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34518 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right%20to%20Life%20New%20Zealand | Right to Life New Zealand | Haƙƙin Rayuwa a kasar New Zealand ƙungiyar yaƙi da zubar da ciki tushen tushen Christchurch Ya rabu da New Zealand Al’umma na Kare hakkin wanda ba a Haifa ba da kananan yara(yanzu Voice for Life a cikin shekara ta 2000 sakamakon rashin jituwa tsakanin mai magana da yawun reshen Christchurch Ken Orr da shugabancin kasa kan dabarun yin amfani da su. Bayan adawa da zubar da ciki, Haƙƙin Rayuwa NZ yana adawa da euthanasia, ilimin jima'i, da LGBT "ajandar".
Tarihi Haƙƙin Rayuwa ya samo asali ne a matsayin reshen Christchurch na New Zealand Society for the Protection of the Unborn Child (SPUC), yanzu da aka sani da Voice for Life A shekara ta 2000, an kori reshen Christchurch na SPUC daga kungiyar ta kasa saboda sabani da aka samu tsakanin kakakin reshen Ken Orr da kungiyar ta kasa game da dabarun shiga tsakani. Yayin da Ken Orr ya so ya tura dokar hana zubar da ciki, shugabancin kasa ya so ya jira gwamnatin da ta hana zubar da ciki. A cikin Satumba 2000, reshen Christchurch na SPUC a baya ya sake sabunta kansa a matsayin 'Yancin Rayuwa New Zealand.
Maganar Nikki, 2002 A shekara ta 2002, Yancin rayuwa,ya ci nasara a shari'ar kotu da aka fi sani da "Nikki's Case" inda aka mayar da tayin wani yanki na kotu bayan da mahaifiyar ta yanke shawarar ba da izinin yin fim din haihuwar don fim din batsa A cewar ɗan jarida Allison McCulloch, wannan ƙalubalen na kotu wani bangare ne na kamfen na ‘yancin rayuwa na tabbatar da haƙƙin wanda aka haifa a cikin dokar New Zealand.
Ingantaccen shari'a akan Kwamitin Kula da Zubar da ciki, 2008 2011 Tsakanin 2005 da 2012, 'Yancin Rayuwa na New Zealand's shugaban Ken Orr ya bi shari'ar kotu a kan Kwamitin Kula da Zubar da ciki, na New Zealand tun 2005, yana jayayya cewa Kwamitin ya gaza a cikin ka'idar alhakin sa ido kan halaccin mutum na tabbatar da alhakin masu ba da shawara a ƙarƙashinsa. Dokar hana haihuwa, haifuwa da zubar da ciki ta 1977, kare tayin, da dakatar da zubar da ciki akan bukata. A cikin 2008, Shari'ar Haƙƙin Rayuwa ta kasance wani ɓangare ne na Miller J, duk da haka ya ƙi bayar da sanarwar cewa Kwamitin ya gaza a cikin aikinsa. Kotun daukaka kara ta samu a kan hakkin rayuwa a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 2011. Ta yi watsi da karar su a kan kwamitin kuma ta tabbatar da Wall v Livingston, wata kotun daukaka kara ta farko da ta gano cewa babu wata ma'anar amfrayo ko tayi a karkashin dokar New Zealand dangane da zubar da ciki. Kotun daukaka kara ta kuma yanke hukuncin cewa babu wani dan tayi na rayuwa. Haƙƙin Rayuwa New Zealand Inc ya nemi izinin ɗaukaka ƙara zuwa Kotun Koli na New Zealand A cikin hukuncin da aka yanke a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2011 Kotun Koli ta ba da izinin daukaka kara dangane da wasu batutuwa (ciki har da ikon Kwamitin Kula da Zubar da ciki), amma ta ki izinin daukaka kara game da batutuwan haƙƙin jaririn da ba a haifa ba da shawara mai zaman kanta ga mata. An saurari karar a Kotun Koli a ranar 13 ga Maris 2012. Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 2012, ta ki amincewa da daukaka karar rayuwa ta hanyar yanke hukunci mai rinjaye 3-2 tare da goyon bayan Wall v. Livingston ta yanke shawara. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa kwamitin da ke sa ido kan zubar da ciki ba zai iya bin diddigin shawarar da aka yanke na tabbatar da masu ba da shawara a cikin shari'o'i guda ɗaya ba amma kuma ta bayyana cewa ASC na iya tambayar masu ba da shawara yadda suke yanke shawararsu gaba ɗaya. Orr ya yi iƙirarin hukuncin na ƙarshe a matsayin nasara wajen ɗaukar masu ba da shawara kan zubar da ciki da suka ba da izini. Haƙƙin Rayuwa Inc ya yi amfani da shi don tunawa da wannan ɓangaren hukuncin da ya shafi farashi, amma Kotun Koli ta ƙi amincewa da aikace-aikacen tunawa a kan 25 Oktoba 2012. Tun daga 2017, Haƙƙin Rayuwa New Zealand kuma ta yi adawa da ƙoƙarin halatta euthanasia da taimakawa kashe kansa Tun daga shekarar 2019, kungiyar tana yin katsalandan a kan shugaban jam'iyyar ACT David Seymour 's shawarar Ƙarshen Rayuwa na Zaɓin Ƙarshen Rayuwa, wanda ya wuce karatu na biyu a ƙarshen Yuni 2019. Bugu da ƙari, Haƙƙin Rayuwa kuma yana adawa da hana haifuwa, Haɗin in vitro, da gwajin haihuwa Ƙaddamar da Zubar da ciki: Maris 2020 A watan Agusta 2019, Right to Life NZ ta bukaci magoya bayanta da su gabatar da jawabai masu adawa da shirin gwamnatin hadin gwiwa da kungiyar kwadago ke jagoranta ta shirin dokar zubar da ciki na 2020, wacce ke da niyyar cire zubar da ciki daga dokar laifuka ta 1961 da kuma saukaka samun sabis na dakatarwa. Koyaya, ya gaza cimma wannan manufar bayan karatun na uku kuma na ƙarshe na Dokar zubar da ciki a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2020, bayan haka ta zama doka. Haka kuma Haƙƙin Rayuwar New Zealand ba ta ƙara samun nasara ba a cikin yaƙin neman zaɓe na lokaci guda na adawa da Dokar Zaɓin Ƙarshen Rayuwa na 2019, wanda ya nemi amincewa da yanke hukuncin euthanasia na son rai. Dokar Zaɓar Ƙarshen Rayuwa ta wuce bayan da aka gudanar da ƙuri'ar raba gardama tare da babban zaɓe na 2020 na New Zealand don yin hakan, ta ɗan rata mai yawa. Zubar da ciki a New Zealand
Siyasar Kirista a New Zealand
Euthanasia a New Zealand
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Haƙƙin Rayuwa Shafin yanar gizon hukuma na New |
24259 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Charles%20Quist | Emmanuel Charles Quist | Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist, wanda aka fi sani da Paa Quist (21 ga Mayu 1880, a garin Christiansborg, Accra 30 ga Maris 1959) ya kasan d lauya, malami kuma alkali, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Kakakin Majalisar Dokokin Gold Coast na farko da Kakakin Majalisa na farko a majalisar dokokin kasar Ghana.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko da zuriya An haifi Emmanuel Charles Quist a shekarar 1880 a garin Christiansborg, Accra. Shi ne ɗan Rev. Carl Quist (1843 99), ministan Ofishin Jakadancin Basel daga Osu, Accra. Mahaifiyarsa Ga-Danish, Paulina Richter, ta fito daga gidan sarautar Anomabo. Mahaifin Richter shine Heinrich Richter (1785–1849), fitaccen ɗan Yuro-Afirka daga Osu. Zuriyar Richter kuma sun haɗa da Philip Christian Richter (haihuwa 1903), masanin ilimi da ministan Presbyterian da Ernest Richter (haihuwa 1922), jami'in diflomasiyya. Carl Quist shima dan asalin Ga-Danish ne kuma ɗayan ɗayan 'yan uwan Kvist uku (anglicised to Quist) wanda ya zo Gold Coast ta Holland a 1840. 'Yan uwan, duk' yan asalin Danes, sun zauna daban a Cape Coast, Christiansborg da Keta. E. C. Quist kuma yana da alaƙa da sanannen magatakarda na Ma'aikata na Accra, ta hanyar ɗan uwansa, Anna Alice Meyer (1873 1934) wanda mijinta shine malamin addini da Basel, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 1961).
Ilimi da aiki Daga 1889 zuwa 1896, E. C. Quist yana da ilimin firamare da na tsakiya a Makarantar Grammar Basel da makarantar kwana ta maza, Makarantar Salem bi da bi. Daga nan ya halarci Makarantar Taron Basel, makarantar tauhidi da kwalejin koyar da malamai a Akropong, Gundumar Akwapim inda ya sami horo a fannin ilimin addini da tauhidi sannan ya kammala karatunsa a matsayin malamin koyarwa. Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban makarantar almajiransa, Makarantar Salem, Osu daga 1899 zuwa 1902. Quist ya yi murabus daga aikin koyarwa don neman sana’ar kasuwanci. A takaice ya shiga kasuwanci tare da Kamfanin Sadarwar Ofishin Jakadancin Basel, ya shiga Haikali na Tsakiya a Ingila a cikin 1910 kuma an kira shi zuwa Bar a ranar 10 ga Afrilu 1913, tare da Sir James Henley Coussey wanda daga baya ya jagoranci Kwamitin Tsarin Mulki da aka kafa a watan Disamba 1949 don yin zane sabon Tsarin Mulki don Kogin Zinariya.
Bayan dawowarsa daga Landan, Quist ya yi rajista a matsayin lauya a cikin aikin sirri a Gold Coast Bar, inda ya kafa dakunansa a Accra. Quist ya zama Lauyan Afirka na farko a cikin Ma'aikatan farar hula na Gold Coast, daidai da matsayin Lauyan Jiha. Ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na mai ba da shawara a cikin shekara guda don mayar da hankali kan aikinsa na lauya mai kare kansa. Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Garin Accra daga 1919 zuwa 1929. Ya kasance memba na musamman na Majalisar Dokoki a 1925, yana aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a ga Majalisar Sarakunan lardin Gabas. An zabe shi memba na Majalisar Dokoki, mai wakiltar lardin Gabas, daga 1934 zuwa 1948. An nada shi memba na Majalisar Kwalejin Achimota.
Alkalin puisne a shari'ar Cape Coast daga 1948 zuwa 1949, E. C. Quist shine Shugaban Afirka na farko na Majalisar Dokoki daga Mayu 1949 zuwa 1951, Shugaban Majalisar Dokokin Kasa na Gold Coast daga 1951 zuwa 1957, da Kakakin Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa. na Ghana daga Maris 1957 har zuwa ritayarsa a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba 1957. A cikin wannan lokacin, abokan aikinsa a majalisar sun sake zaɓensa a matsayin Kakakin Majalisa a lokacin babban zaɓen 1954 da 1956. Haɓaka Quist a 1949 ya faru ne bayan Gwamnan ƙarshe na yankin bakin tekun Gold Coast, Sir Charles Arden-Clarke ya yi murabus daga mukaminsa na ɗaya. Shugaban Majalisar Dokoki. Quist ya ziyarci Majalisar Wakilan Birtaniyya a 1950. A ranar 26 ga Oktoba 1950, ya shiga Tsarin Shugaban Majalisar a Fadar Westminster, a matsayin babban bako na Kakakin Majalisar na wancan lokacin, Douglas Clifton Brown, Viscount Ruffside na farko, yayin buɗe sabon zaman wannan shekarar. A cikin 1957, ya jagoranci bude majalisar dokoki ta musamman a ranar 'yancin kai ta Ghana, 6 ga Maris, wanda manyan mutane na duniya da suka ziyarta suka halarta ciki har da Gimbiya Marina, Duchess na Kent, wakiliyar Sarauniya Elizabeth ta II don bikin da kuma Amurka ta wancan lokacin. Mataimakin shugaban kasa Richard Nixon da dan rajin kare hakkin dan adam na Amurka, Martin Luther King Jr.
Rayuwa A ranar 27 ga Yuni 1929, Quist ya auri Dinah Nita Bruce na Christiansborg, Accra. Dinah Bruce ya kasance daga fitaccen dangin Bruce na Accra wanda membobinta sun haɗa da likitan Gold Coast da ɗan jarida, Frederick Nanka-Bruce da mawaƙin Ghana, King Bruce. Quist tana da 'ya'ya mata biyu Paulina Quist (Ma’aikacin Ma'aikata) da Dinah Quist (Uwargida Annang). Emmanuel Quist ya kasance majiɓinci wasu kungiyoyin kula da zamantakewa: Accra Turf Club, Rodger Club da Boy Scouts Movement.
Mutuwa Bayan rasuwar Quist a shekarar 1959, gwamnatin Ghana ta yi masa jana'izar ƙasa tare da cikakkiyar karrama sojoji. Bayan bikin a Cocin Presbyterian Ebenezer, Osu, an kai gawarsa a makabartar Osu da ke Accra.
Lamban girma An halicci Quist O.B.E. a cikin 1942, "don ayyukan jama'a a cikin Gold Coast," da Knighted a 1952. "Zauren Taro na Masu Magana" a Gidan Majalisar an sanya masa sunan Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist. An kafa wani abin tunawa, wanda uwargidansa, Lady Dinah Quist ta dauki nauyinsa, don tunawa da shi a cikin haikalin Ikilisiyar Presbyterian Ebenezer, Osu inda ya kasance mai taro. An ba wa sunan "Sir Emmanuel Charles Quist Street" da ke Accra don girmama shi.
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50793 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Yancin%20Addini%20a%20Cape%20Verde | 'Yancin Addini a Cape Verde | Kundin tsarin mulkin Cape Verde ya tanadi 'yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Manufar gwamnati ta ci gaba da ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da harkokin addini gabaɗaya. Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Alkaluman addini Cape Verde tsibiri ce mai kunshe da tsibirai 10, 9 daga cikinsu suna zaune. Tana da fadin da yawan jama'a 458,000, bisa ga Cibiyar Kididdiga ta Kasa. Fiye da kashi 85 na yawan jama'ar Roman Katolika ne, a cewar wani kuri'a na yau da kullun da majami'u suka yi. Babbar darikar Furotesta ita ce Cocin Banazare. Sauran ƙungiyoyin sun haɗa da Ikilisiyar Adventist na kwana bakwai, Ikilisiyar Yesu Almasihu na Saints na Ƙarshe (Mormons), Majami'un God, Ikilisiyar Duniya ta Mulkin God, da sauran ƙungiyoyin Pentikostal da bishara daban-daban. Akwai ƙananan al'ummomin bangaskiyar Baha'i da ƙaramar al'ummar musulmi tana girma. An kiyasta adadin wadanda basu yarda da Allah ba a kasa da kashi 1 cikin dari na yawan jama'a.
Babu wata alaka tsakanin bambancin addini da kabilanci ko siyasa; duk da haka, shugabannin darikar Katolika na tausayawa jam’iyyar Movement for Democracy (MPD) wacce ta mulki kasar daga shekarun 1991 zuwa 2001. Yayin da yawancin Katolika suka taɓa yin adawa da Jam'iyyar ta Independence of Cape Verde (PAICV), wacce ta zama jam'iyyar mulki a shekara ta 2001, wasu sun zama magoya bayan PAICV saboda rikici a cikin jam'iyyar MPD da rashin gamsuwa game da ayyukan na ƙarshe.
Akwai ƙungiyoyin masu wa’azi na ƙasashen waje da ke aiki a ƙasar.
Matsayin 'yancin addini
Tsarin doka da tsarin siyasa Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin addini, kuma gwamnati gabaɗaya tana mutunta wannan haƙƙin a aikace. Gwamnati a kowane mataki na kokarin kare wannan hakkin gaba daya kuma ba ta amince da cin zarafi na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu ba.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya kare hakkin mutane na zabi da canza addininsu da kuma fassara addininsu da kansu.
Kundin Penal Code, wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2004, ya bayyana cewa cin zarafi na yancin addini laifuffuka ne da ke fuskantar hukuncin zaman gidan yari tsakanin watanni 3 zuwa shekara 3.
Babu addinin kasa. Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi rabuwar coci da jiha kuma ya haramtawa gwamnati aiwatar da duk wani imani da ayyuka na addini.
Cocin Katolika na jin daɗin matsayi a rayuwar ƙasa. Alal misali, gwamnati tana ba cocin Katolika lokacin watsa shirye-shiryen talabijin kyauta don hidimar addini. Hakanan, gwamnati tana kiyaye ranakun tsarkaka na Kirista na Ash Wednesday Juma'a mai kyau, Ista, Ranar Dukan Waliyai, da Kirsimeti a matsayin hutu na hukuma. Haka kuma, kowace karamar hukuma tana da hutu don girmama waliyyinta. Gwamnati ba ta yin wasu bukukuwan addini.
Kundin tsarin mulki ya tanadi ‘yancin yin tarayya. Duk ƙungiyoyi, na addini ko na zamani, dole ne su yi rajista da Ma'aikatar Shari'a don a san su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin doka.
Rijista wajibi ne a karkashin tsarin mulki da kuma dokar kungiyoyi. Babu wasu abubuwan ƙarfafawa na musamman don yin rajista kuma rashin yin hakan bai haifar da hukunci ko tuhuma ba. Wani illar rashin yin rijista shi ne gazawar ƙungiyoyin da ba su yi rajista ba don neman lamuni na gwamnati ko masu zaman kansu a matsayin ƙungiya.
Don yin rajista, dole ne ƙungiyar addini ta mika wa Ma’aikatar Shari’a kwafin kundin tsarinta da dokokinta, wanda membobin kungiyar suka sanya wa hannu. Kundin tsarin mulkin kasar ya gindaya sharuddan da za a bi a duk wata kungiya, ciki har da na addini, ya kuma bayyana cewa kungiyar ba za ta kasance soja ko makamai ba; ba za a yi nufin inganta tashin hankali, wariyar launin fata, kyamar baki, ko mulkin kama-karya ba; kuma maiyuwa bazai sabawa dokar hukunci ba. Rashin yin rajista tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ba ya haifar da wani ƙuntatawa akan imani ko aiki na addini.
Takurawa 'yancin addini Manufar gwamnati da aiki sun ba da gudummawa ga gudanar da ayyukan addini gabaɗaya.
Babu wani rahoto na fursunonin addini ko kuma wadanda ake tsare da su a kasar.
Tilastawa addini Babu wani rahoto kan addinantar da wasu da aka tilasta musu, ciki har da kananan ’yan kasar Amurka da aka sace ko kuma an kwashe su ba bisa ka’ida ba daga Amurka, ko kuma na kin barin irin wadannan ‘yan kasar a mayar da su Amurka.
Cin zarafin al'umma da nuna wariya Ba a sami rahotannin cin zarafi ko nuna wariya na al'umma ba bisa imani ko aiki na addini.
Duba kuma Addini a Cape Verde
Hakkin Dan Adam a Cape Verde
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
52874 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tectonics | Tectonics | Tectonics from Latin tectonicus from Tsohon Girkanci tektonikós su ne hanyoyin da ke sarrafa tsari da kaddarorin ɓawon ƙasa da juyin halittarta cikin lokaci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da tafiyar matakai na ginin dutse, girma da halayen masu ƙarfi, tsoffin cibiyoyi na nahiyoyi da aka sani da cratons, da kuma hanyoyin da ƙananan faranti waɗanda suka ƙunshi harsashi na duniya ke hulɗa da juna. Tectonics kuma suna ba da tsarin fahimtar girgizar ƙasa da bel ɗin volcanic waɗanda ke shafar yawancin al'ummar duniya kai tsaye.
Nazarin Tectonic yana da mahimmanci a matsayin jagorori ga masana tattalin arzikin ƙasa masu neman burbushin mai da ma'adinan tama na ƙarfe da albarkatun ƙasa. Fahimtar ka'idodin tectonic yana da mahimmanci ga masu ilimin geomorphologists don bayyana yanayin zaizayar ƙasa da sauran fasalulluka na duniya.
Babban nau'ikan tsarin tectonic
Extensional tectonics Extensional tectonics yana hade da mikewa da bakin ciki na ɓawon burodi ko lithosphere Ana samun irin wannan nau'in tectonics a iyakokin faranti daban-daban, a cikin ɓangarorin nahiyoyi, a lokacin da kuma bayan wani lokaci na karo na nahiyoyi da ke haifar da yaɗuwar ɓawon burodin da aka yi a kaikaice, a sakin lanƙwasa a cikin kurakuran yajin aiki, a cikin kwandon baya-basins, da kuma a ƙarshen nahiya na jeri na gefe mara iyaka inda Layer ke akwai.
Tuba (contractional) tectonics Thrust tectonics yana da alaƙa da raguwa da kauri na ɓawon burodi, ko lithosphere. Ana samun irin wannan nau'in tectonics a yankuna na karo na nahiyoyi, a kan hana lanƙwasa cikin kurakuran yajin aiki, da kuma a gefen tekun na jeri mai wucewa inda wani Layer ke nan.
Yajin-zamewa tectonics Tectonics-slip-slip yana da alaƙa da motsi na gefe na dangi na sassan ɓawon burodi ko lithosphere. Ana samun irin wannan nau'in tectonics tare da kurakuran canjin teku da na nahiyoyi waɗanda ke haɗa ɓangarori na tsaunukan tsakiyar teku Slip-slip tectonics shima yana faruwa a ɓangarorin gefe a cikin tsawaitawa da tsarin kuskure A cikin wuraren da ke da hatsaniya ta faranti, nakasar yajin zamewa tana faruwa a cikin farantin da ke kan hawa sama a cikin ɓangarorin da aka yi karo da juna kuma yana ɗaukar nakasar a cikin ƙasan gaba zuwa bel ɗin karo.
Plate tectonics A cikin farantin tectonics, mafi girman ɓangaren duniya da aka sani da lithosphere ɓawon gashi da babba) yana aiki azaman Layer na inji guda ɗaya. Lithosphere ya kasu kashi daban-daban "faranti" waɗanda ke motsawa dangi da juna akan tushe, ƙarancin asthenosphere mai rauni a cikin wani tsari da ke haifar da ci gaba da asarar zafi daga cikin duniya. Akwai manyan nau'ikan iyakokin faranti guda uku: divergent, inda faranti ke motsawa baya da juna kuma an kafa sabon lithosphere a cikin tsarin shimfidar bene na teku canza, inda faranti suna zamewa da juna, kuma masu haɗuwa, inda faranti ke haɗuwa kuma ana "cinye" lithosphere ta hanyar ƙaddamarwa Iyakoki masu jujjuyawa da canzawa sune ke da alhakin yawancin manyan girgizar asa na duniya M <sub id="mwUQ">w</sub> 7 Iyakoki masu jujjuyawa da mabanbanta suma sune wurin da galibin tsaunuka na duniya suke, kamar kewayen Zoben Wuta na Pacific Yawancin nakasawa a cikin lithosphere yana da alaƙa da hulɗar tsakanin faranti a ko kusa da iyakokin faranti.
Sauran fannonin karatun tectonic
Gishiri tectonics Gishiri tectonics ya shafi tsarin geometries da tsarin nakasar da ke da alaƙa da kasancewar manyan kauri na gishirin dutse a cikin jerin duwatsu. Wannan ya faru ne saboda ƙarancin ƙarancin gishiri, wanda ba ya ƙaruwa tare da binnewa, da ƙarancin ƙarfinsa.
Neotectonics Neotectonics shine nazarin motsi da nakasar ɓawon burodi na duniya tsarin yanayin ƙasa da tsarin geomorphological waɗanda suke a halin yanzu ko kwanan nan a lokacin yanayin ƙasa Kalmar na iya nufin motsi da nakasu da kansu. Matsakaicin lokacin daidai ana kiransa da lokacin neotectonic Saboda haka, lokacin da ya gabata ana kiransa da lokacin palaeotectonic Tectonophysics Tectonophysics shine nazarin tsarin tafiyar da jiki da ke da alaƙa da nakasar ɓawon burodi da alkyabba daga sikelin kowane nau'in ƙwayar ma'adinai har zuwa na faranti na tectonic.
Seismetectonics Seismetectonics shine nazarin alakar da ke tsakanin girgizar kasa, tectonics masu aiki, da kurakuran mutum a cikin yanki. Yana neman fahimtar waɗanne laifuffuka ne ke da alhakin ayyukan girgizar ƙasa a cikin wani yanki ta hanyar nazarin haɗaɗɗun tectonics na yanki, abubuwan da aka yi rikodin kayan aikin kwanan nan, asusun girgizar ƙasa na tarihi, da shaidar geomorphological. Ana iya amfani da wannan bayanin don ƙididdige haɗarin girgizar ƙasa na yanki.
Tasirin tectonics Tasirin tectonics shine nazarin gyare-gyare na lithosphere ta hanyar babban tasirin tasirin abubuwan fashewa.
Planetary tectonics Hakanan an yi amfani da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su wajen nazarin fasahar tectonics a duniya wajen nazarin taurari da watanninsu.
Duba kuma Tectonophysics
Seismology
Glarus Thrust yana da wurin tarihi na UNESCO
Volcanology
Mohorovičić katsewa
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa Edward A. Keller (2001) Tectonics masu aiki: Girgizar ƙasa, Haɗawa, da Gidan Wuta na Prentice; Bugu na 2, Stanley A. Schumm, Jean F. Dumont da John M. Holbrook (2002) Tectonics Active da Alluvial Rivers, Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge; Sake bugawa,
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Asalin da Makanikai na Sojojin da ke da alhakin Motsin Tectonic Plate
Aikin Paleomap
Totori
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
57768 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Henri%20Hector%2C%20Count%20of%20Estaing | Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing | Jean Baptiste Charles Henri Hector,Count of Estaing (24 Nuwamba 1729 28 Afrilu 1794)wani janar na Faransa ne kuma jajibi.Ya fara hidimarsa a matsayin soja a Yakin Nasara na Austriya,a taƙaice ya yi zaman fursuna na yaƙin Birtaniya a lokacin Yaƙin Shekaru Bakwai.Abubuwan da sojojin ruwa suka yi a lokacin yakin na ƙarshe ya sa shi canza rassan hidima, kuma ya koma Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Faransa.
Bayan shigar Faransa zuwa yakin Independence na Amurka a 1778,d'Estaing ya jagoranci rundunar jiragen ruwa don taimakawa 'yan tawayen Amurka. Ya shiga cikin gazawar Franco-Amurka na Newport, Rhode Island,a cikin 1778,da kuma 1779 Siege na Savannah bai yi nasara ba.Ya yi nasara a cikin Caribbean kafin ya koma Faransa a 1780.An ba da misali da matsalolinsa na aiki tare da takwarorinsu na Amurka daga cikin dalilan da suka sa waɗannan ayyuka a Arewacin Amurka suka gaza.
Duk da cewa d'Estaing ya ji tausayin masu juyin juya hali a lokacin juyin juya halin Faransa,amma ya kasance da aminci ga dangin sarauta na Faransa.Saboda haka ya shiga cikin tuhuma, kuma an kashe shi ta hanyar guillotine a cikin Mulkin Ta'addanci Shekarun farko An haife shi a ranar 24 ga Nuwamba 1729 a Château de Ravel a Auvergne zuwa Charles-François,Marquis de Saillant da Marie-Henriette Colbert de Maulevrier,zuriyar Jean-Baptiste Colbert .Mahaifinsa Laftanar Janar ne a cikin Sojojin Faransa daga dangi da ke da dogon tarihin hidima ga kambin Faransa. Matashin d'Estaing ya sami ilimi tare da Louis,Dauphin (mahaifi na gaba Louis XVI ),wanda aka haife shi kusan lokaci guda.Don haka D'Estaing ya zama abokantaka na kud da kud da Dauphin kuma ya yi hidima a gidan sa.
A watan Mayun 1738 yana da shekaru 9 ya kasance a cikin sunan Musketeers,kamar yadda danginsa aristocratic suka zaba masa soja fiye da aikin gwamnati.Ya tashi cikin matsayi, daga ƙarshe ya shiga Regiment de Rouergue (fr.) a matsayin laftanar a 1746.A wannan shekarar ya auri Marie-Sophie, jikanyar Marshal Château-Renault .An kira rundunarsa don yin hidima a Yaƙin Nasara na Austriya .D'Estaing ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimaki-de-sansanin zuwa Marshal Saxe a cikin yakin Flanders na 1746-48.A cikin wadannan shekaru an kara masa girma zuwa kanar a matsayin kwamandan Regiment de Rouergue,kuma ya ji rauni a 1748 Siege na Maastricht Bayan yakin Sarki Louis XV ya fara wani shiri na sabunta sojojinsa a kan samfurin Frederick the Great 's Prussian Army.D'Estaing ya zama daya daga cikin manyan masu kawo sauyi.Bayan 'yan shekaru,an kalli Regiment de Rouergue "a matsayin abin koyi na sojojin ƙasa".Da yake neman samun gogewa a fannin diflomasiyya,d'Estaing ya raka jakadan Faransa a Ingila na wani lokaci.
Yakin Shekara Bakwai a Indiya Lokacin da rikici ya barke tsakanin Turawan Ingila da Faransawa a Arewacin Amirka,d'Estaing ya yi la'akari da shiga cikin sojojin Louis-Joseph de Montcalm da suka yi tafiya a cikin 1755,amma danginsa sun hana shi yin haka.Sa’ad da aka shirya balaguro zuwa Gabashin Indiya,ya nemi ya shiga ba tare da tuntuɓar iyalinsa ba.An tabbatar da shigarsa ne lokacin da aka yi masa karin girma zuwa ga birgediya-janar,muddin zai iya mika umurninsa ga wani,wanda ya yi.A farkon Janairu 1757, jim kadan kafin a hau,d'Estaing aka bayar da Order of Saint Louis.
Yaƙin Lally Bayan doguwar tafiya,rundunar sojojin comte d'Aché,ɗauke da sojojin balaguro wanda kwamandan ƙasar shi ne count de Lally, sun isa birnin Cuddalore da Birtaniyya ta mamaye a kudancin Indiya a ranar 28 ga Afrilu 1758.Lally ya sauke sojojinsa,ya kafa shingen shinge a kusa da garin,sannan ya tafi Pondicherry don tsara jigilar kayan yaƙi.A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu sojojin Faransa sun mamaye garin tare da killace wani bangare na Fort St.David.An yi jinkirin zuwan na'urorin kewayen,amma a karshe rundunar ta tilasta yin mika wuya bayan shafe kwanaki 17 na aikin kawanya. D'Estaing ya umarci hagu na Lally,yana kula da hanyoyin da kuma sanya batura.Ya ci gaba da hidima a karkashin Lally a yakin da ya yi da Birtaniya a kudancin Indiya.Ya yi adawa da matakin Lally na ɗage kewayen Tanjore (wanda kawai a cikin majalisar yaƙin Lally da ya yi hakan) bayan kama Karikal na Burtaniya. Lokacin da Lally ya fara kewaye Madras a watan Disamba 1758,an sanya sashin Estaing a tsakiyar layin Faransanci. Lokacin da turawan ingila suka yi wa wannan bangaren,d'Estaing ya ci gaba shi kadai ya leka musu motsin su.Sojojin Biritaniya sun kewaye shi,ba su da doki,kuma bayonet sun ji masa rauni sau biyu kafin ya mika wuya. An kai D'Estaing zuwa Madras, inda aka tsare shi da umarnin Gwamna George Pigot Pigot yayi tayin sakin shi akan parole,amma d'Estaing ya ki, ya gwammace a musanya shi domin ya ci gaba da fada. Zuwan wani jirgin ruwa na Burtaniya daga Madras a watan Fabrairun 1759 ya shawo kan d'Estaing don karɓar tayin sakin layi,wanda ke da sharadi akan kada ya yi yaƙi da Burtaniya a Gabashin Indiya. A watan Mayu 1759 ya tashi zuwa Île-de-Faransa Mauritius na |
40410 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symphony%20of%20the%20New%20World | Symphony of the New World | Symphony of the New World (Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya) ƙungiyar makaɗa ce ta kade-kade a birnin New York. Ita ce kungiyar kade-kade ta farko mai hade da launin fata a Amurka. Symphony ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1965 a Carnegie Hall, wanda Benjamin Steinberg ya jagoranta, wanda ya ce game da ƙungiyar makaɗa: "Muna da basira da yawa a wannan birni, kuma dole ne mu samar da damar da za mu gabatar da shi ga jama'a."
Mawakan wasan kwaikwayo sun kammala karatun makarantun kiɗa kamar Juilliard, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Eastman, Makarantar Kiɗa ta Manhattan, da New England Conservatory. An watsa shirye-shiryensa a gidan rediyon Muryar Amurka da na Sojoji ga masu sauraro a duk duniya.Mujallar Ebony ta furta ta, "saboda fasaha da dalilai na zamantakewa, babban ci gaba a tarihin kiɗa na Amurka."
Steinberg ya ci gaba da zama darektan kiɗa da jagora har zuwa 12 Disamba 1971, lokacin da rikici tsakaninsa da wasu daga cikin membobin ƙungiyar ya haifar da murabus ɗinsa a baya jim kaɗan kafin a fara don wasan ya ci gaba a ƙarƙashin sandarsa. Matsalolin kuɗi, sakamakon yanayin tattalin arziƙi na gabaɗaya da kuma jinkirin karɓar $100,000 na tallafin da aka tsara ya haifar da soke sauran wasannin kide kide na 1971–72. Symphony ta ba da kide-kide na karshe a ranar Lahadi, 9 ga Afrilu, 1978.
Ƙirƙira
In 1940, Steinberg had begun to work with conductors Dean Dixon and Everett Lee to establish the first fully integrated professional symphony orchestra in the U.S. The dream never materialized because of insufficient funds.
When the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed on July 2, flutist Harold Jones remembered: "There was a nucleus of people: Elayne Jones, Harry Smyles, Joe Wilder, Wilmer Wise, Kermit Moore, Lucille Dixon. We all got together and had these meetings. 'Are we interested?' Everyone jumped to the idea. 'Yes. Let's do this. We're going to do it have an integrated orchestra.' The standards of the musicians were very high. We had to deal with personnel. Designating the spots to play was a big-time meeting. Benny organized who was going to be first chair, who was going to be second. Then he asked, 'How many concerts would you like to do?' We discussed it, and he took it to heart. Benny went out and got the money. He asked Zero Mostel, who was doing A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum on Broadway at the time."
Jerin tarurrukan sun samar da sanarwar manufa don Symphony of the New World, wani nau'i na ƙungiyar 'yancin ɗan adam. An zaɓi sunan don nuna tabbacin cewa ƙungiyoyin da aka keɓe ba "ba na duniyar yau ba ne". Benjamin Steinberg ya rubuta sanarwar manufa a matsayin Daraktan Kiɗa da masu kafa 11: Alfred Brown, Selwart R. Clarke, Richard Davis, Elayne Jones, Harold M. Jones, Frederick L. King, Kermit D. Moore, Coleridge-Taylor Perkinson, Ross. C. Shub, Harry M. Smyles, da Joseph B. Wilder.Manufar The Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya sune:
1 Don ƙirƙirar damar aiki don yawancin malamai masu ban sha'awa masu ban mamaki masu ban sha'awa waɗanda ba su da yawa a cikin wannan duniyar ta sadarwar Orchertras.
2 Don gabatar da ƙwararrun masu gudanarwa kuma, a matsayin babban nauyi, ƙwararrun masu jagoranci waɗanda ba fararen fata ba ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin ƙwararru.
3 Don ba da kide-kide na mafi girman ma'auni na fasaha da ƙwararru a cikin al'ummomin iyalai masu ƙarancin kuɗi, kamar yankunan Bedford-Stuyvesant da Harlem na birnin New York. Koyaya, ƙungiyar makaɗa za ta fito lokaci-lokaci a cikin Carnegie Hall da Cibiyar Lincoln, da kuma a yawancin makarantu da kwalejoji na birni. 4 Don haka a kafa Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya don mai da ita fitilar al'adun al'ummarmu a idanun mutanen Asiya, Afirka, da Latin Amurka.
Mawaƙin ya yi muhawara tare da mawaƙa baƙi 36 da farare 52.Bayan bayanin manufa, Symphony ya so ya haɗu da wasan kwaikwayo tare da mawaƙa mata, da; a cikin 1975 darakta na lokacin ya ce kashi 40% baƙar fata ne, yawancin waɗanda suka kasance mata baƙar fata ne. Daga cikin masu tallafawa na asali na ƙungiyar mawaƙa akwai Samuel Barber, Leonard Bernstein, Aaron Copland, Paul Creston, Ruby Dee, Langston Hughes, Hershy Kay, Gian Carlo Menotti, Zero Mostel, Ruggiero Ricci, da William Warfield.
Kyautar 1000 daga Ƙungiyar Assurance Life Equitable Life, kyauta daga asusun Martha Baird Rockefeller, da kuma yawancin ƙananan gudummawa daga magoya bayan Baƙar fata sun ba da goyon baya na farko ga Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya.Zero Mostel shi ma ya ba da gudummawa.
Ayyuka
A ranar 6 ga Mayu 1965, watanni biyu bayan "Lahadi na Jini" tafiya hakkin jama'a daga Selma zuwa Montgomery kuma daidai watanni uku kafin Dokar 'Yancin Zabe na 1965 ta fara aiki, Symphony of the New World ta gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo na farko a Hall Carnegie. Soprano Evelyn Mandac ya rera waƙar Francesco Cilea's aria "Iu son l'umile ancella" daga opera ɗinsa, Adriana Lecouvreur da "Depuis le jour" daga Louise na Gustave Charpentier. Allan Booth shi ne mawaƙin soloist na piano, kuma Joe Wilder ya buga ƙaho don Stravinsky's Petrouchka. Trumpeter Wilmer Wise ya tuno da cewa: "Wasu mutane suna kuka saboda wani abu ne da muka yi mafarki akai kuma a karshe ya cika. A rayuwata ban taba jin yadda na yi ba lokacin da na zauna a kan dandalin tare da Benjamin Steinberg a cikin cikakkiyar hadaddiyar kungiyar makada. saboda yawanci, ni ne wanda ke haɗa shi."
Shiri
yayi bayanin cewa: A wannan lokaci na tarihin mu, lokacin da matsalar haɗakar kabilanci ta zama mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummarmu ta cikin gida da kuma matsayinta a duniya, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a daren yau na Symphony of the New World wani lamari ne mai tarihi a cikin tarihin duniya. rayuwar kiɗa na zamaninmu. A karkashin jagorancin sanannen madugu da kuma daraktan kiɗa Benjamin Steinberg, Symphony ya ƙunshi 36 Negro da 52 fararen mawaƙa.
Shirin yayi bayanin cewa: A wannan lokaci na tarihin mu, lokacin da matsalar haɗakar kabilanci ta zama mai mahimmanci ga rayuwar al'ummarmu ta cikin gida da kuma matsayinta a duniya, wasan kwaikwayo na farko a daren yau na Symphony of the New World wani lamari ne mai tarihi a cikin tarihin duniya. rayuwar kiɗa na zamaninmu. A karkashin jagorancin sanannen madugu da kuma daraktan kiɗa Benjamin Steinberg, Symphony ya ƙunshi 36 Negro da 52 fararen mawaƙa. A tarihin kade-kade na al'ummar kasar ba a taba yin irin wannan hadaddiyar hadaddiyar guntun wakoki ba. Bayan wasan kwaikwayo na farko na Carnegie Hall, Symphony of the New World zai maimaita shirinsa a Harlem a ranar Lahadi da yamma, Mayu 9, a Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha, 135th Street da Convent Avenue.Wannan wasan kwaikwayo zai kasance na farko a cikin dogon zango na shirin Symphony na yin a cikin al'ummomin iyalai masu karamin karfi da kuma isar da jama'a a wajen duniyar wasan kwaikwayo na gargajiya.
Tunanin wasan kwaikwayo ya dade yana fatan mai gudanarwa Steinberg, wanda a cikin shekaru 25 da suka gabata ya yi aiki kafada da kafada tare da masu kula da Negro na Amurka, Dean Dixon da Everett Lee, da kuma masu kida maras farar fata marasa adadi. A cikin Mayu 1964, Mista Steinberg da gungun mashahuran mawaƙa 13 sun shirya wani kwamiti na kafawa don ƙirƙirar wasan kwaikwayo wanda ƙa'idar haɗakar launin fata za ta sami cikakkiyar magana. An kwashe kusan shekara guda ana gudanar da wannan aikin na fasaha. Tun daga farkonsa, wasan kwaikwayo ya kiyaye tsauraran manufofin karɓar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru kawai.
A cikin samar da guraben aikin yi ga ƙwararrun ƙwararrun mawaƙa waɗanda har yanzu ba su sami karbuwa sosai a cikin kade-kade na kade-kade na wannan ƙasa ba, Symphony of the New World yana da nufin zama misali na ƙa'idar daidaiton launin fata-in-aiki ga ƙungiyoyin kiɗan a duk faɗin. kasar. A cikin imanin cewa yawancin mawakan mu na kade-kade ba na duniyar yau ba ne, ta kira kanta Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya. Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta ba da lambar yabo ta Symphony don a iya ba da gudummawar da za a cire haraji don tallafawa abin da zai iya zama mafi mahimmancin al'adun zamaninmu.
Ranar 11 ga Oktoba, 1965, Leonard Bernstein ya rubuta wa Donald L. Engle, Daraktan Asusun Martha Baird Rockefeller don Kiɗa.
Masoyi Engle: Abin farin ciki ne a gare ni in iya ba da shawarar Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya don kyauta mai yawa. A gaskiya ban ji ƙungiyar makaɗa ta yi ba. Amma na ji kuma na san Mista Steinberg, wanda ya gudanar da ɗayan ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo na shekaru 15 da suka wuce (1950 Broadway Production na Peter Pan). Yana da matuƙar iyawa da baiwa; kuma na tabbata a karkashin jagorancinsa kungiyar makada za ta bunkasa. Mafi mahimmancin duka, ba shakka, shine haɓakar zamantakewar al'umma a bayan aikin haɗin gwiwar ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta gaske. Nasarar wannan aikin tabbas zai kara kuzari iri ɗaya, kuma yana iya samar mana da babban matakinmu na farko daga cikin rashin adalci da rashin tunani wanda yanzu muka sami kanmu tare da mawaƙin Negro.
Ina girmama naku, Leonard BernsteinSymphony ta sami kyautar 5,000 "don daidaitawa biyu don ɗaya", kuma ya sami damar haɓaka dala 10,000 da ake buƙata tare da taimako daga Kamfanin Jiragen Sama na Amurka (wanda ya ba da 1,000) da Kyautar Fasaha ta Ƙasa (wanda ya ba da 25,000 a 1967); Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York akan Fasaha ta dauki nauyin ba da tallafin shagali a unguwannin New York City masu karamin karfi.A lokacin rayuwarta, ƙungiyar mawaƙa kuma tana samun tallafi daga Gidauniyar Ford, Exxon Foundation da Kyautar Fasaha ta ƙasa.
Yawancin kide-kide masu nasara da haɗin gwiwa sun biyo baya. James DePreist shine babban jagoran bako na Symphony. John Hammond shi ne Shugaban Hukumar Gudanarwa, wanda ya haɗa da Marian Anderson, Leontyne Price, da Zero Mostel. Anderson da Mostel suma ƴan wasan fasaha ne, tare da Modern Jazz Quartet, George Shirley da William Warfield.Haka kuma an sami ci gaba. Marilyn Dubow, 'yar soloist tare da wasan kwaikwayo, ta sami kujera a cikin New York Philharmonic a matsayin mace ta farko ta violin. Elayne Jones, daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa, ta shiga San Francisco Symphony a matsayin mace bakar fata ta farko. Tunanin baya a kwanakinta tare da Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya, Jones ya tuna, "Haƙƙin haƙƙin ƙungiyarmu ba a yarda da shi ba har sai mun sami mutanen da ke tallafa mana. Dole ne mu sami gudummawa don fara kafa ƙungiya mai mahimmanci kuma don samun nasara. goyon bayan kungiyar! Dole ne mu fara samun 'yan wasa don wannan makada, abin da nake tunawa shi ne yadda ta kasance mai sarkakiya da kuma abin da muka shiga, kuma mun yi maganin wadanda suka ce ba za a iya yi ba." A cikin 1968, Symphony of the New World ya yi farkon Address don Orchestra, wanda ɗan wasan pianist da farfesa na Kwalejin Smith George Walker suka shirya, a Makarantar Kiɗa da Fasaha a Harlem. Sun sake yin ta washegari a Cibiyar Lincoln A cikin wani kide-kide na musamman don watan Tarihin Baƙar fata a cikin 1974, Symphony ya fara Wade Marcus 'A Moorish Sonata da kuma, tare da Ruggiero Ricci, 1864 Concerto for Violin and Orchestra ta Cuban mawaki Joseph White wanda Paul Glass ya sake gano shi, farfesa. a Kwalejin Brooklyn.A cikin wani wasan kide-kide na 1969, Mostel ya nuna farin ciki, ciki har da rahotannin da aka bayar a cikin 'yan wasan kade-kade, a cikin wasansa na farko da Rossini ya wuce Semiramide.
Ƙarshen ƙungiyar makaɗa
A shekara ta 1971, ƙungiyar makaɗa da magoya bayanta suna da kyakkyawan fata ga kakar wasa, amma kakar 1971 ba ta ƙare ba. Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da Steinberg ya saba yi shi ne ya nemi manyan ƴan wasa su zauna kujera ta biyu, don haka mawaƙin da ke zuwa zai iya samun damar samun gogewa. Kowa yayi murna da yin hakan, har sai da mutum daya ya canza ra'ayinsa. Bangarorin biyu suka bullo. Daga ƙarshe Steinberg ya yi murabus daga fage a zauren Philharmonic kafin wani wasan kwaikwayo a ranar 12 ga Disamba 1971, don haka wasan zai iya ci gaba. Duk da haka shi ne ya gudanar da wasan kwaikwayo. Rikicin ya tafi ga sasantawa, kuma an kwace ikon Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya daga Steinberg a ranar 12 ga Yuni 1972."Egos", in ji Joe Wilder. "Abin da ya shafi girman kai ne. Na yi matukar alfahari da kasancewa memba na kungiyar makada, amma na ji haushin wasu kalaman kabilanci ga Ben Steinberg ya yi murabus." memba kuma violist Alfred Brown: "Akwai wasu mutane ba mafi rinjaye ba wadanda ke da matsala tare da shi. Wasu daga cikinsu suna jin ya kamata madugu ya zama baƙar fata. Ba ni ɗaya daga cikinsu. Ina son shi sosai. Ya kasance mai tunani sosai. A ranar 1 ga Fabrairun 1972, Benjamin Steinberg ya rubuta wasiƙarsa ta tara kuɗi ta ƙarshe. Ya ce: "Yana da matukar nadama cewa dole ne mu ba da shawarar cewa, saboda takaddama na cikin gida da kuma matsalolin kudi na rashin tabbas da ke tasowa daga halin da ake ciki na tattalin arziki na yanzu, Symphony of the New World yana soke sauran wasanni na 1971-1972. Ba wai kawai mun ci gaba da fuskantar matsin tattalin arziki da ke fuskantar dukkanin cibiyoyin al'adu marasa riba ba a wannan kakar, amma saboda matsalolin, wasu dala 100,000 na tallafin da aka tsara ba za a iya samun su cikin lokaci don ba da izinin kammala wannan lokacin wasan kwaikwayo ba."Daga baya a waccan shekarar, bayan tsarin sasantawa, taron ya sake haduwa a karkashin sabon kwamitin gudanarwa da sabon daraktan waka Everett Lee, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin bako Ba’amurke da Steinberg ya kawo. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, bayan tsarin sasantawa, taron ya sake haduwa a karkashin sabon kwamitin gudanarwa da sabon daraktan waka Everett Lee, wanda ya kasance daya daga cikin bako Ba’amurke da Steinberg ya kawo. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka biyo baya, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta dage da ɗimbin kide-kide masu ban sha'awa, inda ta fara halarta a Washington, D.C., a watan Oktoba 1975kuma ta koma Hall Hall Carnegie a matsayin tushen gidanta a wannan watan. A cikin Maris 1977, wani mai bita na New York Times ya yaba da "tsaron fasaha" na masu wasan kwaikwayon, yana yin hukunci a kakar wasa ta goma sha biyu mafi kyawun ƙungiyar makaɗa Koyaya, kuɗi ya kasance matsala ta shekara-shekara. A cikin Fabrairu 1975, ƙungiyar makaɗa ta tilasta soke wani shiri na kide kide don dalilai na kuɗi. Jagora George Byrd, wanda ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo na Oktoba 29, 1972, ya ce, "Da alama a gare ni macabre cewa Black Panthers sun sami sauƙin samun kuɗi fiye da Symphony na New World." Lokacin 1977-78 da alama ya kasance waƙar swan na symphony. The New York Times Arts and Leisure sashe ya jera Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya concert na Lahadi, Afrilu 9, 1978, kuma babu kwanan wata fiye da haka. Da alama ƙungiyar mawaƙan da ta rikiɗe ta narke ba tare da jin daɗi ko ma sanarwa ba. Duk da kyakkyawan ƙarshensa, mawakan da ke cikin taron Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya sun ji daɗin kasancewa cikin aikin. "Ya gina bege a inda akwai kadan," in ji Harold Jones mai fafutuka. "Wannan ya nuna cewa a matsayinmu na bakaken fata mun biya hakkinmu, kuma za mu iya yin hakan kamar yadda kowa zai iya yi, a irin wannan lokaci ne a rayuwata ta cika ni da shi, ina dai fatan hakan ya dawwama. Ilham. domin a iya yin haka a cikinmu baki daya. An gudanar da wani nune-nune na tunawa da cika shekaru 50 na kafuwar Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya a dakin karatu na jama'a na New York a shekara ta 2014. Takardun kungiyar makada suna zaune ne a Cibiyar Bincike a Al'adun Baki na Schomburg.
"Concert Black" na Terrance McKnight
Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya zai kasance mai da hankali kan littafin mai zuwa na Terrance McKnight mai masaukin baki WQXR, Concert Black. A cikin wata kasida ga mujallar National Sawdust, ya rubuta cewa: "A yawancin biranen Amurka za ku sami al'ummomi biyu na mawaƙa da ƙungiyoyi na gargajiya: ɗaya Baƙar fata da fari ɗaya. Babban abin da ke cikin Concert Black shine lokacin da waɗannan al'ummomin biyu suka taru a ciki. New York a cikin 1960s don kafa ƙungiyar makaɗa ta farko da ta haɗa ƙwararru a cikin ƙasar. Symphony of the New World ta buga kide-kide daga 1965-1978, kuma a lokaci guda fiye da 80% na masu biyan kuɗi sun kasance mutane masu launi. "Symphony na Sabuwar Duniya ya yi nasara wajen gina sababbin masu sauraro don da kuma cim ma al'adu daban-daban a cikin zauren wasan kwaikwayo. Duke Ellington da Modern Jazz Quartet sun yi tare da wannan ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Marian Anderson da Martina Arroyo sun bayyana tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Akwai masu jagoranci na Black kuma sun kasance masu jagoranci na Black. mawaƙa a kai a kai suna wakilta kuma fiye da ƴan mawakan Asiya sun kasance a cikin sahu, wanda ba kasafai ake samu ba a lokacin. Symphony of the New World shi ne inda cibiyoyin al'adunmu suka ce suna son kasancewa."
Manazarta
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32250 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reza | Reza | Reza kayan aiki ne mai wutsiya da ake amfani da shi da farko wajen cire gashin jiki ta hanyar askewa.
Ire iren reza Ire-iren reza sun haɗa da reza kai tsaye, reza da za a iya zubarwa, da reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki.
Yayin da reza ta kasance tun kafin shekarun Bronze Age (abin da ya fi daɗewa mai kama da reza an rubuta shi zuwa 18,000 BC mafi yawan nau'in reza da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu shi ne reza mai amfani da wutar lantarki, kodayake wasu kalar har yanzu ana amfani da su.
Tarihi An gano reza daga al'adun zamanin Bronze da yawa. An yi waɗannan da tagulla ko obsidian kuma gaba ɗaya sun kasance ma siffa, tare da ƙaramin tang ɗin da ke fitowa daga ɗayan gajerun ƙarshen. An yi amfani da reza iri-iri a cikin tarihi, waɗanda suka bambanta a bayyanar amma kama da amfani da reza madaidaiciya na zamani. A zamanin da, an kaifi harsashi, haƙoran kifin shark, da dutsen dutse ana yin aski da su. An samo zane-zane na irin waɗannan ruwan wuƙaƙe a cikin kogo na tarihi. Wasu ƙabilu har yanzu suna amfani da wuƙaƙe na dutse har yau. Binciken da aka yi a Masar ya gano tsantsar zinari da reza na tagulla a cikin kaburbura tun daga ƙarni na 4 BC. An yi amfani da reza da ƙera su a Kerma a zamanin Bronze Age. An dawo da reza da yawa da kuma wasu kayan tarihi na tsafta daga wuraren binne shekarun Bronze a Arewacin Turai kuma an yi imanin cewa suna cikin manyan mutane. Masanin tarihin Romawa Livy ya ruwaito cewa an gabatar da reza a tsohuwar Roma a ƙarni na 6 BC. ta sarkin almara Lucius Tarquinius Priscus Priscus ya riga ya wuce lokacinsa saboda reza ba su zo ga amfani da su ba sai bayan ƙarni ɗaya. An gina reza madaidaiciyar zamani ta farko mai cike da kayan hannu da aka yi wa ado da fatun ƙasa a Sheffield, a Ingila, cibiyar masana'antar yankan, a ƙarni na 18 da 19. Benjamin Huntsman ya samar da madaidaicin matakin ƙarfe na farko, ta hanyar tsari na musamman, wanda ya dace da amfani da shi a zaman kayan ruwa a cikin 1740, kodayake an ƙi shi da farko a Ingila. Faransawa sun karɓi tsarin Huntsman daga baya; duk da rashin so da farko saboda kishin ƙasa. Masu masana'antun Ingilishi sun ma fi na Faransanci yin amfani da tsarin kuma sun yi haka ne kawai bayan sun ga nasararsa a Faransa. Ƙarfe Sheffield, ƙarfe ne mai gogewa sosai, wanda kuma aka sani da Sheffield ƙarfe n azurfa kuma sananne ne don gamawa mai sheƙi mai zurfi, ana ɗaukarsa mafi ingancin ƙarfe kuma har yanzu ana amfani dashi har yau a Faransa ta hanyar masana'anta kamar Thiers Issard A ƙarni na 18 da na 19, masu hannu da shuni suna da bayin da za su aske su ko kuma suna iya yawan shagunan aski. Aski yau da kullun ba al'ada ce da ta yaɗu ba a ƙarni na 19 don haka wasu mutane ba su taɓa yin aski ba. Al'adar aski a kowace rana tsakanin mazan Amurkawa wani sabon abu ne na ƙarni na 20 wanda aka fara shi bayan ƴaƙin duniya na ɗaya. An buƙaci maza su riƙa aski a kullum domin abin rufe fuska na gas ɗin ya dace da kyau kuma hakan ya samu sauƙi sosai bayan bayyanar reza mai aminci, wanda hakan ya ƙara sauki. ya kasance daidaitaccen batu a lokacin ƴaƙin. A cikin ƙarni na 19, masu yankan a Sheffield, Ingila da Solingen, Jamus sun samar da reza iri-iri.
Reza madaidaiciya sune mafi yawan nau'in aski kafin ƙarni na 20 kuma sun kasance gama gari a ƙasashe da yawa har zuwa shekarun 1950. An horar da masu aski na musamman don baiwa abokan ciniki suski da sauri, kuma tarin reza madaidaiciya da aka shirya don amfani da su ya kasance abin gani gama gari a yawancin shagunan aski. Har yanzu aski suna da su, amma ba sa amfani da su sau da yawa.
Reza madaidaici daga ƙarshe sun faɗi daga salon. Mai ƙalubalen su na farko King C. Gillette ne ya ƙera shi: reza aminci mai kaifi biyu tare da wuƙaƙe masu maye gurbin. amfani da manufar shugaban asara wanda aka siyar da reza a cikin asara, amma ɓangarorin maye gurbin sun sami babban rata kuma suna ba da tallace-tallace na ci gaba. Sun yi nasara sosai saboda kamfen ɗin talla da taken ƙasƙantar da ingancin reza kai tsaye da kuma tambayar amincin sa.
Waɗannan sabbin reza masu aminci ba su buƙatar kowane horo mai ƙarfi don amfani da su. Wuraren suna da matuƙar wahala a kaifafa, kuma ana so a jefar da su bayan an yi amfani da su, kuma su yi tsatsa da sauri idan ba a jefar da su ba. Hakanan sun buƙaci ƙaramin saka hannun jari na farko, kodayake suna da ƙari akan lokaci. Duk da fa'idodinsa na dogon lokaci, madaidaiciyar reza ta rasa babban rabon kasuwa. Kuma yayin da aski ya zama ƙasa da ban tsoro kuma maza suka fara aske kansu, buƙatun masu aski waɗanda ke ba da askin reza kai tsaye ya ragu. A cikin 1960, baƙin ƙarfe wanda za a iya amfani da shi fiye da sau ɗaya ya zama samuwa, yana rage farashin amincin reza. Kamfanin Wilkinson, sanannen mai yin takuba, a Sheffield ne ya yi irin wannan na farko. Ba da da ewa Gillette, Schick, da sauran masana'antun suna yin bakin-karfe ruwan wukake.
Wadannan sun biyo bayan harsashin ruwa mai yawa da reza da za a iya zubarwa. Ga kowane nau'in ruwan wukake mai maye, gabaɗaya akwai reza da za a iya zubarwa.
A cikin 1930s, ana samun reza na lantarki. Waɗannan za su iya yin hamayya da farashin madaidaiciyar reza mai kyau, kodayake duka kayan aski madaidaiciya-reza na iya wuce farashin ko da aska mai tsada na lantarki.
Madaidaicin reza Reza madaidaiciya tare da buɗaɗɗen ruwan ƙarfe, wanda kuma aka fi sani da yanke-maƙogwaro, su ne reza da aka fi amfani da su kafin ƙarni na 20.
Reza madaidaici sun ƙumshi ƙwanƙolin da aka kaifi a gefe ɗaya. The ruwa za a iya yi da ko dai bakin karfe, wanda shi ne a hankali zuwa hone da strop, amma ya fi sauƙi don kula tun da shi ba ya tabo sauƙi, ko high carbon karfe, wanda hones da strops da sauri da kuma kiyaye gefen da kyau, amma tsatsa da kuma. tabo cikin sauƙi idan ba a tsaftace ba kuma a bushe da sauri. A halin yanzu, ɓangarorin bakin ƙarfe suna da wahalar samu fiye da ƙarfe na carbon, amma duka biyun suna cikin samarwa.
Ruwan ruwa yana jujjuyawa akan fil ta cikin tang ɗinsa tsakanin guda biyu masu kariya da ake kira ma'auni: Idan an naɗe shi cikin ma'auni, ruwan ruwan ana kiyaye shi daga lalacewa, kuma ana kiyaye mai amfani. Ana yin sikelin hannu da abubuwa daban-daban, ciki har da uwar-lu'u-lu'u, celluloid, kashi, filastik da itace. Da zarar an yi da hauren hauren giwa, an daina yin hakan, kodayake ana amfani da hauren giwar burbushin lokaci-lokaci.
Raza madaidaiciya Waɗannan reza suna kama da amfani da kuma kamanni zuwa madaidaicin reza, amma suna amfani da wukake da za a iya zubarwa, ko dai daidaitaccen mai kaifi biyu a yanka a cikin rabi ko na musamman kerarre guda ɗaya. Ana amfani da waɗannan aski kamar yadda ake amfani da reza kai tsaye amma ba sa buƙatar tsutsawa da honing.
Reza aminci Mataki na farko zuwa ga reza mafi aminci don amfani shi ne reza mai gadi wanda kuma ake kira reza madaidaiciyar aminci wanda ya kara mai gadi zuwa madaidaicin reza na yau da kullun. Mai yiyuwa ne irin wannan reza na farko ya ƙirƙira shi ne da wani mai yankan Faransa Jean-Jacques Perret a shekara ta 1762. Wannan ƙirƙira ta samo asali ne daga jirgin mai haɗin gwiwa kuma ainihin reza ce madaidaiciya tare da gemunsa kewaye da hannun katako. Masu gadin reza na farko suna da hakora masu kama da tsefe kuma ana iya haɗa su kawai a gefe ɗaya na reza; wani mai gadi mai juyi yana ɗaya daga cikin gyare-gyaren farko da aka yi don gadin reza. An samo bayanin farko na reza mai aminci mai kama da waɗanda aka yi amfani da su a yau a kan aikace-aikacen haƙƙin mallaka na William Samuel Henson na 1847 don gadin haƙori. Ana iya haɗa wannan gadin zuwa madaidaicin reza ko kuma zuwa reza "yanke ruwa wanda ke kusa da kusurwoyi daidai tare da abin hannu, kuma ya yi kama da wani nau'i na farat gama gari." Around 1875 wani sabon zane tare da ƙarami ruwa sanya a saman wani rike aka sayar da Kampfe Brothers a matsayin "mafi kyawun samuwa Hanyar aski a kasuwa wanda ba zai yanke mai amfani, kamar madaidaiciya karfe reza."
Reza masu cire ruwa Kalmar aminci reza an fara amfani da ita ne a cikin 1880 kuma ta kwatanta reza ta asali tare da abinda aka makala a kai inda za a iya sanya ruwan wuƙaƙe mai cirewa. Sannan an kare gefen ta hanyar tsefe -tsafe a kai don kare fata. A cikin mafi zamani samar da aminci reza, yanzu an fi maye gurbin tsefe da sandar tsaro. Akwai nau'ikan reza masu aminci iri biyu, mai kaifi ɗaya da mai kaifi biyu. Reza mai kaifi ɗaya da gaske shi ne dogon yanki na madaidaicin reza. Gilashin aminci mai kaifi biyu shicne reza tare da sanduna mara nauyi wanda za a iya amfani da shi a bangarorin biyu, tare da buɗaɗɗen gefuna biyu. Wurin da ke kan reza aminci mai kaifi biyu yana ɗan lanƙwasa don ba da izinin aske mai santsi da tsafta.
A cikin 1901, mai ƙirƙira Ba'amurke King Camp Gillette, tare da taimakon William Nickerson, ya ƙaddamar da takardar shaidar sabon saɓani na reza mai aminci tare da ruwan wukake da za a iya zubarwa wanda aka ƙirƙira a cikin 1904. Dalili ɗaya shine cewa aske da aska mai aminci yakamata ya kasance mafi aminci kuma ya fi dacewa fiye da aski tare da reza madaidaiciya madaidaiciya mai kaifi. Za'a iya sake amfani da kauri na waɗannan reza masu aminci. Gillette ta gane cewa za a iya samun riba ta hanyar siyar da reza mara tsada tare da wukake. Wannan an kira shi samfurin kasuwanci na reza da ruwan wukake, kuma ya zama al'ada na yau da kullum don samfurori iri-iri.
Yawancin wasu nau'ikan reza masu aminci sun zo sun tafi. Yawancin gasar ta dogara ne akan zayyana ruwan wukake wanda zai dace da salon reza guda ɗaya kawai har sai an daidaita siffar ruwan wuka ta hanyar shigar da tashar tsakiya mai fuskoki daban-daban zuwa ruwan wukake wanda zai ɗauki nau'ikan ƙira iri-iri na tsare-tsare na shinge; misali fil uku, siririyar karfen karfe, da sauransu. Ko da a yau, waɗannan nau'ikan amintattun nau'ikan har yanzu suna dagewa a cikin nau'ikan su a cikin DE reza, duk suna karɓar ƙirar ƙirar duniya iri ɗaya.
Rezan harsashi Yin amfani da tsarin kasuwanci iri ɗaya da reza da ruwan wukake kamar yadda aka yi majagaba a farkon ƙarni na 20, an ƙera reza harsashi a shekarun 1960 kuma yanzu shine nau'in aske da aka fi sani a ƙasashen da suka ci gaba. Ko da yake an tsara shi don samun ƙarin ergonomic siffa a duka hannu da kai (ciki har da kan daɗaɗɗen kai wanda ke kiyaye ruwan wukake zuwa fata a kusurwar da aka riga aka ƙaddara ta hanyar motsin shaving) ra'ayin yana kama da na reza baki biyu. Koyaya, a nan an cire duka babban taron shugaban (wanda aka sani da harsashi) kuma ana zubar dashi, ba kawai ruwan wukake ba. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare ga waɗannan kawuna na harsashi suna da ɓangarorin reza da yawa a cikin su, yawanci tsakanin ruwan wukake biyu zuwa biyar.
Reza masu aminci da za a iya zubarwa Reza masu aminci da ake zubarwa suna da kamanni sosai a ƙira da reza harsashi, waɗanda aka gina daga kayan marasa tsada (wanda aka ƙera polycarbonate na yau da kullun), duk da haka ana nufin su zama abin zubarwa gaba ɗaya bayan amfani ba tare da ƙwanƙwasa ko maye mai yiwuwa ba. An ƙirƙira na'ura ɗaya a cikin 1963 ta Ba'amurke ɗan wasan kwaikwayo kuma mai ƙirƙira Paul Winchell Tsawon rayuwa Za a iya tsawaita rayuwar reza ta hanyar bushewar ruwan wukake bayan amfani.
Reza mai amfani da Wutar lantarki Reza na lantarki (wanda kuma aka sani da busasshen aski) yana da wuƙa mai juyawa ko motsi. Reza na lantarki yawanci baya buƙatar amfani da kirim, sabulu, ko ruwa. Ana iya yin amfani da reza ta ƙaramin motar DC, wanda ko dai ana amfani da shi ta batura ko wutar lantarki Yawancin na zamani ana amfani da su ta amfani da batura masu caji A madadin, za a iya amfani da oscillator-mechanical oscillator wanda na'urar solenoid mai kuzarin AC ke motsawa. Wasu injinan aski na farko ba su da injin lantarki kuma dole ne a yi amfani da su da hannu, misali ta hanyar jan igiya don tuƙi.
John F. O'Rourke ya kirkiro reza na farko na lantarki a shekara ta 1898. An fara samar da injunan reza na lantarki a cikin 1937 ta kamfanin Amurka Remington Rand bisa haƙƙin mallaka na Jacob Schick daga 1928. Tun 1939 kamfanin Philips na Holland ya ƙera injin reza na lantarki. Daya daga cikin manyan bambance-bambance tsakanin reza na lantarki shine fasahar aske da suke amfani da ita. Galibi injunan aski na lantarki suna amfani da wukake mai jujjuyawa da yawa ko kuma fasahar askewa a kwance.
Sauran reza Masu kauri, reza mai kaifi ɗaya kamar wuƙaƙen kayan aiki ana amfani da su don ayyuka daban-daban na hannu. Aikace-aikace sun haɗa da cikakken aikin kafinta kamar yashi da gogewa (a cikin ƙwararriyar mariƙi), yankan takarda don zanen fasaha, aikin famfo da gamawa kamar grouting da tsaftacewa, da cire fenti daga filaye masu lebur kamar gilashin gilashi. Ba kamar aske reza ba, nau'Ikan masana'antu da ake amfani da su a cikin waɗannan kayan aikin galibi ana yin su ne daga ƙarfe mara ƙarfe kamar ƙarfe na carbon, kuma suna da ƙaƙƙarfan baki kuma mara nauyi.
Gurguwa reza ce da ake amfani da ita wajen samar da biredi don yanke saman biredi da ba a toya ba.
Duba kuma Gyaran gashi
Ciwon kai
Razor ruwa karfe
Manazarta
ambato Aski
Abun cire gashi.
Reza.
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53626 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur%20Kopit | Arthur Kopit | Articles with hCards
Arthur Lee Kopit né Koeni Mayu 10, 1937 Afrilu 2, 2021) marubucin wasan kwaikwayo Ba'amurke ne. Ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize na Indiyawa da Wings An kuma ba shi lambar yabo ta Tony uku: Mafi kyawun Wasa ga Indiyawa (1970) da Wings (1979), da kuma Mafi kyawun Littafin Kiɗa na Nine (1982). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta Vernon Rice Award (yanzu ana kiranta da lambar yabo ta Drama) a cikin 1962 don Oh Dad, Poor Dad, Mamma's Hung You in the Closet kuma Ina Jin Bakin Ciki kuma an zaɓe shi don wani lambar yabo ta Drama Desk a 1979 don Wings Rayuwar farko An haifi Kopit Arthur Lee Koenig a Manhattan a ranar 10 ga Mayu, 1937. Iyalinsa zuriyar Yahudawa ne. Mahaifinsa, Henry, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sayar da tallace-tallace; Mahaifiyarsa, Maxine (Dubin), wani samfurin millinery ne. Sun rabu yana dan shekara biyu. Sakamakon haka ya karɓi sunan ubansa, George Kopit, bayan mahaifiyarsa ta sake yin aure. Kopit ya girma a Lawrence, Nassau County, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lawrence Ya karanta aikin injiniya a Jami'ar Harvard, inda ya kammala a 1959. Duk da cewa ya yi niyyar shiga kimiyya ko kasuwanci, sha'awarsa ta wasan kwaikwayo ta taso ne lokacin da ya shiga wani taron bitar wasan kwaikwayo na zamani. Ya fara tsara gajerun wasan kwaikwayo masu ɗauke da taken ''fita''' da dogon iska, waɗanda aka shirya su tun yana digiri na farko. Ya yi karatu tare da ɗan wasan kwaikwayo Robert Chapman, wanda shine darektan Cibiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta Loeb ta Harvard.
Sana'a
Ayyukan farko Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Harvard, Kopit ya ɗauki nauyin karatun digiri a Turai. A wannan lokacin ne ya samu labarin wata gasar wasan kwaikwayo da jami’ar ta shirya, wanda hakan ya sa ya sanya hannu a kai. Ya rubuta wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Oh Baba, Baba talaka, Mama ta rataye ka a cikin kati kuma ina jin bakin ciki a Turai kuma ya kammala shi a cikin kwanaki biyar. A karshe ya lashe gasar da kyautar $250, duk da cewa ya yi watsi da karfin kasuwancin wasan. Oh Dad ya ci gaba da gudu daga-Broadway ta Jerome Robbins sama da shekara guda, yana yawon shakatawa na makonni 11, kuma ya ƙare a cikin mako shida na gudu a Broadway a 1963. Har ila yau, ya fara haɗin gwiwa na dogon lokaci tare da Roger L. Stevens, wanda ya shiga cikin samar da duk ayyukan Kopit har zuwa 1984, tare da kawai na tara An bai wa Kopit lambar yabo ta Vernon Rice da lambar yabo ta Outer Critics Circle Award don Mafi kyawun Sabon Wasa a cikin 1962. Kopit ya ci gaba da nasararsa tare da jerin wasan kwaikwayo guda ɗaya kamar ranar da karuwai suka fito don yin wasan tennis, da kuma aikin uku akan Runway na Rayuwa, Ba ku taɓa sanin abin da ke zuwa gaba ba An yi masa wahayi don rubuta Indiyawa (1969) bayan ya karanta labarin jarida na wani harbi da ya faru a Saigon Wasan ya fara buɗewa a Landan don yin bita mai gauraya, kafin ya ƙaura zuwa Broadway. Yayin da Clive Barnes ya bayyana fitowar ta ƙarshe a cikin The New York Times a matsayin "nasara mai laushi" kuma ya yaba wa Kopit saboda ƙoƙarin "almara mai yawa", abokin aikinsa Walter Kerr ya kwatanta shi da "mummunan ɓarna". John Lahr ya ɗauki Indiyawa a matsayin "mafi yawan bincike kuma mafi girman wasan kwaikwayo na Broadway na wannan shekaru goma". An zabi wasan don lambar yabo ta Tony uku (ciki har da mafi kyawun wasa), ban da lambar yabo ta Pulitzer don nadin wasan kwaikwayo, amma ya gudana don wasanni 96 kawai. Kopit ya karɓi $250,000 don haƙƙin fim Wings da Tara Kopit ya koma Vermont a farkon 1970s. Ya himmatu wajen haɗa abubuwan wasan kwaikwayo na avant-garde a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata cikin wasan kwaikwayo. Ya ci gaba da koyarwa a Jami'ar Wesleyan a kusa da 1975. A can, ya rubuta wani shafi na ingantawa wanda zai kasance tsawon yini guda don Amurka Bicentennial mai suna Lewis da Clark: Lost and Found Sai dai kuma abin ya ci tura bayan da furodusa ya kasa tara kudaden da ake bukata. A wannan lokacin, Kopit kuma ya ƙirƙiri wasan zagayowar farawa da "Ganowar Amurka". Abokansa sun dauki wannan a matsayin "aikinsa mafi hazaka". Bayan dakatarwar shekaru tara daga rubuce-rubucen wasan kwaikwayo, Kopit ya samar da Wings (1978). Ya samu kwarin gwuiwa daga yanayin murmurewa na ubansa, wanda ya yi fama da bugun jini a 1976 wanda ya sa ya kasa magana. An fara wasan kwaikwayo a gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Jama'a, kafin ya koma Broadway a shekara mai zuwa, inda ya gudana tsawon watanni uku. Ya sami nadin Tony guda uku, tare da Constance Cummings (wanda ya taka rawar gani) ya lashe mafi kyawun 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Ta kuma ci lambar yabo ta Desk Award ga Fitacciyar Jaruma a Wasa da Kyautar Obie saboda rawar da ta taka. Wasan ya kasance dan wasan karshe na Pulitzer Prize, wanda ke nuna a karo na biyu da aka zabi aikin Kopit don kyautar. Matattun 2021
Haifaffun |
28384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrahim%20ibn%20Saleh%20al-Hussaini | Ibrahim ibn Saleh al-Hussaini | Ibrahim ibn Saleh al-Hussaini Ibrahim Ibn Saleh al-Hussaini CON anfi sanin sa da Shaykh Sharif Saleh an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Mayun, shekara ta alif ɗari tara da talatin da takwas 1938) Miladiyya, ya kasance ɗan Najeriya ne, malamin addini, mai wa'azi da da'awa kuma mai fassara Alkur'ani. Shi ne babban limamin Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya. Shi ne ya kafa makarantar Kwalejin Annahda ta Kimiyya da Ilimin Addini Islama (wato Annahda college of science and Islamic studies) a shekara ta 1957 kuma a yanzu shi ne shugaban bada fatawa na Majalisar Ƙoli ta Harkokin Addinin Musulunci a Najeriya (wato ''Supreme Council for Fatwa and Islamic Affairs in Nigeria (NSCIA)).
Farkon rayuwa
An haifi Shehu Ibrahim ibn Sale al-Hussaini a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu na shekarar 1938 a garin fadhaa kusa da dikwa a jihar Borno a arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, mahaifinsa Shehu Saleh sannannen malamin addinin Muslunci ne.https://www.themuslim500.com/profiles/he-sheikh-ibrahim-salih/
https://twitter.com/nileuni/status/609693439517659136
Ilimi
al-Hussaini tun yana yaro karami ya fara karatu a gaban mahaifinsa, daya daga cikin sanannun makarantar addinin Musulunci a cikin Borno a wannan lokacin, daga nan ya tafi kasar Saudiyya, Egypt da Pakistan don ci gaba da karatunsa cike da sha'awar hadisai da Kur'ani. Wasu daga cikin malamansa su ne kamar Sheikh al-qadi abani borno, Abubakar al-waziri Borno, Sheikh Adam al-maharusa Borno, Ahmad Abdulfatahi, Sheikh tijjani usman(zangon bare-bari) Sheikh Abubakar Atik, Muhammad al-arabi bin kubbani, Muhammad Al-Hafiz, Mahmoud Khalil al-hussary, Shehu Ibrahim inyass yana daga cikinsu. Al-hussaini ya karanci harshen turanci a ƙasar London.https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/190963-%E2%80%8Bbuhari-sultan-saleh-listed-among-worlds-top-50-muslim-leaders.html) 3 October 2015.https://aminiya.dailytrust.com.ng/jibi-za-a-kaddamar-da-gidauniyar-cibiyar-sheikh-sharif-saleh/ Aminiya(in Hausa). Retrieved 2019-09-30.
Aiki
Al-hussaini shi ne shugaban majalisar malamai a zauren bada fatawa ta Najeriya, sannan mamba ne a zauren Majalisar dattawa na Musulmai, al-hussaini ya gama karatunsa a daya daga makarantun addini da ke ƙasar Najeriya. Sannan dalibi ne ga manya-manyan malamai da ke wasu ƙasashen duniya, al-hussaini yana gabatar da karatun tafsirin Kur'ani da hadisai da kimiyya a Muslunci.https://allafrica.com/stories/201301141069.html. "Annahada first aid group of Nigeria
http://www.fatwaacademy.org/viewmember.aspx?ID=46) Retrieved 2019-09-16
Matsayi
Ya rike matsayi da yawa amma ga wasu daga cikinsu;
1.Chairman of Financial Regulation Advisory Council of Experts (FRACE) Central Bank ofNigeria
2.Founder and mentor of the Islamic Renaissance Organization
3.Founding Member Association of Muslim Scholars in Africa (Morocco)[6]
4.Adviser to the Federal Government on Islamic Affairs 1992
5.Assistant Secretary-General for African Affairs in the World Islamic People's Leadership 1989
6.Chairman of Assembly of Muslims in Nigeria (AMIN)
7.Member of the Muslim Council of Elders.[8]
8.Founder of Sheikh Shariff Ibrahim Saleh Islamic Center (SHISIC)
Wallafa
Ya wallafa takardu fiye da dari shida(600) sannan ya wallafa rubutu a wajen tarurruka na addinin musulunci sama da dari biyu(200) dukkansu gaba daya da harshen larabci wanda yake dauke da ilimin kimiyya a musulunci, tarihin manzanni, da hikima.https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2017/12/235929/king-mohammed-vi-islam-modern-model-african-ulema/).MoroccoWorldNews(inHausa).Retrieved2019-09-18.https://www.bbc.com/hausa/labarai-54645289).23October2020.
Lambar girma
Ya samu lambar girmamawa da takardar karramawa a wurare da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu;
1.Commander of the Order of the Niger (CON), presented to him by the President andCommander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Federal Republic of Nigeria, Abuja, 2008.
2.Doctorate Degree of Science (HNORIS COUSA) Conferred On him, at the 3RD Convocation Ceremony of the Nigerian Turkish Nile University, Abuja, On Saturday, 13TH June 2015.
3.Order of the Republic in Science and Arts Arab Republic of Egypt 1993.
4.Certificate of Merit from the National Union of Students of the State of Borno 1985.
5.Certificate of Merit from the Students Union of the Faculty of Sharia and Law 1995.
6.Certificate of Appreciation from the students of the Faculty of Law, University of Midogray 1995.
7.Certificate of Appreciation from the Ambulance Department of Jama'atu Nasr Al-Islam Group 1996
Manazarta
Mutane daga Jihar Borno Mutanen Najeriya
Rayayyun mutane
Mutanen ƙarni na |
19828 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%C6%99ago | Saƙago | Saƙaƙo ko Mutum-mutumi inji ne wanda zai iya motsawa kuma ya yi wasu ayyuka.
Butun-butumi na aiki da kwamfuta da lantarki. Mutane na iya sarrafa su kai tsaye. Wataƙila an tsara su don su yi kama da mutane, a cikin yanayin halayen su na iya ba da shawarar hankali ko tunani amma ba su da ji. Yawancin saƙaƙo suna yin takamaiman aiki, kuma ba koyaushe suke zama kamar mutane ba. Suna iya zuwa ta siffofi da yawa. A cikin almara, duk da haka, mutummutumi galibi suna kama da mutane, kuma suna da rayukansu. Akwai littattafai da yawa, fina-finai, da wasannin bidiyo tare da mutummutumi a cikinsu. Ishaku Asimov 's I, Robot shine watakila mafi shahara.
Tarihi Mutane suna sha'awar yin injunan ƙera don yi mana aiki na dogon lokaci. Amma ana ɗaukan lokaci da kuɗi don ƙirƙirar inji ɗaya kawai, don haka dabarun farko ba a gina su ba. Leonardo da Vinci ya ƙera wani inji mai kama da mutum a cikin 1464. Zai sarrafa ta da igiyoyi da ƙafafu. Sauran injiniyoyi da masu mafarki sun zana maza masu kanikanci. A cikin 1920, Karel Čapek ya rubuta labari game da su, kuma ya yi amfani da kalma daga Czech wanda ke da alaƙa da 'aiki': robot. Mutum-mutumi da akayi nasarar sarrafawa a ƙarni na 20 yayi kama da mutane. George Devol ne ya fara yin waɗannan, na ƙarshe, a cikin 1954, da hannu ɗaya. Janar Motors ya saye shi a cikin 1960. Shekarar da ta gabata, ta fara aiki a wata masana'anta a cikin New Jersey, tana ɗagawa tana kuma ɗorawa ƙaramin ƙarfe wanda ya yi zafi da mutane ba za su taɓa shi ba. Injiniyoyin na iya tsara shi, kuma su sake tsara shi idan ya zama dole.
Mutum-mutumin zamani Mutum-mutumin suna da amfani da yawa. Masana'antu da yawa suna amfani da mutummutumi don yin aiki tuƙuru da sauri kuma ba tare da kurakurai da yawa ba. Ba su yi kama da mutane ba, saboda an sa su su yi abubuwa. Waɗannan su ne injunan inji na 'masana'antu'. Wasu mutummutumi suna ganowa da kawar da bama-bamai. Idan wani ya yi kuskure, mutum-mutumi ya lalace ko ya lalace, wanda ya fi a kashe mutum. Hakanan akwai mutummutumi wanda yake taimakawa a gida, don tsaftacewa ko gudanar da mashin lawn, misali. Irin waɗannan mutum-mutumin dole ne su koya game da yankin aiki.
Wasu kaɗan daga mutum-mutumin suna yin tiyata a wasu sassa a cikin jikin ɗan adam inda hannun ɗan adam bazai iya shiga ba. Planet rovers sune mutummutumi don binciko taurari masu nisa. Domin yakan ɗauki lokaci mai tsawo kafin ya aika siginar rediyo daga Duniya zuwa wata duniyar, su mutum-mutumin suna yin mafi yawan aikinsu su kadai, ba tare da umarni daga Duniya ba.
Mutane har yanzu suna tunanin mutummutumi kamar suna da sura kamar mutum-ƙafafu biyu, hannu biyu, da kai. ASIMO wani mutum-mutumi ne wanda yake taimaka wa masana kimiyya sanin yadda ake tsarawa da kuma tsara abubuwa. Zai iya tafiya, wanda ba shi da sauƙi don shiryawa.
Ra'ayoyin gabas da yamma
Tunani na gabas akan mutummutumi Kusan rabin mutum-mutumi a duniya suna Asiya, 32% a Turai, da 16% a Arewacin Amurka, 1% a Australasia da 1% a Afirka 30% na dukkan mutummutumi a duniya suna cikin Japan Japan na da mafi yawan mutummutumi na kowace ƙasa a duniya, kuma ita ce jagora a masana'antar fasahar mutum-mutumi ta duniya. Haƙiƙa an ce Japan babban birni ne na duniya. A Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, ra'ayoyin mutummutumi na nan gaba sun kasance masu kyau. Kyakkyawan karɓar mutummutumi a can na iya zama wani ɓangare saboda sanannen ɗan wasan kwaikwayo mai ban dariya, 'Astroboy'. Ƙasar Sin ta bayyana ra'ayoyi game da fasahar ƙere-ƙere waɗanda suka yi kama da na Japan da Koriya ta Kudu, amma China na bayan Amurka da Turai a ci gaban mutumtaka. Ra'ayin Gabas ta Tsakiya shine cewa mutummutumi ya zama daidai da mutane. Suna jin mutummutumi zai iya kula da tsofaffi, ya koyar da yara, ko ya zama mataimaka. Shahararren ra'ayi game da Gabashin Asiya shi ne cewa zai yi kyau mutummutumi ya zama mafi shahara da ci gaba. Wannan ra'ayin ya saba wa ra'ayin Yammacin duniya.
"Wannan ita ce buɗe wani zamani da ɗan Adam da mutum-mutumi za su iya rayuwa tare," in ji kamfanin Jits na kasar Japan Mitsubishi game da daya daga cikin mutum-mutumin da ke kama da mutane a Japan. Ma’aikatar Watsa Labarai da Sadarwa ta Koriya ta Kudu ta yi hasashen cewa kowane gidan Koriya ta Kudu zai mallaki mutum-mutumi kafin shekarar 2015 zuwa 2020.
Tunanin yamma game da mutummutumi Ƙunungiyoyin Yammacin sun fi fuskantar adawa, ko ma tsoron ci gaban mutum-mutumi. Finafinan almara na kimiyya da sauran labarai galibi suna nuna su a matsayin 'yan tawaye masu haɗari ga bil'adama.
Yammacin duniya suna ɗaukar mutummutumi a matsayin 'barazana' ga rayuwar mutane, wanda hakan ya samo asali ne saboda tasirin addini na addinan Ibrahimiyya, wanda ƙirƙirar injuna waɗanda zasu iya yin tunani kansu zasu kusan wasa da Allah Babu shakka, waɗannan iyakokin basu bayyana ba, amma akwai gagarumin bambanci tsakanin aƙidun biyu.
Dokokin Mutum-mutumi Marubuci Isaac Asimov ya ba da labarai da yawa game da mutum-mutumin da ke da dokoki uku na mutum-mutumi don kiyaye lafiyar mutane daga gare su.
Roba ba zai iya cutar da ɗan adam ba ko kuma, ta hanyar rashin aiki, ƙyale ɗan adam ya zo ya cutar da shi.
Dole ne mutum-mutum-mutumi yayi biyayya ga umarnin da dan adam ya bashi, saidai inda irin wannan umarnin zai sabawa Dokar Farko.
Dole ne mutum-mutumi ya kiyaye wanzuwar sa matukar dai irin wannan kariyar bata yi karo da ta farko ko ta biyu ba.
Ba a amfani da waɗannan a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da ya ƙirƙira su. Koyaya, a cikin duniyar yau mutummutumi ya fi rikitarwa, kuma wata rana ana iya buƙatar ƙa'idodi na ainihi, kamar na dokoki uku na Isaac Asimov.
Koriya ta Kudu ita ce kasa ta farko a duniya da ke da dokoki game da mutum-mutumi.
Sauran yanar gizo Ƙungiyoyin bincike
IEEE Robotics and Automation Society (RAS) da wiki Archived Gidauniyar International of Robotics Research (IFRR)
http://robots.net Labaran yau da kullun game da mutummutumi, robotics, da AI
Takaitaccen tarihin kayan Archived A giant jerin aka sani mutummutumi Archived NASA da mutummutumi NASA Robotics Division Federationungiyar ofasa ta Duniya ta Robotics
Shin ya kamata mu damu da tashin mutummutumi? Archived Podcast 'Talking Robots' hirarraki tare da manyan ƙwararrun masana a cikin Robotics da Artificial Intelligence Archived Frenchaunar roban faransanci na Faransa
Gabatarwa ga Robotics Archived HUAR
Labaran Duniya na Robot
Labaran Robot, koyarwar mutum-mutumi, bidiyon bidiyo na mutum-mutumi da kuma akwatin hira
Labaran Robot, ka'idar Robotik
List of mutummutumi Archived Encyclopaedias
Encyclopædia Britannica
Robotics -Citizendium
Pages with unreviewed translations
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40683 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamhuriyar%20Dominika | Jamhuriyar Dominika | Jamhuriyar Dominican Spanish República Dominicana ƙasa ce ta Latin Amurka a tsibirin Hispaniola na Tsibirin Karibiyan ƙasar Haiti na daga cikin ƙasashen tsibirin. Babban birninta, kuma mafi girma birni, shine Santo Domingo Harshen ƙasar Spanish.
Ƙasar tana cikin daular Spain har zuwa ƙarshen ƙarni na 18. A cikin ƙarni na 19, Faransa, Spain da Haiti suna iko da ita a lokuta daban-daban, kuma daga baya ta kasance mai cin gashin kanta. Amurka ta mamaye ta daga 1916 zuwa 1924. Jamhuriyar Dominican jamhuriya ce ta demokraɗiyya ta shugaban ƙasa. Ƙasar tana da yanayi mai zafi amma an canza ta ta hanyar haɓakawa da iskar kasuwanci iskar da ke fitowa daga arewa maso gabas, daga Tekun Atlantika Mutanen Espanya sun kawo bayi na Afirka zuwa kasar.
Jamhuriyar Dominika na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da cacao.
Tarihi Christopher Columbus ya gano tsibirin Hispaniola a ranar 5 ga Disamba, 1492, amma karo na farko da ya ga wani yanki na Jamhuriyar Dominika ta yanzu shine a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 1493 lokacin da ya ga wani yanki da ya kira Monte Cristi ("Mountain"). na Kristi). Ana kiran wannan dutsen yanzu El Morro kuma yana kusa da birnin Monte Cristi Daga Monte Cristi, Columbus ya tafi gabas tare da arewacin bakin tekun tsibirin kuma a ranar 6 ga Janairu, bayan ya ziyarci Samaná Bay, ya koma Spain A tafiyarsa ta biyu zuwa Amurka, ya kafa birnin Turai na farko a nahiyar, La Isabela, kusa da birnin Puerto Plata na yanzu. Daga baya, Bartholomew Columbus ya kafa birnin Santo Domingo, birni mafi tsufa na Turai a cikin Amurka. Daga nan, Mutanen Espanya da yawa sun tafi cinye wasu tsibiran Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico Domin Cuba ta fi kusa da nahiyar, mutane da yawa sun ƙaura daga Hispaniola, sannan zuwa nahiyar. Saboda haka, yawan mutanen tsibirin ya karu a hankali. Ta Yarjejeniyar Ryswick a 1697, Spain ta ba da yammacin ukun na tsibirin ga Faransa kuma ta kiyaye gabas, don haka tsibirin yana da yankuna biyu daban-daban: Faransanci Saint-Domingue da Spain Santo Domingo A shekara ta 1795, Faransa ta sami dukan tsibirin amma kawai sun iya sarrafa yankin gabas saboda Haiti ta sami ƴanci ba da daɗewa ba. A 1809, gwamnatin Faransa ta mayar da tsohon mulkin mallaka na "Santo Domingo" zuwa Spain.
A ranar 1 ga Disamba 1821, Laftanar Gwamna José Núñez de Cáceres ya ayyana ƴancin kai daga Spain. Sabuwar ƙasar tana da suna Estado Independiente del Haití Español ("Ƙasar Haiti mai zaman kanta ta Spain"). Amma a ranar 9 ga Fabrairun 1822, sojojin Haiti suka mamaye kasar kuma suka zauna tsawon shekaru 22. Juan Pablo Duarte ya kafa ƙungiyar asiri, La Trinitaria, don yin yaki don 'yancin kai na Dominican. Aikin Haiti ya ƙare a ranar 27 ga Fabrairu 1844, lokacin da mazaunan gabashin yankin Hispaniola suka yi sabuwar ƙasa mai suna República Dominicana ("Jamhuriyar Dominika"). Daga 1861 zuwa 1865, ƙasar ta sake zama ƙasar Sipaniya. A ranar 16 ga Agusta 1863 ya fara yaƙin Maidowa lokacin da Dominicans suka yi yaƙi don sake samun ƴanci. Yaƙin ya ƙare a shekara ta 1865 sa’ad da Mutanen Espanya suka bar ƙasar kuma Jamhuriyar Dominican ta sake zama ƙasa mai ƴanci. Amurka ta mamaye ƙasar daga 1916 zuwa 1924. A shekara ta 1930, Rafael Trujillo ya zama shugaban ƙasar ta hanyar juyin mulki Trujillo ya kasance azzalumin kama- karya, inda ya kashe dubban mutane, daga cikinsu akwai ’yan Haiti da yawa. An kashe Trujillo a shekara ta 1961. Bayan mutuwar Trujillo, an zabi Juan Bosch a 1962 kuma ya zama, a cikin 1963, zababben shugaban kasa na farko tun 1930. Amma Bosch ya kwashe watanni bakwai kawai yana mulki. A shekarar 1965, an yi yakin basasa tsakanin wadanda ke son Bosch ya dawo kan karagar mulki da kuma wadanda ke adawa da shi. Sannan Amurka ta sake mamaye kasar.
Tun daga ƙarshen yaƙin basasa, shugabannin Jamhuriyar Dominika sun kasance: Joaquín Balaguer (1966-1978)
Antonio Guzman (1978-1982)
Salvador Jorge Blanco (1982-1986)
Joaquín Balaguer (1986-1996)
Leonel Fernández (1996-2000)
Hipólito Mejía (2000-2004)
Leonel Fernández (2004-2012)
Gwamnati Jamhuriyar Dominican jamhuriya ce ta demokraɗiyya ta shugaban ƙasa. Gwamnati ta kasu kashi uku: Zartarwa, majalisa da kuma ɓangaren shari'a Bangaren zartaswa ya kunshi shugaban kasa, mataimakin shugaban ƙasa da kuma ministoci wadanda ake kira Sakatarorin Gwamnati Shugaban kasa shine shugaban kasa kuma shugaban gwamnati kuma ana zabar shi duk bayan shekaru 4. Ya naɗa majalisar ministoci. Shugaban ƙasa na yanzu shine Luis Abinader.
Reshen Majalisar yana yin dokoki kuma ya ƙunshi Majalisa, wanda ke Santo Domingo, babban birnin Jamhuriyar Dominican. Majalisa ta kasu kashi biyu: Majalisar Dattawa mai wakilai 32 (daya na kowane lardi daya na gundumomi na kasa), sai kuma majalisar wakilai mai wakilai 178.
Sashen shari’a ya ƙunshi kotunan ƙasar, ciki har da Kotun Koli na Shari’a.
Siyasa Jamhuriyar Dominika ƙasar dimokuradiyya ce ta tsarin mulki da shugaban kasa ke mulki Ana zaben shugaban kasa duk bayan shekaru 4. Shugaban na yanzu shine Luis Rodolfo Abinader Corona, na PRM.
Akwai muhimman jam'iyyun siyasa 3 a Jamhuriyar Dominican:
PRD Jam'iyyar Juyin Juya Hali ta Dominican (Spanish: Partido Revolucionario Dominicano PRD jam'iyyar gurguzu ce. An kafa jam'iyyar ne a shekara ta 1939 a birnin Havana na kasar Cuba An kafa shi a Jamhuriyar Dominican a cikin 1961.
PRSC Social Christian Reformist Party (Spanish: Partido Reformista Social Cristiano Jam'iyya ce mai ra'ayin mazan jiya wacce Joaquín Balager ya kafa a shekarar 1964, wanda ya kasance shugaban Jamhuriyar daga 1966 zuwa 1978 da 1986-96.
PLD Jam'iyyar Dominican Liberation Party (Spanish: Partido de la Liberación Dominicana ya kasance ɗan gurguzu lokacin da aka kafa shi a 1973; a halin yanzu jam'iyya ce mai sassaucin ra'ayi Ƙasa Akwai sarƙoƙin tsaunuka da yawa a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominika. Manyan sarkoki guda hudu, daga Arewa zuwa Kudu, su ne:
Cordillera Septentrional (a Turanci, "Arewa Tsaunuka"), kusa da Tekun Atlantika.
Cordillera Central (a Turanci, "Tsakiyar tsaunuka") wanda ke ci gaba zuwa arewacin Haiti inda ake kira Massif du Nord Duwatsu mafi tsayi na yammacin Indiya suna cikin wannan sarƙar; Pico Duarte, tare da 3,087 m, shine mafi girma. Manyan koguna na Hispaniola suna da tushen su a cikin wannan tsaunuka.
Sierra de Neiba Sierra de Bahoruco, wanda aka fi sani da Haití a matsayin Massif de la Selle Tsakanin waɗannan tsaunuka, akwai ƙwaruruka masu muhimmanci, kamar:
Kwarin Cibao (Jamhuriyar Dominika) ita ce kwari mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmanci na ƙasar. Wannan dogon kwari ya taso daga Arewacin Haiti zuwa Samaná Bay, kudu da Cordillera Septentrional.
Kwarin San Juan da Filin Azua manyan kwari ne a kudancin Cordillera Central.
Hoya de Enriquillo ko kwarin Neiba wani kwari ne mai bushewa a kudu da Saliyo de Neiba.
Llano Costero del Caribe (a cikin Ingilishi, "Plain Coastal Plain") yana kudu maso gabashin ƙasar. Wani katafaren daji ne a gabas da Santo Domingo A cikin wannan fili akwai shuke-shuken sukari masu mahimmanci.
Akwai wasu ƙananan kwari a cikin tsaunuka: Constanza, Jarabacoa, Bonao, Villa Altagracia. Koguna hudu mafi mahimmanci na Jamhuriyar Dominican sune Yaque del Norte, Yuna, Yaque del Sur da Ozama Akwai tafkuna da yawa; mafi girma shine tafkin Enriquillo, a cikin Hoya de Enriquillo Mutane Jamhuriyar Dominika tana da jimillar yawan jama'a, wanda aka kiyasta a watan Yuli 2009, na mazaunan 9,650,054, ga yawan mazaunan 236.30 a kowace Kusan 64% na mutanen Dominika suna zaune a birane da garuruwa kuma 87% na mutanen da suka kai shekaru 15 ko fiye suna iya karatu da rubutu. Manyan biranen biyu sune Santo Domingo (babban birni) mai mazauna 1,817,754, da Santiago, a cikin kwarin Cibao kuma tare da mazauna 908,250. Ƙirar ƙabilanci na mutanen Dominika yana kusa da 85% Mulatto Black, 14% Fari da 1% na Asiya.
Mulatto Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Kudancin Turai ne da Afirka ta Yamma, amma suna da ƴan asalin asalin Taino.
Mestizo Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Kudancin Turai ne da ƴan asalin tsibirin Hispaniola; wasu daga cikinsu suna da 'yan asalin Yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya.
Black Dominicans: Su zuriyar ’yan Afirka ta Yamma ne waɗanda aka kawo su a matsayin bayi don yin aiki galibi akan noman rake. Yawancin zuriyar Dominicans na Afirka ana iya samo su zuwa ƙasashen yammacin Afirka kamar Ghana, Kamaru, da Angola.
White Dominicans: Yawancinsu zuriyar Mutanen Espanya ne, Fotigal, da Faransanci. Yawancin zuriyar Dominicans na Turai sun fito ne daga tsibirin Canary da Kudancin Spain, yayin da wasu da yawa suka fito daga Portuguese, Galiciyawa, Asturiyawa, da Faransawa.
Dominican Asiya: Su ne mafi ƙanƙanta ƙabilu a cikin Jamhuriyar Dominican. Yawancin su sun samo asali ne daga lardunan gabar tekun Kudancin China da Japan. Wasu daga cikinsu an gauraye su da ’yan Dominican da ba na Asiya ba.
Dominicans ƴan asalin ƙasar: galibinsu zuriyar mutanen Taino ne waɗanda suka tsira zuwa ƙarni na farko na mulkin mallaka na Turai, bauta ko cututtuka. Suna da asali daban-daban na asali fiye da yawancin Dominicans, amma suna da al'adu iri ɗaya tare da mulatto da mestizo Dominicans. Mafi yawansu sun samo asali ne daga Tsawon tsaunuka na tsakiya, da tsaunin Neiba da wasu kwaruruka a yankunan Arewa da Kudu.
Larduna An raba Jamhuriyar Dominican zuwa larduna 31. Babban birnin kasar Santo Domingo de Guzmán yana cikin Distrito National wanda yake kamar lardin kuma ya zaɓi Sanata ɗaya.
Tattalin Arziki Jamhuriyar Dominican tana da tattalin arzikin gauraye wanda ya dogara ne akan aikin noma, ayyuka (ciki har da yawon shaƙatawa da kuɗi kasuwanci da kuɗin da aka aiko daga Dominican da yawa waɗanda ke zaune a wasu ƙasashe Amurka, Turai Ayyukan noma (yafi yawan rake, tare da ƙananan kofi, cacao, da taba) shine babban aikin tattalin arziki amma yanzu ya kasance a matsayi na uku bayan yawon shakatawa da masana'antu a zonas francas yankuna masu kyauta "inda masana'antu ba sa biyan haraji kuma duk ana aikawa da samarwa zuwa wasu ƙasashe). Haƙar ma'adanai na da matuƙar mahimmanci a harkar tattalin arzikin ƙasar.
Jamhuriyar Dominican na fama da talauci, inda kashi 83.3% na al'ummar kasar ke rayuwa kasa da layin talauci a shekarar 2012. Rarraba dukiyar ba ta daidaita: 10% mafi arziki suna samun kusan kashi 40% na kuɗaɗen shiga na ƙasa.
Al'adu Al'adun Jamhuriyar Dominican, kamar sauran ƙasashen Karibiyan haɗuwa ne na al'adun Taíno, Afirka da Turai (yafi Mutanen Espanya Babu al'adun Taíno da yawa a cikin al'adun Dominican na zamani; wurare da yawa suna ajiye sunayensu Taíno: Dajabón, Bánica, Haina, Yaque, Samaná, da dai sauransu. Hakanan abubuwa da yawa, tsirrai da dabbobi suna da asalin Taíno kuma an haɗa sunayensu cikin wasu harsuna; misali: canoa kwalekwale, ƙaramin jirgin ruwa hamaca hammock, gado mai sauƙi), maíz masara, masara yuca rogo, wanda ya fito daga kalmar Taíno casabe, irin burodin rogo da ake ci a cikin Caribbean), da batata dankali mai dadi Wannan cakuda al'adu daban-daban ya haifar da al'ada da aka sani da Creole (a cikin Mutanen Espanya: Criolla gama gari ga duk ƙasashe a cikin Caribbean, Louisiana da wasu sassa na Kudancin Amirka da Amurka ta Tsakiya Harsuna A Jamhuriyar Dominican, Mutanen Espanya ne kawai ake magana, duk da haka; akwai manyan harsuna 3 waɗanda kuma ake magana da su kamar Haitian Creole, Samana English, da kuma Yaren Yarbawa na Yammacin Afirka da aka fi sani da Lucumi da 'yan kaɗan ke magana. Akwai yare na gida ko patois wanda duk Dominicans ke magana duba Dominican Spanish Creole A cikin al'ummar Dominican Sinawa (wanda ya ƙunshi kusan mutane 60 000) tsofaffin ƙarni na ci gaba da magana cikin Sinanci na Mandarin da Sinanci na Cantonese Addinai Addinin hukuma shine Roman Katolika amma akwai ƴancin yin addini. Ƙungiyoyin Furotesta suna da mahimmanci, suna wakiltar kusan kashi 15% na yawan jama'a. Kowace shekara ana gudanar da manyan bukukuwa da ake kira fiestas patronales. Biki ne na Katolika don girmama tsarkakan Maɗaukaki na garuruwa da ƙauyuka; al'adar Mutanen Espanya ce a haɗa kowane gari tare da waliyyi na Katolika. Bukukuwan sun haɗa da hidimar coci, faretin tituna, ayyukan kashe gobara, gasar raye-raye da sauran ayyukan. Dominican Voodoo ko Santeria kuma ana yin su da yawa da kuma Dominican Palo, addinin Dominika Kongo, da sauransu. Al'adun Afirka suna da tasiri mafi ƙarfi a cikin al'adun Dominican, musamman a cikin harshe, addini, abinci, da kiɗa.
Hotuna
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Ƙasashen Amurka
Ƙasashe
Ƙasashen Karibiyan
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
19943 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buhariyya | Buhariyya | Buhariyya ko da turanci Buharism, na nufin akidar zamantakewar siyasa da tattalin arziki na Shugaban kasar Nigeria kuma tsohon shugaban mulkin soja, Muhammadu Buhari yake dashi. Bayan juyin mulkin da aka yi a Najeriya a shekara ta 1983 wanda ya lalata Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta biyu, Janar Muhammadu Buhari ya zama shugaban mulkin soja. Nan da nan ya ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin injiniyan zamantakewar soja da ba a taɓa yin irinsa ba, yaki Shugaba mai horaswa da nufin ƙarfafa halaye na gari.
Buhariyya ya zo ne a sanadiyyar wakiltar ƙarni na uku na ƙasa a lokacin Yakin Cacar Baki, ba ya son kwaminisanci ko jari-hujja Akidarsa ta tattalin arziki kawai an tsara shi ne kan ayyukan da ake buƙata don al'ummar Duniya ta Uku don ci gaba: galibi wadatar tattalin arziki, ɗan ƙasa mai ladabi, da ci gaban ƙasa. A matsayinsa na babban shugaba kuma kwamanda na tsarin mulki, Buhari ya sami karfin iko.
Gyara juyin mulkin shekara ta alif 1985 juyin mulkin da aka yi a kasar shi ne adawa da buhariyya; babban hafsan sojan sa kuma mai jiran gado Janar Ibrahim Babangida ya nuna adawa da kakkausar lafazin yakin neman zaben Buhari da manufofin ruguza tattalin arziki. Daga baya Babangida ya zama mafi dadewa a kan mulki bayan yakin basasa gwamnatinsa ta ga sake daidaitawa kan sabon tsarin kasa da kasa da ke bullowa cikin sauri tare da bullo da shirye-shiryen IMF wadanda suka hada da:cinikayyar kai tsaye, ragi da rage darajar kudi.
Muhammadu Buhari da aka daure,ya kwashe shekaru 30 yana mulki, ya tsaya takarar shugaban kasa a shekara ta 2003, da shekara ta 2007, da kuma shekara ta2011, sannan kuma daga baya a shekara ta 2015, inda ya lashe na karshe sannan ya kayar da Abokin takararsa Goodluck Jonathan Buhariyya sannu a hankali ya rikide ya zama wata al'ada ta mutane kuma da farko ya sami cikakken goyon baya a ko'ina cikin ƙasar, musamman a Arewacin Najeriya, har zuwa zaɓen shugaban ƙasar Nijeriya na shekara ta 2019, wanda ya haifar da raguwar farin jinin Buhari.
Bayani Buharism ya kafu ne kan alkiblar tattalin arziki na akidar cigaban kasa. Sauye-sauyen tattalin arzikinta ana nuna su ne kamar suna kawar da tattalin arziƙin siyasa daga ikon fitattun parasitic "kuma zuwa cikin ikon" ajin mai fa'ida Ga ɗalibanta, Buharism yana wakiltar gwagwarmaya ta hanyoyi biyu: tare da duniyar duniya da wakilanta na ciki da masu ba da shawara.
Manufofinsa don tsarin zamantakewar jama'a yana nuna halin kirki na Sakamakon Jiha. Masu haifar da sakamako sun yi imanin cewa halin ɗabi'a na aiki ya dogara da sakamakon aikin, saboda haka aiki dai-dai ne idan ya ba da fa'ida mafi girma ga yawancin mutane. Don haka aiki yayi dai-dai idan ya haifar da tsari na gari, jin dadin jama'a, da wadatar kayansu.
Akidar tattalin arziki Buharism ya ki amincewa da babbar hanyar Yarjejeniyar Washington, maimakon hakan ya kasance cewa ga kasar da ke fama da rikice-rikice don samun nasarar inganta daidaiton kudaden ta hanyar ragi, dole ne a fara kasancewa da yanayin cewa farashin kowace kasa fitarwa ana kiranta a cikin kudin ta. Dangane da Najeriya, galibi tana fitar da ɗanyen mai, wanda aka siyar akan dala, kuma ba a fitar da kayan da aka gama ba, wanda zai zama mai rahusa ta hanyar ragi kuma zai haifar da farfadowar tattalin arziƙi a ƙarƙashin tsarin Yarjejeniyar Washington. Tunda babu irin wannan yanayin, Buharism ya tabbatar da cewa, ga duk ƙasar da yanayin Consididdigar Washington bai kasance a sarari ba, akwai hanyoyin da za a bi don magance matsalar matsalar tattalin arzikinta Saboda haka, maimakon yin amfani da rage darajar kudi don dawo da tattalin arzikin Najeriya mai fama da rikice-rikice a wancan lokacin, Buharism sai ya yi amfani da wata manufa ta hana shigo da kayayyaki da ake ganin ba dole ba ne, da rage satar mai, da inganta fitar da kayayyaki ta hanyar kasuwancin cinikayyar cinikin danyen danyen mai mai don kayayyaki kamar injuna, yana ba shi damar fitarwa sama da adadin OPEC Neo-Buharism A shekara ta 2015, tare da dawowar Muhammadu Buhari kan mulki a matsayin shugaban farar hula, kuma ya fuskanci matsalar tattalin arziki wanda ya hada da koma baya sosai a farashin mai na duniya, matakin rashin aikin yi, tattalin arziki da ba shi da dama, da kuma kalubalen tsaro da suka katse samar da kayayyaki ba tare da ajiya ba saboda tabarbarewar hukumomi da cin hanci da rashawa a gwamnatocin da suka biyo baya, Buharism na nufin dabarun da aka mayar da hankali ciki wanda ya yi watsi da matakan tsuke bakin aljihun da ke kan matalauta yayin inganta saka hannun jari a kayayyakin more rayuwa da kuma yin amfani da karfin jihohi don rage shigo da kayayyaki. Buharism a matsayin manufofin tattalin arziki ya jaddada samar da karuwar kayan cikin gida don haka damar aiki ta hana shigo da kaya da karfafa sauya shigo da kaya. Hakanan ya jaddada sanya hannun jarin jihar a cikin ababen more rayuwa tare da rage cin hanci da rashawa don kara samar da kayayyaki da kuma dawo da albarkatun tattalin arzikin da gamayyar kungiyoyin da aka kafa suka samar don samar da hanyoyin sadarwar zamantakewar matalauta a lokacin mika mulki zuwa wadatar tattalin arziki.
Sukar Masu sukar, sau da yawa ake magana a kai Buhari siyasa Outlook kamar kama-da amincewa Yawancin lokaci ana bayyana ra'ayin Buharism a matsayin dimokiradiyya mara bin doka Buharism, suna jayayya, kuma yana mai da hankali ga sakamakon jihar, a bayyane yake ya haifar da jihar 'yan sanda masu adawa da mulkin mallaka sabanin wata doka Wannan rikice-rikicen siyasa ya kara fadada zuwa ga wata alakar da ke tsakanin sassan jihar a bangare guda da kuma bin doka a daya bangaren, wadanda ke da goyan bayan manyan masu mulki.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Buharism Bayan Buhari: Raddi ga Mohammed Haruna na Sanusi Lamido Sanusi a ranar 6 ga Satumba 2002 a Landan
Buhari da Idiagbon: Wata dama da aka rasa ga Najeriya daga Max Siollun a cikin Oktoba 2003
Fashewar 'Buharism' da ba-da-Shaka a cikin Yanci ta Mohammed Nura a ranar 14 ga Satumba 2010 a cikin Leadership (Nigeria)
Muhammad Buhari
Siyasar Najeriya
Tattalin arziki
Pages with unreviewed |
15027 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sefi%20Atta | Sefi Atta | Sefi Atta (an haife ta ne a watan Janairun shekarar 1964) ita ce ta lashe kyauta marubuciya ce Ba'amurken Najeriyar, ƴar wasan kwaikwayo kuma marubuciyan allo. An fassara littattafanta zuwa yarurruka da yawa, rediyon BBC ya watsa su, kuma an buga wasannin kwaikwayo a ƙasashen duniya. Kyautar da ta samu sun hada da na 2006 Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa da kuma 2009 Noma Award for Publishing in Africa.
Tarihin rayuwa An haifi Sefi Atta a Legas, Najeriya, a cikin Janairu 1964, ga dangin 'ya'ya biyar. Mahaifinta Abdul-Aziz Atta shi ne Sakataren Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma Shugaban Ma’aikatan Gwamnati har zuwa rasuwarsa a 1972, kuma mahaifiyarta Iyabo Atta ce ta yi rainon ta.
Ta halarci Queen's College, Legas, da Makarantar Millfield a Ingila. A shekarar 1985, ta kammala karatun ta na digiri na farko a jami’ar B.A. digiri daga Jami'ar Birmingham. Ta cancanci a matsayin akawun haya a Ingila da kuma CPA a Amurka, inda ta yi ƙaura a 1994. Ta sami MFA daga Jami'ar Antioch a 2001.
Tana auren Gboyega Ransome-Kuti, wani likita, kuma dan Olikoye Ransome-Kuti, kuma suna da diya guda, Temi.
Kamfanin samar da kayan abinci na Atta da ke Legas Atta Girl na tallafawa Care to Read, shirin da ta kirkiro don samun kudade ga halastattun kungiyoyin agaji ta hanyar karatun karatu.
A yanzu tana raba lokacinta tsakanin Najeriya, Ingila da Amurka.
Rubutawa Atta ta kammala karatun shirye-shiryen kirkirar rubutu a Jami'ar Antioch a Los Angeles. Gajerun labaran ta sun bayyana a cikin mujallolin adabi kamar The Los Angeles Review, Mississippi Review da World Literature Today. Labarinta a kan Lagos da Najeriya sun bayyana a cikin wallafe-wallafe kamar su Time and Libération. An fassara littattafanta zuwa yare da yawa. Littafinta na farko, Everything Good Will Come, ya lashe Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa.
Labari
2005: Everything Good Will Come, Interlink Books, 2010: Swallow, Interlink Books,
2013: A Bit of Difference, Interlink Books, 2019: The Bead Collector, Interlink Books, Takaitattun labarai
2010: News from Home, Interlink Books,
Littattafan yara
2018: Drama Queen, Mango Books, Nigeria,
Kunna tarin
2019: Sefi Atta; Selected Plays, Interlink Books,
Wasannin farko
2005: The Engagement, MUSON Centre, Legas
2011: The Cost of Living, Lagos Heritage Festival
2011: Hagel auf Zamfara, Theatre Krefeld, Jamus
2012: The Naming Ceremony, New World Nigeria, Theatre Royal Stratford East, London
2012: An Ordinary Legacy, The MUSON Festival, MUSON Centre, Legas
2014: Last Stand, Terra Kulture, Legas
2018: Renovation, The Jos Festival of Theatre
2019: The Death Road, The Jos Festival of Theatre
Wasan radiyo
2002: The Engagement, BBC Radio
2004: Makinwa's Miracle, BBC Radio
2007: A Free Day, BBC Radio
Nunin allo
2009: Leaving on Your Mind, wasan kusa da na karshe ga American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition
2019: Valid, karshe ga WeScreenPlay Diverse Voices Lab
2019: Valid, karshe ga American Zoetrope Screenplay Competition
Zaɓaɓɓun kyaututtuka da yabo 2002: Macmillan Writers Prize For Africa, jerin sunayen
2002: BBC African Performance, Kyauta ta 2
2002: Zoetrope Short Fiction Contest, Kyauta ta 3
2003: Red Hen Press Short Story Award, Kyauta ta 1
2003: Glimmer Train′s Very Short Fiction Award, na karshe
2004: BBC African Performance, Kyauta ta 2
2005: PEN International David TK Wong Prize, Kyauta ta 1
2006: Caine Prize for African Writing, jerin sunayen
2006: Wole Soyinka Prize for Literature in Africa
2009: Noma Award for Publishing in Africa
Marubuci Ziyarci
2006: Jami'ar Kudancin Mississippi
2008: Jami'ar Arewa maso Yamma
2010: Ecole Normale Superieure de Lyon
Atta ta kasance a cikin juri na 2010 Neustadt International Prize for Literature, kuma alkali ne na 2019 Caine Prize for African Writing.
Nazari mai mahimmanci game da ayyukanta, Writing Contemporary Nigeria: How Sefi Atta Illustates African Culture and Tradition, editan Farfesa Walter P. Collins, III, wanda Cambria Press ta buga a 2015.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sefi Atta's website
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49049 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jema%20el-Fnaa | Jema el-Fnaa | Jemaa el-Fnaa Sāḥat kuma Jemaa el-Fna, Djema el-Fna ko Djemaa el-Fnaa fili ne kuma,wurin,kasuwa, ne a cikin kwata, na madina, na Marrakesh, (tsohon birni).Ya kasance babban dandalin Marrakesh, wanda mazauna gida da masu yawon, bude ido ke amfani,
Suna Asalin sunansa ba a fayyace ba: jamaa na nufin “jama’a” ko “masallaci” a Larabci, ne mai yiwuwa yana nufin wani masallacn,i da aka rusa a wurin. ko na iya nufin “mutuwa/kaɓawa” ko tsakar gida, sarari a gaban gini”. a Larabci yawanci yana nufin "bude wuri"; madaidaiciyar fassarar zai zama "yankin taro/ikilisiya". Sauran ma'anoni na iya zama "Majalisin mutuwa," ko "Masallaci a Ƙarshen Duniya". Wani bayani kuma shi ne, yana nufin masallacin da ke da wani fili ko fili na musamman a gabansa. Fassara ta uku ita ce “taron matattu”, yana nufin kisa a fili a fili a wajen shekara ta 1050 AZ. Wani takamaiman bayani da masana tarihi na zamani suka amince da shi ya fito ne daga rahotannin tarihi cewa sarkin Saadiya mai ƙarfi Ahmad al-Mansur (wanda ya yi mulki a shekara ta 1578-1603) ya fara aikin gina wani babban masallacin juma'a a tsakiyar ƙasar. murabba'i. Duk da haka, saboda tabarbarewar arziki (watakila barkewar annoba) Sultan ya tilasta wa sultan yin watsi da aikin. Ta haka ne masallacin ya kasance ba a gama shi ba ya fada kango. Rushewar bangon bangon ta a bayyane yake a bayyane a cikin karni na 19 kuma yayi daidai da wurin "Souk Jdid" na yanzu ("sabon souk" a arewacin wuraren abinci). Ta wannan hanyar, jama'a al-fna' a fili yana nufin wurin "lalacewar masallacin". Sunan Jama'al-Fna ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a karon farko a cikin tarihin karni na 17 na masanin tarihin Afirka ta Yamma Abderrahman as-Sa'idi. As-Sa’idi ya yi da’awar cewa sunan masallacin al-Mansour da ba a gama shi ba shi ne jamaa al-hna, ma’ana “Masallacin natsuwa”, amma bayan watsi da shi ya zama sananne a matsayin “Masallacin rugujewa”. /hallaka", ko jamaa al-fana' (kalmar fana''' a wannan yanayin ma'ana yanayin kashewa ko rugujewa gaba daya).
Tarihi Tarihin farko: Zamanin Almoravid da Almohad Daular Almoravid ce ta kafa Marrakesh a shekara ta 1070 ta hannun Abubakar ibn Umar, daga baya kuma ta hanyar magabatansa. <sup about="#mwt87" class="reference nowrap" data-cx="[{"adapted":true,"partial":false,"targetExists":true,"mandatoryTargetParams":[],"optionalTargetParams":[]}]" data-mw="{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Rp","href":"./Template:Rp"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"63"}},"i":0}}]}" data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" id="mwRg" typeof="mw:Transclusion"><span title="Page location: 63"><span typeof="mw:Entity">:</span><span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span>63<span typeof="mw:Entity"> </span></span></sup> Da farko, manyan abubuwan tarihi guda biyu na birnin da wuraren da aka fi sani da suna Ksar el-Hajjar ("sansanin dutse") da kuma masallacin Juma'a na farko na birnin (wurin ginin masallacin Ben Youssef na gaba. Ksar el-Hajjar ya kasance a arewacin Masallacin Kutubiyya na yau. Manyan titunan souk (kasuwa) na birni ta haka suka ci gaba tare da hanyoyin da ke haɗa waɗannan mahimman wurare guda biyu kuma har yanzu suna daidai da babban axis na souks a yau. A wani gefen wannan kusurwoyi, kusa da Ksar el-Hajjar, akwai wani babban fili ga kasuwanni na wucin gadi da na mako-mako. An fara sanin wannan fili da Rahbat al-Ksar ("wurin kagara"). Sauran bayanan tarihi suna ambatonsa da as-Saha al-Kubra ("babban filin"), ko kuma a sauƙaƙe as-Saha ko ar-Rahba Sarkin' Almoravid Ali bn Yusuf (ya yi mulki 1106-1143) ba da dadewa ba ya gina wani fada kai tsaye kudu da kuma kusa da Ksar el-Hajjar, a daidai wurin da masallacin Kutubiyya na baya. Wani bangare na wannan fada shi ne wata babbar kofar dutse a gefenta ta gabas wadda ke fuskantar Rahbat al-Ksar Ƙofar mai yiwuwa ta taka muhimmiyar rawa: ita ce ƙofar fadar ga waɗanda ke neman masu sauraro tare da sarki, kuma yana yiwuwa mai mulkin da kansa ya zauna, ya hau gadon sarauta, a gaban ƙofar kuma ya ba da gaskiya a bainar jama'a a kowane mako (al'adar da ta dace da ita). ya kasance a tsakanin sauran daulolin Moroko da Andalusia Muhimmancin babban filin da ke gaban fadar sarki ya sa ta zama wurin aiwatar da kisan gilla, faretin sojoji, bukukuwa, da sauran tarukan jama'a har sai da dadewa. Bayan gwagwarmaya mai lalacewa, Marrakech ya fada hannun Almohad a cikin 1147, waɗanda suka gudanar da ayyukan gine-gine da yawa a cikin birnin. Wannan ya hada da gina masallacin Kutubiyya da ke kusa, wanda aka fara a shekara ta 1147, wanda aka yi nufin maye gurbin masallacin Ben Youssef da aka gina na Almoravid a matsayin babban masallacin birnin. Musamman ma, Ya'qub al-Mansur, ya gina sabon kasbah na sarauta a kudu bayan 1184. Yayin da sarakunan Almohad suka koma sabon kasbah, tsohon fadar Almoravid da kagara ya fadi ba a amfani da shi, kuma daga karshe aka ruguje (a wani bangare na gina sabon masallacin Kutubiyya). Daga baya, tare da arzikin birni, Jemaa el-Fna ya ga lokutan raguwa da sabuntawa.
Tarihi na baya: Zamanin Sadiya zuwa zamani Duk da mamaye sabbin gine-ginen da aka yi a gefen dandalin na tsawon lokaci, bai taba bace ba saboda rawar da yake takawa a matsayin budaddiyar kasuwa da kuma wurin taron jama'a. Wani yunkuri na cike wani babban bangare na dandalin an ruwaito cewa Sarkin Sa’diya Ahmad al-Mansour ya yi yunkurin gina wani katafaren masallaci a dandalin. Da alama masallacin ya yi koyi da masallatan Bab Doukkala da Mouassine, wanda aka gina da gangan a tsakiyar manyan hanyoyin zirga-zirga a cikin birnin, kuma da an yi masa rakiya da damammakin gine-gine na jama'a da na addini. Masallacin bai taba gamawa ba, watakila saboda bala'o'i kamar annobar annoba a zamanin mulkin al-Mansour. An yi watsi da gine-gine ta hanyar da aka gina, kuma abin da aka gina ya rushe kuma an karbe shi daga rumfunan kasuwa da sauran jama'a. (Wataƙila kuma wurin wani rukunin shago ne na zamani, Souk Jdid, a arewa da wuraren sayar da abinci a yau, wanda tsarinsa yana da tsarin tafsiri iri ɗaya da masallatai na zamanin al-Mansour. Wataƙila wannan rugujewar masallacin ya bai wa dandalin sunansa na yanzu, Jemaa el-Fna ("Masallacin Ruins"). A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1864, an samu fashewar wani katon fashewa a yankin dandalin, wanda rahotanni suka ce, sakaci na wasu jami'ai na kokarin kaucewa binciken gwamnati. Wata gobara da ta tashi a wani wurin ajiyar kaya na funduq ta kone kuntatal 500 na foda da aka ajiye a wurin. Fashewar ta lalata gidaje da shaguna a cikin wani fili mai fadi inda ya yi sanadiyar mutuwar mutane kusan 300. Dandalin ya ci gaba da zama wurin taro a tsakiyar birnin duk da cewa ba shi da ƙayyadaddun tsarin gine-gine. Baya ga tsohuwar rawar da ta taka a matsayin wurin aiwatar da hukuncin kisa, ta kasance wurin da kasuwar Juma'a ta gargajiya ta kasance, wani mataki ne na nuna sha'awa, da kuma tsarin nishadantarwa a cikin maraice (kamar yau). A cikin 1922 gwamnati (ƙarƙashin gwamnatin Faransa a lokacin), ta zartar da dokoki na farko da nufin karewa da kiyaye sararin al'adu da abubuwan tarihi na dandalin. A shekara ta 2001 UNESCO ta ayyana filin a matsayin Gadon Al'adu mara-girma, kuma a cikin 2008 an saka shi cikin jerin abubuwan al'adun al'adun ɗan adam na UNESCO Dandalin A cikin rana galibi suna mamaye da wuraren sayar da ruwan lemu, masu sayar da ruwa tare da buhunan ruwa na fata na gargajiya da kofunan tagulla, matasa masu sarƙaƙƙiya na birai na Barbary da masu layya da maciji duk da kiyaye matsayin waɗannan nau'ikan a ƙarƙashin dokar Maroko. Yayin da rana ta ci gaba, nishaɗin da ake bayarwa yana canzawa: masu la'antar maciji suna tashi, kuma a ƙarshen ranar filin ya zama cunkoso, tare da raye- rayen Chleuh (zai zama saba wa al'ada ga 'yan mata su ba da irin wannan nishaɗin), masu ba da labari suna ba da tatsuniyoyinsu da harshen Berber ko Larabci, ga masu sauraron jama’a), masu sihiri, da dillalan magungunan gargajiya. Yayin da duhu ya faɗo, dandalin ya cika da ɗimbin rumfunan abinci yayin da adadin mutanen da ke dandalin ke ƙaru.
Filin yana gefen gefe ɗaya ta Marrakesh souk, kasuwar gargajiya ta Arewacin Afirka da ke ba da buƙatun yau da kullun na mazauna gida, da kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido. A wasu ɓangarorin akwai otal-otal da lambuna da wuraren shaye-shaye, da ƴan ƙananan tituna suna kaiwa cikin lungu da sako na kwata na madina.
Da zarar tashar bas, an rufe wurin don zirga-zirgar ababen hawa a farkon 2000s. Hukumomi suna sane da mahimmancin sa ga kasuwancin yawon buɗe ido, kuma kasancewar 'yan sanda mai ƙarfi amma mai hankali yana tabbatar da amincin baƙi.
Babbar Jagorar UNESCO ta Baka da Gadon Dan Adam Tunanin aikin UNESCO Mabambantan Baka da Gadon Dan Adam sun fito ne daga mutanen da suka damu da Jamaa el Fna. An san wurin da yawan ayyukan al'ada ta masu ba da labari, mawaƙa da mawaƙa, amma yana fuskantar barazanar ci gaban tattalin arziki. A cikin gwagwarmaya don kare al'adu, mazaunan sun yi kira da a dauki mataki a matakin kasa da kasa don gane bukatar kare irin wadannan wurare da ake kira "wuri na al'adu" da sauran shahararrun kuma nau'o'in al'adun gargajiya. UNESCO tana ƙarfafa al'ummomi don ganowa, rubutawa, kariya, haɓakawa da kuma farfado da irin wannan gado. Lakabin UNESCO yana da nufin wayar da kan jama 'a game da mahimmancin gado da na baka a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na bambancin al'adu.
2011 bam Jim kadan da tsakar rana a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 2011, fashewar wani abu da ya samo asali a wani wurin shan magani a dandalin ya kashe mutane 17 tare da jikkata wasu 25. Rahotannin farko sun dora alhakin fashewar iskar gas ta bazata, amma daga baya jami'ai sun zargi "masu aikata laifuka" da "'yan ta'adda". Tambayoyi Jamaa El-Fnaa, babban filin wasa na Marrakesh, an nuna shi a kashi na biyar na 25th Season of the Amazing Race An nuna filin wasa a cikin fim din Alfred Hitchcock Mutumin da Ya Sani da yawa (1956).
Ana iya ganin wani labari mai ban sha'awa na wurin a cikin shekarun 1970 a cikin littafin Esther Freud Hideous Kinky Mawakan Jimmy Page da Robert Plant sun rubuta wasu waƙoƙi da DVD ɗin su "Babu Quarter Unledded" a dandalin.
A matsayin Djemaa el-Fnaa, filin filin wuri ne da aka nuna a cikin littafin James Michener na 1971 The Drifters Juan Goytisolo ya zauna a Marrakesh kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin rarraba Jamaa el Fna a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Mafi kyawun Gadon Baka da Gadon Dan Adam.
An nuna dandalin a matsayin saitin daukar hoto a cikin jerin gaskiya na talabijin na Amurka na gaba Babban Model Cycle 16 Rahotannin da ba a tabbatar da su ba na cewa a wasu lokuta ana daure masu fafutukar siyasa da cin zarafi a gidan yarin ‘yan sanda da ke karkashin Jamaa el Fna. Littafin "Shekara a Marrakesh" na marubucin balaguro na Burtaniya Peter Mayne ya haɗa da kwatancin filin a cikin 1950s.
Nassoshi Jagoran Jagora zuwa Maroko'', 2001. Buga Jagora Mai Kauri
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Injin Lokaci Fayil ɗin daukar hoto game da Jamaa El-Fna Yanar Gizon Yanar Gizo Official Website about Jamaa El-Fna
Labaran BBC game da adana ubangida marasa ganuwa
Dare a Jamaa El-Fna labarin a cikin Turanci tare da hotuna masu inganci masu yawa
Jamaa |
38814 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gladys%20Asmah | Gladys Asmah | Gladys Asmah (an haife ta 16 Oktoban shekarar 1939 ya mutu 24 Yuni 2014) 'yar siyasa ce 'yar Ghana kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar kamun kifi sannan kuma ta kasance ‘yar majalisa mai wakiltar mazabar Takoradi. Ta kasance tsohuwar ministar harkokin mata a zamanin tsohuwar gwamnatin Kufuor.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi Mrs. Gladys Asmah (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 1939), a Cape Coast, a yankin Tsakiyar Tsakiya. Ta tafi makarantar sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Wesley don karatun firamare kuma ta ci gaba da zuwa Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana, duka a Cape Coast.
Ta yi aiki tare da Kamfanin Railway Corporation na Ghana kuma daga baya ta zama mai kulawa a Sashen Kula da Lafiya na Kamfanin Taba Sigari (PTC), na tsawon shekaru shida.
Misis Asmah ta bar Ghana a watan Yuni 1963 don ci gaba da karatu a kasar Ingila. Ta halarci Jami'ar Middlesex, wacce aka fi sani da Kwalejin Fasaha ta Hendon, da Kwalejin Ilimi da Tattalin Arzikin Gida ta Leeds kuma ta cancanci zama Memba na Ƙungiyar Gudanar da Cibiyoyin Kula da Cibiyoyin Ƙasa ta London.
Sana'ar kasuwanci Bayan horar da ita, ta yi aiki tare da British Council a matsayin mataimakiyar manaja a Cibiyar Dalibai ta Ƙasashen waje, Portland Palace, London, Yayin da take dalibi a London, ta yanke shawarar ƙware a fannin yin sutura don haka ta san kanta da ƙungiyoyin kayan ado. Malama Asmah ta tattara wasu injina ta fara yin rigar bacci da rigar bacci a Birmingham.
A karshe ta zo ta zauna a Ghana, kuma ta yi rijistar wata masana'anta a matsayin haɗin gwiwa kuma daga baya a cikin 1975 ta haɗa shi a matsayin kamfani mai iyakancewa A matsayin mai ba da shawara kan 'yantar da mata, Misis Asmah ta tallafa wa ƙungiyar Matan Tarkwa (TWIGA) don samun tallafin kuɗi. yin dabino.
Lokacin da Sashen Jin Dadin Jama’a ya kafa Cibiyar Horar da Mata a Cibiyar Takoradi domin horar da ‘ya’ya mata sana’o’in hannu, ta amince kuma ta ba da wani taron bitar don horar da mata a yankin.
Misis Asmah tana da alaƙa da ƙungiyoyin kasuwanci da na jama'a da dama; ita ce shugabar hukumar gudanarwa ta Cibiyar horar da mata ta Takoradi; mamban kwamitin, Ahantaman Rural Bank-, mataimakin shugaban kasa na biyu, kungiyar masana'antun Ghana; da shugaban kwamitin aiwatarwa na yanki, mata masu ci gaba.
Sauran membobin hukumar ne, Makarantar Sakandare ta Fijai; memban hukumar, Kwalejin Kasa ta Ghana; Memba, Majalisar Tuntuba ta Yanki ta Yamma kuma shugaban kwamitin sassan, kwamitin harkokin mata, Sabuwar Jam'iyyar Patriotic (NPP). Dan Majalisar Takoradi ya halarci taruka da dama a kasashen ketare. Waɗannan sun haɗa da taron karawa juna sani kan Sabbin Trends a Masana'antar Yada da Tufafi, Jami'ar Jihar North Carolina a 1994; taron karawa juna sani kan Taimako ga Masu Sana'o'i, Hartford, Connecticut, Amurka da Taro kan Fitar da Kudaden Fitarwa, Babban taron 'yan kasuwa na USAID na 'yan kasuwa mata, New Delhi, Indiya a 1981.
Siyasa Ta kasance mamba a sabuwar jam'iyyar kishin kasa. Ta zama 'yar majalisa Takoradi daga 7 ga Janairu 1997 zuwa 6 ga Janairu 2009, ministar harkokin mata da yara tsakanin 2001 zuwa 2005 kuma ministar kamun kifi daga 2005 zuwa 2009. Asmah ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokoki ta 2, 3, 4th da 5th a jamhuriyar Ghana ta hudu.
A lokacin babban zaben Ghana na 1996, ta samu kuri'u 25,579 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 38,036 da aka kada wanda ya nuna kashi 56.80 cikin 100 na abokin hamayyarsa Esther Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 10,342, Alex Fosu Blankson wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,323 da Timothy Nor kuma ya samu kuri'u 7.
Ta samu kuri'u 26,431 daga cikin 35,949 masu inganci da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar kashi 73.50% akan abokin hamayyarsa Crosby Mochia dan jam'iyyar NDC wanda ya samu kuri'u 6,853 wanda ke wakiltar 19.10%, Eustace Haizel dan jam'iyyar CPP wanda ya samu kuri'u 1,510 mai wakiltar 4.20% na Comfort 7, da Comfort 8. kuri'u mai wakiltar 2.40% da Samuel Ekow Renner dan jam'iyyar PNC wanda ya samu kuri'u 277 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 0.80%.
A lokacin Zaben 2004, ta samu kuri'u 25,714 daga cikin sahihin kuri'u 36,392 da aka kada wanda ke wakiltar 66.80% akan abokin hamayyarta Esthher Lily Nkansah 'yar jam'iyyar NDC wacce ta samu kuri'u 7,894 da ke wakiltar 20.50%, Francis Kobina Eghanst memba 1, Eghan dan jam'iyyar CPP ya samu kuri'u 1,004. Ya samu kuri’u 1,296 mai wakiltar kashi 3.40%, Godwill Abakah dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 220 mai wakiltar 0.60%, Ivor Tackie Adams dan jam’iyyar PNC ya samu kuri’u 191 mai wakiltar 0.50% da Johannes Kojo Scheck dan IND wanda ya samu kuri’u 62 mai wakiltar 0.20%.
Mutuwa Gladys Asmah ta rasu ne a ranar 24 ga watan Yunin 2014, a asibitin koyarwa na Korle-Bu da ke birnin Accra inda ta shafe makonni biyu tana jinya. An binne ta a Takoradi bayan jana'izar ta a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba 2014.
Manazarta |
24101 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ain%27t%20Nobody | Ain't Nobody | Ain't Nobody waka ce ta kungiyar funk ta Amurka Rufus da babban mawaƙin Amurka Chaka Khan An sake waƙar ce a ranar 4 ga watan Nuwamba, a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983), a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin studio guda huɗu waɗanda aka haɗa a cikin kundin rayuwarsu Stompin 'a Savoy a shekarar ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku (1983). "Ba kowa bane" cikin sauri ya tattara shahara, kuma ya kai lamba ta ɗaya akan <i id="mwGA">ginshiƙin Billboard</i> R&B na Amurka da lamba guda ashirin da biyu 22 akan Billboard Hot 100 na Amurka Ya zama ɗaya daga cikin waƙoƙin sa hannun Khan.
Rufus keyboardist David "Hawk" Wolinski tayi rubuta waƙa a kusa da wani maimaita synthesizer madauki goyon baya da wani Linn LM-1 drum kwamfuta; duk da haka, John "JR" Robinson, mawaƙin makaɗa, ya buga ganguna na gaske don zaman rikodi. Ƙungiyar ta yi ƙuri'ar demokraɗiyya kuma sun yanke shawarar haɗa waƙar a cikin kundin kundin su. Da zarar an yi rikodin waƙar, masu zartarwar Warner sun so fitar da wata waƙa a matsayin farkon waƙar. Wolinski ya yi barazanar ba wa mawaƙin Amurka Michael Jackson da mai shirya fina- finan Amurka Quincy Jones don faifan Jackson Thriller idan waƙar ba ta zama jagora ɗaya ba. Alamar ta yi nadama kuma "Ba kowa ba ne" kuma an buga lamba ta ɗaya a kan taswirar R&B don satin da zai ƙare a ranar 15 ga watan Oktobar shekara ta alif dubu daya da Dari Tara da tamanin da uku(1983). Hakanan an haɗa waƙar a kan faifan sauti zuwa fim ɗin Breakin na shekarar alif ta 1984. Magoya bayan wasu kungiyoyin kwallon kafa na kasar sun karbe wakar a Burtaniya tare da kalmomin: Babu wanda yake kauna (dan wasa), yana faranta min rai, yana sanya ni jin haka. Abun da ke ciki Ana yin waƙar a cikin maɓallin E tare da saurin bugawa guda dari dahudu 104 a minti daya a cikin lokacin gama gari Muryar Khan ta fara daga G 3 zuwa E 5 a cikin waƙar. Charts da takaddun shaida Weekly chartsOriginal versionRemixYear-end charts
Certifications
Sauran sigogi Jaki Graham version A cikin shekara ta alif dari tara da casa'in da hudu (1994,) mawaƙiyar Burtaniya Jaki Graham ta fito da murfiyar ta A wannan lokaci ba kowa bane ya san ta An sake waƙar a zama na farko kuma jagora ce, ɗaya daga kundi na huɗu da na ƙarshe, Real Life Siffar Graham ta kai lamba ɗaya a kan Chart ɗin Rawar Billboard na Amurka na makwanni biyar gami da kasancewa cikin manyan bidiyon da aka fi so na BET (Charts Black Entertainment Charts). Mawakiyar ta kuma kai lamba guda arbain da hududu 44 a Burtaniya, lamba guda sha daya 11 a Iceland da lamba guda sha bakwai 17 a Ostiraliya.
Tarba mai mahimmanci Larry Flick daga Billboard ya kira waƙar sa "ta fasa", kuma ya bayyana cewa Graham "ta dawo tare da babban karatun Rufus pop soulnugget Track shine sabo a cikin farmakin nau'ikan nau'ikan waƙoƙin waƙoƙin ta divas daban -daban. Wannan, duk da haka, shine ainihin ma'amala, godiya ga babban fara'a na Graham da tarin abubuwan cakuda waɗanda suka fito daga peppy NRG zuwa gidan tsoka. Kulob ɗin wuta mai ƙarfi ya buge, kada ku yi mamaki idan rediyo crossover ya yi kira. Jaridar Ingilishi Karatun Yammacin Post yayi sharhi, "Wannan shine ɗayan murfin da baya inganta ainihin. Amma waƙar Chaka Khan sanannen ruhi ne kuma Jaki Graham ta bayyana kyakkyawar harba, koda muryarta ba ta da ƙarfi sosai don ɗanɗano mai daɗi. Mai wuya kada a yi waka tare. Bidiyon kiɗa Bidiyon kiɗan na "Ba kowa ba ne" darektan fina -finan Amurka kuma furodusa Antoine Fuqua ne ya jagoranci Jerin jerin waƙoƙi Charts A cikin shekarar alif ɗari tara da casa'in da biyar 1995, mawaƙin Jamaica Diana King ya yi rikodin murfin guda ɗaya na Ain't Nobody wanda aka saki a matsayin na uku daga cikin kundi na farko, Tougher Than Love Ya kai lamba guda chasain da biyar 95 a kan Billboard Hot 100, lamba guda hudu 4 a kan ginshiƙi Playboard na Billboard Hot Dance Club da lamba guda sha uku 13 akan Chart Singles UK Tarba mai mahimmanci Larry Flick daga Billboard ya bayyana waƙar a matsayin fassarar hip hop na sexy" da "wanda ba za a iya jurewa ba", yana yabawa "tabbataccen aikin" na King. Music & Media yayi sharhi cewa bin Shy Guy yana ganin mawaƙin Jamaica "ya rasa wasu ƙananan raƙuman raye-raye na raye-raye don fifita sautin R&B ya kara da cewa mawaƙin "tsarkakakke ne, mai ɗaga ruhun zamani." Makon Kiɗa ya ƙididdige shi uku daga cikin biyar, yana rubutu, "Babban madaidaicin murfin Chaka Khan na gargajiya, tare da samar da ƙarfi. Tana iya canza wasu ƙarin magoya baya. Ralph Tee daga RM Dance Update na mujallar ya ce, "'Shy Guy' ya zama fashewar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma wannan bin yana da irin wannan damar crossover." Jerin jerin waƙoƙi Charts Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Rapper LL Cool J ya yi rikodin waƙar don waƙar sauti zuwa fim ɗin shekarar alif ta 1996 Beavis da Butt-Head Do America An sake shi azaman sautin waƙa na biyu, waƙar ta hau kan lamba guda arbain da hudu 46 akan Billboard Hot guda dari 100, lamba huɗu akan Hot Rap Singles Chart da lamba guda ashirin da bakwai 27 akan taswirar Waƙoƙin Billboard Hot R & B/Hip-Hop A wajen Amurka, waƙar ta shahara a cikin Burtaniya, inda waƙar kuma ta kasance abin faɗa ga Gwen Dickey da KWS (sun kai lamba guda ahirin da bakwai 21) da The Course (lamba ta takwas).
Bidiyon kiɗan wannan sigar, wanda Michael Martin ya jagoranta, wanda Jonathan Heuer ya shirya, da kuma fim ɗin Martin Coppen, an ɗan yi fim ɗinsa a Dutsen Hood na Oregon. Hakanan yana nuna ƙungiya mai cike da baƙi da suka haɗa da Maia Campbell, Brian McKnight, Alfonso Ribeiro, Cedric the Entertainer, John Salley, da John Witherspoon Charts In 2003, English-Irish pop group Liberty X released a version of the song titled "Being Nobody", produced by Richard X, as the lead single from Richard X's debut studio album Richard X Presents His X-Factor Vol. 1 (2003), as well as the lead single from Liberty X's second studio album Being Somebody (2003). The song is a pseudo-mashup, taking the lyrics of "Ain't Nobody" and placing them over an instrumental interpolation of The Human League's "Being Boiled". Additional elements from both songs were also used such as the recurring synth line from "Ain't Nobody" and the line "OK, ready? Let's do it." in the intro of the main mix are from the intro of "Being Boiled".
Liberty X first performed "Being Nobody" on Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway on February 8, 2003. They also performed it twice on Top of the Pops, with other performances on The National Lottery Wright Ticket and CD:UK.
Critical reception The song received mostly positive reviews from music critics. It was deemed "instantly memorable" by RTÉ.ie reviewer Linda McGee, whilst Louis Pattison of NME believed it was "Truly, a record to get over-excited about." Alexis Kirke of musicOMH said: "The marriage of the credible dance-bootleg production of Richard X with high profile pop-act Liberty X is not only a perfect career-expanding synergy for both, but also a powerful musical synergy in which the seventies meets the eighties during the noughties." Writing for ukmix.org, Martin P gave the song five stars out of five and called it "It's pure pop perfection with a twist of R&B one of the best Liberty X singles!"
Jerin waƙa "Being Nobody" (Main Mix) 3:37
"Being Nobody" (Richard X Remix) 4:25
"Being Nobody" (X-Strumental) 3:38
Charts Weekly charts
Year-end charts
Scooter version "Yana da wani Biz (Shin ba Babu wanda)" ne guda ta Jamus wuya dance band babur An sake shi a ranar 23 ga Maris, 2012, a matsayin na biyar guda ɗaya daga kundin ɗakin studio ɗin su na goma sha biyar The Big Mash Up Jerin jerin waƙoƙi CD guda (waƙa 2) Saukewa Charts Siffar Felix Jaehn A cikin shekara ta 2015, mai shirya kiɗan Jamusawa da DJ Felix Jaehn sun fitar da remix mai taken Ba kowa (Yana Ƙaunar Ni Mafi Kyawu) wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin mawaƙan Burtaniya Jasmine Thompson Shine jagora guda ɗaya don babban sunan sa na farko na shekara ta 2016 EP Felix Jaehn Remix ya dogara ne akan sakin solo na waƙar ta Thompson a cikin shekara ta 2013, lokacin da Thompson ya kasance 13, wanda ya hau kan lamba guda 32 akan Chart Singles UK Koyaya, Felix Jaehn remix ya zama babban nasarar taswirar ƙasa da ƙasa, yana kan lamba ɗaya ko biyu a cikin ƙasashen Turai da yawa (gami da lamba ta biyu a Burtaniya) da kuma manyan guda 10 a sauran ƙasashen Turai da Ostiraliya. Jerin waƙa "Babu Wani (Yana Ƙaunata Ƙauna)" 3:01
"Na Yi" 3:02Weekly chartsYear-end chartsDecade-end charts'''
Duba kuma List of Airplay 100 number ones of the 2010s
List of number-one R&B singles of 1983 (U.S.)
List of UK top 10 singles in 1984
List of UK top 10 singles in 1989
List of number-one dance singles of 1994 (U.S.)
List of UK Singles Chart number ones of 1997
List of UK top 10 singles in 2015
Mashup (music)
Of the Night Rhythm Is a Dancer The Rhythm of the Night''
Nassoshi Pages with unreviewed |
26843 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shuga%20%28kashi%20na%204%29 | Shuga (kashi na 4) | Shuga Naija wasan kwaikwayo ne na MTV wacce aka fara haska ta a shekara ta 2009 a zaman wani bangaren jigon MTV wato "MTV Staying Alive Ignite!". Karo na uku na shirin ya fito a kusa da 2013 zuwa Janairu 2014. An saki sashin shirin na hudu a ranar 23 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2019. Sannan kamfanin Sunbow Production ne suka dauki nauyin shirin yayin Tope Oshin ya jagorance shi, daya daga cikin fitattun daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya. Shirin Shuga Naija ya ƙunshi gangamj don jaddada mahimman batutuwan zamantakewa kamar tsarin iyali, rigakafin hana haihuwa, HIV/AIDS, cin zarafin jinsi, jima'i mafi aminci, jima'i na mu'amala da gabaɗaya, alaƙa.
'Yan wasa Jerin jigogin yan wasan da ke cikin kashi na 4 na MTV Shuga sune kamar haka:
Yasmin Itace kyakykyawar malaman dake bautan kasa wato NYSC wacce kowa ke sha'awarta. Yasmin tana da bada kwarin gwiwa da taimakawa dalibanta har ma a almurran da ya shafi rayuwarsu. Ita kuma uwar gida ce mai kauna da biyayya ga mijinta wanda suka amince akan tsaida haihuwa domin yasmin ta cimma burinta na duniya. Rahama Sadau ta masana'antar shirya fina- finan Kannywood ce ta taka rawar Yamin. Jarumar dai ‘yar asalin jihar Kaduna ce kuma ta yi fice a harkar fim din Hausa.
Tobi Temini Egbuson ya ɗauki matsayin Tobi a cikin Shuga Naija Season 4. Tun lokacin da ya shiga jerin MTV, Temini ya haɓaka basirarsa a masana'antar fina-finai ta Nollywood. A wannan karo na hudu na Shuga Najia, Tobi ya canza daga matsayin saurayi na soyayya, jima'i da kudi, zuwa wani dan kasuwa tare da kirkiro Playboy Tobi Music Industry wanda yayi saurin habaka tare da sabon app ɗin sa na shirin shiga masana'antar kiɗa.
Cynthia Uzoamaka Unianoh ta taka rawar Cynthia a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen MTV a matsayin matashiya, zaki, yar makarantar sakandare butulci, aboki ga Diana da ma'aikatanta wanda ta ji tana cikin kungiyar amma a zahiri ba ta. Uzoamaka Unianoh marubuciya ce wacce ta shafe tsawon rayuwarta tana rubuce-rubuce amma ta fara fitowa a shekarar 2017 kuma ga dukkan alamu ta fara kwarewa a a harkar fim.
Ebinsende A cikin wannan silsilar, Abayomi Alvin ya fito a matsayin Ebisinde wanda zuciyarsa ta kasance ga Diana kadai mace mai girman kai da ke ganinsa a matsayin ƙaramin yaro.
Diana Diana ita ce yarinyar makaranta mai cin zarafi wanda duk da cewa kowa yana sonta kuma yana sonta wanda ya kasance akasin haka. Tana da gungun abokai kuma tana saduwa da babban saurayi a makarantar. Sunanta ya shiga cikin tambaya yayin da wata sabuwar yarinya ke barazana ga sana'arta tare da jarrabawar da za ta ci. Aikin Diana Helena Nelson ce ta taka rawa a masana'antar MTV tare da wasu fina-finan da ta fito da suka hada da Clinic Matters', 'Until You're 16' da kuma 'Jenifa's Diary'.
Faa Adebukola Oladipupa ce ta taka rawar Faa mai sarkakiyar rayuwa, wacce uwa ce ga dan uwanta Ebisinde kuma a shirye take ta yi kusan komai don cimma babbar nasara a harkar waka.
Hadiza Amal Umar daga Kannywood ta fito a matsayin Hadiza mai ladabi, tawali'u da hazaka a cikin shirin MTV Shuga. Tun a shekarar 2015 ne Amal ta fara fitowa a kan allo, amma ta riga ta yi suna duk da cewa tana magana da yarenta (Hausa) a yawancin fina-finanta, ta tabbatar da cewa tana da mahimmanci lokacin da ta fito a wani fim. Fim ɗin Nollyeood, "Hankalin Hankali".
Frances Ruby Akubueze wanda aka fi sani da Chinaza/Ruby ya dauki rawar Frances a cikin jerin MTV. Yarinyar ce wacce itama ke kallon Diana a matsayin kawarta kuma ta tafka muguwar kuskure har ta tsaya tare da kawayenta da malaminta yasmin domin ta fuskanci halin da take ciki. Duk da cewa Ruby matashiya ce amma tana da gogewar wasan kwaikwayo da yawa tun 2013 kuma ta yi tauraro a shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo, gajerun fina-finai da jerin gidajen yanar gizo da suka hada da 'Look Beyond' da 'Brother LIEnus' (tare da AY Makun). Ta kuma sami gogewar bayan fage a matsayin mai haɓaka abun ciki don 'Gabatarwa,' nunin magana ta kan layi ta matasa.
Mahmud Mahmud mijin Yasmin ne a cikin shirin MTV. Ya goyi bayan sana’arta kuma ya yarda da tunaninta na tsarin iyali wanda ya saba wa ka’idojin al’adun kabilar Hausa. Shahararren jarumin Kannywood Yakubu Mohammed ne ya taka rawa a matsayin Yakubu a wannan silsila.
Khalil Mosses Akerele shine wanda ke taka rawa a matsayin Khalil a cikin wannan shirin na Telebijin. Kamar Faa, Khalil wani mafarki ne mai son samun matsayinsa a harkar waka. Yana hidima ga ubangidansa wanda da alama bai ba shi harbin gaske ba. Daga k'arshe lokacin da abokinsa ke cikin buqatar Khalil ya yanke shawarar wanda zai bi.
Shina Chimezie Imo shi ne wanda ke a matsayin Shina a cikin shirin. Shina yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da ke da matsala a makarantar. Mai daukar fim din Chimezie ya fara ne a shekara ta 2014 kuma an nada shi a matsayin wanda ya zo na biyu a cikin wani baje kolin basirar Najeriya.
Simi Sharon Jatto ta fito a matsayin Simi a cikin wannan silsilar. Kamar Cynthia da Frances, Simi kuma tana kallon Diana kuma tana girmama kowace kalma daga bakinta. Ita ma a makance ta bi ta wajen wani biki abin ya yi tsami. Sharon mace ce mai hazaka, baya ga kasancewarta ƙwararren mai magana da faransa ita ma ƴar gudun hijira ce kuma samfurin mujallu. Fitowar ta na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Wole Oguntokun mai suna 'The Wait'.
Wasiu Wasiu shi ne Sarki a gungun dalibai tsagera (Ebisinde da Shina) a kullum yana kawo sabbin dabaru na yadda ake samun kudi da sauri da alfahari. Tomiwa Tegbe yana taka rawar Wasiu a cikin MTV Shuga Naija.
Layin Labari
Manazarta Shirin MTV
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
18107 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%27Ala%27%20al-Din%20al-Bukhari | 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari | 'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari ya kasance masanin fiqhu na Hanafiyya faqih masanin tauhidi na Maturidi mai sharhin Kur'ani mufassir da kuma sufi Sufi Sa'id Foudah ya ba da shawarar cewa ya bi hanyar Naqshbandi Wataƙila an fi saninsa da bayar da fatawa (hukuncin shari'a) inda duk wanda ya ba Ibn Taimiyya lakabin Shaikh al-Islam kafiri ne, kuma ya rubuta littafi a kansa mai suna "Muljimat al-Mujassima" Magance Anthropomorphists Articles containing Arabic-language text
Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 846/1438) ya warware wannan fatawar ta hanyar rubuta Al-Radd al-Wafir 'ala man Za'am anna man Samma Ibn Taimiyya Shaykh al-Islam Kafir wanda a ciki ya lissafa duk hukumomin da suka taba rubuta yabo na Ibnu Taimiyya ko suka kira shi da Shaikh al-Islam.
An haifeshi a kasar Farisa a shekara ta 779 AH 1377 Miladiyya, kuma ya girma a Bukhara sannan daga baya yayi tafiye tafiye zuwa India, Arabiya, Egypt da Syria Bayan shafe kansa a muhawara a Alkahira tsakanin magoya baya da kuma masu adawa da Ibn 'Arabi, ya koma Damascus inda ya hada da "Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al-Muwahhidin" Wulakancin' Yan Bidi'a da Nasihar 'Yan Kungiya kuma har ila yau sun ci gaba da kaiwa Ibn Taimiyya hari, don fushin Hanbalis na garin Articles containing Arabic-language text
Wasu malamai na zamaninsa sun yaba masa, kamar su Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani, da Badruddin din-Ayni Rayuwa An haifeshi ne a Bilad al-'Ajam (ana kiran kasar Farisa da suna Bilad al-' Ajam [ƙasar 'Ajam]) kuma ya yi karatu a Bukhara, inda ya yi karatu a gaban Sa'ad al-Din al-Taftazani Daga gareshi ne Bukhari ya gaji tsananin kyamar falsafar zuhudu, wanda yake ganin yayi daidai da Ibn Arabi da mabiyansa. Al-Bukhari ya yi tafiye-tafiye sosai a Iran da Asiya ta Tsakiya don neman ƙwararrun masu addini. Tun yana karami ya yi fice a fannin ilimin gargajiya da na hankali kamar su Alkur'ani, hadisi, lafazi, hankali, waka da yare Ya kuma yi karatun littattafan Sufi na gargajiya kuma mutane da yawa suna ganin shi a matsayin babban masanin Sufi. Mutum ne mai cikakkiyar fahimta tare da hangen nesa na ilimi, al-Bukhari na ɗan wani lokaci yana zaune a Indiya, inda wa'azinsa da laccocinsa suka ba shi farin jini a tsakanin Musulman Indiya. Kasancewar ya yaba da mai mulkin yankin, sai aka gayyaci Bukhari don ya zama mai ba shi jagoranci na addini da kuma mai ba shi shawara. Koyaya, mutum ne mai manufa, ba da daɗewa ba ya faɗo tare da mai bautarsa na Indiya ya bar yankin zuwa Makka, inda ya zauna tsawon shekaru har sai da Sarkin Mamluk Bars Bay (r. 825 1422-841 1438) ya gayyace shi zuwa Bamasaren. babban birni Ba da da ewa bayan da ya dawo, ya aka embroiled a wani wadanda suka jama'a muhawara a kan Ibn 'Arabi ta orthodoxy, a cikin shakka daga abin da ya yi arangama da m Maliki Qadi na Misira, Muhammad al-Bisati (d. 842/1438), wanda ya rika taka tsantsan a wannan al'amari. Bayan wani rikici da ya barke tsakaninsa da abokin hamayyarsa, al-Bukhari ya fusata ya bar birnin Alkahira zuwa babban fushin magoya bayansa na Masar.
A Siriya, inda ya zauna bayan tashinsa, Bukhari ya ci gaba da tunanin “wulakancin” da ya yi a hannun al-Bisati kuma ya hada da karyata Ibn Arabi da makarantarsa, mai taken "Fadihat al-Mulhidin wa Nasihat al- Muwahhidin Wulakancin' Yan Bidi'a da Nasihar 'Yan Kungiya Ko kuma, a cikin wani fassarar: Lokaci guda, ya sa kansa cikin wani rikici mai zafi. Abun ban haushi, a wannan karon makasudin sa shine babban makiyin Ibnu Arabi, Ibn Taimiyya, wanda Bukhari ya zarge shi da wasu "bidi'oi" na shari'a. Sukar Al-Bukhari ta haifar da hayaniya a Siriya wacce ta kasance gida ga mabiya Ibn Taimiyya masu yawa. Ba tare da la'akari da yawan adawa da sukarsa a tsakanin abokan aikinsa na Syria ba, al-Bukhari ya yi karfin hali ya bukaci Ibn Taimiya ya yi watsi da takensa na girmamawa na shaykh al-Islam, yana shelanta duk wanda ya ki yin hakan kafiri. Yin Allah wadai da Ibnu Taimiyya ya jawo kakkausar suka kuma daga karshe malamin nan Shafi'i mai suna Ibn Nasir al-Din al-Dimashqi (d. 838/1434) 27 ya yi fatali da girman littafi wanda ya aika da ra'ayinsa ga malaman Masar don neman amincewarsa. Kamar yadda mutum ke tsammani, bayan samun wannan aikin, Muhammad al-Bisati ya yi amfani da damar don yin tir da tsohon mai gabatar da kara a matsayin jahili kuma mai tayar da hankali. Rashin jituwa tsakanin Al-Bukhari da masu goyan bayan Siriya na Ibn Taimiyya bai sa shi ya manta da ƙiyayyarsa ga Ibn 'Arabi ba, wanda ya ci gaba da tuhuma da karkatacciyar koyarwa da rashin iya shari'a. Articles containing Arabic-language text
Duba kuma Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari
Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi
Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi
Nur al-Din al-Sabuni
Muhammad Zahid al-Kawthari
Jerin Hanafiyya
Jerin Ash'aris da Maturidis
Jerin masana tauhidi na musulmai
Jerin Sufaye
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Le Chaykh 'Alâ-ou d-Dîn Al-Boukhâri dit qu'attribuer le corps à Allâh est de la mécréance par unanimité Musulunci
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60701 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyaran%20daji%20a%20Najeriya | Gyaran daji a Najeriya | Sake dazuzzuka a Najeriya; na amfani da hanyoyi na halitta da na wucin gadi. Dake dazuzzukan ya ƙunshi dasa itatuwa da gangan da kuma maido da dazuzzukan da suka lalace ko kuma suka lalace. Ya ƙunshi shirin sake dawo da gandun daji don tabbatar da ɗorewa samar da katako da sauran kayayyakin gandun daji.
Fage Dake dazuzzuka, gabaɗaya, yana da fa'idodi dayawa. Dazuzzukan Equatorial, irinsu na Najeriya, galibi halittu ne masu zaman kansu wadanda ke tallafawa flora da fauna daban-daban, suna inganta daidaiton muhalli. Dazuzzuka suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ɗaukar carbon dioxide daga yanayi kuma suna aiki azaman iskar carbon. Sequestering carbon yana rage gurɓataccen hayaƙi. Dake dazuzzuka yana taimakawa hana zaizayar ƙasa ta hanyar daidaita ƙasa, rage kwararar ruwa, da haɓaka samar da humus daga kwayoyin halitta a wurin. Dazuzzuka na taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen Dai-daita zagayowar ruwa da kuma kula da lafiyayyen magudanan ruwa a Najeriya. Sake dazuzzuka na taimakawa wajen kare hanyoyin ruwa, da inganta ruwa, da kuma rage hadarin ambaliya, wanda zai amfanar da al'ummomin birane da karkara. Dake dazuzzuka na inganta dawwamammen kula da albarkatun gandun daji, gami da katako, kayayyakin gandun daji da ba na katako ba, da tsire-tsire na magani.
Tarihi Ƙoƙari na farko na sake dazuzzukan ya dogara ne akan tsarin renon daji na wurare masu zafi wanda bai haifar da sakamakon da ake so ba. Hakan ya tilastawa gwamnatin Najeriya sauya sheka zuwa aikin gyaran jikin dan adam ta hanyar samar da dazuzzuka a kasa. Zaɓin tsire-tsire don shuka ya dogara ne akan bukatun masana'antu da ƙimar girma na tsire-tsire. A sakamakon haka, an kawar da katako na wurare masu zafi irin su Milicia excelsa da Antiaris africana kuma an maye gurbinsu da nau'in nau'i mai girma da sauri kamar Tectona grandis, eucalyptus, pines, da Gmelina arborea. Anfi son Tectona grandis da eucalyptus saboda madaidaicin sandunansu da taurinsu, wanda ya sa su yi fice don amfani dasu azaman igiyoyin watsa wutar lantarki, yayin da Gmelina da Pine aka fi son samar da ɓangaren litattafan almara, waɗanda ake amfani da su wajen kera buga labarai da takarda.
A shekarar 1997, yankin Najeriya da aka kiyasta daman daji yakai hekta 150,000. Tsakanin 1970 da 1984, an kafa kadada 82,434 na shuka. Ya zuwa shekarar 1998, Najeriya na da hekta 196,000 da kuma hekta 704 a yankunan da aka tsare a wajen dazuzzukan. Tsakanin 1985 zuwa 2005, kashi uku cikin 100 na gandun dajin Najeriya gonaki ne. A shekarar 2010, Najeriya tana da yawan gonakin daya kai hekta 382,000. Gmelina da teak sune kusan kashi 44 cikin 100 na jimillar itatuwan da ake shukawa.
Dabaru Ɗaya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da dazuzzukan Najeriya ke fuskanta ita ce hanyar noma da canjin yanayi, wanda ke lalata dazuzzukan. Juyawa noma wata hanya ce ta noma da manomi ke ƙaura zuwa wani wuri bayan kimanin shekaru uku, sakamakon raguwar amfanin gona. Tsarin noman layi na iya zama madadin noma. Hanyar yin layukan ya ƙunshi dai-daitawa tsakanin shukar jeri da gandun daji. Ya shafi noman abinci da amfanin gona dazuzzuka tare, muddin amfanin dajin ya bada damar hasken rana ya shiga ya kai ga amfanin gonakin abinci. Ta wannan tsarin, ƙasar zata cigaba da yin noma, da samar da kuɗin shiga ga manoma, kuma a lokaci guda tana kiyaye muhallin halittu.
Kalubale Sai dai kuma shirye-shiryen sake dazuzzuka a Najeriya na fuskantar cikas da dama. Daga cikin waɗannan ƙalubalen harda gazawar ƙasar wajen kiyaye ainihin ƙa'idodin samun bayanai na yau da kullun da na yau da kullun kan gandun daji. Yawancin bayanan da akayi amfani dasu wajen yanke shawara kan dazuzzukan Najeriya sun dogara ne kan bayanan daba a gama ba da kuma fitar dasu daga tsoffin bayanai. Acikin jihohi da dama, tsawon shekaru 10 (2005-2015), an sami raguwar tallafin gwamnati kan ayyukan gandun daji, sakamakon rashin kudi da rashin aiki da masana'antar pulp da takarda, wanda gwamnati ta sanya ido a kai kafa. Gwamnatin Najeriya ta sanya hannun jari kadan a harkar kula da gandun daji saboda karancin kasafin kuɗi.
Duba kuma sare itatuwa a Najeriya
Amfani da itacen mai a Najeriya
Matsalar muhalli a yankin Niger Delta
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29869 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99in%20hanya | Haƙƙin hanya | Haƙƙin hanya shi ne "haƙƙin doka, wanda aka kafa ta amfani ko bayarwa, don wucewa ta wata hanya ta musamman ta filaye ko kadarorin wani", ko "hanya ko babbar hanyar da ke ƙarƙashin irin wannan haƙƙin". Hakanan akwai irin wannan haƙƙin samun na dama a ƙasar da gwamnati ke riƙe, filaye waɗanda galibi ana kiran su ƙasar jama'a, filayen jiha, ko kuma ƙasar Crown Lokacin da mutum ɗaya ya mallaki ƙasar da ke kan iyaka ta kowane bangare ta filayen mallakar wasu, ana iya samun sauƙi, ko kuma a ƙirƙira don fara haƙƙin shiga ƙasar da ke kan iyaka Ko ƙarshenta.
Wannan labarin yana mai da hankali ne a kan samun shiga ta ƙafa, da keke, doki, ko ta hanyar ruwa, yayin da Dama-na-hanyar (shiri) ta mayar da hankali kan haƙƙin amfani da ƙasa don manyan tituna, layin dogo, da bututun mai.
Hanya ta ƙafa haƙƙin hanya ce wadda bisa doka kawai masu tafiya a ƙafa nebza su iya amfani da su. Titin bridle haƙƙin hanya ce wacce masu tafiya a ƙasa kawai, masu keke da dawaki za su iya amfani da su bisa doka, amma ba ta abubuwan hawa ba. A wasu ƙasashe, musamman a Arewacin Turai, inda 'yancin yin yawo a tarihi ya ɗauki nau'i na haƙƙin jama'a, ba za a iya taƙaita haƙƙin hanya zuwa takamaiman hanyoyi ko hanyoyi ba.
Madadin ma'anar Ƙarin ma'anar haƙƙin hanya, musamman a cikin sufuri na ƙasar Amurka, shi ne nau'in sauƙi da aka ba shi ko aka tanada akan ƙasar don dalilai na sufuri, wannan na iya zama don babbar hanya, hanyar ƙafar jama'a, layin dogo, canal, da kuma watsa wutar lantarki. layuka, bututun mai da iskar gas. Kalmar na iya bayyana fifikon zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, "haƙƙin doka na mai tafiya a ƙasa, abin hawa, ko jirgin ruwa don ci gaba da fifiko akan wasu a wani yanayi ko wuri". A cikin ladubban tafiye -tafiye, inda idan ƙungiyoyi biyu na masu tuƙi suka haɗu a kan tudu, al'ada ta taso a wasu wuraren da ƙungiyar ta hau tudu tana da haƙƙin hanya Ko hanyoyi.
A duk duniya
New Zealand Akwai fa'ida ga jama'a a ƙasar New Zealand, gami da hanyoyin ruwa da bakin teku, to amma "sau da yawa ya rabu kuma yana da wahalar ganewa".
Jamhuriyar Ireland A cikin Jamhuriyar Ireland, haƙƙin masu tafiya a ƙasa na hanyar zuwa coci, da aka sani da hanyoyin jama'a, sun wanzu tsawon ƙarni. A wasu lokuta, dokar zamani ba ta da tabbas; A gefe guda, dokokin zamanin Victorian kan sauƙi suna kare haƙƙin mai mallakar dukiya, wanda kundin tsarin mulki na shekarar 1937 ya inganta, wanda ya ayyana cewa haƙƙin hanya dole ne a keɓe musamman don amfanin jama'a. Ana adawa da waɗannan, waɗanda ke da'awar haƙƙin gama gari na hanya harkar zuwa ga wani matsayi na ƙasa wanda ya ƙare yakin Land na shekara ta 1880s zuwa ƙarshen mulkin Birtaniyya a shekara ta 1922. Ana iya tabbatar da haƙƙin hanya ta hanyar mallaka mara kyau, amma tabbatar da ci gaba da amfani na iya zama da wahala. Shari'ar da aka ji a cikin shekarar 2010 game da da'awar a kan gidan gidan Lissadell ya dogara ne akan dokokin tarihi, tun lokacin da Dokar Gyaran Kasa da Bayar da Doka, a shekara ta 2009 ta gyara Dokar ta shekarar 2009 ta kuma soke koyaswar bayar da tallafi na zamani, kuma ta ba mai amfani damar da'awar haƙƙin hanya bayan shekaru kusan 12 na amfani da shi a cikin ƙasa mai zaman kansa mallakar wani, shekaru 30 akan ƙasar jiha da shekaru 60 a kan gaba Dole ne mai da’awar ya nemi kotuna, sannan a tabbatar da da’awarsu ta hanyar umarnin kotu, sannan a yi mata rajista da kyau kan takardun mallakar, tsari mai tsawo. Dole ne mai amfani ya tabbatar da "jin daɗi ba tare da ƙarfi ba, ba tare da ɓoyewa ba kuma ba tare da izini na baki ko a rubuce na mai shi ba", sake bayyana ƙa'idar tsohuwar ƙarni na Nec vi, nec clam, nec precario Umarnin kotu da ke ba da haƙƙin hanya na sirri ne ga mai nema har tsawon rayuwarsa, kuma ba za a iya gadonsa ko sanya shi ba.
Ƙasar Ingila
Ingila da Wales A Ingila da Wales, ban da a cikin gundumomi kimanin guda 12 na ciki na London da birnin Landan, haƙƙoƙin jama'a hanyoyi ne waɗanda jama'a ke da haƙƙin Doka a Ingila da Wales ta bambanta da na Scotland a cikin waɗannan haƙƙoƙin hanya kawai suna kasancewa a inda aka keɓe su (ko kuma za a iya sanya su idan ba a rigaya ba) yayin da a Scotland duk wata hanya da ta dace da wasu sharuɗɗa an bayyana shi a matsayin dama ta hanya., kuma ban da haka akwai babban zato na samun damar shiga karkara. Hakanan akwai haƙƙin masu zaman kansu na hanya ko sauƙi Hanyoyi na ƙafafu, bridleways da sauran haƙƙoƙin hanya a yawancin Ingila da Wales ana nuna su akan taswirori na musamman Taswirar taswirar taswirar taswira ce ta haƙƙin jama'a na hanya a Ingila da Wales. A cikin doka shi ne tabbataccen rikodin inda haƙƙin hanya yake. Hukumar manyan tituna (yawanci karamar hukumar gundumomi, ko kuma hukuma ta tarayya a yankunan da ke da tsarin bene daya) tana da aikin doka na kiyaye taswirar tabbatacce, kodayake a wuraren shakatawa na kasa hukumar kula da shakatawa ta kasa yawanci tana kula da taswira.
London An tsara taswirorin taswirar haƙƙoƙin jama'a ga duk dan ƙasar Ingila da Wales a sakamakon Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya ta shekarar 2000, ban da gundumomi goma sha biyu na ciki na London waɗanda, tare da birnin London, ba a rufe su ba. ta Dokar.
Don kare haƙƙin da ake da su a Landan, Ramblers sun ƙaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a cikin shekara ta 2010 da nufin samun "kariyar doka iri ɗaya don hanyoyi a babban birnin kamar yadda aka riga aka samu don ƙafafu a wasu wurare a Ingila da Wales. A halin yanzu, doka ta baiwa gundumomin Inner London damar zaɓar samar da taswirorin taswira idan suna so, amma babu wanda ya yi haka. An kaddamar da taron kaddamar da "Sanya London akan Taswira" a dakin karatu na Burtaniya, kuma tun daga wannan lokacin "Yankin Inner London na Ramblers yana aiki tare da ma'aikatan Babban Ofishin Ramblers don kokarin shawo kan kowane gundumomi na ciki na London a kan abin da ake so. na samar da tabbataccen taswirorin haƙƙin hanya". A cikin shekara ta 2011 Majalisar Lambeth ta zartar da ƙuduri don yin aiki don ƙirƙirar taswirar taswira ga gundumarsu, amma har yanzu wannan bai wanzu ba. Birnin London ya samar da Taswirar Samun Jama'a. Taswirorin taswira sun wanzu don gundumomi na waje na London Hanyoyi masu izini Wasu masu mallakar filaye suna ba da izinin shiga ƙasarsu ba tare da keɓe haƙƙin hanya ba. Waɗannan galibi ba a bambance su a zahiri da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma ana iya iyakance su. Irin waɗannan hanyoyin galibi ana rufe su aƙalla sau ɗaya a shekara, ta yadda ba za a iya kafa haƙƙin hanya ta dindindin a cikin doka ba.
Scotland A Scotland, haƙƙin hanya hanya ce da jama'a suka sami damar wucewa ba tare da tsangwama ba na akalla shekaru 20. Dole ne hanyar ta haɗu da "wuraren jama'a" guda biyu, kamar ƙauyuka, coci-coci ko hanyoyi. Ba kamar a Ingila da Wales ba babu wani takalifi a kan ƙananan hukumomin Scotland don sanya hannu kan haƙƙin hanya. Koyaya ƙungiyar agaji ta Scotways, wacce aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1845 don kare haƙƙin hanya, rubutawa da sanya hannu kan hanyoyin. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasa (Scotland) ta 2003 da aka tsara a cikin doka na gargajiya, marasa motsi, hanyoyin samun damar ƙasa da ruwa. Ƙarƙashin Dokar shekarar 2003 an buga bayanin haƙƙoƙin harshe bayyananne ta Ƙarƙashin Halitta na Scottish: Lambar Samun Waje ta Scotland An cire wasu nau'ikan filaye daga wannan zato na samun damar shiga, kamar filin jirgin ƙasa, filayen jirage da lambuna masu zaman kansu. Sashe na 4 na Code Access ya bayyana yadda aka ba masu kula da filaye damar neman jama'a su guji wasu wurare na wani ɗan lokaci kaɗan don gudanar da ayyukan gudanarwa, duk da haka dole ne ƙaramar hukuma ta amince da ƙuntatawa na dogon lokaci. Ana amfani da ikon hana isa ga jama'a na ɗan lokaci ba tare da sanarwa ba ta hanyar harbi, gandun daji ko masu sarrafa iska, amma baya ƙara zuwa Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na Jama'a. A Scotland jama'a suna da babban matakin 'yanci akan Haƙƙin Hanya fiye da buɗaɗɗen ƙasa. Toshe Haƙƙin Hanya a Scotland wani cikas ne na laifi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Manyan Hanyoyi, kamar yadda yake a Ingila da Wales, amma rashin samun damar taswirorin Haƙƙin Hanyoyi na jama'a a Scotland yana da wahala a aiwatar da shi. Duk da yake a Ingila da Wales, hukumomin babbar hanya suna da alhakin kiyaye taswirar haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da su bisa doka, a cikin Scotland dokoki daban-daban sun shafi kuma babu wani rikodin haƙƙin hanya da aka amince da shi bisa doka. Duk da haka, akwai Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasa (CROW), wanda Ƙungiyoyin Haƙƙin hanya na Scotland da Access Society (Scotways) suka haɗa, tare da haɗin gwiwar Scottish Natural Heritage, da taimakon hukumomin gida. Akwai nau'ikan haƙƙin hanya guda uku a cikin CROW:
tabbatarwa hanyoyin da aka ayyana su a matsayin haƙƙin hanya ta wasu hanyoyin doka;
tabbatarwa hanyoyin da mai gida ya yarda da su azaman haƙƙin hanya, ko kuma inda hukumomin gida suka shirya ɗaukar matakin doka don kare su;
da'awar wasu haƙƙin hanyoyin, waɗanda ba a tabbatar da su ba ko tabbatar da su, amma waɗanda ke da alama sun cika ka'idojin doka na gama gari kuma har yanzu ba a yi gardama a kan doka ba.
Ireland ta Arewa Ireland ta Arewa tana da ƴancin haƙƙoƙin jama'a na hanya kuma samun damar shiga ƙasar a Arewacin Ireland ya fi ƙuntata fiye da sauran sassan Biritaniya, ta yadda a yawancin yankuna masu yawo ba za su iya jin daɗin ƙauyen ba kawai saboda yarda da haƙurin masu mallakar ƙasa. An samu izini daga duk masu mallakar filaye a duk fadin ƙasarsu Hanyar Waymarked da Ulster Way Mafi yawan filayen jama'a na Arewacin Ireland ana iya samun dama, misali Ma'aikatar ruwa da filin sabis na gandun daji, kamar yadda ƙasar ke da kuma ƙungiyoyi irin su National Trust da Woodland Trust Ireland ta Arewa tana da tsarin shari'a iri ɗaya da Ingila, gami da ra'ayoyi game da ikon mallakar ƙasa da haƙƙin jama'a na hanya, amma tana da tsarin kotuna, tsarin abubuwan da suka gabata da takamaiman dokar samun dama.
Amurka A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana ƙirƙiri hanyar dama ta hanya ta zama nau'i na sauƙi Sauƙaƙe na iya zama mai fa'ida mai sauƙi, wanda ke amfanar kadarorin maƙwabta, ko sassauƙa gabaɗaya, wanda ke amfanar wani mutum ko mahaluƙi sabanin wani yanki na ƙasar. Duba kuma "Ma'anar Madadin" a sama, dangane da nau'ikan sauƙi da aka bayar ko aka tanada akan ƙasa don dalilai na sufuri,
Dama don yawo 'Yancin yin yawo, ko 'yancin kowane mutum shine haƙƙin jama'a na jama'a na samun damar shiga wani fili na jama'a ko na sirri don nishaɗi da motsa jiki. An ba da izinin shiga ko'ina cikin kowace buɗaɗɗiyar ƙasa, ban da hanyoyi da waƙoƙi da ake da su.
A Ingila da Wales haƙƙoƙin samun damar jama'a sun shafi wasu nau'ikan ƙasar da ba a noma ba musamman "dutse, moor, zafi, ƙasa da ƙasa gama gari masu rijista". Ƙasar da aka bunƙasa, lambuna da wasu yankuna musamman an keɓe su daga haƙƙin shiga. Ana iya samun ƙasar noma idan ta faɗi cikin ɗaya daga cikin nau'ikan da aka kwatanta a sama (Duba Dokar Kare Kare da Haƙƙin Hanya 2000 Yawancin gandun daji na jama'a suna da irin wannan haƙƙin shiga ta hanyar sadaukar da kai na son rai da Hukumar Kula da gandun daji ta yi Mutanen da ke amfani da haƙƙin samun dama suna da wasu ayyuka na mutunta haƙƙin wasu mutane na gudanar da ƙasa, da kuma kare yanayi da yanci.
A cikin Scotland da ƙasashen Nordic na Finland, Iceland, Norway da Sweden da kuma ƙasashen Baltic na Estonia, Latvia da Lithuania 'yancin yin yawo na iya ɗaukar nau'in haƙƙin jama'a na gama gari waɗanda wasu lokuta ana tsara su cikin doka. Samun damar tsoho ne a sassan Arewacin Turai kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin isasshe na asali wanda ba a tsara shi a cikin doka ba sai zamanin yau. Wannan haƙƙin kuma yakan haɗa da shiga tafkuna da koguna, don haka ayyuka kamar iyo, kwale-kwale, tuƙi da tuƙi. Dokar sake fasalin ƙasar (Scotland) ta shekarar 2003 tana ba kowa haƙƙin samun dama ga yawancin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a cikin Scotland (ban da ababen hawa), samar da cewa suna mutunta haƙƙin wasu. Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Burtaniya ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga jama'a. BCU tana amfani da yaƙin neman zaɓe ba wai don wayar da kan al'amuran samun dama ba kawai, amma don ƙoƙarin kawo canje-canje a cikin doka.
Yawancin ƙasashe masu zafi irin su Madagascar suna da manufofin tarihi na buɗe damar shiga gandun daji ko wuraren jeji.
Ƙasar jama'a Wasu ƙasar da aka daɗe ana ɗaukar jama'a ko kambi na iya zama yankin ƴan asalin ƙasar, a cikin ƙasashen da aka yi na mulkin mallaka.
Ƙasar Crown a Kanada Yawancin Kanada ƙasar Crown ce ta larduna Wasu ana hayar su don ayyukan kasuwanci, kamar gandun daji ko hakar ma'adinai, amma akan yawancinsu akwai damar shiga kyauta don ayyukan nishaɗi kamar yin tafiye-tafiye, keke, kwale-kwale, tseren kan iyaka, hawan doki, da farauta da kamun kifi, da sauransu. A lokaci guda ana iya ƙuntata ko iyakance damar shiga saboda dalilai daban-daban (misali, don kare lafiyar jama'a ko albarkatu, gami da kare tsirrai da dabbobin daji). A cikin Yankunan Kanada Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Kanada ce ke gudanar da ƙasar Crown. An ƙirƙiri wuraren shakatawa na ƙasar Kanada daga ƙasan Crown kuma Gwamnatin Tarayya kuma ke gudanar da ita. Sannan kuma Hakanan akwai wuraren shakatawa na larduna da wuraren ajiyar yanayi waɗanda aka ƙirƙira makamancin haka. Mutanen ƙabilar Kanada na iya samun takamaiman hakki akan ƙasar Crown da aka kafa ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyoyin da suka rattaba hannu a lokacin da Kanada ke mulkin mallaka na Biritaniya, kuma sun yi iƙirarin mallakar wasu ƙasar Crown.
Ƙasar Crown a Ostiraliya Yawancin yankin ƙasar Ostiraliya shine Crown land, wanda jihohin Ostiraliya ke gudanarwa. Yawancin ya ƙunshi hayar makiyaya, ƙasar da mutanen Aborigin suka mallaka da kuma gudanarwa (misali Ƙasar APY da kuma "wanda ba a raba" Ƙasar Crown. Ana ba da izinin shiga na ƙarshe don dalilai na nishaɗi, kodayake ana buƙatar motoci masu motsi don bin hanyoyi.
Ƙasar jama'a a Amurka Yawancin filayen jama'a na jihohi da na tarayya a buɗe suke don amfanin nishaɗi. Damar nishaɗi ta dogara ne akan hukumar gudanarwa, kuma tana gudanar da aikin daga faɗaɗɗen wuraren buɗe ido na kyauta ga kowa da kowa, waɗanda ba a buɗe su ba na Ofishin Kula da Filaye zuwa wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa na Amurka da ake sarrafawa sosai. Matsugunan namun daji da wuraren kula da namun daji na jihohi, waɗanda aka gudanar da farko don haɓaka wurin zama, gabaɗaya a buɗe suke don kallon namun daji, tafiye-tafiye, da farauta, yawace-yawace sai dai rufewa don kare mace-mace da sheƙar gida, ko don rage damuwa kan dabbobin hunturu Ko sanyi.Dazuzzuka na ƙasa gabaɗaya suna da cakuda hanyoyin da aka kiyaye da kuma tituna, jeji da wuraren da ba a bunƙasa ba, da wuraren raye-raye da wuraren zama.
Ruwa
Gaba Hakkokin jama'a akai-akai suna wanzuwa a gaban rairayin bakin teku. A cikin tattaunawa ta shari'a ana kiran bakin teku sau da yawa a matsayin yanki mai yashi Don rairayin bakin teku masu zaman kansu a cikin Amurka, wasu jihohi kamar Massachusetts suna amfani da ƙaramin alamar ruwa azaman layin raba tsakanin kadarorin Jiha da na mai bakin teku. Sauran jihohi kamar California suna amfani da alamar ruwa mai tsayi.
A cikin Burtaniya, gabaɗaya ana ɗaukan gandun daji mallakin Crown ne duk da cewa akwai wasu abubuwan ban mamaki, musamman ma abin da ake kira kamun kifi da yawa waɗanda za su iya zama ayyukan tarihi don taken, tun daga zamanin Sarki John ko a baya, da kuma Dokar Udal., dukkan wanda ya shafi gabaɗaya a cikin Orkney da Shetland Duk da yake a cikin sauran Biritaniya ikon mallakar ƙasa ya ƙare har zuwa babban alamar ruwa, kuma ana ganin Crown ya mallaki abin da ke ƙasa da shi, a Orkney da Shetland ya haɓaka zuwa mafi ƙasƙanci lokacin bazara. Inda yankin gaba ke mallakar Crown jama'a suna samun damar shiga ƙasa da layin da ke nuna babban tudun ruwa A Girka, bisa ga L. 2971/01, an ayyana yankin gabas a matsayin yanki na bakin teku wanda zai iya kaiwa ta iyakar hawan raƙuman ruwa a bakin tekun (mafi girman igiyar ruwa a bakin tekun) a cikin iyakar su. iya aiki (mafi girman magana zuwa "yawanci matsakaicin raƙuman hunturu" kuma ba shakka ba ga lokuta na musamman ba, kamar tsunami da sauransu. A Yankin bakin teku, baya ga keɓancewar doka, na jama'a ne, kuma ba a ba da izinin yin gine-gine na dindindin a kai ba.
Kamar yadda yake tare da busasshiyar yashi na bakin teku, takaddamar doka da ta siyasa na iya tasowa kan mallakar da kuma amfani da jama'a na gabar teku Misali ɗaya na baya-bayan nan shi ne gardamar gaba da tekun New Zealand da ta shafi iƙirarin ƙasa na mutanen Māori Koyaya, Dokar Ruwa da Yankin Teku (Takutai Moana) Dokar 2011 ta ba da garantin shiga jama'a kyauta.
Rivers Kungiyar kwale-kwalen jiragen ruwa ta Biritaniya (BCU) ce ke gudanar da Gangamin Samun Koguna don buɗe hanyoyin ruwa na cikin ƙasa a Ingila da Wales a madadin jama'a. A karkashin dokar Ingila da Wales ta yanzu, an hana jama'a shiga koguna, kuma kashi 2% na dukkan kogunan Ingila da Wales ne ke da haƙƙin shiga cikin jama'a.
Duba sauran abubuwa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje
Manazarta Hanyoyi na Gado (Haƙƙin haƙƙin Scotland)
Ci gaba da buɗe Ireland
Hakkokin jama'a na hanya (Naturenet)
Hakkokin jama'a na hanyar shiga teku a tsibirin Rhode, Amurka Archived The Ramblers: Hakkoki na asali na doka
Scotsway: Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Wayyo Access Society na Scotland
Hanya
Doka
Yanci
Hakki
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53254 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes%20Binagwaho | Agnes Binagwaho | Articles with hCards
Agnes Binagwaho likitan yara ce ƴar kasar Rwanda kuma wanda ta kafa kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya (2017-2022). A shekarar 1996, ta koma ƙasar Rwanda inda ta ba da kulawar asibiti a bangaren gwamnati sannan ta rike mukamai da dama da suka haɗa da mukamin babban sakatare na ma'aikatar lafiya ta Rwanda daga Oktoba 2008 zuwa Mayu 2011 da kuma ministar lafiya daga Mayu 2011 har zuwa Yuli. 2016. Ta kasance farfesa a aikin isar da lafiya ta duniya tun daga 2016 kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara tun 2017 a Jami'ar Global Health Equity. Tana zaune a Kigali Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi inagwaho a Nyamagabe, lardin Kudancin kasar Rwanda. Lokacin da ta kai shekara uku, ita da danginta sun ƙaura zuwa Belgium inda mahaifinta ke kammala digirinsa na likita. Ta kammala digirin ta na likitanci (MD) a fannin likitanci gabaɗaya a Université libre de Bruxelles daga 1976 zuwa 1984 sannan ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin ilimin yara (MA) a Université de Bretagne Occidentale daga 1989 zuwa 1993. A 2010, an ba ta Likitan girmamawa. na Kimiyya daga Kwalejin Dartmouth a Amurka.[1] A cikin 2014, ta zama mutum na farko da aka ba wa lambar yabo ta Doctorate of Philosophy (PhD) daga Kwalejin Magunguna da Kimiyyar Lafiya a Jami'ar Rwanda.[2] Kundin karatunta na PhD mai suna, “Hakkin Yara na Lafiya a Fannin Cutar Kanjamau: Al’amarin Ruwanda”[3].a Binagwaho ya sami Certificate of Tropical Medicine daga Cibiyar Magungunan Tropical Medicine Antwerp, Belgium, tsakanin 1984 zuwa 1985. A Université de Bretagne Occidentale, ta kammala uku takaddun shaida: Certificate in Axiology (General Emergency) (1991-1992); Takaddun u a cikin Gaggawa na Yara (1992-1993); da Takaddun shaida a cikin Kulawa da Jiyya na Marasa lafiya na HIV (1994-1995). Ta koma Rwanda a watan Yulin 1996, shekaru biyu bayan kisan kiyashin da aka yi wa Tutsi a 1994. Daga Yuli zuwa Agusta 1997, ta kammala shirin horarwa kan rigakafin cutar kanjamau da binciken sa ido a Kigali ta gidauniyar AIDS ta Duniya, wacce Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Makarantar Magunguna ta Jami'ar New Mexico ta shirya. Daga Nuwamba 2009 zuwa Afrilu 2010, ta kammala takaddun shaida a Lafiya da Haƙƙin Dan Adam Girma da Dabaru tare da InWent Capacity Building International (Internationale Weiterbildung und Entwicklung gGmbH) An kuma ba ta takardar shedar binciken binciken zamantakewa da halayyar halayya ta Amurka. Ƙungiya ta Citi Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative.
Sana'a Binagwaho ta fara aikinta na asibiti a Belgium da Faransa, inda ta kammala karatun likitancinta. Ta kware a fannin ilimin yara, bayan ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin yara, ta kware a fannin likitancin gaggawa ga manya da yara, da kuma maganin cutar kanjamau da yara da manya. Ta yi aiki tuƙuru a fannin ilimin ɗan adam kuma, lokacin da ta koma Rwanda a 1996, ta yi aikin asibiti a asibitocin gwamnati.
Binagwaho ta kasance memba ta Asusun Global Fund's Rwanda Country Coordinating Mechanism (CCM) daga 2002 zuwa 2008. Daga 2006 zuwa 2009, ta jagoranci jagorancin Haɗin gwiwa Learning Initiative akan Yara da HIV/AIDS (JLICA), ƙawance mai zaman kanta na masu bincike, masu aiwatarwa, masu tsara manufofi, masu fafutuka, da mutanen da ke zaune tare da HIV. Ta yi aiki a kwamitin aiwatar da babban matakin aiwatar da manufofin agaji na Rwanda daga 2006 zuwa 2008. Har ila yau, ta kasance memba na Shirin Tallafawa Ƙasashe da yawa akan Kwamitin Gudanarwa na SSR/HIV/AIDS da Ƙungiyar Shawarwari na Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Royal Tropical a Amsterdam, Netherlands, daga 2004 zuwa 2009. Daga 2001 har zuwa 2005, Binagwaho ya kuma rike mukamin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Task Force of Millennium Development Goals Project for HIV/AIDS and Samun Mahimman Magunguna, karkashin jagorancin Jeffrey Sachs na Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya J
A cikin 2004, ta kuma yi aiki a Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Lafiya don Mujallar Time Ta zauna a kan allon edita na Public Library of Science Ta kuma yi aiki a Ƙungiyar Kula da Bibiyar Ƙidaya ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, tare da haɗin gwiwar Margaret Biggs (CIDA) da Margaret Chan (WHO) da kuma bayar da rahoto ga Babban Darakta na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Sakatare-Janar Ban Ki-moon Haka kuma ta kasance memba na Shirin Haɗin kai don Lafiyar Mata da Yara a wannan shekarar a matsayinta na Memba na Ƙungiyar Ayyukan Innovation.
Binagwaho ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Sakatare na Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta Ruwanda daga Oktoba 2008 zuwa Mayu 2011 da kuma matsayin Babban Sakatare na Hukumar Kula da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ruwanda daga 2002 zuwa 2008. A lokacin da ta yi aiki a matsayin Sakatariyar Zartaswa na Hukumar Yaki da Cutar Kanjamau ta Ruwanda daga 2002 zuwa 2008, ta kuma kasance shugabar Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Ruwanda na Shirin Ba da Agajin Gaggawa na Shugabancin Amirka na Taimakawa Kanjamau (PEPFAR). Bugu da kari, ita ce ke da alhakin gudanar da ayyukan Bankin Duniya na MAP a Ruwanda. Binagwaho ya rike mukamin ministan lafiya na kasar Rwanda daga watan Mayun 2011 zuwa Yuli 2016. A ranar 12 ga Yuli, 2016, bayan shafe shekaru biyar tana aiki, shugaban Rwanda Paul Kagame ya sauke ta daga ayyukanta. Daga 2013 zuwa 2015, ta kasance memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya don Lancet Global Health Journal. Ta kasance memban Kwamitin Kafa na Cibiyar Kula da Lafiyar Jama'a da Ci Gaba a Afirka, da ke Kisumu, Kenya. Bugu da ƙari, ta yi aiki a kwamitin ba da shawara na Abokan Asusun Duniya na Afirka, da Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Ƙaddamar da rigakafin cutar AIDS ta duniya. Ta kuma yi aiki a Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na Dabarun Duniya don Cibiyar Ƙirƙirar Lafiya ta Duniya a Kwalejin Imperial ta London Bugu da ƙari, ta yi hidima ga Memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari na 3 DCP3 Prof. Binagwaho shi ne tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'ar Lafiya ta Duniya (2017-2022).
Daga baya aiki
Koyarwa Tun daga 2008, Binagwaho ta kasance babban malami a Sashen Lafiya na Duniya da Magungunan Jama'a a Makarantar Kiwon Lafiya ta Harvard. Ita kuma farfesa ce a aikin isar da lafiya a duniya kuma farfesa a fannin ilimin yara a Jami'ar Global Health Equity a Ruwanda sannan kuma mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin likitancin yara a Makarantar Magunguna ta Geisel da ke Dartmouth. A halin yanzu, Farfesa Binagwaho yana aiki a matsayin malami mai alaƙa da Cibiyar Nazarin Afirka a Jami'ar Harvard Sauran ayyukan A cikin 2019, Binagwaho ya shiga kwamitin amintattu na Gidauniyar Rockefeller kuma ya zama memba a hukumar ba da shawara ga Wellcome Trust Global Monitor. A cikin 2022, ta zama memba na Hukumar Ba da Shawarwari ta Duniya don Tasirin Tasirin Tattalin Arziki akan Amincewa da Bincike na Kimiyya, memba na al'ummar amintattu na Gidauniyar Cummings kuma memba na kwamitin Cibiyar Bincike kan Mata ta Duniya.
Tun daga shekarar 2010, Binagwaho ya kasance memba na kungiyar Task Force ta Duniya kan Fadada Samun Kula da Ciwon daji da Kula da Ciwon daji a kasashe masu tasowa. Binagwaho memba ne na kwamitin kimiyya na haɗin gwiwa na haɗin gwiwa don shirye-shiryen rigakafin annoba/Ma'aikatar kimiyya da fasaha ta kasar Sin. Binagwaho memba ce a Kungiyar Dabarun Turai kan Lafiya ta Afirka kuma tana aiki a Cibiyar Shugabancin Mata a Gidauniyar Turai ta Afirka.
Ita mamba ce a Dandalin Innovation na Kimiyya na Ruwanda. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun hanyoyi na Commonwealth. Tana aiki a matsayin shugabar kwamitin gudanarwa na Shirin Bincike a bayyane. Tun daga shekarar 2021, tana aiki a matsayin shugabar taron ƙasa da ƙasa kan Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a a Afirka. Har ila yau, kwanan nan ta shiga kwamitin Kimiyya da ke shirya 5th Edition na Forum Galien Afrique.
Binagwaho kuma yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Ba da Shawarar Kimiyya da Dabarun (SSAC) don Ƙungiyar Binciken Bayanai na COVID-19 na ƙasa da ƙasa kuma a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya da Task Force na COVID-19 na T20. Tun daga shekarar 2021, ita mamba ce a Kwamitin Afirka kan COVID-19 na Tarayyar Afirka Kwanan nan, Farfesa Binagwaho ya shiga a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga Cibiyar Gudanar da Bincike na Stanford don Tallafawa Canjin Yanayi da Al'umma na Ayyukan Lafiya.
Binagwaho memba ne na kwamitin edita na Lafiya da Ƴancin Dan Adam da Nazarin Tattalin Arziki da Gudanar da Lafiya Har ila yau, tana aiki a ƙungiyar edita na Annals of Global Health da kuma a kan kwamitin edita na International Journal of Health Policy and Management Tun daga 2017, Binagwaho ya kasance a cikin kwamitin edita na mujallar binciken kiwon lafiya ta Gabashin Afirka kuma memba na kwamitin edita na Bulletin na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya Binagwaho ɗan'uwa ne a Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Afirka, Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta ƙasa a Amurka. Kwanan nan, a karkashin inuwar Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya, Magunguna da Injiniya ta kasa ta zama mamba a dandalin Duniya kan Ƙirƙirar Ilimin Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Lafiya. Hakanan ta kasance ɗan'uwa ga Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Duniya (TWAS) don Ci gaban Kimiyya a cikin ƙasashe masu tasowa inda ta yi aiki a Kwamitin Ci gaban Manufofin TWAS da Ayyukan Gaba (PDFA) na shekara ta 2021-2022.
Bincike da gwagwarmaya Nazari da wallafe-wallafen Binagwaho na nufin inganta hanyoyin rigakafi, kulawa da maganin cutar kanjamau da sauran cututtuka. Binagwaho ta yi ta magana akai-akai game da gagarumin rawar da bincike ya taka wajen inganta lafiya a kasarta. Dissertation dinta na PhD ya mayar da hankali ne kan nazarin damar da aka rasa ga yaran da ke fama da cutar kanjamau don cika hakkinsu na kiwon lafiya. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin ministar lafiya, Binagwaho ta kaddamar da tattaunawa ta yanar gizo ta hanyar Twitter kan batutuwan da suka shafi manufofin kiwon lafiya na duniya da kuma bangaren kiwon lafiyar kasar Rwanda. A lokacin da take rike da mukamin minista, masu amfani da shafin Twitter daga sassa daban-daban na kasar Rwanda da ma duniya baki daya sun bi ta a tattaunawar mako biyu ta hanyar amfani da #MinisterLitinin. A watan Disambar 2011, ta yi haɗin gwiwa da wani kamfanin ICT na Ruwanda-Amurka mai suna Nyaruka don baiwa 'yan Rwanda da ba su da damar shiga Intanet damar ba da gudummawar tambayoyinsu da tsokaci ga tattaunawar #MinisterLitinin ta hanyar SMS. A cikin 2013, Binagwaho ya gabatar da jerin laccoci na Jami'ar College London Lancet.A cikin 2015, ita ce mai girma David E. Barmes Global Health Lecturer ta hanyar Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da lacca, "David E. Barmes Lecture Global Health Lecture: Medical Research and Capacity Building for Development: The Kwarewar Ruwanda." A cikin 2015, ta sami lambobin yabo guda biyu: Kyautar 2015 Roux ta Cibiyar Nazarin Kiwon Lafiya da Kiwon Lafiya (IHME) don amfani da bayanan Nazarin Burden Cututtuka na Duniya don rage mace-macen jarirai a Rwanda, da Ronald McDonald. Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Yara. An nada ta a cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Matan Afirka na 2020 da na 2021. Kwanan nan, ta sami lambar yabo ta L'ORÉAL-UNESCO ga mata a fannin kimiyyar kasa da kasa a matsayin babbar gudummawar da ta bayar wajen inganta tsarin kiwon lafiyar Ruwanda. A matsayinta na shugabar taron farko kan lafiyar jama'a a Afirka, an ba ta lambar yabo da nasarar "Jagorancin Kiwon Lafiya na Duniya". Kwanan nan, an zabe ta a cikin 100 Mafi Tasirin Ilimin Apolitical a cikin Gwamnati a cikin yankin manufofin "Fara daga Covid-19 Kiwon Lafiyar Duniya" kuma an san ta a cikin "Muryar Murya a Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'ar Afirka" a gare ta. bayar da shawarwari don daidaiton lafiyar duniya da adalci na zamantakewa Labarai Binagwaho ya wallafa labarai sama da 240 da surori na littattafai da aka bita.
Nassoshi Rayayyun mutane
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29826 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha%C6%99%C6%99o%C6%99in%20Jin%20Da%C9%97i | Haƙƙoƙin Jin Daɗi | Haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi na nufin haƙƙoƙin mutane su sani kuma su sami mafi girman haƙƙinsu na fa'idodin jin daɗin Jiha, kuma a kula da su da kyau ta tsarin jin daɗin rayuwa. An kafa shi a cikin United Kingdom tun shekara ta 1969 kuma an haɓaka shi a wasu ƙasashe ciki har da Ireland, Australia da Amurka Ya zama dole saboda sarkar tsarin tsaro na zamantakewar Burtaniya kuma yana da alaƙa a lokacin tare da haɓaka ƙungiyar Claimants Union Kamar yadda hukumomin yankin suka fahimci fa'idar samun ƙwararrun ma'aikatan layi na gaba kamar jami'an gidaje da ma'aikatan jin daɗin rayuwa, waɗanda galibi suna magance tambayoyin fa'ida a matsayin wani ɓangare na manyan ayyukansu, sun juya ga ma'aikatan haƙƙin jin daɗi don ba da wannan ƙwarewar ga duka biyun. horarwa da kulawa da hadaddun lokuta. A cikin shekara ta 1980s, yayin da ƙananan hukumomi suka ɗauki ajandar 'daidaitu'', ana ganin aikin yaƙi da talauci a matsayin ingantaccen aiki na cikin gida a cikin kansa. Ƙara yawan kudin shiga na fa'ida yana taimaka wa ɗaiɗaikun mutane amma kuma yana haɓaka tattalin arzikin gida.
Haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi a Burtaniya Wasu ƙananan hukumomi da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai na sa kai, kamar Ofishin Ba da Shawarwari ga Jama'a, suna ɗaukar masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin jindadi masu biyan kuɗi ko masu sa kai. Waɗannan masu ba da shawara yawanci suna ba da shawara kyauta, mara son kai da mai zaman kanta, bayanai da goyan baya akan duk fa'idodin tsaro na zamantakewa da ƙima na haraji, gami da wakilci kyauta a Kotun Koli ta matakin farko da Kotun Koli, waɗanda Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Burtaniya ke gudanarwa.
Wasu lauyoyi, da mashawarta masu zaman kansu ko kamfanoni suna bayar da shawarwarin haƙƙin jin daɗi da wakilci. Waɗannan masu ba da shawara na iya cajin kuɗi ko kuma za su iya ba da shawara da taimako mai iyaka (kyauta).
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin walwala gaba ɗaya suna ba da shawarar ƙwararrun doka game da ma'amala da ma'aikatun jama'a, kamar fa'idar Gidajen gida da sabis na Amfanin Harajin Majalisar, Harajin Haraji da Kwastam (HMRC) da Sashen Ayyuka da Fansho (DWP).
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin jin daɗi gaba ɗaya sune kamar haka:
Bincika abin da fa'idodi ko kiredit na haraji mutane za su iya cancanta
Taimaka tare da hadaddun fa'idodin aikace-aikacen fa'ida
Ba da shawara da wakilci a kan duk abubuwan da suka shafi dokar tsaro ta zamantakewa, gami da haƙƙin fa'idodi, koma baya, dakatarwa da ƙarin biyan kuɗi.
Bayar da shawarwari da wakilci a gaban kotunan ƙaramar tsaro ta zamantakewa
Masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙoƙin jin daɗi sukan yi amfani da tsarin sarrafa shari'a don taimaka musu sarrafa aikinsu. Waɗannan na iya zama tushen takarda, tushen kwamfuta ko kan layi.
Jami'an kare haƙƙin jin daɗin jama'a galibi suna kawance da ƙungiyoyin yaƙin neman zaɓe da ƙungiyoyin agaji irin su Child Poverty Action Group (CPAG), Citizens Advice Bureau da London Advice Service Alliance (LASA), alal misali. Ana girmama waɗannan ƙungiyoyin don horarwa da wallafe-wallafen, waɗanda masu ba da shawara ke amfani da su sosai a duk faɗin Burtaniya, da kuma ayyukan yaƙin neman zaɓe.
Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararrun masu ba da shawara kan haƙƙin jin daɗi ita ce Ƙungiyar Masu Ba da Shawarar Haƙƙin Jin Dadi (NAWRA) a matakin Burtaniya; Scotland tana da ƙungiyar ƙwararrun ta, Shawarar Haƙƙin Scotland (RAS).
Haƙƙin jin daɗi a Amurka Dokar Flemming na shekara ta 1960, mai suna bayan Arthur Flemming, wani hukunci ne na gudanarwa wanda ya zartar da cewa jihohi ba za su iya musun cancantar tallafin kuɗi ta hanyar Aid to Families with Dependent Children shirin a kan tushen gidan da ake ganin bai dace ba ga yaran macen da ake kira a matsayin shege.
A cikin shekara ta 1963 Johnnie Tillmon ya kafa ANC (Aid to Needy Children) Mothers Anonymous, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin mata masu jin daɗin jin daɗin jama'a na farko, wanda a ƙarshe ya zama wani ɓangare na Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jin Dadin Jama'a. Kungiyar Kare Hakkokin Jin Dadin Jama'a, wacce ta yi aiki daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekara ta 1975, kungiya ce mai fafutuka da ke fafutukar kare hakkin jama'a, musamman mata da yara. Ƙungiyar tana da manufofi guda huɗu: isassun kuɗin shiga, mutunci, adalci, da kuma shiga cikin dimokuradiyya. Johnnie Tillmon shine shugaban kungiyar na farko. Sarki v. Smith 392 US 309 (1968), wani hukunci ne wanda Kotun Koli ta yanke hukuncin cewa ba za a iya hana Agaji ga Iyalai da Yara masu dogaro ba saboda kasancewar “mahaifin mahaifinsa” wanda ke ziyartar dangi a karshen mako.
A cikin watan Afrilun shekara ta 1991 Cheri Honkala ya kafa Kensington Welfare Rights Union, wani ci gaba na adalci na zamantakewa, aikin siyasa, da ƙungiyar shawarwari na, ta, da kuma ga matalauta da marasa gida waɗanda ke aiki daga Philadelphia, Pennsylvania kuma Galen Tyler ke jagoranta.
Manazarta
Littafi Mai Tsarki Fa'idodin Jin Dadi da Tax Credits Handbook (buga na shekara) Ƙungiyar Talauci ta Yara. London.
Littafin Jagoran Haƙƙin nakasa (buga na shekara). Ƙungiyoyin Nakasa. London.
Bateman, N. (2006) Ƙwararren Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru. Oxford.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Shawarar Haƙƙin Scotland
Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Ƙasa
Kungiyar Ayyukan Talauci
Rightsnet
Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Jin Dadin Ƙasa ta Ostiraliya Talauci Kanada
Jin daɗi
Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam
Haƙƙoƙin Mata
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40249 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudalur | Mudalur | Mudalur ƙauye ne a gundumar Thoothukudi ta Indiya. Ita ce ta farko kuma mazauna kauyen zalla Kiristoci ne. ’Yan mishan ne suka kafa ta a Kudancin Indiya tare da Kiristoci 28. A yau tana da yawan jama'a fiye da mutane 4,500.
Tarihi
Samuwar Mudalur Mudular, ma'ana "kauye na farko an kafa shi a cikin 1799 ta ƙungiyar Kiristoci masu tuba daga addinin Palayamkottai. Mazauni na farko na ƙauyen, David Sundaranandan, ya nemi ƙirƙirar matsugunin Kirista zalla wanda aka tsara bayan “Birnin Gudun Hijira” na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Tare da ƙoƙarce-ƙoƙarce na David Sundaranandan da gudummawar karimci daga Kyaftin Everet, an sayi wani yankin fili da sunan Reverend Jeanaicke a cikin Agusta 1799. Waɗanda ba Kirista ba ne suka ci gaba da kai wa Kiristocin Mudalur hari. Don hana halakar mutanensa, David Sundaranandan ya shiga tare da matasan Mudalur don koyon fasahar yaƙin Indiya ta "Silambam". An sanya wa tawagar silambam suna "Thadikambu Sena". Saboda haka, David Sundarandan ya zama sananne da "Thadikambu David Sundarandan" da "Zakin Mudalur". David Sundaranandan shine shahidi na farko kuma zuriyar farko na Cocin Tirunelveli. Mudalur yana da madaidaitan tituna guda biyar da kyakkyawan tsarin magudanar ruwa. Tituna biyar daga gabas zuwa yamma da titin arewa zuwa kudu sun yi kama da tsarin kauye a Ingila.
Samuwar Cocin St.Michael Ikklisiya ta farko a ƙauyen, wanda aka gina da dabino a shekara ta 1799, waɗanda ba Kiristoci ba ne suka kone su. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Reversed Sathyanathan ya gina coci na biyu. Kuma an gina coci na uku a shekara ta 1816 ta hanyar amfani da tubali da turmi. Bayan David Sundaranandan ya mutu, Reverend Harry Bathurst Norman (HB Norman) ya ba da kyakkyawan sabis ga ƙauyen Mudalur. Ya kasance gwanin gine-gine, kuma ya gina babban coci na salon yamma a cikin shekaru biyu. Yana da damar fiye da mutane 2,000. Bishop Sargent ya keɓe cocin a ranar St. Andrew, 30 Nuwamba 1883. Tsawon cocin ƙafa 152 ne, faɗinsa kuma ƙafa 63 ne.tsayi ƙafa huɗu kuma yana da wurin da aka keɓe don ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Cocin, wanda Reverend HB Norman ya gina, ba ta da ƙanƙantar labarai. Don haka mutanen Mudalur suka gina hasumiya mai kafa 193 mai hawa bakwai. A saman hasumiya, sun sanya wani kambi mai kambi tare da giciye na zinariya. An keɓe sabuwar hasumiya ta coci a ranar 29 ga Satumba 1929 (ranar St. Michael Cocin Mudalur yana da wasu siffofi na gine-gine na musamman. Bisa ga ƙididdige ƙididdiga na Littafi Mai-Tsarki, lamba bakwai tana nufin "cikakkiyar kamala" ko "cika". Hasumiyar Ikklisiya tana da benaye bakwai, cocin na ciki yana da ginshiƙai bakwai daidai, tare da baka bakwai a kowane gefe. Bagadin yana da matakai bakwai daidai, da alkuki bakwai a kowane gefen bagaden. Fitillun lanƙwasa bakwai da gilashin Heptagon (polygon mai fuska bakwai) suna ƙawata bagaden.
Cigaban Al'umma Tun daga kafuwarta, Mudalur ta sami ingantattun ababen more rayuwa. An samar da ilimi a cikin 1803, an fara sabis na gidan waya a 1891, kuma jigilar jama'a ta zo ƙauyen a 1940. An kafa Mudalur panchayat a shekara ta 1955. An fara kula da lafiya na farko a cikin 1965, bankin farko (Bankin Kanada) ya buɗe a cikin 1970. Kuma sabis na sadarwa ya fara aiki a 1990.
Gudanarwa
Mazabar majalisa Mudalur wani yanki ne na mazabar Thiruchendur Lok Sabha har zuwa 2009. Tun lokacin da Thoothukudi ya rabu da mazabar Tirunelveli Lok Sabha, Mudalur ya zama yanki na Thoothukudi Lok Sabha a 2009. Kanimozhi Karunanidhi yana zama dan majalisa a wannan mazabar.
Mazabar Majalisa (Assembly Constituency) Mudalur ya kasance wani yanki na Majalisar Sathankulam har zuwa 2009. A halin yanzu yana cikin yanki na Majalisar Srivaikuntam. S. Oorvasi Amirtharaj ya zama dan majalisar dokoki a wannan mazabar.
Panchayat An kafa Mudalur panchayat a shekara ta 1955. Yana cikin Sathankulam taluk (Ward-8). Kauyuka goma sha takwas suna karkashin Mudalur panchayat. Kuma Pon Murugesan ya zama shugaban Panchayat.
Yanayi Yanayin Mudalur gabaɗaya yana da zafi da ɗanɗano. Amma tana samun ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin damina daga Oktoba zuwa Janairu. Wannan dai shi ne lokacin da ake samun ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya saboda yanayin zafi a gabar tekun Indiya.
Safara Mudalur yana da babbar hanyar sadarwar sufuri. Yana da alaƙa da kyau ta hanyar zuwa wasu manyan ƙauyuka da garuruwa.
Al'adu
Mawaƙa Mudalur St.Michael's Choir yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun mawakan yara maza a Kudancin Tamil Nadu. Reverend HB Norman ya kafa ƙungiyar mawaƙa a shekara ta 1883 kuma ya yi kayan katako tare da sassaka na musamman. The Reed Organ da aka yi amfani da shi a coci an saya a Mumbai. A halin yanzu ana amfani da Viscount Vivace 60 Digital Organ (wanda aka yi a Italiya) don ayyukan coci.
Fasaha Mudalur yana ba da muhimmanci sosai ga fasahar nishaɗi da rayuwar ɗabi'a kamar "Silambaattam", "Kaliyalattam". An koyar da fasahar Silambam ga matasa da yawa tare da Sundaranantham (1799). Kaliyalattam rawa ce ta al'adun Tamil da ke cikin hatsari. Matasan Mudalur suna yin Kaliyal a duk wasu muhimman abubuwan da suka faru musamman a sabuwar shekara. Akwai wakoki da dama da Annavi (mawaƙin Kalial) ya rubuta waɗanda ke bayyana rayuwa da al'adun Mudalur. Shahararrun wakokin sune “Wakar Coci”, wacce ke bayyana tsarin gine-ginen cocin da kuma “Wakar Ooruni”, wacce ke bayyana kwararar ruwa daga kogin zuwa tafkin (Ooruni) a Mudalur.
Biki "Koil Prathistai" shine bikin Mudalur mafi girma. Ana bikin kowace shekara a ranar St Michael (29 Satumba). da ake kira "Annadhanam" idi, raba abinci wani babban biki ne. Ana bikin kowace shekara a ranar 30 ga Satumba. Idan ranar 29 ko 30 ta fado ranar Lahadi, ana yin idi a gobe. Sauran bukukuwan addini kamar Kirsimeti, Easter, da Deepavali kuma ana yin su sosai a Mudalur.
Wasan kwallon raga, Kabaddi, da cricket suna cikin shahararrun wasanni a Mudalur. Mudalur ya samar da ’yan wasan kwallon raga da dama wadanda suka wakilci kungiyar kwallon raga ta jihar Tamil Nadu, kungiyar kwallon raga ta Indiya da kungiyoyin kwallon raga kamar ‘yan sandan Tamil Nadu, bankin Indiya na kasashen waje, da masana’antar hada-hadar horarwa.
Addini Ko da yake mafi yawan al'ummar Mudalur Kirista ne, amma tana da sauran al'adun addini kuma. Kuma akwai wuraren bauta ga babban addinin Indiya, Hindu.
Ilimi Akwai makarantu guda biyar a cikin Madulur da kewaye:
Makarantun Nursery Makarantun gandun daji guda biyu da gungun mutane masu daraja ke gudanarwa
Makarantun Firamare TDTA St. Michaels Primary School (Boys), Mudalur
TDTA St. Michaels Primary School ('Yan mata), Mudalur
Makarantun Sakandare TDTA St. Michaels Higher Secondary School, Mudalur.
Sana'a Babban sana'o'in mutanen da ke zaune a cikin mutanen Mudalur sune:
Noma da kiwon shanu
Shagunan sayar da kayayyaki a sassa da dama na Tamil Nadu
Samuwar dabino da ciniki
Koyarwa
Muscoth Halwa Production Mudalur muscoth halwa ya shahara a duk duniya. Shagunan halwa da suka sami lambar yabo, AJJ Sweets da SJ Sweets, suna cikin Mudalur.
Harshe Ana magana da yaren Tamil a yankin.
Adayal Mudalur yana da babban ƙauye mai suna Adayal ƙarƙashin panchayat.
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
31442 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Nassim%20Boushaki | Mohamed Nassim Boushaki | Mohamed Nassim Boushaki (Thenia, Fabrairu 14, 1985) digiri ne na Ph.D. Aljeriya a cikin injiniyoyin mutum-mutumi da abin hawa mai cin gashin kansa. Boushaki kuma mai tallata binciken kimiyya ne.
Tarihin Rayuwa Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ɗan kasar Kabylia ne a ƙasar Aljeriya inda ya cigaba da karatunsa na asali a lardin Boumerdès kafin ya shiga Jami'ar Boumerdès a shekara ta 2003 don koyon fasahar kere-kere.
Bayan ya kammala manhajar fasaharsa a shekarar 2008, ya kuma zaɓi yin digiri na biyu a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki, tare da Robotics a matsayin zabi.
Boushaki ya kare karatunsa na digirin digirgir a fannin fasahar ƙere-ƙere a ranar 30 ga Satumban shekara ta 2016 a gaban alkalai da suka haɗa da daraktan littafinsa Philippe Poignet, da kuma darekta Chao Liu, kuma wannan tsaron ya samu halartar masu magana Nicolas Andreff da Jérôme Szewczyk, masu jarrabawar Stephane Caro da Benoît Herman. da kuma bako Salih Abdelaziz.
Ilimi
Digiri na asali
Sana'ar sana'a
Abubuwan Bincike Mohamed Nassim Boushaki yana da aikin kimiyya a fagage daban-daban na fasaha:
Kimiyyar Kwamfuta.
Robotics and Rehalitative Robotics.
Ingantacciyar ƙira da sarrafa robobin bututu mai ɗaukar hankali don samun damar yin amfani da laparoscopic guda ɗaya.
Sarrafa robobin bututun da aka tattara.
Aikin tiyatar endonasal endoscopic da kuma amfani da robobin bututun mai da hankali a cikin tiyatar laparoscopic ta hanyar samun damar daya.
sarrafa bayanai na kwamfuta a cikin na'urori masu mahimmanci.
Microelectronics da Microbotics.
Robotic tiyata, Da Vinci Surgical System da Medical Robot.
Micromachining and mechatronic engineering.
Tsarin atomatik da microelectronic.
Kinematics na concentric tube mutummutumi.
Tallafin bincike da tallafin karatu Binciken Boushaki ya samo asali ne daga Laboratories don Harkokin Kiwon Lafiyar Kwamfuta (CAMI labex) na Jami'ar Grenoble a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwar tsakanin Laboratory of Informatics, Robotics da Microelectronics na Montpellier (LIRMM) a Jami'ar Montpellier da dakin gwaje-gwaje. Laboratory of Engineering, Informatics and Imaging (ICUBE) a Jami'ar Strasbourg.
A zahiri, lakabin CAMI ya ba da kuɗin karatun digiri na uku da na digiri na biyu tun daga shekarar 2012 a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙira, ƙirar ƙira da sarrafa mutum-mutumi tare da bututu masu tattarawa da kuma fuskantarsu zuwa aikace-aikacen likita. Ayyukan kimiyya na Boushaki a karkashin kulawar dakin gwaje-gwaje na ƙwarewa na CAMI shima yana samun hadin gwiwar Hukumar Bincike ta Faransa a karkashin shirin Investissement d'Avenir.
Tiyatar Robotic Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ya shiga cikin bincike kan madaidaicin tiyata na mutum-mutumi a dakin gwaje-gwaje na LIRMM a Montpellier kuma daga baya a cibiyar SSSA a Pisa a cikin shekaru goma daga 2010 zuwa 2020.
Ya ɓullo da tsarin lissafi na Jacobian don yin ƙima da ƙarancin kinematics da aka yi amfani da su don sarrafa motsi na mutummutumi na likitanci da aka ƙera tare da fasahar bututu mai ma'ana.
Ayyukansa sun mayar da hankali kan aikin tiyata mai zurfi ta hanyar amfani da mutum-mutumi na likita bisa tsarin endoscopy na hanci tare da tsarin sadarwa na bimanual.
Ya kuma yi aiki tare da robobi da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin aikin tiyatar ciki da hanta ta hanyar amfani da fasahar laparoscopic tare da yankan kadan kadan tare da fasahar microwave.
Motoci masu cin gashin kansu Tun daga shekarar 2020, Boushaki ya gudanar da bincike kan motoci masu zaman kansu a Cibiyar Robotics da Tsarin Mulki (KUCARS) a Jami'ar Khalifa, dake Abu Dhabi.
Yana shiga cikin aikin mutum-mutumi da tsarin fasaha a wannan cibiya (KUCARS) wanda Farfesa Lakmal Seneviratne ke jagoranta, inda yake ba da gudummawar iliminsa tare da ƙungiyar kunnawa a fagen fasahar fasaha.
Don haka Boushaki ya shiga tare da malaman KUCARS sama da 50 da masu bincike wajen gudanar da bincike na majagaba don gano sabbin hanyoyin da za a ciyar da injinan na'ura zuwa matsanancin yanayi, aikace-aikacen masana'antu, da kuma duba ababen more rayuwa.
Buga Mujallu Task-space position control of concentric-tube robot with inaccurate kinematics using approximate Jacobian, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation (ICRA), 2014, 5877-5882.
Endonasal Endoscopic Approach for Deep Brain Tumors Using Concentric Tube Robot, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, V. Trevillot, P. Poignet, In Proceedings of SURGETICA, 2014.
Optimization of concentric-tube robot design for deep anterior brain tumor surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, B. Herman, V. Trevillot, M. Akkari, P. Poignet, in the Proceedings of the 13th International Conference on Control, Automation, Robotics and Vision (ICARCV'14), Thailand, Nov. 2016.
Design Optimization and Control for Concentric Tube Robot in Assisted Single-Access Laparoscopic Surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, LIRMM Laboratoire d'Informatique de Robotique et de Microélectronique de Montpellier, 2016.
Conception, modélisation et commande des robots à tubes concentriques vers des applications médicales, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M.T. Chikhaoui, K. Rabenorosa, C. Liu, N. Andreff, P.Poignet, Techniques de l’Ingénieur: Conception, modélisation et commande en robotique (in French), Vol. TIB398DUO, pp. 1-29, May 2016, Workshop national.
Experimental Validation of Concentric Tube Robot Control for Surgical Application with Uncertain Kinematics, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, C. Liu, P. Poignet, IFAC paper, 2017.
A novel microwaves tool for robotic resection of the liver, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Frosini, F. Staderini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, 29th International Conference of the Society for Medical Innovation and Technology SMIT, 2017 November 9-10, Turin (Italy).
Development of a robotic pre-coagulation device during hepatic surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Staderini, F. Frosini, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, J. Regolini, R. Miniati, B. Badii, 9th Worldwide Congress if the Clinical Robotic Surgery Association CRSA, September 22-23, 2017, Chicago (USA).
Haptic feedback in the Da Vinci Research Kit (dVRK): A user study based on grasping, palpation, and incision tasks, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, A. Saracino, A. Deguet, F. Staderini, F. Cianchi, A. Menciassi, E. Sinibaldi, International Journal of Medical Robots, 2019.
Dynamic Modeling of the Da Vinci Research Kit Arm for the Estimation of Interaction Wrench, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, F. Piqué, M. Brancadoro, E. De Momi, A. Menciassi, International Symposium on Medical Robotics (ISMR), 2019.
A novel microwave tool for robotic liver resection in minimally invasive surgery, Mohamed Nassim Boushaki, M. Brancadoro, M. Dimitri, F. Staderini, E. Sinibaldi, L. Capineri, F. Cianchi, G. Biffi, A. Menciassi, Minimum Invasive Thermal Allied Technology, 2020.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Twitter
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki LinkedIn
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Idref.fr
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Theses.fr
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Dblp
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Google Scholar
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki IEEE
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki IRIS SSSUP
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki ORCID
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Pinterest
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Researchgate
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Scopus
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Bayt
Mohamed Nassim Boushaki Archives-ouvertes.fr
Haifaffun 1985
Kimiyya
Iyalin Boushaki
Pages with unreviewed |
13747 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anike%20Agbaje-Williams | Anike Agbaje-Williams | Mosunmola Abudu, (an haife tane a ranar 23 ga watan oktoba 1936).
Tarihin Rayuwa An haifi Abudu ne a Hammersmith,Yammacin London. Shekarunta na farko sunyi amfani da ita a Burtaniya. Ta halarci Makarantar Ridgeway School, MidKent College da West Kent College Har ila yau, ta sami takardar digiri na biyu a cikin Ma'aikatar Kula da Kayan Bil Adama daga Jami'ar Westminster a London Aikin fim
EbonyLife TV A shekara ta 2006, Abudu ya fara ne da gidan talabijin na EbonyLife, hanyar sadarwa a cikin kasashe sama da 49 a fadin Afirka, da kuma a Burtaniya da Caribbean. Kamfanin tallafi ne na Media da Nishaɗi City Africa (MEC Africa), EbonyLife TV tana a Tinapa Resort, Calabar, Jihar Cross River, Najeriya. A watan Maris na shekarar 2018, Kamfanin Sony Hotunan Talbijin na Sony (SPT) ya sanar da cewa sun kammala yarjejeniyar shekaru uku tare da EbonyLife TV wanda zai hada da samar da The Dahomey Warriors, jerin abubuwa game da Amazons wadanda suka yi wa Faransawan mulkin mallaka a karni na 19 na yamma. Masarautar Afirka.
Filin EbonyLife Abudu ya kafa Filin EbonyLife. Fim ɗinta na farko a matsayinta na mai ƙera zartarwa shi ne Fifty. Haɗin kai tare da The ELFIKE Collective a shekarar 2016, ta samar da Bikin Bikin aure wanda ya zama babban matsayi mafi girma a kowane lokaci a masana'antar fim ta Najeriya Nollywood Lokaci tare da Mo Abudu ne Executive Wallafar da rundunar a TV talk show, Moments tare da Mo, wanda shi ne na farko syndicated kullum talk show a Afirka yankin talabijin. A izuwa watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2009, an yi jujjuya abubuwa fiye da 200 kuma an watsa su ta fuskoki daban-daban game da salon rayuwa, ta fuskar kiwon lafiya, al'ada, siyasa, nishaɗi, al'ada, zuwa waƙoƙin aure. Wadanda suka halarci bikin sun hada da wadanda suka hada da shahararrun mutane, Shugabannin kasa, da wadanda suka cancanci Nobel, da kuma Sakatariyar Harkokin Wajen Amurka Hillary Clinton, Abudu ya ce baje kolin yana nuna rayuwa da kuma abubuwan da wani sanannen mutum sananne ne, amma wani lokacin ba wani dan Afirka da ba a bayyana shi ba wanda ko kuma karfin gwiwarta da himmarta sun cika wani abu, ko shawo kan wani abu ko kuma zama abin karfafawa ga wani abu wanda ya sanya ta zama abin koyi ga sauran mutane. Anyi tallafin akan M-Net tare da ɗaukar hoto a cikin ƙasashe 48 na Afirka, wasan kwaikwayon a yanzu kuma ya tashi zuwa tashar talabijin ta ƙasa da na USB a wasu sassan duniya. Nasarar da aka nuna a fim din da niyyar canza tunanin duniya game da Afirka ya haifar da misalai ga Oprah Winfrey, tare da The Independent da Slate Afrique suna kiranta "Afirka ta Oprah" ko "Najeriya Winfrey", bi da bi.
Masu jayayya Abudu mahalicci ne kuma mai aiwatar da fim din The Debaters, fim din talabijin ne na gaske. Bankin Guaranty Trust Bank ne ya samar da shi, ranar 3 ga watan Oktoba na shekarar 2009. Nunin ya mayar da hankali kan "ba wa Afirka murya" ta hanyar haɓaka octo.
Nasarori Forbes Africa ta amince da Abudu a matsayin mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta mallaki tashar TV ta Pan-Africa (2013). Ta aka jera a matsayin daya daga cikin 25 Mai qarfi Mata a Global TV ta The Hollywood labarai a (2013) kuma ya karbi kasuwa na gwarzon da mata Werk a New York (2014). A cikin shekarar 2014, an karrama ta da babban Likita na Humane Haruffa (Honouris Causa) daga Jami’ar Babcock A shekarar 2019, an ba ta kyautar MIPTV ta 2019 Médailles d'Honneur, a Cannes, Faransa, ta mai da ita Afirka ta farko da ta zama mai karɓar lambar yabo ta musamman. Daga baya a waccan shekarar, an ba da sanarwar Abudu a cikin jerin sunayen masu karfin 2020, tare da jera jerin Manyan mutane 100 da suka fi fice a Ingila daga zuriyar Afirka Afirka da Caribbean.
Rayuwar mutum Abudu yana zaune ne a Legas. Tana da ‘ya’ya biyu; ɗa da diya. kuma ya taba yin aure da Tokunbo Abudu.
Dubi kuma Amira El sallamawa Funke Opeke
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
24266 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paa%20Grant | Paa Grant | George Alfred Grant, wanda aka fi sani da Paa Grant (15 ga Agusta 1878 30 ga Oktoba 1956), ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasa a cikin Gold Coast wanda ake kira "mahaifin siyasar Gold Coast". A matsayinsa na mai fafutukar siyasa, shine wanda ya kafa kuma shugaban farko na United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a watan Agustan 1947. Ya kuma kasance daya daga cikin Mahaifan da suka kafa kasar Ghana. Ya biya Kwame Nkrumah ya dawo Ghana daga Amurka.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Ilimi da fara aiki An haifi Grant a 1878 a Beyin, Western Nzema, cikin dan kasuwa mai tasiri. Ya kasance ɗan William Minneaux Grant da Madam Adjua (Dwowa) Biatwi na dangin Aboradze, kuma jikan Francis Chapman Grant, mai mallakar Gold Coast Times kuma ma’aji na Ƙungiyar Fante.
Grant ya yi karatu a Makarantar Wesleyan da ke Cape Coast yanzu Makarantar Mfantsipim kuma ta hanyar koyarwa mai zaman kansa da Joseph D. Abraham ya bayar, wani attajiri abokin abokin mahaifinsa. Daga baya Grant ya sami aiki a kasuwancin katako, na farko a Axim sannan na tsawon shekaru biyar a Ivory Coast. A cikin 1896, ya kafa kamfani nasa, George Grant da Kamfanin. Ya bunƙasa a matsayin ɗan kasuwar katako, tare da bunƙasa kasuwancin fitar da kaya, a lokacin da kamfanonin Turai suka mamaye kasuwancin.
Ya ziyarci Biritaniya a 1905 kuma lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Farko a 1914, ya kulla alaƙar kasuwanci tare da manyan kamfanonin katako a Turai da Amurka. Tsakanin 1914 zuwa 1919 ya yi hayar jiragen ruwa don jigilar katako zuwa Burtaniya da Amurka. Ya buɗe ofisoshinsa a London, Liverpool da Hamburg tsakanin 1920 zuwa 1922, kuma a cikin Gold Coast ya faɗaɗa ayyukan zuwa Dunkwa, Sekondi da Akim Abuakwa. A 1926 an nada shi a Majalisar Dokoki, mai wakiltar Sekondi. Grant ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Kare Hakkokin Aborigines kuma ya kasance mai taimakawa a cikin ayyukan ci gaba da yawa, gami da gabatar da hasken titi da ruwan da ke ɗauke da bututu zuwa Sekondi da Axim.
Harkokin siyasa da rayuwa ta gaba A lokacin da bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Grant ya fahimci cewa 'yan Afirka a yankin Gold Coast suna fama da al'adun mulkin mallaka da yawa waɗanda ke nuna wariya da rashin jin daɗi, don haka ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar matakai don magance ƙarancin wakilcin bukatun Afirka. Ya gayyaci J.B. Danquah da sauran su zuwa wani taro don kaddamar da jam'iyyar masu kishin kasa. Kimanin mutane 40, ciki har da lauyoyi R. A. Awoonor-Williams, Edward Akufo-Addo, da Emmanuel Obetsebi-Lamptey, sun hadu a Saltpond kuma an kafa United Gold Coast Convention (UGCC) a ranar 4 ga Agustan 1947, tare da burin cimma mulkin kai. An zabi Kwame Nkrumah babban sakataren UGCC, bayan da Ebenezer Ako-Adjei ya bashi shawara, kuma Grant ya biya kudin jirgi na Nkrumah na fam 100 don komawa Ghana daga Liverpool a waccan shekarar.
Daga baya Nkrumah ya rabu da UGCC don kafa Jam'iyyar Jama'a (CPP), kuma a ƙarshe Grant ya fi mai da hankali kan kasuwancinsa fiye da siyasa. Koyaya, sun ci gaba da tuntuɓar juna, kuma Nkrumah ya ziyarce shi kwanaki biyu kafin mutuwar Grant a Axim a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1956, yana ɗan shekara 78. A cikin 1955 ya sha fama da harin apoplexy wanda daga baya bai warke gaba daya ba.
Iyali da rayuwar mutum Yaran da ke rayuwa a halin yanzu sune Sarah Esi Grant, Mrs Rosamond Hammond-Grant, William Minneaux Grant, da jikoki da jikoki da yawa a fadin duniya.
Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, itace mahaifiyar lauya Phyllis Christian.
Sauran jikokin da aka sani sune: Georgina Grant, Margaret Grant, Stella Blay-Kwofie, Christine Blay-Kwofie, Dorothy Blay-Kwofie, Joyce Christian, Letitia Hammond, Rosamond Hammond, James Hemans Hammond, Matilda Hammond, Georgina Hammond, Emmanuel Hammond, George Hammond Alberta Hammond, Lawrence Hammond, Yvonne Hammond, Samuel Duker-Ako, George Grant, Felix Grant, Sabina Grant, Kweku Robert Grant, Kwesi Brown Grant, Frances Grant, Maame Efua Lartey-Grant, Sefa Gohoho na Songhai Africa, Panafrican Luxury Kamfanin Kayayyakin Kaya. Wani dangi shine David Prah-Annan, Accra, Ghana. Paa Grant shima yana da alaƙa da marigayi Dr Mary Grant.
Tunawa da gado Domin girmama rawar da Grant ya taka a fafutukar neman 'yancin kai, gwamnatin Ghana ta sanya sabon gadar sama a bayan sa a Caprice, a Accra.
Paa Grant Soccer Academy Kim Tyrone Grant, tsohon dan wasan kasa na Ghana Black Stars, ya kafa Kwalejin Kwallon Kafa ta Paa Grant a shekarar 2009, don girmama “sadaukarwa da da'a na kakansa da ke taimakawa kawo 'yanci da' yancin kai ga dukkan 'yan Ghana daga mulkin mallaka har zuwa 1957".
Jami'ar George Grant ta Ma'adinai da Fasaha A ranar 12 ga Janairun 2018, Shugaba Akufo-Addo ya ba da sanarwar yayin wani taro na musamman da aka gudanar a jami'ar, da sauya sunan Jami'ar Ma'adinai da Fasaha (UMaT) wacce ke yankin Yammacin Gana, zuwa Jami'ar Ma'adinai da Fasaha ta George Grant. don girmama shi kasancewa uban kafa ga gwagwarmayar Ghana don samun 'yancin kai da kuma kasancewarsa ɗan aKara karantawa
Ako Adjei, The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant), Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp.
Hanyoyin waje
Mrs. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, "In the beginning was…PAA GRANT And the UGCC". Excerpts from Recollections. Source: Daily Graphic, Wednesday, 14 February 2007. National Commission on Culture. The author is the daughter of Paa Grant.Bernard Ralph Adams, "Paa Grant The Unsung Hero!", 31 December 2014.salin yankin yamma.
Manazarta
Kara karantawa Ako Adjei, The Life and Work of George Alfred Grant (Paa Grant), Accra: Waterville Pub. House, 1992, 31 pp.
Hanyoyin waje Mrs. Sarah Esi Grant-Acquah, "In the beginning was…PAA GRANT And the UGCC". Excerpts from Recollections. Source: Daily Graphic, Wednesday, 14 February 2007. National Commission on Culture. The author is the daughter of Paa Grant.
Bernard Ralph Adams, "Paa Grant The Unsung Hero!", 31 December |
15111 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilikiss%20Adebiyi%20Abiola | Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola | Bilikiss Adebiyi ko Bilikiss Adebiyi Abiola ne a Nijeriya Shugaba na Lagos tushen juyin kamfanin, Wecyclers. Ta yi imani: "Sharar wani mutum taskan wani ne." Ita da kamfaninta sun tara kyaututtuka da kyaututtuka da dama ciki har da kyautar King Baudouin International Development Prize a cikin 2018/19.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Adebiyi ne a Legas, inda ta je makarantar sakandare ta Kwalejin Ilimi. Ta shiga Jami'ar Legas, amma ta tafi bayan shekara guda don kammala karatun ta a Amurka. Ta kammala karatu a jami’ar Fisk sannan ta je jami’ar Vanderbilt, inda ta samu digiri na biyu. Ta yi aiki na IBM na tsawon shekaru biyar kafin ta yanke shawarar kara karatu. An yarda da ita don karatun Jagora na Kasuwancin Kasuwanci (MBA) a Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT).
'Yan babur Ta kirkiro da shawarar ne don sake kasuwancin yayin da take shekara ta biyu a MIT, inda take karantar sharar gida a matsayinta na kwararriyar malama. Tunanin ta na farko shine ta kara yawan sharar da zata iya tarawa daga gidaje ta hanyar basu tikiti na raffle a musayar. Lokacin da ta tattauna wannan a Najeriya a hutu sai ta yi mamakin farincikin da aka bayar don ra'ayinta. Sharar gida wata damuwa ce a cikin Legas kasancewar ana samun ƙananan kashi kaɗan a kai a kai. Adebiyi ta mayar da tunanin zuwa MIT inda ta sami damar tattara tallafi ta hanyar shigar da ra'ayinta a gasa. Bayan kammala karatu a shekarar 2012, Adebiyi ta koma gida Najeriya don zama tare da mijinta. A shekarar 2012, ta hada hannu da kafa kamfanin Wecyclers, wani kamfanin da ke tara shara da ake iya sarrafawa daga gidaje a Legas. Lokacin da kasuwancin ya fara, Adebiyi za ta fitar da keke mai taya uku don yin tarin abubuwa don neman ƙarin bayani game da sabuwar kasuwancin ta. Da zarar an warware tarkacen, sai kamfanin ta ya aika da sakonnin SMS zuwa gidan, yana sanar da su maki nawa suka samu na fataucin shara. Wadannan maki zasu iya canzawa don abinci, kayayyakin tsaftacewa, ko kuma mintuna na wayar salula. Kamfanin yana aiki tare da haɗin gwiwa da Hukumar Kula da Sharar Ruwa ta Legas. Legas na samar da tan 9,000 na shara a kowace rana kuma hukumar na kokarin ninka kusan adadin da aka sake sarrafa shi daga kashi 18% a shekarar 2011. Najeriya ita ce kasa mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Afirka amma rashin tsari a Legas yana nufin ba za'a iya tara datti koyaushe ba. Masu amfani da babura suna amfani da babura masu taya guda uku waɗanda ke ba da damar tara datti a inda motoci na yau da kullun ba za su iya tafiya ba. Masu tuka keɓaɓɓu suna tarawa daga dubban gidaje. Kamfanin ya kiyasta a watan Oktoba na 2015 cewa ya tara tarar sama da tan 500, ya ƙirƙiri ƙimar daga wannan shara kuma ya ɗauki mutane 80 aiki. Adebiyi wanda sunan sa mai suna Abiola ya shirya wa kamfanin Coca-Cola da GlaxoSmithKline don basu tallafin aikin su. Masu amfani da yanar gizo sun gano cewa kaso mai tsoka ya fito ne daga wadannan kamfanonin kuma a shirye suke su taimaka da kokarin sake amfani da su. Guinness a Najeriya ta amince ta hada hannu a shekarar 2018. A cikin 2018 Abebiyi ya sauka a matsayin Shugaba na kamfanin Wecyclers don ya zama Manajan Darakta na Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji da Lambu ta Jihar Legas (LASPARK). A cikin sabon aikin nata za ta ci gaba da bude gurabe a cikin jihar Legas abin birgewa tare da dasa bishiyoyi.
Ganewa An ruwaito irin kokarin da Adebiyi ya yi a kasashen Najeriya, Ingila, Amurka da Jamus a shekarar 2014 da 2016. Coaukar hoto sun haɗa da CNN, Huffington Post, "Die Zeit", The Independent, Marie Claire Magazine, The Economist, NDaniTV da D C An ba ta kyauta daga MIT kuma ta ci kyaututtuka da dama, ciki har da Kyautar Injiniyar Mata ta Cartier don yankin Saharar Afirka a 2013. An bai wa masu kera kyautar Kyautar Ci Gaban Kasa da Kasa ta Sarki Baudouin a cikin 2018/19.
Abokan hulɗa Abokan hulɗa na Wecycler an ce sun hada da FCMB, DHL, Unilever, Oracle, Kamfanin Bottling na Najeriya, MIT Sloan School of Management Manazarta Mata
Ƴan |
58938 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerin%20masana%20kimiyyar%20yanayi | Jerin masana kimiyyar yanayi | Wannan jerin masana kimiyya na yanayi sun ƙunshi sanannun mutane waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga nazarin kimiyyar yanayi.An tattara jerin da hannu,don haka ba za su cika ba,har zuwa yau,ko cikakke.Dubi kuma Category:Climatologists. Jerin ya haɗa da masana kimiyya daga ƙwarewa da yawa ko horo.
A Waleed Abdalati, Ba'amurke, darektan Cibiyar Haɗin gwiwar Bincike a Nazarin Muhalli, tsohon babban masanin kimiyyar NASA Nerilie Abram (1977-), Masanin burbushin halittu na Australiya, a Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya
Ernest Afiesimama, dan Najeriya, tsohon babban jami'in cibiyar kula da ilimin kimiya ta duniya.
Myles Allen, shugaban kungiyar Sauyin yanayi a Jami'ar Oxford's Atmospheric, Oceanic and Planetary Physics Department. Jagoran marubuci, IPCC Rahoton Ƙimar Na Uku. Editan bita, Rahoto Na Hudu.
Richard Alley (1957-), Kwalejin Duniya da Kimiyyar Ma'adinai ta Jihar Penn, Amurka, Cyosphere na Duniya da canjin yanayi na duniya.
Kevin Anderson, Daraktan Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi na Tyndall kuma mai ba da shawara ne ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya kan sauyin yanayi.
James Annan, Masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Burtaniya tare da Binciken Blue Skies, Burtaniya
Julie Arblaster, Masanin ilimin yanayi na Ostiraliya a Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi da Yanayin Ostiraliya a CSIRO
David Archer, farfesa a fannin nazarin teku a Jami'ar Chicago
Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927), Yaren mutanen Sweden, tasirin greenhouse
B Sallie Baliunas, Ba'amurke, masanin ilimin taurari, bambancin hasken rana
Elizabeth A. Barnes, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka da ke aiki akan kididdigar kimiyyar duniya
Eric J. Barron (1944-), masanin ilmin lissafi na Amurka, Shugaban Jami'ar Jihar Pennsylvania
Roger G. Barry, (1935-2018), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, Polar climatologist, darektan farko na National Snow and Ice Data Center
Robin Bell, Ba'amurke, masanin ilimin lissafi na polar, zababben shugaban Ƙungiyar Geophysical na Amurka
Martin Beniston, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Swiss.
Lennart Bengtsson (1935-), Masanin yanayi na Sweden da masanin kimiyyar yanayi
André Berger, (1942-), Belgium, yin tallan kayan kawa na yanayi canje-canje a geological da kuma a karni lokaci ma'auni.
Richard A. Betts, Shugaban Yankin Dabarun Tasirin Sauyin Yanayi a Cibiyar Hadley Met Office
John W. Birks, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma mai haɓaka ka'idar hunturu ta nukiliya
Yakubu Bjerknes (1897-1975), Masanin yanayi na Norwegian-Amurka
Vilhelm Bjerknes (1862-1951), Yaren mutanen Norway, tsinkaya, samfuran lambobi
Bert Bolin (1925-2007), Masanin yanayi na Sweden, shugaban farko na IPCC
Gerard C. Bond (1940-2005), Ba'amurke masanin ilimin kasa kuma mai binciken burbushin halittu
Jason Box, farfesa na glaciology na Amurka a Jami'ar Jihar Ohio
Raymond S. Bradley, Ba'amurke, yanayin zafi na tarihi, ilmin nazarin halittu, da sauyin yanayi.
Keith Briffa (1952-2017), United Kingdom, dendrochronology, tarihin zafin jiki.
Wallace Smith Broecker (1931-2019), Ba'amurke, Pleistocene geochronology, radiocarbon dating, da sinadarai oceanography
Harold E. Brooks (1959-), Masanin ilimin meteorologist na Amurka, mahaukaciyar guguwa mai tsanani da yanayin yanayi mai hadari da kuma yanayin yanayi mai kyau.
Keith Browning, masanin yanayi na Burtaniya; mesoscale meteorology, sparkles
C Robert Cahalan, Ba'amurke, ilimin kimiyyar yanayi, ma'aunin makamashi, canja wurin radiyo, jin nesa, hasken rana
Ken Caldeira, Ba'amurke, injiniyan yanayi, acidification na teku, sunadarai na yanayi
Guy Stewart Callendar, Turanci, (Fabrairu 1898-Oktoba 1964), injiniyan tururi kuma mai ƙirƙira wanda ya ba da shawarar abin da a ƙarshe ya zama sananne da tasirin Callendar, ka'idar da ta danganta haɓakar haɓakar carbon dioxide a cikin yanayi zuwa yanayin zafin duniya.
Mark Cane, Ba'amurke, ƙirar ƙira da tsinkaya na El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Anny Cazenave, Faransanci mai nazarin teku ƙwararre a kan altimetry na tauraron dan adam
Robert D. Cess, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka, farfesa na farko a Jami'ar Stony Brook
Jule G. Charney (1917-1981), masanin yanayi na Amurka, majagaba a cikin ƙirar yanayi na lambobi.
John Christy, darektan Cibiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar Alabama a Huntsville Mafi sani (tare da Roy Spencer) don haɓaka sigar farko na rikodin zafin tauraron dan adam John A. Church (1951-), masanin teku na Ostiraliya, shugabar Shirin Binciken Yanayi na Duniya
Ralph J. Cicerone (1943-2016), Ba'amurke masanin kimiyyar yanayi, Shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya ta Amurka.
Danielle Claar, masanin kimiyyar ruwa na Amurka yana nazarin tasirin sauyin yanayi akan coral symbionts da parasites.
Allison Crimmins, Ba'amurke, shugaban Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Ƙasa
Harmon Craig (1926-2003), masanin ilimin kimiya na Amurka majagaba
Paul J. Crutzen (1933-2021), Yaren mutanen Holland, stratospheric da tropospheric sunadarai, da rawar da suke takawa a cikin hawan keke da yanayin yanayi.
Heidi Cullen, Masanin yanayi na Amurka, babban masanin kimiyya na Climate Central
Balfour Currie OC (1902-1981), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Kanada a Jami'ar Saskatchewan
Judith Curry Masanin yanayi na Amurka kuma tsohuwar shugabar Makarantar Duniya da Kimiyyar yanayi a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Georgia
D Willi Dansgaard (1922-2011), Masanin yanayi na Danish
Scott Denning, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Jihar Colorado
Andrew Dessler, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Texas A&M
PCS Devara, Masanin ilimin yanayi na Indiya kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Amity, Gurgaon
Robert E. Dickinson Masanin yanayi na Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Texas a Austin
Mark Dyurgerov (ya mutu a shekara ta 2009), masanin ilimin glacio na Rasha-Amurka
E Sylvia Earle (1935-), masanin ilimin halittun ruwa na Amurka
Don Easterbrook (1935-), Ba'amurke, Farfesa Emeritus na Geology a Jami'ar Yammacin Washington
Tamsin Edwards, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Burtaniya a Kwalejin King London
Arnt Eliassen, masanin ilimin meteorologist
Kerry Emanuel (1955-), Ba'amurke, yanayin yanayin da ya kware a guguwa.
Matiyu Ingila (1966-), Ostiraliya, masanin teku na jiki da mai jujjuya yanayi
Ian G. Enting, Masanin ilmin lissafi na Australiya a Jami'ar Melbourne
F Joe Farman, Burtaniya, rami na ozone sama da Antarctica
Christopher Field, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka tare da Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Carnegie
Eunice Newton Foote (1819-1888), masanin kimiya na Amurka, da farko ya nuna cewa karuwar yanayin yanayi na CO 2 zai haifar da dumama yanayi.
Piers Forster, Farfesa ɗan Burtaniya na Canjin Yanayi na Jiki a Jami'ar Leeds
Joseph Fourier (1768-1830), Faransanci, tasirin greenhouse
Jennifer Francis, sauyin yanayi a cikin Arctic
Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790), da farko ya tsara tsarin kogin Gulf don amfani da shi wajen aika wasiku daga Amurka zuwa Turai.
Chris Freeman, farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu
Eigil Friis-Christensen (1944-2018), masanin ilimin lissafi dan kasar Denmark
Inez Fung, Ba'amurke, ƙirar yanayi, hawan keke, da canjin yanayi
Evgraf Evgrafovich Fyodorov (1880-1965), masanin ilimin yanayi na Rasha.
G Francis Galton (1822-1911), ya kirkiro kalmar anticyclone
Filippo Giorgi (1959-), masanin ilimin kimiyyar yanayi na Italiya, Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiya ta Duniya
Peter Gleick (1956-), Ba’amurke, masanin ilimin ruwa, tasirin ruwa na canjin yanayi, martanin saukar dusar ƙanƙara/ dusar ƙanƙara, dabarun daidaita ruwa, sakamakon tashin matakin teku.
Kenneth M. Golden, Ba'amurke ya yi amfani da ilimin lissafin lissafi, ka'idar percolation da tsarin watsawa na kankara, farfesa a Jami'ar Utah
Natalya Gomez, Canjin ƙanƙara mai ƙaƙƙarfan ƙirar ƙasa, Kanada, farfesa a Jami'ar McGill
Jonathan M. Gregory, mai ƙirar yanayi, ɗan Burtaniya, farfesa a Jami'ar Karatu
Jean Grove (1927-2001), Bature, masanin glaciologist; Zaman Kankaramin Kankara
H Joanna Haigh, (1954-), Biritaniya, Co-Daraktan Cibiyar Grantham a Kwalejin Imperial ta London, canjin hasken rana
Edmund Halley, ya buga taswirar iskar kasuwanci a 1686 bayan tafiya zuwa kudancin kogin.
Gordon Hamilton, (1966-2016), Scotland, Mataimakin Farfesa Farfesa, Ƙungiyar Climatology, na Jami'ar Maine
James E. Hansen (1941-), Ba'amurke, sararin samaniya, hangen nesa mai nisa, ƙirar ƙira, da ɗumamar duniya.
Kenneth Hare OC FRSC (1919-2002), Masanin yanayi na Kanada
Klaus Hasselmann, masanin teku na Jamus kuma masanin yanayin yanayi, wanda ya kafa cibiyar Max Planck don nazarin yanayi.
Ed Hawkins, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Biritaniya a Jami'ar Karatu, kuma mai tsara zane-zanen bayanan gani
Katharine Hayhoe, Kanada, Kimiyyar yanayi, yanayin yanayi na duniya.
Gabriele C. Hegerl (1963-), Farfesa na Kimiyyar Tsarin yanayi a Jami'ar Edinburgh School of GeoSciences.
Isaac Held, Ba'amurke Ba'amurke masanin kimiyyar yanayi, mai bincike a GFDL
Ann Henderson-Sellers (1952-), Ostiraliya, kimanta haɗarin sauyin yanayi
Ellie Highwood, Farfesa na Kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Karatu
David A. Hodell, (1958-), masanin burbushin halittu na Burtaniya, farfesa a Jami'ar Cambridge
Ove Hoegh-Goldberg, Masanin ilimin teku na Australiya a Jami'ar Queensland
Greg Holland, mai binciken yanayi na Australiya a NCAR
Brian Hoskins, Masanin yanayi na Burtaniya kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Karatu
John T. Houghton (1931-2020), Biritaniya, ilimin kimiyyar yanayi, jin nesa
Malcolm K. Hughes, masanin ilimin yanayi na Burtaniya, farfesa a Jami'ar Arizona
Mike Hulme (1960-), Biritaniya, tasirin yanayi, ƙirar yanayi, yanayi da al'adu.
Thomas Sterry Hunt (1826-1892), Ba'amurke, masanin kimiyya na farko don haɗa carbon dioxide zuwa canjin yanayi
I Sherwood Idso (1942-), Ba'amurke, tsohon masanin kimiyyar lissafi tare da Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona ta Amurka.
J Eystein Jansen (1953-), farfesa a fannin nazarin halittu a Jami'ar Bergen kuma tsohon darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayi ta Bjerknes.
Phil Jones (1952-), Biritaniya, canjin yanayi na kayan aiki, palaeoclimatology, gano canjin yanayi
Jean Jouzel, Bafaranshe, masanin glaciologist da climatologist ƙwararre a cikin manyan canjin yanayi
K Peter Kalmus, masanin kimiyyar bayanai na Amurka a NASA 's Jet Propulsion Laboratory da Associated Project Scientist a Jami'ar California, Los Angeles 'Cibiyar haɗin gwiwa don Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya na Yanki Injiniya
Daniel Kammen, farfesa na makamashi na Amurka a Jami'ar California, Berkeley
Thomas R. Karl (1951-), Ba'amurke, matsananciyar yanayi da sauye-sauye
David Karoly, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Melbourne
Charles David Keeling (1928-2005), Ba'amurke, ma'aunin carbon dioxide na yanayi, Keeling Curve
Ralph Keeling (1959-), farfesa Ba'amurke na Atmospheric Chemistry a Scripps Institute of Oceanography
David W. Keith, Kanada, Geoengineering da CO 2 kama da bincike na ajiya, Farfesa Jami'ar SEAS da Harvard Kennedy School
Wilfrid George Kendrew, (1884-1962), Masanin yanayi na Scotland da Masanin yanayi.
Gretchen Keppel-Aleks, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka
Joseph B. Klemp, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a NCAR
Thomas Knutson, Ba'amurke samfurin yanayi, mai bincike a GFDL
Reto Knutti, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Swiss, farfesa a ETH Zurich
Kirill Y. Kondratyev (1920-2006), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Rasha.
Bronwen Konecky, masanin burbushin halittu da climatologist
Pancheti Koteswaram, masanin yanayi na Indiya kuma tsohon mataimakin shugaban Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Duniya.
Shen Kuo (1031-1095), masanin kimiyyar kasar Sin wanda ya yi tunanin cewa yanayin yanayi ya canza zuwa wani lokaci mai tsawo.
M. Levent Kurnaz, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Turkiyya a jami'ar Boğazici, darektan Cibiyar Canjin Yanayi da Nazarin Siyasa (iklimBU)
John E. Kutzbach (1937-2021), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Amurka a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison
L Dmitry Lachinov (1842-1902), Rasha climatologist da injiniya
Hubert Lamb (1913-1997), Masanin ilimin yanayi dan Burtaniya, wanda ya kafa Sashin Binciken Yanayi a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia.
Kurt Lambeck, Ostiraliya, hulɗar cryosphere-hydrosphere-lithosphere, da hawan teku da tasirinsa a kan yawan mutane.
Helmut Landsberg (1906-1985), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke, ya haɓaka amfani da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga a cikin climatology, wanda ya haifar da juyin halitta zuwa kimiyyar jiki.
Christopher Landsea (1965-), Masanin yanayi na Amurka, Jami'in Kimiyya da Ayyuka a Cibiyar Guguwa ta Kasa.
Mojib Latif (1954-), Jamusanci, nazarin yanayi da yanayin teku, ƙirar yanayi
Corinne Le Quéré, Faransa Kanada UK, Royal Society farfesa bincike, Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia
Anders Levermann, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Potsdam
Richard Lindzen (1940-), Ba'amurke, mai kuzarin yanayi, musamman raƙuman duniya
Diana Liverman (1954-), Ba'amurke/Birtaniya, tasirin yanayi, rauni da manufofi
Michael Lockwood, farfesa a fannin kimiyyar lissafi na Burtaniya a Jami'ar Karatu
Michael S. Longuet-Higgins FRS (Oceanographer) (1925-2016), dan Birtaniya, mathematician da oceanographer DAMTP a Jami'ar Cambridge da Scripps Cibiyar UCSD, teku taguwar ruwa da ruwa kuzarin kawo cikas.
Edward Norton Lorenz (1917-2008), Ba'amurke, gano baƙon ra'ayi mai jan hankali kuma ya ƙirƙira kalmar tasirin malam buɗe ido Claude Lorius, Masanin ilimin glaciologist na Faransa, darekta Emeritus na CNRS
James Lovelock (1919-2022), Biritaniya, Gaia hasashe da ra'ayoyin biotic.
Amanda Lynch, Farfesa Ostiraliya a Jami'ar Brown ta haɗu da bincike tsakanin yanayi da kimiyyar canjin yanayi, da manufofin muhalli da ilimin 'yan asalin
Peter Lynch, Masanin yanayi na Irish kuma masanin lissafi
M Michael MacCracken (1942-),Ba'amurke, babban masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Yanayi a Washington,DC
Gordon JF MacDonald (1929-2002), masanin kimiyyar lissafi na Amurka wanda ya haɓaka ɗaya daga cikin na'urorin lissafin farko na canjin yanayi, kuma ya kasance farkon mai ba da shawara ga matakin gwamnati.
Jerry D. Mahlman (1940-2012), Masanin yanayi na Amurka da climatologist kuma majagaba a cikin yin amfani da na'urorin lissafi na yanayi don nazarin hulɗar tsakanin sunadarai na yanayi da kimiyyar lissafi.
László Makra (1952-), Masanin yanayi na Hungary. Cikakken farfesa. Babban yankin bincikensa shine climatology na pollen kuma, a cikin wannan, nazarin dangantakar climatological na pollen ragweed, da kuma dangantaka tsakanin raƙuman pollen ragweed da cututtuka na numfashi.
Syukuro Manabe (1931-), Ba'amurke, farfesa Jami'ar Princeton, ya fara yin amfani da kwamfutoci don kwatanta canjin yanayi na duniya da bambancin yanayi na yanayi.
Gordon Manley (1902-1980), Turanci, Tsakiyar Ingila zafin jiki (CET).
Michael E. Mann (1965-), Ba'amurke, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi da darekta, Cibiyar Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya, Penn State U.
David Marshall, Masanin ilimin teku dan Burtaniya a Jami'ar Oxford.
Valerie Masson-Delmotte, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Faransa tare da mai da hankali kan ilmin halitta a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje na Kimiyyar yanayi da muhalli (LSCE)
Gordon McBean, Kanada, bincike kan iyaka, ilimin kimiyyar ruwa da binciken tasirin muhalli, da hasashen yanayi
James J. McCarthy, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Biological Oceanography a Jami'ar Harvard
Helen McGregor, Masanin ilimin kasa na Australiya da mai bincike na sauyin yanayi, Aboki tare da Makarantar Bincike na Kimiyyar Duniya a Jami'ar Ƙasa ta Australia
Christopher McKay, masanin kimiyyar taurari na Amurka a Cibiyar Bincike ta NASA Ames
Marcia McNutt, masanin ilimin lissafi na Amurka, shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Kasa
Linda Mearns, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka, babban masanin kimiyya a NCAR
Carl Mears, Ba'amurke, babban masanin kimiyya a Tsarukan Hankali na Nesa
Gerald A. Meehl (1951-), Ba'amurke masanin yanayi a NCAR
Katrin Meissner, Bajamushe da Ostiraliya masanin ilimin teku da kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi, darektan Cibiyar Nazarin Canjin Yanayi a Jami'ar New South Wales
Sebastian H. Mernild (1972-), Danish glaciologist da hydrologist, tsohon darektan Nansen Environmental Research Center (NERSC), Bergen, Norway da kuma bincike darektan na Climate Change da Glaciology Laboratory (a CECs Valdivia, Chile. Tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Dusar ƙanƙara da Ice Hydrology (a ƙarƙashin IAHS Patrick Michaels (1950-), masanin yanayin yanayi na Amurka
Milutin Milanković (1879-1958), Serbian, Milankovitch cycles
John FB Mitchell, Biritaniya, ƙirar yanayi da ganowa da halayen canjin yanayi
Fritz Möller (1906-1983), Jamusanci, farkon yin samfuri na tasirin greenhouse CO Mario J. Molina (1943-2020), Mexican, yanayi sunadarai da kuma ozone depletion.
Nils-Axel Mörner (1938-2020), masanin teku na Sweden kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi.
Richard H. Moss, Shugaban Kwamitin Ba da Shawarwari don Ci Gaban Ƙimar Yanayi na Ƙasa
Richard A. Muller (1944-), masanin kimiyyar lissafi dan kasar Amurka, shugaban aikin Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature project, tsohon mai sukar kimiyyar canjin yanayi a halin yanzu.
RE Munn FRSC (1919-2013), Masanin yanayi na Kanada
N Gerald North (1938-), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a Texas A&M kuma marubucin Rahoton Arewa
O Hans Oeschger (1927-1998), masanin burbushin halittu na Switzerland
Atsumu Ohmura (1942-), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Jafananci, farfesa Emeritus a ETH Zurich
Cliff Ollier (1931-), British-Australian geologist kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi
Abraham H. Oort, Ba'amurke Ba'amurke masanin yanayi
Michael Oppenheimer, Farfesa Ba'amurke a fannin ilimin kimiyyar ƙasa a Jami'ar Princeton
Timothy Osborn, farfesa na Kimiyyar Yanayi na Burtaniya a Jami'ar Gabashin Anglia
Friederike Otto (an haife shi a shekara ta 1982), masanin yanayi na Jamus, mataimakin darekta na Cibiyar Canjin Muhalli.
P Tim Palmer CBE FRS (1952-), Masanin ilmin lissafi dan kasar Burtaniya, masanin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Oxford.
Garth Paltridge (1940-), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Australiya
David E. Parker, Birtaniyya, yanayin yanayin zafi
Fyodor Panayev (1856-1933), Masanin yanayi na Rasha
Graeme Pearman OA FAAS (1941-), Masanin yanayi na Australiya
William Richard Peltier (1943-), Kanada, ƙirar geodynamic ta duniya da sake gina takardar kankara; yanayin yanayi da igiyar ruwa da tashin hankali
Jean Robert Petit, masanin burbushin halittu na Faransa, babban darektan bincike a Cibiyar National de la recherche scientifique
David Phillips OC (1944-), Masanin yanayi na Kanada kuma masanin yanayi
Roger A. Pielke, Sr. (1946-), Ba'amurke, sauyin yanayi, rashin lafiyar muhalli, ƙirar ƙira, da yanayin yanayi
Raymond Pierrehumbert, ingantaccen tsarin ƙirar yanayi, Faint young sun paradox
Andrew Pitman (1964-), Biritaniya, tsarin tafiyar da ƙasa a cikin samfurin yanayi na duniya da na yanki, kimantawa samfurin da tsarin duniya hanyoyin fahimtar canjin yanayi.
Gilbert Plass (1920-2004), Kanada, CO 2 tasirin greenhouse da AGW
Henry Pollack, farfesa a fannin ilimin kimiyyar halittu a Jami'ar Michigan
Vicky Paparoma, Birtaniya, Shugaban Shirin Hasashen Yanayi a Cibiyar Hadley don Hasashen Hasashen Yanayi da Bincike
Q Detlef Quadfasel, farfesa na Geophysics na Jamus a Cibiyar Niels Bohr
R Stefan Rahmstorf (1960-), Bajamushe, rawar da igiyoyin teku ke cikin canjin yanayi
Veerabhadran Ramanathan, Indiyawa, samfuran wurare dabam dabam na gabaɗaya, sunadarai na yanayi, da canja wurin radiyo
Michael Raupach (1950-2015), Masanin yanayi na Australiya, tsohon CSIRO kuma shi ne darektan shirin Canjin Yanayi a Jami'ar Kasa ta Ostiraliya.
Maureen Raymo, Ba'amurke, masanin burbushin halittu
David Reay, Farfesa na Gudanar da Carbon a Jami'ar Edinburgh
Martine Rebetez (1961-) masanin ilimin yanayi ne na Swiss, farfesa a Jami'ar Neuchâtel kuma babban masanin kimiyya a Cibiyar Tarayya ta Tarayya ta Swiss forest, Snow and Landscape Research WSL.
Roger Revelle (1909-1991), Ba'amurke, ɗumamar yanayi da ilimin tekun sinadarai
Lewis Fry Richardson (1881-1953), masanin lissafin Ingilishi kuma masanin yanayi
Eric Rignot, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar California, Irvine
Alan Robock (1941-), masanin ilimin yanayi na Amurka, farfesa a Jami'ar Rutgers
Joeri Rogelj (1980-), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Belgium kuma marubucin IPCC
Joseph J. Romm (1960-), marubucin Ba'amurke, marubuci, masanin kimiyyar lissafi
Carl-Gustaf Rossby (1898-1957), Masanin yanayi dan kasar Sweden-Amurka
Frank Sherwood Rowland (1927-2012), masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a Jami'ar California, Irvine.
Cynthia E. Rosenzweig (c. 1958-), Ba’amurke ƙwararriyar climatologist, ta fara nazarin sauyin yanayi da aikin gona.
William Ruddiman, Ba'amurke, masanin ilimin halittu, Farkon Hasashen Anthropogenic
Steve Running, masanin ilimin halittu na Amurka a Jami'ar Montana
S Murry Salby, masanin kimiyyar yanayi da yanayi na Amurka
Jim Salinger, Masanin yanayi na New Zealand
Dork Sahagian, Armenian-Amurka, Jami'ar Lehigh
Marie Sanderson (1921-2010), ƙwararren masanin ƙasa na Kanada kuma masanin yanayi
Ben Santer (1955-), masanin yanayi a Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory
Nicola Scafetta (1975-), masanin astronomer dan Italiya kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi
Hans Joachim Schellennheber
David Schindler, masanin ilimin muhalli dan Kanada-Amurka, farfesa a fannin ilimin halittu a Jami'ar Alberta
Michael Schlesinger, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Kimiyyar yanayi a UIUC
William H. Schlesinger (1950-), masanin ilimin halittu na Amurka, tsohon shugaban makarantar Nicholas a Jami'ar Duke.
Gavin A. Schmidt, Ba'amurke masanin yanayi kuma mai ƙirar yanayi a Cibiyar Nazarin Sararin Samaniya ta NASA Goddard (GISS)
Stephen H. Schneider (1945-2010), Ba'amurke, Farfesa na Halittar Muhalli da Canjin Duniya a Jami'ar Stanford
Daniel P. Schrag (1966-), Ba'amurke, Farfesa na Geology a Jami'ar Harvard kuma Daraktan Cibiyar Muhalli na Jami'ar Harvard]
Stephen E. Schwartz (1941-), Ba'amurke, sunadarai na gurɓataccen iska, radiative tilasta aerosols a kan sauyin yanayi.
Tom Segalstad (1949-), masanin ilimin kimiya na Norway
Wolfgang Seiler (1940-), masanin yanayi na Jamus a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Karlsruhe
John H. Seinfeld, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka a Cibiyar Fasaha ta California
Mark Serreze (1960-), ɗan ƙasar Amurka, masanin ilimin ƙasa/masanin yanayi, darektan Cibiyar Bayanan Dusar ƙanƙara da kankara ta ƙasa.
Nicholas Shackleton (1937-2006), masanin burbushin halittu na Burtaniya a Jami'ar Cambridge
Nir Shaviv (1972-), Ba'amurke Ba'amurke masanin ilimin taurari kuma masanin kimiyyar yanayi
J. Marshall Shepherd, farfesa a fannin yanayin yanayi a Jami'ar Jojiya
Drew Shindell, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka, farfesa na Kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Duke
Keith Shine, Farfesa Regius na Kimiyyar yanayi da Kimiyyar yanayi a Jami'ar Karatu
Jagdish Shukla (1944-), Ba’amurke Ba’amurke masanin yanayi a Jami’ar George Mason
Joanne Simpson (1923-2010), Masanin yanayi na Amurka
Fred Singer (1924-2020), masanin kimiyyar yanayi, shugaban Cibiyar Kimiyya da Tsarin Muhalli, ƙungiyar masu hana canjin yanayi
Julia Slingo (1950-), babban masanin kimiyya a ofishin saduwa tun 2009
Joseph Smagorinsky (1924-2005), masanin yanayi na Amurka; Babban darajar NOAA GFDL
Susan Solomon (1956-), Ba'amurke, bincike a cikin chlorofluorocarbons da kuma lalatawar ozone
Richard CJ Somerville (1941-), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Amurka Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Kozma Spassky-Avtonomov (1807-1890), masanin ilimin yanayi na Rasha.
Roy Spencer, masanin yanayin yanayi, masanin kimiyyar bincike a Jami'ar Alabama
Konrad Steffen (1952-2020), Masanin ilimin glaciologist na Swiss-Amurka a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder
Will Steffen (1947-2023), Masanin yanayi na Australiya, mashawarcin kimiyya ga gwamnatin Ostiraliya.
David Stephenson (1963-), dan Birtaniya, masanin kimiyyar yanayi da kididdiga a Jami'ar Exeter Thomas Stocker, Swiss, canjin yanayi da yanayin yanayin yanayin yanayi da sake ginawa
Hans von Storch (1949-), Bajamushe, masanin yanayi na Geesthacht, Jamus
Peter A. Stott, dan Birtaniya, masanin kimiyyar yanayi.
Hans E. Suess (1909-1993), Austrian, sadarwar rediyo
Henrik Svensmark, Farfesa a Sashen Ilimin Kimiyya na Solar System a Cibiyar Sararin Samaniya ta Danish
T Kevin Russel Tate (1943-2018), masanin kimiyyar ƙasa na New Zealand, ya yi nazarin keken carbon da keɓancewa a cikin ƙasa.
Simon Tett, Biritaniya, ganowa da halayen canjin yanayi, ƙirar ƙira, da inganci
Peter Thejll (1956-), Danish, Arewacin Hemisphere ƙasa iska zafin jiki, hasken rana bambancin da kuma greenhouse sakamako
Peter Thorne, Masanin yanayi na Burtaniya tare da Cibiyar Kula da Muhalli da Nisa ta Nansen, Bergen, Norway
Liz Thomas, Masanin burbushin halittu na Biritaniya, kogon kankara, Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya
Lonnie Thompson (1948-), Ba'amurke, Farfesa na Kimiyyar Duniya, Faleoclimatology na Jami'ar Jihar Ohio, abubuwan kankara
Axel Timmermann, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Jamus kuma masanin ilimin teku, darektan Cibiyar IBS don Physics Climate
Micha Tomkiewicz (1939-), farfesa na canjin yanayi na Amurka a Kwalejin Brooklyn
Owen Toon, Farfesa Ba'amurke na Kimiyyar yanayi da Kimiyyar Ruwa a Jami'ar Colorado Boulder
Kevin E. Trenberth, Decadal variability, El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Susan Trumbore, masanin kimiyyar tsarin tsarin duniya yana mai da hankali kan yanayin carbon da tasirinsa akan yanayi, darekta a Cibiyar Max Planck na Biogeochemistry da Farfesa na Kimiyyar Tsarin Duniya a Jami'ar California, Irvine.
John Tyndall (1820-1893), Bature, auna tasirin radiative na iskar gas, postulated greenhouse sakamako hasashe na sauyin yanayi
V Jean-Pascal van Ypersele (1957-), Belgian climatologist, mataimakin shugaban IPCC (2008-2015)
David Vaughan, zanen kankara, Binciken Antarctic na Burtaniya
Jan Veizer (1941-), dan Slovakia, Babban Farfesa na Jami'ar Kimiyyar Duniya a Jami'ar Ottawa
Pier Vellinga (1950-), Masanin ilimin yanayi, Farfesa a Jami'ar Wageningen
Ricardo Villalba, masanin burbushin halittu na Argentine
Françoise Vimeux, Faransanci climatologist, darektan bincike a Institut de recherche pour le développement (IRD), yana aiki a Laboratoire des sciences du climat et de l'environnement (LSCE) da Laboratoire HydroSciences Montpellier (HSM)
W Peter Wadhams ScD (1948-), farfesa na Physics Ocean, kuma Shugaban Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru, Jami'ar Cambridge An fi saninsa da aikin kankarar teku Warren M. Washington (1936-), Ba'amurke, ƙirar yanayi
John Michael Wallace, Arewacin Atlantic oscillation, Arctic oscillation, El Niño-Southern Oscillation
Andrew Watson (1952-), British, Marine and atmospheric sciences
Sir Robert Watson, masanin kimiyar Burtaniya kuma babban masanin kimiyyar bankin duniya
Betsy Weatherhead, Ba'amurke, tsohuwar shugabar kimar yanayi ta ƙasa
Andrew J. Weaver, Kanada, ƙirar yanayi da bincike.
Harry Wexler (1911-1962), Masanin yanayi na Amurka
Penny Whetton, Ostiraliya, hasashen canjin yanayi na yanki don Ostiraliya. Jagoran marubucin rahoton kimantawa na uku da na huɗu na IPCC akan Canjin Yanayi.
Tom Wigley, Masanin yanayi na Australiya a Jami'ar Adelaide
Josh Willis, masanin binciken teku na Amurka a NASA's JPL
David Wratt, New Zealander, babban masanin kimiyya a NIWA
Donald Wuebbles, masanin kimiyyar yanayi na Amurka kuma farfesa a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign
Carl Wunsch (1941-), Hotunan Teku na jiki da na'urar daukar hoto na teku.
Z Olga Zolina (1975-), Masanin ilimin yanayi na Rasha
Eduardo Zorita (1961-), Masanin binciken burbushin halittu na Spain, babban masanin kimiyya a GKSS.
Duba kuma List of women climate scientists and activists
Women in climate |
57692 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Ben%20Bella%20Airport | Ahmed Ben Bella Airport | Tarihi A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu,Sojojin saman Faransa sun yi amfani da filin jirgin saman La Senia a matsayin filin jirgin sama na soja,na farko ta Armée de l'Air, kuma bayan Yuni 1940,ta Rundunar Sojan Sama( na gwamnatin Vichy.
A lokacin saukar Operation Torch a cikin 1942, La Sénia na ɗaya daga cikin manyan makasudin harin Oran a ranar 9 ga Nuwamba. Rundunar sojojin da ke sa ido a kai za ta kama La Senia,tare da runduna masu sulke don tura cikin kasa don tabbatar da kama filin. Bayan hasken rana, wasu bama-bamai takwas Albacore sun nutse daga HMS Furious da mayaƙan Hurricane guda shida daga kowane daga cikin manyan jiragen biyu masu ɗaukar kaya sun taso a kan filin jirgin saman La Senia da tsakar rana don samun tarba daga manyan bindigogi masu saukar ungulu da mayaƙan Vichy.An kai wa filin jirgin hari a matsayin mayar da martani da bama-bamai guda shida masu nauyin kilo 250 da suka yi da su daidai inda suka farfasa rataye da babu kowa a yankin arewa maso yammacin jirgin,inda suka yi barna wanda daga baya za a yi nadama.A fafatawar da aka yi ta kare,an ce an kashe mayakan Dewoitine 520 na Faransa 5 tare da jikkata wasu. An kai hari na biyu a filin jirgin saman La Senia bayan 'yan mintoci goma daga hannun Seafires goma daga HMS Furious a cikin ƙananan matakan da ke tafiya da jiragen sama da batura masu saukar ungulu.Har ila yau mayakan Vichy na Faransa sun yi adawa da matakin. Mayakan Vichy,duk da haka sun kare yankin filin jirgin ne kawai kuma ba su adawa da sojojin kasa da suka sauka a Oran Harbor.An karkata akalar harin da aka shirya kai wa filin jirgin,kuma Kamfanin B,na runduna ta farko ta Makamai kimanin 1000,ya kama filin jirgin,bayan da jirgin Vichy da yawa ya tashi,mai yiwuwa zuwa Maroko na Faransa.Wasu kaɗan sun tarwatse a ƙasa ko a cikin rataye. Bayan kama shi,Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta yi amfani da filin jirgin a matsayin filin yaki a lokacin yakin Arewacin Afirka.An sanya raka'a masu zuwa ga tushe a cikin 1942 da 1943: HQ, XII Fighter Command, 12 Nuwamba Disamba 1942; 12 ga Janairu 20 Maris 1943
HQ, 51st Troop Carrier Wing, 28 Maris 13 Mayu 1943
3d Reconnaissance Group, 10-25 Disamba 1942 (Jigilar Leken asiri iri-iri)
Ƙungiya ta 31st Fighter, 12 Nuwamba 1942 7 Fabrairu 1943, Supermarine Spitfire
52d Fighter Group, 14 Nuwamba 1942 1 Janairu 1943, Supermarine Spitfire
Rukunin Bama-bamai na 86, 12 ga Mayu 3 ga Yuni 1943, A-36 Apache
Rukunin Bama-bamai na 320, 2 Disamba 1942 28 Janairu 1943, B-26 Marauder
Da zarar yaƙin raka'a ya koma gabas zuwa wasu filayen saukar jiragen sama a Aljeriya da Tunisiya a ƙarshen bazara na 1943,filin jirgin saman ya kasance ƙarƙashin ikon Dokar Sufurin Jiragen Sama,wanda a ƙarƙashinsa yake aiki a matsayin tasha a kan hanyar zuwa tashar jirgin sama na Algiers ko zuwa tashar jiragen sama na Port Lyautey,a cikin Maroko na Faransa a arewacin Afirka Alkahira-Dakar hanyar sufuri don kaya, jigilar jiragen sama da ma'aikata.
Fadadawa Andrade Gutierrez,wani kamfani na Brazil ya lashe kwangilar gina sabuwar titin jirgin sama a filin jirgin sama na Oran,dake birni na biyu mafi girma a Aljeriya.An kiyasta kudin ginin zai ci Yuro miliyan 20.Oran tana da yawan jama'a kusan 650,000.Da yake shi ne birni na biyu mafi girma a cikin ƙasar,Oran muhimmin cibiyar masana'antu,ilimi da al'adu.Aikin gine-gine a filin jirgin sama na Oran shi ne kwangila na biyu da kamfanin ya samu a Aljeriya.Sabuwar mai tsawon ƙafa 9,843 07R/25L yana aiki tun 12 ga Fabrairu 2009. A halin yanzu,filin jirgin ya kunshi tashoshi biyu,daya na jiragen cikin gida,daya kuma na jiragen sama na kasa da kasa.Filin tashar jiragen ruwa na kasa da kasa shine filin jirgin sama da ya gabata,yayin da tashar gida ta kasance"babbar tanti"na baya-bayan nan kamar yadda Aljeriya ke kiranta.
An gina sabon tasha ta kasa da kasa; Terminal 3 yana da sararin sama na 41,000 m2,wanda ya kamata ya ba da damar karɓar fasinjoji miliyan 3.5,wanda zai iya kaiwa fasinjoji miliyan 6 a kowace shekara, wanda zai kawo jimlar ƙarfin tare da tashar ta yanzu zuwa fasinjoji miliyan 5.5.Yana da gangways 6 telescopic da kuma rataye kaya guda biyu tare da sararin sama na 2,000 m2 da damar 15,000 t shekara.Hakanan an sanye shi da bangarori na hotovoltaic don bukatun makamashin lantarki.Shugaba Abdelmadjid Tebboune ne ya kaddamar da shi a ranar 23 ga Yuni 2022.
Jiragen sama da wuraren zuwa Kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa suna yin jigilar fasinja na yau da kullun a Filin jirgin saman Oran Ahmed Ben Bella:
Kididdiga
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Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Air Force Historical Research Agency
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
An Fassara Filin Jirgin Sama na Oran Es Sénia zuwa HAUSA
Current weather for DAOO Accident history for ORN CS1 Faransanci-language sources |
26918 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi%20Arabian%20Airlines | Saudi Arabian Airlines | Saudia wanda aka fi sani da Saudi Arabian Airlines shi ne mai ɗaukar tuta na Saudi Arabia, wanda ke Jeddah A kamfanin jirgin sama na babban aiki tushe ne a King Abdulaziz International Airport a Jeddah Filin jirgin sama na Sarki Khalid da ke Riyadh da filin jirgin sama na King Fahd da ke Damam sune manyan cibiyoyi. Jirgin shi ne na uku mafi girma a Gabas ta Tsakiya wajen samun kuɗaɗen shiga, bayan Emirates da Qatar Airways Yana tafiyar da jirage na cikin gida da na ƙasashen waje zuwa sama da wurare guda 85 a Gabas ta Tsakiya, Afirka, Asiya, Turai da Arewacin Amurka. Ana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jirage na gida da na waje, galibi a lokacin azumin Ramadan da na Hajji Ya shiga kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a ranar 29 ga Watan Mayu shekara ta 2012 ya zama dillalan Fasha na farko da ya shiga daya daga cikin manyan kawancen jiragen sama guda uku. Saudia mamba ce kuma daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa kungiyar jiragen saman Larabawa Tarihi
Shekarun farko Lokacin da shugaban Amurka Franklin Delano Roosevelt ya ba da jirgin Douglas DC-3 a matsayin kyauta ga Sarki Abdul Aziz Ibn Saud a shekara ta 1945, taron ya nuna yadda masarautar ta samu ci gaban zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a hankali. An kafa kamfanin jigilar tutar kasar, Saudia, a matsayin jirgin saman Saudi Arabiya a watan Satumban shekara ta 1945 a matsayin cikakkiyar hukuma ta gwamnati a ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Tsaro, tare da TWA (Trans World Airlines) yana tafiyar da kamfanin jirgin karkashin kwangilar gudanarwa.
Filin jirgin saman Kandara da aka rushe a yanzu, wanda ke kusa da Jeddah, ya kasance babban sansanin mai ɗaukar tuta. Daga cikin ayyukan farko na kamfanin har da wani jirgi na musamman daga Lydda Lod na kasar Falasdinu (yau a Isra'ila, wurin filin jirgin sama na Ben-Gurion), da izinin Biritaniya a wancan lokacin, don jigilar alhazai zuwa Jeddah. Kamfanin jirgin ya yi amfani da jiragen DC-3 guda biyar don kaddamar da ayyukan da aka tsara a kan hanyar Jeddah-Riyadh-Hofuf-Dhahran a watan Maris na shekara ta 1947. Hidimar sa ta farko ta duniya tsakanin Jeddah da Alkahira. Hidima zuwa Beirut, Karachi da Damascus ya biyo baya a farkon shekara ta 1948. A shekara mai zuwa an karɓi farkon na biyar na Bristol 170s. Wadannan jiragen sun baiwa kamfanin jirgin saman sassaucin daukar fasinjoji da kaya.
A cikin shekara ta 1962, jirgin sama ya ɗauki Boeing 720s guda biyu, ya zama jirgin sama na huɗu na Gabas ta Tsakiya don tashi jirage jet, bayan Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya da Cyprus Airways tare da de Havilland Comet a shekara ta 1960 da El Al tare da Boeing 707 a shekara ta 1961. A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1963, kamfanin jirgin ya zama kamfani mai rijista, inda Sarki Faisal na Saudiyya ya rattaba hannu kan takardar da ta ayyana Saudiyya a matsayin kamfani mai cikakken 'yanci. Daga baya aka sayi DC-6s da Boeing 707s, kuma kamfanin jirgin ya shiga AACO, Kungiyar Masu Jiragen Sama na Larabawa An fara hidima a Sharjah, Tehran, Khartoum, Mumbai, Tripoli, Tunis, Rabat, Geneva, Frankfurt, da kuma London A cikin shekara ta 1970s, an gabatar da sabon livery. An canza sunan mai ɗaukar kaya zuwa Saudia a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta 1972. An sayi Boeing 737s da Fokker F-28s, tare da 737s suka maye gurbin Douglas DC-9 Kamfanin jirgin ya fara gudanar da sabis na Boeing 747s na farko a cikin 1977 lokacin da aka yi hayar Jumbo Jet uku daga Jirgin saman Gabas ta Tsakiya kuma aka tura su a sashin London An fara jigilar jigilar kayayyaki na farko tsakanin Saudi Arabiya da Turai, kuma an fara jigilar Lockheed L-1011s da Fairchild FH-27 Sabbin ayyuka, gami da Arabian Express 'babu jirage masu saukar ungulu' tsakanin Jeddah da Riyadh. An kafa Hukumar Kula da Jiragen Sama ta Musamman (SFS) a matsayin rukunin na musamman na Saudiyya, kuma tana gudanar da zirga-zirgar jiragen sama na musamman ga dangin sarauta da hukumomin gwamnati. An kuma fara hidima a Roma, da Paris, Muscat, Kano, da kuma Stockholm Sabis ɗin haɗin gwiwa na Pan Am/Saudia tsakanin Dhahran da Birnin New York ya fara ne a ranar 3 ga watan Fabrairu shekaea ta 1979.
A cikin 1980s an fara ayyuka irin su Saudia Catering. An fara jirage zuwa Jakarta, Athens, Bangkok, Dhaka, Mogadishu, Nairobi, New York City, Madrid, Singapore, Manila, Delhi, Islamabad, Seoul, Baghdad, Amsterdam, Colombo, Nice, Lahore, Brussels, Dakar, Kuala Lumpur da Taipei Horizon Class, sabis na aji na kasuwanci, an kafa shi don bayar da ingantaccen sabis. An gina wuraren daukar kaya a Brussels da Taipei. Airbus A300s, Boeing 747s, da Cessna Citations kuma an ƙara su a cikin rundunar jiragen ruwa, da Citations na sabis na SFS. A cikin shekara ta 1989 sabis na Larnaca da Addis Ababa ya fara. A ranar 1 ga Watan Yuli shekara ta 1982, an ƙaddamar da sabis na farko mara tsayawa daga Jeddah zuwa Birnin New York tare da jirgin Boeing 747SP. An bi hanyar Riyadh zuwa New York.
A cikin shekara ta 1990s, an gabatar da ayyuka zuwa Orlando, Chennai, Asmara, Washington, DC, Johannesburg, Alexandria, Milan, Malaga (na lokaci), da Sanaa (sake farawa). An gabatar da Boeing 777s, MD-90s da MD-11s An gabatar da sabbin rigunan mata masu hidimar jirgin da Adnan Akbar ya tsara. An ƙaddamar da sabon shaidar kamfani a ranar 16 ga Yuli 1996, mai ɗauke da fuselage mai launin yashi tare da bambancin wutsiya mai launin shuɗi, wanda tsakiyarsa ya ƙunshi salo mai salo na gidan gidan Saud An jefar da sunan Saudia a cikin sabunta bayanan, tare da sunan Saudi Arabian Airlines.
Ci gaba tun daga 2000s A ranar 8 ga watan Oktoba, shwkara ta 2000, Yarima Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud Ministan Tsaro da Jiragen Sama na Saudiyya, ya rattaba hannu kan wata kwangila don gudanar da bincike don mayar da kamfanonin jiragen sama na Saudi Arabian zuwa kamfanoni. A cikin shirye-shiryen wannan, an sake fasalin kamfanin jirgin don ba da izinin raka'a marasa mahimmanci ciki har da abinci na Saudia, sabis na kula da ƙasa da kulawa da kuma makarantar Prince Sultan Aviation Academy da ke Jeddah don canza su zuwa rukunin kasuwanci da cibiyoyin riba. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2005, gwamnatin Saudiyya ta nuna cewa kamfanin jirgin zai iya rasa abin da ya ke da shi na ayyukan cikin gida. A cikin shekara ta 2006, Saudia ta fara aiwatar da rarraba kanta zuwa Rukunin Kasuwancin Dabarun (SBU); sashin abinci ne aka fara mayar da shi. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2007, Majalisar Ministocin Saudiyya ta amince da sauya wasu manyan kamfanoni zuwa kamfanoni. An shirya cewa sabis na ƙasa, sabis na fasaha, kaya na iska da kuma Prince Sultan Aviation Academy, sashen likitanci, da kuma sashin abinci, za su zama rassan kamfani na kamfani. Kamfanin jirgin ya koma zuwa ga takaitaccen sunan sa na Ingilishi Saudia (an yi amfani da shi daga shekara ta 1972 zuwa shekara ta 1996) daga Saudi Arabian Airlines (sunan tarihi da ake amfani da shi har zuwa shekara ta 1971 kuma ya sake dawo da shi a 1997) a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2012; An canza sunan ne don murnar shigowar kamfanin cikin kawancen kamfanin jirgin sama na SkyTeam a wannan rana, kuma wani bangare ne na wani babban yunkurin sake suna. Saudia ta karbi sabbin jiragen sama 64 a karshen shekarar a shekara ta 2012 (6 daga Boeing da 58 daga Airbus Wani jirgin sama 8 Boeing 787-9 ya fara shiga cikin rundunar a cikin shekara ta 2015. A watan Afrilu shekara ta 2016, Saudia sanar halittar wani low-cost na biyu, Flyadeal An kaddamar da jirgin ne a matsayin wani bangare na dabarun sauyi na SV2020 na Saudia Group, wanda ke da niyyar sauya sassan kungiyar zuwa kungiyoyi masu daraja ta duniya nan da shekara ta 2020. Flyadeal yana hidimar wuraren zuwa gida da yanki, ya fara tashi a tsakiyar shekara ta 2017. A cikin Afrilu 2021, Saudia Airlines ya ba da sanarwar cewa a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilu, zai gwada app ɗin wayar hannu da Ƙungiyar Sufurin Jiragen Sama ta Duniya (IATA) ta ƙirƙira wanda ke taimaka wa fasinjoji sarrafa bayanan tafiyarsu da takaddunsu ta hanyar dijital.
Kyauta Kamfanin Jirgin Sama Mafi Ingantattun Hanyoyin Duniya a cikin 2017 ta SkyTrax
Mafi Ingantattun Jirgin Sama a Duniya a shekara ta 2020 ta SkyTrax
Tallafi Saudia ta dauki nauyin tawagar Williams Formula One daga shekara ta 1977 zuwa shekara ta 1984. A wannan lokacin Williams zai lashe Gasar Gine-gine biyu da Gasar Direba biyu tare da Alan Jones da Keke Rosberg Saudia ta kasance babban mai daukar nauyin a shekara ta 2018 da 2019 Diriyah ePrix Su ne kamfanin jirgin sama na Formula E, tare da daya daga cikin jiragen su, Boeing 777-300ER, fentin a cikin wani nau'i na musamman wanda ke nuna alamar gaggafa tare da motar Spark SRT05e Gen2 a baya.
Wuraren
Yarjejeniyar Codeshare Saudia tana da yarjejeniyar codeshare tare da abokan aikin SkyTeam kuma tare da kamfanonin jiragen sama masu zuwa:
Jirgin ruwa
Jirgin ruwa na yanzu the Saudia fleet consists of the following aircraft including its passenger and cargo fleet:
Jirgin ruwa na tarihi Saudia a da tana sarrafa jiragen sama kamar haka:
Sauran jiragen sama Saudia Special Flight Services, VIP flights, Private Aviation suna aiki kamar haka, wanda yawancinsu ke motsa jikin jirgin.
Bugu da ƙari, Saudia Royal Flight division yana aiki da manyan jiragen gwamnati da na gidan sarauta a ƙarƙashin lambar jirgin Saudia da tsarin launi (sai dai jirgi ɗaya), waɗannan sun haɗa da.
Wasu jiragen C-130 na soja kuma an yi musu fenti da launukan Saudia kuma ma'aikatan Sojojin Sama na Royal Saudi Air Force ne ke jigilar su don tallafawa ayyukan Saudiyya a yankin da Turai. Tun da 2017 masu haɓakawa ta hannu guda biyu (TEC Hünert MFT 500-01 suna tafiya tare da Sarki kuma ana jigilar su ta jirgin sama daban.
Ayyukan cikin jirgin Mujallar inflight ta Saudia ana kiranta Ahlan Wasahlan "Sannu da zuwa"). Ba a ba da abin sha ko naman alade a cikin jirgin daidai da dokokin abinci na Musulunci Jiragen da aka zaɓa Airbus A330-300 da Boeing 777-300ER suna sanye da Wi-Fi da hanyar sadarwar wayar hannu a cikin jirgin. Yawancin jiragen sama kuma suna ba da wuraren addu'o'i na musamman a kan jirgin kuma ana kunna rikodin addu'a kafin tashinsa.
Hatsari da hadura On 25 September 1959, a Saudia Douglas DC-4/C-54A-5-DO (registration HZ-AAF), performed a belly landing shortly after take-off from the old Jeddah Airport. The cause of the accident was gust locks not deactivated by the mechanic, followed by a stall. All 67 passengers and 5 crew survived.
On 9 February 1968, a Douglas C-47 (reg. HZ-AAE) was damaged beyond economic repair at an unknown location.
On 10 November 1970, a Douglas DC-3 on a flight from Amman Civil Airport, Jordan to King Khalid International Airport, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia was hijacked and diverted to Damascus Airport, Syria.
On 11 July 1972, a Douglas C-47B (reg. HZ-AAK) was damaged beyond economic repair in an accident at Tabuk Airport.
On 2 January 1976, Saudia Flight 5130, a McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30CF, leased from ONA undershot the runway at Istanbul, Turkey, crash landed, tearing off the #1 engine and causing the left wing to catch fire. All passengers and crew evacuated safely. The aircraft was written off.
On 19 August 1980, Saudia Flight 163, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar (HZ-AHK), operating Karachi-Riyadh-Jeddah, was completely destroyed by fire at Riyadh airport with the loss of all 301 people on board due to delays in evacuating the aircraft. This was the deadliest accident experienced by Saudia until 312 were killed in the loss of Flight 763 over 16 years later.
On 22 December 1980, Saudia Flight 162, a Lockheed L-1011-200 TriStar, operating Dhahran to Karachi, experienced an explosive decompression, penetrating the passenger cabin. The hole sucked out two passengers and depressurized the cabin.
On 5 April 1984, a Saudia Lockheed L-1011 TriStar on final approach to Damascus from Jeddah was hijacked by a Syrian national. The hijacker demanded to be taken to Istanbul, Turkey but changed his mind and requested to go to Stockholm, Sweden. After landing in Istanbul to refuel, the hijacker was arrested after the pilot pushed him out of the emergency exit.
On 12 November 1996, a Saudia Boeing 747-100B (HZ-AIH), operating flight 763, was involved in the 1996 Charkhi Dadri mid-air collision. The aircraft was on its way from New Delhi, India, to Dhahran, Saudi Arabia when a Kazakhstan Airlines Ilyushin Il-76 (UN-76435) collided with it over the village of Charkhi Dadri, some miles west of New Delhi. Flight 763 was carrying 312 people, all of whom, along with 37 more on the Kazakh aircraft, died, for a grand total of 349 fatalities. The loss of Flight 763 alone remains Saudia's worst accident in terms of fatalities. The accident overall also remains the world's deadliest mid-air collision.
On 14, October 2000, Saudia Flight 115, flying from Jeddah to London was hijacked en route by two men who claimed they were armed with explosives. The hijackers commandeered the Boeing 777-200ER (HZ-AKH) to Baghdad, Iraq, where all 90 passengers and 15 crew members were safely released. The two hijackers, identified as Lieutenant Faisal Naji Hamoud Al-Bilawi and First Lieutenant Ayesh Ali Hussein Al-Fareedi, both Saudi citizens, were arrested and later extradited to Saudi Arabia in 2003.
On 23 August 2001, at Kuala Lumpur International Airport, Malaysia, a Boeing 747-300 (reg. HZ-AIO) suffered nose damage as it entered a monsoon drainage ditch while it was being taxied by maintenance staff from the hangar to the gate before a return flight to Saudi Arabia. None of the six crew members on board at the time were injured, but the aircraft was written off.
On 8 September 2005, a Boeing 747 traveling from Colombo to Jeddah, carrying mostly Sri Lankan nationals to take up employment in the Kingdom, received a false alarm claiming that a bomb had been planted on board. The aircraft returned to Colombo. During the evacuation, there was a passenger stampede in the wake of which one Sri Lankan woman died, 62 were injured, and 17 were hospitalized. The aircraft had taken on a load of 420 passengers in Colombo. According to the Civil Aviation Authority of Sri Lanka, the probable cause was a "Breakdown of timely and effective communication amongst Aerodrome Controller and Ground Handling (SriLankan Airlines) personnel had prevented a timely dispatch of the stepladders to the aircraft to deplane the passengers in a timely manner, which resulted in the Pilot-In-Command to order an emergency evacuation of the passengers through slides after being alarmed by the bomb threat."
On 25 May 2008, an Air Atlanta Icelandic aircraft operating for Saudia as Flight 810 (TF-ARS) from Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz Airport, Madinah made an unscheduled landing at Zia International Airport (now Shahjalal International Airport), Dhaka. During the roll the tower controller reported that he saw a fire on the right hand wing. Upon vacating the runway, the crew received a fire indication for engine number three. The fire extinguisher was activated and all engines were shut down. The aircraft, a Boeing 747-357, which was damaged beyond repair, was successfully evacuated. Only minor injuries were incurred. Investigations revealed a fuel leak where the fuel enters the front spar for engine number three.
On 5 January 2014, a leased Boeing 767 operating under Saudia was forced to make an emergency landing at Prince Mohammad bin Abdulaziz Airport in Medina after landing gear failed to deploy. 29 people were injured in the incident.
On 5 August 2014, a Boeing 747-400 (reg. HZ-AIX) operating as flight 871 from Manila to Riyadh veered off the runway 24 of Ninoy Aquino International Airport in Manila while positioning for takeoff. No one on the plane or on ground were injured.
On April 11, 2017, Saudi Airlines was at the center of controversy when the airline allowed Dina Ali Lasloom to be forced onto a flight from Manila to Riyadh. Lasloom was attempting to seek asylum in Australia however was detained in Manila. An airline security official told Human Rights Watch that he saw two airline security officials and three apparently Middle Eastern men enter the hotel and go to her room, which he said was near the lobby. He said he heard her screaming and begging for help from her room, after which he saw them carry her out with duct tape on her mouth, feet, and hands. He said she was still struggling to break free when he saw them put her in a wheelchair and take her out of the hotel. The pilots and crew of which were reportedly aware and supportive of Lasloom being returned to Riyadh against her will, siding heavily with her uncles. Passengers in route to Riyadh began reporting on social media that there was a hostage aboard, prompting the governments of Oman and Qatar to refuse the aircraft passage through their airspace. While only confirmed to confidential sources and not officially verified, this is supported by flight path records, which show an abrupt change in direction and trajectory to avoid the airspace of Oman and Qatar.
On 21 May 2018, an Onur Air–leased Airbus A330-200 (reg TC-OCH), operating as flight 3818 from Medina to Dhaka, was diverted to Jeddah after suffering a malfunction with the nose landing gear. It was forced to make a belly landing. No injuries were reported.
Duba kuma Amaala International Airport
Sarki Abdulaziz International Airport
Saudi Vision 2030
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Saudi Arabian Airlines: Jewel na Gabas ta Tsakiya", Boeing
Filayen jirgin sama a Asiya
Filayen jirgin sama
Jirgin Sama
Filayen jirgin sama a Afirka ta Tsakiya
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
44520 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojy%20Okpe | Ojy Okpe | Ojinika Anne Okpe (an haifeta ranar 23 ga watan Afrilu ,1981) wadda kuma aka sani da Ojy Okpe, ƴar Najeriya ce, mai shirya fina-finai kuma mai gabatar da shirin kanun labarai a telebijin-(TV anchor), a gidan talabijin na Arise News, wanda ke ɗaukar nauyin shirin What's Trending tare da Ojy Okpe kuma ya haɗu da shirin Good Morning Show.
Rayuwa farko da ilimi Okpe ƴar Ƙabilar Ukwuani ce a jihar Delta. An haife ta ga Philomena Ngozi Egwuenu da Matthew Egwuenu, tsohon kwamishinan ƴan sandan Najeriya. Ta yi karatun firamare a Queensland Academy sannan ta yi karatun sakandare a Kwalejin Rainbow, duk a Jihar Legas. A cikin shekara ta 2006, ta sami digiri na farko a fannin Sadarwa da kuma a fannin shirya fina-finai daga Jami'ar St John, New York, Har-wayau ta kuma karanci wani, shirya fim ɗin (Production Film) a New York Film Academy.
Sana'a A cikin wata hira da Jaridar Business Day, Okpe ta bayyana yadda hanyar aikinta ta kasance, kuma ta canza daga fim zuwa aikin jarida.
Wani haziki ɗan ƙasar Afrika ta kudu mai suna Jan Malan, ne ya gano ta. Ta sami karɓuwa ta hanyar shiga cikin Mnet Face of Africa kamar Oluchi Onweagba. Ta kai wasan karshe a gasar da aka gudanar a Ghana. Bayan haka, ta yi aiki a Afirka ta Kudu kuma daga baya a birnin New York a matsayin abin koyi, a ƙarƙashin Storm Management. Ta kasance a kan shafukan fashion da salon mujallu; Elle, Cosmopolitan, Essence, Drum and Vogue. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da masu zanen kaya da gidaje ciki har da Oscar de la Renta, Zang Toi, Moschino, Ralph Lauren, Gottex, Dumebi Iyamah, Jean Paul Gaultier, Deola Sagoe, Versace Mai Atafo, Baby Phat, Lanre da Silva da Dolce Gabbana. Ta fito a bangon mujallar Mania a cikin 2012. Ta yaba da titin jiragen sama na makonnin kayan kwalliya na Afirka daban-daban da suka haɗa da makon kayyakin Afirka ta Kudu, Lagos Fashion Week, Port Harcourt International Fashion Week da Arise TV fashion week. Ta halarci bikin Martini mai taken bayan bikin Makon Kaya na Legas a cikin 2019, da 2018 AMVCA, inda aka sanya mata alama a matsayin mafi kyawun sutura ta The Netng. A wajen Afirka, ta yi aiki a matsayin samfurin titin jirgin sama a Paris, New York da London. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da L'Oreal's Mizani a matsayin fuskar alamar a Afirka. A matsayin ta na mai gabatar da kanun labarai a telebijin, tana gabatar da shiri gidan telebijin na Arise News Mai taken; Good Morning Show, tare da Reuben Abati da Tundun Abiola a ranakun mako, tare da Steve Ayorinde a ranar Lahadi. Ta kuma ɗauki nauyin shirin sashinta mai suna What's Trending with Ojy Okpe Ta kuma yi hira da manyan jama'a da suka haɗa da; Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Oluchi Onweagba, Omotola Jalade Ekeinde, Susan Sarandon, Sarah Jessica Parker, Iman da Idina Menzel. A cikin shekara ta 2020, an zaɓi ta don lambar yabo ta TV Personality, na shekara a lambobin yabo na Ladies Of the Year (ELOY), don aikinta akan Labaran Arise.
Lambar yabo
Ita ce ta lashe lambar yabo ta Emmy Awards a matsayin wani ɓangare na ma'aikatan samarwa na masu canji: Yadda Harlem Globetrotters, ya yaƙi wariyar launin fata Ta kasance wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryen Hollywood The Devil Wears Prada, da Marvel movie Spider-Man 3.
Rayuwa ta sirri Ta auri wani Austin Okpe; sun rabu. Suna da yara biyu tare; namiji da mace. Ita ce mafi kyawun ma'aurata tare da Genevieve Nnaji da Oluchi Onweagba-Orlandi, su ukun, suna yin hutu da yawa tare.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1981
Mutane daga Jihar |
21275 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganiyu%20Akanbi%20Bello | Ganiyu Akanbi Bello | Alhaji Ganiyu Akanbi Bello (An haife shi 10 Yuni shekarar 1930 ya mutu 5 Yunin shekarar 2014) ya kasance shahararren shugaban al’ummar Yarbawa kuma hamshakin attajiri.
Bayan Fage Dokta Alhaji GA Bello, jakadan al’ummar Yarbawa ne a Kano, shi ne shugaba kuma babban jami’in kamfanin Criss Cross Ltd. An fi saninsa da GA Bello.
An haifi Bello a jihar Oyo, Najeriya a ranar 10 ga watan Yuni shekarar 1930 ga Abdullahi Yusuf da Sinota Bello, na biyu a cikin yara uku. Duk iyayen sun mutu tun yana karami kuma an aike shi ya zauna tare da kawunsa wanda ya ƙi tura shi makaranta. Ya bar kawun nasa ya fara saran itace domin daukar nauyin kudin makaranta.
Bello ya auri Sakirat Ayoka Ogabi a kusan shekara ta 1959. Yaronsu na fari mai suna Tawakalitu Bello Sanusi, sai Moriliatu Bisola Bello Sanusi, Basira Biodun Bello Oyefeso, da wani ɗa Nurudeen Bello. Tsakanin 1966 da 1967, lokacin yakin basasar Najeriya, wanda aka fi sani da yakin Biyafara, Bello ya tura matarsa da ’ya’yansa zuwa Legas alhali yana Kano. Iyalinsa sun dawo ba da daɗewa ba don shiga tare da shi, kuma suna da ɗa na biyar, Shamsideen Bello. Childansa na shida, Fausat Bello, an haife shi a wajajen shekarar 1970 amma ya mutu da kyanda a lokacin yana jariri. Sun yi aure har mutuwarsa a 2014. A shekarar 2015, tun daga lokacin ta kasance a cikin mafakar siyasa bayan bayyanar Mohamadu Buhari a matsayin shugaban kasa na gaba.
A shekarar 1950, Bello ya shiga aikin ‘Yan Sandan Nijeriya a karkashin mulkin mallakar Turawan mulkin mallaka na Ingila. A lokacin yana jami’in ‘yan sanda, babban aminin sa shi ne Alhaji Ado Bayero, Shugaban rundunar‘ yan sandan Nijeriya wanda daga baya aka nada shi Sarkin Kano a shekarar 1963. Ya yi murabus a kusan she Kara ta 1958 kuma ya kafa kamfani wanda ke aiki a cikin Gine-gine da Injin Injiniya.
Kamfaninsa shi ne ya fara gina katafaren gini a Kano kan titin Odutola wanda ya kasance rukunin gidaje. Daga baya ya sayi gidansa na farko mai zaman kansa a kan titin Abedee Street Sabon Gari, Kano. Ya bude gidan mai na farko a Kano a shekarar 1968 kuma a bayanta ya bude wani kulob da aka sani da Criss Cross Club wanda ke sayar da abubuwan sha, kaza, da miyar barkono. Kamfaninsa sun gina otal na farko, Criss Cross Hotel, a cikin shekara ta 1971. Otal dinsa na biyu, wanda aka fi sani da Gab Hotel, an kuma gina shi ne a shekarar 1980.
'Ya'yan sa mata guda biyu, Tawakalitu da Moriliatu, sun yi aure a rana ɗaya a cikin shekarar 1988. Tawa ta auri Dr Lukman Sanusi yayin da Morili ya auri Kanar Olawale Sanusi mai ritaya. A shekarar 1989, karamar 'yarsa, Basira, ta auri Sakiru Olanipekun Oyefeso, wanda ya kafa kuma manajan darakta na Kamfanin Standard Trust Assurance Company. Babban dan sa, Nuru, ya auri Salawat Titilope.
Daga 1990 zuwa 2000, GA Bello shi ne Mataimakin Shugaban Kungiyar Man Fetur Mai Zaman Kanta (IPMAN) a Kungiyar Hadin Kan Man Fetur ta Najeriya (NNPC).
Rayuwar mutum Duk da cewa Bello ya yi karatun sakandare ne kawai, amma ya yi imani da shi sosai kuma kowanne daga cikin yaran sa ya yi karatun jami'a.
Abubuwan sha'awa A cikin shekarun 1970 Bello ya fi son yin wasan golf a filin wasan golf da ke gaban Daula Hotel tare da Murtala Mohammed Way. Ya kuma dauki nauyin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Black Scorpion a lokacin.
Rayuwar kasuwanci Bello ya kasance mai neman hadin kai a Kano. Ya karfafa wa gwamnati gwiwa don bunkasa hadin kai tsakanin kabilu daban-daban a jihar Kano. Ya shawarci gwamnati da ta karfafawa ‘yan Nijeriya gwiwa su daina nuna kabilanci su zauna lafiya. Wannan ya karfafa Yarbawa su ci gaba da zama a Kano. A watan Janairun shekarar 2006, Bello ya kasance mai rikon sarautar Oba na kungiyar Yarbawa a Jihar Kano har tsawon kwanaki sittin.
Masallaci Bello ya ba da gudummawa ga akidun Musulunci da dama a Kano ciki har da gina Masallatan Juma'a guda biyu da aka gina a Sabon Gari, wani yanki ne na ba-dan-yankin. An gina masallaci na farko a wajajen shekarar 1982 a Nomans Land, Kano kuma Sarkin Kano, Alhaji Ado Bayero ne ya ba da shi. A farkon 2000, ya gina masallaci na biyu, Masallacin Ahammadiya da ke kan titin Emir, domin musulmin Ahmadiya.
Sadaka Alhaji Bello ya ba da gudummawar miliyoyin nairori don abubuwan da suka shafi sadaka, ciki har da Rotary International Ya ba da gudummawa daidai gwargwado ga al'ummomi, Masallatai da Coci-coci. Wannan ya samar masa da jerin kyaututtuka na girmamawa.
Titles Awards Bello ya rike mukaman sarauta da yawa kamar: Aarre Egbe Omo Balogun Maiyegun na Ibadanland, Babasaiye na Owu, Abeokuta na jihar Ogun, da Aarre Basorun Timi Agbale na Ede a jihar Osun Hakanan an ba shi digirin digirgir na digirin digirgir a cikin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Kenton. Ya taba karɓar lambar yabo ta Ambasada Yarbawa ga Arewa daga Babban Kwamitin ofan asalin Ibaban CCII a cikin Mapo Hall, Ibadan.
Mutuwa Wasu mahara da ba a san su ba sun kashe Bello wata guda kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 84 a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2014 a Kano. An binne shi a gidansa da ke Race Course Road. Mataimakin gwamnan jihar Kano, Dr Abdullahi Umar Ganduje, ya kai ziyarar ta'aziyya kabarin Bello a ranar 12 ga Yuni 2014.
Abubakar Abdurrahman Sadiq ya shiga hannun ‘yan sandan Nijeriya a watan Agustan 2014 kuma ya amsa laifin kisan. Sadiq ya shiga gidan Bello ne don satar kudi sannan ya daba masa wuka a lokacin da Bello ke kokarin hana shi. Sadiq ya taba yin aiki a daya daga cikin otal din Bello, amma an bar shi ya yi sata.
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
15679 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julie%20Okoh | Julie Okoh | Juliana (Julie) Omonukpon Omoifo Okoh (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 1947) a Ubiaja. yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Nijeriya, mai ilmantarwa, mai rajin ƙyamar mata. wadda ta kasance farfesa a ka'idar wasan kwaikwayo a Jami'ar Fatakwal daga 2004 zuwa 2017. Bayan ta yi karatu a Amurka da Kanada, sai ta sami digiri na uku a Jami’ar Bordeaux III a 1991. Tattaunawa game da al'amuran da suka shafi mata a cikin al'umma, wasanninta sun haɗa da The Mannequins (1997), Edewede (2000) da Dooofofin Rufe (2007)
Tarihin rayuwa Juliana Omonukpon Omoifo da aka haifa a Ubiaja da ke kudu maso gabashin Najeriya jihar Edo, ‘yar Augustine Azamuoisa Omoifo, malami kuma magatakarda a kotu, da matarsa, mai dinki da manajan shago. An haife ta a cikin gida mara kyau, ita ce ta biyar a cikin 'ya'ya takwas. Duk iyayenta sun kasance masu aiki da al'adu: mahaifinta yana son kida kuma yana kaɗa guitar yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance mai ba da labarin gargajiya wacce ta halarci rawar Ikhio-raye-raye. Tana da aure ga Joseph Donatus Okoh (an haife shi a shekara ta 1941), farfesa a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Fatakwal. Suna da yara hudu. Bayan ta kammala karatunta na firamare a Ubiaja, Juliana Omoifo ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Lady of Lourdes da ke Uromi. Sannan ta sami aiki a Ma’aikatar Harkokin Waje a Legas inda ta yi jarabawar GCE a matakin talakawa da na ci gaba. Godiya ga kyawawan sakamako, ta sami damar halartar kwas na shekaru uku a horo a matsayin sakatariyar harshe biyu a Cibiyar Horar da Tarayya. A cikin 1972, an ba ta izinin shiga Jami'ar Loyola ta Chicago inda ta kammala karatun Faransanci da Adabin Ingilishi a 1976. Ta ci gaba da samun digiri na biyu a Adabin Faransanci daga Jami'ar Alberta (1979). Daga baya ta halarci jami’ar Bordeaux don yin karatun gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Faransanci da Ingilishi, inda ta samu digiri na biyu a shekarar 1989 da kuma digiri na uku a 1991. A shekarar 2000 da 2001, Okoh ta kasance a kasar Amurka inda ta kasance abokiyar aikin Fulbright a Kwalejin Smith, inda take karbar aiyuka a matsayin bako malami a Jami'ar Jihar ta North Carolina da kuma Jami'ar Massachusetts a Amherst. A cikin 2004, ta fara aiki mai tsayi a matsayin farfesa a ka’idar wasan kwaikwayo da suka a Jami’ar Fatakwal. Julie Okoh tayi ritaya a shekarar 2017. A wata laccar da aka yi wa laƙabi da "Zuwa Gidan Wasannin Mata a Najeriya", wanda ta gabatar a watan Oktoban 2012, Okoh ya kammala da cewa: Batun daidaiton jinsi da ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin mata ya zo mai nisa, kuma adabin mata ya taka rawar gani wajen kawo sauye-sauye game da ɗabi'un mata. Duk da haka, har yanzu yaƙi mai tsawo yana nan gaba, saboda zai ɗauki dogon lokaci kafin daidaiton jinsi da rawar da mata ke takawa a cikin al'umma don a fahimta da kuma yarda da ita yadda ya dace. Amma ni, na zaɓi hanyar wasan kwaikwayo a matsayin mumbarina don wannan dalili. Na yi ƙoƙarin zuwa duniya tare da wasan kwaikwayo na wasan kwaikwayo bisa ƙa'idodin mata da dabaru.
Littattafai Okoh ta rubuta kuma ta jagoranci wasan kwaikwayo sama da 30, da yawa daga cikinsu an buga su, da kuma rubuce-rubuce masu mahimmanci da labarai a cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi kan wasan kwaikwayo, al'adu da kuma batun jinsi. Daya daga cikin rawar da ta taka rawar gani ita ce Edewede wacce aka fara yi a Jami'ar Fatakwal a 1998. Yana da nufin shawo kan matan Najeriya cewa cire jiki al'ada ce da ya kamata a guje mata, tare da gabatar da ita a matsayin wata al'ada mai cutarwa. Wasan kwaikwayon ya hada da raye-rayen gargajiya na mata da wakoki, wani lokacin kuma. Yin amfani da yajin aiki mai tsayi azaman na'urar, mata suna jefa kuri'a don hana cirewa. Hakanan Excision shi ne taken A Cikakken Lokaci, wanda a cikinsa ake ƙarfafa masu sauraro don shiga cikin jefa ƙuri'a ko waƙa da tafawa. 1997: Maski: Wasan Wasanni ne da Makarantu 1997: Mannequins 2000: Edewede Washegari Sabuwar Rana 2000: Cikin Cikakken Lokaci 2002: Waye Zai Iya Yaƙin Alloli? 2005: Aisha 2007: Dooofofin Rufe 2008: Jarrabawa 2009: Haunting Past: Drama 2010: Matarmu Har abada: Wasan kwaikwayo 2014: Kuka don Demokradiyya 2018: Hanyar Thorny
Kyauta Okoh an bata kyautuka da yawa. Sun hada da: 2000: Babban Masanin Fulbright
2011: Kyautar Gwanin Rayuwa daga ofungiyar ofwararrun aterwararrun ateran Wasan Kwaikwayo na Nijeriya (SONTA)
Manazarta Mata
Ƴan |
18916 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shafiul%20Islam | Shafiul Islam | Shafiul Islam Bengali an haife shi a ranar 6 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 1989) dan wasan kurket na Bangladesh ne Shafiul mai matsakaiciyar hanzari ne mai buga kwallo, ya buga wa Rajshahi Division tun a shekara ta 2006/07.
Aikin gida Hukumar wasan Cricket ta Bangladesh ce ta kafa rukunin kungiyoyi shida na Firimiya na Bangladesh a shekara ta 2012, gasar ashirin20 da za a gudanar a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2011. An yi gwanjon gwano don sayan 'yan wasa, kuma Shafiul ya saya daga Khulna Royal Bengal kan 65,000. Shi ne dan wasa na hudu da ya fi kowa daukar bugun fenariti tare da wickets biyar daga wasanni bakwai. A watan Afrilu BCB ta inganta kwangilar Shafiul daga kwangilar C zuwa ta B Ya kasance babban mai daukar wicket ga kungiyar Agrii Bank Cricket Club a gasar shekara ta 2017-18 na Dhaka Premier Division, tare da kora 24 a wasanni 13. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, an saka shi a cikin tawagar dan kungiyar Rangpur Riders, bayan da aka tsara don Firimiya na 2018-19 na Bangladesh A watan Maris na shekara ta 2019, wasan kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mohammedan da kungiyar Gazi Group Cricketers ta yi a zagayen bude gasar Premier ta Crisket ta shekarar Dhabi ta shekar ta 2018–19, Shafiul ya dauki wicket din sa na farko biyar a cikin Cricket na List A. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2019, an zaɓe shi don ya buga wa Khulna Tigers a gasar Premier League ta shekarar 2019-2020 Bangladesh Ayyukan duniya Shafiul ya samu kiran farko na kasa da kasa lokacin da ya zabi cikin tawagar Bangladesh don yin jerin gwano tare da Indiya da Sri Lanka a watan Janairun shekara ta 2010. Shi kadai ne dan wasa a cikin kungiyar ta Bangladesh ba tare da wata kwarewar duniya ba, amma zabinsa ya ta'allaka ne da rawar da yake takawa a gasar cikin gida ta Bangladesh. Ya buga wasan sa na farko na kwana daya a ranar 4 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010 da Sri Lanka. Ya buɗe kwanon tare da Rubel Hossain kuma ya yarda 39 gudanar daga 5 kan Ya sami nasarar daukar wicket daya, na Kumar Sangakkara wanda aka kama a baya na shekaru 74. Bayan ya ɗauki wicket a kowane ɗayan wasannin farko na ODI da ya yi, an sa masa suna a cikin Testan wasa 14 da za su yi wasa da Indiya a ƙarshen watan. Ya fara zama Gwajinsa na farko a ranar 17 ga watan Janairu kuma ya buɗe kwanar tare da Shahadat Hossain Indiya ta ci 113 Gudun kuma Shafiul budurwar wicket ta Gautam Gambhir ce A cikin wata guda, Shafiul sau biyu ya yarda fiye da 90 yana gudana a cikin ODI, na farko a kan Pakistan a watan Yunin shekara ta shekarar 2010 sannan kuma a kan Ingila a watan Yuli. Sakamakon haka, yana riƙe da rikodin mafi yawan lambobin ƙwallon da ɗan wasan Bangladesh a cikin ODIs. Bangladesh ta dauki bakuncin gasar cin kofin duniya ta shekarar 2011 a watan Fabrairu, Maris, da Afrilu tare da Indiya da Sri Lanka. An zabi Shafiul a cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 15 na Bangladesh. A ranar 11 ga watan Maris, Shafiul ya ba da gudummawa ta hanyar hadin gwiwa guda 58 wanda ya ba da nasara karo na tara don taimakawa Bangladesh ta yi nasara kan Ingila da ci biyu da nema. Bayan kammala wasan, magoya bayan Bangladesh sun yi ta rera waka "Bangladesh, Bangladesh Shafiul jarumi ne na gaske Bayan kammala wasan, an bawa Shafiul da Mahmudullah 1 miliyan taka don haɗin gwiwar lashe wasa. An zabi Imrul Kayes a matsayin gwarzon dan wasa, duk da cewa ya nuna cewa "Wasan karshe da aka baiwa Man-of-the-Match aka ba ni amma ban cancanci hakan ba. Shafiul ne ya kamata ya samu. Kyaftin din, Shakib Al Hasan ya yaba da kwazon Shafiul da kwalliyar da ya yi a wasan da suka buga da Netherlands. Raunin kafa ya nufi Shafiul ya rasa duka Gwajin da aka yi da West Indies a watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2011. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2018, an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Bangladesh don yin gasar shekarar 2018 ACC Emerging Teams Asia Cup Salon wasa Champaka Ramanayake, mai horar da 'yan wasan bolley na Bangladesh lokacin da Shafiul ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa, ya yi tsokaci cewa "Shafiul yana da kwarewa sosai; yana da matukar saurin gudu kuma yana iya yin kwano. Dole ne a bashi isasshen damar da zai haskaka kuma muna da kwarin gwiwa cewa zai zo ta hanyar Gabaɗaya yana yin kwalliya a tsayi ɗaya, kuma masu zaɓen ƙasa suna jin cewa yana buƙatar sauya ƙwallonsa don yin tasiri a matakin Gwaji.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Shafiul Islam at ESPNcricinfo
Mutane
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1989
'Yan wasan kurket
'Yan wasan kurket ta ƙasar Ingila
Pages with unreviewed |
34174 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/That%27s%20Not%20My%20Name | That's Not My Name | Articles with hAudio microformats
Wannan Ba Sunana bane shine farkon farkon mawakan duo na Burtaniya mai suna Ting Tings An fara fitar da waƙar a matsayin gefen A-biyu tare da Babban DJ ta lakabin rikodin rikodin mai zaman kansa na Switchflicker, a ranar 28 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2007. Bayan babban girma daga BBC Radio 1 da NME, a sake fitar da guda ɗaya daban-daban a ranar 12 ga watan Mayu shekarar 2008 akan Columbia Records Daga baya an haɗa shi akan kundi na farko na studio, Ba Mu Fara Komai ba a shekarar a ta (2008).
Bayan sake fitowar Columbia, "Wannan ba Sunana ba ne" da aka yi muhawara a kan Chart na Singles na Burtaniya, ganin gasar daga ingantattun ayyuka kamar Rihanna, Madonna, da will.i.am. Waƙar ta kasance mai barci a Arewacin Amirka, tana cikin saman 40 na sigogi a Amurka a cikin watan Agusta shekarar ta 2009. Single ɗin ya sayar da kwafin dijital sama da miliyan ɗaya.
YyAbun ciki "Wannan ba Sunana bane" an rubuta shi a cikin maɓalli na E major tare da ɗan lokaci na bugun 145 a cikin minti daya. Muryoyin da ke cikin waƙar sun bambanta daga G 3 zuwa G 5 Mawaƙa Katie White ta bayyana cewa an rubuta waƙar "tare da ni da ke nuna takaici game da masana'antar rikodin."
Bidiyon kiɗa Waƙar tana da bidiyon kiɗa guda uku. Na farko yana fasalta Ting Tings akan farar bango yana yin waƙar akan saiti, tare da madaidaicin fage na Fari mai launin shuɗi da ruwan hoda. An yi amfani da wannan sigar bidiyon don inganta waƙar da kundi a lokacin da aka fitar da shi a shekara ta 2007. Wannan bidiyon yana kama da na gani na Toni Basil 's Mickey daidai da kamannin sauti. Sophie Muller da Stacey Hartly ne suka jagoranci wannan bidiyon.
Columbia ta samar da bidiyo na 2008 don sakin Amurka, tare da darekta David Allain kuma tare da su suna sake yin wani tsari na daban, tare da ƙarin kayan aiki da fitilu masu walƙiya a bango. An fara fitar da bidiyon a kan mtvU.com a ranar 26 ga Janairu, 2009. An yi wani bidiyo don sigar sauti. Duk bidiyon aiki ne kai tsaye. Bidiyon kiɗa na uku, wanda aka fi sani da madadin bidiyo, AlexandLiane ne ya jagoranta kuma ya ƙunshi Ting Tings a cikin garin fatalwa na hamada. 'Yan wasan dutch biyu, masu fara'a, 'yan wasan bugu na maƙiya da ƴan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa suna fitowa daga cikin dazuzzuka sanye da baƙaƙen tufafi masu kyan gani. Ting Tings ne ke yin waƙar, yayin da a bayansu ƴan wasan dutch biyu suka tsallake igiya, masu fara'a suna murna, masu ganga, da kuma alamar masu jujjuya alamomin da ke nuna sunayen waƙoƙin waƙar a kansu.
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Mahimmanci Mawakin ya sami kyakkyawan bita daga masu suka bayan sake sakewa, tare da NME yana kwatanta shi a matsayin "no-flab electro-pop nugget", yayin da mujallar Q ta bayyana shi a matsayin "ƙwaƙwalwar Hey Mickey -style handclaps da gobbily staccato. vocal, dinka tare don kera wani tsagi wanda yake nan take kuma sananne". Digital Spy kwatanta guda daya da "gwangwanin cola mai girgiza sosai", kuma ya kara da cewa "[waƙar tana da kyau] mai ɗanɗano, mai ɗanɗano, kyakkyawa mai kauri".
Kasuwanci A cikin United Kingdom, ɗayan ya shiga saman jadawalin Singles UK a ranar 18 ga Mayu 2008 na makon da ya ƙare ranar 24 ga Mayu 2008 ya kawo ƙarshen mulkin Madonna da Justin Timberlake na makonni huɗu a saman tare da minti 4 A mako mai zuwa, duk da haka, ya zame zuwa lamba biyu bayan Rihanna 's Take a Bow ya haura zuwa lamba daya. A Ireland, ya kai kololuwa a lamba biyu tsawon makonni biyar a jere. A Ostiraliya, bayan da sannu a hankali ya tashi ginshiƙi na marasa aure, daga ƙarshe ya kai saman 10, kuma an ba da takardar shaidar Platinum a cikin 2009. A kan Jadawalin Singles Jiki na Australiya, ya kai kololuwa a 20, kuma akan ginshiƙi na Dijital na Australiya a lamba takwas. A Amurka, "Wannan Ba Sunana bane" ya hau lamba 39 a kan <i id="mwWw">Billboard</i> Hot 100, wanda ya ba ƙungiyar 40 na farko a can. An ba wa waƙar shaidar Zinariya a ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2009, tana sayar da fiye da kwafi 500,000.
Rufewa da amfani a cikin kafofin watsa labarai Dizzee Rascal ya yi sigar wannan waƙa a cikin Live Lounge a gidan rediyon BBC 1, inda ya canza waƙar zuwa: "Suna kirana 'jini'/ Suna kirana' yaro mara mutunci '/Suna kirana oi/Suna kirana mate/ Suna amfani da N-word kamar wasa Wannan ba sunana ba ne. A lokacin gasar cin kofin Pittsburgh Penguins Stanley a shekara ta 2009, gidan rediyon Pittsburgh WDVE ya yi waƙar waƙar mai taken "Wannan Shine Sunana" game da ɗan wasan Penguins Evgeni Malkin, wanda wani mutum mai sauti kamar Malkin ya rera game da sunayen laƙabi da yawa. An kuma sanya waƙar a matsayin "He's Get My Name" don gwajin Johnny Network na Cartoon Bugu da ƙari, an yi amfani da waƙar a cikin bidiyon kiɗa na wasan kwaikwayo ta Norwegian comedy duo Ylvis a kan jawabinsu na kveld med YLVIS (Yau tare da YLVIS), mai suna "Jeg Heter Finn" ("Sunana Finn"). An yi amfani da kayan aikin waƙar a cikin tallan silima na Burtaniya don Rediyon BBC 1 a lokacin bazara na 2008. An kuma yi amfani da sigar waƙar da aka sake haɗawa azaman kiɗan don ɓangaren PINK na Nunin Kayayyakin Sirrin Victoria na 2008 (wanda Cho Dongho ya sake haɗawa). Hakanan ana amfani da waƙar a cikin kasuwancin Mobitel na Mobitel na Slovenia don fakitin biyan kuɗin su, Itak Džabest. "Wannan Ba Sunana ba" an yi amfani da shi a cikin trailer na fim ɗin rani na 2009 Post Grad, kuma a kan nunin 90210 akan The CW, Brothers & Sisters akan ABC, Yin Matsayi, da City akan MTV, da kuma a cikin fina-finai. An Kori! (2009) da Horrible Bosses (2011), wanda Charlie Day 's hali Dale ya rera shi a cikin mota yayin da yake kan hodar iblis. An nuna waƙar a cikin CSI: NY a matsayin waƙar farkon jigon Batun Ba Komawa An kuma yi amfani da waƙar akan jerin Skins 3 episode "Katie da Emily". Wannan waƙar tana fitowa sau da yawa a cikin E4 sitcom The Inbetweeners kuma ta fito a cikin Fim ɗin Inbetweeners (waƙar sauti na hukuma). Bugu da ƙari, an nuna waƙar a cikin Suburgatory Avant-garde na Amurka da ƙungiyar gwaji Xiu Xiu ya yi amfani da layin "Wannan ba Sunana ba" a cikin murfin Yarinya Kadai (A Duniya) ta Rihanna An canza layukan don cewa "Kana kirana Jamie, ba sunana ba kenan." An kuma yi amfani da waƙar a cikin tallace-tallace da tallace-tallace don Despicable Me 2, Joe Fresh, The Lego Movie, Coca-Cola, da Amazon Alexa An kuma yi amfani da shi a cikin fina-finan La Famille Bélier, Gnome Alone, da Peter Rabbit 2: The Runaway Shirin talabijin na Isra’ila Ha-Yehudim Ba’im ya yi amfani da waƙar a matsayin madogara ta satire game da dokar Yahudawa da ta hana a furta tetragrammaton, inda Allah ya koka game da kiransa da sunaye dabam-dabam da ba nasa ba.
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21097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senegalese%20Tirailleurs | Senegalese Tirailleurs | 'Yan Senegalese Tirailleurs sun kasance rukuni ne na sojojin mulkin mallaka a cikin Sojan Faransa. Da farko an ɗauke su aiki daga Senegal, Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa sannan daga baya a ko'ina cikin Yammaci, Tsakiya da Gabashin Afirka: manyan yankuna kudu da Sahara na mulkin mallaka na Faransa. Sunan tirailleur, wanda ke fassara daban-daban a matsayin "mai jajircewa", "rifleman", ko "sharpshooter", wani suna ne da Sojojin Faransa suka ba wa 'yan asalin ƙasar da aka ɗauka a cikin yankuna daban-daban da kuma mallakar ƙasashen ƙetare na Daular Faransa a cikin ƙarni na sha tara 19 da ashirin 20.
Duk da daukar ma'aikata ba a iyakance shi a Senegal ba, wadannan rukunin dakaru sun dauki taken "sénégalais" tunda a nan ne aka fara kirkirar bakaken fata na Afirka Tirailleur. An kirkiro Tirailleurs na Senegal na farko a cikin Shekara ta 1857 kuma sun yi aiki a Faransa a cikin yaƙe-yaƙe da dama, ciki har da Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya (wanda ya ba da kusan sojoji 200,000, fiye da 135,000 daga cikinsu sun yi yaƙi a Turai kuma an kashe 30,000 daga cikinsu) da Yaƙin Duniya na II (daukar sojoji 179,000, an tura 40,000 zuwa Yammacin Turai). Sauran tirailleur regiments an tashe su a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa daga larabawa da Berber na aljeriya, Tunisia da Morocco, ɗaya ana kiransu tirailleurs nord-africains ko Turcos. Hakanan an tayar da tsarin mulkin Tirailleur a cikin Indochina, ana kiransu Vietnamese, Tonkinese ko Annamites Tirailleurs.
Tarihi
Asali An kirkiro 'yan Senegal din ne a cikin shekara ta 1857 daga Louis Faidherbe, janar janar na Afirka ta Yamma ta Faransa, saboda ba shi da isassun sojojin Faransa da za su iya sarrafa yankin da kuma biyan wasu bukatun na farkon mulkin mallaka. An kuma sanya doka ta yau da kullun don kafa wannan rundinar a ranar 21 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1857 a cikin Plombières-les-Bains ta Napoleon III. Daga baya aka faɗaɗa daukar ma'aikata zuwa sauran yankunan da Faransa ta yiwa mulkin mallaka a Afirka. A cikin shekarun ta na farko sojojin sun hada da wasu tsoffin bayi da aka siya daga masu mallakar bayi a Afirka ta Yamma da fursunonin yaki. Recruitaukar aiki na gaba ya kasance ta hanyar yin rajista na son rai ko wani lokaci ta hanyar yin rajista ba da izini ba.
1870–1914 Bayan yakin Franco-Prussian, 'yan kasar Senegal sun ci gaba da samar da yawancin sojojin Faransa a Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Lambobin su gaba ɗaya sun kasance iyakance. Koyaya, a cikin tsammanin yakin duniya na farko, Kanar Charles Mangin ya bayyana a cikin littafinsa na shekara ta 1910 mai suna La force ya faɗi ra'ayinsa game da rundunar sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa da ya faɗaɗa sosai, yayin da Jean Jaurès, a cikin littafinsa na L'armée nouvelle, ya ba da shawarar cewa Sojojin Faransa su nemi wani wuri don tara dakarunta saboda faduwar haihuwa a cikin kasar Faransa.
Wani rukuni mai girman kamfani na tirailleurs sénégalais ya shiga cikin mamayar Madagascar a shekara ta (1895), kodayake yawancin sojojin da ba na Turai ba da aka yi amfani da su a cikin wannan kamfen sun kasance 'yan Algeria da na Hausa. An sake shigar da jerin gwano na tirailleurs malgache a Madagascar, ta yin amfani da sassan Senegal a matsayin abin koyi.
A cikin shekara ta 1896, ƙaramin balaguron da ya ƙunshi yawanci tirailleurs sénégalais 200 aka haɗu a Loango (Kongo ta Faransa) ƙarƙashin Kyaftin Jean-Baptiste Marchand. Wannan "Marchand Mission" ya dauki shekaru biyu kafin ya ratsa daruruwan mil na daji da ba a bincika ba har sai da suka isa Fashoda akan Kogin Nilu. Anan suka ci karo da sojojin Burtaniya da na Masar a karkashin Manjo-Janar Kitchener, wanda bai jima da fatattakar sojojin Mahadi na Dervish kusa da Khartoum ba. Yayin da "Faruwar Fashoda" ta tayar da yiwuwar yaƙi tsakanin Faransa da Birtaniyya, an biya haraji ga ƙarfin hali da juriya na Marchand da na Senegal wanda ya ke ɗinilleurs daga ɓangarorin biyu.
A wata doka da ta gabata a ranar 7 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1900, Tirailleurs Sénégalais, da Tirailleurs indochinas, malgach na Tirailleurs da "marsouins" ba sa ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Navy da na lonungiyoyin Mulkin Mallaka, amma an sake sanya su a matsayin rukunin rukunin Troupes, ya bambanta da abubuwan yankin Sojojin birni kuma sun banbanta da Armée d'Afrique na Maghreb. An sanya alamar anga na coloniales na Troupes a kan abin wuya daga shekara ta 1914, kuma lokacin da aka karɓi hular Adrian a WW1, Tirailleurs Sénégalais ne ya sa alama tare da anga a bayan gurnati mai walƙiya.
A farko farkon shekara ta 1900s, tirailleurs sénégalais sun ga sabis na aiki a cikin Kwango ta Faransa da Chadi yayin ci gaba da samar da rundunoni don abubuwan mallakar Faransa a Yammaci da Tsakiyar Afirka. A cikin shekara ta 1908, bataliyoyi biyu na tirailleurs sénégalais suka sauka a Casablanca don fara kusan shekaru ashirin na aiki a Marokko ta ɓangarorin Senegal. A ranar 14 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1913, 1e regiment de tirailleurs sénégalais suka gabatar da matsayinsu a Longchamp, karo na farko da aka ga sojojin Senegal a cikin babban birnin Faransa. An gabatar da sabbin tutoci ga 2e, 3e da 4e RTS a layi daya.
Yaƙin Duniya na 1 Akwai bataliyoyi 21 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais (BTS) a cikin Sojan Faransa a watan Agusta shekarar 1914, duk suna aiki a cikin Yammacin Afirka ko kuma suna aiki a Maroko.
Tare da ɓarkewar yaƙi bataliya 37 ta Faransa, Arewacin Afirka da ta Senegal ta tura su daga Maroko zuwa Faransa. Bataliyan batutuwan Senegal biyar ba da daɗewa ba suna aiki a Western Front, yayin da wasu suka zama wani ɓangare na ragin sojojin Faransa a Maroko. BTS na 5 ya zama wani ɓangare na rukunin Faransanci wanda aka goge kusa da Khenifra, yayin Yaƙin El Herri a ranar 13 Nuwamba Nuwamba 1914, tare da 646 da suka mutu. Na 10, 13, 16 da 21 BTS daga baya sun ga fada mai ƙarfi a Maroko, wanda aka ƙarfafa da 9,000 ƙarin San asalin Senegal waɗanda aka kawo daga Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka. A Yammacin Yammacin Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Ypres da Dixmude yayin Yaƙin Flanders a ƙarshen shekarar 1914, a lokacin kame Fort de Douaumont a watan Oktoba shekarar 1916, yayin yaƙin Chemin des Dames a watan Afrilu shekarar 1917 da kuma a Yaƙin Reims a cikin shekarar 1918. Asara ta yi nauyi musamman a Flanders (wanda aka kiyasta daga 3,200 zuwa 4,800) da Chemin des Mains (7,000 daga 15,00 da aka kashe a cikin tirailleurs). A cikin shekarar 1915 bataliya bakwai na Tirailleurs Sénégalais suna cikin bataliyar sojoji 24 da Faransawa suka aika zuwa Dardanelles a matsayin Corps expéditionnaire d'Orient Adadin mutanen da suka mutu a Faransa a cikin wannan kamfen sun kai 27,000 amma 'yan Senegal da na yau da kullun na mulkin mallaka an lura da su saboda babban halin ɗabi'a da suka kiyaye duk da asarar da ta kai biyu cikin uku a wasu sassan. Yan tiragenurs na Senegal sun bambanta kansu a cikin harin a lokacin saukar Faransa ta farko a gefen kudu na Dardanelles.
Sabuwar hanyar daukar ma'aikata Manufofin sojan Faransa game da amfani da sojojin Afirka a Turai sun canza a cikin shekara ta 1915. Babban kwamandan Faransa ya fahimci cewa yakin zai daɗe fiye da yadda suke tsammani. Don haka suka ba da izini ga babbar hanyar daukar ma'aikata a Afirka ta Yamma. Sakamakon haka, an kara ƙarin bataliyan Senegal 73 tsakanin shekara ta 1915 da shekara ta 1918, wanda 42 daga cikinsu sun ga sabis a Faransa kanta. Abunda aka saba yi shine hada bataliyan fararen mulkin mallaka ("les marsouins") da Tirailleurs na Afirka a cikin jerin gwanon coloniaux (Irin wadannan rundunonin guda hudu an kirkiresu ne daga tirailleurs guda bakwai da bataliyoyi biyar na Infanterie Coloniale da aka tura a Gallipoli Yanayin mummunan yanayin yakin ramuka ya kasance tushen musabbabin wahalar ga sojojin Afirka da ba su dace ba kuma, bayan shekara ta 1914 15, an zartar da aikin cire su zuwa kudancin Faransa don horo da sake ba su kayan aiki kowane lokacin hunturu. Duk da asarar da suka yi a kusan duk manyan yaƙe-yaƙe na Yammacin Yamma, da'a da ɗabi'ar "Coan mulkin mallaka" sun kasance masu ƙarfi yayin Yaƙin. A yayin bikin tunawa da cika shekaru 90 da yakin Verdun, shugaban kasar na lokacin Jacques Chirac ya gabatar da wani jawabi da ke nuna tsoffin mayaka 72,000 na mulkin mallaka da aka kashe a lokacin yakin, inda ya ambaci 'sojojin Moroccan, da tirailleurs daga Senegal, Indochina (Annam da Cochinchina), da kuma marsouins "na rukunin de marine Sana'ar Rhineland Armungiyar makamai ta watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1918 tana da tanadi don mamaye Oungiyar Rhineland da Faransa sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a wannan. Tsakanin sojoji dubu 25 zuwa dubu 40,000 na mulkin mallaka suna cikin wannan rundunar. An yi ƙoƙari na Jamusanci don bata sunan amfani da sojojin da ba Turawa ba daga Turawan Faransa yayin wannan mamayar, kamar yadda ya faru a baya lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Althoughaya.Kodayake ba a samar da kwararan hujjoji ba, yawancin masu fafutuka sun ce sojojin mulkin mallaka da kuma Senegal a musamman sune ke da alhakin yawan fyade da cin zarafin mata. Yaran da suka samo asali daga waɗannan ƙungiyoyin kwadagon an wulakanta su a matsayin Bastards na Rhineland kuma daga baya sun wahala a ƙarƙashin dokokin tseren Nazi.
Tsakanin Yakin Duniya A lokacin Yaƙin rundunar sojojin Faransa da ta ragu sosai a Maroko ta ƙunshi yawancin bataliyar Tirailleurs Sénégalais, waɗanda ba sa shafar fannoni masu biyayya na sojojin da aka tattara a cikin gida kuma waɗanda za a iya samun sauƙin tsira daga aiki a Yammacin Yammacin fiye da sojojin Faransa. A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 yakin Rif ya bazu zuwa Maroko ta Faransa lokacin da mayaka Berber dubu takwas suka kai hari kan layin wasu sansanonin Faransawa da aka kafa kwanan nan a yankin da ake rikici a kansa a arewacin Kogin Ouerghala. Mafi yawan waɗannan mukamai sun kasance 'yan Senegal da tirailleurs na Arewacin Afirka. A ranar 27 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1925 39 daga cikin mukamai 66 sun faɗi kuma an karkashe kayan aikinsu, ko kuma an yi watsi da su. Fuskantar abin da ya zama babban yaƙi Faransawa suka haɓaka rundunoninsu a Maroko kusan maza dubu Dari 100,000. Yan Afirka na Yammacin Afirka sun ci gaba da taka rawa a ayyukan da suka biyo baya a cikin Kare Mutanen Espanya (har zuwa shekara ta1926) da Kudancin Maroko (zuwa shekara ta 1934). A daya daga cikin alkawurra da yawa, Bataliya ta 2 ta Runduna ta 1 na Tirailleurs Sénégalais ta ci ayoyi 91 na jaruntaka yayin fada a kusa da Ain-Gatar a ranar 22 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 1926.
Yakin Duniya na Biyu A jajibirin yakin duniya na biyu, rundunoni biyar na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun kasance a Faransa ban da wata brigade da ke Algeria. An tura turawan mulkin mallaka na 2e yanki na dindindin a kudancin Faransa saboda barazanar Italiya. Hakanan an yi dalilin cewa yanayin ya fi dacewa da sojojin Afirka. Wannan tura Tirailleurs, a waje da yankunansu na daukar ma'aikata da kuma zaman lafiya na gargajiya, ya tashi ne saboda mummunan asarar rayukan yakin duniya na farko. Wannan ya shafi adadin Faransawan birni masu girma a cikin rukunin matasa masu shekaru ashirin zuwa ashirin da biyar da fiye da rabi. Har zuwa tirailleurs 200,000 suna aiki yayin yaƙin, wanda ya ƙunshi kusan kashi tara na sojojin Faransa. Yayin Yaƙin Faransa, Senegalese da sauran sassan tirailleur na Afirka sun yi aiki tare da bambanci a Gien, Bourges, da Buzancais. Sojojin Jamusawa, waɗanda aka cusa musu koyarwar wariyar launin fata ta 'yan Nazi, sun nuna fushinsu da yaƙin da suka yi da' yan adawa "marasa ƙima". A Montluzin, waɗanda suka kame Jamusawa sun kashe fursunonin Senegal. Senegalese Tirailleurs sun ga sabis mai yawa a Afirka ta Yamma, Italiya, da Corsica. A lokacin shekara ta 1944, sun taimaka wajen 'yantar da kudancin Faransa. 9th DIC (Divisionungiyoyin Infan Mulkin mallaka) sun haɗa da runduna ta 4, ta 6, da ta 13 na Senegalese Tirailleurs, kuma sun yi yaƙi daga Toulon zuwa iyakar Switzerland tsakanin watan Agusta da watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1944.
Bayan Yancin Faransa yan Tirailleurs sun kammala hidimarsu a Turai. An maye gurbinsu da sabbin ersan aikin sa kai na Faransa, bisa umarnin Charles de Gaulle Wannan tsari ya zama sananne da "blanchiment." Ganin ƙuntatawa na Amurka akan girman sojojin Faransa, de Gaulle ya zaɓi haɗa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban a cikin tsarin rundunar sojan. Tsarin rikitarwa na fitarwa da dawo da Tirailleurs, haɗe da ƙin Faransa ta biya bashin albashi saboda fursunonin yaƙi da aka saki, ya haifar da tashin hankali da dama. Mafi shaharar wadannan shine kisan kiyashin Thiaroye, a cikin 1944, lokacin da Faransawa suka kashe tsakanin 35 zuwa 300 (kafofin sun bambanta) Tirailleurs. An yi wa Tirailleurs Sénégalais alƙawarin cewa don amincewa da aikin su za su zama 'yan ƙasa ɗaya na Faransa, ba a kiyaye wannan alƙawarin ba bayan ƙarshen tashe-tashen hankula.
Bayan shekarar 1945 8724e Regiment de Marche de Tirailleurs Sénégalais, wanda ya ƙunshi bataliyoyi biyu, sun yi aiki a cikin Indochina War tsakanin shekara ta 1946 da shekara ta 1954. Alungiyoyin sojoji masu zaman kansu da yawa na Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun yi faɗa a cikin gidan wasan yaƙi ɗaya. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun hada da kashi 16 na sojojin Faransa a lokacin Yaƙin Indochina. Har ila yau a cikin danniyar boren da aka yi a Madagascar game da mulkin mallaka na Faransa Tirailleurs sun shiga ciki. A cikin shekara ta 1949 har yanzu akwai ragowar tara na Tirailleurs Sénégalais a cikin Sojan Faransa, suna aiki a Afirka ta Yamma, Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia da Indochina.
A lokacin Yaƙin Aljeriya, Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ga sabis mai fa'ida sosai daga shekarar 1954 zuwa shekara ta 1962, akasari a matsayin ɓangare na adan tawayen grid na ƙungiyoyin mamaye waɗanda aka yi niyya don kare gonaki da hanyoyi a yankunan karkara. Kimanin rukuni 12 na Senegal (ko dai runduna bataliya uku ko bataliya ɗaya) sun yi aiki a Arewacin Afirka ta Faransa tsakanin shekara ta 1954 da shekara ta 1967, lokacin da aka janye sojojin Faransa na ƙarshe. A shekara ta 1958-1959 aka rarraba sassan Tirailleur a wani bangare, yayin da aka sauya ma'aikatan Afirka zuwa sabbin rundunonin sojojin kasa lokacin da turawan Faransa suka mallaki Yammaci da Afirka ta Tsakiya. Adadin tsoffin tirailleurs sun ci gaba da aiki a cikin Sojan Faransa amma a matsayin ɗayan masu sa kai a cikin rukunin lonian Mulkin mallaka (daga baya Marine) Infantry ko Artillery. Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun rasa asalin tarihin su na musamman yayin wannan aikin. A matsayin misali, 1er RTS, wanda aka tashe shi a shekara ta 1857, ya zama runduna ta 61 ta rundunar soja a watan Disambar shekarar 1958. Rabaren Senegal na karshe a cikin Sojan Faransa ya wargaje a cikin shekara ta 1964. Mutumin Senegal na karshe da yayi aiki a yakin duniya na farko Abdoulaye Ndiaye, ya mutu yana da shekaru 104 a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 1998. An yi masa rauni a cikin Dardanelles Inifom Daga shekara ta 1857 zuwa shekara ta 1889 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun sa rigar zouave mai shuɗi mai duhu mai launin shuɗi mai ɗorawa (duba hoto na farko a sama). Wannan aka maye gurbinsu da wani sako-sako da cancantar duhu blue zilaikar, da wando sawa tare da wani ja sash da chechia Fez. An saka farin wando a cikin yanayin zafi kuma an ɗauki rigar filin wasan motsa jiki mai haske a cikin shekara ta 1898. Rakunan Senegal da aka tura zuwa Faransa a cikin shekara ta 1914 sun sanya sabon tufa mai launin shuɗi wanda aka gabatar a watan Yuni na waccan shekarar a ƙarƙashin manyan jakunkunan matsakaitan-shuɗi na sojojin Faransa. Wannan ya canza zuwa shuɗi-shuɗi a cikin shekara ta 1915 sannan kuma duhun kaki na duniya na sojojin ƙetare na Faransa a shekara mai zuwa. Duk tsawon waɗannan canje-canjen an riƙe madaurin rawaya mai banbanci da abin ɗora abin wuya, tare da fez (sawa tare da murfin katako don rage ganuwa). Har zuwa Yaƙin Duniya na II 'yan Tirailleurs Sénégalais sun ci gaba da sanya tufafin khaki da aka bayyana a sama, a cikin ko dai kyalle mai nauyi ko rawar motsa jiki gwargwadon yanayi. A m kamfen da suka sa wannan filin kayan kamar yadda sauran Faransa raka'a, yawanci tare da duhu blue forage hula na infanterie coloniale. Jan fes ya tsira a matsayin abun fareti har zuwa shekara ta 1950s.
Filmography Emitaï (1971) yana nuna illar tilasta mutane a ƙauyen Diola.
Baƙi da fari a Launi (1976), daga darektan Faransa Jean-Jacques Annaud, 1hr 30mins
Camp de Thiaroye, ta darektan Senegal Ousmane Sembene, 1987, mintuna 153.
Le Tata, payages de pierres, na darektan Faransa Patrice Robin da Marubuciya Eveline Berruezo, 1992, mintuna 60. Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay mémoires du 25 RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.
Adabi A Dare Duk Jinin Baƙi ne Ruhi ɗan'uwana labari ne daga marubucin Faransa David Diop. Da farko aka buga shi cikin Faransanci a ranar 16 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2018, daga Éditions du Seuil, ya lashe Prix Goncourt des Lycéens a waccan shekarar. Littafin yana zagaye da Alfa Ndiaye, dan asalin Senegal wanda ya rasa babban amininsa Mademba Diop yayin yaƙin duniya na ɗaya. Fassarar Ingilishi da Anna Moschovakis ya yi ta lashe kyautar Littattafan Duniya ta shekara ta 2021. An buga shi a Burtaniya ta Pushkin Press kuma a Amurka ta Farrar, Straus da Giroux.
Articles containing French-language text
Duba kuma Tirailleurs: tarihin asalin faransawa masu wannan gwagwarmaya tare da mulkin mallaka (misali: Algeria, Senegal da sauransu) rakailleur
Sojojin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Pierre Messmer
Tutocin mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Mulkin mallaka na Faransa
Jerin abubuwan mallakar Faransa da mulkin mallaka
Manazarta 2-7025-0142-7
978-1-47-282619-0
Myron Echenberg, "Bala'i a Thiaroye: Yunkurin Sojojin Senegal a 1944", a cikin Peter Gutkind, Robin Cohen da Jean Copans (eds), Tarihin Kwadago na Afirka, Beverly Hills, 1978, p. 109-128
Myron Echenberg, Kundin Tsarin Mulki: The Tirailleurs Senegalais a Faransa ta Yammacin Afirka, 1857-1960. Heinemann (1990), Kirista Koller »Von Wilden aller Rassen niedergemetzelt«. Die Diskussion um die Verwendung von Kolonialtruppen in Europa zwischen Rassismus, Kolonial- und Militärpolitik (1914-1930) Beiträge zur Kolonial- und Überseegeschichte, Bd. 82). Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 2001, Nancy Ellen Lawler. Sojoji na Bala'i: Ivoirien Tirailleurs na Yaƙin Duniya na II. Ohio Univ Latsa (1992) 978-1-85-532516-6
Filmography Eveline Berruezo da Patrice Robin Le Tata biya mai yawa. Takaddun fim, 60 1992. Espace Mémoire, Faransa.
Rafael Gutierrez da Dario Arce Le Tata sénégalais de Chasselay mémoires du 25 RTS "Fim ɗin fim, 52 2007. Ayyukan Chromatiques- TLM, Faransa.
Hanyoyin haɗin waje 'Yan Senegal na Tirailleurs a cikin WWI
Mai Gida ko Bauta? Tunani game da wakilcin jikin ɗan adam na 'yan'illeilleurs (1880-1918) na Nicolas Bancel da Pascal Blanchard
Shafuka kan Yaƙin Flandres, mai da hankali ga Tirailleurs Sénégalais Kirista Koller: Kasancewar Sojan Mulkin Mallaka a Turai (Afirka), a cikin: 1914-1918-kan layi. Encyclopedia na kasa da kasa na yakin duniya na farko Pages with unreviewed |
39075 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalemba%20Rockshelter | Kalemba Rockshelter | Kalemba Rockshelter wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin kasar Zambiya, a daidaitawa 14°7 S da 32°3 E. Al’adar gida tana tunawa da amfani da matsugunin dutse a matsayin mafaka a lokacin harin Ngoni a karni na 19. An san wurin don zane-zanen dutse daban-daban da kuma amfani da microlithic na ci gaba.
Tarihin bincike Kalemba rockshelter wani wurin binciken kayan tarihi ne dake gabashin Zambiya, wanda RA Hamilton ya gano a shekarar 1955 sannan ya kai rahoto ga tsohon gidan tarihi na Rhodes-Livingstone. Amma sai a shekarar 1971 ne DW Phillipson ya tono wurin. Sama da mita 30 a tsayi, matsugunin dutsen yana samuwa ne ta hanyar ɓangarorin granite gneiss. Fuskantar kwarin Chipwete, a gefen arewa-maso-yamma dutsen yana da tsayin mita 4.5, matsakaicin, kuma ya wuce ta wurin buɗaɗɗen wuri don kariya. Filin lebur yana kusa da gefen arewa maso gabas na dutsen; An rufe ta ta kowane bangare, tana da tudu mai tudu a kan babban tudu. Arewa da kudu maso yamma na dutsen dutsen suna ba da faɗaɗa sararin zama na bene da kuma kyakkyawan wuri wanda ke kallon kwarin Chipwete na sama. Wuri na biyu, ƙarami, ƙarancin kariya yana da bene na da kuma adjoins, a ƙarshen kudu maso yamma na babban masauki. Shiga daga ƙarshen arewa na babban tsari ko kuma daga tsaunuka a kusurwar kudu yana ba da damar shiga cikin sauƙi zuwa matsugunan dutsen biyu. Ana yin zane-zane a matsugunan biyu; tare da nisa na mita 12 wanda yake a bangon baya na babban matsuguni kuma a karkashin kudu maso yamma overhang yana da ƙaramin panel.
Hakowa Da farko dai, an keɓe haƙon da aka yi a Kalemba zuwa grid na murabba'i 10, duk da haka, ana buƙatar tsawaitawa don guje wa rugujewar bangon gefen. An raba tonon sililin gida biyu ne sakamakon fadowar wani dutse da ke daidai da bangon babban matsugunin. An gano jimlar sasannin ƙasa goma sha uku. Domin Philipson da membobin wani ɓangare na tono don samun damar zuwa ƙananan matakan, dole ne su ƙara ƙarin ƙari ga tonowar zuwa arewa maso yamma. A ƙarshe, tonowar ya ƙunshi jimillar yanki na An tattara gawayi don saduwa da radiocarbon da kuma samfuran ƙasa don nazarin koyarwa. Duk da haka, bayan wani lokaci, tonowar ya kamata a bar shi a zurfin saboda yanayin rashin lafiya tare da bangon gefe. Don ci gaba da tono, ya zama dole a cire duwatsu masu nauyin kimanin tan 25 tare da yin amfani da toshe da kuma magance. Ana tsammanin cewa mafi yawan ma'auni suna samuwa a ƙarƙashin waɗannan duwatsu. Abin baƙin cikin shine, abubuwan da ake buƙata don magance cikin aminci da nasara tare da halin da ake ciki na duwatsu ba su samuwa ga DW Philipson a 1971, don haka, tilas ne a dakatar da aikin tono.
Stratigraphy da dating Kwanan radiyo sun nuna cewa aikin ɗan adam ya ɗauki kimanin shekaru 37,000 a Kalemba. Idan hasashe cewa kwanakin GX-2767 da GX-2768 sun fi dacewa da dangantaka ta kusan shekaru 13,000 KZ, to a cewar Phillipson, Phillipson ragowar kwanakin sun kasance daidai kuma suna samar da jerin da ke nuna lokuta da dama na sana'a da suka biyo baya: lokaci na 1., kafin shekaru 35,000 KZ; lokaci 2,c. 25,000 zuwa 21,000 shekaru KZ; Lokaci 3, c. 15,000 zuwa shekaru 11,000 KZ, da kuma tsawon shekaru 4 <6,000 KZ.
Ya samo Flakes
Dutse
Duwatsun guduma, anvils, shafa da nika dutse
Kayan tarihi na kashi
Shell kayan tarihi
Tukwane
Karfe abubuwa
Jana'izar
Ragowar sandar sanda da matsugunan bamboo
Flakes Flakes sun dogara ne akan 1243 gabaɗayan flakes tare da samfuran bazuwar da aka ɗauka daga kusan samfurori 100. Don suna kaɗan daga cikin filayen da aka gano, akwai lanƙwasa na baya wanda ke wakiltar kusan kashi 30 cikin ɗari na kayan aikin da aka sake kunnawa. Hakanan an gano ma'anar lunates waɗanda ke wakiltar wani yanki mafi girma na nau'in juzu'i mai lankwasa, kashi 59 daidai yake, babu ɗaya daga cikin maɗaukakin maɗaukaki da ke da tsinkayar kunne a ƙarshen, duk da haka, a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, tip akan ɗaya ya fi girma. jaddada. Wani nau'in flake da aka gano shine zurfin lunate mai matsakaicin tsayi kuma talatin da uku ne kawai daga cikin waɗannan samfuran ake tattarawa. Goma sha bakwai ne kawai na asymmetrical lunate aka tattara waɗanda ke da matsakaicin tsayin An gano wasu nau'ikan microliths guda biyu, microlith trapezoidal ashirin da bakwai tare da ma'anar da microliths triangular goma sha huɗu tare da matsakaicin tsayin Kayan kayan tarihi na dutsen ƙasa An tattara gatari goma sha daya, tudu biyu, duwatsu hudu da wani abu mai yare guda daya a cewar Phillipson. Abun harshe da kuma dutsen su ne kawai irin wannan nau'in da ake samu a Gabashin Zambiya a mahallin binciken kayan tarihi.
Hammerstones. anvils, shafa da nika duwatsu Kimanin guduma talatin da bakwai aka tattara, 32 daga cikinsu ba a karye ba, nauyinsu daga guda. Daga cikin dukkan duwatsun da aka yi amfani da su guda daya ne kawai ma'adini da kuma wani nau'in guduma da aka fi so guntuwar sifar ovoid mara kyau sun bayyana a cikin binciken. An tattara duwatsu masu bugun guda goma sha biyu, tare da matsakaicin girman da kuma An tattara magudanar ruwa huɗu, uku kuma ma'adini ne ɗaya kuma a kan cobble Aka tattara duwatsun shafa guda bakwai sai dutsen niƙa ɗaya kawai. Koyaya, dutsen niƙa ya kasance lokacin farin ciki kuma an kafa shi zuwa zurfin mm goma sha biyu. Amfani na ƙarshe don dutsen niƙa shine don launin ja.
Kayan tarihi na kashi An tattara fil masu kai guda uku aka gano ana samar da su daga dogayen kasusuwan babban tsuntsu. An sami madaidaicin bodkins takwas da wasu lanƙwasa biyu waɗanda suka bambanta daga m zuwa madauwari. Ɗaya daga cikin lanƙwan jikin jikin kamar ƙaramin haƙarƙari ne mai kaifi yayin da ɗayan kuma ƙashi ne da ba a tantance ba. An tattara cikakkun maki guda biyu da tsawon; nuna asalin tsaga kashi. An kuma tattara allura, duk da haka, ana ɗauka cewa ba ta halitta ba ce. A karshe, an gano kayan aikin kashi daya sassaka wanda ya samo asali daga dogon kashin tsuntsu yana diamita.
Shell kayan tarihi An tattara beads guda goma sha huɗu, lanƙwasa ɗaya da fayafai ɗaya a Kalemba. Hudu daga cikin bead ɗin an yi su ne daga harsashi na achatina, ɗaya kuma an yi su ne daga harsashin katantan ruwa, sauran tara kuma an yi su ne daga katantan ƙasar da ba za a iya tantance su ba. Faifan harsashi, ya karye rabin harsashin katantanwa na ruwa. Kuma harsashi kuma an yi shi ne daga harsashin katantanwa na ruwa, amma ana zaton ya ɓace ko kuma a jefar da shi kafin a gama shi.
Tukwane An tattara cikakkun tasoshin ruwa guda uku, amma an kuma gano ragowar tukwane 392. An yi wa 100 daga cikin tarkace ado a bakin baki, amma sauran 292 ba a yi musu ado ba.
Karfe abubuwa An gano ƙarfe huɗu na ƙarfe da aka yi aiki. An samu zobe da waya. Ring shine a diamita tare da bandeji na rectangular Wayar ta kasance tsawon da diamita na iyakar.
Siffofin Siffofin da aka gano a lokacin tonowar sun hada da: Kaburbura guda hudu (kaburbura) da ragowar sanduna da matsuguni na bamboo da dama.
Manazarta
Duba kuma Mumbwa Caves
Tarihin Zambia
Kalemba rockshelter
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
32862 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy%20Tau | Percy Tau | Percy Muzi Tau (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1994) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke taka leda a ƙungiyar Premier League ta Masar Al Ahly SC a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Afirka ta Kudu.
Tau ya fara wasan kwallon kafa ne da kungiyar Mamelodi Sundowns ta Premier inda ya buga wasanni 100 a kowanne bangare na aro ga Witbank Spurs. A lokacin da yake tare da Sundowns, ya lashe gasar lig sau biyu da kuma CAF Champions League sau daya kuma an ba shi kyautar Gwarzon Kwallon Kafa na Shekara da kuma wanda ya zura kwallaye a kakar wasansa ta karshe da kulob din.
Ya koma Brighton a cikin shekarar 2018 amma, saboda rikice-rikicen izinin aiki, an ba shi rance ga ƙungiyar SG ta Belgium wanda tare da shi ya ci kyautar Proximus League Player of the Season. Tsarinsa ya ba shi damar tafiya na ɗan lokaci zuwa Club Brugge, inda ya ci lambar yabo ta masu cin nasara a kakar wasa ta gaba, kafin a ba shi rancen a karo na uku a jere lokacin da ya rattaba hannu a kan abokan hamayyar Anderlecht a shekarar 2020.
Tau ya rattaba hannu a kungiyar Al Ahly SC ta kasar Masar a shekara ta 2021 kan kwantiragin shekara biyu.
Aikin kulob/Ƙungiya
Mamelodi Sundowns An haife shi a eMalahleni, Tau ya fara aikinsa tare da Mamelodi Sundowns a gasar Premier League. Ya buga wasansa na farko na kwararru a kulob din a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2014 a gasar da Orlando Pirates. Ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin Domingues na mintuna 85 yayin da Sundowns ta sha kashi 1-0. Tau sa'an nan ya zira kwallaye na farko na sana'a burin ga kulob din a lokacin Nedbank Cup wasa a ranar 22 ga watan Maris shekarar 2014 da Golden Arrows. Kwallon da ya ci a minti na 90 ita ce ta hudu kuma ta karshe ga Sundowns yayin da suka ci 4-1 a kan Arrows. Sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar cin kofin duniya a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2015 a gasar cin kofin zakarun nahiyar Afirka ta CAF da TP Mazembe. Ya zura kwallo daya tilo da Sundown ta ci a wasan a minti na 84 da fara wasan inda Mamelodi Sundowns suka tashi 3-1. Bayan yanayi biyu kuma da wuya ya fito Mamelodi Sundowns, an sanya Tau cikin jerin fitattun kulob na kakar 2014 zuwa 2015.
Bisa shawarar kocin matasa na lokacin Rhulani Mokwena, an ba da shi aro ga kungiyar Witbank Spurs ta National First Division a maimakon haka. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2016 a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 3-1 a kan African Warriors kuma ya ci kwallaye 3 a wasanni 11 da ya buga a lokacin aro. Bayan kakar wasa tare da Witbank Spurs, Tau ya koma Mamelodi Sundowns kuma an saka shi a cikin 'yan wasan da za su buga gasar cin kofin zakarun kulob na CAF. Ya taka leda a ko'ina kuma yana taka leda a kowane minti na duka ƙafafu biyu na jimlar 3-1 a kan Zamalek na Masar a gasar cin kofin CAF Champions League. Nasarar ita ce nasara ta farko da Sundowns ta samu a gasar ta nahiyar. Sannan ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar lig a kulob din a ranar 2 ga watan Nuwamba Shekarar 2016 da Polokwane City. Ya zura kwallo ta farko a ragar kungiyar yayin da suka ci 2-0. Tau ya fara buga wa gefe a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA Club World Cup a ranar 11 ga watan Disamba shekarar 2016 da Kashima Antlers. An fitar da Sundowns daga gasar bayan ta sha kashi a hannun Japan da ci 2-0. A wasan matsayi na biyar, Tau ya zura kwallo daya tilo a ragar Sundowns yayin da suka tashi 4-1 a hannun Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors ta Koriya ta Kudu. A lokacin kakar 2017 zuwa 2018, Tau ya zira kwallaye 11 don taimakawa Mamelodi Sundowns zuwa taken gasar. Tsarinsa a duk tsawon kakar ya gan shi ya raba kyautar takalmin zinare na Lesley Manyathela tare da Rodney Ramagalela kuma ya ba shi kyautar Kwallon Kwallon Kaya da na Playeran Wasan Wasanni. Sakamakon nasarorin da ya samu, wasu kungiyoyin Turai sun yi zawarcin Tau a lokacin bazara. Yayin da ake ta cece-kuce a kan makomarsa, ya ki shiga Sundowns a shirye-shiryen tunkarar kakar wasa ta bana a kokarinsa na daukar matakin.
Brighton Hove Albion A ranar 20 ga watan Yuli 2018, Tau ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru hudu tare da kulob din Premier League na Ingila Brighton & Hove Albion, don kudin canja wuri da ba a bayyana ba, ya ruwaito yana cikin yankin R 50 miliyan (UK 2.7 miliyan), wani tarihin cinikin dan wasan cikin gida a Afirka ta Kudu. Manajan Brighton, Chris Hughton, ya tabbatar da cewa Tau za a ba da lamuni ba da daɗewa ba bayan canja wurinsa, bayan da ya kasa samun izinin aiki na Burtaniya, da kuma son ɗan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don samun ƙwarewar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Turai. A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, ya koma Brighton & Hove Albion, bayan an tuna da shi daga lamunin aronsa a Anderlecht Lamuni zuwa Union SG A ranar 15 ga watan Agusta, Tau ya shiga ƙungiyar rukuni na biyu na Belgium Union SG, mallakin shugaban Brighton Tony Bloom, a kan lamuni na tsawon lokaci. Nan da nan aka shigar da shi cikin tawagar farko kuma ya taka muhimmiyar rawa a gasar cin kofin Belgium a farkon rabin kakar wasa, inda ya zira kwallaye hudu a wasanni shida don taimaka wa kulob din zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe bayan ya rubuta nasarorin tarihi a kan Anderlecht da Genk. A cikin watan Afrilu 2019, bayan ya zira kwallaye shida a raga da taimakawa akaci bakwai don taimakawa kungiyar ta kammala kakar wasa a matsayi na biyu, Tau yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasa uku da aka zaba don kyautar Player of the Season, tare da abokin wasan Faïz Selemani. A karshe ya lashe kyautar kuma an sanya shi a cikin tawagar da ta fi fice a gasar.
Lamuni zuwa Club Brugge A ranar 29 ga watan Yuli 2019, Tau ya rattaba hannu kan kungiyar Club Brugge ta Belgium a matsayin aro na kakar 2019-20. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kungiyar a ranar 2 ga Agusta 2019 da Sint-Truiden inda ya zura kwallo a wasan da kungiyar ta samu nasara a gida da ci 6-0. A ranar 13 ga Agusta, an kore shi da laifin yin laifi na biyu yayin wasan da suka tashi 3 3 a waje da Dynamo Kiev a wasansa na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai. Brugge ta samu nasara ne da ci 4-3. Tau ya bayyana a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a waje da Real Madrid a ranar 1 ga Oktoba, inda ya taimaka wa kwallon ɗin a farko. An kawo karshen gasar a watan Mayu tare da sauran wasa daya da za a buga saboda Covid-19. Tau ya buga wasannin lig 18 inda ya zira kwallaye 3 yayin da aka sanar da Club Bruges a matsayin zakara, maki 15 tsakaninta da matsayi na 2.
Lamuni zuwa Anderlecht A ranar 4 ga Agusta 2020, Tau ya rattaba hannu kan kulob din Anderlecht na Belgium, kan lamunin shekara guda. Ya buga wasansa na farko a kulob din a ranar 16 ga Agusta 2020, ya zo ne a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a minti na 64 da Sint-Truiden, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko yayin da Anderlecht ta ci wasan 3-1.
Komawa Brighton A ranar 7 ga Janairu 2021, ƙungiyar Brighton ta sake kiran Tau, bayan watanni huɗu kacal a Anderlecht, bayan ƙungiyar ta sami amincewar Hukumar Mulki, sabon tsarin tushen maki don 'yan wasan da ba na Ingilishi ba wanda ya fara aiki lokacin da lokacin canji ya biyo baya. Ficewar Birtaniya daga Tarayyar Turai ya kare, daga FA ga Tau. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, 2021, kwanaki 905 bayan sanya hannu kan The Seagulls Tau ya fara buga wasansa na farko a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a gasar cin kofin FA a Newport County inda a karshe Brighton ta yi nasara a bugun fenareti. Bayan kwana uku ya fara buga gasar lig na Brighton wanda ya fara a gasar Premier da suka tashi 1-0 a Manchester City. A ranar 15 ga Mayu, yayin da yake bayyanar da bayyanarsa ta uku a gasar Premier Tau ya aika ta hanyar kwallo zuwa Danny Welbeck wanda ya zura kwallon a kan mai tsaron gida Łukasz Fabiański ya sa The Seagulls gaba a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 gida da West Ham.
Al Ahly Tau ya rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin a gasar Premier ta Masar Al Ahly a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2021. Tau ya taka leda a gasar cin kofin CAF na shekarar 2021 a ranar 22 ga Disamba, inda ya taimaka wa Al Ahly kwallon a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida, inda ya ci.
Ayyukan kasa Tau ya fara buga wasansa na farko a Afirka ta Kudu a ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 2015 a ci 0-2 da Angola ta yi a wasan neman cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2016. A ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekarar 2017, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko ta kasa da kasa a minti na 69 a karawar da suka yi da Guinea-Bissau bayan da ya karbi katin gargadi minti biyu da suka wuce.
A ranar 13 ga watan Oktoba shekarar 2018, Tau yana daya daga cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu da suka zira kwallaye yayin da al'ummar kasar suka sami nasara mafi girma da aka taba samu tare da doke Seychelles da ci 6-0 a wasan neman tikitin shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika. A ranar 24 ga watan Maris, shekarar 2019, ya zura kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Libya da ci 2-1 don tabbatar da cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Afrika ta shekarar 2019. Kwallon da ya yi ya kai shi kwallaye hudu a gasar neman tikitin shiga gasar, inda ya sanya shi cikin wadanda suka fi zura kwallaye a gasar. An saka sunan Tau a cikin 'yan wasan Afirka ta Kudu don buga gasar cin kofin Afirka na shekarar 2019. Ya fara ne a dukkanin wasanni biyar da ya bugawa kasarsa inda suka yi wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe, inda Najeriya ta sha kashi a hannun Najeriya har ta hana su zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe.
Kididdigar sana'a/Aiki
Kulob/Ƙungiya
Ƙasashen Duniya
Kwallayensa na kasa Maki da sakamako ne suka jera yawan kwallayen da Afirka ta Kudu ta ci a farko.
Girmamawa
Kulob Mamelodi Sundowns
Premier League 2013–14, 2017–18
Kofin Nedbank 2014-15 Telkom Knockout 2015 CAF Champions League 2016
CAF Super Cup 2017
Club Brugge
Belgian Pro League 2019-20 Al Ahly
CAF Super Cup 2021
Ƙasashen Duniya Afirka ta Kudu
Gasar Kasashe Hudu na 2018
Mutum Lesley Manyathela Golden Boot 2017–18 PSL Kwallon Kafa na Shekara 2017–18 PSL Players' Player of the Season 2017–18 Belgian First Division B Player of the Season: 2018–19 Ƙungiyoyin Farko na B na Belgium na Lokacin: 2018-19
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
53659 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chayanne | Chayanne | Elmer Figueroa Arce (an haife shi a watan Yuni 28, 1968), wanda aka fi sani da sunan mataki Chayanne, mawaƙi ne kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na Puerto Rican Latin A matsayinsa na ɗan wasa na solo, Chayanne ya fitar da kundi guda 21 kuma ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 50 a duk duniya, ya sa ya zama ɗaya daga cikin masu fasahar kiɗan Latin mafi siyar.
Chayanne ya halarci telenovelas na Puerto Rican guda biyu da tashar talabijin ta WAPA-TV ta watsa a cikin 80s. Waɗannan su ne Sombras del Pasado tare da Daniel Lugo da Alba Nydia Díaz, da Tormento tare da Daniel Lugo da Yazmin Pereira.
Tarihin Rayuwa
Rayuwar farko Mahaifin Figueroa Arce shine Quintino Figueroa, manajan tallace-tallace, mahaifiyarsa ita ce Irma Luz Arce, malami, wanda ya mutu a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2014, bayan dogon yaki da ciwon daji. Shine na uku cikin ‘yan’uwa biyar. Sunansa "Chayanne" mahaifiyarsa ta ba shi, don girmama ƙaunarsa ga jerin talabijin na Amurka na 1950, Cheyenne Sana'a tare da Los Chicos A cikin marigayi 1970s, ya saurari Menudo, amma masu samarwa sun gaya masa cewa ya kasance matashi don kasancewa a cikin kungiyar. Ya shiga wani rukuni, Los Chicos, kuma sun samar da faifan bidiyo da yawa, ciki har da "Puerto Rico Son Los Chicos" da "Ave Maria". Los Chicos ya zagaya ko'ina cikin Latin Amurka kuma ya zama babban abokin hamayya ga Menudo lokacin da Chayanne ya kasance memba.
Solo artist Bayan Los Chicos ya rabu a cikin 1984, Chayanne ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fasaha na solo. Ya sanya hannu tare da RCA Víctor kuma ya fitar da kundin sa na farko, Chayanne es mi Nombre, a waccan shekarar. Kundin sa na biyu tare da RCA Víctor, Sangre Latina an sake shi a cikin 1986.
Bayan shekaru uku tare da RCA Víctor, Chayanne ya canza lakabi zuwa Sony Music kuma ya barke da kundi na farko mai taken kansa a 1987. Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi nau'ikan ballads da waƙoƙin raye-raye, tsarin da Chayanne zai shahara. Ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi biyu da aka buga, ballad "Peligro de Amor" wanda Michael Sullivan da Paulo Massadas suka rubuta da kuma waƙar da za ta tabbatar da shi a matsayin mai yin gabaɗaya, waƙar rawa mai kyau "Fiesta en América" wanda Honorio Herrero ya rubuta.
A ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 1988, Chayanne ya fito da kundi na biyu mai suna, Chayanne Wannan kundin ya ƙunshi waƙoƙi da yawa da suka buga, ciki har da Honorio Herrero's "Tu Pirata Soy Yo", José María Cano's "Fuiste un Trozo de Hielo en la Escarcha", da "Este Ritmo Se Baila Así", wanda Pierre-Edouard Decimus, Jacob Desvarieux ya ƙunshi, duka mambobi ne na ƙungiyar Caribbean ta Faransa, da Roberto Li Kassav'vi A lokaci guda kuma, Chayanne ya zama mai magana da yawun Pepsi, tare da isar da wurin talla na farko na Mutanen Espanya wanda aka watsa a bakin tekun talabijin na kasa zuwa bakin teku a lokacin 1989 Grammy Awards telecast.
A ranar 7 ga Agusta, 1990, ya fito da kundi na Tiempo de Vals, wanda ke nuna wasu daga cikin mafi kyawun siyar da shi; kamar waƙar take, wanda José María Cano ya haɗa; "Completamente Enamorados", wanda Piero Cassano ya rubuta, Adelio Cogliati, da Eros Ramazzotti da "Daría Cualquier Cosa", wanda Luis Gómez Escolar da Julio Seijas suka haɗa. Ya bi ta tare da kundin waƙar wanda waƙar takensa za ta zama waƙar sa hannun Chayanne, Provócame (1992). Wancan kundi kuma ya fito da buga wasan "El Centro de mi Corazón" (#1 US Hot Latin, 1992), kuma an zaba shi don Pop Song of the Year a Lo Nuestro Awards na 1993, yayin da Chayanne aka jera don Male Pop Artist. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, ya fito da kundi na Influencias (1994), wanda ya kasance abin girmamawa ga wasu tasirin kiɗansa. A cikin 1996, ya saki Volver a Nacer A cikin 1998, ya sami lambar yabo na Grammy na biyu tare da kundin Atado a Tu Amor, wanda ya nuna lambarsa ta farko-daya tun 1992, "Dejaria Todo" da kuma dogon lokaci mai tsayi a cikin waƙar take. Zafin zafi ya ci gaba a cikin 2000 lokacin da Chayanne ya fito da Simplemente tare da manyan goma da suka buga "Candela" da lambar-daya ta buga "Yo Te Amo". A ranar 19 ga Maris, 2002, ya fito da Grandes Exitos, kundi mafi girma tare da wasu sabbin waƙoƙi. Ɗaya daga cikin waɗancan sababbin waƙoƙin, "Y Tu Te Vas", ita ce waƙa ta ɗaya ta rani a 2002, kuma ta ci gaba da kasancewa jigon waƙa don telenovela Todo sobre Camila na Venezuelan wanda Venevisión ya samar. A shekara ta gaba, Chayanne ya fito da Sincero wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙin lamba guda biyu, "Un Siglo Sin Ti" da "Cuidarte el Alma".
A cikin 2005, ya yi yawon shakatawa tare da Alejandro Fernández da Marc Anthony A wannan shekarar, ya saki albam guda biyu. Na farko, kundi mafi girma na biyu, Desde Siempre tare da sabuwar waƙar "Contra Vientos y Mareas", sannan Cautivo tare da hits kamar "No Se Por Que", "Te Echo de Menos" da "Babu Te Preocupes Por Mí".
An fitar da kundi na 13 na Chayanne Mi Tiempo a ranar 10 ga Afrilu, 2007. Kundin da aka yi muhawara a lamba biyu akan babban ginshiƙi na Album ɗin Latin yana siyar da kwafi 17,000 a cikin makon farko na fitowa. Daya daga cikin kundi na farko, Si Nos Quedara Poco Tiempo ya kai lamba daya akan ginshikin Waƙoƙin Latin.
Bayan fitowar kundin, Chayanne ya fara balaguron kasa da kasa don inganta Mi Tiempo Daga cikin wuraren da aka ziyarta a farkon rangadin akwai Mexico, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru, da Amurka. A ranar 24 ga Agusta, 2008, ya fara jerin gabatarwa a Spain. Lokacin da aka yi hira da shi ya lura cewa wasan kwaikwayon zai kasance mai ruwa "kamar kiɗa", kuma "mafi Latin" fiye da abubuwan da ya gabatar a baya, wanda ya ƙunshi "mafi yawan pop, Brazilian, Caribbean da reggae rhythms" wanda zai yi amfani da shi don "raye-raye akai-akai". Ya ba da wasan kwaikwayo na musamman a Miss Universe 2003 pageant. A ranar 12 ga Oktoba, 2009, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai suna "Me Enamoré de Ti", yana hidima a matsayin waƙar jigo don wasan opera sabulu na 2009 Corazon Salvaje An nuna wannan guda ɗaya a cikin sakin Chayanne na 2010, Babu Hay Imposibles A ranar 14 ga Maris, 2015, Chayanne ya fito da sabon guda mai taken, "Tu respiración", wanda ke zama jigon jigo na wasan opera na sabulu na 2015 Lo imperdonable Aiki sana'a A cikin 1980s, Chayanne ya shiga cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu da yawa kuma ya yi tauraro a cikin jerin wasan kwaikwayo na Generaciones tare da Luis Antonio Rivera A cikin 1994 ya buga kansa a cikin Volver a empezar tare da Yuri A wannan shekarar, ya kuma yi tauraro a Linda Sara gaban tsohon Miss Universe, Dayanara Torres Shahararren mai shirya fina-finan Puerto Rican Jacobo Morales ne ya rubuta fim din kuma ya ba da umarni. A cikin 1998, ya yi tauraro a matsayinsa na farko na Hollywood, yana wasa da ɗan wasan Cuban tare da Vanessa L. Williams a cikin Dance tare da Ni Ya kuma yi bayyanar baƙo akan Ally McBeal A cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa ya yi aiki a wasu ayyuka kamar wasan kwaikwayo na sabulu na Argentine Provócame, wanda ya yi sautin sauti na wannan sunan.
A cikin 2008, Chayanne ya taka rawar rawa (na vampire) akan jerin talabijin Gabriel: Amor Inmortal Don fahimtar kansa da ra'ayi ya ɗauki tsarin yau da kullum daban-daban, barci da rana da aiki da dare. Ya lura cewa samarwa yana son "sa abubuwa suyi kama da gaske kamar yadda zai yiwu", amma tsarin daidaitawa yana da wahala. Jerin da aka yi a ranar 28 ga Satumba, 2008, akan Mega TV Filmography
Fina-finai Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1968
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
55325 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porsche%20Cayenne | Porsche Cayenne | Porsche Cayenne jeri ne na tsaka-tsaki na kayan alatu da kamfanin Porsche na Jamus ya kera tun 2002. An san ƙarni na farko a ciki a cikin Porsche azaman Nau'in 9PA (955/957) ko E1. Ita ce motar farko da Porsche ta kera da injin V8 tun 1995, lokacin da aka daina amfani da Porsche 928 Hakanan ita ce bambance-bambancen abin hawa na farko na Porsche tun bayan taraktocinta na Super da Junior na shekarun 1950, kuma Porsche ta farko mai kofofi hudu. Tun daga 2014, an sayar da Cayenne tare da ƙaramin Porsche SUV, Macan.
An bayyana Cayenne na ƙarni na biyu (Nau'in 92A ko E2) a Nunin Mota na Geneva na 2010 a cikin Maris. Cayenne yana raba dandamali, tsarin jiki, kofofi da kayan lantarki tare da irin wannan Volkswagen Touareg da Audi Q7 Ya karbi gyaran fuska a cikin 2014 tare da ƙananan canje-canje na waje, kuma ya gabatar da sabon nau'in plug-in E-Hybrid, tare da kaddamar da jama'a a Paris Motor Show Tun daga 2008, duk injuna sun nuna fasahar allura kai tsaye. An bayyana ƙarni na uku (Nau'in PO536) a cikin 2017 a Stuttgart.
Porsche Cayenn
ƙarni na farko (E1 9PA; 2002) Asalin Porsche Cayenne ya shiga cikin kasuwannin duniya zuwa gauraye liyafar, amma ya tabbatar da kansa yana da kyakkyawan aiki ga SUV kuma yana da kyakkyawar kulawa da injuna masu ƙarfi. Jeri da farko ya ƙunshi V8 mai ƙarfi Cayenne S da Cayenne Turbo. Daga baya a cikin tsarin zagayowar, VR6 da nau'ikan da ke da ƙarfin diesel sun shiga cikin jeri. A cikin shekaru takwas na samfurin E1, an samar da jimlar 276,652 raka'a. Samfurin tushe Cayenne yana aiki da injin 3.2-L VR6 yana samar da Nau'in abubuwan da ake amfani da su na musamman ne ga Porsche, amma in ba haka ba injin ɗin ya fi yawa da injin VW. Hanzarta daga shine 9.1 seconds tare da watsawar hannu da 9.7 seconds tare da Tiptronic S.
Kayen S S a cikin 9PA yana aiki da injin 4.5L V8 tare da tsarin jika-jiki da lokacin bawul mai canzawa. Yana samar da da na karfin juyi. Hanzarta daga yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 6.9 kuma babban gudun shine An gabatar da shi kawai don 2006 (a matsayin ra'ayi na farko-GTS), Cayenne S Titanium Edition ya kasance keɓantacce na shekara guda, ƙarancin samarwa SUV wanda ke nuna jikin ƙarfe mara nauyi, yana nuna murfin aluminum (mai sauƙi fiye da wanda aka sanye akan Cayenne S), titanium fentin accented sassa na jiki, gefen ƙananan rocker panels, Sport-Quad Tip Exhaust Chrome wutsiya, 19" titanium fentin gami ƙafafun, bi-xenon fitilolin mota, biyu-sautin ciki upholstery, Porsche PCM 2.0 w/ tafiya kwamfuta kewayawa, MP3 audio da Bose cabin kewaye sauti. Ƙarƙashin murfin, haɓakawa sun haɗa da dakatarwar da aka daidaita wasanni, kunshin jiki mai motsa jiki, ƙaramar yanayin canja wuri, bambancin kullewa da watsawar Tiptronic mai sauri mai sauri 6. The Cayenne S Titanium Edition yana aiki da injin 4.5L V8 iri ɗaya wanda ya kunna Cayenne S har yanzu yana samar da da na karfin juyi. Haɗawa ya fi sauri fiye da na yau da kullun na Cayenne S daga da sub 6.2 seconds kuma babban gudun shine Farashin GTS An ba da E1 Gran-Turismo Sport (GTS) a cikin sabunta chassis na 9PA tsakanin shekara ta 2008 da 2010. Shi ne farkon Porsche na wannan zamani da ya fito da farantin gajartawar GTS a cikin ƙirar ƙirar sa. An haɓaka chassis ɗin sa na wasanni na musamman don wannan bambance-bambancen ƙirar kuma an kunna shi tare da wasan kwaikwayo na 4.8L V8. Hakanan ya nuna raguwar dakatarwar wasanni, tsarin sharar wasanni da high yi ƙafafun a matsayin misali.
Cayenne Turbo da Turbo S 9PA Cayenne Turbo na farko yana da kuma yana iya haɓaka daga a cikin 5.6 seconds. An gina nau'in Turbo S a cikin 2006 don yin gogayya da Mercedes-Benz ML 63 AMG. Cayenne Turbo da Turbo S sun haɗa da ƙaramar ƙarami, bambancin kullewa, da tsayi-daidaitacce, dakatarwar hanya. Turbo S yana aiki da tagwayen turbocharged 4.5 L V8 wanda ke samar da da na karfin juyi; Hanzarta daga yana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 5.0 kuma babban gudun shine Yana fasalta watsawar Tiptronic mai sauri shida.
A shekara ta 2008 an bayyana wani samfurin Turbo na 9PA da aka sabunta, wanda ke da injin 4.8-L mafi girma, a baje kolin motoci na Beijing Yana samar da ƙarin iko, kuma yana iya haɓaka daga 0 a cikin dakika 4.9. Hakanan an bayyana tare da sabon Turbo, sabon ne Turbo S model. Hanzarta daga don waccan motar tana ɗaukar daƙiƙa 4.7 kuma ana iya samun ta tare da zaɓin birki mai haɗa yumbu.
Cayenne Diesel Asalin Cayenne Diesel yana samuwa ne kawai a cikin chassis na facelift 9PA, wanda injin 3.0-L V6 VW TDI ke ƙarfafa shi, tun Fabrairu 2009. An ƙididdige injin a da na juyi. An bayyana motar ne a bikin baje kolin motoci na Geneva na shekarar 2009 Cayenne S Transsyberia The Cayenne S Transsyberia asalin motar tsere ce da aka ƙera don zanga-zangar Transsyberia, wanda aka gina 285 kawai. Daga baya an gina sigar titi don tunawa da nasarar Porsche a gangamin Transsyberia Ana samun shi kawai a cikin chassis 9PA tare da allurar kai tsaye 4.8-L V8 daga Cayenne GTS. An fara tallace-tallace a cikin Janairu 2009, tare da yin niyya na samar da motocin tituna 600 a duk duniya (285 don Arewacin Amurka), amma kaɗan an gina su sosai (102 don Amurka, 17 don Kanada gami da 3 waɗanda ke jagorar sauri 6).
Cayenne GTS Porsche Design Edition 3 (2010) A cikin Mayu 2009, an gabatar da ƙayyadaddun sigar bugu dangane da Cayenne GTS, wanda Porsche Design Studio ya tsara kuma ya haɗa da Porsche Design chronograph Type P'6612.
Injin
Zamani na biyu (E2 92A; 2010) |engine=|transmission=|motor= 1NM AC synchronous (Cayenne S hybrid) 1NM AC synchronous (Cayenne S E-Hybrid)|drivetrain=|battery=|wheelbase=|length= (2010-14)(2014-)|width= (2010-14)(2014-)|height=|weight= |designer=Mitja |
13639 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibn%20Hazm | Ibn Hazm | Abu Muhammad'ali ibn Ahmad ibn Sa'id ibn Hazm Arabic wani lokacin kuma ana kiransa al-Andalusī aẓ-Ẓāhirī; 7 Nuwamba 994 15 Agusta 1064 (456 AH ya kasance Musulmi mawãƙi, polymath, tarihi, masana, Falsafa, da kuma theologian, an haife shi a Khalifanci na Cordoba, ayanzu Spain Ya kasance wakili mai bayar da fatawa da kuma mafarin makarantar Zahiri na tunani a Musulunci kuma ya samar da rahoton ayyukan 400, wanda 40 ne kawai ke ci gaba da rayuwa. Gabaɗaya, ayyukansa na rubuce-rubuce sunkai kusan shafi 80,000. Encyclopedia na Islama ya nuna shi a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan masana a duniyar musulmai, kuma an karbe shi da yawa a matsayin baban nazarin karatun addini tare da al-Biruni Rayuwarsa
Asali Kakan Ibn Hazm Sa'id da mahaifinsa Ahmad dukkansu sun rike manyan mukamai na bada shawarwari a kotun Umayyad Halifa Hisham II Masana sun yi imani cewa su Kiristocin Iberian ne wadanda suka musulunta.
Haɓakawa Bayan an haife shi cikin dangi mai mahimmanci a siyasa da tattalin arziki, Ibn Hazm ya yi aiki tare da mutanen da ke da iko da kuma tasiri a duk rayuwarsa. Ya sami damar kaiwa ga matakan gwamnati ta hanyar samartakarsa wanda yawancin mutane a lokacin ba za su taɓa sani ba duk tsawon rayuwarsu. Wadannan abubuwan da suka samu tare da gwamnati da 'yan siyasa sun sa Ibn Hazm ya sami ci gaba mai cike da rudani har ma da bakin ciki game da yanayin dan Adam da iyawar dan'adam don yaudarar da zalunta. Amsarsa ita ce yi imani cewa babu wata mafaka ko gaskiya sai fa tare da Allah marar kuskure, kuma cewa tare da mutane kawai suna lalata da rashawa. Ibn Hazm ya kasance sananne ne saboda tsabar raina shi game da ɗan adam da kuma girmamawa ga ka'idodin yare da amincin sadarwa.
Kulawa Ibnu Hazm ya kasance yana zaune a cikin da'irar masu shugabancin mulkin Umayyawa Abubuwan da ya samu game da rayuwarsa sun haifar da sha'awar kulawa da kulawa, kuma ya sami kyakkyawan ilimi a Córdoba. Kwarewar sa ta sa ya shahara kuma ya ba shi damar shiga aiki a karkashin Khalifofin Córdoba da Al-Mansur Ibn Abi Aamir, Grand Vizier har zuwa ƙarshen halifofin Umayyawa, Hisham III Hakanan abokin aikin abokin Abd al-Rahman Sanchuelo Bayan rasuwar mai girma al-Muzaffar a cikin 1008, Umayyad Khalifa na Iberiya ya shiga cikin yakin basasa wanda ya kasance har zuwa 1031 wanda ya haifar da rushewar ikon tsakiyar Córdoba da fitowar wasu ƙananan ƙasashe masu ƙarfi waɗanda ake kira Taifas Mahaifin Ibn Hazm ya mutu a shekara ta 1012. Aka tsare Ibn Hazm a kurkuku a zaman wanda ake zargi da goyon bayan Umayyads A shekarar 1031, Ibn Hazm ya koma gidan mahaifinsa a Manta Lisham kuma ya fara bayyana dalilan gwagwarmayar sa ta hanyar rubuce rubuce. Ya kasance wakili mai bayar da fatawa da kuma kwaleji na makarantar Zahiri na tunanin Musulunci, kuma ya samar da rahoton ayyukan 400 wanda kawai 40 ke raye. Saboda abokan hamayyarsa na siyasa da na addini sun sami iko bayan rushe khalifa, ya yarda da tayin neman mafaka daga gwamnan tsibirin Majorca a cikin shekarun 1040, kuma ya ci gaba da yaduwar makarantar Zahiri a can kafin ya dawo Andalusia. Contemporaries sun haɗa da magana da cewa, "Harshen Ibn Hazm ɗan'uwan tagwaye ne ga takobin al-Hajjaj (janar na 7 da aka fi sani da gwamnan Iraki), kuma ya faɗi haka sau da yawa cewa wannan magana "Ibn Hazm ya ce" ya zama karin magana. Kamar yadda wani Athari, ya yi gāba da kamã da jũna fassarar addini texts, fifita maimakon a nahawu da syntactical fassarar Alkur'ani Ya ba da damar sanin yakamata ta hanyar wahayi da fahimta kawai da kuma la'akari da dalilan cire isasshe a cikin shari'a da addini. Ya ƙi ayyukan da aka saba yi tsakanin yawancin makarantun al'adu na gargajiya kamar rarraben malamai Yayinda da farko ya kasance mai bin dokar makarantar Maliki a cikin Sunni Islam, sai ya koma makarantar Shafi'i daga baya kuma, a lokacin yana da shekara talatin, daga karshe ya zauna tare da makarantar Zahiri Wataƙila sanannen sanannen sananne ne ga makarantar, kuma shine asalin tushen ayyukan ɗorewa akan dokar Zahirite. Ya karanci hukunce-hukuncen makarantar da hanyoyin da ke ƙarƙashin Abu al-Kharar al-Dawudi al-Zahiri na karamar Hukumar Santarém, daga ƙarshe ya sami ci gaba zuwa matakin malami na makarantar. A shekara ta 1029, an fitar da su biyu daga babban masallacin Cordoba saboda ayyukansu.
Ayyuka Da yawa daga cikin manyan ayyukan Ibn Hazm, wadanda suka kusanci na Muhammad bn Jarir al-Tabari da as-Suyuti mazhabobin sa da kuma abokan hamayyar sa sun kone shi a Seville. Ayyukansa na tsira, yayin da ake sukar sa a matsayin maimaitawa, didactic da ɓoye cikin salon ma suna nuna rashin jin daɗin rashin jituwa ga masu sukar iliminsa da hukumomin sa. Ibn Hazm ya rubuta ayyuka a kan shari'a, tauhidi, da kuma littattafan likita sama da goma. Ya yi kira da a hada ilimin kimiyya cikin tsari mai inganci. A cikin tsarin ilmin kimiyyar ilmin kimiya ya bayyana fannonin ilimi a matsayin matakai na samun ci gaba wanda aka kafa a tsarin karatun shekara biyar, daga yare da fassarar Kur'ani, zuwa rayuwa da kimiyyar jiki, zuwa tauhidin hankali.
Cikakken Nazarin Critical A cikin Fisal Cikakken Nazarin Critical wani rubutu kan kimiyar Islama da tauhidi, Ibn Hazm ya ba da hazakar fahimta sama da dalilan mutumtaka. Gane mahimmancin hankali, kamar yadda Kur’ani da kansa ya gayyaci tunani, ya yi jayayya cewa wannan tunani yana nuni ne kawai da wahayi da bayanan hankali, tunda tushen ka'idodn ana samun kansu ne daga ƙwarewar hankali Ya kammala da cewa dalilin ba dalibi bane na bincike mai zaman kanta ko ganowa, amma yakamata ayi amfani da wannan fahimta a matsayinta, ra'ayin da zai zama tushen tushen wayewar kai Hukuncin Shari'a Zai yiwu mafi girman aikin Ibn Hazm a cikin Larabci a wannan zamani (an fassara zaɓe zuwa Turanci), shine Muhallah Ko kuma Adorned Treatise. An ruwaito shi wani taƙaitaccen aiki ne wanda ya fi tsayi da aka sani da al-Mujallah Yana da mahimmanci a hankali kan batutuwan fikihu ko fiqh amma kuma ya shafi batutuwa na aqida a babin ta na farko Kitab al-Tawheed Wanda ke mayar da hankali kan lamurra masu alaƙa da tauhidi da mahimman ka'idodin kusanci ga rubutun Allah. Daya daga cikin mahimman abubuwan da suka fito daga wannan babban maudu'in na fikihu shine cewa ibn Hazm ya karyata tsarin tunani ko kuma kimantawa yana fifita hanya mafi kyau ta zahiri ga matani.
Logic Ibnu Hazm ya rubuta Matsayin Logic, wanda a cikin sa yake jaddada mahimmancin fahimta a matsayin tushen ilimi. Ya rubuta cewa "asalin hanyoyin dukkan ilimin ɗan adam sune hankulan da ake amfani da shi sosai da kuma dalilai na hankali, haɗe da daidaitaccen fahimtar harshe". Ibn Hazm ya kuma kushe wasu daga cikin masana tauhidi masu ra'ayin gargajiya wadanda ke adawa da amfani da dabaru kuma ya bayar da hujjar cewa tsararrun musulmai ba su dogara da dabaru ba. Amsarsa ita ce musulman farko sun shaida wahayin kai tsaye, alhali kuwa an fallasa musulmai na lokacinsa da sabanin imani, saboda haka amfani da dabaru ya zama dole don adana koyarwar musulinci na gaskiya. Ihsan Abbas ne ya fara buga wannan rubutun a cikin harshen larabci a 1959, kuma Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri ne ya fara buga shi a 2007.
Dabi'a A cikin littafinsa, In Pursuit of Virtue (Cikin Neman Nagarta), ibn Hazm yaso masu karatunsa da bayanai masu zuwa: Karka yi amfani da kuzarinka sai dai wani dalili da yafi naka daraja. Ba za a samu irin wannan dalilin ba sai a wurin Allah Madaukakin Sarki: yin wa’azi na gaskiya, kare mace, kauda wulakancin da mahaliccinka bai yi maka ba, ka taimaki wadanda aka zalunta. Duk wanda ya yi amfani da kuzarin sa don abubuwan banza na duniya kamar mutum yake wanda yake musayar lu'u-lu'u da dutse.
Waƙe Wakarsa nanan a kiyaye acikin littafin Ibn Said al-Maghribi na Pennants of the Champions Kun zo wurina tuntuni Nasara sun ja kararrawa. Rabin-wata ya tashi kama da gira mai tsufa ko m instep. Kuma ko da yake har yanzu yana cikin dare lokacin da kuka zo bakan gizo aka yi haske a sararin sama, nuna kamar launuka masu yawa kamar wutsiya daddawa.
Magani Malaman Ibn Hazm na magani sun hada da al-Zahrawi da Ibn al-Kattani kuma ya rubuta wasu ayyukan likita guda goma, gami da Kitab fi'l-Adwiya al-mufrada da al-Dhahabi ya ambata.
Ra'ayoyi
Harshe Baya ga ra'ayoyinsa kan gaskiya a cikin sadarwa, Ibn Hazm shi ma ya yi magana da kimiyyar yare zuwa wani mataki. Ya kalli yaren larabci, yaren Ibraniyanci da yaren Syriac a matsayin dukkan harshe daya ne wanda harshensu ya kasance yayin da masu iya magana suka zauna a yankuna daban-daban kuma suka kirkiro kalmomi daban-daban da kuma masani daga tushen baki daya. Ya kuma bambanta da masana ilimin tauhidi da yawa na musulmai a cikin cewa bai dauki larabci kamar mafificin waɗansu yarukan ba; wannan ya faru ne saboda gaskiyar cewa Kur'ani bai bayyana Larabci irin wannan ba, kuma a mahangar Ibn Hazm babu wata hujja game da iƙirarin cewa kowane harshe ya fi wani.
Karatun rubutu Ibn Hazm sananne ne saboda tsananin gaskiyarsa kuma ana ganinsa gwarzon makarantar Zahirite na zahiri a cikin Sunni Islām. Misali da ake yawan kawo misali dashi shine fassarar sa ta farkon aya ta 23 a surar Al-Isra ta Kur'ani da ya hana mutum ya ce "uff" ga iyayen mutum; Ibn Hazm ya ce rabin ayar kawai ta haramta ce da "uff" kuma ba ya hana bugawa iyayen wani misali, amma a maimakon haka bugun su ya haramta da rabi na biyu na ayar da kuma aya ta 24 wacce ta yi umarni da alheri. lura da iyaye.
Falsafa Ayyukan Ibn Hazm sun dan taba sosai a kan al'adun falsafancin Girka. Yarda da Epicurus da Prodicus na Ceos, ya bayyana cewa nishaɗin yana kawo farin ciki a rayuwa kuma babu wani abin tsoro a cikin mutuwa. Ya yi imani da cewa wadannan hadisai na falsafa, alhali suna da amfani, basu isa su gina yanayin mutum yadda yakamata ba, ya kuma bayyana cewa imanin musulinci shima ya zama dole. Ibn Hazm ya ki yarda da 'yancin nufi na kowane mutum, saboda ya yi imani da cewa dukkanin sifofin mutum ya halitta ne daga Allah Yan Shia Ibnu Hazm ya kasance mai suka sosai game da mabiya Shia. Ya ce game da su: "Farisa sun mallaki masarauta mai girma da kuma fifikon sama da sauran al'ummomi. Sun maida hadarin da suke tattare dasu (ga sauran al'umma) ta hanyar kiran kansu al-Ahrār ('yantattu) da kuma al-Asydd (salihan mutane). Sakamakon haka, sun dauki sauran mutane a matsayin bayinsu. Ko ta yaya, an cutar dasu da rushe masarautarsu ta hannun larabawa wadanda suka dauka karamar hadari akan tsakanin sauran al’ummomin [ga daular]. Al'amuransu sun kara dagula lamurrarsu har sau ninki, yayin da suke kulla makirci a kan Musulunci a lokuta daban-daban. Koyaya, a cikin dukkan makircinsu, Allah ya bayyana gaskiya. Sun ci gaba da shirya mafi tsadar abubuwa. Don haka, wasu daga mutanensu sun karbi musulunci ne kawai don su juya zuwa ga addinin Shi'a, tare da da'awar son Ahl al-Bayt (Iyalan gidan Annabi) da kyama kan zaluncin da ake yiwa Alī. Daga nan sai suka bi ta wannan hanyar har ta kai su ga barin shiriya.
Reception Malaman musulinci, musamman wadanda ke yiwa lakabi da Zahirism, galibi sun yabi Ibn Hazm saboda abin da suka ji shi ne iliminsa da juriyarsa. Mai wa'azin Yemen Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i yana daya daga cikin masu sha'awar Ibn Hazm a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan, yana da ra'ayin cewa babu wani malamin musulmin da ya shigar da hadisan annabci na Muhammadu da Sahaba Haka ma, malamin Pakistan Badi 'ud-Din Shah al-Rashidi ya koyar da littafin Ibn Hazm littafin Al-Muhalla ga daliban Masjid al-Haram, yayin da suke zaune a Makka al-Wadi'i da kansa ya koyar da Al-Muhalla a cikin Al-Masjid an-Nabawi, alhali yana Madina Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri, babban masanin tarihin Ibn Hazm a wannan zamani, ya wallafa ayyuka da yawa kan rayuwar Ibn Hazm, da yawa waɗanda aka buga ta hanyar buga bugu na Ibn Aqil wanda aka sanya wa suna bayan Ibn Hazm. Tarurrukan zamani na tatsuniyar Ibn Hazm gaba daya na ka’idar shari’ar musulinci ya ga lokuta da dama a tarihin ilimin Larabawa, wadanda suka hada da sake buga littafin Ahmad Shakir na Al-Muhalla, da Muhammad Abu Zahra na tarihin Ibn Hazm, da kuma sake buga littafin Sanarwa daga wasiyyun bayanai akan ka'idojin shari'a ta Sa'id al-Afghani a shekarar 1960 da Ihsan Abbas tsakanin 1980 da 1983.
Duba kuma Hazm (suna) Miguel Asín Palacios
Manazarta
Nassoshi Ringarar kurciya ta Ibn Hazm, fassara da gabatarwar ta AJ Arberry al-Fasl fi al-milal wa-al-ahwa 'wa-al-nihal, na Ibn Hazm. Bairut: Dar al-Jil, 1985 Abenházam de Córdoba y su Tarihi crítica de las ideas religiosas vols. 1-5, na Miguel Asín Palacios. Madrid, 1928-1932 Marubutan musulmai akan Yahudanci da kuma Littafin Ibrananci daga Ibn Rabban har zuwa Ibn Hazm, na Camilla Adang Leiden: EJ Brill, 1996. ISBN 90-04-10034-2 Ibn Hazm et la polémique islamo-chrétienne dans l´histoire de l´Islam, na Abdelilah Ljamai. Leiden: Brill, 2003. ISBN 90-04-12844-1 Ibn Hazam Khilal Alf Aam, na Abu Abd al-Rahman Ibn Aqil al-Zahiri Lebanon Dar al-Gharab al-Islami, 1982. shafuka 303. Kitab al-'axlaq wa-s-siyar ou Risala fi mudawat an-nufus wa-tahdib al-'axlaq wa-z-zuhd fi r-rada'il Ibn Hazm al-'Andalusi; introd., éd. sharhi, sake aure par Eva Riad Uppsala Univ. Stockholm Almqvist Wiksell kasa da kasa (distr.), 1980. ISBN 91-554-1048-0 Zahiris, Koyarwarsu da Tarihinsu: gudummawa ga tarihin ilimin tauhidi ta Ignaz Goldziher, trans. da kuma ed. Wolfgang Behn. Leiden: EJ Brill, 1971. "Ibn Hazm na Cordova: akan Isagoge na Porphyry", wanda Rafael Ramón Guerrero ya gabatar, a cikin J. Meirinhos O. Weijers (eds. Florilegium mediaevale. Aukaka abubuwa masu zuwa ga Jacqueline Hamesse à l'occasion de son éméritat, Louvain-La-Neuve, FIDEM, 2009, pp. 525-540.
Haɗin waje Biodata a MuslimScholars.info Rubutun asalin Larabci na Tawq Alhamama Ibn web Hazm na duniya da kuma annabcin mata Tarihin Rayuwar musulmai Rubutun Britannica.org Encyclopædia Britannica akan Ibn Hazm Polemics (Muslim-Bayahude), Camilla Adang, Sabine Schmidtke: Andalusi Ibn Ḥazm, wanda aka san shi da cin mutuncin abokan adawar sa da banbancin ra'ayi, koda kuwa musulmai ne., p. 6, a cikin "Encyclopedia of Yahudawa a Duniyar Islama", ed. Norman Stillman (in French) Matsayi na Ibn Hazm game da Asharism ta at-tawhid.net Pages with unreviewed |
30176 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%B3ancin%20za%C9%93i | Ƴancin zaɓi | 'Yancin zaɓe ya bayyana damammaki da ƴancin kai na mutum don aiwatar da wani aiki da zaia zaɓa daga aƙalla zaɓuɓɓuka biyu da ake da su, ba tare da takura daga ɓangarorin waje ba.
A siyasa A cikin muhawarar zubar da ciki alal misali, kalmar ƴancin zaɓi na iya fitowa don kare matsayin da mace ke da haƙƙin ta yanke cewar ko za ta ci gaba da ciki ko kuma ta zubar. Hakazalika, wasu batutuwa irin su euthanasia, (kisa mara raɗaɗi na majiyyaci da ke fama da wata cuta mara waraka da raɗaɗi ko kuma a cikin suma da ba za a iya jurewa ba.) alluran rigakafi, hana haihuwa da auren jinsi wani lokaci ana tattauna su dangane da wani haƙƙin mutum da aka ɗauka na “yancin zaɓi”. Wasu batutuwan zamantakewa, misali New York "Soda Ban" an kare su duka biyu kuma sun yi adawa dangane da ƴancin zaɓi.
A fannin tattalin arziƙi A cikin microeconomics, 'yancin zaɓi shine 'yancin wakilan tattalin arziki don rarraba albarkatun su kamar yadda suka ga dama, a cikin zaɓuɓɓuka (kamar kayayyaki, ayyuka, ko dukiya) waɗanda ke samuwa a gare su. Ya haɗa da 'yancin shiga aikin da ake da su. Ratner et al., A cikin 2008, ya kawo wallafe-wallafen game da 'yancin kai na uban 'yanci wanda ya bayyana cewa masu amfani ba koyaushe suna yin aiki don amfanin kansu ba. Suna danganta wannan al'amari ga abubuwa kamar su motsin rai, gazawar fahimta da son zuciya, da kuma bayanan da ba su cika ba waɗanda suka ce za a iya gyara su ta wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara. Suna tattauna samar da masu amfani da bayanai da kayan aikin yanke shawara, tsarawa da ƙuntata zaɓuɓɓukan kasuwancin su, da kuma bugun motsin rai da sarrafa tsammanin. Kowanne daga cikin waɗannan, in ji su, zai iya inganta ikon masu amfani da su don zaɓar.
Koyaya, 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziƙi a ƙarshe ya dogara da gasar kasuwa, tunda akwai zaɓuɓɓukan masu siye galibi sakamakon abubuwa daban-daban ne waɗanda masu siyarwa ke sarrafa su, kamar gabaɗayan ingancin samfur ko sabis da talla A cikin yanayin da ke akwai, mabukaci ba ya da 'yancin zaɓar siye daga wani furodusa daban. Kamar yadda Friedrich Hayek ya nuna:
Kamar yadda aka misalta a cikin abin da ke sama, masu tunani masu sassaucin ra'ayi sau da yawa ƙwaƙƙwaran masu ba da shawara ne don haɓaka 'yancin zaɓi. Misali ɗaya na wannan shine littafin Milton Friedman na Kyauta don Zaɓi da jerin talabijin.
Babu yarjejeniya game da ko karuwar 'yancin zaɓe na tattalin arziki yana haifar da karuwar farin ciki. A cikin binciken daya, Rahoton Gidauniyar Heritage Foundation na 2011 Index na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki ya nuna alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin Ma'anar 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da farin ciki a cikin ƙasa.
Auna ƴancin zaɓi An yi amfani da hanyar axiomatic deductive hanya don magance batun auna adadin 'yancin zaɓi (FoC) da mutum yake morewa. A cikin takarda da aka wallafa a 1990, Prasanta K. Pattanaik da Yongsheng Xu sun gabatar da dokoki guda uku waɗanda ma'aunin FoC ya kamata ya gamsar:
Rashin sha'awa tsakanin yanayi ba zabi Samun zaɓi ɗaya kawai ya kai FoC iri ɗaya, komai zaɓin.
Tsananin kadaitaka Samun zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban guda biyu x da y sun kai ƙarin FoC fiye da samun zaɓin x kawai.
'Yanci Idan yanayin A yana da FoC fiye da B, ta ƙara sabon zaɓi x ga duka biyun (ba a cikin A ko B ba), A zai kasance yana da ƙarin FoC fiye da B.
Sun tabbatar da cewa ma'auni shine kawai ma'auni wanda ya gamsar da waɗannan dokoki, abin da suka lura ya kasance mai ma'ana kuma yana ba da shawarar cewa a sake fasalin ɗaya ko fiye da haka na dokokin. Sun misalta wannan da misalin zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya ta jirgin ƙasa" ko "tafiya da mota", wanda ya kamata ya samar da ƙarin FoC fiye da zaɓin da aka saita "don tafiya da jan mota" ko "tafiya da mota shuɗi". An ba da wasu shawarwari don magance wannan matsala, ta hanyar sake fasalin dokoki, yawanci ciki har da ra'ayoyin abubuwan da ake so, ko ƙin doka ta uku. or rejecting the third axiom.
Alaƙa da farin ciki Wani bincike na 2006 da Simona Botti da Ann L. McGill ya yi ya nuna cewa, lokacin da aka gabatar da batutuwa tare da zaɓuɓɓuka masu bambanta kuma suna da 'yancin zaɓar tsakanin su, zaɓin su ya inganta gamsuwar su tare da tabbatacce da rashin gamsuwa tare da sakamako mara kyau, dangane da marasa zaɓi.
Wani bincike na 2010 da Hazel Rose Markus da Barry Schwartz suka yi ya tattara jerin gwaje-gwaje game da 'yancin zaɓe kuma sun yi jayayya cewa "zaɓi da yawa na iya haifar da rashin tabbas, damuwa, da son kai". Schwartz ya bayar da hujjar cewa mutane akai-akai suna yin nadama saboda tsadar damar da ba su yanke shawara mafi kyau ba kuma, a wasu yanayi, gamsuwar mutane gabaɗaya a wasu lokuta yakan fi girma idan wani mutum ya yanke shawara mai wahala maimakon ta kansu, ko da lokacin zaɓin ɗayan. ya fi muni. Schwartz ya rubuta littafi kuma ya ba da jawabai yana sukar yawan zaɓi a cikin al'ummar zamani, kodayake ya yarda cewa "wani zaɓi ya fi kowa".
Duba kuma Ƴancin zaɓi, littafi da kuma shirin talabijin na Milton Friedman and Rose Friedman
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24927 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany%20Porter | Tiffany Porter | Tiffany Adaeze Porter née Ofili an haifeta ranar 13 ga watan Nuwamba, 1987) yar wasan tsere ce da ƙwararrun 'yan wasa tare da haɗin gwiwar' yan asalin Burtaniya da Amurka waɗanda suka ƙware a cikin matsalolin mita 100. Ta wakilci Amurka a matsayin ƙarami, amma ta fara wakiltar Burtaniya a cikin 2010 akan shiga manyan mukamai bayan ta koma Ingila kuma ta fafata da Burtaniya a Gasar Wasannin Olympics na 2012 a London. Porter won ta lashe lambar tagulla a cikin 100 m cikas a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013 A shekara ta 2014, ta lashe lambar azurfa mai wakiltar Ingila a wasannin Commonwealth Daga baya a cikin 2014 ta ɗauki babban taken ta na farko, lambar zinare a Gasar Turai, ta zama mace ta Burtaniya ta farko da ta lashe taken Turai a cikin taron. Mafi kyawun nata na 12.51 shine rikodin Burtaniya na yanzu. Hakanan ita ma ta lashe lambar yabo sau biyu sama da cikas na mita 60 a Gasar Cikin Gida ta Duniya Ita 'yar'uwar Cindy Ofili ce, wata fitacciyar' yar tseren gudu tare da 'yan asalin Biritaniya da Amurka biyu; Ofili, shima, ya zaɓi wakiltar Burtaniya a duniya. Ba kamar Porter ba, Ofili bai taɓa wakiltar Amurka a matsayin ƙarami ba. Duk 'yan uwan biyu sun yi wasan karshe na tseren mita 100 a gasar wasannin bazara ta 2016.
Rayuwar farko Mahaifin Tiffany Porter Felix dan Najeriya ne, mahaifiyarta Lalana 'yar asalin Burtaniya ce. An haifi Porter a Amurka. Ta rike 'yan asalin Amurka da Burtaniya tun daga haihuwarta. Don haka ta cancanci wakilcin duka Amurka da Burtaniya. Ta bayyana kanta a matsayin "mai alfahari da kasancewarta Ba'amurke, Birtaniyya da Najeriya".
Aikin motsa jiki A matsayin ɗan wasan Amurka, Porter ya wakilci Amurka a Gasar NACAC ta farko da ta lashe lambar azurfa. Koyaya, a ƙarshen kakar 2010, ta canza amincinta zuwa Burtaniya. Da take tsokaci game da sauya shekar, ta ce: "Na san zan yi wasan ko da wanne rigar da nake da ita. A koyaushe ina ɗaukar kaina a matsayin ɗan Burtaniya, Amurka da Najeriya. Ni duka uku ne. A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 2011, a Wasan Fanny Blankers-Koen, Porter ya karya tarihin Angie Thorp na shekaru 15 na Biritaniya na 12.80s a cikin Matsalolin 100m tare da gudu na 12.77s. Thorp ta ce "ta yi matukar bacin rai" a lokacin da ta rasa rikodin ta ga wani dan wasan Amurka. Thorp ta ce da ta taya wani fitaccen dan wasan Burtaniya wanda ya dauki rikodin ta; a lokacin Jessica Ennis da Sarah Claxton duka suna da mafi kyawun na 12.81s. Porter ta saukar da rikodin ta na Burtaniya a ranar 22 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2011, tare da lokacin 12.60s a taron Diamond League a Monaco, ta karya mafi kyawun abin da ta gabata na 12.73s (wanda aka saita lokacin tana ɗan wasan Amurka). An karya rikodin ta a ranar 3 ga watan Agusta 2012 ta Jessica Ennis a gasar heptathlon ta London da ta kai 12.54. A watan Satumba na 2011 an ba ta takara don Gwarzon dan wasan Turai na bana A watan Oktoba an sanar da mai tseren mita 800 Mariya Savinova a matsayin wacce ta yi nasara. Babban kocin 'yan wasan Burtaniya Charles van Commenee ya bai wa Porter alhakin kyaftin din kungiyar kafin gasar cikin gida ta duniya ta 2012 a watan Maris; daga baya an sanya mata suna Plastit Brit bayan ta ƙi (ko ta kasa) don karanta kalmomin taken ƙasar ta Burtaniya a cikin taron manema labarai.
A cikin 2012 an zaɓi Porter don "ɗan wasan Turai na Watan" sau biyu. A watan Maris an ba ta takara tare da sauran 'yan Burtaniya Katarina Johnson-Thompson da Yamile Aldama An sake zabar ta a watan Mayu, wannan karon tare da Hannah Ingila da wanda ya ci nasara a ƙarshe Jessica Ennis A shekar 2013 Porter ya canza masu horarwa daga James Henry zuwa Rana Reider, kuma ya koma Loughborough don yin horo tare da ƙungiyar Reider a Cibiyar Babban Ayyukan Jami'ar Loughborough. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta 2013 a Moscow, ta lashe lambar tagulla a cikin Matsalar mita 100 a cikin mafi kyawun lokacin dakika 12.55, kashi ɗaya cikin ɗari na daƙiƙi a kashe rikodin Jessica Ennis na Biritaniya na 12.54.
Porter ya fara 2014 ta hanyar lashe lambar tagulla a cikin tsaunukan mita 60 a Gasar Cikin Gida ta Duniya Sannan a watan Agusta, ta yi tsere da 12.80 don lashe lambar azurfa a tseren mita 100 a wasannin Commonwealth a Glasgow, a bayan Sally Pearson na Australia. Makonni biyu bayan haka, ta lashe Gasar Turai a Zurich, tare da lokacin 12.76. A watan Satumba, a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyoyi ta IAAF, ta karya tarihin Burtaniya tare da lokacin dakika 12.51, inda ta kare a bayan Dawn Harper-Nelson na Amurka.
Porter babbar 'yar'uwar maharbin Cindy Ofili, wacce ita ma ke fafatawa da Burtaniya.
Porter ya auri Ba'amurke Jeff Porter a watan Mayu shekara ta 2011, kuma ya fara gasa a ƙarƙashin sunan aurenta a watan Yuli shekekara ta 2011, da farko a matsayin Tiffany Ofili-Porter, sannan kawai a matsayin Tiffany Porter. Ta sauke karatu daga Jami'ar Michigan tare da PhD a fannin harhada magunguna a 2012. !colspan="6"|Representing the |2006
|World Junior Championships
|Beijing, China
style="background:#c96;"| 3rd
|100 m hurdles
|13.37 (0.0 m/s)
|2007
|NACAC Championships
|San Salvador, El Salvador
style="background:silver;"| 2nd
|100 m hurdles
|13.27
|2008
|NACAC U-23 Championships
|Toluca, México
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|100m hurdles
|12.82 (-0.6 m/s) A
!colspan="6"|Representing |rowspan=3|2011
|European Indoor Championships
|Paris, France
style="background:silver;"| 2nd
|60 m hurdles
|7.80
|rowspan=2|World Championships
|rowspan=2|Daegu, South Korea
|4th
|100 m hurdles
|12.63
|heats
|4 100 m relay
|43.95
|rowspan=2|2012
|World Indoor Championships
|Istanbul, Turkey
style="background:silver;"| 2nd
|60 m hurdles
|7.94
|Olympic Games
|London, United Kingdom
|semi-final
|100 m hurdles
|12.79
|2013
|World Championships
|Moscow, Russia
style="background:#c96;"|3rd
|100 m hurdles
|12.55
|rowspan=4|2014
|World Indoor Championships
|Sopot, Poland
|bgcolor="cc9966"| 3rd
|60 m hurdles
|7.86
|Commonwealth Games
|Glasgow, Scotland
|bgcolor="silver"| 2nd
|100 m hurdles
|12.80
|European Championships
|Zürich, Switzerland
|bgcolor="gold"| 1st
|100 m hurdles
|12.76
|Continental Cup
|Marrakesh, Morocco
|bgcolor="silver"| 2nd
|100 m hurdles
|12.51
|2015
|World Championships |Beijing, China
|5th
|100 m hurdles
|12.68
|rowspan=3|2016
|World Indoor Championships
|Portland, United States
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|60 m hurdles |7.90
|European Championships
|Amsterdam, Netherlands
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|100 m hurdles
|12.76
|Olympic Games
|Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
|7th
|100 m hurdles
|12.76
|2017
|World Championships
|London, United Kingdom
|29th (h)
|100 m hurdles
|13.18
|2018
|Commonwealth Games
|Gold Coast, Australia
|6th
|100 m hurdles
|13.12
|2021
|European Indoor Championships
|Torun, Poland
|bgcolor="cc9966"| 3rd
|60 m hurdles
|7.92
Manazarta
Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
50832 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margo%20Humphrey%20ne%20adam%20wata | Margo Humphrey ne adam wata | Margo Humphrey (an haife ta a watan Yuni 25,1942) 'yar Amurka ce mai buga littattafai,mai zane kuma malamar fasaha. Ta sami Digiri na Master of Fine Arts daga Stanford bayan ta sami digirin digirgir na Fine Arts a Kwalejin Fasaha da Sana'a ta California a fannin bugawa.Ta yi tafiya a Afirka, Brazil, Caribbean,da Turai kuma ta koyar a Fiji, Nigeria, Uganda,da Jami'ar Maryland. A matsayinta na mawallafiya Kai bugawa, an san ta da "ƙarfin hali,yin amfani da launi da 'yancin yin tsari",ƙirƙirar ayyukan da ke "shigarwa, farin ciki da rai." Ana ɗaukar aikinta a matsayin "a cikin sahun gaba na bugawa na zamani."
Aiki An haife ta a Oakland, California ranar 25 ga Yuni,1942. Ta halarci Makarantun Jama'a na Oakland kuma ta kammala karatun digiri a cikin 1960 daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Oakland a matsayin babbar fasahar fasaha.Bayan ta sami BFA a cikin zane da bugawa daga Kwalejin Fasaha ta California,ta halarci Makarantar Graduate na Jami'ar Stanford tana samun digiri na Masters na Fine Arts tare da Daraja a Buga a 1974. Humphrey ita ce Bakar fata ta farko da ta kammala digiri daga sashen zane-zane na Makarantar Graduate na Jami'ar Stanford. Ta fara koyarwa a 1973 a Jami'ar California Santa Cruz kuma tun tana koyarwa a Jami'ar Texas a San Antonio, San Francisco Art Institute, da Makarantar Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago.Ta kuma koyar a Jami'ar Kudancin Pacific a Suva,Fiji Cibiyar Fasaha ta Yaba na Fasaha mai Kyau,Tsibirin Ekoi,Najeriya Jami'ar Benin a Benin City,Nigeria Margaret Trowell School of Fine Art a Kampala, Uganda,da kuma Fine Art School of the National Gallery of Art, Harare, Zimbabwe. A halin yanzu ita ce Shugabar Sashen Bugawa na Jami'ar Maryland a Kwalejin shakatawa Humphrey ta yi aiki tare da manyan masana'antun bugawa ciki har da Rutgers Center for Innovative Print and Paper,da Bob Blackburn Printmaking Workshop da Cibiyar Tamarind a New Mexico. Ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin ƴan wasan fasaha na farko Ba-Amurkiya da aka gane don ayyukan lithographic kuma ta farko da Tamarind ta buga kwafinta,a cikin 1974. Ta kuma buga littafin yara, The River wanda ta ba da kyauta (1987).
Salon fasaha da jigogi Humphrey ta yi aiki a fannonin fasaha daban-daban,ana girmama ta musamman saboda aikinta a lithography. Dabarunta na shimfida launuka ba sabon abu bane a cikin lithography. Ana sha'awar ta da ruwa na lithography. Ayyukanta na furuci ne dangane da launuka masu haske da alamomin da take amfani da su don ƙirƙirar al'amuran tarihin rayuwa daga rayuwarta, haɗe da hotuna masu ban mamaki. Yin amfani da abubuwan yau da kullun a cikin aikinta azaman hoto, alamomin Humphrey suna ishara da al'adun Baƙar fata, kuma suna haskaka kwarewarta a matsayinta na mace Ba'amurkiya. Jigogi na addini,launin fata,da jinsi suna nan a cikin aikinta. Robert Colescott ta rinjayi hangen nesanta na ban dariya game da abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun. Amfani da Humphrey na launuka masu haske da gumaka a cikin ayyukanta na ba da labari na nufin tada ƙwaƙwalwa da motsin rai daga mai kallo. Ta ci gaba da aikinta na Bar-B-Que na Ƙarshe,sauye-sauye masu launi na Ƙarshe,bayan shekaru uku a lokacin da ta yi nazarin hotuna daga masu fasaha daga Pietro Lorenzetti zuwa Emil Nolde Bar-B-Que na Ƙarshe ana ɗaukarsa ɗaya daga cikin hotunan al'adun gani na Amurka.
nune-nunen Nunin solo na farko na Humphrey ya faru a cikin 1965. Tun daga wannan lokacin,an baje kolin ayyukan Humphrey a duniya,kuma ana gudanar da su a manyan cibiyoyi da suka haɗa da Museum of Modern Art a New York,The Smithsonian American Art Museum a Washington, DC, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Hampton University Museum, Victoria da kuma Gidan kayan tarihi na Albert a London, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani,Rio de Janeiro,da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani, Legas. A cikin 1996,an gayyace ta don zama wani ɓangare na Binciken Bugawa na Duniya a Gidan Tarihi na Art Modern,New York City,NY. Labarinta: Margo Humphrey Lithographs and Works on Paper (2011) a Hampton University Museum, tana da shekaru 45 na baya-bayan nan na aikinta, wanda Robert E. Steele da Adrienne L. Childs suka yi.
Kyaututtuka da karramawa Humphrey ta samu kyaututtuka da karramawa da dama da suka hada da:
Kyautar James D. Pheland daga Majalisar Buga ta Duniya Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Ƙasa, 1988 Ford Foundation Fellowship, 1981 Tiffany Fellowships, 1988 Ƙungiyoyin Koyarwa daga Shirin Cibiyar Harkokin Kasuwancin Amirka
Kara karantawa Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1942
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50506 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e%20Brand | Renée Brand | Renée Brand (née Renate Johanna Brand, kuma Renée Johanna Brand-Sommerfeld, mai suna Yolan Mervelt) (an haifeta a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 1900, a Berlin; ta mutu Nuwamba 5, shekara ta 1980, a San Francisco) marubuciyar Bajamushiya ce kuma masaniyar ilimin halayyar dan adam. Tana ɗaya daga cikin marubutan Jamus na gudun hijira.
Ta girma a Berlin kuma ta tafi makaranta a Ingila. A farkon yakin duniya na farko ta koma Berlin kuma ta halarci Fürstin-Bismarck-Lyceum. Tayi karatu bayan ta kammala sakandare a Berlin da Freiburg im Breisgau. Ta daina karatun ta abikin aurenta a shekara ta 1922 ga Dan kwangilar Berlin Adolf Sommerfeld, wanda ya kasance majibincin Bauhaus kuma tasan yawancin masu fasaha na Jamhuriyar Weimar. Sun haifi ɗa a shekara ta 1926. A Berlin-Dahlem sun zauna a cikin wani gida da Walter Gropius da Adolf Meyer suka gina, Blockhaus Sommerfeld (Limonenstraße 30, 12203 Berlin, rushe).
A cikin shekara ta 1931, Renee Brand ta sake mijinta. Bayan da Nazis suka kwace mulki, tay
yi hijira tare da danta zuwa Faransa da Basel a Switzerland a farkshekara ta on 1934. Daga shekarar 1936 ta karanci Nazarin Romance, Art History, Nazarin Jamus tare da Friedrich Ranke da Walter MuschTaya yi mata nasiha a kan ayyukanta na farko na adabi. A cikshekara ta in 1938, a ƙarƙashin sunan Yolan Mervelt, ta ƙaddamar da labarin Kleine Hand in Hannuna, inaza u je? a gasar adabi da kungiyar American Guild for German Cultural Freedom ta buga.
A cikin aikinta na shekara ta 1940, No Man's Land, ta bayyana halin da ake ciki na baƙin haure da suka jira a cikin ƙasar da ba kowa ba daga kan iyakar Switzerland a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, wasu daga cikinsu sun mamaye iyakar kasar da Switzerland ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma an dawo dasu daga Switzerland. Hukumar Kula da Littattafai ta Switzerland tahana rubutun bayan buga shi. Daga nan sai Renée Brand ta tafi gudun hijira tare da danta a shekara ta 1941 a Amurka, inda bayan shekara guda aka buga fassarar ƙasar wani a ƙarƙashin taken Short Days Ago.
Ta sami digiri na uku acikin shekara ta 1943 kuma tayi aiki a matsayin malamar Jamus a Jami'ar Stanford.
Daga shekara ta 1944 zuwa 1949 tayi karatu a Los Angeles. Ta zama memba na Cibiyar CG Jung kuma ta bude aikinta a San Francisco. Tare da laccoci da kuma buga ƙwararrun wallafe-wallafe, ta yi magana musamman game da ayyukan Erich Neumann kuma tabada shawara game da fassarar rubutunta.
Ayyukanta Hannu kadan a hannuna, ina zamuje? 1938 (shiga gasar, bata).
Babu ƙasar mutum Zurich/New York: Oprecht, 1940; Kwanaki kaɗan da suka wuce. Fassarar ta Margaret H. Beigel, New York Farrar Rinehart, 1941.
Zuwa fassarar "Ackermann daga Bohemia" Basel: Schwabe, 1943. (Filib. Shekara, 1943).
Gwajin San Francisco, Calif.: Cibiyar CG Jung ta San Francisco, 1981.
Adabi Sake Wallafa: Lexikon deutschsprachiger Schriftstelirinnen im Exil 1933–1945, Gießen: Haland Wirth, 2004, S. 52–54.
Dorothee Schaffner, Urs Kaegi: Wenn mutu Ersatzbank zum Dauersitz wird Jungerwachsene in der Sozialhilfe, Basel Basler Institut für Sozialforschung und Sozialplanung der Fachhochschule für Soziale Arbeit beider Basel, 2004 (Impact, Nr. 10/2004), S. 6.
Regula Wyss, Nachwort, a cikin: Renee Brand, Niemandsland, 1995, Deutsches Exilarchiv 1933-1945 Katalog der Bücher und Broschüren, Deutsche Bibliothek Frankfurt am Main. [Ja: Mechthild Hahner]. Stuttgart Metzler, 1989, N. 600.
Wilhelm Sternfeld Deutsche Exil-Literatur 1933–1945: Eine Bio-Bibliographie, 2. Aufl., Heidelberg: Schneider, 1970, S. 68.
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Literature by and about Renée Brand in the German National Library |
52475 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bori%20Da%20Girka | Bori Da Girka | Bori Da Girka Bori Wata hanƴa ce ta bautar Iskoki, kamar yadda Musulmai ke bautar Allah (SWT) da nufin neman biyan buƙata. Bunza 1990, Haka kuma Bori wata daɗaɗɗiyar al’ada ce da ake yi a ƙasar Hausa tun kafin zuwan addinin Musulunci. Hanya ce da ake bi wajen bautar iskoki a matsayin addini. Domin nema da samun dukkan buƙatu daga Aljanu ko Iskoki. [{https://amsoshi.com}] Masu riƙo da wannan al’ada ta Bori, sun yarda kuma sun amince cewa bautar irin waɗannan Iskoki ita ce hanƴar samun duk wani magani ga marasa lafiya ko masu lalura. Uba 2006:304 Sai dai sharuɗan dake cikin wannan addini na Bori shi ne, dole ne sai ka kasance kana da Iskoki da suke a kan ka ko kan ki, kafin ka zamo Ɗan Bori. Idan kuma kana da sha’awar ka shiga wannan addini kuma baka da irin waɗancan Iskoki, sai ka zauna da manƴan Sarakunan Bori da manƴan Bokaye a girka ka, kafin ka samu shiga cikin irin wannan addini.
Haka kuma Bunza, (2006:25) Ya raba Bori ya zuwa kashi huɗu kamar haka:
1- Borin Fage
2- Borin magani
3- Borin giri
4- Borin girka
Bambancin Bori da Tsafi Bori wata dabarar warkarwa ce da bokaye suka yi fice da ita. Da Musulunci ya bayyana a ƙasar Hausa ya tarar da ƴan bori ne jagororin al’umma. Da aka rinjaye su, suka miƙa wuya karkace. Kasancewarsu cikin summa kafaru summa amanu sai bori da Musulunci suka cakuɗe wuri ɗaya Musuluncin, sai bori ya koma barbarar yanyawa. Taho-mu-gaman aƙidojin addinin Musulunci da aƙidojin bori ya sa da wuya a tantance kama da wane ba wane ba ne. Bori ba addini ba ne, wata hidima ce da wasu ‘yan tsiraru ke yi wa iskoki tsakanin ƙarya da gaskiya, har abin ya bi jikinsu da hankalinsu suka ɗabi’antu da ɗabi’aɗaya da ake iya rarrabe su da sauran wasu ba su ba (Bunza, 2016:37). Tsafi yana nufin bin wasu hanyoyi na gargajiya musamman yi wa iskoki hidima da yanka da bauta domin biyan wata buƙata ko samun wani amfani ko tunkuɗe wata cuta. Hidima a nan, tana nufin yi musu wasu ayyuka ko taimaka musu da abinci ko wasu abubuwa (Bunza, 2006:35). Shi kuma, Gobir (2013:370) yana ganin cewa ƴanbori suna cikin nau’i na bokaye a ƙasar Hausa, domin duk wani ƙasurgumin boka daga bori ya fara. ‘Yanbori su suka fi hulɗa da Iskoki, musamman miyagu masu haddasa ciwon hauka da sauran rashin lafiya. Hanyoyin bayar da magungunansu su ne ta fuskar wasan bori da girka.
Asali da Dalili Ƴanbori da Matsafa kan yi sanƴa wasu sunaye, musamman na aljanu domin girmamawa da kuma camfi a yanayi na tsoron kar su cutar da su, ko kuma, domin neman biyan buƙata da waɗannan aljanu da sukan sanƴa sunayensu. Da kuma dalili na nisanta kai da cutarwa da kuma dangantankar aljanun da magani da kuma waraka.
Girka Wannan na nufin kafe wani abu ko ɗora wani abu a kan wani da nufin a zaunar da wannan abin akan wani. Za a iya tabbatar da wannan ma’ana idan aka dubi Kalmar ‘Girki’. Kowa ya san cewa idan aka ce “Furera tana yin girki”. Abin da mutum zai sa ran ya gani shi ne, ya ga an ɗora tukunya a kan murhu ana dafa abinci. Waccan ɗora tukunƴar da ake yi a kan murhu, ita ce girkawar. Amma a harshen Bori idan aka ce ‘girka’ ana nufin zaunar da wasu gungun Aljanu ko Iskoki a kan wani Bil’adama da nufin su saba da shi su riƙa yi masa hidima, ta fuskar bayar da magungunan dukkan cututtuka. Sannan girka na daga cikin lamura masu wahalar aiwatarwa a cikin aikin Bori, domin sai an tanadi kayayyakin da za a yi amfani da su a wannan aiki na girka. Hakan ta sa ba a iya yin girka a lokaci guda. Kuma dole sai an yi tarayya da juna, wato mutum guda ba zai iya aiwatar da girka shi kaɗai ba.
Bahaushen Girka Waƙar Bahaushen Girka wadda Sulaiman Ahmad Tijjani (Farfesan Waƙa) wadda yayi Waƙar Bahaushen Girka, waƙa ce da a cikin ta mawaƙin ya zayyano ma’anar Bori da kuma Ɗan Bori. Da irin zurga-zurgar da ake yi kafin a zama Ɗan Bori. Har ya kwatanta shi da ‘Hurtumin Sa’ wato irin artabu da ake yi da gawurtattun Shanu. Da irin yadda suke dalalar da yawu mai yauƙi da kumfa kamar dai yadda Sa mai asurka yake yi. A gaba kuma ya ambace shi da irin Amalen Raƙuma, da irin tsallen da Amalen Raƙumi yake yi a dokar daji, ko a duk lokacin da wani abu ya taso, haka Ɗan Bori yake yi, a lokacin da ake yi masa girka.
An rera wannan waƙa ne domin zayyano lamarin Bori da kuma yadda idan lamura sun gawurta ake tashi daga Ɗan Bori gama-gari a koma ‘girkakken ƊanBori. Kamar yadda mawaƙin ya faɗa tun a farkon buɗe waƙar kamar haka:
Jagora: "Yin baitukan Bahaushen Girka, na san muna da turka-turka Farfesan Waƙa nai waƙa na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka Har na aza shi bisa misalin ga nan na hurtumi na Sa da asurka" Amshi: "Bauri da Bori ware bare baubauniya rawarsu ta dauri Na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka" Amshi: "Bauri da Bori ware bare baubauniya rawarsu ta dauri Ya bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka" Jagora: "Yin baitukan Bahaushen Girka na san muna da turka-turka Farfesan waƙa nai waƙa na bankaɗo Bahaushen Girka Har na aza shi bisa misalin nan
na hurtumi na Sa da asurka"
Da sauran baitukan dake cikin Waƙar yadda ya fayyace dukkan yadda bori da girka yake a ƙasar Hausa.
Madogara Gobir, Y. A. (2012). Tasirin Iskoki ga Cutuka da Magungunan Hausawa. Kundin Digiri na uku (Ph.D Thesis). Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya, Sokoto: Jami’ar Usmanu Ɗanfodiyo.
Gobir, Y. A. (2013). Najasa a Mahaɗin Maganin Iska. In Harsunan Nijeriya Volume XXIII, Special Edition. Kano: Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages, Bayero University. Zariya: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
Guo, Ƙ. (2010). Cultural Difference in Chinese and English Euphemisms. In Cross-Cultural Communication, 6(4), 135-141. Canadian: Academy of Oriental and Occidental Culture.[{Http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu}] Kuta, H. M. (2014). Kwatantacin Borin Hausawa da na Gbagyi. Kundin Digiri na Biyu (M.A.Thesis). Sashen Harsunan Afirka da Al’adu, Zariya:Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello.
Yahaya, N. (2012). Euphemism Expressions for Death in Hausa Language. In Amfani, A.H. da Alhassan, B.S.Y. da Malumfashi, A. I. da Tsoho, M. Y. da Amin, M.L. da Abdullahi, B. (Editoci). In champion of Hausa cikin Hausa a festchrift in honour of Ɗalhatu Muhammad. Zaria: Sashen Koyar da Harsunan Nijeriya da Afrika, Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Press.
Yahaya, N. (2013). Sááyèn Suna a Ƙasar Hausa: Jiya da Yau Taɓarɓarewar Al’adun Hausawa. Zaria: Ahmadu Bello University Presss |
60611 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licypriya%20Kangujam | Licypriya Kangujam | Articles with hCards
Articles with hCards
Licypriya Kangujam Meitei :</link> IPA: [lisipi ʒɐm ]</link>; an haife ta 2 Oktoba 2011) 'yar gwagwarmayar kare muhalli ce daga Indiya. Ɗaya daga cikin matasa masu gwagwarmayar sauyin yanayi a duniya, tayi jawabi ga shugabannin duniya a taron Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan sauyin yanayi na 2019 a Madrid, Spain, inda ta nemi su ɗauki matakin sauyin yanayi cikin gaggawa. Licypriya ta daɗe tana fafutukar ganin an shawo kan sauyin yanayi a Indiya tun daga shekarar 2018, don samar da sabbin dokoki don dakile yawan gurbacewar yanayi a Indiya, da kuma sanya wajabta ilimin canjin yanayi a makarantu. An ɗauke ta a matsayin Greta Thunberg ta Indiya, kodayake ba ta son amfani da wannan kalmar.
Licypriya ta fara bada shawarwari game da canjin yanayi acikin Yuli 2018. A ranar 21 ga Yuni 2019, wahayi daga Greta Thunberg, Licypriya ta fara kwashe mako guda a wajen majalisar dokokin Indiya don jawo hankalin Firayim Minista Narendra Modi don zartar da dokar sauyin yanayi a Indiya.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Licypriya Kangujam a ranar 2 ga Oktoba 2011 a Bashikhong, Manipur, Indiya, babbar 'yar Kanarjit Kangujam da Bidyarani Devi Kangujam Ongbi, acikin dangin Meitei. Lokacin da ta kai shekara bakwai, ta fara daga muryarta don yaƙar sauyin yanayi da rage haɗarin bala'i.
Acikin 2018, Licypriya ta halarci taron bala'i na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a Mongolia tare da mahaifinta. Hakan ya kara mata kwarin gwiwar shiga harkar fafutuka. A cikin labarin da ta buga a gidan rediyon BBC ta bayyana cewa, “Na samu kwarin gwiwa da sabbin ilimi daga mutanen da ke bada jawabi. Lamarin da ya canza rayuwa." Licypriya ta kafa "Ƙungiyar Yara" jim kaɗan don wayar da kan jama'a, tare da yin kira ga kare duniya ta hanyar magance sauyin yanayi da bala'o'i.
Ayyukan aiki
Ambaliyar Kerala 2018 Licypriya ta bada gudummawar ajiyarta na Rupees 100,000 ga Babban Ministan Kerala Pinarayi Vijayan a ranar 24 ga Agusta 2018 don taimakawa yaran da bala'in ambaliyar Kerala 2018 ya shafa. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ta sami wasiƙar amincewa daga gwamnatin Kerala.
Gudunmawar da Licypriya ta bayar ga Babban Ministan ya tallafa wa aikin kare yaran da ambaliyar ruwa ta shafa. Ta ji ƙaramar gudunmawarta za ta taimaka wajen kawo canji a lokacin wahala.
Ziyarar Afirka Licypriaya ta halarci taron UNESCO Partners' Forum 2019 (Biennial Luanda) a Luanda, Angola, wanda UNESCO, Tarayyar Afirka da gwamnatin Angola suka gayyace su. Tayi magana kan sauyin yanayi tare da shugaban Angola João Lourenço, Shugaban Mali Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Shugaban Malawi Hage Geingob, Shugaban Jamhuriyar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso, Uwargidan Shugaban Angola Ana Dias Lourenço, Uwargidan Shugaban Namibia Monica Geingos, 2018 Lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta Nobel Denis Mukwege, Darakta Janar na UNESCO Audrey Azoulay, Mataimakin Firayim Minista na Guinea François Lonseny Fall da ministocin al'adu na Afirka.
Kit ɗin Tsira don Gaba A ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019, Licypriya ta fito da wata na'urar alama mai suna SUKIFU (Kit ɗin Tsira don Gaba) don magance gurɓacewar iska. SUKIFU kayan kasafin kuɗi ne kusan sifili wanda aka ƙera daga shara don samar da iska mai daɗi don shaƙa lokacin da gurɓatacce ba ta da kyau. Wannan tsire-tsire da za'a iya sawa alama ce ta Green Movement don gurbatar iska. Kowa zai iya gina wannan ra'ayi a gida ta hanyar sake yin amfani da shara don sanya iska mai kyau kai tsaye cikin huhu. Licypriya ta kaddamar da shi a gaban majalisar dokokin Punjab da Haryana. Ta ja hankalin shugabannin da su nemo hanyoyin magance matsalar gurbacewar iska a yankin Delhi da babban birnin ƙasar.
Ta ƙara da cewa, duk da cewa aikin ya samu ƙwarin gwiwa ne sakamakon gurbacewar iska a Delhi, amma ba ta son sakonsa ya kasance game da muhalli kawai. A maimakon haka, ta ce, yanayin daidaitawa ne ya sa ta fito da wata manufa, tare da halayen juriya da ake bukata don rayuwa a yanzu da kuma nan gaba. Ta kirkiro wannan samfurin tare da tallafin Chandan Ghosh, farfesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Indiya Jammu (IIT).
Babban Oktoba Maris 2019 A ranar 21 ga Oktoba 2019, Licypriya ta fara "Babban Oktoba Maris 2019" a Ƙofar Indiya, New Delhi tare da dubban magoya bayanta. An gudanar da tattakin ne daga ranar 21 zuwa 27 ga watan Oktoba a wurare daban-daban domin neman ɗaukar matakin gaggawa kan sauyin yanayi da kuma kafa dokar yanayi a Indiya.
COP25 Licypriya yayi magana a taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2019, wanda kuma aka sani da COP25, yana kira ga shugabannin duniya da su ɗauki matakin yanzu kan sauyin yanayi. Mutane 26,000 daga kasashe 196 ne suka halarci wannan taron. An gudanar da shi daga 2 ga Disamba zuwa 13 ga Disamba a Madrid, Spain, wanda gwamnatin Chile ta karɓi bakuncin tareda taimakon kayan aiki na gwamnatin Spain a karkashin UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change).
Licypriya ta gana da Sakatare-Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya António Guterres a lokacin COP25 kuma ta gabatar da takardar "a madadin yaran duniya."Takardar ta bayyana cewa tana son samar da wuri mai kyau ga dukkan yaran duniya. Guterres ya yaba mata. Greta Thunberg da wasu shugabannin duniya da dama sun halarci taron.
Dandalin Tattalin Arzikin Duniya 2020 Acikin 2020, Licypriya ta buga wasiƙa ga mahalarta taron tattalin arzikin duniya tare da masu fafutuka Greta Thunberg, Luisa Neubauer, Isabelle Axelsson, da Loukina Tille, suna kira ga kamfanoni, bankuna da gwamnatoci da su daina bada tallafin mai. A wani ra'ayi da aka baiwa The Guardian sun ce, "Ba ma son a yi wadannan abubuwa nan da 2050, 2030 ko ma 2021, muna son ayi hakan a yanzu kamar yadda akeyi a yanzu. Muna kira ga shugabannin duniya da su daina saka hannun jari a tattalin arzikin mai da ke kan gaba wajen rikicin duniya. Maimakon haka, ya kamata su saka kuɗin su a cikin fasaha masu dorewa, bincike da kuma dawo da yanayi. Ribar ɗan gajeren lokaci bai kamata ya haifar da kwanciyar hankali na rayuwa ba."
Ranar Duniya 2020 Licypriya tayi jawabi a taron duniya a Ranar Duniya 2020 a Washington, DC, Amurka. Taron ya kasance kama-da-wane, saboda barkewar cutar ta COVID-19. An nuna ta tare da 50 sauran shugabannin duniya, masu tasiri, masu shahara, 'yan wasa da mawaƙa, ciki harda Paparoma Francis, Sylvia Earle, Denis Hayes, Bill McKibben, Kwamitin Bada Shawarar Duniya Albert II (Farashin Monaco), Alexandria Villaseñor, Al Gore, Patricia Espinosa, Christiana Figueres, Michelle Dilhara, Jerome Foster II, John Kerry, Thomas Lovejoy, Ed Begley Jr., Zac Efron, Anil Kapoor, Van Jones, Ricky Keij, Paul Nicklen da Alex Honnold, suna ba da saƙon bege don yaƙar yanayin da ke gudana. rikicin.
TED yayi magana A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2020, tayi jawabi ga TEDxSBSC da aka gudanar a Jami'ar Delhi, New Delhi, Indiya. A ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2020 tayi jawabi a TEDxGateway da aka gudanar a Mumbai kuma ta sami babban yabo ga jawabin nata. Tayi magana game da tattaunawar TEDx sau shida a lokacin tana da shekaru tara.
Gangamin koyar da sauyin yanayi a makarantu Licypriya dai na fafutukar ganin an wajabta darussa kan sauyin yanayi a makarantu, kuma a martanin da gwamnatin jihar Gujarat ta Indiya ta sanya ta sanya canjin yanayi a makarantun makarantu.
Ganewa A ranar 31 ga Agusta, 2019, Licypriya ta sami lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta yara ta duniya 2019, wanda Charles Allen, Daraktan Haɗin gwiwa na Indexididdigar Zaman Lafiya ta Duniya Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki Zaman Lafiya (IEP), ya gabatar a Ostiraliya acikin wani taron da Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Matasa ta shirya. Ma'aikatar Wasannin Matasa da Ƙarfafa Al'umma, gwamnatin Maldives. Koyaya, The Times of India ya ruwaito, "Hatta lambar yabo ta zaman lafiya ta yara ta duniya da aka baiwa Licypriya acikin 2019 kuma aka inganta ta a matsayin girmamawar da Cibiyar Aminci ta Duniya ta bada ta zama abin kunya bayan Cibiyar Tattalin Arziki da Zaman Lafiya ta fayyace akan Twitter cewa "ba mu bayar da kyaututtuka”.
Hakanan an karrama Licypriya da taken "Tauraro Tashi" ta hedkwatar Cibiyar Sadarwar Ranar Duniya da ke Washington, DC
A ranar 19 ga Nuwamba, 2019, ta sami lambar yabo ta SDGs Ambassador Award 2019 a Jami'ar Chandigarh, wanda Dainik Bhaskar ya gabatar tare da haɗin gwiwar NITI Aayog, Gwamnatin Indiya Licypriya kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta Global Child Prodigy 2020 a ranar 3 ga Janairu 2020 a New Delhi, wanda Laftanar Gwamnan Pondicherry Kiran Bedi ya gabatar.
Rigima Acikin wani rahoto da jaridar The Times of India ta fitar a watan Yunin 2021, ta bayyana cewa duk lambobin yabo da Licypriya ta samu daga farkon lokacinta kungiyoyin mahaifinta ne suka ba ta. An kama mahaifinta Kanarjit Kangujam Singh a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2021 saboda zargin damfarar ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai da yawa, otal-otal da daidaikun mutane don taron Matasan Duniya wanda ya shirya a Imphal acikin 2014. Kusan yara ɗari daga kasashe 12 sunyi ikirarin cewa Kanarjit Kangujam yayi musu zamba.
Duba kuma Greta Thunberg
Severn Cullis-Suzuki tun yana ƙarami kuma sanannen mai fafutukar kare muhalli ne a 1992
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Licypriya Kangujam akan Taron Matasan Kudancin Asiya da aka Archived Licipriya Kangujam akan Rigima
Licypriya Kangujam akan takaddamar lambar yabo ta karya
Licypriya Kangujam akan takaddamar lambar yabo
Yanar Gizo na Licypriya
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16119 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chineze%20Anyaene | Chineze Anyaene | Chineze Anyaene (an haife ta 28 Disamban shekarar 1983) 'yar fim ce ta Nijeriya kuma furodusa ce. An san ta da kyau saboda hoton da ta samu kakarbuwa shekarar 2010, Ijé: The Journey.
Farkon Rayuwa da Ilimi An haifi Chineze Anyaene a Abuja, Najeriya, Afirka ta Yamma. Ta sami BA a fannin wasan kwaikwayo na Art Theater daga fitacciyar Jami'ar Abuja, Najeriya. A shekarar 2005, ta kuma koma ƙasar Amurka inda ta sami digiri na biyu a kan Directing a New York Film Academy (NYFA). Ta auri Mista Chibuzor Abonyi a shekarar 2017.
Ayyuka Chineze Anyaene, 'yar fim mai son sha'awar son bada labaru tare da cikakkiyar fassarar silima wacce aka daidaita ta bisa ƙa'idar fasahar ƙasa da ƙasa. Founder Shugaba na Xandria Productions, cikakken hadadden sutudiyo wanda ya kware kan samarwa, siye, tallatawa da kuma rarraba finafinan wasan kwaikwayo a tsakanin Afirka da kasuwar Kasuwa ta duniya. Xandria Productions ta gabatar da fim na farko mai suna "Ije: The Journey" a shekarar 2010 wacce aka shirya kuma Chineze Anyaene ta bada umarni tare da Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde da Genevieve Nnaji tare da daukar nauyin tallafi daga Kodak. Ije tana ba da labarin wasu ‘yan’uwa mata biyu‘ yan Najeriya mata, Chioma da Anya, da kuma yadda Chioma ta yi tafiya zuwa Amurka don taimakawa kubutar da ‘yar uwarta daga aikata laifin kisan kai. Hoton da ya samu karbuwa sosai an harbe shi a cikin Najeriya da Amurka a matsayin fim na farko mai fasali wanda ɗalibin Makarantar Fim ta New York ya yi; "Ije: The Journey" ya zagaya cikin bikin fina-finai a duk faɗin duniya, ya sami lambobin yabo masu daraja sannan kuma ya zama babban ɗan fim na Nijeriya wanda ya zama sanannen fim tare da ba da gudummawa ga juyin juya halin finafinan Najeriya.
A shekarar 2012, Anyaene ta shirya wani gajeren fim, bayan shekaru 20, wanda Larry Ulrich ya bada umarni tare da Jeff Handy, Chris Oliver da Angel Princess. Saboda tsadar kayan aikin Ijé: The Journey, ya zuwa shekarar 2013 har yanzu ba ta cikin aljihu kuma ta kasa samun kuɗin yin wani fasalin a halin yanzu. Chineze ta kasance mai Magana a Buga na 14 na Clubungiyar Kasuwancin Afirka, Makarantar Kasuwancin Harvard, kan batun 'Nishaɗi: Aawancin Fina-Finan da Masana'antar Kiɗa a Afirka. Businessungiyar Kasuwanci ta Afirka ita ce babbar taron ɗaliban da duniya ke gudanarwa wanda aka mai da hankali kan kasuwanci a Afirka. Ya haɗu sama da mahalarta 900, ƙwararrun masana kasuwanci daga ko'ina cikin duniya yayin da suke ba da damar sadarwar ta musamman ga shugabannin kasuwanci da shugabannin al'umma, kamfanoni, masu tallafawa, ɗalibai na yanzu da masu zuwa na Harvard MBA da tsofaffin ɗalibai, ɗalibai daga wasu shirye-shiryen da masu ilimi daga ko'ina cikin duniya. Taken bugu na 14 wanda Chineze ma ta kasance mai halarta shine Afirka ta Haɗa: tiasa Cikakkiyar Kasuwa
Chineze Anyaene ta jagoranci wata tawaga tare da Tope Oshin Ogun, Ramsey Nouah, Charles Novia don wakiltar masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya a taron Tattalin Arzikin Duniya da aka gudanar a Abuja a shekarar 2014 a matsayin kwamitin tattaunawa kan Nollywood da abubuwan da ke gabanta Kamfanin Chineze yana kuma tuntuɓar mai samar da kayayyaki wanda ya ƙunshi tashoshi 7 kan sabis ɗin tauraron dan adam na watsa shirye-shiryen kai tsaye na Saharar Afirka.
Kwamitin Zaben Oscar na Najeriya (NOSC) Chineze Anyaene ta kafa kwamitin tantance 'yan wasan Oscar na Najeriya (NOSC) kuma ta samu amincewa daga Kwalejin Ilimin Hotunan Hotuna da Kimiyya a shekarar 2012 kamar yadda kungiyar ta Najeriya ta amince ta gabatar da wakiltar shigar fina-finai na kasar a rukunin International Feature Film (IFF); kwamitin da ta shugabanta aka amince da shi na tsawon shekaru 5. An sake amincewa da kwamitin a cikin shekarar 2019 ta Kwalejin Ilimin Hotunan Hotuna da Kimiyyar Kimiyya tare da ita har yanzu a matsayin Shugabar kwamitin mutum 12. A cikin shekarar 2019 kwamitin ya gabatar da shigowar Najeriya ta farko dan lambar yabo ta Oscars don Kyakkyawan Yanayin Fim na Kasa da Kasa wanda a da ake kira Mafi Kyawun Harshen Baƙon Foreignasashen Waje.
Lambobin yabo Kyautar Kyakkyawan Kyauta a Bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Kanada.
Kyautar Golden Ace a bikin Fina-Finan Duniya na Las Vegas.
Kyautar azabar azurfa a bikin Fina Finan Duniya na Mexico.
Kyautar Melvin van Peebles a San Francisco Black Festival.
Kyautar Bikin Kyautar Mafi Kyawun Studentaliban Internationalasashen Duniya a Fim ɗin Swansea Bay, wanda Catherine Zeta-Jones da Michael Sheen suka bayar.
Duba kuma Jerin furodusoshin fim na Najeriya
Manazarta Haifaffun 1983
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53824 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy%20LeDuc | Timothy LeDuc | Timothy LeDuc (an haife shi a watan Mayu 4, 1990) ɗan wasan skater na Amurka ne mai ritaya. Tare da abokin aikinsu na kankara, Ashley Cain, su ne zakaran kasa na Amurka sau biyu (2019, 2022), 2018 Four Continents, wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Grand Prix sau biyu. Su ne 'yan wasan tseren leƙen asiri na farko a fili da suka sami nasarar lashe kambun nau'i-nau'i a gasar cin kofin Amurka kuma ɗan wasa na farko a fili wanda ba na binary ya cancanci shiga gasar Olympics ta lokacin sanyi.
Rayuwa ta sirri An haifi Timothy LeDuc ranar 4 ga Mayu, 1990, a Cedar Rapids, Iowa Lokacin da suka fara fitowa a matsayin ɗan luwaɗi sa’ad da suke shekara 18, ’yan’uwa Kiristoci sun yi ƙoƙari su daidaita su ta hanyar jiyya, wanda LeDuc ya ƙi. Bayan sun fito a matsayin ba binary, daga baya danginsu sun zo yarda da sunan su; LeDuc ya ce, "Yanzu iyayena suna tafiya tare da ni a cikin zanga-zangar Trans Pride da kuma cikin jerin girman kai LeDuc ya zama mai sha'awar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa bayan kallon wasannin Olympics na 2002 kuma ya fara ɗaukar darussan wasan tsere ta hanyar shirin Koyi don Skate. LeDuc ita ce dan wasan tseren leƙen asiri na ɗan luwaɗi na farko da ya fara lashe kambun nau'i-nau'i a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka. LeDuc ba binary ba ne, kuma ya fara amfani da su/su karin magana a cikin 2021.
Sana'a
Gudun kankara guda ɗaya LeDuc sun fara koyan wasan kankara tun suna ɗan shekara 12 kuma sun fara darussa na sirri bayan shekaru biyu. Sun sanya matsayi na 7 a rukunin maza na novice a gasar cin kofin Amurka ta 2008 Abokan hulɗa na farko Yin gasa cikin nau'i-nau'i masu novice, LeDuc ya sanya na goma tare da Lauren Gifford a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2010 Tare da Cassie Andrews, sun ci lambar ƙaramin tagulla a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2011 kuma sun ƙare a matsayi na tara a Gasar Kananan Yara na Duniya na 2011 a Gangneung, Koriya ta Kudu. Tafiya zuwa babban matakin a kakar wasa ta gaba, sun sanya na goma sha ɗaya a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2012 LeDuc ya haɗu tare da DeeDee Leng a cikin Yuni 2012. Bayan sun sanya matsayi na tara a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2013, an tura su gasar cin kofin kalubale na kasa da kasa, inda suka kare a matsayi na biyar. A kakar wasa ta gaba, biyun sun sanya matsayi na shida a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Nice na 2013 da na bakwai a gasar cin kofin Amurka ta 2014 Bayan haɗin gwiwar su ya ƙare a cikin 2014, LeDuc ya yi wasa tare da 'yar'uwarsu har tsawon shekaru biyu a cikin nunin kankara na Willy Bietak akan jiragen ruwa na Royal Caribbean. Bayan kammala kwangilar su a watan Maris 2016, sun yanke shawarar komawa gasa. Bayan shawara daga Mitch Moyer na Amurka Figure Skating, LeDuc yayi kokari tare da Ashley Cain a watan Mayu 2016. A ranar 23 ga Mayu, 2016, sun tabbatar da aniyarsu ta yin takara tare. Mahaifinta, Peter Cain ne ya horar da ma'auratan a Euless, Texas 2016-17 kakar Kayinu/LeDuc sun sami jerin ayyuka na Kalubale guda uku a cikin kakar 2016–2017. Bayan sanya na hudu a 2016 Nebelhorn Trophy da 2016 Finlandia Trophy, an ba su lambar yabo ta tagulla a 2016 Golden Spin na Zagreb, inda suka haɓaka karkatar su daga sau biyu zuwa sau uku. Kayinu ya ce, "Mun fara juya shi kwanaki kafin mu tafi wannan gasar." A Gasar Skating Hoto na Amurka na 2017, sun sanya na uku. Sun sanya matsayi na tara a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyoyi Hudu na 2017 2017-18 kakar Kayinu/LeDuc ya fara kakar 2017-2018 tare da kammala matsayi na hudu a 2017 Lombardia Trophy a tsakiyar Satumba. Sun sanya na bakwai a 2017 Nebelhorn Trophy a ƙarshen Satumba. A taronsu na Grand Prix na farko, gasar cin kofin kasar Sin ta 2017, sun sanya matsayi na shida. Sun sanya na uku a Gasar Skating Hoto na Amurka na 2018 Sun sanya na biyu a Gasar Cin Kofin Hoto na Nahiyoyi Hudu na 2018 kuma sun sami lambar yabo ta farko a babban Gasar ISU.
2018-19 kakar A 2018 US International Figure Skating Classic, Kayinu/LeDuc ya sanya gabaɗaya gabaɗaya tare da maki na 173.05. Sun sanya farko gabaɗaya a 2018 Ondrej Nepela Trophy tare da maki na 181.56. A taronsu na farko na Grand Prix na kakar, 2018 Skate America, sun sanya na uku gabaɗaya tare da maki 175.05. A gasar cin kofin Rostelecom ta 2018, Kayinu/LeDuc ya sanya na shida da maki 170.29.
Bayan Grand Prix, Kayinu/LeDuc ya fafata a wani taron kalubale na uku, Golden Spin na Zagreb Na biyu bayan ɗan gajeren shirin, su biyun sun sanya na biyar a cikin skate kyauta bayan faɗuwar biyu. Faɗuwar ta biyu ta haɗa da jefar da Kayinu a kai yayin da yake fitowa daga ɗagawa, da alama an buga shi a sume a takaice, kafin ya tashi ya kammala shirin. Daga baya aka kai ta asibiti. An samu cece-kuce tsakanin masu sharhi kan cewa alkalin wasan bai dakatar da wasan ba. Daga baya aka gano Kayinu yana da maƙarƙashiya.
A Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2019, Kayinu/LeDuc sun sami taken farko na biyu na Amurka bayan sun sanya na biyu a cikin gajeren shirin kuma na farko a cikin skate kyauta. Da yake magana bayan haka, LeDuc ya yaba da farfadowar Kayinu, yana mai cewa "kamar gina katanga ne, bulo daya a lokaci guda. Yana da ban sha'awa sosai a gare ni na kalli yadda ta tura ta wannan kuma ta ba ni ƙarfi. Kullum muna ƙoƙari mu ci gaba a matsayin ƙungiya, kuma a wannan kakar, mun ɗauki shi sosai, kuma muna son haɓaka shi." A matsayin zakara na kasa, an ba Kayinu/LeDuc damar yin gasa a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyoyi Hudu na 2019 a farkon Fabrairu kuma a matsayin tawaga ta Amurka tilo a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya na 2019 a Saitama, Japan Kayinu/LeDuc ya gama na huɗu a Gasar Cin Kofin Nahiyoyi huɗu, mafi girman matsayi ga ƙungiyar Amurka, bayan ya gama na huɗu a duka sassan biyu. Kayinu ya yi fama a cikin zaman horo tun da farko kuma ya ji bushewa, amma ta murmure kuma ta ce ta gamsu da yadda suka yi. A Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, na farko, Kayinu/LeDuc, ya zama na tara. LeDuc ya bayyana kakar wasa a matsayin "wasan motsa jiki", idan aka yi la'akari da batutuwan da suka ji rauni, yayin da Kayinu ya nuna jin dadinsa da samun matsayi na biyu na Amurka a gasar cin kofin duniya na shekara mai zuwa. Kayinu/LeDuc sun kammala kakar wasan su a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar da ta lashe lambar zinare a Amurka a Gasar Ƙwallon Ƙasa ta Duniya ta 2019 Kayinu LeDuc ya fara kakar wasa a 2019 CS US Classic, inda suka ci zinare, inda suka ci nasara a gasar zinare ta duniya Evgenia Tarasova Vladimir Morozov An ɗauke su ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda aka fi so don lambar zinare a aikinsu na farko na Grand Prix na shekara, 2019 Skate America Sun sanya na uku a cikin gajeren shirin bayan Kayinu ya fadi a kan jefa Lutz sau uku. A cikin skate ɗin kyauta, sun yi jifa na biyu na Lutz, da kuma yunkurin tsalle-tsalle na gefe-da-gefe da kuma zubar da ciki, wanda ya jefa su zuwa matsayi na biyar gaba ɗaya. A Grand Prix na biyu, 2019 Internationaux de France, Kayinu ya sake fadi a kan jefa Lutz a cikin gajeren shirin, ya sanya su na hudu bayan wannan bangare. A ƙarshe sun sami nasarar jefa Lutz a cikin skate na kyauta amma sun kasance a matsayi na huɗu gabaɗaya bayan Kayinu ya faɗi a gefe-da-gefe uku ƙoƙarin Salchow. Gasar a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2020, Kayinu/LeDuc sun kasance na huɗu a cikin ɗan gajeren shirin bayan da ta yi ƙafar ƙafa biyu na jifa Lutz kuma kuskure ya haifar da ɓarna gaba ɗaya. Yin gwagwarmaya tare da ingancin abubuwa a cikin skate kyauta, sun kasance a matsayi na hudu gabaɗaya, suna samun lambar yabo ta pewter. LeDuc ya ce, "Ba a cikin katunan mana a yau. Duk da matsayinsu na hudu a gasar zakarun kasar, an ba Kayinu/LeDuc damar shiga gasar cin kofin duniya a Montreal, amma an soke wadannan sakamakon cutar amai da gudawa 2020-21 kakar An sanya Kayinu LeDuc don fara kakar wasa a 2020 Skate America, wanda, saboda sha'awar ISU don rage tafiye-tafiye na kasa da kasa yayin bala'in, horar da skaters kawai ya halarta a Amurka. Sun sanya na huɗu a cikin ɗan gajeren shirin bayan dukansu sun yi watsi da tsalle-tsalle kuma Kayinu ya kafa ƙafa biyu ƙasar jefa Lutz. Sun kasance na uku a cikin skate kyauta, amma sun kasance a matsayi na hudu gaba ɗaya. Gasar gaba a Gasar Cin Kofin Amurka ta 2021, wanda kuma aka gudanar a Las Vegas, sun sanya na hudu a cikin gajeren shirin bayan Kayinu-Gribble ya fadi a kan yunkurinta na tsalle-tsalle kuma ya sake hawa biyu da jefa Lutz saukowa. Na biyu a cikin skate kyauta, sun tashi zuwa matsayin lambar tagulla gabaɗaya. An nada su a matsayin farkon wadanda za su maye gurbin kungiyar ta duniya ta 2021 kuma daga baya aka kira su bayan janyewar wadanda suka samu lambar azurfa Calalang Johnson Sun sanya matsayi na tara a gasar cin kofin duniya.
2021-22 kakar Shirye-shiryen biyun na gasar Olympics ya sami cikas da Kayinu ya ba da kwangilar COVID-19 a ƙarshen lokacin rani, sakamakon hakan sun janye daga shirinsu na farko a gasar cin kofin Cranberry ta Skating Club na Boston Madadin haka, sun fara fitowa ne a jerin Challenger a 2021 CS Autumn Classic International, inda suka ci lambar tagulla. A taronsu na Challenger na biyu, 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, sun ci lambar tagulla ta biyu, inda suka doke Calalang Johnson da kyar. Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1990
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
16478 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9 | Beyoncé | Beyonce Giselle Knowles-Carter /b i j ɒ n s eɪ bee-YON -say née Knowles. An Haife ta a 4 ga watan Satumban shekarar 1981) ne shahararriyar mawakiyar america. da kuma rikodin. An haife ta kuma ta girma a Houston, Texas, Beyonce ta taka rawar gani a gasa daban-daban da raye-raye yayin da tana yarin ya. Ta zama sananniya a ƙarshen 1990s ita ta zama jagora a waƙar Destiny's Child, tana ɗaya daga cikin best-selling girl groups of all time. Beyoncé galibi ana ambata a matsayin tasiri daga wasu masu fasaha A lokacin hutun da Destiny's Child ta yi, Beyonce ta fara gabatar da fim din wasan kwaikwayo tare da taka rawa a lambar ofishin Amurka-Austin Powers in Goldmember (2002) kuma ta fara aikin kade kade kawai. Ta zama mawaƙiya ta farkon, don fara lamba ta ɗaya tare da faifan studio na solo na farko akan Billboard 200. Kundin wakanta na farko Dangerously in Love (2003) ya fito da manyan hotuna guda hudu wadanda suka hada da Billboard Hot 100 manyan wakoki guda biyar, wadanda suka hada da waka daya mai suna Crazy in Love wacce ke dauke da mawaki mai suna Jay-Z da kuma Baby Boy wacce ke dauke da mawaki Sean Paul Bayan rusa Destiny's Child a shekarar 2006, ta kuma fitar da faifan wakokinta na biyu, B'Day, wanda ke dauke da wakar farko ta Amurka mai lamba daya Irreplaceable da "Beautiful Liar", wanda ke kan gaba a cikin yawancin ƙasashe. Beyonce ta ci gaba da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo tare da taka rawa a cikin The Pink Panther (2006),Dreamgirls (2006), da kuma Obsessed (2009). Aurenta da Jay-Z da kuma nuna Etta James a Cadillac Records (2008) ta rinjayi kundi na uku, I Am... Sasha Fierce (2008), wanda ta sami rikodin-shida na six Grammy Awards a cikin 2010. Ya haifar da lambar Burtaniya ta daya-daya Idan da Na kasance Yaro da lambar Amurka-daya "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It) da kuma guda biyar na sama Halo Bayan rabuwa daga manajanta da mahaifinsa Mathew Knowles a cikin 2010, Beyonce ta saki kundin 4 (2011); shi an rinjayi 1970s funk, 1980s pop, da kuma 1990s soul.Ta sami nasarar yabo ta baya-baya game da waƙoƙin gwaji na ɗanta, Beyoncé (2013) da Lemonade (2016);itace mafi kyawun kundin duniya na 2016 kuma kundin da aka fi so a cikin ayyukanta, bincika batutuwa na infidelity da womanism. A cikin 2018, ta saki Everything Is Love, kundin haɗin gwiwa tare da mijinta, Jay-Z, a matsayin thean Carters A matsayin mai zane-zane, Beyonce ta hau saman Billboard Hot 100 tare da remixes na Perfect na Ed Sheeran a cikin 2017 da Savage na Megan Thee Stallion a cikin 2020. A wannan shekarar, ta fara gabatar da daraktoci da rubutun allo tare da musical film da visual album Black Is King, wanda ya sami babban yabo bayan an fara shi a Beyonce tana ɗaya daga cikin world's best-selling recording artists, bayan da kuma ta sayar da fayafayan miliyan 118 a duniya. ta samu nasarori 2000 tare da Recording Industry Association of America Shekaru goma, da kuma Babban Mashahurin Mawallafin Mujallar da, sannan a wakar radiyo tafi kowace mace shahara.Beyonce itace mace mafi cancanta a cikin tarihin Grammy Award' kuma itace ta biyu mafi yawan mata ga yawan jimillar 24.Hakanan ita ce mafi kyawun kyauta a cikin MTV Video Music Awards, tare da nasara 24, gami da kyautar Michael Jackson Video Vanguard Award. A shekarar 2014, ta zama mafi girma da-samun Black musician a cikin tarihi da kuma aka jera tsakanin Lokaci 100 mafi tasiri mutane a duniya a shekara ta biyu a jere. Forbes an sanya ta a matsayin mace mafi iko a cikin nishaɗi a jerin su na 2015 da 2017. Ta kasance a matsayi na shida na Person of the Year a 2016, kuma a cikin 2020, an lasafta ta ɗaya daga cikin mata 100 waɗanda suka bayyana karnin da ya gabata a by the same publication.Beyonce aka kuma hada kan Encyclopædia Britannica 100 Women jerin a 2019, don ta bayar da gudunmawa ga nisha masana'antu.
Rayuwar farko Beyonce Giselle Knowles an haife ta ne a Houston, Texas, ga Celestine "Tina" Knowles née Beyonce), mai gyaran gashi da mai salon, da kuma Mathew Knowles, manajan tallace-tallace na Xerox. Sunan Beyonce haraji ne ga sunan mahaifiyarta. Solange Knowles ita ma mawaƙa ce kuma tsohuwar mai raye waƙa don Destiny's Child. Solange da Beyonce su ne 'yan'uwa mata na farko da suke da faifai na 1. Mathew Ba’amurke ne Ba’amurke, kuma Tina ta fito ne daga asalin Louisiana Creole (Faransa, Ba’amurkiya, da Afrika), da zuriyar yahudawa, Sifen, Sinawa da Indonesiya.Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, Beyonce daga zuriyar shugaban Acadian ne Joseph Broussard,haka kuma daga zuriyar Jean-Vincent d'Abbadie de Saint-Castin. A cikin 2018, Beyonce ta yi bincike kan asalin ta kuma ta gano cewa ta fito ne daga mai mallakar bayi.
Beyonce ta halarci makarantar St. Mary's Montessori a Houston, inda ta shiga ajin rawa. An gano gwaninta na waƙa lokacin da malaman rawa Dar Darta Johnson ta fara raira waƙa kuma ta gama shi, ta sami damar buga manyan bayanan.Beyonce tana da sha'awar kiɗa da kuma ci gaba bayan da ta ci nasara a wasan bajinta na makaranta tana yar shekara bakwai, ana raira waƙar John Lennon's "Imagine "ta doke yara 'yan shekara 15/16. A ƙarshen shekarar 1990, Beyonce ta shiga makarantar firamare ta Parker, wata magnet school a Houston, inda za ta yi waka tare da ƙungiyar mawaƙa ta makarantar.Ta kuma halarci High School for the Performing and Visual Artssannan daga baya ta halarci Alief Elsik High School. Beyonce kuma memba ce na mawaƙa a Cocin St. John's United Methodist a matsayin soloist na shekaru biyu.
Ayyuka
Farkon aiki Lokacin da Beyonce ta kasance shekara takwas, ita da ƙawarta Kelly Rowland sun haɗu da LaTavia Roberson yayin da ake sauraren ƙungiyar 'yan mata masu nishaɗi.An saka su cikin ƙungiyar da ake kira Girl's Tyme tare da wasu 'yan mata uku, kuma suka yi fice da raye-raye a da'irar nuna gwaninta a Houston. Bayan ganin rukunin, mai gabatar da R&B Arne Frager ya kawo su sutudiyonsa ta Northern California kuma ya sanya su a cikin Star Search, mafi girman nuna gwaninta a Talabijin na ƙasa a lokacin. Tyme ta 'Yan mata ta gaza yin nasara, kuma daga baya Beyonce ta ce wakar da suka yi ba ta da kyau. A cikin shekara ta 1995 mahaifin Beyonce ya yi murabus daga aikinsa don sarrafa ƙungiyar.Yunkurin ya rage kudin shigar dangin Beyonce da rabi, kuma an tilasta iyayenta su koma gidajen da aka raba. Mathew ya yanke layi na asali har zuwa huɗu kuma ƙungiyar ta ci gaba da aiwatarwa azaman buɗaɗɗiyar hanyar buɗewa ga wasu rukunin girlan matan R&B da aka ka fa.'Yan matan sun saurari bayanan kafin a rubuta su kuma daga karshe aka sanya hannu a kan Elektra Records, suka koma Atlanta Records a takaice don yin aiki a kan rikodin na farko, amma sai kamfanin ya yanke su. Wannan ya kara sanya damuwa a kan dangin, kuma iyayen Beyonce sun rabu. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, 1995, Dwayne Wiggins's Grass Roots Entertainment ya sanya hannu kan ƙungiyar. A cikin 1996, 'yan matan sun fara yin rikodin kundi na farko a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya tare da Sony Music, dangin Knowles sun sake haɗuwa, kuma jim kaɗan bayan haka, ƙungiyar ta sami kwangila tare da Columbia Records.
1997–2002: Destan Makoma ta canza sunansu zuwa Destiny's Child a cikin 1996, bisa ga nassi a cikin littafin Ishaya A cikin 1997,Destiny's Child ya fitar da babbar waƙar farko ta waƙar "Kashe Lokaci" a kan sautin fim ɗin 1997 Men in Black.A watan Nuwamba, kungiyar tafito da karon farko a karon farko da kuma fitaccen fim na farko, No, No, No Sun saki kundi na farko mai taken kai tsaye a watan Fabrairun 1998, wanda ya kafa kungiyar a matsayin aiki mai inganci a masana'antar kiɗa, tare da matsakaiciyar tallace-tallace da kuma cin ƙungiyar uku Soul Train Lady of Soul Awards don Kyautar R B Soul Album na Shekara, Mafi Kyawu R B Rai ko Sabon Mawaki, da Mafi Kyawun R B Soul Single don "No, No, No".Releasedungiyar ta fitar da kundin kiɗan su na Multi-Platinum na biyu The Writing's on the Wall a cikin 1999. Rikodin ya kunshi wasu daga cikin wakokin da aka fi sani da kungiyar kamar Bills, Bills, Bills lambar farko ta kungiyar guda daya, Jumpin' Jumpin da Say My Name wanda ya zama wakar su mafi nasara a lokaci, kuma zai kasance ɗayan waƙoƙin sa hannun su. "Kace Sunana" ya sami Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals da Waƙar R&B Mafi Kyawu a 43rd Annual Grammy Awards. Rubutun rubuce-rubuce akan bango ya sayar da kofi sama da miliyan takwas a duniya. A wannan lokacin, Beyonce ta yi rikodin waka tare da Marc Nelson, memba na asali na Boyz II Men, a kan waƙar "Bayan Duk An Ce kuma Anyi" don waƙar waƙoƙin fim ɗin 1999, The Best Man.
Manazarta Rayayyun Mutane
Haifaffun |
28361 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da%C9%97a%C9%97%C9%97en%20Birnin%20Aleppo | Daɗaɗɗen Birnin Aleppo | Tsohon Birnin Aleppo (Larabci: romanized: Madīnat Halab al-Qadīma) birni ne mai tarihi na Aleppo, Siriya. Kafin yakin basasar Siriya, yawancin gundumomi na tsohon birnin sun kasance da gaske ba su canza ba tun lokacin da aka gina shi a cikin karni na 12 zuwa na 16. Kasancewar ana ci gaba da kai hare-hare da rashin kwanciyar hankali na siyasa, an tilasta wa mazauna birnin gina rukunin gidaje da gundumomi masu zaman kansu na zamantakewa da tattalin arziki. Kowace gunduma tana da halaye na addini da kabilanci na mazaunanta.
Tsohon birnin Aleppo wanda ya ƙunshi tsohon birni a cikin ganuwar da kuma tsohon yanki mai kama da tantanin halitta a wajen bangon yana da kusan yanki mai girman hekta 350 (acres 860; 3.5 km2), yana da gidaje fiye da 120,000.
An siffanta shi da manyan gidajenta, kunkuntar lunguna, rufaffiyar souqs da tsohowar ayari, Tsohuwar birnin Aleppo ta zama Cibiyar Tarihi ta UNESCO a cikin shekara ta alif 1986.
An ruguje da rugujewa ko kona bangarori da dama a Al-Madina Souq da wasu gine-gine na zamanin da na tsohon birnin, sakamakon arangamar da aka yi tsakanin sojojin Larabawa na Siriya da dakarun 'yan tawaye na Jabhat al-Nusra, a wani abin da ake kira yakin Aleppo. da 'yan adawar JN suka kaddamar a ranar 25 ga watan Satumban shekarar 2012. A cikin watan Fabrairun, shekarar 2014, kungiyoyin 'yan adawa na Islamic Front sun dauki alhakin lalata wasu manyan gine-ginen tarihi da sojojin Siriya ke amfani da su a matsayin sansanonin kagara a tsohon birnin ciki har da adalci. fadar, otal din Carlton da tsohon ginin majalisar birnin. An lalata kashi 30% na tsohon birnin Aleppo a fadan.
Asalin da kafuwar Kwance yake a gefen hagu na Kogin Queiq tsohon birnin yana kewaye da da'irar tsaunuka takwas da ke kewaye da wani fitaccen tsauni na tsakiya wanda aka gina katangar (asali haikalin da ya yi daidai da karni na 2 BC) a cikin siffar acropolis. Rajin da'irar yana da kusan kilomita 10 (6 mi). The hills are Tell as-Sawda, Tell ʕāysha, Tell as-Sett, Tell al-Yāsmin (Al-ʕaqaba), Tell al-Ansāri (Yārūqiyya), ʕan at-Tall, al-Jallūm, Baḥsīta. Tare da kusan kadada 160 (kadada 400; 1.6 km2), tsohon birnin an rufe shi a cikin wani katangar tarihi mai nisan kilomita 5 (3 mi) a zagaye wanda Mamlukes suka sake ginawa a ƙarshe. Katangar ta bace tun daga lokacin. Tana da kofofi tara (5 daga cikinsu an kiyaye su sosai) kuma an kewaye shi da wani babban rami mai zurfi.
A farkon karni na 15 Kiristoci ne suka fara gina sabon rukunin Jdeydeh na tsohon birnin a yankin arewacin tsohon birnin, bayan janyewar Mongol daga Aleppo. Jdeydeh yana ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun misalan kwata kamar tantanin halitta a Aleppo. Sakamakon ci gaban tattalin arziki, an kafa wasu sassa da yawa a wajen bangon tsohon birnin a cikin ƙarni na 15 da 16.
Tsarin lokaci na tarihi A cikin tarihinta, Aleppo na cikin jihohi masu zuwa:
*ca. 2400 BC tsakiyar karni na 23 BC, Masarautar Armi
tsakiyar. Karni na 23 BC tsakiyar karni na 22 BC, Daular Akkadiya
Karni na 21 BC-karni na 19 BC, Masarautar Eblaite
ca. 1800 BC-1595 BC, Masarautar Amorite ta Yamhad
1595 BC–ca. 1500 BC, Tsohon Mulkin Hittiyawa
ca. 1500 BC-ca. 1450 BC, Mitanni
ca. 1450 BC–ca. 1350 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Masar
ca. 1350 BC- farkon karni na 12 BC, Sabuwar Mulkin Hittiyawa
Karni na 11 BC, Masarautar Syro-Hitti ta Palistin
karni na 10 BC, daular Syro-hitti ta Bit Agusi
Karni na 9 BC-karni na 7 BC, Daular Neo-Assyrian
farkon karni na 6 BC tsakiyar karni na 6 BC, Daular Neo-Babila
ca. 550 BC–ca. 350 BC, Daular Achaemenid ta Farisa
333 BC-312 BC, Daular Makidoniya
312 BC-88 BC, Daular Seleucid
88 BC-64 BC, Daular Armeniya
64 BC-27 BC, Jamhuriyar Rum
27 BC-395 AD, Daular Rum
476–608, Daular Byzantine
608-622, Sassanid Farisa
622–637, Daular Byzantine (an maidowa)
637–661, Rashidun Caliphate
661–750, Umayyad Khalifanci*750–878, Khalifancin Abbasiyawa
878-905, Tulunids
905-941, Halifancin Abbasiyawa (maidowa)
941–944, Daular Ikhshidid
944–1003, Daular Hamdanid
1003-1038, Fatimid Khalifan
1038-1080, Daular Mirdasid
1080–1086, Daular Uqaylid
1086-1118, Daular Seljuq
1118-1128, Artuqids
1128-1183, daular Zengid
1183-1260, Daular Ayyubid
1260 Maris-Oktoba, Mongol Empire
1260–1400, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira)
1400 Daular Timurid
1400–1516, Mamluk Sultanate (Alkahira) (an maidowa)
1516-1918, Daular Usmaniyya
1920 Maris-Yuli, Larabawa Masarautar Syria
1920-1924, Jihar Aleppo karkashin wajabcin Faransa
1924-1946, Wajen Faransawa na Siriya da Labanon
1946-1958, Jamhuriyar Siriya (1946-1963)
1958-1960, United Arab Republic
1960-Yanzu, Jamhuriyar Larabawa ta Siriya
Prehistoric da pre-classical zamanin Da kyar masu binciken kayan tarihi suka taba Aleppo, tun da birni na zamani ya mamaye tsohon wurinsa.
Shekarun Farkon Bronze Aleppo ya bayyana a cikin tarihin tarihi a matsayin muhimmin birni da ya wuce Damascus. Rikodin farko na Aleppo na iya kasancewa daga karni na uku BC idan an bayyana Aleppo a matsayin Armi, jihar birni mai alaƙa da Ebla daidai. An kuma gano Armi da Tell Bazi na zamani. Giovanni Pettinato ya kwatanta Armi a matsayin canjin Ebla. Naram-Sin na Akkad (ko kakansa Sargon) ya halaka Ebla da Arman a karni na 23 BC.
Zamanin Bronze na Tsakiya A zamanin tsohuwar Babila, sunan Aleppo ya bayyana a matsayin Halab (Halab) a karon farko. Aleppo ita ce babban birnin daular Amoriyawa ta Yamhad. Masarautar Yamhad (kimanin 1800-1600 BC), wanda aka fi sani da 'ƙasar Halab,' ita ce mafi ƙarfi a Gabas Kusa da ita a lokacin.
Hittiyawa a karkashin Mursilis I sun halaka Yamhad a karni na 16 BC. Sai dai kuma nan ba da jimawa ba Aleppo ya koma kan gaba a kasar Siriya lokacin da ikon Hittiyawa a yankin ya ragu saboda rikicin cikin gida.
Zamanin Bronze na karshe Da yake cin gajiyar rashin iko a yankin, Parshatatar, sarkin daular Hurrian ta Mitanni, ya ci Aleppo a karni na 15 BC. Bayan haka, Aleppo ya sami kansa a fagen daga a gwagwarmayar da ke tsakanin Mitanni da Hittiyawa da Masar.
Hittiyawa Suppiluliumas I sun ci Mitanni na dindindin kuma sun ci Aleppo a karni na 14 BC. Aleppo yana da mahimmancin al'ada ga Hittiyawa don kasancewa cibiyar bautar guguwa-Allah.
Zaman ayan Lokacin da mulkin Hittiyawa ya ruguje a karni na 12 BC, Aleppo ya zama wani yanki na masarautar Syro-Hitti na Palistin, sannan masarautar Aramaean Syro-Hittite ta Bit Agusi (wanda ke da babban birninta a Arpad), ta kasance wani yanki na wannan masarauta har sai da aka ci nasara. ta Assuriyawa A karni na 9 BC, kuma ya zama wani yanki na Daular Neo-Assuriyawa har zuwa karshen karni na 7 BC, kafin ya wuce ta hannun Babila Babila da Farisa Achamenid.
Na gargajiya tsoho Alexander the Great ya mallaki birnin a shekara ta 333 BC. Seleucus Nicator ya kafa wurin zama na Hellenic a cikin rukunin tsakanin 301-286 BC. Ya kira ta Beroea bayan Beroea ta Makidoniya.
Arewacin Siriya ya kasance cibiyar nauyi na ayyukan mulkin mallaka na Hellenistic, don haka al'adun Hellenistic a cikin Daular Seleucid. Kamar yadda sauran garuruwan Hellenized na mulkin Seleucid suka yi, wataƙila Beroa ta ji daɗin ɗan ƴancin yankin, tare da taron jama'a na gida ko boulē wanda ya ƙunshi Hellenes 'yanci.
Biriya ta kasance ƙarƙashin mulkin Seleucid kusan shekaru 300 har zuwa lokacin da aka mika hannun Pompey na ƙarshe na daular Seleucid a shekara ta 64 BC, lokacin da suka zama lardin Romawa. Kasancewar Roma ya ba da kwanciyar hankali a arewacin Siriya sama da ƙarni uku. Ko da yake wani ɗan majalisa ne daga Roma ne ke gudanar da lardin, Roma ba ta tilasta wa rukunin masu mulki da ke jin Hellenanci ba.
An ambaci Beroea a cikin 2 Macc. 13:3.
Zamanin daular da kuma fadada garin Sarkin Sassanid Khosrow na I ya washe kuma ya kona Aleppo a shekara ta 540 AZ. Daga baya, Farisawa Sassanid sun mamaye Siriya a takaice a farkon karni na 7. Jim kadan bayan Aleppo ta fada hannun Larabawa karkashin Khalid bn al-Walid a shekara ta 637 miladiyya. A shekara ta 944 AZ, ta zama wurin zama na Masarautar mai cin gashin kanta a karkashin yarima Hamdanid Sayf al-Daula, kuma ta sami ci gaba mai girma.
A ranar 9 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1138 bayan haihuwar Yesu, wata girgizar ƙasa mai kisa ta abkawa birnin da kewaye. Ko da yake alkaluma daga wannan lokaci ba su da tabbas, amma an yi imanin cewa mutane 230,000 ne suka mutu, wanda ya zama girgizar kasa ta biyar mafi muni a tarihi.
Bayan da Tamerlane ya mamaye Aleppo a shekara ta 1400 kuma ya lalata shi, Kiristoci sun yi hijira daga ganuwar birnin suka kafa nasu cell a shekara ta 1420, a yankunan arewa maso yammacin birnin, ta haka ne suka kafa sassan Jdeydeh. Mazaunan Jdeydeh sun kasance dillalai ne da ke saukaka kasuwanci tsakanin 'yan kasuwa na kasashen waje da 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida. An gina wasu gundumomi da yawa a wajen bangon tarihi a ƙarni na 15 da 16.
An ambaci birnin, ta ɗaya daga cikin mayu, a cikin William Shakespeare's Macbeth, wanda aka rubuta tsakanin 1603 AZ da 1607 AZ.
Babban abubuwan gani Aleppo tana da nau'ikan gine-gine masu gauraye, waɗanda aka yi musu mulkin, a tsakanin sauran, ta Rumawa, Rumawa, Seljuqs, Mamluk da Ottomans.
Gine-gine iri-iri na ƙarni na 13 da na 14, kamar su ayari, caeriya, makarantun kur’ani, hammams da gine-ginen addini ana samun su a tsohon birni. Yankunan gundumar Jdeydeh gida ne ga gidaje masu yawa na ƙarni na 16 da na 17 na Aleppin bourgeoisie, waɗanda ke ɗauke da zanen dutse.
Souqs da Khans Matsayin kasuwanci mai mahimmanci na birnin ya jawo hankalin mazauna kowane jinsi da imani waɗanda suke son cin gajiyar hanyoyin kasuwanci da suka hadu a Aleppo daga China da Mesofotamiya zuwa gabas, Turai zuwa yamma, da Crescent mai albarka da Masar a kudu. Mafi girman kasuwar souq-kasuwa a duniya yana cikin Aleppo, tare da kimanin tsawon kilomita 13 (mil 8.1).
Al-Madina Souq, kamar yadda aka sani a cikin gida, cibiyar kasuwanci ce ta kasuwanci da ake shigowa da ita daga waje, kamar danyen siliki daga Iran, kayan yaji da rini daga Indiya, da kofi daga Damascus. Souq al-Madina kuma gida ne da kayayyakin gida kamar su ulu, kayan noma da sabulu. Yawancin sukuwan sun samo asali ne tun a karni na 14 kuma ana kiran su da sana’o’i da sana’o’i daban-daban, don haka sukuwar ulu, da tagulla, da sauransu. Banda fatauci, sukuwa ya ba 'yan kasuwa da kayansu a cikin khans (wasu caravanserais) suka watse a cikin souq. Sauran nau'ikan ƙananan wuraren kasuwa ana kiran su caeserias Caeserias sun fi khans girma a girmansu kuma suna aiki azaman bita na masu sana'a. Yawancin khans sun ɗauki sunayensu bayan wurin da suke a cikin souq da aiki, kuma an siffanta su da kyawawan kayan ado da ƙofar shiga tare da katangar kofofin katako.
Manyan khans a ciki da wajen yankin Souq al-Madina da aka rufe sune: Khan al-Qadi daga 1450, Khan al-Saboun daga farkon karni na 16, Khan al-Nahhaseen na 1539, Khan al-Shouneh daga 1546, Khan al Jumrok daga 1574, Souq Khan al-Wazir daga 1682, Souq al-Farrayin, Souq al-Dira, Souq al-Hiraj, Souq al-Attarine, Souq az-Zirb, Souq Marcopoli, Souq as-Siyyagh, The Venetian' Khan,*Souq Khan al-Harir daga rabin na biyu na karni na 16, Suweiqa, da sauransu.
Sauran souqs na gargajiya da khans a cikin kwata na Jdeydeh (a wajen birni mai katanga):
Souq al-Hokedun or "Khan al-Quds". Hokedun yana nufin "gidan ruhaniya" a cikin Armeniya, kamar yadda aka gina shi don zama wurin zama ga mahajjatan Armeniya akan hanyarsu ta zuwa Urushalima. Tsohon ɓangaren Hokedun ya samo asali ne daga ƙarshen 15th da farkon ƙarni na 16 yayin da aka gina sabon ɓangaren a cikin karni na 17. A zamanin yau, an mayar da ita wani katon souq mai tarin shaguna masu sana’ar sayar da tufafi.
Souq as-Souf ko kasuwar ulu, dake kan titin Salibeh, kewaye da tsoffin majami'u na kwata.
Bawabet al-Qasab, cibiyar kasuwancin kayayyakin katako.
Gine-ginen tarihi Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na tsohon birnin sun hada da:
Babban Masallacin Aleppo
Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Larabci: Jāmi‘ Ḥalab al-Kabīr) shi ne mafi girma kuma daya daga cikin tsofaffin masallatai a birnin Aleppo na kasar Siriya. Yana cikin gundumar al-Jalloum na tsohon birnin Aleppo, wurin tarihi na duniya, kusa da kofar shiga Al-Madina Souq. An yi zargin cewa masallacin gida ne ga gawar Zakariyya, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma, wadanda dukkansu abin girmamawa ne a Musulunci da Kiristanci. An gina shi a farkon karni na 8 AZ. Duk da haka, ginin na yanzu ya koma ƙarni na 11 zuwa 14. An gina minaret a cikin masallacin a shekara ta 1090, kuma an lalata shi a lokacin yakin basasar Siriya a watan Afrilun 2013.
Citadel, wani katon kagara da aka gina a saman wani katon tudun wucin gadi wanda ya tashi sama da mita 50 (164 ft) sama da birnin, ya samo asali ne tun karni na farko BC. Hane-hane na baya-bayan nan ya gano wani haikali da mutum-mutumi 25 tun daga karni na farko BC. Yawancin tsarin da ake ciki yanzu sun kasance daga karni na 13. Girgizar kasa ta lalata Citadel sosai, musamman a cikin 1822.
Al-Matbakh al-Ajami, wani gidan sarauta na farko na ƙarni na 12 da ke kusa da kagara, wanda sarkin Zengid Majd ad-Din bin ad-Daya ya gina. An gyara ginin a ƙarni na 15. Gidan Tarihi na Mashahuri ne tsakanin 1967-1975.
Cocin Al-Shibani-Makarantar karni na 12, tsohuwar coci ce kuma makarantar Franciscan Mishan na Maryamu dake cikin tsohon birni, a halin yanzu ana amfani da ita azaman cibiyar al'adu.
Khanqah al-Farafira, gidan sufi na ƙarni na 13 wanda Dayfa Khatun ya gina a 1237.
Bimaristan Arghun al-Kamili, mafaka ya yi aiki daga 1354 har zuwa farkon karni na 20.
Dar Rajab Pasha, wani katon gidan da aka gina a karni na 16 kusa da titin al-Khandaq. A cikin shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, an gyara gidan tare da mayar da shi wata muhimmiyar cibiyar al'adu tare da babban dakin wasan kwaikwayo na kusa.
Fadar Junblatt, wacce sarkin Kurdawa a Aleppo kuma wanda ya kafa dangin Janpolad (Jumblatt) ya gina a cikin rabin na biyu na karni na 16; Janpolad bek bin Qasim.
Beit Marrash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine dake cikin kwata na al-Farafira, wanda dangin Marrash suka gina a ƙarshen karni na 18.
Hasumiyar agogon Bab al-Faraj, wanda 1898-1899 mai zanen Austriya na Chartier ya gina.
Grand Serail d'Alep, tsohon wurin zama na gwamnan Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1920s kuma ya buɗe a cikin 1933.
National Library na Aleppo, wanda aka gina a cikin 1930s kuma an buɗe shi a cikin 1945.
Manyan gine-ginen tarihi na Jdeydeh Kirista kwata sun hada da:
Beit Wakil, wani katafaren gidan Aleppin da aka gina a shekara ta 1603, tare da kayan ado na musamman na katako. An kai ɗaya daga cikin kayan adonsa zuwa Berlin kuma an nuna shi a gidan kayan tarihi na Pergamon, wanda aka sani da ɗakin Aleppo.
Beit Ghazaleh, wani tsohon katafaren gida na ƙarni na 17 mai cike da kyawawan kayan adon, wanda ɗan ƙasar Armeniya Khachadur Bali ya sassaƙa a 1691. An yi amfani da shi azaman makarantar firamare ta Armeniya a ƙarni na 20.
Dar Zamaria, wanda aka gina a ƙarshen karni na 17 kuma mallakar dangin Zamaria ne tun farkon ƙarni na 18. A zamanin yau, an mayar da gidan ya zama otal boutique.
Beit Achiqbash, wani tsohon gidan Aleppine da aka gina a shekara ta 1757. Ginin yana gida ne ga Shahararriyar Al'adun Gargajiya tun 1975, yana nuna kyawawan kayan adon fasahar Aleppin.
Dar Basile, gidan Aleppine na ƙarni na 18, yana aiki a matsayin makaranta mai zaman kansa tun 2001.
Beit Dallal ko Dallal House, wanda aka gina a cikin 1826 akan wurin tsohuwar coci da gidan zuhudu, a zamanin yau yana aiki azaman otal otal.
Madrasa Madrasa Al-Halawiyyah, wacce aka gina a shekara ta 1124 a wurin babban cocin Byzantine na Saint Helena na Aleppo na karni na 5, inda, bisa ga al'ada, haikalin Roman ya taɓa tsayawa. Saint Helena, mahaifiyar Constantine Mai Girma, ta gina babban babban cocin Byzantine a nan. A lokacin da 'yan Salibiyya suke wawushe yankunan karkara, babban alkalin birnin ya mai da babban cocin cocin masallaci. A shekara ta 1149, Nur al-Din ya mayar da ita madrasah; mazhabar Musulunci-addini. A zamanin yau, ana iya ganin ginshiƙan Byzantine na tsohon babban coci na karni na 6 a cikin zauren.
Madrasa Al-Muqaddamiyah, wacce ke cikin layin Khan al-Tutun, asalin coci ce kafin 1123. Alkalin Aleppo Ibn-Khashab ya mayar da ita masallaci, sannan ta zama madrasah a shekara ta 1168 na Izz Eddin Abdal Malek al-Muqadam. a zamanin Nurul Din. Ita ce madrasah mafi tsufa a Aleppo.
Madrasa Al-Shadbakhtiyah, ɗaya daga cikin madrasa na farko na Ayyubid, wanda Jamal al-Din Shadbakht ya gina a shekara ta 1193, wani ƴantaccen bawa na sarkin Zengid Nur al-Din.
Madrasa Al-Zahiriyah, wadda aka gina a shekara ta 1217 a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudancin Bab al-Maqam, na Az-Zahir Ghazi.
Madrasa Al-Sultaniyah, wanda gwamnan Aleppo Az-Zahir Ghazi ya fara kuma ya kammala tsakanin 1223-1225 da dansa Malek al-Aziz Mohammed ya kammala. Ginin ya fi shahara da mirgine dakin sallah. Yana dauke da kabarin sultan Malik al-Zaher dan Ayyubid Sultan Saladin.
Madrasa Al-Firdaws, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin "mafi kyawun masallatan Aleppo". An gina ta a wajen katangar birnin zuwa kudu maso yammacin kofar Bab al-Maqam, ta Dayfa Khatun; Matar gwamna Az-Zahir Ghazi a shekara ta 1235-1236, sannan kuma mai jiran gadon sarautar Ayyubid An-Nasir Yusuf. An san shi da babban iwan tsakar gida) tare da tafki a tsakiya kewaye da arches da ginshiƙai na daɗaɗɗen, manyan wasanni tare da tsarin saƙar zuma. Irin wannan salo ne ke siffanta kufaifan dakin sallah. An yi mihrab ɗin da farin marmara mai jijiyar jijiya, jan porphyry da koren diorite.
Madrasa Al-Kamiliyah, wacce Fatima Khatun diyar Ayyubid Sultan al-Malik al-Kamil ta gina tsakanin 1230-37 a wajen katangar garin.
Madrasa Al-Sharafiyah, dake arewa maso gabashin babban masallacin, wanda Abd al-Rahim bn al-'Ajami da dansa Sharaf al-Din 'Abdul Rahman suka assasa a shekara ta 1242.
Madrasa Al-Turantaiyah, wacce ke wajen katangar birnin zuwa gabashin Bab al-Nairab, wanda masanin tarihin Aleppine Ibn al-Udaym ya gina tsakanin 1241-51.
Madrasa Al-Ahmadiyah, wacce aka bude a shekara ta 1724 a gundumar al-Jalloum. Yana da tsarin gine-gine na tsarin Tekyes.
Madrasa Al-Uthmaniyah, da ke kusa da Bab al-Nasr, wanda Ottoman pasha Al-Duraki ya kafa a 1730, kuma asalin sunansa Madrasa Ridaiya.
Wuraren ibada Masallacin Al-Shuaibiyah, wanda kuma aka fi sani da al-Omari, al-Tuteh da kuma al-Atras masallacin, shi ne masallaci mafi dadewa a Aleppo, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 637. Ya mamaye tsohuwar tarihi na nasara na Romawa, wanda ya taba nuna farkon decumanus. An sake gyara ginin gaba ɗaya a cikin 1146 da 1401. An san shi da rubutun kufic na ƙarni na 12 da kayan ado.
Babban Masallacin Aleppo (Jāmi' Bani Omayya al-Kabīr), wanda aka kafa c. 715 na Umayyad halifa Walid I kuma mai yiwuwa magajinsa Sulaiman ya kammala. Ginin ya ƙunshi kabari mai alaƙa da Zachary, mahaifin Yahaya Maibaftisma. An fara gina ginin na yanzu na Nur al-Din a shekara ta 1158. Duk da haka, ya lalace a lokacin mamayar Mongol na 1260, kuma an sake gina shi. Hasumiyar tsayin mita 45 (148 ft) (wanda aka kwatanta da "babban abin tunawa na Siriya ta tsakiya") an gina shi a cikin 1090-1092 a ƙarƙashin Sarkin Seljuk na farko, Tutush I. Yana da facade huɗu masu salo daban-daban.
Masallacin Al-Qaikan ("Masallacin Crow") na karni na 12, wanda aka yi masa ado da tsoffin ginshiƙai guda biyu a cikin basalt a ƙofar. A jikin bangon masallacin, ana iya ganin wani katafaren dutse da ke dauke da rubuce-rubucen hiroglyph na Anadolu.
Masallacin Altun Bogha na zamanin Mamluk, wanda aka gina a shekarar 1318.
Masallacin Al-Sahibiyah na 1350, wanda aka gina kusa da Khan al-Wazir.
Masallacin Al-Tawashi da aka gina a shekara ta 1398 kuma an sake gyara shi a shekara ta 1537. Yana da katafaren facade da aka yi wa ado da kayan kwalliya.
Masallacin Al-Otrush, wanda aka gina a 1398 a cikin salon Mamluk. Ya shahara da kawata fuskar bangon waya da kuma kofar shiga wanda aka lullube da muqarnai na Musulunci na gargajiya. An dawo da shi a cikin 1922.
Masallacin Al-Saffahiyah, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1425 kuma an sake gyara wani sashi a 1925. Ya shahara da kyan ganimar da aka yi masa ado.
Masallacin Khusruwiyah da aka kammala a shekara ta 1547, wanda shahararren masanin Ottoman Mimar Sinan ya tsara.
Masallacin Al-Adiliyah, wanda gwamnan Daular Usmaniyya na Aleppo Muhammed Pasha ya gina a shekarar 1557. Yana da zauren addu'o'in da ke gabansa da arcade, mai dome, mihrab mai tile faience na gida.
Arba'in Shahidai Armeniya Apostolic Cathedral na 1429, dake cikin kwata na Jdeydeh.
Cocin Mar Assia al-Hakim Cocin Katolika na Syria na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
Dormition of Our Lady Greek Orthodox Church na karni na 15 a Jdeydeh.
Cocin Jdeydeh Kirista kwata kamar Maronite Saint Elias Cathedral, Armeniya Katolika Cathedral na Uwar Mu Reliefs da Melkite Greek Katolika Cathedral na Budurwa Mary.
Majami'ar tsakiyar birnin Aleppo ko majami'ar al-Bandara, an kammala tun farkon karni na 9 ta kokarin al'ummar Yahudawa. An lalata majami'ar sau da yawa har zuwa 1428 lokacin da aka maido da shi. Kwanan nan, an gyara ginin da kokarin Yahudawa masu hijira na Aleppin a Amurka.
Kofofi An kewaye tsohon yankin da katanga mai tsawon kilomita 5 (mile 3.1), wanda kofofin tarihi tara suka huda (yawancinsu suna da kyau) na tsohon garin. Waɗannan su ne, a gefen agogo daga arewa-maso-gabas na kagara:
Bab al-Hadid (Kofar Ayan)
Bab al-Ahmar (Kofar Jar, ta lalace gaba daya)
Bab al-Nairab (Kofar Nairab, ta lalace gaba daya)
Bab al-Maqam (Kofar Shrine)
Bab Qinnasrin (Kofar Qinnasrin)
Bab Antakeya (Ƙofar Antakiya)
Bāb Jnēn (Ƙofar Lambuna, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
Bab al-Faraj (Ƙofar Ceto, ta lalace gaba ɗaya)
Bab al-Nasr (Kofar Nasara, wani bangare ya lalace)
Hammams Aleppo ya kasance gida ga hammams 177 a lokacin tsakiyar zamanai, har zuwa mamayewar Mongol lokacin da aka lalata wasu muhimman gine-gine a birnin. A halin yanzu, kusan 18 hammams suna aiki a tsohon birni.
Hammam al-Sultan wanda Az-Zahir Ghazi ya gina a 1211.
Hammam al-Nahhasin ya gina a karni na 12 kusa da Khan al-Nahhasin.
Hammam Bab al-Ahmar da Ottoman suka gina.
Hammam al-Bayadah na zamanin Mamluk wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1450.
Hammam Yalbugha ya gina a cikin 1491 da Sarkin Aleppo Saif ad-Din Yalbugha al-Naseri.
Hammam al-Jawhary, hammam Azdemir, hammam Bahram Pasha, da dai sauransu.
Gundumomi da yankuna Tsofaffin wuraren da ke kewaye da kagara a cikin ganuwar tsohon birni:
Gundumar Al-A'jam tare da unguwar ad-Dahdileh Gundumar Altunbogha tare da unguwannin Oghlubek da Sahet al-Milh Gundumar Aqabeh tare da unguwannin Bahsita Khan al-Harir al-Masaben da Jebb Asad Allah Gundumar Bayadah tare da unguwannin Jbeileh Keltawiyeh da kuma Mustadamiyeh Gundumar Farafira tare da unguwannin Bandara Qastal Hajjarin ad-Dabbagha al-Atiqa Suweiqat Ali da Suweiqat Hatem Gundumar Jalloum mai makwabtaka da Saffahiyeh Khan al-Wazir da kuma Souq al-Madina Gundumar Qal'at al-Sharif tare da unguwar Tallet Alsauda Gundumar Al-Qasileh tare da unguwar al-Hawraneh Gundumar Sahet Bizzeh tare da unguwar Magazleh Tsofaffin wurare a wajen bangon tsohon birni:
Gundumar Abraj tare da unguwannin Haret al-Pasha da Shaker Agha Gundumar Agyol tare da unguwar Shmesatiyeh Almaji tare da unguwannin Qastal Harami Wakiliyeh da kuma Shara'sous Gundumar Bab al-Maqam tare da unguwannin al-Maghayer da kuma Maqamat Ballat tare da unguwannin Qattaneh da Sahet Hamad Gundumar Ad-Dallalin Ad-Dudu tare da unguwannin Safsafeh Jubb al-Qubbeh Jubb Qaraman da Barriyet al-Maslakh Fardos gundumar.
Hazzazeh tare da unguwannin at-Tadribeh da Zuqaq al-Arba'in Gundumar Ibn Ya'qoub tare da unguwannin Banqusa da Mushatiyeh Gundumar Beit Meheb ko Jdeideh kwata tare da unguwannin Sissi Salibeh Bawabet al-Qasab Basatneh al-Muballet al-Muballet het-at) da kuma Sa'a. Tananir Gundumar Kalaseh Gundumar Muhammad Bek tare da unguwannin Badenjk Baggara da Sakhaneh Gundumar Qadi Askar tare da unguwar Hamza Bek Qarleq gundumar.
Gundumar Qastal al-Mosht tare da unguwannin al-Aryan Trab al-Ghuraba da kuma Mawardi Gundumar Sajlikhan tare da unguwar Aghajek Gundumar As-Salheen Gundumar Tatarlar Kiyaye tsohon birni A matsayin tsohuwar cibiyar ciniki, manyan souqs na Aleppo, khans, hammams, madrasas, masallatai da majami'u duk suna buƙatar ƙarin aikin kulawa da kiyayewa. Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, an sake fasalin birnin sosai; a cikin 1954 Masanin ginin Faransa André Gutton ya yanke sabbin tituna da yawa a cikin birni don ba da damar sauƙi don zirga-zirgar zamani. Tsakanin 1954-1983 gine-gine da yawa a cikin tsohon birnin an ruguje don ba da damar gina rukunin gidaje na zamani, musamman a yankunan arewa maso yamma (Bab al-Faraj da Bab al-Jinan). Yayin da wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar kiyaye wannan al'adu na musamman ya karu, a ƙarshe an yi watsi da babban tsarin Gutton a cikin 1979 don maye gurbinsa da sabon tsarin da masanin Swiss kuma mai tsara birane Stefano Bianca ya gabatar, wanda ya karbi ra'ayin "kiyaye tsarin gine-ginen gargajiya na gargajiya. na Tsohuwar Aleppo" wanda ya share fage ga fitattun masu fafutuka na cikin gida, ciki har da Adli Qudsi, don shawo kan UNESCO ta ayyana Tsohon Birnin Aleppo' a matsayin wurin tarihi na duniya a shekarar 1986.
Cibiyoyin kasa da kasa da dama sun hada kai da hukumomin gida da kungiyar Archaeological Society na Aleppo, don gyara tsohon birnin ta hanyar daidaita rayuwar zamani tare da kiyaye tsohon. Hakimi da gundumar suna aiwatar da manyan tsare-tsare da aka tsara don haɓaka tsohon birni da kwata na Jdeydeh.
Haɗin gwiwar fasaha na Jamus (GTZ) da Gidauniyar Aga Khan (a cikin firam ɗin Shirin Garuruwan Tarihi na Aga Khan) sun ba da gudummawa sosai a cikin tsarin adana tsohon birni. Wakilin gida na Aga Khan Trust for Culture daga 1999 har zuwa 2008 shi ne masanin gine-gine Adli Qudsi, wanda ya taka rawa sosai wajen kare tsohon birni daga rugujewar sojojin da ke fadada birane.
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22603 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayil%20na%20Duniya | Fayil na Duniya | Fayil na Duniya wato World File, fayil ne mai layi shida bayyana rubutu sidecar fayil amfani da yanayin bayanai tsarin (GIS) zuwa georeference raster taswirar images. Esri ne ya gabatar da takaddun fayil, kuma ya ƙunshi amintattun abubuwa shida na wani canjin canji wanda kuma ke bayyana wuri, mizani da juyawar raster akan taswirar
Ma'anoni Ma'anar jimla guda shida a cikin fayil na duniya (kamar yadda Esri ya bayyana shine:
Layin 1: A girman pixel a cikin x -zuwa cikin taswirar raka'a pixel
Layi na 2: D juyawa game da y -axis
Layi na 3: B juyawa game da x -axis
Layin na 4: E girman pixel a cikin y- kwatance a cikin sassan taswira, kusan koyaushe ba shi da kyau Layi na 5: C x -n daidaita tsakiyar pixel na hagu na sama
Layi na shida: F y -n daidaita tsakiyar pixel na hagu na sama
Wannan bayanin yana ɓatarwa duk da cewa sifofin D da B ba juyawa suke ba, kuma cewa sifofin A da E ba su dace da girman pixel ba idan D ko B ba sifili ba ne. Ana kiran sigogin A, D, B da E a wasu lokutan "x-scale", "y-skew", "x-skew" da "y-scale".
Mafi kyawun kwatancen A, D, B da E shine:
Layin 1: A x -ababin ɓangaren fayel pixel x -scale)
Layi na 2: D y -kwarikin faifan fayel y -skew)
Layi na 3: B x -kamawa na tsayin pixel x -skew)
Layi na 4: E y mai haɗin tsayi na pixel y -scale), yawanci mummunan
Layi na 5: C x -n daidaita tsakiyar asalin hoton pixel na sama na hagu wanda aka canza zuwa taswira
Layi na 6: F y -n daidaita tsakiyar asalin hoton pixel na sama na hagu wanda aka canza zuwa taswira
Dukkanin sigogi guda huɗu ana bayyana su a cikin sassan taswirar, waɗanda aka bayyana ta hanyar tsarin kwatancen sararin samaniya don raster.
Lokacin da D ko B ba sifili ba ana ba da faɗin pixel ta:
kuma tsayin pixel ta
Fayilolin duniya waɗanda ke bayanin taswira akan tsarin haɗin gwiwar Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) suna amfani da waɗannan tarurrukan:
D da B yawanci 0 ne, tunda galibi ana sanya pixels ɗin hoto don daidaitawa da layin UTM
C shine UTM gabas
F shine UTM komai
Alwaysungiyoyi koyaushe mita ne ta pixel
Bayanin da ke sama ya shafi hoto mai lankwasa, wanda ba ya juyawa wanda zai iya zama, misali, an zana shi a kan taswirar da aka tsara ta yadda ake so. Idan fayil ɗin duniya yayi bayanin hoto wanda yake juyawa daga ginshikin abin da aka sa gaba, to, to A, D, B da E dole ne a samo su daga canjin da ake buƙata (duba ƙasa). Musamman, A da E ba za su ƙara zama ma'auni na mita pixel a kan mashigin su ba.
Ana amfani da waɗannan ƙimomin a cikin sauye-sauyen tabbataccen sifa shida:
wanda za'a iya rubuta shi azaman wannan daidaitaccen lissafin:
ina:
x shine lissafin UTM gabas da pixel akan taswira
y shine lissafin UTM na pixel akan taswira
x shine lambar shafi na pixel a cikin hoton ana kirgawa daga hagu
y shine lambar jere na pixel a cikin hoton ana kirgawa daga sama
A ko x -scale; girma na pixel a cikin sassan taswira a cikin x -rashiya
B, D kalmomin juyawa ne
C, F kalmomin fassara ne: x, y hadewar taswira na tsakiyar pixel na sama-hagu
E ba daidai ba ne na y -scale: girman pixel a cikin sassan taswira a y -directionY -scale E ba shi da kyau saboda asalin hoto da tsarin haɗin UTM sun bambanta. Asalin hoto yana cikin kusurwar hagu ta sama, yayin da asalin tsarin haɗin taswira yake a kusurwar hagu ta ƙasa. Valuesimar jere a cikin hoton yana ƙaruwa daga asalin zuwa ƙasa, yayin da -an daidaita y a cikin taswirar ke ƙaruwa daga asalin zuwa sama. Yawancin shirye-shiryen taswira basa iya ɗaukar hotunan "juye juzu'i" (ma'ana waɗanda ke da kyakkyawan y'' -scale).
Don tafiya daga UTM (x'y zuwa matsayin pixel (x, y) mutum na iya amfani da lissafin:
Misali: Asali falknermap.jpg shine pixels 800 600 (taswirar da ba a nuna ba). falknermap.jgw duniya shine falknermap.jgw kuma ya ƙunshi:
32.0
0.0
0.0
-32,0
691200.0
4576000.0
Matsayin hasken tsibirin Falkner akan hoton taswira shine:
x 171 pixels daga hagu
y 343 pixels daga sama
Wannan yana bada:
x1 Mita 696672 na Gabas
y1 mita 4565024 Ba Komai
Ba a ba da yankin UTM (grid) don haka masu daidaitawa ba su da tabbas za su iya wakiltar matsayi a kowane yanki na layin grid 120 UTM. A wannan yanayin, an duba kusan latitude da longitude (41.2, 072.7) a cikin wata gazetteer kuma an gano yankin UTM (grid) 18 ne ta amfani da mai canza yanar gizo.
Fadada sunan fayil Sunan filen sunan fayil ɗin duniya ya dace da sunan firam ɗin asalin raster, amma yana da sabon sunan filen ɗin daban (kari). Akwai taron kara sunan suna uku wanda aka yi amfani da shi don fayilolin duniya, tare da tallafi mai sauyawa a cikin software.
Conventionaya daga cikin yarjejeniya mai sauƙi tare da tallafi mai yalwa shine a haɗa harafin "w" zuwa ƙarshen sunan firam na raster. Misali, raster mai suna mymap .jpg yakamata ya sami fayil na duniya mai suna mymap .jpgw Conventionarin kiran sunan fayil wanda ke amfani da haɓaka mai haruffa uku don dacewa da babban taron suna na 8.3 yana amfani da halaye na farko da na ƙarshe na ƙarin fayil ɗin raster, sannan "w" a ƙarshe. Misali, anan ga wasu 'yan taron sanya suna don shahararren salon raster:
Taro na uku shine amfani da tsawan fayil .wld, ba tare da la'akari da nau'in fayil ɗin raster ba, kamar yadda GDAL da QGIS ke tallafawa, amma ba Esri ba Gargajiyance Lokacin rubuta fayilolin duniya yana da kyau a yi watsi da saitunan gida kuma koyaushe amfani da kamar yadda ake rabo gida goma. Har ila yau, ya kamata a ƙayyade lambobin mara kyau tare da harafin kawai. Wannan yana tabbatar da iyakar damar hotunan.
Duba kuma Grid Esri shigar da irin wannan yanayin a cikin fayil ɗin raster guda ɗaya
GeoTIFF
Tsarin MapInfo TAB sanannen tsarin bayanan vector na kayan aikin GIS software
Bayanan kula da manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Kalkaleta na Duniyar Duniya
Tsarin Duniya
Tsarin Fayil na Esri na Duniya
Ilimin taswirar Duniya
Tsarin Fayil na GIS
Pages with unreviewed |
19062 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujaddidi | Mujaddidi | Mujaddid a musulinci shine mai kawo canji wanda aka bashi aikin cire kurakurai da suka faru tsakanin musulmai. Aikinsu shi ne nuna wa mutane gaskiyar addini wacce za a nemi al’ummar Musulmi su fuskanta. Dangane da shahararrun al'adun musulmai, ana nufin mutumin da ya bayyana a kowane ƙarni na kalandar musulinci, ya tsarkake shi daga wasu abubuwa na daban kuma ya mayar dashi zuwa tsarkakakken tsarkin sa. A zamanin yau, ana kallon mujaddadi a matsayin mafi girman musulmin karni. Ikhtilaf (rashin jituwa) ya kasance tsakanin masanan hadisai masu ban tsoro. Malamai da masana tarihi kamar Al-Dhahabi da Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani sun fassara cewa kalmar mujaddid ita ma ana iya fahimta a matsayin jam’i, don haka suna nufin ƙungiyar mutane. Kalmar larabci ta mujaddid na nufin "mai kawo canji", "mai gyara", "mai rayarwa", "mai sabuntawa" ko "mai sabuntawa". Wani ne yake rayarwa da gyara a addini. Ma'anar tajdid (sabuntawa ko farkawa) da kuma kalmar mujaddid sun zo ne daga hadisi, maganar Annabi Muhammad Abu Dawood ne ya rubuta wannan hadisin a cikin Sunan din sa, daya daga cikin ingantattun tarin Ahlussunna na maganganun Manzon Allah. A cikin wannan hadisin, Annabi yana cewa:
Wannan yana nufin gyara yana cikin mahimmancin addinin musulunci kuma ana kiran musulmai kowane lokaci suyi aiki tuƙuru don ganin sabbin dabaru sun dace da al'adu. Hakanan yana nufin cewa ba komai a cikin al'adar musulmai bane yake da amfani kuma yake da kyau ga wannan zamani; akwai wasu abubuwa wadanda suka kasance masu yiwuwa ne a da amma kuma basu da amfani a yau. Bauta zai zama babban misali.
Ma'anar tajdid a cikin tunanin musulunci Tajdid (sabuntawa) a cikin tunanin musulunci yana nufin sabunta aƙidar da ke wakiltar samfuran ilimi na musulmai a fannonin kimiyya, ilimi da ijtihadi don fassara musulunci da fahimta da bayyana hukunce-hukuncen sa.
Al-Suyuti ya ambata a cikin littafinsa Al-Jami 'al-Sagheer, "Sabunta addini yana nufin sabunta shiriyarsa, bayyana gaskiya da fifikonsa, ƙaryata bidi'oi da tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka gabatar wa mabiyansu ko rashin son kiyaye shi, da bin dokokinta a kula da bukatun mutane da dokar al'umma da wayewa. Daga cikin bayyanannun bangarorin tajdid (sabuntawa) a cikin tunanin musulunci akwai sabunta ilimin kimiyyar Musulunci kamar haka: Ilimin addinin musulunci.
Ka'idodin fikihun musulunci.
Ilimin fiqihu.
Ilimin sunnah.
Ilimin tafsirin Alkur'ani (tafsiri).
Kimiyyar tsarkakewa da Ka'idar Aiki Sufanci Tarihin Annabi da tarihin musulunci.
Mujaddadi na iya haɗawa da fitattun malamai, sarakuna masu taƙawa da kwamandojin soja.
Masu kawo canji a Musulunci Babu wata hanyar aiki ta musamman don tsara mujaddadi. Mutanen da ke cikin wannan jerin suna da'awar Mujaddadi.
Duk da yake babu wata hanyar da za a bi don tsara mujaddadi a cikin Sunni Musulunci, galibi akwai mashahurin ra'ayi.
Karni na 1 BH Al-Hasan al-Basri (21-110 AH 642-728 AD Umar bn Abd al-Aziz (63–101 AH 682-720 AD Abu Hanifah (80-150 AH 702-772 AD Malik bn Anas (93–179 AH 711-77 AD Karni na 2 BH Muhammad bn Idris al-Shafi'i (150–204 AH 767-820 AD Ahmad bn Hanbal (164–241 AH 781-855 AD Karni na 3 BH Abu al-Hasan al-Ash'ari (260-324 AH 873-935 AD Abu Mansur al-Maturidi (238-333 AH 852–944 AD Abu Ja'far al-Tahawi (239-321 AH 853-933 AD Ibn Surayj (249-306 AH 864–918 AD Karni na 4 BH Abu Bakr al-Baqillani (338-403 AH 950-1013 AD Ibn Furak (330-406 AH 941-1015 AD Al-Hakim al-Nishapuri (321–405 AH 933-1014 AD Abu Hamid al-Isfarayini (344–406 AH 955-1015 AD Abu al-Tayyib Sahl al-Sa'luki (000–404 AH 000–1013 14 AD Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi (384–456 AH 994-1064 AD Abu al-Ma'ali al-Juwayni (419–478 AH 1028–1085 AD Karni na 5 BH Abu Hamid al-Ghazali (450-505 AH 1058-1111 AD Ibn al-Jawzi (509 510-597 AH 1116-1201 AD Ahmad al-Rifa'i (512-578 AH 1118-1182 AD Karni na 6 BH Fakhr al-Din al-Razi (543 44-606 AH 1149-1209 AD Abu al-Qasim al-Rafi'i (555-623 AH 1160-1226 AD Al-Baydawi (000-685 AH 000–1286 AD Al-'Izz bn 'Abd al-Salam (577-660 AH 1181 82-1262 AD Karni na 7 BH Ibn Daqiq al-'ld (625-702 AH 1228-1302 AD Ibn 'Ata' Allah al-Sakandari (658-709 AH 1259-1309 AD Ibnu Battuta (703-779 AH 1304–1377 AD Abu Ishaq al-Shatibi (720-7790 AH 1320-1388 AD Al-Taftazani (722-793 AH 1322–1390 AD Karni na 8 BH Siraj al-Din al-Bulqini (724-805 AH 1324-1403 AD Zainul-Din al-'Iraqi (725-806 AH 1325-1404 AD Ibn Khaldun (732-808 AH 1332-1406 AD Karni na 9 BH Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti (849-911 AH 1445-1505 AD Zakariyya al-Ansari (823–926 AH 1420-1520 AD Karni na 10 BH Shams al-Din al-Ramli (919-1004 AH 1513-1596 AD Khayr al-Din al-Ramli (993-1081 AH 1585-1671 AD Ahmad Sirhindi (971–1034 AH 1564–1624 AD Karni na 11 BH Aurangzeb (1068-1118 AH 1658-1707 AD 'Abdallah bn' Alawi al-Haddad (1044-1132 AH 1634-1717 AD Shah Waliullah Dehlawi (1114-1176 AH 1703-1762 AD Karni na 12 BH Murtada al-Zabidi (1145-1205 AH 1732-1791 AD Ahmad bn 'Ajiba (1160-1224 AH 1747-1809 AD Shah Abdul Aziz Dehlawi (1159-1239 AH 1746–1824 AD Ƙarni na goma sha uku (Nuwamba 14, 1882) Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) Nursî ya ce (1878-1960)
Ƙarni na sha huɗu (Nuwamba 21, 1979) Ahmed Raza Khan (1865 1921) Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani (1914-1999)
Siffofi masu rikitarwa Ibnu Taimiyya (661-728 AH 1263–1328 AD Usman dan Fodio (1167–1233 AH 1754-1817 AD Al-Albani (1332–1420 AH 1914–1999 AD Manazarta Tuhfat al-Muhtadin guda biyu Akhbar al-Mujaddidin by Jalal al-Din al-Suyuti.
Mausu'at A'lam al-Mujaddidin fi al-Islam by Samih Kurayyim.
Mujaddid Encyclopedia na Musulunci
Sauran yanar gizo Ra'ayin Mujaddadi da na da da na yanzu
Musulunci
Malamai
Malaman Sunna
Limamai
Pages with unreviewed |
32356 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikin%20Asafotufiam | Bikin Asafotufiam | Sarakuna da al'ummar Ada dake Gabashin Dangbe na babban yankin Accra na kasar Ghana ne suke gudanar da Bikin Asafotufiam. Ana gudanar da bikin ne a makon farko na watan Agusta na kowace shekara.
Etymology Kalmar ‘Asafotufiam’ ta fito ne daga kalmar ‘Asafotufiami’ wadda a cikin Dangme ke nufin ‘Divisional Firing of Musketry’. Sunan "Asafo-tu-fiam" ya ƙunshi sassan sunan kalmomi guda uku.
Bangaren farko shine "Asa" wanda shine jam'in "Sa", suna. Asalin sunan "Sa", wanda wani lokaci ana kiransa "Osa", "Asa" ko "Aesir", yana nufin ruhin Ubangijin Mahaliccin Allahntaka na Duniya. A cewar Ga-Adamgbes, sunan "Osa" ko "Asa" shine abin da aka lalata ga Osiris. “Osa” wani Bakar fatar Nubian ne da aka taba yi masa bauta a duniya. Yana daya daga cikin alloli masu tsarki na kakannin mutanen Ada.
Bangare na 2 shine "Tu". "Tu" shine sunan bindiga ko bindiga a cikin Dangbe.
Sunan "Tu" ko "Tutu" yana nufin Ruhun Jikin Ruhaniya. Sunan "Tu" ko 'Tutu' shine sunan Allah na jagoran ruhin Ruhaniya ta Osa's Old Nubians. Cikakken sunan "Tu" ko "Tutu" shine "Tutu-Ani" wanda kuma aka sani a wasu al'adu kamar marubucin "Ani".
Bangare na 3 shine "Fia" ko "Fiam" wanda ke nufin yin mari ko harbi ko harbi ko harbi. "Tu-fia" ko "Tufiam" a zahiri yana nufin harbin bindiga.
"Asafotufia" ko "Asafotufiam" ana fassarawa a zahiri kamar, "Masu koyar da koyarwar ruhaniya Osa da aka nada".
"Asafotu" kamfanoni ne na mayaƙan da suke harba miyau a cikin bikin.
Tarihi Adangmes sun yi yaƙe-yaƙe da yawa a ƙoƙarin kafa wa jama'arsu yanki. Mafi shahara a cikin wadannan yake-yaken sun hada da yakin Katamanso na 1826, yakin Glover na 1876, mamayewar da Anglos suka yi a shekara ta 1770 da yakin Nonobe a shekara ta 1750. Mutanen Ada sun yi nasarar jure duk wadannan hare-hare kuma suka tsira daga yake-yaken, wanda ya kai ga nasarar kafa masarautar Ada da kuma tsira. Yayin da yake-yake ya zama ruwan dare, sai aka rika gudanar da al'adu domin tarbar jaruman sojoji da jaruman yaki da suka dawo gida. Wasu daga cikin wadannan al'adu sun hada da wanke ƙafafu da harbin miski don sanar da zuwansu.
A cikin 1900s, ba tare da yaƙe-yaƙe da za a yi ko kuma kai hari daga wasu kabilu ba, an kawar da al'adun da ake yi don maraba da sojojinsu jajirtattu saboda ba a buƙatar su. Jama’a kuwa, har yanzu suna ganin akwai bukatar a kafa biki domin murnar sojoji da kakanninsu da sarakunan da suka shude wadanda duk suka bayar da gudunmawa wajen ganin an samu nasarar kafa Ada. Hakan ne ya share fagen kafa bikin Asafotufiam, a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin irin tarbar da ake yi wa sojoji masu dawowa.
Don sake gabatar da al'amuran tarihi na mutanen Ada, "mayaƙa" suna yin ado da kayan yaƙi na gargajiya kuma suna yin yaƙin ba'a. Har ila yau, lokaci ne da ake gabatar da samarin yaki.
Akwai Asafo (kamfanoni) guda biyu a cikin Jihar Ada, wato, Akomfode da Asorkor, wanda bisa ga al'adar memba na matrilineal.
Biki Bisa ga al'ada, ana fara bikin ne daga ranar Alhamis a makon farko na watan Agusta tare da isowar 'ya'ya maza da mata, masu fatan alheri da baki daga wasu wurare zuwa garin. An ware ranar alhamis don bikin share gidaje da kuma zub da liyafa a wuraren ibada na iyalai daban-daban da kuma kiyaye tsaro.
A safiyar ranar Juma'a, kamfanonin biyu (Asafo) sun buge ganguna daban-daban don kiran mambobinsu don ci gaba da tafiya zuwa Luhuese da ke wajen Big Ada inda aka tilasta musu.
Bisa ga al’adar da, duk samarin da suka kai shekarun balaga, sai a shigar da su cikin kamfanoninsu na Asafo, ta hanyar koya musu yadda ake sarrafa su, da lodin bindiga da kuma harbe-harbe a karon farko.
Hakan ya biyo bayan samuwar yaki da kuma fara koyar da tsoffin dabarun yaki. Ana ci gaba da haka har zuwa yammacin ranar sai suka koma Big-Ada sanye da kayan aikin soja na gargajiya tare da sanye da ganye da rassan dabino wanda ke nuni da jarumtaka masu cin nasara da suka dawo daga fagen fama a cikin harba miyagu da kukan yaki.
Ana ci gaba da rera wakoki da harbe-harbe da raye-raye har zuwa faduwar rana yayin da jerin gwanon suka ci gaba da zuwa "Kpomkpo-Panya" (wajen da ya zama wurin tashi ga mayaka da ke zuwa yake-yake da kuma wurin saukar sojojin da suka dawo daga yaƙe-yaƙe) inda kamfanonin Asafo suke. su kafa fayil guda guda a gefen kogin sannan su kona volleys guda uku a jere a cikin kogin, su tsoma kafafunsu a cikinsa, su wanke hannayensu don nuna daukewar dukkan mugayen al'amura na shekaru da kuma sa ido ga dukkan alherin da ke cikin tanadin shekaru masu zuwa. Duk mabiyan Kamfanonin Asafo suna bin al'adar tsoma ƙafafu da wanke hannu. Muzaharar ta watse kowa ya koma gidansa cikin wakar murna.
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51690 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigobert%20Roger%20Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely | Rigobert Roger Andely (an haife shi a watan Yuni 7, 1953), ma'aikacin babban banki ne na Kongo kuma ƙwararren masanin a fannin kuɗi da tattalin arzikin banki. Ya kasance Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) daga 1998 zuwa 2002, Ministan Kudi a gwamnatin Kongo-Brazzaville daga 2002 zuwa 2005, kuma Mataimakin Gwamnan BEAC daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2010. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA Bank) da kuma Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Kasuwancin Jama'a (ARMP a Kongo-Brazzaville.
Ilimi An haife shi a Mossaka, Andely ya halarci makarantar firamare a Lébango da Etoumbi a Cuvette-Ouest, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Collège de Boundji a Cuvette. Bayan haka ya tafi Makarantar Fasaha ta Jiha a Brazzaville, inda ya sami digiri na Faransanci a fannin sarrafa kasuwanci a cikin 1973.
An shigar da shi a Jami'ar Brazzaville a shekarar 1973, Andely ya kammala karatun digiri tare da Jagoran Tattalin Arziki a shekarar 1977.
Bayan kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki daga Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand da ke Faransa, Andely ya ɗauki aiki a Paris don shiga Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya (BEAC) sannan ya shigar da shi Cibiyar Horar da Ma'aikata ta BEAC don Gudanar da Ma'aikata., daga nan ne ya kammala karatunsa na farko a cikin watan Oktoba 1979. An ba shi hedkwatar BEAC a Yaoundé, Kamaru, ba da daɗewa ba ya zama shugaban Sashen Nazarin Kuɗi da Kididdigar Kuɗi. A shekarar 1982, ya samu digirinsa na uku a fannin kudi da tattalin arziki.
Sana'a
Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya A watan Yulin 1987, Andely ya kasance na biyu a Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya a Washington, DC, inda ya yi aiki a matsayin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Benin da Mukaddashin Masanin Tattalin Arziki na Ivory Coast da Togo. A wannan lokacin, ya yi aiki a kan digirinsa na PhD a fannin tattalin arziki, mai taken "Neoliberal Monetary and Financial Strategy for Development: Application to Sub-Saharan Africa". A shekarar 1988, ya sami nasarar kare karatunsa a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand kuma ya sami karramawa na farko.
Komawa zuwa BEAC Bayan ya dawo hedkwatar BEAC a 1990, an nada Andely Mataimakin Daraktan Bincike da Hasashe. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin Mataimakin Darakta, ya bullo da wasu manyan sauye-sauye na kudi guda hudu wadanda ke ci gaba da jagorantar ayyukan BEAC a halin yanzu. Waɗannan sun haɗa da:
shirye-shiryen kuɗi, wanda ya ba da damar Babban Bankin su yi rajistar ayyukansu a cikin ƙididdiga na tsarin tattalin arziki sabuwar manufar kuɗi bisa amfani da na'urorin manufofin kai tsaye amfani da kayan kasuwancin kuɗi maimakon ci gaban kai tsaye zuwa bankuna, da gabatar da karatun farko na kasuwar hada-hadar kudi a Afirka ta Tsakiya (the Central Africa Stock Exchange Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi, da Kasafin Kudi A shekara ta 1998 Andely ya ci gaba da hawansa a BEAC lokacin, yana da shekaru 45, aka nada shi mataimakin gwamnan babban bankin kasa, mukamin da ya rike har zuwa watan Agusta 2002, lokacin da aka nada shi Ministan Tattalin Arziki, Kudi., da kasafin kudin Jamhuriyar Congo. A matsayinsa na Ministan Kudi, Andely ya jagoranci tattaunawa da kungiyoyin Paris da na Landan wanda ya taimaka matuka wajen rage basussukan Kongo-Brazzaville a daidai lokacin da ake daukar kasar a matsayin kasar da ta fi kowacce kasa bashi. A lokacin da yake rike da mukamin a ma’aikatar kudi, Andely ya kuma jagoranci biyan manyan basussukan cikin gida, da tabbatar da biyan basussukan albashi ga ma’aikatan gwamnati, da kammala aikin samar da kudade na madatsar ruwa ta Imboulou, da kuma kafa gyare-gyare don tabbatar da gaskiya da gudanar da shugabanci na gari domin ya dace dan zaburar da ci gaban tattalin arzikin Kongo.
Komawa zuwa BEAC Bayan shekaru uku a matsayin Ministan Kudi na Kongo-Brazzaville, Andely ya koma matsayinsa na Mataimakin Gwamnan Babban Bankin Afirka ta Tsakiya a cikin watan Fabrairu 2005. Duk da haka, bayan shawarar da shugabannin kasashen kungiyar tattalin arziki da hada-hadar kudi ta kasashen tsakiyar Afirka (CEMAC) suka yanke a shekarar 2010 Andely ya bar wannan mukamin saboda matsalolin da suka shafi kudaden saka hannun jari na BEAC da Société Générale ke gudanarwa, duk da cewa ba shi da hannu kai tsaye, a cikin yanke shawara da suka shafi kudaden zuba jari.
Bayan barin BEAC, shugaban kasar Kongo Denis Sassou Nguesso ya nada Andely a shekarar 2011 a matsayin shugaban hukumar kula da sayan jama'a kuma a shekarar 2012, ya shiga Kungiyar Ba da Shawarwari ta Asusun Ba da Lamuni na Duniya IMF na Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara a matsayin mai ba da shawara. A shekara ta 2014, Andely ya jagoranci kwamitin da ke kula da samar da bankin Sin da Kongo na Afirka, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga watan Yuli, 2015 tare da hedikwata a Brazzaville. A halin yanzu shi ne shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na bankin Sino-Congo na Afirka (BSCA). Banki).
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka Andely ya samu karramawa da kyautuka da dama saboda aikin da ya yi a Afirka, ciki har da Umarni na karramawa daga kasashe uku, wato Ivory Coast, Gabon da Equatorial Guinea, da kuma babban jami'in Congo de l'Ordre du Mérite.
Sabis na ilimi da aiki Andely mai magana ne na yau da kullun a Cibiyar Nazarin da Bincike kan Ci gaban Duniya (CERDI) a Jami'ar Clermont-Ferrand a Faransa. Ya kuma buga labarai da yawa cikin Faransanci da Ingilishi, kan tattalin arziki, manufofin kuɗi, da banki, musamman a cikin “Bincike da Ƙididdiga na BEAC.” Shi ma memba ne na kwamitin dabarun Gidauniyar Bincike da Bincike na Ci gaban Kasa da Kasa (FERDI) Yana da yare biyu cikin Ingilishi da Faransanci.
Rayuwa ta sirri Andely yana da aure kuma mahaifin yara 10. Yana da sha'awar yanayi kuma yana son ya kula da filayen safu da ke da nisan kilomita 45 daga Brazzaville. Mutum ne mai son karanta littattafan tarihi. Hakanan yana sha'awar kiɗan Kongo da kiɗan ƙasar Amurka.
Manazarta Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1953
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
59969 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanayin%20ruwan%20sama%20na%20tropical%20cyclone | Yanayin ruwan sama na tropical cyclone | An haɓaka yanayin yanayin ruwan sama na cyclone mai zafi don tantance halayen ruwan sama na guguwar da ta gabata. Ana iya amfani da yanayin yanayin ruwan sama na cyclone don taimakawa hasashen tasirin guguwar na yanzu ko mai zuwa. Matsayin tasirin ruwan sama na cyclone na wurare masu zafi ya dogara ne akan saurin motsi, girman guguwa, da matakin jurar iska a tsaye. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan barazanar da guguwa mai zafi ke haifarwa shine ruwan sama mai yawa. Manya-manyan, jinkirin motsi, da cyclones na wurare masu zafi waɗanda ba sa bushewa suna haifar da ruwan sama mafi girma. Ƙarfin guguwar yanayi ba ta da wani tasiri a kan yuwuwarta ta samun ruwan sama a kan ƙasa, amma aunawar tauraron dan adam a cikin shekaru da dama da suka wuce ya nuna cewa guguwar da ke da zafi na haifar da ruwan sama sosai a kan ruwa. Ambaliyar ruwa daga guguwa mai zafi ya kasance babban sanadin mace-mace, musamman a wuraren da ke kwance.
Hasashen aukuwar ambaliyar ruwa Yayin da ambaliyar ruwa ta zama ruwan dare ga guguwa mai zafi, akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da yawan ruwan sama daga guguwa mai zafi. Jinkirin motsi, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin Hurricane Danny (1997) da Hurricane Wilma, na iya haifar da yawan ruwan sama. Kasancewar tsaunuka tsaunuka kusa da bakin teku, kamar fadin yawancin Mexico, Haiti, Jamhuriyar Dominican, Amurka ta tsakiya, Madagascar, Réunion, China, da Japan suna yin girman girman ruwan sama saboda tilasta hawan hawan dutse. Strong babba matakin tilasta daga wani trough motsi ta hanyar Westerlies da kuma hade sanyi gaban, kamar yadda ya faru a lokacin Hurricane Floyd, na iya haifar da high yawa ko da daga tsarin motsi a wani talakawan gaba motsi. Guguwar iska mafi girma tana sauke ruwan sama yayin da suke hazo a wuri ɗaya na dogon lokaci fiye da matsakaita ko ƙananan cyclones na wurare masu zafi. Haɗin waɗannan abubuwa biyu na iya zama gurgunta musamman, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin Hurricane Mitch a Amurka ta Tsakiya A cikin lokacin 2005, ambaliya mai alaƙa da jinkirin tafiya guguwar Stan ta haifar da mutuwar 1,662-2,000.
Gabaɗaya rarraba tsakanin guguwar yanayi mai zafi Isaac Cline shi ne na farko da ya fara gudanar da bincike kan rarraba ruwan sama a kusa da guguwar yanayi a farkon shekarun 1900. Ya gano cewa ruwan sama ya fi girma a gaban cibiyar (ko ido) fiye da bayan wucewar cibiyar, tare da mafi girman kaso na fadowa a cikin kwata na gaba na dama. Uba Viñes na Cuba ya gano cewa wasu guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna da mafi girman adadin ruwan sama a cikin kwata na baya a cikin rukunin horo (mara motsi). A al'ada, yayin da guguwa mai zafi ke ƙaruwa, yawan ruwan sama ya fi ta'azzara a tsakiyarta. Ana samun ruwan sama ya fi nauyi a cikin tsakiyar cyclone na wurare masu zafi, ko ya kasance bangon ido ko na tsakiya mai yawa, a cikin madaidaicin digiri na cibiyar, tare da ƙarancin kuɗi nesa da cibiyar. Yawancin ruwan sama a cikin cyclones na wurare masu zafi yana maida hankali ne a cikin radius na gale-force (iska. Ruwan sama ya fi zama ruwan dare a kusa da tsakiyar cyclones na wurare masu zafi na dare. A cikin ƙasa, makada na waje sun fi aiki yayin dumama rana, waɗanda za su iya yin aiki don taƙaita shigowa cikin tsakiyar guguwar. Bincike na baya-bayan nan ya nuna cewa rabin ruwan sama a cikin guguwa mai zafi yana da tsari a yanayi. Riehl ya haɓaka taswirar dama a cikin 1954 ta amfani da ma'auni na yanayi wanda ke ɗaukar radiyo mai nisan guguwa mai ma'ana daidai gwargwado, kuma baya la'akari da tasirin yanayi ko juzu'in iska a tsaye. Adadin gida zai iya wuce wannan ginshiƙi da kashi biyu saboda yanayin ƙasa. Tsayar da iska tana ƙoƙarin rage adadin da ke ƙasa da abin da aka nuna akan tebur.
Dangantaka da girman guguwa Manyan guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna da garkuwar ruwan sama mafi girma, wanda zai iya haifar da yawan ruwan sama mai nisa daga tsakiyar guguwar. Wannan yana faruwa gabaɗaya saboda tsayin lokacin da ruwan sama ya faɗi a kowane wuri a cikin babban tsari, idan aka kwatanta da ƙaramin tsari. Wasu daga cikin bambance-bambancen da ake gani game da ruwan sama tsakanin manya da kanana guguwa zai iya zama ƙarar samfurin ruwan sama a cikin babban guguwa mai zafi idan aka kwatanta da na ƙanƙaramar guguwa; a wasu kalmomi, bambancin zai iya zama sakamakon matsalar ƙididdiga.
Slow/looping motsi akan girman ruwan sama Guguwa da suka yi tafiya sannu a hankali, ko madauki, a cikin kwanaki masu yawa suna haifar da mafi girman adadin ruwan sama ga ƙasashe da yawa. Riehl ya ƙididdige cewa na ruwan sama a kowace rana ana iya sa ran tsakanin rabin digiri, ko na tsakiyar babban guguwar yanayi mai zafi. Yawancin cyclones masu zafi suna ci gaba a motsi na gaba na 10 kulli, wanda zai iyakance tsawon lokacin wannan ruwan sama mai yawa zuwa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yini, wanda zai haifar da kusan na ruwan sama. Wannan zai zama gaskiya akan ruwa, tsakanin na bakin tekun, da siffofi na waje. Yayin da guguwar iska ta yi nisa a cikin kasa kuma ta katse shi daga samar da dumi da danshi (teku), ruwan sama ya yi yawa daga guguwa mai zafi kuma ragowar su na raguwa da sauri. [9]
Tsayewar iska mai ƙarfi akan garkuwar ruwan sama Tsayar da iska ta tsaye tana tilasta yanayin ruwan sama a kusa da guguwar yanayi mai zafi ya zama asymmetric, tare da yawancin hazo yana faɗowa zuwa hagu da saukar iskar juzu'i, ko ƙasa ƙasa. Ma'ana, tsatsauran ra'ayi na kudu maso yamma yana tilasta yawancin ruwan sama daga arewa-maso-gabashin cibiyar. Idan iska ya yi ƙarfi sosai, yawancin ruwan sama zai ƙaura daga cibiyar da ke kaiwa ga abin da aka sani da cibiyar zagayawa mai fallasa. Lokacin da wannan ya faru, yuwuwar samun ruwan sama tare da guguwar yanayi mai zafi zai ragu sosai.
Tasirin hulɗa tare da iyakoki na gaba babban matakin Yayin da guguwar iska mai zafi ke mu'amala tare da tudun ruwa na matakin sama da na gaba da ke da alaƙa, ana ganin wani yanki na musamman na hazo tare da gaba da axis na babban matakin tudun ruwa. Irin wannan hulɗar na iya haifar da bayyanar da ruwan sama mafi girma yana faɗowa tare da hagu na hanyar guguwar iska mai zafi, tare da hazo mai ɗaukar ɗaruruwan mil ko kilomita ƙasa daga guguwar na wurare masu zafi. Ƙarfin babban titin da ke ɗaukar guguwar na wurare masu zafi, mafi mahimmancin canjin waƙa a cikin rabon ruwan sama ya kasance.
Duwatsu Danshi iska ya tilastawa gangaren tsaunukan bakin teku da sarƙoƙin tsaunuka na iya haifar da ruwan sama mai nauyi fiye da na bakin teku. Wannan ruwan sama kamar da bakin kwarya na iya haifar da zabtarewar kasa, wanda har yanzu yana haifar da hasarar rayuka kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin guguwar Mitch a Amurka ta tsakiya.
Rarraba duniya A duniya baki daya, ruwan sama na guguwa mai zafi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a arewacin kogin sama fiye da na kudanci. Wannan ya samo asali ne saboda yadda aka saba rarraba guguwa na wurare masu zafi na shekara-shekara, kamar yadda tsakanin rabin da kashi biyu bisa uku na duk guguwar yanayi ke tasowa a arewacin yankin equator. Ruwan sama yana mai da hankali kusa da layi na 15 a cikin duka sassan biyu, tare da ƙarancin ɗigon ruwa da aka gani tare da latitude a fadin arewacin kogin, saboda tsananin ruwan dumin da ake gani a wannan duniyar wanda ke ba da damar cyclones na wurare masu zafi su kasance na wurare masu zafi a yanayi a manyan latitudes fiye da kudu. equator. A kudancin kogin, tasirin ruwan sama zai zama ruwan dare tsakanin Janairu da Maris, yayin da arewacin equator, tasirin ruwan sama mai zafi na iska ya fi yawa tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba. Japan na samun sama da rabin ruwan sama daga guguwa.
Kididdigar yawan ruwan sama na guguwar cyclone na Amurka Tsakanin 1970 da 2004, ambaliya ta cikin ƙasa ta haifar da mafi yawan asarar rayuka masu nasaba da guguwar cyclone a Amurka Wannan ƙididdiga ta canza a cikin 2005, lokacin da tasirin Hurricane Katrina shi kaɗai ya canza yanayin mafi muni na cyclones na wurare masu zafi ya koma hawan guguwa, wanda a tarihi ya kasance mafi muni na ƙaƙƙarfan cyclones na wurare masu zafi. A matsakaita, guguwa mai zafi guda biyar na aƙalla ƙarfin damuwa na wurare masu zafi suna haifar da ruwan sama a duk faɗin Amurka a kowace shekara, suna ba da gudummawar kusan kashi ɗaya bisa huɗu na ruwan sama na shekara zuwa kudu maso gabashin Amurka. Yayin da yawancin waɗannan guguwa ke tasowa a cikin Tekun Atlantika, wasu tsare-tsare ko ragowarsu suna tafiya ta Mexico daga Tekun Gabashin Pacific. Matsakaicin jimlar yawan ruwan sama don guguwar yanayi mai zafi da ta shafi ƙasan 48 daga Tekun Atlantika kusan tare da kashi 70-75 na guguwar gaba ɗaya ta faɗo cikin sa'o'i 24. An ga mafi girman ma'ana a lokacin Hurricane Harvey a cikin 2017, lokacin da ya fadi a kudu maso gabashin Texas.
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42190 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Lewandowski | Robert Lewandowski | Robert Lewandowski (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga watan Agusta shekara ta alif 1988). ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Poland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba a ƙungiyar La Liga ta Barcelona kuma kyaftin ɗin tawagar ƙasar Poland An san Lewandowski saboda matsayinsa, fasaha da kuma kammala wasansa, ana ɗaukar Lewandowski ɗaya daga cikin ƙwararrun 'yan wasan gaba a kowane lokaci, da kuma ɗaya daga cikin 'yan wasan da suka yi nasara a tarihin Bundesliga Ya zira kwallaye sama da 500 na manyan raga a kungiyoyi da kuma kasa.
Bayan kasancewa babban dan wasa a mataki na uku da na biyu na kwallon kafa ta Poland tare da Znicz Pruszków, Lewandowski ya koma saman Lech Poznań, wajen taimaka wa tawagar lashe a shekarar 2009 zuwa 2010 Ekstraklasa A cikin shekarar 2010, ya koma Borussia Dortmund, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo da suka hada da taken Bundesliga guda biyu a jere da lambar yabo ta dan wasan da yafi kowane wajen saka kwallaye a gasar A shekarar 2013, ya kuma fito tare da Dortmund a cikin shekarar 2013 UEFA Champions League Final Kafin farkon kakar 2014 zuwa 2015, Lewandowski ya amince ya shiga cikin gidan abokan hammayar Dortmund,wato Bayern Munich, a kan canjin wurin na kyauta A Munich, ya lashe gasar Bundesliga a kowane kakar wasanni takwas. Lewandowski ya kasance mai mahimmanci a nasarar Bayern ta UEFA Champions League a shekarar 2019 zuwa 2020 a matsayin wani ɓangare na treble Shi ne daya daga cikin 'yan wasa biyu kawai, tare da Johan Cruyff, don samun nasarar cin kofin Turai yayin da yake zama mafi yawan kwallaye a cikin dukkanin gasa uku, kuma na farko da ya yi shi a matsayin dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye.
Cikakken kasa da kasa don Poland tun shekarar 2008, Lewandowski ya sami wasanni sama da 130 kuma ya kasance memba a kungiyarsu a gasar cin kofin Turai ta UEFA a shekarar 2012, 2016, da 2020, da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA a 2018 da 2022 Tare da kwallaye 78 na kasa da kasa, Lewandowski shine wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallo a raga a Poland kuma shi ne na uku a gaba daya wanda ya zura kwallaye a duniya a Turai, bayan Ferenc Puskás (84) da Cristiano Ronaldo (118). Ya lashe lambar yabo ta IFFHS na Duniya Mafi kyawun Kyauta ta Duniya a cikin shekarar, 2015 da 2021, IFFHS Kyautar Mafi Girman Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya a cikin shekarar, 2020 da 2021, da lambar yabo ta IFFHS na Mafi kyawun Babban Makin Saka Maƙala a Duniya a shekarar, 2021. Ya kuma lashe kyautar Gwarzon Dan wasan Duniya na IFFHS a cikin shekarar, 2020 da 2021 da Takalmin Zinare na Turai na lokutan shekaru, 2020 da 2021 da 2021 zuwa 2022. Haka kuma, Lewandowski an nada shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan kwallon kafa na kasar Poland sau goma da kuma gwarzon dan wasan kasar Poland sau uku.
A cikin shekarar 2020, Lewandowski ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon Dan Wasan Maza na FIFA (wanda aka riƙe a cikin shekara ta 2021) da kyautar gwarzon ɗan wasan UEFA maza na shekarar An nada shi a cikin Gwarzon Hukumar UEFA sau biyu. Shi ne dan wasa na uku mafi yawan kwallaye a tarihin gasar zakarun Turai An nada Lewandowski a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga na VDV a kakar wasa sau biyar. Ya zura kwallaye sama da 300 a gasar Bundesliga dan wasan da ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a raga a gasar Bundesliga, bayan Gerd Müller ya ci kwallaye 365 a Bundesliga), bayan da ya kai karnin da ya fi kowane dan wasa na waje, kuma shi ne dan wasan da ya fi kowa zira kwallaye a gasar. babban mai zura kwallo a raga A cikin shekarar 2015, yayin da yake taka leda a Bayern, ya zira kwallaye biyar a cikin kasa da minti tara a kan VfL Wolfsburg, mafi sauri da kowane dan wasa a tarihin Bundesliga da kuma duk wani babban gasar kwallon kafa ta Turai wanda aka ba shi kyautar Guinness World Records guda hudu. Haka kuma, ya lashe kyautar gwarzon dan wasan Bundesliga a cikin yanayi bakwai, mafi shahara a cikin shekara ta 2020 zuwa 2021 Bundesliga inda ya zira kwallaye 41 a cikin kamfen guda daya, ya karya tarihin Gerd Müller na baya na Bundesliga na kwallaye 40, wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 1971zuwa 1972 A ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2021, ya gama na biyu a Ballon d'Or, maki 33 kacal a bayan wanda ya ci Lionel Messi An haifi Lewandowski a Warsaw kuma ya girma a Leszno, Warsaw West County Ya ɗauki matakansa na farko a ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin ɗan wasa mara rijista na ƙungiyar gida, Partyzant Leszno. A shekarar 1997, ya shiga MKS Varsovia Warsaw, inda a lokacin da yake matashi ya yi wasa na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A shekarar da ta biyo baya ya koma kungiyar Delta Warsaw ta 4, inda a karshe ya yi nasarar taka leda a kungiyar ta farko, inda ya ci kwallaye hudu a karshen kakar gaba daa. A cikin Lewandowski shi ne dan wasan da ya fi zira kwallaye a cikin rukuni na uku na Poland tare da kwallaye 15, inda ya taimaka wa Znicz Pruszków wajen samun gurbin haurowa. Na gaba a kakar. Sannan shi ne sama ajerin cin kwallaye na rukuni na biyu da kwallaye 21. A cikin watan Yuni shekarata Lech Poznan ya sanya hannu kan Lewandowski daga Znicz don 1.5 miliyan PLN A farkon wannan watan, wakilin Lewandowski Cezary Kucharski ya miƙa shi ga tsohon tawagarsa Sporting Gijón, wanda aka ciyar da shi zuwa La Liga, rukuni na farko na Spain, bayan shekaru goma a cikin Segunda División Duk da haka, Gijón ya ƙi shi. Ya buga wasansa na farko agaech a ranar 17 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2008 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbin a wasan farko na cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin Uefa da Khazar Lankaran daga Azerbaijan, inda ya zira kwallo daya tilo na maraice a minti na 75 a filin wasa na Tofiq Bahramov na Republican A lokacin Ekstraklasa na farko a wasan farko na kakar wasa, a wasan da suka yi da GKS Bełchatów, ya zura kwallo a ragar diddige minti hudu kacal bayan ya shigo wasan a karshen rabin na biyu. A kakar wasansa ta farko a babban rukuni na Poland, ya kasance na biyu a jadawalin zura kwallo a raga. Lewandowski ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye 18 a wasanni 42 da ya buga. Ya kuma zura kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 a waje da Wisła Kraków a gasar Super Cup na Poland na shekarar, 2009 a ranar 27 ga watan Yuli, kuma ya sauya yunkurinsa a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. A kakar wasa ta gaba, ya zama babban dan wasa da kwallaye 18 kuma ya taimaka wa tawagarsa lashe gasar zakarun Turai na shekara ta 2009 zuwa 2010 Kocin Ingila, Sam Allardyce, ya ce Lewandowski na gab da shiga kulob din Blackburn Rovers a gasar Premier a shekara ta 2010, amma gajimaren toka mai aman wuta da ya haifar sakamakon fashewar Eyjafjallajökull a shekara ta 2010 wanda ya dakatar da dukkan zirga-zirgar jiragen sama a ciki da wajen Birtaniya, baya ga wasu matsalolin kudi., ya hana yiwuwar canja wuri. Bugu da ƙari, Lewandowski yana gab da shiga kulob din Italiyanci Genoa, kafin shugaban kasar Enrico Preziosi ya yanke shawarar soke canja wuri.
Borussia Dortmund
2010-2012: League da kofin sau biyu Bayan rade-radin da manema labarai suka yi cewa Lewandowski na iya komawa daya daga cikin kungiyoyi da dama, ya koma kungiyar Bundesliga ta Borussia Dortmund a watan Yunin shekarar 2010, inda ya rattaba hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru hudu da kulob din na Jamus kan kudi da aka ruwaito. wadanda suka kai 4.5 miliyan. A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a Bundesliga inda yaciwa kungiyar tasa kwallo 3-0 a Revierderby da Schalke 04 wasan ya kare da ci 3–1. A cikin shekarar 2011 zuwa 2012 Bundesliga yaƙin neman zaɓe, Lewandowski ya amfana daga rauni ga Lucas Barrios kuma an ɗaukaka shi zuwa matsayi na yau da kullun a cikin farawa XI har zuwa hutun hunturu. Dan wasan ya amsa ta hanyar gano raga sau biyu a cikin Dortmund ta 3-0 DFB-Pokal nasara zagaye na farko a kan Sandhausen Lewandowski ya buɗe asusun gasarsa a cikin nasara 2-0 akan Nürnberg akan 20 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2011 ta hanyar samar da ƙarshen ƙarewa daga giciye Mario Götze A ranar 1 ga watan Oktoba, Lewandowski ya ci hat-trick kuma ya ba da taimako a wasan da kulob din ya yi nasara da Augsburg da ci 4-0, bayan rashin nasara da Marseille ta yi da ci 0-3 a gasar zakarun Turai Daga baya ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan da suka doke Olympiacos da ci 1-3 a waje a ranar 19 ga watan Oktoba. Dortmund ta hau matsayi na biyu a gasar Bundesliga da nasara da ci 5-0 a kan Köln ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, inda Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a ragar kowane bangare na hutun rabin lokaci. Dortmund ta yi tattaki zuwa Freiburg a ranar 17 ga Disamba kuma Lewandowski ya buge sau biyu kuma ya ba da taimako ga Kevin Großkreutz, yayin da Dortmund ta samu sauki da ci 4-1, inda ya ci hat-trick dinsa na farko a Bundesliga. Saboda rawar da ya taka, an kira shi dan wasan kwallon kafa na shekara land Bayan hutun hunturu, a ranar 22 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2012, Dortmund ta lallasa Hamburg da ci 5-1 don matsawa matakin kan maki tare da shugabannin Bayern Munich Lewandowski ya zura kwallaye biyu sannan ya kara taimakawa Jakub Błaszczykowski a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida. Ya zura kwallo a ragar Bayern Munich a gida da ci 1-0 a ranar 11 ga Afrilu. Sakamakon ya bai wa Dortmund maki shida a kan abokan hamayyarta a gasar yayin da ya rage saura wasanni hudu a buga. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, Lewandowski ya ba da taimako ga Shinji Kagawa a minti na 59 a minti na 59, yayin da Dortmund ta ci Borussia Mönchengladbach 2-0 a gasar ta biyu a jere. A wasan karshe na Bundesliga na kamfen, Lewandowski ya zura kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin lokacin da Dortmund ta doke Freiburg da ci 4-0 kuma ta yi murnar daukaka gasar. Lewandowski ya kammala wannan ne a matsayin dan wasa na uku da ya fi zura kwallo a raga da kwallaye 22, babu ko daya daga bugun fanareti, sannan ya taimaka aka zura kwallaye shida. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, a wasan karshe na kakar wasa na Dortmund, ya zira kwallaye a wasan karshe na DFB-Pokal, nasara da 5-2 a kan Bayern Munich, don samun kulob din na farko na gida biyu Lewandowski ya kammala a matsayin babban dan wasan DFB-Pokal, da kwallaye bakwai a wasanni shida.
2012–2014: Zakarun Turai ya zo na biyu kuma wanda ya fi zira kwallaye a gasar A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2012, Lewandowski ya fara kakar 2012 zuwa 2013 ta hanyar zira kwallaye a cikin 1–2 a shekara ta 2012 DFL-Supercup da aka doke Bayern Munich. Ya yi bayyanarsa ta farko a gasar Bundesliga ta shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013 a wasan da Dortmund ta doke Werder Bremen da ci 2-1 a ranar bude gasar. He netted his first goal in a 3–0 victory over Bayer Leverkusen on 15 September 2012, extending Dortmund's run to 31 games unbeaten and moved the club into third in the Bundesliga. Three days later, in the club's first Champions League game of the season, Lewandowski scored an 87th-minute winner to defeat Ajax, 1–0. He set club's new record of the longest scoring streak, having scored in 12 consecutive league games, surpassing Friedhelm Konietzka's record from 1964–65 season. On 9 February 2013, he opened the scoring in a home match against Hamburg, but was sent off in the 31st minute for a foul on Per Ciljan Skjelbred and Dortmund lost GB
According to Borussia Dortmund director Michael Zorc, speaking in February 2013, Lewandowski would not be renewing his contract with the club, and would leave either in the summer of 2013 or after the 2013–14 season. He finished season with 24 league goals, one goal short of the Bundesliga's top scorer, Bayer Leverkusen's Stefan Kießling.
Kaka na biyu na Lewandowski ya fara ne da shekarar, 2015 DFL-Supercup a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, inda Bayern ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a wajen VfL Wolfsburg; An canza shi ne a minti na 72 da Rafinha Bayan kwana takwas a wasan zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal, ya zira kwallaye na karshe a ragar kungiyar Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Nöttingen da ci 3-1 A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, a wasan farko na sabon kakar Bundesliga, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Hamburg da ci 5-0.
Bayern Munich Pre-season ya fara a ranar 9 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2014 a lokacin da aka gabatar da shi. Ya buga wasansa na farko kafin kakar wasa da MSV Duisburg a ranar 21 ga watan Yuli, inda ya zura kwallo a raga. A ranar 6 ga Agusta, ya buɗe zira kwallaye yayin da Bayern ta fafata a shekara ta 2014 MLS All-Star Game a Providence Park a Portland, Oregon, a ƙarshe ta yi rashin nasara 1–2. Ya buga wasansa na farko na gasa don sabon kulob dinsa a rashin nasara da ci 0–2 a hannun Borussia Dortmund a shekara ta 2014 DFL-Supercup a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2014, kuma ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Schalke 04 a gasar cin kofinsa ta biyu. wasa a ranar 30 ga Agusta. A ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba, Lewandowski ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a gasar zakarun Turai a Bayern Munich a wasan da suka doke Roma da ci 7-1 A ranar 1 ga watan Nuwamba, a wasansa na farko a gasar lig da Dortmund, Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka doke Bayern da ci 2-1 wanda hakan ya sa Bayern ta zama tazarar maki hudu a saman tebur yayin da ya bar tsohuwar kungiyarsa a matakin fa-da-fadi. A wasansa na uku na kakar wasa da Dortmund a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta, 2015, Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a minti na 36 da ci 1-0, bayan da golan Dortmund Roman Weidenfeller ya “barbare” kwallon da Thomas Müller ya yi. A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2015, Lewandowski ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da Bayern ta doke Paderborn da ci 6–0, burinsa na biyu a wasan shi ne na 10th na kakar gasar. Ya zira kwallaye biyu a farkon rabin ranar 21 ga Afrilu yayin da Bayern ta yi watsi da gibin da ta samu a wasan farko da suka doke Porto da ci 7-4 a jimillar wasan da suka wuce zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai Bayan kwana biyar, bayan VfL Wolfsburg ta sha kashi a hannun Borussia Mönchengladbach, Bayern ta lashe kofin Bundesliga. Ya sake zura kwallo a raga a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu, inda aka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe na DFB-Pokal da Dortmund, amma daga baya ya shiga tsakani a karon iska da Mitchell Langerak a cikin minti na 116 na karin lokaci Wasan dai ya kare ne a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida (0–2), kuma ba a saba gani ba, babu ko daya daga cikin yunkurin da Munich din ta yi a filin wasan nasu. Ko da yake Lewandowski ya tsaya har zuwa karshen wasan, bai shiga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida ba; Kuma gwaje-gwaje daga baya sun tabbatar da cewa ya karaya a muƙamuƙi da kashi na hanci, kuma ya sami rauni, wanda ya kawar da shi kusan mako guda. A ranar 12 ga watan Mayu, yana wasa cikin abin rufe fuska, ya zura kwallo a minti na 59 a wasan da kungiyarsa ta yi nasara a gida da ci 3-2 da Barcelona wadda ta yi nasara a gasar zakarun Turai a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai, duk da cewa an fitar da su da jimillar maki 3–5. Tare da kwallaye 17 a wasanni 31, Lewandowski ya kasance na biyu mafi yawan kwallaye a gasar Bundesliga tare da abokin wasan Arjen Robben, a bayan Eintracht Frankfurt 's Alexander Meier .Ya kammala kakar bana da kwallaye 25 a wasanni 49 da ya buga.
2015–2017: Nasarar cikin gida, Torjägerkanone, da kwallaye 100 na Bayern Kaka na biyu na Lewandowski ya fara ne da ga shekarar, 2015 DFL-Supercup a ranar 1 ga watan Agusta, inda Bayern ta sha kashi a bugun fenareti a wajen VfL Wolfsburg; An canza shi ne a minti na 72 da Rafinha Bayan kwana takwas a wasan zagaye na farko na DFB-Pokal, ya zira kwallaye na karshe a ragar kungiyar Oberliga Baden-Württemberg Nöttingen da ci 3-1 A ranar 14 ga watan Agusta, a wasan farko na sabon kakar Bundesliga, ya zura kwallo ta biyu a ragar Hamburg da ci 5-0. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba a shekara ta, 2015, Lewandowski ya kafa tarihin Bundesliga ta hanyar maye gurbinsa tare da Bayern ta bi Wolfsburg 0-1 kuma ya zira kwallaye biyar a cikin mintuna 8 da dakika 59, mafi sauri da kowane dan wasa a tarihin Bundesliga, ya dauki 5-1. jagora. Ya kuma kafa tarihin Bundesliga mafi sauri hat-tric kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna hudu), kuma mafi yawan kwallayen da aka zura a madadin (biyar). Kwallaye biyar da Lewandowski ya ci a cikin mintuna tara kuma shi ne mafi sauri a duk wata babbar gasar kwallon kafa ta Turai tun bayan da Opta ta fara ajiye tarihi, kuma ta kawo karshen wasan Wolfsburg na wasanni 14 ba tare da an doke ta ba. Guinness World Records ya ba shi takaddun shaida guda huɗu don wannan rawar. Kwanaki hudu bayan haka, ya zira kwallaye biyu a nasarar 3-0 a Mainz, burin farko shine burinsa na 100 na Bundesliga akan bayyanarsa na 168th, rikodin gasar ga dan wasan waje. Ya kuma kai 10 a raga a bude 7 ashana tare da wannan takalmin gyare-gyaren takalmin gyaran kafa, nanda Gerd Müller ya samu a baya. A ranar 29 ga watan Satumba, ya zira kwallaye hat-trick a gasar zakarun Turai a 5-0 nasara akan Dinamo Zagreb, ya sanya shi a raga goma a wasanni uku a cikin mako guda. Ya kara biyu a wasan da suka doke Dortmund da ci 5-1 kwanaki biyar bayan haka, inda ya zura kwallaye 12 a wasanni hudu da ya buga. A ranar 24 ga watan Oktoba, Lewandowski ya zura kwallo a wasan da suka yi nasara da ci 4-0 a gida. FC Köln, sakamakon da ya sa Bayern ta zama ta farko a gasar Bundesliga da ta taba lashe dukkan wasanni 10 na farko a kakar wasa ta bana. Nasarar da aka yi a Cologne kuma ita ce nasara ta 1,000 da Bayern ta samu a gasar Bundesliga. A ranar 11 ga Janairu, 2016, ya sami matsayi na hudu a kyautar Ballon d'Or ta shekarar 2015 A ranar 19 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2016, Lewandowski ya zira kwallo daya tilo a wasan da suka yi nasara da Köln da ci 1-0 don kawo jimillar gasarsa har zuwa kwallaye 25; sabon sirri mafi kyau. Ya ci wa Borussia Dortmund kwallaye 24 a kakar shekara ta 2012 zuwa 2013. Ya kuma fara dawowar Bayern da bugun kai da kai a minti na 73 a wasa na biyu na zagaye na 16 a ranar 16 ga Maris, bayan da suka tashi 0-2 da Juventus, wanda a karshe Munich ta ci 4-2 bayan karin lokaci, da jimillar 6-4. Kwallon da ya ci Atlético Madrid a ranar 3 ga watan Mayu a wasa na biyu na fitar da Bayern a wasan kusa da na karshe a gasar zakarun Turai ta sa ya kawo karshen gasar kakar bana da kwallaye tara. Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1988
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32101 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilias%20Chair | Ilias Chair | Ilias Emilian kujera an haife shia a ranar 30 ga watan Oktoban shekarar, 1997). ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Morocco wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya mai kai hari a ƙungiyar Championship ta EFL Championship ta Queens Park Rangers. An haife shi a Belgium, yana wakiltar tawagar kasar Morocco.
Rayuwar farko An haife shi a Antwerp a Belgium mahaifinsa ɗan Moroccan.
Aikin kulob/ƙungiya
Farkon aiki Shugaban ya fara aikinsa a tsarin matasa a Lierse. Ya kuma shafe lokaci a makarantar Club Brugge, da kuma JMG Academy Belgium. ya fara buga wasansa na farko na ƙwararru a Lierse yana ɗan shekara 17, yana wasa a rukunin na biyu na Belgium, lokacin da ya zo a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbi a minti na 76 a wasan Lierse's 1–1 away a Coxyde aranar 9 ga watan Agusta na shekara ta, 2015. Daga baya ya fara wasansa na farko bayan wata daya, a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba na shekara ta, 2015, yana buga cikakken mintuna 90 a cikin gida da ci 3–2 da Cercle Brugge.
Queens Park Rangers ya ci gaba da shari'a a kulob na Championship QPR a watan Janairu shekara ta, 2017. A lokacin gwajin, ya zira kwallaye a wasan sada zumunci na 3-1 na U23 da Bournemouth. Daga baya ya sanya hannu kan QPR na dindindin akan 31 Janairu shekara ta, 2017. An ƙara mai da shi zuwa ƙungiyar Elite Development Squad kuma ya shafe sauran kakar wasa ta shekarar, 2016 zuwa 2017 yana wasa da ƙungiyar U23 ta ƙungiyar. Bayan ya burge manajan QPR Ian Holloway a horo, An nada shi a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a wasan zagayen farko na gasar cin kofin EFL da kungiyar ta yi da Northampton Town a Loftus Road a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta shekarar, 2017. Ya maye gurbin Luke Freeman ne a minti na 63 na wasan inda ya fara buga wasansa na farko. ya fara bayyanarsa na farko ga QPR a ci 1-0 da Preston North End a Deepdale a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba shekarar, 2017. Ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiragin shekaru biyu da kulob din a ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2018, inda ya ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa lokacin bazara na shekarar, 2020. Ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar a wasan karshe na QPR na kakar shekara ta, 2017 zuwa 2018 a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu shekarar, 2018, inda ya zura kwallo a raga a matsayi mai nisa yayin da QPR ta yi watsi da ci daya mai ban haushi da ci 3-1 a kan Birmingham City. Chair ya buga wasanni bakwai a rukunin farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya zura kwallo daya. Bayan da ya buga wasanni takwas na QPR a farkon rabin kakar shekarar, 2018 zuwa 2019, ya shiga kulob din League Two Stevenage a kan yarjejeniyar lamuni na sauran kakar a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2019. Ya buga wasansa na farko na Stevenage a nasarar da kulob din ya samu a kan Yeovil Town da ci 1-0 a Broadhall Way a ranar 2 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta, 2019, yana buga cikakken wasan. Shugaban ya zura kwallayen sa na farko ga Stevenage ta hanyar zira kwallaye biyu na dogon lokaci a karshen wasan da suka tashi 2–2 a waje da shugabannin gasar Lincoln City a ranar 16 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2019. Bayan wata daya, a ranar 12 ga watan Maris shekarar, 2019, ya zura kwallo a cikin rabin sa a wasan da Stevenage ya ci 2–0 a gida da Swindon Town. An zabe shi a matsayin gwarzon dan wasan watan Maris na shekarar, 2019 bayan ya ba da gudummawar kwallaye hudu da ci hudu a cikin watan. Ya buga wasanni 16 a lokacin yarjejeniyar aro, inda ya zura kwallaye shida ya kuma taimaka a zura kwallaye shida. Manajan Stevenage Dino Maamria ya bayyana Chair a matsayin "dan wasa mafi kyawun da ya taba saka rigar Stevenage", da kuma mafi kyawun dan wasan da ya taba taka leda a gasar League Two. Bayan ya koma QPR, ya rattaba hannu kan sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar a watan Satumba na shekara2019. A karkashin sabon manaja Mark Warburton, Shugaban ya zama babban dan wasa na QPR a farkon kakarar, 2019 zuwa 2020.
A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun shekarar, 2021, a kungiyar ya rattaba hannu kan wata sabuwar yarjejeniya ta shekara hudu da rabi wanda zai ci gaba da zama a kungiyar har zuwa shekarar, 2025, tare da kungiyar na da zabin tsawaita wannan kwantiragin zuwa wata shekara. Ya fara wasa kakar shekara ta, 2021 zuwa 2022 a cikin tsari mai kyau kuma ya ci lambar yabo ta Gasar Cin Kofin Wata na Oktoba shekara ta, 2021 bayan aiki mai ban sha'awa a kan Blackburn Rovers.
Ayyukan kasa An haifi shi a Belgium kuma dan asalin Morocco ne. An kira shi zuwa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 na Morocco don yin horo na tsawon mako guda a Rabat a watan Yuni shekara ta, 2017. ya wakilci Morocco a 'yan U23s a wasan sada zumunta da suka sha kashi a hannun Senegal U23 a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekara ta, 2018. Ya yi karo/haɗu da babbar tawagar kasar Morocco a wasan sada zumunci da suka doke Ghana da ci 1-0 a ranar 9 ga watan Yuni shekara ta, 2021. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta, 2021, a bayyanarsa ta hudu a kasarsa, ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a Morocco da ta uku a wasan da suka doke Guinea-Bissau da ci 5-0.
Kididdigar sana'a
Kulob
Ƙasashen Duniya Kamar yadda wasan ya buga 6 Oktoba 2021. Makin Ingila da aka jera farko, ginshiƙin maki yana nuna maki bayan kowace ƙwallon kujera.
Girmamawa Mutum
Burin Gasar Gasar Wata: Oktoba 2021
Manazarta Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ilias Chair at Soccerbase
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50799 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy%20Liebes | Dorothy Liebes | Dorothy Wright Liebes (14 Oktoba 1897 20 Satumba 1972) 'yar Amurka ce mai zanen masaka kuma mai sana'anta don sabbin masana'anta na zamani da aka ƙera don masu gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. An san ta da "mahaifiyar saƙar zamani".
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Kuruciya An haifi Dorothy Wright a ranar 14 ga Oktoba, 1897,a Santa Rosa, California,ita 'yar Frederick L.Wright ce, farfesan ilmin sunadarai,da Bessie Calderwood Wright, malama. Yayin da take nazarin ilimin halin ɗan adam,fasaha, da koyarwa a Kwalejin Malamai na Jiha a San Jose da Jami'ar California, Berkeley,an shawarce ta don yin gwaji tare da zane-zane. Ta siyo yar karamar masara ta koya wa kanta sana’ar saka. A shekarar 1928,ta auri Leon Liebes, wani ɗan kasuwa.Sun sake aure a cikin 1940, kodayake Dorothy Liebes ta riƙe sunanta da fasaha.A 1948 ta auri Pulitzer Prize -lashe ɗan jarida Relman Morin.
Aiki Bayan shekaru da yawa a matsayin malamar makaranta, Liebes ta yanke shawarar zama mai zane-zane, kuma ta yi karatun saƙa a Hull House, Chicago, kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye zuwa Faransanci, Italiya, Guatemala,da Mexico don koyo game da nau'ikan saƙar gargajiya. Bayan ta yi aiki a ƙasashen waje,Liebes ta koma Amurka kuma ta buɗe babban ɗakinta mai suna a San Francisco. Studio dinta na farko, wanda aka buɗe a 526 Powell Street a San Francisco a cikin 1930, wanda ta ƙware a kayan saƙar hannu na al'ada don gine-gine da masu zanen ciki. A 1935,Liebes ta sadu da Frank Lloyd Wright a Taliesin a Spring Green, Wisconsin. Wright tana da tasiri a cikin falsafar ƙira. An buɗe Dorothy Liebes Design, Inc.a cikin 1937, kodayake mijinta ya ƙi,a San Francisco. A 1938 tana da maza da mata goma sha bakwai suna aiki a ɗakinta. A cikin 1942,Liebes ta motsa ɗakinta a San Francisco zuwa 545 Sutter Street. Bayan bukatar,ta bude studio na biyu a New York. Ta yi ƙaura na cikakken lokaci zuwa Birnin New York a cikin 1948. An san masana'anta don haɗakar launuka masu ƙarfin hali da laushi masu ban sha'awa, kuma galibi suna amfani da kayan da ba a zata ba kamar gashin fuka-fuki, robobi,ƙarfIna, jute,tef ɗin ticker,ratsan fata,da bamboo. An ba su izini ta hanyar gine-gine,ciki har da Frank Lloyd Wright, Edward Durell Stone,Miller da Pflueger da Samuel Marx. Sauran abokan ciniki sun haɗa da Sarki Ibn Saud na Saudi Arabia,da Ahwahnee Hotel a Yosemite,da Paramount Theater a Oakland, California. An kuma yi amfani da kayan saƙar ta a cikin jiragen sama, jiragen ruwa, wuraren wasan kwaikwayo da otal. Ƙarshen WWII ya kasance wani muhimmin lokaci ga Liebes da kamfaninta. Kayayyakin roba da aka ƙirƙira da kuma amfani da su a yaƙin an samar da su don amfanin gida. Aluminum, musamman,ta kasance mai matukar sha'awa ga masana'antun yadi.Liebes ta yi farin ciki da kwarin guiwar waɗannan damar, musamman sabbin hanyoyin da za a iya yin aiki da su.Ta taɓa yin magana a cikin lacca don tsara ɗalibai a Chicago, "Ku yi la'akari da cellophanes masu haskakawa, dull acetates, robobi masu laushi,fata da aka yi da fata, gashin doki na wucin gadi, kayan da ba a lalata da kuma zaren gilashi!" Dorothy Liebes sau da yawa ana lasafta ta a matsayin muhimmin ɓangare na motsi na zamani na California, kuma a cikin 1940s da 50s ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin sanannun masu zanen yadi a Amurka.ta bambanta da palette na tsaka-tsaki na yawancin mutanen zamaninta na zamani, Liebes sananniya ce don amfani da kayan da ba zato ba tsammani, launi mai haske da tsari.Tana da sha'awar haɗa launukan da ba su dace ba cikin haɗin kai,yanayin gani.Liebes da aka fi sani da launi "elixir sihiri" kuma kayan aikinta sun kasance suna da kyawawan launuka masu kyau.Ta kirkiro wannan "California Look",wanda da sauri aka kira "Liebes Look". Dorothy Liebes ta kasance ƙwararriyar masaƙiya, amma ita ma ƴar kasuwa ce mai kaifi wacce ta yi imanin cewa masaku da yawa za su iya kaiwa ga jama'a,ba tare da la'akari da kasafin kuɗin abokin ciniki ba.Duk da yake har yanzu tana riƙe da kamannin saƙar hannu, Liebes ta yi aiki don tsara masana'anta mai ƙarfi a cikin ɗimbin salo da kayayyaki daban-daban. Ba wai kawai an sami damar saka kayanta ba, amma ta yi abokin tarayya mai ƙarfi don masana'antu. Liebes ta kasance mai ba da shawara ga ƙira ga kamfanoni kamar DuPont,Dow, Bigelow-Sanford,da Goodall Fabrics na Sanford, Maine. Mai tallata kayan masaku mai yawa,ta ba da shawara game da haɓaka zaruruwan roba,da kuma taimakawa wajen haɓaka injinan da za su iya kwaikwayi rashin daidaituwa na ado da rashin daidaituwa na yadudduka na hannu. Daga 1955 zuwa 1971 Liebes ta zama mai ba da shawara ga kayan gida na DuPont.A matsayinta na mai magana da yawun kamfanin,ta taimaka wa jama'a su shawo kan masifu ga masana'anta. An san Liebes don gabatar da shirye-shiryen fasaha na warkewa ga tsoffin sojojin Yaƙin Duniya na II a duk faɗin Amurka. A cikin 1942, an nada ta a matsayin Darakta na ƙasa,Sashen Arts Skills, Red Cross ta Amurka. Daga 1961 zuwa 1972, fitacciyar mai fasaha Emma Amos ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane masaƙa don Dorothy Liebes.
Kyaututuka Liebes tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara samun lambar yabo ta Neiman Marcus a lokacin ƙaddamar da su a cikin shekarar 1938. A cikin shekarar 1946, Cibiyar Masu Ado na Amurka ta zaɓi ɗayan ƙirarta mafi kyawun yadi A shekara ta gaba,1947, ta sami Medal na Sana'a daga Cibiyar Gine-gine ta Amurka. Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka daga Lord & Taylor,the Paris Exposition,da Architectural League. A cikin 1948,ta sami digiri na girmamawa daga Kwalejin Mills da lambar yabo ta Elsie de Wolfe.
Mutuwa Saboda yanayin zuciya, Dorothy Liebes ta yi murabus a cikin 1971. Ta mutu a birnin New York a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, 1972.
Legacy Ana gudanar da aikinta a cikin tarin Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum, Gidan Tarihi na Victoria da Albert, Cibiyar Fasaha ta Chicago, Smithsonian Institution's Archives of American Art, da Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology a Jami'ar California, Berkeley.
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15998 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmanuel%20Ifeajuna | Emmanuel Ifeajuna | Emmanuel Arinze Ifeajuna (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1935 ya mutu a shekara ta 1967). Ya kasance babban hafsan sojan Najeriya kuma babban jumper Shi ne Baƙin Afirka na farko da ya ci lambar zinare a taron wasanni na duniya lokacin da ya ci nasara a 1954 na Biritaniya da Wasannin Kasashe Alamar nasararsa da mafi kyawun mutum na 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m) rikodin wasanni ne da rikodin masarautar Biritaniya a lokacin.
Ba’amurke ne daga Onitsha, ya kasance ya kammala karatun sa na kimiyya a Jami’ar Ibadan sannan ya tsunduma cikin siyasa, daga baya ya shiga aikin soja. Ya taka rawa a wajen juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 Rayuwa da aiki
Babban tsalle Haihuwar Onitsha, ya halarci Dennis Memorial Grammar School a garin sa kuma ya nuna halaye da zasu bayyana rayuwarsa daga baya. Ya yi horo a tsalle tsalle a ƙarƙashin malamin wasanninsa, kuma shi ma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar da ta rufe makarantar na ɗan lokaci. Ya kammala karatun sakandare a shekarar 1951. Makarantar Grammar ta Ilesa ita ma ta yi ikirarin cewa shi tsohon dalibi ne.Wannan ana jayayya dashi, kodayake yayi koyarwar bazara a makarantar. Gasar wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta 'Najeriyar ta shekara ta 1954 ta gan shi ya kafa kansa a cikin manya-manyan masu tsalle-tsalle a kasar. Tsalle na 6 ƙafa 5.5 inci (1.97 m) yana nufin an zabi Ifeajuna ne don ya wakilci kasarsa a masarautar Birtaniyya ta 1954 da wasannin Commonwealth, tare da Nafiu Osagie Nijeriya ta yi rawar gani a duniya a cikin tsalle a wancan lokacin Joshua Majekodunmi shi ne ya zo na biyu a Wasannin Masarautar Birtaniyya na shekarar 1950, kuma ‘yan tsalle-tsalle uku na Nijeriya sun sami damar zuwa na ashirin a gasar tsalle-tsalle ta Olympics ta shekarar 1952 A Wasannin shekarar 1954 a Vancouver, ya yi gasa sanye da takalmin hagu kawai amma har yanzu ya sami nasarar share 6 ft. 8 a cikin (2.03 m), wanda ya kasance rikodin Wasanni da kuma rikodin Masarautar Burtaniya don horo. Sakamakon lambar zinare ya sanya shi dan Afirka ta Farko na farko da ya ci nasara a wata babbar gasar wasanni ta duniya. Babban tsallen ya samu damar daukar nauyin lambobin yabo a Afirka a wannan shekarar, inda Patrick Etolu na Uganda ya kare a bayan Ifeajuna sannan Osagie na Najeriya ya zama na uku. Ifeajuna ya sami tarba ta gwarzo bayan dawowarsa Legas kuma an baje shi kan tituna kafin yayi magana a wani bikin farar hula. Daga baya an yi amfani da hoton nasa don murfin gaban littafin motsa jiki na ɗaliban makarantun firamare da sakandare a Najeriya.
Siyasa da jami'a Bayan nasarar da ya samu ta zinare, ya daina samun horo a tsalle mai tsayi kuma bai koma wasan ba. Ya shiga cikin karatun kimiyya a Kwalejin Jami'ar Ibadan a 1954 kuma ya shiga cikin harkar siyasar ɗaliban makarantar Ya kuma kasance memba na mashahurin Sigma Club, na Jami'ar Ibadan, kungiyar dalibai masu kishin zamantakewar al'umma, masu shirya bikin Havana Musical Carnival a cikin makarantar. Yayin da yake can ya zama abokai na kud da kud da Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark, wadanda dukkansu za su ci gaba da zama fitattun mawaƙan Nijeriya. Ifeajuna shi ma babban aboki ne ga Emeka Anyaoku, daga baya ya zama Sakatare Janar na Commonwealth Ya tsunduma cikin Kungiyar Daliban Ibadan kuma ya zama Daraktan yada labarai na kungiyar, yana karfafa zanga-zanga. Ya kasance yana da alaka da Dynamic Party, karkashin jagorancin masanin lissafi Chike Obi Uche Chukwumerije, wanda ya yi zamani da shi kuma daga baya ya zama sanata, ya tuna Ifeajuna yana da himma a cikin hargitsi na siyasa, amma kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba shi da sha'awar shiga cikin zanga-zangar da kansu. Clark ya kuma tabbatar da hakan, yana ba da misalin wata zanga-zanga kan rufe gidan kwanan dalibai. Rufe rufewar ta biyo bayan shari’ar kisan kai ne na Ben Obumselu, shugaban kungiyar daliban kuma aboki na Ifeajuna. Ifeajuna ta shirya zanga-zangar amma ba ta kasance ba yayin rikicin da ya biyo baya. Bayan ya kammala karatun digirinsa na kimiyya sai ya shiga koyarwa, ana sanya shi a makarantar Ebenezer Anglican Grammar da ke Abeokuta Ifeajuna ya kasance cikin tuntuɓar yau da kullun tare da Okigbo, wanda shi ma ya ci gaba da koyarwa, kuma su biyun sun ci gaba da tattauna batun siyasar juyin juya hali. Wannan ya kawo karshen Ifeajuna ya bar aikin koyarwa ya shiga soja a 1960. Ya samu horo a makarantar Mons Officer Cadet School a Aldershot, United Kingdom. A matsayinsa na wanda ya kammala karatunsa, ya tashi cikin sauri a cikin mukamin soja ya kai matsayin Manjo a watan Janairun 1966. Ya kasance babban birgediya a Legas Juyin mulki Rashin gamsuwa da alkiblar da kasarsa ta bi a lokacin Jamhuriyyar Najeriya ta Farko a karkashin Firayim Minista Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Ifeajuna ya zama makarkashiya a wani shiri na kifar da gwamnatin. Ganin karatun da ya yi, ana daukar Ifeajuna a matsayin daya daga cikin hazikan masu hankali na makircin kuma ya rubuta wani rubutu da ba a buga ba kan dalilin yunkurin juyin mulkin Najeriya na shekarar 1966 Ya yi tir da rashawa da rashin tsari wanda ya haifar da rashin kyakkyawan shugabanci na gwamnati. Manjo Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne fuskar yunkurin juyin mulkin, wanda ya hada da wasu manyan sojoji biyar: Timothy Onwuatuegwu, Chris Anuforo, Don Okafor, Adewale Ademoyega da Humphrey Chukwuka Ademoyega, Okafor, Anuforo da Chukwuka sune sauran manya a Legas, inda Ifeajuna suka jagoranci motsi. Ifeajuna ya jagoranci tawagarsa zuwa gidan Firaminista Balewa kuma suka kama shi. A halin yanzu, Nzeogwu ya fito fili ya bayyana sunayen wadanda suka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin da kuma Balewa a matsayin babban rashi. Okafor ya nemi cafke Birgediya Zakariya Maimalari, babban kwamandan Ifeajuna. Maimalari ya tsere kuma da ya sami Ifeajuna ya nemi taimako. Ifeajuna ya kashe Maimalari, wanda hakan ya haifar da rashin jituwa a tsakanin jiga-jigan Ifeajuna, kasancewar shi babban jami’i ne mai matukar daraja. Ifeajuna ya kuma harbe Laftanar Kanar Abogo Largema a wani otal da ke gundumar Ikoyi a Legas. Daya daga cikin manyan mutanen da aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin, Manjo-Janar Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi, ya kama makircin kuma ya tsere daga kama shi. Daga nan ya fara matsawa kan wadanda suka yi masa juyin mulki. Daga karshe Ironsi ya sami nasarar hana juyin mulkin sannan ya karbi mulki da kansa. A yayin wadannan abubuwan, Firayim Minista Balewa ya mutu yayin da yake tsare da Ifeajuna. Jami'an 'yan sanda sun ba da rahoto game da yanayin mutuwarsa (wanda har yanzu ba a sake bayani ba) suna iƙirarin cewa Ifeajuna ya harbe Balewa yayin da yake tuki zuwa Abeokuta kuma ya bar gawar a hanya. Wasu na ikirarin cewa ba da gangan aka kashe Balewa ba (ganin cewa shi ba ya daga cikin wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin), amma dai ya mutu ne sakamakon cutar asma ko bugun zuciya a lokacin tsananin. Wannan batun har yanzu ba a warware shi ba na tarihin yunƙurin juyin mulkin shekarar 1966.
Kisa da gado Bayan matakin da Ironsi ya yi game da juyin mulkin, abokan Ifeajuna Christopher Okigbo da JP Clark sun taimaka masa ya tsallaka kan iyaka zuwa Dahomey (yanzu Benin) sannan ya wuce zuwa Ghana inda shugabanta Kwame Nkrumah ya yi masa maraba.An kifar da mulkin Nkrumah jim kaɗan bayan haka kuma Ifeajuna ya dawo Najeriya bayan tabbatarwa daga Emeka Ojukwu cewa rayuwarsa ba za ta kasance cikin haɗari ba. Ya sake shiga aikin soja, a wannan karon a cikin Sojojin Biyafara Jamhuriyyar Biafra ta ayyana ballewa daga Najeriya, ta fara yakin basasar Najeriya Ifeajuna, Victor Banjo, Phillip Alale da Sam Agbam da Ojukwu ya zarga da sasantawa da jami’an gwamnatin tarayyar Najeriya, ta hanyar wakilan Burtaniya, da fatan za su kawo tsagaita wuta, su hambarar da Ojukwu, su sami manyan mukamai da kansu. An hanzarta yi musu shari'a kuma an yanke musu hukuncin kisa ta hanyar harbi saboda cin amanar ƙasa. Ifeajuna ya yi ikirarin cewa shirin shi ne don kare rayukan fararen hula a Enugu daga farmakin da sojojin tarayya za su kawo musu. An kashe Ifeajuna da abokan hadin gwiwar sa uku a ranar 25 ga watan Satumba shekarar 1967. Sojojin tarayyar Najeriya sun kame Enugu, babban birnin Biafra bayan kwana biyu. Ifeajuna ya sami gado mai hade. Wannan rubutun nasa da ba a buga ba ya ja hankali sosai, ciki har da na Olusegun Obasanjo, janar din soja kuma yanzu tsohon Shugaban Najeriya Mutane da yawa suna ganin yunkurin juyin mulkin na shekarar 1966 a matsayin wani shiri ne na Ibo, duk da cewa wadanda suka yi makircin sun hada da wadanda ba ‘yan kabilar Igbo ba, wasu wadanda aka yi yunkurin juyin mulkin‘ yan kabilar Ibo ne, kuma Janar Ironsi wanda ya hana juyin mulkin shi kansa dan Ibo ne. Ana ganin rubutun a matsayin tushe na tarihi mai yiwuwa don kimanta duk launin fatar har zuwa juyin mulki da rawar da Ifeajuna ke ciki, wanda ya kasance daga mai haɗa kai zuwa shugaban masu ilimi. Ifeajuna bai yi fice ba ko kuma nuna fifiko a tarihin yakin basasar Najeriya. Yayin da dan uwansa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu wanda ya yi juyin mulki a shekarar 1966 aka kawata shi a matsayin jarumin yaki kuma an kafa mutum-mutumi a garinsu, Ifeajuna bai samu karbuwa ba sosai. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekara ta 2011, tsohon shugaban Biafra Ojukwu ya samu yabo mafi girma daga Najeriya kuma jana’izarsa ya samu halartar Shugaban Najeriya Goodluck Jonathan. A wata hira da aka yi da shi a shekarar 1992, Ojukwu ya yi watsi da ikirarin cewa Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu shi ne jagoran wannan makarkashiyar, kamar yadda aka yi amannar. Wani rahoto na Musamman na Ofishin ‘Yan Sanda na Najeriya, sashinta na farko an sake shi wani bangare kuma an rasa na biyun, ya bayyana cewa Ifeajuna, Don Okafor da Kyaftin Ogbu Oji su ne suka kirkiro kuma suka nuna goyon baya ga yunkurin juyin mulkin a shekarar 1965, inda kawai Ojukwu ya shiga cikin wani mataki na makara. Wasu na ganin Ifeajuna a matsayin wanda ya kashe Firayim Minista Balewa, wanda ya durkusar da Jamhuriya ta Farko kuma ya haifar da yakin basasa.Babu wani bincike da aka yi a jikin Balewa kuma babu tabbacin cewa an harbe shi. Rahotannin da aka bayar game da rahoton sun gano gawarsa a zaune kusa da wata bishiya, kusa da gawar ministan kudi Festus Okotie-Eboh, wanda aka harbe kuma yana tsakiyar zargin cin hanci da rashawa. Ayyukan siyasa na bin ƙa'idodin wasan kwaikwayon sun mamaye tasirin Ifeajuna a cikin tarihin wasanni na Black Africa.
Rayuwar mutum A lokacin da yake jami'a, Ifeajuna ya sadu da matarsa Rose a shekara ta 1955. Bayan shekara huɗu sai ma'auratan suka yi aure kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza biyu.
Rikodin gasar ƙasa da ƙasa
Manazarta Sojojin Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
19544 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/New%20York%20Times | New York Times | The New York Times (NYT ko NY Times) Kamfani jarida ce na Kasar Amurka, wacce take kuma wallafa jaridu a kullum, suna da babban ofishin su a New York, kuma suna da masu karanta jaridar su a duk fadin duniya. An kafa kamfanin ne a cikin shekarar alif 1851, New York Times tun a lokacin da ta ci wani Kyauta mai suna Pulitzer 130, wato kyauta ce na wacce tafi kowanne gidan jarida, kuma an daɗe ana ɗaukar ta a matsayin babban masana'antar gidan jarida na kasar Amurka jaridar rikodin ƙasa gidan jaridan na daga cikin gidan jaridu 18 a duniya wadanda suka fi kowanne yawan zagaya duniya, kuma na 3 a kasar Amurka Takardar mallakar kamfanin New York Times ne, wanda ake tallatawa a bainar jama'a. Iyalin Sulzberger ne ke mulkar ta tun daga 1896, ta hanyar tsarin raba aji biyu bayan hannayen jarin sun zama suna kasuwanci. AG Sulzberger da ubansa, Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr., wato takarda ta m da kamfanin ta shugaban, bi da bi-ne hudu da na biyar ƙarni na iyali ya shugabanci da takarda. Tun daga tsakiyar shekara ta 1970, The New York Times ta faɗaɗa shimfidawa da tsara ta, tana ƙara ɓangarori na musamman na mako-mako kan batutuwa daban-daban da ke ba da labarai na yau da kullun, editoci, wasanni, da fasali. Tun daga shekara ta 2008, an tsara Times zuwa ɓangarori masu zuwa: Labarai, Edita Ra'ayoyi Ginshikai Op-Ed, New York (birni), Kasuwanci, Wasanni, Arts, Kimiyya, Salon, Gida, Balaguro, da sauran su fasali. A ranakun Lahadi, ana kara Times ta hanyar Binciken Lahadi (wanda a da yake Sati a Dubawa Binciken Littafin New York Times,The New York Times Magazine, da T: The New York Times Style Magazine The Times zauna tare da broadsheet cikakken shafi sa-up da wani takwas shafi format for shekaru da dama bayan mafi takardunku switched zuwa shida, kuma ya kasance daya daga cikin na karshe jaridu ya dauko launi daukar hoto, musamman a kan gaban page. Takardar takardar, "Duk Labaran da ke Fitarwa don Bugawa", ya bayyana a cikin kusurwar hagu na sama na shafin gaba.
Tarihi The New York Times da aka kafa a matsayin New-York Daily Times a kan Satumba 18, 1851. kafa ta dan jarida kuma dan siyasa Henry Jarvis Raymond kuma tsohon ma'aikacin banki George Jones, da Times aka farko da aka buga da Raymond, Jones Company Masu saka hannun jari na farko a kamfanin sun hada da Edwin B. Morgan, Christopher Morgan, da Edward B. Wesley. An siyar da dinari (daidai da 31 a yau) bugun farko ya yi ƙoƙari don magance jita-jita iri-iri game da ma'anarsa da matsayin da ya gabata kafin fitowar shi: A cikin 1852, jaridar ta fara wani yanki na yamma, The Times of California, wanda ke zuwa duk lokacin da jirgin jirgin daga New York ya sauka a California Koyaya, ƙoƙarin bai yi nasara ba da zarar jaridun Kalifoniya na cikin gari sun yi suna. A ranar 14 ga Satumba, 1857, jaridar a hukumance ta taqaita sunanta zuwa The New-York Times An cire jigon sunan birni a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 1896. A ranar 21 ga Afrilu, 1861, The New York Times ta fara buga fitowar Lahadi don bayar da labaran Yakin Basasa kowace rana. Ofaya daga cikin rikice-rikicen farko na jama'a da ya ƙunsa shine Mortara Affair, batun batun editoci ashirin a cikin Times kawai. An kai hari kan babban ofishin jaridar The New York Times a yayin da ake tsara tarzomar birnin New York Tarzomar, wacce aka kafa ta wani daftarin aiki ga Armyungiyar Soja, ta fara ne a ranar 13 ga Yulin 1863. A kan Jaridar Jarida daga hayin City Hall, wanda ya kirkiro Henry Raymond ya dakatar da masu tarzomar da bindigogin Gatling, manyan bindigogi na farko, daya daga cikinsu ya shirya kansa. 'Yan zanga-zangar sun karkatar da akalar, maimakon haka suka afkawa hedkwatar mawallafin soke-soke Horace Greeley na New York Tribune har sai da yan sanda na Brooklyn City suka tilasta shi gudu, wadanda suka tsallaka Kogin Gabas don taimaka wa hukumomin Manhattan. A 1869, Henry Raymond ya mutu, kuma George Jones ya ɗauki matsayin mai bugawa. Tasirin jaridar ya karu a 1870 da 1871, lokacin da ta buga jerin bayanai kan William Tweed, shugaban jam'iyyar Democrat ta garin wanda aka fi sani da Tammany Hall (daga hedkwatar taronta na farkon karni na 19) wanda ya kai ga ƙarshen mamayar Tweed Ring na Gidan Majalissar Birnin New York. Tweed ya miƙa wa New York Times dala miliyan biyar (daidai da 107 dala miliyan a
Zamani The New York Times ya sauya zuwa tsarin samar da dijital wani lokaci kafin 1980, amma kawai ya fara adana sakamakon dijital da aka samu a waccan shekarar. A cikin 1983, Times ta sayar da haƙƙin lantarki zuwa labaran ta ga LexisNexis Yayinda rarraba labarai ta yanar gizo ya karu a cikin 1990s, Times ta yanke shawarar kin sabunta yarjejeniyar kuma a cikin 1994 jaridar ta sake samun haƙƙin lantarki akan labaran ta. A 22 ga Janairu, 1996, NYTimes.com ta fara buga littattafai.
2000s A watan Satumba na 2008, The New York Times ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta haɗu da wasu sassan da za su fara daga ranar 6 ga Oktoba, 2008, a cikin bugu da aka buga a cikin babban birni na New York. Canje-canjen sun nade Sashen Metro zuwa babban sashen labarai na kasa da kasa da Hadaddiyar Wasanni da Kasuwanci (ban da Asabar zuwa Litinin, yayin da Wasanni ke ci gaba da bugawa a matsayin wani bangare na daban). Wannan canjin ya haɗa da samun sunan sashin Metro da ake kira New York a waje da Yankin -asar. Jaridun da The New York Times suka yi amfani da su na iya ba da izinin sassan huɗu a buga su a lokaci ɗaya; kamar yadda takarda ta haɗa da sassa sama da huɗu a duk ranakun ban da Asabar, ana buƙatar buga sassan daban a cikin aikin manema labarai na farko da haɗuwa tare. Sauye-sauyen sun ba The New York Times damar bugawa a sassa hudu Litinin zuwa Laraba, ban da Asabar. The New York Times ta bayyana cewa, yawan labarai shafukan da ma'aikaci matsayi zai zama canzawa, tare da takardar farga kudin ajiyar banki da yankan ƙarin aiki bayan kudi. A cikin 2009, jaridar ta fara samar da abubuwan da ake sakawa a cikin yankuna a wajen yankin New York. Farawa ga Oktoba 16, 2009, an saka shafuka masu suna "Bay Area" mai shafuka biyu zuwa kwafin bugun Arewacin California a ranakun Juma'a da Lahadi. Jaridar ta fara samar da irin wannan Juma'a da Lahadi don bugawa a Chicago a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, 2009. Abubuwan da aka saka sun kunshi labarai na gida, siyasa, wasanni, da al'adun gargajiya, galibi tallan gida ne ke tallafawa.
2010s A cikin 2016, rahotanni sun nuna cewa 'yan jarida na jaridar sun kasance makasudin cin zarafin yanar gizo. Rahotanni sun ce Ofishin Bincike na Tarayya na binciken hare-haren. An bayyana keta haddin yanar gizo da cewa mai yiwuwa yana da alaka da hare-haren da ake kaiwa kan wasu cibiyoyi, kamar Kwamitin Kasa na Demokradiyya A lokacin zaben shugaban kasa na 2016, Times ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen daukaka Hillary Clinton ta imel na takaddama a cikin mafi mahimmancin batun yada labarai a cikin zaben wanda Clinton za ta sha kashi kadan da Donald Trump. Rikicin ya samu labarin kafafen yada labarai fiye da kowane batun yayin yakin neman zaben shugaban kasa. Clinton da sauran masu sa ido suna jayayya cewa yada rikice-rikicen imel ya taimaka wajen faduwarta a zaben. A cewar binciken nazarin aikin jarida na Columbia, a cikin kwanaki shida kawai, The New York Times ta gudanar da labarai da yawa game da imel din Hillary Clinton kamar yadda suka yi game da dukkan batutuwan siyasa da aka hada a cikin kwanaki 69 kafin zaben (kuma hakan bai hada da ƙarin labaran guda uku a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, da Nuwamba 6 da 7, ko kuma labarai biyu kan imel ɗin da aka karɓa daga John Podesta). Manazarta Gidan jaridu
Gidan jaridu na Amurka
Manyan gidan jaridu na |
24097 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed%20Hassan | Ahmed Hassan | Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub Abdelmoneim an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1993, wanda aka fi sani da Kouka ko Koka, kwararren dan wasan kwallon kafa ne na kasar Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan kwallon kafa ga kungiyar Olympiacos ta Girka da kungiyar kasar Masar.
Ya fara aikinsa a kasarsa ta Masar a makarantar matasa, a Al Ahly amma ya koma kungiyar Rio Ave ta Portugal a shekara ta 2012 ba tare da ya fito daga kungiyar farko ba. Ya fara zama dan wasa na farko a Rio Ave a watan Satumba, na shekara ta 2012. A shekara ta 2015, ya shiga kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Braga ta kasar Portugal, inda ya taimakawa kungiyar ta lashe Ta thea de Portugal a lokacin kakarsa ta farko a kulob din.
Ya wakilci Masar a matakin 'yan kasa da shekaru ashirin 20, da kuma' yan kasa da shekaru ashirin da uku 23, kafin ya fara buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa a watan Agusta, shekara ta 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye a wasan da suka doke Uganda Yana cikin tawagar Masar da ta kai wasan karshe na Kofin Kasashen Afirka na shekara ta 2017.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Ahmed Hassan Mahgoub a ranar 5 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1993, a Alkahira, Masar. An ba shi sunan laƙabi Kouka (wani lokacin ana rubuta Koka) saboda yana son abin sha mai laushi Coca-Cola tun yana yaro.
Klub din
Rio Ave Kouka ya fara aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa tare da Al Ahly ..Ya yi atisaye akai-akai tare da kungiyar farko amma ya yi kokarin kutsawa gefe kamar yadda manajan Manuel José de Jesus daga baya ya yi sharhi cewa "dalilin da ya sa bai yi mana wasa ba shi ne ina da kwararrun 'yan wasan gaba a Masar." Rashin lokacin wasa ya sa Kouka barin Misira ya soke kwantiraginsa da kungiyar kafin, a watan Disambar shekara ta 2011, ya shiga makarantar matasa a kungiyar Rio Ave ta Portugal. Kouka ya taka leda a kungiyar matasa ta Rio Ave na tsawon kaka daya kuma an daga shi zuwa kungiyar farko a farkon kakar shekara ta 2012, zuwa 13 ga watan. inda ya fara zama kwararren dan wasa a ranar 9 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2012, da Paços de Ferreira Shigar da wasan azaman maye gurbin marigayi, ya ga ƙoƙari ya share layin a ƙarshen lokaci. Daga qarshe ya ci qwallo ta farko a raga a karo na uku da ya buga wa qungiyar, shan kashi da ci 3-2 a hannun Paços de Ferreira a gasar Taça de Portugal, inda ya zura kwallon da za ta yi sanyin gwiwa..Manufar sa ta farko a gasar ta zo ne a watan Janairun shekara ta 2013, inda ya zira kwallaye mintuna uku bayan ya dawo a matsayin wanda aka sauya yayin wasan da aka doke Vitória da ci 3-1. Ya ci kwallaye shida a wasanni takwas na farko da ya fara bugawa, kafin gudu ya kare bayan an kore shi daga fili a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Braga a kan Vincent Sasso Ya gama kakarsa ta farko ta babbar kwallon kafa da kwallaye goma a dukkan gasa a Rio Ave. A farkon kakar wasa mai zuwa, Kouka ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kamfen din bayan da ya sauya fanareti a lokacin da aka doke Vitória Setúbal da ci 2-0. Koyaya, da farko ya yi gwagwarmaya don sake buga kamanninsa daga kakarsa ta farko, yana jimre wa fari wanda ya shafe kusan watanni uku, yana zuwa karshe a cikin Nuwamba shekara ta 2013. A rabi na biyu na kakar, Kouka ya taimaka wa Rio Ave ta kai wasan karshe na Taça da Liga, ya canza fanareti a lokacin da suka ci Braga 2-1 a wasan kusa da na karshe, da na karshe na Taça de Portugal, har ta kai ga wasan karshe karo na biyu kawai a tarihin kungiyar. Koyaya, sun sha kashi a hannun Benfica a wasan karshe. Bayyano Rio Ave a wasan karshe na Taça de Portugal a kakar wasan data gabata yasa kungiyar ta tsallake zuwa gasar Turai a karon farko a tarihinta. A wasan farko da kungiyar ta buga a Turai, wasan UEFA Europa League da kungiyar IFK Göteborg ta Sweden, Kouka ne ya zira kwallon daya tilo a wasan wanda ya baiwa Rio Ave jimillar kwallaye 1 0. A wasan farko da kungiyar ta buga a kakar shekara ta 2014 zuwa 2015, Kouka ya zama dan wasan Masar na farko tun bayan Mohamed Zidan a shekara ta 2007, da ya ci kwallaye uku-uku a gasar laliga ta saman Turai bayan ya zura kwallaye uku a yayin wasan da suka doke Estoril da ci 5-1. Kouka ya ji daɗin ɗan wasan farko a kakar wasa ta bana, inda ya ci ƙwallaye goma sha ɗaya a watan Janairu don wuce tarihin ƙwallafin nasa na ƙwallon ƙafa a baya kuma ya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa ta kai matakin rukuni na Gasar Europa. Yanayin nasa ya sa kungiyar Sporting CP ta Portugal ta gabatar da tayin da bai yi nasara ba na of 1 miliyan don Kouka. Ya ci gaba da kammala kakar wasa ta shekara ta 2014, zuwa shekara ta 2015, da kwallaye goma sha biyu a jere, mai hadin gwiwa na biyar mafi girma a cikin rukuni, da goma sha biyar a duk gasa duk da rashin watanni biyu na ƙarshe na kakar tare da rauni. Sporting CP ya nuna sha'awar sayan Kouka amma ya ki matsawa daga tayin su na Euro miliyan daya 1, ya fadi kasawar kimar Rio Ave. A lokacin hadahadar bazara, kungiyar Benfica ta kasar Portugal ta nemi Kouka, tare da takwarorinta Ederson Moraes da Diego Lopes, hadu kan farashin Rio Ave na Euro miliyan 1.5. Bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kwantiragi na shekaru biyar, sauya Kouka ya jinkirta bayan likita ya nuna alamun rashin lafiyar zuciya. Ya sake yin gwajin lafiya karo na biyu kuma Rio Ave ya musanta duk wata matsalar zuciya amma daga baya aka soke matakin bayan Benfica ta yanke shawarar soke tayin nasu. Tsohon kocin Al Ahly na Kouka, Manuel José de Jesus, daga baya ya bayyana imaninsa cewa Benfica ta fice daga canjin ne saboda kamanceceniya da Miklós Fehér, wanda ya fadi ya mutu yayin da yake wasa da Benfica saboda yanayin zuciya da ba a gano shi ba.
Braga A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2015, kwanaki bayan da ya ci kwallo a ragar kungiyar a Rio Ave, Kouka ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyar tare da Braga, daga baya ya yi tsokaci kan matakin "Yana da kyau a gare ni. Wannan bazarar ta kasance min wahala, amma ina farin ciki da zabin da na yi. Ya fara buga wa kungiyar wasa ne a madadin a wasan da suka doke Boavista da ci 4-0, inda ya ci fanareti a wasan karshe na kungiyar. Ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din a wasan da suka doke kungiyar FC Groningen ta Holland a gasar Europa League da ci 1 da 0. A ranar 22 ga watan Oktoba, shekara 2015, ya ci kwallon farko a karawar da Braga ta ci Europa League 3-2 a gasar rukuni-rukuni da Olympique de Marseille. Cikin hawaye yayin bikin sa, Kouka ya sadaukar da burin ga mahaifinsa, wanda ya mutu ranar da ta gabata, yana mai cewa "Lokaci ne na musamman a wurina da iyalina. Ina nan saboda mahaifina. Ba na son in daina. Na yi kokarin zura masa kwallo a raga. Bai halarci wasan da kulob din ya buga ba, da FC Porto, don halartar jana'izar. A kakarsa ta farko tare da Braga, Kouka ya ci kwallaye goma sha huɗu a duk gasa, gami da ƙarfafa gwiwa a kan Académica da tsohuwar ƙungiyar Rio Ave, taimaka wajan kai wa zagayen kwata fainal na Gasar Europa. Sun kuma ci gaba da lashe Taça de Portugal bayan da suka doke Porto a bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida a wasan karshe A kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob din ya samu matsala sakamakon rauni, wanda aka tilasta shi yin aikin sake gina bangon ciki, kuma an sanya shi cikin tawagar Masar ta gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta shekara ta 2017 Ya kammala kakar wasan da kwallaye biyu a wasanni goma sha hudu da ya buga. A kakar wasa mai zuwa, an cire Kouka daga kungiyar farko a karkashin sabon koci Abel Ferreira, wanda ya kasance mai sauyawa a duk tsawon shekara. Daga baya ya yi sharhi game da dangantakarsa da Ferreira, yana mai cewa "Kullum ina da matsala da kocin (Ferreira)." A watan Maris shekara ta 2018, Kouka ya yi wasa na guda dari 100 a duk gasa don Braga da Moreirense Lamuni na farko ga Olympiacos A watan Agusta shekara ta 2018, Kouka ya koma kungiyar Olympiacos ta Girka a kan aro na tsawon lokaci daga Braga kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. Ya fara taka leda a kungiyar a ranar 26 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2018, a matsayin mai maye gurbin Felipe Pardo a yayin da aka tashi 1-0 akan Levadiakos A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2019, Ahmed Hassan ya ci kwallaye uku yayin da Olympiacos ta doke OFI Crete da ci 5-1 a gidan Georgios Karaiskakis Lamuni na biyu ga Olympiacos A ranar 29 ga watan Janairu, shekara ta 2020, Kouka ya koma Olympiacos a matsayin aro tare da zabin sayayya a lokacin rani kan 2.5 miliyan. A ranar 9 ga watan Fabrairu, shekara ta 2020, ya fito daga benci don zira ƙwallo mai nasara a wasan Olympiacos da Atromitos a wasan da aka tashi da ci 0-0 wanda ya ga baƙi sun rage zuwa playersan wasa guda goma 10 saboda jan katin kyaftin Omar Elabdellaoui yayin da ya rage mintoci sha bakwai 17. An yi amfani da shi a madadin Youssef El-Arabi na gaba kuma yana wasa tare da shi. Daga shiga Olympiacos har zuwa Afrilu ya ci kwallaye biyar kuma ya yi rijista daya a raga a wasanni 15. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2020, ya ba wa Pedro Martins 'kungiyar sake buga wasannin Super League a gida da ci 2-1 gidan OFI Crete ta hanyar jefa kwallaye biyu
Olympiacos A ranar 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 2020, Kouka ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru uku tare da Olympiacos, farashin canja wurin ya kusan 2 miliyan. Watanni biyu bayan haka, a ranar 21 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2020, ya kamo wanda ya ci nasara a minti na 91 a kan Marseille a gasar zakarun Turai, bayan taimakon Mathieu Valbuena A ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2021, Kouka ya zura kwallaye a minti na 88 mai wahalar shiga ba waje akan PSV, a wasan da kungiyar sa ta sha kashi daci 2-1 a wasan zagayen farko na cin Kofin Europa Wannan kwallayen ne ya sanya Olympiacos ta samu nasara daci biyar da nema a jimillar cancantar su zuwa wasan karshe na gasar 16.
Ayyukan duniya A matsayin dan wasan kasa da kasa na Masar na kasa da shekaru 20, Kouka na daga cikin kungiyar da ta kare ta uku a Gasar Afirka ta Matasan Afirka ta shekarar 2011 kuma ta cancanci zuwa Gasar cin Kofin Duniya ta FIFA ta U-20 ta shekarar 2011 A lokacin gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA 'yan kasa da shekaru 20 bayan shekara biyu bayan haka, ya ci kwallaye biyu a kan Iraki da Ingila, yayin da ya taimaka wa kasarsa daya tilo a ragar Chile yayin da aka fitar da Masar a wasan rukuni. Kouka ya karɓi kiransa na farko zuwa ga manyan 'yan wasan Masar daga manajan Bob Bradley a cikin watan Janairu shekara ta 2013 yana da shekara goma sha tara. Kasancewar ya buga manyan wasanni bakwai ne kawai a matakin kulob, an sanya shi cikin kungiyar da za ta buga wasan sada zumunci da Chile amma bai fito ba. Ya fara buga wa Masar wasa ne a watan Agustan shekarar 2013, inda ya ci kwallo daya a wasan da suka doke Uganda da ci 3-0. A cikin shekara ta 2017, an ambaci Kouka a cikin tawagar Masar ta gasar cin kofin kasashen Afirka ta shekarar 2017 Koyaya, bayan da ya bayyana a nasarar da kasarsa ta samu a kan Morocco a wasan dab da na kusa da karshe, an cire shi daga sauran wasannin tare da raunin cinya yayin da Masar ta kare a matsayin ta biyu. A watan Mayun shekara ta 2018, an saka shi cikin jerin 'yan wasan farko na Masar don gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekara ta 2018 a Rasha amma kocin Héctor Cúper ya cire shi daga jerin' yan wasa guds ashirin da uku 23 na karshe. Daga baya Kouka ya nuna bacin ransa da aka cire shi, yana mai yin tsokaci "Ina fatan babu wanda ya dandana abin da na ji bayan sanarwar kungiyar ta karshe ta 23."
Kulab
Na duniya Kwallaye da dama da aka fitar sun zira kwallaye a ragar Masar a farko, rukunin maki ya nuna kwallaye bayan kowane burin Hassan Daraja
Kulab Rio Ave FC
Taça de Portugal wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2013-14
Taça da Liga wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2013-14
Braga
Taça de Portugal: 2015-16
Olympiacos
Gasar Super League 2019-20, 2020 21
Kofin Girka 2019-20
Na duniya Masar
Gasar U-20 ta Afirka 2013
Gasar cin Kofin Afirka wacce ta zo ta biyu: 2017
Bayani
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Ahmed Hassan at ForaDeJogo Pages with unreviewed |
59939 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei%20Tingting | Wei Tingting | Articles with hCards
Wei Tingting Chinese an haife ta a shekara ta 1989) yar ƙasar Sin LGBTI+ kuma yar gwagwarmayar mata, marubuciyakuma mai shirya fina-finai. Tana daya daga cikin mata biyar Rayuwar farko da aiki An haifi Wei a Hechi a kudancin gwagwalada lardin Guangxi na kasar Sin A cikin shekarar 2009, Wei ya sami LL. B. a fannin zamantakewa daga Jami'ar Wuhan A cikin shekarar 2011, Wei ya sami LL. M. a fannin nazarin halittu daga Jami'ar Wuhan Sana'a Yayin da yake gwawgwalada Wei ya zama mai ƙwazo a cikin ƙungiyoyin yancin mata da LGBT. A cikin shekarar 2007 da shekara ta 2009, Wei ya taimaka wajen daidaitawa da tsara abubuwan samarwa na The Vagina Monologues Ta shiga Wuhan gwagwalada Rainbow, ƙungiyar LGBT. Wei ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin darektan Ji'ande, wata gwagwalada kungiyar kare hakkin LGBT a birnin Beijing Wei shi ne ya kafa gwagwalada cibiyar sadarwar Bisexual ta kasa a kasar Sin.
Daga shekarar 2011 zuwa shekara ta 2016, Wei ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan ayyuka a Cibiyar Ilimin Kiwon Lafiyar Jiki ta Beijing, wata hukumar kasa da ta shafi jima'i da lafiyar jima'i, da wayar da kan jama'a game da rashin daidaito tsakanin jinsi da bambancin jima'i. Wani ɓangare na aikinta ya haɗa da taimakawa wajen shirya taron shekara-shekara na Yawon Kanjamau akan Babban Ganuwar, Tafiya na Kanjamau na kasar Sin, babban aikin tara taimakon jama'a na farko na cutar gwagwalada kanjamau a babban yankin kasar Sin, da daidaita lambar yabo ta kafofin watsa labarai na yau da kullun don kyakkyawan rahoton al'ummar LGBT, da daidaitawa. Shirin Hakki da gwagwalda Shawarwari na kungiyar taron LGBT na kasa na shekara-shekara a kasar Sin. Wei ya dauki nauyin watsa shirye-shiryen yanar gizo na LGBT na farko mai zaman gwagwalda kansa na kasar Sin mai suna "Queer Comrades", mamba ne na cibiyar sadarwa ta China, Taiwan, da Hong Kong Queer Lala Times, gwagwalada kuma ta halarci taron mata a Indiya da Koriya ta Kudu A shekara ta 2012, Wei Tingting da Li Tingting sun halarci zanga-zangar ranar gwagwalada soyayya ta ranar soyayya a birnin Beijing. Daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekara ta 2014, Wei ya kasance manajan ayyuka a Alliance Lala na kasar Sin.
Daga shekarar 2013 zuwa shekara ta 2014, Wei ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa ga Mujallar Les+ kuma ya tsara wani aiki mai suna "Duba gwagwalada Beijing+20 daga hangen 'yan madigo".
Daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekara ta 2017, Wei ta kasance mai gudanarwa a LGBT Rights Advocacy China, inda ta yi aiki tare da wadanda suka kamu da cutar ta hanyar canza canjin LGBT don taimaka musu gabatar da shari'o'in shari'a, da kuma goyon bayan gwagwala shari'ar da ake yi da kayan koyarwa na luwadi.
Daga shekarar 2016 zuwa shekara ta 2019, Wei shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma darekta na Cibiyar Ilimin Jima'i da Ilimin Jima'i ta Guangzhou (GGSEC), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta a Guangzhou, kasar Sin Ƙungiyar tana gwagwalada gudanar da ilimin jinsi da jima'i, horo da ayyukan shawarwari.
Wei ya tattara gwagwala day kayan don fim ɗin fim ɗin farko na kasar Sin game da jima'i a China, wanda ake kira Bi China kuma an sake shi a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin shekarar 2018, Wei ya kafa Guangzhou Nalisha Education Consulting Co., Ltd., kamfani wanda ke gudanar da binciken jinsi da gwagwalada jima'i, ilimi, horarwa da ayyukan bayar da shawarwari, bayar da tallafin kiwon lafiya da kuma shawarwari ga wadanda abin ya shafa a gwagwalada fagen jinsi da jima'i don hana wariya ga mata da al'ummar LGBTI.
Mata Biyar A shekarar 2015, gwamnatin kasar Sin ta tsare ita da wasu masu fafutuka gwagwalada hudu Zheng Churan, Wang Man, Wu Rongrong, da Li Tingting, wadanda aka fi sani da Feminist Five kafin bikin ranar mata ta duniya, ranar da suka yi bikin ranar mata ta duniya. an shirya aiwatar da wani kamfen na yaƙi da cin zarafi na gwagwalda jima'i a kan safarar jama'a. Dukkanin matan biyar an bayar da belinsu ne bayan shafe kwanaki 37 a tsare. Idan da a ce an same su da laifi, matan za su iya fuskantar daurin gwagwalda shekaru uku a gidan yari saboda "kirkirar tashin hankali". Tun bayan da aka sake ta, Wei ta ce za ta ci gwagwalada gaba da fafutukar tabbatar da daidaiton jinsi. Ta ce:Na karanta rahotanni da labarai da yawa game da kama mu kuma suna da ban sha'awa da ƙarfafawa. Na fara jin bacin rai kuma na yi tunanin wannan lamarin zai zama ƙarshen mu matasa, mata masu fafutuka. Amma abin da ya faru ya fara wani zamani na ban mamaki, sababbin masu fafutuka. Ba za su iya kama mu duka su toshe mu duka ba.
Girmamawa 2015: Bustle, 14 Masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin mata a duk faɗin duniya waɗanda za su ƙarfafa ku 2015: Mujallar Ms., 10 daga cikin ƴan mata masu sha'awar mata na 2015 2015: Asiya LGBT Milestone Awards (ALMAs), Jarumi na Shekara, wanda aka zaba 2018: lambar yabo ta Troy Perry
Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka da wallafe-wallafe
Filmography 2015: Muna nan furodusa 2017: Bi China darekta
Duba kuma Hakkin LGBT a China
Jerin 'yan mata
Jerin masu fafutukar kare hakkin LGBT
Jerin sunayen masu fafutukar kare hakkin mata
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan 1989
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
27079 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwajin%20COVID-19%20Cikin%20Saurin%20Antigen | Gwajin COVID-19 Cikin Saurin Antigen | Gwajin saurin antigen na COVID-19, wanda kuma akai-akai ake kira COVID-19 gwaje-gwajen kwarara ta gefe, gwaje-gwajen saurin antigen ne da ake amfani da su don gano kamuwa da cutar SARS-COV-2 (COVID-19 Suna saurin aiwatarwa tare da ƙaramin horo, suna ba da fa'idodin tsada, farashi kaɗan na sauran nau'ikan gwajin COVID-19 kuma suna ba masu amfani sakamako a cikin mintuna 5-30. Ana amfani da gwaje-gwajen antigen cikin sauri a cikin ƙasashe da yawa a zaman wani ɓangare na gwajin taro ko hanyoyin tantance yawan jama'a. Ana tsammanin suna da mahimmanci don gano mutanen da ke da asymptomatic kuma suna iya yada cutar zuwa wasu mutane, waɗanda ba za su san sun kamu da cutar ba. Wannan ya bambanta da sauran nau'ikan gwaji na COVID-19, kamar PCR, waɗanda galibi ana ganin su zama gwaji mai amfani ga mutane masu alama, saboda suna da haɓakar hankali kuma suna iya gano lokuta daidai.
Tarihin ci gaban fasahar gwaji na saurin COVID-19 Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don COVID-19 sun fito daga manyan saka hannun jari ta shirin Burtaniya Moonshot mai rikitarwa, shirin 100 biliyan don tantance tsari, haɓakawa da aiwatar da sabbin fasahohi don gwajin COVID-19. Rapid gwaje-gwaje da farko zauna a cikin wannan din kimantawa bututun dab da yawa wasu putative COVID-19 gwaji da fasahohi kamar fitila, Lampore, batu na kula PCR, taro spectrometry da samfurin pooling. Koyaya, yayin da aka ci gaba da kimantawa, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun fito a matsayin mafi nasara nau'in gwajin COVID-19 a cikin wannan shirin don dacewa da gwajin PCR na yanzu.
Jagorar kasa da kasa don amfani da fasahar gwajin saurin COVID-19 da haɓakawa Dalilin farko na kimiyya don yuwuwar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da jagorar duniya don haɓaka fasahar gwaji cikin sauri an haɓaka ta hanyar jagorar wucin gadi daga WHO wacce ta nuna fa'idodin da za a iya samu. Rahoton ya lura cewa gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun fi sauƙin aiwatarwa, kuma suna da fa'idodi masu tsada. Hukumar ta WHO ta ba da shawarar amfani da su wajen barkewar cutar, don gano cutar da wuri da kuma sa ido kan yanayin cututtuka. Daga baya, kuma daga baya ga ƙungiyar nazarin da ke ƙaruwa da sauri, wannan shawarar ta fadada ta Hukumar Turai. Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da fasahar gwaji cikin sauri don tantance yawan jama'a inda adadin ingancin gwajin ya yi girma ko kuma ya yi yawa. Ya zuwa Janairu 2021, Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta amince da karfafa matsayinsu, tana ba da shawarar yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri, lura da cewa "ya kamata bincike ya tabbatar da cewa gwajin antigen mai sauri na iya gudanar da gwajin da kansu Gwajin kai tare da ko ba tare da jagorar kwararru ba. kuma za a iya la'akari."
Karatun Farko Ofaya daga cikin ingantaccen binciken don gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri an kammala ta Lafiyar Jama'a Ingila, Jami'ar Oxford da Jami'ar Manchester, kuma Farfesa Richard Body da Dr Lennard Lee suka ƙaddamar. An kaddamar da binciken Falcon-C19 a cikin kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga Satumba. An dauki majiyyaci na farko a filin wasa na Manchester City Etihad carpark a sabuwar cibiyar gwajin COVID-19. Binciken ya haɓaka cikin sauri har ya haɗa da wuraren bincike na al'umma 14 a duk faɗin Burtaniya. An rufe binciken ne a ranar 23 ga Oktoba, bayan kammala gwajin mutane 878. Binciken ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin binciken bincike na COVID-19 mafi sauri a Burtaniya a cikin ƙasar. Binciken ya ba da tabbataccen shaida cewa na'urorin gwaji masu sauri sun iya ɗaukar sakamako mai kyau tare da daidaito mai girma. Jimlar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri guda 4, gami da Innova SARS-CoV-2 Antigen Rapid Qualitative Test da Orientgene COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Cassette, an inganta su a cikin wannan binciken, ta amfani da samfuran swab daga duka alamomi da masu asymptomatic.
A daidai lokacin da ake fitar da bincike na wucin gadi na wannan binciken na Burtaniya, Amurka ta tabbatar da cewa za a sayi gwaje-gwajen gaggawa miliyan 100 daga Abbott kuma za a tura su a duk fadin kasar don fara irin wannan karatun na Amurka, don kammala karatun da Jami'ar Oxford ta fara.
Nazarin ƙima a duk faɗin duniya A ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Slovakia ta zama ƙasa ta farko a duniya da ta fara gwajin yawan jama'a ta hanyar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri. Ma’aikata 60,000 ne suka yi gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri miliyan biyar waɗanda suka yi amfani da gwajin antigen SD Biosensor kuma suka yi swabbing a kan jama'a. Wannan ya sa Hukumar Tarayyar Turai ta ba da shawarar a yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na tantance yawan jama'a. Nazarin bincike guda biyu da aka buga a farkon 2021, ɗaya daga farfesa Martin Kahanec daga Jami'ar Turai ta Tsakiya da mawallafinsa da kuma wani na Martin Pavelka daga Makarantar Tsabtace & Magungunan Tropical na London da ƙungiyarsa sun ba da shawarar cewa tasirin guguwar kaka na saurin antigen. gwajin da aka yi a Slovakia ya taimaka wajen dakile barkewar cutar a kasar, kodayake a cewar tsohon binciken sakamakon gwajin yawan jama'a kan cutar na wucin gadi ne kuma ya fara bazuwa bayan kimanin makonni biyu.
Burtaniya ta ci gaba da ci gaba da shirin ci gaban gwaji cikin sauri ta hanyar amfani da gwajin sauri na Innova, tare da haɓaka cikin gaggawa yayin da shari'o'in COVID-19 ke ƙaruwa a duk faɗin Turai. A ranar 6 ga Nuwamba, Firayim Minista, Boris Johnson ya fara aikin tantance Liverpool a duk faɗin birni a matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓakar fasahar fasaha. An kuma ƙaddamar da ƙarin fadada matukan gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a sassa da yawa waɗanda ba a taɓa yin gwajin ba. Wadannan sun hada da dalibai a Jami'o'in da suka yi fama da barkewar cutar. Wannan da farko ya fara ne a Jami'ar Durham wanda ke da abubuwan more rayuwa da ƙwarewa don gudanar da shirin gwaji cikin sauri, amma an faɗaɗa yawancin Jami'o'in Burtaniya kuma ya ba da damar tsarin ƙaura na ƙasa don samun ɗalibai a gida lafiya don Kirsimeti. An kuma aiwatar da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Ma'aikatar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa don ma'aikata don rage yiwuwar watsawa ga marasa lafiya, ƙananan hukumomi da gidajen kulawa don ba da damar ziyartar mazauna. A ranar 18 ga Nuwamba 2020, Wales ta kammala gwajin gabaɗayan gundumar farko a Merthyr Tydfil. A wannan lokacin, an kuma aiwatar da gwaji a duk makarantu a cikin Amurka don ɗalibai masu alamun cutar da kuma cikin gidajen kulawa na Portuguese da makarantu.
Sashen gaggawa na Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ne ya ƙaddamar da ƙoƙarin duniya don haɓaka kimanta gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri wanda ya ƙaddamar da babban aikin aiwatar da gwajin cutar cikin sauri a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, tare da taimakon yarjejeniya daga gidauniyar Bill da Melinda Gates wanda ke iyakance farashin don Kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga.
Austria ta fara gwajin jama'a a fadin kasar a ranar 5 ga Disamba kuma ta ba da umarnin gwaje-gwaje miliyan bakwai da suka kunshi gwajin SD Biosensor da Siemens Clinitest (aka Orientgene).
A tsakiyar watan Disamba, an yi nazari da yawa da ke tabbatar da inganci da nasarar amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don gano mutane da COVID-19 ciki har da karatu a cikin Netherlands, United Kingdom, da Amurka. Waɗannan karatun duk sun ba da damar gwaje-gwaje masu sauri don shiga daidaitattun dabarun gwajin COVID-19 na ƙasa. Gwajin gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a makarantu a Kanada, wuraren balaguro a Indonesia, da kuma cikin Indiya.
Damuwa game da amfani Mutane da yawa sun tayar da damuwar cewa daidaiton gwaje-gwaje masu sauri ba su da kyau kamar yadda ake yin gwajin COVID-19 na PCR. Bayanan da aka fitar daga allon babban birni na Burtaniya a Liverpool sun nuna cewa sojojin da suka yi gwajin gwajin sun sami aikin gwajin kwararrun masana kimiyyar dakin gwaje-gwaje, bin wasu matukan jirgi a Indiya. Wannan ya haifar da ƙananan batutuwa a cikin al'ummar kimiyya-psychological inda aka yi muhawara game da ko gwaje-gwaje masu sauri na iya haifar da tabbatacciyar ƙarya da canji a ɗabi'a. Koyaya, an tabbatar da canjin tunani game da amfani da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri bayan buga daga Amurka. Farfesa Michael Mina ya yi hasashen cewa har yanzu gwaje-gwaje masu sauri za su kasance da amfani yayin da aka gano masu kamuwa da cuta, da fa'idodin da aka samu daga maimaita gwajin sauri da samun sakamako cikin sauri fiye da sauran nau'ikan gwaji. Babbar jami'ar kula da lafiya ta Burtaniya, Dokta Susan Hopkins, ta kuma lura cewa gwaje-gwaje masu sauri sun samar da hanyar gano "mutanen da ba za mu iya samu ba".
Da yake lura da ikon gano lamura cikin sauri, da kuma la'akari da ci gaba da tabarbarewar lamura a Turai, hukumar ta Tarayyar Turai ta gana a ranar 11 ga Disamba kuma ta samar da tsarin gama gari na Turai don "amfani, tabbatarwa da fahimtar juna na gwaje-gwaje masu sauri", da aiwatar da Yuro miliyan 100 don siyan gwaje-gwaje daga Roche da Abbott Stella Kyriakides, kwamishiniyar Lafiya da Kariyar Abinci ta ce "Gwajin maganin antigen cikin sauri yana ba mu sauri, dogaro da martani mai sauri don ware lokuta na COVID. Wannan yana da mahimmanci don rage yaduwar cutar."
Wasu mutane sun nuna damuwa game da jinkirin ɗaukar nauyi da jigilar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri da yuwuwar asarar rayuka da ka iya faruwa a sakamakon. Wata ƙungiyar ilimi daga Kanada ta lura cewa rabin mace-mace a gidajen kulawa a farkon farkon cutar za a iya hana su ta hanyar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri.
Amincewa da tsarin duniya don amfani don gwajin COVID-19 Bayan nasarar binciken da yawa a duk duniya don nazarin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri daga watan Agustan 2020, ƙungiyoyin da ke da tsari a duk faɗin duniya sun amince da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na dabarun amfani da gwaji a matsayin "sabuwar hanyar magance cutar". A ranar 16 ga Disamba, FDA ta zama hukuma ta farko don amincewa da gwajin saurin Abbott. An ba da izini na gaba don gwajin gida na Ellume COVID-19.
Health Canada kuma ta amince da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa tare da mai ba su shawara, Farfesa David Juncter tare da lura da "mafi kyawun gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da inganci sosai wajen gano masu kamuwa da cuta" kuma kwararre kan cututtukan cututtuka Jean Longtin yana mai cewa "Zai ba mu damar yin sauri fiye da kwayar cutar kuma mu nemo cutar. tuntuɓar mutum a cikin awa ɗaya ko biyu, maimakon jira awa 24".
MHRA ta Burtaniya ta tabbatar da amincewarsu da gwajin gaggawar Innova don gwajin amfani da kai a ranar 23 ga Disamba. Bayan nasarar da aka samu a duniya na wannan ci gaba na gwaje-gwajen gaggawa na duniya, Sir John Bell, Farfesa Regius a fannin likitanci a Jami'ar Oxford ya ce "Gwajin da sauri ya kasance babban abin kariya daga cutar sankara saboda suna da sauri, arha kuma ana samun su don maimaita amfani da su. A cikin watan Yuni 2021, Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna a Amurka ta ba da sanarwar Tunawa da Class 1 na Innova LFT saboda rashin daidaiton su.
Gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin "komawa ga al'ada" Spain ta zama ƙasa ta farko da ta yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don sauƙaƙe komawa zuwa al'ada tare da gwaje-gwajen gaggawa da ake samu a cikin kantin magani, da kuma wasan kide-kide na kiɗan kyauta da aka gudanar a Barcelona ga mutanen da suka yi gwajin sauri. An ɗauki irin wannan hanya a Albaniya don ba da damar bukukuwan kiɗa. Koyaya, ƙwararrun masana da yawa ba su da tabbas game da wannan hanyar suna gaskanta cewa "gwajin gaggawa ba shine mafita don sake farawa rayuwa ta al'ada ba" amma ana iya amfani dashi tare da wasu mahimman matakan rigakafin kamuwa da cuta kamar sa PPE mai dacewa, wanke hannu akai-akai da zamantakewa. nisantar ba da damar mutane su sami wannan muhimmin lokacin tare da waɗanda suke ƙauna yayin da suke taimakawa don kiyaye su.
Sabbin nau'ikan COVID-19 A ranar 22 ga Disamba, 2020, an gano wani sabon nau'in cutar SARS-CoV-2 a cikin Burtaniya, VOC-202012/01 Nauyin ya bazu cikin sauri a duniya. Tare da yaɗuwar amfani da wannan nau'i na gwajin COVID-19 a duniya, akwai damuwa cewa wannan bambance-bambancen zai sa gwajin sauri ya ƙare. A matsayin wani ɓangare na haɓaka fasahar fasahar Burtaniya ta haɓaka kwararar ruwa, a cikin sa'o'i 24, dakunan gwaje-gwajen Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Ingila sun sami damar tabbatar da gwajin saurin ci gaban duniya bai shafa ba kuma suna iya gano sabon bambance-bambancen. Wannan saboda saurin gwajin gabaɗaya yana hari akan furotin nucleocapsid ne ba furotin mai karu ba. Wasu nau'ikan ko da yake, kwanan nan an gano su waɗanda ke shafar wasu saurin gwaji har zuwa ninki 1000. Abin farin ciki, yawan waɗannan maye gurbi na nucleocapsid (musamman D399N) har yanzu yana da ƙarancin ƙarancin duniya a 0.02%.
Amfanin ɗan adam don gwaje-gwaje masu sauri Baya ga amfani da al'umma na yau da kullun, an kuma yi amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin jin kai yayin bala'in. Bayan ambaliya a Jakarta a Indonesia a ranar 2 ga Disamba, an yi gwajin gaggawa a matsugunan ambaliyar ruwa. Bugu da kari, bayan rufe iyakokin kasa a Turai biyo bayan bullar sabuwar matsalar Burtaniya kafin Kirsimeti, direbobin manyan motoci kusan 6,000 ne suka makale ba tare da abinci ba, sun dakatar da isar da abincin Kirsimeti yadda ya kamata. Ma'aikatan kashe gobara na Faransa ne suka yi gwajin gaggawa cikin sa'o'i 24 a tashar. Gwaje-gwajen gaggawa sun baiwa manyan motocin dakon kaya damar hawa kan hanya da kammala jigilar kayayyaki da komawa ga iyalansu don Kirsimeti, yana nuna yuwuwar amfanin duniya na samun gwajin COVID-19 mai sauƙin aiwatarwa. Kungiyar likitoci ta Médecins Sans Frontières ta amince da yin amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin kasashe masu karamin karfi da matsakaicin kudin shiga, tare da lura da cewa "Gwajin antigen na COVID-19 na iya ba da sakamako cikin sauri da aiki, tare da tabbatar da gano mutanen da suka kamu da kwayar cutar a matakin al'umma".
Amurka da gwaje-gwaje masu sauri Bayan da aka fara saka hannun jari mai yawa a cikin saurin haɓaka fasahar gwaji tare da Burtaniya, ƙarin kimanta gwaje-gwajen cikin sauri a matsayin wani ɓangare na hanyoyin gwajin yawan jama'a a Amurka ya tsaya cik sakamakon rikicin kusan dala biliyan 900 na agajin COVID-19 da ke ƙunshe a cikin Haɗin gwiwar 2020 Dokar Kasafin Kudi, 2021 An soki dokar saboda ba musamman saka hannun jari na zobe a cikin gwaje-gwaje masu sauri a matsayin tsada-tattalin arziki da ingantaccen nau'i na gwajin yawan jama'a. Masana kimiyya a Amurka, irin su Farfesa Michael Mina na Jami'ar Harvard, sun lura cewa gwaje-gwajen sun kasance "masu ƙarfi sosai ga duk abin da mutane ke yi" kuma "gwajin gida don COVID-19 na iya rage yawan kamuwa da cuta". Farfesa William A. Haseltine, shi ma na Harvard, ya ƙarfafa wannan ra'ayi, a cikin wata kasida a cikin mujallar Forbes da ke ba da shawara "Gwajin da za a yi cikin gaggawa, zai iya dakatar da yaduwar cututtuka da mutuwa" da kuma labarin da Farfesa Annie ya yi. Sparrow na Dutsen Sinai, New York yana ba da shawarar "Gwajin Rahusa Yana da Muhimmanci ga Nasara ta Cutar Kwalara" bisa la'akari da "gaggawa na nau'in B117 mai saurin yaduwa da sauri a cikin Burtaniya, da irin wannan nau'in daga Afirka ta Kudu". Koyaya, saurin gwajin gida don COVID-19 yana samuwa ga mutane a bainar jama'a a cikin Janairu 2021, bin amincewar FDA ta farko. Masu ba da inshorar lafiya a Amurka sun biya waɗannan gwaje-gwajen ga mutanen da ke da alamun COVID-19, ko waɗanda ke da kusanci da mai kamuwa da cuta ko tare da wani da ke nuna alamun. Wani labarin a cikin Washington Post ya ba da shawarar cewa mafi girman fa'idar gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a cikin Amurka ba za a iya cimmawa ba har sai "gwamnatin tarayya ta rufe gwajin mutanen da ba su da lafiya saboda watsar da wadancan mutanen babban bangare ne na barkewar", yayin da ake gwada wadannan mutane. inshorar lafiya bai rufe shi ba. Bayan zaben sabon shugaban kasa a watan Janairun 2021, Amurka ta sake fara saka hannun jari a cikin saurin bunkasa fasahar fasahar tare da buga umarnin zartarwa na shugaban kasa.
Darajar kasuwar duniya Bayan yawaitar amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri a duk duniya, gwaje-gwaje masu sauri suna da darajar kasuwa ta dala biliyan 15; duk da haka, ana sa ran kasuwar za ta daina daga 2024 saboda allurar rigakafin yawan jama'ar duniya a ƙarshen 2023. A cikin Amurka, kasuwa don saurin gwaje-gwaje shine dalar Amurka biliyan 3.9 tare da ƙimar haɓaka> 20% a asibitoci, asibitoci, Asiya Pacific amma kuma azaman gwajin masu amfani. Manazarta kasuwannin kasa da kasa sun yi hasashen cewa masu kera gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri za su fuskanci karuwar bukatu yayin da mutane da yawa suka fara amfani da gwaje-gwaje cikin sauri don gano mutanen da ke da alamun sauki. Yawancin masu sharhi da masana kimiyya daga Amurka sun nuna damuwa ko cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta sami damar biyan bukatun duniya tare da kera daruruwan miliyoyin gwaje-gwajen da za a buƙaci don gwaji akai-akai.
Manazarta Covid-19
Shafuka masu Fassarorin da ba'a duba |
25592 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarakunan%20Gargajiya%20na%20Najeriya | Sarakunan Gargajiya na Najeriya | Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya galibi sun samo asalin muƙamansu ne tun daga masarautu masu zaman kansu ko kuma al'ummomi da suka wanzu kafin samar da Najeriya kasaramu ta yau. Duk da cewa waɗannan sarakunan basu da cikakke iko a yanzu, amma duk da haka mutanensu na girmama su kuma suna da tasiri sosai acikin al'umma. Duk da cewa masu waɗannan matsayi suna gudanar da harkokin su na sarauta acikin salo irin na iyayen su da kakannisu, ɗaukakin hulɗoɗinsu da dangantakarsu da gwamnatocin yankunan su da na yankunan Najeriya baki ɗaya na da alaƙa da irin matsayin manyan Mutanen Nahiyar Turai fiye da kuma irin na sarakunan asali.
Tarihi
Kafin zuwan Turawa Najeriya ta yau ta ƙunshi ƙasashe waɗanda kabilu da al'adu daban-daban na gargajiya suka mamaye tare da harsunan su da kuma al'adunsu. A taƙaice dai, Inyamurai (Igbo) ne suka mamaye yankunan kudu maso gabashin ƙasar, yankin Neja Delta kuwa ta Ƙabilar Edo ce da sauran masu alaƙa da Inyamuranci, kudu maso yamma kuwa ta Yarabawa (Yoruna) ce da mutanen da ke da alaka sannan yankunan arewa mallakin Hausa da Fulani ne, tare da ƙungiyoyin kabilu daban-daban a cakuɗe a Tsakiyar ƙasar a tsakanin arewa da kudancin ƙasar. Gaba ɗaya akwai ƙabilu fiye da guda 200 a Najeriya. Kafin zuwan Turawan Ingila a ƙarshen karni na 19, tarihin yankin ya kasance mai cike da rudani, tare da lokutan da masarautu irin su Oyo, Benin, Kanem-Bornu da kuma Sokoto suka sami iko akan manyan yankuna, da sauran lokutan da jihohin suka kasance mafi rarrabuwa. Duk da cewa tsarin mulki ya sha bamban a tsakanin ƙabilu daban -daban, ya zama abu na gama gari ga kowane gari ko tarin garuruwa da su tsayar da shugaba guda ɗaya don ya jagorance su, wanda shima ta iya yiwuwa yana mulki ne a ƙarƙashin wani babban sarki. Don haka aka raba khalifancin Sakkwato zuwa masarautu, inda sarakuna ke zama masu biyayya ga Sarkin Musulmi, duk da cewa a wasu lokutan suna yin sarauta da ikonsu.
Zamanin mulkin mallaka Turawa sun dade suna kasuwanci da jihohin da ke gabar teku, musamman suna musayar auduga da sauran kayayyakin da aka sarrafa don bayi da kayayyakin dabino a cibiyoyi irin su Calabar, Bonny da Lagos An kafa Tsaron Tekun Neja a shekara 1891 sannan akwai wani ƙaramin yanki a bakin tekun. A tsakanin shekarun 1879–1900 Kamfanin Royal Niger ya yi wani yunƙuri na ƙwace ikon cikin gida, ta amfani da horo na sojoji masu ɗauke da bindigar Maxim, da yin yarjejeniyoyin “kariya” tare da sarakunan yankin. An sayar da yankin kamfanin ga gwamnatin Burtaniya a shekarar 1900, inda yankin kudancin ya hade da yankin Niger Coast Protectorate don zama Kudancin Najeriya Mai Tsaro da Tsaron Arewacin Najeriya da ya rage. A shekara ta 1914 an hade biyun zuwa cikin Turawan Mulkin Mallaka da Najeriya, tare da iyakokinsu daidai da na Najeriya ta zamani. Babban Kwamishinan Burtaniya na Arewacin Najeriya, Lord Frederick Lugard, ya yi ƙoƙarin yin sarauta ta hannun sarakunan gargajiya, kuma daga baya aka fadada wannan hanyar zuwa kudu. Wanda ya maye gurbin Lugard Hugh Clifford ya bar wannan tsarin a arewa, inda tsarin masarautar yake da al'adun gargajiya, amma ya gabatar da majalisar dokoki tare da wasu zababbun membobi a kudanci, yana mai da sarakunan gargajiya zuwa manyan ayyuka na alama. Bayan lokaci, dangantaka tsakanin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka da sarakunan gargajiya ta bunƙasa. Misali, 'yan kabilar Tiv, a lokacin ƙabila ta huɗu mafi girma a ƙasar, koyaushe sun kasance masu rarrabuwar kawuna saboda haka ba su da babban mai mulki. Najeriya mai zaman kanta Tare da samun 'yancin kai a shekara ta alif 1960, sai kuma sauye -sauyen gwamnatocin dimokuradiyya da na soji, matsayin sarakunan gargajiya ya ci gaba. A arewa, daga baya sarakunan sun rasa madafun iko ga gwamnatin gwamnati, duk da cewa ana yawan gudanar da ayyukan ta manyan mutane. Inda a baya masu mulki suka sami mukami sosai ta hanyar gado ko ta hanyar nadin majalisar dattawa, yanzu gwamnati na ƙara shiga cikin maye. Don haka, a watan Mayun 1994, mulkin soja Janar Sani Abacha ya sauke Awwal Ibrahim, Sarkin Suleja, duk da cewa daga baya aka dawo da shi aiki a watan Janairun 2000.
A wasu lokuta, gwamnati ta haɗu ko ta raba yankunan gargajiya. Misali, akwai sarakuna biyu na mutanen Efik a yankin da ke kusa da Calabar, amma a watan Disambar shekara ta alif 1970 an amince a haɗa ofishin zuwa guda ɗaya wanda wani mai sarauta da ake kira Obong zai riƙe. Lokacin da aka kirkiri jihar Yobe masarautu guda hudu ne kacal, amma a watan Janairun shekara ta 2000 gwamnan jihar Bukar Abba Ibrahim ya sake fasalin jihar zuwa 13. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da rabe -raben mulkin mallaka. Kamar wancan lokacin Jihar Kwara gwamnan Bukola Saraki nada uku sabon wadanada a watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, sabon Sarkin Kaiama aka kaddamarda wani farko aji basaraken yayin da Onigosun na Igosun da Alaran na Aran-Orin aka kaddamarda uku aji wadanada. Sarakunan gargajiya a yau har yanzu ana girmama su sosai a cikin al'ummomi da yawa, kuma suna da tasirin siyasa da tattalin arziƙi.
Kodayake ba su da wani matsayi a cikin tsarin dimokiraɗiyya, akwai gasa mai ƙarfi don kujerun sarauta a tsakanin madaidaitan sarakunan da suka cancanta. Sarakuna kuma za su iya ba da laƙabin gargajiya ko na girmamawa a cikin tsarin sarautun Najeriya Wadannan lakabi zo da ex officio matsayi a cikin "gwamnatocin", kuma ma yan kasuwa da 'yan siyasa sau da yawa sun sanya girma darajar a nemowa irin wannan lakabi. Masu mulki suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen yin sulhu tsakanin mutane da jihar, haɓaka asalin ƙasa, warware ƙananan rikice-rikice da samar da isasshen tsaro na ma'aikata don galibi rashin isassun ofisoshin gwamnati. Dalili ɗaya na tasirin su na iya kasancewa mutanen ƙabilu da yawa ba su da iyawar sadarwa a cikin harshen Ingilishi na hukuma, don haka basaraken gargajiya ya zama mai fassara da mai magana da yawun. Ya zuwa watan Yuni na shekara ta alif 2010, jihar Akwa Ibom tana da sarakunan gargajiya guda 116 tare da takaddun shaida daga jihar. Sun karɓi sabbin motoci akan nadin nasu, da sauran fa'idodi. Shugaban Akwa Ibom majalisa na mashãwarta ce cewa a cikin sama, da gargajiya ubanninsu sun kasance alhakin hana sace-sacen mutane a cikin yankuna.
Laƙabi Kasancewar akwai yaruka guda 521 daban -daban na asalin Najeriya, akwai laƙabi da yawa na sarakunan gargajiya.
A arewacin Musulmi jihohi, Emir ne fiye da amfani a cikin harshen Turanci, amma sunayen a cikin gida harsuna hada da Sarki, Shehu, Mai, Etsu da Lamido.
A yankin tsakiyar Najeriya, ana rike mukamai daban -daban. Misali shine Aku Uka na masarautar Kwararafa, sarkin gargajiya na Jukun, wanda kujerar sa ke Wukari, jihar Taraba Ana amfani da Agwam a tsakanin mutanen Atyap, Kpop tsakanin Ham Agwom tsakanin Adara, Afizere, Bakulu da Gbong Gwom ta Berom a kudancin jihar Kaduna da jihar Filato Tiv da Oche na Idoma na jihar Benue suna amfani da Tor. Long da kuma Ngolong ana amfani da Goemai da Ngas, bi da bi, da kuma Ponzhi aka yi amfani da Tarok, duk a Jihar Filato.
Ohinoyi da Ohimegye aka yi amfani da Ebira a Kogi da kuma Nasarawa Amirka. Koro Wachi ne ke amfani da ere; Aren Shin ta Eggon, Etum da Tum ana amfani da su ta Numana, Ninzam, Nikyob-Nindem; Chun da Chu ta Mada da Kuma yaren Buh Wamba da na duk kudancin Kaduna da jihohin Nasarawa da Oriye Rindre inji mawallafi Tarihi Danladi Makpa Jibrin.Attah ko Onu ana amfani da Igala na jihar Kogi kuma Nupe na Kogi, Niger, Kwara da Abuja da Dibo, Kakanda, BassaNge da Gbagyi ke amfani da Etsu a tsakiyar bel na ƙasar.
Oba shine babban masarautar Benin a jihar Edo Enogie (jam'in enigie) da Okao (jam'i ikao) an danganta su ga sarakunansa da mataimakansa a masarautar Benin, yayin da Odionwere ya danganta ga gwamnoninsa ko manyan dattawa. A aikace, ba a shigar da enigie a cikin al'ummomi tare da ikao, saboda duka sarakunan gargajiya ne da wakilan Oba, waɗanda ake tuhuma da gudanar da ayyukan al'ummomin su.
Onojie aka yi amfani da Esan al'umma da su koma zuwa ga daban-daban shugabanni a Jihar Edo, yayin da Afamai mutane amfani da Otaru da Okwokpellagbe. Ana kuma amfani da wasu laƙabi.
Daga cikin Urhobos da Isokos na jihar Delta, babban taken da ake amfani da shi shine Ovie. Wasu dangi suna amfani da laƙabi masu alaƙa duk da haka, kamar Orodje, Orosuen, Ohworode, Odion-Ologbo, da Odio r'Ode.
Hakanan mutanen Efik, Ibibio da Annang na Jihohin Cross River da Akwa Ibom suna amfani da Obong.
Haka kuma Yarbawa suna amfani da Oba wajen ambaton sarakunansu daban -daban, duk da cewa wasu laƙabi irin su Ooni, Alake, Alaafin, Awujale, Olomu, Akarigbo, Orangun, Olu'wo, Eleko, Olumushin da Eburu su ma ana amfani da su, musamman ga mutane da/ko wurin sarauta.
Gallery
Duba kuma Tarihin Najeriya
Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya
Masarautar Najeriya
Jaridar Najeriya
Royal regalia a Najeriya
Manazarta Siyasar Najeriya
Ƙabilun Nijar
Mutanan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
50000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%20na%20Sudan | Fam na Sudan | Fam Sudan Larabci gajarta: LS a cikin Latin, da Larabci, a tarihi kuma Sd ISO code SDG kudin Jamhuriyar Sudan ne. An raba fam ɗin zuwa piastres 100 (ko qirsh da Larabci). Babban bankin kasar Sudan ne ke bayar da shi.
Fam din ya fadi a karon farko tun shekarar 1997 bayan da Amurka ta kakabawa Sudan takunkumin tattalin arziki Fam na Sudan ya ci gaba da raguwa zuwa adadin da ba a taba gani ba, inda ya fado zuwa LS 53 akan dollar. Wannan lamarin da ya kawar da duk wasu matakan tattalin arziki, ya haifar da asara mai yawa a sakamakon illar da Sudan gaba daya ta ke fuskanta, bisa la'akari da matakin da gwamnatin kasar ta dauka, sakamakon wasu ayyukan da babban bankin kasar Sudan ya sanar, ya katse shi, lamarin da ya haifar da karanci mai tsanani. na liquidity.
Fam Sudan ya fadi da dalar Amurka bayan da babban bankin kasar Sudan ya sanar da dage ajiyar kudaden da ake ajiyewa domin dakile hauhawar farashin kayayyaki. Tun bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu a shekara ta 2011, Sudan ta yi fama da karancin kudaden musanya na ketare, sakamakon asarar kashi uku cikin hudu na albarkatun mai da kashi 80% na albarkatun kasashen waje. Gwamnatin Sudan ta nakalto farashin dala a hukumance daga LS 6.09 zuwa LS 18.07 a cikin kasafin kudin 2018 da LS a ranar Maris 2021 ya kasance 375.11 Yuro.
Tarihi
Fam na farko (SDP) Fam na farko da ya fara yawo a Sudan shi ne fam din Masar Marigayi shuwagabannin karni na 19 Muhammad ibn Abdalla Mahdi da Abdallahi ibn Muhammad Khalifa duk sun fitar da tsabar kudi da ke yawo tare da kudin kasar Masar. Lokacin da mulkin Anglo-Masar ya ƙare a Sudan a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 1956, kuma Sudan ta zama ƙasa mai cin gashin kanta, an ƙirƙiri wani nau'in kudin Sudan (fam na Sudan), wanda ya maye gurbin fam na Masar daidai.
An raba fam ɗin Masar zuwa 100 piastres (Larabci: qirsh mufuradi, Turanci: piastre, taƙaitaccen bayani: PT An rarraba piastre zuwa kashi 40, amma raguwa bayan sake fasalin kudin Masar na 1886 ya kafa PT, wanda aka fi sani da millim (wanda aka rage zuwa mm/mms a Sudan) mufuradi: Saboda wannan gado, an raba fam na Sudan bayan 1956 zuwa 100 PT, kowanne an raba shi zuwa 10mms.
A lokacin 1958-1978 an lissafta fam zuwa dalar Amurka akan dalar Amurka 2.87156 a kowace LS. 1. Bayan haka, fam ɗin ya sami raguwa a jere.
An maye gurbin fam ɗin a cikin 1992 da dinari (SDD) a ƙimar SD 1 LS 10. Yayin da dinari ke yawo a arewacin Sudan, a Kudancin Sudan, har yanzu ana yin shawarwarin farashin akan fam, yayin da a Rumbek da Yei, shilling na Kenya ya fi karbuwa a matsayin biyan.
fam na biyu (SDG) Bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka cimma tsakanin gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Sudan da kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan, babban bankin kasar Sudan (CBOS) zai amince da shirin fitar da sabon kudi da zarar ya fara aiki a cikin wa'adin wucin gadi. Zane na sabon kudin zai nuna bambancin al'adun Sudan. Har sai an fitar da sabon kudi tare da amincewar Jam'iyyun bisa shawarwarin CBOS, za a amince da kudaden da ke yawo a Kudancin Sudan. Fam na biyu ya fara gabatarwa a ranar 9 ko 10 ga Janairu 2007, kuma ya zama kawai kwangilar doka kamar na Yuli 1, 2007. Ya maye gurbin dinari a farashin LS 1 SD 100 (ko 1 SDG 1,000 SDP).
Fam na uku A ranar 24 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2011 ne aka kafa bugu na uku na kudin fam din Sudan bayan ballewar Sudan ta Kudu daga Jamhuriyar Sudan. A ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2011, fam na Sudan ya daina zama na doka a Sudan ta Kudu.
Don ƙarin tarihin da ke kewaye da kuɗi a yankin, duba kuɗin Burtaniya a Gabas ta Tsakiya
An rage darajar laban Sudan ta Kudu a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu 2021, tare da hukuma (alamar alama) farashin musaya da aka saita zuwa LS. 375.08 a kowace dalar Amurka (daga ƙayyadadden ƙimar LS 55), rufe gibin da ke tsakanin farashin canji na kasuwanci da bakar fata.
Tsabar kudi
Kudin gida a Sudan: batutuwan Mahdi da Khalifa da na Darfur A cikin 1885 Mahdi ya ba da tsabar azurfa 10 PT da 20 PT da zinariya 100 PT Wadannan sun biyo bayan mas’alolin Khalifa a mazhabobi na 10 para, 1 PT, 2 PT PT, 4 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT da 20 PT An fara fitar da waɗannan tsabar kudi a cikin azurfa a cikin 1885. A cikin shekaru goma sha ɗaya da suka biyo baya, an sami rashin ƙarfi mai tsanani, wanda ya kai ga billon, sannan aka wanke tagulla da azurfa kuma a ƙarshe an ba da tsabar kudi tagulla. Tsabar kudin ya ƙare a 1897.
A cikin 1908-1914, an ba da kuɗin gida a Darfur a yammacin Sudan. An fitar da wadannan ne a karkashin ikon Ali Dinar kuma sun yi kama da tsabar kudin Masar na zamani.
Fam na farko A cikin 1956, an gabatar da tsabar kudi a cikin ƙungiyoyin 1mm, 2mms, 5mms da 10mms, 2 PT, 5 PT da 10 PT An buge ƙungiyoyin millim a cikin tagulla, yayin da ƙungiyoyin piastre suke cikin kofin-nickel. 2mms, 5mms da 10mms an yi su da siffa mai siffa, kodayake an gabatar da zagaye 5mms a cikin 1971. An buga 1mm da 2mms na ƙarshe a cikin 1969, milimi 5 na ƙarshe a 1978. A 1983, Brass 1 PT, 2 PT da 5 PT, rage girman 10 PT da kofin nickel 20 An gabatar da PT A cikin 1987, aluminum-bronze 1 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT, 20 PT, 25 PT da 50 PT da LS An gabatar da 1, tare da 25 PT da 50 PT kasancewar murabba'i da siffar octagonal, bi da bi. A cikin 1989, bakin karfe 25 PT da 50 PT da LS 1 aka bayar. Wannan shi ne tsarin gaba ɗaya, ban da waɗannan tsabar kudi akwai batutuwan da suka dace da masu tattarawa da maɓalli iri-iri. Dubi shahararrun kasidar tsabar kuɗi don cikakkun bayanai.
Dinar Sudan Duba Dinar Sudan Fam na biyu Coins a cikin darika 1 PT, 5 PT, 10 PT, 20 PT da 50 An gabatar da PT tare da tsabar kuɗin dinari da ke yawo. Babban bankin kasar Sudan ya bayyana cewa 5 PT tsabar kudi masu launin rawaya (watakila aluminum tagulla da 10 PT launin azurfa ne (wanda aka yi da bakin karfe Na 20 PT da 50 PT tsabar kudi bi-metallic ne, tare da 20 PT yellow mai zobe tare da tsakiyar launin azurfa da 50 PT akasin haka.
Takardun kuɗi
Fam na farko A cikin Afrilu 1957, Hukumar Kula da Kuɗi ta Sudan ta gabatar da bayanin kula na 25 PT, 50 PT, LS 1, LS 5 da LS 10. Bankin Sudan ya karbe ikon samar da bayanan kula a shekarar 1961. LS An gabatar da bayanin kula guda 20 a cikin 1981, sannan kuma ƙungiyoyin LS 50 a cikin 1984 da LS 100 a cikin 1988.
Dinar Sudan Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a ranar 8 ga Yuni 1992, dinari na Sudan ya maye gurbin fam na Sudan na farko a adadin 1:10.
Sabbin bayanin kula masu tambaya A shekara ta 2005, gidan rediyon jama'a na Amurka ya ba da rahoton cewa sojoji a kudancin Sudan suna buga takardun fam mai suna "Bank of New Sudan", amma babu irin wannan banki. Bugu da kari, lambobi na takardun banki suna da lambobi iri-iri. Halaccinsu yana da shakku.
Fam na biyu Lokacin da aka gabatar da shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 2007, fam na Sudan na biyu ya maye gurbin dinari na Sudan a farashin 1:100. Wannan sabon kudin dai ya kasance ne bisa yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya da aka cimma a shekarar 2005 tsakanin gwamnatin Sudan da kungiyar 'yantar da jama'ar Sudan domin kawo karshen yakin basasar da aka kwashe shekaru 21 ana yi a kasar. Mataimakin gwamnan jihar Badr-Eddin Mahmoud ya ce kudin buga sabon kudin ya kai dalar Amurka miliyan 156. Rahoton da aka ƙayyade na LS 1, LS 2, LS 5, LS 10, LS 20 da LS 50 aka bayar. Farashin LS An maye gurbin 1 bayanin kula da tsabar kudi a ƙarshen Nuwamba 2011.
Fam na uku Bayanan banki na fam na uku suna kama da na fam na biyu amma tare da canje-canje a tsarin launi, cire wasu alamomin da ke da alaƙa da kudanci da kuma sake fasalin taswirar ƙasar bayan ballewar kudanci.
Sabbin takardun kudi A ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2019, Babban Bankin Sudan ya sanar da fam na Sudan na LS 100, LS 200 da LS Za a saki 500 a wannan watan yayin da kasar ke fama da matsananciyar matsalar tattalin arziki da karancin kudade. Wani sabon LS Babban Bankin Sudan ya kaddamar da takardar kudi 100 a ranar 28 ga Janairu, 2019. Wani sabon LS Babban Bankin Sudan ya gabatar da takardar banki 200 Fam Sudan a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2019. Wani sabon LS An ba da takardar banki 500 mai kwanan wata Maris 2019 a cikin 2019 da LS An ba da takardar banki 1,000 mai kwanan wata Yuni 2019 a ranar 7 ga Yuni 2022
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Sudan ta kaddamar da sabon fam
Bayanan banki na Sudan (fam na Sudan) Bayanan banki na Sudan (dinar Sudan) Kudi
Kudade
Kuɗi
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
29021 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukin%20Suna%20a%20al%27ummar%20Hausawa | Bukin Suna a al'ummar Hausawa | Bukin Suna a Al’ummar Hausawa Kamar yadda sunan ya nuna, bukin suna wani yanayi ne da ake haɗa 'yan uwa da abokan arziki a ci a sha, kuma a yi annashuwa da raha. Ana aiwatar da bukin suna ne idan ranar da aka haifi jaririn ta zagayo; ma'ana bayan mako guda. Ranar suna, rana ce da za a raɗawa jaririn da aka haifa sunan da za a rika kiran sa da shi.
Galibi
Galibi akasar Hausa ana sanar da 'yan 'uwa da abokan arziki tun ana gobe za a yi sunan domin su hadu musammman da safe domin gudanar da wannan al'ada. Ita ma wannan al‟adar ta yi rauni a halin yanzu, saboda tasirin addinin Musulunci da mafi yawan al'ummar yankin ke bi.
A ranar suna, ana yanka rago a raba goro, liman ya yi wa jariri huduba galibi bayan kwana bakwai da haihuwa, duk da yake ana iya huduba tun ranar da aka haifi jinjiri a radawa yaro suna sai dai ba za a bayyana sunan ba sai ranar suna. Galibi da yake Hausawa mabiya addinin Musulunci ne, don haka, ana zanen sunan ne daga cikin sunayen addinin Musulunci.
Ra`ayoyi
Ranar radin suna, za a taru tsakanin dangin mai haihuwa da mijinta. Idan wadanda duk ake jira sun taho, za a raba goro ga jama‟a inda za a fara fitar da na malamai da wanzamai da mata Daga nan sai liman ya yi wa abin haihuwar addu'a da ita kanta mahaifiyar da uban da sauran jama'a baki daya. Yahaya da wasu (2001:99)
Shi kuwa Gusau (2012:42) Yana da ra'ayin cewa: Zanen suna ko radin suna ana gudanar da shi ga abin da aka haifa, bayan mako daya da haihuwa. Zanen suna ko radin suna ya kasu kashi biyu, akwai zanen suna a gargajiyance, akwai kuma zanen suna a addinance.
Ta kowace fuska dai za a fahinci bukin zanen suna yana haddasa haduwar dangin mace da na namiji wuri daya domin taya juna murnar samun karuwa ta haihuwar da aka samu. Haihuwa abu ce mai matukar muhimmanci ga Bahaushe. Wannan ne ma ya sa yake girmama duk wata al'ada da ta shafi haihuwa tun daga goyon ciki da haihuwar da kuma renon abin da aka haifa.bShagulgulan suna sukan fara ne da zarar aka ce mace ta haihu a gidan Bahaushe. Wannan ne ya sa Garba (2012:36) yake ganin cewa Al’adun bukin haihuwa ko zanen suna al’adu ne da Hausawa ke gudanarwa a lokacin da mace ta haihu har zuwa ranar da aka rada wa abin da aka haifa suna” Saboda haka, shagulgulan bukin suna sun fi kankama ne a ranar da abin da aka haifa ya cika mako ko sati daya da haihuwa.
Kafin ranar bukin suna akwai al'adun da suka kebanta ga mata kamar gudar sanar da haihuwa da lugude da karar biki da gashin cibi da wankan jego ga mai haihuwa da shan kunun biki da kayar barka (wanda maigida kan tanada) da kuma kayan gara. Dangane da haka, bukin suna ana aiwatar da shi a kasar Hausa bayan sati daya da haihuwar jinjiri domin a sanar da jama'a irin sunan da aka yi masa, wanda ake yi lakabi masa da sunan yanka. A lokacin bukin sunan akan yanka rago, tumkiya, Awaki, a wasu lokuta har ma da shanu ga masu halin yin hakan. Ana aiwatar da wannan yankan ne domin a tabbatar wa jama'a tushe da asalin abin da aka haifa, ma'ana ba shege ba ne.
Irin wannan taron bukin ne ake samar da cikakken suna ga jinjiri. Don haka, duk wani suna na lakabi wanda ake kiran sa da shi kafin ranar suna kamar sunan ranar haihuwa misali Danlali, Danlami, ko Danjumma da sauransu, ko sunayen yanayin halittarsa misali kamar Jatau, Duna ko Cindo da sauransu, za a musanya shi da sunansa na yanka wandaaka samar masa a ranar bukin suna. Sunan yanka yakan iya daukar Muhammadu, Aliyu, usmanu, Abdullahi da sauransu.
Haihuwa da Tanade-tanaden Kayan bukin Suna A bisa tsarin al'adun Hausawa, akwai tanade-tanaden da mazaje magidanta kan yi domin tarbon abin da za a iya haifa masu da zararr mutum ya fahimci cewa matarsa ta sami juna biyu. Daga cikin irin kayan da ake tanada kuwa sun hada da;
Magungunan Dauri Wadannan magunguna ne da miji ke tanadar wa matarsa ko kuma iyayen miji ko na matar su tanada domin bai wa mai juna biyu ta sha musamman idan cikin ya kai kimanin wata bakwai zuwa haihuwa. Amfanin magungunan shi ne domin ta sami saukin haihuwa. Magungunan za su wanke zabi da maikon da ke cikin ciki na mai juna biyu, wanda hakan zai sanya ta sami sau}in na}uda a lokacin haihuwa.
Itacen Biki Maigida zai fara tanadin itatuwan da za a yi amfani da su a wajen shagulgulan wankan jego har zuwa bukin suna da kuma kwanakin da mai jego za ta yi tana wankan rowan zafi.
Kayan Barka Wadannan kayayyaki ne da suka danganci suturar maijego da abin da ta haifa. Maigida zai tanade su ne tun kafin a haihu ko kuma bayan an haihu. Daga cikin kayan akwai turamen atamfa da kayan jinjirai da turare da man shafi da kitso da sauransu da dama gwargwadon halin magidanci. Al’adun da ke tattare da bukin sunan Hausawa Wadannan al'adu ne da suka shafi shagulgulan da ake yi a ranar suna. Wadannan al'adun kuwa sun hada da;
Taron Suna Taro ne da 'yan 'uwa da abokanin arziki inda za su taru domin taya murna ga mahaifin jinjiri da maijego a ranar da aka cika kwana bakwai da haihuwar jinjiri. maza sukan taru ne a kofar gida, su kuwa mata suna zama a cikin gida ne domin hidimar shirya abinci ga bakin da suka halarci bukin. A lokacin bukin akan kawo goro a raba shi kasha biyu, wato gefen maigida da gefen mai haihuwa, domin kowa ya raba wa mutanensa da suka zo taya shi murna. Akwai wani kaso da ake kebe wa Malamai masu du‟a‟i da kuma wamzamai da ma'aska da makera su ma da nasu kaso na la'addu. Wannan shi ne ainihin bukin wanda a dalilin rada sunan ne ake shirya taron suna. Duk da yake zamani ya fara yi wa wannan al‟adar rauni domin wasu a masallatai suke yi wa 'ya'yansu addu'ar zanen suna. Ma'ana ba su yin taron suna, sai mata su shirya taron walima a cikin gida daga baya.
Yanka Dabbar Suna da Abincin Gara Dabbar suna, dabba ce da akan tanada domin a yanka ta hanya tabbatar wa da jinjiri suna yanka. Galibi a kasar Hausa akan yanka Rago ko Tumaki ko Awaki ko ma a wasu lokuta Shanu a wajen zanen suna. Da zarar an yanka dabbar suna da nufin a sanya suna iri kaza ga jinjin sanya suna iri kaza”
Wannan abinci ne da ake yi na musamman domin bukukuwan aure ko suna a kasar Hausa. Galibi irin wannan abinci ya shafi masa (waina) da alkaki da da Fanke da cincin da naman kaza da dai sauran su. Akan raba wa mutanen da suka zo shaidar radin sunan domin su ci, kuma su tafi da shi gidajensu.
Tsagar Gado Wannan tsaga ce da ake yi a tsakanin Hausawa domin a nuna irin kabilar da mutum ya fito daga cikin kasha-kashen Hausawa. Misali, akwai Zamfarawa da Kabawa da Katsinawa da Kanawa da Zazzagawa da sauransu. A bisa al'ada akan yi wa abin da aka haifa tsagar gado ne tun ranar bukin sunansa.
Wasannin Gado a Ranar Suna Wasanni ne da suka shafi martaba irin gadon gida ko sana'o'in da mutum ya tashi a cikinsu. Misali idan a gidan Mahauta ne akan yi wasan kawan kaho, ku a yi wasa da wuta idan a gidan makera ne da sauransu.
Manazarta
Al'adun |
42384 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/USM%20Alger | USM Alger | Union Sportive de la Medina d'Alger wanda aka fi sani da USM Alger ko kuma kawai USMA a taƙaice, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce da ke cikin ƙauyen Algiers An kafa kulob din a shekara ta 1937 kuma launukansa ja ne da baƙi. Filin wasan su na gida, filin wasa na Omar Hamadi, yana da damar ’yan kallo 10,000. A halin yanzu kulob ɗin yana taka leda a gasar Ligue Professionnelle 1 ta Algeria Kulob ɗin yana ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa a Aljeriya, domin ya lashe gasar Ligue Professionnelle ta Algeria sau 1 8, kofin Algeriya sau 8, da kuma Super Cup na Algeria sau 2, a duniya, USM Alger ya lashe gasar zakarun kulob din UAFA sau daya a shekarar 2013 IFFHS ta sanya USMA a matsayi na 18 na mafi kyawun ƙungiyoyin Afirka na shekaru goma tsakanin 2001 2010 USMA ta kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin zakarun Turai ta 2015 CAF amma sun sha kashi a hannun TP Mazembe Tare da shekarun baya na Union Sportive Musulmane d'Alger (tsohon suna na USMA), wanda ya lashe gasar zakarun Aljeriya na farko na 1962-1963, USMA ita ce ma'anar yakin Algerian bayan yakin A cikin shekara guda, kulob ɗin Algérois ya lashe kambun gasar zakarun Algeria kuma daga baya ya zama zakara a gasar cin kofin Aljeriya a shekarar 1969. Kulob din yana cikin tsaka mai wuya. Ana tallafawa ƙungiyar ta kuɗi, kamar yadda aka sayi USMA a cikin shekarar 2010. Wannan sayar da hannun jari yana tare da sakamako mai kyau na wasanni: an kafa shi sosai a gasar Ligue 1 tun bayan zuwan mai saka hannun jari na Algeria Ali Haddad ya biyo bayan kambun zakaran Algeria Na gasar Ligue 1 a 2014, kulob din yana samun cancantar shiga gasar cin kofin zakarun Afirka na yanzu CAF Champions League. ko CAF Confederation Cup Kuma ya sami kofuna 3 a gasar zakarun shekaru 2 Kofin Algeriya da Super Cup a lokacin kakar 2013-2014.
Tarihi
Shekarun farko A cikin Yuli 1935, Omar Aicchoun da Mustapha Kaoui, dukansu dillalan buhunan jute, sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyar wasanni ta musulmi ta musamman wadda babu wani Bature da zai fito a cikinta. A lokacin, Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ƙasa, karkashin jagorancin Étoile Nord-Afirka na Emir Khalid ibn Hashim, jikan sarki Abdelkader, ya ƙare da tururi yayin da aka tsara PPA (Parti Politique Algérien), uba na ruhaniya. na FLN, Aichoun da Kaoui, sun haɗu da mashahurin effervescence. Suna yawan ziyartar masu fafutuka na National Movement, da yawa a gundumar Casbah kuma suna jin labarin buƙatar ƙirƙirar kungiyoyin wasanni, tsarin da ya dace don haɗa matasan Aljeriya. Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙungiyoyin ƙasa da ƙasa suna yunƙurin samar da ƙungiyoyin wasanni.
A cikin shekara ta 1935, mutanen biyu za su ninka lambobin sadarwa, wanda Arezki Meddad, mahaifin chahida Ourida Meddad ya taimaka. Zabarsu ya rataya a kan Ali Lahmar, in ji Ali Zaid, shugaban yakin kwato ‘yanci na gaba kuma Sid Ahmed Kemmat. Wadannan mutanen sun kafa ofishin farko na USMA, ofishin da Ali Zaid ke shugabanta, da shugaban kasa mai daraja Omar Aicchoun da Arezki Meddad. Baya ga ayyukansu na kishin kasa da na wasanni, Omar Aicchoun da Mustapha Kaoui kuma suna yawan ziyartar Nadi Ettaraki (Da'irar ci gaba), wata kungiya da aka kirkira a karkashin abin da ake kira dokar shekarar 1901. Babban ofishinsa yana 9,Gwamnati (Yau). Place des Martyrs a Algiers, Da'irar ci gaban da aka gudanar a karkashin jagorancin Musulunci Reform Movement (El Islah), jagorancin Sheikh Tayeb El Okbi, wanda dansa Djamel daga baya zai zama USM Alger golan. Saboda tsoron kada harkar wasanni ta yi hannun riga da ƙa'idojin Musulunci, wadanda abin ya shafa suna neman shawara daga Shehin Malamin, wanda ya kwadaitar da su tare da yi wa USMA albarka. Don hanyoyin gudanarwa da kuma don samun yarjejeniya na hukumomin mulkin mallaka, suna buƙatar ka'idoji daga Babban Sakatare na MC Alger, wanda ya ba shi kwafin. Zaɓin na USMA ya yi nasara, PPA ta sabunta aikin kuma ta haka ne aka haifi Union Sportive Musulmane, Espérance Sportive Musulmane, Jeunesse Sportive Musulmane, Widad da Croissant club Sun kasance a ko'ina waɗannan kulake waɗanda makarantu ne na kishin ƙasa da kishin ƙasa Saboda haka an haifi Union Sportive Musulmane Algéroise, kuma a shirye yake ya shiga cikin shekarar 1938 a gasar rukuni na uku. A wancan lokacin 'yan wasa da yawa sun bayyana fatan zuwa wannan kulob ɗin, abin takaici ka'idoji (lasisi B) sun hana su. Bugu da kari, duk kungiyoyin da suka shiga gasar sai da filin wasa don gasar. Wani ma'auni wanda tarayyar ta lokacin ba ta da ra'ayi. Wannan shi ne abin da Mista Kemmat ya yi yayin fuskantar wadannan matsaloli guda biyu: “USM Alger a lokacin yana bukatar kwangilar filin wasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Wannan shi ne don tabbatar da gudanar da gasar. Na tuntuɓi shugabannin kungiyar O. Pointe Pescade Raïs Hamidou na yanzu) kuma mun sami fahimta ta hanyar biyan shi francs dubu biyar a shekara. Don kuɗin, babu buƙatar gaya muku inda suka fito, ”ya ƙara da nishi wanda ke magana game da yanayin tunanin da ya yi mulki a lokacin. Sannan yakin duniya na biyu ya zo a lokacin da aka canza tsarin gasar a cikin League Algiers zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku kuma na yanayi uku, Abderrahman Ibrir tsohon tsakiyar rabin na, ya zama mai tsaron gida tare da USMA kuma har ma yana da zaɓi na farko na Algiers a ƙarƙashin launuka na USMA, USM Alger ya yi kwangila tare da adadi mai yawa na 'yan wasa kuma sune Zitouni Hassen, Zouaoui Rabah, Mahmoudi Smain, Naceri M'hamed da Houari GS Orleans city (yanzu Chlef Berkani Olympique de Tizi Ouzou A cikin shekarar 1939-1940 USM Alger ya buga wasa a karon farko a rukunin farko kuma saboda barkewar yakin duniya na biyu an raba gasar zuwa rukuni uku inda USM Alger ya sanya hannu a rukunin A ƙungiyar ta yi muni inda ta samu nasara kawai. wasanni biyu da kungiyar guda daya US Alger kuma ya sha kashi a wasanni 9 inda ya kasa fuskantar manyan kungiyoyin sai kamar RU Alger da AS Saint Eugène a ƙarshe, ya kare a matsayi na biyu ko dai a Coupe de la Ligue da Coupe de la Solidarité. tafiyar ta kare ne a zagayen farko da US Blida da Stade Algérois. An sake dawo da gasa a hukumance a cikin 1942. Don lokacin 1942-1943, USMA ta koma kashi na uku bisa ga ƙa'idodin da ke aiki. Mista El-Hadj Ahmed Kemmat ya sa baki:
Bayan 'yancin kai Kungiyar ta fara tun bayan samun ‘yancin kai na farko gwamnatin USM Alger ta kawo tsohon dan wasan Nice da Monaco Abdelaziz Ben Tifour ya zama koci kuma dan wasa a lokaci guda kungiyar ta kasance a rukunin 5 kuma ta zo na daya da maki 51 kuma mafi karfi. m layi a kowace gasar tare da 75 burin bayan yanki kuma a cikin Algiers League a cikin rukuni tare da MC Alger, AS Orléansville, NA Hussein Dey da ita ma ta zama ta farko da maki 12 daga 12 zuwa wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta buga da Hamra Annaba a baya USM Annaba kuma ta yi nasara da ci 7-6 ta samu tikitin shiga wasan karshe na gasar farko a tarihin Algeria, kuma sake samun MC Alger Red and Black, wanda kociyan dan wasa Bentifour ke jagoranta cikin sauki ya zarce maki 3-0 a wasan da aka buga a Stade d'El Annasser Don haka kulob din zuwa Soustara ya samu karramawa da gata na kasancewa kulob na farko da ya lashe kofin gasar a zamanin Aljeriya mai cin gashin kanta. ko dai a gasar USMA ta Algeria a wasan kusa da na karshe da ES Setif kuma ta doke maki 2–4, a kakar wasa ta gaba USMA ta kare ta uku, maki daya tsakaninta da zakaran kungiyar Algérois NA Hussein Dey ko dai a gasar cin kofin kuma tawagar ta isa. a wasan kusa da na karshe da kungiyar ES Setif, a kakar 1964–65 kungiyar ta fadi zuwa mataki na biyu kuma ta kare a matsayi na karshe da maki 54 ko dai a gasar cin kofin ta dakatar da tattakin a zagaye na biyu da NA Hussein Dey ya jagoranci zuwa 2–3.
A kakar wasan farko da suka buga a gasar Dibision Honneur ta zo ta biyu bayan zakaran gasar MC Alger da maki 7 don haura tare zuwa Nationale II 1966-1967 a kakar wasa ta gaba kungiyar ta kasa komawa rukuni na daya kuma ta kare a matsayi na biyar, a ko wanne kungiyar gasar cin kofin ya kai wasan dab da na kusa da na karshe kuma an sake doke shi da jimillar ES Setif da ci 1-3 Wannan shi ne karo na uku kebe USMA a hannun ES Setif a wasan kusa da na karshe, a kakar 1967-68 bayan yunkurin USM Alger na hawa ya ci gaba amma kasa sake kasa kuma ya gama na biyar da maki 45, maki 4 a karo na biyu ya ciyar da JS Djijel, kuma a karshe a cikin 1968 69 kakar USMA ta sami damar komawa Nationale I bayan yanayi hudu a cikin ƙananan maki kuma ta mamaye matsayi na biyu a bayan zakara JS Kabylie kuma bikin ya ci gaba da isowar kungiyar, a karon farko An kai wasan karshe na kofin Duk da haka, an sha kashi a hannun zakaran gasar CR Belcourt da ci 3-5 bayan da aka sake buga wasan.
Bayan wasanni bakwai na karshe, kungiyar ta samu nasarar cin kofin gasar cin kofin farko a kakar wasa ta 1980-81 da ASM Oran da ci 2–1 wanda Ali Benfadah ya horar da su a bude Stade 24 Fevrier 1956, ta zama kungiya ta farko da ta lashe kofin daga karo na biyu division, da wadannan kakar tawagar zuwa kashi na biyu mayar da bude na kakar shi ne Match Super Cup da zakarun karshe kakar RC Kouba a farkon version a 20 Agusta 1955 Stadium ƙare tare da nasarar RC Kouba da ci 1– 2, Tawagar ta kammala kakar bana a matsayi na tara da maki 59 kuma wajen sanya ido a matsayi na farko a gasar cin kofin Nahiyar Afrika ta USMA ta kai wasan daf da na kusa da na karshe da madaidaicin a gaban kulob din Accra Hearts of Oak na Ghana 2 3 jimla.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Official Site USMA dz Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
50734 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hakkin%20%C6%8Aan%20Adam%20a%20Burkina%20Faso | Hakkin Ɗan Adam a Burkina Faso | Ana magana game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Burkina Faso a cikin kundin tsarin mulkinta, wanda aka amince da shi a shekarar 1991. Rahoton Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam na shekarar 2009 na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka ya lura da damuwa game da ƙuntatawa ga 'yan jarida da kuma yadda ake gudanar da tsarin shari'a. A cikin rahotonta na shekarar 2021, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta bayyana halin da ake ciki na kare hakkin bil'adama a Burkina Faso da cewa yana da matukar hadari idan aka yi la'akari da tashe-tashen hankula da masu kishin Islama, da jami'an tsaron gwamnati, da kuma masu goyon bayan gwamnati ke yi.
Kundin tsarin mulki da martanin majalisa Kundin tsarin mulkin Burkina Faso da aka amince da shi a shekara ta 1991, ya yi magana game da ainihin 'yancin walwala na jama'a. Gwamnati ta kuma amince da yarjejeniyoyin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da dama kamar ICCPR da CEDAW. Gwamnati ta ƙaddamar da bincike kan take Haƙƙin ɗan Adam da ake zargin an aikatawa da sunanta, ciki har da mutuwar mutane sama da 200 a Djibo da ake kyautata zaton jami'an tsaro masu goyon bayan gwamnati ne suka haddasa su, duk da cewa ba a bayar da cikakken bayani kan sakamakon irin wadannan binciken ba. An kafa Cibiyar Shari’a ta Sojoji don bincikar laifuffukan da sojojin gwamnati ke aikatawa, amma ba ta da wani kudi sosai.
Dangane da annobar COVID-19 da ke ci gaba da yaduwa a kasar, gwamnatin Burkinabe ta saki fursunoni 1200 don hana yaduwarta a gidajen yari. Sun kuma fadada samar da koyo ta hanyar rediyo, talabijin da kuma dandamali na kan layi bisa la'akari da rufe makarantu don hana yaduwar cutar coronavirus. An kuma yi kokarin aiwatar da karin tsaro a makarantun ƙasar domin kare su daga hare-haren masu kishin Islama.
Batutuwa
Sojojin gwamnati Amnesty International ta lura da damuwa game da kama masu zanga-zangar ba bisa ka'ida ba, da kuma rashin mutunta ka'idar bin doka. A cikin watan Maris ɗin 2020, an bayar da rahoton cewa jami'an tsaron gwamnati sun kashe mutane 23 a Cissa; A wata mai zuwa, an sake kashe wasu fursunoni 31 sa'o'i bayan an kama su a wani farmakin yaki da ta'addanci a Djibo. A watan Mayun shekarar 2020, mutane goma sha biyu da jami'an Jandarma suka kama a Tanwalbougou daga baya an same su gawarwaki a cikin dakunansu; an ruwaito cewa an harbe su. An kuma bayar da rahoton cewa jami’an tsaro na cin zarafin ‘yan gudun hijirar Mali da ke neman mafaka a Burkina Faso da sunan neman ‘yan ta’adda masu kishin Islama a sansanonin ‘yan gudun hijira na kasar.
'Yan bindiga Burkina Faso dai ta daɗe tana riƙe da wasu 'yan bindiga na cikin gida da aka fi sani da Koglweogo, masu goyon bayan gwamnati. An nuna damuwa game da 'yan bindigar da suka ƙunshi 'yan ƙabilar Mossi, waɗanda suka aikata ta'asa, ciki har da kisan gillar da aka yi wa mutane arba'in a Yirgou a shekarar 2019. A cikin watan Janairun 2020, dokar da gwamnatin Burkinabe ta zartar ta mayar da Koglweogo cikin 'Yan Sa-kai don Kare Gida (VDH), wanda ke samun tallafi da horo na gwamnati. Bayan haka, an zargi mambobin VDH da kisan mutane 19 a kusa da Manja Hien a watan Fabrairun 2020, da kuma hare-hare a kauyukan Peuhle a Yatenga, inda aka kashe mutane 43. Ɓangaren ƙasa da ƙasa, an kuma zargi sojojin Burkinabe da kisan gilla na aƙalla mutane 50 a rikicin kan iyaka a ƙasar Mali a shekarar 2020.
Masu kishin Islama Ana ta fama da tashe tashen hankula a ƙasar, inda hare-haren da ake kai wa 'yan ƙasar ke zama hujjar masu tayar da ƙayar baya ta hanyar alaƙanta waɗanda abin ya shafa da gwamnati, da 'yan bindiga masu ɗauke da makamai, da ƙasashen Yamma, da Kiristanci. An yi ta kisan kiyashi a kan kabilar Mossi da Foulse, ciki har da kisan mutane 35 a Arbinda a watan Disambar 2019; Mutuwar mutanen ƙauye 90 yayin hare-hare daban-daban a Rofénèga, Nagraogo da Silgadji a watan Janairun 2020; da kuma mutuwar mutanen ƙauye sama da 40 a hare-hare a Lamdamol da Pansi a watan Fabrairun 2020. Kungiyoyin Islama sun kuma yi amfani da ingantattun na'urori masu fashewa wajen kai hari. Sace kuma wata dabara ce ta gama-gari; a watan Yulin 2020 an sace sarkin kauyen Nassoumbou kuma aka tsare shi tsawon watanni biyu; Yayin da a watan Agustan 2020 aka kashe Sonibou Cisse, Babban Limamin Djibo, kwanaki bayan sace shi. Haka kuma masu kishin Islama sun kai hari a makarantun Burkina Faso. Tsakanin watan Janairu zuwa Agusta 2020, an kona akalla makarantu arba'in da sace-sace, an kuma kashe malamai, da duka, da sace su, da fashi, da kuma barazana. Kafin gwamnati ta rufe dukkan makarantun Burkinabe saboda barkewar cutar ta COVID-19 a watan Maris 2020, an kiyasta cewa makarantu 2500 sun riga sun rufe saboda hare-haren masu kishin Islama da damuwa game da amincin ɗalibai, wanda ya shafi ɗalibai 350,000.
Tarihi Jadawalin da ke gaba yana nuna ƙimar Burkina Faso tun a shekarar 1972 a cikin rahotannin Freedom in the World, wanda gwamnatin Amurka ta tallafa wa Freedom House ke wallafa wa a kowace shekara. Makin 1 shi ne "mafi kyauta" kuma 7 shi ne "ƙananan kyauta". 1
Yarjejeniyoyi na duniya Matsayin Burkina Faso kan yarjejeniyoyin kare haƙƙin bil adama na ƙasa da ƙasa sune kamar haka.
Duba kuma 'Yancin addini a Burkina Faso
Fataucin mutane a Burkina Faso
Binciken Intanet da sa ido a Burkina Faso
Haƙƙoƙin LGBT a Burkina Faso
Siyasar Burkina Faso
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51605 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufuri%20a%20Yammacin%20Sahara | Sufuri a Yammacin Sahara | Harkokin sufuri a Yammacin Sahara yana da iyaka ta teku, hanya da iska tare da raƙuma su ne hanyoyin sufuri na farko a yankin hamada. Titin mota ta bas ya kasance babban hanyar sufuri. Mafi tsayin bel na jigilar kaya a duniya shine mai tsayi, daga ma'adinan phosphate na Bu Craa zuwa bakin tekun kudu da Laayoune. Belit ɗin yana motsa kusan tan metric ton 2,000 na dutse mai ɗauke da phosphate a kowace sa'a daga ma'adinan zuwa El-Aaiun, inda ake lodawa da jigilar su.
Sassan Yammacin Sahara sun kasance Masarautar Ispaniya har zuwa shekara ta 1975 a matsayin lardin na ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yaki ya barke tsakanin wadancan kasashe da kungiyar 'yantar da kasa ta Sahrawi, wato kungiyar Polisario, wacce ta shelanta Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Larabawa Sahrawi (SADR) da gwamnati a gudun hijira a Tindouf na kasar Aljeriya. Mauritania ta janye a shekarar 1979, kuma a ƙarshe Maroko ta sami ikon mallakar yawancin yankunan, ciki har da dukan manyan biranen da albarkatun kasa. An aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya daga shekarar 1997 tsakanin sojojin Polisario da na Morocco.
Jirgin kasan dakon kaya mafi tsayi a duniya, jirgin dakon kaya na jirgin kasa na kasar Mauritania, ya na ratsa kudu maso gabas na yammacin sahara na dan gajeren zango. An kuma dai katse hanyar wucewa ta yammacin Sahara a lokacin yakin da ake yi tsakanin Polisaro da sojojin Morocco kafin a aiwatar da yarjejeniyar tsagaita wuta a shekarar 1997.
Fage Sassan Yammacin Sahara sun kasance Masarautar Ispaniya har zuwa shekara ta 1975 a matsayin lardin na ƙarshe na mulkin mallaka a Afirka. Yaki ya barke tsakanin wadancan kasashe da kungiyar 'yantar da kasa ta Sahrawi, wato kungiyar Polisario, wacce ta shelanta Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Larabawa Sahrawi (SADR) da gwamnati a gudun hijira a Tindouf na kasar Aljeriya. Mauritania ta janye a shekarar 1979, kuma a ƙarshe Maroko ta sami ikon mallakar yawancin yankunan, ciki har da dukan manyan biranen da albarkatun kasa. An kafa Polisario a shekara ta 1973 don yakar 'yancin Sahawari Larabawa Larabawa. Polisario ya kai hari kan wuraren Morocco sau da yawa kuma ya rama. An ci gaba da gwabza yaki tsakanin Polisario da Maroko kan shahara a yankin da Aljeriya ke marawa Polisario da Amurka da Faransa da Saudiyya ga Maroko. Polisario ya yi nasarar yanke jigilar Phosphorus ta Yammacin Sahara zuwa Tekun Atlantika. Abubuwan da suka shafi sufuri na yankin, ciki har da garuruwan kan iyaka na Maroko, ya shafa a lokacin yake-yake.
Sufurin Jirgin sama Yammacin Sahara ba shi da sabis na jirgin ƙasa, ban da sashin layin dogo na Mauritania; wanda (tun bayan rufe Ramin Choum), ya ratsa iyakar kudu maso gabas na yankin. Ana ɗaukar hanyar dogo a matsayin jirgin dakon kaya mafi tsayi a duniya wanda ke da tazarar .Fasinjojin da ke da tikiti suna tafiya a cikin ƴan motoci yayin da yawancin ƙa'ida ba, wani lokacin da dabbobi, ke hawa saman motocin dakon kaya. Akwai na hanyoyi, wanda suna da ƙarfe. Ƙananan hanyar sadarwa na manyan tituna suna ba da iyakacin haɗin kai na ƙasa. Babban titin N1 babbar hanya ce da ke ratsa gabar tekun Atlantika a kasar. Akwai ƴan hanyoyi a arewa sai kuma hanyoyi guda biyu a kudu waɗanda ke kan N1. Duk sauran hanyoyin na gida ne a cikin garuruwa da garuruwa daban-daban. Ana ɗaukar tukin kan hanya mai haɗari tunda akwai "dubban nakiyoyin da ba a fashe ba" a yankin. An yi amfani da tsare-tsaren tituna a yankin da Aljeriya ta fara don kara tasirinta a yankin. Kamfanoni 4 ne kawai ke da lasisin amfani da motocin bas a Yammacin Sahara wadanda su ne: CTM, Supratours, Satas da Sat; Motocin CTM da Supratours suna da sabis na yau da kullun daga Dakhla zuwa Marrakech ta Laayoune da Agadir.
Sufurin Jirgin kasa Tun bayan rufe Ramin Choum, a sashe na layin dogo na Mauritania ya ratsa ta Polisario Front yankin da ke iko da Yammacin Sahara (21.354867°N 13.012644°W Tashoshi Babban tashar jiragen ruwa a yammacin Sahara shine Ad Dakhla ƙananan tashar jiragen ruwa (Port Marchand Lassarga/Port-Îlot) wanda ke a cikin tashar mafaka a kudancin filin jirgin sama, Cabo Bojador ƙananun tashar jiragen ruwa tare da jiragen ruwa masu kamun kifi a cikin ƙasa da Laayoune (El Aaiun) manyan tashoshin ruwa mai zurfi; amfani da tasoshin da ke dauke da phosphate, manyan jiragen ruwa na kamun kifi da jiragen sintiri na soja. Mafi tsayin belt na jigilar kaya a duniya shine mai tsayi, daga ma'adinan phosphate na Bu Craa zuwa bakin tekun kudu da Laayoune. Belt ɗin yana motsa kusan tan metric ton 2,000 na dutse mai ɗauke da phosphate a kowace sa'a daga ma'adinan zuwa El-Aaiun, inda ake lodawa da jigilar su.
Filayen jiragen sama Akwai filayen saukar jiragen sama guda shida, uku tare da lallausan titin jirgi da filaye guda uku da ba a gama ba, sai kuma helipad daya (soja a Cape Bojador). Hassan I Airport, serving El Aaiún (Laâyoune), filin jirgin sama ne na kasa da kasa, amma masu jigilar kaya a filin jirgin sama suna haɗuwa kawai zuwa wuraren yanki (zuwa Maroko ko tsibirin Canary Filin jirgin saman Dakhla yana cikin Dakhla kuma yana da jiragen kasuwanci na kasuwanci. Filin jirgin sama na Smara a Smara da La Güera filin jirgin saman La Güera wasu ƙananan filayen jiragen sama ne a Yammacin Sahara.
Duba kuma Jerin filayen jiragen sama a Yammacin Sahara
Sources CIA World Factbook (2010).
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22385 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yancin%20Tunani | Yancin Tunani | 'Yancin tunani (wanda kuma ake kira yancin lamiri ko ra'ayoyi 'yanci ne na mutum ya rike ko kuma ya yi la’akari da wata hujja, ko ra’ayi, ko tunani, ba tare da ra’ayin wasu ba.
Bayani Kowane mutum yana ƙoƙari ya mallaki karfin ikon tunani ta hanyar haɓaka ilimi, ra'ayoyi da kimanta su a cikin yanayin da aka bayar. Wannan ƙwarewar tunani tana ba da gamsuwa da maye gurbin jin rashin taimako. Baya ga kawo sauki ga son zuciyar mutum, sabon ilimi da ra'ayoyi suna kawo fata na nan gabada sauran su. 'Yancin tunani shi ne gabatacce magidanci don kulla alaƙa ta kusa da sauran' yanci, da abubuwn kara yanci gami da 'yancin addini yancin faɗar albarkacin baki, da 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. Kodayake 'yanci na tunani yana da mahimmanci ga sauran' yanci da yawa, amma ba a buƙatar su don yin aiki da wanzuwa. Tsinkayan 'yanci ko hakki baya bada garantin kasancewar shi, halalcin sa, ko kariya ta hanyar tsarin falsafa. Wannan ra'ayi ne mai matukar mahimmanci a cikin Yammacin duniya kuma kusan duk kundin tsarin mulkin dimokiradiyya yana kiyaye wadannan 'yanci da ake da su.
Misali, Dokar 'Yanci ta kunshi sanannen tabbataccen a cikin Kwaskwarimar Farko cewa ba za a yi dokokin da za su tsoma baki cikin addini ba "ko kuma hana aiwatar da shi kyauta". Alkalin Kotun Koli na kasar Amurka, Benjamin Cardozo ya ba da hujja a cikin Palko v. Connecticut (1937):
Irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin mamihimmin bangare ne na dokar haƙƙin ɗan adam ta duniya A cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam ta Duniya (UDHR), wacce ke kan doka a kan kasashen mambobi na Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa (ICCPR), yancin tunani" an jera shi a karkashin Mataki na goma Sha takwas 18:
Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan-Adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya ce wannan, "ya banbanta da 'yancin tunani, lamiri, addini ko imani daga' yancin bayyana addini ko imani. Ba ta ba da izinin kowane iya kancewa ba game da 'yancin tunani da lamiri ko' yancin samun ko karɓar addini ko imanin zaɓin mutum. Wadannan 'yanci ana kiyaye su ba tare da wani sharadi ba Hakazalika, Mataki na 19 na dokar ta UDHR ta ba da tabbacin cewa "Kowa na da 'yancin fadin albarkacin bakinsa da kuma fadin albarkacin bakinsa; wannan hakkin ya hada da' yancin gudanar da ra'ayi ba tare da tsangwama ba ko muzgunawa da cin zarafin wani ba".
Tarihin ci gaba da danniya Ba zai yiwuwa a san tabbatacce abin da wani yake tunani, yana sa danniya da wuya. An inganta manufar a cikin littafin baibul mafi cikakke a rubuce-rubucen Paul na Tarsus (misali, "Don me zai sa a hukunta 'yanci na [eleutheria ta lamirin wani suneideseos 1 Korantiyawa 10:29). Kodayake masana Falsafa na Girka Plato da Socrates sun tattauna yancin Tunani kaɗan, amma umarnin Sarki Ashoka (ƙarni na 3 kafin haihuwar Yesu) an kira shi doka ta farko game da 'Yancin Lamiri. A cikin al'adun Turai, baya ga dokar haƙuri da addini da Constantine I ya yi a Milan a 313, masana falsafa Themistius, Michel de Montaigne, Baruch Spinoza, John Locke, Voltaire, Alexandre Vinet, da John Stuart Mill da masu ilimin tauhidi Roger Williams da Samuel Rutherford an dauke su manyan masu yarda da ra'ayin 'Yancin Lamiri (ko' 'yanci rai' a cikin kalmomin Roger Williams). Sarauniya Elizabeth I ta soke dokar takunkumin tunani a karshen karni na sha shida, saboda, a cewar Sir Francis Bacon, ba ta "son [yin] tagogi a cikin rayukan maza da tunanin sirrinsu". A lokacin mulkinta, masanin ilmin lissafi, masanin lissafi, masanin taurari, kuma masanin taurari Giordano Bruno ya nemi mafaka a Ingila daga binciken Italiya, inda ya buga wasu littattafansa game da sararin samaniya mara iyaka da kuma batutuwan da Cocin Katolika ta hana. Bayan barin amincin Ingilishi, daga ƙarshe an ƙona Bruno a matsayin ɗan bidi'a a Roma saboda ƙin sakewa da ra'ayinsa. A dalilin haka ne wasu suke ganin shi shahidi ne don 'yancin tunani da albarkacin bakinsa. Ignaz von Döllinger ne ya bayyana Oliver Cromwell a matsayin "na farko a cikin manyan mutanen duniya da suka kafa wata ka'ida ta musamman ta addini, da kuma aiwatar da ita har zuwa lokacin da yake cikin sa:. Ka'idar 'yanci ta lamiri da watsi da tilastawa addini Koyaya, ana iya iyakance 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki ta hanyar takunkumi, kamawa, ƙona littafi, ko farfaganda, kuma wannan yana haifar da kashe' yancin tunani. Misali kamfen masu tasiri kan 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki sune kungiyoyin masana Soviet game da binciken kwayar halitta don yarda da ka'idar da aka sani da Lysenkoism, kamfen ɗin ƙona littattafai na Nazi Jamus, tsattsauran ra'ayi na adawa da ilimi wanda aka aiwatar a Cambodia ƙarƙashin Pol Pot, tsananin tsauraran matakai akan' yanci bayyana ra'ayi da gwamnatocin Kwaminisanci na Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin da Cuba suka yi ko kuma ta hanyar kama-karya irin ta Augusto Pinochet a Chile da Francisco Franco a Spain Hasashen Sapir Whorf, wanda ke nuna cewa tunani asaline cikin yare, zai tallafawa da'awar cewa yunƙurin takaita amfani da kalmomin harshe hakika wani nau'i ne na taƙaita damar yancin tunani. An bincika wannan a cikin littafin George Orwell na 1984, tare da ra'ayin Newspeak, wani nau'I na yaren Ingilishi wanda ake tuhumarsa da rashin ƙarfin misaltawa da iyakance maganganun asali.
Sannan Kuma kwanan nan, cigaban neuroimaging fasahar sun nuna damuwarsu, game da abokai kasancewa iya karanta da baya kashe tunani. Kodayake batun yana da rikitarwa ta hanyar larurar hankali, waɗannan damuwar suna haifar da filin da ke haifar da ƙarancin jijiyoyin jiki da ƙwarewar su.
Duba kuma
Manazarta
Kara karantawa DV Coornhert, Synod akan 'Yancin Lamiri: Nazari Mai Kyau yayin Taruwar da Aka Gudanar a shekara ta 1582 a cikin fassarar Ingilishi a cikin Garin Freetown
Richard Joseph Cooke, 'Yancin tunani a koyarwar addini (1913)
Lucas Swaine, "'Yancin Tunani A Matsayin' Yanci Na Asali," Ka'idar Siyasa, 46: 3 (2018): 405-25. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0090591716676293
Eugene J. Cooper, "Tushen 'Yancin Mutum da' Yancin Lamiri a cikin Baibul Tunani akan 1 Korantiyawa 8-10 Tauhidin tauhidin Irish Quarterly Dec 1975
George Botterill da Peter Carruthers, 'Falsafar Ilimin halin dan Adam', Jami'ar Jami'ar Cambridge (1999), p. 3
Hon. Sir John Laws, 'Iyakancin' Yancin Dan Adam [1998] PL Bazara, Mai Dadi Maxwell da Masu Ba da Gudummawa, p. 260
Roger Williams, loudarancin Tsanantawa na Musamman don Dalilin Lamiri (1644; 1867 sake bugawa Samuel Rutherford, Lex, Rex 1644 Hanyoyin haɗin waje Hawan jini na Tsanantawa (sake bugawa ta 1867) (an isa ga Yuli 10, 2009, akan Litattafan Google)
Kamus na Tarihin Ra'ayoyi 'Yancin Ilimi
Cibiyar Nazarin 'Yanci da Da'a cibiyar sadarwar malamai ce da ke fadada doka, siyasa da ka'idojin' yancin tunani.
John Bagnell Bury (1861-1927) Tarihin 'Yancin |
31328 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masu%20Hijirar%20Muhalli | Masu Hijirar Muhalli | Masu Hijirar muhalli mutane ne waɗanda aka tilasta wa barin yankunansu saboda sauye-sauye na kwatsam ko na dogon lokaci ga muhallinsu ko yanki. Waɗannan canje-canjen suna yin illa ga jin daɗinsu ko rayuwarsu, kuma sun haɗa da haɓakar fari, kwararowar hamada, hawan teku, da rushewar yanayin yanayi na yanayi (kamar damina). Ko da yake babu wani iri daya bayyana ma'anar ƙaura na muhalli, ra'ayin yana samun kulawa yayin da masu tsara manufofi da masana kimiyyar muhalli da zamantakewa ke ƙoƙarin fahimtar yiwuwar tasirin zamantakewa na sauyin yanayi da sauran lalacewar muhalli, irin wannan saran gandun daji ko wuce gona da iri. Ana kiran "Mai hijira na muhalli" da mai hijirar yanayi (ko "'yan gudun hijirar yanayi") da ɗan musanya tare da kewayon kalmomi iri ɗaya, kamar
Ma'anar da ra'ayi akasarin mutanen da ke tserewa matsalolin muhalli suna ƙaura ta ɗan gajeren lokaci, galibi na ɗan lokaci. Bugu da ƙari, ƴan gudun hijirar ba sa barin gidajensu saboda tsoron za a tsananta musu, ko kuma saboda "tashin hankali ko abubuwan da ke damun jama'a sosai." Ko da yake an faɗaɗa ma'anar wane ɗan gudun hijira ne tun farkon ma'anarsa ta ƙasa da ƙasa da doka a cikin 1951 mutanen da aka tilastawa yin hijira saboda sauyin muhalli har yanzu ba a ba su kariya irin ta ƴan gudun hijirar ba. Kalmar "ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli" Lester Brown ne ya fara gabatar da ita a cikin 1976. Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) ta ba da shawarar ma'anar mai zuwa ga masu ƙaura: “Masu hijira na muhalli mutane ne ko ƙungiyoyin mutane waɗanda, saboda dalilai masu ƙarfi na canje-canje kwatsam ko ci gaba a muhallin da ke yin illa ga rayuwarsu ko yanayin rayuwa, dole ne su bar gidajensu na yau da kullun, ko zaɓi yin hakan na ɗan lokaci ko na dindindin. kuma waɗanda suke tafiya ko dai a cikin ƙasar su ko kuma ƙasashen waje."Ƴan ci- rani na yanayi wani yanki ne na baƙin haure na muhalli waɗanda aka tilasta musu yin gudun hijira "saboda sauye-sauye kwatsam ko sannu a hankali a yanayin yanayin da ke da alaka da akalla daya daga cikin tasirin sauyin yanayi guda uku: hawan teku, matsanancin yanayi, da fari da karancin ruwa. Nau'uka Hukumar kula da ƙaura ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta ba da shawarar nau'ikan ƙauran muhalli iri uku:
Baƙi na gaggawa na muhalli mutanen da ke gudun hijira na ɗan lokaci saboda bala'in muhalli ko yanayin muhalli kwatsam. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda guguwa, tsunami, girgizar kasa, da sauransu. Muhalli na tilastawa ƙaura mutanen da dole ne su tashi saboda taɓarɓarewar yanayin muhalli. (Misali: wani da aka tilasta masa barin saboda sannu a hankali tabarbarewar muhallinsu kamar sare itatuwa, lalacewar gabar teku, da sauransu. Ƙauyen Satabhaya a gundumar Kendrapara na Odisha a Indiya shine "daya daga cikin wadanda suka fi fama da zaizayar gabar teku da ruwa saboda hauhawar matakan teku". Mutanen ƙauyen sun yi asarar gidajensu saboda tekun da ke mamayewa da kuma filayen noma da suke da shi ta hanyar shigar gishiri, kuma an tilasta musu yin hijira zuwa wani wuri. A Nepal, an ba da rahoton ƙauyuka da yawa na ƙaura daga yankunan Sivalik Hills Chure saboda ƙarancin ruwa. Hakazalika, a gabashin tsaunukan Nepal gidaje 10 a Chainpur, Sankhuwasabha, gidaje 25 a Dharmadevi da kuma gidaje 10 a Panchkhapan an tilasta musu yin ƙaura saboda rikicin ruwa a yankunansu. Baƙi masu raɗaɗin mahalli kuma aka sani da ƙaurawar tattalin arziƙin muhalli mutanen da suka zaɓi ficewa don guje wa yiwuwar matsalolin nan gaba. (Misali: wanda ya fita saboda raguwar amfanin amfanin gona da hamada ke haifarwa. Wani bincike da aka gudanar tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2018 ya nuna cewa wani kaso mai yawa na al'ummar yankin Volta na Afirka, Ganges Brahmaputra Meghna delta a Bangladesh da Indiya, da Mahanadi delta a Indiya sun bayyana dalilan tattalin arziki a matsayin sanadin hijirarsu kuma kashi 2.8 ne kawai. kawo dalilan muhalli. Amma kashi ɗaya bisa uku na gidaje masu ƙaura sun fahimci ƙaƙƙarfan fuskantar haɗurran muhalli da ɓangarorin ɓangarorin da ke da alaƙa da abubuwan muhalli da ƙarin rashin tsaro. Wannan yana nuna yadda muhalli ke yin tasiri na kusanci ga ƙaura. Sauran malamai sun ba da shawarar wasu nau'ikan ƙaura da suka haɗa da:
Masu ƙauran muhalli masu matsi jinkirin farawa Irin wannan nau'in ƙaura yana gudun hijira daga muhallinsu lokacin da aka annabta wani abin da ya faru kafin lokacin da zai zama wajibi ga mazauna su tashi. Irin waɗannan abubuwan na iya zama kwararowar hamada ko kuma tsawan lokaci na fari, inda al’ummar yankin ba sa iya kula da noma ko farauta don samar da yanayi mai kyau. Mahimman ƙaura na muhalli farawa a hankali Waɗannan baƙin haure ne da aka “ƙaura” ko kuma za a “ƙaura” daga gidajensu saboda abubuwan muhalli da suka wuce ikonsu.
Baƙi na ɗan lokaci na muhalli ɗan gajeren lokaci, farawa kwatsam Wannan ya haɗa da baƙin haure masu fama da wani lamari guda ɗaya (watau Hurricane Katrina Wannan ba ya zuwa a ce matsayinsu na wucin gadi bai kai na wani ba, a’a yana nufin za su iya komawa inda suka gudu (ko da yake ba a so a yi hakan) idan aka yi la’akari da haka. suna iya sake gina abin da ya karye, kuma su ci gaba da kula da irin rayuwar da ta kasance kafin bala'in yanayi. Irin wannan baƙin hauren yana gudun hijira daga jiharsu ta asali lokacin da yanayinsu ya canza cikin sauri. Suna gudun hijira lokacin da bala'i suka faru, kamar tsunami, guguwa, guguwa, da sauran bala'o'i.
Ƙididdigar duniya An yi yunƙuri da dama a cikin shekarun da suka gabata don ƙididdige ƙaura da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli. An ambaci Jodi Jacobson (1988) a matsayin mai bincike na farko da ya ƙididdige batun, inda ya bayyana cewa an riga an sami 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli har miliyan 10. Da take zana 'yanayi mafi muni' game da hawan teku, ta yi jayayya cewa kowane nau'i na 'Yan gudun hijirar muhalli' zai ninka sau shida kamar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa. A shekara ta 1989, Mustafa Tolba, Babban Darakta na UNEP, yana iƙirarin cewa 'mutane miliyan 50 za su iya zama 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli' idan duniya ba ta yi aiki don tallafawa ci gaba mai dorewa ba A cikin tsakiyar shekaru 1990, masanin muhalli na Birtaniya, Norman Myers, ya zama babban mashawarcin wannan makaranta na 'maximalist' (Suhrke 1993), yana mai lura da cewa "'yan gudun hijirar muhalli za su zama mafi girma na 'yan gudun hijirar ba da gangan ba". Bugu da kari, ya bayyana cewa akwai 'yan gudun hijirar muhalli miliyan 25 a tsakiyar shekarun 1990, yana mai kara da'awar cewa wannan adadi zai iya ninka nan da shekarar 2010, tare da babban iyaka na miliyan 200 nan da 2050 (Myers 1997). Myers ya bayar da hujjar cewa, abubuwan da ke haifar da kaura daga muhallin za su hada da kwararowar hamada, rashin ruwa, gishirin filayen da ake noma ruwa da kuma naƙasar halittu. Ya kuma yi hasashen cewa gudun hijira zai kai 30m a China, 30m a Indiya, 15m a Bangladesh, 14m a Masar, 10m a wasu yankunan delta da yankunan bakin teku, 1m a jahohin tsibirai, kuma tare da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunan noma zai kai miliyan 50 nan da 2050 Kwanan nan, Myers ya ba da shawarar cewa adadin nan da 2050 zai iya kaiwa miliyan 250. Norman Myers shi ne mai binciken da aka fi ambata a wannan fanni, wanda ya gano cewa 25 masu hijirar muhalli sun wanzu a cikin 1995 a cikin aikinsa (Myers Kent 1995), wanda ya zana sama da 1000 kafofin. Duk da haka, Vikram Kolmannskog ya bayyana cewa aikin Myers za a iya 'suka don rashin daidaituwa, ba zai yiwu a duba ba kuma ya kasa yin la'akari da dama don daidaitawa' (2008: 9). Bugu da ƙari kuma, Myers da kansa ya yarda cewa alkalummansa sun dogara ne akan 'haɓakar jaruntaka' (Brown 2008: 12). Gabaɗaya, Black ya yi jayayya cewa akwai 'ƙananan shaidun kimiyya masu ban mamaki' da ke nuna cewa duniya tana 'cika da ƴan gudun hijirar muhalli' (1998: 23).
Al'umma da al'adu
Shahararrun al'adu Tunanin 'baƙi na muhalli' ya kasance wani ɓangare na shahararrun al'adu aƙalla tun inabi na fushi wani labari na 1939 na John Steinbeck Tattara fina-finan Eco Migrants: Case of Bhola Island (2013), fim ɗin shirin da Susan Stein ya jagoranta. Starring Katherine Jacobsen, Nancy Schneider, Bogumil Terminski
'Yan gudun hijira na Blue Planet (2006), fim ɗin gaskiya wanda Hélène Choquette Jean-Philippe Duval suka jagoranta.
Fim ɗin gaskiya na ƙasa tsakanin (2014) wanda David Fedele ya jagoranta.
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Bogumil Terminski, Matsugunan da Muhalli ya jawo. Tsarin Ka'idoji da Kalubale na Yanzu, CEDEM, Jami'ar Liège, 2012.
9781849770088
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Duniya (2021) 'Mafita don Gudanar da Gudun Hijira na Duniya'
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
17660 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwara%20United%20F.C. | Kwara United F.C. | Kwara United Football Club ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ne a Najeriya wanda ke da mazauni a Ilorin.Suna taka leda a manyan rukuni a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya,Rukunin ƙwararrun ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Najeriya bayan sun sami ci gaba a 2017 daga theungiyar Nationalasa ta Najeriya.Filin wasansu shine filin wasa na jihar Kwara.
Tarihi Tushen kulob din ya koma ga Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kafa ta Kamfanin Ƙwallon Ruwa a 1974. Ya kamata ya zama kulob a cikin gida don ma'aikatan Kamfanin Ruwa. Sakamakon sakamako da zurfin baiwa a cikin kulab ɗin,an buɗe fagen kuma a shekarar 1979 sun cancanci yin wasa a rukuni na biyu na Leagueasar tare da Bankin Farko na Legas. A waccan shekarar,kulob din ya kai matakin kwata-fainal na Kofin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa (in ba haka ba ana kiransa Kofin Kalubale) inda ta sha kashi a hannun kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Bendel Insurance ta kasar Benin da ci 2-1. A cikin 1985,saboda canjin sunan mahaifan kamfanin zuwa Kwara Utility Board,kungiyar ta sauya sunanta zuwa Kwara Utility Bombers na Ilorin .An sake sanya shi zuwa rukuni na uku a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Tare da cire hannun kamfanin daga daukar nauyin kungiyar a 1990, kungiyar ta sauya sunanta zuwa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kwara Bombers ta Ilorin. Ya gamu da matsalar kuɗi, wanda ya kawo ƙarshen faduwa ta zuwa rukuni na uku a cikin 1996. Sabuwar gwamnatin jihar karkashin jagorancin Kanar Peter Asum Ogar ta jagoranci sayan a watan Maris na 1997 na Exide Club na Ibadan, ta tura su zuwa Ilorin kuma suka dauki matsayinsu a Sashi na Biyu. Ogar ya yiwa sabon kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Kwara United Kwallon kafa ta Ilorin Kulob ɗin ya zo na uku ne a ƙarshen wasan 2006 na Super Four a bayan Ocean Boys da Nasarawa United FC kuma ya samu damar zuwa gasar cin kofin CAF Confederation Cup na 2007 Masu horarwa na kakar 2006-07 sun hada da ‘yan Sweden Roger Palmgren da Johan Eriksson (dan tsohon manajan Ingila da Mexico Sven-Göran Eriksson Tsoffin ‘yan wasan kungiyar ne suka horar da kungiyar: Toyin Ayinla, Tunde Sanni da Aliyu Muzambilu (mai koyar da tsaron raga) bayan rasuwar mai ba da shawara kan fasaha Kafaru Alabi a ranar 8 ga Janairun 2008. Koyaya, sun fice daga Premier League a ranar ƙarshe ta kakar 2007/08 akan bambancin burin. Sun sake dawo da matsayi zuwa matakin farko a shekara mai zuwa a matsayin Champions of Division 1-A. The tawagar nada wani Investment Consultant, Goldenwing33 Nigeria Limited, karkashin jagorancin tsohon shugaban Nijeriya na kasa da kasa da kuma tsohon mataimakin edita (Sports) na Aminiya jarida, Olajide Ayodeji Fashikun Mai ba da Shawarwarin Zuba Jari shi ne ya tsara keɓaɓɓen kamfanoni da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu cikin kuɗaɗen ƙungiyar cikin shekaru biyu. Magoya bayan kulob din suna da daya daga cikin munanan suna a Najeriya, kamar yadda aka gani a lokacin mummunan duka da aka yi wa alkalan wasa bayan kunnen doki 0 da 0 a 2008. Kwara ta buga wasu lokutan 2010/11 a Offa da Abeokuta yayin da aka gyara kasa. Bayan koma baya a 2013 sun sake samun nasara a shekarar 2014. Bayan wasansu na karshe tare da Ranchers Bees an yi watsi da su a Kaduna tare da minti 28 don wasa kunnen doki a 2-2, sun sake buga wasa a wani tsaka tsaki inda Kwara ke bukatar nasara da maki uku zuwa tsallake Ranchers don ci gaba. An sake yin sake sakewa lokacin da 'yan wasan Bees suka afkawa alkalin wasan kuma ma'aikatan kungiyar suka mamaye filin. Leagueungiyar ta yanke hukuncin ƙudan zuma da laifi, ta ci tarar kulob ɗin kuma ta ba da nasara ga Kwara United, don haka ta sami ci gaba.
Ƙungiyar Gona Kulob din shi ne mamallakin kungiyar Kwara United Feeders Team of Ilorin.
Sunayen Kulob 1974–85: Kungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta Kwara Water Corporation
1985–90: Kwara Utility Bombers of Ilorin
1990–97: Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Bombers ta Ilorin
1997–: Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta United ta Ilorin
Nasarori Firimiyan Nigeria 1
2006 Zakarun Yan wasa na yau da kullun, na 3 a wasan Super Four
Rukuni na Biyu na Kasa 1
1997
Ayyuka a cikin gasan CAF CAF Confederation Cup bayyanuwa 1
2007 Matakan rukuni
CAF Cup bayyanar 1
1999 Kwata kusa dana karshe.
Rukunin yanzu Tsoffin masu horarwa Kafaru Alabi
Toyin Ayinla
Johann Eriksson
Kosta Papić
Roger Palmgren (2006–07)
Kadiri Ikhana (1997), (2010–11)
Tunde Sanni (2011–12)
Samson Unuanel (2012–13), (2013–14)
Babatunde Abdulrahmon (2014–2015)
John Sam Obuh (2015–2017)
Abubakar Bala (2017–2019)
Bayanan kula Kungiyoyin wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar |
19287 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahih%20Muslim | Sahih Muslim | Wanda aka tara Sahih Muslim, Muslim bn al-Hajjaj, an haife shi a 204 AH (817/18 CE) a Nishapur (a cikin Iran ta zamani) kuma ya mutu a 261 AH (874/75 CE) a garin haihuwarsa. Ya yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa don tattara tarin ahadith (jam'in hadisi), gami da zuwa yankuna yanzu a Iraki, Larabawan Larabawa, Syria da Misira Daga cikin hadisai 300,000 da ya tantance, kimanin 12,000 aka ciro don shigar da su cikin tarin larurar karɓa mai ƙarfi. An kuma bincika kowane rahoto a cikin tarinsa kuma an tabbatar da gaskiyar jerin labaran. Sunni Musulmi la'akari da shi na biyu mafi ingantaccen hadisi tarin, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari. Sahih Muslim ya kuma kasu zuwa littattafai 43, wadanda suka kunshi jimlar ruwayoyi 9200. Koyaya, yana da mahimmanci a fahimci cewa Muslim bn al-Hajjaj bai taba da'awar tattara dukkanin hadisai ingantattu ba kamar yadda hadafinsa shi ne tara hadisai kawai da ya kamata dukkan musulmai su yarda dashi akan daidaito.
A cewar Munthiri, akwai adadin hadisai 2,200 (ba tare da maimaitawa) a cikin Sahih Muslim ba A cewar Muhammad Amin, akwai ingantattun hadisai 1,400 da aka ruwaito a cikin wasu litattafai, galibi manyan tarin hadisai shida.
Ra'ayoyi Musulmai da yawa suna daukar wannan tarin a matsayin na biyu mafi inganci daga cikin manyan hadisai shida, wanda ke kunshe da hadisin sahih kawai, girmamawar da ta kebanta da Sahih al-Bukhari kawai, duka ana kiransu Sahihai Biyu. Musulmin Shia suna yin watsi da wasu abubuwan da ke ciki a matsayin kage ko kuma ba za a amince da su ba saboda amincin wasu maruwaitan.
Duk da girman littafin, da kuma ijma'in malamai a kan cewa shi ne na biyu mafi inganci ingantaccen littafin Hadisi, bayan Sahih al-Bukhari, an yarda cewa wannan ba ya nufin cewa kowane abu a ciki gaskiya ne, a kwatanta da sauran littattafan Hadisi, amma yana nufin littafin baki daya ya inganta. Kamar fifikon Sahih al-Bukhari a kan Sahih Muslim, wanda ba ya nuna cewa kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi kowane Hadisi a cikin Sahih Muslim inganci, amma cewa jimlar abin da ke cikin Sahih al-Bukhari ya fi inganci. fiye da jimillar abin da ke cikin Sahih Muslim, haka kuma, ingancin wani Hadisi shi ne littattafan Hadisi biyu, a kan Hadisi daga wasu littattafan Sahih, ba za a iya gabatar da su ba sai bayan an nuna daidaiton wancan Hadisin na musamman.
Siffofin rarrabe Amin Ahsan Islahi, mashahurin malamin addinin Islama, ya taƙaita wasu siffofin Musamman na Sahih Muslim Musulmi ibn al-Hajjaj ya rubuce kawai irin waɗannan labaru kamar yadda aka ruwaito ta hanyar biyu m mãsu mayẽwa daga biyu Sahabah (Sahabban Muhammad) wanda baya tafiya biyu m tsinke isnāds kunshi sauti Hadisi. Muhammad al-Bukhari bai bi irin wannan ma'aunin mai tsananin gaske ba.
Tsarin kimiyya na jigogi da surori. Marubucin, alal misali, ya zaɓi wurin da ya dace don ba da labari kuma, kusa da shi, ya sanya dukkan sigar. Muhammad al-Bukhari bai bi wannan hanyar ba (yana watsa fassarori daban-daban na labari da abubuwan da ke da alaƙa a babi daban-daban).
Muslim bn al-Hajjaj ya sanar da mu wanda kalmominsa a cikin masu riwayar ya yi amfani da su. Misali, yana cewa: haddathanā fulān wa fulān wallafz lifulān (A da B sun ruwaito mana wannan hadisin kuma lafazin da aka yi amfani da shi anan A). Hakanan ya ambaci ko, a cikin wani hadīth, maruwaitan sun banbanta kan lafazin ko da akan harafi ɗaya na mahimmancin ma'anar sifili. Ya kuma sanar da masu karatu idan masu riwaya sun banbanta kan takamaiman inganci, sunan mahaifi, dangi ko wata hujja game da mai riwaya a cikin sarkar.
Abubuwan da ke ciki Littafin ya kasu kashi 43 ne. Imani (Kitab Al Iman)
Tsarkakewa (Kitab Al-Taharah)
Haila (Kitab Al-Haid)
Sallah (Kitabut Salat)
Zakka (Kitab Al-zakka)
Azumi (Kitab Al-Sawm)
Aikin Hajji (Kitarhb Al-Hajj)
Aure (Kitab Al-Nikah)
Saki (Kitab Al-Talaq)
Dangane da Ma'amalar Kasuwanci (Kitab Al-Buyu)
Dangane da Dokokin Gado (Kitab Al-Faraid)
Kyauta (Kitab Al-Hibat)
Wasiyya (Kitab Al-Wasiyya)
Alwashi (Kitab Al-Nadhr)
Rantsuwa (Kitab Al-Iman)
Dangane Da Rantsuwa, Domin Tabbatar Da Nauyin Kisan Kai, Fada, Bukatar A
Dangane da Hukunce-hukuncen Da Musulunci Ya Rubuta (Kitab Al-Hudud)
Dangane da Hukunce-hukuncen Shari'a (Kitab Al-Aqdiyya)
Jihadi Da Balaguro (Kitab Al-Jihad Wal-Siyar)
Akan Gwamnati (Kitab Al-Imara)
Wasanni Da Dabbobin da Za'a Iya yanka da Dabbobin da Za'a Ci (Kitab-Us-S
Hadaya (Kitab Al-Adahi)
Abin sha (Kitab Al-Ashriba)
Dangane da Tufafi da Kwalliya (Kitab Al-Libas Wa'L-Zinah)
Akan Halayyar Gabaɗaya (Kitab Al-Adab)
Kan Gaisuwa Da Gaisuwa (Kitab As-Salam)
Game da Amfani Da Ingantattun Kalmomi (Kitab Al-Alfaz Min Al-Adab Wa Ghairiha)
Shayari (Kitab Al-Shi'r)
Gani (Kitab Al-Ruya)
Dangane Da Kyawawan Halayen Manzon Allah (saw) da C
Dangane da Falalar Sahabbai (Allah Ya yarda da su) na Annabi mai tsira da amincin Allah
Virabi'a, Kyawawan nersabi'u da Haɗuwa da iesawancen Abokai
Inyaddara (Kitab-Ul-Qadr)
Ilimi (Kitab Al-'Ilm)
Dangane da Zikirin Allah, Addu'a, Tuba da Neman gafara
Hadisai masu narkewar Zuciya (Kitab Al-Riqaq)
Neman Tuba Da Nasihar Tuba (Kitab Al-Tauba)
Dangane Da Halayen Munafukai Da Kuma Umarninsu (Kitab Sifat)
Bayar da Bayanin Ranar Sakamako, Aljanna Da Wuta (Kitab Sifat Al-Qiyama Wa'L J
Dangane da Aljanna, da bayaninta, da falalolinta da makusantanta (Kitab Al-Jannat Wa
Abinda Ya Shafi Tashin hankali da Alamar tashin Alkiyama (Kitab Al-Fitan Wa Ashrat As-Sa'Ah)
Lazimtar Taqwa da tausasa zukata (Kitab Al-Zuhd Wa Al-Raqa'iq)
Sharhi (Kitab Al-Tafsir)
Sharhi da fassara Siyanah Sahih Muslim na Ibn al-Salah, wanda kawai farkon sashinsa ya rage
Al Minhaj Be Sharh Sahih Muslim na Al-Nawawi Fath al-Mulhim na Shabbir Ahmad Usmani Takmilat Fath al-Mulhim na Muhammad Taqi Usmani Takaita Sahih Muslim na Abd-al-Hamid Siddiqui Ana amfani da rubutu a cikin USC MSA Compendium na Rubutun Muslmi.
Sharh Sahih Muslim na Allama Ghulam Rasool Saeedi
Tafsir al-gharib ma fi al-Sahihayn na Al-Humaydī
Akwai fassarar tafsirin Musulman Sahih a cikin harsuna da yawa ciki har da Ingilishi, Urdu, Bangla, Tamil, da Bosniya.
Duba kuma Kutub al-Sittah
Sahih al-Bukhari
Jami al-Tirmidhi
Sunan al-Sughra
Ko dai: Sunan bn Majah, Muwatta Malik
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje Sahih Muslim kan layi akan Sunnah.com
Rayuwar Imam Muslim na Navaid Aziz (Youtube video)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PsMxmp3GSjY
Fassarar Ingilishi tare da rubutun larabci
Fassarar Turanci
Fassarar Ingilishi tare da littattafan larabci pdf
Fassarar Ingilishi Na Ingantaccen Sahih Muslim
Fassarar Ingilishi tare da rubutun |
3286 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaghawa | Zaghawa | Mutanen Zaghawa, ana kuma kiran su Beri ko Zakhawa, ƙabilun Musulmin Sahelian ne waɗanda ke zaune a Kudancin Libya, gabashin Chadi, da yammacin Sudan, ciki har da Darfur Zaghawa suna magana da yaren Zaghawa, wanda shine yankin Saharar gabas. Makiyaya ne, kuma irin garken tumakin da suke kiwata larabawa ke kira Zaghawa. Su makiyaya ne kuma suna samun yawancin abincinsu ta hanyar kiwon shanu, raƙuma da tumaki da kuma girbin hatsin daji. An kiyasta cewa akwai tsakanin 4,000,000 zuwa 4,512,000 Zaghawa.
Sunaye Tarihin masarautar Kanemite, Girgam, yana nufin mutanen Zaghawa a matsayin Duguwa A yau, Zaghawa suna kiran kansu Beri, yayin da larabawa da adabi ke kiransu da "Zaghawa". A cikin wallafe-wallafen da ke da alaƙa da ƙabilun Afirka, kalmar Beri (wani lokacin Kegi) ta haɗa da mutanen Zaghawa, Bideyat da Bertis, kowannensu ya haɗu a sassa daban-daban na Chadi, Sudan da Libya.
Tarihi An ambaci Zaghawa a cikin rubutun harshen larabci na gargajiya. Balaraben karni na 9 al-Ya'qubi, ya rubuta game da su a matsayin "Zaghawa waɗanda ke zaune a wani wuri da ake kira Kanem," kuma ya ci gaba da jera jerin wasu masarautu a ƙarƙashin mulkin Zaghawa. A tarihance, mutanen Zaghawa suna da kyautuka a kan mafi yawan ƙananan al'ummomin da suka faɗaɗa yankin Sahel tsakanin Tafkin Chadi zuwa masarautar kwarin Nil na Nubia, Makuria da Alwa Mutanen Zaghawa suna kasuwanci tare da yankin Nilu da yankin Maghreb a cikin karni na 1 miladiyya. Abubuwan da aka ambata tun farko a cikin rubutun na karni na 8 an yi su ne tare da mutanen Toubou na arewacin Chadi da kudancin Libya, kuma masana sun yi imanin cewa biyun sun kasance ƙabilun da ke da alaƙa. Rubutun ƙarni na 11 sun ambaci cewa sarakunan masarautar Zaghawa sun karɓi Musulunci, kuma aƙalla suna a matsayin waɗanda ba Musulmi ba. Binciken farko na larabci ya bayyana Zaghawa a matsayin "baƙauran makiyaya". Masanin binciken kasa na karni na 12 Al-Idrisi da Yaqut na karni na 13 sun bayyana tasirin Zaghawa a kusa da wani yanki mai nisa, kuma sun ambaci garuruwan Kanem, Manan da Anjimi. Ibnu Sa'id, duk da haka, a rubuce a 1270 ya bayyana cewa Manan babban birni ne na masarautar Kanem har zuwa lokacin da sarakunan daular Sayfawa suka musulunta, suka ci yankin, sannan babban birnin ya koma Njimi Zaghawa sun ci gaba da rayuwa a cikin Manan, in ji Ibn Said. Koyaya, bayanan Kanem basu ambaci Zaghawa ba, kuma wataƙila sun ƙaura ne sannan suka ƙaura zuwa yankin da suke yanzu. Ana kiran wannan yankin Dar Zaghawa, ko "ƙasar Zaghawa". Kodayake karyewar garin Zaghawa ya karye ne sakamakon hauhawar Kanem a yankin Tafkin Chadi, amma Zaghawa ya ci gaba da iko da wasu yankuna na gabashin Kanem, kuma a karshen karni na 14 ne kawai aka ambaci yankin Darfur a matsayin kasa mai cin gashin kanta Masar tarihi da kuma masanin ilimi na ƙasa Maqrizi Bayan tashin Darfur da Kanem, da alama Zaghawa sun mallaki yankunan hamada kawai kuma sun daina zama babbar ikon yanki.
Jama'a da al'adu Al’adun gargajiyar Zaghawa sun gudanar da rayuwa mafi yawanci ta makiyaya, wadanda suka hada da dangin makiyaya da doki, jakuna, awaki da garken tumaki da ke mai da hankali. A lokacin da suke da karfi sosai kafin sarakunan daular Sayfawa suka fatattakarsu suka wargaza su, an san su da fatake da 'yan kasuwa masu rakuma da dawakai, suna sarrafa wasu hanyoyin safarar Saharar Sahara. Suna bin mazhabar Malikiyya ta Sunni ta Musulunci, amma sun ci gaba da wasu ibadunsu na jahiliyya irin su karama hadaya ta dabbobi don kawar da miyagun ruhohi. Thearnin da suka musulunta ya kasance batun muhawara da ƙaramin yarda, tare da kimantawa daga 13 zuwa farkon karni na 17. A zamanin yau, suna rayuwa mara kyau, suna girma da kayan masarufi kamar gero da dawa, da sauran abinci kamar suƙo, kankana, kabewa, gyaɗa da okra. An yi imanin cewa al'ummar Zaghawa na cikin babbar kabilar Berber da ake samu a Arewacin Afirka. Berbers suna da dogon tarihi da wadata a yankin kuma ana ɗaukar su ɗaya daga cikin ƴan asali na farko na Arewacin Afirka. Ana tunanin Zaghawa sun fito ne daga al'ummomin masu magana da harshen Berber kuma suna da kamanceceniya da al'adu da harshe da sauran ƙungiyoyin Berber Duk da haka, Zaghawa sun ɓullo da nasu asali da al'adu na tsawon lokaci, kuma ana ɗaukar su a matsayin yanki na musamman na yankin Sahara zuwa yankunansu na yanzu a Libya, Chadi da Sudan Tarihin farko da aka rubuta na Zaghawa ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni da yawa kuma sun taka muhimmiyar rawa a tarihin siyasa da tattalin arzikin Chadi da Sudan. Zaghawa suna da al'adun gargajiya masu tarin yawa kuma sun kiyaye yarensu, al'adu da al'adunsu na musamman, duk da kalubalen da suka fuskanta a tsawon lokaci, ciki har da rikice-rikice na makamai da rashin zaman lafiya na siyasa.
Tsarin zaman jama'a Zungiyar Zaghawa ta kasance tsintsiya maɗaurinki ɗaya kuma ta haɗa da kyan gani. Sashin babba ya kasance na sarakuna da mayaƙa, ƙasa da su akwai 'yan kasuwa da' yan kasuwa, waɗanda a ƙasan akwai ƙwararrun masu fasaha waɗanda ake kira Hadaheed (ko Hadahid Waɗannan castan wasan sun yi rawar gani, kuma sana'o'in da suka gada sun haɗa da aikin baƙin ƙarfe, mafarauta, tukwane, aikin fata da kuma mawaƙa kamar su ganga. A al'adance ana kallon aikin kere-kere a cikin al'ummar Zaghawa a matsayin datti da kuma matsayin mara kima, kasancewar mutane daga asalin arna da yahudawa wadanda suka shigo cikin musulinci sannu a hankali. Wasu daga cikin rubutun Larabawa na farko suna magana ne da tsarin Zaghawa da "sarakunan maƙeri mai girman kai da ba za a iya tsammani ba". Kalmar "maƙeri" ya kasance kalma ce ta wulakanci a al'adun Zaghawa, in ji Anne Haour farfesa a Nazarin Afirka da Masana Tarihi na Zamani, kuma "idan aka haife maƙeri ɗaya zai kasance maƙeri". -Ungiyoyin maƙasudin maƙarƙashiya na Zaghawa ba ci ko haɗuwa da maƙerin maƙeri. Thean ƙasa mafi ƙasƙanci ya kasance bayi. Matsayi na zamantakewar al'umma da kuma manyan mutane kamar na masu sana'ar fata a cikin mutanen Zaghawa yayi kama da waɗanda ake samu a cikin jama'ar Fur Tasirin zamani Duk da yake basu da ƙarfi sosai a Sudan, amma sun mamaye Chadi a siyasance. Tsohon shugaban ƙasar, Idriss Déby da tsaffin firaministocin Chadi da dama su ne Zaghawa, da sauran mambobin gwamnati da yawa. Don haka Chadian Zaghawa sun kasance mutane masu tasiri a cikin siyasar yankin. A cikin yaƙe-yaƙe na zamani a Chadi, Libya da Sudan, ƙabilar Zaghawa ta tsunduma ciki sosai, musamman ta hanyar ƙawancen dabarun yaƙi da wasu ƙabilu kamar su Fur Koyaya, a Sudan, 'yan Zaghawa sun tsunduma cikin rikicin Darfur, kuma sun yi asara mai yawa daga matsalolin can. Zaghawa na Sudan na daga cikin al'ummomin da ke zaune a sansanonin 'yan gudun hijira a Darfur da gabashin Chadi inda ɗaukar yara sojoji cikin kungiyoyin' yan tawaye matsala ce da ke ci gaba. 'Yan ƙabilar Zaghawa suna daga cikin kabilun da ke Darfur wadanda ake kira "Afirka" kamar yadda ake kiran wasu kabilun da suka yi fada da su "Balarabe". Sakamakon mishan mishan na Tijani Musulmai daga Afirka ta Yamma waɗanda suke tafiya a cikin yankinsu don yin aikin hajji a Makka, shugabanin ya musulunta A cikin 1940s, da Zaghawa fara kunna zuwa ga Musulunci daga Animism en sun mayar. A Darfur, 'yan Zaghawa sanannu ne saboda tsoron Allah. Sakamakon faɗan da ake yi a Darfur, inda 'yan tawayen larabawa na cikin gida ke kai hare-hare saboda asalinsu na kabilanci, 100,000 sun zama' yan gudun hijira a kan iyakar Chadi. Wani ɗan ƙabilar Zaghawa mai suna Daoud Hari ya rubuta wani abin tarihi game da Darfur da ake kira The Translator sannan wata mata ‘yar kabilar Zaghawa mai suna Dr. Halima Bashir ta hada hannu tare da Damien Lewis mai suna‘ Hawaye na Hamada waɗanda dukkansu suka yada ilimi game da ta’asar da aka yi a Darfur.
Manazarta Jama'ar Afirka
Bidiyon Aljazeera Turanci a kan mutanen Zaghawa na Chadi
Ethnogenesis daga tare da Kasar Chadi, Dierk Lange (1993)
Bidiyon kiɗa "Zaghawa Yarinya" na Majid Kurbiya, tare da fassarar Turanci da bayanan kula
Bidiyon kiɗa "Bari mu tafi, Matasa" na Haydar wad Fa, tare da Fassarar Ingilishi da rubutu
Mutanen Cadi
Mutanen Chadi
Mutanen Afirka
Al'umma
Al'ummomi
Kabila
Kabilun |
38724 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan%20Jones%20%28wrestler%29 | Nathan Jones (wrestler) | Nathan Jones (an Haife shie 21 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1969) ɗan wasan qasar Ostiraliya ne, zakara mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi kuma tsohon ɗan kokawa ne An fi saninsa da lokacinsa a WWE Ya gudanar da gasar WWA ta Duniya mai nauyi sau ɗaya a cikin kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars, kuma ya daidaita kansa tare da The Undertaker in World Wrestling Entertainment a kan ta SmackDown.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Jones a Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia. Kafin aikinsa na kokawa, an yanke wa Jones hukuncin shekaru 16 a 1987 yana da shekaru 18 zuwa Boggo Road Gaol saboda fashi da makami takwas tsakanin 1985 zuwa 1987, biyu daga cikinsu sun faru a Tasmania A lokacin fashin, ya zama daya daga cikin wadanda ake nema ruwa a jallo a Ostireliya kuma ya kai shekaru bakwai a gidan yari mai tsananin tsaro. A cikin 1994, an ba Jones aikin saki na shekara guda kafin a sake shi yana da shekaru 25. Yayin da yake kurkuku, an gabatar da shi ga wasan motsa jiki Ana kuma zarginsa da fara shan kwayoyin hana daukar ciki a wannan lokaci. A cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ya zama Zakaran fowerlifting na Ƙasa na Ostiraliya.
Aiki mai ƙarfi No local image but image on Wikidata
Bayan an sake shi, Jones kuma ya fara fafatawa a gasa mai karfi kuma a wannan lokacin, an yi masa lakabi da "Megaman". A matsayinsa na Babban Mutum mafi ƙarfi a Ostiraliya, ya shiga Gasar Ƙarfin Ƙarfin Duniya a Callander, Scotland, a ranar 29–30 ga Yuli 1995. Ya dauki matsayi na farko, yana saman filin da ya hada da 1993 Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya Gary Taylor Karshen mako mai zuwa, ya fafata a gasar Muscle Power Classic ta Duniya da aka gudanar a Mintlaw, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. Magnús Ver Magnússon ne ya lashe wannan gasa, inda Nathan ya kare a matsayi na biyar a fage na fafatawa a gasa goma sha biyu. Jones na gaba ya shiga cikin gasar 1995 mafi ƙarfi, a duniya. Bayan da ya yi saurin kayar da Phil Martin sau biyu a gasar kokawa ta hannu a cikin zafin nama, Jones ya yi daidai da Magnus Samuelsson, wanda ya kasance zakaran kokawa na Turai tsawon shekaru da yawa kuma wanda zai zama Mutumin da ya fi Karfi a Duniya a 1998. Samuelsson ya lashe zagayen farko. A zagaye na biyu Jones ya ki sauka ya ja da hannu kishiyarsa yana murguda jikinsa. Wannan ya haifar da karye hannun da yake amfani da shi don yin kokawa (karya ta karkace ta humerus kuma daga baya ya fita daga gasar. Jones ya koma gasar Strongman a cikin 1996, inda ya lashe Kalubalen Ƙarfafa na Duniya, kuma ya sanya na uku a cikin Mutum mafi ƙarfi a duniya wanda ya cancanci zafi a bayan Magnús Ver Magnússon da Jorma Ojanaho Haɗaɗɗen sana'ar fasaha Ya kuma halarci wani gasa mai gardama a wasan farko na Pride Fighting Championship Pride 1 a watan Oktoba 1997, yana fuskantar ƙwararren ɗan kokawa na Japan kuma tsohon zakaran sumo Koji Kitao An mika Jones bayan an kama shi a cikin maƙalli.
Kwararren sana'ar kokawa
Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars (2001-2002) Bayan aiki a matsayin mai gadi ga multimillionaire Rene Rivkin, Jones ya fara aiki a cikin kokawa a wannan lokacin. Jones ya fara samun shahara a aiki a Duniyar Kokawa All-Stars, yana yin babban tasiri a farkon WWA biya-per-view Inception inda Rove McManus ya raka shi zuwa zobe. Duk da haka, ya sha kaye bayan an farfasa Rove da guitar Jeff Jarrett kuma an buge Jones da bugun jini A lokacin da yake cikin WWA, Nathan ya lashe gasar WWA ta duniya a ranar 7 ga Afrilu 2002 kafin ya rasa bel ga Scott Steiner kwanaki 5 kacal.
Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max (2002) Bayan asarar taken, Jones ya fara yin wa Pro Wrestling Zero1-Max a watan Yuni. A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, Jones da Jon Heidenreich sun doke Masato Tanaka da Shinjiro Otani don lashe gasar NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship A ranar 25 ga Oktoba, Jones da Heidenreich sun yi nasarar riƙe kambun a kan Jimmy Snuka Jr. A karo na 2. da The Predator kafin a rasa taken washegari zuwa Naoya Ogawa da Shinya Hashimoto Nishaɗin Wrestling na Duniya (2002-2003) Bayan Jones da farko ya sanya hannu, kan kwangilarsa da World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), bai iya yin aiki a Amurka ba saboda batutuwan biza da suka samo asali daga tarihin aikata laifuka. A ƙarshen 2002 da farkon 2003, Jones ya fara yin wasa a cikin duhu don Nishaɗi na Wrestling na Duniya. Tun asali an inganta shi a matsayin Hannibal Lecter nau'in hali. A ranar 10 ga Afrilu 2003 shirin SmackDown!, Jones ya yi WWE a cikin zobe na farko da aka watsa ta talabijin kuma ya ci Bill DeMott Bayan yin muhawara, ainihin halin Jones ya kasance nixed, kuma an sanya shi a cikin labarun labari tare da The Undertaker a matsayin mai kare shi da mataimaki a lokacin yakin Undertaker tare da A-Train da Babban Nuna A WrestleMania XIX, Jones da Undertaker an shirya su fuskanci Big Show da A-Train a cikin Tag Team wasan, amma a cikin minti na karshe, wasan ya zama wasan nakasa a maimakon. A kan allo, an kai wa Jones hari kafin wasan kuma ya ji rauni. Kusa da lokacin rufe wasan, Jones ya sake bayyana kuma ya kai hari kan Babban Nunin, wanda ya ba da damar Undertaker ya saka A-Train don nasara. An aika Jones zuwa Ohio Valley Wrestling don inganta kwarewarsa. Jones ya kasance ba ya nan a talabijin na tsawon watanni da yawa har sai da ya dawo a cikin kaka na 2003 a matsayin mugu da aka sani da sunan barkwanci "The Colossus of Boggo Road", taken yana nufin lokacin da ya kashe a Boggo Road Gaol An haɗa shi tare da Paul Heyman akan allo, tare da Heyman yana ɗaukar rawar SmackDown! Ganaral manaja. Nan da nan kuma an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar Survivor Series na Brock Lesnar, wanda kuma ya haɗa da A-Train, Big Show, da Matt Morgan don yin fafatawa da abokin hamayyar Lesnar Kurt Angle da tawagarsa. A Survivor Series, An kawar da Jones ta Angle bayan ya ƙaddamar da Kulle Ankle Kungiyar Lesnar ta sha kashi a hannun Team Angle sannan Jones ya koma matakin don yin katsalandan a wasannin Lesnar tare da sauran membobin Team Lesnar. Hakanan Lesnar ko Heyman ya sanya shi cikin matches don taimaka musu. A ranar 6 Disamba 2003, Jones ya bar kamfanin saboda tsananin jaddawalin balaguron balaguro na WWE yayin da yake yawon shakatawa a Perth, Ostiraliya Bayan-WWE da ritaya Bayan barin WWE, an shirya Jones don yin kokawa a cikin 2004 a Supershow na Australiya na Wrestling, wanda aka yi wa Mark Mercedes Jones bai bayyana kamar yadda aka yi tallace-tallace ba kuma an gudanar da yakin basasa bayan wani hasashe na harbi kan Jones da Mercedes da mai talla Andy Raymond suka, yi. A cikin shekara ta 2005, ya yi kokawa guda uku don Kokawa ta Duniya. A ranar 5 ga Oktoba, ya doke Lee Star kuma a ranakun 7 da 8 ga Oktoba, ya doke Mark Hilton. Bayan wasansa na ƙarshe da Hilton, nan da nan Jones ya yi ritaya daga kokawa. A cikin 2008, Jones ya sanya hannu tare da Total Nonstop Action Wrestling, amma lalacewar jijiyar da motar siminti ta buga hannunsa na hagu ya sa shi jinkiri na watanni uku na farko. Bai taba yin kokawa ba don talla.
Gasar da nasarori An kwatanta Pro Wrestling
PWI ya sanya shi 137 na Manyan kokawa guda 500 a cikin PWI 500 a cikin 2003 Pro kokawa ZERO1-MAX
NWA Intercontinental Tag Team Championship lokaci 1 tare da Jon Heidenreich Kokawa ta Duniya All-Stars
Gasar Cin Nauyi ta Duniya ta WWA sau 1 Jaridar Wrestling Observer
Wrestler Mafi Kunnya (2003)
Wrestler mafi muni (2003)
Mixed Martial Art Records |Loss
|align=center|0-1
|Koji Kitao
|Submission (keylock)
|PRIDE 1
|align=center|1
|align=center|2:14
|Tokyo, Japan
Filmography
Fim
Talabijin
Nassoshi
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Professional MMA record for Nathan Jones from Sherdog Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun 1970
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
20637 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C6%99e-ya%C6%99en%20Adamawa | Yaƙe-yaƙen Adamawa | Yaƙe-yaƙen na Adamawa a alif dari takwas da casa'in da tara (1899-zuwa alif dari tara da bakwai 1907) da kuma farko jerin balaguro ne na soja da rikicin kan iyaka tsakanin Schutztruppe na Jamusawa a Kamerun da jihohin Fula Sunni Musulmai da kabilun da ke wani yanki na Daular Sakkwato (Kalifancin da aka kafa a lokacin Jihadin Fulani). musamman Masarautar Adamawa da ke arewacin rabin yankin. Bayan waɗannan yankuna an haɗasu babban juriya ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru kuma tarzoma da yawa sun faru.
Yaƙi Yankunan da ke arewacin ɓangaren Kamerun da ke ƙarƙashin ikon Jamusawa (German control) kai tsaye sun kasance ɗayan Daular Sakkwato ko ta Bornu, waɗanda tare da Daular Usmaniyya su ne ƙasashen da suka rage a zamanin Halifofin. Yayin da kuma karfin Bornu ya yi rauni bayan mamayar ta na wani lokaci da jagoran yakin Sudan din Rabih az-Zubayr, Sakkwato ta kasance tana nan daram. Sakkwato masarauta ce ta Musulunci wacce ke iko da masarautu masarautu kai tsaye, mafi girma shine Adamawa. A shekara ta 1890 Adamawa ta faɗi saboda saboda yadda ƙasashen waje suka haɗa kansu a gwagwarmayar cikin gida, kamar yadda wata ƙasa ta Mahdis ta ɓullo a cikin Masarautar, kuma tana da kan iyakokin da ke da alaƙa da iƙirarin mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa a yankin, duk da cewa ta ci gaba da bijirewa a yankin kiwo.
Saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki da siyasa Jamusawa sun himmatu don fadada mulkin mallaka zuwa Adamawa, don haka aka fara balaguron binciken yankin don fara binciken, da niyyar ƙarshe kwace shi da ƙarfi. Koyaya har zuwa shekarar 1898 har ilayau Jamusawa sun fi mai da hankali kan yaƙe-yaƙe na Bafut, suna ƙoƙarin cinyewa da sasanta sarakunan masarauta na tsakiya da arewa maso yammacin Kamerun, maimakon yaɗuwa arewa maso gabas.
Balaguron Tibati Balaguron soja na fadada Kamerun na Jamus zuwa arewa zuwa yankin Sahel, a karkashin hujjar kawo karshen cinikin bayi na Musulunci a yankin, ya kuma fara ne cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1899, tare da Schutztruppe karkashin umarnin Kyaftin Oltwig von Kamptz ya bar Douala don arewa don subutar da masarautar Tibati a kudancin Adamawa. Tibati ya yi tsayin daka sosai, kuma ƙabilar Bulu da ke tsohuwar iyakar kudancin Adamawa ta tashi cikin tawaye, mayaƙan Bulu suka yi tattaki zuwa Kribi da ke bakin teku suka rusa aikin Katolika a can. Sai bayan da aka kara yawan sojoji a cikin yankin da kuma kamfe mai tsanani wanda ya kai har zuwa shekarar 1901 sannan aka sami kwanciyar hankali a yankin kuma aka kame Tibati Sultan, fada ta kama fadarsa.
Nasara da Filato na Adamawa A lokacin rani na shekarar 1901 duk da rikice-rikicen da suka gabata tare da Masarautar, Laftanar Hans Dominik an umurce shi da ya sadu da Sarki don cimma yarjejeniya kan yankunan da ake fafatawa da su da kuma tunanin mayar da Adamawa ta zama kariyar mulkin mallaka na Jamusawa, kamar yadda Jamus ta yi ikirarin duk yankin tsakanin Kogin Sanaga da Tafkin Chadi, da kuma yin balaguro zuwa arewa mai nisa. Koyaya, yin watsi da umarni daga gwamna Kanar kawo Schutztruppe nasa daga yamma ya mamaye Adamawa, ya mamaye garin Ngaoundéré a ranar 20 ga watan Agusta Ganin damar da suka samu na neman kasonsu na Masarautar, sai Turawan Ingila suka tura runduna karkashin Kanar Thomas Morland daga Najeriya don kai hari da mamaye Yola a watan Satumba, wanda ya sa Sarki Zubairu ya gudu daga babban birninta. Dominik tare da rundunarsa sun yi yaƙi a can hanyar arewa maso yamma zuwa Ngaoundéré inda suka haɗa kai da sojojin Clausbruch kafin su kai hari a ƙetaren Kogin Benuwe suka kame garin Garoua. Daya daga cikin masu mulkin Fula da ke adawa da ci gaban Jamusawa (kamar galibin sahabbansa) shi ne Mal Hammadou, wanda Jamusawan suka lalata sojojinsa. Laftanar Radke, wanda ke jagorantar runduna ta mutane 47, ya yi tattaki zuwa babban birnin Hammadou na Rei Buba a watan Nuwamba, kuma ya auka wa wata runduna mai ƙarfi ta Fulani a wani wuri da ke bayan garin, kusan rasa yaƙin, amma yana iya yin nasara da hanyar abokan gaba zuwa cajin bayoneti na ƙarshe kafin tafiya akan Rei Buba kanta. Harbe-harbe sun mamaye babban birnin Hammadou kafin a kamo shi, lamarin da ya sa ya gudu. Jamusawa sun maye gurbinsa a matsayin shugaban gida (mai riƙe da taken Ardo) da Bouba Djama.
Agaji Zubairu ya kuma je neman tallafi a Sakkwato kuma ya dawo da dakaru masu yawa na Fulanin doki da na dakaru, sannan kuma ya nemi tallafi daga kungiyar Mahadist a Adamawa, ba abokin gaba ga Sarki ba tun bayan rasuwar Hayutu bn Said a shekarar 1892, kuma wanene tausayawa da kiran da Sarkin ya yi na jihadi a kan maharan na Jamus. Koyaya, masu ba da labari sun gaya wa Jamusawan shirin na Zubairu, duk da wannan, Jamusawan sun so yin tattaunawar sulhu a Garoua da amfani da Zubairu a matsayin yar tsana, suna ba shi damar ci gaba da mulki saboda taimakon da ya samu a kan sauran masarautu da masarautu a Sokoto. Maimakon haka sai Sarkin ya kaiwa Garoua hari da karfi sosai a watan Nuwamba shekarar 1901. Duk da haka an ci Zubairu da fatattaka, rundunarsa ta yi hasarar kusan mutum 300. Gudu ya yi zuwa Maroua, Zubairu ya yi ƙoƙarin tayar da wata runduna, amma Laftana Dominik ya jagoranci wasu ƙananan rundunonin Schutztruppe suna bi. A yanke hukunci wata rundunar fulanin dawakai ta Fulani karkashin jagorancin Zubairu da Ahmadou Rufai, tare da goyon bayan masu goyon bayan Mahadist, Schutztruppe ya sake kayar da su, duk da cewa Zubairu da Rufai sun sake tserewa.
Bayan yaki Bayan Yaƙin a Maroua, Zubairu da magoya bayansa da yawa sun tsere zuwa cikin tsaunukan Mandara da ke zurfafa zuwa Daular Sakkwato. Hans Dominik ya sa aka kashe sarkin Fulanin yankin Bakari Yadji saboda taimakawa Zubairu tserewa a wannan yankin zuwa Madagali, kuma aka sanya ɗansa Hamman a matsayin mai mulkin yankin. Tare da fatattakar sojoji da kuma fitar da Zubairu a matsayin wanda ya mallaki Fulanin a siyasance da siyasa a Adamawa, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Jamus ta hade yankin daga Sakkwato, ta katse dangantakar da ke tarihi da cibiyar Fulani a Yola sannan ta maye gurbinsu da alaka da kujerar ikon zama Garoua a matsayin sabuwar cibiyar siyasa da tattalin arziki. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1902 Sultan Umar na Mandara ya yi mubaya'a ga Emperor Kaiser Wilhelm II na kasar Jamus, kuma a farkon watan Mayun shekarar 1902 wani balaguro ya isa gefen kudancin tafkin Chadi. Duk da cewa yana gudun hijira Zubairu ya aika wakilai don ɗaukar fansa a kan Jamusawa. A cikin watan Janairun shekarar 1903 daya daga cikin mukarrabansa, Yerima Mustapha, ya shirya haduwa sannan ya kashe Bajamushe mazaunin Maroua, Graf Fugger, da wata kwaryar guba, wanda ya sa Dominik tsunduma cikin tsananin mamayar garin. Zubairu da kansa an kashe shi a ƙarshen wannan shekarar ta hanyar abokan hamayyarsa na kabilanci a Biritaniya ta Najeriya. A cikin shekarar 1903 Jamus da Birtaniyya suka raba yankin bisa hukuma, wanda ya biyo bayan yadda aka kawo karshen Khalifanci na Sakkwato. Wannan ya kafa cikakken ikon Jamusanci na arewacin Kamerun har zuwa gabar tafkin Chadi a cikin Bornu.
Tsagaitawa Tsakanin shekarar 1903 da shekarar 1907 al'amura sun lafa a sassan tsohuwar Kalifancin Sokoto da Schutztruppe ya mamaye. Koyaya a karkashin mulkin Jamusawa Musulmai sun ga ta kansu a kan kare addininsu, kuma an sami gagarumar tawaye a lokacin bazara na shekarar 1907.
Bayan aikin hajji a Makka, Mal Alhadji ya dawo zuwa arewacin Kamerun, kuma a ƙarƙashin rinjayar Malam (masanin ilimin addinin Kur'ani) Liman Arabu, ya fara wa'azin Mahadiyya a ko'ina cikin Adamawa. A watan Yuni ya fara tawayen Mahdist da ke adawa da mulkin Jamusa a kusa da Maroua, yana mai cewa an nada shi ne don ya isar da su ga Mahadi daga mulkin mallaka da kuma daga sarakunan Musulmai masu biyayya ga daular Jamus, girka kansa a Goudoum- Goudoum, ƙungiya daga Fulani da Larabawa shuwa a cikin arewa mai nisa. A lokaci guda, Goni Waday, wani Mahdist wanda ba da daɗewa ba ya tafi Makka, ya ƙaddamar da tawaye a Ngaoundéré bayan ya tattara goyon baya tare da huɗubarsa masu daɗin jihadi daga Masallatan garin don korar Kiristocin Jamusawa da maido da tsohuwar halifanci. Mal Alhadji ya koma arewa don kayar da Schutztruppe, yana ƙona ƙauyukan da ake ganin masu haɗin gwiwa ne da Turawa a kan hanyar. A farkon watan Yulin da ya gabata sojojin Mahdist sun kai hari a sansanin Jamusawa da ke Malam-Petel (wanda Capt ya ba da umarnin. Zimmermann), amma nan da nan suka gamu da harbe-harbe, kuma bayan asara mai yawa dole su ja da baya. Zimarfin Zimmermann ya bi Alhadji, suka kama shi a Doumru. Jamusawan sun ba da Alhadji ga mai mulkin yankin Maroua, Lamido Soudi, kuma an fille kansa a bainar jama'a a cikin kasuwar Maroua tare da wasu abokan aikinsa. Jamusawan sun kashe Malam Arabu saboda ya taka rawar gani a tawayen Alhadji. A halin yanzu, mai mulkin Ngaoundéré, ya damu da ramuwar gayya daga Jamusanci, ya kori Waday da 'yan tawayen sa daga yankin sa. Waday da mabiyansa sun yanke shawarar zuwa arewa zuwa Garoua da nufin kame shi. Sun tsallaka Kogin Benuwe zuwa kudu maso gabashin garin Garoua, sai rundunar ta Fulani ta rufe. Schutztruppe sun tura runduna a karkashin Laftanar Nitschmann zuwa Guébaké, inda a ranar 18 ga watan Yulin, shekarar 1907, suka yi wa Fulanin kwanton bauna zuwa Garoua. An yiwa Gaday ruwan wuta da bindiga kuma an kashe shi, kuma Mahdists na baya ne kawai suka tsere wa kwanto. A watan Agusta shekarar 1907, an murkushe 'yan tawayen da ke arewacin Adamawa, wanda ya kawo karshen tawayen. Don hana afkuwar irin wannan tawaye Jamusawa suka tara shugabannin Fulanin da suka goyi bayan Gaday suka rataye su a Garoua. Saboda Alhadji da Gaday sun dawo daga aikin Hajji kwanan nan, an sanya takunkumi kuma mahajjata zuwa Makka sun sami izini kafin. Tare da kawo karshen rikicin Mahdist na Adamawa da dukkan Kamerun za su ga kwanciyar hankali har zuwa Kamerun Kamfen na Yaƙin Duniya na ɗaya.
Majiya Martin Njeuma: Tsarin Usmanuya, Tsattsauran ra'ayi da Kafuwar Mulkin Mallaka na Jamusawa a Arewacin Kamaru, 1890-1907, Frobenius 1994
Florian Hoffmann: Okkupation und Militärverwaltung a cikin Kamerun. Etablierung und Institutionalisierung des kolonialen Gewaltmonopols 1891-1919, Göttingen 2007
Hans Dominik: Vom Atlantik zum Tschadsee: Kriegs- und Forschungsfahrten a Kamerun, Harvard 1908
Holger Weiss: Cinikin Haramtacciyar Kasuwa a cikin bayi daga Jamhuriyar Kamaru ta Arewa zuwa Biritaniya ta Arewacin Najeriya, Wisconsin 2000
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
14877 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sani%20Umar%20Rijiyar%20Lemo | Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo | Prof. Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemo (An haife shi ranar 1 ga watan Yulin shekara ta alif dari tara da saba'in 1970). Makka, Saudi Arabia. Sanannen malamin addinin muslunci ne a ƙasar Najeriya kuma malami ne a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano. Sheikh Sani Umar yayi karatu a Jami’ar Musulunci ta Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia tun daga matakin farko har zuwa digirin digir-gir..
Karatun Malan daga matakin firamare Malam yayi karatun firamare a Khairul Bariyya Islamic Primary School dake Kano daga (1978-1983). Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na karamar Sakandare (H.I.S) a makarantar Shahuci ta Kano (1987), sannan ya wuce makarantar Advanced Islamic Studies, Gwale, inda ya kammala babbar makarantar Islamiyya da Distinction a shekara ta alif dari tara da tamanin da tara1989[1].
Jami'ar Madina Dr. Muhammad Sani ya samu gurbin karatu a Sashen Kimiyyar Hadisi a Jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina bayan ya kammala digirinsa na farko a fannin Ilimin Hadisi da Ilimin Musulunci (B.A. a Kimiyyar Hadisi da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci, 1994) da digiri na biyu a fannin ilimin Hadisi. da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci. Karatun Musulunci (M.A. a Kimiyyar Hadisi da Ilimin Addinin Musulunci, 2000) dukkansu sun kammala karatunsu da babbar daraja (First Class and Distinction). Saboda tsananin sha'awar ilimi da bincike, malamin ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na uku (PhD) a jami'ar Musulunci ta Madina, wanda Allah ya ba shi damar kammala shi a shekarar 2005, da daraja mafi girma (Distinction). 2
Malamai Malam ya koyi littafai da dama daga wajen malamai da dama a Najeriya da Saudiyya, wadanda suka hada da:
Malam Hamza Adakawa (Akhdari, Arba'una hadisan, Ishriniya, Hamziyya da sauransu). Mal. Sani Inuwa (Nahawu da Sarfu) Mal. Mahbub Abdulkadir Sumaly (Balaga ta Jamar) Dr. Bashir Hasan (Larabci da Fassarar Larabci) Mal. Aminu Mahe (Tarihi). Daga cikin malaman da ya yi karatu a kasar Saudiyya akwai:- Sheikh Abdulmuhsin Al-Abbad (Tauhid) Sheikh Dr. Hafiz Alhakami (Musadalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Nur Saif (Musadalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Abdulsamad Abid (Musadalahul hadis) Sheikh Dr. Umar Hawiyya (Tafsir) Sheikh Dr. Faihan Almudari (Fiqhu)[1]
Ilimi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero Kano. Sani Umar ya karanci ilimin Hadisi a jami'ar musulunci ta Madinah da ke kasar Saudiyya tun daga matakin digiri har zuwa digiri na biyu[3][4][1].
Kasar Saudiyya Malam ya koyar da darussa da dama a kasar Saudiyya, wadanda suka hada da takaitaccen littafin Mihhajjus Sunnah, Littafin Risaala na Imamu Shafi’i da kuma littafin Bulugul Maram. Dalibai da dama sun halarci wadannan kwasa-kwasai, wadanda suka shahara a cikinsu:- Sheikh Nasir Yahaya Malami a Makarantar Aminu Kano ta Shari'a da Nazarin Shari'a Sheikh Dr. Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu Federal University Dutse Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Muslim Ibrahim Jihar Associate Professor Al- Qalam University Katsina Sheikh Alhassan Sa'id Jos Sheikh Muhammad Sani Bala Jos Sheikh Dr. Munir Abdallah Jos Professor AbdulRashid Abdulqaniy Gombe State University Sheikh Rashid Jos Sheikh Shaakir Jos Sheikh Dr. Abdallah Getso Kano Sa'adatu Rimi Collage of Education Kano Sheikh Abubakar Abbas Kano daya ne daga cikin hazikin dalibi Sheikh Muhammad Rabi'u Umar Rijiyar Lemo Kano Collage of Education Gumel Sheikh Dr. Ibrahim Abdullahi Sani Rijiyar Lemo Bayero University Kano Sheikh Dr. Abdallah Usman Kano School of Continuing Education, Bayero University Kano Sheikh Dr. Umar Garba Dokaji Gombe Sheikh Dr. Ibrahim Disina Bauchi MD Sunnah TV Sheikh Yahaya Rabi'u Kura Sheikh Murtala Da'a Sokoto Sheikh Muhammad Kabiru Maru Zamfara Daraktan Ibn Uthaimin Islamic Center Zamfara Sheikh Dr. Muhammad Kabiru Goje Kebbi Sheikh Muhammad Kabiru Salisu Katsina Sheikh Muhammad Basiru Kano Sheikh Dr. Shuaibu Jibril Jos. da sauran dalibai da ba a ambaci sunansu a nan ba.[2]
Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen Malan Wasu daga cikin rubuce-rubucen sheikh, Dhawabit al-Jarh wat Ta'dil inda Al-Hafiz Az-Zahabi, (M.A Thesis, published in London, U.K 1995). Nazarin littafin Al-Ighrab na Al-Imam An-Nasa'i, ya buga. a Al-Ma'athir, Madina, K.S.A. a cikin 1995. Sharhin littafin At-Tamyiz Fi Talkhis Takhrij Ahdith Sharh Al-Wajeez, na Al-Hafiz Ibn Hajar Al-Athqalaani, wanda Adhwa' As-Salaf, Riyadh, K.S.A ya buga a 2005. Mazhabar Hadith a cikin birnin Makkah da Madina a karni na daya da na biyu da tasirinsa ga ilimin hadisi. (An buga shi da Larabci) (An buga shi a Darul Minhaj, Riyadh a shekara ta 2005) Ra'ayoyi guda biyu masu karo da juna, na Abul Hasan Ali An-Nadwy (wanda aka rubuta da Hausa). (Kano, Nigeria 1999). An buga shi a 2022. Muhimmancin Sunnah a cikin harshen Hausa. (An rubuto shi da Larabci) (An rubuta shi a gidan sarki Fahd Qur'an Complex, K.S.A. a shekara ta 2004. Littafin Ayyami Ma'a Daa'iyatil Jeel, Ya Rubuto a Masar a 2011. Ya kunshi bayanai game da rayuwarsa tare da Marigayi Sheikh Jafar Mahmud Adam Littafin Bughyatul Mushtaq Fi Sharhi Risalati Shaikhil Islam Ibn Taimiyya Ila Ahlil Iraq, wanda aka buga a Masar a shekara ta 2013. da 2014). Littafin At-Tabseer Li Majalisit Tafseer, (Masar, 2012, 2013). An buga littafin Asheikh Usman bn Fodiye: Qiraa'tun Fee Turathhil Elmi a kasar Masar a shekarar 2015. Littafin Tamamu Attahfiq Fi Siratus Saddiq, (Tarihin Sayyadina Abubakar AS-Siddiq R.A) (An buga a Masar, 2015) Littafin Al-maniyyah wa Atharuha fil Mujtama'atul Islamiyya (An buga a Masar a 2015). Littafin Al Bina' Al-Ilmi Liddaa' Yes (An buga a Masar a shekara ta 2015). Ithafus Sami' Wal Qari' Fi Khatm Saheehul Bukhari, (An buga a Najeriya a shekarar 2018). Littafin Bughyatul Muhtaj Fee Khatmi Saheehi Muslim bn Al-Haj, (An buga a Najeriya a shekarar 2019). Bayanin ma'anoni da shiriyar Kur'ani, (Tafsirin Al-Qur'an in Hausa language) (An buga a Beirut Lebanon 2020). Littattafan Fatawayin Rahama (An buga a Najeriya a shekarar 2021) Littafin Ramadaniyyat (Takaitattun rubuce-rubucen da ake gabatarwa kowace rana a cikin watan Ramadan) da ake bugawa a Najeriya a shekarar 2021 Littafin Adibajah Fi hukmi Ta'adudil masallaci min gairi haajah Littafin da ke jan hankali ga littafin. yawaitar Masallatan Juma'a ba tare da buqatarsa ba (ba a buga shi ba ya zuwa yanzu)[2
Da'awa Malan Babban Malamin Da'awa ne a Sashen Addinin Musulunci na Jami'ar Alkalam ta Katsina daga 2006 zuwa 2012 Babban Malami a Sashen Addinin Musulunci na Jami'ar Bayero da ke Kano daga 2013 zuwa yanzu Shugaban kwamitin da zai dauki sabbin membobin kungiyar hadin gwiwa. Malaman Afirka sun yi nazari a gidan yari cewa Jami'ar Madina ke gabatarwa ga malaman Larabawa da darussan addinin Musulunci. (Maiduguri, Kano da Bauchi) Darakta Janar na Cibiyar Bincike da Fassarar Imamul Bukhari ta ‘afar Islamic Documentation Center (SJIDC)) Shugaban Cibiyar Wayewar Musulunci da Tattaunawar Addinin Musulunci (CICIID) a Jami’ar Bayero ta Kano.[1]
Wasu daga cikin tarukan kasa da kasa da Malan ya halarta
Malam sun halarci tarukan karawa juna sani da kwasa-kwasai da dama a kasashen Najeriya, Saudiyya, Sudan, Mali da sauransu. wanda ya kunshi:- Taron kasa da kasa kan Sunnah da Sirah, wanda ma’aikatar kula da harkokin addinin musulunci ta K.S.A ta shirya. ya gabatar da maudu’i mai taken (Muhimmancin Sunnah A Adabin Hausa) (Madina, 2004). Taron kasa da kasa kan Taimakawa Manzon Allah (S.A.W) wanda jami'ar kasa da kasa ta Khartum da kungiyar Al-Muntada Al-Khartum ta kasar Sudan suka shirya, sun gabatar da maudu'i mai taken (Matsayin Manzon Allah a cikin sahabbansa da sauran al'ummah). (Sudan, 2007).
Taron Bamako Kan Muhimmancin Kafafen Yada Labarai A Da'awah, wanda ya gudana a ranakun 20-24 ga Yuli, 2010 ya gabatar da kasida mai taken (Harkokin Watsa Labarai: Muhimmancinsa da Ma'auni). a Sudan karkashin taken "Adda'iya Al-Mutamayyiz" Khartum, 19 23 ga Oktoba, 2014, ta gabatar da wani batu mai taken: "Al-Bina'ul Ilmi Lidda'iya" (wato yin wani cikakken Academic background for Islamic Preacher" Taron Addinin Musulunci na Tabbatar da Zaman Lafiya a Tsakanin Kalubale na Zamani wanda Kungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya tare da hadin gwiwar J.I.B.W.I.S Nigeria suka shirya a Abuja Tsakanin 16 zuwa 19 ga Maris 2016, An Gabatar da Takarda Mai Taken (Al-Ghuluw: Asbabuhu wa Ilajuhu "Tsarin Ta'addanci: Abubuwa da Mafita)" Taron kan jagoranci wanda Al-Muntada Al-Islamiy ya shirya, wanda aka gudanar a Khartoum Sudan tsakanin 10 zuwa 14 ga Afrilu, 2016, (At-Taurisul Qiyadiy fi Garb Ifriqiyyah: Tajarub wa Tahadiyyat "The Leadership in West Africa: Examples and Challenges"). Taron kare al'ummomi ya shirya taron kungiyar masu wa'azin musulmi ta duniya da aka gudanar a Doha Qatar tsakanin 2 zuwa 4 ga Maris 2016, An Gabatar da Takarda Mai Taken (Tahsinul Mujtama' Minal Makhadir Al-Aqadiyya: At-Tashayyu' Fi Nigeria "Kariyar Al'umma). daga Akidar Tsoro: Shi’a a Nijeriya). Taron kasa da kasa kan Musulunci da kalubalen ci gaba a karni na 21 wanda Sashen Nazarin Addinin Musulunci da Shari'a ya shirya tare da hadin gwiwar Cibiyar Nazarin Alkur'ani ta Jami'ar Bayero Kano Nigeria, An Gabatar da Takarda Mai Taken (Al-maniyyah wa Atharuha fil Mujtama'atul Islamiyya) Secularism da Tasirinsa ga Al’ummar Musulmi”) Taron kasa da kasa kan Musulunci a Afirka: Yaki da tsattsauran ra’ayi da ta’addanci wanda International Moderation Forum ta shirya a masarautar Hashimite ta kasar Jordan, tare da hadin gwiwar kungiyar zaman lafiya ta Musulunci da Cibiyar Nazarin Larabci ta Najeriya, an gabatar da takarda. Mai taken: "Ciyar da zaman lafiya ta hanyar tabbatar da Al-Wasatiyya da nisantar tsattsauran ra'ayi", wanda aka yi tsakanin 8 zuwa 9 ga watan Agusta 2015.[2] Dr Muhammad Sani, a halin yanzu yana zaune a cikin birnin Kano tare da iyalansa yayin da yake shagaltuwa da karatu da da'a. wa ayyuka.[4
Manazarta Hausawa
Malaman Sunna
Malaman Musulunci a Najeriya
Malamai
Malaman Hadisi
Malaman Tafsiri
Mutane daga Jihar Kano
Haifaffun 1970
Rayayyun |
30000 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Busby | Margaret Busby | Articles with hCards
Margaret Yvonne Busby, CBE, Hon. FRSL (an haife ta 1944) kuma mai taken Nana Akua Ackon, ita yar asalin kasar Ghana ce, edita, marubuciya kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye, mazauniyar Birtaniya. Ita ce ƙarama kuma bakar mace ta farko mai buga littafi a cikin shekarun 1960 ta yi aiki tare da Clive Allison (1944-2011) gidan wallafe-wallafen London da ke Allison da Busby (A B). Ta yi rubutun tarihin Daughters of Africa (1992), da kuma New Daughters of Africa na shekarar 2019. Ita ce ta karɓi kyautar Benson daga Royal Society of Literature. A shekarar 2020 an zabe ta daya daga cikin "100 Great Black Britons".
Ilimi da farkon shekarun Margaret Yvonne Busby an haife ta a 1944, a Accra, Gold Coast (Ghana ta yanzu), ga Dr George Busby da Mrs Sarah Busby (née Christian), waɗanda dukkansu suna da alaƙa da dangi zuwa Caribbean, musamman zuwa Trinidad, Barbados da Dominica. Dr Busby (1899-1980) aboki ne na tsawon rai na mai ba da shawara Kwame Nkrumah George Padmore kuma ya halarci makaranta tare da C. L. R. James a Kwalejin Queen's Royal, inda ya lashe Sikolashif na Island, wanda ya ba shi damar zuwa Burtaniya a 1919 don yin karatun likita. Bayan kammala karatun farko a Jami'ar Edinburgh, ya koma Kwalejin Jami'a, Dublin, don kammala karatun digirinsa na likita, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin likita a Walthamstow, Gabashin London, kafin ya koma ya zauna a Gold Coast a 1929. Ta hanyar mahaifiyarta, ita 'yar uwan wakilin BBC ce Moira Stuart, kuma kakanta shi ne George James Christian (1869-1940), wakili a Taron Farko na Afirka a London a 1900, wanda ya yi ƙaura zuwa Gold Coast a 1902.
Iyayenta sun tura yaransu uku don suyi karatu a Ingila lokacin da Busby take shekara biyar. Ita da 'yar uwarta sun fara zuwa wata makaranta a gundumar Lake tare da Makarantar Charters Towers, makarantar kwana ta 'yan mata ta duniya a Bexhill-on-Sea. Bayan wucewa ta matakan O a can tana da shekaru 14, Busby ta bar makaranta a 15, ta koma Ghana ta ɗauki matakan A a 16, sannan ta yi shekara ɗaya a wata kwaleji a Cambridge don kar ta fara jami'a ma ƙarami. Tun tana dan shekara 17 ta karanci Turanci a Kwalejin Bedford (daga baya aka hade ta da Royal Holloway College), Jami'ar London, inda ta shirya mujallar adabin kwaleji tare da buga wakoki na kanta, sannan ta kammala tare da digiri na BA a cikin shekaru 20. Ta yi aure da mawakin jazz na Burtaniya kuma malami Lionel Grigson (1942-1994).
Bugawa Yayin da take jami'a ta sadu da takwararta ta kasuwanci nan gaba Clive Allison a wani biki a Bayswater Road, kuma sun yanke shawarar fara kamfanin buga littattafai. Bayan kammala karatun, Busby ta yi aiki a takaice a Cresset Press wani ɓangare na Kungiyar Barrie yayin kafa Allison da Busby (A B) wanda aka buga littattafansa na farko a shekarar 1967, ta zama mafi karancin mawallafin sannan kuma mace ta farko da ta wallafa littafin Afirka a Burtaniya nasarar da ta tantance ta ce: "Yana da sauƙin zama na farko, kowannenmu zai iya gwada wani abu kuma ya kasance mace ta farko ko mace ta farko ta Afirka da ta yi X, Y ko Z. Amma, idan abu ne mai mahimmanci ba kwa son zama shi kaɗai. ...Ina fatan zan iya, ta kowace hanya, in sa wani ya yi abin da na yi amma koya daga kurakurai na kuma yi kyau fiye da yadda na yi."
Ta kasance Daraktan Edita na Allison Busby na shekaru 20, wallafa marubuta da yawa sanannu ciki har da Sam Greenlee (marubucin The Spook Who Sat by the Door, labari na farko da A B ya buga, a shekarar 1969), C. L. R. James, Buchi Emecheta, Chester Himes, George Lamming, Roy Heath, Isma'ilu Reed, John Edgar Wideman, Nuruddin Farah, Rosa Guy, Val Wilmer, Colin MacInnes, H. Rap Brown, Julius Lester, Geoffrey Grigson, Edward Blishen, Dermot Healy, Adrian Mitchell, Matta Sweeney, Jill Murphy, Christine Qunta, Michael Horovitz, Alexandra Kollontai, Gordon Williams, Carlos Moore, Michèle Roberts, Molefe Pheto, Arthur Maimane, Maurice Nyagumbo, Giles Gordon, Claire Rayner, Clive Sinclair, Mineke Schipper, Chris Searle, Richard Stark, James Ellroy, Mafarauci S. Thompson, Margaret Thomson Davis, B. Traven, Alexis Lykiard, Tom Mallin, Labarin Jack Trevor, Michael Moorcock, Mervyn Peake, John Clute, Julian Savarin, Ralph de Boissière, Andrew Salkey, Harriet E. Wilson, da Miyamoto Musashi.
Daga baya Busby ta kasance editan edita na Earthscan (watsa lakabi da Han Suyin, Frantz Fanon, Albert Memmi, René Dumont, Carolina Maria de Jesus, da sauransu), kafin su fara aiki mai zaman kansa a matsayin edita, marubuci, kuma mai sukar lamiri.
Rubutu, gyarawa da watsa shirye-shirye A matsayin dan jarida, ta yi rubutu don The Guardian (akasarin littafin bita ko labarin masu fasaha da masu fafutuka ciki har da Jessica Huntley, Buzz Johnson, Jayne Cortez, Jan Carew, Rosa Guy, Gwendolyn Brooks, Yuni Jordan, Toni Cade Bambara, Florynce Kennedy, Barry Reckord, Frank Crichlow, Connie Mark, Glenn Thompson, Agusta Wilson, Pearl Connor-Mogotsi, Geraldine Connor, Binyavanga Wainaina da Bell hooks), The Observer, The Independent, The Sunday Times, The New Statesman, da sauran wurare, duka manyan jaridu da mujallu na musamman.
Daughters of Africa (1992) da New Daughters of Africa (2019) Busby ta tattara 'Ya'yan Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Words and Writings by Women of African Descent from the Ancient Egyptian to the Present (London: Cape, 1992), wanda Black Enterprise ya bayyana a matsayin "alamar ƙasa", wanda ya haɗa da gudummawa a cikin kewayon nau'ikan mata sama da 200. An sake yin nazari sosai akan wallafawa, yanzu ana nuna shi da ɗaukar aiki ta "matriarchs of the African literature. Sun fara yin rubutun 'Afirka', wanda ba kawai suna rubuta labarai game da danginsu ba, al'ummominsu da ƙasashe, har ma suna rubuta kansu cikin tarihin adabin Afirka da tarihin Afirka. Sun nemi sarari ga mata masu bayar da labarai a rubuce, kuma a wata ma'ana sun sake daukar matsayin mace a matsayin mahalicci kuma mai daukar labarun al'ummomin Afirka da yawa, idan aka yi la’akari da cewa zaman bayar da labarun gargajiya na yanki ne na mata."
Busby ta shirya wani sabon shiri na 2019 mai taken New Daughters of Africa: An International Anthology of Writing by Women of African Descent (wanda aka buga a Myriad Editions a Burtaniya), wanda ya nuna wasu marubutan 200-da daga ƙasashen waje na Afirka. Wani mai sharhi a cikin The Irish Times yayi sharhi: "Wani lokaci kuna buƙatar anthology don tunatar da ku game da iri-iri, ƙarfi da ƙima na rubuce-rubuce tsakanin wani yanki ko gungun mutane. New Daughters of Africa na da mahimmanci saboda muryoyin Afirka sun katse ko raguwa cikin tarihi, kuma muryoyin mata sun fi haka."
An haɗa shi da anthology na 2019, mai gabatar da sanarwar "Margaret Busby New Daughters of Africa Award", tare da haɗin gwiwar SOAS, Jami'ar London, waɗanda za su amfana da ɗalibin mace mace ta Afirka, ta rufe kuɗin koyarwa da masauki a Studentsan Daliban Internationalasa na Duniya, London. Wanda ya fara karbar kyautar, dalibar Kenya Idza Luhumyo, ta fara karatun ta ne a kaka 2020.
Sauran aikin littafin Busby ta ba da gudummawa ga littattafai ciki har da Colours of a New Day: Writing for South Africa (eds Sarah LeFanu da Stephen Hayward, 1990), Mothers: Reflections by Daughters (ed. Joanna Goldsworthy, 1995), IC3: The Penguin Book of New Black Writing in Britain (eds Kadija Sesay da Courttia Newland, 2000), Why 2K? Anthology for a New Era (2000), The Legacy of Efua Sutherland (2007), Essays in Honour of Ama Ata Aidoo at 70 (2012), 99 words (ed. Liz Gray, 2011), Black British Perspectives: A Series of Conversations on Black Art Forms (ed. Kadija Sesay, 2011), If I Could Tell You Just One Thing...: Encounters with Remarkable People and Their Most Valuable Advice (ta Richard Reed, 2016), Slay in Your Lane: The Black Girl Bible (ta Elizabeth Uviebinené da Yomi Adegoke, 2018), da The Artist in Time na Chris Fite-Wassilak (Yuli 2020).
A cikin 2014, Busby ta yi rubutu tare da Ishmahil Carnival: A Photographic and Testimonial History of the Notting Hill Carnival. Daga cikin wasu littattafan da ta rubuta gabatarwar ko kalmomin gaba sune Penguin Modern Classics bugu na A Question of Power ta Bessie Head, Emerging Perspectives on Buchi Emecheta (ed. Marie Umeh, 1996), Beyond Words: South African Poetics (tare da Keorapetse Kgositsile, Don Mattera, Lebo Mashile da Phillippa Yaa de Villiers, 2009), da To Sweeten Bitter (2017) ta Raymond Antrobus. Tare da Darcus Howe, Busby ta sake shirya C.L.R. James's 80th Birthday Lectures (Race Yau Publications, 1984), kuma ita ce edita tare da Beverley Mason FRSA na No Colour Bar: Black British Art in Action 1960–1990, wani littafin 2018 wanda ya fito daga nunin 2015-16 No Colour Bar da aka gudanar a Guildhall Art Gallery.
Busby ta kasance fitacciyar ɗan takara a babban nunin Get Up, Stand Up Now: Generations of Black Creative Pioneers na 2019 a Somerset House, kuma ta ba da gudummawar gabatarwar muƙalar ga kasida, da kuma shiga cikin abubuwan da suka faru a can.
Watsa shirye-shirye da wasan kwaikwayo Busby ta yi aiki a kai a kai don rediyo da talabijin tun daga ƙarshen shekarun 1960, lokacin da ta gabatar da shirin mujallar London Line don Babban Ofishin Bayanai, kazalika da Break For Women akan BBC African Service, daga baya kuma Talking Africa akan Rediyon Spectrum, ban da bayyana a kan shirye-shirye da dama ciki har da Kaleidoscope, Front Row, Open Book, Woman's Hour, da Democracy Now! (Amurka).
Abubuwan da ta kunsa da kuma wasan kwaikwayo na Rediyon BBC sun hada da littattafan C. L. R. James, Jean Rhys, Wole Soyinka, Timothy Mo, Sam Selvon, Walter Mosley, Henry Louis Gates, Lawrence Scott da Simi Bedford. Wasan Busby wanda ya danganta da littafi Minty Alley na C. L. R. James, wanda Pam Fraser Solomon ya kirkira, an fara watsa shi ne a Rediyon BBC 4 a 1998, inda ya lashe Hukumar Racaukaka Racabi'a "Race a cikin Media Award" (RIMA) a 1999. Hakanan ta kasance wani ɓangare na Penumbra Productions, kamfani mai zaman kanta, tare da sauran membobin da suka haɗa da Horace Ové, H. O. Nazarat, Farrukh Dhondy, Mustapha Matura, Michael Abbensetts da Lindsay Barrett, daga cikin ayyukan su jerin fina-finai ne da suka danganci laccoci da C. L. R. James a cikin 1980s.
Rubutun da ta yi don matakin ya hada da Sankofa (1999), Yaa Asantewaa Warrior Queen (UK/Ghana, 2001-02), Geraldine Connor, da kuma An African Cargo (Greenwich Theater, 2007) wanda Felix Cross ya jagoranta. Ta kuma kasance mai son kida.
A cikin 2014, bayan mutuwar Maya Angelou, Busby ta rubuta wata babbar kyauta mai taken Maya Angelou: A Celebration, wanda ya faru a ranar 5 ga Oktoba a zauren Royal Festival yayin bikin Lissafin Lissafi na London; Paulette Randall ta jagorance shi, kuma Jon Snow da Moira Stuart suka shugabanta, bikin ya nuna gudummawa daga masu zane ciki har da Adjoa Andoh, Mala'ika Coulby, Chiwetel Ejiofor, Nicola Hughes, Ella Odedina, NITROvox, Roderick Williams da Ayanna Witter-Johnson.
A cikin Yuni 2021, Busby ta fito a kan Desert Island Discs na BBC Radio 4.
Girmamawa da kyaututtuka 1970: Kyautar Society of Young Publishers. 1977: An nuna a nunin Mayotte Magnus Mata, Hotunan manyan matan Biritaniya, a Gidan Hoto na Kasa na Landan, wanda aka sake bugawa a cikin 2018 a matsayin Illuminating Women.
1993: Kyautar Pandora daga Women in Publishing.
1998: Mai Girma Memba na Alpha Kappa Alpha (AKA) Yankin Duniya.
1999: Race a cikin Kyautar Mai jarida don wasan rediyo Minty Alley.
1999: Girman gargajiya na Ghana kamar Nana Akua Ackon, Cape Coast.
2004: Daraja digiri na Jami'a Open don Sabis ga Fasaha da Kimiyya.
2004: An nuna shi a cikin hoton "Babban Rana a Landan" a ɗakin karatu na Burtaniya tsakanin marubuta 50 baƙi da Asiya waɗanda suka ba da babbar gudummawa ga adabin Burtaniya.
2006 Jami'in Tsarin Mulkin Biritaniya, don hidima ga adabi da bugawa.
2011: Fellowship Honorary, Sarauniya Mary, Jami'ar London. 2015: Kyautar Henry Swanzy don Sabis na Musamman ga Harafin Caribbean, NGC Bocas Lit Fest, Trinidad. 2015: Kyautar karramawar Gadon Afirka ta Burtaniya daga Gidan Amau. 2015: Memba na Daraja na PAWA (Ƙungiyar Marubuta ta Pan African) Kyauta, Ghana. 2017: Zaɓaɓɓen Abokin Daraja na Royal Society of Literature. 2017: An ba da lambar yabo ta Benson ta Royal Society of Literature don nasarar rayuwa. 2017: Taron Jami'ar Goldsmiths na London "Daughter of Africa: Celebrating Margaret Busby's 50 Years in Publishing and Beyond". 2018: An zaɓa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin 150 na Jami'ar London "Jagorancin Mata" don bikin shekaru 150 na manyan makarantun mata a Birtaniya.
2019: Naugural Africa ya rubuta lambar yabo ta Rayuwa ta Royal Society of the Royal African Society.
2019: Digiri na girmamawa daga SOAS, Jami'ar London.
2020: Digiri na girmamawa daga Royal Holloway, Jami'ar London. 2020: An zabe daya daga cikin "Bakar Birtaniyya 100".
2021: Kyautar Nasarar Rayuwa ta Littafin London.
2021 :Kwamandan Tsarin Mulkin Burtaniya.
Manazarta Rayayyun |
53216 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Faizal%20Azumu | Ahmad Faizal Azumu | Ahmad Faizal bin Azumu (Jawi: __wolwolwol__; an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1970), wanda ake kira Peja, ɗan siyasan Malaysia ne wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin Ministan Matasa da Wasanni a cikin gwamnatin Barisan Nasional (BN) a karkashin tsohon Firayim Minista Ismail Sabri Yaakob daga watan Agusta 2021 zuwa faduwar gwamnatin BN a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, Mai ba da kuma faduwar Gwamnatin Jihar Muhyid Yassin a cikin gwamnatin Perikatan Nasional (PN) na kwanaki 11 kawai a watan Maris na shekara ta 2018 da kuma fuguwar gwamnatin Pse da kuma fashi na shekarar 2020 (PH) Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin memba na majalisar (MP) na Tambun da memba na Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Perak (MLA) na Chenderiang daga Mayu 2018 zuwa Nuwamba 2022. Shi memba ne, Mataimakin Shugaban kasa kuma Shugaban Jiha na Perak da kuma Pahang na Jam'iyyar Malaysian United Indigenous Party (BERSATU), wata jam'iyya ce ta hadin gwiwar PN mai mulki a matakin tarayya kuma tsohuwar jam'iyyar adawa ta PH a duka matakan tarayya da jihohi. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Jiha na 2 na PN na Negeri Sembilan tun daga Mayu 2023. Ya kasance Shugaban Jihar PH na Perak Ya kasance daya daga cikin Menteris Besar guda biyu na Malaysia wanda ya yi mulki a cikin gwamnatoci biyu na jihohi daban-daban da adawa da hadin gwiwar siyasa, wadanda suka kasance gwamnatin jihar PH daga Mayu 2018 zuwa murabus dinsa da rushewarsa a watan Maris 2020 da kuma gwamnatin jihar PN daga Maris 2020 zuwa murabusarsa da rushuwarta a watan Disamba 2020. An cire shi daga ofishin Menteri Besar na Perak bayan ya rasa motsi a cikin kuri'un 2020 na rashin amincewa da Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Perak a ranar 4 ga Disamba, kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da wata rana duk da niyyarsa ta yi murabus ne kawai da zarar an nada sabon mai rike da kuma kafa sabuwar gwamnatin jihar.
Tarihi da ilimi An haifi Ahmad Faizal a Ipoh, Perak Ya sami karatun firamare a Makarantar Cator Avenue, Ipoh kuma ya sami karatun sakandare a Makarantar Anderson, Ipoh Yana da digiri na Master a fannin Kimiyya ta Siyasa daga Universiti Teknologi Malaysia a Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Ayyukan siyasa Ya fara aikinsa na siyasa a matsayin Jami'in Musamman ga Ministan Lafiya Liow Tiong Lai tsakanin 2011 da 2013 kafin ya zama Babban Jami'in Mosamman ga Kedah Mentri Besar Mukhriz Mahathir tsakanin 2013 da 2016. Ya kuma yi aiki a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Musamman (JASA).
Ya kasance tsohon shugaban matasa na United Malays National Organisation (UMNO) Ipoh Barat (2016-2017) kafin ya zama shugaban Perak BERSATU. Daga baya aka nada shi shugaban Perak Pakatan Harapan a watan Agustan 2017. An nada shi a matsayin mai ba da shawara na musamman ga Firayim Minista Muhyiddin Yassin a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta 2021, wanda ke da alhakin ba da shawara ga Muhyiddin kan al'amuran da suka shafi sadarwar al'umma, sadarwa ta al'umma da ci gaban zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.
Rashin jituwa An ruwaito Ahmad Faizal ya bi digiri na Nazarin Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Edith Cowan da ke Perth, Ostiraliya. Duk da haka ya musanta rahotannin kuma ya yi iƙirarin cewa yayin da ya ci gaba da karatun dole ne ya dakatar da karatunsa saboda dalilai na kansa. Ahmad Faizal yana da digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Ahmad Faizal ya kasance mai sukar kabilun 'yan asalin Orang Asli tun lokacin da ya hau mulki a matsayin Menteri Besar. A ranar 23 ga Nuwamba 2018, Ahmad Faizal ya yi sanarwa cewa Orang Asli ya kamata su inganta kansu kafin su nemi taimako. A ranar 29 ga watan Yulin 2019 Ahmad Faizal ya yi iƙirarin cewa babu ma'anar ko amincewa da ƙasar kakanninmu ko al'ada (tanah adat) ga Orang Asli a ƙarƙashin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar. 'Yan majalisa na PH, Ramkarpal Singh da Malaysian Bar sun karyata shi. A lokacin mulkinsa, an kama mazauna Orang Asli da yawa saboda nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar da gwamnatin jihar ta yanke na samun ƙasarsu don ayyukan katako.
A ranar 13 ga Yuni 2022, ya yi wata sanarwa a kan Twitter game da magoya bayan kwallon kafa na Malaysia saboda kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Malaysia da ta ci Bahrain a filin wasa na Bukit Jalil, wanda ya haifar da martani daga magoya baya. Daga baya ya nemi gafara.
Hotunan fina-finai
Wasan kwaikwayo Bayanan da aka yi
Moh Perak Ke Kita (Moh Beraya) ft Shiha Zikir da Dato Jamal Abdillah
Rayuwa ta mutum Ya auri Dokta Nomee Ashikin Mohammed Radzi kuma yana da 'ya'ya biyu. Surukinsa wacce ita ce ƙanwar Dr Nomee; Nolee Ashilin Mohamed Radzi ita ce UMNO mai zaman kanta kuma daga baya ta tsallake zuwa mazabar BERSATU Tulang Sekah MLA tun 2008.
Sakamakon zaben
Daraja
Darajar Malaysia Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Perak State Crown (SPMP) Dato' Seri (2018)
Duba kuma Tambun (mazabar tarayya)
Chenderiang (mazabar jihar)
2020 kuri'ar rashin amincewa da ma'aikatar Faizal Azumu
Manazarta
Haɗin waje Ahmad Faizal Azumu on Facebook
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
28219 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsohon%20Birnin%20Hebron | Tsohon Birnin Hebron | Tsohon Birnin Hebron (Larabci: birni ne mai tarihi na Hebron a Gabar Yammacin Kogin Jordan. Hebron na zamanin da masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi suna tunanin cewa tun farko ya fara wani wuri, a Tel Rumeida, wanda ke da nisan kusan mita 200 (660 ft) yamma da Tsohon Garin yau, kuma ana tunanin asalin garin Kan'aniyawa ne. Tsohon birni na yau ya zauna a zamanin Girka ko Romawa (kimanin ƙarni na 3 zuwa 1st KZ). Ya zama tsakiyar cibiyar Hebron gabaɗaya a lokacin Khalifancin Abbasiyawa (wanda ya fara kusan 750 CE).
An amince da shi a matsayin Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na uku a cikin Jihar Falasdinu a cikin shekarar 2017.
An gina Tsohuwar Birni a kewayen Kogon Kakanni, wurin binne al'adun gargajiya na Ubanni da Ma'aurata na Littafi Mai Tsarki, kuma Yahudawa da Kirista da Musulmai suna girmama shi. Tsohon birni wuri ne mai mahimmanci a rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu a Hebron.
Tarihi Tsohon birnin na yanzu an fara zama a cikin Girkanci ko kuma a ƙarshe ta zamanin Roman. An zaunar da shi a cikin kwarin ƙasa daga Tel Rumeida, wanda ake ɗauka a matsayin tsakiyar Hebron na Littafi Mai Tsarki. Sai da aka fara halifancin Abbasiyawa ne birnin na yanzu ya zama cibiyar Hebron, inda aka gina shi a kewayen kogon sarakunan gargajiya.
Tsarin birni na Tsohon birnin Hebron ya kasance tun zamanin Mamluk, kuma ya kasance ba ya canzawa. Yawancin gine-ginen zamanin Ottoman ne daga karni na sha takwas tare da wasu rabin dozin Dozin Tsarin Mamluk. Tana kunshe da dakuna masu kama da tantanin halitta tare da tarkacen gidaje masu kagara wadanda ke aiki a matsayin iyaka ga kowane yanki, tare da kofofi a karshen manyan tituna. Tana da kusan yanki na hekta 20.6 (kadada 51; 0.206 km2), tana da dubban mazauna.
Ya zama Gidan Tarihi na Duniya na uku a cikin Jihar Falasdinu a cikin 2017, kuma an rubuta shi a cikin jerin abubuwan tarihi na duniya cikin haɗari a matsayin "Palestine, Hebron/Tsohon Garin Al-Khalil".
Yarjejeniyar Hebron ta 1997, wani ɓangare na Yarjejeniyar Oslo, ta sanya tsohon birnin a yankin "H2", yana kula da ikon sojojin Isra'ila wanda yake ƙarƙashinsa tun 1967. A cewar rahoton Btselem yawan Falasdinawa a cikin Tsohon City ya ragu sosai tun lokacin da Isra'ila ta kasance. farkon shekarun 1980 saboda tasirin matakan tsaron Isra'ila, gami da tsawaita dokar hana fita, tsauraran takunkumin zirga-zirga da kuma rufe ayyukan kasuwancin Falasdinawa a kusa da yankunan mazauna, da kuma saboda cin zarafin mazauna. Hukumar ta IDF ta mayar da martani ga rahoton inda ta ce, "Hukumar ta ce tana sane da cewa ana kallon dokar hana fita a matsayin tsauraran matakai, ba za a yi amfani da ita ba sai dai yanayin da ke da muhimmanci wajen kare rayukan fararen hula da sojoji Hebron ita ce kadai Palasdinawa. birnin da mazauna Isra'ila da Falasdinawa suke zama kafada da kafada, saboda haka, da kuma yawan hare-haren ta'addancin da ake kai wa mazauna Isra'ila da sojojin HKI da ke ba su kariya, birnin ya haifar da kalubalen tsaro mai sarkakiya." Ƙoƙarin Kwamitin Gyaran Hebron da ke ba da kuɗi na duniya ya haifar da dawowar Falasɗinawa sama da 6,000 nan da shekarar 2015. A cikin 2019, an kori kasancewar Haɗin Kan Duniya na ɗan lokaci a Hebron daga birnin. Ta fitar da wani rahoto na sirri wanda ya gano cewa Isra'ila ta saba keta dokokin kasa da kasa a Hebron kuma tana cikin "tsanani mai tsanani kuma a kai a kai" na 'yancin nuna bambanci da aka shimfida a cikin yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa kan 'yancin jama'a da siyasa game da rashin 'yancin kai. motsi ga Falasdinawa mazauna Hebron.
Gyaran Old City ya lashe kyautar Aga Khan don Architecture a 1998.
Alamomin ƙasa
Wuraren ibada Kogon Magabata da suka hada da Masallacin Al-Jawali, Masallacin Uthman ibn Affan da Gidan Ibrahim.
Masallacin Sheikh Ali al-Bakka
Masallacin Qazzazin
Avraham Avinu Synagogue
Gidajen tarihi Gidan tarihi na Tsohon Birni
Gundumomi da yankuna A ƙarshen karni na 19, an rubuta Old City kamar yadda aka raba zuwa kashi tara:
Sheikh 'Aly Bakka quarter Larabci: Zawiya quarter (Haret ez Zawieh) Larabci: Gilashi kwata (Haret Kezazin) Larabci: (duba Gilashin Hebron);
el Akkabeh (kwata na hawan) Larabci: Haramun kwata Larabci: Muheisin kwata (sunan iyali);
Cotton quarter (Haret Kotton) Larabci: Gabas kwata (Haret Mesherky) Larabci: Sabon kwata na Larabci: Tsohon birnin ya hada da ƙananan ƙauyuka uku na Isra'ila a gefenta Beit Hadassah, Beit Romano, da Avraham Avinu waɗanda aka kwatanta da kafa unguwar Yahudawa maras kyau" ko "Quarter Yahudawa". Yankin Yahudawa a ƙarshen karni na 19 ya kasance a cikin kwata na Glassmakers (Haret Kezazin).
Siyayya An hana Falasdinawa amfani da titin Al-Shuhada, babban titin kasuwanci.
Nadin UNESCO Amurka ba ta ba da wani tallafi ga UNESCO ba tun lokacin da aka shigar da Falasdinu a matsayin cikakkiyar mamba a 2011. Gwamnatin Obama ta ba da misali da wata doka da ta riga ta kasance wacce ta haramta ba da gudummawa ga duk wata hukuma ko wata alaka da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya da ke ba da cikakken mamba ga kasashen da ba na kasa ba, wanda aka sanya a wurin. bayan da Falasdinu ta bukaci hukumar UNESCO da ta WHO a watan Afrilun 1989. Amurka da Isra'ila na daga cikin kasashe 14 daga cikin 194 da suka kada kuri'ar kin amincewa da karbar Falasdinawa a shekarar 2011.
Takaitacciyar, Rubutun Zaɓuɓɓuka, Annexes da Taswirori (duk fayilolin da ke nan) takaddun ne da Falasɗinu ta gabatar zuwa Cibiyar Tarihi ta Duniya a ranar 30 ga Janairu 2017 kuma ta nemi a hanzarta yin la'akari a ranar 21 ga Mayu, 2017. Majalisar kasa da kasa kan Monuments da Shafuka Bayan haka (ICOMOS) ya nemi shiga tsohon birnin Hebron amma Isra’ila ta ki shiga saboda “A mataki na dabaru da ka’ida, kasar Isra’ila ba za ta shiga ciki ba, kuma ba za ta halasta duk wani yunkuri na siyasa na Falasdinu a karkashin tsarin al’adu da al’adu ba."
Da yake ba da rahoto game da rahoton ICOMOS, Jerusalem Post ya lura cewa "haɗin Hebron tare da al'ummomin Yahudawa da na Kirista na farko ba a ba da izini kaɗan ba, kuma Faɗa Rumeida [yankin Hebron na Littafi Mai-Tsarki] da sauran rukunin yanar gizon an cire su daga kan iyakoki," kuma da PA ta yi mafi kyau tare da faɗaɗa tsarin lokaci da yanki mafi girma na birnin, wanda zai iya yin magana game da muhimmancinsa ga ci gaban addinan tauhidi guda uku tun daga shekara ta 2200 KZ." yayin da kuma rubuta cewa "Rashin ziyarar filin wasa, da taƙaitaccen bayani na rahoton Falasɗinawa, yana nufin cewa ICOMOS" ba zai iya yin cikakken kimantawa shawarar ba ko kuma tabbatar da cewa shafin ya cika ka'idojin rubutu." da kuma cewa "Ainihin rubutun yanke shawara ya nuna cewa ICOMOS ba ta iya yin cikakken kimanta shafin ba saboda rashin ziyarar filin." da "Barazana da cin zarafi suna nuna yanayin siyasa mai daɗaɗɗa kuma mai sarƙaƙiya" da ke buƙatar "masanin siyasa". Farfesa kuma marubuci Lynn Meskell ya kwatanta tattaunawar da aka jera Hebron tare da batun Battir, yana mai cewa Falasdinu ta rubuta ayyukan barna, lalata wurare da sauran hare-hare a kan kadarorin kuma Falasdinawa sun bukaci sakatariyar da ta sanya sunayen masu hadari don tabbatar da kariya da kuma kasa da kasa. matsayin kiyayewa. Orly Noy, yana rubutawa ga +972 Magazine, ta ce UNESCO ta yi la’akari da ko rukunin yanar gizon ya cancanci sakawa a cikin jerin da kuma wace ƙasa ce ta ƙasa, cewa ƙudurin bai ƙaryata dangantakar Yahudawa da Hebron ko Kabarin Magabata ba da kuma ƙuduri. game da Hebron gane gaskiyar cewa birnin mai tsarki ne ga Yahudanci, Kiristanci, da Musulunci; amma Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya bayyana cewa an hana wata alaƙar Yahudawa da wurin. A cikin wani shiri na gabatar da sunayen Falasdinawa, a cikin watan Fabrairun 2010 gwamnatin Isra'ila ta amince da aikin wuraren tarihi na kasa da suka hada da kogon sarakunan gargajiya da sauran wuraren Palasdinawa; Gwamnatin Obama ta yi kakkausar suka ga matakin, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin "yin watsi da yawancin al'adun gargajiyar ƙasar da ba za a iya kwatanta su da Yahudawa kaɗai ba".
Daga baya a cikin 2017, Amurka ta sanar da cewa za ta fice daga UNESCO saboda nuna kyama ga Isra'ila kuma Isra'ila ta bi sawu. Wannan ya biyo bayan kudurori kan Urushalima a cikin 2016 da jigon wannan labarin. Bashin da ake bin Washington a lokacin ya haura dala miliyan 500. Ficewar tasu ta fara aiki ne a karshen shekarar 2018. Kamar yadda Daniel Marwecki ya kammala a cikin wani bincike na 2019 na dalilin da ya sa Amurka da Isra'ila suka bar UNESCO, "Abin da ke faruwa a halin yanzu a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na diflomasiyya na yadda rikicin Isra'ila da Falasdinu ya bayyana a mataki na UNESCO ya buƙaci. za a iya gani a tarihi kuma dangane da sauye-sauyen dabarun Amurka da hangen nesa ga MDD."
Hotuna
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Conrad Schick (1898) Hebron and its Neighbourhood, Palestine Exploration Quarterly, 30:4, 232-238, DOI: |
19816 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanusi%20Ado%20Bayero | Sanusi Ado Bayero | Sanusi Lamido Ado Bayero An haife shi 1 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 1956) shine babban ɗan Ado Bayero kuma ɗan'uwan Sarki na yanzu Aminu Ado Bayero. Shi ne Chiroma (Yariman Masarauta) na Kano daga shekara ta alif (1990), zuwa shekara ta alif( 2015 kuma sunansa Wambai (lakabi mai daraja) na kano daga ɗan'uwansa.
Ƙuruciya An haifi Sanusi Lamiɗo Ado Bayero a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta alif 1956, a zamanin mulkin baffansa (Yayan mahaifinsa) Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I. Mahaifinsa, Ado Bayero, ɗan uwan Sarki ne, sannan ya zama Sarkin Kano daga shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da uku, 1963 zuwa shekara ta 2014. Shi ne ɗan fari da na farko ga mahaifinsa. An haifeshi a gidan mahaifinsa: Filin Chiranchi (Filin Chiranchi), inda mahaifinsa ya zauna kafin ya zama Sarkin Kano. Daga baya Sanusi Ado ya mayar da gidan a gidansa na asali a cikin Kano. Iyali An haifi Sanusi Lamiɗo Ado Bayero a ranar 1 ga Afrilun shekara ta alif 1956, a zamanin mulkin baffansa (Yayan mahaifinsa) Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi I. Mahaifinsa, Ado Bayero, ɗan uwan Sarki ne, sannan ya zama Sarkin Kano daga shekara ta alif da ɗari tara da sittin da uku, 1963 zuwa shekara ta 2014. Shi ne ɗan fari da na farko ga mahaifinsa. An haifeshi a gidan mahaifinsa: Filin Chiranchi (Filin Chiranchi), inda mahaifinsa ya zauna kafin ya zama Sarkin Kano. Daga baya Sanusi Ado ya mayar da gidan a gidansa na asali a cikin Kano. Sanusi Ado shine babba primogeniture daga gidan sarauta, kuma an girmama da masarautu da kuma mutane. Ƙananan ƴan uwan nasa sun haɗa da Sarkin Kano na yanzu: Aminu Ado Bayero da Nasiru Ado Bayero Sarkin Bichi. Yayan nasa, Muhammadu Sanusi II (Sanusi Lamido Sanusi) ya gaji mahaifinsa a matsayin Sarkin Kano daga shekara ta 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2020, lokacin da gwamnatin jihar ta sauƙe shi daga gadon sarauta. Sanusi Ado ya yi karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta kwana ta Rano daga shekara ta alif 1963 zuwa shekara ta alif 1969. Ya halarci Kwalejin Rumfa da ke Kano daga 1969 zuwa 1973, kafin daga baya ya halarci Kwalejin Gwamnati, Birnin Kudu, daya daga cikin tsofaffin manyan kwalejojin gwamnati a Arewacin Najeriya daga shekara ta alif 1973 zuwa shekara ta alif 1975, inda ya kasance shugaban dalibai. Ya halarci Kwalejin Fasaha da Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Nijeriya da ke Zariya daga shekarar 1975 zuwa shekara ta alif 1976. Acikin shekara ta alif 1976, ya tafi Ecole International De La Langue Francoise a Paris, inda ya karɓi difloma ta Faransa a shekara ta alif 1979. Daga nan ya wuce zuwa Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello da ke Zariya, inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin shari’a a shekarar ta alif 1983, sannan aka kira shi zuwa Lauyan Najeriya a shekara ta alif 1984. Bayan ya kira zuwa ga mashaya, ya bauta wa matasa sabis kamar yadda wani malami a Kaduna Polytechnic, daga shekara ta 1984 zuwa shekara ta 1985.
Farkon aiki Sanusi Ado ya yi aiki a Ma’aikatar Shari’a ta Jihar Kano a matsayin lauyan gwamnati daga shekara ta (1985) zuwa shekara ta( 1987), kuma a cikin shekara ta (1986) ya kafa kamfanin Lamido Co. mai zaman kansa a Kano, kafin ya zama mai ba da shawara kan sharia kuma sakataren kamfanin na saka hannun jari da kadarorin jihar Kano tsakanin shekara ta(1988) da shekara ta (1989), Ya kasance babban darakta a Majalisar Sarakunan Jihar Kano daga shekara ta 1991) zuwa( 1993 sannan daga baya aka sauya shi ya zama shugaban Ayyuka na Musamman na Gwamnatin Kano tsakanin sHekarata( 1993 )da shekarata (1996 Tsakanin shekara ta (1996 da shekara ta 2000), ya kasance sakatare na dindindin na Ma’aikatar Yada Labarai, Matasa da Al’adu. A watan Afrilun shekara ta (2015), an nada shi manajan darakta na Hukumar Kula da Tashar Jiragen Ruwa ta Najeriya, ya rike matsayin da ya rike har zuwa lokacin da aka cire shi a watan Agustan a shekara ta( 2015).
Yarima mai jiran gado A shekara ta (1990), Sanusi Lamido Ado Bayero ya samu sarautar Chiroma ta Kano (Yarima Mai Jiba), dan majalisar masarautar Kano kuma Hakimin Gwale na Sarki Ado Bayero.
Acikin shekara ta (2014), bayan shekaru hamsin da daya akan karagar mulki mahaifinsa, Ado Bayero ya mutu. Gwagwarmayar maye gurbin wanda zai gaje shi ya bayyana a cikin gidan sarauta tsakanin gidajen Bayero da Sanusi. A matsayinsa na babban ɗansa kuma magajinsa, ana ɗaukar Sanusi Ado a matsayin magajin ƙasa kuma rahotanni na farko sun sanar dashi a matsayin Sarki. A ranar (8) ga watan Yunin shekara ta (2014),dan uwan sa Sanusi Lamido Sanusi ya zama Sarkin Kano. Sanusi Ado a zanga-zangar ya yanke shawarar barin Kano.
Gudun hijira da dawowa A shekara ta (2015), an cire masa dukkan mukamai, bayan ya ki yi wa Sarki Sanusi Lamido Sanusi mubaya’a. Bayan shekaru biyar na gudun hijira na sarauta da duhu kuma tare da nadin Sarki Muhammadu Sanusi II da kuma nada kaninsa Aminu Ado Bayero a matsayin Sarki, a watan Yulin shekara ta (2020), an sake mayar da Sanusi Ado matsayinsa a majalisar masarautar Kano kuma aka mai da shi Wamban Kano.
Rayuwa Sanusi Ado yana jin yaren Larabci, Hausa, Turanci da Faransanci sosai Kuma yana jin daɗin wasa squash, karatu, tafiya, noma da hawan dawakai Take, salo da mambobi Yulin (2020)don gabatarwa Wambai na Kano (Matsayi daidai da Sarki)
Membobinsu A cikin shekara ta (1995), ya zama Shugaban Bangon Birni da Gates
Memba na kungiyar Inter-Faith Conference Fez, Morocco
Memban kwamitin kamfanoni da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu da dama
Memba na Taron Doha kan Tattaunawar Al'adu da Wayewa
Memba na kungiyar Ayyuka na theabi'ar Na gaba mai zuwa wanda gungiyar British Council ta gabatar Manazarta Ƴan siyasan Najeriya
'Yan siyasa daga Kano
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
26839 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asusun%20Tallafawa%20Manyan%20Makarantun%20Ilimi | Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi | Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantun Ilimi mai suna TETFUND wani shiri ne da Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya ta kafa a shekara ta 2011, domin rabawa, sarrafa da kuma sanya ido kan harajin ilimi ga manyan makarantun mallakar gwamnati a Najeriya.
An kafa tsarin TETFUND azaman samfurin Dokar Harajin Ilimi na shekarar alif 1993. Wannan Dokar ta soke Dokar Harajin Ilimi Cap. E4, Dokokin Tarayyar Najeriya, shekara 2004, da Asusun Harajin Ilimi na 17, 2003 da kuma kafa Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantu da ke da alhakin sanyawa, sarrafawa da rarraba haraji ga manyan makarantun gwamnati a Najeriya. Kafin kafuwar shirin a shekara ta 2011, manyan makarantu mallakar gwamnati ba su da isasshen kudade. An tsara tsarin ne don inganta yadda ake tafiyar da kudaden da aka raba wa wadannan cibiyoyi.
Fage Daga shekara ta 1980 zuwa shekara ta 1980s da kuma bayansa, lalacewar duk matakan ilimi ya kasance mai girma. Wuraren sun kusan rugujewa, malamai da malaman tarbiyya sun kasance mafi ƙanƙanta. Ba da damar yanayi don ingantaccen koyarwa da koyo ya kasance babu. Gwamnatin shugaban kasa, Ibrahim Babangida ta lura da gaskiyar lamarin ta dauki matakin damke barakar. A cikin Disambar shekara ta 1990 Gwamnatin Tarayya ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Manyan Makarantu a Najeriya (Hukumar Grey Longe) don sake duba yancin kai bayan Hukumar Lord Ashby ta 1959. Hukumar Longe ta ba da shawarar da a ba da tallafin kudaden manyan makarantu ta hanyar harajin da aka kebe daga kamfanonin da ke aiki a Najeriya. An kafa kwamitin aiwatarwa a karkashin shugabancin Farfesa Olu O. Akinkugbe don aiwatar da shawarwarin rahoton Hukumar Grey Longe kuma an sanya hannu kan wata yarjejeniya tsakanin Gwamnatin Tarayya da ASUU a ranar 3 ga Satumban, shekara ta 1992 kan bayar da kudade na jami'o'i A cikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1993, an ƙaddamar da Dokar Harajin Ilimi No7 na 1993 tare da wasu ƙa'idodi masu alaƙa da ilimi. Dokar ta sanya harajin kashi 2% kan ribar da ake iya tantancewa na dukkan kamfanoni a Najeriya. Wannan wata mafita ce da aka girka a gida don magance matsalolin kuɗi don sake gyara ababen more rayuwa da suka lalace, dawo da martabar ilimi da aka rasa da amincewa da tsarin tare da ƙarfafa ribar da aka samu; gina iyawar malamai da malamai; ci gaban malamai; haɓaka ƙirar samfuri; da dai sauransu. Dokar Harajin Ilimi na No7 na shekara ta 1993 ta umurci Asusun yin aiki a matsayin Asusun shiga tsakani ga duk matakan ilimin jama'a (Tarayya, Jiha da na gida). An yi watsi da wannan wa'adin da aminci tsakanin 1999 zuwa watan Mayun shekara ta 2011 lokacin da aka soke dokar ET kuma aka maye gurbinta da Dokar Asusun Tallafawa Manyan Makarantu, saboda gazawa da kalubale wajen gudanar da Asusun Amincewar Ilimi. Waɗannan gazawa da ƙalubale sun haɗa da:
ETF ya yi nauyi da yawa kuma yana iya ba da tallafi kawai ga duk matakan cibiyoyin ilimi na jama'a a Najeriya;
Kwafi na ayyuka da umarni na wasu Hukumomin da aka kafa bayan ETF, kamar Universal Basic Education (UBE) da Manufofin Ci gaban Ƙarni (MDGs);
Lalacewar, ruɓe da ɓarna al'amurran da suka shafi kayan aiki a cikin manyan makarantun sun ci gaba da yin haushi yayin da ake ba da kuɗi kaɗan.
Kafa Asusun Ilimin Manyan Makarantu An kafa Asusun Amintaccen Ilimi na Manyan Makarantu a matsayin Asusun Amintaccen Ilimi (ETF) ta Dokar No 7 na 1993 kamar yadda Dokar No 40 ta 1998 ta gyara (yanzu an soke kuma an maye gurbinsu da Dokar Asusun Amincewar Manyan Ilimi ta 2011). Wata hukuma ce da aka kafa don ba da ƙarin tallafi ga kowane matakin manyan makarantun gwamnati tare da babban manufar yin amfani da kuɗi tare da gudanar da ayyuka don gyarawa, maidowa da ƙarfafa ilimin manyan makarantu a Najeriya. Babban hanyar samun kudin shiga ga Asusun shine kashi biyu na harajin ilimi da ake biya daga ribar da ake iya tantancewa na kamfanonin da suka yi rajista a Najeriya. Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya (FIRS) ta tantance tana karɓar haraji a madadin Asusun. Ana fitar da kudaden ne don inganta ilimi gabaɗaya a makarantun tarayya da na jahohi musamman don samarwa ko kula da:
Muhimman kayan aikin jiki don koyarwa da koyo;
Kayan aiki da kayan aiki;
Bincike da wallafe-wallafe;
horar da ma'aikatan ilimi da haɓakawa, da;
Duk wata bukata wacce, a ra'ayin Hukumar Amintattu, tana da mahimmanci kuma tana da mahimmanci don haɓakawa da kiyaye ƙa'idodi a manyan cibiyoyin ilimi..
Kwamitin mambobi goma sha daya ne ke tafiyar da asusun tare da wakilai daga shiyyoyin siyasar kasar nan shida da kuma wakilan ma’aikatar ilimi ta tarayya da ma’aikatar kudi ta tarayya da kuma hukumar tara haraji ta kasa Hukumar tana da ayyuka masu zuwa kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin dokar:
Kulawa da tabbatar da tattara Haraji ta Ma'aikatar Harajin Cikin Gida ta Tarayya da tabbatar da canja wuri zuwa Asusun;
Sarrafa da rarraba Harajin;
Haɗa kai da ma'aikatu da hukumomin da suka dace waɗanda ke da alhakin tattarawa ko kiyaye Harajin lafiya;
Karɓi buƙatun kuma yarda da ayyukan tebur bayan la'akari da kyau;
Hakuri da bayar da kudade ga manyan makarantun gwamnati a Najeriya;
Saka idanu da kimanta aiwatar da ayyukan;
Zuba jari a cikin abubuwan da suka dace kuma masu aminci;
Sabunta Gwamnatin Tarayya kan ayyukanta da ci gabanta ta hanyar rahotannin tantancewa na shekara-shekara a tsakanin jihohin tarayya idan har ana sa baki akai-akai;
Yi bitar ci gaba da ba da shawarar ingantawa cikin tanade-tanaden Dokar;
Yi irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka zama dole ko kuma suka dace da manufar Asusun a ƙarƙashin waɗannan Dokokin ko kuma waɗanda Gwamnatin Tarayya za ta iya ba su;
Yi duk wani ƙa'idodin ƙa'ida, daga lokaci zuwa lokaci, ga duk waɗanda suka ci gajiyar kuɗin kuɗi daga Asusun akan amfani da kuɗin da aka karɓa daga Asusun;
Gabaɗaya don tsara gudanarwa, aikace-aikace da fitar da kudade daga Asusun a ƙarƙashin wannan Dokar.
Kwamitin Amintattu zai gudanar da gudanarwa, gudanarwa da kuma fitar da harajin da wannan doka ta sanya a kan:
Bayar da kuɗin duk manyan makarantun gwamnati
Daidaito tsakanin shiyyoyin geo-siyasa guda shida na Tarayya idan aka shiga tsakani na musamman
Daidaito tsakanin jihohin tarayya idan ana sa baki akai-akai
Rarraba za ta kasance a kan rabon 2:1:1 tsakanin Jami'o'i, Polytechnics da College of Education.
BOT za ta sami ikon yin la'akari da abubuwan da suka dace na kowane yanki na siyasa a cikin bayarwa da sarrafa harajin da wannan doka ta sanya a tsakanin matakan ilimi daban-daban.
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Gidan yanar gizon hukuma
Makarantu
Ƙungiyoyi
Ƙungiyoyin taimako a |
54930 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Mackay%20%28mai%20wasan%20%C6%99wallon%20%C6%99afa%29 | David Mackay (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa) | David Mackay (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne mai ritaya na Australiya wanda ya buga wa kungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa ta Adelaide a cikin Kungiyar ƙwallon Kafa ta Australiya (AFL). Kungiyar ta tsara shi a karɓar 48 a cikin Draft na Kasa na 2006 kuma ya kasance tare da tawagar har sai da ya yi ritaya a ƙarshen kakar 2021. Ya buga wasanni 248 ga Adelaide kuma ya kasance daga cikin tawagar su a wasan karshe na AFL na 2017.
Ayyukan kafin AFL Mackay ya fito ne daga bangaren Melbourne, Oakleigh Chargers kuma ya bayyana a cikin 2006 Victorian U/18 Metro inda ya kasance mai ban sha'awa a babban karshe. Ya halarci makarantar Trinity Grammar School, wanda aka sani da samar da 'yan wasan kwallon kafa ciki har da Wayne Schwass da Luke Power, kuma ya kasance Kyaftin House na Hindley House na makarantar. Fellow 2006 draft pick Todd Goldstein ya kasance mataimakin kyaftin na wannan gidan.
Ayyukan AFL Bayan da aka lalata shi a shekara ta 2007 ta hanyar raunin da ya faru a baya, Mackay ya fara bugawa Adelaide wasa a zagaye na 1 na kakar AFL ta 2008, a cikin asarar da aka yi wa Western Bulldogs. Ya buga wasanni 19 a kakar, ya rasa hudu kawai, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko na AFL a zagaye na 17 a kan Sydney. Ya sake kasancewa na yau da kullun a cikin 2009, yana buga wasanni 20, kuma a wannan farkon matakin aikinsa an kiyasta shi wani muhimmin bangare na matasan tsakiya na Crows. Ya buga wasanni 16 a shekara ta 2010.
A zagaye na farko na shekara ta 2011, Mackay ya ji rauni a kafada kuma an yi masa tiyata wanda ya hana shi fita na watanni uku. Ya dawo a ƙarshen kakar kuma ya nuna kyakkyawan tsari, yana burgewa da tserensa da matsin tsaronsa. Mackay ya amfana daga ingantaccen ƙarfi da juriya a kakar wasa mai zuwa, yana buga wasanni 23 kuma yana da matsakaicin kayan 17 da hudu a kowane wasa, yayin da yake wasa a tsakiyar filin wasa da kuma fadin rabin baya. A ƙarshen shekara ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru uku.
Kamar yadda tawagar gaba ɗaya, Mackay ya yi gwagwarmaya don daidaito a cikin 2013. Ya sake dawo da mafi kyawun yanayinsa a shekarar 2014, yana buga wasanni 19, yana da matsakaicin 18 kuma yana buga kwallaye 11 mafi kyau a shekarar. Ya sanya hannu kan karin kwangilar shekaru hudu a tsakiyar kakar.
Mackay ya fara 2015 a cikin kyakkyawan tsari, ya shimfiɗa mafi kyawun aiki 13 tare da zubar da 23 a kan Melbourne a cikin yanayin rigar a zagaye na 3. Koyaya, tsohuwar rashin daidaituwa ta sake bayyana wanda ya haifar da sauke shi a ƙarshen shekara. Ya koma gefe don yin wasa a wasan karshe biyu na Adelaide. A ƙarshen shekara ta 2016 an sanya shi memba na rayuwar kulob din kwallon kafa na Adelaide A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirye-shiryensa don kakar 2017, Mackay ya shafe lokaci mai yawa a cikin baya a kan farkon kakar kamar yadda ya yi a tsakiyar filin saboda jaddadawar kocin Don Pyke akan sassauci.
A kan Hawthorn a zagaye na 2, Mackay ya kalubalanci Paul Puopolo zuwa ƙasa a kwata na uku. Kodayake takalmin ya bayyana daidai, 'yan wasan biyu sun ci gaba da juyawa, sun ƙare tare da Mackay yana kwance a bayan Puopolo kuma an biya kyauta a kan Mackay don turawa a baya. An ga kullun kyauta a matsayin abin tambaya kuma ya haifar da rabuwa a kafofin sada zumunta. A cikin Showdown a mako mai zuwa, ya kori daya daga cikin burin aikinsa, ya tsallake daga layin iyaka, ya dawo da Crows a cikin burin Port Adelaide a wani lokaci mai mahimmanci na wasan.
An sauke Mackay daga wasanni da yawa a duk lokacin kakar kuma ya buga wa masu ajiya a cikin SANFL, inda aka gaya masa ya yi aiki a kan ƙarfinsa a gasar. Lokacin da ya dawo gefen AFL, sakamakon shi ne ya kara yawan tackles da ya yi a kowane wasa daga uku zuwa biyar. Lokacin da abokin aikinsa Brodie Smith ya ji rauni a jikinsa na baya, Mackay ya sauya daga matsayinsa na yau da kullun a kan reshe zuwa rabin baya don maye gurbin tsohon All-Australian a wasan karshe. Mackay ya ƙare yana wasa a wasan karshe na farko na Adelaide tun 1998, wanda suka rasa Richmond da maki 48.
A watan Yunin 2021, an tura Mackay zuwa Kotun AFL saboda haɗari da dan wasan St Kilda Hunter Clark Mackay da Clark sun yi karo yayin da suke fafatawa don kwallon a ƙasa. Clark ya sha wahala a kan karyewar jaw sakamakon haɗari kuma an yi masa tiyata a kan karayewar jaw da yawa a cikin mako mai zuwa. Raunin ya nuna cewa ba a sa ran Clark zai iya yin wasa aƙalla makonni shida ba. Mackay ba a bayar da rahoton lamarin ba daga masu yanke hukunci, amma jami'in bita na AFL, Michael Christian, ya tura lamarin kai tsaye ga kotun. Wannan ya saba wa abin da aka kafa a baya a kakar inda irin waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru, wanda ya haifar da raunin kai, ba a tura su kotun ba saboda 'yan wasan da ke da hannu suna fafatawa da kwallon. Kirista bai sanya darajar lamarin a kan teburin laifuka ba, ma'ana lamarin ya zama shari'ar gwaji ga abubuwan da suka faru a nan gaba. AFL ta yi jayayya cewa Mackay ya kasance mara hankali kuma mara hankali a cikin halinsa, wanda ya haifar da raunin Clark, yayin da lauyan Mackay ya yi jayayya da cewa haɗari ne kuma Mackay ya aikata abin da yake bukata don kare kansa. Kotun ta yanke hukuncin cewa Mackay ba shi da laifi.
Mackay ya yi ritaya daga kwallon kafa a ƙarshen kakar 2021, bayan ya buga wasanni 248 na AFL. A lokacin, wannan shine wasanni na tara mafi yawa na kowane dan wasa na Adelaide Crows.
Kididdiga Kididdigar daidai ne har zuwa ƙarshen kakar 2021 ta AFL.
Rayayyun mutane
Haihuwan |
14672 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapp%20Mallet | Zapp Mallet | Emmanuel Mallet ko Zapp Mallet wanda aka fi sani da Zapp Mallet gogaggen injiniya ne mai rikodin ƙasar Ghana kuma furodusa ne. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka fara kirkirar tarihin rayuwar rayuwa wanda ya fara a farkon shekarun 1990 a Ghana. Haka kuma an yarda da shi a matsayin injiniyan rikodi kaɗai da ya ci lambar yabo ta Ghana Music sau uku a jere; 1999, 2000, 2001.
Rayuwar farko da ilimi An haifi Zapp a Accra, Ghana. Ya yi karatun sakandare a makarantar Accra daga 1975 zuwa 1982. Ya ci gaba zuwa Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi inda ya karanci dabarun wallafe-wallafe don digirin sa na farko. Wasu daga cikin kwarewar Zapp a cikin kide-kide sune a lokacin da yake makarantar sakandare lokacin da ya buga wa duriyar kungiyar makarantar Accra Academy. A matakin jami'a, ya sami damar ƙara kunnawar guitar da guitar ta fasahar sa. Daga baya ya fito fili don wasu kungiyoyin kirista tare da fasahar sa a Accra da Kumasi.
Aiki Zapp ya fara yin rakodi a ɗakuna daban-daban kafin ya kafa nasa situdiyo da kamfani; Title Track Productions Limited. Ya fara yin rikodi a Studio na ARC a Tema, ya koma CH Studio a Accra sannan daga baya ya koma Kampsite. Kafin ya mallaki nasa studio ya yi rikodin a T.L.C. Studio.
A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, Zapp ya yi aiki tare da manyan mashahuran Ghanaan ƙasar Ghana da mawaƙan kide-kide na duniya daban-daban. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan masu fasaha sun haɗa da; Kojo Antwi, Ofori Amponsah, Daasebre Gyamena, Nana Fynn, Becca, Irene Logan Nana Quame da Wutah dukkansu na cikin manyan wuraren da ake kira 'highlife circus'. A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na hiplife Zapp ya yi aiki tare da Reggie Rockstone, Lord Kenya, Obour da Akyeame. A cikin nau'ikan bishara ya yi aiki tare da; Tagoe Sisters, Suzzy da Matt da Helena Rhabbles.
A shekarar 2008, Zapp yayi aiki a karamin kwamitin bude gasar da rufewa na kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Afirka (afcon) wacce kasar Ghana ta dauki nauyi. Ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kiɗa da garaya don yawon shakatawa na burger babban taron da Goethe-Institut ta shirya a cikin 2008 a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin 51th ranar Ghana ta samun 'yancin kai. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali mazaunin da kuma baƙon alƙali a kan shirye-shiryen kiɗa da yawa, wasu daga cikinsu sun haɗa da; Stars of the future, Mentor, Nescafe African Revelation da MTN Hitmaker show. Ya kasance memba na kwamitin tsara lambobin yabo na Wakokin Ghana kuma mai gudanarwa a WAPI; wani zane-zane da dandamali na katsewa wanda kungiyar Birtaniyya ta shirya.
Sha'awar Zapp tana tattare da nau'ikan nau'ikan kiɗa kamar mu Rock, Jazz, Orchestra da Pop waɗanda muka haɗu da raƙuman Afirka don ƙirƙirar sabbin sauti.
A shekarar 2019, ya bayyana aniyarsa ta tsayawa takarar shugabancin kasar na Musicians Union of Ghana (MUSIGA). Daga baya an cire shi saboda bai rike mukamin zartarwa a kungiyar ba. Zapp ya kasance tushen kwarin gwiwa ga injiniyoyin sauti da yawa a Ghana, sanannen daga cikinsu shine mashahurin Hammer na Twoarshe Biyu wanda aka yi wa wahayi don fara aikinsa a cikin injiniyar sauti bayan haɗuwa da Zapp Mallet kuma ya ga kayan aikin a ɗakin karatunsa a lokacin Zapp yana rikodin kundin kundin Reggie Rockstone.
Rigimar Hiplife Hiplife gabaɗaya nau'in kiɗan Ghana ne wanda ke haɗa wasu abubuwa na hiphop tare da highlife. An kafa nau'in halittar hiplife ne a kasar Ghana a farkon shekarun 1990. Zapp tare da Michael Cooke sun kirkiri sunan hiplife lokacin da suke tunani kan wane suna za a iya ba wa jinsi, sun ƙare da sunan hiplife ta hanyar haɗuwa da "hip" a cikin hiphop da "rayuwa" a cikin babban rayuwar. Mawaki na farko da ya yi rikodin waƙa tare da nau'in kiɗa na sama an san shi Reggie Rockstone. Kundin nasa; Makaa maka shi ne kundin tarihin rayuwar rayuwar farko da aka fara dauka. Zapp yayi aiki a kan wasu rikodin farko na Reggie; agoo, Tsoo Boi da Night life a Accra. Zapp ya yi iƙirarin cewa Reggie ba za a iya zama shi kaɗai ba da za a yaba da kafuwar salon kidan hiplife tun da akwai wasu da ke da hannu wajen yin kidan wanda ya hada da; mai yin duka, injiniyan sauti, furodusoshi da sauransu. Reggie a gefe guda yana jayayya akasin cewa shi ne kawai ya kafa nau'in. Ya kara da cewa Zapp bai san da yawa game da kiɗan rap ba kuma ya taimaka masa ya fahimci tushen waƙar rap. Saboda haka, ba zai yiwu ba ga mutumin da bai san komai ba game da jinsi ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi ya kasance mai haɗin gwiwar nau'in. Rex Omar shahararren mawakin wasan kwaikwayon nan na kasar Ghana ya shiga tattaunawar yana mai cewa Reggie shi ne na farko da ya fara kida a salon rayuwa amma duk da haka ya fara jin sunan "hiplife" daga Zapp. Daga baya Reggie ya nemi afuwa ga Zapp saboda kalaman da ya yi ta talabijin da rediyo dangane da tattaunawar wanda ya assasa jinsin hiplife. Reggie ya bayyana cewa maganganun nasa sun kasance ne sakamakon tsananin tashin hankali da shigar da motsin rai. Ya yi imanin huhun Zapp yunƙurin ɓata shi ne don ƙirƙirar samfuran samari masu fasaha na Gana da yawa ke amfana da shi.
Kyauta da girmamawa An gane ayyukan Zapp kuma an basu su a dandamali daban-daban. A 1994 aka yanke masa hukunci; Mafi kyawun rumwararrun rumwararrun bywararrun bywararrun Nishaɗi da al'adun ƙasar Ghana. An yanke masa hukunci a kan Injiniyan Rikodi na Gwarzo a Gwarzon Wakokin Ghana na 2002. A cikin Kyaututtukan Wakokin Ghana na 2011 ya lashe kyautar Gwarzon shekara.
Rayuwar Kai Zapp ya auri matarsa Martha Mallet a ranar 14 ga Fabrairu 1993. Tare suna da yara mata biyu.
Duba Kuma Hiplife
Nassoshi
Manazarta Haifaffun 1964
Rayayyun |
57510 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne%20Cixous | Hélène Cixous | Dariyar Medusa(1975) Muqalar mata mai mahimmanci ta Cixous mai suna"Laugh of the Medusa",wacce aka rubuta ta asali da Faransanci kamar yadda Le Rire de la Méduse a shekarar 1975,Paula Cohen da Keith Cohen suka fassara zuwa Turanci a cikin 1976.Ya zama maƙala mai zurfi,musamman saboda tana sanar da abin da Cixous ya kira écriture féminine, salon rubutu na musamman ga mata da mata.
Littafi Mai Tsarki
An buga a Turanci
Littattafan da aka zaɓa co-authored with Jacques Derrida.
Foreword by Jacques Derrida.
Well-Kept Ruins. Translation by Beverley Bie Brahic, Seagull Books, 2022 ISBN 9781 80309 059 7
Wasanni "Cutar Makaranta a Madhubai," trans.Kafinta,Deborah.1986.
"Sunan Oedipus,"trans.Christiane Makward Miller,Judith.A cikin:Ban da iyaka:Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na mata a cikin Faransanci.Ann Arbor: Jami'ar Michigan Press.1992.
"Mummunan Labarin Norodom Sihanouk,Sarkin Cambodia,Amma Ba a Kare Ba,"trans.Juliet Flower MacCannell,Judith Pike,da Lollie Groth.Jami'ar Nebraska Press,1994.
An buga a cikin Faransanci
Suka L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du maye gurbin(The Exile of James Joyce,ko Art of Displacement).1969 (1985).
Littattafai Ruines bien rangées published by Éditions Gallimard, 2020
Gidan wasan kwaikwayo La Pupulle,Cahiers Renaud-Barrault, Gallimard,1971.
Portrait de Dora,Des femmes,1976.
Le Nom d'Oedipe.Chant du Corps interdit,Des mata,1978.
La Prize de l'école de Madhubaï, Avant-scène du Théâtre,1984.
L'Histoire mugun mais inachevée de Norodom Sihanouk,roi du Cambodge, Théâtre du Soleil,1985.
Théâtre,Des femmes,1986.
L'Indiade,ou l'Inde de leurs rêves, Théâtre du Soleil,1987.
A wani bangare na pas, a kan ne revient pas,Des femmes,1991.
Les Euménides d'Eschyle (traduction),Théâtre du Soleil, 1992.
L'Histoire(qu'on ne connaîtra jamais), Des femmes,1994.
"Voile Noire Voile Blanche/Black Sail White Sail",harshe biyu,trad. Catherine AF MacGillivray,Sabon Tarihin Adabi 25,2(Spring),Latsa Jami'ar Minnesota,1994.
La Ville parjure ou le Réveil des Érinyes,Théâtre du Soleil,1994.
Jokasta,libretto zuwa wasan opera na Ruth Schönthal,1997.
Tambours sur la digue,Théâtre du Soleil,1999.
Rouen,la Trentième Nuit de Mai'31, Galilée,2001.
Le Dernier Caravansérail,Théâtre du Soleil, 2003.
Les Naufragés du Fol Espoir,Théâtre du Soleil,2010.
Zaɓaɓɓun kasidu L'Exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du maye gurbin(rubutun digiri),Grasset, 1969.
Prenoms de personne,Le Seuil, 1974.
Ƙauran James Joyce ko Fasahar Maye gurbin(fassarar da Sally Purcell na L'exil de James Joyce ou l'Art du maye gurbin).New York: David Lewis,1980.
Un K.Rashin fahimta :Pierre Goldman,Kirista Bourgois, 1975.
La Jeune Née,tare da Catherine Clément,10/18,1975.
La Venue à l'écriture,tare da Madeleine Gagnon da Annie Leclerc, 10/18,1977.
Entre l'écriture,Des femmes,1986.
L'Heure de Clarice Lispector,Des femmes,1989.
Hotuna de racines,tare da Mireille Calle-Gruber,Des femmes,1994.
Lettre à Zohra Drif,1998
Hoton de Jacques Derrida en Jeune Saint Juif,Galilée,2001.
Rencontre terrestre,tare da Frédéric-Yves Jeannet,Galilée,2005.
Le Tablier de Simon Hantaï,2005.
Nace.Jacques Derrida,Galilée, 2006.
Le Voisin de zero Sam Beckett, Galilée,2007
Défions l'augure(a kan maganar'mun ƙi augury'daga Hamlet ),Galilée, 2018
Duba kuma Antinarcissism
List of deconstructionists
Jean-Louis de Rambures, "Comment travaillent les écrivains", Paris 1978 (tambayoyi da H. Cixous)
Falsafa monism
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje "Dariyar Medusa", na Hélène Cixous, wanda Keith Cohen da Paula Cohen suka fassara zuwa Turanci.
suna fuskantar ra'ayi na kusanci ta hanyar tattaunawa na "Tsarin Zumunci," Villa Gillet da Makarantar Rubutu a Sabuwar Makaranta don Haɗin Jama'a.
Julie Jaskin: Gabatarwa ga Cixous
Mary Jane Parrine: Stanford Shugaban Lectures' Cixous shafi
Carola Hilfrich: Hélène Cixous Biography at Women Yahudawa: Cikakken Encyclopedia na Tarihi
Laccocin Shugaban kasa na Stanford da Taro a cikin 'Yan Adam da Fasaha
Rayayyun mutane
Haifaffun |
30527 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karuwanci%20a%20Najeriya | Karuwanci a Najeriya | Karuwanci a Najeriya haramun ne a duk jihohin Arewa da ke aiwatar da dokar hukunta laifukan Musulunci A Kudancin Najeriya, an hukunta ayyukan ‘yan iska ko mata, karuwanci da masu karancin shekaru da aiki ko mallakar gidajen karuwai a ƙarƙashin sashe na 223, 224, da 225 na kundin laifuffuka na Najeriya. Duk da cewa dokar Najeriya ba ta halalta aikin jima’i na kasuwanci ba, amma babu tabbas idan wani mai zaman kansa ne ya yi irin wannan aikin ba tare da yin amfani da ‘yan iska ko gidan karuwai ba.
Tsarin laifuffuka na Najeriya ya haramta fataucin mata na ƙasa da ƙasa don yin jima'i ko kuma aikin tilastawa. Najeriya ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniya ta shekara ta 2000 ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don Hana, murkushewa da hukunta fataucin mutane, musamman mata da yara Tarihi
Kafin samun 'yancin kai: Legas Tun daga farkon shekarun 1900, karuwar mahimmancin tattalin arzikin Legas a matsayin tashar jiragen ruwa da babban birni ya canza yanayin siyasa da tattalin arziki na birnin kuma ya ba da gudummawa ga zuwan 'yan Najeriya daga can baya. Canje-canjen al'umma da na kasuwanci su ma sun faɗaɗa zuwa haɓakar jima'i kuma a shekara ta 1910, karuwanci zama ruwan dare a Legas. A shekara ta 1916, gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kafa wata doka da ta haramta neman mata amma dokar ba ta ayyana karuwanci ba. Gwamnati ta aiwatar da dokar da hankali kuma an amince da karuwanci a matsayin kasuwanci muddin bai haifar da tashin hankali ba. A ƙasar da ke cike da ɗabi’a ta addini da al’ada, amma wasu mata a cikin al’umma ba su yarda karuwanci ba. A shekara ta 1923, kungiyar mata ta Legas, wata fitacciyar kungiyar mata ta rubuta koke ga shugaban ’yan sanda na neman a soke takunkumin da aka sanya wa daukar mata aikin ‘yan sanda. An rubuta takardar koken wani bangare ne don dakile karuwar karuwanci da kuma kula da karuwai daga jami’an maza. Ra'ayin jama'a ya kuma yi suka game da cinikin jima'i da ke danganta ta da laifin yara. A cikin shekara ta 1932, Tijani Omoyele, wani mawaki ya fitar da wani albam mai suna Asewo/ Omo j aguda (karuwai barayi ne ko masu laifi). A shekarun 1930, karuwai sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƴan gungun ƴan azzalumai irin na Jagudas da Boma a Legas kuma an fara kiransu da Ashewo ko kuma masu canza kuɗi zuwa ƙananan ƙungiyoyi. A lokacin kafin yakin duniya na biyu ma'aikatan jima'i na kasuwanci sun nemi abokan ciniki a gidajen karuwai, gidajen sinima da mashaya otal a gundumar Legas Island na Broad St, Breadfruit, Labinjo, Martins, Kasuwar Porto Novo- da Taiwo A Legas, karuwanci ya kasance wanda ba 'yan asalin jihar Legas ba ne kuma ana kiran su da suna kamar Ashewo (kalmar Yarbanci), Karuwaci Hausa), Akwunakwuna (kalmar Igbo) da Asape. Da yawa daga cikin ma’aikata wani lokaci suna komawa ƙasarsu ta haihuwa da isassun kuɗi don su sami fushin mazajen da ba su saba da mata ba su fi su kuɗi.
Bayan yakin duniya na biyu, jami'an Biritaniya sun firgita game da duk wata alakar da ke tsakanin yawan cututtukan da ake samu a cikin sojojin sojojin Afirka ta Yamma da kuma lalata da karuwai. A wannan lokacin, karuwancin tilas na matasa ya zama ruwan dare gama gari. A shekara ta 1943 Abidjan, wata karuwa ‘yar Najeriya, mai suna Lady ta mutu da babbar mai kula da ita, Mary Eyeamevber Eforghere na Lardin Warri, Najeriya, saboda ta ki yin lalata da wani Bature ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa. Haɗuwa da fargabar cututtukan da ke tattare da jima'i, karuwancin yara da kuma shawo kan laifukan yara sun haifar da sabon matakin hana karuwanci. A cikin 1941, an kafa ƙungiyar masu adawa da mataimaki don gurfanar da masu laifi bisa sababbin dokoki guda biyu, Dokar Jagoran Ba da Lasisi (Haramta) Dokar da Dokar Cututtuka ta Venereal. An kuma san tsohuwar a hukumance a matsayin dokar tazara da aka ƙera don iyakance alaƙa tsakanin masu yawon buɗe ido na jima'i da karuwai. Dokar ta bukaci masu gadin yawon bude ido su sami masu gadin lasisi don yin aikinsu. Dokar ta shafi duka matasa masu laifin da ake daukar su ‘yan iska da karuwai. Bugu da ƙari, karuwai da ke yin cin zarafi a kan titi kuma suna ci gaba da zuwa masu yawon bude ido sun kama masu adawa da su. A shekarar 1942, an gina wani dakunan kwanan dalibai don gyara mata karuwai a Legas bayan shekara guda aka zartar da dokar yara da matasa ta haramta karuwanci. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta kuma kafa sashen jindadi da jin daɗin jama'a don kula da dakunan kwanan dalibai da gyaran yara karuwai. A shekara ta 1946, an kafa dokar da ta bayyana karuwanci da haramcinsa a fili.
Ƙarni na 20: Haƙuri da haɓakar fataucin jima'i Bayan samun ‘yancin kai a shekarar 1960, gidajen da aka haramta a tsakiyar shekarun 1940 sun sake bullowa. Sashen jindadi da jin dadin jama'a da aka kirkiro don gyara yara karuwai sun fara zage-zage kan binciken da ta yi na karuwai. A farkon shekarun 1980, karuwanci kan titi ya zama ruwan dare gama gari a Allen Avenue, Ikeja da kuma wasu yankunan Oshodi da daga baya Kuramo Beach A cikin 1987, Cibiyar Mata a Najeriya ta rubuta sanarwar manema labarai game da cin zarafi, cin zarafi da fyade da 'yan sanda ke yi wa karuwanci. karuwanci na kasa-da-kasa wanda ya fara a lokacin mulkin mallaka na Burtaniya a Yammacin Afirka ya fara girma zuwa karuwancin nahiyoyi a cikin 1980s. Tun daga tsakiyar shekarun 1980, fataucin mata zuwa kasashen Turai irin su Italiya ya fara samun karbuwa. A yawancin lokuta, akwai misalan tilastawa. Tilastawa ya faru a yanayin da aka nemi mata ko matasa da za a yi safarar su da su rantse da wani addini na Afirka ko limamin juju ya yi. Firistoci ne suka ɗauki wasu abubuwa kamar ruwan jiki don kiyayewa ko amfani da su don yin rantsuwa da hatimin yarjejeniya. Idan mata suka isa kasar da suka nufa nan take sai su ba dillalan bashin kudin sufuri da masauki kuma za su biya bashin kafin a sako su, in har abada. Ofishin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Wajen Amurka don Sa ido da Yaki da fataucin Bil Adama ya sanya Najeriya a matsayin kasa ta Tier 2 Watch List Wasu masana sun bayyana cewa karuwanci a Najeriya ya karu ne sakamakon illar tattalin arziki da faduwar farashin man fetur ya yi a farkon shekarun 1980 sannan aka fara aiwatar da shirye-shiryen daidaita tsarin a tsakiyar shekarun 1980. A cikin 1980s, gidajen karuwai sun fara bunƙasa a cikin birane kuma karuwai da suka ƙaura zuwa cikin birni ana biyansu hayar yau da kullun don masauki. 1980s kuma sun ba da gudummawa ga fara kiran waya ko karuwanci na ɗan lokaci ta hanyar matasa masu digiri da ɗalibai. A Legas a farkon shekarun 1980, ’yan siyasa da ke zama a gidaje irin su 1004 sun nemi a yi wa matasa dalibai hidima kamar yadda ake kira ‘yan mata kuma sun kashe makudan kudade kan wadannan dalibai tare da tafiye-tafiye zuwa kasashen waje. A cikin garin Benin, gundumar jan haske tana kusa da titin Ugbague. Wannan ya fara zama yanki na karuwanci a cikin 1940s lokacin da mata matasa daga wasu jihohi suka zo yankin. Ana kiran matan a gida da suna asewo Ƙarni na 21 Ayyukan jima'i da fataucin mutane na ci gaba da bunkasa a Najeriya. Bisa kididdigar da Cibiyar Nazarin Laifukan Kasa da Kasa ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yi, kimanin mata 8,000 10,000 'yan asalin Najeriya sun yi karuwanci a Italiya tsakanin shekara ta 2000 zuwa shekara ta 2009 Wakilin Najeriya a Cote d'Ivoire ya lura da yawan 'yan mata matasa a tsakanin 'yan kasuwa 'yan Najeriya a Abidjan A Najeriya, ana samun nau'in aikin jima'i da aka fi sani a cikin gidajen karuwai ko gidajen ma'aikatan jima'i. Ci gaba da tasowa a cikin matasa dalibai da marasa aikin kammala digiri waɗanda ke amfani da jima'i don samun kudin shiga da yin aiki a matsayin karuwanci na ɗan lokaci ko kiran 'yan mata ko kuma wani lokacin da ake kira 'yan matan Aristo suna canza dabarun da ma'aikatan jima'i ke amfani da su. Waɗannan matasa da suka kammala karatun digiri da ɗalibai suna amfani da sabis na ƙwararru da kiran kira a matsayin tsarin aiki, yayin da wasu mashaya da gidajen abinci sukan yawaita. A wasu lokuta, ’yan dako ko ma’aikatan otal suna zama a matsayin ‘yan baranda da cudanya tsakanin manyan ‘yan Nijeriya da ‘yan mata. ’Yan matan aristo galibi suna hidima ga manyan ’yan ƙasa kuma baƙi sun fi albashi fiye da masu yin lalata a gidajen karuwai. Kusan kashi biyu bisa uku na ma'aikatan gidan karuwai da masu yin lalata da tituna 'yan kasuwa ne, 'yan matan mashaya, masu gyaran gashi ko kuma suna da nau'in aiki na biyu. Gidajen karuwai suna kusan kowane manyan biranen Najeriya kuma suna ba da sabis mafi arha. Gidajen karuwai suna cikin gundumomi masu yawan jama'a da tarkace a cikin birni. Bayan lokacin kulle-kulle COVID-19 annoba a Najeriya, saboda karuwar zamba ta Intanet da zamba (wanda ake kira Yahoo) da yawancin Matasan Najeriya ke ci gaba da yi, yawancin matan Najeriya sun kuma nemi hanyoyin samun kuɗaɗen shiga a waje da ayyukan gargajiya da kasuwanci. Sakamakon koma bayan tattalin arzikin Najeriya gaba da rashin aikin yi da raguwar kyawawan ɗabi'u na matasa a halin yanzu, yawancin mata masu shekaru tsakanin 19 zuwa 29 ciki har da ɗaliban jami'a sun koma karuwanci ko kuma suna da taken "Hookup" a matsayin yana nufin samun dogaro da kai ko salon rayuwa na abin duniya. Hookup ya bambanta da karuwanci na gargajiya saboda yana da hankali, mafi kyawun biyan kuɗi fiye da matsakaicin ayyuka kasuwanci kuma yana da wuya a gurfanar da shi. Godiya ga Intanet da kafofin watsa labarun, Hookup yanzu ya zama ruwan dare gama gari kusan kowane yanki na Najeriya, musamman a birane kamar Legas A shekara ta 2003, an kafa dokar hana fataucin mutane ta zama doka kuma an kafa wata hukuma, Hukumar Hana Fataucin Bil Adama ta ƙasa da ta kula da safarar mutane a ƙasar.
Karuwanci na kamfani Wani nau'i na karuwanci daban-daban da aka sani da karuwanci na kamfanoni, sabon al'amari kuma galibi iyakance ga cibiyoyin kuɗi ya fara samun sananne a cikin shekara ta 2000s. A shekara ta 2004, wata kungiyar ma’aikatan banki ta yi barazanar shiga yajin aikin saboda zargin cewa wasu ma’aikatan mata suna kwana da maza domin samun asusu. Ko da yake galibin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kuɗi ba sa tilasta wa mata yin jima'i don cimma burin kuɗi, amma hakan na nuni da cewa bankuna da dama ba sa adawa da irin waɗannan ayyuka. A cikin shekara ta 2010, an gudanar da sauraren karar a bene na Majalisar Wakilai game da ƙudirin dokar hana karuwanci da cin zarafin mata da sauran al'amura masu alaka da su.
Ƙididdigar kan ma'aikatan jima'i na kasuwanci A wani bincike na ma'aikatan jima'i na kasuwanci, kusan kashi biyu cikin uku ko kusan 63% sun ambata cewa sun fara aikin jima'i na kasuwanci kafin su kai shekaru 19. Yawancin su (63%) suna aiki daga gidajen karuwai. Saboda mummunan ra'ayin jama'a game da aikin jima'i na kasuwanci, 88% na ma'aikata suna aiki a garuruwan da ke nesa da gidansu na yara. Galibin sun fito ne daga gidaje masu karamin karfi. Ma'aikatan jima'i suna horar da ƙwararrun ma'aikatan jima'i waɗanda suka horar da ma'aikatan jima'i kafin su fara aiki. Darussan horarwa sun shafi yadda ake mu'amala da mutum mai wahala, STDs da kariyar kai. Yawancin ma'aikatan jima'i suna da taƙaitaccen bayani game da STD's kuma yawancin sun ambata cewa ba sa amfani da asibiti don magani.
UNAIDS ta kiyasta cewa akwai karuwai guda 103,506 a cikin ƙasar.
Manazarta Mata a Najeriya
Karuwai
Karuwanci a Najeriya
Zina
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
24880 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliban%20insurgency | Taliban insurgency | Bayan da aka fara yaki a Afghanistan a shekara ta 2001, ƙungiyar Taliban ta fara tayar da ƙayar baya, wanda aka fi sani da ƙungiyar Taliban Ƴan Taliban sun fara kai hari kan dakarun ISAF da NATO, a Afghanistan, kuma sun kai hare -haren ta'addanci da dama. A cikin rikicin, kungiyar Taliban tana yaki da gwamnatin Afghanistan da kawayenta. Al-Qaeda na da alaka da Taliban. Da wannan ne rikicin yankin ya bazu zuwa Pakistan Rikicin da ke da alaƙa a Pakistan shine tawaye a Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Saboda Afghanistan ta ga rikice -rikice da yaƙe -yaƙe da yawa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, tattalin arzikinta ya canza, kuma mutane da yawa suna dogaro da noman amfanin gona, kamar su tsirrai da ake amfani da su don samar da magunguna ba bisa ƙa'ida ba kamar opium, ko heroin Mutane da yawa a Afganistan ba sa tunanin matsalolin da Taliban ke haddasawa. Don haka warware matsalar wataƙila ya ƙunshi ƙarin ƙoƙari fiye da cin nasara akan Taliban. Hakan kuma na nufin akwai bukatar a samu sauye -sauye a tattalin arziki, da kuma yadda ake tafiyar da kasar.
Cinikin opium A halin yanzu, Afghanistan na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana'antun opium. Duk da yake opium shima yana da amfanin sa azaman magani na yau da kullun, galibi ana amfani dashi azaman miyagun ƙwayoyi A cikin 2001, Afghanistan ta samar da kashi 11% na opium na duniya, a yau tana samar da sama da kashi casa'in cikin ɗari. A shekara ta 2007, 93% na wadanda ba pharmaceutical-sa opiates a kasuwannin duniya sun samo asali ne a Afghanistan. Wannan ya kai darajar fitarwa kusan dala biliyan 4; manoma na opium suna samun kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na wannan adadin, sauran suna zuwa ga jami'an gundumar, masu tayar da ƙayar baya, sarkin yaƙi, da masu fataucin miyagun ƙwayoyi Cinikin miyagun ƙwayoyi ya kai rabin GDP na Afghanistan. Kididdigar da Ofishin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka UNODC ya yi a shekarar 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi 52% na GDP na kasar, ko kuma dala biliyan 2.7 a kowace shekara, ana samun ta ne ta fataucin miyagun kwayoyi. Yankunan da yanayin tsaro ya fi muni yana samar da ƙarin Opium; yankunan da suka fi karko da alama suna samar da ƙasa. Manoma da yawa a yankunan karkara sun dogara da sayar da tsaba. Opium ya fi riba fiye da alkama kuma lalata filayen opium na iya haifar da rashin jin daɗi ko tashin hankali tsakanin mutanen da abin ya shafa. Wasu 'yan Afghanistan miliyan 3.3 ne ke da hannu wajen samar da opium. A saboda wannan dalili, wasu mutane suna cewa kawar da amfanin gona na poppy ba zaɓi bane mai yuwuwa. Wasu shirye -shiryen kawar da poppy sun tabbatar da inganci, musamman a arewacin Afghanistan. Shirin kawar da tsirrai na opium na gwamnan Balkh Ustad Atta Mohammad Noor tsakanin 2005 zuwa 2007 yayi nasarar rage noman poppy a lardin Balkh daga kadada 7,200 a 2005 zuwa sifili zuwa 2007. Ƙididdigar Haɗarin Opium na Afganistan na 2013, wanda Ofishin Majalisar Nationsinkin Duniya kan Magunguna da Laifuka ya bayar, ya nuna cewa tun daga shekarar 2008 Taliban ke tallafa wa manoma da ke tsiro da tsiro, a matsayin hanyar samun kuɗi ga masu tayar da kayar baya.
Ba a ganin Taliban a matsayin musabbabin matsalar An yi yaƙe -yaƙe da rikice -rikice a Afghanistan sama da shekaru talatin. Sakamakon haka, ƙasar tana cikin mafi talauci, kuma mafi ƙarancin ƙasashe a duniya. Har ila yau, yana daga cikin mafi almundahana Kashi talatin da biyar cikin dari na rudani ba su da aikin yi, kuma fiye da rabin mutanen suna rayuwa a ƙasa da layin talauci Ƙungiyar agaji ta ƙasashen yamma Oxfam ta wallafa wani ra’ayin jin ra’ayin da suka gudanar a Afghanistan, a shekarar 2010. Dangane da wannan ƙuri'ar, kashi 83 cikin ɗari na jama'ar Afghanistan ba sa ɗaukar Taliban a matsayin mayaƙa. Ana ganin talauci, rashin aikin yi da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati a matsayin manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da yaƙi a ƙasarsu. Lokacin da sojojin Afghanistan da Amurka ke marawa baya suka fatattaki 'yan Taliban a karshen 2001, matakin tashin hankali ya karu. Kusan rabin wadanda aka gudanar da binciken sun ce cin hanci da rashawa da rashin kyakkyawan gwamnati sune manyan dalilan yakin da ake yi. Kashi goma sha biyu cikin dari sun ce tawayen Taliban ne abin zargi. Bayan 'yan Taliban, dalilin da ya sa mafi yawan mutane suka bayar don ci gaba da fada shine katsalandan na kasashen waje, inda kashi ashirin da biyar cikin dari na waɗanda suka amsa suka ce wasu ƙasashen ne ke da laifi.
Haɓakar 2006 Tun farkon shekara ta 2006 Afghanistan ke fuskantar guguwar hare -hare ta hanyar fashewar bama -bamai da ƴan ƙunar baƙin wake, musamman bayan da NATO ta dauki umurnin yaki da masu tayar da kayar baya a lokacin bazara na 2006. Shugaban Afghanistan Hamid Karzai ya fito fili yayi Allah wadai da hanyoyin da ƙasashen yamma ke amfani da su. A watan Yuni 2006 ya ce:
An kuma soki masu tayar da kayar baya saboda halin su. A cewar Human Rights Watch, bama-bamai da sauran hare-haren da ƴan Taliban suka kai kan fararen hular Afganistan (kuma zuwa ga ƙaramin matakin Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin), an ba da rahoton cewa sun "ƙaru sosai a cikin 2006" tare da "aƙalla fararen hula 669 na Afghanistan aka kashe a cikin. aƙalla hare -hare 350 da makami, mafi yawansu da alama da gangan aka ƙaddamar da su kan fararen hula ko abubuwan farar hula. 131 na hare -haren masu tayar da kayar baya sune hare -haren kunar bakin wake wanda ya kashe fararen hula 212 (732 suka ji rauni), sojojin Afghanistan da 'yan sanda 46 (101 suka ji rauni), da sojojin kasashen waje 12 (63 da suka jikkata). Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa a farkon rabin shekarar 2011, mutuwar fararen hula ta karu da kashi 15% kuma ta kai 1462, wanda shi ne adadi mafi muni tun farkon yaƙin, duk da karuwar sojojin Ƙasashen waje.
Manazarta Pages with unreviewed |
29806 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wajen%20zubar%20da%20shara | Wajen zubar da shara | Wurin zubar da ƙasa, wanda kuma aka sani da tip, juji, zubar da shara, juji, ko filin juji, wuri ne na zubar da kayan sharar gida. Landfill shine mafi tsufa kuma mafi yawan nau'in zubar da shara, kodayake tsarin binne sharar tare da kullun, tsaka-tsaki da murfin ƙarshe kawai ya fara ne a cikin shekarata 1940s. A da, an bar tarkace a cikin tudu ko kuma a jefar da shi cikin rami; a ilmin kimiyya na kayan tarihi ana kiran wannan a matsayin midden Ana amfani da wasu wuraren zubar da shara don dalilai na sarrafa sharar, kamar ajiya na ɗan lokaci, ƙarfafawa da canja wuri, ko don matakai daban-daban na sarrafa kayan sharar, kamar rarrabuwa, magani, ko sake amfani da su. Sai dai idan ba a daidaita su ba, za a iya fuskantar girgizar ƙasa mai tsanani ko kuma ruwan ƙasa a lokacin girgizar ƙasa. Da zarar an cika wurin da ke kan wurin zubar da shara za a iya dawo da shi don wasu amfani kamar su taki.
Ayyuka Masu gudanar da guraben aikin gona masu inganci don sharar da ba su da haɗari sun cika ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun bayanai ta hanyar amfani da dabaru zuwa: tsare sharar gida zuwa ƙaramin yanki gwargwadon yiwuwa
ƙanƙantar datti don rage girma Hakanan zasu iya rufe sharar gida (yawanci yau da kullun) tare da yadudduka na ƙasa ko wasu nau'ikan kayan kamar guntun itace da ƙananan barbashi.
A yayin gudanar da aikin shara, ma'auni ko gada na iya auna motocin tattara sharar idan sun iso kuma ma'aikata na iya duba kaya don sharar da ba ta dace da ka'idojin yarda da sharar ba. Bayan haka, motocin da ke tattara shara suna amfani da hanyar sadarwar da ake da su a kan hanyarsu ta zuwa fuska ko aiki, inda suke sauke abubuwan da ke ciki. Bayan an ajiye lodi, compactors ko bulldozers na iya yadawa da tattara sharar a fuskar aiki. Kafin barin iyakoki na zubar da shara, motocin tattara shara na iya wucewa ta wurin tsabtace ƙafafu. Idan ya cancanta, sai su koma kan gadar awo don sake yin awo ba tare da kayansu ba. Tsarin awo na iya haɗa kididdiga akan yawan sharar da ke shigowa yau da kullun, wanda ma'ajin bayanai za su iya riƙe don adana rikodi. Baya ga manyan motoci, wasu wuraren zubar da ruwa na iya samun kayan aikin da za su yi amfani da kwantenan layin dogo. Amfani da "rail-haul" yana ba da izinin zama wuraren ajiyar ƙasa a wurare masu nisa, ba tare da matsalolin da ke tattare da tafiye-tafiyen manyan motoci da yawa ba Ko rashin tsarin su.
Yawanci, a cikin fuskar aiki, ƙaƙƙarfan sharar ana rufe shi da ƙasa ko madadin kayan yau da kullun. Madadin kayan da ke rufe sharar sun haɗa da guntuwar itace ko wasu "sharar kore", da yawa da aka fesa akan samfuran kumfa, sinadarai "kafaffen" bio-solids, da barguna na wucin gadi. Ana iya ɗaga bargo a wuri da daddare sannan a cire washegari kafin a yi sharar gida. Wurin da aka mamaye yau da kullun ta ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da abin rufewa ana kiransa tantanin halitta na yau da kullun. Ƙunƙarar sharar gida yana da mahimmanci don tsawaita rayuwar ma'aunin. Abubuwan da suka haɗa da damfara sharar, kauri-layin sharar da adadin wucewar da compactor akan sharar yana shafar yawan sharar.
Zagayowar rayuwar tsabtace shara Kalmar firar ƙasa yawanci gajarta ce don ƙasƙan ƙasa na birni ko tsabtace shara. An fara gabatar da waɗannan wuraren a farkon ƙarni na 20, amma sun sami amfani sosai a cikin shekarun 1960s da 1970s, a ƙoƙarin kawar da buɗaɗɗen juji da sauran ayyukan “marasa tsafta”. Wurin tsaftar shara kayan aikin injiniya ne wanda ke rarraba da kuma killace sharar gida. Ana nufin wuraren tsabtace ƙasa a matsayin masu sarrafa halittu bioreactors wanda ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta za su rushe hadadden sharar gida zuwa mafi sauƙi, ƙananan mahadi masu guba a kan lokaci. Dole ne a tsara waɗannan injiniyoyi da sarrafa su bisa ga ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi (Duba injiniyan muhalli Yawancin lokaci, bazuwar aerobic shine mataki na farko da ake rushe sharar gida a cikin wani wuri. Wadannan suna biye da matakai hudu na lalata anaerobic. Yawancin lokaci, ƙaƙƙarfan abu mai ƙarfi a cikin lokaci mai ƙarfi yana ruɓe da sauri yayin da manyan ƙwayoyin halitta suna raguwa zuwa ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Wadannan ƙananan kwayoyin halitta sun fara narkewa kuma suna motsawa zuwa yanayin ruwa, sannan kuma hydrolysis na wadannan kwayoyin halitta, da kuma hydrolyzed mahadi sa'an nan yin canji da kuma volatilization kamar carbon dioxide (CO 2 da methane (CH 4 tare da sauran sharar gida. sauran a cikin m da ruwa matakai da ake bi.
A lokacin farkon matakai, ƙananan ƙarar kayan abu ya kai ga leachate, kamar yadda kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa na sharar gida ke raguwa cikin sauri. A halin yanzu, buƙatar iskar oxygen ɗin sinadarai na leachate yana ƙaruwa tare da ƙara yawan mahaɗar abubuwan da ba za a iya jurewa ba idan aka kwatanta da mafi yawan abubuwan da ke cikin leachate ɗin. Nasarar jujjuyawar da kuma daidaita sharar ta dogara ne akan yadda yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta ke aiki a cikin syntrophy, watau hulɗar jama'a daban-daban don samar da bukatun juna na abinci.: Zagayowar rayuwar wurin zubar da shara na birni tana da matakai daban-daban guda biyar:
Daidaitawar farko (Mataki na I) Yayin da aka sanya sharar a cikin rumbun ƙasa, wuraren da ba kowa ba sun ƙunshi babban adadin oxygen na kwayoyin halitta O2 Tare da ƙarawa da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, abun cikin O 2 na ɓangarorin ɓoyayyun halittu na ƙasa yana raguwa a hankali. Yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta suna girma, ana samun yawa yana ƙaruwa. Aerobic biodegradation ya mamaye, watau farkon mai karɓar lantarki shine O 2 Canji (Mataki na II) O 2 yana raguwa da sauri ta yawan ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. Ragewar O 2 yana haifar da ƙarancin motsa jiki da ƙarin yanayin anaerobic a cikin yadudduka. Masu karɓa na farko na lantarki a lokacin canji sune nitrates da sulfates tun lokacin da O 2 ke gudun hijira ta CO 2 a cikin iskar gas.
Samuwar Acid (Mataki na III) Hydrolysis na juzu'in da ba za a iya cirewa daga cikin dattin datti yana farawa a lokacin samar da acid, wanda ke haifar da saurin tattara fatty acids (VFAs) a cikin lechate. Ƙara yawan abun ciki na acid Organic yana rage leachate pH daga kusan 7.5 zuwa 5.6. A lokacin wannan lokaci, madaidaitan mahadi kamar VFAs suna ba da gudummawar buƙatun iskar oxygen (COD). Dogon sarka mai canzawa Organic acid (VOAs) ana canza su zuwa acetic acid (C 2 H 4 O 2 CO 2, da hydrogen gas (H 2 Yawan adadin VFAs yana haɓaka buƙatun iskar oxygen na biochemical (BOD) da na Muryar Amurka, wanda ke fara samar da H 2 ta ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta, wanda ke haɓaka haɓakar ƙwayoyin cuta na H 2 -oxidizing. Tsarin ƙarni na H 2 yana da ɗan gajeren lokaci domin ya cika a ƙarshen lokacin samar da acid. Haɓakawa a cikin biomass na ƙwayoyin cuta na acidogenic yana ƙara yawan lalata kayan sharar gida da cin abinci mai gina jiki. Ƙarfe, waɗanda gabaɗaya sun fi narkewar ruwa a ƙananan pH, na iya zama mafi wayar hannu a wannan lokacin, wanda zai haifar da ƙara yawan ƙarfe a cikin leachate.
Methane fermentation (Mataki na IV) Hanyoyin samar da acid na tsaka-tsaki (misali, acetic, propionic, da butyric acid) an canza su zuwa CH 4 da CO 2 ta ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na methanogenic. Kamar yadda methanogens ke daidaita VFAs, ruwan pH na ƙasa yana komawa zuwa tsaka tsaki. Ƙarfin kwayoyin halittar leachate, wanda aka bayyana azaman buƙatar iskar oxygen, yana raguwa cikin sauri tare da haɓaka samar da iskar gas na CH 4 da CO 2 Wannan shine mafi tsayin lokaci na bazuwar ta.
Ƙarshe balaga da daidaitawa (Mataki na V) Adadin ayyukan microbiological yana raguwa yayin lokacin ƙarshe na ɓarnawar sharar gida yayin da wadatar kayan abinci ke iyakance halayen sinadarai, misali kamar yadda phosphorus bioavailable ke ƙara ƙaranci. Samar da CH 4 ya kusan ɓacewa gaba ɗaya, tare da O 2 da nau'in oxidized sannu a hankali suna sake bayyana a cikin rijiyoyin iskar gas yayin da O 2 ke ratsa ƙasa daga troposphere. Wannan yana canza yuwuwar rage oxidation-rage (ORP) a cikin leachate zuwa hanyoyin oxidative. Abubuwan da suka rage na kwayoyin halitta na iya ƙara canzawa zuwa lokacin iskar gas, kuma yayin da ake takin kwayoyin halitta; watau kwayoyin halitta suna juyar da su zuwa mahadi-kamar humic Tasirin zamantakewa da muhalli Wuraren zubar da shara suna da yuwuwar haifar da al'amura da dama. Rushewar ababen more rayuwa, kamar lalacewar hanyoyin shiga da manyan motoci, na iya faruwa. Gurbacewar hanyoyin gida da magudanan ruwa daga tayoyin kan ababen hawa lokacin da suke barin wurin da ake zubar da shara na iya zama muhimmi kuma ana iya rage su ta hanyar tsarin wanke hannu Gurɓatar muhalli na gida, kamar gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa ko magudanar ruwa ko gurɓatar ƙasa na iya faruwa, haka nan.
Lechate Lokacin da hazo ya faɗi a buɗaɗɗen wuraren ajiyar ƙasa, ruwa yana ratsawa cikin datti kuma ya zama gurɓata da abin da aka dakatar da narkar da shi, yana haifar da leach. Idan ba'a ƙunshi wannan ba zai iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa. Duk wuraren da ake zubar da shara na zamani suna amfani da haɗe-haɗe na layukan da ba su da ƙarfi a cikin kauri na mita da yawa, wuraren tsayayyen yanayin ƙasa da tsarin tattarawa don ƙunshe da kama wannan leak ɗin. Sannan ana iya magance ta a kwashe. Da zarar wurin da ake zubar da shara ya cika, an rufe shi don hana hazo ruwa da sabon samuwar ruwa. Duk da haka, masu layi dole ne su kasance suna da tsawon rai, ya kasance shekaru ɗari da yawa ko fiye. Daga ƙarshe, duk wani injin da ke cikin ƙasa zai iya zubowa, don haka dole ne a gwada ƙasan da ke kusa da wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa don kare ƙazanta daga gurɓata ruwan ƙasa.
Rushewar iskar gas Abinci mai ruɓewa da sauran sharar jiki masu ruɓe suna haifar da iskar gas, musamman CO 2 da CH 4 daga bazuwar iska da anaerobic, bi da bi. Duka matakai biyu suna faruwa a lokaci guda a sassa daban-daban na wurin zubar da ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari ga samuwa O 2, ƙananan abubuwan da ke cikin iskar gas za su bambanta, dangane da shekarun zubar da ƙasa, nau'in sharar gida, abun ciki na danshi da sauran dalilai. Misali, matsakaicin adadin iskar gas da aka samar ana iya misalta sauƙaƙan amsawar diethyl oxalate wanda ke haifar da waɗannan halayen lokaci guda: 4 C 6 H 10 O 4 6 H 2 O 13 CH 4 11 CO 2
A matsakaita, kusan rabin adadin yawan adadin iskar gas shine CH 4 kuma ɗan ƙasa da rabi shine CO 2 Har ila yau, iskar gas ta ƙunshi kusan kimanin 5% nitrogen molecular (N 2 ƙasa da 1% hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S), da ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin da ba methane ba (NMOC), game da 2700 ppmv Gas ɗin da ke cike da ƙasa na iya fitowa daga wurin da ake zubar da ƙasa zuwa cikin iska da ƙasa da ke kewaye. Methane iskar gas ce mai zafi, kuma yana ƙonewa kuma mai yuwuwar fashewa a wasu abubuwa, wanda ya sa ya zama cikakke don ƙonewa don samar da wutar lantarki mai tsafta. Tun da lalata kwayoyin halitta da sharar abinci kawai suna sakin carbon da aka kama daga sararin samaniya ta hanyar photosynthesis, babu wani sabon carbon da ke shiga cikin zagayowar carbon kuma yanayin yanayi na CO 2 bai shafi ba. Carbon dioxide yana kama zafi a cikin yanayi, yana ba da gudummawa ga canjin yanayi A cikin wuraren da aka sarrafa da kyau, ana tattara iskar gas kuma ana ƙonewa ko kuma a dawo dasu don amfanin iskar gas Vectors Wuraren zubar DA shara mara kyau na iya zama damuwa saboda ƙwayoyin cuta kamar beraye da kuda waɗanda ke yada cututtuka masu yaduwa. Ana iya rage faruwar irin waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ta hanyar amfani da murfin yau da kullun Sauran abubuwan da ke damun su Wasu batutuwa masu yuwuwa sun haɗa da rushewar namun daji saboda zama da lalacewar lafiyar dabbobi ta hanyar cinye sharar gida daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, ƙura, wari, gurɓataccen hayaniya, da rage ƙimar kadarorin gida da wasu abubuwan ƙyale-kyale
iskar gas Ana samar da iskar gas a wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa saboda narkewar anaerobic da ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin wurin da aka sarrafa da kyau ana tattara wannan gas ɗin kuma ana amfani da shi. Amfaninsa ya bambanta daga sauƙi mai sauƙi zuwa amfani da iskar gas da samar da wutar lantarki. Sa ido kan iskar gas yana faɗakar da ma'aikata game da kasancewar tarin iskar gas zuwa matakin cutarwa. A wasu ƙasashe, farfaɗowar iskar gas yana da yawa; a {asar Amirka, alal misali, fiye da kimanin 850 wuraren sharar gida suna da tsarin dawo da iskar gas.
Ayyukan yanki
Kanada Hukumomin lardi na lardi da dokar kare muhalli ne ke sarrafa wuraren da ake cika shara a Kanada. Tsofaffin wuraren aiki suna faɗuwa ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin yanzu kuma ana kula da su don leaching Wasu tsoffin wuraren an canza su zuwa filin shakatawa da more rayuwa.
Tarayyar Turai A cikin Tarayyar Turai, kowane jihohi dole ne su samar da doka don biyan buƙatu da wajibai na Umarnin Filla Fil na Turai Yawancin ƙasashe membobin EU suna da dokoki da ke hanawa ko hana zubar da sharar gida ta hanyar zubar da shara.
Indiya Filayen ƙasa a halin yanzu shine babbar hanyar zubar da shara na birni a Indiya. Indiya kuma tana da filin jibge-gegen mafi girma na Asiya a Deonar, Mumbai. Ko da yake al'amura akai-akai suna tasowa saboda haɓakar haɓakar sharar ƙasa da rashin kulawa daga hukumomi. Ana yawan ganin gobarar sama da ƙasa a matsugunan ƙasar Indiya a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata.
Ƙasar Ingila Ayyukan sharar ƙasa a Burtaniya dole ne su canza a cikin 'yan shekarun nan don saduwa da ƙalubalen Umarnin Filayen shara na Turai. Yanzu Birtaniya na sanya harajin share fage akan sharar da za a iya cirewa wanda ake sakawa a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Baya ga wannan an samar da Tsarin Kasuwancin Bayar da Fil ga ƙananan hukumomi don yin ciniki da ƙayyadaddun ƙasƙanci a Ingila. Wani tsari na daban yana aiki a Wales inda hukumomi ba za su iya 'yin ciniki' a tsakaninsu ba, amma suna da alawus da aka sani da Tsarin Allowance Landfill. Wato albashi Kenan.
Amurka Hukumar kula da muhalli ta kowace jiha ce ke sarrafa wuraren da ake zubar da shara a Amurka, wanda ke kafa mafi ƙanƙanta ƙa'idodi; duk da haka, babu ɗayan waɗannan ƙa'idodin da zai iya faɗuwa ƙasa da waɗanda Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) ta gindaya. Ba da izinin zubar da shara gaba ɗaya yana ɗaukar tsakanin shekaru biyar zuwa bakwai, yana kashe miliyoyin daloli kuma yana buƙatar tsayayyen wurin zama, injiniyanci da nazarin muhalli da zanga-zangar don tabbatar da gamsuwa da abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli da aminci.
Nau'ukan Sharar gida ta gari sharar gida da kayan da ba su da haɗari. Haɗe da wannan nau'in ƙasƙan ƙasa akwai Bioreactor Landfill wanda ke lalata kayan halitta musamman.
Sharar gida: don sharar kasuwanci da masana'antu. Sauran wuraren da ke da alaƙa sun haɗa da Gine-ginen Gine-gine da Rushewar tarkace da Ragowar Filayen Konewar Kwal.
Sharar gida mai haɗari ko sharar PCB Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) matsuguni waɗanda Dokar Kula da Abubuwan Guba ta 1976 (TSCA) ke kulawa a cikin Amurka.
Batutuwan ƙwayoyin cuta Matsayin al'umman ƙananan ƙwayoyin cuta na iya ƙayyade ingancinsa na narkewa. An gano kwayoyin cutar da ke narkewar robobi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.
Maidowa kayan Mutum na iya ɗaukar wuraren zubar da ƙasa a matsayin madaidaicin tushen kayan aiki da kuzari A cikin ƙasashen duniya na uku, masu sharar gida sukan yi ɓarna ga kayan da har yanzu ba a iya amfani da su. A cikin mahallin kasuwanci, kamfanoni kuma sun gano wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da yawa sun fara girbi kayan aiki da makamashi. Sanannun misalan sun haɗa da wuraren dawo da iskar gas. Sauran wuraren kasuwanci sun haɗa da inneratorers waɗanda ke da ginanniyar dawo da kayan aiki. Wannan kayan dawowa yana yiwuwa ta hanyar amfani da masu tacewa electro filter, aiki-carbon da potassium filter, quench, HCl-washer, SO 2 -washer, kasa ash -grating, da dai sauransu. Madadin Bugu da ƙari, dabarun rage sharar gida da sake amfani da su, akwai hanyoyi daban-daban don zubar da ƙasa, ciki har da sharar gida-zuwa makamashi, narkewar anaerobic, takin gargajiya, maganin ilimin halitta, pyrolysis da plasma arc gasification Dangane da tattalin arziƙin gida da abubuwan ƙarfafawa, waɗannan za a iya sanya su mafi kyawun kuɗi fiye da wuraren zubar da ƙasa Ko muhalli.
Ƙuntatawa Kasashe da suka hada da Jamus, Ostiriya, Sweden, Denmark, Belgium, Netherlands, da Switzerland, sun hana zubar da sharar da ba a kula da su ba a wuraren da ake zubar da shara.A cikin wasu ɓangarorin haɗari ne kawai, toka mai tashi daga ƙonawa ko ingantaccen kayan aikin injinan jiyya na ƙwayoyin cuta ana iya adana su.
Duba wasu abubuwan
Manazarta
Ci gaba da karatu Daniel A. Vallero, Kimiyyar Halittar Muhalli: Hanyar Tsarin Halitta Bugu na 2. Lantarki na Ilimi, Amsterdam, Netherlands da Boston MA, Littafin Buga eBook shekarata. 2015.
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje Ƙungiyar Sharar gida da sake amfani da su ta Amurka
Ƙungiya mai ƙarfi ta Arewacin Amurka
https://waste-management-world.com/a/a-compact-guide-to-landfill-operation-machinery-management-and-misconceptions
Shara
Juji
Hakki
Muhalli
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
14012 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba%20wa%20Juna%20Tazara | Ba wa Juna Tazara | A ƙarnin da ya wuce, annoba iri iri masu alaƙa da mashaƙo sun bijiro sun gallabi duniya. Waɗannan annoba suna da titstsige daga ƙwayoyin cututtuka da ke jikin dabbobi da tsuntsaye, akan samu wani lokaci suna shiga jikin ɗan adam suna haddasa masa ciwo. Daga nan kuma sai su cigaba da yaɗuwa daga mutum zuwa mutum. Ana kiransu 'zoonotic' cikin harshen Ingilishi saboda cututtukan sun samo asali ne daga dabbobi. Yin tazara da juna shi ne ɗaya daga manyan hanyoyin daƙile yaɗuwar irin waɗannan cututtuka musamman Kwabid-19. Ba wa juna tazara na nufin nisantar gwamutsuwa da juna ta yadda za a samu sasari tsakanin al'umma ba tare da cakuɗuwa ba. Dakta Jeff Kwong, wanda yake ƙwararre ne a fannin nazarin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa na Jami'ar Toronto, ya bayyana ma'anar ba da tazara akan cewa dukkan abubuwan da mutane za su aikata domin daƙile yaɗuwar cututtuka tsakaninsu. Wannan kuwa ya haɗa har da zaman killace kai. Domin mu fahimci yadda ba wa juna tazara ke gudana, za mu yi la'akari da wani tsarin da ƙwararru a fannin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa suka samar. Bari mu ɗauki wannan tsari bisa la'akari da annobar Kwabid-19 ta shekara 2019/2020 da bayanan da aka samu daga kasar China inda cutar ta fara sannan za mu duba yadda tsarin yake a ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu. Wannan kuma zai ba mu damar mu dubi irin tasirin da ba wa juna tazara ke da shi wajen daƙile yaɗuwar cutar Kwabid-19. A ƙarshen wannan muƙala mun yi duba da yadda za a magance matsalolin da zaman tazara ka iya haifarwa.
Taswirar yadda tsarin yaɗuwar annobar yake Mafi yawancin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa suna bazuwa ne bisa doron matakai uku. Waɗannan matakan su ne kamar yadda aka kawo su cikin zanen da ke ƙasa.
Ƙwararru masu nazarin cututtuka masu yaɗuwa sun bayyana matakai uku kamar yadda aka nuna a zanen da ke sama. Zanen ya nuna adadin mutanen da aka tabbatar sun kamu da kuma yanayin yaɗuwar tasu. (a) Mataki na farko: Shi ne wanda aka nuna a tsarin farko na taswirar. Idan alal misali muka ɗauki yadda Kwabid-19 ke yaɗuwa, za mu ɗauke shi a matsayin mataki na farko. Anan ne akan samu masu ɗauke da cutar 'yan ƙalilan.
(b) Mataki na biyu: Taswirar na nuna yadda cutar ta kutsa kai cikin al'umma. Anan ana nuna yadda cutar ta bunƙasa take shiga cikin al'umma. A wannan mataki, cutar na bunƙasa da hanzari a kullum wanda yake da wahala a iya bin ƙididdigar ta. Hukumomi da dama sun hana zirga-zirga da tafiye-tafiye tsakanin garuruwa kamar yadda tsarin gudanrwar lafiya na duniya ya gindaya. Tsarin gudanarwar Lafiya na Duniya shi ne wani daftari da Hukumar lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta samar domin kariya da magance haɗarin lafiya da ke yaɗuwa tsakanin ƙasashen duniya. Waɗannan matakan suna ƙunshe cikin tsarin Ba da Tazara (kamar yadda bayani zai gabata). An tsara su domin rage tozon wannan taswira wanda kuma zai rage yaɗuwar cututtukan. An yi nuni da wannan fikira cikin wannnan zane da ke ƙasa: (c) Mataki na uku: Mataki na uku na taswirar na nuna yadda aka samu nasarar shawo kan yaɗuwar cutar har ma ya kasance babu sabon mai kamuwa da ita. A wannan waiwaye mun fahimci cewar wannan cutar ta Kwabid-19 na yaɗuwa da hanzari a tsakanin al'umma. Mafi yawa tana bazuwa daga cuɗanyar mutane. Yin tazara tsakanin mutane shi ne babban matakin da za a ɗauka wajen daƙile cigaba da yaɗuwar wannan cutar.
Ba da tazara ta sarari Ba da tazara ta sarari ta kasance ɗaya daga matakan kiyaye lafiya ta yadda mai ɗauke da ita mai yaɗuwa ba zai shafawa mai lafiya ba. Wannan kuwa ya ƙunshi babban mataki na kulle ƙasa da garuruwa domin taƙaita cakuɗuwar mutane a wuraren haɗuwar su. Irin wannan babban matakin yawanci mahukunta ne ƙaƙaba shi. Misalin irin wannan mataki shi ne irin wanda gwamnatin ƙasar Afrika ta Kudu ta saka shi daga tsakar daren 26 ga Maris, zuwa tsakar daren 16 ga Afrilu, 2020. Bayan wannan kuma aka tsawaita dokar da kwana 14. An yi amfani da sashi na 27(2) na Dokar Kiyaye Bala'o'i ne wajen aiwatar da wannan kullen. Haka kuma an sanya taƙaita wasu ayyukan domin hana cakuɗuwar mutane. Daga cikin sauran abubuwan da aka yi, bisa la'akari da sashi na 11B sun haɗa da;
Mutane kowa ya zauna a gida babu fita sai da ƙwaƙwaran dalili ko kuwa waɗanda ke aiwatar da muhimman aiki. An haramta duk wani taron jama'a sai dai jana'iza kaɗai (wadda bata wuce mutane 50 ba).
Hana tafiye tafiye a tsakanin jihohi.
An haramta zirga-zirga tsakanin garuruwa da ƙananan hukumomi. Hana kowanne irin kasuwanci sai na kayan masarufi.
An bar kantunan sayar da kayan masarufi su buɗe amma wajibi ne su ɗauki matakin ba da tazara mita ɗaya tsakanin kwastomomi. Sannan su bi dukkan matakan lafiya da aka tanada (Kamar samar da sinadarin wanke hannu) domin daƙile yaɗuwar cutar nan ta Kwabid-19.
Haka kuma wannan tanadi ya ƙunshi:
An haramta tafiye-tafiye cikin jiragen ruwa da na sama.
An haramta sayar da giya da sigari.
A taƙaita gudanar da sufuri.
Haka kuma tanadi ya ba wa hukumomin tarayya da na jihohi dama su killace mutane. Matakin killacewa ya haɗa da taƙaita zirga-zirgar mutanen da aka tabbatar sun kamu da Kwarona Bairus zuwa wani lokaci. Wannan tsari na killacewa yana taka rawa wajen keɓe waɗanda suka kamu da cutar daga lafiyayyu.
Afrika ta Kudu daki-daki Duk waɗannan matakai da aka ambata a sama sun yi tasiri wajen hana yaɗuwar cutar Kwabid-19 kuma Afrika ta Kudu ta kasance kan gaba wajen ƙoƙarin daƙile ta. [x] Kasancewar Afrika ta Kudu ba ta hau taswirar yaɗuwar cutar ba, shi ya sa yanzu haka har ta haye matakai biyu tunda ba a taɓa samun ta bunƙasa yadda ta yi a wasu a ƙasashe ba. Maimakon haka yanzu ana iya ganin samun nasarar taƙaitar masu ɗauke da ita daga 42% zuwa 4% bayan an gudanar da dokar zama a gida.
Ƙasar ta ɗauki jami’an duba-gari masu yawa da suke bi gida-gida suna yi wa mutane gwaji. A wani jawabi da ya gabatarwa ‘yan ƙasa ranar 9 ga Afrilu, 2020, Shugaba Cyril Ramaphosa ya danganta nasarar da aka samu da irin yadda jama’a suka bayar da haɗin kai a matakin kullen da aka ɗauka. “Kun yi biyayya ga dokar kulle ta zama a gida, kuma kun yi aiki da shawarwarin ƙwararru. Kun rungumi duk irin tarnaƙi da wahalhalun da ke cikin dokar hana zirga-zirga sannan mun hana ku mafi yawan ‘yancin walwalar ku a ayyukan ku na yau da kullum.”
Duk da kasancewar ƙwararru sun yi gargaɗin cewar har yanzu akwai yiwuwar cigaba da yaɗuwar wannan cuta, amma kuma ƙoƙarin da gwamnati ta yi ya daƙile ta, har yanzu muna da lokacin cigaba da yaƙar ta.” Saboda haka, za a soma sassauta dokar zama a gida sannu a hankali a mataki mataki.
Kammalawa Cutar Kwabid-19 ta kasance mai hanzarin yaɗuwa a faɗin duniya tun bayan da aka farga da ɓullar ta a birnin Wuhan na ƙasar China a ƙarshen shekara ta 2019. Ƙwararrun likitocin ƙasar China sun bayyana matakai biyu da za a iya yaƙi da wannan annoba mai barazana ga kiwon lafiya: (1) Sarrafawa da Rigakafin cutar (2) Binciken masana kimiyya. Waɗannan ƙwararru na ƙasar China sun bada gudunmawa ƙwarai wajen gano cutar a farko-farkon bayyanar ta. Sannan Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO) ta kasance mai matuƙar muhimmanci a duniya dangane da yaƙi da annobar wacce ta ɓulla a cikin shekara ta 2020.
Ba wa juna tazara ya kasance wata babbar hanyar daƙile yaɗuwar annobar kamar yadda muka gani a Afrika ta Kudu a zahiri. Cibiyar nazarin cututtuka da magance su tana bayar da shawarwarin cewar, “yana da matuƙar muhimmanci a kasance ana tuntuɓar iyalai da abokai da ba kwa tare a gida ɗaya ta hanyar kiran waya, tattaunawa ta intanet da sauran kafafen Soshiyal Midiya. Kowa da irin yadda yake fuskantar ƙalubale, don haka yin nesa da wanda kake so abu ne mai wahala.” Yawanci ana samun ƙalubalen ne saboda tsoro, damuwa da kuma fargaba da ta cika zuƙatan mutane sakamakon wannan annoba da ta zama ruwan dare mai gama duniya. Ƙwararru na bayar da shawarar a maida hankali ga hanyoyin da za a magance waɗannan matsaloli na fargaba da rashin kwanciyar hankali musamman da tsarin ba wa juna tazara zai haifar.
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33382 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasar%20Firimiya%20ta%20Mata%20ta%20Ghana | Gasar Firimiya ta Mata ta Ghana | Gasar firimiya ta Mata ta Ghana, (GWPL), wadda aka fi sani da National Women's League (NWL), ita ce babbar gasar rukunin mata a Ghana. An fara ƙaddamar da it's a cikin shekarar 2012. Kungiyoyi 18 ne suka fafata a shiyyoyi biyu (yankin kudu da arewa), tana aiki ne bisa tsarin ci gaba da ficewa tare da rukunin mata na Ghana na daya. Lokaci yana gudana daga Disamba zuwa Yuli tare da kowace ƙungiya tana buga matches 16 (wasa da sauran ƙungiyoyi 8 a yankin su duka gida da waje). Yawancin wasannin ana yin su ne a ranakun Asabar da Lahadi da rana.
Kamfanoni da dama ne ke daukar nauyin gasar, ciki har da na hukuma kayayyakin wasanni da ke daukar nauyin Decathlon GH, reshen Ghana na dillalan kayan wasanni na Faransa Decathlon, da NASCO, wadanda ke daukar nauyin ranar wasa, kowane wata, da kyaututtuka na shekara. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2021, hukumar kwallon kafar Ghana ta nada Hilary Boateng a matsayin shugabar kwamitin kula da gasar Premier ta mata.
Tarihi Har zuwa shekarar 2006 wasu yankunan ne kawai ke da gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata. A shekara ta 2006, an ƙirƙiri lig na shiyya, wanda ya buga zakara na ƙasa a karon farko. An raba Ghana zuwa yankuna uku da suka buga wasan gasar. Sannan kowace shiyya ta ci gaba da kungiyoyi biyu zuwa matakin kasa. An fara kunna tsarin na yanzu a cikin 2012–13. Ana buga gasar rukuni-rukuni biyu. Bayan matakin gasar, dukkan wadanda suka lashe gasar sun hadu a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. Hasaacas Ladies ta yi nasara a wasan karshe da ci 2–1 a kan Fabulous Ladies a filin wasa na Accra. FIFA ta dauki nauyin wani babban bangare na kayan wasan kwallon kafa Ƙungiyoyin kafa 2012-13 An raba kungiyoyi goma sha biyu na farkon kakar wasa zuwa yankuna biyu na kungiyoyi shida.
2020 yanzu A cikin shekarar 2021, Majalisar Zartarwa ta Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana (GFA) ta yanke shawarar fadada kungiyar daga tsarinta na yanzu Kungiyoyi 16 zuwa kungiyoyi 18 tun daga kakar 2021-22, ma'ana kungiyoyi tara don yankuna daban-daban don ba da izinin aƙalla 16. wasannin gasar a kakar wasa.
Tsarin gasa
Gasa Akwai kungiyoyi 16 a gasar firimiya ta mata, 8 a shiyyar kudu sai 8 a shiyyar arewa. A lokacin kakar wasa (daga Disamba zuwa Yuli) kowane kulob a kowane yanki yana buga sauran sau biyu (tsarin zagaye na biyu sau ɗaya a filin wasan su na gida kuma sau ɗaya a na abokan hamayyarsu, don wasanni 16 a kowane yanki. yin shi 32 games duk tare. Ƙungiyoyi suna samun maki uku don nasara da maki ɗaya don canjaras. Ba a bayar da maki don asara. Ƙungiyoyi suna ranked ta jimlar maki, sa'an nan manufa bambanci, sa'an nan kuma a raga ya ci. Idan har yanzu daidai ne, ana ɗaukar ƙungiyoyin su mamaye matsayi ɗaya. A karshen gasar ta shiyya kungiyoyin da ke kan gaba da kuma wadanda suka lashe shiyya sun hadu a wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai domin yanke hukunci kan zakaran na kasa.
Ci gaba da raguwa Akwai tsarin ci gaba da faduwa tsakanin gasar firimiya da na gasar rukuni na daya. Kungiyoyi mafi ƙanƙanta a shiyyoyin biyu na gasar firimiya sun koma gasar rukuni-rukuni ta ɗaya, kuma manyan ƙungiyoyin da suka fito daga shiyyoyin biyu a gasar ta haye zuwa gasar Premier. An ƙara adadin kulake daga 16 zuwa 18 a kakar shekarar 2021–22 Gasar wasan karshe Jerin gwanaye da wadanda suka zo na biyu:
2019*** Gasar Musamman ta Matan Ghana
Masu nasara ta kulob
Tallafawa Tun daga kafuwarta a shekarar 2012 har zuwa 2017, gasar ba ta da mai daukar nauyin taken kuma ana kiranta da Kungiyar Mata ta Kasa. Koyaya a cikin shekarar 2018, an sanar da FreshPak, reshen Groupe Nduom, a matsayin masu ɗaukar nauyin gasar na farko. Kamfanin ya bayyana kunshin tallafin, mai daraja GH¢500,000 a cikin yanayi biyu masu zuwa, wanda ya fara daga kakar shekararu 2018. Electroland Ghana Ltd, masu rarraba kayan lantarki na NASCO sun kasance abokin tarayya kuma suna daukar nauyin gasar Premier ta Mata tun daga kakar shekran 2019-20. Kamfanin ne ke daukar nauyin kyautar gwarzon dan wasa, kyaututtuka na wata-wata wanda ya hada da kyautar gwarzon dan wasan watan da kociyan wata tare da bayar da kyautar gwarzon shekara da karshen kakar bana, gwarzon dan wasa, Gano gwarzon shekara. Kyautar Gwarzon Gola da Koci na kakar wasa. A watan Oktoba ma shekarar 2020, Hukumar Kwallon kafa ta Ghana ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar daukar nauyin shekaru hudu tare da Decathlon GH, reshen Ghana na dillalan kayan wasanni na Faransa, Decathlon don samar da kwallon kafa da kayayyakin wasanni don gasar Premier ta mata na tsawon shekaru hudu masu zuwa daga shekarar 2020- kakar wasannin mata 21.
Labaran watsa labarai A watan Fabrairun shekarar2020, Hukumar Kwallon Kafa ta Ghana ta rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba da tallafi ta gaskiya tare da StarTimes Television na tsawon shekaru shida da suka fara daga gasar Premier ta Ghana ta 2019-20. A wani bangare na yarjejeniyar StarTimes ta sadaukar da dala 100,000 a cikin shekarar farko a matsayin goyon bayan gani ga duka gasar rukunin Ghana da na mata musamman gasar Premier ta mata ta Ghana. Sun sadaukar da $50,000 na shekaru biyar masu zuwa. A matsayin wani ɓangare na yarjejeniyar, StarTimes Wasanni da masu hannun jari Max TV sun watsa duka Gasar Premier ta Mata ta Ghana ta shekarar 2020-21 da Ƙarshen Gasar Cin Kofin Mata ta Ghana na 2020-21.
Duba kuma Wasan kwallon kafa na mata a Ghana
Gasar cin kofin FA na mata na Ghana
Gasar cin kofin mata ta Ghana
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗi na waje League a shafin yanar gizon Federation
Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
28598 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umm%20Habiba | Umm Habiba | Umm Habiba cikakken suna Ramlah bint Abi Sufyan 589 ko 594 zuwa 665) ta kasan ce daya daga cikin matan Annabi Muhammad (SAW) kuma Uwar Muminai ce.
Farkon rayuwa Ta kasance 'ya ce ga Abu Sufyan ibn Harb da kuma Safiyyah bint Abi al-'As. Abu Sufyan shine shugaban kabilar Umayya, kuma shine shugaban na dukkannin kabilun larabawa na Kuraishawa kuma ya kasan ce mafi karfi cikin wadanda suke adawa da koyarwar Annabi Muhammad a shekara ta 624 zuwa shekara ta 630. Amman duk da haka, daga bisani sai ya karba musulunci, kuma ya zama babban mayaki a cikin musulunci A Daular Ummayad na farko, Muawiyah I shi dan uwa ne ga Ramlah, dan kishiya suke da Ramlah sannan kuma tsakanin shi da Khalifa Usman Ibn Affan, yayan wa da kanwa suke shi, kuma sun hada dangantaka na kusa a bangaran ubannin su maza.
Auren Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh Mijin ta na farko shine Ubayd-Allah ibn Jahsh, dan uwa ga Zaynab bint Jahsh, wanda Annabi ita ma ya aure ta.
Ubayd-Allah da Ramla suna cikin mutane na farko da suka karba muslunci. A shekarar 616 suka yi hijira zuwa Habasha (Ethiopia), domin kauracewa kamun Ƙuraishawa, sun haifi yarinyar su mai suna Habibah bint Ubayd-Allah.
A wani kaulin ance Ubayd-Allah daga baya ya koma addinin Kiristanci. Inda yayi yunkurin ya komar da matar sa Ramlah akan ita ma ta koma addinin, amman sai taki komawa ta tsaya akan addinin ta Islam. Wanda komawan shi addinin yasa ta rabu da shi.
Auren Annabi Muhammad Muhammad sent Ramla a proposal of marriage, which arrived on the day she completed her Iddah (widow's waiting period).
The marriage ceremony took place in Abyssinia even though Muhammad was not present. Ramla chose Khalid ibn Said as her legal guardian at the ceremony. The Negus (King) of Abyssinia read out the Khutba himself, and Khalid ibn Said made a speech in reply. The Negus gave Khalid a dower of 400 dinars and hosted a huge wedding feast after the ceremony. He also sent musk and ambergris to the bride through the slave Barrah. Muhammad did not give a dower larger than this to any of his other wives.
The Negus then arranged to send all thirty of the remaining immigrant Muslims back to Arabia. They travelled to Medina in two boats. Shurahbil ibn Hasana accompanied Ramla on this journey. According to some sources, she married Muhammad one year after the Hijra, though she did not live with him until six years later, when Muhammad was sixty years old and she was thirty-five. Tabari writes that her marriage took place in 7 A.H. (628) when "she was thirty-odd years old."
Rayuwa a Medina On one occasion, Abu Sufyan visited his daughter Ramla in her house in Medina. "As he went to sit on the apostle’s carpet she folded it up so that he could not sit on it. 'My dear daughter,' he said, 'I hardly know if you think that the carpet is too good for me or that I am too good for the carpet!' She replied: 'It is the apostle’s carpet and you are an unclean polytheist. I do not want you to sit on the apostle’s carpet.' 'By God,' he said, 'since you left me you have gone to the bad.'"
Ramla died in the year 45 A.H. (664 or 665 C.E.) during the Kingship of her brother, Muawiyah I. She was buried in the Jannat al-Baqi cemetery next to other wives of Muhammad.
Martaba A banagaran ilimin Hadisi kuma, Ramlah ta ruwaito Hadisai sittin da biyar 65, wanda Muhammad Al-Bukhari da Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj suka yarda suka ruwaito, kuma musulmai suna karban hadisan Ramlah ne kadai daga wajan Bukhari da Muslim.
Manazarta Haifaffun 594
Mutuwan 665
Mata Musulmai
Matan Annabi Muhammad
Banu Umayya
Larabawan karni na 6th
Larabawan karni na 7th
Makwancin Jannat |
26137 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted%20Bundy | Ted Bundy | Theodore Robert Bundy (an haifi Cowell a ranar 24 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1946; ya mutu a Janairu 24, 1989) Ba'amurke ne dan ta'adda da ya aikata manyan laifukan da suka shafi kisan kai, yin garkuwa, yi wa fyade, da kashe mata da 'yan mata da yawa a cikin shekarar 1970. Bayan sama da shekaru goma na takadda, ya furta kisan kai talatin 30, wanda aka yi a jihohi bakwai tsakanin shekara1974 zuwa shekara ta 1978. Ba a san adadin wanda aka kashe na gaskiya ba, kuma yana iya zama mafi girma. An dauki Bundy a matsayin kyakkyawa da kwarjini, halayen da ya yi amfani da su don samun amincewar wadanda abin ya shafa da al'umma. Ya kan kusanci waɗanda abin ya shafa a wuraren taruwar jama'a, da nuna rauni ko naƙasa, ko yin kama da wani mutum mai iko, kafin ya buga su a sume ya kai su wurare na biyu don yi musu fyaɗe da wuƙaƙe. Wani lokaci yana sake ziyartar waɗanda abin ya shafa, yana yin ado da yin lalata da gawarwakin da suka ruɓe har sai ɓacin rai da lalata dabbobin daji ya sa duk wani ƙarin hulɗa ba zai yiwu ba. Ya decapitated akalla 12 wadanda kuma kiyaye wasu daga cikin warware shugabannin matsayin mementos a cikin Apartment. A 'yan lokuta, ya shiga cikin gidaje da dare kuma ya ruɓe waɗanda abin ya shafa yayin da suke barci.
A cikin shekara ta 1975, an kama Bundy kuma aka daure shi a Utah saboda tsananin satar mutane da ƙoƙarin kai hari. Daga nan ya zama wanda ake tuhuma a cikin jerin ci gaba mai tsawo da ba a warware ba a jihohi da dama. Yana fuskantar tuhumar kisan kai a Colorado, ya ƙera tsere masu ban mamaki guda biyu kuma ya ci gaba da kai hare -hare a Florida, gami da kisan kai uku, kafin a sake kama shi a shekara1978. Ga kisan na Florida, ya sami hukuncin kisa guda uku a gwaji biyu. An kashe shi a gidan yari na jihar Florida a Raiford a ranar Ashirindahudu 24 ga Janairu, shekara ta 1989.
Marubucin tarihin rayuwar Ann Rule ya bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan adam sociopath wanda ya ji daɗi daga zafin wani ɗan adam da ikon da yake da shi akan waɗanda abin ya shafa, har zuwa mutuwa, har ma bayan." Ya taba bayyana kansa a matsayin "ɗan sanyi mafi ƙanƙanta na ɗan iska da za ku taɓa haɗuwa da shi". Lauyan Polly Nelson, memba na ƙungiyar tsaro ta ƙarshe, ya yarda. Ta rubuta, "Ted, shine ainihin ma'anar muguntar zuciya".
Rayuwar farko
Yara An haifi Ted Bundy Theodore Robert Cowell a ranar ashirindahudu24 ga Nuwamba, shekara1946, ga Eleanor Louise Cowell (1924 2012; wanda aka sani da suna Louise) a Gidan Elizabeth Lund don Uwayen Uwa marasa aure a Burlington, Vermont Ba a taba tabbatar da asalin mahaifinsa ba. Ta wasu asusun, takardar haihuwarsa ta ba da uba ga mai siyarwa da tsohon sojan sama mai suna Lloyd Marshall, kodayake a cewar wasu an jera uban a matsayin wanda ba a sani ba. Louise ta yi iƙirarin cewa wani mayaƙin yaƙi mai suna Jack Worthington, wanda ya watsar da ita jim kaɗan bayan ta ɗauki ciki da Ted. Wasu membobin dangi sun nuna shakkun cewa wataƙila mahaifin Louise, Samuel Cowell ne ya haifi Bundy. A cikin shekaru ukun farko na rayuwarsa, Bundy ya zauna a cikin gidan Philadelphia na kakannin mahaifiyarsa, Samuel (1898 1983) da Eleanor Cowell (1895 1971), waɗanda suka tashe shi a matsayin ɗansu don gujewa kyamar zamantakewa da ke tare da haihuwa a waje. na aure. An gaya wa dangi, abokai, har ma da matashi Ted cewa kakanninsa iyayensa ne kuma mahaifiyarsa babbar yayarsa ce. Daga ƙarshe ya gano gaskiya, duk da tunaninsa na yanayi ya bambanta. Ya gaya wa budurwar cewa wani dan uwansa ya nuna masa kwafin takardar haihuwarsa bayan ya kira shi da "dan iska", amma ya gaya wa masanin tarihin Stephen Michaud da Hugh Aynesworth cewa ya sami takardar shaidar da kansa. Tarihin rayuwa da marubucin laifi na gaskiya Ann Rule, wanda ya san Bundy da kansa, ya yi imanin cewa bai gano ba har zuwashekara 1969, lokacin da ya sami asalin asalin haihuwarsa a Vermont. Bundy ya nuna bacin ransa ga mahaifiyarsa na rashin yi masa magana game da ainihin mahaifinsa, da kuma barinsa don gano ainihin iyayensa ga kansa. A wasu hirarraki, Bundy ya yi magana da kakanninsa kuma ya gaya wa Dokar cewa ya "san da", "girmama", kuma "ya manne" kakansa. A cikin shekara1987, duk da haka, shi da sauran membobin dangi sun gaya wa lauyoyi cewa Samuel Cowell ya kasance mai zaluntar danniya kuma babban mutum wanda ya ƙi baƙar fata, Italiyanci, Katolika, da Yahudawa, ya bugi matarsa da karen dangi, kuma ya karkatar da kyanwa. wutsiyoyi. Ya taɓa jefa ƙanwar Louise Julia ƙasa a kan matakala don yin bacci. Wani lokaci ya yi magana da ƙarfi ga abubuwan da ba a gani ba, kuma aƙalla sau ɗaya ya tashi cikin tashin hankali lokacin da aka taso batun mahaifin Bundy. Bundy ya bayyana kakarsa a matsayin mace mai jin kunya da biyayya wacce a lokuta -lokaci ake yin amfani da wutar lantarki don baƙin ciki kuma tana tsoron barin gidansu har ƙarshen rayuwarta. Bundy lokaci -lokaci yana nuna halin damuwa tun yana ƙarami. Julia ta tuno farkawa daga bacci don ta tsinci kanta da wuƙaƙe daga kicin, kuma Ted ɗan shekara uku yana tsaye kusa da gado yana murmushi. Waɗannan bayanin bayanin kakannin Bundy an yi musu tambayoyi a cikin ƙarin binciken kwanan nan.
Manazarta
Haifaffun 1946
Pages with unreviewed |
29919 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magudanar%20ruwa | Magudanar ruwa | Magudanar ruwa shi ne wurin wucewar ruwa ko na wucin gadi cire ruwan saman da ruwan da ke ƙasa daga wurin da ke da ruwa. Magudanar ruwa na cikin gida na mafi yawan ƙasar noma yana da kyau don hana ruwa mai tsanani (yanayin anaerobic da ke cutar da ci gaban tushen), amma yawancin ƙasa suna buƙatar magudanar ruwa na wucin gadi don inganta samarwa ko sarrafa kayan ruwa.
Tarihi
Tarihin farko Wayewar Kwarin Indus tana da tsarin magudanar ruwa da magudanar ruwa. Kuma Dukkan gidaje a manyan biranen Harappa da Mohenjo-daro sun sami damar samun ruwa da wuraren magudanar ruwa. An kai ruwan sharar gida zuwa magudanar ruwa da aka rufe, wanda ke kan manyan tituna.
Karni na 18 da 19 Ƙirƙirar magudanar ruwan bututun da aka ƙirƙira ga Sir Hugh Dalrymple, wanda ya mutu a shekara ta 1753.
Ayyuka na yanzu
Geotextiles Sabbin tsarin magudanar ruwa sun haɗa da tacewa na geotextile waɗanda ke riƙe da hana kyawawan hatsi na ƙasa shiga da toshe magudanar. Geotextiles su ne yadudduka na roba da aka kera musamman don aikace-aikacen injiniyan farar hula da muhalli Geotextiles an ƙera su don riƙe kyakkyawan barbashi na ƙasa yayin barin ruwa ya wuce. A cikin tsarin magudanar ruwa na yau da kullun, za a shimfiɗa su tare da rami wanda za'a cika su da ƙaƙƙarfan kayan granular tsakuwa, harsashi na teku, dutse ko dutse Sannan Daga nan sai a naɗe geotextile a saman dutsen sannan a rufe ramin da ƙasa. Ruwan cikin ƙasa yana ratsa ta cikin geotextile kuma yana gudana ta cikin dutsen zuwa fashewa. Kuma A cikin babban yanayin ruwa na ƙasa an shimfiɗa bututu mai raɗaɗi PVC ko PE tare da gindin magudanar don ƙara yawan ruwan da ake ɗauka a cikin magudanar ruwa.
A madadin, ana iya yin la'akari da tsarin magudanar ruwa na filastik da aka riga aka yi da HDPE, galibi yana haɗa geotextile, fiber na koko ko fil fil Kuma Amfani da waɗannan kayan ya ƙara zama ruwan dare saboda sauƙin amfani da su wanda ke kawar da buƙatun jigilar kaya da shimfidar magudanar ruwa wanda a koyaushe ya fi tsada fiye da magudanar ruwa da siminti.
A cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata geotextile, masu tace PVC da masu tace HDPE sun zama mafi yawan amfani da kafofin tace ƙasa. Suna da arha don samarwa da sauƙin kwanciya, tare da kaddarorin sarrafa masana'anta waɗanda ke tabbatar da aikin tacewa na dogon lokaci ko da a cikin yanayin ƙasa mara kyau.
Madadin karni na 21 Ayyukan Jama'a na Seattle sun ƙirƙiri shirin matukin jirgi mai suna Street Edge Alternatives (SEA Streets) Project. Aikin yana mai da hankali kan zayyana tsarin "don samar da magudanar ruwa wanda yafi kwaikwayi yanayin yanayin kasa kafin a ci gaba fiye da tsarin bututun gargajiya". Titunan suna da ramuka a gefen titin, tare da ƙera shuke-shuken a duk faɗin yankin. Ƙaddamar da matakan da ba a tare da su ba yana ba da damar ruwa ya ɓullo da yardar rai zuwa wuraren da ba za a iya jurewa a gefen tituna ba. Saboda dashen shuka, ruwan da ke gudu daga cikin birni ba ya shiga cikin ƙasa kai tsaye, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin yanayin da ke kewaye. To Amman Kuma Sa ido da Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Jama'a ta Seattle ta yi rahoton raguwar kashi 99 na ruwan guguwa da ke barin aikin magudanar ruwa Magudanar ruwa ya yi wani babban nazari na muhalli a cikin 'yan kwanakin nan a Burtaniya. Tsarukan Magudanar Ruwa na Birane (SUDS) an ƙera su don ƙarfafa ƴan kwangila don shigar da tsarin magudanar ruwa wanda ya fi kwaikwayi yanayin kwararar ruwa a yanayi. Tun da shekarata 2010 na gida da na yanki a Burtaniya ana buƙatar doka don sanya SUDS cikin kowane ayyukan ci gaba da suke da alhakinsa.
Magudanar ruwan ramuka ya tabbatar da mafi kyawun samfuri a cikin shekaru ashirin da suka gabata azaman zaɓin magudanar ruwa. Kuma A matsayin tsarin magudanar ruwa ta tashar an tsara shi don kawar da buƙatar ƙarin tsarin aikin bututun da za a girka daidai da magudanar ruwa, rage tasirin muhalli na samarwa tare da inganta tarin ruwa. Bakin karfe, tashar kankare, PVC da HDPE duk kayan da ake samu don magudanar ruwa waɗanda suka zama matsayin masana'antu akan ayyukan gini.
Magudanar ruwa a cikin masana'antar gini Injiniyan farar hula ne ke da alhakin magudanar ruwa a ayyukan gine-gine. Daga cikin tsare-tsaren sun zayyana dukkan hanyoyin, magudanan titi, magudanun ruwa, magudanan ruwa da magudanan ruwa da ke aikin gine-gine Yayin aikin ginin zai tsara duk matakan da ake bukata don kowane abubuwan da aka ambata a baya.
Injiniyoyin farar hula da manajojin gine-gine suna aiki tare da masu gine-gine da masu kulawa, masu tsarawa, masu binciken adadi, ma'aikata gabaɗaya, da kuma ƴan kwangila. Yawanci, sannan yawancin hukunce-hukuncen suna da wasu dokoki na magudanar ruwa don yin hukunci gwargwadon matakin mai mallakar ƙasa zai iya canza magudanar ruwa daga fakitinsa.
Zaɓuɓɓukan magudanar ruwa don masana'antar gini sun haɗa da:
Magudanar ruwa, wanda ke katse ruwa a gullies (maki). Gullies suna haɗawa da bututun magudanar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasa kuma ana buƙatar haƙa mai zurfi don sauƙaƙe wannan tsarin. Ana buƙatar goyon bayan ramuka masu zurfi a cikin siffar katako, strutting ko shoring.
Magudanar ruwa ta tashar, wanda ke hana ruwa tare da duk hanyar tashar. Magudanar ruwa yawanci ana kera ta ne daga siminti, karfe, polymer ko abubuwan da aka haɗa. Matsakaicin tsaka-tsakin magudanar ruwa ya fi girma fiye da magudanar ruwa kuma aikin tono da ake buƙata yawanci ba shi da zurfi sosai.
Fuskar buɗaɗɗen magudanar ruwa yawanci yana zuwa ne ta hanyar gratings (polymer, filastik, ƙarfe ko ƙarfe) ko rami ɗaya (magudanar ruwa) wanda ke tafiya tare da saman ƙasa (wanda aka kera daga karfe ko ƙarfe). Tsarin bita
Magudanar ruwa a cikin ganuwar riƙewa Tsarin riƙon ƙasa kamar riƙon bango shima yana buƙatar yin la'akari da magudanar ruwa na ƙasa. Dan haka Ganuwar rikowa na yau da kullun ana gina su ne da kayan da ba za a iya jurewa ba wanda zai iya toshe hanyar ruwan ƙasa. Lokacin da ruwan karkashin kasa ya toshe, matsa lamba na ruwa na hydrostatic yana tasowa a bango kuma yana iya haifar da babbar lalacewa. Idan ba a zubar da matsa lamba na ruwa yadda ya kamata ba, ganuwar da ke riƙewa na iya yin ruku'u, motsawa, karaya da raguwa. Matsin ruwa kuma yana iya lalata ɓangarorin ƙasa waɗanda ke kaiwa ga ɓata bayan bango da ramukan nutse a cikin ƙasan da ke sama. Sannan Tsarin magudanar magudanar ruwa na gargajiya na iya haɗawa da, Magudanar ruwa na Faransa, magudanar ruwa ko ramukan kuka. Don hana zaizayar ƙasa, ana shigar da yadudduka tace geotextile tare da tsarin magudanar ruwa.
Dalilan magudanar ruwa na wucin gadi Ƙasa mai dausayi na iya buƙatar magudanar ruwa don a yi amfani da su wajen noma A Arewacin Amurka da Turai, glaciation ya haifar da ƙananan tafkuna masu yawa waɗanda a hankali suka cika da humus don yin marshes Wasu daga cikinsu an zubar da su ta hanyar amfani da buɗaɗɗen ramuka da ramuka don yin ciyayi, waɗanda galibi ana amfani da su don amfanin gona masu daraja kamar kayan lambu Mafi girman aikin wannan nau'in a cikin duniya yana gudana tsawon ƙarni a cikin Netherlands Yankin da ke tsakanin Amsterdam, Haarlem da Leiden ya kasance, a zamanin da kafin tarihin fadama da kananan tafkuna. Yanke Turf (Haka ma'adinan Peat rangwame da zaizayar ruwa a hankali ya haifar da samuwar babban tabki guda, Haarlemmermeer, ko tafkin Haarlem. Ƙirƙirar injunan bututun iska a ƙarni na 15 ya ba da izinin magudanar ruwa daga wasu yankunan bakin teku, amma magudanar ruwa na ƙarshe na tafkin dole ne ya jira ƙirar manyan famfunan tururi da yarjejeniya tsakanin hukumomin yankin. Kawar da tafkin ya faru tsakanin shekarar 1849 zuwa shekarata 1852, wanda ya haifar da dubban kilomita 2 na sabuwar ƙasa.
Filayen bakin teku da ɓangarorin kogin na iya samun ruwan tebur na lokaci ko na dindindin kuma dole ne su sami ingantaccen magudanar ruwa idan za a yi amfani da su don aikin gona. Misali shine yankin citrus na citrus na Florida Bayan an sami ruwan sama mai yawa, ana amfani da famfunan magudanar ruwa don hana lalacewa ga tsire-tsire na citrus daga ƙasa mai jika sosai. Noman shinkafa yana buƙatar cikakken sarrafa ruwa, saboda filayen suna buƙatar ambaliyar ruwa ko magudanar ruwa a matakai daban-daban na zagayowar amfanin gona. Har ila yau, Netherlands ta jagoranci hanya a cikin irin wannan magudanar ruwa, ba wai kawai don zubar da ƙasa a bakin teku ba, to amma a zahiri tana tura tekun har sai an ƙara yawan al'ummar asali.
A cikin yanayi mai ɗanɗano, ƙasa na iya zama isasshiyar noman noma in ban da cewa takan zama ruwa na ɗan lokaci kowace shekara, daga narke dusar ƙanƙara ko kuma daga ruwan sama mai yawa. Ƙasar da aka fi sani da yumbu za ta wuce ruwa a hankali a hankali, yayin da tushen tsiron ya shaƙa saboda yawan ruwan da ke kewaye da tushen yana kawar da motsin iska a cikin ƙasa gaba data.</br> Sauran ƙasan na iya samun ƙasa mara nauyi na ƙasa mai ma'adinai, wanda ake kira da ƙarfi ko ɗumbin dutsen da ba ya da ƙarfi zai iya ƙarƙashin ƙasa mara zurfi. Magudanar ruwa yana da mahimmanci musamman wajen samar da 'ya'yan itace Ƙasar da ba ta da kyau ba za ta iya shayar da ruwa ba har tsawon mako guda na shekara, wanda ya isa ya kashe itatuwan 'ya'yan itace da kuma tsadar amfanin ƙasa har sai an sami maye gurbin. A cikin kowane ɗayan waɗannan yanayin magudanar ruwa da ya dace yana ɗaukar zubar da ruwa na ɗan lokaci don hana lalacewa ga amfanin gona na shekara ko na shekara.
Wurare masu bushewa galibi ana noma su ta hanyar ban ruwa, kuma mutum ba zai ɗauki magudanar ruwa ya zama dole ba. Duk da haka, ruwan ban ruwa ko da yaushe yana dauke da ma'adanai da gishiri, wanda za'a iya tattara shi zuwa matakan mai guba ta hanyar evapotranspiration Sannan Ƙasar da ke da ban ruwa na iya buƙatar ɗigon ruwa na lokaci-lokaci tare da yawan ruwan ban ruwa da magudanar ruwa don sarrafa gishirin ƙasa Duba wasu abubuwan
Hanyoyin haɗin waje
Manazarta Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba |
51150 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilie%20Demant%20Hatt | Emilie Demant Hatt | Emilie Demant Hatt(wani lokaci Emilie Demant-Hatt,ko Emilie Demant;née Emilie Demant Hansen )(21 ga Janairun shekarar 1873-4 Disamba shekarar 1958)ɗan wasan Danish ne, marubuci,masanin ilimin ƙabilanci,kuma masanin tarihin tarihi.Fannin sha'awarta da gwaninta shine al'adu da salon rayuwar mutanen Sami.
Shekarun farko An haifi Emilie Demant Hansen a cikin 1873 ga dangin ɗan kasuwa a Selde, ta Limfjord a arewacin Jutland,Denmark Tun tana da shekaru goma sha huɗu zuwa sha bakwai tana da alaƙar soyayya da Carl Nielsen wanda ta sadu da shi a 1887 a Selde.Da fatan za a shiga,Nielsen ya sami matsala ta tunani game da dangantakar su.Nielsen yana zaune a lokacin tare da kawun Emilie da kawarta a Copenhagen.Emilie Demant Hatt ta ci gaba da adana ainihin rubuce-rubucen kiɗan farko na Nielsen.
Daga 1898 zuwa 1906,ta yi karatun zane-zane da zane a Copenhagen tare da Emilie Mundt da Marie Luplau,a Kwalejin Mata ta Fasaha,makaranta a cikin Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.
Yayin da take dalibar fasaha, ta canza sunanta na ƙarshe zuwa Demant.A cikin 1904, Demant da 'yar uwarta sun yi tafiya ta jirgin kasa zuwa arewacin Scandinavia A nan ne a kan jirgin ƙasa na baƙin ƙarfe a Lapland na Sweden suka hadu da wani mafarauci na Sami wolf,Johan Turi (1854-1936).Ganawar da aka yi ta yi tasiri mai ban mamaki ga Demant wanda ke matukar sha'awar al'adun Sami da tsarin rayuwarsu.Yayin da yake dogara ga mai fassara,Turi ya gaya wa Demant cewa yana so ya rubuta littafi game da"Lapps," yayin da Demant ya ce,"A koyaushe ina son zama makiyaya."Demant ta shafe shekaru masu zuwa tana koyon harshen Sami na Arewa a Jami'ar Copenhagen tare da masanin ilimin harshe Vilhelm Thomsenyayin da take ci gaba da karatun ta na zanen.
Demant Hatt ta yi fentin duk rayuwarta kuma ta baje kolin ayyukanta a nune-nunen fasaha. Ta rubuta ƙarin ayyuka game da Sami kuma ta samar da jerin zane-zane da aka mayar da hankali kan Lapland Tarin yana samuwa a gidan tarihi na Nordic na Stockholm. Sauran zane-zane na Demant-Hatt suna a gidan kayan tarihi na Skive na Art. Dement Hatt ne ya tattara wani babban yanki na tarin kayan Sami a cikin National Museum of Ethnography Department of Denmark a lokacin 1915–1924.
Ayyukan da aka zaɓa (1913),Med Lapperne da høfjeldet (harshen Danish)
(1918),Die lappländischen Nomaden in Skandinavien
(1920),Rubutun Lappish da Johan Turi da Per Turi suka rubuta. Tare da haɗin gwiwar KD Wiklund, Edilie Demant-Hatt(harshen Turanci) ta shirya
(1922),Ved Ilden:Eventyr og mai tarihi fra Lapland(harshen Danish)
(2013)Tare da Lapps a cikin Manyan Duwatsu,Jami'ar Wisconsin Press
(2015)Tsibirin Fossil da Tsohuwar Duniya,Fitattun Titin Cedar
(2017)Black Fox:Rayuwar Emilie Demant Hatt, Mawallafi da Mawallafin Ethnographer(Jami'ar Minnesota Press)
2019)Ta Wuta:Sami Folktales and Legends,Jami'ar Minnesota Press
Nassoshi
Kara karantawa Kuutma, K. (Janairu 1, 2003). "Haɗin gwiwar Ethnography Kafin Lokacinsa: Johan Turi da Emilie Demant Hatt" Nazarin Scandinavian Buga Ƙungiyar Jama'a don Ci Gaban Nazarin Scandinavian, 75, 2, 165.
Sjoholm, Barbara. "Hijira na kaka," an fassara daga Danish zuwa Turanci daga Emilie Demant Hatt's "With the Lapps in the High Mountains" a cikin Gadar Halitta (Fall, 2008) Sjoholm, Barbara. Abubuwan da aka fassara daga Danish zuwa Turanci daga Emilie Demant Hatt's "Tare da Lapps a cikin Manyan Duwatsu" a cikin Binciken Antakiya (Spring, 2008).
Sjoholm, Barbara. Abubuwan da aka fassara daga Danish zuwa Turanci daga "Tare da Lapps a cikin Manyan Duwatsu" na Emilie Demant Hatt a Layi Biyu XIV (Winter, 2007).
Sjoholm, Barbara. (Fadar 2010). "Ta yaya Muittalus Samins aka kirkira" a cikin Scandinavian littafin littafin don ci gaban binciken Scandinavia, 82, 33.
Sjoholm, Barbara. (Fadar 2012). "Remapping the Tourist Road" a Harvard Review |
17348 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalifa | Khalifa | Khalifa ko Khalifah (Larabci: ),Ya kasan ce suna ne ko kuma lakabi wanda ke nufin "magaji", "mai mulki" ko kuma "shugaba". Yana fi nufin shugaban na wani Khalifanci, amma kuma an yi amfani da matsayin da take tsakanin daban-daban Musulunci addini kungiyoyin da umarni. Wani lokaci ana kiran Khalifa da "kalifa". Akwai khalifofi guda hudu bayan Annabi Muhammed ya mutu, farawa da Abubakar. Wannan yanke shawara ce mai wahala mutane su yanke, domin babu wanda ya taba tunani tare da hangen nesa game da wanda zai yi mulki bayan ya mutu. Daga nan ne aka fafata da Khilaafat (ko Kalifa kuma hakan ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna ta kungiyar Musulunci ta Musulunci zuwa kungiyoyi biyu, Sunni da Shi'a wadanda ke fassara kalmar, Khalifa ta hanyoyi daban-daban.
Amfani da farko na Musulunci sun hada da Khaleefa (ḥ) a cikin Kur'ani, 2:30, inda Allah ya umarci mala'iku suyi ruku'u ga Adam wanda ya fi bayyana jagora ga asalin ma'anar Larabci na gargajiya a matsayin kalmar "Mataimakin", ko yiwo alaka wakilin Allah a cikin surar mutum wata rahama ga mutãne. Dubi kuma yadda wannan ma'ana interacts da kalma, Shirk (shirkin da wani abokin tarayya ko abokan zuwa Allah da (misali) yi musu sujada (a wannan yanayin, Adam tare da girmamawa. Don haka, "Mataimakinsa" ya fi "mai magana da yawun Allah" fiye da "mataimakin" a cikin wannan mahallin kuma ya kai ga gano matsayin Imam a cikin Musulunci, ta mahangar Shi'i ko Shi'a inda, ana da'awar, Khilaafat ta ruhaniya ko sanya sunan Khaleefa a cikin wannan ma'anar ta jagora ta ruhaniya da ta ɗan lokaci ta sauka kan imami na farko, 'Ali ibn Abi Talib, "wanda aka fi so" (wanda ya karɓi aikinsa daga ɗan uwansa Muhammed da kansa amma shi ma yarda da Khilaafat zuwa ga zaben da kuma da'awar shugaban da ya fi karfi da siyasa kuma shugaban da ya fi shahara da babban sa, Abu Bakr A cikin dan Shi'a al'ada, duk da haka, da narkar da da'awar da Khilaafat da 'Ali sa'an nan daskarar cikin Imamat wanda ya ci gaba da zuriyarsa bayan shi ta hanyar saduwa da nass, ko nadi).
Ra'ayi Halifa
Halifanci
Khalifatul Masih
A Sufanci tasawwuf Khalifa halifa ne mai maye gurbin waliyi, a cikin tsarin Sufanci
Ra’ayin yan Shi’a ga Ali
Mutane masu rai Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan (An haife shi a 1948), Sarkin Abu Dhabi kuma shugaban UAE
Khalifa Haftar (An haife shi a 1943), kwamandan sojojin Libya
Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani (an haife shi a shekara ta 1952), tsohon Sarkin Qatar r 1995–2013 Haya Rashed Al-Khalifa (An haife shi a shekara ta 1952), Shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya karo na 61
Marcel Khalife (An haife shi a shekara ta 1950), mawaƙin Labanon
Peter Khalife (An haife shi a shekara ta 1990), wakilin wasan ƙwallon ƙasar Lebanon
Omer Khalifa (An haife shi a shekara ta 1956), ɗan wasan Sudan
Rafik Khalifa (An haife shi a shekara ta 1966), attajirin ɗan Algeria
Osama Khalifa (An haife shi a 1995), ɗan wasan ƙwallon squash na Masar
Sam Khalifa (An haife shi a 1963), ɗan wasan ƙwallon baseball na Amurka
Mutane masu tarihi Adam, Halitta ta farko da aka faɗi a cikin Nassosi Masu Tsarki cewa za a halicce ta da siffar mutum kuma shi ne farkon halifan Musulunci wanda Allah ya naɗa
Khalifa ibn Khayyat (c. 777 c. 854), masanin tarihin larabawa
Khalifa Keita r 1274–1275 mansa na huɗu na Daular Mali
Katip Çelebi, ko Hajji Khalifa, (1599-1658), marubucin Ottoman-Baturke
Abdallahi ibn Muhammad (1846-1899), wanda aka sani da "The Khalifa", shugaban Mahdist na Sudan
Khalifa bin Harub na Zanzibar (1879-1960), sarkin Zanzibar
Sirr Al-Khatim Al-Khalifa (1919–2006), ɗan siyasan Sudan
Khalifa bin Hamad Al Thani (1932–2016), Sarkin Qatar r 1972–1995 Rashad Khalifa (1935–1990), masanin kimiyyar nazarin halittu a Masar
Mohammed Jamal Khalifa (1957–2007), ɗan kasuwar Saudi Arabiya
Daular Khalifa Isa bin Salman Al Khalifa
Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Sarkin Bahrain
Meriam Al Khalifa
Duba kuma Amir ko sarki
Bey
Baig ko Begh
Imam
Kalifa (disambiguation)
Malik
Mir (take), kanta anyi amfani dashi a cikin mahadi daban-daban
Mirza, a zahiri "ɗan sarki ne"
Murabitun Duniya motsi
Yarima
Rana (take)
Sheikh
Sayyid
Shah
Sultan
Vizier
Manazarta Musulunci
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30227 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarin%20Ciwon%20daji | Tsarin Ciwon daji | Tsarin ciwon daji shine tsari na tantance iyakar abin da ciwon daji ya tasowa ta hanyar girma da yaduwa. Ayyukan zamani shine sanya lamba daga I zuwa IV zuwa ciwon daji, tare da kasancewa ciwon daji da kuma IV kasancewa ciwon daji wanda ya yadu zuwa iyakar abin da matakan tantancewar. Matsayin gabaɗaya yana yin la'akari da girman ƙwayar cuta, ko ya mamaye gabobin da ke kusa, yawancin yanki na yanki (kusa da) ƙwayoyin lymph nawa ya bazu zuwa (idan akwai), kuma ko ya bayyana a wurare masu nisa metastasized Ba a aiwatar da tsarin tsarawa ga astrocytoma, wanda a maimakon haka an bayyana shi azaman "I-IV". Grade IV astrocytoma, wanda aka fi sani da glioblastoma multiforme, shine ciwon daji na farko na kwakwalwa wanda aka fi gani a cikin shekaru 7th na rayuwa.
Tsari na TNM Za a iya raba matakin ciwon daji zuwa mataki na asibiti da kuma mataki na pathologic. A cikin tsarin TNM (Tumor, Node, Metastasis), mataki na asibiti da kuma pathologic ana nuna su ta hanyar ƙananan "c" ko "p" kafin mataki (misali, cT3N1M0 ko pT2N0). Ana amfani da wannan tsarin tsarawa don yawancin nau'ikan ciwon daji, ban da ciwace-ciwacen ƙwayar cuta da cututtukan jini Matakin asibiti ya dogara ne akan duk bayanan da aka samu kafin tiyata don cire ƙari. Wannan mataki na iya haɗawa da bayani game da ciwon daji da aka samu ta hanyar nazarin jiki, gwajin jini, nazarin rediyo, biopsy, da endoscopy Matakin cututtukan cututtuka yana ƙara ƙarin bayanan da aka samu ta hanyar bincikar ƙwayar cuta ta microscopically ta hanyar likitan dabbobi bayan an cire shi ta hanyar tiyata.
Saboda suna amfani da ma'auni daban-daban, mataki na asibiti da kuma pathologic sau da yawa ya bambanta. Yawancin lokaci ana la'akari da tsarin ilimin cututtuka a matsayin mafi daidai saboda yana ba da damar yin nazari kai tsaye a kan ciwon gabaɗaya, akasin haka da tsarin asibiti wanda aka iyakance ta hanyar gaskiyar cewa ana samun bayanin ta hanyar duban wani ƙari wanda har yanzu yana cikin jiki. Duk da haka, matakan asibiti da tsarin cututtuka sukan haɗu da juna. Ba kowane ciwace-ciwace ake yi wa tiyata ba, don haka ba a ko da yaushe ana samun maganin cututtukan cututtuka. Har ila yau, wani lokacin tiyata yana gaba da wasu jiyya irin su chemotherapy da radiation far wanda ke rage ƙwayar cuta, don haka mataki na pathologic na iya raina matakin gaskiya.
La'akari Daidaitaccen tsari yana da mahimmanci saboda jiyya (musamman buƙatun maganin kafin a yi aiki da/ko don jiyya mai ƙarfi, girman tiyata) gabaɗaya ya dogara akan wannan siga. Don haka, matakin da ba daidai ba zai haifar da magani mara kyau.
Ga wasu cututtukan daji na yau da kullun ana tsara tsarin tsarawa. Misali, a lokuta na ciwon nono da ciwon prostate, likitoci akai-akai za su iya gane cewa ciwon daji ya fara da wuri kuma yana da ƙananan haɗarin metastasis. A irin waɗannan lokuta, ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun likitoci sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da PET scans, CT scans, ko sikanin kashi saboda bincike ya nuna cewa haɗarin samun irin waɗannan hanyoyin ya fi amfanin da za a iya samu. Wasu daga cikin matsalolin da ke da alaƙa da gwajin wuce gona da iri sun haɗa da marasa lafiya da ke karɓar hanyoyin cin zarafi, yin amfani da sabis na likitanci fiye da kima, samun bayyanar hasken da ba dole ba, da fuskantar rashin ganewa.
Cutar cututtuka Pathologic Staging, inda masanin ilimin cututtuka yayi nazarin sassan nama, na iya zama matsala musamman don dalilai guda biyu: hankali na gani da kuma samfurin bazuwar nama. "Hanyar gani" na nufin samun damar gano ƙwayoyin kansa masu cutar kansa guda ɗaya waɗanda aka haɗa su da sel lafiyayyu akan faifai. Sa ido kan tantanin halitta ɗaya na iya haifar da kuskure kuma yana haifar da mummunar yaɗuwar cutar kansa da ba zato ba tsammani. "Samfurin bazuwar" yana nufin gaskiyar cewa ƙwayoyin lymph ana ɗaukar ceri daga marasa lafiya kuma ana bincika samfuran bazuwar. Idan sel masu ciwon daji da ke cikin kumburin lymph ba su kasance a cikin yanki na nama da aka gani ba, matakin da ba daidai ba da kuma rashin dacewa zai iya haifar da.
Bincike na yanzu Sabbin hanyoyi masu mahimmanci na tsarawa suna cikin haɓakawa. Alal misali, mRNA don GCC guanylyl cyclase c wanda ke samuwa ne kawai a cikin yanayin haske na epithelium na hanji, ana iya gano shi ta hanyar amfani da kwayar cutar ta kwayar halitta RT-PCR tare da matsayi mai mahimmanci da ƙwarewa. Kasancewar GCC a cikin kowane nau'in nama na jiki yana wakiltar metaplasia mai launi. Saboda yawan hazakar sa, duban RT-PCR don GCC yana rage girman rashin kima na matakin cuta. Masu bincike suna fatan cewa yin aiki tare da wannan matakin daidai zai haifar da mafi dacewa da magani da kuma kyakkyawan hangen nesa Bugu da ƙari, masu bincike suna fatan cewa wannan dabarar za a iya amfani da ita ga wasu takamaiman sunadaran nama.
Tsarukan aiki Tsarin tsari sun keɓance ga kowane nau'in ciwon daji (misali, kansar nono da kansar huhu amma wasu kansar ba su da tsarin tsarawa. Ko da yake har yanzu tsarin fafatawa a gasa na wanzuwa ga wasu nau'ikan ciwon daji, tsarin da aka yarda da shi a duk duniya shine na UICC, wanda ke da ma'anoni iri ɗaya na nau'ikan mutum ɗaya kamar AJCC Tsarin tsari na iya bambanta tsakanin cututtuka ko takamaiman bayyanar cututtuka.
Jini Lymphoma yawancin amfani da Ann Arbor staging
Hodgkin lymphoma yana bin ma'auni daga I zuwa IV kuma ana iya nuna shi gaba ta hanyar A ko B, dangane da ko mara lafiya ba shi da alamar cututtuka ko yana da alamun cututtuka irin su zazzaɓi. An san shi da "Cotswold System" ko "Ann Arbor Staging System wanda aka gyara".
Solid Don ciwace-ciwacen ciwace-ciwace, TNM shine tsarin da aka fi amfani dashi, amma an daidaita shi don wasu yanayi.
Ciwon daji na nono A cikin rarrabuwar kansar nono, ana yin gyare-gyare akai-akai akan TNM, amma ana iya amfani da shi a cikin I-IV kuma.
Ciwon daji na mahaifa da ovarian an karɓi tsarin FIGO a cikin tsarin TNM. Don sauye-sauye na dysplastic premalignant, ana amfani da tsarin grading CIN cervical intraepithelial neoplasia Ciwon daji asalinsa ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu: A, B, C, da D tsarin tsagaitawar Dukes Kwanan nan, ana nuna alamun cutar kansar hanji ko dai ta ainihin matakan AD ko ta TNM.
Ciwon daji na koda yana amfani da TNM. Ciwon daji na makogwaro Yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na hanta: yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na huhu yana amfani da TNM.
Melanoma ana amfani da TNM. Har ila yau, mahimmanci shine "Level Clark" da "Breslow zurfin" wanda ke nufin ƙananan ƙananan ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta ("Microstaging").
Prostate cancer TNM kusan ana amfani dashi a duk duniya.
Ciwon daji na Testicular yana amfani da TNM tare da ma'aunin alamun jini (TNMS).
Ciwon daji na fata wanda ba melanoma ba yana amfani da TNM.
Ciwon daji na mafitsara yana amfani da TNM.
Gabaɗaya rukunin mataki Gabaɗaya Rukunin Mataki kuma ana kiransa da Matsayin Lissafi na Roman Wannan tsarin yana amfani da lambobi I, II, III, da IV (tare da 0) don bayyana ci gaban ciwon daji.
Mataki na 0 carcinoma in situ, ƙananan ƙwayoyin da ke girma a cikin al'ada ("in situ" daga Latin don "a wurinsa").
Mataki na 1 ana ware cutar daji zuwa wani sashe na jiki. Za a iya cire ciwon daji na Stage I ta hanyar tiyata idan ƙananan isa.
Mataki na II Ciwon daji sun ci gaba a cikin gida. Za a iya magance ciwon daji na Stage II ta hanyar chemotherapy, radiation, ko tiyata.
Mataki na III ciwon daji kuma suna ci gaba a cikin gida. Ko an sanya ciwon daji a matsayin Stage II ko Stage III na iya dogara da takamaiman nau'in ciwon daji; alal misali, a cikin Ciwon Hodgkin, mataki na II yana nuna alamun ƙwayar lymph da aka shafa a gefe ɗaya kawai na diaphragm, yayin da mataki na III ya nuna alamun lymph da aka shafa a sama da ƙasa da diaphragm. Musamman ma'auni na Mataki na II da na III don haka sun bambanta bisa ga ganewar asali. Za a iya bi da mataki na III ta hanyar chemotherapy, radiation, ko tiyata.
Mataki na IV Ciwon daji sun sau da yawa metastasized, ko yada zuwa wasu gabobin ko cikin jiki. Za a iya bi da ciwon daji na Stage IV ta hanyar chemotherapy, radiation, ko tiyata. Duk da jiyya, yawan mace-macen majiyyaci na iya zama mafi girma tare da ciwon daji na Stage IV, misali, ciwon daji na iya ci gaba zuwa zama mai ƙarewa A cikin tsarin TNM, ana iya sanya ciwon daji a matsayin maimaituwa, ma'ana cewa ya sake bayyana bayan an cire shi ko kuma bayan an kawar da duk wani ciwuka da ake gani. Maimaituwa na iya zama na gida, ma'ana ya bayyana a wuri ɗaya da na asali, ko kuma mai nisa, ma'ana yana bayyana a wani sashe na jiki daban.
Hijiran mataki Hijira mataki shine canji a cikin rarraba matakai a cikin takamaiman adadin cutar kansa, wanda ya haifar da ko dai canji a cikin tsarin tsarin kanta ko kuma canjin fasaha wanda ke ba da damar gano ƙwayar ƙwayar cuta mai zurfi don haka ƙarin hankali wajen gano yaduwar cuta misali, yin amfani da MRI scans). Hijira mataki na iya haifar da ban sha'awa al'amuran ƙididdiga (misali, abin mamaki na Will Rogers Manazarta Cutar |
16029 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obi%20Wali | Obi Wali | Obi Wali (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekarar 1932 ya mutu a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1993) ya kasance mai rajin kare hakkin marasa rinjaye, kuma dan siyasa, fitaccen sanata, masanin adabi, kuma mai magana ne daga Najeriya. kuma cikin nasarorin da ya samu, ya yi gwagwarmaya don neman tsirarun kabilun Ikwerre ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa ya kamata a rubuta adabin Afirka da yarukan Afirka.
Rayuwar farko An haifi Obi Wali a ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairu, shekarar 1932 a Garin Rumuigbo, hedkwatar Masarautar Apara, a cikin Karamar Hukumar Obio Akpor ta Jihar Ribas Iyayensa sune Late Chief Frank Wali Otogbo da Late Mrs. Jane Wali Otogbo diyar shahararren Marigayi Cif Ezebunwo Amadi Nwondugba, wanda shi ne babban mai mulkin Oroworukwo Rebisi a karamar hukumar Fatakwal ta Jihar Ribas Yana da ƙaramin sibbling, Marigayi Mrs Patience Waku Okabie Worgu. Ya yi karatu a makarantar Afirka ta Yamma, Calabar, sannan ya bi makarantar sakandare ta St. Augustine, Nkwerre Don karatun sakandarensa ya halarci Kwalejin Jami'a ta Ibadan, inda ya kware a fannin adabi. Sannan ya ci gaba da karatu a Amurka, inda ya samu digiri na uku a fannin adabi. Ba a sami ƙarin ƙarin bayani game da rayuwarsa ta farko ko rayuwa ta sirri ta iyali.
Ayyuka Wali yana daya daga cikin iyayen da suka kafa jihar Ribas a Najeriya kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamishina na Ilimi na farko, sannan ya kasance memba na majalisar zartarwa ta farko a jihar. Daga baya an zabe shi a matsayin memba na Majalisar Tsarin Mulki ta shekara ta 1978 sannan kuma ya zama memba na Kwamitin Tsara Tsarin Mulki wanda ya tsara Tsarin Mulkin shekarar 1979 na Tarayyar Najeriya .An zabe shi a matsayin dan majalisar dattijan Tarayyar Najeriya a Jamhuriya ta Biyu kuma a shekarar 1980 an zabe shi Shugaban marasa rinjaye na Majalisar Dattawa, Tarayyar Najeriya A matsayinsa na dan siyasa, watakila an fi tuna shi da yin gwagwarmayar kare kananan kabilun Ikwerre a Najeriya. Sanata Wali na daya daga cikin sanannun shugabanni daga yankin Neja Delta da ke ci gaba da yaki da nuna wariyar launin fata ga 'yan Neja Delta kabilar Ikwerre. Ya yi gwagwarmayar kirkirar Fatakwal daga cikin Jihar Ribas ta Nijeriya ta lokacin. Kirkirar jihar Fatakwal ga mutanen Ikwerre ya kasance muhimmiyar nasara a cikin shawarwarinsa na kawo karshen nuna wariya da danniyar da aka yi wa Ikwerre, da kuma jajircewar da jihar ta yi da amfani da albarkatunsu. Wali ya yi yakin neman a gyara rashin daidaito a cikin yanayin zamantakewar tattalin arziki da siyasa na kasar Najeriya a duk lokacin da yake siyasa. Ana kuma tuna shi saboda kiran da ya yi na yin nazari mai zurfi game da alkawurran da Najeriya ta dauka ga Kungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Yammacin Afirka (ECOWAS). Baya ga matsayinsa na siyasa, Wali ya kasance farfesa a Jami’ar Najeriya, Nsukka, inda ya koyar da kwasa-kwasan da suka hada da “Gabatar da Adabin Afirka.”Bayan gudummawar ilimi da siyasa a Najeriya, Wali ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga karatun adabi.
Gudummawa da ra'ayoyi kan adabin Afirka Wali an san shi da ikirarin cewa ya kamata a rubuta adabin Afirka da yarukan Afirka kawai. Ya nanata mahimmancin da ake rubuta ayyukan "Afirka" a cikin harsunan manoman Afirka da azuzuwan aiki maimakon Ingilishi ko wasu yarukan na waje. Ta hanyar kawancen wadannan ajujuwan da ke tsakanin yawancin kasashen Afirka, ya yi hasashen "karyewar juyin juya halin da ba makawa da mulkin-mallaka."Ya bayyana wadannan ra'ayoyin ne a cikin rubutun sa mai cike da cece-kuce "Mataccen Karshen Adabin Afirka", wanda aka yi la’akari da alama a fagen ilimin adabin Afirka na zamani. A cikin rubutun, Wali ya rubuta "wani marubucin Afirka wanda ke tunani da ji a cikin yarensa dole ne ya yi rubutu da wannan yaren."Wali ya gabatar da wannan takarda a shekarar 1962 a Jami'ar Makerere a Uganda a farkon babban taro kan sabon rubutun Afirka a cibiyar. Sanannen takarda ya ci gaba da bugawa a fitowar tana goma a mujallar Transition Kodayake wasu na adawa da shi, amma manyan marubutan adabin Afirka kamar Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o sun yaba da rubutun na Wali, wanda ya sauya sunan zuwa na gargajiya na Afirka bayan karanta hujjar Wali. Bugu da ƙari, Wali ya ce ya zama dole ga masu sukar adabi su koyi yarukan Afirka kafin nazarin rubutun adabin Afirka da kuma samar da ra'ayoyi game da ma'anoninsu.Ra'ayin Wali da Ngũgĩ cewa adabin Afirka ne kawai za a rubuta shi cikin harsunan Afirka galibi ana sanya shi a matsayin adawa da ra'ayin Chinua Achebe da Ama Ata Aidoo, waɗanda suka ce ba za a iya rubuta adabin Afirka ba a cikin harsunan waje.
Wanda ake zargi da kisan kai Wali an yi masa kisan gilla tare da yanke shi a gida a cikin dakin kwanan shi. Wasu da ake zargi da kisan gilla ne a ranar 26 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1993 Dalilan kisan sun kasance ba a kafa su ba; duk da haka, mutane da yawa sunyi hasashen cewa yana da nasaba da ra'ayin siyasarsa.A lokacin kisan nasa, Wali ya kasance Sanatan Najeriya mai martaba na Jihar Ribas. Daga baya aka binne shi a ranar 24 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1994. Wannan bai daɗe ba kafin ƙasar ta zartar da hukuncin kisa ga wani ɗan rajin kare haƙƙin tsiraru, Ken Saro-Wiwa Janar Ibrahim Babangida (tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Najeriya), Cif Rufus Ada George (tsohon gwamnan jihar Ribas), da Peter Odili (gwamnan jihar Ribas na wancan lokacin) da sauransu an zarge su da hannu a kisan Wali a Fatakwal An gabatar da karar kisan Wali a gaban kwamitin da ke binciken take hakkin bil adama, a gabanta ne al’ummar Ikwere da dan Wali, Ihumuo, suka gabatar da zargin rufe bakin, tare da matarsa Nnenna.
Legacy da ƙwaƙwalwa A shekarar 2014 ne aka bude Cibiyar Taron Kasa da Kasa ta Obi Wali ga jama'a a Port Harcourt, Jihar Ribas, aka kirkireshi aka kuma sanya masa suna domin tunawa da irin gudummawar Obi Wali na siyasa da adabi. Bugu da ƙari, mutanen Ikwerre suna shirya lacca don tunawa da Obi Wali a kowace shekara.
Ayyukan da aka buga Mutum da Labari a Afirka (1965)
Deadarshen ofarshen Adabin Afirka (1963)
Duba kuma Ken Saro-Wiwa
Manazarta
Hanyoyin haɗin waje "Society for Research and Academic Excellence". academicexcellencesociety.com. Retrieved 22 April 2014.
Marubutan Najeriya
Pages with unreviewed |
60980 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layin%20Hastings | Layin Hastings | Layin Hastings layin dogo ne na biyu a Kent da Gabashin Sussex, Ingila, yana haɗa Hastings tare da babban garin Tunbridge Wells, da London ta hanyar Tonbridge da Sevenoaks Ko da yake da farko yana ɗaukar fasinjoji, hanyar jirgin ƙasa kuma tana hidimar ma'adinan gypsum wanda shine tushen cunkoson ababen hawa. Jiragen Kudu maso Gabas suna tafiyar da jiragen kasan fasinja akan layin, kuma yana daya daga cikin layukan
Titin jirgin kasa na Kudu maso Gabas ne ya gina titin jirgin a farkon shekarun 1850 a kan tsaka mai wuya na Babban Weald Kulawa da ginin layin ya kasance mai rauni, yana baiwa 'yan kwangila damar yin tsalle-tsalle a kan rufin ramukan Wadannan gazawar sun bayyana bayan an bude layin dogo. Gyaran baya ya haifar da ƙuntataccen ma'aunin lodi tare da layi, yana buƙatar amfani da kayan juzu'i na sadaukarwa.
An yi amfani da motocin motsa jiki tun daga buɗewa har zuwa ƙarshen 1950s, sabis ɗin fasinja ya karɓe su ta hanyar rukunin rukunin lantarki da yawa da aka gina zuwa ma'aunin lodin layin. Motocin dizal suna sarrafa kaya, kuma an gina su don dacewa da ma'aunin lodi. Raka'o'in wutar lantarki na diesel da yawa sun yi aiki akan layin har zuwa 1986, lokacin da aka kunna layin kuma an rage ramukan da suka fi shafa daga hanya biyu zuwa guda ɗaya.
Fage Injiniya mai kula da ginin shine Peter W. Barlow kuma yan kwangilar sune Messrs. Hoof Son. A cikin Afrilu 1845 SER ta yanke shawarar cewa reshen zai kasance hanya rami ana buƙatar bayan barin Tunbridge. Ana kiran wannan sunan "Ramin Somerhill" bayan gidan da ke kusa mil mil da sarƙoƙi 54 (2.70 km) bayan barin Somerhill Tunnel, ana buƙatar viaduct Southborough Viaduct yana tsaye babba kuma yana da baka 26. An gina tashar wucin gadi a Tunbridge Wells a matsayin Tunnel na rijiyoyin yana ci gaba da ginawa. Ya kasance daga Tunbridge. Daga baya tashar ta wucin gadi ta zama tashar kaya Jirgin kasa na farko, wanda ya kunshi motocin hawa hudu da motocin daukar kaya 26, ya isa Tunbridge Wells a ranar 19.Satumba. Jiragen ƙasa daga Tunbridge sai sun koma baya kafin su fara hawan Somerhill Tunnel, saboda babu wata mahadar fuska a Tunbridge. Wannan yanayin ya kasance har zuwa 1857, lokacin da aka gina hanyar haɗin kai tsaye akan farashin 5,700. An ci gaba da amfani da tsohuwar hanyar haɗin gwiwa har zuwa 1913
An ba da izinin SER don gina layi daga Ashford a Kent zuwa St Leonards, Gabashin Sussex a 1845. LBSC ta isa St Leonards daga Lewes a shekara mai zuwa. Wannan ya bai wa LBSC gajeriyar hanya zuwa Hastings fiye da hanyar SERs, sannan har yanzu ana kan ginawa. SER sun nemi izini don tsawaita reshensu daga Tunbridge Wells a fadin High Weald don isa Hastings. Izinin gina layin zuwa Hastings an samu akan 18Yuni 1846, Majalisa ta ɗauki layin tsakanin Ashford da St Leonards yana da mahimmancin dabarun soja. Don haka, sun ba da shawarar cewa za a kammala wannan layin kafin a yi wani kari daga Rijiyoyin Tunbridge. An buɗe haɓaka zuwa Tunbridge Wells a ranar 25Nuwamba 1846 ba tare da wani taron jama'a ba. A cikin 1847, SER ba ta yi nasara ba ta kalubalanci yanayin cewa za a fara kammala layin tsakanin Ashford da St Leonards. An buɗe wannan layin a cikin 1851, yana wucewa ta Hastings da yin ƙarshen ƙarshen tare da layin LBSC daga Lewes.
Gina An gina layin Hastings akan ƙasa mai wahala, gandun daji, da tudu a fadin High Weald da sandstone Hastings Bds, wanda ke buƙatar gina rami takwas tsakanin Tonbridge da bakin tekun kudu na Hastings SER ya damu da gina layin a matsayin mai yiwuwa a fannin tattalin arziki, tunda yana cikin gasa tare da LBSC don samun shiga Hastings kuma ba ta cikin matsayi mai ƙarfi na kuɗi a tsakiyar 1840s. An ba da kwangilar gina layin tsakanin Tunbridge Wells da Robertsbridge zuwa Messrs. Hoof Wyths, an yi yarjejeniya da Messrs. H. Warden. Ya zuwa Maris 1851, an gina hanyar da aka gina har zuwa Whatlington, Gabashin Sussex, nisan An kammala dukkan ramuka kuma an shimfida layin dogo guda daya na nisan daga Tunbridge Wells. Lokacin da an buɗe sashe daga Tunbridge Wells zuwa Robertsbridge akan 1Satumba, layin waƙa guda ɗaya ya ƙara ƙarin zuwa Whatlington. A kan yanki tsakanin Whatlington da St Leonards, daga an tono. Gina layin tsakanin Tunbridge Wells da Bopeep Junction ya haura £500,000.
gazawar gina magudanar ramuka Kulawar ginin ya kasance mai rauni, wanda ya baiwa ƴan kwangilar damar yin tsalle-tsalle a kan rufin ramukan. Wannan ya bayyana kansa a cikin Maris 1855 lokacin da wani ɓangare na bulo na Dutsen Mountfield ya rushe. Wani binciken da aka yi a tudun Grove Hill, Strawberry Hill da Wells tunnels ya nuna cewa su ma an yi su da ƴan bulo da yawa. An gina Tunnel na Grove Hill tare da zoben tubali guda ɗaya kawai kuma babu ciko sama da kambin bulo. SER ta kai 'yan kwangilar zuwa kotu kuma an ba su £3,500 a matsayin diyya. Duk da haka, gyara halin da ake ciki ya biya kamfanin 4,700. Ko da yake ’yan kwangilar sun biya kuɗin zoben tubali shida, sun yi amfani da guda huɗu kawai. Saboda tsadar sake fasalin ramukan, dole ne a gyara wannan ta ƙara ƙarin zobba biyu na aikin bulo, rage faɗin ramukan da Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa an taƙaita ma'aunin lodi akan layin, kuma dole ne a gina na'urar na'ura ta musamman, daga baya ana kiranta Restriction 0 rolling stock. Wannan matsalar za ta shafi layin har zuwa 1986. Tunnel na Wadhurst ya rushe a cikin 1862 kuma SER ta gano cewa irin wannan yanayin ya kasance a can. Farashin gyarawa £10,231. A shekara ta 1877, jirgin ƙasa ɗaya kawai aka ba da izini a cikin Tunnel Bopeep a lokaci guda. An fadada rami a wani bangare a cikin 1934-35. A cikin Nuwamba 1949, an gano munanan lahani a cikin rami. An sanya aikin layi guda a kan 19Nuwamba, amma dole ne a rufe ramin gaba daya bayan mako guda. Ramin da aka dogara da wani yanki da sassa na simintin ƙarfe An sake buɗewa don zirga-zirga akan 5Yuni 1950. An ƙaddamar da Tunnel na Mountfield a cikin 1938-39, wanda ya kasance a buɗe tare da layi ɗaya yana aiki a cikin aiki. Ya ruguje wani bangare a ranar 17Nuwamba 1974, wanda ya haifar da aiki guda ɗaya har zuwa 31Janairu 1975. Daga nan aka rufe layin har zuwa 17Maris yayin da aka keɓe waƙa ta cikin rami.
Mabudai SER ta buɗe layin a cikin manyan matakai guda uku: Tunbridge–Tunbridge Wells, Tunbridge Wells–Robertsbridge da Robertsbridge–Bopeep Junction. An bude tashar wucin gadi a Tunbridge Wells a ranar 19 ga watanSatumba 1845 yayin da Wells Tunnel ya kammala. Tashar ta wucin gadi daga baya ta zama wurin ajiyar kaya. Tunbridge Wells (daga baya Tunbridge Wells Central) tashar ta buɗe a ranar 25Nuwamba 1846. An buɗe sashin Tunbridge Wells–Robertsbridge akan 1. Satumba 1851, tare da sashin Robertsbridge-Battle ya buɗe akan 1 Janairu 1852. An buɗe sashin Junction Battle–Bopeep akan 1 Fabrairu 1852.
Bayanin hanyar Layin yana hawa steep daga cikin Medway Valley a gradients tsakanin 1 a 47 [Note 3] da 1 a 300 zuwa wani taron kudu da Tunbridge Wells, layin ya ƙare har zuwa Wadhurst a gradients tsakanin 1 a 80 da 1 a 155 kafin. saukowa cikin kwarin Rother, wanda ya biyo baya har zuwa Robertsbridge a gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 48 da 1 a cikin 485. Layin ya hau kan gradients tsakanin 1 a 86 da 1 a cikin 170 kafin a tsomawa inda ya ketare kogin Brede Wannan yana biye da hawan zuwa yaƙi tare da gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 100 da 1 a cikin 227 kafin layin ya faɗi zuwa Hastings a gradients tsakanin 1 cikin 100 da 1 a cikin 945. Bopeep Junction shine mahaɗin layin Hastings tare da layin Gabas ta Gabas Ya ta'allaka ne a gabashin Bopeep Tunnel. Akwai mashaya a Bulverhythe mai suna The Bo Peep Sunan ya kasance laƙabi ga mazajen Kwastam da Excise Magudanun ruwa Akwai ramuka takwas tsakanin Tonbridge da Hastings. Domin daga arewa zuwa kudu sune:
Tashoshi Tashoshin asali akan sashin Tunbridge Wells zuwa Hastings na layin galibi suna cikin salon Gothic ko Italiyanci William Tress ne ya tsara su. An buɗe tashoshin Frant, Wadhurst, Witherenden, Etchingham da Robertsbridge akan 1Satumba 1851. Sauran buɗaɗɗen tashoshin an yi dalla-dalla a ƙasa. An jera tashoshin a ƙarƙashin sunayensu na asali.
Tunbridge station opened in May 1842. Following the opening of the branch to Tunbridge Wells in 1845, it was renamed to Tunbridge Junction in January 1852, then Tonbridge Junction in 1893, and to its current name in July 1929.The original station stood to the east of the road bridge, whereas the current station, opened in 1864, stands to the west. Trains leaving Tonbridge had to reverse to reach Tunbridge Wells. This arrangement lasted until 1857, when a new section of line was constructed enabling trains to reach the Hastings line without reversal. The station is from Charing Cross via Orpington.
An bude tashar Southborough a ranar 1Maris 1893. An sake masa suna High Brooms akan 21Satumba 1925 don guje wa rudani tare da tashar Southborough akan Babban Layin Chatham, wanda tuni aka sake masa suna Bickley. Tashar tana daga Charing Cross. Tasha ta farko a Tunbridge Wells ta wucin gadi ce kuma tana arewacin Wells Tunnel. An bude shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1845 kuma tashar Tunbridge Wells ta maye gurbinsa a ranar 25 ga Nuwamba 1846. Daga baya ya zama tashar Tunbridge Wells Goods, daga baya aka sake masa suna Tunbridge Wells Central Kayayyakin tashar. An rufe tashar kayayyaki a cikin 1980, tare da riƙe siding don amfani da injiniyoyi. Asalin tashar ta kasance daga London Bridge ta hanyar Redhill.
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48882 | https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yankin%20Kasuwancin%20Nahiyar%20Afrika | Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afrika | Yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar Afirka AfCFTA) yanki ne na ciniki kyauta wanda ya mamaye yawancin Afirka. An kuma kafa shi ne a cikin 2018 ta Yarjejeniyar Kasuwancin Kasuwancin Nahiyar Afirka, wanda ke da jam'iyyun 43 da wasu masu rattaba hannu 11, wanda hakan ya sa ya zama yanki mafi girma na ciniki cikin 'yanci ta adadin kasashe mambobi, bayan Kungiyar Kasuwanci ta Duniya, kuma mafi girma a yawan jama'a. da girman yanki, wanda ya kai mutane biliyan 1.3 a fadin nahiya ta biyu mafi girma a duniya.
Kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ce ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kafa AfCFTA kuma kasashe 44 daga cikin mambobinta 55 ne suka sanya hannu a Kigali, Rwanda a ranar 21 ga Maris 2018. Shawarar za ta fara aiki ne kwanaki 30 bayan amincewa da wasu jihohi 22 da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar. A ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019, Jamhuriyar Saharawi ta yi ajiyar kayan aiki na 22 na amincewa, wanda ya kawo karshen yarjejeniyar a ranar 30 ga Mayu; ya shiga aikin sa ne biyo bayan taron koli a ranar 7 ga Yuli, 2019, kuma a hukumance ya fara 1 ga Janairu 2021. Wata sakatariya ta dindindin ce ke kula da tattaunawar AfCFTA da aiwatar da ita a Accra, Ghana A karkashin yarjejeniyar, mambobin AfCFTA sun himmatu wajen kawar da haraji kan mafi yawan kayayyaki da ayyuka na tsawon shekaru 5, 10, ko 13, ya danganta da matakin ci gaban kasar ko yanayin kayayyakin. Maƙasudin dogon lokaci na gaba ɗaya sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar kasuwa guda ɗaya, mai sassaucin ra'ayi rage shinge ga jari da aiki don sauƙaƙe zuba jari; haɓaka kayan aikin yanki; da kafa kungiyar kwastam ta nahiyar Gabaɗayan manufar AfCFTA ita ce haɓaka bunƙasa tattalin arziƙin jama'a, da rage talauci, da kuma sa Afirka ta zama mai gasa a tattalin arzikin duniya.
Hukumar kula da tattalin arzikin Afirka ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa AfCFTA za ta bunkasa kasuwancin tsakanin Afirka da kashi 52 cikin 100 nan da shekarar 2022. Wani rahoto na bankin duniya ya yi hasashen cewa, AfCFTA za ta iya fitar da 'yan Afirka miliyan 30 daga matsanancin talauci, da kara samun kudin shiga na kusan mutane miliyan 70, da kuma samar da kudaden shiga na dala biliyan 450 nan da shekarar 2035. A ranar 13 ga Janairu, 2022, AfCFTA ta ɗauki babban mataki zuwa ga manufarta tare da kafa tsarin biyan kuɗi da matsuguni na Pan-African Payment and Settlement System (PAPSS), wanda ke ba da damar biyan kuɗi tsakanin kamfanonin da ke aiki a Afirka a kowane kuɗin gida.
Tarihi
Fage A shekarar 1963, kasashe masu cin gashin kansu na Afirka suka kafa kungiyar hadin kan Afirka OAU ta yi niyyar inganta hadin gwiwa tsakanin kasashen Afirka. 1980 na Legas Plan of Action kungiyar ta amince da shi. Shirin ya ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata Afirka ta rage dogaro ga kasashen yamma ta hanyar inganta cinikayya tsakanin Afirka. Wannan ya fara ne yayin da aka kafa ƙungiyoyin haɗin gwiwar yanki da dama a yankuna daban-daban na Afirka, kamar taron haɗin gwiwar raya ƙasashen kudancin Afirka.
Daga karshe wannan ya kai ga yerjejeniyar Abuja a shekarar 1991, wadda ta samar da kungiyar bunkasa tattalin arzikin Afrika, kungiyar da ta inganta harkokin kasuwanci cikin 'yanci, da kungiyoyin kwastam, da babban bankin Afrika, da kungiyar hada-hadar kudi ta Afrika. A shekara ta 2002, kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka (AU) ta maye gurbin OAU, wanda a matsayin daya daga cikin manufofinta na hanzarta "hadewar tattalin arzikin nahiyar". Manufar ta biyu ita ce "daidaita da daidaita manufofin tsakanin al'ummomin Tattalin Arziki na Yanki na yanzu da masu zuwa don cimma manufofin kungiyar a hankali."
Tattaunawa A taron Tarayyar Afirka na 2012 a Addis Ababa, shugabannin sun amince da samar da sabon yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Nahiyar nan da shekarar 2017. A taron AU na 2015 a Johannesburg, taron ya amince da fara shawarwari. Wannan ya fara jerin zaman tattaunawa guda goma da suka gudana cikin shekaru uku masu zuwa. An gudanar da taron tattaunawa na farko a watan Fabrairun 2016 kuma an gudanar da tarurruka takwas har zuwa taron koli a watan Maris na 2018 a Kigali. Daga Fabrairu 2017 a kan kungiyoyin fasaha na fasaha sun gudanar da tarurruka hudu, inda aka tattauna batutuwan fasaha da aiwatar da su a cikin daftarin. A ranar 8-9 ga Maris, 2018 Ministocin kasuwanci na Tarayyar Afirka sun amince da daftarin.
Taron Kigali na 2018 A cikin watan Maris na shekarar 2018, a taro na 10 na musamman na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan AfCFTA, an rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyoyin daban-daban guda uku: Yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka, sanarwar Kigali da Protocol on 'Yancin Motsi na Mutane Yarjejeniyar kan 'yancin motsi na mutane na neman kafa yankin da ba shi da biza a cikin kasashen AfCFTA, da kuma tallafawa samar da Fasfo na Tarayyar Afirka. A taron da aka yi a Kigali a ranar 21 ga Maris, 2018, kasashe 44 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar AfCFTA, 47 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Kigali, yayin da 30 suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin zirga-zirgar jama'a. Yayin da aka yi nasara, an sami manyan wurare guda biyu: Najeriya da Afirka ta Kudu, manyan kasashe biyu mafi karfin tattalin arziki a Afirka.
Wani abu mai daure kai a tattaunawar shi ne, an riga an raba Afirka zuwa yankuna takwas na cinikayya maras shinge da/ko kungiyoyin kwastam, kowannensu yana da dokoki daban-daban. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yanki za su ci gaba da kasancewa; Yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka tun farko tana neman rage shingen kasuwanci tsakanin ginshiƙai daban-daban na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arzikin Afirka, kuma daga ƙarshe za ta yi amfani da waɗannan ƙungiyoyin yankin a matsayin tubali don cimma burin ƙungiyar kwastam ta faɗin Afirka.
Ƙirƙirar ƙarin ladabi Tattaunawar ta ci gaba a cikin 2018 tare da Mataki na II, gami da manufofin saka hannun jari, gasa da haƙƙin mallakar fasaha. A watan Janairun 2020, ana sa ran kammala shawarwarin Majalisar AU. Ana sa ran daftarin taron Majalisar AU na Janairu 2020.
Cibiyoyi An kafa cibiyoyi masu zuwa don sauƙaƙe aiwatar da yankin ciniki cikin 'yanci. Sakamakon shawarwarin mataki na II ana iya kafa wasu kwamitoci ta hanyar ka'idoji. Sakatariyar AfCFTA ce za ta dauki nauyin daidaita aiwatar da yarjejeniyar kuma za ta kasance kungiya mai cin gashin kanta a cikin tsarin AU. Ko da yake za ta kasance mai zaman kanta na shari'a, za ta yi aiki kafada da kafada da hukumar ta AU tare da karbar kasafin kudinta daga AU. Majalisar ministocin da ke da alhakin kasuwanci za ta yanke shawara a kan wurin da hedkwatar za ta kasance, tsari, aiki da alhakin. Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin Tarayyar Afirka ita ce mafi girman matakin yanke shawara. Akwai yiyuwar haduwa a yayin taron kolin kungiyar ta AU.
Majalisar ministocin da ke da alhakin ciniki ta ba da kulawar dabarun kasuwanci tare da tabbatar da aiwatar da ingantaccen aiki da aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA.
An kafa kwamitoci da yawa, don kasuwanci a cikin kayayyaki, kasuwanci a cikin sabis, akan ka'idodin asali, magunguna na kasuwanci, shingen ba da kuɗin fito, shingen fasaha don kasuwanci da kuma matakan tsafta da phytosanitary. Ana ci gaba da tattaunawa kan ka'idoji da hanyoyin warware takaddama, amma da alama za su hada da nada kwamitin warware takaddama. Kwamitin Manyan Jami'an Kasuwanci yana aiwatar da shawarar Majalisar. Kwamitin yana da alhakin samar da shirye-shirye da tsare-tsaren ayyuka don aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA.
Aiwatarwa An tsara aiwatar da AfCFTA a matakai, kuma har yanzu ana ci gaba da tattaunawa a wasu matakai na gaba. Mataki na I ya shafi ciniki a cikin kayayyaki da ciniki cikin sabis. Mataki na II ya ƙunshi haƙƙin mallakar fasaha, saka hannun jari da manufofin gasa Mataki na III yana rufe kasuwancin e-commerce.
A taron na Kigali na 2018, an sami bangarorin yarjejeniya kan ka'idojin ciniki, hanyoyin warware takaddama, hadin gwiwar kwastam, saukaka kasuwanci, da ka'idojin asali Haka kuma an yi yarjejeniyar rage haraji kan kashi 90% na duk kayayyaki. Ana ba kowace ƙasa izinin keɓance kashi 3% na kayayyaki daga wannan yarjejeniya. Wannan wani bangare ne na yarjejeniya ta 1, wanda ya shafi samar da kayayyaki da ayyukan walwala. Wasu batutuwan mataki na 1 da suka rage a tattauna sun haɗa da jadawalin rangwamen kuɗin fito da wasu takamaiman alƙawura.
An kira taro na musamman na 12 na kungiyar Tarayyar Afirka kan AfCFTA don kaddamar da sabuwar yarjejeniya a matakin da za ta fara aiki, wanda aka shirya a Yamai a ranar 7 ga Yuli 2019. A yayin kaddamar da shi, an kunna na'urorin aiki guda biyar da za su tafiyar da shirin na AfCFTA: ka'idojin asali dandalin tattaunawa ta yanar gizo; da sa ido da kawar da shingayen da ba na kudin fito ba, tsarin biyan kudi na dijital, da kuma cibiyar sa ido kan cinikayya ta Afirka." Ana sa ran za a fara shawarwarin mataki na biyu da na uku daga dukkan kasashen kungiyar AU da kuma gudanar da zagaye na gaba. A watan Fabrairun 2020, Majalisar shugabannin kasashe da gwamnatocin AU ta yanke shawarar cewa za a fara mataki na uku nan da nan bayan kammala shawarwarin mataki na biyu, wanda tun farko aka shirya kammala shi a watan Disamba 2020. Koyaya, an jinkirta wannan wa'adin saboda cutar ta COVID-19 a Afirka, kuma an sanya sabuwar rana (Disamba 31, 2021) a matsayin ranar ƙarshe don kammala shawarwarin Mataki na II da na III. AfCFTA a hukumance amma akasarin alama an ƙaddamar da shi a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2021.
Memba Daga cikin kasashe mambobin AU 55, 44 sun rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci ta nahiyar Afirka, 47 sun sanya hannu kan sanarwar Kigali yayin da 30 suka sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar 'yancin motsin jama'a a karshen taron Kigali na 2018. Benin, Botswana, Eritrea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Zambia na daga cikin kasashe 11 da ba su sanya hannu a kan yarjejeniyar da farko ba. Bayan taron Kigali na 2018, an kara sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar AfCFTA. A taron Tarayyar Afirka karo na 31 a Nouakchott a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 2018, Afirka ta Kudu (mafi girman tattalin arzikin Afirka na biyu), Saliyo, Namibiya, Lesotho da Burundi sun shiga yarjejeniyar. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Guinea-Bissau, Zambia da Botswana su ma sun shiga. Kenya da Ghana su ne kasashe na farko da suka amince da yarjejeniyar, inda suka sanya amincewarsu a ranar 10 ga Mayu 2018. Daga cikin kasashen da suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, 22 sun bukaci a ajiye na'urar tabbatar da yarjejeniyar don fara aiki, kuma hakan ya faru ne a ranar 29 ga Afrilu, 2019 lokacin da Saliyo da Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic suka sanya yarjejeniyar. Sakamakon haka, yarjejeniyar ta fara aiki kwanaki 30 bayan haka a ranar 30 ga Mayu 2019. A wannan lokacin, Najeriya (mafi girman tattalin arzikin nahiyar) ne kawai, Eritrea da Benin ba su sanya hannu ba.
Shugaban Najeriya Muhammadu Buhari ya jajirce wajen shiga kungiyar ta AfCFTA, saboda tsoron hakan zai cutar da harkokin kasuwancin Najeriya da masana'antu na cikin gida, kuma matakin da ya dauka na kin amincewa ya samu yabo daga wasu kungiyoyin cikin gida da suka hada da kungiyar masana'antu ta Najeriya da kungiyar kwadago ta Najeriya Majalisa Gwamnatin Najeriya ta yi niyyar kara tuntubar 'yan kasuwa na cikin gida domin tabbatar da sayan kamfanoni masu zaman kansu kan yarjejeniyar, saboda babban abin da ke damun shi shi ne ko yarjejeniyar ta hana cin hanci da rashawa kamar zubar da ruwa A watan Yulin 2019, 'yan watanni bayan sake zabensa a wani sabon wa'adi, Buhari ya amince da bin tsarin ciniki cikin 'yanci na Afirka a wani zama na musamman na 12 na majalisar Tarayyar Turai kan AfCFTA. A wajen taron kuma, jamhuriyar Benin ta kuduri aniyar rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar, inda ta bar kasar Eritriya a matsayin kasa daya tilo daga cikin kasashe 55 na Tarayyar Afirka da ba su sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar ba. A bisa ka'ida, Eritrea ba ta cikin yarjejeniyar farko saboda yanayin yaki da ake ci gaba da yi, amma yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya ta 2018 tsakanin Habasha da Eritriya ta kawo karshen rikicin tare da kawo karshen shingen shigar Eritrea cikin yarjejeniyar ciniki cikin 'yanci.
Ya zuwa watan Mayu 2022, akwai masu rattaba hannu 54, waɗanda 43 (80%) sun ajiye kayan aikinsu na amincewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙasa ɗaya Somalia ta kammala amincewa da cikin gida [3 [4], amma har yanzu ba su sanya takardar shaidarsu tare da ma'ajiyar ajiya ta watan Mayu 2020. Eritrea ita ce kasa daya tilo da ke cikin kungiyar AU da ba ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar nan da shekarar 2019 ba
Jerin sunayen wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan yarjejeniyar
Sauran kasashe mambobin AU Eritrea ba ta sanya hannu ba saboda tashin hankali da Habasha, amma ya zuwa 2019, biyo bayan taron 2018 na Eritrea da Habasha, Kwamishinan ciniki da masana'antu na AU ya yi tsammanin cewa a ƙarshe Eritrea za ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar.
Kima hakkin dan Adam Rahoton Hukumar Tattalin Arziki ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a watan Yuli na 2017 ya yi nuni da cewa, CFTA na iya ba da gudummawa wajen magance talauci da rashin daidaito yayin da fadinsa zai taimaka wajen sauye-sauyen tsarin tattalin arzikin Afirka. Ana kallon hakan a matsayin wani mataki na cimma ajandar Tarayyar Afirka ta 2063 da kuma manufofin ci gaba mai dorewa An yi niyya ga takardar don tabbatar da an yi la’akari da haƙƙin ɗan adam a cikin tattaunawar. A cewar Hukumar Abinci da Aikin Noma, sanin mahadar jinsi, noma, da kasuwanci, yana da muhimmanci a tabbatar da cewa aiwatar da shirin na AfCFTA ya magance matsaloli daban-daban da mata ke fuskanta. Yana da mahimmanci cewa aiwatar da yarjejeniyar AfCFTA ta tabbatar da cewa manufofin kasuwanci, ayyuka, da ka'idoji na gaba na inganta daidaiton jinsi da karfafawa mata da 'yan mata a nahiyar Afirka, musamman wajen tallafa wa mata don amfani da sabbin damar da aka samar 'a cikin aikin gona' ta hanyar aikin gona. AfCFTA. Aiwatar da yarjejeniyar da ba ta hada da mata ba na iya haifar da karuwar gibin jinsi ta hanyar yin illa ga kananan masana'antu da mata kanana da matsakaitan masana'antu da kuma wadanda suka dogara da kasuwancin da ba na yau da kullun ba (ciki har da kan iyaka) don rayuwarsu.
Source This article incorporates text from a free content work. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 (license statement/permission). Text taken from Seizing the opportunities of the African Continental Free Trade Area for the economic empowerment of women in FAO, FAO. .mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}
Nassoshi
BanHanyoyin haɗi na waje UNCTAD support to the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA)
African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA) page on the Rules of Origin Facilitator, with member countries' status and access to legal documents.
Rwanda
Kasuwanci
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