu ta fuskar siyasa,kuma za a iya tilasta musu yin murabus cikin sauki saboda nuna son kai ko gazawa.Yawancin lokaci ana ba da umarnin barin gadon sarauta ta hanyar àrokò ko saƙo na alama, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki nau'in ƙwai na aku da Oloyes ke bayarwa a cikin kwano da aka rufe.
Tarihin zamani
Daga karshe Yarbawa sun kafa tarayyar birane a karkashin siyasar jihar Oyo,dake arewacin kasar Yarbawa a cikin filayen savanna tsakanin dazuzzukan kudu maso yammacin Najeriya da kogin Neja.
Bayan Jihadin da Uthman Dan Fodio ya jagoranta tare da kara samun karbuwa a garuruwan Hausawa na Arewacin Najeriya cikin gaggawa,sai daular Fulani Sokoto ta mamaye daular Nupe. Daga nan sai ta fara gaba zuwa kudu zuwa cikin kasa.Ba da dadewa ba,sojojinta sun mamaye babban birnin na sojan Yarbawa na Ilorin, sannan suka kori tare da lalatar da Ọyọ-Ile,kujerar sarautar daular diya.
Bayan haka,sai aka yi watsi da Ọyọ-Ile,kuma sai su ka koma kudu zuwa birnin Oyo na yanzu (wanda aka fi sani da"Ago d'oyo",ko"Oyo Atiba")a cikin dazuzzukan da sojojin dawakan Daular Sokoto ba su da yawa.tasiri.Wani yunƙuri da Daular Sakkwato ta yi na faɗaɗa kudu,Yarbawa da suka yi gangamin kare kai a ƙarƙashin jagorancin soja na ƙabilar Ibadan,waɗanda suka taso daga tsohuwar Daular Oyo,da kuma jihohin Ijebu suka duba.
Duk da haka,an yi wa masarautar Oyo mummunan rauni.Sauran jihohin na Yarbawa sun wargaje daga mamayar Oyo,kuma daga baya sun shiga cikin rikice-rikice na tsaka-tsaki wanda ba da jimawa ba ya koma yakin basasa.Wadannan al'amura sun raunana kabilar Yarbawa ta kudu matuka yayin da gwamnatin Najeriya ta bi kakkausan hanyoyi domin kawo karshen yakin basasa.A cikin 1960,Ƙasar Yarbawa mafi girma ta kasance cikin Tarayyar Najeriya.Takaddun tarihin Yarbawa,wanda ya zama mafi isa a karni na sha tara tare da zuwan Turawa na dindindin, sun ba da labarin hare-haren Jihadi da mayaƙan Fulanin arewa suka yi da kuma yaƙi tsakanin Yarabawa da kansu.Shaidar archaeological na girman daɗaɗɗen wayewarsu a cikin nau'i na,a tsakanin sauran abubuwa,nasarorin gine-gine masu ban sha'awa kamar Sungbo's Eredo waɗanda suke ƙarni da yawa,duk da haka suna da yawa.
Manya-manyan garuruwa, garuruwa, da ƴan ƙasashen waje
Yarabawa da yawa sun tsara kansu zuwa ƙauyuka,garuruwa,da birane a cikin tsarin masarautu. Manyan garuruwan sun hada da Ile-Ife,Oyo,Ila-Orangun,Eko( Lagos ),Abeokuta, Ipokia, Ibadan,Ijebu-Ode,Iwo,da Akure da dai sauransu. Wasu garuruwa da garuruwan kabilar Yarbawa an dauke su a matsayin dangi saboda kamanceceniya da asalinsu da al'adunsu.Wasu garuruwa da dama,ko da yake ba Yarabawa ba ne, suna da tarihin tasirin Yarabawa.Wadannan garuruwan sune Warri,Benin City,Okene,da Auchi.
Ƙasar Yarbawa tana da manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu. Na farko dai ya kunshi bakin haure na baya-bayan nan da suka koma Amurka da Ingila bayan sauye-sauyen siyasa da tattalin arziki a shekarun 1960 da 1980.Rukunin na biyu ya girmi girma,kuma ya ƙunshi zuriyar Yarbawa da aka sace waɗanda suka isa bauta a ƙasashe irin su Amurka,Cuba, Trinidad,Brazil,Grenada,da sauran ƙasashe na Caribbean da Kudancin Amurka a ƙarni na 19. |
13828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salihu%20Janki%C9%97i | Salihu Jankiɗi | Salihu Alhasan Jankidi, Yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun mawakan kasar hausa.
An haifi Salihu Jankiɗi ne a garin Rawayya ta ƙasar Bunguɗu ne a yanzu cikin karamar Hukumar Gusau, wajajen shekarar alif ta 1852 zuwa shekara ta alif 1853. Sunan mahaifinsa Alhassan ɗan Giye Ɗan Tigari mai abin kiɗi. Salihu shi ne sunansa na yanka, amma ƙannen uwarsa Karɓau ya yi masa laƙabi na Jankiɗi saboda jan da Allah ya ba shi wanda ya bi shi har bayan rasuwarsa.
Alhassan Giye Dan Tigari
Mahaifin Jankiɗi Alhassan Makaɗi ne na kalangu kuma mai yawan yawace-yawace don kiɗa. Yakan bar garinsu Rawayya ya shiga uwa duniya don sana’arsa ta kiɗa. Shi kuma makaɗi ne na lokacin kiɗan yaƙi. Ya je Argungu da Bida da Kwantagora da Kotonkoro da sauransu, amma yana komawa gida Rawayya. Daga baya ya tashi zuwa Kotonkoro, sai kuma ya tare Kwantagora wurin sarkin Sudan Ibrahim.
Kuruciyarsa da tasowarsa
Salihu Jankiɗi ya buɗe idonsa a Kwantagora a nan ne ya yi rayuwarsa ta ƙuruciya. Ya tashi yana yaro mai ƙarfi da kurari, da ƙwarjini a tsakanin jama’a, sannan ja ne kamar tsada, tsaka-tsaki ne a wajen ƙirar jikinsa dangane da tsawo da gaba. Jankiɗi ya yi dambe da kokawa da sauran wasu ayyukan samartaka na sha’awa. Saboda kasancewar Salihu ya tashi cikin yaƙe-yaƙe kafin zuwan Turawan Mulkin Mallaka duk kusan abubuwan da ya yi na yarinta na nuna ƙarfi da bajinta ne. Ya yi karatun allo inda har ya sauƙe Alƙur’ani mai tsarki ya kuma karanta wasu daga cikin ƙananan littattafan addinin Musulunci kamar Ƙawa’idi da Ishmawi da Kurɗabi da sauransu. Amma fa bai yi ilimin addini na littattafai mai zurfi ba.
Koyo da fara waƙoƙinsa
Makaɗi Alhassan shi ne ya fara koya masa kiɗa da waƙa inda ya soma bin sa kiɗa har ya fara kaɗa kuntakuru watau kanzagi. Daga nan kuma ya shiga cikin yayensa mata masu amshi. Lokacin masu yi wa mahaifin nasa amshi, su ne:
Umma Tsohuwa
Halimatu Bakabai
Salihu Jankiɗi — daga baya ya soma. Haka kuma mahaifinsa Alhassan ya taɓa ba da shi riƙo ga ɗan’uwansa makaɗa Ɗan Yawuri don ya koyi kiɗan kalangu sosai da sosai,
Bayan rasuwar Alhassan, sai Salihu Jankiɗi ya ɗauki shugabancin kiɗa a nan Kwantagora tare da waɗannan mataimaka:
Alhajiya — ‘Yar Halimatu Bakaba
Halimatu Bakaba
Koyo da fara waƙoƙinsa
A lokacin da ya fara kiɗan, sai ya haɗa kiɗan noma da kiɗan fawa a lokaci guda yana ta yi duk wanda ya samu a yi. Kuma da dai kalangu gadon gidansu yake wannan nau’in kiɗa. Daga cikin yaƙi da ya yi na farko-farko, akwai wannan:
Yo gaba dai salsalon niƙatau,
Sanda mazan burdumi da galma.
Mai son noma da ɗan magaji,
Sai shi biɗo sulkuna da gari,
Don a yi kwanan wata gudane
Bayan da Turawan mulkin mallaka suka fara yaƙe-yaƙensu da ƙasashen Hausa har lokacin da suka zo ita Kwantagora suka yi yaƙi da ita, sai Kwantagora ta fashe. A wannan halin ne Salihu Jankiɗi da sauran iyalinsa suka koma Kotonkoro. Daga nan sai Bagega cikin ƙasar Talatar Mafara, sai zuwa Kanoma, sai Bunguɗu, sai ya sake komawa Kwantagora bayan ƙare yaƙi.
Daga nan kuma sai Salihu Jankiɗi ya koma gida Rawayya. Da yaƙi da Turawa ya ƙare, watau sun kama dukkan ƙasashen Nijeriya sosai, suka kuma shimfiɗa mulki irin nasu wanda suke buƙata, sai sarakunan da Turawan suka tabbatar (sababbi da tsoffafi) suka ci gaba da mulkin ƙasashensu. Daga wannan lokaci ne fa Salihu ya Jefar da kalangu ya kama taushi a shekara ta (tafashe) gadan-gadan yana yi wa sarakuna waƙoƙi. To, sai daga Rawayya ya koma Tsahe wurin ‘Yandoto Muhammadu a shekara da ‘Yandoto Ibrahim Maikano a shekara ta ya yi musu waƙoƙi. Sai kuma Salihu Jankiɗi ya kwashe iyalinsa ya koma Gusau da zama wajen sarkin Katsinan Gusau Muhammadu Mai’akwai shekara ta . Daga Gusau Salihu Jankiɗi bai koma cirawa zuwa wani wuri da nufm ya zauna ba, sai dai ya je ya kai kiɗa ya dawo Gusau ɗin. A cikin wata waƙa da ya yi wa Sarkin Katsinan Gusau Muhammadu Mai’akwai yana cewa:
Ni Jankiɗi ba ni zuwa ko’ina,
Kwaɗai na ba shi wucewar Gusau.
Lalle ba mu zuwa ko’ina
Kwaɗai na ba shi zuwa ko’ina.
Bayan da aka fitar da sarkin Katsinan Gusau Muhammadu Mai akwai aka naɗa Shehu ɗan Sama’iIa sarkin Kudu , sai Jankiɗi ya koma wurin Sarkin Musulmi Abubakar III shekara ta ya zama ubangidansa. suna zaune tare da sarkin Musulmi har zuwa lokacin da ya naɗa shi sarkin taushinsa. A wajen naɗin nasa an yi gagarumin buki inda makaɗa yan’uwansa suka haɗu, aka yi masa tattaki, magaji mai farai shi ne ma ya yi busar naɗin don sheda wa jama’a.
A cikin wata waƙa da ya yi wa sarkin Musulmi, Salihu Jankiɗi ya yi godiya ainun. Yana cewa:
Godiya mu kai wa sarkin Musulmi,
Da yai ma sarkin taushi,
Yau batun Allah ya tabbata,
Babu sauran mai wata gardama.
(Jankiɗi: riƙa girma ka isa Bubakar)
Yaran Salihu Jankiɗi (‘Yan karɓi)
‘Yan karɓin Jankiɗi na farko na lokacin kiɗin noma da fawa da na samartaka su ne:
Halimatu Bakaba
Yan karɓin Jankiɗi na faɗa
Makaɗa Ibrahim Ɗankaro ɗansa ne
Mal. Abdullahi shi ma ɗansa ne.
Musa Dangaladirna Labbo: ɗansa ne.
MuhammaduTambai: Yaronsa ne.
Hassan : ɗansa ne,
Abduhlahi Jan Darno (Kaka): Yaronsa ne
Na Goje : Yaronsa ne
Umaru Ƙwairo : Yaronsa ne
Salihu Jankiɗi ya yawata mafi yawan ƙasashen Nijeriya, musamman ɓangaren Arewa. Ya zagaya dukkan manyan garuruwan jihar Sakkwato da wasu ƙananan garuruwan. Haka kuma ya je Kano da Haɗejiya da Daura da Katsina da Mani da Zariya da Kaduna da Bida da Ilorin da Minna da Ibadan da Lagos da Inugu kai da dai sauran ƙasashe.
Shirya waƙa
Da farko Sahihu Jankiɗi yakan sami labarai da bayanan da yake sa wa a waƙa ta hanyar fadawan sarki da hira da sarakuna kansu da ta ɓangaren hakimai da masu unguwanni. Kuma yana sane da abubuwan da yake gani suna gudana a fada da kuma cikin gari.
Salihu Jankiɗi mafi yawa ya fi tsayawa gida ya shirya waƙoƙinsa, kodayake yakan yi wasu waƙoƙin nan take inda duk suka samu. Amma waƙar da ya tsaya gida ya tsara ita ta fi daɗi da ƙayatarwa da ƙunsar abubuwan ban sha’awa.
Salihu Jankiɗi ya rasu ranar Juma’a 13 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1973 a lokacin yana da shekaru ɗari da ishirin a duniya. Allah ya gafarta masa, yasa yahuta Aamiin.
Haifaffun 1973
Mawaƙan Nijeriya |
31073 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali%20Boushaki | Ali Boushaki | Ali Boushaki ( Ali bn Mohamed al-Boushaki) (1855 CE / 1271 AH - 1965 CE / 1385 AH ), Shehin Malamin kasar Aljeriya, Imam, haka kuma Sufi Sheikh. An haife shi a ƙauyen Soumâa kusa da garin Thénia, 53 km gabas da Algiers. Ya tashi cikin yanayin ruhaniya tsakanin Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki tare da kyawawan dabi'u da ɗabi'a na Islama. Ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa gaba daya ga hidimar Musulunci da Aljeriya kamar yadda aka rubuta a Musuluncin Aljeriya.
An haifi Boushaki a shekara ta 1855 a pueblo na Soumâa al sur de la ainihin ciudad de Thénia, mai tazarar kilomita 50 gabas da gran ciudad de Algiers, y su familia desciende del teólogo malikita Sidi Boushaki , quien fundó the Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki a cikin 1440 lokacin el siglo XV.
Su padre es Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki , conocido por el seudónimo de Moh Ouali, Muqaddam de Tariqa Rahmaniyyah in the Baja Cabilia, mientras que su madre es Lallahoum Ishak Boushaki, zuriyar como su marido del theologo en ladi Boushaki del pueblo de Meraldene.
Luego recibió una addini ilimi según la referencia Islámica argina En las tres escuelas místicas de Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki, Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi y Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif, además de una conciencia política según la ideología del nacionalismo tiidependent de su tío baba Mohamed Seghir Boushaki .
Baya ga aikinsa na ilimi a cikin wannan isasshiyar muhalli, ya yi aiki a aikin noma da noma a kusa da pueblos na alrededores na Meraldene, Tabrahimt, Gueddara, Azela da Mahrane.
Mamayar Faransa a Aljeriya
Kakansa Cheikh Ali Boushaki shi ne shugaban Kabyles a yankin Thenia a ranar 17 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1837 a lokacin yakin Col des Beni Aïcha , lokacin da Janar Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont ya aika da ayarin sojoji na ƙasa wanda Kyaftin Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg ya umarta don murkushewa da hukunta Kabyles na Beni Aïcha da abokansu daga Greater Kabylia bayan sun kai hari kan Reghaïa tare da haɗin gwiwar sojojin Emir Mustapha ya zo daga Titteri kuma kafin Sarki Abdelkader ya kusa kammala yarjejeniyar Tafna da Janar Thomas Robert Bugeaud a ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta 1837.
Wannan karo na farko na Sojojin Mulkin Mallaka a Kabylia da ke gabashin Mitidja cikin sauri ya hada da Sheikh Ali Boushaki da mazaunan daruruwan kauyuka a yankin Lower Kabylia a cikin farin jini na Aljeriya a kan mamayar Faransa da sojoji mamaye sojojin Faransa da daular Faransa a lokacin yaƙe-yaƙe masu yawa kafin yin shahada a lokacin Yaƙin Col des Beni Aïcha .
Kafin rasuwarsa a matsayin Shahid a shekara ta 1846, Sheikh Ali Boushaki ya auri Aïcha Dekkiche daga ƙauyen Gueraïchene da ke yammacin birnin Souk El Had na yanzu bai da nisa da ƙauyen Soumâa, kuma ita ce ta haihu a shekara ta 1835. yaron Mohamed Boushaki, wanda ake yi wa lakabi da Moh Ouali, wanda daga baya ya zama mahaifin Muqaddam Ali Boushaki a shekara ta 1855.
Wannan shi ne yadda gwauruwar Aïcha ta kwashe danta maraya Ali zuwa ƙauyen Gueraïchene bayan Faransawa sun lalata ƙauyukan Soumâa, Gueddara, Meraldene da Tabrahimt, kuma suka rene shi tare da kawun mahaifiyarsa har ya kai shekaru 18 a lokacin da ta dawo da shi. Garin sa na Soumâa a cikin shekarar alif 1853 inda ya auri 'yar uwansa Fettouma Ishak Boushaki daga garin Meraldene da ke kusa.
Faransa Algeria
An haifi Ali Boushaki a shekara ta 1855 a ƙauyen Soumâa lokacin da sojojin Kabylia ke ci gaba da samun ci gaba kuma Lalla Fadhma N'Soumer ke yaƙin yaƙin da ta yi na ƙarshe da mamayar turawan mulkin mallaka. A halin da ake ciki kuma na kwantar da tarzoma da sanannen tsagaita wuta a Kabylia wanda ya baiwa mahaifinsa Moh Ouali da 'yan uwansa daga Beni Aïcha damar sake gina Zawiya na Sidi Boushaki tare da sake farfado da dangantaka da sauran Zawiya a Aljeriya na Tariqa Rahmaniyya har ma a Zawiya del Hamel. .
Wannan yanayi mai kama da natsuwa ya karfafa girkawa daular Faransa ta biyu mai alaka da gwamnatin Aljeriya karkashin Napoleon III Bonaparte wanda ya yi aiki don mayar da mamayar sojojin Faransa na wucin gadi a Aljeriya zuwa matsugunin ‘yan mulkin mallaka na dindindin na filayen noma masu tarin yawa. sannan aka danne tare da yiwa zaluncin mulkin mallaka.
Tun yana karami Ali Boushaki ya karanci karatu a Zawiya ta Sidi Boushaki a fannin ilmin asali da ilmin addinin Musulunci da na harshe a lokacin da yake gudanar da ayyukan noma da kiwo na al'ummarsa a cikin kwazazzabo da gangaren yankin Khachna da kuma kusa da gabar tekun Oued. Meraldene, Oued Arbia, Oued Boumerdès da Oued Isser.
Tawayen Mokrani
Zuwan shekara ta 1871 ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar Ali Boushaki wanda yake matashi yana dan shekara 17 a lokacin da Sheikh Mokrani ya yanke hukunci tare da kaddamar da tawaye ga Faransawa a Aljeriya, wanda kuma ya tayar da Kabylia da Gabashin Aljeriya don yin maci tare da Aljeriya. 'Yan tawaye sun nufi Algiers babban birnin kasar ta Thenia da Boudouaou.
A lokacin da 'yan tawayen Aljeriya suka isa Col des Béni Aïcha a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1871, mahaifinsa, Sheikh Mohamed Boushaki, sannan ya tattara muridu da mazauna yankin don tallafawa da kuma karfafa tattakin 'yantar da kasar Algiers, don haka matashin ya shiga Ali. A yakin da ya ci gaba har zuwa ranar 9 ga Mayu, 1837, lokacin da Kyaftin Alexandre Fourchault da Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand suka ba da umarnin mayar da martani mai kauri da kakkausar murya kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya, tare da kwato Boudouaou da Thénia yayin da suke azabtar da mutanen kauyen tare da kame jagororin marabo daga yankin, ciki har da Cheikh. Boushaki da Cheikh Boumerdassi.
Yayin da aka kashe 'yan tawayen Aljeriya da dama, Ali Boushaki ya tsallake rijiya da baya sakamakon fatattakar 'yan tawayen Mokrani Revolt, an kama mahaifinsa Moh Ouali aka daure shi, yayin da Sheikh Boumerdassi ya kai shi New Caledonia tare da Boumezrag Mokrani.
El Muqaddam Ali ya rasu a shekara ta 1965 a gidan dansa Abderrahmane Boushaki dake kan titin Slimane Ambar, kusa da garuruwan Soumâa, Gueddara da Meraldene.
Daga nan aka binne shi tare da dansa, Kofur Abderrahamne, da dan uwansa Mohamed Seghir Boushaki a makabartar musulmi ta Thénia da ake kira Djebbana El Ghorba.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki
Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi
Zawiyet Sidi Amar Cherif
Algerian Islamic reference
Sufism in Algeria
Zawiyas in Algeria
Mosques in Algeria
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Yanar Gizo "www.thenia.net" game da Thénia
Shafin Yanar Gizo na farko "http://menerville.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Yanar Gizo na Biyu "http://menerville2.free.fr" game da "Ménerville da Thénia" kafin 1962
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Haihuwan 1855
Mutuwan 1965
Iyalin Boushaki
'Yan siyasa
Pages with unreviewed translations |
23645 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Grealish | Jack Grealish | Jack Peter Grealish, An haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Satumba,shekara ta alif 1995, ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gefe ko mai buga wasan tsakiya na kulob din Premier League Manchester City da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila .
Grealish ya koma Aston Villa yana dan shekara shida, kuma ya fara buga wa kulob din walsa a watan Mayun,shekarar 2014, bayan aro a Notts County . Wanda ya cancanci wakiltar Ingila ko Jamhuriyar Ireland a duniya, Jamhuriyar Ireland ta sanya Grealish har zuwa matakin ƙasa da 21 kafin ya tabbatar da shawarar sa ta bugawa Ingila wasa a watan Afrilun shekarar 2016.Ya buga wa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 a karon farko a watan Mayu shekarar 2016, inda ya lashe Gasar Toulon ta shekarar 2016. A cikin shekarar 2021, Grealish ya bar Villa ya koma Manchester City a cikin yarjejeniyar musayar kudi fam miliyan 100,abin da ya sa ya zama dan wasan Ingilishi mafi tsada har abada.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Jack Grealish a Birmingham, West Midlands kuma ya girma a Solihull kusa. Ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Roman Katolika da Makarantar Sakandaren Roman Katolika ta St Peter a Solihull.
Shi ɗan asalin Irish ne, ta hanyar kakan mahaifiyarsa daga Dublin County, kakan kakansa daga Gort, County Galway, da kakan mahaifinsa daga Sneem, County Kerry. Tasirin nasa na Irish, Grealish ya buga wasan Gaelic don John Mitchel's Hurling da Camogie Club na Warwickshire GAA tsakanin shekarun 10 zuwa 14. Ya fafata da tsohon Aston Villa kuma mai tsaron baya na Manchester United na yanzu Aoife Mannion, abokin karatunsa na makaranta, a kwallon kafa ta Gaelic. A ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekarar 2009, Grealish ya zira maki ɗaya wanda ke wakiltar Warwickshire GAA a Croke Park a lokacin rabin lokacin shekara ta 2009 All-Ireland Senior Football Championship quarter-final tsakanin Dublin da Kerry .
Kanin Grealish, Keelan, ya mutu sakamakon cutar mutuwar jarirai kwatsam a watan Afrilu shekarar 2000 yana dan watanni tara.
Kakan-kakansa, Billy Garraty, shi ma ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne, wanda ya buga wa Ingila ƙwallo ɗaya kuma ya lashe Kofin FA na 1905 tare da Aston Villa .
Aikin kulob
Aston Villa
Nasarar Academy
Farawa a Highgate United Matasa, Grealish,mai son Aston Villa na tsawon rayuwa,ya shiga kungiyar tun yana dan shekara shida.A cikin shekaru 16,ya aka mai suna a matsayin sauran canza a wani 4-2 gida Premier League sha kashi a hannun Chelsea a ranar 31 ga watan Maris na shekarar 2012.Grealish yana cikin ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 19 wadanda suka ci 2012-13 NextGen Series,zira kwallaye a wasan da aka ci 3-1 akan Sporting CP a wasan kusa da na karshe..
A ranar 13 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2013, Grealish shiga League Daya kulob din Notts County a kan wani saurayi aro har 13 Janairu 2014. Daga cikin takwarorinsa a wancan lokacin akwai abokin wasan tsakiya Callum McGregor, dan wasan Scotland na gaba. Ya fara wasansa na farko a washegari, ya zo a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin David Bell a minti na 59 a cikin rashin nasara 3-1 da Milton Keynes Dons . A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba, ya ci kwallon sa ta farko, inda ya doke masu tsaron gida uku don jefa ƙwallo ta ƙarshe a wasan da suka ci Gillingham 3-1 a Meadow Lane, kuma ya biyo bayan wannan mako bayan buɗe nasarar 4-0 a Colchester United . Grealish ya tsawaita lamuninsa tare da Notts County a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu 2014 har zuwa ƙarshen kakar. Ya kawo karshen lamuninsa da kwallaye biyar da kuma taimakawa bakwai a wasanni 38 da ya buga. A karshen aro da Notts County, Grealish ya koma Aston Villa kuma ya fara buga wasa a kulob din a ranar 7 ga watan Mayu, inda ya maye gurbin Ryan Bertrand a minti na 88 a wasan da Manchester City ta doke su 4-0 a gasar Premier.
Tare da kwantiraginsa zai kare a lokacin bazara na 2015, kulob din ya ba shi sabon kwangilar shekaru hudu a watan Satumba 2014. A ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba, Grealish ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru hudu tare da Aston Villa. Grealish ya fara wasan farko a wasan zagaye na uku na gasar cin kofin FA a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun 2015 da Blackpool a Villa Park, wanda kungiyarsa ta ci 1-0. Ya buga mintuna 75 kafin a maye gurbinsa da Andreas Weimann . A ranar 7 ga Maris, a zagaye na shida, nasarar da 2-0 ta doke West Bromwich Albion, ya maye gurbin Charles N'Zogbia bayan mintuna 74, kuma an kore shi don yin katin gargadi na biyu don yin ruwa a cikin karin lokaci. A ranar 7 ga watan Afrilu, Grealish ya fara wasansa na farko na Aston Villa a gasar Premier, inda aka tashi 3-3 gida da Queens Park Rangers inda aka yaba aikinsa sosai. A wasan kusa da na karshe na cin Kofin FA da Liverpool a filin wasa na Wembley, Grealish ya taka rawa a cikin kwallayen Villa guda biyu ciki har da taimaka wa wanda ya ci Fabian Delph, yayin da suka zo daga baya don tsallakewa zuwa wasan karshe . A ranar 30 ga watan Mayu, Grealish ya buga wasan karshe na cin Kofin FA na 2015 a filin wasa na Wembley, yayin da Villa ta sha kashi a hannun Arsenal da ci 4-0.
A watan Afrilu shekarar 2015, manajan Aston Villa Tim Sherwood ya gargadi Grealish bayan da The Sun ta buga hotunan da ke nuna ana zargin yana shakar sinadarin nitrous oxide don dalilai na nishaɗi. Sherwood ya ce "Ba za mu lamunci wannan halayyar ba. Yanzu yana kan matsayin da ya dace a matsayin ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa, dole ne ya tabbatar ba zai sake faruwa ba ". Grealish ya ci wa Villa burin sa na farko a ranar 13 ga watan Satumba 2015, yadi mai yadi 20 don bude bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron ragar Leicester City ; duk da haka, tawagarsa ta yi rashin nasara da ci 3-2. A watan Nuwamba, ya zaɓi ya ci gaba da zama a Arewa maso Yammacin Ingila kuma ya tafi kulob bayan da Villa ta sha kashi a hannun Everton da ci 4-0. Sabon manaja Rémi Garde ya hukunta shi saboda wannan shawarar ta hanyar yin jirgin kasa na Grealish tare da kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21, kuma ya bayyana cewa "Dole ne ku nuna hali a matsayin kwararru kuma ba haka bane a wannan karon ga Jack". Ya dawo cikakken horo a ranar 8 ga watan Disamba.
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairun shekarar 2016, babban kocin Leeds United Steve Evans ya ce Villa ta ki amincewa da binciken daukar Grealish a matsayin aro. Villa ta kammala kakar wasan a matsayi na karshe, wanda ya kawo karshen matsayinsu na kyaututtuka na Premier League. Grealish ya buga wasanni 16, duk rashin nasara, ya karya rikodin mafi munin kakar da Sean Thornton na Sunderland ya yi a baya, wanda ya sha kashi a duka wasanni 11 da ya yi a 2002 - 03 . A watan Satumba, Villa ta bude binciken ladabtarwa na cikin gida bayan rahotannin da ke cewa Grealish yana cikin wani biki a otal din Birmingham wanda dole ne 'yan sanda su rufe shi da sanyin safiya. A martaninsa, maigidan Tony Xia ya rubuta a shafin Twitter cewa dole Grealish ya mai da hankali kan da kashe filin, da yin hulɗa da mutanen da suka dace. A watan Oktoba, an dakatar da shi wasanni uku bayan ya amince da tuhumar cin zarafi bayan buga tambarin Conor Coady a wasan da Villa ta tashi 1-1 da Wolverhampton Wanderers .
A ranar 10 ga watan Maris 2019, wani mai kai hari a filin wasa ya kai wa Grealish hari yayin wasan tsere zuwa Birmingham City . Daga baya a rabi na biyu, ya ci kwallo don baiwa Villa nasara 1-0. An kama wani mutum mai shekaru 27 daga Rubery . Ya bayyana a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a Kotun Majistare ta Birmingham da ake tuhuma da laifin shiga filin wasa da farmaki. Ya amsa laifin da ake tuhumar sa da shi kuma an tura shi gidan yari na tsawon makonni 14. Grealish ya jagoranci kungiyar daga watan Maris zuwa gaba, lokacin da ya sa suka sami nasarar lashe kofuna 10 a jere. Wannan fom din ya baiwa Villa matsayi a wasan share fage inda cin nasara akan West Bromwich Albion da Derby County ya basu damar zuwa gasar Premier bayan rashin shekaru uku.
Burin farko na Grealish na kakar 2019–20 ya zo a zagaye na biyu na Kofin EFL na 2019–20 da Crewe Alexandra a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2019. Kwallon farko da ya ci a gasar Premier ta bana ya zo ne a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba, inda ya ci wa kungiyarsa kwallo ta uku a wasan da suka doke Norwich City da ci 5-1. Sakamakon ya fitar da kulob din daga cikin na uku kuma ya tsallake abokan hamayyarsu a teburin Premier.
A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020, an dakatar da Premier League a tsakiyar lokacin dawowar Aston Villa, saboda barkewar COVID-19 a Burtaniya . A lokacin hutun da aka tilasta, an bayyana cewa Grealish ya saba wa umarnin gwamnati na zama a gida. Ya yarda cewa abin da ya aikata ba daidai ba ne kuma ba dole ba ne kuma kulob din ya ci tarar sa.
An yi wa Grealish laifi sau 167 a duk kakar wasannin Premier ta 2019–20 ; wannan shine mafi girman laifin da ɗan wasa ya ci a kamfen na Premier guda ɗaya, tare da Grealish ya wuce rikodin tare da wasanni takwas da suka rage a kakar. Ya zira kwallaye a ranar ƙarshe, yayin da Aston Villa ta ci gaba da zama a gasar Premier tare da ci 1-1 da West Ham United, yayin da abokan hamayyarsu na Watford suka sha kashi da ci 3-2 a hannun Arsenal. A ƙarshen kyaututtukan kulob din, magoya baya da sauran abokan wasansa sun zaɓi Grealish a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Villa. Ya kuma kammala kakar wasa ta bana a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a raga da kwallaye takwas a gasar Premier da 10 a dukkan gasa.
A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2020, Grealish ya sanya hannu kan sabuwar kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Villa har zuwa 2025. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar a kakar wasa ta biyu a Villa ranar 28 ga watan Satumba; burin farko a cikin nasarar 3-0 a sabuwar kungiyar Fulham . A ranar 4 ga Oktoba, ya zira kwallaye biyu sannan ya taimaka aka ci uku a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Liverpool da ci 7-2. Wannan shine rashin nasara mafi girma da Liverpool tayi cikin shekaru 57 kuma shine karo na farko a tarihin gasar firimiya da aka ci kwallaye bakwai a wasa daya. Ya ɗauki kusan wata ɗaya don Grealish ya sake cin ƙwallo, lokacin da ya ci ƙwallo a minti na 97 a kan Southampton, duk da cewa bai isa ba yayin da Villa ta yi rashin nasara 4-3.
Manchester City
A ranar 5 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2021, Manchester City ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta sanya hannu kan Grealish kan kwantiragin shekaru shida wanda zai ci gaba har zuwa 2027. Tashoshi da yawa sun ba da rahoton cewa kuɗin canja wurin da aka biya Aston Villa ya kasance akan kuɗi fam miliyan 100, wanda ya kasance mafi tsada mafi tsada na ɗan wasan Ingila har abada, da kuma mafi girman kuɗin da kulob ɗin Burtaniya ya taɓa biya. Kungiyar ta ba Grealish riga mai lamba 10 wanda tsohon dan wasan kulob din Sergio Agüero ya saka, wanda ya bar City a watan da ya gabata bayan shekaru goma tare da kungiyar.
Rayuwar mutum
A cikin watan Maris shekarar 2020, an gano Grealish ya karya ƙa'idodin gwamnati don zama a gida dangane da ƙa'idodin COVID-19 kuma Aston Villa ta ci tarar sa. An hana Grealish yin tuki na tsawon watanni tara a Burtaniya kuma an ci tarar £ 82,499 bayan ya amsa laifuka biyu na tukin ganganci a cikin Maris da Oktoba 2020, wanda a cikinsa aka yi fim ɗin ya yi karo da motoci da yawa da aka ajiye yayin juyi a hanya.
Manyan Wasanni
Jamhuriyar Ireland
Yayin da yake wasa a cikin kungiyoyin matasa na Irish, an san Ingila tana bin sa, har ma suna sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar su ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a shekarar 2011 yana ɗan shekara 15 - gayyatar da ya ƙi. Bayan an bar shi daga tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 na Jamhuriyar Ireland don neman cancantar shiga wasannin share fage uku a watan Oktoban shekarar 2012, Hukumar FA ta Ingila ta nemi hanyar sauya shi. Kocin Jamhuriyar Ireland 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 Noel King ya fada a watan Mayun shekarar 2013 cewa dan wasan mai shekaru 17 yana tunanin canza sheka zuwa Ingila don haka ba a dauke shi wasan sada zumunci da Denmark ba, kodayake daga baya Sarki ya shiga don tabbatar wa Grealish da danginsa cewa ya kasance wani ɓangare na tsare -tsarensa.
Grealish ya fara wasansa na ƙasa da shekaru 21 na Jamhuriyar Ireland a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbinsa da Tsibirin Faroe a watan Agustan shekarar 2013. A cikin shekarar 2013, Grealish ya sake jaddada burinsa na ci gaba da wakiltar Ireland.
A watan Agustan shekarar 2014, an sake kiran Grealish cikin tawagar 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 na Jamhuriyar Ireland. Da farko an ba da rahoton cewa zai ƙi kiran har zuwa 'yan ƙasa da shekaru 21 saboda rashin yanke hukunci game da makomar sa ta ƙasa da ƙasa, duk da haka Grealish ya fita zuwa Jamhuriyar Ireland a cikin rashin nasara 2-0 da Jamus . Daga baya ya fito cewa Grealish da gaske ya ƙi kiran babban jami'in Irish bayan tattaunawa da Martin O'Neill . A watan Oktoba shekarar 2014, Grealish ya fice daga cikin tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 na Jamhuriyar Ireland don wasan da za su yi da Norway don buga wasan sada zumunci na kulob dinsa na Aston Villa da kocin Ingila' yan kasa da shekara 21 Gareth Southgate ya tabbatar da cewa Hukumar Kwallon kafa tana sa ido kan 'yan wasan. halin dan wasan. Rahotanni sun fito a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoba cewa Grealish ya sanar da Ireland kuma zai yi babban wasansa a wata mai zuwa amma dan wasan ya musanta hakan. Hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ireland ta ba Grealish kyautar gwarzon dan wasan ƙasa da shekara 21 a watan Maris na 2015 inda ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya yi hutu daga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa a cikin shekarar da ta gabata don mai da hankali kan shiga cikin ƙungiyar Aston Villa ta farko kuma yana tsammanin don dawowa bugawa Ireland wasa nan gaba.
A watan Mayun shekarar 2015, O'Neill ya tabbatar da cewa Grealish ya ki amincewa da wani kiran da aka yiwa manyan 'yan wasan Irish, a wannan karon don buga wasan sada zumunci da Ingila da kuma wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Turai da Scotland . Kocin Ingila Roy Hodgson ya bayyana cewa duk da cewa yana tuntubar Grealish, amma ya zabi kada ya saka shi cikin tawagar da za ta fuskanci Ireland idan har aka samu matsala. A watan Agusta na shekarar 2015, Hodgson ya sadu da Grealish don tattauna makomarsa.
A ranar 28 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2015,Grealish ya tabbatar da cewa ya yanke shawarar wakiltar Ingila a matakin kasa da kasa.Ya fara buga wa Ingila 'yan kasa da shekaru 21 a ranar 19 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2016 a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin Ruben Loftus-Cheek na minti 72 a wasan da suka ci Portugal 1-0 a Gasar Toulon . A farkon farawa bayan kwana huɗu ya zira kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin nasarar 7-1 akan Guinea . Ingila ta ci gaba da lashe gasar a karon farko tun 1994.An sanya Grealish cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Ingila' yan kasa da shekara 21 a gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta UEFA.Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2017,ya buga wasanni bakwai ga 'yan kasa da shekaru 21,inda ya zura kwallaye biyu.
A ranar 31 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2020, a karon farko, an gayyaci Grealish zuwa manyan 'yan wasan Ingila don wasannin UEFA Nations League da Iceland da Denmark.A ranar 8 ga watan Satumba,ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda ya maye gurbin minti na 76 a wasan da suka tashi 0-0 da Denmark.
A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2021,an ambaci Grealish a cikin 'yan wasa 26 don sabon jadawalin UEFA Euro 2020.A ranar 29 ga Yuni, a wasan zagaye na 16 da Jamus,an gabatar da Grealish a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a cikin minti na 68 kuma ya ba da gudummawa kai tsaye ga kwallaye biyun a cikin nasara 2-0,yana wasa a cikin Luka Shaw don taimakawa Raheem Sterling, da detare Harry Kane. don kai hari a ƙarshen wasan.
Salon wasa
Grealish yana wasa azaman dan wasan gefe na gefe ko mai kai hari, kuma an san shi da ikon yin tsere da ragargaza masu kare baya. Bryan Jones, tsohon daraktan makarantar Aston Villa, ya kwatanta salon wasansa da na almara na Nottingham Forest John Robertson, yana mai nuni da '' ikonsa na yin fatalwa kawai.
Sakamakon motsin sa mai ƙarfi, Grealish musamman ya kasance a ƙarshen karɓar nauyi, ƙarin ƙalubalen jiki daga 'yan wasa masu adawa. Shaun Derry, manajansa a Notts County, ya ba da haske game da wannan, sakamakon wasannin da aka yi da Sheffield United da Stevenage a farkon shekarar 2014 kuma ya yi kira da a kara samun kariya daga hukuma. A wasan da Aston Villa ta yi da Hull City a Villa Park, yawan laifuka da aka yi wa Grealish ya sa 'yan wasan Hull uku sun karbi katin gargadi a cikin mintuna 15 kawai.
Jack Grealish sa yaro-sized shin gammaye alhãli kuwa Playing, domin ya kula da ikon sarrafa ball yadda ya kamata. Ya na sanye da safa na ƙwallon ƙafa saboda nishaɗi, wanda hakan ya sa alkalan wasa suka gargaɗe shi ya ja su.
Manajan Aston Villa Tim Sherwood ya fada a watan Mayu shekarar 2015 cewa Grealish yana koyo daga abokantakarsa da abokin wasansa na tsakiya, gogaggen Joe Cole . Sherwood ya ɗauki Cole a matsayin abin koyi ga rayuwar Grealish ta sirri, saboda "bai karanta sosai game da kasancewar Joe a shafukan farko ba".
A ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairu 2021, A cikin hira da Talksport, abokin wasan Aston Villa Emiliano Martínez ya bayyana Grealish a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗan wasa [da ya taɓa gani]" kuma ya bayyana mamakin cewa bai buga wa Ingila ƙarin wasanni ba. Martínez ya ci gaba da cewa: "bai taba ba da kwallon ba. Lokacin da na ga Grealish yana gudana, koyaushe harbi ne akan manufa ko kusurwa a gare mu. Zai tuka 'yan wasa biyu ko uku ". Martínez ya kuma yi kwatancen Grealish ga abokin wasan sa na Argentina, Lionel Messi .
=== Masu suka ===
Duk da iyawarsa da aikin sa na ƙwallo,Jack Grealish a lokuta da yawa an soki shi saboda saukowa cikin sauƙi kuma ana zargin yin ruwa don lashe bugun fanareti da bugun bugun kyauta. Tsohon dan wasan baya na Liverpool Steve Nicol ya ce, "Jack Grealish yana jefa kansa kasa sau 50 a wasa.A zahiri ina kallon agogo a yau.Lokaci na farko da ya sauka bai wuce minti daya ba akan agogon.Na gaba shine akan mintuna uku! [Yana] Mafi yawan abin kunya.Ya jefar da kansa a ƙasa inda ramuka suke. Abin kunya kawai. Dan wasa ne mai hazaka. Yana ɓata min da gaske lokacin da nake kallo. ” An bashi katin nutsewa a wasan da Crystal Palace, wanda hakan ya sa aka hana Villa farke kwallon. Tsohon dan wasan baya na West Brom Matt Upson ya soki shi,yana mai cewa "Muna iya gani a nan kuma muna da nisa mai nisa.Jack Grealish ya jira lamba kuma a zahiri kawai ya nutse a kasa. Ina iya ganin Grealish yana da ɗan ɗan dariya ga kansa kuma yana farin ciki da bugun ƙwallon da ya ci yanzu".
Duk da haka,ya kare kansa, yana mai cewa kasancewar shi dan wasan da ya fi kowa laifi a gasar yana nuna cewa masu tsaron baya suna yin karin kurakurai na kokarin hana shi, ta haka ne suke ba da karin fanareti da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida.
Ƙididdigar Wasanni
Kasashen duniya
Matasan Aston Villa
Jerin Gaba : 2012 - 13
Aston Villa
Wasannin Gasar EFL : 2019
Gasar cin Kofin FA : 2014–15
Gasar cin Kofin EFL : 2019–20
Ingila U21
Gasar Toulon : 2016
Gasar Zakarun Turai ta Turai ta UEFA : 2020
Na ɗaya
FAI Under-17 Irish International Player of the Year : 2012
FAI 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ɗan wasan Irish na Duniya : 2015
Aston Villa Matashin dan wasan kakar: 2014–15
Kungiyar PFA na Shekara : Gasar Zakarun 2018–19
Dan wasan Aston Villa na kakar: 2019–20
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon Aston Villa FC
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon hukumar kwallon kafa
Bayanan martaba a gidan yanar gizon hukumar kwallon kafa ta Ireland
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Ingila
Pages with unreviewed translations
Haifaffun 1995
Rayayyun Mutane |
16496 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majalisar%20don%20Nazarin%20Kimiyya%20da%20Masana%27antu%20-%20Ghana | Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu - Ghana | Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu (CSIR) an kafa ta ne ta hanyar NLC Decree 293 na 10 ga Oktoba 10, 1968 wanda NLCD 329 ta 1969 ta gyara, kuma aka sake kafa ta a cikin ta ta yanzu ta Dokar CSIR 521 a ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1996. Tunanin farko na Majalisar, ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar Majalisar Bincike ta Kasa (NRC), wacce gwamnati ta kafa a watan Agusta 1958 don tsarawa da daidaita binciken kimiyya a Ghana. A cikin 1963, NRC ta haɗu da tsohuwar Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ghana, ƙungiyar ilmantarwa ta doka. Bayan wani bita da aka yi a cikin 1966, aka sake kirkiro da kwalejin a cikin, a zahiri, gaɓaɓɓun ɓangarorinta na asali, wato ƙungiyar bincike ta ƙasa ta sake fasalin CSIR da learnedungiyar Ilimin da aka ƙaddara, aka ƙaddamar da Makarantar Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Ghana.
Abubuwan da ke cikin Dokar 1996 ita ce girmamawar da aka ba kamfanoni masu zaman kansu, da kuma gabatar da ka'idojin kasuwa cikin ayyukan Majalisar ta hanyar kasuwancin bincike. Dangane da wannan, ana sa ran Majalisar za ta samar da wani bangare na kudin shigar ta ta hanyar sayar da kayayyaki da aiyukanta, da kuma kafa tsarin binciken kwangila.
An ba CSIR izinin aiwatar da waɗannan ayyuka tsakanin wasu:
Don bin aiwatar da manufofin gwamnati kan binciken kimiyya da ci gaba;
Don ba da shawara ga Ministan bangaren kan ci gaban kimiyya da kere-kere da ke iya zama masu mahimmanci ga ci gaban kasa;
Don ƙarfafa aikin haɗin gwiwar bincike na kimiyya don gudanarwa, amfani da kiyaye albarkatun ƙasa na Ghana don sha'awar ci gaba;
Don ƙarfafa sha'awar ƙasa da binciken kimiyya da masana'antu game da mahimmancin ci gaban noma, kiwon lafiya, magani, muhalli, fasaha da sauran bangarorin sabis kuma don wannan don karfafa alaƙar kut da kut da sassan tattalin arziki masu fa'ida;
Don daidaita dukkan bangarorin binciken kimiyya a cikin kasar da kuma tabbatar da cewa Majalisar, cibiyoyin bincike na Majalisar da sauran kungiyoyin da ke gudanar da bincike a Ghana, hada kai da hadin kai a kokarin binciken su;
Don gudanar da iko akan cibiyoyin bincike da ayyukan majalisar kuma samun iko bayan tuntuɓar Ministan don ƙirƙira, sake ginawa, haɗewa ko soke kowace cibiyar, cibiya, yanki ko aikin majalisar;
Don yin bita, sa ido da kuma kimanta ayyukan cibiyoyin da Majalisar ke gudanarwa lokaci zuwa lokaci domin tabbatar da cewa binciken da cibiyar ke gudanarwa kai tsaye zai amfani bangarorin da aka gano na tattalin arziki kuma yana cikin manyan abubuwan da suka shafi kasa;
Instirƙirar tsarin bincike na kwangila don tabbatar da cewa binciken da ake gudanarwa a cikin Majalisar ya dace kuma yana da tasiri;
Don ƙarfafawa da haɓaka kasuwancin sakamakon bincike;
Don aiwatarwa ko haɗin gwiwa a cikin tattarawa, bugawa da watsa sakamakon bincike da sauran bayanan fasaha masu amfani;
Don tsarawa da sarrafa ayyuka da kayan aiki da Majalisar ke samu da kuma gaba ɗaya don kula da kaddarorin Majalisar;
Don daidaita ci gaban ma'aikata a cibiyoyin Majalisar tare da karfafa horar da ma'aikatan kimiyya da ma'aikatan bincike ta hanyar bayar da tallafi da kawance;
Don yin aiki tare da yin hulɗa tare da ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi na ƙasa da ƙasa, musamman, Jami'o'in da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan al'amuran bincike; kuma
Don aiwatar da wasu ayyukan kamar yadda Ministan zai iya yanke hukunci.
Amfani da ikon canza S & T don ƙirƙirar arziki.
Ofishin Jakadancin
CSIR ita ce za ta zama karfi don bunkasa ci gaban zamantakewar al'umma da cigaban tattalin arzikin Ghana ta hanyar nazari, bincike da kirkirar hanyoyin Kimiyya da Fasaha don kirkirar arzikin jama'a da masu zaman kansu.
Yankunan Jigogi na Bincike
Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu (CSIR) tana da bangarori guda bakwai masu taken; wato Kimiyya da Mutane, Kayan lantarki da ICT, Biomedical da Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a, Makamashi da Man Fetur, Kirkirar Kayan Kimiyyar Kimiyya, Canjin Yanayi Kare muhalli Fasaha da Tsaron Abinci da Rage Talauci.
Tsarin da Kungiya
Majalisar Dokokin da aka kafa ta shugabanci da mambobi 20. Su/waɗannan sun haɗa da wakilan zaɓaɓɓun ma'aikatun (Abinci da Noma), Kiwon lafiya, Kasuwanci da Masana'antu, Muhalli, Ilimi, Kimiyya da Fasaha, Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kimiyya, Fasaha da Bid'a Jami'o'in, nau'ikan samarwa da kungiyoyin kasuwanci (Ma'adinai, Masana'antu, Kasuwanci, Injiniyoyi), Kwalejin Arts da Kimiyya ta Ghana, Hukumar Shirye-shiryen Ci Gaban Kasa, Daraktocin CSIR, Manyan Ma’aikatan CSIR, da sauransu. Dokar CSIR ta bukaci kashi 40 cikin 100 na membobin Majalisar su fito daga kamfanoni masu zaman kansu.
Majalisar ta ba da amsa ga Ministan Muhalli, Kimiyya da Fasaha (MEST).
Darakta-Janar shi ne Babban Jami'in CSIR. Ayyukan Babban Darakta sun haɗa da: batutuwan siyasa; aiki tare; saka idanu & kimantawa; dangantakar waje tare da makircin taimakon fasaha da yarjejeniyar fasaha; neman 'yanci da bayar da shawarwari da kuma alakar CSIR.
Mataimakin Darakta-Janar
Mataimakin Darakta-Janar yana da alhakin Darakta-Janar don kula da ci gaba da aiwatar da ayyukan bincike da ci gaba na cibiyoyi goma sha uku na CSIR da kuma shirye-shirye da ayyukan Majalisar; yana taimaka wa Darakta-Janar wajen tsara abubuwan fifiko na Majalisar dangane da manufofin Gwamnati da ayyukan Darakta Janar a lokacin da ba ya nan.
Daraktan Gudanarwa
Daraktan Gudanarwa yana da alhakin Darakta-Janar don kulawa / gudanarwa na yau da kullun na Babban Ofishin gami da ba da izinin kashe kuɗaɗen gudanarwa / gudanar da biyan kuɗi; Al'amuran majalisar sun hada da sakatariyar karamar hukuma; kula da albarkatun mutane na CSIR; Sadar da manufofi zuwa Cibiyoyi; da kuma lura da aiwatar da manufofin.
Daraktan Kudi
Daraktan Kudi shi ne zai ba Darakta Janar shawara a kan dukkan al’amuran da suka shafi Kudi da Lissafi; don ba da shawara ga Daraktocin Makarantun Majalisar kan lamuran kuɗi da lissafi; ba da shawara game da shirye-shiryen gabatarwa na shekara-shekara, Takardar Amincewa da Ma'aikata, Sabis na Gudanarwa da Kididdigar Ci gaba na Cibiyoyin Majalisar; da Shirye-shiryen Lissafe-lissafe na Shekarar Shekara da Takardar Balance na Majalisar bayan duk Asusun Makarantun an bincikesu daga Odita na waje.
Daraktan Kasuwanci
Daraktan Kasuwancin shine ya ba Darakta-Janar shawara kan dukkan batutuwan da suka shafi kasuwanci; don kula da duk ayyukan Kasuwanci da Raba Bayanai na cibiyoyin (CIDs) dangane da dabarun haɓakawa da aiwatarwa; kula da tsarin kasuwancin da shirye-shiryen horo; sa ido kan ayyukan Jami'an Talla / Jami'an Hulda da Jama'a; samar da farashi da bayanai masu tsada; talla da tallatawa; binciken kasuwanci da bayanai; ginin hoto na kamfanoni da kuma fadada S&T.
Daraktan Odita
Daraktan Audit shine kafa manufofi don ayyukan dubawa da kai tsaye / fasaha da ayyukan gudanarwa. Ci gaba da aiwatar da cikakken shirye-shiryen dubawa don kimanta sarrafawar ciki akan duk ayyukan Cibiyar; Gudanar da tsarin binciken kudi da sauran ayyukan binciken cikin gida, kuma yayi hulda da masu binciken majalisar na waje.
Jami'in shari'a
Jami'in Shari'a yana da alhakin Darakta-Janar na duk abubuwan da suka shafi doka da na doka wadanda suka shafi hakkoki da wajibai na Majalisar; nasiha ga Daraktocin Majalisar kan duk wasu lamuran doka da na doka game da hakkoki, wajibai da kuma lamuran da suka shafi rikice-rikice na aiki da horo; Gyara dokoki da ka'idoji da ake dasu; tsara kwangila; rubuce-rubucen ra'ayin shari'a ga Darakta-Janar da Daraktocin Cibiyoyi daban-daban; bayar da shawara kan dokokin lambobin mallaka; kula da kararrakin kotu a madadin Majalisar a gaban Kwamitin Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam da Adalcin Gudanarwa; da kuma Sadarwa tare da Lauyoyin waje na Majalisar.
Cibiyoyin Majalisar
A halin yanzu, Majalisar tana gudanar da iko a kan cibiyoyi goma sha uku , wato *Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu(CSIR) Babban ofishi
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Dabba (ARI).
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine da Hanyoyi (BRRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Shuka (CRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Gandun daji ta Ghana (FORIG)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Abinci (FRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Masana'antu (IIR)
CSIR - Cibiyar Kimiyya da Bayanai Fasaha (INSTI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Mai Dabinohttps://www.csir.org.gh/index.php/research-institutes/oil-palm-research (OPRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Albarkatun Halitta (PGRRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Noma ta Savanna (SARI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Kasa (SRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Kimiyya da Fasaha (STEPRI)
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Ruwa (WRI).
Lauyan waje
Wontumi, Quist and Co.
Haɗin kai
Ta hanyar hadin gwiwa da kungiyoyin kimiyya na duniya, CSIR ta zama cibiyar bincike da ke dauke da kungiyoyi masu binciken kimiyya daban-daban da suka hada da;
Ofishin Ghana - Cibiyar Kula da Ruwa ta Duniya (IWMI)
Ofishin Yankin Afirka- Kamfanin Binciken Aikin Noma na Brazil (EMBRAPA)
Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin Abinci ta Duniya (IFPRI), da kuma
Kungiyar Hadin Kan Green Revolution a Afirka (AGRA)
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Majalisar don Nazarin Kimiyya da Masana'antu
CSIR - Cibiyar Nazarin Shuka, Ghana.
Ma'aikatar Muhalli, Kimiyya, Fasaha da Bid'a (Ghana)
GHANA ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION |
21528 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jami%27ar%20Kwalejin%20Roosevelt | Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt | Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt (UCR), wacce a da ake kira Roosevelt Academy ( RA ), ƙarama ce, ta girmama kwalejin ilimin kere-kere na kwaleji da kimiyya da ke Middelburg a Netherlands da kuma babbar jami'a a Zeeland . Yana ba da saitin zama, kuma kwalejin girmamawa ce ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht. An kuna kira shi ne don girmama dangin Roosevelt, wanda ya samo asalinsa zuwa lardin Zeeland.
Akadeiyar Roosevelt, kamar yadda ake kiranta a wancan lokacin, an kafa ta ne a shekara ta 2004 saboda ƙoƙarin da Hans Adriaansens ya jagoranta, Shugabanta na Foundaddamarwa. Farfesa Adriaansens ya fara samun gogewa ne game da ka'idodin ilimin zane-zane a lokacin ɗan gajeren lokacinsa a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Smith, Amurka, a cikin shekarar karatu ta shekarun 1980-1981. Ya fara inganta tunanin karamin kwaleji da kwalejin karatun digiri a cikin Netherlands, wanda ya jagoranci Adriaansens zuwa kafuwar Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht a shekara ta alif 1998, kwaleji ta farko ta zane-zane a kasar. Bayan nasarar kirkiror Kwalejin Jami'a ta farko a Utrecht, Adriaansens ta fara shirye-shiryen kwalejin 'yar'uwa a garinsu, Middelburg .
Middelburg da gaba ki daya Zeeland ba su da jami'ar bincike har yanzu, kodayake William na Orange ya ɗauki Middelburg a matsayin wuri mai yiyuwa lokacin da ya kafa jami'ar farko a Netherlands a 1575, kafin daga bisani ya daidaita zuwa Leiden . An kafa shi ne a cikin Middelburg tsohon Gothic City Hall, wannan kwaleji ta farko a Zeeland ta kasance tana bin ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya na ilimin zane-zane kamar takwaran Utrecht. An sanya masa suna ne bayan dangin Roosevelt, musamman Franklin, Eleanor da Theodore, saboda asalinsu wanda ya samo asali daga lardin Zeeland na Dutch.
An kafa Kwalejin Roosevelt a hukumance a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun 2004 kuma ɗaliban farko da suka yi rajista a watan Agusta na wannan shekarar, bayan Sarauniya Beatrix ta yi buɗewar jami'a a hukumance. Ita ce Kwalejin Jami'a ta uku da aka kafa a cikin Netherlands, bayan Kwalejin Jami'ar Utrecht da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht . A cikin fewan shekarun ta na farko, Roosevelt Academy ya kasance yana da matsayi mafi girma a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'a: mujallar <i id="mwNA">Elsevier ta</i> kasance RA a matsayin babbar kwalejin zane-zane a cikin Netherlands har sau uku a farkon shekaru huɗu na farko, kuma a cikin 2011 kuma Keuzengids Onderwijs suma sun kasance masu daraja. shi a matsayin lamba ɗaya ta Jami'ar Kwaleji a cikin Netherlands. Hans Adriaansens ya yi ritaya a matsayin shugaban makaranta a watan Nuwamba na 2011, kuma an maye gurbinsa da Prof. Barbara Oomen a watan Afrilu 2012.
A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2013, Roosevelt Academy ta canza sunanta zuwa Kwalejin Jami'ar Roosevelt, don guje wa shubuha game da yanayin ma'aikata da gabatar da kanta a bayyane a matsayin kwalejin jami'a. UCR ya ci gaba da haɓaka yayin da ya shiga shekaru goma na biyu. Babban mahimmin ci gaba shi ne buɗe gidan na Common Elliott, ajujuwan gina gidaje, ɗakin cin abinci na ɗalibai da kuma gidan ƙasa. Bayan abubuwa masu yawa, gami da juriya daga mazauna wurin, Elliott ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga ƙungiyar farko a ranar 28 Nuwamba 2013 kuma an ƙaddamar da shi bisa ƙa'ida a cikin Afrilu 2014. A cikin wannan shekarar, an kafa Cibiyar Koyarwa da Koyo don ƙwarewa a ilimi kuma Sarauniya Máxima ta buɗe a hukumance.
A watan Agustan shekara ta 2016, Prof. Bert van der Brink ya zama sabon shugaban UCR. A karkashin Farfesa van der Brink, UCR ta fadada tsarin karatun ta ta hanyar kafa sabon Sashen Injiniya, wanda aka gwada shi daga 2019 kuma aka fara shi a hukumance a shekarar 2020. Wannan ya haifar da sabbin fadada harabar: an sami sabon gini don zama sabon sashin, kuma Cibiyar Nazarin Hadin Gwiwa (JRI) ta haɓaka tare da haɗin gwiwar HZ University of Applied Sciences and Scalda. An tsara shi don buɗewa a 2021, JRI za ta samar da dakunan gwaje-gwajen da za a yi amfani da su a fagen aikin injiniya, kimiyyar bayanai, ilmin sunadarai da ilimin halittu.
Masu matsayin Dean
Hans Adriaansens
Willem Hendrik Gispen (Shugaban rikon kwarya, 2011-2012)
Barbara Oomen
Bert van der Brink (2016-gabatarwa)
UCR tana ba da karatu me zurfi kan shirye-shiryen Liberal Arts & Sciences tare da tushe a cikin ƙwarewar ilimi. Aliban suna da 'yanci su tsara tsarin karatun su a cikin wasu buƙatu; ana ƙarfafa su kuma har zuwa abin da ake buƙata su bi ɗalibai a fannoni daban-daban. Darussan suna da diban dalibai kasa da dalibai 25, don haka azuzuwan ƙanana ne kuma ana ƙarfafa hulɗa.
Bayan shekara ta farko, ana buƙatar ɗalibai su bayyana babban sakamako a ɗayan daga daya dagan cikin sassa huɗu: Arts & Humanities, Kimiyyar Zamani, Kimiyya ko (tun daga 2019) Injiniya . Babban mahimmin yanki, haɗuwa da ƙarin ɓangarori biyu na mai yiwuwa kuma yana yiwuwa. A cikin wannan tsarin karatun, UCR kuma yana ba da shirye-shirye na musamman guda biyu: Ayyuka na Kiɗa, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da karatun ilimi tare da kwasa-kwasan wasan kwaikwayo a cikin kiɗa, da shirin Pre-Medical, wanda ɗalibai za su iya haɗuwa da kwasa-kwasan ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da na rayuwa, yana ba su damar. don ci gaba da karatunsu a karatun Jagora na likita a Netherlands.
Bayan shekaru uku na ci gaba da karatu cikin nasara a UCR, ana ba ɗalibai lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Utrecht ta Digiri na farko na Kwalejin Fasaha ko Digiri na Kimiyya, dangane da mahimman zaɓaɓɓen su.
Shiga Jami'ar
Jami'ar na karɓar ɗalibai guda 170 kowace shekara ta ilimi daga aikace-aikace kusan 350 da aka karɓa. Kimanin rabin ɗaliban sun fito ne daga Netherlands yayin da sauran suka fito daga ko'ina cikin duniya. An saita kuɗin koyarwa kaɗan fiye da na jami'o'in jama'a na yau da kullun a cikin Netherlands.
Martaba da Matakai
NVAO (Dutch-Flemish Accreditation Organisation) tana girmama UCR tun kafuwarta. A shekara ta 2004, an bashi matsayin "sakamako mafi kyawo", an tabbatar dashi tare da sake duba bayanan a shekarar 2008 da 2013. A cikin 2019, a maimakon haka, an ba shi cikakken bayani game da "kyakkyawa". Baya ga cancanta ta yau da kullun, NVAO ya ba UCR lambar lakabin ta "ƙarami da ƙarfi"
A cikin 2011, Keuzegids Onderwijs sun zaɓi jamiar UCR a matsayin lamba ɗaya a Kwalejin Jami'a a Netherlands tare da 84. A cikin 2012 duk da haka, ya faɗi a matsayi na biyu, tare da 78, tare da Kwalejin Jami'ar Maastricht a farkon tare da 86. Kamar yadda aka sami karin Kwalejojin Jami'a a kasar, sai UCR ya nitse a cikin jadawalin, ya kai karshe a tsakanin Kwalejojin Jami'oi 10 a shekarar 2017. Koyaya, shekara mai zuwa ya sake tashi, yana matsayi na 7 cikin 10 a cikin 2018 tare da 74.
Shirye-shiryen musayar
Dalibai na iya yin karatu a ƙasashen waje yayin smestan karatun su na huɗu ko na biyar. Studentsalibai na iya samun kuɗi zuwa ga digiri na UCR yayin da suke a jami'o'i iri-iri a duniya. Zaɓuɓɓuka sun haɗa da wurare ta hanyar hanyar musayar Jami'ar Utrecht, amma UCR kuma tana da yarjejeniyar musayar kai tsaye tare da Shirin girmamawa a Jami'ar Nebraska a Kearney, Amurka, Kwalejin Bard a New York, Amurka, da kuma Kwalejin Glendon a Toronto, Kanada.
Mujallar ilimi
Kwalejin Jami'a Roosevelt tana wallafa mujallar ilimi ta shekara-shekara, Ad Astra, wacce ke wallafa shahararrun ɗalibai da takardu.
Jami'ar Kwalejin Roosevelt kwaleji ce ta girmamawa ta duniya na Jami'ar Utrecht . UCR cibiyar ilimi ce mai zaman kanta ta hanyar kudi tare da gudanarwarta da kuma kwamitin amintattu, yayin da Jami'ar Utrecht ta tabbatar da kula da inganci, tana ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban tsarin karatun, da bayar da lambobin digiri. Ana daukar ɗaliban UCR ɗaliban Jami'ar Utrecht kuma suna karɓar digiri na UU a ƙarshen karatunsu. Shugaban UCR da cikakken furofesoshi duk furofesoshi ne a Jami'ar Utrecht kuma.
Harabar jami'a
Gine-ginen wurin karatu
Kwalejin Jami'ar ta Roosevelt tana kusa da dandalin kasuwa a Middelburg a bayan faɗin garin na da, wanda aka gina a cikin 1452 kuma galibi kwalejin ke amfani da shi don dalilai na bukukuwa. Birnin, wanda ya mallaki ginin, ya fara yin hayar ofisoshin da aka hade zuwa kwalejin jami'a a shekarar 2004 bayan an sauya dukkan ofisoshin birni zuwa sabon zauren birni a Kanaalweg.
An sanya sunayen gine-ginen jamiar ne bayan shahararrun membobin gidan Roosevelt . Sabon, ɓangaren da ba gothic na zauren birni an san shi da Franklin, yayin da ake kira sauran gine-ginen Theodore da Eleanor . Wadannan gine-ginen guda uku duk suna fuskantar wani fili da ake kira Helm da gidajen ajujuwa da dakunan gwaje-gwaje na kwamfuta, da kuma malamai da ofisoshin gudanarwa.
Wani sabon gini mai suna Anne kwanan nan UCR ta saya kuma zai sanya sashin injiniyanta. Ana kiran annan ginin bayan Anna Eleanor Roosevelt, shugaban Cibiyar Roosevelt kuma jikan Franklin D. Roosevelt da Eleanor Roosevelt.
Kusa da waɗannan, Elliott, wanda ke cikin tsohon gidan waya na Middelburg, gini ne wanda ya ƙunshi ajujuwa, yankin karatu, mashaya tare da wurin hutawa da kuma ginshiki na ƙasa don bukukuwa ko taroa. Elliott ɗalibai ne ke sarrafa shi gaba ɗaya, waɗanda aka tsara a cikin Gidauniyar Common House Elliott.
Wani ɗakin ajiyar waje, wanda aka sani da Metamorfose Lokaal, yana kan Helm. Tare da Hadin gwiwar UCR da karamar hukumar Middelburg, an buɗe ta a cikin 2017 a yayin bikin cika shekara 400 da haihuwar a Middelburg na Jan Goedart, shahararren masanin ilimin ƙirar ƙabilar Holland kuma mai zane. Azuzuwan UCR a kai a kai ana yin su ne a cikin wannan aji, kazalika da sauran laccoci da aka bude wa jama'a.
Gidajen zama
Kusan duka daliban suna zaune a daya daga cikin wuraren zama na makrantan. Wato Bagijinhof da Roggeveenhoor, Koesttrast koBachtensteene. Almost all students live in one of the residential halls, Bagijnhof, Roggeveenhof, Koestraat or Bachtensteene, all within Middelburg. These halls house between 100 and 200 students each and are spread throughout the city. Others live on small campus locations housing between 1 and 16 students at Zusterstraat, Hof van Sint Pieter or Zuidsingel.
Dalibai suna da cikakkiyar dama ga ɗakin karatu na Zeeland, babban ɗakin karatu a cikin lardin, kuma suna iya amfani da laburaren zamani na Jami'ar Utrecht .
Rayuwar dalibi
Kungiyoyin dalibai
Ksungiyar Dalibai ta Roosevelt (RASA) ƙungiya ce ta ɗalibai da aka buɗe wa ɗalibai duka a UCR. Matsayin RASA shine sanya "UCR al'umma mai motsawa da isar da saƙo, ta hanyar haɓaka alaƙar tsakanin mambobi, wakiltar bukatunsu, kiyaye mahimman al'adu da samar da tsarin da manufofin membobinta da bambancinsu zasu iya bunƙasa". RASA ita ce ƙungiya ta ƙungiyoyi da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban, duk ɗalibai ne suka tsara su duka, yana ba su damar biyan buƙatu iri-iri da tsara abubuwa daban-daban. Hukumar RASA ta ƙunshi mambobi shida waɗanda ƙungiyar ɗalibai ke zaɓa kowace shekara.
Majalisar Kula da Harkokin Ilimin (AAC) ita ce ke da alhakin kula da korafe-korafen dalibai, sa ido kan ka'idojin ilimi, wakiltar ɗalibai a matsayin ɓangare mai rikitarwa na UCR, da taimaka wa ɗalibai zuwa cikakken iliminsu na ilimi. Yana aiki a cikin wasu manyan hukumomin yanke shawara na jami'a, don tabbatar da shigar da ɗalibai akan matakan daban. Hakanan AAC ita ce ke da alhakin wakiltar UCR a matakin ƙasa, a UCSRN (Wakilan Makarantar Kwalejin Jami'ar Netherlands) da ISO (Interstedelijk Studenten Overleg). Wannan kwamiti ya ƙunshi kujera, mataimakin kujera, mai ba da shawara ga ɗalibai, jami'in cikin gida da jami'in waje.
Majalisar Harkokin Gidaje (HAC) tana da ayyuka da yawa: HAC tana wakiltar bukatun gidaje da ɗalibai kuma tana aiki don tabbatar da mafi kyawun yanayin rayuwa a harabar don farashi mai sauƙi. Hukumar ta kunshi kujera, sakatare, ma'aji da dattawan harabar guda hudu.
Wasannin motsa jiki
Kwamitin Wasannin RASA, wanda ake kira SportsCo, yana shirya wasanni iri-iri don ɗaliban jamiari. Ana karɓar horo na yau da kullun da abubuwan da suka faru a wurare daban-daban na wasanni a Middelburg. Ana gudanar da gasa tsakanin kungiyoyi tare da sauran Makarantun Jami'oi a cikin Netherlands.
MSRA Odin, owungiyar kungiyar Ruwa Daliban Middelburg, ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta mai haɗuwa da UCR kuma buɗe wa ɗaliban Hogeschool Zeeland.
Masu tseren Roosevelt (RR) sune kulob din ɗalibin UCR da ke gudana. A cikin shekarar masu gudun, Roosevelt una shiga cikin gasa ta duniya kamar Batavierenrace, jinsi na ƙasa kamar CPC Loop Den Haag da jinsi na larduna a kewayen Zeeland. Hakanan suna shiga cikin gudummawar sadaka ta gida.
Mawakan Roosevelt College sun hada da hukumar wake-waken makaranta wanda ke dauka akalla mutum 29. Wanda kowane memba akalla yakai sjhekara daya a jamiar. Akwai kwas kuma na karatun waka wanda zasu riqa rera wake. Cis UCR's official choir, consisting of about 20 students. All members are in the choir at least one academic year, during which they follow the Choir Course. The Choir Course is required for those students following the music performing programme. The ensemble enhances academic events and performs during church services and independent concerts throughout the year.
Yayin bikin karatuttukan ilimi na hukuma, jerin gwanon mashahurai da furofesoshi cikin tufafin ilimi suna tafiya daga Hall na gari zuwa Sabon Cocin Middelburg (Dutch: Nieuwe Kerk ), wani ɓangare na hadadden Middelburg Abbey, inda ake gudanar da shagulgulan. A taro faruwa a New Church a farkon kowane ilimi shekara, yayin da bikin, a lokacin da yanayin izni, da aka gudanar a cikin m Abbey Square. Bikin kafuwar kwalejin, wanda aka fi sani da Dies Natalis, ana yin sa ne duk bayan shekaru biyar.
A farkon kowane zangon karatu, ana shirya taron IntRoweek don tarbar sababbin ɗalibai.
Gasar tseren kwale-kwale na shekara-shekara da aka sani da "King of Channel na ganin ɗaliban UCR a cikin gasa tare da ɗaliban Jami'ar HZ na Kimiyyar Aiyuka da sauran cibiyoyin ilimi mafi girma a yankin. Gasar tana gudana akan Canal ta hanyar Walcheren, shimfidar ruwa tsakanin Middelburg da Vlissingen, inda HZ take.
Kungiyar tsofaffin ɗalibai
Gidauniyar Aurora Alumni ita ce ƙungiyar tsofaffin ɗaliban UCR. Tare da UCR da 'Abokan UCR', sun kafa Hukumar Kula da Tsoffin Daliban Roosevelt, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye dangantakar tsofaffin ɗalibai ta hanyar ba da dama don hulɗar zamantakewa, sadarwar da ayyuka daban-daban. Akwai tsofaffin ɗalibai 1900.
Duba kuma
Jami'ar Utrecht
Jami'ar Jami'ar Utrecht
Makarantun Jami'a a cikin Netherlands
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Tashar yanar gizon Jami'ar Roosevelt
Bayani kan Kuɗi da Makaranta
Bayani kan Tsarin Ilimi
Kungiyoyin daliban Roosevelt
Tashar Yanar Gizo ta Roosevelt's All Student Association
Middleburg, Zeeland
Ilimi a Zeeland
Gine-Ginen shekarata 2004 a Netherlands
Gine-gine wuraren karatu a Netherlands
Liberal arts a kwalejin jamiar dake Netherlands
Jami'ar Utrecht
Tsumomi a Wikidata
Pages with unreviewed translations |
32478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safa | Safa | Safa wani yanki ne na tufa da ake sawa a ƙafafu kuma galibi ana rufe idon sawu ko wani sashe na maraƙi. Wasu nau'ikan takalmi ko rufaffen takalmi yawanci ana sanya su akan safa. A zamanin da, ana yin safa da fata ko gashin dabba. A ƙarshen ƙarni na 16, an fara samar da safa masu saƙa da injin. Har zuwa shekarun 1800, ana ƙera safa na mutum da na inji, amma fasaha ta ƙarshe ta zama ruwan dare a ƙarni na 19.
Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan safa shine shaƙar gumi. Kamar yadda ƙafar ke cikin mafi yawan masu samar da gumi a cikin jiki, tana iya samar da fiye da gumi a kowace rana; Safa na taimakawa wajen shanye wannan gumin da kuma jawo shi zuwa wuraren da iska ke kawar da gumi. A cikin yanayin sanyi, safa da aka yi daga auduga ko ulu na taimakawa wajen ɗumama ƙafafu masu sanyi wanda hakan ke taimakawa rage haɗarin kamuwa da sanyi . An fi sa safa masu bakin ciki a cikin watannin bazara don sanya ƙafafu su yi sanyi. Yawancin safa masu launin haske ana sawa da takalman wasanni da safa masu launin duhu tare da takalman riguna (sau da yawa baƙar fata ko safa na blue). Bugu da ƙari, safa masu launin duhu suna ɗaukar zafi wanda hakan zai taimaka wajen sa ƙafar ta zama ɗumi yayin da safa masu launin haske ke nuna zafi wanda hakan yana taimakawa ƙafafu su yi sanyi.
Kalmar safa ta zamani ta Ingilishi ta samo asali ne daga tsohuwar kalmar Ingilishi socc, ma'ana "Slippa mai haske". Wannan ya fito ne daga kalmar soccus na Latin, kalmar don kwatanta "haske, takalma maras nauyi" wanda ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na Roman ke sawa, kuma ya samo asali daga kalmar Helenanci sykchos.
Safa sun samo asali a cikin ƙarni daga farkon samfura, waɗanda aka yi daga fatun dabbobi da aka tattara kuma an ɗaure su a kusa da idon sawu. Saboda ƙera safa ya kasance yana ɗaukar lokaci a lokacin masana'antu kafin masana'antu, masu arziki ne kawai ke amfani da su. Talakawa sun sa rigar ƙafafu, tufafi masu sauƙi a nannaɗe a ƙafafu. Ana amfani da waɗannan a cikin sojojin Gabashin Turai har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 20.
A cewar mawaƙin Hesiod na Girka, a cikin ƙarni na 8 BC, Helenawa na dā sun sa safa da ake kira "piloi", wanda aka yi daga gashin dabbar da aka yi. Romawa kuma suna naɗe ƙafafunsu da fata ko saƙa. A kusan ƙarni na 2 AD, Romawa sun fara ɗinka yadudduka tare suna yin safa-safa da ake kira "udones". A ƙarni na 5 AD, safa da ake kira " putees " mutane masu tsarki a Turai suke sawa don nuna alamar tsarki.
A lokacin tsakiyar, an tsawaita tsawon wando kuma safa ya zama, zane mai launi wanda ya rufe ƙananan ƙafa. Tun da safa ba ta da bandeji na roba, an sanya garters a saman safa don hana su faɗuwa. Lokacin da breeches ya zama guntu, safa ya fara yin tsayi (kuma mafi tsada). A shekara ta 1000 AD, safa ya zama alamar wadata a tsakanin manyan mutane. Tun daga ƙarni na 16 zuwa gaba, an kira wani zane na ado a kan idon sawu ko gefen safa da agogo.
Ƙirƙirar injin ɗin da aka yi a shekara ta 1589 yana nufin cewa ana iya saƙa safa da sauri sau shida fiye da hannu. Duk da haka, injunan saƙawa da masu saƙa hannu sun yi aiki tare da gefe har zuwa 1800.
Juyi na gaba a cikin samar da safa shine ƙaddamar da nailan a cikin 1938. Har zuwa lokacin ana yawan yin safa daga siliki, auduga da ulu . Naylon shine farkon haɗa yadudduka biyu ko fiye a cikin samar da safa, tsarin da ke ci gaba a yau.
Ana iya ƙirƙirar safa daga nau'ikan kayan aiki iri-iri, irin su auduga, ulu, nailan, acrylic, polyester, olefins (irin su polypropylene ). Don samun ƙarar matakin laushi sauran kayan da za a iya amfani da su yayin aikin na iya zama siliki, bamboo, lilin, cashmere, ko mohair . Bambance-bambancen launi na zaɓin safa na iya zama kowane launi da masu zanen kaya suka yi niyya don yin safa akan halittar sa. Safa 'launi' na iya zuwa cikin launuka masu yawa. Wani lokaci kuma ana sanya zane-zane akan safa don ƙara kamannin su. Safa masu launi na iya zama maɓalli mai mahimmanci na riguna don wasanni, yana ba da damar ƙungiyoyin 'yan wasa su bambanta lokacin da ƙafafunsu kawai ke bayyane.
Ana ɗaukar Fort Payne, Alabama a matsayin "Babban birnin Sock na duniya" saboda kusan rabin safa da aka ƙera a farkon ƙarni na 21st aka yi a nan. Masana'antar sock ta Fort Payne ta ɗauki ma'aikata kusan 7000 aiki a ƙololuwarta a kusan 2000. Fort Payne, yayin da har yanzu ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da safa kawai ke samar da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na safa, saboda ya rasa wannan take ga Datang.
Gundumar Datang da ke birnin Zhuji na lardin Zhejiang na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin, ta zama birni mai suna Sock City . A halin yanzu garin yana samar da safa biliyan 8 a kowace shekara, kashi ɗaya bisa uku na samar da safa a duniya, yadda ya kamata ya samar da safa guda biyu ga kowane mutum a duniya a cikin 2011.
Ana ƙera safa da tsayi iri-iri. Babu nuni, ƙananan yanke, da safa na ƙafar ƙafa ko ƙasa kuma galibi ana sawa a hankali ko don amfanin motsa jiki. Babu nuni da / ko ƙananan safa da aka ƙera don ƙirƙirar kamannin ƙafar ƙafa lokacin da aka sawa da takalma (sock ba a gani). Wani lokaci ana danganta safa mai tsayin guiwa da riguna na yau da kullun ko kuma kasancewar wani ɓangare na uniform, kamar a wasanni (kamar ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙwallon baseball) ko kuma wani ɓangare na tsarin suturar makaranta ko rigar ƙungiyar matasa. Safa-safa ko safa da suka shimfiɗa sama (safa masu girman cinya) wani lokaci ana kiransu da tufafin mata a zamanin gama gari. Yara maza da mata ne suka fi sanya su a cikin ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon 20; ko da yake, shahararsa ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. Lokacin da manyan mata ke sawa, safa mai tsayin gwiwa ko cinya na iya zama abin sha'awa da sha'awar jima'i daga wasu mazan. Safa na lilin safa ne waɗanda ake sawa ƙarƙashin wani safa da nufin hana ƙura.
Safa na yatsan yatsa ya ƙunshi kowane yatsan yatsa daban-daban kamar yadda yatsa yake a cikin safar hannu, yayin da sauran safa suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa kuma ɗaya don sauran, kamar mitten ; musamman abin da Jafananci ke kira tabi yayin da sauran sassan duniya ke kiranta da tabi . Duk waɗannan biyun suna ba mutum damar saka flops tare da safa.
Ƙafafun ƙafa, waɗanda ba yawanci safa ba, za a iya maye gurbinsu da safa a cikin yanayin sanyi kuma suna kama da leggings saboda gaskiyar cewa yawanci kawai suna kiyaye ƙafafunku ɗumi a cikin yanayin sanyi amma ba duka ƙafar ƙafa ba.
Safa na kasuwanci ko safa na sutura kalma ce ta safa mai launin duhu (yawanci baƙi ko shuɗi na ruwa) don na yau da kullun da/ko takalma na yau da kullun. Sau da yawa ana kiransa safa da safa na aiki ko safa na yau da kullun don lokuta na yau da kullun, misali bukukuwan aure, jana'izar, bikin kammala digiri, prom, coci, ko aiki.
Safa na ma'aikata gajeru ne kuma masu kauri ko siraran safa na yau da kullum. Waɗannan safa galibi suna ribbed a saman idon sawu . Ana iya amfani da su ta hanyar da za a ɗumi ƙafafu idan an ja su har zuwa sama. Farkon sananniyar al'adar ma'aikatan safa ya kasance a cikin 1948. Safa na ma'aikata yawanci unisex ne.
Ƙananan safa wani nau'i ne na safa wanda ke kwatanta hanyar da za a yanke a ƙasa da idon sawun . Ana yin ƙananan safa da aka yanke don rufe kwandon ƙafafun mutum. Ko da yake ƙananan safa na unisex ne, amma mata da 'yan mata suna amfani da su. Ƙananan safa da aka yanke yawanci ana sawa da takalma irin su takalman jirgin ruwa, Oxfords, moccasins da loafers .
Salon safa na d ¯ a na Masar gaura ya ne tsakanin safa na yamma na zamani da tabi na Jafananci, dukansu ya riga ya wuce. Kamar tabi, safa na Masar suna da ɗaki ɗaya don babban yatsan ƙafa, ɗayan kuma ga sauran, suna ba da izinin amfani da takalma; kamar safa na yamma, suna dacewa da ƙafa sosai kuma basa amfani da fasteners kamar tabi.
Girman girma
Ko da yake gaba ɗaya yana riƙe da tsari na rarraba zuwa ƙananan-matsakaici-manyan girma, da dai sauransu, wane nau'in girman takalmin waɗannan girman safa yayi daidai da ɗauka a cikin kasuwanni daban-daban. Wasu ma'auni masu girma suna daidaitawa ta daidaitattun ƙungiyoyi amma wasu sun taso daga al'ada. Tsawon safa ya bambanta, daga ƙafar ƙafa zuwa matakin cinya.
Yawancin wasanni suna buƙatar wani irin safa, yawanci tsawon gwiwa ko safa na tsakiyar maraƙi don kare ƙafafu daga gogewa yayin shiga ayyukan wasanni. A cikin kwando, ana amfani da safa na bututu, kuma a cikin lacrosse, ana buƙatar safa na tsakiyar maraƙi. ƙafa, ana amfani da safa na gwiwa. Yawancin su ne don hana ciyawa ƙonewa.
Sauran amfani da kalmar
Layer na fata ko wasu kayan da ke rufe kwandon takalma kuma ana kiransa safa. Lokacin da kawai wani ɓangare na insole ya rufe, yana barin gaban gaba, ana kiran wannan da rabin safa.
Rubutun ƙafa
Ƙafafun ƙafa, ɗigon tufafin da aka nannaɗe a cikin ƙafafu, an sa su da takalma kafin safa ya zama ko'ina. Sojojin sun kasance suna amfani da su a Gabashin Turai har zuwa farkon ƙarni na 21.
Thermal safa
Don amfani a cikin yanayin sanyi, safa masu zafi sun fi kauri. An saba amfani da su don wasan ski, skating, da sauran wasannin hunturu. Suna samar da ba kawai rufi ba, amma har ma mafi girma padding saboda kauri.
Safa masu ciwon sukari wani nau'in safa ne na zafi wanda aka yi daga acrylic, auduga, nailan, da na roba. Ana yin waɗannan don inganta ta'aziyya yayin da a lokaci guda kiyaye ƙafafun sanyi da bushewa. Duk da haka, babu wata kwakkwarar hujja da ke nuna cewa suna taimakawa.
Abubuwan hutu
Hakanan ana amfani da safa azaman abin hutu lokacin Kirsimeti . Yara suna rataye babban safa na bikin da ake kira safa na Kirsimeti da ƙusa ko ƙugiya a jajibirin Kirsimeti, sannan iyayensu suna cika shi da ƙananan kyaututtuka yayin da masu karɓa ke barci. Bisa ga al'ada, Santa Claus yana kawo waɗannan kyaututtuka ga yara masu kyau, yayin da yara masu lalata a maimakon haka suna karɓar gawayi.
A cikin Musulmai, safa sun fara tattaunawa game da rikitattun alwala, wankin da ake yi kafin sallah. Wasu limaman musulmi, da suke lura da yuwuwar wahala a tsakanin musulmi a cikin yanayi mara kyau, sun fitar da hukunce-hukuncen musulmi da ke ba musulmi damar shafa ruwa a kan safa ko yayyafa wa safa. Wannan zai ba da damar yin salla a inda babu wurin zama, ko kuma idan akwai layi. Wannan shi ne ra'ayi na musamman na Malikiyya Ahlus- Sunnah .
Duba kuma
Beoseon (safa na gargajiya na Koriya)
yakin basasa sock
Dumin kafa
Bace safa
Hannun jari
Yar tsana
Safa da sandal
Safa mai ƙamshi
Kayan rufe ƙafa
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
23841 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyayyar%20Musulunci%20a%20China | Kiyayyar Musulunci a China | Kiyayyar Islama a China yana nufin jerin jawabai, halaye da sifofi waɗanda ke nuna damuwa, tsoro, ƙiyayya da ƙin Musulunci da/ko Musulmai a China.
Ra'ayoyi marasa kyau da nuna halaye munana ga Musulmai a China sun bazu, kuma wasu al'ummomin Musulmai a China suna fuskantar ƙuntatawa ta doka kan ikon yin aiki. Fursunonin Musulmai da ke tsare a sansanonin da sansanin 'yan ci-rani sun fuskanci ayyukan kyamar Musulunci kamar cin naman alade ta ƙarfi.
A cikin ƙarni na 21, Musulmai a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na China gaba ɗaya ba shi da kyau, kuma abubuwan da ke nuna ƙyamar Islama sun bazu a kafafen sada zumunta na China. Halin nuna ktyamar Musulmai a China yana da alaƙa da labaru guda biyu game da rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin China da ɗabi'ar Musulmai da kuma maganganun zamani da suka shafi ta'addanci a China da ƙasashen waje.
Jingyuan Qian da sauransu suna jayayya cewa rikice-rikicen tarihi tsakanin 'yan ƙabilar Han da Musulmai kamar tawayen Hui na Arewa maso Yamma wasu' yan kabilar Han sun yi amfani da su don halatta da rura wutar akida da nuna kyama ga Musulmai a China ta zamani. Masana da masu bincike sun kuma ba da hujjar cewa kyamar Islama ta Yammacin Turai da " Yaƙi da Ta'addanci " sun ba da gudummawa ga ci gaba da nuna kyamar Musulmai da ayyuka a China.
An ba da rahoton cewa ana tilasta wa Musulmai cin naman alade a cibiyoyin da ake tsare da su da kuma sansanin 'yan gudun hijira na Xinjiang . Tun lokacin da Xi Jinping ya zama Babban Sakataren Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China, kamfen na adawa da Musulunci ya kai ga mutanen Hui da al'ummar Utsul a Hainan.
An yi amfani da kafofin watsa labarai na gargajiya a ƙasar Sin da yin taka tsantsan kan yada batutuwan kabilanci - musamman na Musulmai, don samar da yanayi mai kyau na hadin kai tsakanin ƙabilu da addinai daban -daban na kasar Sin da huldar diflomasiyya ta kasar Sin da kasashen musulmi. Tun daga shekarar 2015, gaba da kiyayya ga Musulmai da Musulunci bayan jerin hare - haren ta'addanci da bullar rikicin 'yan gudun hijira na Turai. Wasu masu lura da al'amura na cewa ko da yake an dade ana samun munanan ra’ayoyi game da Musulmai a China, karuwar kyamar addinin Islama a duniya, tasirin labaran karya, da kuma matakan da gwamnatin China ke dauka kan tsirarun Musulmansu sun kara tsananta kyamar Islama a ƙasar.
A cewar jaridar Washington Post, sassan watsa labarai da ake watsawa a kasar Sin, su ma sun haifar da kyamar Musulmai, wadanda galibi ke nuna Musulmai a matsayin masu haɗari kuma masu saurin kai harin ta'addanci, ko kuma a matsayin masu karbar taimakon da bai dace ba daga gwamnati.
Dangane da binciken 2018, nazarin rahotannin labarai na China ya nuna cewa ɗaukar hoto na Musulmai da Islama gaba ɗaya mara kyau ne. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa Sinawa da ba Musulmai ba suna da munanan ra'ayoyi game da Musulunci da Musulmai, kuma wasu Musulman China suna ba da rahoton nuna wariya da sanin munanan hotunan kansu a kafafen yaɗa labarai.
Yanar Gizo
A cikin 2017, ɗan jarida Gerry Shih ya bayyana maganganun ƙiyayya da ƙyamar Islama a cikin shafukan sada zumunta na yanar gizo saboda rashin adalci da ake yi game da fa'idodin tsirarun musulmai a shigar da kwaleji da keɓewa daga iyakokin girman iyali. A cikin 2018, labarin South China Morning Post makamancin haka ya bayyana kyamar addinin Islama ta yanar gizo a China a matsayin "ta ƙara yaduwa" musamman saboda labarai na fifiko na hukumomi ga marasa rinjaye na Musulmi da labarin hare -haren ta'addanci a Xinjiang. A 2018 UCSD study of 77,642 posts from Tencent QQ suggested that online Islamophobia was especially concentrated in provinces with higher Muslim populations. Nazarin UCSD na 2018 na rubuce-rubuce 77,642 daga Tencent QQ ya ba da shawarar cewa kyamar Islama ta yanar gizo ta fi mayar da hankali a larduna tare da yawan Musulmai. An kuma ba da rahoton wani motsi na kan layi kan yaɗuwar kayayyakin halal a cikin ƙasar.
A cewar Tony Lin na Jaridar Columbia Journalism Review, masu amfani da yawa suna amfani da shahararrun shafuka kamar Weibo da WeChat don yada labaran karya na ƙiyayya ga Musulmai da aka karɓa daga kafofin watsa labarai na dama na yamma. Ya rubuta cewa bayan harbe-harbe da aka yi a masallacin Christchurch na shekarar 2019, abubuwan da aka fi so a karkashin shafukan sada zumunta na kasar Sin da manyan kafofin watsa labarai da suka shafi lamarin sun fito fili sun ƙyamar Musulmai ko kuma sun goyi bayan wanda ya harbe. Wasu labarai sun ba da rahoto game da martani daban -daban na netizen game da harbe -harben masallaci.
Binciken 2019 wanda yayi nazari sama da rubuce-rubuce sama da 10,000 akan Weibo da ke da alaƙa da Musulunci da Musulmai ya nuna cewa ƙiyayya da Musulmai ya zama ruwan dare gama gari akan batun. Masu amfani da Musulmin kasar Sin masu aiki a shafin sun ba da rahoton cewa suna mayar da martani kan sakonnin da ke ƙyamar Musulmai a kokarin wasu su fahimci rayuwarsu da imaninsu. Ban da haka, masu amfani da Musulmin kan layi suna fuskantar ƙalubale da yawa sakamakon hirar Han da taɓarɓarewar gwamnati.
Ƙarin Karatu
Duba Kuma
Tarihin Musulunci a Sin
Tarihin Xinjiang
Xinjiang conflict
Shadian incident
Xinjiang re-education camps
Uyghur Genocide
Musulunci a Sin (1911–present)
List of Islamophobic incidents in China
Tarihin Sin
Opposition to Islam in China
Persecution of Muslims
Pages with unreviewed translations |
25703 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerevan%20Brusov%20State%20University%20of%20Languages%20and%20Social%20Sciences | Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences | Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences () jami'a ce ta jama'a a Yerevan babban birnin Armenia, tana aiki tun 1935. An ba ta sunan mawaƙin Rasha kuma masanin tarihi Valery Bryusov tun 1962.
Jami'ar tana yaye ƙwararrun masu magana da Yaren Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci da sauran harsuna da yawa, a fannikan ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa, karatun yanki da sauran ɗan adam. Jami'ar tana kan hanyar hanyar Tumanyan da Moscow a tsakiyar Yerevan
A cikin shekarar 1936, an buɗe ɓangaren harshen Jamusanci, sannan sassan Faransanci da Ingilishi a cikin shekara ta 1937. A wannan shekarar, cibiyar ta samar da ɗaliban farko na malaman harshen Rashanci. A shekarar 1940, cibiyar ta zama sanannu a matsayin Yerevan State Russian Teachers 'Institute . A cikin shekarar 1955, an ba cibiyar matsayin malami a cikin Jami'ar Jihar Yerevan, a lokaci guda tana kiyaye 'yancinta na tsari da ilimi.
Koyaya a cikin 1962, an ba ta 'yancin kai don zama sanannu a Jami'ar Yerevan State Pedagogical University of Rasha and Foreign Languages mai suna bayan Valery Brusov . A shekarar 1985, jami'ar ta sami lambar yabo ta Order of Friendship of Nations ta gwamnatin Soviet.
Bayan samun 'yancin kai na Armeniya, an sake fasalin jami'ar a shekarar 1993 don zama sanannu a matsayin Cibiyar Yerevan State Institute of Foreign Languages mai suna bayan Valery Brusov .
A cikin shekarar 2001, Dangane da ƙudurin gwamnati, an ba da cibiyar matsayin jami'a kuma an sake masa suna a matsayin Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov State University . A cikin shekarar 2014, an sake fasalin jami'ar don zama sanannu da Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov State University of Languages and Social Sciences .
A cikin tarihin ta, jami'ar ta samar da ɗalibai sama da 18,000 waɗanda suka kammala karatun Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, Girkanci, yaren Spanish, ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, tarihi, kimiyyar siyasa da karatun yanki. Ana ci gaba da aiwatar da sauye -sauyen tsarin kuma nan gaba kadan za su ba da damar horar da kwararrun da suka cika sabbin buƙatun jamhuriya.
A cikin shekarar 2013, ma'aikatan jami'ar sun ƙunshi membobi 477, gami da ma'aikatan koyarwa na membobi 434, membobi 189 suna kan cikakken matsayi, 48 daga cikinsu suna riƙe da ofishi fiye da ɗaya, Likitoci 12 na Kimiyya, Furofesoshi 14, 'Yan takarar Kimiyya 102, da Mataimakan Farfesoshi 54.
Tun daga shekarar 2017, jami'ar tana da ikon tunani 3 da kuma na karatu.
Ilimin Fassara da Sadarwa tsakanin Al'adu
An kafa Faculty of Translation da Intercultural Communication a shekarar 2004, kuma an sake fasalta shi a shekarar 2013 don samar da ilimi mai sau biyu da shirye-shiryen bacci a fannoni masu zuwa:
Lissafi da Sadarwa
Nazarin Ingilishi da Yanki
Turanci da Kimiyyar Siyasa
Turanci da Jarida
Turanci da Yawon shakatawa
Turanci da Psychology
Nazarin Jamusanci da Yanki
Nazarin Faransanci da Yanki
Nazarin Fassara/Linguistics
Nazarin Fassarar Turanci-Armeniya
Nazarin Fassarar Jamusanci-Armeniya
Nazarin Fassarar Faransanci-Armeniya
Faculty of Rasha da kasashen waje Harsuna da International sadarwa
Asalin ilimin ya samo asali ne tun daga kafuwar jami'a a shekarar 1935. Koyaya, ci gaban kwanan nan na malamin ya faru a cikin shkarar 2013 lokacin da aka sake tsara shi don samar da shirye -shiryen bachelor a:
Linguistics, harshen Rashanci
Adabin Rasha
Lissafi da Sadarwa tsakanin Al'adu
Nazarin Rasha da Yanki
Kimiyyar Turanci da Siyasa
Kimiyyar Siyasa
A cikin layi daya, ana tunanin harshen waje na biyu a cikin malami daidai da zaɓin ɗaliban, gami da Ingilishi, Yaren mutanen Poland, Bulgarian, Jamusanci, Faransanci, Spanish, Italiyanci da Larabci.
Faculty of Foreign Languages
An kafa ilimin a shekarar 2004 kuma a halin yanzu yana ba da shirye -shiryen karatun digiri a fannonin:
Turanci da Faransanci
Turanci da Jamusanci
Turanci da Spanish
Turanci da Italiyanci
Turanci da Farisanci
Turanci da Girkanci
Ingilishi da Koriya
Faransanci da Ingilishi
Jamusanci da Ingilishi
Turanci da Faransanci
Turanci da Jamusanci
Turanci da Spanish
Turanci da Italiyanci
Turanci da Farisanci
Turanci da Girkanci
Turanci da Koriya
Ingilishi da Hindi
Faransanci da Ingilishi
Jamusanci da Ingilishi
Italiyanci da Ingilishi
Shirin Jagora
A cikin shekarar ilimi ta 2008-09, jami'ar ta ƙaddamar da tsarin digiri na biyu, gami da digiri na farko da na biyu. Nazarin Masters a Jami'ar Brusov yana ɗaukar zaɓin takamaiman ɓangaren ƙwarewa tare da manufar samun cikakken ilimin aiki da ka'idar.
Fitattun Armeniya da kwararrun ƙasashen waje an haɗa su cikin tsarin binciken. Karatun matakin Jagora yana ba da fannoni masu zuwa:
Digiri na Lissafi : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Linguistics da aka bayar:
Kwatanta Harsunan Harsuna,
Kwatanta Linguistics
Cancantar: Linguist (Typology, Semiotics)
Digiri na Pedagogy : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Pedagogy da aka bayar:
Ilimin Harsuna da yawa
Ilimin Ilimin Fasaha
Cancantar: Malamin harsuna da yawa (Ingilishi-Faransanci, Ingilishi-Jamusanci, Faransanci-Ingilishi, Jamusanci-Ingilishi, Rashanci-Ingilishi), Masanin Ilimin Makaranta
Digiri na Falsafa : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Falsafa da aka bayar: Ingilishi, Faransanci, Jamusanci, cancantar Falsafa na Rasha: Masanin Falsafa
Digiri na Sadar da Harshe da Al'adu : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Sadarwar Harshe da Al'adu:
Nazarin Turai
Dangantaka ta Duniya
Kimiyyar Siyasa
Yawon shakatawa na duniya
Anthropology na Al'adu
Semiotics na Al'adu
Digiri na Fassara/Fassara : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Falsafa da aka bayar:
Turanci - Armeniya
Faransanci - Armeniya
Jamusanci - Armeniya
Rashanci - Ingilishi - Armeniya
Cancantar: Mai Fassara/ Mai Fassara (Ingilishi –Armeniyanci, Faransanci-Armeniya, Jamusanci-Armeniyanci, Rashanci-Ingilishi-Armeniya)
Digiri na Aikin Jarida na Duniya : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Jarida na Duniya da aka bayar: cancantar aikin Jarida na Duniya: Dan Jarida
Digiri na Gudanar da Ilimi : MA a cikin Shirye -shiryen Gudanar da Ilimi da aka bayar: cancantar Gudanar da Ilimi: Manajan Ilimi
Shirye -shiryen Digiri
Tsarin difloma na digiri na jami'a yana yin bambanci tsakanin digiri na kimiyya. Akwai digiri na biyu na digiri na biyu: Dan takarar Kimiyya (PhD) da Doctor of Science. An gabatar da shirin karatun digiri na biyu a shekarar 1963 kuma tun daga lokacin yana da sama da masu digiri 300. A halin yanzu, shirye-shiryen suna yin rajistar ɗan takarar digiri na likita ɗaya, ɗaliban cikakken lokaci goma sha shida; ɗalibai arba'in da takwas na digiri na biyu suna ɗaukar darussan rubutu.
Tun daga shekarar 2013, kwamitocin jarrabawar cancanta 14 suna aiki a jami'a:
Hanyar Koyar da Harshen Ƙasashen waje
Harsunan Jamusanci (Ingilishi, Jamusanci)
Harsunan Romance (Faransanci)
Harsunan Slavonic
Adabin Waje
Adabin Rasha
General and Applied Linguistics
Kwatantawa da Aiwatar da Linguistics
Harshen Armeniya
Kwarewa mai amfani a cikin Ingilishi
Kwarewa mai amfani a Faransanci
Kwarewar aiki a cikin Jamusanci
Kwarewar kwamfuta
Kwamitin Ba da Lamuni na Digiri yana aiki a cikin jami'a. Kwamitin cancantar Armenia ya ba da izini, Hukumar ta ba da lambar yabo ta 'Yan takarar Kimiyya, Doctor na Kimiyya a fannoni masu zuwa:
Kwatantawa da Harsunan Harshe, Falsafa
Harsunan Slavonic, Philology
Hanyar Ilimi da Koyarwa (Harsunan Ƙasashen waje da Adabi)
Bincike da wallafe -wallafe
Babban tendencies da abun ciki na kimiyya bincike aikin da za'ayi da Jami'ar kujeru ne sharadi da tsarin peculiarities da kimiyya m na Jami'ar. Babban halayen ayyukan Jami'ar sune:
Manufofin harshe
Romance da Jamusanci philology
Littattafan karatu da littattafan makarantu da manyan makarantun ilimi
Ka'idar fassarar, matsalolin da ake amfani da su na ka'idar fassarar, aikin fassara
Tattara kamus
Gabaɗayan ilimin harshe, matsalolin gabaɗayan ilimin harshe da aka yi amfani da su, haruffan kwatancen (a cikin fannonin nahawu, lexicology, stylistics da haɗin rubutun)
Matsalolin tunani da aiki na yaren Armeniya
Matsalolin Adabin Armeniya da Tarihin Fasaha
Matsalolin Tarihin zamani da na zamani na mutanen Armeniya
Matsalolin tattalin arziki da siyasa na al'umma mai sauyawa
Tarihin tunanin falsafa
Tarihin addini
Ka'ida da Aiwatar da Ilimi da Hanyoyin Koyar da Harsuna
Nazarin yanki na manyan harshe
Ilimin halin ɗan adam, Ilimin halin mutum da haɓakawa, ilimin halin ɗabi'a, ilimin jima'i
Adabin Turai da Amurka, Nazarin Adabi
Ka'idar al'adu
Matsalolin yanayi na gaggawa
Dangantakar kasa da kasa
Membobi da haɗin gwiwa
Sashen Manufofin Harshe (Majalisar Turai, Strasbourg),
Cibiyar Turai don Harsunan Zamani (Majalisar Turai, Graz, Austria),
UNESCO International Association of Universities ,
Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Faransanci (AUF) ,
Cibiyar Jami'o'in Bahar Rum
Majalisar Harshen Turai (ELC, Jamus)
Membobin membobin CIS Majalisar Harsuna da Al'adu
Ƙungiyoyin membobin CIS Ƙungiyar Jami'o'in Harshe
Ƙungiyar Malaman Ƙasa ta Harshen Rasha da Adabi.
Ayyukan haɗin gwiwa
Hukumar Bincike da Musanya ta Duniya a Armeniya (IREX)
Gidauniyar Taimakon Cibiyar Cibiyar Armeniya (OSIAFA)
TEMPUS hadin gwiwa Turai Project
Gidauniyar Kawancen Eurasia
Gidauniyar Koriya
DAAD (Sabis na Kasuwancin Ilimin Jamusanci)
KOICA (Hukumar Hadin Kan Kasashen Koriya)
Hedikwatar Cibiyar Confucius
Yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa
Jami'ar Harshen Jihar Minsk, Belarus
Jami'ar Sofia St. Kliment Ohridski, Bulgaria
Jami'ar Shanxi, China
Jami'ar Dalian na Harsunan Waje, China
Jami'ar Tallinn, Estonia
G. Tsereteli Cibiyar Nazarin Gabas, Jojiya
Tbilisi Ilia Chavchavadze Jami'ar Jihar, Georgia
Jami'ar Siegen, Jamus
Jami'ar Martin Luther na Halle-Wittenberg, Jamus
Jami'ar Ferdowsi - Mashhad, Iran
Jami'ar Perugia, Italiya
Jami'ar Verona, Italiya
Rondine Cittadella della Pace, Italiya
Jami'ar Katolika ta Leuven, Belgium
Jami'ar Kasa ta Seoul, Koriya ta Kudu
Jami'ar Ajou, Koriya ta Kudu
Jami'ar Hankuk na Nazarin Kasashen Waje, Koriya ta Kudu
Jami'ar Koriya, Koriya ta Kudu
Jami'ar Vytautas Magnus, Lithuania
Jami'ar Jihar Moldova, Moldova
Jami'ar Kasa da Kasa ta Moldova, Moldova
Jami'ar Ovidius ta Constanta, Romania
Jami'ar Jihar Moscow, Rasha
Jami'ar Harshe ta Jihar Moscow, Rasha
Jami'ar Jihar 'Yan Adam ta Moscow, Rasha
Jami'ar Lyatistic ta Jihar Pyatigorsk, Rasha
Jami'ar Jihar Ryazan bayan S. Yesenin, Rashanci
Cibiyar Jiha ta Harshen Rasha bayan A. Pushkin, Rashanci
Jami'ar Jihar Tatar na 'Yan Adam da Ilimi, Rasha
Pereyaslav-Khmelnitsky Jami'ar Pedagogical State, Ukraine
Shekarar Harsunan Turai, 2001 shiri ne na haɗin gwiwa na Majalisar Turai da Hukumar Tarayyar Turai don haɓaka yaruka da yawa da ƙarfin harsuna a duk faɗin Turai. An zaɓi Jami'ar Jahar Yerevan ta Harsuna da Kimiyyar zamantakewa azaman abubuwan da suka faru na asali don shirya Shekarar Harsunan Turai, 2001.
Tun daga wannan lokacin, bikin ranar harsunan Turai a ranar 26 ga Satumba ya zama al'ada a Armenia. Tun shekarar 1998, tare da haɗin gwiwar Majalisar Turai Jami'ar ta fara taron shekara -shekara na kasa da kasa kan Manufofin Harshe da Ilimin Harshe.
Taron bita da Cibiyar Turai don Harsunan Zamani da ke Graz, ana gudanar da su akai -akai a jami'a don aiwatar da ayyuka na musamman da shirye -shirye na musamman, da kuma taimaka wa ƙwararrun Koyar da Harshen Ƙasashen waje su haɗa ayyukan ajujuwansu zuwa Tsarin Tarayyar Turai na Ingantaccen Harshe .
An kafa Jami'ar Labarai a cikin shekarar 1935. A halin yanzu Laburaren yana riƙe da littattafai sama da 400,000 akan ilimin zamantakewa da siyasa, ilimi, labaran ilimi da ayyukan almara a cikin Armeniya, Rashanci, Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamusanci, Farisanci, da sauran yaruka, gami da tarin littattafai na musamman. Ana sabunta kayan ɗakin karatu koyaushe. Baya ga babban ɗakin karatu, akwai ɗakunan karatu na musamman a Kujeru. Sabon ginin babban ɗakin karatu na tsakiya yana da zauren karatu, zauren bincike, wurin ajiya, da gungu na kwamfuta tare da Intanet da samun damar buɗe cibiyar sadarwar ɗakin karatu ta hanyar sabon tsarin ICT.
Asusun almara shine mafi kyawun ɓangaren da ke ɗauke da mafi kyawun wallafe-wallafen litattafan Armeniyawa, Turai da Rasha na ƙarni na 19 zuwa 20. An gabatar da wallafe -wallafen ilimin harsuna gami da adabin ilimi a cikin Ingilishi, Faransanci, Spanish, Jamusanci, Czech, Romanian, Bulgarian da Persian a cikin asusun. Hakanan ya ƙunshi Laburaren Littattafan Yara na Duniya, kundin adabi na Duniya 200, "Britannica", "Littafin Duniya", "Mutane da wurare" ¨ "Manyan Littattafan Yammacin Duniya" encyclopedias, ƙamus na bayani, ƙamus, thesaurus, jagora da littattafai. A cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata an sake cika asusun tare da ƙarin sabbin littattafai da ofisoshin Jakadancin da ke Armeniya suka gabatar da kuma gudummawar da aka karɓa daga ɗakunan karatu masu zaman kansu.
Asusun littattafai na musamman da ba a saba gani ba - sun kai raka'a 2000- shine ƙimar ɗakin karatu na musamman. Lu'u-lu'u na tunanin ɗan adam da fasahar buga rubutu na ƙarni na 1 zuwa 20 suna wakiltar sa.
Daliban jami'a suna gudanar da mulkin kansu ta hanyar majalisar ɗalibai, wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1996. Majalisar tana da niyyar shiga cikin rayuwar jami'a da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka tattaunawa da ƙuduri na batutuwan gaggawa a cikin tsarin ilimi, da rayuwar ɗalibai.
Majalisar tana ba da haɗin kai tare da Majalisar Dalibai na Jami'o'i daban -daban a Armenia da ƙasashen waje. Majalisar ta shirya bukukuwan kammala karatun, buga jaridar "Polyglot-New"; tattaunawar teburin zagaye, wasannin hankali, taro, bita da karawa juna sani, da dai sauransu. Dalibai suna aiki a matsayin masu sa kai a cikin ƙungiyoyi daban -daban kuma suna ba da haɗin gwiwa tare da cibiyar aikin jami'a. Dalibai suna ziyartar gidajen marayu daban -daban a Yerevan da yankuna, suna shirya wasanni daban -daban, al'amuran kimiyya da al'adu.
An kafa cibiyar aikin Jami'ar Yerevan Brusov a ranar 3 ga Nuwamba, shehekarar 2007. Manyan manufofin cibiyar su ne inganta ɗalibai da masu kammala karatun gasa a kasuwar kwadago, kafa dangantakar kammala karatun jami'a, haɓaka haɗin gwiwa a tsakanin su, don warware matsalolin da aka kafa.
Manyan ƙungiyoyi biyu na kamfen ɗin sune ɗalibai da masu digiri. Don cimma burin da aka kafa Cibiyar tana shirin yin aiki tare da ƙungiyoyi masu zuwa:
Ma'aikatan ilimi da na koyarwa
Dabbobi daban-daban a cikin Jami'a
Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da na jihohi, ma’aikata da ‘yan kasuwa
Ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauran ƙungiyoyi da daidaikun mutane waɗanda ke sha'awar tsarin haɗin gwiwa
Jami'o'i a Armeniya |
29980 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide%20Casely-Hayford | Adelaide Casely-Hayford | Articles with hCards
Adelaide Casely-Hayford, MBE (née Smith;an haife tane 2 ga watanYuni 1868 - 24 Janairu 1960), ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga Saliyo Creole, mai fafutukar kishin ƙasa, malami kuma marubuci almara kuma mace. An ba da ita ga aikin gwamnati, ta yi aiki don inganta yanayin baƙar fata maza da mata. A matsayinta na shugabar ilimin mata a Saliyo, ta taka rawa wajen yada siyasa da siyasa a cikin Pan-Africanist da mata a farkon 1900s. Ta kafa Makarantar Koyon Aiki da Koyarwa ta 'Yan Mata a Freetown a 1923 don koyar da al'adun gargajiya da nuna wariyar launin fata ga Saliyo a karkashin mulkin mallaka. Don bin asalin ƙasar Saliyo da al'adun gargajiya, ta ƙirƙiri abin mamaki ta hanyar sanya suturar gargajiya ta Afirka a cikin shekarar 1925 don halartar liyafar don girmama Yariman Wales.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
Adelaide Smith an haife tane a ranar 2 ga watan Yuni 1868 ga dangin fitattu a Freetown, Saliyo, ga mahaifin gauraye (William Smith Jr, na Turanci da sarauta Fanti parentage) daga Gold Coast da mahaifiyar Creole, Anne Spilsbury, na Turanci, Jamaican Maroon, da Saliyo sun 'yantar da asalin Afirka. Adelaide ita ce ta biyu a cikin 'ya'yanta bakwai na iyayenta. Ita da 'yan uwanta mata sun girma a Ingila, inda mahaifinta ya yi ritaya a 1872 tare da danginsa a kan fansho na fam 666. Ta halarci Kwalejin Ladies na Jersey (yanzu Jersey College for Girls). Kamar sauran matan Saliyo da aka haife su a cikin fitattun jama'a, ta sami tasiri sosai game da dabi'un Victoria da ra'ayoyin dangi da matsayin mata.
Har ila yau, Casely-Hayford ta yi tafiya, kuma yayin yin hakan ya sami sha'awar siyasar Afirka ta Pan. A shekara ta 1872, ta yi ƙaura zuwa London kuma ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Ladies a tsibirin Jersey. Lokacin da yake da shekaru 17, Smith ya tafi Stuttgart, Jamus, dan yin nazarin kiɗa a Stuttgart Conservatory. Ta koma Ingila, inda ita da 'yar uwarta suka buɗe gidan kwana don baƙon Afirka da ke zaune a ƙasar a matsayin ɗalibai ko ma'aikata. A yayin wani jawabi a shekarar 1905, ta jaddada mahimmancin matan Afirka za su iya samu a cikin ci gaban zamantakewa da siyasa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ta koma Gold Coast (yanzu Ghana).
Aure da iyali
Yayin da yake Ingila, Adelaide Smith ta auri J. E. Casely Hayford (kuma ana kiranta Ekra-Agiman). Auren nasu na iya ba ta zurfin fahimta game da al'adun Afirka kuma ta rinjayi canjin ta zuwa ɗan kishin ƙasa. Yarinyarsu Gladys Casely-Hayford ta zama sanannen mawaƙin Creole. A shekara ta 1914, auren Adelaide da J.E. sun gaza. Bayan haka, ta koma Saliyo.
Komawa zuwa Freetown
Bayan shekaru 25 a ƙasashen waje, Adelaide Casely-Hayford da 'yan uwanta mata sun koma Saliyo. An yi wahayi zuwa ga ra'ayoyin girman kai na launin fata da haɗin gwiwar ci gaba ta Marcus Garvey ta Universal Negro Development Association (UNIA), ta shiga cikin Sashin Ladies na Freetown Branch. Ta zama jagorar mace ta Afirka, ta yin amfani da jawabinta da rubuce-rubuce don kalubalantar fifikon maza a Afirka da tallafawa 'yancin mata na Afirka. A shekarar 1915, ta gabatar da jawabi kan "Hakkokin mata da Auren Kirista" wanda ke bayyana hangen nesan ta na kara hakkokin mata. Ta tashi ta zama shugabar UNIA. A watan Yuni na 1920, ta yi murabus daga kungiyar saboda wani rikici na ban sha'awa tsakanin ta da Makarantar Koyon sana'o'in 'yan mata. Ta kai ziyara Amurka, tana ba da laccoci na jama'a don gyara ra'ayoyin jama'ar Amurka game da Afirka.
Komawa cikin Freetown, Casely-Hayford ta fara kafa wata cibiyar koyar da sana'a don taimakawa 'yan mata su koyi asalin al'adunsu da kuma haifar da alfahari na ƙasa. A watan Oktoba na 1923, aka buɗe Makarantar Koyon sana'a ta 'yan mata a cikin gidan Smith tare da ɗalibai 14. A matsayina na babba, Casely-Hayford za ta gwammace ɗalibai su sanya suturar asali zuwa makaranta, amma iyayensu sun ƙi wannan ra'ayin. Makarantar Koyon Budurwa ta kasance ta musamman saboda babu damar samun ilimi da yawa ga girlsan mata a Saliyo a lokacin. Makarantar ta kasance ta musamman saboda ba kawai ta koyar da youngan matan Afirka tarihin Afirka ba, har ma ta koya musu yadda za su zama masu tunani da 'yanci. Ta so ta koyar da 'yan mata kwarin gwiwa da kwarewa don zama shugabannin gaba a Afirka da Saliyo. A cikin edita na 1922, ta ce "Nan take, idanuna suka buɗe don gaskiyar cewa ilimin ya dace da [Mutanen Afirka] ya ... koya mana mu raina kanmu... Bukatarmu ta gaggawa ita ce ilimi wanda zai koya mana ƙaunar ƙasa, alfahari da launin fata, da sha'awar ikon baƙar fata, da kyakkyawar sha'awar aikin fasaha na Afirka," kuma tana "sa ido zuwa... sabuwar rana, wacce za a ba wa Afirka damar faɗaɗa da ci gaba, tare da ra'ayoyinta da manufofinta."
Ta kwashe shekaru masu zuwa tana rubuta abubuwan tunawa da gajerun labarai. Takaitaccen tarihinta "Mista Courifer" an nuna shi a cikin African Treasury: Articles, Essays, Stories, Poems na Langston Hughes, tarin gajerun ayyuka da marubutan Afirka suka buga, a Amurka. Ta mutu a Freetown ranar 24 ga Janairu 1960, tana da shekara 91.
Muhimmanci a cikin al'ummar yau
Adelaide Smith Casely Hayford ta ba da hanya ga youngan mata inan mata a ƙasarta don su iya zuwa makaranta don koyan ƙwarewar da wataƙila ba za su iya koya da kansu ba. Adelaide ya ba wa mata 'yancin yin karatu da magana dan kansu amma kuma su shawo kan iyaye mata suyi renon yaransu a ƙasarsu ta yadda za su iya shiga cikin al'adun da aka haife su.
Gado da girmamawa
Casey-Hayford ta sami lambobin yabo da yawa daga gwamnatin mulkin mallaka saboda amincewa da gudummawar da ta bayar ga mutanen Saliyo.
1935: An ba ta lambar yabo ta Jubilee ta Sarki.
1949: ta karbi MBE
Asteroid 6848 Casely-Hayford, masanan kimiyyar taurari na Amurka Eleanor Helin da Schelte Bus a Palomar Observatory a shekarar 1978, an sanya mata suna a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar ta. Cibiyar Kula da Kayan Karatu ta buga wannan hukuma a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2019 (M.P.C. 115893). |
6402 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Musa | Ahmed Musa | Ahmed Musa (an haife shi a ranar goma sha hudu ga watan Oktoba , shekara ta alib dubu daya da dari tara da cassa'in da biyu "1992") ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da hagu zuwa ƙungiyar Süper Lig ta Turkiyya Fatih Karagümrük da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya.
Musa ya zama dan Najeriya na farko da ya ci fiye da sau daya a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA, bayan da ya ci Argentina kwallaye biyu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekara dubu biyu da goma sha huɗu . Musa shi ne dan Najeriya na farko da ya zura kwallo a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA guda biyu, bayan ya zura kwallaye biyu a ragar Iceland a matakin rukuni na gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018. Musa ya kasance memba na kungiyar Al Nassr da ta lashe gasar Premier ta Saudiyya da kuma Super Cup na Saudiyya, duka a shekara ta dubu biyu da goma sha tara .
Aikin Kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki
Musa ya fara aiki a GBS Football Academy.
Cigaba/nasara a Najeriya
A shekarar 2008, Musa ya kasance am bada aron sa zuwa JUTH FC inda ya buga wasanni 18, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a kakar wasa biyu na farko na kwararrun masu warkarwa. Daga baya an ba da aronsa zuwa Kano Pillars FC, a kakar wasa ta shekarar 2009-10 inda ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye masu mahimmanci yayin da Pillars ta kare a matsayi na biyu.
Musa ya kafa tarihin zura kwallaye mafi yawa da aka taba ci a kakar wasa daya a tarihin gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya har zuwa watan Nuwambar 2011, lokacin da Jude Aneke na Kaduna United FC ya kafa sabon tarihi na zura kwallaye 20.
An koma Musa zuwa kulob din VVV-Venlo na Holland a lokacin rani na shekarar 2010, amma an ci gaba da tafiya saboda yana da shekaru 17 kawai don haka bai cancanci samun ITC ba bisa ga dokokin FIFA na yanzu. Ya cancanci a hukumance ya buga wa VVV-Venlo a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2010 lokacin da ya cika shekara 18 a ƙarshe.
Kasa da mako guda da isowarsa kulob din, Musa ya fara buga wa kungiyar VVV-Venlo karawa da FC Groningen a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoba. Ya fara wasan VVV-Venlo, an yi masa rauni a cikin minti na 50th kuma ya sami bugun fanareti.
Goal.com ta ƙididdige shi a cikin ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa 100 masu zafi a duniya don kallo a cikin shekarata 2011, Lolade Adewuyi na Goal.com ya sanya shi cikin jerin Manyan 'Yan Wasan Najeriya Goma na shekarar 2010 kuma an haɗa shi cikin Jerin IFFHS na mafi kyawun 'yan wasa 140 a duniya.
A ranar 8 ga watan Maris shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa ta AIT (na kasa). An gudanar da bikin ne a otal din shugaban kasa dake Fatakwal a jihar Ribas. Taron ya samu halartar gwarzon dan kwallon Afrika na BBC na bana, dan Ghana Asamoah Gyan da manyan jami'an hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ciki har da shugaban kasar Aminu Maigari.
A watan Afrilu, darektan kwallon kafa na Venlo Mario Captien ya ce wakilan Tottenham Hotspur sun ziyarci kulob din game da dan wasan, kuma dan wasan Ajax Tijani Babangida ya ce Ajax na zawarcin Musa amma za a yanke hukuncin a karshen kakar wasa ta bana.
A ranar 1 ga watan Mayu shekarata 2011, Musa ya buga takalmin gyare-gyare don nutsewa Feyenoord 3–2 kuma ya kawo karshen duk wani fargabar faduwa ta atomatik daga Eredivisie.
A watan Agustan shekarata 2011, bayan da ya dawo daga gasar cin kofin duniya na FIFA U-20 a shekarata 2011 a Colombia, Musa ya buga wasansa na farko a kakar shekarar 2011-12 a gida da AFC Ajax kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu.
A watan Satumba shugaban VVV-Venlo Hai Berden ya bayyana akan Eredivisie Live cewa VVV-Venlo ya ki amincewa da tayin karshe na €10. Yuro miliyan Musa daga Bundesliga . Ba a bayyana sunan kulob din na Bundesliga ba.
CSKA Moscow
A ranar 7 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2012, Musa ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar CSKA Moscow ta Rasha kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba.
A ranar 17 ga watan Satumba shekarata 2014 ya zira kwallo a ragar ta'aziyyar minti na 82 a 5-1 UEFA Champions League a waje da AS Roma. A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni shekarata 2015, Musa ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da CSKA har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2018-19. Ya kammala kakar gasar Premier ta Rasha ta shekarar 2015-16 a matsayin na 5 mafi yawan zura kwallo a raga, inda ya zama daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai masu shekaru 23 ko kuma kasa da haka da suka kai adadin kwallaye biyu a kowane kakar wasanni biyu da suka gabata a manyan gasa bakwai na Turai.
Leicester City
A ranar 8 ga watan Yuli shekarata 2016, Musa ya koma Leicester City kan rikodin kulob din £16.6 miliyan. Ya zura kwallayen sa na farko da kungiyar a wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar ta yi da Barcelona a gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta shekarar 2016 da aka tashi da ci 4-2. Ya fara buga gasar Premier a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2016 a ranar bude kulob din da ci 2–1 a hannun Hull City. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a gasar Premier da bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan da suka doke Crystal Palace da ci 3–1 a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekarata 2016.
Ya zuwa watan Janairun shekaran 2017, Musa har yanzu bai yi rajistar mai taimakawa kulob din ba, inda ya bayar da gudunmawar matsakaita 0.5 key, 0.3 da kuma dribbles 1.2 na nasara a kowane wasa.
Ya koma a matsayin aro CSKA Moscow
A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma CSKA Moscow a kan aro don sauran kakar shekaran 2017-18.
A ranar 4 ga watan Agusta shekarata 2018, Musa ya koma Al Nassr ta Saudi Arabiya kan yarjejeniyar dindindin. A cikin watan Oktoba shekarata 2020, Al Nassr ya ba da sanarwar cewa Musa zai tafi. An ruwaito cewa ana sa ran kulob din West Bromwich Albion na Premier zai kammala siyan Ahmed Musa a kasuwar musayar 'yan wasa ta Janairu na kakar 2020-21.
Ya Koma Kano Pillars
A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekarata 2021, Musa ya koma kungiyar Kano Pillars ta Najeriya har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2020-21.
Ayyukan kasa
A watan Afrilun shekaran 2010 a karkashin Koci Lars Lagerbäck, an kira shi don shiga sansanin 'yan wasan kwallon kafa na Najeriya kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2010 a Afirka ta Kudu bayan ya taimaka wa tawagar Najeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin WAFU na shekarar 2010 inda ya zira kwallo a raga. da Benin. A karawar da suka yi da Burkina Faso, kwallon da Musa ya zura a raga har zuwa karin lokaci ya jefa Najeriya a wasan karshe na gasar a Abeokuta. Sai dai an tilasta masa fita daga cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na Super Eagles na gasar cin kofin duniya saboda rauni a idon sawun sa.
A ranar 5 ga watan Agustan 2010, yana da shekaru 17, Musa ya fara buga wa babbar tawagar Najeriya wasa a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka da Madagascar, inda ya maye gurbin Mikel John Obi da ci 2-0. nasara Musa ya ci wa Super Eagles kwallo ta farko a wasan sada zumunta da Kenya a watan Maris 2011.
A watan Afrilun shekaran 2011, Ahmed Musa ya kasance cikin tawagar ‘yan wasan kwallon kafa ta Najeriya ‘yan kasa da shekaru 20, domin ya wakilci kasar a wasannin neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin matasa na Afrika a shekarar 2011, duk da cewa VVV Venlo ya bayyana cewa ba zai buga gasar ba saboda alkawurran da kungiyar ta yi. Bayan tattaunawa mai zafi da hukumar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya VVV Venlo da wakilan Musa an amince da cewa Musa zai buga wasa tsakanin Netherlands da Afirka ta Kudu domin shiga gasar tare da tawagar kasar. Bayan wasan farko da Ghana mai rike da kofin gasar, Musa ya lashe kyautar dan wasa mafi daraja kuma ya hau jirgi na gaba ya koma Netherlands.
A watan Agustan 2011, Musa ya wakilci Najeriya U20 a gasar cin kofin duniya na 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 da aka gudanar a Colombia, inda ya ci kwallaye uku a wasanni biyar. FIFA ta saka Musa a cikin jerin ‘yan takara 10 da za su fafata a gasar Adidas Golden Ball, wadda aka baiwa fitaccen dan wasan kwallon kafa na FIFA U-20.
A ranar 7 ga watan Disamba shekarata 2011, Ahmed Musa yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa hudu da aka zaba a matsayin lambar yabo ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Afirka, amma kyautar ta tafi ga Souleymane Coulibaly na Ivory Coast.
Musa ya samu wakilcin ‘yan wasan Najeriya 23 da za su wakilci kasar a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afrika na 2013. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Mali da ci 4-1 a wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe kuma ya bayyana a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Burkina Faso a wasan karshe, yayin da Super Eagles ta lashe kofin nahiyar na uku. Gabaɗaya, ya bayyana a wasanni biyar cikin shida na ƙungiyar. A shekarata 2013 FIFA Confederations Cup, ya fara a cikin dukkanin wasanni uku na tawagar yayin da aka kawar da su a cikin rukuni.
Bayan ya bayyana a dukkan wasannin share fage na Najeriya, Musa yana cikin tawagar Stephen Keshi a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2014. Ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan karshe na rukunin F, inda Argentina ta doke su da ci 3-2.
A watan Oktoban 2015, bayan da Vincent Enyeama ya yi ritaya daga buga kwallo a duniya, kocin Najeriya, Sunday Oliseh ya nada Musa a matsayin kyaftin din kungiyar. Sai dai an sauya wannan shawarar a shekarar 2016 yayin da aka nada Mikel John Obi a matsayin kyaftin din tawagar Najeriya sannan Musa ya koma mataimakin Kyaftin.
A watan Mayun 2018 an saka shi cikin jerin ‘yan wasa 30 na farko da Najeriya za ta buga a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 2018 a Rasha. Duk da cewa wasan da ya yi da Iceland ya yi fice, bai ma isa ya ajiye 'yan Afirka ta Yamma a gasar ba saboda Argentina ta fitar da su A ranar 22 ga Yuni 2018, Musa ya ci sau biyu a wasan da suka doke Iceland da ci 2-0 a rukuninsu na biyu. wasan gasar cin kofin duniya. A watan Yunin 2019 ya zama dan wasa na uku da ya fi taka leda a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya, inda ya zarce Nwankwo Kanu, bayan ya bayyana a wasan sada zumunci da Zimbabwe. Babban koci Gernot Rohr ya nada shi a gasar cin kofin kasashen Afrika ta 2019. Ya kuma kasance cikin tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya a gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka (AFCON) na shekarar 2021 da aka gudanar a kasar Kamaru.
Rayuwa ta sirri
An haife shi ne daga dangi masu yawan addini, mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa (wato Musa) Kirista ce daga jihar Edo da ke Kudancin Najeriya.
A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2017 ne Musa ya samu sabani da matar sa Jamila, wanda hakan ya sa aka kira ‘yan sanda zuwa gidansa. Ba da jimawa ba, ma'auratan sun rabu saboda "bambance-bambancen da ba za a iya sulhuntawa ba". A ranar 23 ga Mayu, Musa ya auri Juliet Ejue a Abuja .
A watan Oktoban, shekara ta 2017, Musa ya sayi gidan mai na biyu a Najeriya.
A ranar 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 2019, Musa ya tabbatar da labarin rasuwar mahaifiyarsa Sarah Musa a shafinsa na Twitter. A baya ta yi rashin lafiya.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Ƙasashen Duniya
Scores and results list Nigeria's goal tally first, score column indicates score after each Musa goal.
Gasar Premier ta Rasha : 2012–13, 2013–14, 2015–16
Kofin Rasha : 2012–13
Rasha Super Cup : 2013, 2014
Saudi Professional League : 2018-19
Saudi Super Cup : 2019
Ƙasashen Duniya
Najeriya U20
Gasar Matasan Afrika : 2011
WAFU Nations Cup : 2010
Gasar cin kofin Afrika : 2013
Gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya : 2009–10
A cikin jerin 33 mafi kyawun wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na gasar zakarun Rasha: 2012-13
Gasar Cin Kofin Rasha : 2012–13
Ƙungiyar CAF ta Shekara : 2014
Bayanan kula
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31237 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20taka%20Tsantsan | Tsarin taka Tsantsan | Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan (ko tsarin taka tsantsan) hanya ce mai fa'ida ta hanya ilimin zamani, falsafanci da shari'a ga sabbin abubuwa tare da yuwuwar haifar da kuma cutarwa yayin da aka rasa ilimin kimiyya mai zurfi a kan lamarin. Yana jaddada taka tsantsan, dakata da bita kafin yin tsalle cikin sababbin sabbin abubuwa waɗanda zasu iya haifar da bala'i. Masu sukar lamirin sun yi nuni da cewa, rashin fahimta ne, soke kai, rashin kimiyya da fasaha da kuma kawo cikas ga ci gaba.
A cikin mahallin aikin injiniya, ƙa'idar taka tsantsan tana bayyana kanta a matsayin mahimmancin aminci, an tattauna dalla-dalla a cikin monograph na Elishakoff . An ba da shawarar a fili, a cikin injiniyan farar hula, ta Belindor a cikin 1729. Dangantakar da ke tsakanin aminci da abin dogaro injiniyoyi da masana falsafa sun yi nazari sosai.
Masu tsara manufofi galibi suna amfani da ƙa'idar a cikin yanayi inda akwai yuwuwar cutarwa daga yanke shawara (misali ɗaukar wani mataki na musamman) kuma ba a samu tabbataccen shaida ba tukuna. Misali, gwamnati na iya yanke shawarar iyakancewa ko taƙaita yaduwar magani ko sabuwar fasaha har sai an gwada ta sosai. Ƙa'idar ta yarda cewa yayin da ci gaban kimiyya da fasaha sau da yawa yakan kawo babban fa'ida ga bil'adama, ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙirƙirar sabbin barazana da haɗari. Yana nuna cewa akwai wani alhaki na zamantakewa don kare jama'a daga kamuwa da irin wannan cutar, lokacin da binciken kimiyya ya gano haɗari mai ma'ana. Ya kamata a sassauta waɗannan kariyar kawai idan ƙarin binciken kimiyya ya fito wanda ke ba da tabbataccen shaidar cewa babu wani lahani da zai haifar.
Ƙa'idar ta zama dalili mai mahimmanci ga adadi mai yawa da karuwar yarjejeniyoyin kasa da kasa a cikin fagagen ci gaba mai ɗorewa, kare muhalli, kiwon lafiya, kasuwanci, da amincin abinci, ko da yake a wasu lokuta yana jawo muhawara kan yadda za a yi daidai. ayyana shi kuma yi amfani da shi zuwa ga hadaddun yanayi tare da haɗari masu yawa. A cikin wasu tsarin shari'a, kamar yadda yake a cikin dokar Tarayyar Turai, yin amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan an sanya shi a matsayin abin da ake buƙata na doka a wasu wuraren doka.
Asalin da ƙa'idar
Manufar "ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan" gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar ta taso ne a cikin Ingilishi daga fassarar kalmar Jamusanci Vorsorgeprinzip a cikin 1970s don mayar da martani ga lalata gandun daji da gurɓataccen ruwa, inda 'yan majalisar dokokin Jamus suka amince da dokar iska mai tsafta ta hana amfani da wasu abubuwan da ake zargi da haifar da lalatawar daji. lalacewar muhalli duk da cewa shaidar tasirinsu ba ta cika ba a wancan lokacin. An gabatar da ra'ayin cikin dokokin muhalli tare da wasu sabbin hanyoyin (a wancan lokacin) hanyoyin kamar "masu gurɓata muhalli", ƙa'idar rigakafin gurɓataccen iska da alhakin tsira ga yanayin muhalli na gaba.
A cikin 1988, Konrad von Moltke ya bayyana ra'ayin Jamus ga masu sauraron Biritaniya, wanda ya fassara zuwa Turanci a matsayin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan.
A cikin tattalin arziki, an yi nazari kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan cikin sharuɗɗan "tasirin yanke shawara mai ma'ana", na "mu'amalar da ba za a iya canzawa ba " da " rashin tabbas ". Marubuta irin su Epstein da Arrow and Fischer sun nuna cewa “rashin jujjuyawar sakamakon da za a iya samu a nan gaba” ya haifar da “tasirin zaɓin zaɓe” wanda yakamata ya jawo al’umma ta “ tsaka -tsaki” don fifita halin yanzu. yanke shawara da ke ba da damar ƙarin sassauci a nan gaba. Gollier et al. ƙarasa da cewa "ƙarin rashin tabbas na kimiyya game da rarraba haɗarin nan gaba - wato, babban bambancin imani - ya kamata ya sa al'umma su ɗauki matakan rigakafi masu ƙarfi a yau."
An kuma samo ƙa'idar daga aƙidar addini cewa ya kamata a takaita wasu bangarori na kimiyya da fasaha saboda "na cikin mulkin Allah ne", kamar yadda Yarima Charles da Paparoma Benedict XVI suka gabatar.
Tsarin tsari
Akwai ma'anoni da yawa na ƙa'idar taka tsantsan: Ana iya bayyana taka tsantsan a matsayin "tsanaki a gaba", " taka tsantsan da aka yi a cikin mahallin rashin tabbas ", ko kuma sanar da hankali . Ra'ayoyi guda biyu sun kwanta a jigon ƙa'idar:
nunin buƙatu da masu yanke shawara su yi hasashen cutarwa kafin ta faru. A cikin wannan sigar akwai jujjuyawar hujja a fakaice: ƙarƙashin ƙa'idar taka tsantsan alhakin mai ba da shawara ne don tabbatar da cewa aikin da aka tsara ba zai haifar da babbar illa ba.
ra'ayi na daidaitattun haɗari da farashi da yuwuwar aikin da aka gabatar.
Ɗaya daga cikin tushe na farko na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan, da ma'anar da aka yarda da ita a duniya, sakamakon aikin Rio Conference, ko " Taron Duniya " a 1992. Ƙa'ida ta 15 na bayanin sanarwar Rio :
A cikin 1998 Bayanin Wingspread game da ƙa'idodin taka tsantsan an kira shi ta hanyar Cibiyar Sadarwar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli da Kimiyya kuma ta ƙare tare da tsari mai zuwa, wanda Stewart Brand ya bayyana a matsayin "mafi bayyananne kuma mafi akai-akai":
A cikin Fabrairu 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta lura a cikin Sadarwar da Hukumar Kula da Ka'idodin Kariya cewa, "Ba a bayyana ka'idar rigakafin ba a cikin yarjejeniyoyin Tarayyar Turai, wanda ya ba da izini [ƙa'idar kariya] sau ɗaya kawai - zuwa kare muhalli. Amma a aikace, iyakarta ta fi girma, kuma musamman inda kima-maƙasudin-kimiyya-kimiyya ya nuna cewa akwai dalilai masu ma'ana don damuwa cewa tasirin haɗari ga muhalli, mutum, dabba ko [da] lafiyar shuka na iya zama sabani da babban matakin kariya [ga abin da] aka zaba don Al'umma."
Yarjejeniyar Cartagena na Janairu 2000 akan Biosafety ta ce, dangane da taƙaddama kan GMOs : "Rashin tabbacin kimiyya saboda rashin isasshen bayanan kimiyya ... tasiri, daga yanke shawara, kamar yadda ya dace, dangane da shigo da kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara da ake tambaya."
Buƙatu daban-daban da ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ke wakilta waɗanda ke ba da shawarar ƙa'idar ya haifar da babban canji na ƙirƙira ta: bincike ɗaya ya gano ƙa'idodi 14 daban-daban na ƙa'idar a cikin yarjejeniyoyin da ba yerjejeniya ba. RB Stewart ya rage ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan zuwa nau'ikan asali guda huɗu:
Rashin tabbas na kimiyya bai kamata ya hana tsara ayyukan da ke haifar da haɗari mai mahimmanci ba ( rashin ƙaddamarwa ).
Gudanar da tsari yakamata ya ƙunshi gefen aminci; ayyukan ya kamata a iyakance su ƙasa da matakin da ba a taɓa ganin wani mummunan tasiri ko annabta ba ( gefe na aminci ).
Ayyukan da ke gabatar da yiwuwar rashin tabbas ga mummunar cutarwa ya kamata su kasance ƙarƙashin mafi kyawun fasahar da ake samuwa don rage haɗarin cutarwa sai dai idan mai goyon bayan aikin ya nuna cewa ba su gabatar da wani haɗari mai haɗari ba ( BAT ).
Ayyukan da ke gabatar da yuwuwar rashin tabbas ga babban lahani yakamata a haramta su sai dai idan mai gabatar da aikin ya nuna cewa bai gabatar da haɗarin cutarwa ba ( haramta ).
Carolyn Raffensperger na babban taron Wingspread ya sanya ƙa'ida ta adawa da hanyoyin da suka danganci gudanar da haɗari da ƙididdigar fa'ida . Dave Brower ( Abokan Duniya ) ya kammala da cewa "dukkan fasaha ya kamata a ɗauka da laifi har sai an tabbatar da cewa ba su da laifi". Freeman Dyson ya bayyana amfani da ka'idar yin taka tsantsan a matsayin "da gangan mai gefe ɗaya", misali idan aka yi amfani da shi azaman hujja don lalata gonakin binciken injiniyan kwayoyin halitta da kuma yin barazana ga masu bincike duk da shaidar kimiyya da ke nuna rashin lahani.
Kamar yadda Rupert da O'Riordan suka lura, ƙalubalen da ake fuskanta wajen aiwatar da ƙa'idar shine "tabbatar da cewa rashin tabbas, ko kuma rashin isasshen bincike mai tushe, ba shi da cikas ga ƙirƙira, muddin babu wata ma'ana mai ma'ana. na cutarwa mai tsanani". Rashin wannan ƙayyadaddun aikace-aikacen yana sanya ka'idar "warkewa da kai" a cewar Stewart Brand, saboda "babu wani abu da ya tabbata" a cikin kimiyya, yana farawa daga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan da kanta kuma ya haɗa da "nauyi ko juyin Darwiniyanci". Daidaitaccen aikace-aikacen ya kamata ya tabbatar da cewa "ya kamata a dauki matakan kiyayewa" kawai "a lokacin farkon matakan" kuma yayin da "shaidar kimiyya masu dacewa ta kafu", matakan daidaitawa yakamata su amsa wannan shaidar kawai.
Mai ƙarfi vs. rauni
Tsanani mai ƙarfi yana riƙe da cewa ana buƙatar ƙa'ida a duk lokacin da akwai yuwuwar haɗari ga lafiya, aminci, ko muhalli, koda kuwa shaidar goyan bayan tana da hasashe kuma koda farashin tattalin arziƙin ƙa'ida yana da yawa. A cikin 1982, Yarjejeniya ta Duniya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ba da amincewa ta farko ta ƙasa da ƙasa ga ƙa'idar mai ƙarfi, tana mai nuna cewa lokacin da "ba a fahimci illar da za ta iya haifar da illa ba, bai kamata ayyukan su ci gaba ba". Sanarwar Wingspread da aka yaɗa, daga taron masana muhalli a 1998, wani misali ne na ƙaƙƙarfan sigar. Hakanan ana iya kiran taka tsantsan mai ƙarfi a matsayin ƙa'idar "ba a yi nadama ba", inda ba a la'akari da farashi a matakin rigakafin.
Raunan taka tsantsan yana ƙunshe da cewa rashin shaidar kimiyya baya hana yin aiki idan in ba haka ba lalacewa zai yi tsanani kuma ba za a iya dawowa ba. Mutane suna yin taka tsantsan a kowace rana, kuma galibi suna jawo farashi, don guje wa haɗarin da ba su da tabbas: ba ma tafiya a wurare masu haɗari da tsaka-tsaki da dare, muna motsa jiki, muna siyan abubuwan gano hayaki, muna ɗaure bel ɗin mu.
Bisa ga littafin da Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta New Zealand ta wallafa,Siga mai rauni [na Ka'idodin Tsare-tsare] shine mafi ƙarancin ƙuntatawa kuma yana ba da damar ɗaukar matakan kariya ta fuskar rashin tabbas, amma baya buƙatar su (misali, Sanarwar Rio 1992; Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya 1992). Don gamsar da bakin kofa na cutarwa, dole ne a sami wasu shaidun da suka shafi yuwuwar faruwa da tsananin sakamakon. Wasu, amma ba duka ba, suna buƙatar la'akari da farashin matakan kariya. Ƙirƙirar ƙira ba ta hana yin la'akari da fa'ida ba. Abubuwan da ban da rashin tabbas na kimiyya, gami da la'akari da tattalin arziki, na iya samar da halaltattun dalilai na jinkirta aiki. Ƙarƙashin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun tsari, abin da ake buƙata don tabbatar da buƙatar aiki (nauyin hujja) gabaɗaya ya hau kan waɗanda ke ba da shawarar daukar matakin yin taka tsantsan. Ba a yi magana game da alhakin cutar da muhalli ba. Ƙarfafan juzu'i suna ba da hujja ko buƙatar matakan kiyayewa kuma wasu kuma suna kafa alhaki don cutar da muhalli, wanda ke da inganci mai ƙarfi nau'i na "masu gurɓata muhalli". Misali, Yarjejeniya Ta Duniya ta ce: “Idan ilimi ya yi iyaka sai a yi amfani da hanyar taka-tsantsan . . . Sanya nauyin hujja a kan waɗanda ke jayayya cewa aikin da aka tsara ba zai haifar da lahani mai mahimmanci ba, kuma ya sanya masu alhakin cutar da muhalli. " Juya hujja na buƙatar waɗanda ke ba da shawarar aiki don tabbatar da cewa samfur, tsari ko fasaha suna da isasshe "lafiya" kafin a ba da izini. Bukatar shaidar "babu cutar da muhalli" kafin duk wani aiki da aka samu yana nuna jama'a ba su shirya karɓar duk wani haɗarin muhalli ba, ko da wane irin fa'idar tattalin arziki ko zamantakewa za ta iya tasowa (Peterson, 2006). A matsananci, irin wannan buƙatun na iya haɗawa da hani da hani akan duka nau'ikan ayyuka ko abubuwa masu haɗari (Cooney, 2005). A tsawon lokaci, an sami sauyi a hankali na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan daga abin da ya bayyana a cikin sanarwar Rio zuwa wani tsari mai ƙarfi wanda ake iya cewa [wanda] ke aiki a matsayin hani kan ci gaba idan babu tabbataccen shaidar cewa ba zai cutar da shi ba.
Yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da sanarwa
"Ka'ida" vs. "kusantarwa"
Babu gabatarwa ga ƙa'idar taka tsantsan da za ta kasance cikakke ba tare da taƙaitaccen magana game da bambanci tsakanin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da hanyar taka tsantsan ba.
Ƙa'ida ta 15 na sanarwar Rio 1992 ta ce: "domin kare muhalli, dole ne jihohi su yi amfani da tsarin yin taka tsantsan gwargwadon ƙarfinsu. Inda akwai barazanar mummunar barna ko kuma ba za a iya jurewa ba, ba za a yi amfani da rashin cikakkiyar tabbacin kimiyya ba a matsayin dalilin dage matakan da za su dace don hana lalata muhalli." Kamar yadda Garcia ya yi nuni da cewa, “kalmomin, galibi kama da na ƙa’idar, sun bambanta sosai a cikin wannan: ya gane cewa za a iya samun bambance-bambance a cikin iyawar gida don amfani da tsarin, kuma yana kira ga ingancin farashi wajen amfani da shi. hanyar da za a bi, misali, yin la'akari da tsadar tattalin arziki da zamantakewa." Gabaɗaya ana ɗaukar "kusantar" azaman tausasa "ƙa'ida"."Kamar yadda Recuerda ya lura, banbance tsakanin ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da tsarin yin taka tsantsan yana da yaɗuwa kuma, a wasu mahallin, ana jayayya. A tattaunawar da ake yi na shelanta ƙasa da ƙasa, Amurka ta nuna adawa da amfani da kalmar ka'ida saboda wannan kalma tana da ma'ana ta musamman a cikin harshe na shari'a, saboda ka'idar doka ita ce tushen doka. Wannan yana nufin cewa wajibi ne, don haka kotu na iya soke ko tabbatar da yanke shawara ta hanyar aiwatar da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan. A wannan ma'anar, ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan ba ra'ayi mai sauƙi ba ne ko fatalwa amma tushen doka. Wannan shine matsayin doka na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan a cikin Tarayyar Turai. A daya bangaren kuma, 'kusantar' yawanci ba ta da ma'ana iri daya, ko da yake a wasu lokuta hanya na iya zama daure. Hanyar yin taka tsantsan shine “ruwan tabarau” na musamman da ake amfani da su don gano haɗarin da kowane mai hankali ke da shi (Recuerda, 2008)
Tarayyar Turai
A ranar 2 ga Fabrairun 2000, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da Sadarwa kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan, inda ta ɗauki hanyar aiwatar da wannan ra'ayi, amma ba tare da ba da cikakken ma'anarsa ba. Sakin layi na 2 na labarin 191 na yarjejeniyar Lisbon ya bayyana cewaManufar ƙungiyar game da muhalli za ta yi niyya a matakin kariya ta la'akari da bambance-bambancen yanayi a yankuna daban-daban na ƙungiyar. Ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan da ƙa'idojin da ya kamata a ɗauki matakan kariya, ya kamata a gyara lalacewar muhalli a matsayin fifiko daga tushe kuma mai gurbata muhalli ya biya. Bayan amincewa da sadarwar Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ƙa'idar taka tsantsan, ƙa'idar ta zo don sanar da manufofin EU da yawa, gami da yankunan da suka wuce manufofin muhalli . Tun daga 2006 an haɗa shi cikin dokokin EU "a cikin al'amura kamar amincin samfur na gabaɗaya, amfani da abubuwan ƙari don amfani da su a cikin abinci mai gina jiki na dabba, ƙona sharar gida, da ka'idojin gyare-gyaren kwayoyin halitta". Ta hanyar aikace-aikacen sa idan doka ta kasance, ya zama "gaba ɗaya ƙa'idar dokar EU".
A cikin shari'ar T-74/00 Artegodan, Kotun Ƙoli (sannan Kotun ta farko) ta bayyana a shirye don cirewa daga ƙayyadaddun tanadi don ƙa'idar rigakafi a cikin manufofin muhalli a cikin labarin 191 TFEU zuwa ga kowa. ƙa'idar dokokin EU.
A Faransa, Yarjejeniya ta Muhalli ta ƙunshi tsari na ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan (lashi na 5):
LMuhalli da lafiya
Filayen da aka fi damuwa da ƙa'idar rayuwar taka tsantsan sune;
Dumamar yanayi ko canjin yanayi gabaɗaya
Bacewa na nau'in
Gabatar da sabbin samfura a cikin muhalli, tare da yuwuwar tasiri akan bambancin halittu (misali, kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara )
Barazana ga lafiyar jama'a, saboda sabbin cututtuka da dabaru (misali, HIV da ake ɗauka ta hanyar ƙarin jini)
Tasirin sabbin fasahohi na dogon lokaci (misali matsalolin kiwon lafiya game da radiation daga wayoyin salula da sauran na'urorin sadarwar lantarki)
M ko m gurbatawa (misali, asbestos, endocrine disrupters )
Amintaccen abinci (misali, cutar Creutzfeldt-Jakob )
Wasu sabbin al'amurran da suka shafi biosafety (misali, rayuwar wucin gadi, sabbin kwayoyin halitta )
Ana amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan sau da yawa akan filayen ilimin halitta saboda canje-canje ba za a iya ƙunsa cikin sauƙi ba kuma suna da yuwuwar zama na duniya. Ƙa'idar ba ta da mahimmanci ga filayen da ke ƙunshe kamar su aeronautics, inda ƴan mutanen da ke fuskantar haɗari sun ba da izini ga bayanai (misali, matukin jirgi ). A cikin yanayin ƙirƙira fasaha, ɗaukar tasiri yana da wahala idan wannan fasahar za ta iya kwafi kanta. Bill Joy ya nanata hatsarori da ke tattare da yin kwafin fasahar kwayoyin halitta, nanotechnology, da fasahar mutum-mutumi a cikin labarinsa na Wired, " Me ya sa gaba ba ta bukatar mu ", ko da yake bai yi nuni da ka'idar taka tsantsan ba. Ana iya ganin aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar a cikin manufofin jama'a na buƙatar kamfanonin harhada magunguna don gudanar da gwaje-gwaje na asibiti don nuna cewa sababbin magunguna ba su da lafiya.
Masanin falsafa na Oxford Nick Bostrom ya tattauna ra'ayin na gaba mai iko mai zurfi, da kasada idan yayi ƙoƙarin samun ikon sarrafa kwayoyin halitta.
Aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar yana canza matsayin ƙima da ƙima na haɗari : ba haɗarin da dole ne a kauce masa ko gyara ba, amma haɗari wanda dole ne a hana shi. Don haka, a cikin yanayin ƙa'idar binciken kimiyya, akwai wani ɓangare na uku fiye da masanin kimiyya da mai gudanarwa: mabukaci.
A cikin wani bincike game da aikace-aikace na ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ga nanotechnology, Chris Phoenix da Mike Treder sun bayyana cewa akwai nau'i biyu na ka'idar, wanda suke kira "tsararren tsari" da "siffa mai aiki". Tsohon "yana buƙatar rashin aiki lokacin da aiki zai iya haifar da haɗari", yayin da na biyun yana nufin "zabar mafi ƙarancin haɗari lokacin da suke samuwa, da kuma ɗaukar alhakin haɗarin haɗari." Thomas Alured Faunce ya bayar da hujjar yin amfani da ƙa'idar taka tsantsan ta hanyar masu kula da kimiyya da fasaha na kiwon lafiya musamman dangane da Ti0 2 da ZnO nanoparticles a cikin sunscreens, biocidal nanosilver a cikin hanyoyin ruwa da samfuran da kera, sarrafa ko sake amfani da su yana fallasa ɗan adam ga haɗarin shakar da yawa. - bangon carbon nanotubes.
Gudanar da albarkatun
Yawancin albarkatun ƙasa kamar kifin kifi yanzu ana sarrafa su ta hanyar taka tsantsan, ta hanyar ka'idojin sarrafa girbi (HCRs) bisa ka'idar yin taka tsantsan. Adadin ya nuna yadda ake aiwatar da ƙa'idar a cikin tsarin kula da kamun kifi da Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya mai binciken teku ta gabatar.
A cikin rarraba nau'ikan da ke cikin haɗari, ƙa'idar yin taka tsantsan na nufin cewa idan akwai shakku game da ainihin matsayin dabba ko shuka, yakamata a zaɓi wanda zai haifar da matakan kariya mafi ƙarfi. Don haka, nau'in nau'in nau'in tattabara na azurfa wanda zai iya wanzu da adadi mai yawa kuma kawai a yi rikodin su ko kuma kamar yadda mai yiwuwa ya daɗe ba a rarraba shi a matsayin "rashin bayanai" ko "bacewa" (wanda duka biyun ba sa buƙatar kowane mataki na kariya don haka. a ɗauka), amma a matsayin "matsakaicin haɗari" (matsayin kiyayewa wanda ke ba da buƙatun kariya mafi ƙarfi), yayin da mafi ƙarancin ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan ƙaƙƙarfan, amma mai yiwuwa ba tukuna cikin haɗarin emerald starling an rarraba shi a matsayin "ƙananan bayanai", saboda akwai buƙatar gaggawa. bincike don bayyana matsayinsa maimakon aikin kiyayewa don kubutar da shi daga bacewa.
Idan, alal misali, babban jikin ruwa na ƙasa wanda mutane ke amfani da shi don ruwan sha ya gurɓata da ƙwayoyin cuta (misali Escherichia coli O157: H7, Campylobacter ko Leptospira ) kuma tushen gurbatawa yana da karfi da ake zargi da zama shanun kiwo amma ainihin kimiyya ba ta iya ba da cikakkiyar hujja ba, ya kamata a cire shanu daga yanayin har sai an tabbatar da su, ta hanyar masana'antar kiwo, ba don zama tushen ba ko har sai masana'antar ta tabbatar da cewa irin wannan gurɓataccen abu ba zai sake faruwa ba.
Ci gaba da karatu
Kai Purnhagen
Sadarwa daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ka'idar taka tsantsan Brusells
Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai , Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Turai ta haɗa nau'o'in yarjejeniya kan Tarayyar Turai da na yarjejeniyar kafa al'ummar Turai, Jarida ta Tarayyar Turai, C325, 24 Disamba 2002, Title XIX, labarin 174, sakin layi na 2 da 3.
Greenpeace, "Safeffen ciniki a cikin karni na 21st, Greenpeace cikakkun shawarwari da shawarwari don taron ministoci na 4th na Ƙungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya" pp. 8-9
O'Riordan, T. da Cameron, J. , Fassara Ƙa'idar Tsaro, London: Earthscan Publications
Raffensperger, C., da Tickner, J. (eds.) Kare Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a da Muhalli: Aiwatar da Ka'idodin Kariya. Island Press, Washington, DC.
Rees, Martin. Sa'ar Karshen Mu .
Recuerda Girela, MA, , Seguridad Alimentaria y Nuevos Alimentos, Régimen jurídico-administrativo. Thomson-Aranzadi, Cizur Menor.
Recuerda Girela, MA, , "Haɗari da Dalili a cikin Dokar Tarayyar Turai", Bitar Dokar Abinci da Ciyarwa ta Turai, 5.
Sandin, P. "Mafi Aminci fiye da Yi Hakuri: Aiwatar da Hanyoyin Falsafa zuwa Muhawara kan Hadari da Ka'idodin Tsare," .
Stewart, RB "Yanke Shawarar Tsarin Muhalli a ƙarƙashin Rashin tabbas". A Gabatarwa ga Doka da Tattalin Arziki na Manufofin Muhalli: Batutuwa a Tsarin Tsara, Juzu'i 20: 71-126 .
Sunstein, Cass R. , Dokokin Tsoro: Bayan Ka'ida ta Kariya . New York: Jami'ar Cambridge Press
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rahoton Kungiyar Hadin gwiwar Matsakaicin Matsala ta Burtaniya kan Ƙimar Haɗari, 2002. "Ƙa'idar Rigakafi: Manufa da Aikace-aikace" Archived
David Appell, Masanin Kimiyya na Amirka, Janairu 2001: "Sabuwar Ƙa'idar rashin tabbas"
The Times, 27 Yuli 2007, Mai hankali ne kawai zai iya gaskata da aminci da farko
The Times, 15 Janairu 2005, "Mene ne ... Ka'idodin Kariya?"
Bill Durodié, Spiked, 16 Maris 2004: Ka'idar yin taka tsantsan ta ɗauka cewa rigakafin ya fi magani.
Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai , Darussa na ƙarshe daga gargaɗin farko: ƙa'idar riga-kafi 1896-2000
Aiwatar da Ƙa'idar Rigakafi zuwa Nanotechnology, Cibiyar Nanotechnology Mai Alhaki 2004
Bayanin Watsawa na 1998 akan Ƙa'idar Rigakafi da aka Archived
Kimiyya da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli, Ƙa'idar Tsarkakewa a Aiki - Littafin Jagora]
Gary E. Marchant, Kenneth L. Mossman: Tsanani da Ƙarfi: Ƙa'idar Rigakafi a Kotunan Tarayyar Turai . Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka 2004, ; PDF na kan layi kyauta
Umberto Izzo, La precauzione nella responsabilità civile. Analisi di un concetto sul tema del danno da contagio per via trasfusionale (e-book reprint) [The Idea of Precaution in Tort Law. Analysis of a Concept against the Backdrop of the Tainted-Blood Latition], UNITN e-prints, 2007, first edition Padua, Cedam 2004. free online PDF
Mafi Aminci fiye da Yi Hakuri: Aiwatar da Hanyoyin Falsafa zuwa Muhawara kan Hadari da Ka'idar Tsarkakewa.
Sadarwa daga Hukumar Tarayyar Turai kan ka'idar yin taka tsantsan
Ƙungiya Tsakanin Tsare-tsare na Burtaniya akan Ƙimar Haɗari (ILGRA): Ƙa'idar Tsaro: Manufofi da Aikace-aikace
Rahoton ƙungiyar ƙwararrun UNESCO akan ƙa'idar Kariya
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Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
61011 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agbola%20O%27Browne%20asalin | Agbola O'Browne asalin | August Agbola O'Browne (suna na biyu kuma an rubuta Agbala, Agboola, sunan mahaifi kuma ya rubuta Brown ko Browne ; 1895–1976) mawakin jazz ne na Najeriya wanda aka yi imanin shi kadai ne bakar fata a rikicin Warsaw na 1944.
Tarihin Rayuwa
An haifi Augusta Agbola O'Browne a ranar 22 ga Yulin 1895 a Legas, birni mafi girma a Najeriya a yau, ga iyayen Najeriya, watakila daga kabilar Yarbawa .
O'Browne ya yi hijira zuwa Biritaniya sannan ya shiga rukunin wasan kwaikwayo na balaguro kuma ya ƙare a Poland a 1922. Ya zauna a titin Złota a Warsaw. Ya kasance ƙwararren mawaki, mai buga ganga wanda ke aiki a kulake a Warsaw. Kundinsa na farko, wanda aka yi rikodin shi a cikin 1928, ya kafa tarihi, domin shi ne ɗan jazzman na Afirka ta Yamma na farko da ya cimma wannan. Ya auri wata 'yar kasar Poland, Zofia Pykowna; suna da yara biyu - Ryszard (Richard) a 1928 da Aleksander (Alexander) a 1929. Ko da yake wannan aure ya ƙare, danginsa sun yi tafiya zuwa Birtaniya lokacin da yaki ya barke. Daga baya ya auri Olga Miechowicz kuma sun sami ƙarin yara tare. Abokansa da maƙwabtansa sun tuna da shi a matsayin mutum mai haziki, mai ladabi, kuma maɗaukaki (yana jin harsuna shida).
A cikin 1949, ya shiga cikin Society of Fighters for Freedom and Democracy . A cikin binciken, ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya yi yaƙi a cikin mamayewar Poland a 1939, yana kare Warsaw da aka kewaye, da kuma a cikin Warsaw Uprising a 1944. Ya bayyana cewa a cikin Tashin hankalin lambar sunansa shine "Ali" kuma yana cikin rukunin da Kofur Aleksander Marciński ke jagoranta, lambar sunan "Łabędź" ("Swan"). Ƙungiyar ta yi yaƙi a gundumar Śródmieście na Warsaw. Dangane da sunan kwamandan, masana tarihi sun tabbatar da cewa bataliyar "Iwo" ta yi yaƙi a gundumar Śródmieście Południowe (Southern Srodmiescie). Jan Radecki, lambar sunan "Czarny" ("Black"), wani ɗan takara na wannan tashin hankalin ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya ga wani baƙar fata a HQ na bataliyar "Iwo" a ulica Marszałkowska 74 (74 Marszalkowska Street ), mai yiwuwa a cikin sadarwa. sashe. Radecki bai tuna ainihin bayanan sirri na masu tayar da kayar baya ba. Akwai alamun cewa kafin tashin O'Browne yana da alaƙa da juriya kuma an rarraba ba bisa ka'ida ba, jaridu na ƙasa ( bibuła ).
Akwai ƴan ingantattun bayanai game da rayuwarsa bayan yaƙin. Around 1949 ya yi aiki a Sashen Al'adu da Art na birnin Warsaw; daga baya ya ci gaba da sana'ar waka, yana wasa a gidajen cin abinci a Warsaw.
Rayuwa a Burtaniya
O'Browne ya yi hijira zuwa Burtaniya a 1958. "Na kasancewar Browne a Birtaniya, Tatiana ta sanar da mahaifinta ya ci gaba da yin aiki a matsayin mai wasan kwaikwayo a London, sau da yawa a wani ɗakin studio a gundumar Soho, gidan jazz na London da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa. Iyalin suna zaune a garin Camden, arewa maso yammacin London."
"Londoner Ela Grabinska-Raubusch, mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Sikorski, ta tuna da mahaifiyarta marigayi, Wanda Grabińska (née Radzikowska), 'yar Warsaw, tana magana game da Browne. "Mahaifiyata ta ce ya yi suna sosai a Warsaw kafin yakin, tunda watakila shi kadai ne bakar fata a babban birnin," in ji ta.
“Game da aikinsa na tada kayar baya, abin da na karanta a yanar gizo ne kawai na san. Sai dai, kwatsam, yana cikin Śródmieście Południe, haka ma mahaifiyata. Ta kasance a bataliyar Ruczaj. Mama ta zo Landan a 1957. Na fahimci cewa Mista Browne ya zo a 1958.
"Mama ta yi magana game da yadda ta hadu da Mr Browne, da kuma cewa yana tare da 'yarsa. Ko dai a Kasuwar Bush ta Shepherd ko kuma a ofishin [wani mutum mai suna] Mehl, wanda ya yi magana game da canja wurin kuɗi zuwa Poland a shekarun 1950 zuwa 1980. Mun zauna a Shepherd's Bush na ɗan lokaci. A cikin 1960s, Shepherd's Bush Market shine wurin zama na jama'ar Caribbean. 'Yan Indiya ta Yamma ne da Yahudawan Poland daban-daban ne suka gudanar da rumfunan. Mahaifiyata ba ta jin Turanci, don haka za ta iya ci gaba da siya daga wurinsu cikin Yaren mutanen Poland ."
A can ya rayu ba tare da sunansa ba kusan shekaru ashirin kuma ya mutu a Landan a 1976. An binne shi a makabartar Hampstead (kamar yadda Augustine Agboola Browne).
Masanin tarihi Zbigniew Osiński ne ya gano bayanin wanzuwar O'Browne daga gidan tarihi na tashin hankalin Warsaw a kusa da 2010; wani masanin tarihi Krzysztof Komorowski ya lura cewa idan labarin wanzuwarsa da kuma shiga cikin Tashe-tashen hankula a matsayin kawai bakar fata da aka rubuta gaskiya ne, abin mamaki ne. Abin baƙin cikin shine, kaɗan kaɗan ne ya rage don tabbatar da shi kuma yawancin shaidun sun mutu. Duk da haka, masana tarihi na Poland sun sami isassun hujjoji masu tabbatar da cewa wanzuwar O'Browne, da kuma labarin shigarsa cikin tashin hankali, tabbas gaskiya ne. |
22339 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Nakasassu%20Ta%20Duniya | Kungiyar Nakasassu Ta Duniya | Ƙungiyar hadin gwiwar Nakasassu ta duniya (IDA), wacce aka kirkira a shekarar 1999, kungiya ce wacce ta mai da hankali kan inganta wayar da kan mutane da nakasassu a duk duniya. IDA tana aiki tare da Kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu (na NGO), kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN), har ma da gwamnatocin jihohi domin kirkirar doka, bayar da kudaden shirin nakasassu a kasashe masu tasowa da kasashe masu ci gaban masana'antu, da kuma yin shawarwari ga nakasassu a kewayen duniya. IDA na aiki sosai tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, kuma musamman suna amfani da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Nakasassu (UNCRPD) a matsayin ƙa'idar aikinsu.
A ranar 7 ga Yunin shekarata alib 2013, inda ta kasance cikin haɗin doka kuma an ba ta matsayin doka a matsayin mahaɗan. Abin da wannan ke nufi shi ne cewa tana da ƙarfi a cikin ikon iya sasantawa da ingantattun sharuɗɗa ga mutanen da ke da nakasa.
Kungiyar hadin kan nakasassu ta Duniya tana ƙarƙashin cikakkiyar mambobinta kuma ta hanyar Hukumar IDA, wacce ta ƙunshi wakilai daga kowane ɗayan mambobinta. Duk membobin IDA ƙungiyoyi ne masu rinjaye-jagoranci kuma sun haɗu da nakasassu da danginsu. Ayyuka na yau da kullun na Alliance suna aiwatar da su ne ta Sakatariyar IDA, waɗanda suka ƙunshi mutane goma sha huɗu, waɗanda ke zaune a biranen New York da Geneva, waɗanda ke kula da kuma jagorantar ajanda. Shugaban wannan sakatariyar shine Babban Darakta Vladimir Cuk. A cewar LinkedIn, Cuk yana da digiri na biyu a karatun nakasa, kuma a baya ya rike mukamin darakta na Sakatariyar New York na IDA.
Vladimir Cuk ya kasance yana da hannu sosai tare da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a cikin aikinsa don inganta ayyukan da ke inganta rayuwar nakasassu. A wani jawabi da ya gabatar wa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Cuk ya bayyana matsaloli a kan yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ke rarraba mutanen da ke da nakasa, tana mai fargabar cewa za ta ba wa kasashen ikon bin sahun aiwatar da sabbin sauye-sauye. "Idan ba za mu iya ba da shawarwari bayyanannu ba, kasashen membobin suna da uzurin da ba za su rarraba bayanai ba. Don haka a wurinmu tuta ce mai ja, kuma muna cikin matukar damuwa muna ganin wadannan sabani a cikin tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya. ”
Duk ya kuma halarci taron kwamitin kasa da kasa na kungiyar ba da agaji ta Red Cross inda ya nemi kasashen da su tsara matakan kula da nakasassu a lokacin bala’o’i da rikice-rikicen jin kai. Duk ya ce "A cikin kasashen biyu masu arziki da matalauta, muna samun rahotanni cewa nakasassu ne na karshe da za a kai kuma na karshe da za a ceto. Kuma Wannan yana haifar da mutuwar da ba ta dace ba ga nakasassu”.
Ofishin Jakadancin
UNCRPD ta kirkiro wani tsari dangane da yadda ya kamata kasashe su bi da nakasassu. Burin IDA shine aiwatar da waɗannan ka'idoji akan ƙasa ta ƙasa ɗaya. A cikin wata wasika zuwa ga Ofishin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Babban Kwamishina kan 'Yancin Dan Adam (UNOHCHR), inda ta fito karara ta bayyana aikinsu, "jariran da ke da nakasa ana kashe su a yankuna daban-daban a fadin duniya saboda bukatar iyalai ko kuma shirye-shiryen kula da wani yaro dauke su wani nauyi. " Manufar IDA ita ce sauya yadda mutane ke daukar nakasassu. A wurare da yawa a duniya ana ɗaukar nakasassu a matsayin marasa aibi ko kuma kamar yadda IDA ta sanya shi "nauyi." Ta hanyar himmar su ta shekarar 2030, IDA na fatan samun sabbin ayyuka da za su fara aiki don cimma wannan asarar tabin nan da 2030.
IDA na aiki don taimakawa Majalisar Dinkin Duniya don aiwatar da burin su na ci gaba mai dorewa, wanda ke samar da tsarin daidaitattun kasashe da ya kamata su bi. IDA na da sha'awar maƙasudin # 8 wanda musamman ya ambaci mutanen da ke da nakasa waɗanda ke da ikon zama membobin ƙungiyar masu ba da gudummawa
IDA, tare da kungiyoyin membobinta, sun yi kira ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam don ba da shawarar a kula da adalci ga mata da yara masu nakasa. An gabatar da wannan shawarar ne ga Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Yara da kuma Kwamitin Kawar da Wariya Kan Mata da Ayyukan Laifi. Wannan Kwamitin yana mai da hankali ne kan yiwa mata adalci; duk da haka, IDA ta faɗaɗa wannan don haɗawa da mata masu nakasa saboda wannan yawan yana da rauni. Shawarwarin ya zayyano ayyuka da dama da suke son ganin an kawar da su kamar fyade da mata nakasassu da kuma tilasta zubar da yara da za su nakasa.
A cikin shekarata 2018 IDA tare da haɗin gwiwa da Disungiyar Nakasa da Ci Gaban Internationalasa ta Duniya, sun rubuta takarda a matsayin mayar da hankali kan yadda ƙasashe ke buƙatar canza hanyoyin ba da kuɗaɗen kuɗaɗensu don ingantawa nakasassu da kyau. Waɗannan batutuwa sun haɗa da sauya lafazin dokoki don tabbatar da nakasassu suna da 'yancin samun damar shirye-shiryen zamantakewa. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa da suka ci gaba, babu wani ɗan ƙasa da aka hana shi damar samun shirye-shiryen zamantakewar jama'a kamar walwala, amma a ƙarƙashin ƙasashe masu tasowa wannan haƙƙin ba ya wanzu.
Ayyuka na yanzu
Ta kungiyar Kurame ta Duniya IDA na karbar kudade daga gwamnatin Finland don samar da albarkatu ga kurame a kasashen Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco da Tunisia.
Memberungiyar kungiyarSyungiyar sun da isasa tana aiki a kan ƙirƙirar yarjejeniyar lafiyar zuciya ta duniya don mutanen da ke fama da cutar. Wannan zai ba likitocin duniya saitin jagorori kan yadda za a kula da mutanen da ke fama da cutar rashin lafiya.
Memba din kungiyar ta hasasashe ta gabatar da takunkumi na ɓangare na uku a cikin shari'ar kotun Romania Stoian v Romania don ba da shawara don ƙarin shiga cikin tsarin makarantar Romaniya.
IDA tare da Ingila suna da shirye-shiryen karbar bakuncin taron koli na duniya, tare da shugabannin duniya da ‘yan kasuwa, domin ciyar da hakkin mutane nakasassu gaba.
A cikin Janairu shekarata 2018, IDA ta sadu da wasu masu ba da shawara game da nakasa, kuma ta gabatar da nazarin yanayin nakasassu a kasashe daban-daban na duniya. Sunyi hakan ne duk don nuna gazawa game da yadda kasashe ke kula da lamuran hada kai, da kuma haskaka ci gaba a lokuta da canje-canje masu kyau suka faru.
Kungiyoyi da membobin su
Syasar Cutar Kasa da Kasa (DSI)
Internationalasashen Duniya (II)
Federationungiyar ofasashe Masu Jin Ilimin ofasa (IFHOH)
Federationungiyar forasa ta Duniya don Spina Bifida da Hydrocephalus (IF)
Blungiyar Makafi ta Duniya (WBU)
Ofungiyar Kurame ta Duniya (WFD)
Ofungiyar afungiyoyin Shaƙatawa ta Duniya (WFDB)
Networkungiyar Sadarwar Duniya ta Masu amfani da waɗanda suka tsira daga ƙwaƙwalwar ƙwaƙwalwa (WNUSP)
Membebin kungiyoyin membobin yanki sune:
Disungiyar nakasa ta Afirka (ADF)
Arabungiyar Larabawa ta Nakasassu (AODP)
Disungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Turai (EDF)
Networkungiyar Latin ta Networkungiyoyin -ungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na Nakasassu da Iyalansu (RIADIS)
Disungiyar Rashin Lafiya ta Pacific (PDF)
IDA tana aiki tare da ƙungiyoyin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya wajen gabatar da DPO game da matsayin haƙƙin mutane masu nakasa bisa ga yawancin abubuwan da aka lura da su yanzu da kuma bisa ga sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.
Kawancen Nakasa Na Kasa da Kasa
Internationalasashen Duniya
Pages with unreviewed translations
Ayyuka na musamman |
50130 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria%20Howard%20Weeden | Maria Howard Weeden | Articles with hCards
Maria Howard Weeden (Yuli 6, 1846 - Afrilu 12, 1905), wacce ta sanya hannu kan aikinta kuma aka buga shi a matsayin Howard Weeden,Ba'amurke ce me zance kuma mawaƙiya da ke zaune a Huntsville, Alabama. Bayan yakin basasar Amurka,ta fara sayar da ayyukan da ta zana, wadanda suka hada da hotunan’yan Afirka da dama da suka ‘yantar da mata..Ta baje kolin ayyukanta a Berlin da Paris a 1895, inda aka karbe ta sosai.Ta buga littattafai guda huɗu na waƙoƙinta daga 1898 zuwa 1904, waɗanda aka kwatanta da fasaharta.An shigar da ita bayan mutuwarta a cikin Gidan Mata na Alabama a cikin 1998.
An haifi Weeden a ranar 6 ga Yuli,1846,a Huntsville, Alabama, watanni shida bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, Dokta William Weeden, wanda kuma ya kasance mai shuka mai wadata. Mahaifiyarta ita ce matarsa ta biyu, tsohuwar gwauruwar Jane (née Urquhart) Watkins. Mahaifiyarsu ta rene Weeden da yayanta biyar a gidan Weeden a Huntsville.
A lokacin yakin basasa, Sojojin Tarayyar sun kwace gidansu don amfani da jami'anta lokacin da suka mamaye birnin a 1862. Iyalansu sun fara ƙaura zuwa rukunin bayi. Lokacin da Jane,ɗaya daga cikin manyan 'ya'yan Weeden,ta halarci koleji a Tuskegee, Alabama, mahaifiyar ta motsa sauran dangi a can. Maria Weeden kuma ta halarci makarantar guda, Tuskegee Female College a cikin shekarun yaƙi. (Daga baya ta zama sananniya da Kwalejin Huntingdon.) Ta yi rubuce-rubucen wakoki da zane tun lokacin ƙuruciya, kuma a koleji ta yi karatu tare da mai zane William Frye.
Bayan komawa Huntsville, Weeden ta fara fenti katunan, littattafai, katunan abincin dare, da ƙananan kyaututtuka don sayar da su don taimaka wa iyalanta. Wasu launukan ruwa ne na furanni da shimfidar wurare.Ta kuma koyar da darussan fasaha.
A cikin 1893 Weeden ta halarci baje kolin Columbian na Duniya a Chicago,inda ta ji takaici da wasu masu fasaha waɗanda ayyukansu da ke nuna ƴan ƴanci da ƴancin mata suka nuna su a cikin salon caricature na wasan minstrel.Ta koma Huntsville ta kuduri aniyar bayyana cikakken mutuntaka da mutuncin 'yantattu. Hotunan nata sun haɗa da hotunan ƴan Afirka da dama da aka 'yanto waɗanda suka yi mata hidima da dangin abokai. Yayin da take zane,ta saurari bayanansu na rayuwarsu da tatsuniyoyi, daga baya kuma ta mayar da wasu daga cikinsu a matsayin waqoqi, waxanda ta rubuta a cikin yaren bakake. Ta kuma zana hoton Saint Bartley Harris,wani fitaccen Fasto Ba'amurke a Huntsville, Alabama.
A cikin 1890s, Joseph Edwin Washington da matarsa Mary Bolling Kemp Washington, wanda ta mallaki Wessyington Plantation a Robertson County, Tennessee,ya umurci Weeden ta yi hotunan bayin su Ba-Amurke da dama, waɗanda suka zauna suna yi musu aiki a matsayin 'yantattu bayan yanci. Waɗannan ayyukan sun kai kusan 5" x7" girman, kuma an kammala wasu a cikin pastels. An ce kusa-kusa da Weeden ta ba da gudummawar ta wajen yin cikakkun hotuna da ke da"ƙananan kamanni." Ana kuma tunanin cewa ta yi aiki daga hotunan batutuwa.
A cikin 1895, Weeden ta baje kolin wasu hotuna na ƴancin Ba-Amurke da ƴantattun mata a Berlin da Paris,inda suka sami karɓuwa sosai. Marubuta Joel Chandler Harris da Thomas Nelson Page sun yaba da zane-zanenta, kuma Harris ta rubuta kalmar farko zuwa littafinta Bandanna Ballads .
Weeden kuma ta rubuta waƙa,kuma ta haɗa duka waƙa da fasaha a cikin littattafanta guda huɗu da aka buga tsakanin 1898 zuwa 1904. Wasu daga cikin wakokinta an rubuta su ne da yaren baƙar fata, wanda a yanzu ake kira African-American English, domin ta sami zurfafa ta da labarai da tatsuniyoyi da al’ummarta suka gaya mata lokacin da suke zaune don ɗaukar hotuna.
Tsakanin 1866 zuwa 1896,Weeden kuma ta ba da gudummawar kasidu da gajerun labarai masu yawa ga Presbyterian Christian Observer,a ƙarƙashin suna"Flake White."An tattara waɗannan kuma an sake buga su a cikin 2005.
Rayuwa ta sirri da mutuwa
Weeden batayi aure ba. Ita da 'yar uwarta Kate ba su yi aure ba duk sun zauna a gidan Weeden tun suna manya. Weeden ta mutu da tarin fuka tna da shekaru 59 a ranar 12 ga Afrilu,1905,a Huntsville. A cikin 1998 an shigar da Weeden bayan mutuwarta a cikin Gidan Mata na Alabama. |
33555 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungiyar%20Kwallon%20Kafa%20ta%20Aljeriya | Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Aljeriya | Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya tana wakiltar Algeriya a wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta duniya kuma hukumar kula da ƙafa ta Aljeriya ce ke tafiyar da ita . Kungiyar ta buga wasanta na gida ne a filin wasa na Mustapha Tchaker da ke Blida da kuma ranar 5 ga Yuli a Algiers. Algeriya ta shiga FIFA ne a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu na shekarar 1964, shekara daya da rabi bayan samun 'yancin kai. Su ne zakarun gasar cin kofin Larabawa na FIFA na yanzu .
Tawagar Arewacin Afirka ta samu gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya sau hudu a shekarun 1982 da 1986 da 2010 da 2014 . Algeriya ta lashe gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka sau biyu, sau daya a shekarar 1990, lokacin da ta karbi bakuncin gasar, da kuma a Masar a shekarar 2019 kuma ta lashe kofin kasashen Larabawa na FIFA 2021 . Har ila yau, sun kasance zakara a gasar cin kofin Afirka da Asiya ta shekarar 1991, da gasar kwallon kafa ta maza na gasar wasannin Afirka ta shekarar 1978 da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta maza na wasannin Bahar Rum ta shekarar 1975 .
Abokan hamayyar al'adar Aljeriya sun fi Morocco, Tunisia da Masar . Aljeriya kuma ta yi wasan fafatawa da Najeriya, musamman a shekarun 1980 a lokacin gwarzuwar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya, da Mali saboda hada kan iyaka da kuma fafatawar da aka dade ana gwabzawa, da kuma Senegal, inda Algeria ta fara samun nasarar farko a duniya. Ga 'yan Algeria, babbar nasarar da suka samu ita ce nasarar da suka yi da Jamus ta Yamma da ci 2-1 a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1982 inda kasar Afirka ta Kudu ta girgiza duniya. Algeria ta samar da hazikan 'yan wasa da dama a tsawon lokaci kuma ana daukarta a matsayin daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka fi fice a tarihin kwallon kafar Afirka. A gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a Brazil a shekara ta 2014, Algeria ta zama tawaga ta farko a Afirka da ta ci akalla kwallaye hudu a wasa daya a gasar cin kofin duniya da ta fafata da Koriya ta Kudu .
Kungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ALN, 1957–1958
A shekara ta 1956, a Tunis, Tunisia, an kafa tawaga ta farko da za ta wakilci Algeria, kungiyar Armée de Liberation Nationale (ALN) ta Ahmed Benelfoul da Habib Draoua. Kungiyar FLN ta amince da kungiyar a watan Mayu Na shekarar 1957 kuma Salah Saidou ne ya jagoranci kungiyar sannan dan wasa Abdelkader Zerrar shine kyaftin. An buga wasan farko a ranar 1 ga watan Yuni na shekarar 1957 da Tunisia a filin wasa na Chedly Zouiten . A watan Afrilu na shekarar 1958, ƙungiyar ta narkar da kuma an maye gurbinsu da ƙungiyar FLN.
Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FLN, 1958–1962
Tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FLN ƙungiya ce da ta ƙunshi ƙwararrun ƴan wasa a ƙasar Faransa, waɗanda daga nan suka shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Aljeriya ta FLN, kuma ta taimaka wajen shirya wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasa. FLN ta danganta wasan kwallon kafa na Afirka da adawa da mulkin mallaka ta hanyar amfani da ra'ayin Pan-Africanism a matsayin kayan aiki na halal da alamar asalin ƙasa. Hukumomin Faransa cikin sauki sun samu rashin amincewar kungiyar daga FIFA. Duk da haramcin wasa, ƙungiyar FLN ta shiga rangadin duniya na kusan tarurruka tamanin, ciki har da Turai, Gabas ta Tsakiya, Asiya da Afirka . Daga cikin waɗannan tarurrukan, FLN ta yi nasara a wasanni 55.
Farkon, 1962
An kafa kwallon kafa a Aljeriya a shekarun 1830 ta hannun Turawa mazauna kasar da suka kawo wasan kasar. An kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya a shekara ta 1962 bayan samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa, a matsayin magajin kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FLN . A karkashin mulkin Faransa, ba a ba wa Aljeriya damar samun tawaga ta kasa ba, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FLN ta kasance irin ta tawaye ga mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Dukkan wasanninsu an dauke su a matsayin abokantaka kuma FIFA ba ta amince da su ba . A yayin wani taron manema labarai a birnin Tunis, kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta ki yin wani bayani na siyasa, inda ta ce wasan kwallon kafa a matsayin wasa ne maimakon tasirin siyasa. Bayan da FIFA ta amince da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya a hukumance a shekarar 1963, kungiyar ta samu tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin nahiyar Afirka a shekarar 1968, kuma ta kasa samun gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika da za a buga a karo na biyar har zuwa shekarar 1980, inda 'yan wasan Algeria suka yi fice. Bayan da Algeria ta zo na daya a rukuninsu, ta doke abokiyar hamayyarta Masar a wasan kusa da na karshe, kuma ta kai wasan karshe a karon farko, inda Najeriya mai masaukin baki ta sha kashi da ci 3-0. An dauki wannan gasar a matsayin haihuwar kungiyar Aljeriya a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan kungiyoyi a Afirka.
Zamanin Zinariya, 1980-1990
1982 FIFA World Cup
Aljeriya ta haifar da tashin hankali a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar farko ta gasar bayan da ta doke Jamus ta Yamma da ci 2-1 a yanzu . A wasan karshe a rukunin da ke tsakanin Jamus ta Yamma da Ostiriya, inda Aljeriya da Chile sun riga sun buga wasansu na karshe a ranar da ta gabata, kungiyoyin na Turai sun san cewa Jamus ta Yamma da ci 1 ko 2 za ta kai su duka biyun, yayin da mafi girma. Nasarar da Jamus ta yi a yammacin Jamus za ta baiwa Algeria damar samun tikitin shiga gasar da za ta yi da Ostiriya, idan kuma aka tashi kunnen doki ko kuma na Ostiriya zai kawar da Jamusawa ta Yamma. Bayan mintuna 10 na harin gaba daya, Jamus ta Yamma ta zura kwallo ta hannun Horst Hrubesch . Bayan da aka zura kwallo a ragar kungiyoyin biyu sun yi ta harbin kan mai uwa da wabi a sauran wasan. Jama'ar Spain sun yi ta kururuwa na "Fuera, fuera" ("Out, out"), yayin da magoya bayan Aljeriya da suka fusata suka daga wa 'yan wasan takardar kudi. An nuna rashin jin daɗin wannan wasan kwaikwayon, har ma da magoya bayan Jamus ta Yamma da Austriya. Algeria ta nuna rashin amincewa ga FIFA, inda ta yanke hukuncin cewa a bar sakamakon ya tsaya; FIFA ta gabatar da tsarin cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da aka yi a baya inda aka buga wasanni biyu na karshe a kowace rukuni a lokaci guda.
Official titles
FIFA World Cup
Round of 16 : 2014
Football at the Summer Olympics
Quarter-finals : 1980
Mediterranean Games
Champions : 1975
Runners-up : 1993
Third place : 1979
Afro-Asian Cup of Nations
Champions : 1991
Africa Cup of Nations
Champions : 1990, 2019
Runners-up : 1980
Third place : 1984, 1988
Fourth place : 1982, 2010
African Nations Championship
Fourth place : 2011
African Games
Champions : 1978
Other titles
Regional title
FIFA Arab Cup
Champions : 2021
Pan Arab Games
Third place : 1985
Palestine Cup of Nations
Third place : 1972, 1973
Islamic Solidarity Games
Third place : 2017
Total titles
African National Team of the Year
Winners : 1980, 1981, 1982, 1990 (shared), 1991, 2009, 2014, 2019
Duba kuma
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya A
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 23
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 20
Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya ta kasa da shekaru 17
Jerin sunayen manajan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya
Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kafar Aljeriya
Bayanai da kididdiga na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya
Jerin sunayen 'yan wasan da suka fi zura kwallo a raga a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya
Tawagar kwallon kafa ta Aljeriya da ta kafa tarihi
Bayanan kula
A. Kafin samun 'yancin kai na Aljeriya a 1962, an shirya wasanni a ƙarƙashin kulawar Front de Libération Nationale kuma ana kiranta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta FLN .
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
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Kungiyoyin Kwallon Kafa na Kasa |
55332 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peugeot%20504 | Peugeot 504 | Peugeot 504 mota ce mai matsakaicin girma, injin gaba, motar baya-baya wacce Peugeot ta kera kuma ta sayar da ita daga 1968 zuwa 1983 sama da tsara guda ɗaya, musamman a cikin sedan kofa huɗu da na'urorin keken keke - amma kuma a matsayin tagwayen kofa biyu. daidaitawar coupé da cabriolet gami da bambance-bambancen manyan motocin daukar kaya.
Sedan (berline) Aldo Brovarone na Pininfarina ne ya tsara shi, kuma tagwayen coupé da cabriolet Franco Martinengo ne ya yi musu salo a Pininfarina, tare da keken keke (hutu da familiale) da ɗaukar hoto (camionette) da zane-zanen da aka samar a cikin gida a Peugeot.
An lura da 504 don ƙaƙƙarfan tsarin jikin sa, dogon tafiye-tafiyen dakatarwa, izinin ƙasa mai tsayi, manyan ƙafafu da bututun bututun tuki - an lulluɓe shi a cikin bututu mai ƙarfi da aka haɗe a kowane ƙarshen gidan gearbox da casing daban-daban, yana kawar da halayen motsa jiki. 504 a ƙarshe sun sami karɓuwa sosai a cikin ƙasashe masu nisa - waɗanda suka haɗa da Brazil, Argentina, Australia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Kamaru, Benin, Kenya da Najeriya.
Fiye da miliyan uku 504 aka kera a cikin samar da Turai, tare da ci gaba da samarwa a duniya a ƙarƙashin shirye-shiryen lasisi daban-daban - ciki har da 27,000 da aka taru a Kenya da 425,000 da aka taru a Najeriya, ta hanyar amfani da na'urorin buga-sama - tare da samarwa zuwa 2006.
Bayan da aka yi muhawara a matsayin tutar Peugeot a 1968 Paris Salon, 504 sun sami kyautar motar Turai ta 1969. A cikin 2013, jaridar Los Angeles Times ta kira shi "Dokin Aiki na Afirka."
An sayar da shi azaman motar saloon na Peugeot, 504 ta fara halartan jama'a a ranar 12 ga Satumba 1968 a Salon Paris . Kaddamar da aikin jarida wanda aka shirya yi a watan Yunin 1968 ya kasance a ƙarshen minti na ƙarshe da aka jinkirta da watanni uku, kuma samarwa ya fara jinkirin farawa makamancin haka saboda rugujewar siyasa da masana'antu wanda ya fashe a duk faɗin Faransa a cikin Mayu 1968.
504 wani saloon ne mai dauke da rufin rana, wanda aka gabatar dashi tare da carbured 1,796 cc hudu-Silinda petrol engine 60 kW (82 PS; 81 hp) DIN da 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) akan famfo tare da allurar mai na zaɓi. A lokacin gabatarwa, Peugeot har yanzu tana amfani da ƙimar SAE, tare da da'awar lambobin wutar lantarki 87 da 103. cv bi da bi. Rubuce-rubucen da aka ɗora wa mai saurin gudu huɗu daidai ne; ZF 3HP12 mai sauri mai sauri uku ya zama samuwa tare da injin carburetted wanda ya fara a cikin Fabrairu 1969. A cikin watan Satumba na 1969 an motsa wurin canja wuri ta atomatik daga ginshiƙin tuƙi zuwa ƙasa.
An zabi 504 mota mafi kyawun Turai a shekara ta 1969, an yaba da salo, inganci, chassis, hawa, ganuwa, injina mai ƙarfi da kuma tacewa. 1969 kuma shine lokacin da 504 suka isa kasuwar Ostiraliya.
An gabatar da 504 Injection coupé biyu kofa da cabriolet mai kofa biyu a Salon de Geneva a cikin Maris 1969. Injin ya samar da guda 71 kW (97 PS; 96 hp) na fitarwa kamar yadda yake a cikin saloon mai allurar mai, amma an ɗan yi bitar adadin tuƙi na ƙarshe don ba da ɗan ƙaramin saurin hanya na a 1,000 rpm. Ba kamar saloons ba, coupé da cabriolet sun sami canjin bene.
Samfuran da ke akwai:
504 4-kofa salon
504 Allura 4-kofa saloon
504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2
504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet
504 sun sami sabon silinda hudu 1971 Injin cc 68 kW (93 PS; 92 hp) (carburated) da 76 kW (104 PS; 103 hp) (mai allura). A 1970 Paris Salon wani silinda hudu 2112 Injin diesel cc 48 kW (65 PS; 64 hp) da . Shekara ta 1796 Injin mai cc ba ya wanzu a cikin saloon 504.
A cikin Satumba 1970 an gabatar da wani kadara ("Break"), wanda ke nuna rufin baya mafi girma, tsayin ƙafafu, da ƙaƙƙarfan axle na baya tare da maɓuɓɓugan ruwa huɗu. An haɗa ta da kujeru 7 "Familiale", wanda ke da dukan mazaunanta suna fuskantar gaba a cikin kujeru guda uku. Hutu/Familiale/Commerciale ba a ci gaba da siyarwa ba har sai Afrilu na shekara mai zuwa. Break da Familiale duk sun sami injin mai mai lita 2 ko dizal 2.1 kamar yadda aka saba, amma mai amfani "Commerciale" ya dawo da lita 1.8-4, yanzu an daidaita shi zuwa 54 kW (73 PS; 72 hp) da . Hakanan akwai dizal na Commerciale, yana amfani da 37 kW (50 PS; 49 hp), 1.95-lita XD88 daga 404 Diesel, isa ga babban gudun 118 km/h (73 mph) . Commerciale yana da filaye na ciki, tare da dashboard daban-daban, babu kafet a wurin da ake ɗaukar kaya, da kujeru ba tare da wuraren zama ba. Hakanan an sami ƙarfafa dakatarwa da sauƙi, fitilolin mota guda ɗaya (wanda aka sake gani akan abubuwan ɗaukar hoto daga 1979 akan), bacewar chrome a kusa da tagogin gefe, da wasu sassa na datsa kamar madubin kallon baya an zana su maimakon chromed.
A ƙarshen 1970 an ƙara wani zaɓi na atomatik a cikin coupé da cabriolet - wannan bai taɓa zama babban mai siyarwa ba kuma ba koyaushe ake samun cabriolet ba amma an ci gaba da ba da shi har 1983; a cikin duka kusan 2,500 na kofa biyu 504s sun sami wannan zaɓin watsawa.
504 Commerciale 5-kofa mai amfani wagon
504 Salon kofa 4/ Hutu kofa 5/Familiale
504 Allura 4-kofa saloon
504 Commerciale Diesel wagon mai amfani mai kofa 5
504 Diesel saloon mai kofa 4/5-kofa Familiale
504 Allurar coupé mai kofa 2
504 Allurar 2-kofa cabriolet
A lokacin 1971 an gabatar da Break SL ("Super Luxe"), sabuwar ingantacciyar sigar ta na kayan aiki ta amfani da injin mai 2.0-lita carburetted. Ba kamar kekunan yau da kullun ba, SL ɗin ya karɓi fenti na ƙarfe, kayan kwalliya, da sauran ƙarin kayan aiki daban-daban.
A cikin shekarar, man fetur da aka yi wa saloons 504 ya canza zuwa mashin motsawa na ƙasa akan motoci sanye da kayan aikin juyawa kuma. Kamfanin 504 Commerciale ya jefar da fitilun fitilun zagaye don goyon bayan daidaitattun raka'a.
A cikin Afrilu 1973, saboda rikicin man fetur Peugeot ya gabatar da 504 L. Yana nuna wani coil sprung live rear axle da kuma reintroduced karami 1796 Injin cc 58 kW (79 PS; 78 hp) da 60 kW (81 PS; 80 hp) don L Atomatik. Daban-daban gatari na baya yana buƙatar ɗan ƙarin sarari; wannan yana buƙatar wasu gyare-gyare zuwa kwanon rufin ƙasa wanda ke nufin ƙarancin sarari takalmi da ɗakin bayan gida. A lokaci guda kuma, an sake fasalin jeri kamar yadda aka jera a kasa. Hakanan sabon shine salon LD 504, wanda yayi daidai da dizal na Commerciale kodayake yana samar da 41 kW (56 PS; 55 hp) da . Za'a iya gane salon salon L ta ɓatattun magudanan ruwa. Har ila yau, a cikin 1973, an maye gurbin ginshiƙan ginshiƙan ta hanyar bene da aka ɗora a kan dukkanin salon 504. |
24060 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarjejeniyar%20Butre | Yarjejeniyar Butre | An sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Butre tsakanin Netherlands da Ahanta a Butre (haruffan tarihi: Boutry), Dutch Gold Coast a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1656. Yarjejeniyar ta tsara ikon Netherlands da Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya a kan garin Butre da kewayenta. Ƙasar Upper Ahanta, ta samar da kariya ta Dutch akan yankin. Yarjejeniyar ta kasance har zuwa lokacin da Dutch ta tashi daga Gold Coast a watan Afrilu shekara ta 1872.
Bayan Fage
Kasar Ahanta, wacce a yanzu ake kira Yankin Yammacin Jamhuriyar Ghana, ta kunshi ikon yanki a cikin tsarin hadin gwiwar manyan masarautu wanda ya fara hulda da kasashen Turai da ke zaune a gabar Tekun Gold don manufar kasuwanci..
A tsakiyar karni na goma sha bakwai Kamfanin Dutch West India Company da Kamfanin Sweden na Afirka sun kasance masu fafatawa a yankin Ahanta na Gold Coast. Yaren mutanen Holland sun kasance suna aiki a Athana kuma suna zama a makwabciyar Axim tun shekara ta 1642, Yaren mutanen Sweden a Butre tun daga shekara 1650. Ƙasashen Turai sun haɗa kai da ƙasashe da sarakuna na Afirka don samun madafan iko a yankin.
A cikin ƙoƙarinsu na kawar da Yaren mutanen Sweden daga Butre, Dutch ɗin sun ƙulla ƙawancen dabaru daban -daban tare da sarakunan Ahanta da jihar Encasser, ƙungiyar siyasa wacce ba a san kaɗan ba.
Bayan mutanen Holland sun kori mutanen Sweden daga Butre, babban darektan Kamfanin Dutch West India Company, tare da hedkwatarsa a St. George d'Elmina a tsakiyar Gold Coast, ya yanke shawarar cewa zai zama da fa'ida a tattauna yarjejeniya da 'yan siyasa na cikin gida. jagoranci don kafa dangantakar lumana mai dorewa. Shugabannin Ahanta sun ga yana da fa'ida iri ɗaya don shiga irin wannan yarjejeniya. Yarjejeniyar ta shekara 1656 ta nuna alamar canji a cikin ikon Turai a yankin har zuwa 1872.
Yarjejeniyar da sharuɗɗan kariya sun zama tsayayyu, mai yiwuwa a wani ɓangare saboda Dutch bai taɓa yin niyyar tsoma baki cikin lamuran jihohin Ahanta ba. Wato, ban da garin Butre, inda suka gina katangar (Sansanin Batenstein). Ana iya fassara yarjejeniyar a matsayin yarjejeniya ta abokantaka da haɗin kai, maimakon yarjejeniya da ta kafa matsayinta na ɗan ƙasar Holland. Yaren mutanen Holland sun yi aiki tare tare da sarkin yankin, wanda shi ma ya kasance na biyu a cikin jagorancin siyasa na abin da aka sani da Masarautar Ahanta kuma yana da babban birninta a kusa da garin Busua na bakin teku.
A shekara ta 1837 sarkin Ahanta, Baidoo Bonsoe II (Badu Bonsu II), ya yi tawaye ga gwamnatin Holland kuma ya kashe jami'ai da dama, ciki har da mukaddashin gwamna Hendrik Tonneboeijer. Gwamnatin Holan ta yi amfani da yarjejeniyar a matsayin tushen aikin soji kuma an aika da rundunar bincike zuwa Ahanta. A yakin da ya biyo bayan Sarki Baidoo Bonsoe II an kashe shi. Yaren mutanen Holland sun sake tsara jihar Ahanta, bayan tawaye, sun nada sarkin Butre a matsayin mai mulki, tare da sanya kasar cikin iko tare da fadada sojoji da farar hula.
Lokacin da Yaren mutanen Holland suka canza kayansu a bakin Tekun Gold zuwa ga Birtaniyya a ranar 6 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1872, yarjejeniyar shekara ta 1656 har yanzu tana aiki, bayan da ta tsara dangantakar siyasa tsakanin Dutch da Ahanta sama da shekaru 213. Yarjejeniyar tana ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsufa kuma ɗaya daga cikin dogayen yarjejeniyoyin aiki tsakanin wata ƙasa ta Afirka da Turai.
Tare da mallakar Dutch, Burtaniya ta karɓi duk wajibai na doka gami da yarjejeniyoyin da kwangilolin da ake da su. Bayan canja wurin turawan Burtaniya sun fara haɓaka manufofin su game da mallakar Gold Coast na yanzu. Ahanta ya yi tsayayya da mulkin Birtaniyya, tare da sakamakon cewa Sojojin Ruwa na Burtaniya sun jefa bam a Butre a cikin shekara ta 1873 don cimma wata biyayya ta siyasa. A cikin shekara ta 1874 Biritaniya ta ayyana gabaɗaya Tekun Gold - ciki har da Ahanta - Masarautar Sarauta, de jure da de facto ta kawo ƙarshen duk tsoffin wajibai na diflomasiyya da na doka..
Abun ciki
Yarjejeniyar mai taken "Sadaukar da Ahanta da Butre" (Opdracht van Hooghanta ende Boutry), wanda nan take yake nuna yanayin kwangilar, wato kafa wata kariya.
Wuri da kwanan wata
Ahanta da wakilan Dutch sun sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar a Butre a ranar 27 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 1656 kuma ta fara aiki nan take.
Abokan kwangila
Bangarorin da suka yi kwangilar a ɓangaren Dutch sun kasance: Kamfanin Yammacin Yammacin Indiya, don kansa, kuma ta hanyar babban daraktan ta wanda ke wakiltar Janar na Jihohi, ikon mulkin ƙasar, ga Jamhuriyar United Netherlands. Wadanda suka sanya hannu sune Eduard Man, mai kula da kasafin kudi, da Adriaan Hoogenhouck, kwamishina a hidimar Kamfanin Dutch West India Company.
Abokan kwangila a gefen Ahanta sune Cubiesang, Aloiny, Ampatee da Maniboy, "sarakunan ƙasar Anta". Hakanan su ne suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar, tare da Ladrou, Azizon, Guary, da Acha. An ambaci Harman van Saccondé, Menemé, da Rochia, "kyaftin na Boutry" a matsayin ƙarin ɓangarori a cikin yarjejeniyar, kuma sun tabbatar da yarjejeniyar, tare da Tanoe.
Kasancewar sadaukar da kai, yarjejeniyar ta kasance mai dunkulewa ɗaya cikin sharuɗɗan ta. Ahanta ya baiyana cewa ganin tsohuwar kyakkyawar alaƙa da gwamnatin Holan da aka kafa a baya a makwabciyar Axim, kuma dangane da mummunan yanayin da yaƙin da Encasser ya haifar, an yanke shawarar gayyatar babban daraktan Dutch a Elmina don zuwa Butre kuma "yarda da mallakar abin da aka ba shi". Ahanta ta sanya kanta a ƙarƙashin kariyar duka Janar na United Netherlands da Kamfanin Yammacin Indiya na Dutch. Anyi hakan ne da sharadin cewa mutanen Holland sun ƙarfafa da kuma kare wuraren da suke ƙarƙashin kariyar su, kuma sun kiyaye Ahanta daga haɗarin yaƙi.
Duba kuma
Yarjejeniyar Asebu
Yarjejeniyar Axim |
59652 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duniya%20sanyaya | Duniya sanyaya | Zubar da hankali a duniya wani zato ne, musamman a cikin shekarun 1970s, na sanyaya mai zuwa na Duniya wanda ya ƙare a cikin wani lokaci mai zurfi, saboda tasirin sanyaya na aerosols ko tilastawar orbital. Wasu rahotanni na manema labarai a cikin shekarun 1970 sun yi hasashe game da ci gaba da sanyaya; waɗannan ba su nuna ainihin wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na lokacin ba, wanda gabaɗaya ya fi damuwa da dumama daga ingantaccen tasirin greenhouse.
A tsakiyar shekarun 1970s, iyakantaccen jerin zafin jiki da ake samu ya nuna cewa zafin jiki ya ragu na shekaru da yawa har zuwa lokacin. Yayin da jerin lokaci masu tsawo na inganci mafi girma suka kasance, ya zama bayyananne cewa zafin jiki na duniya ya nuna karuwa mai yawa gaba ɗaya.
Gabatarwa: wayar da kan jama'a da damuwa
A cikin shekarun 1970s, masana kimiyya sun kara fahimtar cewa kimantawa na yanayin zafi na duniya ya nuna sanyaya tun 1945, da kuma yiwuwar babban dumama saboda fitar da iskar gas. A cikin takardun kimiyya waɗanda suka yi la'akari da yanayin yanayi na karni na 21, ƙasa da kashi 10% sun karkata zuwa sanyaya na gaba, yayin da yawancin takardun suka yi hasashen dumama na gaba. Jama'a ba su da masaniya game da tasirin carbon dioxide akan yanayi, amma Labaran Kimiyya a watan Mayu 1959 sun yi hasashen karuwar kashi 25% a cikin carbon dioxide na yanayi a cikin shekaru 150 daga 1850 zuwa 2000, tare da yanayin dumama. Ainihin karuwa a wannan lokacin ya kasance 29%. Paul R. Ehrlich ya ambaci dumamar duniya daga iskar gas a matsayin mai hanawa ga tasirin sanyaya na aerosols a shekarar 1968. A lokacin da ra'ayin sanyaya duniya ya kai ga manema labarai a tsakiyar shekarun 1970 yanayin zafi ya daina faduwa, kuma akwai damuwa a cikin al'ummar yanayin yanayi game da tasirin zafi na carbon dioxide. A mayar da martani ga irin waɗannan rahotanni, Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya ta ba da gargadi a watan Yunin 1976 cewa "wani gagarumin zafi na yanayi na duniya" mai yiwuwa ne.
A halin yanzu, akwai wasu damuwa game da yiwuwar tasirin sanyaya na yanki na raguwa ko rufewar yaduwar thermohaline, wanda zai iya haifar da karuwar ruwa mai kyau da ke haɗuwa a cikin Arewacin Atlantic saboda narkewar glacial. Ana ganin yiwuwar wannan ya faru a matsayin ƙasa sosai, kuma IPCC ta lura, "ko da a cikin samfuran inda THC ke raunana, har yanzu akwai dumi a Turai. Misali, a cikin duk haɗin AOGCM inda tilasta radiative ke ƙaruwa, alamar canjin zafin jiki a arewa maso yammacin Turai tana da kyau.
Hanyoyin jiki
Lokacin sanyaya yana sakewa ta hanyar tsarin yanayi na duniya na yanzu (1999 a kan) wanda ya haɗa da tasirin jiki na sulfate aerosols, kuma yanzu akwai yarjejeniya ta gaba ɗaya cewa tasirin aerosol shine babban dalilin sanyaya na tsakiyar karni na 20. A lokacin akwai hanyoyin jiki guda biyu waɗanda aka fi ci gaba da su akai-akai don haifar da sanyaya: aerosols da tilasta orbital.
Ayyukan ɗan adam - galibi a matsayin samfur na ƙonewar man fetur, wani ɓangare ta hanyar canje-canje na amfani da ƙasa - yana ƙara yawan ƙananan barbashi (aerosols) a cikin yanayi. Wadannan suna da tasiri kai tsaye: suna kara yawan albedo na duniya, don haka suna sanyaya duniya ta hanyar rage hasken rana da ya kai saman; da kuma sakamako na kai tsaye: sun shafi kaddarorin girgije ta hanyar aiki a matsayin ƙwayoyin girgije. A farkon shekarun 1970 wasu sun yi hasashen cewa wannan tasirin sanyaya na iya mamaye tasirin dumama na sakin CO2: duba tattaunawar Rasool da Schneider , a ƙasa. A sakamakon lura da sauyawa zuwa ƙone mai tsabta, wannan ba zai yiwu ba; aikin kimiyya na yanzu yana nuna cewa dumamar duniya ya fi dacewa. Kodayake raguwar zafin jiki da wannan tsarin ya hango yanzu an watsar da shi saboda mafi kyawun ka'idar da kuma yanayin zafi da aka lura, ana zaton aerosols sun ba da gudummawa ga yanayin sanyaya (wanda ya fi ƙarfin karuwar iskar gas) kuma sun ba da damar dimming na duniya.
Matsi na Orbital
Orbital tilasta yana nufin jinkirin, canje-canje na cyclical a cikin karkatawar axis na Duniya da kuma siffar ta. Wadannan sake zagayowar suna canza jimlar hasken rana da ke isa Duniya da karamin adadi kuma suna shafar lokaci da tsananin yanayi. Wannan hanyar ana zaton tana da alhakin lokacin sake zagayowar zamanin kankara, kuma fahimtar hanyar tana ƙaruwa cikin sauri a tsakiyar shekarun 1970.
Takardar Hays, Imbrie, da Shackleton "Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages" sun cancanci tsinkayinsu tare da cewa "dole ne a cancanta hasashen ta hanyoyi biyu. Na farko, suna amfani ne kawai ga bangaren halitta na yanayin yanayi na gaba - kuma ba ga tasirin ɗan adam ba kamar waɗanda ke haifar da ƙone burbushin burbushin halittu. Na biyu, suna bayyana yanayin dogon lokaci ne kawai, saboda suna da alaƙa da bambance-bambance na orbital tare da lokutan shekaru 20,000 da tsayi. Ba a yi hasashen sauye-sauyen yanayi a mafi girma ba ... sakamakon ya nuna cewa yanayin dogon lokaci a cikin shekaru 20,000 masu zuwa yana zuwa ga babban glaciation na Arewacin Hemisphere da yanayin sanyi. "
Ra'ayin cewa za'a iya hango yanayin shekarun kankara da ra'ayin cewa wani ya kasance saboda "ba da daɗewa ba" - watakila saboda yawancin wannan binciken ya faru ne daga masana kimiyyar ƙasa, waɗanda suka saba da ma'amala da ma'auni na dogon lokaci kuma suna amfani da "ba da sauri" don komawa ga lokutan dubban shekaru. Aikace-aikacen ƙa'idar Milankovitch ba ya ba da damar tsinkaya na farkon shekarun kankara "da sauri" (watau, ƙasa da ƙarni ɗaya ko biyu) tunda lokacin da ya fi sauri ya kai kimanin shekaru 20,000. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida] An sami wasu hanyoyin kirkirar wannan, musamman wanda Nigel Calder ya goyi bayan shi a ƙarƙashin sunan "snowblitz", amma waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba su sami karɓa sosai ba.
Ya zama ruwan dare a ga ya tabbatar da cewa tsawon yawan zafin jiki na yanzu yana kama da tsawon saman interglacial da ya gabata (Sangamon / Eem), kuma daga wannan kammalawa cewa muna iya kusantar ƙarshen wannan lokacin dumi. Wannan kammalawa ba daidai ba ne. Da farko, saboda tsawon interglacials na baya ba na yau da kullun ba ne; duba adadi. Petit et al. sun lura cewa "interglacials 5.5 da 9.3 sun bambanta da Holocene, amma suna kama da juna a tsawon lokaci, siffar da faɗin. A lokacin kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan biyu, akwai lokacin dumi na 4 kyr wanda ya biyo bayan sanyaya mai sauri. " Abu na biyu, bambance-bambance na gaba ba za su yi kama da na baya ba.
Damuwa kafin shekarun 1970
A cikin 1923, akwai damuwa game da sabon zamanin kankara kuma Kyaftin Donald Baxter MacMillan ya tashi zuwa Arctic wanda National Geographical Society ta tallafawa don neman shaidar ci gaba da kankara.
A cikin 1926, wani masanin taurari na Berlin yana hasashen sanyaya duniya amma cewa "tsufa" ne.
Damuwa cewa sabon zamanin kankara yana gabatowa an farfado da shi a cikin shekarun 1950. A lokacin Yakin Cold, Harry Wexler ya damu da cewa kashe bama-bamai na atom na iya hanzarta sabon zamanin kankara daga yanayin hunturu na nukiliya.
J. Murray Mitchell ya nuna tun farkon 1963 sanyaya da yawa tun daga 1940. A wani taro kan canjin yanayi da aka gudanar a Boulder, Colorado a shekarar 1965, shaidar da ke tallafawa sake zagayowar Milankovitch ta haifar da hasashe kan yadda aka lissafa ƙananan canje-canje a hasken rana na iya haifar da shekarun kankara. A cikin 1966, Cesare Emiliani ya yi hasashen cewa "sabon ƙanƙara zai fara cikin 'yan dubban shekaru". A cikin littafinsa na 1968 The Population Bomb, Paul R. Ehrlich ya rubuta "An inganta tasirin greenhouse yanzu ta hanyar karuwar matakin carbon dioxide ... [wannan] ana magance shi da girgije mai ƙarancin matakin da aka samar da ƙura, ƙura, da sauran gurɓataccen abu. A halin yanzu ba za mu iya hango abin da sakamakon yanayi zai kasance na amfani da yanayi a matsayin zubar da shara ba.
Damuwa a cikin shekarun 1970
Sanarwar shekarun 1970
Damuwa ta kai kololuwa a farkon shekarun 1970s, kodayake " yiwuwar dumama ta mutum ta mamaye wallafe-wallafen da aka sake dubawa har ma a lokacin" (lokacin sanyaya ya fara a 1945, kuma shekaru ashirin na yanayin sanyaya ya nuna cewa an kai ga rami bayan shekaru da yawa na dumama). Wannan damuwa mai yawa ya kasance a wani bangare saboda gaskiyar cewa ba a san shi sosai ba game da yanayin duniya da abubuwan da ke haifar da shekarun kankara. Masana kimiyya na yanayi sun san cewa tsinkaya bisa ga wannan yanayin ba zai yiwu ba - saboda ba a yi nazarin yanayin sosai ba kuma ba a fahimta ba (alal misali duba bayanin). Duk da haka, a cikin shahararrun manema labarai an bayar da rahoton yiwuwar sanyaya gabaɗaya ba tare da gargadi da ke cikin rahotanni na kimiyya ba, kuma "ƙananan hunturu a Asiya da sassa na Arewacin Amurka a cikin 1972 da 1973 ... sun tura batun cikin sanin jama'a".
A cikin shekarun 1970s, tattara bayanan don samar da bayanan hemispheric, ko na duniya, sun fara.
Tarihin Spencer R. Weart na The Discovery of Global Warming ya ce: "Yayin da ba masana kimiyya ko jama'a ba za su iya tabbatarwa a cikin shekarun 1970s ko duniya tana da zafi ko sanyaya, mutane sun kara karkata suyi imani cewa yanayin duniya yana kan tafiya, kuma a kowace hanya ba" [an kara da hankali].
A ranar 11 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1970, The Washington Post ta ruwaito cewa "Colder Winters Held Dawn of New Ice Age".
A shekara ta 1972, Emiliani ya yi gargadi cewa "Ayyukan Mutum na iya haifar da wannan sabon zamanin kankara ko kuma haifar da narkewar kankara".
Har ila yau, a cikin 1972, wani rukuni na masana na lokacin glacial a wani taro sun amince da cewa "ƙarshen yanayi na zamaninmu mai dumi tabbas yana kusa"; amma ƙarar Quaternary Research da ke bayar da rahoto game da taron ya ce "mahimmanci da za a samu daga tattaunawar a wannan sashe shi ne cewa ilimin da ake buƙata don fahimtar tsarin canjin yanayi har yanzu bai isa ba". George Kukla da Robert Matthews, a cikin rubuce-rubucen Kimiyya na wani taro, sun tambayi lokacin da kuma yadda interglacial na yanzu zai ƙare; sun kammala cewa, sai dai idan akwai tasiri daga ayyukan ɗan adam na gaba, "Zamara ta duniya da canje-canje masu sauri na muhalli, wanda ya wuce sauye-sauyen da mutum ya samu a lokutan tarihi, dole ne a sa ran su kasance a cikin 'yan dubban shekaru ko ma ƙarni masu zuwa", amma wasu masana kimiyya da yawa sun yi shakkar waɗannan ƙaddamarwa.
Rahoton SCEP na 1970
Nazarin Matsalar Muhalli na 1970 ya ba da rahoton yiwuwar dumama daga karuwar carbon dioxide, amma babu damuwa game da sanyaya, yana saita ƙananan iyaka a farkon sha'awa a cikin "sanyi na duniya".
1971 zuwa 1975: takardu kan abubuwan dumi da sanyaya
A shekara ta 1971, binciken ya nuna cewa gurɓataccen iska da mutum ya haifar yana yaduwa, amma akwai rashin tabbas game da ko aerosols zai haifar da dumi ko sanyaya, da kuma ko sun fi girma fiye da hauhawar matakan CO2. J. Murray Mitchell har yanzu yana kallon mutane a matsayin "masu kallo marasa laifi" a cikin sanyaya daga shekarun 1940 zuwa 1970, amma a cikin 1971 lissafinsa ya ba da shawarar cewa karuwar hayaki na iya haifar da sanyaya mai mahimmanci bayan 2000, kodayake ya kuma yi jayayya cewa hayaki na zai iya haifar da dumama dangane da yanayi. Ƙididdigar ta kasance mai mahimmanci a wannan lokacin don a amince da ita don ba da sakamako mai aminci.
An buga lissafin lambobi na farko na tasirin yanayi a cikin mujallar Science a watan Yulin 1971 a matsayin takarda ta S. Ichtiaque Rasool da Stephen H. Schneider, mai taken "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Aerosols: Effects of Large Increases on Global Climate".
Takardar ta yi amfani da bayanai da daidaitattun bayanai don lissafin yiwuwar tasirin gaba na karuwa mai yawa a cikin yanayin nau'ikan hayakin muhalli guda biyu:
iskar gas kamar carbon dioxide;
gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin kamar su smog, wasu daga cikinsu sun kasance an dakatar da su a cikin yanayi a cikin nau'in aerosol na shekaru.
Rahoton hukumar na 1974, Kimiyya da kalubalen da ke gaba, ya ci gaba da wannan jigon. "A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin duniya ya ragu, ba bisa ka'ida ba a farko amma ya fi girma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata." Tattaunawar lokutan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan rahoton ba. A maimakon haka, rawar da mutane ke takawa ce ke kan gaba wajen nazarin rahoton. "Ba a san dalilin da yasa yanayin sanyaya ya kasance da tabbas ba. Amma ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa mutum da kansa yana da hannu a ciki, ba wai kawai a yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan ba, har ma da yanayin zafi a ƙarnin da ya gabata.” Rahoton bai kammala ba ko carbon dioxide a cikin dumamar yanayi, ko gurɓataccen aikin gona da masana'antu a cikin sanyaya, sune abubuwan da ke cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan, lura da cewa; "Kafin a iya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi kamar waɗannan, dole ne a sami babban ci gaba a cikin fahimtar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi da teku, da kuma aunawa da gano abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin."
1972 da 1974 Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa
Rahoton Hukumar Kimiyya ta Kasa da Perspectives a cikin Kimiyya ta Muhalli na 1972 sun tattauna game da halayyar yanayi, da kuma fahimtar lokacin da duniyar ke shiga wani lokaci na sanyaya bayan lokacin dumi. "A yin hukunci daga rikodin shekarun interglacial da suka gabata, lokacin yanzu na yanayin zafi ya kamata ya ƙare, don a bi shi da dogon lokaci na yanayin sanyi wanda ke haifar da zamanin glacial na gaba kimanin shekaru 20,000 daga yanzu. " Amma kuma ya ci gaba; "Duk da haka, yana yiwuwa, ko ma mai yiwuwa, cewa tsangwama ta mutum ta riga ta canza yanayin da ke kusa da nan gaba zai bi wata hanya daban. "
Rahoton hukumar na 1974, Kimiyya da kalubalen da ke gaba, ya ci gaba da wannan jigon. "A cikin shekaru 20-30 da suka gabata, yanayin zafin duniya ya ragu, ba bisa ka'ida ba a farko amma ya fi girma a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata." Tattaunawar lokutan dusar ƙanƙara ba ta bayyana a cikin wannan rahoton ba. A maimakon haka, rawar da mutane ke takawa ce ke kan gaba wajen nazarin rahoton. "Ba a san dalilin da yasa yanayin sanyaya ya kasance da tabbas ba. Amma ana ƙara nuna damuwa cewa mutum da kansa yana da hannu a ciki, ba wai kawai a yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan ba, har ma da yanayin zafi a ƙarnin da ya gabata.” Rahoton bai kammala ba ko carbon dioxide a cikin dumamar yanayi, ko gurɓataccen aikin gona da masana'antu a cikin sanyaya, sune abubuwan da ke cikin sauye-sauyen yanayi na baya-bayan nan, lura da cewa; "Kafin a iya warware irin waɗannan tambayoyi kamar waɗannan, dole ne a sami babban ci gaba a cikin fahimtar sinadarai da kimiyyar lissafi na yanayi da teku, da kuma aunawa da gano abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin."
Rahoton Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa ta 1975
There also was a Report by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences (NAS) entitled, "Understanding Climate Change: A Program for Action".
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29668 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano%20%28fim%20din%202018%20%29 | Volcano (fim din 2018 ) | Volcano (taken Ukrainian , taken Jamusanci Vulcan ) fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Ukrainian - Jamus -Monaco na 2018, kuma fasalin halarta na farko na . Ta wurin hali Lukas, wani mai fassarar da ke makale a yankin da zai taimaka wajen sa ido kan wata kungiyar tsaro, fim din ya yi nazari kan rayuwar mutanen da ke kudancin Yukren steppe da ke rayuwa cikin 'yanci na rashin kwanciyar hankali, da alama duniyar waje ta manta da su.
An fara fim ɗin a Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (KVIFF) akan 1 Yuli 2018 a cikin sashin Gabashin shirye-shiryen turawan Yamma. Ta lashe kyautuka da dama a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasa da kasa, ciki har da babbar kyauta a bukukuwan da aka yi a Armenia, Croatia da Morocco. An lura da fim ɗin don abubuwan gani masu ban sha'awa da kuma jin daɗin shirin da aka samu ta hanyar dabarun wasan kwaikwayo na cinema da kuma fitar da waɗanda ba 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ba. Bondarchuk ya sami lambar yabo ta Shevchenko National Prize don jagorantar fim ɗin.
Lukas, mai fassara na OSCE ( Kungiyar Tsaro da Haɗin kai a Turai ), ya tuka abokan aikinsa su uku zuwa cikin ƙauyen da ba kowa na kudancin Yukren don ziyarar gani da ido na wuraren binciken sojoji kusa da kan iyakar Crimea.
Motarsu ta lalace kuma ba tare da liyafar wayar salula ba, sun sami kansu a Beryslaw gundumar Ukraine a yankin Kherson. Anan Lukas ya tafi don neman taimako amma ya kasa samun ko ɗaya. Da ya dawo, ya tarar da babu motar da abokan aikinsa duk sun bace, amma kuma mukullin motar na hannunsa yana da makullin.
An barshi shi kaɗai an dauki Lukas a cikin tanki ta Vova, kuma ya kawo shi wani ƙauye da ke kallon Tafkin Kakhovka . Da isar su ƙauyen Vova tare da 'yarsa Marushka sun yanke shawarar karbar bakuncin Lukas, wanda a lokacin da yake zaune yana cikin damuwa da abubuwan da ba su da kyau amma duk lokacin da Lukas ya sami ceto ta hanyar Vova.
Rayuwar Lukas ta canza yayin da yake zaune tare da Vova, yayin da ya fahimci jin daɗin farin ciki da ya yi tunanin ya rasa. Yayin da ya ci gaba da zama tare da Vova yana ƙara fahimtar rayuwar ƙauyen, kamar yadda kowane tsari na gama gari ya keɓe. Ko da yake Lukas yana ƙin ƙazamar Vova, yana buƙatar goyon bayansa a ƙauyen da gungun mashaya suna ɗauke da bindigogi, 'yan sanda suna kwace kayan fursunoni, aikin bayi, kuma ba wanda ke da aikin yau da kullun.
Ko da yake Lukas ya fara fahimtar mutanen ƙauyen ta ta fuskar tarihinsu. Har ila yau, ya girma sha'awar siffofin Vova kuma ya ƙaunaci 'yarsa Marushka. A ƙarshe Lukas ya haɗu da Vova a cikin ɗaya daga cikin dabarunsa na arziƙi, yana nutsewa zuwa ɗaya daga cikin ƙauyukan da aka nutsar a cikin tafki.
'Yan wasa
ƙwararrun ƴan wasan kwaikwayo guda biyu ne kawai ke cikin wasan kwaikwayo: Viktor Zhdanov da Khrystyna Deilyk. Volcano shine farkon fim din Deilyk. Serhiy Stepansky ya kasance sananne ga masu yin fim daga aikinsa a matsayin darektan sauti. Tatiana Simon ta gano sauran ƴan wasan daga ƙauyuka da ke kusa da wurin da aka yi harbin.
Victor Zhdanov a matsayin Vova
Serhiy Stepansky a matsayin Lukas
Khrystyna Deilyk as Marushka
Rubutu da ci gaba
Rubutun ya fara ci gaba a farkon 2010s, da farko ya biyo bayan wani baƙo da ya makale a filin jirgin sama na Odessa saboda fashewar volcanic a Iceland, wanda kuma ya fara tafiya zuwa cikin karkarar Ukraine. Marubuta Daria Averchenko, Roman Bondarchuk da Alla Tyutyunnyk sun sabunta makirci sosai bayan motsi na Euromaidan, juyin juya halin Ukrainian 2014, hadewar Rasha da Crimea da Yakin Donbass, amma sun kiyaye taken "Volcano". Averchenko ya lura cewa lakabin yana nuna alamar bala'i na kwatsam da zai iya faruwa a rayuwar mutum.
Bondarchuk da Averchenko suna da asali a cikin shirya shirye-shiryen, kuma sun fara tunanin aikin a matsayin shirin. Halin Vova ya dogara ne akan kawun Averchenko. Marubutan sun kafa wasu haruffa da yawa akan ’yan uwa a Kherson. Fim ɗin sadaukarwa ne don tunawa da waɗanda ƙauyukansu suka cika ambaliya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar Tafki na Kakhovka.
A cikin shekara ta2014, samarwa ya sami kashi 10,000,000 na kasafin kudin na Ukrainian daga Hukumar Fina-Finai ta Jihar Ukrainian. Olena Yershova na Tato Film (Ukraine) ne ya samar da shi tare da masu haɗin gwiwar Averchenko na Kudu (Ukraine), Tanja Georgieva-Waldhauer na Elemag Pictures (Jamus) da Michel Merkt na KNM (Monaco).
Yin fim
An dauka fim din a Beryslav, Kherson Oblast, Ukraine, a kan kogin Dnieper, sa'a daya a arewacin Crimea. Babban kyamarar ita ce Red Epic tare da ruwan tabarau na Ultra Prime; An yi fim ɗin waje na dare tare da Sony Alpha 7 . Duk harbin ya kasance daga kan mazaunin mai kafa uku (tripod). An sake yin rubutun sosai yayin yin fim.
An kammala aikin bayan fage a Arri Media a Jamus. A cewar Bondarchuk, harbe-harben da suka fi rikitarwa sune wuraren da ke karkashin ruwa. Bondarchuk kuma ya ba da umarnin faifan bidiyo na kiɗa don " DakhaBrakha ", waƙar da ake amfani da ita don ƙimar rufewar fim ɗin.
Fara fitowa da kuma fitowa a bikin fina-finai
An nuna dutsen mai aman wuta a bukukuwan fina-finai fiye da 40. An nuna farkon sigar fim ɗin a cikin Yuli 2017 a Karlovy Vary International Film Festival (KVIFF) da Odesa International Film Festival a cikin sassan Ayyukan Ci gaba. Fim ɗin ya sami farkonsa na duniya akan 1 Yuli 2018 a KVIFF, a cikin shirin gasar Gabas na Yamma. Hakanan an haɗa shi a cikin shirye-shiryen gasar 2018 na Filmfest München da Odesa International Film Festival.
Wurare kallo
An fitar da fim ɗin a cikin Ukraine ta mararrabar Arthouse Traffic a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu 2019. Koyaya, an canza mai rarraba zuwa Rarraba Fina-Finan Ukrainian kuma an sake fitar da shi baya zuwa 4 Afrilu 2019. Bangaren kasa da kasa, Cibiyar Rarraba Fina-Finai ta Pluto da ke Berlin ce ta rarraba fim ɗin.
Kallo a yanar gizo da kuma talabijin
An fitar da fim ɗin don kallon yanar gizo a Gabashin Turai akan HBO Go a farkon 2019. A cikin Maris 2020, an fitar da fim ɗin akan sabis ɗin yawo na Takflix. Fim ɗin talabijin na fim ɗin yana kan tashar talabijin ta jama'a ta Ukrainian UA:Kultura a ranar 27 ga Yuni 2019. An watsa shi biyo bayan yankin Kherson akan Dutsen Volcano (Ukrainian: ""), wani shirin shirin da Bondarchuk da ma'aikatan Volcano suka harba a cikin kwanaki bakwai.
liyafar Fim
Suka mai mahimmanci
Fim ɗin ya sami kyakyawan sharhi gabaɗaya a kafofin watsa labarai na gida da na waje. A kan shafin yanar gizon aggregator na bita Rotten Tumatir, fim din yana da kashi 83% sabo bisa ga sake dubawa six.
Dmitry Desyaterik na The Day (Odessa-Kyiv) yanaji cewa duk wani rashin screenplay aka biya diyya da Bondarchuk ikon tsara kyawawan Shots, da kuma saba da kakanni mahaifarsa, a cikin abin da ya sau da yawa fina-finai. Masu bita biyu na Vertigo.com.ua sun kasance cikin rashin kwanciyar hankali saboda taken cewa wayewa a ko'ina na iya karyawa da jefa mutane cikin rudani. Sasha Rink ta sauya daga kallon fim ɗin a matsayin mai gaskiya tare da "hakikanin fa'ida" zuwa ainihin gaskiya - wanda aka jaddada ta hanyar ɗaukar hoto da gyara - wanda ya ɗauki ainihin ɗan adam. Jura Povorznyk ya ji cewa fim din ba shi da fasaha duk da babban ra'ayi da cinematography, kuma ya sami takardun shaida ya bar wani mummunan sakamako a gaskiyar duniya da yanayin ɗan adam.
Lukyan Galkin na Moviegram da ake kira Volcano "fim ne mafi kyawu a kasar Ukraine a cikin 'yan shekarun nan". Ya kwatanta fim din zuwa filin daji, amma tare da "Ukrainianness" gaba daya ya tsara shi, tare da gaskiyar sihiri, rashin tausayi na zamantakewa da kuma hadarin da ba a iya gani a kowane lokaci. Wani bita na Pryamiy kanal ya yaba wa fim ɗin tare da mai da hankalinsa dalla-dalla bayan dalla-dalla, ƙaddamar da jagorori, da gudummawar fim ɗin ga sinimar waqoqin Ukrainian.
Marina Moinikhan ta bayyana fim ɗin a matsayin Acid Western tare da "rushewar mahaukata" na ainihin jarumin a cikin rikicin tsakiyar rayuwa. Igor Grabovich ya rubuta wa Mai ganowa Media cewa fim ɗin ya haɗu da nau'ikan nau'ikan ban tsoro zuwa yamma, da kuma baƙar fata zuwa fim ɗin hanya, kuma ya yaba mai ƙirar ƙira Kirill Shuvalov da mai daukar hoto Vadym Ilkov. Ya gano cewa fim ɗin ya kasance mai bege na tatsuniya na zamani kamar yadda Lukas ke alamta sake haifuwa a cikin karkara. Grabovich ya kira shi "fim game da madawwami" wanda ya tsira daga faɗuwar wayewa
Demetrios Matheou na Screen Daily ya lura cewa fim ɗin "ya kamata ya zama tatsuniya amma ya zo da gaskiya", yana mai jujjuya munanan yanayi tare da hotuna masu ban sha'awa, yayin da ake samun gaskiya ta hanyar dabarun cinema . Ya lura da sanya wadanda ba ƙwararrun ’yan wasan kwaikwayo, tare da zane-zanen da Stepansky ya jawo hankalin masu kallo matuka. Vassilis Economou na Cineuropa ya rubuta cewa fim ɗin an kafa shi ne ta hanyar "ji na rubuce-rubuce" ko da lokacin da labarin ya kusanci rashin hankali, yana barin fantasy da gaskiyar su kasance cikin daidaito. Ya ji cewa Bondarchuk yana ba da labarin kansa a matsayin ɗan ƙasar Kherson a cikin shekaru talatin da ya girma a Kyiv. Stephen Dalton na The Hollywood Reporter ya kira fim din "wasikar soyayya ta gaskiya" zuwa yankin Kherson, wanda ya haifar da duniyar "kyakkyawan baki".
Alissa Simon na kamfanin Variety ta yaba da abubuwan gani da maki na Anton Baibakov, kuma ya jera Bondarchuk a cikin manyan masu shirya fina-finai na Ukrainian uku. Meredith Taylor na Filmuforia ya rubuta cewa Volcano yana da ɗayan mafi kyawun jerin abubuwan buɗewa a cikin fim ɗin 2018. Ta ji cewa fim ɗin ya ɗauki nau'in yanayin Ukraine na zamani, "suna ƙin Rashawa don satar ƙasarsu" amma abin ƙyama ga ikon mulkin Soviet da tsaro.
Kyaututtuka da naɗi
Bondarchuck ya sami lambar yabo ta Shevchenko National Prize, lambar yabo mafi girma na Ukraine don ayyukan al'adu, don bada umurnin shirin Volcano. Fim din ya lashe kyautar babbar kyauta a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a kasashen Armeniya da Croatia da kuma Morocco.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
daga Bikin Fina-Finai na Duniya na Toronto (subtitles na Turanci)
Volcano a mai rabawa Pluto Films
Fina-finai da aka tsara a Ukraine
Wasannin kwaikwayo na 2018
Fina-finan 2018
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
26020 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Somaliya | Sinima a Somaliya | Sinima a Somaliya yana nufin masana'antar fim a Somaliya. Siffofin farko na nuna fim ɗin jama'a a cikin ƙasar sune labaran Italiya na manyan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkin mallaka. A cikin 1937 an samar da fim ɗin Sentinels na Bronze (wanda aka bayar a Fim ɗin Fim na Venice ) a Ogaden Somalia, tare da kusan dukkan 'yan wasan Somaliya. Girma daga cikin Somali mutane 's arziki Thomason, da farko' yan alama-tsawon Somali fina-finai da kuma cinematic bukukuwa fito a cikin farkon shekarun 1960s, nan da nan bayan 'yancin kai. Bayan kirkirar hukumar da ke kula da Hukumar Fina -Finan Somaliya (SFA) a 1975, yanayin fina -finan cikin gida ya fara fadada cikin sauri. A shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, shahararrun kide -kide da aka fi sani da riwaayado sune babban abin tafiya a bayan masana'antar fina -finan Somaliya. Fina-finan almara da na zamani gami da abubuwan haɗin gwiwa na ƙasashen duniya sun bi sahu, wanda aka samu sauƙaƙe ta hanyar haɓaka fasahar bidiyo da hanyoyin sadarwar talabijin na ƙasa. A cikin shekarun 1990 da 2000, wani sabon fim na ƙarin fina-finan da suka shafi nishaɗi ya fito. An kira shi Somaliwood, wannan matakin farko, motsi na fina-finai na matasa ya ƙarfafa masana'antar fina-finan Somaliya kuma a cikin aiwatar da gabatar da sabbin labaran labarai, dabarun talla da dabarun samarwa.
Shekarun 1910 zuwa 1950
Bayar da labari wata tsohuwar al'ada ce a al'adun Somaliya . Ƙaunar sinima a Somaliya kawai zamani ne, na gani na jiki da ci gaba da wannan ingantacciyar al'ada ta baka.
Siffofin farko na baje kolin fina -finan jama'a a Somaliya sun kasance labaran Italiya na manyan abubuwan da suka faru a lokacin mulkin mallaka a cikin Italiyanci Somaliland . Misalan irin waɗannan ayyukan sun haɗa da Somalia: Gheledi , Somalia italiana , Somalia: Le bellezze del fiume Nebi , Sotto la Croce del Sud - Somalia Italiana , Visioni della Somalia italiana da Viaggio di SM il Re a Somalia (novembre-dicembre 1934) .
A cikin shekarun 1930 da 1940, farkon ƴan wasan Somaliya da masu fasahar fim sun yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ma'aikatan Italiya don samar da fina-finan Fascist a cikin gida. Daga cikin abubuwan da aka samar na ƙarshe sun haɗa da Dub'aad da Sentinels na Bronze . An ba da fim ɗin Sentinels na Tagulla ( Sentinelle di bronzo ) a cikin Festival di Venezia na 1937 a matsayin "Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin mulkin mallaka na Italiya", inda ya lashe Kofin Italiya.
A ƙarshen shekarun 1950 akwai ɗan haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Cinecitta na Rome da daraktocin farko na Somaliya. Sakamakon haka, a cikin 1963 Hajji Cagakombe Miyi Iyo Magaalo ("The Countryside and the City" ko "Town & Village"), haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar Somaliya-Italiyanci, shine fim ɗin farko na cikakken fasali na ƙasar.
1960 zuwa 1970
Bayan samun ƴancin kai a shekarar 1960, yawan kamfanoni masu samarwa da rarrabawa masu zaman kansu gami da gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gaske sun taso.
A cikin 1961, ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan fasalin ƙasar Somaliya na farko da aka fito da shi shi ne Ƙauna Ba ta Sanin Matsaloli daga Hussein Mabrouk.
A cikin wannan shekarar, haɗin gwiwar Somaliya da China The Horn of Africa ya sami lambar yabo mafi girma a bikin Fina-finan Afirka na 4 na kasa da ƙasa da ake gudanarwa duk shekara a Mogadishu, babban birnin kasar.
Daraktan Somaliya Hadj Mohamed Giumale ("Hajji Cagakombe") zai shirya shahararren fim ɗin Miyo Iyo Magaalo ("Gari da ƙauye") bayan 'yan shekaru. A shekarar 1966, shi da sauran masu shirya fina-finan Somaliya sun kuma taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen taimakawa kafa Fédération Pan-Africaine des Cinéastes (FEPACI).
A shekarar 1969, wani darekta mai dogon zango mai suna Pastoral and Urban Life ya fito daga darakta Mohammed Goma Ali.
A cikin 1973, Idriss Hassan Dirie ya ba da umarnin Dan Iyo Xarrago ("Reality & Myth"). Fim mai cikakken tsayi na farko, an sarrafa shi a cikin ɗakunan Technicolor a Rome .
Bayan wani juyin mulki na zubar da jini a 1969, da samar, rarraba da kuma shigo da fina-finai a kasar da aka nationalized da sabon kafa Koli Revolutionary Council . Daga baya an maye gurbin gidajen sinima masu zaman kansu da gidajen fina-finan da gwamnati ke sarrafawa, kuma ana hasashen kusan fina-finai 500 a shekara.
A shekarar 1975, an kafa Hukumar Fina -Finan Somaliya (SFA), hukumar da ke kula da fina -finan kasar. Ƙari ne ga Ma'aikatar Yada Labarai ta Tarayya da Jagorancin Ƙasa, ta taso daga hannun kayan aikin gani na Ma'aikatar. Ayyukan SFA sun haɗa da kula da shigowa, rarrabawa da tace fina -finai a cikin ƙasar. Daga baya kuma ya kula da samar da dogayen fina -finai da gajeru. Galibin fina -finan da aka shigo da su daga Masar, Italiya, Tarayyar Soviet da Jamus ta Gabas aka shigo da su. Don sauƙaƙe aiki da samarwa, SFA kuma ta ƙirƙiri haɗin gwiwar aiki tare da British Films LTD, wani kamfanin fim na Biritaniya. Daga 1979 zuwa 1983, furodusan fina -finan Somaliya kuma darakta Ali Said Hassan ya kasance wakilin SFA a Rome.
Wani sabon ƙarni na daraktocin fina -finai, masu sarrafa kyamara, masu shirya fina -finai da injiniyan sauti daga baya suka fito, yawancinsu an horar da su a Masar, Italiya, Tarayyar Sobiyat, Jamus ta Yamma, Jamus ta Gabas, Indiya da Ingila . Daga cikin 'yan fim ɗin na ƙarshe akwai Abdi Ali Geedi, Hassan Mohamed Osman, Ibrahim Awad, Ibrahim "Cunshur", Fuad Abdulaziz, Cumar Cabdalla, Mohamed Fiqi da Muxiyadiin Qaliif.
Tsakanin 1970 da 1982, an yi fina-finai sama da talatin, jaridu da labarai. Ana samarwa a kowane mako da kowane wata, galibi ana sarrafa su a Masar kuma ana kiran su Somaaliya oo Sawir'ah ("Somalia a hoto"). An baje kolin waɗannan gajerun shirye -shiryen fina -finai a ɗakunan silima 120 a duk faɗin ƙasar kafin a tsara babban abin jan hankali.
Shekarun 1980
A shekarun 1970 zuwa farkon shekarun 1980, shahararrun kiɗ-kiɗe da ake kira riwaayado sune babban abin motsawa a bayan masana'antar fina -finan Somaliya.
A cikin 1983, an fito da fim mai tsawon-lokaci A Somali Dervish. Yana mai da hankali kan Jihar Dervish mai juyi da babban malamin jagoran Diiriye Guure , Mohammed Abdullah Hassan ("Mad Mullah").
A cikin 1984, masanin ilimin Somaliya Charles Geshekter ya samar da fim The Parching Winds of Somalia. Fim akan wurin a Somalia, fim ɗin yayi nazarin yadda mazaunan ƙauyukan ƙasar suka sami nasarar jure wa mummunan yanayin muhallin hamada da kutsawar sojojin daular ta hanyar haɗa ilimin abubuwan da suka gabata, ayyukan musulmai, da dabarun gudanar da kiwo cikin nasara cikin haɗaɗɗen al'adun gargajiya. dabi'u tare da dabarun zamani.
A cikin 1984-1985, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo na Somaliya kuma mai shirya fim Said Salah Ahmed ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko, The Darwish of Somaliya (alt. The Somalia Dervishes ), tare da Amar Sneh a matsayin mai samarwa. Tare da kasafin kuɗi na dala miliyan 1.8, almara ta 4-hour-da-40 an sadaukar da ita ga Jihar Dervish. An yi shi da harsuna bakwai, wato Somali, Larabci, Italiyanci, Ingilishi, da yaruka uku na yanki. Fim ɗin ya haɗa da ainihin zuriyar Mohammed Abdullah Hassan a matsayin tauraron ta, kuma ya ƙunshi ɗaruruwan 'yan wasan kwaikwayo da ƙari.
A cikin 1986, an fito da fim ɗin ɗan gajeren fim na gida da za a haska akan bidiyo . Mai taken Ciyaar Mood ("Ba wasa bane"), mai shirya fim Abdurrahman Yusuf Cartan ne ya bada umarni. Muxiyadiin Qaliif Cabdi da wasu manyan daraktocin Somaliya daban -daban daga baya wasu manyan mashahuran shirye -shiryen wasan kwaikwayo masu zaman kansu.
A shekarar 1987, daraktan fina -finan Somaliya Abdulkadir Ahmed Said ya fitar da wani ɗan gajeren fim mai suna Geedka rayuwa ko Itacen Rayuwa, wanda a shekara mai zuwa ya sami lambar yabo ta birnin Torino a cikin Mafi kyawun Fim - Bangaren Gasar Fina -Finan Ƙasa ta Duniya a Torino International Festival of Matashi Cinema.
A waccan shekarar, an gudanar da Babban Taron Fina-Finan Afirka na Afirka da Larabawa (Mogpaafis), wanda ya haɗu da jerin fitattun masu shirya fina-finai da masana fim daga ko'ina cikin duniya, gami da sauran sassan arewa maso gabashin Afirka da kasashen Larabawa, da Asiya da Turai. Ana gudanar da shi duk shekara a Mogadishu, hukumar shirya fina -finai ta Somaliya ce ta shirya bikin fim.
Kafa cibiyoyin talabijin na ƙasa a wannan lokacin ya kara rura wutar ci gaban shirye -shiryen Somaliya masu zaman kansu, galibi ana yin su a bidiyo. Kasancewar yanzu sun sami ƙarin shiga cikin kasuwar cikin gida, daga nan an mayar da hankali daga filayen fina-finai na gargajiya a gidajen sinima zuwa tsinkayen masu zaman kansu. Sakamakon haka, an shigo da ƙarancin fina -finan ƙasashen waje cikin ƙasar.
Shekarun 1990-yanzu
A cikin 1992, Abdulkadir Ahmed Said ya saki haɗin gwiwar haɗin gwiwar Somaliya da Italiya La Conchiglia ( Aleel ). Wani ɗan gajeren fim ɗin da ke kula da muhalli, ya yi hasashen mummunan tasirin da zubar da guba ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da jiragen ruwa na ƙasashen waje zai yi kan rayuwar ruwa na cikin gida da masunta da suka dogara da shi.
A cikin 2008, masaniyar muhalli ta Somalia Fatima Jibrell ta rubuta tare tare da shirya ɗan gajeren fim ɗin Traffic Traffic, wanda ɗan fim Nathan Collett ya jagoranta. An harbi wuri a Somaliya, yana amfani da labaran almara don ilimantar da jama'a game da lalacewar muhalli da samar da gawayi zai iya haifar.
A cikin 2011, bikin Fim na Abu Dhabi ya kuma ƙaddamar da asusun ci gaban SANAD da ci gaba da samarwa don fina-finai daga ƙasashen Larabawa. Tare da burin ƙarfafa silima mai zaman kanta da marubuci, masu shirya fina-finan Somaliya yanzu suna samun damar tallafin kuɗi, rubutun allo da bita, da tarurruka na sirri tare da masu ba da shawara da masana. Haɗin gwiwa tare da ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa na Audiovisual' Yan kasuwa (EAVE), ƙwararrun ƙwararrun 'yan kasuwa, sadarwa da ƙungiyar haɓaka ayyukan, Dubai International Film Festival kuma tana ba wa masu shirya fina-finai na Somaliya ƙungiyar musanya da haɓakawa da taron bitar haɗin gwiwa da aka ware don daraktoci, marubutan allo da masu samarwa daga manyan Larabawa. yanki.
Wani sabon ƙarni na ƙarin fina-finan da suka shafi nishaɗi da ke fitowa daga masana'antar shirya fina-finan Somaliya ya yi farin jini a tsakanin 'yan Somaliya duka a cikin Somaliya da kuma cikin ƙasashen waje. An kira shi da suna Somaliwood, wannan ƙungiya ta fim ɗin da ke sama ta ƙarfafa yanayin fim ɗin cikin gida, a cikin aiwatar da gabatar da sabbin labaran labarai, dabarun samarwa da dabarun talla. A ƙarshen haɗa da giciye-kafofin watsa labarai marketing, tare da taye-a film Soundtracks featuring shahararren Somali music artists. Popular fina-finai daga Somaliwood hada da Somali harshen slasher mai ban sha'awa Xaaskayga Araweelo, da mataki comedy Rajo, kuma Warmooge, na farko Somali rai film . Matasa daraktoci Abdisalam Aato na Olol Films da Abdi Malik Isak sune kan gaba a wannan juyi na shiru. A cikin 2010, daraktan Somaliya Mo Ali shi ma ya saki Shank, fim ɗin sa na farko da aka shirya a cikin London mai zuwa.
Taron Fina-Finan Afirka da Larabawa (Mogpaafis)
Bikin Fina -Finan Afirka na Duniya
Fitattun fina -finai
Sentinels of Bronze
Love Does Not Know Obstacles
The Horn of Africa
Miyo Iyo Magaalo
Dan Iyo Xarrago
A Somali Dervish
The Somali Darwish
The Parching Winds of Somalia
Somalia Dervishes
Ciyaar Mood
Geedka nolosha
La Conchiglia
Rajo
Xaaskayga Araweelo
Carara
Ambad
Judaan
Sanannun alkaluma
Tarihin Somaliya
Sinima a Afrika |
24086 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan%20sama%20a%20Karnataka | Ruwan sama a Karnataka | Jihar Karnataka a Indiya tana fuskantar yawan ruwan sama a yankuna daban-daban. Yayin da Malnad da Coastal Karnataka ke samun yawan ruwan sama; yankinta na arewacin Bayaluseemae a cikin Deccan Plateau yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ba su da bushewa a kasar. Galibin ruwan sama da ake samu a jihar na damina ne. Kasancewar tattalin arzikin noma da kaso mai yawa na ‘yan kasar da ke sana’ar noma, rashin samun ruwan sama na iya yin illa ga tattalin arzikin jihar. Baya ga fa'idar aikin gona, gwamnatin Karnataka ta yi kokarin cin moriyar sauran amfanin ruwan sama ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin kimiyya. Misalin wannan shi ne aikin, aikin noman ruwan sama a Karnataka na Karnataka wanda majalisar kimiya da fasaha ta jihar Karnataka ta kaddamar kuma yana daya daga cikin manyan ayyukan noman ruwan sama a duniya. Agumbe a gundumar Shimoga, Amagaon a gundumar Belgaum, Hulikal kuma a gundumar Shimoga da Talakaveri a Madikeri wasu wuraren da aka fi sani da ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Kudancin Indiya. Daga cikin wannan Amagaon ya sami sama da 10000 mm ruwan sama na sauka sau biyu a cikin shekaru 10.
Agumbe da Hulikal a gundumar Shivamogga na yammacin Ghat ana ɗaukarsu a matsayin "Cheerapunji na Kudancin Indiya" amma har yanzu wasu wurare a yankin Western Ghats sun haifar da ruwan sama fiye da waɗannan ƙauyuka biyu. Amagaon a gundumar Belgaum ya rubuta adadin sihiri na 10,068mm a cikin shekara ta 2010, Mundrote a gundumar Kodagu ya rubuta 9974mm a cikin shekara ta 2011.
Teburin da ke ƙasa ya kwatanta ruwan sama tsakanin Agumbe a cikin Thirthahalli taluk a gundumar Shimoga, Hulikal a cikin Hosanagara taluk a gundumar Shimoga, Amagaon a cikin Khanapur Taluk a gundumar Belgaum da Talacauvery da Mundrote a Madikeri taluk a gundumar Kodagu, Kokalli na Sirsi Taluk, Nilkund na Siddapur Taluk. CastleRock na Supa (Joida) Taluk a gundumar Uttara Kannada, Kollur a gundumar Udupi don nuna wanda za a iya kiransa " Cherapunji na Kudancin Indiya".
Wadannan su ne manyan wurare 5 da suka yi rikodin ruwan sama mafi girma a cikin kididdiga
Wuraren da ke gaba sun yi rikodin ruwan sama mafi girma dangane da kowace shekara
Tattalin arzikin Karnataka yafi noma ne kuma yawancinsa ya dogara da ruwan sama; musamman damina ta kudu maso yamma . Girman ƙasa mai bushewa a cikin jihar shine na biyu kawai ga Rajasthan. 26.5% kawai na yankin da aka shuka (30,900 km²) ana yin ban ruwa don haka sauran filayen noman sun dogara ne akan ruwan sama. Har ila yau ruwan sama ya yi tasiri wajen yawan ruwan da ake samu a koguna wanda hakan ke yin tasiri ga yawan ruwan sha ga al’umma da kuma yawan wutar lantarki da za a iya samu a tashoshin samar da wutar lantarki a jihar. Muhimmancin ruwan sama shine ta yadda Karnataka wani lokaci yakan yi amfani da hanyoyin wucin gadi masu tsada kamar shukar gajimare don haifar da ruwan sama ta hanyar wucin gadi. Har ila yau ruwan sama na da matukar muhimmanci wajen kara yawan ruwan da ke cikin kasa kuma Karnataka ta bullo da sabbin hanyoyi kamar yadda ake noman ruwan sama domin magance matsalar karancin ruwan sha a jihar.
Karnataka majagaba ce a ra'ayin girbi ruwan sama tare da Majalisar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Jihar Karnataka (KSCST) tana aiwatar da ɗayan manyan ayyukan girbin ruwan sama a duniya. Makarantu 23683 a Karnataka na Karnataka an zabo domin gudanar da wannan aiki da babban burin samar da ruwan sha ta hanyar amfani da hanyar girbin rufin asiri. A cikin wannan aikin, ruwan sama da aka tattara a saman rufin yana gudana ta hanyar tsarin bututun PVC kuma an adana shi a cikin tankin da aka rufe. Bututun ya ƙunshi tacewa na farko wanda ke fitar da ruwan sama na farko tare da wasu gurɓatattun abubuwan da ka iya wanzuwa a kan rufin sannan kuma a bar ruwan sama mai tsabta mai tsabta ya wuce zuwa tanki. Ana amfani da tace gadon yashi don ƙara kawar da datti a cikin ruwa kafin a tattara shi a cikin tanki. Ana ɗaukar ƙarin matakan kariya don hana ƙura da kwari shiga cikin tanki.
Rashin ruwan sama
Shekarar ƙarancin ruwan sama yana haifar da sakamako masu zuwa:
Aikin noma zai yi tasiri: Duk da yake wannan yana da tasiri kai tsaye ga tattalin arzikin jihar, yana kuma haifar da wasu batutuwan zamantakewa kamar kashe kashe manoma. Sakamakon gazawar noman noman, manoma ba za su iya biyan bashin da suka karba na noma ba kuma kadan ne daga cikinsu ke daukar wani mataki na kashe kansu.
Karancin ruwan sha: Yawancin garuruwa da biranen Karnataka sun dogara da koguna don samar da ruwan sha kuma duk wani karancin ruwan sama yana haifar da karancin ruwan sha ga gidajen.
Karancin wutar lantarki: Rashin ruwan sama yana haifar da raguwar adadin wutar lantarki da ayyukan samar da wutar lantarki ke samarwa don haka dole ne a dauki tsauraran matakai kamar yanke wutar lantarki na tilas don magance wannan karancin.
Yawan ruwan sama
Ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya na iya haifar da hasarar rayuka da dukiyoyi tare da lalata amfanin gonakin. Ruwan sama mai yawa ya kuma haifar da tasiri a manyan biranen da magudanan tituna ke haifar da cunkoson ababen hawa. Misalin hakan shi ne a shekara ta 2005 lokacin da tafkin Madivala ya mamaye titin Hosur na Bangalore wanda ya tilasta wa makarantu da ofisoshi da yawa rufe.
Rarraba ruwan sama
Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara a Karnataka shine 1248 mm. An raba jihar zuwa yankuna uku na yanayin yanayi wato. Cikin Arewa Karnataka, Kudancin Cikin Karnataka da Karnataka Coastal. Karnataka Coastal tare da matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara na 3456 mm yana daya daga cikin yankunan da ake yawan ruwan sama a kasar. Kwatankwacin wannan, yankin Kudancin Cikin Karnataka da Arewacin cikin Karnataka sun karɓi 1126 da 731 kawai. mm na matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara.
The average annual rainfall in the districts of Karnataka varies from 562 mm (22.1 in) in the Bagalkot district to 4,119 mm (162.2 in) in the Udupi District. Bagalkot, Chitradurga and Koppal are the districts which receive the least rainfall whereas Udupi, Dakshina Kannada, Uttara Kannada, Hassan, Kodagu, Chickmagalur and Shivamogga districts receive the heaviest rainfall.
Bayanan kula
Ruwan sama
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
6525 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Zakzaky | Ibrahim Zakzaky | Ibrahim Yakubu El-Zakzaky (An haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan mayun 1953) malamin addinin musulunci ne, kuma shugaba a bangaren mabiya Shi'a kuma Dan gwagwarmayar addini a Najeriya. Shi ne ya kafa kungiyar 'yan' uwa musulmi ko kuma ace muslim bothers a shekara ta alif 1979 a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello Zaria, mutanen gari kuma na ce masu 'yan Shi'a ko 'yan Burazas. Zakzaky yasha tuhuma da dauri da dama saboda Gwagwarmayar sa da yakeyi akan rashin adalci tare da cin hanci da rashawa da kasar sa ke fuskanta. A tsarin gwagwarmayarsa ya dage akan cewa Musulunci ne kadai zai kawo mafita ga rikitattun matsalolin zamantakewa da siyasa, wadanda a tsawon shekaru suke maida cigaban kasar baya. A wata lakca da ya gabatar na tunawa da Makon Sheikh Uthman Bn Fodio (May 2023) da kungiyar Academic Forum of Islamic Forum ta shirya, Zakzaky ya bayyana cewa yana ci gaba da Jihadin Uthman Bn Fodio domin ganin Musulunci ya zama mai Hukunci. wannan fata nasa ba'a Najeriya kadai ba har ma da kasashen yammacin Afirka baki daya. A wata lacca da ya gabatar a daidai wannan lokaci a garin Sokoko (20 ga Mayu, 2023), daya daga cikin masu goyon bayansa, Dokta Nasir Hashim ya bayyana cewa, ba wai gadar zalunci da cin zali da mulkin mallaka ba ne, amma burin Zakzaky shi ne kawai fata ga Afirka.
Tarihin Ibrahim Zakzaky
Haihuwar Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky
An haifi Sheikh Ibrahim Al'zakzaky a garin Zariya na jihar Kaduna Najeriya a ranar 5 ga watan Mayu, shekara ta alif da dari tara da hamsin da you , dai-dai da (15 Sha'aban 1372 AH). Ya halarci makarantar Allo sannan sai ya wuce makarantar Larabci a shekara ta alif , Sannan ya yi makarantar larabci ta SAS a garin Kano daga alif 1971-1976, inda ya samu iliminsa na grade II. Sai kuma jami'ar Ahmadu Bello (ABU) a garin Zariya , inda ya kammala karatun digirinsa a kan fannin ilimin sanin tattalin arziki (Economics) inda ya samu kyakkyawan sakamako saboda ya kasance dalibi mai hazakar gaske. A lokacin karatunsa na jami'a ne Malamin ya zama shugaban kungiyar dalibai Musulmai ta kasa wato (MSSN). Daga bisani kuma ya zama mataimakin shugaban babbar kungiyar ta kasa mai kula da kasashen waje a shekarar 1979.
Daga nan ne kuma Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky ya fara nuna goyon bayansa ga juyin juya halin da aka yi a kasar Iran a shekarar 1979. Daga nan kuma sai Zakzaky ya tafi kasar ta Iran. Bayan dawowarsa daga Iran ne ya cigaba da yada Gwagwarmayar dawo ma addini a kasar har zuwa shekarun 1990 inda ya tara mabiya masu dimbin yawa akasari matasa ne masu kaunar addini.
Kungiyar 'Yan'uwa Musulmi
Ibrahim Al'Zakzaky ya kafa kungiyar da ake kira 'Islamic Movement in Nigeria wadda ada ake kira da 'Muslim brothers' ko kuma 'yan'uwa musulmi a Hausance.
Rikice-rikicen Kungiyar Yan'uwa Musulmi
Wannan kungiya ta El-zakzaky ta sha fama da rikice-rikice da rigingimu tun daga farkon kafata har zuwa yanzu. Fitattu daga cikin rikicin da kungiyar ta fuskanta sun hada da wanda ya faru a shekarar 1998 da kuma na shekarar 2014 da na 2015.
Rikicin Yan shi'a na 2014 a Zariya
A ranar 25 ga watan Yuli na shekarar 2014 ne aka samu tashin hankali tsakanin yan kungiyar 'yan uwa musulmi mabiya zakzaky da sojojin Najeriya a birnin Zariya, a yayin gudanar da lumanar zanga zanga akan nuna goyon bayan mutanen falasdinu inda mutane 35 suka rasa rayukansu ciki har da 'ya'yan Ibrahim Zakzaky guda uku . 'Ya'yan shugaban kungiyar da aka kashe, biyu daga cikinsu daliban injiniyarin ne a wata jami'a dake china, dayan kuma dalibi ne a jami'atu Mustapha dake Lebanon. Rikicin da kungiyoyin kare hakkin bil Adama na duniya da dama ciki har da babbar kungiyar kare hakkin bil Adama ta duniya.
Rikicin kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi na 2015
Haka ma a birnin na Zariya ne a shekarar 2015 sakamakon 'yan kungiyar 'yan'uwa musulmi mabiya Sheikh Ibrahim Zakzaky sun tare hanyar da babban Hafsan Sojojin Kasar na wannan lokacin, wato Tukur Yusuf Buratai zai wuce a lokacin wata ziyara da ya kai birnin na Zariya. Sai sojojin suka bude wuta a kan 'yan Shi'an, wadanda suka tare hanyar. Lamarin da ya yi muni sosai inda har ya kai ga rushe muhallan ibadarsu da ma makabartar mabiya Shi'a din. Sannan daruruwan mabiya kungiyar sun rasa rayukan su. Haka nan dai lamarin ya yi sanadiyyar rasa rayukan na hannun daman Shaikh Zakzaky wato Sheikh Muhammad Mahmud Turi' da wasu daga cikin 'ya'yan jagoran wato Ibrahimu Zakzaky. Shi ma da kansa Zakzaky da mai ɗakinsa Zinatu sun samu munanan raunuka a lokacin tashin hankalin inda daga bisani jami'an tsaro sukayi awon gaba da su aka kai su gidan gyara halin hukumar kasar ta Najeriya na tsare da su har zuwa shekarar 2021 sannan aka sallamesu. Saidai kuma 'ya'yan kungiyar ta 'yan'uwa musulmi sun yi ta gwagwarmaya da yin zanga-zanga a wasu daga biranen kasar domin ganin an sakar masu jagoran nasu. Wanda dai lamarin na zanga-zangar ya haddasa wadansu tashe tashen hankulan inda har aka samu rashin rayuka da dama.
Amma sakamakon zaman wata kotu a kasar wanda ta yi a ranar 2 ga Disambar 2016, ta yanke hukuncin umartar hukumar Najeriya da ta gaggauta sakin Sheikh Zakzaky da matarsa tare da biyansa diyyar naira miliyar 50, tare da wadansu kudirorin.
A watan Janairu na 2018 ne aka soma jin duriyar malam Ibrahim zakzaky, inda ya gabatar da wani takaitaccen jawabi wanda ba a san ko wanne waje ba ne.
Rayuwar Zakzaky ta kashin kai
Shaikh Alzakzaky ya auri matarsa Zeenah Ibrahim zakzaky, suna da 'ya'ya tara tare da shi. Yanzu 'ya'yansu uku suka rage namiji daya da mata biyu. Uku daga 'ya'yan Zakzaky an kashe su ne Zariya, a lokacin zanga-zangar lumana ta nuna goyon Falasdinu, su ne Ahmad Ibrahim Zakzaky, Hamid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Mahmoud Ibrahim Zakzaky, kuma hakan ya faru ne a 2014, a karkashin Gwamnatin Goodluck Ebele. Har ila yau, an kara kashe wasu yayansa maza ukku a ranar 12 ga watan Disamban 2015, wanda suka hada da Ali Haidar Ibrahim Zakzaky, Humaid Ibrahim Zakzaky da kuma Hammad Ibrahim Zakzaky. Kuma hakan ya faru ne a karkashin Gwamnatin tsohon shugaban kasa, Muhammadu Buhari.
Sake Karanta
Harkar Musulunci a Najeriya
Rikicin ranar Qudus a Zariya
Rikicin Zariya na 2015
Shi'a a Najeriya
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun 1953 |
54026 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akite%20Agnes | Akite Agnes | Akite Agnes (an haife shi 19 Maris 1983) ƴar wasan barkwanci ne, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo, MC, kuma ɗan agaji . An san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Arach a cikin jerin The Hostel . Ta kuma yi wasan kwaikwayon Pearl Magic's Girl daga Mparo a matsayin Mama Brian, makwabciyar hayaniya. Salon wasan barkwanci nata yana nuni ne akan al'amuran yau da kullun da mutane ke fuskanta yayin da suke tafiyar da rayuwarsu.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi
An haifi Agnes a ranar 19 ga Maris 1983 a Kampala, Uganda, ga Anthony Opio, mai binciken kudi, da Hellen Opio. Ita ce ta biyar a cikin yara tara. Ta girma a Kiintale daga baya kuma a Mutungo, da ke wajen birnin Kampala. Ta tashi ’yar Katolika ta tafi St. Kizito Primary School Bugolobi, inda ta yi Jarrabawar kammala Firamare, daga nan kuma zuwa ga Uwargidanmu ta Good Counsel, Gayaza, inda ta yi karatun sakandare. Ta yi Jarrabawar Certificate dinta na Uganda (UCE) a Naalya SS, Namugongo, sannan ta tafi matakin A a St. Lawrence Creamland Campus, inda ta yi UACE. Ta shiga Jami'ar Makerere a 2003, inda ta kammala digiri na farko a fannin yawon shakatawa.
A cikin 2009, Anne Kansiime ta tuntuɓi Agnes don yin fim a cikin wani sabon jerin barkwanci na TV mai suna The Hostel bayan kawarta, Pamela, ta ƙi. An ba ta bangaren Arach ba tare da an duba ta ba. Wannan shine farkon aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo. Gidan kwanan dalibai ya kasance sanannen jerin gwano a Uganda, wanda aka fara nunawa akan NTV kuma daga baya akan DStv . Agnes ta zauna a wasan kwaikwayon har tsawon yanayi uku kuma ta bar a cikin 2012, yayin da take shirye-shiryen haihuwar ɗanta na biyu, Brianna.
A shekarar 2014, ta fara wasan barkwanci da wata kungiya mai suna The Punchliners, bayan da Anne Kansiime da Daniel Omara suka shawo kan ta ta gwada wasan barkwanci. Daga baya ta shiga Comedy Files.
A cikin 2015, ta kasance wani ɓangare na Queens of Comedy Uganda vs Sarakunan Barkwanci Rwanda a Kigali.
A cikin 2016, ta fito a cikin Yarinya daga Mparo a matsayin Mama Brian, jerin da aka watsa akan UBC kuma daga baya akan DSTV's Pearl Magic .
A cikin 2018, lokacin da kwangilarta tare da Fayilolin Comedy ya ƙare, Agnes ta fara yin ayyukan solo akan dandamali daban-daban na ban dariya, gami da Rock Comedy da Comedy Store Ug, wanda Alex Muhangi ya shirya. A watan Yuni, ta fito a bikin ban dariya na Kampala, wanda fitaccen dan wasan barkwanci Okello Okello ya shirya a Uganda. Lokacin da ta dawo gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Comedy Stores UG a watan Agusta, ta burge taron. Hotunan wannan shirin ya shiga cikin WhatsApp, inda ta cika da yabo. Ta danganta shaharar faifan fim din ga Shagon Comedy, wanda ke da asusun sada zumunta da muhawara, da Kakensa Media, wadanda ke da dimbin magoya baya a Facebook. Tsakanin Agusta da Nuwamba, Agnes ta kasance memba na dindindin na UG Pineapple Comedy Tour, wanda ya kai ta sassa daban-daban na kasar, ciki har da Mbale, Gulu, Fort Portal, Jinja, da Mbarara . Ta kasance cikin rukunin daga Shagon Comedy Ug da suka je Mbarara don wasan kwaikwayo na farko a wajen Kampala. Agnes ya fito a karo na farko a cikin kashi na hudu na Afirka dariya a kan 8 Oktoba a Kampala Serena Hotel, wanda Patrick Salvador Idringi ya shirya, tare da sauran masu wasan kwaikwayo irin su Basketmouth, Alfred Kainga, Eddie Kadi, Mc Jesse, Farfesa Haimo, da kuma Arthur Nkusi. A watan Disamba, ta ci gaba da yin wasan kwaikwayo, wannan lokacin tare da Fun Factory a cikin jerin talabijin da ake kira Mizigo Express, a matsayin budurwar Sam.
A farkon Maris 2019, Agnes ya ƙirƙira kuma ya karɓi Matar Tashi! Barkwanci Jam a Ranar Mata ta Duniya . A cikin bikin biki, wasan kwaikwayon ya ƙunshi ƴan wasan kwaikwayo na mata, wanda ya haɗa da Nancy Kobusheshe, Maggie the Bwaiserian, Rich Mouth, Dora Nakagga, Leila Kachapizo, da kuma matan masana'antar Fun. An ba da wani ɓangare na abin da aka samu na wasan kwaikwayon ga sadaka. A karshen watan Maris, Agnes ta koma Kigali a matsayin wani bangare na bikin Seka, tare da 'yan wasan barkwanci daga Uganda, Kenya, da Najeriya. A watan Afrilu, ta bayyana a kan The Comedian's OutLuke Podcast, wanda ɗan wasan barkwanci Luke Anthony ya gabatar a matsayin wani ɓangare na Uganda Special. A watan Yulin 2019, ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan barkwanci na Ugandan da suka yi wasan kwaikwayo a bikin Dariya a Nairobi, Kenya, kuma a watan Satumba, ta yi wasa a Babban Taron Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Amurka ta Arewacin Amurka a Chicago. A watan Disamba, ta jagoranci bikin bikin Afirka Daya, a wani yunkuri na yaki da kyamar baki a Port Elizabeth, Afirka ta Kudu.
A cikin Oktoba 2022, Agnes ita ce aikin buɗe ido a cikin Patrick Salvado Idringi na Afirka Dariya bugu na shida .
Salon wasan barkwanci
Salon Agnes na tsayawa shine wasan kwaikwayo na kallo, inda ta nuna ban dariya na rayuwar yau da kullun. Har ila yau, wani lokacin takan yi amfani da rashin kunya a cikin raha. Ta nisanci raha na siyasa.
Rayuwa ta sirri
Agnes ita ce haifa ta biyar a cikin dangin 'yan'uwa biyu, Richard da Emmanuel, da ƴan'uwa mata shida, Cathy, Grace, Mary, Susan, Harriet, da Doreen. Ita ce mahaifiyar 'ya'ya biyu, Noel da Brianna, kuma tana cikin dangantaka da Brian Makalama. Ita Katolika ce kuma tana halartar Cocin Our Lady of Africa.
Agnes ita ce mai haɗin gwiwa kuma Shugaba na Gidauniyar Arise Woman, wacce ke ba da shawara da ƙarfafa mata da matasa. Riba daga Matan Tashi! An ba da gudummawar Comedy Jam zuwa Home of Hope, Jinja.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1983
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
25587 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinima%20a%20Najeriya | Sinima a Najeriya | Sinima a Najeriya Najeriya, wanda galibi ake kiransa Nollywood, ya kunshi fina -finan da aka shirya a Najeriya; tarihinta ya fara tun farkon ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 kuma zuwa zamanin mulkin mallaka a farkon ƙarni na 20. Tarihi da ci gaban masana'antar shirya fina-finan Najeriya a wasu lokutan galibi ana rarrabe su cikin manyan shekaru huɗu: zamanin Mulkin Mallaka, Zamanin Zamani, Zamanin Fim ɗin Bidiyo da Sabon Fim ɗin Najeriya.
Fim a matsayin matsakaici wato gajerun finafinai sun fara shigowa Najeriya a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, a cikin yanayin kallon kallon na'urorin motsi . Ba da daɗewa ba aka maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon karni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi, tare da fara nuna fina - finan da aka haska a ɗakin taro na Glover Memorial Hall a Legas daga 12 zuwa 22 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta alif 1903. Fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine Palaver na shekara ta alif 1926, wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya ; fim din kuma shi ne fim na farko da aka nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. Ya zuwa shekarar ta alif 1954, manyan motocin silima na hannu sun yi wasa a ƙalla mutane miliyan 3.5 a Najeriya, kuma ana duba fina-finan da Fim ɗin Najeriya ke samarwa kyauta a gidajen sinimomi 44 da ake da su. Fim na farko wanda duk haƙƙin mallakarsa ga sashin Fina - finan Najeriya shine Fincho na Sam Zebba; wanda kuma shine fim na farko na Najeriya da aka harba cikin launi .Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1960, harkar sinima ta kuma faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Sakamakon haka, fina-finan Najeriya a cikin gidajen sinima sun ƙaru a ƙarshen shekara ta alif 1960, zuwa shekara ta alif 1970, musamman shirye-shiryen daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo irin su Hubert Ogunde da Moses Olaiya suna canzawa zuwa babban allon. A cikin shekara ta alif 1972, Yakubu Gowon ya ba da Dokar Indigenization, wacce ke buƙatar a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 daga masu su na waje zuwa ga 'yan Najeriya, wanda hakan ya haifar da ƙarin' yan Najeriya da ke taka rawa a cikin sinima da fim. Haɓakar mai daga shekara ta alif 1973, zuwa shekara ta alif 1978, shima ya ba da gudummawa sosai don haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya, saboda karuwar ikon siye a Najeriya ya sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za su iya kashewa don tafiye -tafiyen silima da gidajen talabijin na gida. Bayan fina - finan wasan kwaikwayo masu matsakaici da yawa, Papa Ajasco na Wale Adenuga ya zama na farko, wanda ya kai kimanin ₦61,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦21,552,673) a cikin kwanaki uku. Bayan shekara guda, Mosebolatan na Moses Olaiya shi ma ya ci gaba da tara ₦107,000 (kimanin. 2015 ₦44,180,499) a cikin kwanaki biyar.
Bayan faɗuwar zamanin Zinariya, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya ta sami babban ci gaba na biyu a cikin shekarun ta alif 1990s, wanda ake ganin alama ta fito da fim ɗin kai tsaye zuwa bidiyo Rayuwa a daure ; masana'antar ta kai kololuwa a tsakiyar shekarun 2000 don zama masana'antar fina -finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya dangane da yawan abubuwan da ake shirya fina - finai na shekara -shekara, ta sanya ta gaba Amurka da bayan Indiya kawai. Ya fara mamaye allo a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka, kuma ta hanyar Faɗaɗa Karibiyan da ƙauyuka, tare da kuma fina -finan da ke tasiri sosai ga al'adu da masu yin fim ɗin sun zama sunayen gida a duk faɗin nahiyar. Har ila yau bunƙasar ta haifar da mayar da martani ga fina -finan Najeriya a ƙasashe da dama, wanda ke kan iyaka akan hasashe irin su "Nigerialization of Africa".
Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000, lokacin raguwar zamanin fina-finan bidiyo, gidan sinima na Najeriya ya yi wasu gyare-gyare don haɓaka inganci a fitarwa da ƙwarewa a cikin masana'antar, tare da The Figurine da aka fi ɗauka a matsayin alamar babban juzu'in ɗan Najeriya na zamani. sinima. Tun daga lokacin aka sake samun ci gaba a cibiyoyin sinima, da dawowar al'adun sinima a Najeriya . Tun daga shekarar 2013, an kimanta sinima ta Najeriya a matsayin masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya dangane da kimarta da kuɗaɗen shigar da take samu.
Tarihin sinima a Najeriya ya samo asali tun farkon tarihin fim ; musamman a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19, tare da amfani da kallon peephole na na'urorin hoton motsi . Ba da daɗewa ba an maye gurbin waɗannan a farkon ƙarni na 20 tare da ingantattun kayan nunin hoton motsi; jerin fina-finan farko da aka nuna a gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya fina - finan Yamma ne, inda aka nuna fim na farko a Glover Memorial Hall da ke Legas daga 12 zuwa 22 ga Agusta 1903. A cikin wannan shekarar, Herbert Macaulay ya gayyaci Najeriya, Balboa da Kamfanin Ispaniya don shirya yawon baje kolin fina -finan shiru wato marasa sauti a Najeriya. .
Kodayake daga baya Mista Balboa ya rufe baje kolin sa a Legas, yayin da ya ci gaba da nuna fina -finai a wasu ƙasashen Afirka ta Yamma, nasarar baje kolin nasa ya kai ga wani dan kasuwa Bature, Stanley Jones, ya fara nuna fina -finai a cikin dakin taro na Glover Memorial, wanda ya fara daga Nuwamba 1903. Wannan ya kawo kwararar masu baje kolin fina - finan Turai zuwa Najeriya. Fim na farko da aka fara a farkon wannan lokacin ya zo ne a ranar 3 ga Agustan 1904, lokacin da aka duba shirin ziyarar Alake na Abeokuta zuwa Ingila.
=== Lokacin mulkin mallaka
(ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 - farkon shekarun 1960) ===
Masu shirya fina - finai na mulkin mallaka sun fara shirya fina -finai don masu sauraro na gida a cikin Najeriya tun daga shekarun 1920, galibi suna amfani da sinima ta hannu a matsayin hanyar baje kolin; fim ɗin farko da aka fara yi a Najeriya shine Palaver na 1926 wanda Geoffrey Barkas ya shirya . Fim ɗin kuma fim ne na farko da aka taɓa nuna 'yan wasan Najeriya a cikin rawar magana. 'Yan wasan fim na Najeriya da aka nuna a Palaver sun hada da Dawiya da Yilkuba. An harbe fim ɗin a tsakanin mutanen Sura da Angas na Jihohin Bauchi da Filato a Arewacin Najeriya a yau, kuma ya ba da labarin hamayya tsakanin Jami'in Gundumar Burtaniya da mai haƙar ma'adinai wanda ke haifar da yaƙi. Hakanan a cikin wannan zamanin akwai fina -finai da yawa da aka shirya a Najeriya, ɗayan shahararrun shine Sanders na Kogin 1935 na Zoltán Korda, wanda ke nuna ɗan wasan Najeriya Orlando Martins . Martins ya kuma fito a wasu fitattun fina -finai da suka haɗa da The Man from Morocco , Men of Two Worlds da sauransu, kuma wannan ya kafa Martins a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin fitattun jaruman Najeriya na zamaninsa. Tun daga 1921, akwai wasu dakuna guda huɗu waɗanda ke nuna fina -finai sau biyu a mako a cikin Babban yankin Legas da kowane zaure ɗaya a Ebute Metta da Oshodi . Zuwa wannan lokacin, sinima ta shahara a Legas tare da cunkoson matasa da tsofaffi yawanci suna jira a ƙofar ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo. Har ila yau, addini ya taimaka wajen faɗaɗa al'adun sinima yayin da Kiristocin mishan suka yi amfani da gidajen sinima don farfagandar addini.
Yayin da gidajen sinima suka zama silar rayuwar zamantakewa a cikin garin Legas mai tasowa a wancan lokacin, ƙarshen shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940 ya zama farkon kafa manyan gidajen sinima na kasuwanci tare da rassa a sassa masu mahimmanci na ƙasar. Ofaya daga cikin masu aikin silima na farko a Legas shi ne "Kamfanin Hotuna na Yammacin Afirka" mallakar Mista S. Khalil, memba na al'ummar Siriya a Legas. Ya kafa Rex Cinema a Ebute Metta, Regal Cinema da Royal Cinema. Sauran shahararrun sarkar sinima sun haɗa da: Capitol Cinema, Cinema Casino, Cinema Kings, Cinema ta tsakiya, Rialto Cinema, Corona Cinema, Odeon Cinema, Cinema Road House, Ikeja Arms Cinema da Glover Hall. A cikin 1937, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa Kwamitin Tantancewa don gudanar da al'amuran da suka shafi kafa da ayyukan gidajen silima a cikin mazaunin. Abubuwan da ke cikin fina-finan da aka yi da kuma nuna su a gidajen sinima na Najeriya a wannan lokacin duk da haka babu su kamar yadda 'yan kasashen waje ke sarrafa sarrafawa da rarrabawa. Sakamakon nishaɗin hoton motsi sakamakon ƙungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Yarabawa, waɗanda suka fito a shekarun 1930 zuwa 1940; Daya daga cikin fitattun shine kungiyoyin wasan kwaikwayo na Agbegijo da Alarinjo, wadanda suka kunshi 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar Duro Ladipo, Ishola Ogunmola, Lere Paimo, Oyin Adejobi, da sauran su.
A cikin 1949 zuwa 1950, yanayin ya canza kaɗan, tare da nuna ƙarin abubuwan Najeriya a gidajen sinima; tare da abin da ake nufi don shirya fina - finan "Africanize", An kafa Sashin Fina -Finan Najeriya don watsa shirye -shiryen fim na mulkin mallaka. Ɓangaren Fim na Mulkin Mallaka, a cikin shekaru goman da suka gabata, ya baje kolin fina -finan lafiya da na ilimi ga masu sauraro na cikin gida ta hanyar faifan silima na wayar hannu. Hakanan ya samar da labarai da gajerun shirye -shiryen bidiyo, waɗanda ke nuna bukukuwa da nasarorin mulkin mallaka ga masu sauraron cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje. .
Zamanin Zinariya (ƙarshen shekarun 1950 - ƙarshen shekarun 1980)
Bayan samun 'yancin kan Najeriya a shekarar 1960, harkar sinima ta faɗaɗa cikin hanzari, inda aka kafa sabbin gidajen sinima. Koyaya, an sami kwararar kwararar fina-finan Amurka, Indiya, Sinanci da Jafananci; fosta hotunan fina -finai daga waɗannan ƙasashe sun mamaye ɗakunan wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yan fim daga waɗannan masana'antu sun shahara sosai a Najeriya. Zuwa ƙarshen shekarun 1960 zuwa cikin 1970s abubuwan da ake samarwa na Najeriya a gidajen fina - finai sun ƙaru a hankali, musamman abubuwan da ake samarwa daga Yammacin Najeriya, saboda tsoffin masu aikin wasan kwaikwayo kamar Hubert Ogunde, Ola Balogun, Moses Olaiya, Jab Adu, Isola Ogunsola, Ladi Ladebo, Sanya Dosumu da Sadiq Balewa da sauransu, yana canzawa zuwa babban allon. Fina - finan Najeriya na farko na cikakken kasuwanci, wanda aka harba akan celluloid, suma waɗannan masu shirya fim ɗin sun yi su a shekarun 1960. .
A cikin 1972, saboda damuwa game da kwararar al'adun ƙasashen waje zuwa cikin Najeriya, Shugaban Ƙasa na lokacin Yakubu Gowon ya ba da Dokar Ƙasa. wanda ke neman a ba da ikon mallakar kusan gidajen fina - finai 300 a kasar daga masu su na kasashen waje zuwa ƴan Najeriya. Hakanan, ƙarin ƴan Najeriya sun fara taka rawar gani a cikin kafa sinima sakamakon wannan manufar. Wannan canja wurin ya kuma haifar da fitowar marubutan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya, marubutan allo da masu shirya fim; shahararrun adabi da ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo an daidaita su zuwa hotunan motsi. Haɓaka mai a 1973 zuwa 1978 ya ba da gudummawa sosai ga haɓaka al'adun silima a Najeriya. Kasancewar saka hannun jari na ƙasashen waje ya haifar da gina gidajen sinima da yawa. A shekarar 1976, an gina gidan wasan kwaikwayo na kasa mai karfin 5000, Iganmu a Legas. An haɗa gidan wasan kwaikwayon tare da gidajen sinima guda biyu, kowannensu yana da damar mutane sama da 700. A wannan lokacin kasuwancin silima ya zama sanannen ma'aikaci ga mutane da yawa kuma ya kasance muhimmin aikin zamantakewa, yayin da 'yan Najeriya ke ziyartar gidajen sinima don shakatawa da nishaɗi. Ƙarfin siye da siye a Najeriya ya kuma sa 'yan ƙasa da yawa su sami kuɗin shiga wanda za a iya kashewa don ciyar da fina-finai da gidajen talabijin na gida.
An fara watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin a Najeriya a shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami goyon bayan gwamnati sosai a farkon shekarun ta. A tsakiyar shekarun 1980 kowace jiha tana da tashar watsa shirye-shiryenta. Doka ta takaita abun cikin kasashen waje a talabijin, don haka furodusoshi a Legas suka fara watsa shirye -shiryen shahararrun gidajen wasan kwaikwayo na gida. Da yawa daga cikin waɗannan an watsa su akan bidiyo kuma, an ci gaba da cinikin fim ɗin ƙaramin sikeli. Ya zuwa karshen shekarun 1980, al'adun sinima ya fara fuskantar koma baya matuka, kuma mafi yawan masu shirya fina - finan Najeriya sun canza zuwa shirye - shiryen talabijin. An danganta raguwar zamanin Zinariya na fina - finan Najeriya a kan abubuwa da dama, da suka hada da rage darajar Naira, rashin tallafin kuɗi da talla, rashin ingantattun ɗakunan fina-finai na fim da kayan aikin samarwa, shirye - shiryen daidaita tsarin gwamnati da yawa saboda sojoji mulkin kama - karya, da rashin sanin makamar aiki. Munanan raguwar al'adun sinima ya haifar da wasu daga cikin gidajen sinima da ƙungiyoyin addini suka mallake su suka koma majami'u; wasu kawai an rufe su kawai. A farkon shekarun 1990, kaɗan ne kawai daga gidajen gidajen silima da ke da ƙarfi har yanzu suna aiki, kuma duk sun rushe kafin 1999.
=== Bidiyon Bidiyo na Gida
(ƙarshen shekarun 1980 - tsakiyar Shekkarun 2010) ===
Fitowar kasuwar fina -finan bidiyo a Najeriya ta samo asali ne daga shekarun 1980 lokacin da shirye shiryen Talabijin suka bunƙasa. Mugun Haɗuwa da Jimi Odumosu, wani fim mai ban tsoro na 1980 wanda aka saki kai tsaye a talabijin, shi ne shiri na farko da ya zama mai nuni ga yadda yin fim mai fa'ida kai tsaye a bidiyo zai iya kasancewa. An inganta fim ɗin sosai kafin a nuna shi a talabijin, kuma a sakamakon haka, tituna sun cika da ruwa da safe tare da kwafin bidiyo na watsa shirye - shiryen da aka yi rikodin. An ba da rahoton cewa fim din ya zama abin sha kai tsaye a kasuwar Alaba, gundumar kasuwanci wacce daga baya ta zama cibiyar watsa bidiyo a cikin wannan lokacin sannan kuma ta zama cibiyar satar fasaha a Najeriya. Tun da Tashin Hankali, ya zama ruwan dare, musamman a biranen Kudancin Najeriya don ganin kwafin bidiyon shirye -shiryen talabijin da aka yi rikodin suna ciniki akan tituna.
Wannan hanyar da masu samarwa da masu rabawa a Kasuwar Alaba ta karba da gina ta don sake farfado da harkar fim, tun da al'adar sinima ta Najeriya na fuskantar koma baya matuƙa. Fim na farko da aka samar a bidiyo a Najeriya shi ne Soso Meji na 1988, wanda Ade Ajiboye ya shirya. An kuma haska fim din a 'yan sinimomin da ake da su a lokacin. Daga baya, Alade Aromire ya shirya Ekun a faifan bidiyo, wanda aka nuna shi a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na ƙasa, Iganmu. Koyaya, bunƙasar da aka samu a wannan zamanin galibi ana ganin cewa rayuwar Kenneth Nnebue ta Rayuwa a Daure ce ta fara tunzura ta. Nnebue yana da kaset na faifan bidiyo da aka shigo da su daga waje wanda daga baya yayi amfani da su don ɗaukar fim ɗin sa na farko akan kyamarar Bidiyo. Kodayake Rayuwa a daure ana yawan ɗaukarsa a cikin kafofin watsa labarai a matsayin "fim ɗin bidiyo na kasuwanci na farko", masana tarihi da yawa sun yi jayayya cewa masana'antar fim ɗin bidiyo ta riga ta fara bunƙasa kafin Rayuwa a Daure .
Ya zuwa shekarar 2004, a ƙalla ana shirya fina-finai hudu zuwa biyar a kullum a Najeriya. Finafinan Najeriya yanzu sun mamaye allon talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da ƙari, mazauna ƙasashen waje. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina -finan sun yi tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; tun daga sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafuzan Najeriya. An danganta hakan ne saboda finafinan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, waɗanda suka sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje su “tara turɓaya” a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai.
A cewar ƙungiyar masu shirya fina - finai ta Najeriya, kowane fim a Najeriya yana da damar kallon mutane miliyan 15 a Najeriya da kusan miliyan 5 a wajen Najeriya. Cikin ƙanƙanin lokaci, masana’antar ta zama ta uku mafi girma a fina - finai a duniya. Duk da haka, wannan bai fassara zuwa masana'antar fina -finai ta kasuwanci ba idan aka kwatanta da sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina - finai a duk faɗin duniya; An kusan kimanta darajar masana'antar a kusan dalar Amurka miliyan 250, tunda yawancin fina -finan da aka yi an yi su da arha. Masana'antar fim ko da kuwa ta zama babban ma'aikaci a Najeriya. Ya zuwa shekarar 2007, tare da jimlar adadin faifan bidiyo 6,841 da aka yi rijista da kimanin mutane 500,000 da ba su yi rijista ba, an kiyasta kudaden shiga da aka samu ta hanyar tallace -tallace da hayar fina -finai a jihar Legas kadai an kiyasta ya kai ₦804 miliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 5) a kowane mako, wanda ya tara kusan ₦33.5 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 209) ga jihar Legas a shekara. Kusan diski 700,000 aka sayar a kasuwar Alaba a kowace rana, tare da jimillar kudaden shiga da masana'antar fim ke samarwa a Najeriya ana kiyasta kimanin ₦ 522 biliyan (dalar Amurka biliyan 3) a kowace shekara, tare da abubuwan watsa shirye -shiryen da aka kimanta ₦250 biliyan (US $ 1.6 billion).
A ƙololuwar lokacin bidiyo a kusa da 2008, masana'antar ta zama ta biyu mafi girman fina - finai, sakin kusan finafinan bidiyo 200 kowane wata. Koyaya a wannan lokacin, masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya a zahiri ta lalace zuwa masana'antar "ba ta da hangen nesa", tare da mamaye mutane da yawa waɗanda ba su san komai game da shirya fim ba, kuma satar fasaha ta kai kololuwa. Yin aiki da barazanar satar fasaha, a tsakanin sauran matsalolin, ya zama mai wahalar tsinkewa; sakamakon wannan, yawancin masu saka hannun jari na " Alaba cartel ", waɗanda ke sarrafa kusan kashi 90 cikin ɗari na masana'antar bidiyo, sun fara jigilar kuɗin su zuwa wasu ayyukan kasuwanci maimakon. An danganta raguwar zamanin bidiyo na Gida saboda dalilai da yawa, kamar kin yarda da Gwamnati ta bayar da tallafi da kudade, rashin ingantattun kayan aikin rarraba fina - finai na 'yan asalin gida da kuma hauhawar farashin samarwa a Najeriya.
Sabuwar sinimar Najeriya (tsakiyar shekarun 2000-zuwa yanzu)
Wannan wani fanni ne mai tasowa a cikin sinima na Najeriya, inda aka sami babban sauyi a hanyar shirya fina - finai, daga tsarin bidiyo, zuwa hanyar sinima, wanda ya ƙunshi fina-finan da aka yi a zamanin Golden. Shekaru kalilan cikin karni na 21, Najeriya ta fara samun ci gaban gidajen sinima, wanda aka tsara shi da farko don matsakaiciya da babba. Rukunin Silverbird shine kamfani na farko da ya ƙaddamar da jerin gidajen Cinema na zamani a fadin manyan biranen Najeriya, galibi suna cikin yankuna masu wadata da gundumomi. Ta ƙaddamar da sarƙoƙin silima a 2004, farawa daga Silverbird Galleria a Victoria Island, Legas . Silverbird Galleria babban kantin siyayya ne, tare da babban gidan sinima da kantuna daban - daban inda ake gudanar da ayyukan kasuwanci. Wannan yana ba da ƙarin dalilai don ziyartar wurin fiye da kallon fina - finai kawai, amma mafi yawan ayyukan zamantakewa da irin nishaɗin da aka gyara fiye da kallon fim. Wannan yanayin ya ba da ƙarin bayani mai yiwuwa game da rasuwar al'adun silima na Najeriya a cikin shekarun 1980, wanda wataƙila ya kasance sakamakon fitowar mafi yawan gidajen sinima na zamanin Golden. .
Gidajen silima na Silverbird bayan kafa su sun fara tantance fina -finan Najeriya tare da ingantattun shirye - shiryen su, sakamakon haka yana ba da kwarin gwiwa ga shirya fina - finai marasa kyau. Sabon fim na farko da aka nuna a gidan sinima shine fim ɗin yaren Yarabawa Irapada na Kunle Afolayan, wanda aka haska shi a Silverbird Galleria a Legas. Gwajin Silverbird ya yi nasara sosai, kuma a sakamakon haka, ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da ƙarin rassan silima a Legas da sauran biranen ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan kafa gidajen silima na Silverbird, an kuma ƙaddamar da Cinemas ɗin Genesis Deluxe da Cinemas na Ozone don ƙirƙirar gasa a harkar fim. Da yawa daga baya, a cikin shekarun 2010, Gidajen nuna wasannin kwaikwayo na Filmhouse shima ya shigo cikin hoton, wanda ya haifar da samun ƙarin gidajen sinima a cikin ƙasar, musamman a wajen unguwannin masu wadata.
Gwamnatin Najeriya ta ƙaddamar da tallafi da dama, domin tallafawa abubuwan da ke cikin fina -finan Najeriya. A shekarar 2006, gwamnatin Najeriya ta kaddamar da "Project Nollywood", tare da bankin Ecobank . Aikin ya bayar da ₦100 miliyan (dalar Amurka 781,000) ga masu shirya fina -finai na Najeriya don shirya fina -finai masu inganci da kuma tallafa wa cibiyar rarraba miliyoyin Naira a duk faɗin ƙasar a cikin wannan lokacin. A shekara ta 2010, gwamnatin Shugaba Goodluck Jonathan ta ƙaddamar da Asusun Shiga da Ƙirƙiri Industry 30 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 200), wanda Bankin Masana'antu (BOI) ya tallafa masa, tare da bankin fitarwa da shigo da kaya na Najeriya (NEXIM) . Wannan tallafin, kodayake an yi masa lakabi da "Nollywood Project", an yi shi ne ga dukkan fannonin Fasaha da Nishaɗi na Najeriya. Hasashen tallafin ga masana'antar fim duk da haka shine don taimakawa ƙarin masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya a horo, kuɗi, da kuma taimakawa wajen samar da abubuwan more rayuwa masu mahimmanci ga masana'antar. A cikin 2013, an ba da ƙaramin sabon tallafin billion 3 biliyan (dalar Amurka miliyan 20) don Nollywood kawai, kuma musamman don shirya fina -finai masu inganci, da kuma ɗaukar nauyin masu shirya fina -finai don samun horo a makarantun fim. Hakanan a cikin 2015, Bankin Masana'antu ya ƙaddamar da wani shirin "NollyFund" da nufin ba da tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar lamuni ga masu shirya fim.
Shahararren fim mai ban sha'awa na 2009 The Figurine galibi ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin mai canza wasan, wanda ya ɗaga hankalin kafofin watsa labarai zuwa ga “ Sabuwar sinima ta Najeriya ”. Fim ɗin ya kasance nasara mai mahimmanci da kasuwanci a Najeriya, kuma an kuma haska shi a cikin bukukuwan fina -finai na Fim ɗin 2010 na Ijé na Chineze Anyaene, ya wuce The Figurine ya zama mafi girman fim ɗin Najeriya ; rikodin da ya riƙe na tsawon shekaru huɗu, har sai da aka sami nasara a 2014 ta Rabin Yellow Sun . Zuwa shekarar 2016, The Wedding Party, fim ne na Kemi Adetiba .
A ƙarshen shekarar 2013, an bayar da rahoton cewa masana'antar fina -finai ta sami karɓuwa sosai na kudaden shiga na tiriliyan 1.72 (dalar Amurka biliyan 11). Tun daga shekarar 2014, masana'antar ta kai darajar ₦853.9 biliyan ( dalar Amurka biliyan 5.1) wanda ya sa ta zama masana'antar fim mafi daraja ta uku a duniya, bayan Amurka da Indiya . Ta ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 1.4% ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya; an danganta hakan da karuwar yawan fina-finai masu inganci da aka samar da ƙarin hanyoyin rarrabawa.
Ba kamar zamanin bidiyo na gida ba, fina - finai a cikin sabon igiyar galibi suna da inganci sosai, tare da manyan kasafin kuɗi; matsakaita tsakanin ₦40 miliyan (US $250,000) da ₦120 miliyan . Waɗannan lokutan samarwa fina - finan suna ɗaukar watanni har ma sun kai tsawon shekaru, nesa ba kusa ba daga fina - finai a cikin tsarin bidiyo wanda galibi ana harbe su cikin kwanaki ko makonni. Sauran ingantattun ci gaba a cikin Sabuwar Nollywood sun haɗa da: ƙarin wasan kwaikwayo na dabara daga masu wasan kwaikwayo; daban -daban daga overd melodrama wanda ya zama zamanin bidiyo, mafi fa'ida,
mafi ma'ana kuma mafi kyawun labarai. Jigogin da aka bincika a cikin waɗannan fina -finan galibi ana nuna su da jigogi na duniya, saboda yawancin masu shirya fina - finai matasa ne. Tsarin haƙƙin mallaka da rarraba daidai har yanzu yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ke cikin Sabon Sinima na Najeriya.
Ruwan 'yan wasan Ghana
Kimanin shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007, ɗan fim ɗin Najeriya Frank Rajah Arase ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila tare da wani kamfanin samar da fina -finai na ƙasar Ghana, Venus Films, wanda ya haɗa da taimakawa gabatar da 'yan wasan Ghana a cikin Nollywood. Wannan haɗin gwiwar a ƙarshe ya haifar da shaharar wasu fitattun 'yan wasan Ghana, kamar Van Vicker, Jackie Appiah, Majid Michel, Yvonne Nelson, John Dumelo, Nadia Buari da Yvonne Okoro, wanda ake iya cewa kamar na takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Bugu da ƙari, tsawon shekaru; saboda tsadar shirya fina -finai a Najeriya, an tilastawa masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya yin fina -finai a wajen Legas don rage tsada, tare da nuna ficewar yin fim a Hollywood daga Los-Angeles zuwa birane kamar Toronto da Albuquerque, wani tsari da ake kira “ Runaway. samarwa ”. A sakamakon haka wasu furodusoshi da yawa sun fara harbi a garuruwa kamar Accra, Ghana, suna sanya tanadi cikin saka hannun jari a ingantattun kayan aiki, da yawa daga cikinsu suna ƙoƙarin shigar da finafinan su akan babban allon.
A cikin 2013, Nigerian Entertainment Today ta bayyana cewa 'yan wasan Ghana suna da kashi 60 cikin ɗari na jimlar kasuwa a shekara. Binciken da Jaridar ta gudanar ya nuna cewa daga cikin fina -finai 184 da aka nuna a kan Nollytuned.com, gidan yanar gizon yawo na Najeriya, tsakanin watan Afrilu zuwa Agusta 2013, ƴan wasan Ghana sun taka rawa a kalla 93 daga cikinsu. An kuma ba da rahoton cewa akwai manyan buƙatun ayyukan Ghana a shagunan bidiyo. A bugun farko na Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Siyarwa na Afirka (AMVCA) a 2013, an ba Jackie Appiah na Ghana Kyautar 'Yar Jarida a Matsayin Jagora . A wannan shekarar, an sake ba Appiah 'Kyakkyawar Jaruma' a Nollywood da African Film Critics Awards (NAFCA). An kuma ba 'yan wasan Ghana kamar Majid Michel lambar yabo a bukukuwan kyaututtukan Nollywood da dama.
Sam Onanuga, marubucin rubutun Najeriya ya dora alhakin hakan kan rashin son kafaffun ayyukan Najeriya don shiga cikin ƙarin fina -finai akan Bidiyo. Tare da fitowar Sabuwar Sinima ta Najeriya, ƙarin ayyukan Najeriya suna son matsayi a babban allon don haɓaka ci gaban su, ƙin fitowa a cikin fina -finan bidiyo; A sakamakon haka 'yan wasan na Ghana sun yi amfani da wannan, yayin da suka yi fice a fina -finan bidiyon Najeriya wadanda tuni suka fara juyawa a wannan lokaci, amma har yanzu suna da farin jini.
Wannan ci gaban ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai; galibin damuwar su ita ce 'yan Ghana suna karɓar ayyukan da ake nufi da' yan Najeriya. Yayin da wasu masu ruwa da tsaki na masana'antu kamar Bob Manuel ba sa son ci gaban, wasu kamar Mercy Aigbe, Belinda Effah, da Yvonne Jegede suna ganin hakan a matsayin ci gaban maraba; lura cewa masana'antar tana da girma ga kowa da kowa, kuma sauran manyan cibiyoyin fina -finai a duk duniya suna da kasancewar wasu ƙasashe. Theresa Edem tayi sharhi: “Haɗaɗɗiyar Afirka tana siyar da kowace rana, kowane lokaci. Ya kasance babban haɗin gwiwa har yanzu. Sun kara launi ga Nollywood kuma sun kawo gasa mai kyau. Emem Isong, wani furodusan Najeriya yayi sharhi: "Yana haɓaka haɗin kai da haɗin kai kuma hakan ba mummunan abu bane".
Wasu kafafen yaɗa labarai na Ghana a daya bangaren sun bayyana yanayin a matsayin " Brain drain " daga Ghana. Duk da haka, daraktan Ghana Frank Fiifi Gharbin, ya nuna gamsuwa da ci gaban, yana mai cewa: “bai kamata a yi hayaniya ba game da 'yan wasan Ghana a Nollywood. A gare mu ci gaba ne mai kyau. Ya nuna cewa 'yan wasanmu sun fara samun matsayi kuma ana samun karɓuwa a duk duniya ”.
Haɓaka haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana daga tsakiyar shekarun 2000 ya haifar da sake farfado da masana'antar fim ta Ghana. Koyaya, yawancin abubuwan da ake samarwa na Ghana haƙƙin mallaka ne ga Nollywood kuma 'yan kasuwar Najeriya sun rarraba saboda babbar kasuwar Najeriya. Masu shirya fina -finan Najeriya galibi suna nuna ' yan wasan Ghana a fina-finan Najeriya kuma hakan ya haifar da shaharar' yan wasan Ghana kusan kamar takwarorinsu na Najeriya. Har ila yau, 'yan wasan kwaikwayon na Najeriya sun taka rawa a wasu shirye -shiryen Ghana, don fim ya dauki hankalin masu sauraro. Shahararren jarumin nan dan kasar Ghana, Van Vicker, ya fito a fina -finan Najeriya da dama. Sakamakon waɗannan haɗin kai, masu kallon Yammacin Turai galibi suna rikitar da finafinan Ghana da finafinan Najeriya kuma suna ƙidaya tallace -tallacersu ɗaya; duk da haka, masana'antun ne guda biyu masu zaman kansu waɗanda a wasu lokutan ke raba haɗin gwiwar " Nollywood ".
Shahara da roko
A shekarar 2009, Unesco ta ayyana Nollywood a matsayin masana'antar fina-finai ta biyu mafi girma a duniya bayan fina-finan Indiya dangane da fitarwa.
Tun daga shekarun 2000, fina -finan Najeriya sun fara mamaye fuskokin talabijin a duk faɗin Nahiyar Afirka da kuma fadadawa. Har ila yau, 'yan fim ɗin sun zama sunaye a duk faɗin nahiyar, kuma fina-finan suna da tasiri sosai ga al'adu a yawancin ƙasashen Afirka; daga hanyoyin sutura zuwa magana da amfani da lafazin Najeriya. An danganta hakan da gaskiyar cewa fina-finan Najeriya sun ba da labaran “masu alaƙa”, wanda hakan ya sa fina -finan ƙasashen waje ke tara ƙura a kan ɗakunan shagunan bidiyo, duk da cewa suna da arha sosai.
Wannan gagarumar farin jini ta kuma haifar da koma baya ga fina-finan Najeriya a kasashe da dama; Misali, an samu rahoton shagunan sayar da fina - finan Najeriya da 'yan sanda ke kai wa hari a Ghana ; a cewarsu, "suna fafutukar kada fina -finan Najeriya su mallake su". Wasu gwamnatoci da yawa sun kuma gabatar da matakan kariya, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da gabatar da haraji mai tsoka ga gidajen samarwa waɗanda ke son yin fim a ƙasashensu. A watan Yulin 2010, Ghana ta fara neman dalar Amurka 1,000 daga 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka ziyarce ta da kuma dala 5,000 daga furodusoshi da daraktoci. Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo ma ta yi kokarin haramta fina-finan Najeriya. Jean Rouch, wani zakaran fasaha na 'yan asalin Nijar, ya kwatanta Nollywood da cutar kanjamau. Ya bayyana cewa da alama akwai '' Nijeriyanci '' na Afirka, yana cikin damuwa cewa duk nahiyar ta zo don '' yatsu da yatsun ta hanyar Najeriya ''. .
Masana’antar fina-finan Najeriya na da mabiya da yawa a cikin al’ummomin kasashen Afirka da ke Turai musamman a Ingila .
Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru
Actors Guild of Nigeria (AGN): ƙungiya ce, wacce ke tsara da kuma wakiltar harkokin masu shirya fina -finai a Najeriya da ƙasashen waje. Zababben shugaba ne ke jagorantar ta.
Directors oGuild of Nigeria (DGN)
Kungiyar Mawakan Edo ta Najeriya (EAAN)
Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya.
Marubutan allo Guild of Nigeria.
Abubuwan da suka faru
Bikin Fina -Finan Duniya na Afirka (AFRIFF)
Kyaututtukan Zaɓin Masu sihiri na Afirka
Kyaututtukan Kwalejin Fina -Finan Afirka (AMAA): wani taron karramawa ne a Najeriya, wanda ke ba da lada mai kyau a harkar fim a Afirka. An ƙirƙira shi a cikin 2005 kuma an dauke shi a matsayin babbar lambar yabo a Nollywood da kuma a nahiyar Afirka. Har ila yau, ita ce mafi yawan yunwa bayan bayar da lambar yabo da bikin a duniyar fina -finan Afirka.
Mafi kyawun Nollywood Awards
Nollywood Movies Awards
Hanyoyin waje
Kamfanin Fina -finan Najeriya
Hukumar Fina -finai da Bidiyo ta Kasa
Nollywood : Masana'antar Fina -Finan Najeriya : Hollywood na Afirka
Sinima a Afrika |
21738 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20Ba | Ibrahim Ba | Ibrahim "Ibou" Ba (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta 1973) shi ne tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na ƙasar Faransa wanda ya taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na dama. Fara aikinsa tare da Le Havre a Faransa a farkon shekarun 1990s, ya ci gaba da wakiltar kungiyoyi a Italiya, Ingila, Turkiyya, da Sweden kafin ya yi ritaya a AC Milan a shekarar 2008. Cikakken dan kasa da kasa tsakanin shekara ta 1997 da shekarar 1998, ya ci wasanni takwas. kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Faransa kuma ta zira kwallaye
Farkon aiki An haife shi a Dakar, babban birnin Senegal, Ibrahim Ngom Ba bai cika sha takwas ba tukuna, a shekara ta 1991, ya fara wasa a kulob din Faransa na Le Havre AC, inda ya kwashe shekaru biyar. A shekara ta 1996, ya koma Bordeaux na Ligue 1, ya kai wasan karshe na Coupe de la Ligue
AC Milan A shekarar 1997, Ba ya canza sheka daga FC Girondins de Bordeaux zuwa Milan, kuma a shekarar 1998 zuwa 1999 ya lashe gasar Serie A. Daga baya kuma aka bashi a AC Perugia, inda ya samu rauni a gwiwa. Ya sake yin wani rance, tare da Olympique de Marseille, a shekara ta 2001. Dawowa cikin Milan, Ba ya ci duka Kofin Zakarun Turai na UEFA da Coppa Italia a lokacin nasarar da kungiyar ta samu sosai a kakar wasanni ta shekarar 2002 zuwa 2003, kodayake bai taba zama dan wasa ba, wasanni 5 kacal ya buga a dukkannin wasannin a kakar.
Bolton Wanderers A shekara ta 2003, ya bar Milan ya koma Bolton Wanderers a Ingila. Ya taimaka musu suka kai ga wasan karshe na Kwallon Kafa na shekarar, 2004, suna wasa a duka kafafu biyu na nasarar kusa da karshe akan Aston Villa. Koyaya, an bar shi daga cikin tawagar ranar wasan yayin da suka yi rashin nasara a hannun Middlesbrough. Ba ya buga wasansa na karshe a wasan Bolton da Chelsea a ranar 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2004.
Çaykur Rizespor Ya kasa yin rawar gani a Bolton, sannan ya koma Turkiyya bayan kaka daya, inda ya koma Çaykur Rizespor kan yarjejeniyar shekara daya a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 2004.
Djurgårdens IF A ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta, 2005, Djurgårdens IF na Sweden ya sanya hannu kan Ba kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. Djurgården ya lashe duka biyun Allsvenskan da Svenska Cupen a kakarsa ta farko tare da kulob din. A farkon shekara ta, 2006, an yanke shawarar cewa kwantiraginsa za ta kare kuma daga baya ya bar Djurgården a cikin Janairun shekarar, yana taka leda a wasanni 14 kuma ya ci kwallo daya.
Komawa AC AC A farkon shekara ta, 2007 Ba ya koma Italiya don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Serie C2 Varese don taimakawa lafiyar sa. A watan Yunin shekara ta 2007, bayan tafiya zuwa Athens tare da tawagar A.C. Milan don halartar wasan karshe na UEFA Champions League inda suka doke Liverpool Premier League ta Liverpool, Ba ya amince da kwantiragin shekara daya tare da rossoneri. A karshen kakar shekara ta, 2007 zuwa 2008, inda ya buga wasa sau daya kacal a Coppa Italia a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa, ya yi ritaya daga wasan a matsayin dan wasa kuma ya zama mai leken Milan a Afirka.
Ayyukan duniya Ba ya ci wa Faransa wasa sau takwas tsakanin shekara ta, 1997 zuwa 1998, kuma ya ci kwallaye biyu. Kwallayen nasa biyu sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da suka yi da Portugal da Afirka ta Kudu.
Rayuwar mutum Ibrahim Ba dan ɗa ne a shekara ta, 1970 dan ƙasar Senegal Ibrahima Ba (an haife shi a shekara ta, 1951), wanda ya kammala aikinsa a Faransa, inda ya taimaka wa Le Havre AC zuwa ci gaba a shekara ta, 1979 kuma ya kammala aikinsa a SC Abbeville. Karamin dan Ibrahima Ba, Fabien (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 1994) shi ma dan kwallon ne, yana wasa a Italiya tare da Giovanissimi Nazionali na tsohon dan uwansa Ibrahim tsohon kulob din AC Milan. A cikin shekarar, 2018, Paolo Maldini ya sanya sunan Ba daya daga cikin manyan abokansa daga duniyar kwallon kafa.
Daraja Kulab AC Milan Serie A: 1998–1999
Uefa Champions League: 2002 - 03
Coppa Italia: 2002-2003
Djurgårdens IF Allsvenskan: 2005 Kofin Sweden: 2005
Bayani "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2002. An dawo da 14 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013.
"Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013."Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro "". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021.
"Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu - svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021."Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 200 'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007. An dawo da 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan | Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021 "Ba ya koma Milan". UEFA. 1 Fabrairu 2002. An dawo da 14 Maris 2015. "Bolton 5-2 Aston Villa". BBC. 21 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Aston Villa 2-0 Bolton". BBC. 27 Janairu 2004. An dawo da 22 Janairu 2013. "Bolton 0-2 Chelsea". BBC. 13 ga watan Maris shekara ta 2004. An dawo da 22 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2013. "Çaykur Rizespor Babrahim Ba ile anlaştı". arsiv.ntv.com.tr. An dawo 22 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2021. "Ibrahim Ba ya shirya wa Djurgården". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "" Masu horarwar suna da ban tsoro "". Aftonbladet (a Yaren mutanen Sweden). An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Sv Cupen maza: Djurgården ya ci biyu - svenskfotboll.se". www2.svenskfotboll.se. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Ba ya bar Djurgården". DIF.se. "Ibrahim Ba a Varese" (a cikin Italiyanci). AS Varese 1910. An adana daga asali ranar 21 ga Yuni 2007. "'Dinho ya farfado da haɗin Milan?". Kwallon kafa Italia. 13 Yuni 2007. An adana daga asali ranar 9 ga Yulin 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "OFFICIAL: Ibou Ba torna al Milan" (a yaren Italiyanci). Kwallon kafa Italia. 15 Yuni 2007. An dawo da 30 Yuli 2007. "Ba ya yi ritaya, ya hau kan mukamin Scout a Milan | Goal.com". www.goal.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairun shekarar 2021. "Ibrahim Ba» Internationals "Abokai". duniya.net. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Faransa da Afirka ta Kudu, 11 ga Oktoba 1997". 11v11.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. "Portugal da Faransa - 22 Janairu 1997 - Soccerway". us.soccerway.com. An dawo 22 Fabrairu 2021. A.C. Milan - Giovanissimi Nazionali ya Adana 9 Afrilu 2009 a Wayback Machine https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/Milan/24-06-2018/50-volte-maldini-sono-uomo-felice-la-pelle-rossonera-28071449050.shtml?refresh_ce-cp Tambaya # 42 http://www.difarkivet.se/dif_sm_guld_seniorer.pdf
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ibrahim Ba a Soccerbase Gyara wannan a Wikidata Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (a Faransanci) Ibrahim Ba a Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Faransa (an adana shi (cikin Faransanci) |
40493 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gur%C9%93acewa | Gurɓacewa | Gurbacewa ita ce shigar da gurbataccen abu a cikin yanayin yanayi wanda ke haifar da mummunan canji. Gurbacewa na iya daukar nau'in kowane abu (solid, ruwa, ko gas) ko makamashi (kamar rediyo, zafi, sauti, ko haske). Masu gurbatawa, abubuwan da ke tattare da gurbatawa, na iya zama ko dai abubuwa/makamashi na waje ko gurbataccen yanayi. Ko da yake ana iya haifar da gurbacewar muhalli ta abubuwan da suka faru na yanayi, kalmar gurbatawa gabadaya tana nuna cewa gurbataccen abu yana da tushen dan adam-wato tushen da ayyukan dan Adam suka kirkira. Ana lasafta gurbataccen abu a matsayin tushen wuri ko gurbataccen tushe. A shekara ta 2015, gurbataccen yanayi ya kashe mutane miliyan 9 a duniya.
Nau'ikan gurbataccen yanayi sun hada da gurbataccen iska, gurbataccen haske, datti, gurbataccen hayaniya, gurbataccen filastik, gurbataccen kasa, gurbataccen radiyo, gurbataccen yanayi, gurbacewar gani, da gurbacewar ruwa.
Siffofin gurbatar yanayi
An jera manyan nau'ikan gurbatawa a kasa tare da takamaiman gurbatattun abubuwan da suka dace da kowannensu:
Gurbacewar iska: sakin sinadarai da barbashi cikin yanayi. Abubuwan gurbataccen iskar gas na yau da kullun sun hada da carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) da nitrogen oxides wadanda masana'antu da motocin ke samarwa. Photochemical ozone da smog an halicce su yayin da nitrogen oxides da hydrocarbons ke amsawa ga hasken rana. Kakkarfan kwayoyin halitta, ko kura mai laushi yana da alamar girman su na micrometer PM 10 zuwa PM 2.5.
Electromagnetic pollution : da yawa daga electromagnetic radiation a cikin wadanda ba ionizing siffar, kamar rediyo waves, da dai sauransu, cewa mutane kullum fallasa su, musamman a manyan birane. Har yanzu ba a san ko wadancan nau'ikan radiation suna da wani tasiri ga lafiyar dan adam ba ko a'a.
Lalacewar haske: ya hada da keta haske, yawan haske da tsangwama a sararin samaniya.
Littering: mai laifi jefa abubuwan da ba su dace da mutum ba, ba a cire su ba, kan kadarorin jama'a da na sirri.
Gurbacewar amo: wanda ya kunshi hayaniyar hanya, hayaniyar jirgin sama, hayaniyar masana'antu gami da karar sonar.
Gurbacewar filastik: ya hada da tarin samfuran filastik da microplastics a cikin mahallin da ke cutar da namun daji, mazaunin namun daji, ko mutane.
Gurbataccen kasa yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka fitar da sinadarai ta hanyar zubewa ko zubar da ƙasa. Daga cikin mafi mahimmancin gurbataccen kasa akwai hydrocarbons, ƙarfe masu nauyi, MTBE, herbicides, magungunan kashe qwari da chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Gurbataccen rediyo, wanda ya samo asali daga ayyukan karni na 20 a cikin ilimin kimiyyar atomatik, kamar samar da makamashin nukiliya da binciken makaman nukiliya, kira da turawa. (Dubi alpha emitters da actinides a cikin muhalli.)
Gurbacewar yanayi, shine canjin zafin jiki a jikin ruwa na halitta wanda tasirin ɗan adam ke haifarwa, kamar amfani da ruwa azaman sanyaya a cikin tashar wutar lantarki.
Gurbacewar gani, wanda zai iya nuni ga kasancewar layukan wutar lantarki na sama, allunan talla na babbar hanya, tarkacen filayen kasa (kamar daga ma'adinan tsiri ), budadden ajiyar shara, kakkarfan sharar gida ko tarkacen sararin samaniya.
Gurbacewar ruwa, ta hanyar fitar da ruwan sha na masana'antu daga sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu (da gangan ko ta zube) cikin ruwan saman; fitar da najasa da ba a kula da su ba, da gurbatattun sinadarai, irin su chlorine, daga najasar da aka yi da ita; sakin sharar gida da gurɓataccen abu a cikin ruwan sama da ke kwarara zuwa saman ruwa (ciki har da ɓarkewar birane da na noma, wadanda za su iya gunshi takin sinadari da magungunan kashe qwari; gami da najasar dan adam daga bayan gida a bude - har yanzu babbar matsala ce a yawancin kasashe masu tasowa); gurbatar ruwan karkashin kasa daga zubar da sharar gida da zubewa cikin kasa, ciki har da daga latrine na rami da tankunan ruwa; eutrophication da sharar gida.
Masu gurbatawa
Gurbataccen abu ne da ke lalata iska, ruwa, ko kasa. Abubuwa uku ne ke tabbatar da tsananin gurbataccen abu: yanayin sinadaransa, yawan tattarawa, wurin da abin ya shafa da kuma dagewa.
Sources da Sanadin
Gurbacewar iska ta fito daga tushe na halitta da na dan adam (anthropogenic). Koyaya, gurbataccen gurbataccen yanayi a duniya daga konewa, gine-gine, hakar ma'adinai, noma da yaki suna kara yin tasiri a cikin ma'aunin gurbataccen iska.
Fitar da ababen hawa na daya daga cikin abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska. China, Amurka, Rasha, Indiya Mexico, da Japan sune jagororin duniya wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata iska. Babban tushen gurɓataccen gurbataccen abu sun hada da tsire-tsire masu guba, masana'antar wutar lantarki ta kwal, matatun mai, tsire-tsire na petrochemical, aikin zubar da sharar nukiliya, incinerators, manyan gonakin dabbobi (sanan kiwo, aladu, kiwon kaji, da sauransu.), masana'antun PVC, masana'antar samar da karafa, masana'antar filastik, da sauran masana'antu masu nauyi. Gurbacewar iska ta noma ta fito ne daga al'adun zamani wadanda suka hada da saran sarewa da kona ciyayi da kuma fesa magungunan kashe qwari da maganin ciyawa
Kimanin metric ton miliyan 400 na sharar gida masu hadari ana samarwa kowace shekara. Amurka kadai tana samar da kusan tan miliyan 250. Amirkawa sun kunshikasa da kashi 5% na yawan mutanen duniya, amma suna samar da kusan kashi 25% na CO na duniya, kuma suna samar da kusan kashi 30% na sharar duniya. A cikin 2007, China ta mamaye Amurka a matsayin babbar mai samar da CO, yayin da har yanzu ta yi nisa a baya bisa la'akari da gurbatar muhalli (wanda ke matsayi na 78 a cikin al'ummomin duniya).
Wasu daga cikin mafi yawan gurbataccen kasa sune chlorinated hydrocarbons (CFH), karfe masu nauyi (kamar chromium, cadmium-samuwa a cikin batura masu caji, da gubar-ana samun su a cikin fenti na gubar, man jirgin sama da har yanzu a wasu kasashe, man fetur), MTBE, zinc, arsenic da benzene. A shekara ta 2001 jerin rahotannin manema labaru da suka kare a cikin wani littafi mai suna Fateful Harvest sun bayyana wata al'ada da ta yadu ta hanyar sake sarrafa kayayyakin masana'antu zuwa taki, wanda ya haifar da gurbata kasa da karafa daban-daban. Wuraren shara na yau da kullun na birni sune tushen yawancin abubuwan sinadarai da ke shiga cikin kasa (kuma galibi ruwan kasa), wadanda ke fitowa daga nau'ikan kima iri-iri, musamman abubuwan da aka jefar da su ba bisa ka'ida ba a can, ko kuma daga wuraren da ake zubar da kasa kafin 1970 wadanda watakila ba su da iko sosai a ciki. Amurka ko EU. Hakanan an sami wasu abubuwan da ba a saba gani ba na dibenzodioxins na polychlorinated, wadanda aka fi sani da dioxins don sauki, kamar TCDD.
Gurbacewar yanayi kuma na iya zama sakamakon bala'i. Misali, guguwa sau da yawa kan hada da gurbacewar ruwa daga najasa, da zubewar sinadarin petrochemical daga fashewar jiragen ruwa ko motoci. Babban ma'auni da lalacewar muhalli ba bakon abu ba ne lokacin da ake hada ma'aikatan man fetur ko matatun mai a bakin teku. Wasu hanyoyin gurbatawa, kamar tashoshin makamashin nukiliya ko tankunan mai, na iya haifar da yaɗuwa da yuwuwar sakin hadari lokacin da hatsari suka faru.
A cikin yanayin gurbatar amo babban tushen ajin shine abin hawa, wanda ke samar da kusan kashi casa'in na duk hayaniya maras so a duniya.
Fitar da iskar gas
Carbon dioxide, yayin da yake da muhimmanci ga photosynthesis, wani lokaci ana kiransa gurbatacce, saboda yawan iskar gas a cikin yanayi yana shafar yanayin duniya. Rushewar muhalli kuma na iya nuna alaqar da ke tsakanin wuraren gurbacewar muhalli waɗanda galibi za a kebe su daban, kamar na ruwa da iska. Nazarin kwanan nan sun bincika yuwuwar hadakar matakan hadakar carbon dioxide na yanayi na dogon lokaci don haifar da dandano kadan amma hadaka mai mahimmanci a cikin acidity na ruwan teku, da yuwuwar tasirin wannan akan yanayin yanayin ruwa.
A cikin watan Fabrairun 2007, wani rahoto da Hukumar Kula da Canjin Yanayi (IPCC) ta yi, wanda ke wakiltar aikin masana kimiyya, masana tattalin arziki, da masu tsara manufofi 2,500 daga kasashe fiye da 120, ya tabbatar da cewa mutane ne suka zama sanadin dumamar yanayi tun shekara ta 1950. Wani babban rahoton yanayi ya kammala, mutane suna da hanyoyin da za su rage hayaki mai gurbata yanayi da kuma guje wa illar dumamar yanayi. Amma don sauya yanayin, sauyin yanayi daga albarkatun mai kamar kwal da mai na bukatar faruwa cikin shekaru da dama, bisa ga rahoton karshe na wannan shekara daga kwamitin sulhu na MDD kan sauyin yanayi (IPCC).
Lafiyar dan Adam
Rashin ingancin iska na iya kashe kwayoyin halitta da yawa, gami da mutane. Gurbacewar Ozone na iya haifar da cututtukan numfashi, cututtukan zuciya, kumburin makogwaro, ciwon kirji, da cunkoso . Gurbacewar ruwa na janyo mutuwar mutane kusan 14,000 a kowace rana, akasari saboda gurbatar ruwan sha ta hanyar najasa da ba a kula da su ba a kasashe masu tasowa. Kimanin Indiyawa miliyan 500 ba su da damar shiga bandaki mai kyau, Sama da mutane miliyan goma a Indiya sun kamu da rashin lafiya ta ruwa a cikin 2013, kuma mutane 1,535 suka mutu, yawancinsu yara. Kusan Sinawa miliyan 500 ba su da tsaftataccen ruwan sha. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2010 ya nuna cewa mutane miliyan 1.2 ne ke mutuwa da wuri kowace shekara a kasar Sin saboda gurbacewar iska. Yawan hayakin da kasar Sin ta dade tana fuskanta na iya yin illa ga jikin fararen hula tare da haifar da cututtuka daban-daban. Hukumar ta WHO ta yi kiyasin a shekara ta 2007 cewa gurbacewar iska na janyo mutuwar rabin miliyan a kowace shekara a Indiya. Bincike ya yi kiyasin cewa adadin mutanen da ake kashewa kowace shekara a Amurka zai iya wuce 50,000.
Zubewar mai na iya haifar da haushin fata da rashes. Gurbacewar amo yana haifar da asarar ji, hawan jini, damuwa, da tashin hankali barci. An danganta Mercury da raunin ci gaba a cikin yara da alamun cututtukan neurologic. Tsofaffi sun fi kamuwa da cututtuka da gurbacewar iska ke haifarwa. Wadanda ke da cututtukan zuciya ko huhu suna cikin karin hadari. Yara da jarirai kuma suna cikin hadari mai tsanani. An nuna gubar da sauran karafa masu nauyi na haifar da matsalolin jijiyoyin jiki. Abubuwan sinadarai da rediyoaktif na iya haifar da ciwon daji da kuma lahani na haihuwa.
Wani bincike da hukumar Lancet ta gudanar a watan Oktobar 2017 da hukumar kula da gurbatar yanayi da lafiya ta gudanar ya gano cewa gurbacewar yanayi a duniya, musamman iska mai guba, ruwa, kasa da wuraren aiki, na kashe mutane miliyan tara a duk shekara, wanda ya ninka adadin mace-macen da cutar AIDS, tarin fuka da zazzabin cizon sauro ke haddasawa a hade, da kuma Sau 15 ya fi yawan mace-macen da yaƙe-yaƙe ke haifarwa da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankalin dan adam. Binciken ya kammala da cewa "gurbata yanayi na daya daga cikin manyan kalubalen da ake fuskanta a zamanin Anthropocene. Gurbacewar yanayi na barazana ga zaman lafiyar tsarin tallafi na duniya kuma yana barazana ga ci gaba da rayuwar al'ummomin bil'adama."
An gano gurbataccen abu a cikin muhalli. Akwai illoli da dama na wannan:
Biomagnification yana kwatanta yanayi inda gubobi (kamar karfe mai nauyi ) na iya wucewa ta matakan trophic, ya zama mai da hankali sosai a cikin tsari.
Fitar da iskar carbon dioxide yana haifar da acidification na teku, raguwar ci gaba a cikin pH na tekunan Duniya yayin da CO ke narkewa.
Fitar da iskar iskar gas na haifar da dumamar yanayi wanda ke shafar yanayin halittu ta hanyoyi da dama.
Nau'in cin zarafi na iya ketare nau'ikan 'yan kasa da rage bambancin halittu. Tsire-tsire masu cin zarafi na iya ba da gudummawar tarkace da kwayoyin halittu ( allelopathy ) wadanda za su iya canza ƙasa da abubuwan hadin sinadarai na yanayi, galibi suna rage gasa ga nau'in 'yan asalin.
Ana cire sinadarin Nitrogen oxides daga iska ta ruwan sama da kuma takin ƙasa wanda zai iya canza nau'in halittun halittu.
Smog da hazo na iya rage yawan hasken rana da tsire-tsire ke karɓa don aiwatar da photosynthesis kuma yana haifar da samar da ozone mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke lalata tsire-tsire.
Kasa na iya zama marar haihuwa kuma ba ta dace da tsire-tsire ba. Wannan zai shafi sauran kwayoyin halitta a cikin gidan yanar gizon abinci.
Sulfur dioxide da nitrogen oxides na iya haifar da ruwan sama na acid wanda ke rage darajar pH na ƙasa.
Gurbacewar yanayi na magudanan ruwa na iya rage matakan iskar oxygen da rage bambancin nau'in.
Wani bincike na 2022 da aka buga a Kimiyyar Muhalli & Fasaha ya gano cewa matakan gurɓatar sinadarai na ɗan adam sun wuce iyakokin duniya kuma yanzu suna yin barazana ga duk yanayin halittu a duniya.
Bayanan lafiyar muhalli
Shirin Toxicology and Environmental Health Information Programme (TEHIP) a Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) tana kula da cikakkiyar ilimin guba da gidan yanar gizon lafiyar muhalli wanda ya haɗa da samun damar samun albarkatun da TEHIP ke samarwa da kuma wasu hukumomi da kungiyoyi na gwamnati. Wannan rukunin yanar gizon ya kunshi hanyoyin hadin yanar gizo zuwa bayanan bayanai, litattafai, koyawa, da sauran albarkatun kimiyya da mabukaci. TEHIP kuma ita ce ke da alhakin Cibiyar Bayanan Toxicology (TOXNET) tsarin hadin gwiwar toxicology da bayanan lafiyar muhalli wadanda ke samuwa kyauta akan gidan yanar gizon.
TOXMAP shine Tsarin Bayanan Kasa (GIS) wanda ke cikin TOXNET. TOXMAP yana amfani da taswirori na Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanai na gani daga Hukumar Kariyar Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) Abubuwan Sakin Guba da Shirye-shiryen Bincike na Musamman na Superfund.
Wani bincike na 2021 ya gano cewa fallasa gurɓata yanayi yana haifar da haɓakar laifukan tashin hankali.
Sakamakon makaranta
Wata takarda ta 2019 ta danganta gurbacewar yanayi da sakamako mara kyau ga yara.
Yawan aiki na ma'aikata
Yawancin bincike sun nuna cewa gurbatar yanayi yana da mummunar tasiri akan yawan aiki na ma'aikata na cikin gida da waje.
Ka'ida da saka idanu
Domin kare muhalli daga illar gurbacewar yanayi, kasashe da dama a duniya sun kafa doka don daidaita nau'o'in gurbatar yanayi tare da rage illar gurbatar yanayi.
Kula da gurbataccen yanayi
Kula da gurbata yanayi kalma ce da ake amfani da ita wajen sarrafa muhalli. Yana nufin sarrafa fitar da hayaki da magudanar ruwa a cikin iska, ruwa ko kasa. Idan ba tare da kula da gurbata yanayi ba, abubuwan sharar gida daga cunkoson jama'a, dumama, noma, ma'adinai, masana'antu, sufuri da sauran ayyukan dan adam, ko sun taru ko kuma sun watse, za su lalata muhalli. A cikin tsarin sarrafawa, rigakafin gurbatawa da rage sharar gida sun fi sha'awa fiye da sarrafa gurɓatawa. A fannin raya kasa, samar da karamin tasiri, irin wannan dabara ce ta rigakafin kwararar ruwa a birane.
Sake yin amfani da su
Sake amfani da shi
Rage sharar gida
Rigakafin gurbatawa
Na'urorin sarrafa gurbatar yanayi
Kula da gurbataccen iska
Thermal oxidizer
Tsarin tarin kura
Electrostatic precipitators
Masu gogewa
Baffle goge goge
Cyclonic sprayer
Ejector venturi scrubber
Taimakon injin goge goge
Hasumiyar fesa
Mai goge goge
Maganin najasa
Sedimentation (maganin farko)
Ayyukan sludge biotreaters (jiyya na biyu; kuma ana amfani da shi don ruwan sharar masana'antu)
Ruwan iska
Gina dausayi (kuma ana amfani dashi don zubar da ruwa a birane)
Maganin sharar gida na masana'antu
API mai raba ruwa-ruwa
Narkar da iska (DAF)
Maganin carbon da aka kunna foda
Tsarin dawo da tururi
Kudin gurbatar yanayi
Gurbacewa yana da tsada. Ayyukan masana'antu da ke haifar da gurɓataccen iska yana ɗaukar nauyin lafiya da tsaftacewa ga dukkanin al'umma. Ayyukan masana'antu wanda ke haifar da gurbataccen iska shine misali na mummunan waje a cikin samarwa. Wani mummunan waje a cikin samarwa yana faruwa "lokacin da samar da kamfani ya rage jin dadin wasu waɗanda kamfanin bai biya su ba." Misali, idan kamfanin wanki yana kusa da kamfanin kera karafa masu gurbata muhalli, za a kara farashin kamfanin wanki saboda datti da hayakin da kamfanin kera karafa ke samarwa. Idan farashin waje ya wanzu, kamar waɗanda kazanta suka kirkira, masana'anta za su zabi samar da karin samfuran fiye da yadda za a kera idan ana buƙatar masana'anta su biya duk farashin muhalli da ke da alaqa. Domin alhaki ko sakamakon aikin kai-kai ya ta'allaka wani bangare a wajen kai, wani bangare na waje yana shiga. Idan akwai fa'idodin waje, kamar a cikin amincin jama'a, ƙasan mai kyau na iya samarwa fiye da yadda lamarin zai kasance idan mai samarwa ya karɓi biyan kuɗi don fa'idodin waje ga wasu. Koyaya, kayayyaki da sabis waɗanda ke haɗa abubuwan waje mara kyau a cikin samarwa, kamar waɗanda ke samar da gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu, galibi ana yin su da yawa kuma ba su da tsada tunda ba a saka farashin waje a kasuwa.
Gurbacewar yanayi na iya haifar da farashi ga kamfanonin da ke samar da gurbatar yanayi. Wani lokaci kamfanoni suna zaɓar, ko kuma an tilasta musu su ta hanyar ƙa'ida, don rage yawan gurɓacewar da suke samarwa. Haɗin kuɗin yin wannan ana kiran kuɗaɗen ragewa, ko ƙimar ragewa ta gefe idan an auna ta kowane ƙarin raka'a. A shekara ta 2005 yawan kashe-kashen kashe-kashe na gurɓacewar muhalli da kuma farashin aiki a Amurka ya kai kusan dala biliyan 27.
Al'umma da al'adu
Yawancin masana'antu masu gurbata muhalli
The Pure Earth, wata kungiya ce ta kasa da kasa mai zaman kanta da ta sadaukar da kai don kawar da gurbacewar rayuwa a kasashe masu tasowa, ta fitar da jerin sunayen wasu masana'antu mafi gurbata muhalli a duniya. A ƙasa akwai jerin abubuwan 2016:
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
47321 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayyid | Sayyid | Sayyid ( UK : / s aɪ ɪd , seɪjɪd / , Amurka : / US ɪd / ; [sæjjɪd] ; Persian: [sejjed] ; ma'ana 'Yallaɓai', 'Ubangiji', 'Maigida'; Jam'in Larabci: ; na mata: ; Persian: [sejjede] ) sunan musulmi ne da aka sani a matsayin zuriyar annabin musulunci Muhammad ta hanyar jikokinsa, Hasan ibn Ali da Husain bn Ali, ‘ya’yan ‘yar Muhammadu Fatima da ƙaninsa kuma surukinsa Ali (Ali ibn Abi Talib).
Asalin laƙabin
Asalin laƙabin Sayyid ba'a ganuwa shi ba. A haƙiƙanin gaskiya laƙabin Sayyid a matsayin haɗin kai ga zuriyar Muhammad bai wanzu ba bisa ga Monimoto har sai da Mongol ya ci nasara. Ana iya tabbatar da wannan ta hanyar bayanan tarihi game da Abdul Qadir Gilani da Bahauddin Naqshband, waɗanda ba su yi nuni ga kansu da wani laƙabi ba, duk da dangantakar su ga Muhammadu. Wannan na kawo dalilai na tunanin cewa an samu wannan laƙabi daga baya. Monimoto yana nufin Mominov, wanda ya bayyana cewa fitowar shugaban al'umma a zamanin Mongol ( Ilkhanate ) ya haifar da martabar laƙabin Sayyid. Wannan shugaba mai yiwuwa shi ne malamin Shafi'ah na Sunna Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani, wanda ya rayu a wannan lokaci, wanda aka san shi a matsayin waliyyi da aka ba shi laƙabi mai daraja "Amir-e-Kabir" ( Turanci : Grand Prince ) da "Ali-e-Saani". " ( Turanci : Na biyu Ali ). Gadon addini na Hamadani a Kashmir da kuma hedkwatarsa ( Farisa : Khanqah ) Khanqa-e-Mola sun kasance ƙarƙashin ikon sayyid Hazrat Ishaan. Ana binne zuriyar Hazrat Ishaan a hedkwatar Hamadani, wanda a lokacin ake kiranta da Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab a yau.
Shi'a Islam
A ɓangaren mabiya ɗariƙar Shi'a Islama da zuwan Safawiyawa wani namiji wanda mahaifinsa ba Sayyeed ba ne, kuma mahaifiyar sa ba Sayyada ba, na da'awar sunan Mirza. 'Yan Shi'a kawai suna bukatar zuriyar Ali bin Abi Talib a cewar Khamenei, dangane da laƙabin Sayyid kawai a matsayin na tushen kabila tun daga haihuwa. Babban Sayyid shi ne Imami ko kuma wakilin Khumaini bisa akidar Wilayat-e-Faqih- a rukunan Shi'a, wanda zai zama Khamenei a yau.
Sunnah Islam
Duk da haka a ɓangaren Sunni kamar yadda ake yi a Daular Ottoman da Mughal, mutumin da ya fito daga Muhammad (ko dai daga ɓangaren uwa ne ko uba) zai iya da'awar sunan Sayyid kawai ta hanyar tantancewa, sa'an nan kuma za a ba shi wani matsayi na musamman, kamar biyan haraji kaɗan. Wadannan galibi suna dogara ne akan ingantaccen ilimin Alqur'ani da takawa ( Larabci : Taqwa ) a ƙarƙashin Naqib al-Ashraf, wanda kuma ake kira Mir a kasashen da ke jin harshen Farisa. Sanannun misalai irin na Naqib (jam'i: "Nuqaba") ko Mirs (jam'i: "Miran"), su ne Hazrat Ishaan a cikin daular Mughal da zuriyarsa Sayyid Mir Fazlullah Agha a Masarautar Afghanistan.
Asalin kalmar
Wasu masana harshen larabci sun bayyana cewa kalmar ta samo asali ne daga kalmar al-asad , ma'ana "zaki", mai yiwuwa saboda halayen jajircewa da jagoranci. An samo kalmar daga kalmar aikatau sāda, ma'ana mulki. Sunan mai suna sayyid/sayyid ya wanzu kafin Musulunci, duk da haka ba ta fuskar wata zuriya ta musamman ba, amma a matsayin alamar girmamawa.
Hans Wehr a Kamus ɗin larabci na Zamani ya fassara kalmar, sayyid a matsayin; jagora, shugaba, sarki, ko ubangiji. Hakanan yana nuni ga wanda ake girmamawa, haka-zalika wanda aka girmaman na da wani matsayi mai girma.
A ƙasashen Larabawa, kalmar sayyid dai-dai take da kalmar Ingilishi " liege lord " ko "master" idan ana maganar zuriyar Muhammad, misali a Sayyid Ali Sultan.
Ko da yake ba a samu ingantacciyar ƙididdiga, alƙaluma masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun nuna adadin Sayyidi a cikin dubun dubatar mutanen da duniya ke da su, da ake da su.
A al'adance, Musulunci na da tarihi mai yawa na girmama kayan tarihi, musamman na abin da aka jingina ga Annabi Muhammadu (). An yi imanin cewa mafi yawan kayan tarihi na annabci sune waɗanda aka ajiye a Hirkai Serif Odasi (Chamber of the Holy Mantle) a Fadar Topkapı ta Istanbul.
Alamar zuriya
Alamun zuriyar Annabi Muhammadu ta hanyar Imamai goma sha biyu ta sunayen harsunan; larabci da Farisa da Urdu sun haɗa da:
Bayanan kula |
29783 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dokar%20Sarrafa%20Shara | Dokar Sarrafa Shara | Dokokin sarrafa sharakula da sufuri, injinan adanawa da zubar da duk wani nau'i na sharar gida, gami da sharar gida, datti mai haɗari, da sharar nukiliya, da dai sauransu. An tsara dokokin sharar gabaɗaya don ragewa ko kawar da tarwatsa abubuwan sharar cikin muhalli mara tsari ta hanyar da ka iya haifar da lahani ga muhalli ko halittu, kuma sun haɗa da dokokin da aka tsara don rage haɓakar sharar da haɓaka ko ba da umarnin sake amfani da sharar. Ƙoƙarin tsari sun haɗa da ganowa da rarraba nau'ikan sharar gida da kuma tilasta jigilar kayayyaki, injinan, da kuma ayyukan zubar da su.
Ƙaddamar da sharar gida
Ƙadidojin sharar gida shine tsarin da aka keɓance wani takamaiman abu a matsayin "sharar gida" da ke ƙarƙashin ƙa'ida. Tambayar na iya zama mai sarƙaƙƙiya, misali ƙayyadaddun ko wani abu "sharar lafiya ne" a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun Amurka da farfadowa .
Ƙayyade ko wani abu ya ƙunshi nau'in sharar gida na iya sarrafa hanyar da dole ne a sarrafa kayan daga wannan gaba. Misali, a cikin Amurka, Ko Baro, ana iya aika dattin datti na birni marasa haɗari zuwa wurin sharar gida, yayin da ake ganin man da ake amfani da shi na mota yana da haɗari kuma ba za a iya zubar da shi a wuraren shara ba, amma yana ƙarƙashin kulawa mai ƙarfi, ajiya, magani, da buƙatun zubarwa.
Wasu shararrakin gida da yawa na iya samun nasu ma'anar guda ɗaya da buƙatun kulawa na musamman. A kowane hali za a iya gano "rafin sharar gida" - yana haifar da sharar gida lokacin da aka watsar da wani abu mai amfani a baya ko kuma a bar shi, sannan yana iya gudana ta hanyoyi daban-daban da aka ayyana, sake amfani da su, da wuraren ajiya kafin a isa wurin da aka keɓe na ƙarshe.
Matsayin zubarwa
Ma'aunin zubar da ruwa yana sarrafa halaccin, hanya, da wurin zubar da wani sharar a gida Ko hanyoyi. Ana iya tsara irin waɗannan ƙa'idodin don kare lafiyar ɗan adam da jin daɗi, da ƙimar muhalli. Akwai hanyoyi da dama don sarrafa zubar da ciki.
Ana iya taƙaita zubar da shara gaba ɗaya ta hanyar hana zubarwa. Madi yawa na kowa kuma yadu irin wannan ma'auni shine haramcin zubar da shara. Inda wani yanki ya ba da izini ga takamaiman wuri ko tsarin tattara shara, ajiyewa ko watsi da shara a wani wuri na iya fuskantar hukuncin farar hula ko na laifi. Wasu ƙarin takamaiman haramcin zubar da su - daga ba da umarnin cewa ba za a zubar da fenti a cikin magudanar ruwa ba, zuwa ƙayyadaddun wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don sharar rediyo - duk sun yi aiki don gudanar da wurin hutawa na ƙarshe na sharar gida daban-daban. Har ila yau ana iya buƙatar wasu sharar gida don a raba su don sake amfani da su, maimakon zubarwa. Duk waɗannan hane-hane, a wata ma'ana, sharadi ne, ta yadda ba su hana zubar da kayan kai tsaye ba, sai dai sun taƙaita wurin zubarwa da ake dasu.
Hakanan ana iya taƙaita zubar da shara ta hanyar buƙatar a bi da sharar ta musamman kafin a zubar da ita a wani wuri. Ɗayan irin wannan shirin shine Ƙuntatawa na zubar da ƙasa na Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa Subtitle C shirin sarrafa shara mai haɗari. Waɗannan ƙa'idodin sun hana zubar da ƙasa (jeri a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa, da farko) na sharar gida mai haɗari ba tare da shirye-shiryen da aka amince da su ba. "Haramcin zubarwa" yana ba da umarni cewa ba za a iya zubar da sharar ƙasa ba har sai an kula da ita don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun halaye (ƙarɓarar ƙonewa, lalata, sake kunnawa, da guba), ko kuma an yi maganin ta ta ƙayyadadden hanyoyin jiyya da aka yarda. "Haramcin dilution" ya haramta ƙara yawan ruwa, ƙasa, ko sharar da ba ta da haɗari don guje wa takamaiman magani. "Haramcin ajiya" yana ba da damar adana sharar gida kawai don dalilai na tarawa don magani, maimakon kawai adanawa har abada don guje wa magani.
Hakanan ana iya ɗaukar ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodi game da gini da aiki da wuraren zubar da shara. Ƙirar ƙasa, alal misali, ana iya buƙata don saduwa da ƙayyadaddun wuri don guje wa laifuffukan ƙasa ko dausayi; don shigar da tsarin layi da tsarin tarawa don rage gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa daga leacha; don ɗaukar manufofin aiki waɗanda ke rage ƙura da sauran ɓarna; don shigar da cirewar methane ko tsarin tarawa don kawar da iskar gas ; da za a rufe da kuma in ba haka ba rufe a kan ƙa'idar; da kuma yin aiki da tsarin kula da muhalli don tabbatar da yarda.
A duk duniya
Dokokin kasa da kasa
Dokokin kasa da kasa sun hada da yarjejeniyoyin da suka shafi sufuri na kasa da kasa da zubar da shara masu hadari da Illa:
China RoHS
Tarayyar Turai
Umarnin baturi
Umarnin zubar da ƙasa
Umarnin Tsarin Sharar gida (kamar yadda aka sake dubawa, 20 Oktoba 2008)
Umarnin ƙona sharar gida
Umarnin WEEE
Dokokin shara masu haɗari , sake dubawa 2009
Ƙasar Ingila
Dokokin sharar gida na Burtaniya an samo su ne daga mulkin EU kuma ana jujjuya su zuwa cikin dokokin Burtaniya ta hanyar Kayayyakin Ka'idoji .
Dokokin Samfuran Dabbobi (ABPR)
Mafi kyawun zaɓin muhalli (BPEO)
Takaddar Ƙwarewar Fasaha (COTC)
Dokar Kula da Gurbacewa
Dokar muhalli 1995
Ƙimar Tasirin Muhalli
Dokar Kare Muhalli 1990
Tsarin Kasuwancin Allowance Landfill (LATS)
Landfill a Burtaniya
Harajin ajiyar ƙasa
Dokokin haraji na ƙasa
Manufofin sake amfani da doka
Sharar gida (Ingila da Wales) Dokokin 2011, kamar yadda aka gyara a cikin 2012, canza Tsarin Tsarin Sharar gida zuwa dokar Burtaniya
Dokokin Ba da Sharar Gudanar da Sharar gida
Wuraren kula da sharar Burtaniya sun yi rajista don ɗaya ko fiye na daidaitattun izini kimanin guda 28, na iya zaɓar keɓancewa daga lasisi ko kammala izinin ba da izini. Mutane ko ƙungiyoyin da ke son jigilar sharar gida (banda nasu) dole ne su sayi lasisin jigilar kaya. Ana buƙatar masu samar da shara masu haɗari (inda suke samar da fiye da kilogiram 500 a kowace shekara) don yin rajista a matsayin masu yin sharar haɗari.
An gyara ƙa'idodin Shekarun 2011 a cikin 2012 bayan da'awar doka ta Kamfen don sake amfani da Real recycling, waɗanda suka bayar da hujjar cewa ba su daidaita umarnin daidai ba cikin dokar Ingila da Wales. A ranar 6 ga Maris 2013, Mista Justice Hickinbottom ya yanke hukuncin cewa 2012 da aka yi wa kwaskwarima a yanzu sun cika buƙatun Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta sake fasalin Tsarin Tsarin Sharar gida.
Yarjejeniyar ciniki da hadin gwiwa ta EU da Burtaniya ta shekarar 2020 ta hada da "alƙawuran juna" na kowane bangare "ba za a rage matakin kare muhalli ko yanayin ba ko kuma kasa aiwatar da dokokinta ta hanyar da ke da tasiri kan kasuwanci", wanda zai hada da dokoki. dangane da sarrafa shara.
Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa (RCRA) - Ɗaya daga cikin manyan dokoki game da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, sharar gida mai haɗari, da al'amurran zubar da ciki.
Cikakken Martanin Muhalli, Ramuwa, da Dokar Lamuni (CERCLA) "Superfund"
Dokar Bibiyar Sharar Kiwon Lafiya
Dokar Kare Muhalli ta Kasa (NEPA) - An kafa Hukumar Kare Muhalli, ta tsara abubuwan da ake bukata don Rahoton Tasirin Muhalli don nau'ikan ci gaba daban-daban.
Hukumomin Amurka sun haɗa da:
Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) - tana tsara tsarawa da zubar da datti mai haɗari.
Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Amurka (DOT) - tana tsara jigilar datti mai haɗari
Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya (NRC) - tana daidaita sharar nukiliya
Baya ga dokokin aiwatarwa ko ciyar da wasu sassa na dokokin Amurka, wasu jihohin Amurka sun samar da fitattun dokoki kan wasu abubuwan sharar gida da muhalli da hanyoyi.
Shawarar California 65 "Dokar tabbatar da ruwan sha mai aminci da mai guba na 1986" - yunƙurin California na 1986 wanda ya hana fitar da abubuwa masu guba cikin tushen ruwan sha.
Dokar sake amfani da Sharar Lantarki - Dokar California ta 2003 game da zubar da sharar lantarki na mabukaci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
35432 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/TT%20%28wa%C6%99a%29 | TT (waƙa) | Articles with hAudio microformats
"TT" waƙa ce ta ƙungiyar 'yan matan Koriya ta Kudu sau biyu. JYP Entertainment ne ya fitar da waƙar a ranar 24 ga Oktoban shekarar 2016, a matsayin jagora ɗaya daga wasansu na uku na Twicecoaster: Lane 1. Sam Lewis da Black Eyed Pilseung ne suka rubuta kuma suka haɗa ta. Taken "TT" yana nufin alamar motsin rai da ake amfani da ita don bayyana kuka ko bakin ciki.
An fitar da sigar Jafananci ta "TT" a matsayin jagora guda ɗaya daga kundi na farko na ƙungiyar Jafananci, #Sau biyu. An fitar da bidiyon kiɗan da ke tare da shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 2017.
Fage da saki
A ranar 10 ga Oktoba, 2016, JYP Entertainment ta sanar da dawowar sau biyu tare da taken taken "TT" daga EP na uku na Twicecoaster: Lane 1. An gabatar da teaser na farko na bidiyon kiɗan a ranar 20 ga Oktoba, wanda ke nuna wani yaro da yarinya sanye da kayan ado na Halloween. sai kuma teaser na biyu a ranar 21st. An sake shi a ranar 24 ga Oktoba a matsayin zazzagewar dijital akan rukunin kiɗa daban-daban.
An fitar da sigar remix mai taken "TT (TAK Remix)" a ranar 20 ga Fabrairu, 2017, azaman waƙar kari daga kundi na musamman sau biyu. Twicecoaster: Lane 2 .
Abun ciki
Articles with hAudio microformats
"TT" ya hada da Black Eyed Pilseung, wanda kuma shine mawallafin waƙoƙin da aka buga sau biyu " Kamar Ooh-Ahh " da " Cheer Up ", kuma Rado ya shirya. Yana da waqoqin da Sam Lewis ya rubuta, wanda ke bayyana yadda wata yarinya ke bugun zuciyarta yayin da take soyayya a karon farko. Waƙar K-pop ce tare da tasirin lantarki mai nauyi da tsayayyen bugun tarko mai zurfi na gida. Daga cikin waƙar, memba sau biyu Jihyo ya ce "Muna da waƙar da ta fi nuna kuzarin sau biyu, mai haske wanda muka nuna tun 'Kamar Ooh-Ahh' da 'Cheer Up'".
Bidiyon kiɗa
Bidiyon kiɗan don waƙar take "TT" Naive ne ya jagoranta, ƙungiyar samarwa iri ɗaya bayan bidiyon kiɗan don waƙoƙin Sau biyu "Kamar Ooh-Ahh" da "Cheer Up". Ya sami fiye da ra'ayoyi miliyan 5 akan YouTube a cikin ƙasa da sa'o'i 24 tun lokacin da aka saki shi. Kamar yadda na 2016, bidiyon ya kafa sabon rikodin a cikin sa'o'i 40 kawai, wanda ya sa ya zama bidiyon kiɗan ƙungiyar K-pop mafi sauri don kai ra'ayi miliyan 10 sannan kuma ya karya rikodin mafi sauri don isa ra'ayoyi miliyan 20 a cikin sa'o'i 114 (kwana 4 18 hours). ). Bidiyon kiɗan kuma ya kasance matsayi na uku akan Bidiyon Kiɗa Mafi Shahararrun Bidiyo na YouTube na 2016 a Koriya ta Kudu, yayin da "Cheer Up" ke kan gaba a jerin.
A farkon 2017, bidiyon kiɗa na "TT" ya buga ra'ayoyi miliyan 100 kuma ya zama mafi kyawun bidiyo na ƙungiyar K-pop yarinya na kowane lokaci. Hakanan ya rubuta aikin K-pop na farko na mace da ƙungiyar tsafi mafi sauri don cimma ra'ayoyin YouTube miliyan 200 da miliyan 300. A cikin Satumba 2018, bidiyon kiɗan ya zama na farko ta hanyar K-pop mace don buga ra'ayoyi miliyan 400 akan YouTube.
A cikin faifan bidiyo na kiɗa, membobin sun nuna mutane daban-daban da shahararrun haruffa ta hanyar wasan kwaikwayo na Halloween-themed cosplays: Jeongyeon da Momo suna nuna Pinocchio da Tinker Bell bi da bi; Dahyun shine Farin Zomo daga Kasadar Alice a Wonderland yayin da Sana ita ce Hit-Girl of Kick-Ass jerin ban dariya. Chaeyoung shine Karamin Mermaid kuma Nayeon kyakkyawan shaidan ne. Mina 'yar fashin teku ce mace mai kama da Pirates of Caribbean . Tzuyu da Jihyo suna da sabanin ra'ayi; Tzuyu wani baƙon abu ne mai ban mamaki a cikin baƙar fata mai gani yayin da Jihyo ke hade da Elsa daga Frozen da Farin Sarauniya daga Alice Ta Gilashin Kallon - sanye da doguwar farar riga. Bidiyon ya ƙare da saƙon "Za a ci gaba", mai nuni ga tsarin kundin kundin . Sautin da bidiyon kiɗan ya ƙare da shi shine farkon waƙar take na dawowar su mai zuwa, " Knock Knock ", wanda ke ci gaba da shirin da aka nuna a cikin "TT" ta hanyar warware asirin wanda ya buga ƙofar.
Mahimman liyafar
Billboard sun haɗa da "TT" a cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙin K-pop na jerin 2010s, suna rubuta cewa "ƙungiyar 'yan matan da suka bayyana shekaru goma sun ƙarfafa gadon su tare da wannan waƙa ta goey synth-pop wacce ta haifar da sabuwar magana ga masu sha'awar K-pop a duk duniya. . Waƙar tana alfahari da tsutsar kunne ga kowa da ɗanɗanon kowa.”
Ayyukan kasuwanci
"TT" ya zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun waƙoƙi a cikin 2016, kamar yadda ya yi iƙirarin babban matsayi na <i id="mwqQ">Gaon</i> 's Digital Chart na makonni huɗu a jere. Ya kuma yi kololuwa a lamba biyu da uku akan ginshiƙi na <i id="mwrA">Billboard</i> ' Sales Digital Song Sales da <i id="mwrw">Billboard Japan</i> Hot 100, bi da bi.
"TT" ya zarce rafi miliyan 100 a cikin Afrilu 2017 da zazzagewar 2,500,000 a cikin Yuli 2018 akan Chart Music na Gaon. An sanya shi a lamba 6 akan jerin gwanon Billboard Japan Hot 100 na Ƙarshen Shekara na 2017, waƙar Koriya kaɗai a kan matsayi. Hakanan ita ce mafi kyawun siyarwa sau biyu a Amurka tare da sayar da kwafi 33,000.
Sigar Jafananci
Bayan 'yan makonni bayan da aka saki, "TT Pose", wanda shine ɓangare na choreography na "TT", ya zama wani yanayi a Japan. Shahararrun Jafananci da yawa sun kwaikwayi shi akan SNS kuma ya zama sananne a tsakanin matasa. A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2017, sau biyu a hukumance sun ba da sanarwar cewa an saita farkon su a Japan don 28 ga Yuni. Sun fitar da wani kundi mai suna # Sau biyu wanda ya kunshi wakoki goma da suka hada da nau'ikan "TT" na Koriya da Jafananci. Yana da wakokin Jafananci wanda Shoko Fujibayashi ya rubuta.
An fitar da cikakken bidiyon kiɗan na "TT" na Japan a ranar 21 ga Yuni. Jimmy na BS Pictures ne ya ba da umarni, ƙungiyar ɗaya ce wacce ta samar da wasu faifan kiɗan na mawakan JYP Entertainment ciki har da na 2PM na " Lokacin da Muka Yi Tare ", Got7's " Hey Yah " da " My Swagger ", da ƙari. Ya yi matsayi a lamba 4 na YouTube Japan Top Trend Music Video a cikin 2017.
A cikin Fabrairu 2018, "TT (Jafananci ver.)" ya sami takardar shedar dijital ta Zinariya sama da abubuwan zazzagewa sama da 100,000 akan Oricon Digital Singles Chart, wanda ke nuna alamar shedar farko ta ƙungiyar daga Ƙungiyar Masana'antar Rikodi ta Japan (RIAJ). A cikin Afrilu 2020, ɗayan kuma ya sami sabuwar takaddun shaida ta kwararar Azurfa don sama da sanannun rafukan 30,000,000.
Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Takaddun shaida
Duba kuma
Jerin lambobin Gaon Digital Chart na 2016
Bayanan kula
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
22385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Tunani | Yancin Tunani | 'Yancin tunani (wanda kuma ake kira ' yancin lamiri ko ra'ayoyi ) 'yanci ne na mutum ya rike ko kuma ya yi la’akari da wata hujja, ko ra’ayi, ko tunani, ba tare da ra’ayin wasu ba.
Kowane mutum yana ƙoƙari ya mallaki karfin ikon tunani ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi da kimanta su a cikin yanayin da aka bayar. Wannan ƙwarewar tunani tana ba da gamsuwa da maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauki ga son zuciyar mutum, sabon ilimi da ra'ayoyi suna kawo fata na nan gabada sauran su.
'Yancin tunani shi ne gabatacce magidanci don kulla alaƙa ta kusa da — sauran' yanci, da abubuwn kara yanci gami da 'yancin addini ,' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kodayake 'yanci na tunani yana da mahimmanci ga sauran' yanci da yawa, amma ba a buƙatar su don yin aiki da wanzuwa. Tsinkayan 'yanci ko hakki baya bada garantin kasancewar shi, halalcin sa, ko kariya ta hanyar tsarin falsafa. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai matukar mahimmanci a cikin Yammacin duniya kuma kusan duk kundin tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya yana kiyaye wadannan 'yanci da ake da su.
Misali, Dokar 'Yanci ta kunshi sanannen tabbataccen a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko cewa ba za a yi dokokin da za su tsoma baki cikin addini ba "ko kuma hana aiwatar da shi kyauta". Alkalin Kotun Koli na kasar Amurka, Benjamin Cardozo ya ba da hujja a cikin Palko v. Connecticut :
Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin mamihimmin bangare ne na dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya . A cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce ke kan doka a kan kasashen mambobi na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR), "' yancin tunani" an jera shi a karkashin Mataki na goma Sha takwas 18:
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce wannan, "ya banbanta da 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini ko imani daga' yancin bayyana addini ko imani. Ba ta ba da izinin kowane iya kancewa ba game da 'yancin tunani da lamiri ko' yancin samun ko karɓar addini ko imanin zaɓin mutum. Wadannan 'yanci ana kiyaye su ba tare da wani sharadi ba ”. Hakazalika, Mataki na 19 na dokar ta UDHR ta ba da tabbacin cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa da kuma fadin albarkacin bakinsa; wannan hakkin ya hada da' yancin gudanar da ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba ko muzgunawa da cin zarafin wani ba".
Tarihin ci gaba da danniya
Ba zai yiwuwa a san tabbatacce abin da wani yake tunani, yana sa danniya da wuya. An inganta manufar a cikin littafin baibul mafi cikakke a rubuce-rubucen Paul na Tarsus (misali, "Don me zai sa a hukunta 'yanci na [eleutheria ] ta lamirin wani [ suneideseos ]?" 1 Korantiyawa 10:29).
Kodayake masana Falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna yancin Tunani kaɗan, amma umarnin Sarki Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Yesu) an kira shi doka ta farko game da 'Yancin Lamiri. A cikin al'adun Turai, baya ga dokar haƙuri da addini da Constantine I ya yi a Milan a 313, masana falsafa Themistius, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masu ilimin tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan masu yarda da ra'ayin 'Yancin Lamiri (ko' 'yanci rai' a cikin kalmomin Roger Williams).
Sarauniya Elizabeth I ta soke dokar takunkumin tunani a karshen karni na sha shida, saboda, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta "son [yin] tagogi a cikin rayukan maza da tunanin sirrinsu". A lokacin mulkinta, masanin ilmin lissafi, masanin lissafi, masanin taurari, kuma masanin taurari Giordano Bruno ya nemi mafaka a Ingila daga binciken Italiya, inda ya buga wasu littattafansa game da sararin samaniya mara iyaka da kuma batutuwan da Cocin Katolika ta hana. Bayan barin amincin Ingilishi, daga ƙarshe an ƙona Bruno a matsayin ɗan bidi'a a Roma saboda ƙin sakewa da ra'ayinsa. A dalilin haka ne wasu suke ganin shi shahidi ne don 'yancin tunani da albarkacin bakinsa.
Ignaz von Döllinger ne ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin "na farko a cikin manyan mutanen duniya da suka kafa wata ka'ida ta musamman ta addini, da kuma aiwatar da ita har zuwa lokacin da yake cikin sa:. . . Ka'idar 'yanci ta lamiri da watsi da tilastawa addini "
Koyaya, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar takunkumi, kamawa, ƙona littafi, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana haifar da kashe' yancin tunani. Misali kamfen masu tasiri kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki sune kungiyoyin masana Soviet game da binciken kwayar halitta don yarda da ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, kamfen ɗin ƙona littattafai na Nazi Jamus, tsattsauran ra'ayi na adawa da ilimi wanda aka aiwatar a Cambodia ƙarƙashin Pol Pot, tsananin tsauraran matakai akan' yanci bayyana ra'ayi da gwamnatocin Kwaminisanci na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba suka yi ko kuma ta hanyar kama-karya irin ta Augusto Pinochet a Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain .
Hasashen Sapir – Whorf, wanda ke nuna cewa tunani asaline cikin yare, zai tallafawa da'awar cewa yunƙurin takaita amfani da kalmomin harshe hakika wani nau'i ne na taƙaita damar yancin tunani. An bincika wannan a cikin littafin George Orwell na 1984, tare da ra'ayin Newspeak, wani nau'I na yaren Ingilishi wanda ake tuhumarsa da rashin ƙarfin misaltawa da iyakance maganganun asali.
Sannan Kuma kwanan nan, cigaban neuroimaging fasahar sun nuna damuwarsu, game da abokai kasancewa iya karanta da baya kashe tunani. Kodayake batun yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar larurar hankali, waɗannan damuwar suna haifar da filin da ke haifar da ƙarancin jijiyoyin jiki da ƙwarewar su.
Duba kuma
Kara karantawa
DV Coornhert, Synod akan 'Yancin Lamiri: Nazari Mai Kyau yayin Taruwar da Aka Gudanar a shekara ta 1582 a cikin fassarar Ingilishi a cikin Garin Freetown
Richard Joseph Cooke, 'Yancin tunani a koyarwar addini
Lucas Swaine, "'Yancin Tunani A Matsayin' Yanci Na Asali," Ka'idar Siyasa, 46: 3 : 405-25. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591716676293
Eugene J. Cooper, "Tushen 'Yancin Mutum da' Yancin Lamiri a cikin Baibul : Tunani akan 1 Korantiyawa 8-10 ", Tauhidin tauhidin Irish Quarterly Dec 1975
George Botterill da Peter Carruthers, 'Falsafar Ilimin halin dan Adam', Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge , p. 3
Hon. Sir John Laws, 'Iyakancin' Yancin Dan Adam ', PL Bazara, Mai Dadi & Maxwell da Masu Ba da Gudummawa, p. 260
Roger Williams, loudarancin Tsanantawa na Musamman don Dalilin Lamiri (1644; 1867 sake bugawa )
Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Hawan jini na Tsanantawa (sake bugawa ta 1867) (an isa ga Yuli 10, 2009, akan Litattafan Google)
Kamus na Tarihin Ra'ayoyi : 'Yancin Ilimi
Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yanci da Da'a - cibiyar sadarwar malamai ce da ke fadada doka, siyasa da ka'idojin' yancin tunani.
John Bagnell Bury Tarihin 'Yancin Tunani |
51729 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choppies | Choppies | Choppies Enterprises Limited babban kantin kayan miya ne na Botswana kuma babban dillalin kayan masarufi wanda ke da hedikwata a Gaborone, Botswana. Dillalin ya fara sayar da kayan abinci ne kawai (duka sabbin kayan abinci da abinci na tsawon rai) da sauran kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya. Ƙungiyar ta mallaki cibiyar sadarwa ta tsakiya, a cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu, Zimbabwe, Zambia, da Kenya.
Choppies ya zama kamfani da aka jera akan Kasuwancin Hannun jari na Botswana a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012, kuma yanki ne na BSE Domestic Company Index tare da ƙimar kasuwar kusan P 2.4 biliyan kamar na Disamba 20, 2012.
Kamfanin ya kuma kammala jerin sunayensa na biyu akan musayar hannayen jarin Johannesburg a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2015.
An kafa Choppies a shekarar 1986 tare da babban kanti guda ɗaya mai suna Wayside Supermarket (Mallaka) Limited a Lobatse ta dangin Chopdat, tare da buɗe kantin na biyu a shekara ta 1993.
A shekara ta 1999 kamfanin yana da shaguna biyu kawai. Tun daga 1999 kamfanin ya girma ya zama jagora mafi girma a cikin masana'antar kyawawan kayayyaki masu saurin tafiya a Botswana. Tawagar gudanarwar ta hada da wadanda suka kafa Choppies, Mista Farouk Ismail wanda shi ne mataimakin shugaba na yanzu da Mista Ramachandaran Ottapathu wanda shi ne shugaban kamfanin na yanzu. Su ne kuma manyan masu hannun jari wanda kowannensu ke rike da kashi 34.2% na hannun jarin kamfanin. A shekara ta 2003 ƙungiyar ta haɗe zuwa tsari ɗaya. A baya an fara yin amfani da shi a ƙarƙashin sunaye daban-daban.
Saboda girmansa tun 1999, an sami buƙatu ga kamfani ya kasance cikin jerin sunayen kasuwannin hannayen jari na ƙasa. A ƙarshe ƙungiyar gudanarwa ta amince, kuma an jera kamfanin a ranar 26 ga watan Janairu, 2012. Kamfanin ya yi hayar Grant Thornton don gudanar da gudanarwar gaban kamfani na fara bayar da gudummawar jama'a, tare da jera hannun jari biliyan 1.2 akan farashin tayin na BWP 1.15 a kowace rabon, tare da 25% yana shiga hannun jama'a. IPO ita ce mafi girma a kan musayar hannayen jarin Botswana wanda ya tara P350 miliyan a cikin IPO da kuma masu zaman kansu, tare da hannun jarin da aka mamaye da kusan 400%.
Rukunin yana da rabon kasuwa na yanzu a Botswana na kashi 30%, bisa ga wani bincike mai zaman kansa wanda Briggs da Associates suka gudanar. .
Ana aiwatar da ayyukan na Afirka ta Kudu ta hannun wani kamfani na Choppies Supermarkets SA (Proprietary) Limited, wanda ke aiki a Lardunan Limpopo, Arewa maso Yamma da Free State.
Rarraba da wadata
Cibiyoyin rarraba Choppies suna aiki azaman tushen shagunan Choppies. Ana isar da manyan samfuran 200 na kamfanin gaba ɗaya zuwa cibiyoyin rarraba sannan a rarraba su daga can zuwa shagunan. Ana isar da sauran samfuran daga tushen zuwa shagunan kai tsaye. Choppies na gudanar da cibiyoyin rarraba guda biyu a Botswana; daya a filin kasuwanci na kasa da kasa a Gaborone, dayan kuma a Lobatse. Sabuwar cibiyar rarraba mita 10,000 na Afirka ta Kudu ta buɗe a cikin watan Satumba 2012 a Rustenburg don hidimar shagunan Afirka ta Kudu.
Welldone (Na Mallaka) Limited, mallakin gabaɗaya mallakar reshen Choppies Group, wani kamfani ne na dabaru wanda ke tallafawa ayyukan yau da kullun na shagunan.
A shekara ta 2008, kantin farko a Zeerust, Afirka ta Kudu an buɗe shi a can ta hanyar faɗaɗa a yankin arewa maso yamma. 2014 ita ce shekarar da ƙungiyar ta buɗe cibiyar rarraba ta farko a Zimbabwe kuma a cikin shekara ta 2016 an yi jerin na biyu a musayar hannun jari na Johannesburg. A karshen shekarar 2015 an fara ayyukan Zambia kuma a farkon 2016 aka samu kungiyar Jwayelani a Durban, Afirka ta Kudu. An kuma yi nasarar mallakar kungiyar Ulkwala ta Kenya a farkon shekarar 2016. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin haɓaka na dogon lokaci ƙungiyar ta buɗe kantin sayar da ta farko a Tanzaniya da Mozambique a cikin 2017.
Choppies dai ya janyo suka daga jama'a a baya saboda rashin daidaiton albashi. Ma'aikata irin su masu karbar kudi da masu fakiti suna da'awar samun kasa da P900 a wata, yayin da masu gudanarwa irin su Shugaba da Mataimakin Shugaban suna samun sama da P30 000 000.00 a shekara. Hakan ya jawo bacin rai kasancewar kamfanin a tarihi yana da riba sosai duk da haka ba ya ladabtar da ƙwararrun ma'aikata bisa la'akari da ƙoƙarinsu.
Duba kuma
Square eat
Shoprite (retailer)
Checkers (sarkar babban kanti)
Jerin sarkunan manyan kantuna a Botswana
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
31835 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikon%20Mallakar%20Abinci | Ikon Mallakar Abinci | Mallakar abinci tsarin abinci ne wanda mutanen da ke noma abinci, suke rarrabawa, kuma suke amfani da abinci har wayau suke da alhakin sarrafa wa da samar da tsarin shukawa da rarraba abincin. Wannan tsarin ya sha bambam da tsarin abinci na masana'antu a yau, inda kamfanoni da cibiyoyin kasuwanci ke da alhakin sarrafa tsarukan abinci na duniya. Mallakar abinci tana jaddada muhimmanci akan tattalin arzikin abinci na gargajiya, wadatar abinci mai dorewa, kuma ta daidaita kan tsarin samar da abinci da suka dace da al'du. Canje-canjen yanayi da rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci sun yi tasiri sosai ga mutanen karkara da kuma damar samun abinci na al'ada yayin da suke ba fuskantar kamuwa da wasu cututtuka; saboda wannan dalilai, ikon mallakar abinci ta'allak ne akan mutanen asalin yanki. Kungiyoyin duniya da dama sun magance wadannan bukatu a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ciki har da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da kasashe da dama da ke daukar manufofin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin doka. Masu sukar fafutukar neman 'yancin abinci sun yi imanin cewa an kafa tsarin ne bisa zato mara inganci; anyi watsi ne da asalin matsalolin da ake fuskanta; kuma tsarin na fama da rashin haɗin kai don shawarwarin mafita.
Mambobin kungiyar manoma ta Via Campesina ne suka fara kirkiro kalmar "mallakar abinci" a shekarar 1996, sannan daga bisani kungiyoyin duniya da dama, ciki har da Bankin Duniya da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya suka fara amfani da kalmar. A cikin shekara ta 2007, "Sanarwar Nyéléni " ta ba da ma'anar da ƙasashe 80 suka karɓa; a shekara ta 2011 kasashen Turai sun fara amfani da kalmar. Ya zuwa shekarar 2020, aƙalla ƙasashe bakwai sun haɗa tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulki da dokokinsu.
Hakan yazo daidai da ɗan lokaci tare da ƙa'idodin ƙungiyar Slow Food, tarihin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin kungiya za'a iya cewa bai dade ba. Duk da haka, kungiyar tana samun karbuwa yayin da kasashe da yawa ke daukar matakai masu mahimmanci don aiwatar da tsarin abinci wanda ke magance rashin daidaito na abinci.
Tarukan duniya
A taron shekara ta 2007 don ikon mallakar abinci a Sélingué, Mali, wakilai 500, ƙasashe sama da 80 sun amince da "Sanarwar Nyéléni ", wanda ke cewa a wani bangare:Mallakar abinci shine haƙƙin al'umma don samun lafiyayyen abinci mai dacewa da al'ada da ake samarwa ta ingantacciyar hanya da muhalli mai dorewa, da kuma haƙƙinsu na ayyana tsarin abincinsu da yanayin noman su. Tsarin na sanya waɗanda ke samar da abinci, rarrabawa da kuma cin abincin a tsakiyar tsarin abinci da manufofi maimakon buƙatun kasuwanni da kamfanoni. Yana kare muradu da shigar da na gaba. Tsarin yana ba da dabaru don yin tsaye da wargaza tsarin kasuwancin kamfanonin abinci da tsarin abinci na yanzu, da kuma hanyoyin abinci, noma, kiwo da tsarin kiwon kifi wanda manoman gida suka tsara. Mallakar abinci yana ba da fifiko kan tattalin arziki na gida da na ƙasa da kasuwanni kuma yana ba wa kananan manoma da masu noman gandu damar aikin noma, kamun kifi, kiwo da kiwon dabbobi, da samar da abinci, rarraba su da kuma ci ko amfani dasu bisa dorewar muhalli, zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. A cikin watan Afrilun 2008 Ƙididdigar Kimiyya da Fasaha Noma da Kiwo ta Duniya (IAASTD), wani kwamiti ne na gwamnatoci da ke ƙarƙashin tallafin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da Bankin Duniya, sun samar da ma'anar kamar haka: "An ayyana ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin 'yancin mutane da ƙasashe masu iko domin su tantance manufofinsu na noma da tsare-tsaren abinci ta hanyar yarda da amincewar mutane."
Kasancewa daga cikin manufofin gwamnati
Batutuwa na samar da abinci, rarraba su da samun damar isa gare su ba abu bane mai sauki na siyasa ko kuma ba tare da an soke tsarin ba. Misali, amincewa da juyin yanayi na samar da abinci wato "Green Revolution" a kasashe da dama na fadin duniya ya kara samar da abinci a duniya amma bai "warware" matsalolin yunwa ba a duniya. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa hakan ya faru ne saboda wannan hanzarin bai magance damar samun fili ko rarraba ikon tattalin arziki ba. Wasu kuma sunyi jayayya da cewa ikon mallakar abinci ya dogara ne akan zato mara kyau game da rawar da noma ke takawa ga manufofin gwamnati. Bangarorin noma na ikon mallakar abinci sun sanya kungiyar a yanayi na rikici da cigaban duniya, haɓaka masana'antu, da sauran tsare-tsare.
A cikin watan Satumba 2008, kasar Ecuador ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta sanya tsarin ikon mallakar abinci a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta. Ya zuwa karshen shekara ta 2008, an fara tsara wata doka wacce ake sa ran za ta fadada wannan tanadin tsarin mulki ta hanyar hana kwayoyin halittu da aka gyara, da kare yankuna da dama na kasar daga fitar da albarkatun ta da ba za a iya sabunta su ba, da kuma hana shuka abinci iri daya tak a fili. An tsara dokar ne ta yadda zata wanzuwarhalittu a matsayin mallakar fasaha na gaba daya da kuma amincewa da Hakkokin Muhalli.
Tun daga nan kasashen Venezuela, Mali, Bolivia, Nepal da Senegal; da kuma na baya-bayan nan Masar (Tsarin Tsarin Mulki na 2014) sun kara tsarin ikon mallakar abinci cikin kundin tsarin mulkinsu ko dokokin ƙasashen su.
Mallakar abincin asali
Batutuwan Duniya
Canjin yanayi yana yin tasiri matuka ga damar samar da abinci na al'umma na asali, wanda ya hada da mutanen tsibirin Pacific da waɗanda ke yankin kankara na duniya wato "Circumpolar North", saboda hauhawar matakan teku ko zaizayar ƙasa.
Ire-Iren Abinci
Masu fafutuka kan tsarin sun yi iƙirari da cewa ikon mallakar abinci na asali na a matsayin ire-iren abinci na yau da kullun saboda abincin mutane na asalin yakan zama ingantaccen abinci a al'adance, waɗanda ke wajen waɗannan al'ummomin ke so. Sinadaran abinci wadanda suka zama ginshiƙan abincin al'adu, waɗanda ke da wahala ga waɗannan al'ummomin su samu, ana asarar su saboda ƙarin buƙatu na samun su daga mutanen asali da ke wajen yankin.
Mallakar abinci na mutanen asalin Amurka
’Yan asalin ƙasar Amurka sun sami matsala ta kai tsaye wajen samu da shirya abincinsu na asali kuma hakan ya haifar da matsaloli na lafiya, kamar ciwon siga da cututtukan zuciya. Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali a Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa kauracewa abincin asali da mutane sukayi ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ƙungiyoyin masu fafutuka suna ba da shawarar sake farfado da al'adun gargajiya, haɓaka hanyoyin samar da abinci n gargajiya, ' yancin abinci, da ikon mallakar iri.
Tsarin mallakar abinci da wadatar abinci ga mutanen asalin yanki na da alaƙa ta kut da kut da wurin da suke zama. Hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya na Amurka suna da alaƙa da ƙasashen kakanni na al'ummar Amurka, musamman ga waɗanda ke rike da al'adunsu. Alal misali, an koyar da shi a cikin Muckleshoot cewa "ƙasar da ke ba da abinci da magunguna da muke bukata wani bangare ne na mu."
An bayyana rushewar hanyoyin samar da abinci na gargajiya da cewa yana da alaƙa da katsewar alaƙar da ke tsakanin ƙasar ƴan asalin ƙasar ta gargajiya da mutanensu, canjin da Rachel V. Vernon ta kwatanta da cewa tana da alaƙa da "wariyar launin fata, mulkin mallaka, da kuma asarar 'yancin kai da mulki." Kasashen da suka riga sun yi mulkin mallaka sun kasance masu fa'ida kuma suna bunƙasa tare da abinci na gargajiya. Saboda cututtuka da yaƙe-yake, ƴan asalin ƙasar a farkon ƙarni na 20 sun samu matsala sosai wajen iya siye da shirya abincinsu. Baya ga wannan, ƙaura daga ƙasashen kakanni na ƙara iyakance hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Yawancin ’yan asalin ƙasar Amurka yanzu suna zama a cikin hamadar abinci . Saboda rashin isassun abinci ko hana samun abinci, ƴan asalin ƙasar suna fama da rashin daidaituwar abinci idan aka kwatanta da sauran jama'ar Amurka. A abubuwan da aka tanada, "'abin da aka sarrafa sosai, da sukari mai yawa, mai mai yawa, da abincin da aka sarrafa," ya kara ba da gudummawa ga al'amuran kiwon lafiya a cikin 'yan asalin ƙasar, wanda ke haifar da ƴan asalin ƙasar a Amurka suna da mafi girman adadin ciwon sukari da cututtukan zuciya a cikin al'ummar. Baya ga wannan, galibin ƴan asalin ƙasar suma suna rayuwa ne ba tare da an ware su ba, don haka ana ƙara cire su daga hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya.
Saboda al'ummar asalin Amurkawa suna da kima a kasar Amurka, sun sami taimako kaɗan don gyara hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya. Kamar yadda Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ta Indiyawan Amirka ta ayyana, ikon mallakar kabilanci yana tabbatar da cewa duk wani shawara game da ƙabilun game da dukiyoyinsu da ƴan ƙasa an yi su tare da sa hannu da yardarsu. Gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka ta amince da ƙabilun Amirkawa a matsayin gwamnatoci daban-daban, masu adawa da "ƙungiyoyin sha'awa na musamman, daidaikun mutane, ko ... wani nau'in ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu."
Kafin mulkin mallaka na Amurka, ’yan asalin ƙasar Amirka suna da abinci iri-iri na al’adunsu, suna samun abinci ta hanyoyi dabam-dabam a tsakanin kabilu. Dangane da yankin, ’yan asalin ƙasar suna samun abincinsu ta hanyar farauta, kamun kifi, taro, da noma. Hanyoyin abinci na asali sun ta'allaka ne akan " 'yan'uwa mata uku ," ko masara, wake, da squash, a matsayin madaidaitan abincinsu. Farauta, tarawa, da kamun kifi sune farkon hanyoyin tattara abinci.
Turawan mulkin mallaka sun wargaza waɗannan ma'auni masu ma'amala da muhalli bayan "gano Amurka" Christopher Columbus a 1492. Bayan zuwan Turawa, ’yan asalin Amurka sun kwashe kayansu har ma da yunwa a matsayin dabarar mulkin mallaka a kan ƙasashen ’yan asali. Mazaunan Turawa sun shigo da dabbobin gida cikin Amurka, suna kawo sabbin cututtuka tare da su. Turawan mulkin mallaka sun yi niyya kan shagunan abinci musamman kuma sun canza abincin ƴan asalin Amirkawa sosai, ikonsu na samun albarkatu, da samar da abinci.
Sabbin tsarukan abinci da sabbin mazauna Amurkawa suka samar, sun tilastawa asalin Amurkawa dogaro da abinci da aka sarrafa da yawa akan wuraren ajiyar Indiya da al'ummomin ƴan asalin gaba ɗaya. An tilasta wa kabilun asali shiga wani yanayi na rashin abinci kuma an sanya su cikin wani wuri a cikin al'umma inda ba za a iya samun damar samun wasu hanyoyin samun lafiya ko abincin da ake nomawa ba. Tare da asarar ikon mallakar abinci, an kuma yi asarar filaye, yayin da Indiyawan suka ƙaura da tilastawa. Bayan majalisar ta zartar da dokar kasa da kasa ta Indiya a shekara ta 1851, an tilasta wa duk 'yan asalin ƙasar shiga wuraren ajiyar Indiya, sun rasa ikon noma ƙasa da dogaro da hanyoyin rayuwa na gargajiya.
Asalin mazauna ƙasar Amirka a yau suna fafutukar neman yancin abinci a matsayin hanyar magance matsalolin lafiya, suna komawa ga abincinsu na al’ada don waraka. Komawa cin abinci na gargajiya yana da ƙalubale, idan akayi la'akari da tarihin ƙaura da kashe al'adu . Anyi rasa ko kuma asarar yawancin tarihin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amirka na abincin al'adun gargajiya kuma suna da wahala a kara kirkiransu.
Masu fafutukar kare hakkin abinci na 'yan asalin kasar Amurka sun yi ikirarin cewa al'ummomin 'yan asalin kasar sun yi gudun hijira daga gidajen abinci na gargajiya, wanda ya haifar da karancin abinci. Ana zargin cewa hanya mafi inganci don samun wadatar abinci ga ’yan asalin yanki ita ce karin tsare-tsare wajen samar da abinci. Wasu masu fafutuka kuma suna jayayya game da ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin hanyar warkar da raunukan tarihi da kuma hanyar mallakar yankunan daga masu mulkin mallaka. A cikin {asar Amirka, Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin da Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Abinci ta Amirka, suna aiki don ilmantarwa da tsara manufofi da suka shafi tsaro na abinci da noma. Wani rukunin da ya mayar da hankali kan buƙatar abinci da ikon mallakar makamashi shine White Earth Anishnaabeg daga Minnesota, waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan abinci iri-iri, dasa shuki da girbin su ta amfani da hanyoyin gargajiya, nau'in lalatawa. Irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna haɗuwa don kafa manufofin ikon mallakar abinci da haɓaka tattalin arziƙin abinci na gida a taron koli kamar Diné Bich'iiya' Summit a Tsaile, Arizona, wanda ya mai da hankali kan abincin gargajiya na Navajo.
Masu fafutukar neman yancin abinci na asali suma galibi suna bayar da muhimmanci wajen samun ikon mallakar iri, kuma galibi akan haƙƙin masu kiwo. Adana iri yana da mahimmanci ga al'ummomin ƴan asalin ƙasar Amurka saboda yana samarwa waɗancan al'ummomin ingantaccen tushen abinci kuma yana bada mahimmanci ga al'adu. Bugu da kari, masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya cewa ceton iri wata hanya ce mai mahimmanci wajen samar da tsarin noma wanda zai iya dacewa da sauyin yanayi.
Bincike da ayyukan ikon mallakar abinci
A cikin shekara ta 2021, cikakken bita na wallafe-wallafe na IFS (Mallakan Abinci na Ƙasa) da ingancin ka'idodin ikon mallakar abinci sun kammala da cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Amurka da Canada suna da samun karin kiba, rashin abinci, da nau'in ciwon sukari na 2 fiye da yawan jama'a.
Ayyukan gwamnati da ke tallafawa tsarin abinci na asali sun kasance sabbin yunƙuri na ɗaga al'ummomin ƴan asalin kuma suna cikin matakan ci gaba masu son ci gaba. Wasu ƙasashe sun ɗauki shirye-shiryen abinci na 'yan asalin shekaru kafin Amurka, gami da Kanada. An ƙirƙiri Jagoran Abinci na Kanada (CFG) a cikin Janairu 2019 a matsayin hanyar haɗa nau'ikan abincin al'adu, maimakon kafa ƙa'idodin abinci a kan al'adu ɗaya ko kaɗan - jagorar ya haɗa da abincin 'yan asalin ƙasa da kuma haɗa ƴan asalin ƙasar cikin shawarwari.
A cikin shekara ta 2021, Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka ta ƙaddamar da Tsarin Mallakar Abinci ta 'Yan Asalin. An ƙera wannan yunƙurin don "haɓaka hanyoyin abinci na gargajiya" kamar yadda, kama da Kanada, shirye-shiryen USDA ba su ƙunshi hanyoyin abinci da abinci na 'yan asalin a tarihi ba. Usda ta hadu da kungiyoyi sun riga sun yi hidimar zean asalinsu: Majalisar Dabbobi Aregrad - Majalisar Noma da Noma ta Tsammani da Noma Ƙaddamarwa .
Ayyukan da ba na gwamnati ba, irin su aikin tsari na "Good Life" a Ecuador, ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da 'yan asalin al'umma ne ke jagorantar su. "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" ta nuna cewa akwai wasu hanyoyin da za a bi ta hanyar ci gaban al'ummar 'yan asalin da ba su haɗa da tallafin gwamnati ko samar da jihohi ba. A Ecuador, 'yan asalin ƙasar sun haɓaka aikin "Rayuwa Mai Kyau" wanda ke nisanta daga fahimtar jari-hujja da yammacin duniya game da abin da al'umma ke buƙata, kuma a maimakon haka suna mai da hankali kan haɓaka nasarar al'umma ta hanyar jituwa da mutane, yanayi, da kare ƙasarsu - da gaske suna aiki. kai tsaye a cikin al'ummar ƴan asalin ƙasar don kwato ikon abinci.
Ƙungiyoyi a Amurka sun ɗauki irin wannan samfuri zuwa aikin "Good Life" na Ecuador. A California, ƙungiyar UC Berkeley, CARES (Kimanin Al'umma na Sabunta Makamashi da Dorewa) yana aiki tare da PPN (Pinoleville Pomo Nation) a Ukiah, California, don tallafawa ikon mallakar kabilanci. Wannan al'ummar 'yan asalin ta kasance tana aiki tare da CARES tsawon shekaru don tsara gidaje masu ɗorewa da makamashi waɗanda ke nuna al'adunta.
Ikon mallakar iri
Ana iya bayyana ikon mallakar iri a matsayin haƙƙin “haɓaka da musanya irr daban daban.” Tsarinyana da alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ikon mallakar abinci, kamar yadda masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri ke jayayya da aiwatar da aikin ceton iri a wani ɓangare a matsayin hanyar haɓaka wadatar abinci. Wadannan masu fafutuka suna jayayya cewa ceton iri yana ba da damar rufaffiyar tsarin abinci wanda zai iya taimakawa al'ummomi samun 'yancin kai daga manyan kamfanonin noma. Mallakar iri ta bambanta da ikon mallakar abinci a cikin fifikonta kan ceton iri musamman, maimakon tsarin abinci gaba ɗaya. Masu fafutukar ikon mallakar iri sau da yawa suna jayayya don ceto iri bisa la'akari da muhalli, ba kawai adalcin abinci ba. Suna jayayya da cewa ceto iri ya cika muhimmiyar rawa na maido da ɗimbin halittu ga noma, da samar da nau'ikan tsirrai waɗanda suka fi jure canza yanayin yanayi ta fuskar sauyin yanayi.
Mullakar abinci tare da amincin abinci
An kirkiri ikon mallakar abinci ne a matsayin martani ga masu fafutuka game da samar da abinci ta ko yaya, babban jawabin duniya kan samar da abinci da manufofi. Wannan na ƙarshe ya jaddada samun isassun abinci mai gina jiki ga kowa, wanda zai iya kasancewa ta hanyar abinci daga ƙasarsa ko kuma daga shigo da kayayyaki na duniya. A cikin sunan inganci da haɓaka yawan aiki, don haka ya yi aiki don haɓaka abin da ake kira "tsarin samar da abinci na kamfanoni": manyan ma'auni, masana'antu na masana'antu dangane da samarwa na musamman, tattara ƙasa da sassaucin ra'ayi . Masu sukar harkar samar da abinci sun yi iƙirarin cewa rashin kula da tattalin arziƙin siyasa na tsarin abinci na kamfanoni yana rufe mata ido da illolin wannan gwamnatin, musamman yadda ake korar ƙananan masana'antun da kuma lalacewar muhallin duniya.
Da yake rubutawa a cikin Bayanan Abinci na Farko, faɗuwar shekara ta 2003, Peter Rosset ya yi jayayya da cewa "Ikon mallakar abinci ya wuce manufar samar da abinci . . . [Tsaron abinci] yana nufin cewa... [kowa] dole ne ya sami tabbacin samun abin da zai ci kowace rana ... amma bai ce komai ba game da inda abincin ya fito ko yadda ake samar da shi.” Mallakar abinci ya haɗa da tallafi ga masu karamin karfi da gonaki, kamun kifi, da dai sauransu, maimakon samar da masana'antu a cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin duniya kaɗan. A cikin wani littafin, Food First ya bayyana "Mallakar abinci" a matsayin "dandali na farfado da karkara a matakin duniya bisa daidaiton rabon filayen noma da ruwa, sarrafa manoma kan iri, da kananan gonaki masu albarka da ke wadata masu amfani da kiwon lafiya, abincin da ake nomawa na al'ada. ."
Hakanan an kara kwatanta tsarin ikon mallakar abinci da adalcin abinci, wanda ya fi mai da hankali kan kabilanci da rashin adalcin aji da alakar su da abinci, yayin da mallakar abinci yana nufin hukuma kan tsarin samar da abinci.
Sukar juyin yanayin tsirrai
Juyin tsarin shuke-shuke, wanda ke nufin ci gaban da aka samu a kiwo a tsakanin shekarun 1960 zuwa 1980 wanda ya inganta amfanin gona daga manyan amfanin gona na hatsi, wasu masu goyon bayan samar da abinci ne suka amince da shi a matsayin labarin nasara wajen kara yawan amfanin gona da yaki da yunwa a duniya. Manufar ta fi mayar da hankali ne kan bincike, haɓakawa da canja wurin fasahar noma, irin su nau'in iri da takin zamani, ta hanyar saka hannun jari masu zaman kansu da na jama'a waɗanda suka kawo sauyi a harkar noma a ƙasashe da dama, tun daga Mexico da Indiya. Koyaya, da yawa a cikin ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci suna sukar juyin yanayin samar da abinci kuma suna zargin waɗanda ke ba da shawararsa da cewa suna bin tsarin fasaha na al'adun Yammacin Turai da yawa wanda bai dace da bukatun yawancin ƙananan masana'antu da manoma ba.
Yayin da juyin yanayin halayyar shuke-shuke na iya samar da abinci mai yawa, yunwar duniya ta ci gaba saboda bai magance matsalolin samun dama ba. Masu fafutuka kan ikon mallakar abinci suna jayayya cewa juyin juya halin koren ya gaza canza babban rabon ikon tattalin arziki, musamman damar samun filaye da ikon siye. Masu sukar sun kuma yi iƙirarin cewa juyin shuke-shuke ya ƙara yin amfani da maganin ciyawa ya haifar da barna a muhalli da kuma rage ɗimbin halittu a wurare da dama.
Ra'ayoyin ilimi
Ka'idar Tsarin Abinci
A matsayinsa na kungiya na zamantakewa, masu nazarin tsarin abinci suna da ra'ayi akan ikon mallakar abinci. Tare da tasirinsa na Marxist, masana ilimin tsarin abinci suna sha'awar yadda lokutan rikici tsakanin wani tsarin abinci ke bayyana tashin hankali na yare wanda ke motsa motsi tsakanin irin waɗannan jeri (watau lokutan canji). A cewar babban masanin ka'idar Philip McMichael, tsarin tsarin abinci koyaushe yana da alaƙa da ƙarfi da sabani. Ƙarfafa tsarin mulki ba ya da ƙwaƙƙwara kamar yadda ya ƙunshi, ko kuma ya dace da waɗannan tashe-tashen hankula.
A cewar McMichael, "noman duniya" a karkashin yarjejeniyar WTO akan aikin gona ("abinci daga ko ina") yana wakiltar daya iyaka na "cibanin tsakiya" na mulkin yanzu. Yana da sha'awar yuwuwar tsarin ikon mallakar abinci don ƙara tashin hankali tsakanin wannan da sandar sa ta gaba, tushen agroecology ("abinci daga wani wuri") wanda ƙungiyoyin abinci daban-daban suka ba da shawarar. Bayar da yanke shawara daban-daban, aikin kwanan nan na Harriet Friedmann ya ba da shawarar cewa "abinci daga wani wuri" an riga an haɗa shi ƙarƙashin tsarin " juyin tsirrai " na gaggawa (cf. Campbell 2009).
Zato na asali mara kuskure
Wasu masanan sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar Bayar da Abinci ta bin diddigin zato ba daidai ba ne, suna masu nuni da cewa ƙananan manoma ba lallai ba ne salon rayuwarsu da aka zaɓa ba kuma manoma a ƙalla ƙasashe masu ci gaba da wanda suka cigaba ba sa fuskantar kalubale iri ɗaya. Waɗannan masu sukar sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyoyin ikon mallakar abinci na iya yin daidai game da kura-kuran akidar tattalin arziƙin ɗaiɗaiɗai, amma an yi shiru game da gaskiyar cewa yawancin yunwa a zahiri ta faru ƙarƙashin gwamnatocin gurguzu da na gurguzu waɗanda suka bi manufar wadatar abinci (cf. Shekarar 2011).
Tsarin siyasa-na shari'a
Akwai rashin daidaituwa a cikin ra'ayin ikon mallakar abinci game da siyasa ko al'umman hukunce-hukuncen da ake ba da umarnin kiranta na neman dimokaradiyya da sabunta "dan kasa na noma" . A cikin bayanan jama'a, ƙungiyar ikon mallakar abinci ta buƙaci ɗaukar tsauraran matakai daga gwamnatocin ƙasa da na ƙananan hukumomi (a cikin jigon ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ɗan adam, Gudanar da albarkatun ƙasa na Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) . A wani wurin kuma ta yi kira ga kungiyoyin farar hula ta duniya da su yi aiki a matsayin abin dubawa ga cin zarafi daga hukumomin kasa da na kasa.
Wadanda ke da ra'ayi mai mahimmanci game da ikon mallakar jihohi za su yi jayayya da yiwuwar cewa za a iya daidaita ikon mallakar ƙasashe da na al'ummomin gida (duba kuma muhawara game da al'adu da yawa da 'yancin cin gashin na 'yan asalin a Mexico ).
Rikicin noma?
A cikin ƙaƙƙarfan sake tabbatar noma na ƙauye da ƙauye, an karanta motsin ikon mallakar abinci a matsayin ƙalubale ga labaran zamani na ƙasƙantar birni, masana'antu na noma, da kawar da manoma. Duk da haka, a matsayin wani ɓangare na muhawarar da ke gudana game da mahimmancin aikin noma a cikin Marxism na gargajiya, Henry Bernstein yana da mahimmanci ga waɗannan asusun. Ya yi iƙirarin cewa irin waɗannan nazarin sun kasance suna gabatar da yawan masu noman noma a matsayin haɗin kai, nau'in zamantakewa guda ɗaya da tarihin duniya, wanda ya kasa yin lissafin:
Manyan bambance-bambancen zamantakewar jama'a (Arewa/Kudu, jinsi da matsayi);
dabi'un masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ra'ayin tsiratar da al'adu na motsi wanda ya fito a matsayin wani bangare na koma baya ga masu ra'ayin yin kama da juna na duniya (Boyer yayi magana akan ko ikon mallakar abinci shine labari ko rashin ci gaba ) Berstein yayi iƙirarin cewa waɗannan asusun. ba zai iya tserewa wani populism (ko agrarianism ). Don amsa ga Bernstein, duba McMichael .
Duba kuma
2007-2008 rikicin farashin abinci a duniya
Kame kasa
Shekaru Goma na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na Noman Iyali
Sanarwar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Hakkokin Makiyaya
Bayanan kafa
Annette Desmarais, Nettie Wiebe, da Hannah Wittman . Mallakar Abinci: Sake Haɗin Abinci, Hali da Al'umma. Littattafan Farkon Abinci. ISBN 978-0-935028-37-9
Choplin, Gérard; Strickner, Alexandra; Trouvé, Aurélie [Hg.] . Mallakar abinci - zuwa sabuwar manufar noma da abinci a Turai (Ernährungssouveränität - Für eine andere Agrar- und Lebensmittelpolitik a Europa). Mandelbaum Verlag. ISBN 978-3-85476-346-8
Kadada biyar da 'Yanci
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Dandalin Turai don Mallakar Abinci - Krems, Austria, Agusta 2011
Cibiyar Sadarwar Abinci ta Yan asalin ƙasar
Haɗin Kan Mulkin Abinci na Ƙasar Amirka
Nyéléni Na farko International Forum for Food Sovereignty (Sélingué, Mali - Fabrairu 2007) da kuma kasa da kasa Newsletter - muryar motsi ga Abinci.
Yaƙi akan shirin Mulkin Abinci na So
"MASARAUTAR ABINCI: zuwa ga dimokuradiyya a cikin tsarin abinci" na Michael Windfuhr da Jennie Jonsén, FIAN. ITDG Bugawa - takarda aiki. 64pp ku. 2005. Yana ba da bayanai akan Tsarin Manufofin Mulkin Abinci. Haɗi zuwa manyan bayanai da takaddun da aka samar cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata. Akwai PDF mai saukewa.
"Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na Duniya don Mallakar Abinci" . Kwamitin Tsare-tsare na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO na kasa da kasa - IPC cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu/CSO da suka damu da batutuwa da shirye-shiryen ikon mallakar abinci. IPC tana aiki azaman hanyar watsa bayanai kan ikon mallakar abinci da batutuwan da suka shafi samar da abinci.
Mulkin abinci da matasan karkara (MIJARC)
Michel Pimbert, 2010. IIED. Zuwa ga Mallakar Abinci. Maido da tsarin abinci mai cin gashin kansa
"Menene mulkin mallaka?" - Harkar Ci gaban Duniya
'Yancin Abinci
Ikon mallakar abinci
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
17928 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google | Google | Google babban kamfani ne dake ƙasar Amurka. An san shi ne don ƙirƙira da gudanarwar ɗayan manyan injunan bincike na yanar gizo na Duniya (WWW) ma'ana (("World" "Wide""Web")), Kowace rana fiye da mutane biliyan suna amfani da shi. Hedikwatar Google (wanda aka fi sani da" Googleplex ") yana cikin Mountain View,California,wani ɓangare na Kwarin Silicon.Taken Google a halin yanzu shi ne "A yi abin da ya dace".
Tun daga ranar 2 ga Satumbar 2015, Google mallakar wani sabon kamfani ne mai suna Alphabet Inc, wanda ya karbe wasu ayyukan na Google, kamar motocinsa marasa matuƙi.Kamfani ne na jama'a da ke kasuwanci a kan NASDAQ ƙarƙashin tambarin GOOG da GOOGL.
Injin bincike na Google na iya nemo hotuna, bidiyo, labarai, rukunin labarai na Usenet, da abubuwan da za a saya ta kan layi Zuwa watan Yunin 2004,Google yana da shafukan yanar gizo biliyan 4.28 a kan rumbun adana bayanansa, da hotuna miliyan 880 da sakonnin Usenet miliyan 845 - abubuwa biliyan shida. Gidan yanar gizon Amurka na Google yana da matsayin Alexa na 1, ma'ana shine gidan yanar gizon da akafi ziyarta a duniya.Sanannen abu ne cewa wasu lokuta mutane suna amfani da kalmar "[ https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/google google]" a matsayin fi'ili da ke nufin "neman wani abu a Google";amma saboda sama da rabin mutanen da ke yanar gizo suna amfani da shi,"google" an yi amfani da shi wajen "bincika yanar gizo".
Larry Page da Sergey Brin, ɗalibai biyu a Jami'ar Stanford, Amurka, sun fara BackRub a farkon shekarar alif 1996. Sun sanya shi cikin kamfani, Google Inc., a ranar 7 ga watan Satumba, shekarar alif 1998. a garejin abokinsu a Menlo Park, California . A watan Fabrairun, shekara ta alif 1999, kamfanin ya koma adireshin sa 165 University Ave., Palo Alto, California, sannan ya koma wani wuri da ake kira Googleplex.
A watan Satumbar, shekarar 2001, tsarin ƙididdigar Google (PageRank, don faɗin wane bayanin ne ya taimaka) ya sami Patent na Amurka.Hakkin mallakar ya kasance ga Jami'ar Stanford, tare da Lawrence (Larry) Page a matsayin mai ƙirƙira (mutumin da ya fara tunanin).
Google yana da kaso mai tsoka ta hanyar America Online da InterActiveCorp. Tana da ƙungiya ta musamman da aka sani da ƙungiyar Magani ta Abokin Hulɗa (PSO) wacce ke taimakawa wajen yin kwangila, yana taimakawa inganta asusun, kuma yana ba da taimakon injiniya.
Yadda Google ke samun kuɗi
Google na samun kuɗi ta hanyar talla . Mutane ko kamfanonin da suke son mutane su sayi kayansu, sabis, ko ra'ayoyi suna ba Google kuɗi, kuma Google yana nuna talla ga mutanen da Google ke tsammanin za su danna tallan. Google yana samun kuɗi ne kawai lokacin da mutane suka danna mahaɗin, don haka yana ƙoƙari ya sani game da mutane yadda zai yiwu don kawai nuna tallan ga "mutanen kirki". Yana yin hakan tare da Google Analytics, wanda ke aika bayanan zuwa Google duk lokacin da wani ya ziyarci gidan yanar gizo. Daga wannan da sauran bayanan, Google yayi bayanin martaba game da mutum, sannan yayi amfani da wannan bayanin don gano waɗanne tallace-tallace za'a nuna.
Sunan "Google"
Sunan "Google" kuskure ne na kalmar googol . Milton Sirotta, dan wa ga masanin lissafin Amurka Edward Kasner, ya yi wannan kalmar a 1937, don lamba 1 ta biyo sifili dari . Google yayi amfani da wannan kalmar saboda kamfanin yana son yin abubuwa da yawa akan Gidan yanar gizo mai sauƙin samu da amfani. Andy Bechtolsheim ya yi tunanin sunan.
Sunan babban ofishin Google, "Googleplex," wasa ne akan wani daban, har ma mafi girman lamba, " googolplex ", wanda yake 1 yana biye da googol ɗaya na sifili 10 10 100
Kayan Google
Manhajar Komi da ruwan ka ta "<b id="mwYA">Android"</b>tsarin aiki ne na wayoyin hannu kuma asalin Google ne suka sanya shi a wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar Open Handset Alliance, wanda Google ke jagoranta. Shine babban mai gasa ga Apple 's iOS da Windows Phone ta Microsoft (yanzu an daina aiki).
Google Adsense shiri ne na kyauta wanda yake bawa masu wallafa gidan yanar gizan girma damar nuna tallan Google masu dacewa da samun kudi.
Google Analytics shine ingantaccen tsarin nazarin gidan yanar gizo wanda yake baiwa mutum cikakken fahimta game da zirga-zirgar yanar gizon sa da tasirin kasuwancin sa.
Faɗakarwar Google Faɗakarwar Google sune sabuntawar imel na sabon sakamako mai dacewa na Google (yanar gizo, labarai, da sauransu) dangane da zaɓin tambayar mutum ko batun sa.
Google Allo manhajar soft waya ne don tattaunawa tare da sauran mutane kai tsaye.
Mataimakin Google shine aikace-aikacen mataimaki na kamala wanda aka gina a cikin na'urori masu komi da ruwan ka.
Blogger kayan aiki ne na kyauta wanda yake bawa masu amfani damar wallafa shafuka a shafin yanar gizon Google.
Littattafan Google suna ba mutane damar bincika littattafai.
Kalanda na Google kalandar kan layi ne.
Google Chrome shine gidan yanar gizo wanda Google yayi.
Google Docs shine Google na kan layi cike da takardu.
Google Drive editan takardu ne na kan layi.
Google Earth sigar 3D ce ta Google Maps tare da duniyar dijital .
Ƙungiyoyin Google wuri ne don masu amfani don tattauna batutuwa. Google ya sayi Deja News a 2001 kuma ya sanya shi cikin ƙungiyoyin Google.
Google Images ne wani image search mai amfani .
Taswirar Google sabis ne daga Google don samar da hotunan tauraron ɗan adam da taswirar hanya don ko'ina cikin duniya.
Labaran Google wani kayan aiki ne wanda ke nuna labaran labarai daga kafofin labarai sama da 4,500. Taskar Labaran Google
Google Pay hanya ce ta biyan kudi ta yanar gizo. Masu amfani zasu iya aika kuɗi ta amfani da katunan kiredit ko asusun banki ga sauran masu amfani.
Hotunan Google software ne don tsarawa da kuma gyara hotuna.
Google Play yanki ne da ke da wasanni, da sauran abubuwa.
Abubuwan Google kayan aiki ne na kayan aikin Google.
Binciken Google shine mai amfani bincike.
Kasuwancin Google yana bawa mai amfani damar sanin abubuwan sayarwa akan yanar gizo .
Google Translate sabis ne na fassarar kan layi. Zai iya fassara shafukan yanar gizo da rubutu zuwa wasu yarukan.
Shafukan Google sabis ne don yin rukunin yanar gizo.
Bidiyon Google mai amfani ne na binciken bidiyo .
Google sabis ne na sada zumunta wanda yayi kama da Facebook . An ƙaddamar da sabis ɗin a ranar Yuni 28, 2011.
Gmel sabis ne na imel da Google ya fara a 2004 . Ana kiransa Google Mail a Ingila da Jamus . Masu amfani suna samun sarari kyauta don adana imel.
Hangouts ɗan aike ne na kai tsaye inda mutum zai iya magana da abokai.
Labs na Tafiya a gefe
YouTube sabis ne na tallata bidiyo wanda Google ta saya daga PayPal akan dala biliyan 1.65 kuma yanzu ana gudanar dashi azaman sabis na Google.
Bayanan kula
Sauran yanar gizo
Injin bincike |
53619 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junaid%20Khan%20%28actor%29 | Junaid Khan (actor) | A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Articles with hCards
A cikin shekarar 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Junaid Khan (an haife shi a matsayin Junaid Khan Niazi 2 Nuwamba 1981) ɗan wasan Pakistan ne, furodusa kuma marubuci-mawaƙi.
Tun daga farkon shekarar 2000s shi ne jagoran mawaƙin na Lahore-based rock band Call, wanda ya fitar da albam biyu masu nasara na kasuwanci, Jilawatan da Dhoom .
A matsayinsa na ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ya fi shahara da rawar da ya taka a jerin shirye-shiryen Sun Yaara , Ishq Tamasha da Yaariyan , . Ya yi suna ta hanyar nuna nagartaccen hali na Dokta Talal Sikandar a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na 2017 Sun Yaara akan Ary Digital.
A cikin 2012 Khan ya kasance an zabi Khan a Lux Style Awards a fannoni daban-daban guda biyu Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV don serial Dil Ki Lagi da Best Album of the Year don album Dhoom .
A cikin 2022 ya zama furodusa tare da Jeem Films, gidan samarwa da kamfani wanda ya ɗauka a matsayin dandamali don haɓaka sabbin ƙwarewa.
Rayuwar farko
An haifi Junaid Khan Niazi a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 1981 ga dangin musulmi na zuriyar Pashtun a Multan, Punjab, Pakistan .
Khan ya kammala karatun sa na farko (aji na 1 zuwa 5) a Dibisional Public School da kuma na Ibne Sina College Defence (Matric). Bayan ya kammala Matric, ya shiga FC College sannan ya shiga Sashen Injiniya na UET Lahore don yin digiri a Injiniya. A cikin shekara ta uku a UET, yayin da yake karatu, Khan ya fara aikin waka. Tsoffin membobin Kira ne suka saurare shi kuma an zaɓe shi ya zama ɓangaren ƙungiyar. Daga baya Khan ya sami digirin sa na Master of Business Administration (MBA) daga Kwalejin Imperial da ke Lahore .
Shi, tare da Khurram Jabbar Khan da Sultan Raja, sun kasance membobin Call band a lokacin. Daga baya Khan ya kawo mawaka guda biyu, Farooq Nasir da Usman Nasir, a cikin kungiyar. Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fito da waƙarsu ta farko, "Nishaan", wacce ta yadu akan intanet kuma nan da nan Kira ya kasance cikin manyan masu fasaha na ƙasar. Ba da daɗewa ba, ƙungiyar ta fito da bidiyon kiɗa na farko na waƙar "Pukaar".
Ba da daɗewa ba ƙungiyar ta fara yin kai tsaye a wani biki daban-daban a duk faɗin Pakistan da ma na duniya. Khan da Farooq Nasir sun shirya albam din Jilawatan kuma suna yin rikodin a Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan 's (memba na ƙungiyar Entity Paradigm a lokaci) studio audio a Lahore . Daga baya Farooq da Usman Nasir suka bar kungiyar saboda alƙawarin da suka yi na kansu kuma Khan ya nemi Xulfiqar Jabbar Khan ya shiga ƙungiyar a matsayin jagorar guitarist. Kungiyar ta kammala samar da albam din kuma an kammala Jilawatan a kusa da 2005.
Da yake bayyana canjin da ya yi zuwa wasan kwaikwayo wanda ya faru daga baya a cikin aikinsa, ya ce yana da mahaifiyar mai zane wanda ya kasance mai lambar zinare a cikin Fine Arts, shi da kansa ya shiga ayyukan fasaha a lokacin karatunsa, wato zane da wasan kwaikwayo, na karshen yana zama tushe ga makomarsa a matsayin dan wasan kwaikwayo.
Tare da Kira
Khan ya rubuta ballad ɗin sa na farko, "Sab Bhulla Kay", a cikin 2005. Kungiyar ta fitar da albam din Jilawatan da wakar a cikin wannan shekarar.
Ƙungiyar ta fitar da kundin tare da bidiyon waƙar dutsen punk "Main Esa Hi Hoon". Khan ya sake fitar da wata waka, "Badal do Zamana", tare da Pepsi don gasar cin kofin duniya ta T20 a 2010. Daga baya, ya fito a cikin wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Kabhi Na Kabhi, wanda kuma Khan ne ya tsara sautinsa. Ya buga jagora a cikin wani serial daga wannan gidan samarwa, kuma daga baya Moomal Productions ya jefa shi a matsayin jagora a cikin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Sanam Saeed, Sarwat Gillani, Yahan Pyar Nahi Hai, Saba Qamar, da Mawra Hussain a farkon 2012. Domin aikinsa a Dil Ki Lagi, an zabe shi a matsayin Mafi kyawun Jarumin TV (Terrestrial) a Lux Style Award, wanda ya faru a ƙarshen 2012.
Khan ya rattaba hannu kan wasu serials guda biyu tare da Moomal Productions, Madiha Maliha da Qadoorat . Na farko a halin yanzu yana kan iska kuma na biyu yana ƙarƙashin samarwa. Ya fara aiki akan kundi na solo kuma ya fitar da waƙar solo na farko, "So Close So Distant". A ƙarshen 2012, Khan ya yanke shawarar barin Kira don neman aikin solo a cikin kiɗa.
Solo music
A cikin 2011, yayin da yake shirin zuwa New York don yin fim ɗin Mata-e-Jaan Hai Tu, Khan ya haɗa kai da mawakiyar Amurka Jennifer Jandris. Khan ya tsara kuma ya samar da waƙar, kuma ya harbe bidiyon tare da Jandris a Washington DC a ƙarshen 2011. An saki waƙar a ranar soyayya a cikin 2012. A cikin 2021, ya fito da sabuwar waƙar solo ɗin sa "Taqdeer". Kade-kade da hada wakar Khan ne da kansa.
Albums tare da Kira
" Jilawan "
" Dhom "
Coke Studio
"Mein Raasta" Duet tare da Momina Mustehsan (Season 9).
Bidiyon kiɗa
"Nishaan" from Jilawatan
"Pukaar" from Jilawatan
"Shayad" from Jilawatan
"Sab Bhula Kai" from Jilawatan
"Bichar Kai Bhee" from Jilawatan
"Kuch Naheen" from Jilawatan
"Kal Hamara Hai"
"Hum Se Hai Yeh Zamana" from Dhoom
"Aasmaan" daga Dhoom
"Ho Jaane De" daga Dhoom
"Main esa hi hoon" daga Dhoom
"Don haka kusa da nisa"
"Taqdeer"
Talabijin OST
"Marzi"
"Sun Yara"
"Tashi"
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba |
30477 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauyin%20yanayi%20a%20nahiyar%20Africa | Sauyin yanayi a nahiyar Africa | Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli na Afirka suna haifar da tasirin ɗan adam a kan yanayin Afirka, kuma suna da babban tasiri ga mutane da kusan kowane nau'in rayuwa mai lalacewa. Batutuwa sun haɗa da misali sare itatuwa, lalata ƙasa, gurɓataccen iska, sauyin yanayi da ƙarancin ruwa (sakamakon matsaloli tare da samun ingantaccen ruwa mai tsafta). Kusan duk matsalolin muhalli na Afirka suna da sauyin yanayi kuma mutane ne suka jawo su.
sare itatuwa
Yawan sare itatuwa da raguwar da ake samu a yankunan dazuzzuka su ne manyan batutuwan muhalli na Nahiyar Afrika. Ana cigaba da saran gandun daji da jujjuyawar ƙasa don noma, matsuguni da buƙatun mutane. Kashi 90 cikin 100 na al'ummar Afirka na da bukatar itace da za su yi amfani da su a matsayin makamashi don dumama da dafa abinci. Sakamakon haka, wuraren dake dazuzzuka suna raguwa a kullum, alal misali, a yankin dazuzzukan da ba a taba gani ba. A cewar Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, yawan kwararowar hamada a Afirka ya ninka na duniya.
Yawan sare itatuwa ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda shine babban dalilin sare dazuzzuka, ya bambanta daga ƙasa zuwa ƙasa, kamar kashi 50% a Kamaru da kashi 80% a Laberiya. Kuma A Jamhuriyar Dimokaradiyyar Kwango, bukatun talakawa ne ke haifar da sare dazuzzuka, tare da saran itatuwa da hako ma'adinai ba tare da kulawa ba. A kasar Habasha, babban abin da ya jawo shi ne karuwar al'ummar kasar, wanda ke haifar da karuwar noma, da noman dabbobi, da kuma itacen mai. Sannan Kuma Karancin ilimi da kuma karancin sa hannun gwamnati suma suna taimakawa wajen sare itatuwa. Asarar dazuzzukan Madagaskar dai na faruwa ne a wani bangare sakamakon ‘yan kasar da ke amfani da dabarun sara da konewa bayan samun ‘yancin kai daga turawan Faransa. A shekarar 2005, Najeriya ce tafi kowacce kasa yawan sare itatuwa a duniya, a cewar hukumar abinci da noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya FAO. Sace dazuzzuka a Najeriya na faruwa ne sakamakon saren itatuwa, noman noma, da kuma tarin itacen da ake amfani da shi don samun mai. Kuma A cewar gfy, sare dazuzzuka ya shafe kusan kashi 90% na dazuzzukan Afirka. Afirka ta Yamma ce kawai kashi 22.8% na dazuzzukan dazuzzukan suka rage, kuma kashi 81% na dazuzzukan da suka tsufa a Najeriya sun bace cikin shekaru 15. Sake sare dazuzzuka kuma yana rage yiwuwar samun ruwan sama; Habasha ta fuskanci yunwa da fari saboda haka. Kashi 98% na dazuzzukan Habasha sun bace cikin shekaru 50 da suka gabata. Sannan Kuma A cikin shekaru 43, yawan gandun daji na Kenya ya ragu daga kusan kashi 10% zuwa 1.7%. Sake sare dazuzzuka a Madagaska ya kuma haifar da kwararowar hamada, da asarar kasa, da gurbacewar ruwa, wanda ya haifar da kasa samar da albarkatun da ake bukata domin yawan al'ummarta. Kuma A cikin shekaru biyar da suka wuce, Najeriya ta yi asarar kusan rabin dazuzzukan da ta ke da su.
Gwamnatin Habasha, tare da kungiyoyi irin su Farm Africa, sun fara daukar matakan hana sare itatuwa fiye da kima .
Batun sare itatuwa al'amari ne, kuma gandun daji na da matukar muhimmanci a Afirka, saboda al'umma sun dogara da su wajen samar da bukatu. Kuma Ana amfani da itace don matsuguni, tufafi, abubuwan noma, da dai sauransu. Hakanan ana amfani da kayan aikin itace don ƙirƙirar magunguna da abinci iri-iri. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abincin sun haɗa da 'ya'yan itatuwa, goro, zuma, da ƙari mai yawa. Itace na da matukar muhimmanci wajen samun ci gaban tattalin arziki a Afirka, musamman a kasashe masu tasowa. Dazuzzuka kuma suna taimakawa muhalli. Kuma An kiyasta cewa koren bel na Afirka ya ƙunshi sama da 1.5 nau'in miliyan. Idan ba tare da mazaunin gandun daji don kare nau'in ba, yawan jama'a na cikin haɗari. Rayuwar miliyoyin mutane da nau'ikan halittu suna cikin haɗari tare da sare bishiyoyi. Dokar wani tasiri ne na domino wanda ke shafar bangarori da yawa na al'umma, yanayin muhalli, da tattalin arziki.
Kasashe da dama na Afirka sun fara aiwatar da ayyukan farfado da su domin magance illar sare itatuwa. Sannan Kuma An nuna wadannan ayyuka na inganta muhalli ta hanyoyi da dama da kuma rayuwar mutanen da ke kusa da su. Misali "Tsarin gyaran gandun daji da noman dazuzzuka na iya taimakawa, alal misali, sarrafa carbon, hana ambaliya, haɓaka nau'ikan halittu, gyara gurɓataccen ƙasa, samar da wadataccen makamashi na gida ga talakawan karkara da inganta amfani da filaye da sarrafa magudanan ruwa."
Lalacewar ƙasa
Yazawar ruwan sama da koguna da iska da kuma yawan amfani da kasa wajen noma da rashin amfani da taki ya sa kasa ta zama mara haihuwa, misali a filayen kogin Nilu da kogin Orange . Kuma Babban abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa shi ne rashin samar da takin zamani da ake amfani da shi, tunda ƙasar Afirka ba ta da tushen sinadarai masu gina jiki. Ƙaruwar yawan jama'a kuma ya ba da gudummawa lokacin da mutane ke buƙatar noman noma, a matsayin tushen samun kudin shiga, amma ba a dauki matakan kare ƙasa ba, saboda ƙarancin kuɗi. Hanyoyin da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu suna haifar da matsin lamba a kan sauran abubuwan muhalli, kamar gandun daji, kuma ba su da dorewa. Hakanan akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙarancin ingancin ƙasa. Sannan Yawancin ƙasa suna da duwatsu ko yumbu daga ayyukan volcanic. Sauran dalilan sun hada da zaizayar kasa, kwararowar hamada, da sare itatuwa. Wani abin da ke haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa shi ne rashin kula da sharar da ba ta dace ba, rashin kayan aiki da dabarun da za a bi don zubar da shara a cikin ƙasa, kuma don haka yana haifar da gurɓacewar ƙasa ta hanyar sarrafa irin wannan leaching.
Lalacewar ƙasan Afirka yana haifar da raguwar samar da abinci, da lalata tasirin muhalli, da raguwar ingancin rayuwa gabaɗaya a Afirka. Wannan batu zai ragu idan takin zamani da sauran kayan amfanin gona sun fi araha kuma don haka ana amfani da su sosai. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kaddamar da wani bincike na duniya kan lalata kasa da dan Adam ya haifar da shi (GLASOD) don ci gaba da binciken musabbabi da yanayin kasa. Kuma Ana samun damar samun bayanan da aka tattara cikin 'yanci, kuma ana fatan za a wayar da kan 'yan siyasa a yankunan da ake fuskantar barazana.
Gurbacewar iska
Iskar da ke cikin Afirka tana ƙazanta sosai saboda dalilai da yawa da aka ambata a ƙasa. Sannan Kuma Hanyar noma ta farko da ke faruwa a mafi yawan yankuna a Afirka tabbas abu ne mai haddasawa. Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (FAO) ta yi kiyasin cewa hekta miliyan 11.3 na kasa na asarar duk shekara sakamakon noma, kiwo, kone-kone da kuma cin itacen mai. Ana amfani da konewar itace da gawayi don dafa abinci kuma wannan yana haifar da sakin carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi, wanda shine gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanayi. Haka kuma, saboda rashin wadataccen wutar lantarki, yawancin gidaje sai sun dogara da man fetur da dizal a cikin janareta don ci gaba da gudanar da wutar lantarki. Gurbacewar iska a Afirka na zuwa kan gaba kuma bai kamata a yi watsi da su ba. Misali, a Afirka ta Kudu matakan mercury sun yi tsanani saboda konewar kwal da hakar gwal. Mercury yana tsotse daga iska zuwa cikin ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙasar tana ba da damar amfanin gona su sha mercury, wanda ɗan adam ke sha. Dabbobi suna cin ciyawar da ta sha mercury kuma mutane na iya shiga cikin waɗannan dabbobin. Kifi yana shakar mercury daga cikin ruwa, haka nan mutane su kan sha kifin su sha ruwan da ya sha mercury. Sannan kuma Wannan yana ƙara matakan mercury a cikin mutane. Wannan na iya haifar da mummunar haɗari ga lafiya.
Ana sa ran cewa, Afirka za ta iya wakiltar rabin gurbacewar da ake fitarwa a duniya nan da shekarar 2030, in ji Cathy Lousse darektan bincike na sautin yanayi na CNRS, tare da sauran masu bincike. Rahoton ya ce, yankin kudu da hamadar sahara na fama da gurbacewar yanayi cikin sauri, kuma wanda ya samo asali daga dalilai da dama, kamar kona itace don dafa abinci, bude konewar sharar gida, zirga-zirga, masana'antun sarrafa kayayyakin abinci da sinadarai, kurar sahara da ke dauke da ita. iska ta ratsa yankin Sahel, duk da wannan ya karfafa da karuwar yawan jama'a da kuma zama birane.
Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya ta bayar da rahoton bukatar shiga tsakani lokacin da aka rasa fiye da kashi bisa uku na jimlar shekarun da aka daidaita na nakasa sakamakon kamuwa da gurbatar iska a cikin gida a Afirka. Ana buƙatar man fetur don kunna fitulu da dare. Sannan Kuma Man da ake konawa yana haifar da fitar da iskar carbon dioxide a sararin samaniya. Saboda karuwar birane a Afirka, mutane suna ƙara kona mai tare da amfani da motoci masu yawa don sufuri. Haɓaka hayaƙin ababen hawa da haɓakar haɓaka masana'antu na nufin ingancin iskar birane a nahiyar na ƙara ta'azzara. Haka kuma lamarin yana faruwa a manyan biranen Najeriya da dama inda manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da rashin ingancin iskar sun hada da hayakin motoci da hayakin masana'antu da kona shara. Kuma Bambance-bambancen yanayi na yanayi kuma yana kasancewa tare da mafi girman matakan gurɓataccen iska da ke faruwa a lokacin rani (Nuwamba zuwa Maris a arewa, Mayu zuwa Satumba a kudu).
A kasashe da dama, har yanzu amfani da ledar man fetur na yaduwa sosai, kuma babu yadda za a iya sarrafa hayakin motoci. Gurbacewar iska a cikin gida ta yadu, galibi daga kona gawayi a kicin don girki. Abubuwan da ake fitarwa daga gidajen mai da nitrogen da hydrocarbon da ake fitarwa daga filayen jirgin sama suna haifar da gurɓataccen iska. Carbon dioxide sauran iskar gas a cikin iska yana haifar da karuwar mutanen da ke da al'amuran numfashi.
Akwai alakar gama gari tsakanin gurbacewar iska da yawan jama'a. Sannan Afirka ta bambanta tsakanin yankunan da ke da yawan jama'a da yankunan da ba su da yawa. A yankunan da babu ci gaban masana'antu kaɗan da mutane kaɗan, ingancin iska yana da girma. Kuma Akasin haka, a yankuna masu yawan jama'a da masu masana'antu ingancin iska ba ya da yawa. Magance gurbacewar iska a manyan birane galibi shine babban fifiko, duk da cewa nahiyar gaba daya tana samar da gurbatacciyar iska bisa ka'idojin kasa da kasa. Duk da haka, gurɓataccen iska yana haifar da matsalolin lafiya da muhalli iri-iri. Wadannan gurbacewar yanayi barazana ce ga al'ummar Afirka da muhallin da suke kokarin dorewa.
A cikin shekarata 2019, gurɓataccen iska ya kashe mutane miliyan 1.1 a duk faɗin Afirka, in ji wani bincike da aka buga a cikin Lafiyar Duniya na Lancet a cikin Oktoba shekarar 2021. Fiye da yara miliyan 350 na Afirka suna rayuwa a gidajen da ke amfani da makamashi mai ƙarfi, galibi itace da gawayi, don dafa abinci da dumama. Fitowar da ake samu daga wadannan tsattsauran mai sune manyan abubuwan da ke haddasa gurbatar iska a cikin gida.
Canjin yanayi
Rashin ruwa
Lalacewar filastik
Kamar sauran kasashen duniya masu tasowa, sannan gurbacewar robobi na haifar da matsaloli kamar gurbacewar hanyoyin ruwa, datse hanyoyin sarrafa ruwan sama, da karuwar cututtuka sakamakon sauro da kwarin da ke zaune a cikin robobi. Rashin sarrafa robobi duka haɗin gwiwa ne na samar da arha daga kowane nau'in masana'anta, misali ta hanyar samar da ruwa da ake buƙata ta hanyar ruwan kwalba da buhunan ruwa, da rashin kula da sharar bayan amfani.
Wasu wurare a Afirka kuma sun kasance ana samun zubar da sharar robobi daga Arewacin Duniya. Wasu gwamnatoci suna mayar da martani, sannan kuma nahiyar na kan gaba a sauran kasashen duniya a haramcin robobi wanda ya rage izinin amfani da kuma kera robobin amfani guda daya kamar buhunan robobi da kayayyakin abinci.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Muhalli na Afirka (Bulletin)
Africover (aikin UN)
Saukewa: AFR100
Hillstrom, Kevin, da Laurie Collier Hillstrom. Yanayin Duniya. wani bayyani na nahiyar game da batutuwan muhalli. Santa Barbara, CA, ABC-CLIO, 2003.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Fleshman, Michael " Ceto dazuzzuka na Afirka, 'huhun duniya' " Janairu 2008 Majalisar Dinkin Duniya
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